SB 4-6 UC-NRLF 254 172 The Horticulturist's RULE-BOOK A Compendium of Useful Information for FRUIT-GROWERS, TRUCK-GARDENERS, FLORISTS AND OTHERS Completed to the Close of the Year 1889 BY L. H. BAILEY NEW YORK GARDEN PUBLISHING COMPANY By the Same Author. ANNALS OF HORTICULTURE FOR 1889. Being a record of introductions during the year, of new methods and discoveries in horticulture, of yields and prices, of tendencies in gardening, of horticultural litera- ture, of work of the experiment sta- tions. Illustrated. Cloth, i2tno, 250 pages. Price, $i. COPYRIGHTED 1889, BY GARDEN PUBLISHING CO., L-T-D. BY J. HORACE I The author wishes to be advised of any errors in this work, and he desires any information which will be useful in the preparation of a second edition. ITHACA, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1889, CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. INSECTICIDES CHAPTER II. INJURIOUS INSECTS, WITH REMEDIES AND PREVENTIVES. 17-38 CHAPTER III. FUNGICIDES, FOR PLANT DISEASES .................. 39~43 CHAPTER IV. PLANT DISEASES, WITH PREVENTIVES AND REMEDIES. 44- 56 CHAPTER V. INJURIES FROM MICE, RABBITS, SQUIRRELS AND BIRDS, WITH PREVENTIVES AND REMEDIES ......... 57' 61 CHAPTER VI. WEEDS ...................................... . ..... 62 64 1. Weeds in General .............................. 62 2. Weeds in Lawns ............................. . 63 3. Weeds on Walks ............................... 63 4. Moss on Walks and Lawns ..................... 64 CHAPTER VII. WAXES FOR GRAFTING AND FOR WOUNDS ............. 65-68 1. Common Resin and Beeswax Waxes ............ 65 2. Alcoholic Waxes ............................... 65 3. French and Pitch Waxes ....................... 66 4. Waxed String and Bandage .................... 67 5. Waxes for Wounds ............................ 67 (2) Contents. 3 CHAPTER VIII. CEMENTS, MORTARS, PAINTS AND GLUES 69-75 1. Cement and Mortar 69 2. Concrete, etc., for Floors, Borders and Walks ... 71 3. Paints and Protective Compounds 72 4. Glues 74 CHAPTER IX. SEED TABLES 76-85 1. Quantity of Seed Required to Sow an Acre 76 2. Weight and Size of Garden Seeds 77 3. Number of Tree Seeds in a Pound 80 4. Longevity of Garden Seeds 81 5. Average Time Required for Garden Seeds to Germinate 84 6. Proper Kinds and Quantities of Seeds for a Model English Kitchen Garden of ij^ acres 85 CHAPTER X. PLANTING TABLES 86- 96 1. Dates for Sowing or Setting Kitchen Garden Vegetables in Different Latitudes 86 2. Tender and Hardy Vegetables 89 3. Usual Distances Apart for Planting Fruits 89 4. Usual Distances Apart for Planting Vegetables. . . 90 5. Number of Plants Required to Set an Acre of Ground at Given Distances 92 CHAPTER XI. MATURITIES, YIELDS AND MULTIPLICATION 97-103 1. Time Required for Maturity of Different Garden Crops, Reckoned from the Sowing of the Seed . . 97 2. Time Required, from Setting, for Fruit Plants to Bear 97 4 The Horticulturist's Rule-Book. Chapter XI, continued. 3. Average Profitable Longevity of Fruit Plants Under High Culture 9 4. Average Yields per Acre of Various Crops 98 5. Tabular Statement of the Ways in which Plants are Propagated 100 6. Ways of Grafting and Budding 101 7. Particular Methods by which Various Fruits are Multiplied 102 8. Stocks Used for Various Fruits 103 CHAPTER XII. METHODS OF KEEPING AND STORING FRUITS AND VEGE- TABLES 104-112 CHAPTER XIII. STANDARD AND LEGAL MEASURES AND SIZES 113-123 1. Standard Flower Pots 113 2. Legal and Standard Measures 114 3. Miscellaneous Legal Weights per Bushel 116 4. Miscellaneous Legal Sizes 116 5. Society and Customary Standards 118 6. Covent Garden Measures 122 CHAPTER XIV. TABLES OF MEASURES AND WEIGHTS 124-129 CHAPTER XV. MISCELLANEOUS TABLES, FIGURES AND NOTES 130-141 1. Quantity of Water Held by Pipes of Various Sizes. 130 2. Number of Gallons in Circular Tanks and Wells. . 130 3. Number of Gallons in Square-built Tanks 131 4. Thermometer Scales 132 5. Effects of Wind in Cooling Glass 132 6. Per Cent, of Rays of Light Reflected from Glass Roofs at Various Angles of Inclination 133 Contents. 5 Chapter XV, continued. 7. Area of Glass in Various States and Provinces Used for Commercial Greenhouse Purposes 133 8. National and Party Flowers 134 9. Dates at which Various Fruits and Nuts Appear in Northern Markets 135 10. What Constitutes Wholesale Quantities 137 11. Average Prices in France of Various Orchid Flowers 13^ 12. Weights of Various Varieties of Apples per Bushel 138 13. Various Recipes and Rules 138 14. Various Figures 140 CHAPTER XVI. RULES 142-151 1. London's Rules of Horticulture 142 2. Rules of Nomenclature 142 3. Rules for Exhibition 144 CHAPTER XVII. POSTAL RATES AND REGULATIONS 152-156 1. Classes of Domestic Mail Matter and Rates 152 2. Foreign Postage 154 3. Unmailable Matter 155 CHAPTER XVIII. WEATHER SIGNS AND PROTECTION FROM FROST I 57~ I 59 CHAPTER XIX. COLLECTING AND PRESERVING 160-169 1. Collecting and Preserving Hants 160 2. Preserving and Printing of Flowers and Other Parts of Plants 161 3. Perfumery 167 4. Collecting and Preserving Insects 168 5 The Horticulturist's Ride- Book. CHAPTER XX. ELEMENTS, SYMBOLS AND ANALYSES 170-188 1. The Elements and their Symbols, and tlie Com- position of Various Substances 170 2. Analyses 171 (a) General Analyses of Fruits and Fruit-Plants 171 (b) Analyses of Fruits and Garden Products with Reference to their Fertilizing Con- stituents 175 (c) Analyses of Animal Excrements 179 (d) Analyses of Various Materials which are Used for Fertilizers 182 (e) Trade Values for 1889 of Fertilizing In- gredients in Raw Materials and Chemicals. 187 CHAPTER XXI. NAMES AND HISTORIES 189-199 1. Vegetables which have Different Names in England and America 189 2. Names of Vegetables in Different Languages 190 3. Derivation of the Names of Various Fruits and Vegetables 194 4. Periods of Cultivation and Native Countries of Cultivated Plants 196 CHAPTER XXII. STATISTICS 200-213 1. Horticultural Statistics 200 2. Statistics of the Vegetable Kingdom 208 CHAPTER XXIII. GLOSSARY 214-229 CHAPTER I. INSECTICIDES. Arsenic. Kncwn to chemists as arseriious acid or wMte oxide of arsenic. It is considered an unsafe insecticide., as its color allows it to be mistaken for other substances ; but in its various compounds it forms our best insecticides. From i to 2 grains usually prove fatal to an adult ; 30 grains will usually kill a horse, 10 a cow and i grain or less is usually fatal to a dog. In case of poisoning, while awaiting the arrival of a physician, give emetics, and after free vomiting, give milk and eggs. Sugar and magnesia in milk is useful. Arsenites. Compounds of arsenic, in which arsenious acid unites with some metallic base. The leading arsen- ites used in destroying insects are Paris green and London purple. PARIS GREEN. An aceto-arsenite of copper. When pure, it contains about 58 per cent, of arsenic, but the commer- cial article usually contains less, often as little as 30 per cent. The following may be considered an average an- alysis : Arsenic, 47.68 per cent.; copper oxide, 27.47; sulphuric acid, 7.16; moisture, 1.35; insoluble residue, 2.34. It is applied either in a wet or dry condition, but in any case it must be much diluted. For making a dry mixture, plaster, flour, air-slaked lime, road dust, or sifted wood ashes may be used. The strength of the mix- ture required depends upon the plants and insects to which it is to be applied. The strongest mixture now 8 77/6' Horticulturist" s Rule- Book. Arsenites (Paris green) continued. recommended is i part of poison to 50 of the diluent, but if the mixing is very thoroughly done, i part to 100 or even 200 is sufficient. Paris green is practically insoluble in water. When mixed with water, the mixture must be kept in a constant state of agitation, else the poison will settle and the liquid from the bottom of the cask will be so strong as to do serious damage, while that from the top will be useless. For potatoes, apple trees and most species of shade trees, i pound of poison to 200 gallons of water is a good mixture. For the stone fruits, i pound to 300 or even 400 gallons of water is a strong enough mixture. Peach trees arg very apt to be injured by arsenites, and for them the mixture should be very dilute. In all cases, the liquid should be applied with force in a very fine spray. It ap- pears that at some seasons of the year foliage is more liable to injury than at others. LONDON PURPLE. An arsenite of lime, obtained as a by- product in the manufacture of aniline dyes. The compo- sition is variable. The amount of arsenic varies from 30 to over 50 per cent. The two following analyses show its composition: i. Arsenic, 43.65 per cent.; rose aniline, 12. 46; lime, 21.82; insoluble residue, 14.57: iron oxide, 1.16; water, 2.27. 2. Arsenic, 55.35 per cent.; lime, 26.23; sulphuric acid, .22; carbonic acid, .27; moisture, 5.29. It is a finer powder than Paris green, and therefore remains longer in suspension in water. It is used in the same manner as Paris green, but is sometimes found to be more caustic on foliage. This injury appears to be due to the presence of soluble arsenic. London purple should not be used on peach trees. Either Paris green or London purple may be combined with kerosene emulsion to give the material greater ad- hesiveness to leaves and to increase its wetting power. To 100 gallons of the arsenite mixture, add i gallon of kero- sene emulsion. The arsenites may be used in connection with various Insecticides. 9 Arsenites (London purple) continued. fungicides, and both insects and plant diseases in this man- ner may be combated at the same time. An ounce of the arsenites may be added to ten gallons of Bordeaux mixture for potatoes, and other combinations will occur to the operator. The arsenites are also sometimes added to soap and other washes. Bait. Paris green or London purple, i ounce ; chopped grass or leaves, 8 ounces, and syrup enough to allow the mass to be worked into balls. For wire-worm beetles, crickets, katydids, etc. Bisulphide of carbon. A thin liquid which volatilizes at a very low temperature, the vapor being very destruct- ive to animal life. It is exceedingly inflammable, and should never be used near a lamp or fire. It is used for many root insects. It is poured into a hole which is immediately closed up, causing the fumes to permeate the soil in all directions. In loose soils it is very destructive to insects. It is also inserted in tight receptacles to kill such insects as pea-weevil and museum pests. Blue vitriol, or Copperas. i ounce of copperas to a pail of water is sometimes effective in destroying root insects. Coal-tar fumes. Burn rags coated with coal-tar attached to a pole. Remedy for aphis. Carbolic acid and soap mixture. i pint crude carbolic acid, i quart soft soap, 2 gallons hot water. Mix thoroughly. This wash is used for borers, and for plant-lice. Apply with a cloth or soft broom. Carbolic acid and water. Add i part of acid to from 50 to TOO parts of water. For root insects. Carbolized plaster. Stir i pint of crude carbolic acid into 50 pounds of land plaster. Or, quick lime may be slaked with the acid. The powder is thrown over the tree when the dew is on, as a remedy for the curculio. It should be applied profusely. Glue and arsenites wash. Common glue, i lb., soaked a few hours in cold water and then dissolved in J^ gallon io The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Glue and arsenites wash, continued. of hot water ; add i ounce London purple or Paris green, stir well, and add hot water till the mixture measures 2 gallons. For preventing the attacks of borers. Hot water. Submerge affected plants or branches in water of a temperature of about 125. For aphis. Kerosene. In pure state, kerosene is used as an insecti- cide upon many plants, with various results. It does not appear to injure the coleus, rose, grape, peach and pea, but does injure the potato, tomato, and gooseberry. Kerosene emulsion. Soft soap, i quart, or hard soap- preferably whale-oil soap one-fourth pound ; 2 quarts hot water ; i pint kerosene. Stir until all are permanently mixed, and then add water until the kerosene forms one- fifteenth of the whole compound. A good way to make the emulsion permanent, is to pump the mixture back into the receptacle several times. Kerosene and milk emulsion. Sour milk, i gallon ; kero- sene oil, 2 gallons ; warm to a blood heat and mix thor- oughly. Dilute io times with water. For scale insects and plant lice. Kerosene and condensed milk emulsion. Kerosene, 2 gal- lons, or 64 per cent, of the entire mixture ; condensed milk, 4 cans of ^ pint, or 12^ per cent ; water twice the quantity of milk, or 24 per cent. Kerosene and water emulsion. Goff atomizes kerosene and water as follows : To the Woodason atomizing bel- lows a small cup was attached directly in front of the fount for holding the liquid to be atomized. From this cup a very slender copper tube was passed through the side of the fount where it entered the larger tube that con- ducts the liquid from the fount to the mouth of the bel- lows. It then curved upward, passing through the center of this tube as far as the mouth of the bellows, where both came to an end at the same point. Kerosene was then placed in the added cup and water in the fount. On work- ing the bellows the liquids are atomized together. The Insecticides. 1 1 Kerosene and water emulsion, continued. proportion of kerosene emitted will depend upon the rela. tive diameters of the two tubes, but it may also be regu- lated by the relative depths of the liquid in their respect- ive founts. A better way would be to use but single fount and to divide this into two parts, one for kerosene and the other for water. This would permit che mouch of the bellows to be brought nearer to +he plant to be atomized. Lime spray. Slake \ peck or a peck of lime in a barrel of water, straining the lime as it enters the barrel to pre- vent its clogging the pump. Apply in a spray until the tree appears as if white-washed. For rose-chafer. London purple. See Arsenites. Lye wash. r pound concentrated lye, potash, or J pound to 3 gallons water. On an average, i bushel of good wood ashes contains about 4 pounds of potash. For scale insects. Common home-made lye is often diluted with water and applied to apple branches with a brush as a remedy for the bark-louse. It is also recommended as a remedy for the cabbage-worm, being sprinkled on trie cabbages with a watering-pot. If concentrated lye is used, a pound should be diluted with a barrel of water. Lye and sulphur wash. Concentrated lye, i pound, or potash, iX pounds: sulphur, i^ pounds; water, 3 gal- lons. For scale insects. Oil and alkali wash. i. i-J gallons of whale oil, 25 pounds sal-soda ; dissolve the sal-soda in 25 gallons of water and heat it to boiling. When boiling pour the whale oil in. Apply the wash when cooled to 130 Fahr. 2. i pound of concentrated lye (American) of 80 per cent. ; or J of a pound of Greenbank powdered caustic soda, of 98 per cent. ; or i pound of solid caustic soda, of 76 per cent.; or i^ pounds of solid caustic soda of 63 per cent. These varying proportions are given because he caustic sodas in the markets are of different strengths 12 The Horticidturis? s Rule- Book. Oil and alkali wash, continued. and purity. Whichever one is chosen, add to each amount named ^ pound of commercial potash and dissolve in 6 gallons of water. Both washes are for scale insects on deciduous trees in winter. (Californian.) Paraffine oil. When plants are infested with lice, water them at intervals of three or four days for about three weeks with diluted paraffine in the proportion of a wine- glassful to watering can of water. Paris green. See Arsenites. Plaster and kerosene. 2 quarts of plaster or wood ashes, i tablespoonful of kerosene. Mix and rub with the hands until the oil is well incorporated. Bone-flour may be sub- stituted for the plaster. Promoting growth. Any course that tends to promote vigor will be helpful in enabling plants to withstand the attacks of plant lice and other insects. Pyrethrum. A very fine and light brown powder made from the flower heads of species of pyrethrum. It is scarcely injurious to man. Three brands are upon the market : PERSIAN INSECT POWDER, made from the heads of Pyrethrum roseum, a species now cultivated as an ornamental plant. The plant is native to the Caucasus region. DALMATIAN INSECT POWDER, made from Pyrethrum cinera- ria; folium. BUHACH, made in California from cultivated plants of P. cineraria folium. When fresh and pure, all these brands appear to be equally valuable, but the home-grown product is usually considered most reliable. Pyrethrum soon loses its value when exposed to the air. It is used in various ways : 1. In solution in water, i ounce to 3 gallons. 2. Dry, without dilution. Insecticides . 1 3 Pyrethrum (Buhach), continued. 3. Dry, diluted with flour or any light and fine pow- der. The poison may be used in the proportion of i part to from 6 to 30 of the diluent. 4. In fumigation. It may be scattered directly upon coals, or made into small balls by wetting and molding with the hands and then set upon coals. This is a de- sirable way of dealing with mosquitoes and flies. 5. In alcohol. Dissolve about 4 ounces of powder in i gill of alcohol, and add 12 gallons of water. 6. Decoction. Whole flower heads are treated to boil- ing water and the liquid is covered to prevent evaporation. Boiling the liquid destroys its value. Good insect powder can be made from Pyretfirum roseum, and probably also from P. cinerari&folium, which is grown in the home garden. Quassia. Boil 4 ozs. of quassia chips 10 minutes in a gallon of water ; strain off the chips and add 4 ozs. of soft water, which should be dissolved in it as ii: cools. Apply with syringe or brush. 10 or 15 minutes after it has been applied, give the tree a good syringing with clean water. For plant lice. Resin soap. Ingredients for one barrel of 50 gallons : 10 pounds caustic soda, 98 per cent. ; 10 pounds potash ; 40 pounds tallow ; 40 pounds resin. First. Dissolve the pot- ash and soda in 10 gallons of water. When dissolved, place the whole amount in the barrel to be used. Second. Dissolve the tallow and resin together. When dissolved, add the same to the potash and soda in the barrel, and stir well for five minutes or so. Leave standing for about two hours ; then fill up with water, stirring well as every bucket of water goes in. Use the following day, i pound to the gallon of water. Apply warm. For scale on deciduous trees in summer. (Californian.) Resin and fish-oil soap. 20 pounds of resin, i gallon of fish-oil, 8 pounds of caustic soda, and enough water to $4 The Horticulturist s Rule- Book. Eesin and fish-oil soap, continued. make 100 gallons. The caustic soda is first dissolved in about 16 gallons of water, after which y z of the solution is taken out and the resin added to that remaining in the kettle. When all the resin is dissolved, the fish-oil is added to it and the whole thoroughly stirred, after which the bal- ance of the caustic soda solution is added very slowly and boiled for about an hour, or until it will readily mix with water. Use an iron kettle. For scale insects on orange and olive. (Californian.) Resin and petroleum soap. Water, 100 gals. ; resin, 17 > Ibs. ; soda (60 per cent.), 7 Ibs. ; fish-oil, 3 Ibs. ; petroleum, 2 Ibs. The resin, soda and fish-oil, with 20 gals, water, are boiled together for four hours, when the kerosene is added and the whole is thoroughly stirred. While hot, place in a barrel and add the remaining 80 gals, water, and emulsify by thorough stirring. For scale on citrus trees. Salt and lime wash. 25 pounds of lime (unslaked), 20 pounds of sulphur, 15 pounds of salt, 60 gallons of water. To mix the above, take 10 pounds of lime, 20 pounds of sulphur, and 20 gallons of water. Boil until the sulphur is thoroughly dissolved. Take the remainder 15 pounds of lime and 15 pounds of salt-slack, and add enough of water to make the whole 60 gallons. Strain and spray on the trees when milk-warm or somewhat warmer. This can be applied when the foliage is off the tree, and will have no injurious effects whatever on the fruit buds or the tree itself. For scale on deciduous trees in winter. (Cali- fornian.) Soap and arsenites. Yellow soap, 4 Ibs., which is dis- solved in i gallon of hot water ; add 4 ounces of London purple or Paris green, mix, and dilute with 50 gallons of hot water. For plant lice. Soap and lime wash. 5 Ibs. potash, 5 Ibs. lard stirred in 5 gals, of boiling water ; i peck quicklime slaked in 5 gals. of boiling water, and mixed while hot with the potash and Insecticides. 15 Soap and lime wash, continued. lard mixture. Dilute by adding 2 gals, of boiling water for each gallon of the mixture. It will keep indefinitely. For preventing the attacks of borers. Soap and soda wash. To soft-soap add a strong solution of common washing-soda, until the mixture becomes a thick paint. Soap and tobacco. Dissolve 8 Ibs. of the best soft soap in 12 gallons of rain water, and when cold add i gallon of strong tobacco liquor. For plant lice. Soda and aloes. Dissolve 2 Ibs. of washing soda and i oz. of bitter Barbadoes aloes, and when cold add i gallon of water. Dip the plants into the solution, and lay them on their sides for a short time, and the insect will drop off. Syringe the plants with clean, tepid water, and return to the house. For plant lice. Soda and resin wash. Salsoda, 3 Ibs., added to i pint of hot water ; add slowly 4 Ibs. of resin, and gradually add 2 pints of hot water. Dilute to 5 gallons. For scale in- sects ; also recommended for curculio. Soda wash. Dissolve l / 2 pound of common washing-soda in a pail of water. Sulphide of soda wash (Hilgard's). Dissolva 30 pounds of whale-oil soap in 60 gallons of water, by heating the two together thoroughly. Then boil 3 pounds of American con- centrated lye with 6 pounds of sulphur and 2 gallons of water. When thoroughly dissolved it is a dark brown liquid, chemically called sulphide of soda. Mix the two the soap and the sulphide well, and allow thefn to boil half an hour. Then add about 90 gallons of water to the mixture, and it is ready for use. Apply it warm, by means of a spray pump. Used warm, its effect is better and less material is required than when cold. For scale on decid- uous trees in summer. (Californian.) 1 6 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Sulphur. Fumes of sulphur is, destructive to insects, but it should be carefully used or plants will be injured. For greenhouse use, few insecticides are superior. The sul- phur should be evaporated over an oil stove, until the room is filled with the vapor. The sulphur should never be burned, as burning sulphur kills plants. Sulphur and snuff. i Ib. of flowers of sulphur, i Ib. of scotch snuff, i Ib. of quicklime, */% Ib. of lamp-black, i Ib. of soft soap, with sufficient water to make them into the consistency of paint. Wash every branch, from the ground upwards, with a common paint brush before the bloom-buds begin to swell. For plant lice. Tobacco. Used in the following ways : 1. Tobacco water, used with whale oil soap. 2. Dust. 3. Fumes. Burn dampened tobacco stems. 4. Nicotyl. Steep tobacco stems in water and evaporate the water. 5. Tea, or common decoction. Boil the stems or dust thoroughly, and strain. Then add cold water until the de- coction contains 2 gallons of liquid to i pound of tobacco.' Whale oil soap. i pound whale oil soap to 5 gallons of water. For mealy bugs and similar insects. It will injure some tender plants. White hellebore. A light brown powder made from the roots of the white hellebore plant ( Veratrum atbuni], one of the lily family. It is applied both dry and in water. In the dry state, it is usually applied without dilution, al- though the addition of a little flour will render it more adhesive. In water, i ounce of the poison is mixed with 3 gallons. Hellebore soon loses its strength, and a fresh article should always be demanded. It is much less poi- sonous than the arsenites CHAPTER II. INJURIOUS INSECTS, WITH REMEDIES AND PREVEN- TIVES. Angle- Worm or Earth- Worm. The common angle- worm often destroys greenhouse plants by its burrowing. It is sometimes annoying in gardens also. Remedy. Lime water applied to the soil. Aphides or Plant-Lice, and Bark-Lice. Minute insects of various kinds, feeding upon the tender parts of many plants. Remedies. Kerosene emulsion. Kerosene and water emulsion. Hot water (about 125). Coal tar fumes. Apple. APPLE CURCULIO (Anlhonomus quadrigibbus. Say). A soft white grub, about half an inch long, living in the fruit, Remedy. Arsenites, as for codlin moth. APPLE FLEA-BEETLE (Graptoderafoliacea, Lee). Beetle, one- fifth inch or less long, feeding upon leaves. Remedy . Arsenites. APPLE MAGGOT ( Trypeta pomonella, Walsh). Maggot ; in- fests fall apples mostly, occasionally attacks winter fruit. It tunnels apples through and through, causing the fruit to fall to the earth. Prefers summer and fall apples. Remedies Immediately destroy all infested fruit, pomace, and apple waste from the house. BARK LOUSE (Mytilaspis pomontm, Bouche). Minute insects feeding upon the tender shoots. Later in the season the insect secretes a scale under which it lives. The old scales become conspicuous on the twigs, R 2 (17) i8 The Horticulturist's Rule-Book. Apple (Bark Louse), continued. Preventive. Plant unaffected trees. Remedies. Spray with kerosene emulsion, soda wash, or soap and soda wash, when the shoots begin to start. Wash the limbs with soap suds or lye water. Scrape off the lice. BUD MOTH (Tmetocera oceilana, Fabr.). A minute insect, destroying the flower bud of apples, pears, plums, etc. Remedy. Arsenites applied when the buds begin to swell, and again ten days later. CANKER-WORM (Anisopteryxvernata, Peck). Larva, a "meas- uring worm" an inch long, dark and variously striped, feeding upon the leaves. Preventive. Bands smeared with tar or printer's ink, or similar devices, placed about the trunk of the tree to pre- vent the wingless females from climbing. Remedies. Arsenites. Jar the worms into straw, and burn the straw. CODLIN MOTH (Carpocapsa pomonella, Linn). Larva, three; fourths inch long, pinkish, feeding in fruit ; two broods. Remedies. Arsenites applied just after the blossoms fall and again ten days or two weeks later. Swine in the orchard. Cloth band about the trunk of the tree, which is examined at intervals of seven to nine days for larvae and chrysalids. FALL WEB-WORM (Hyphantria textor, Harris). Hairy larvae, about an inch long, varying from gray to pale yellow or bluish black, feeding upon the leaves of many trees, feed- ing in tents or webs. Remedy. Destroy by burning the webs, or removing them and crushing the larvae. FLAT-HEADED BORER (Chrysobothris femorata, Fabr.). Larva about an inch long, flesh colored, the third segment ("head") greatly enlarged; boring under the bark and sometimes into the wood. Preventive. Soap and carbolic acid washes applied early in June and July. Keep trees vigorous. Remedies. Dig out the borers. Encourage wood-peckers. Injurious Insects. 19 Apple, continued. PEAR-TWIG BEETLE. See under Pear, PLUM CURCULIO (Conotrachehis nenuphar, Herbst). Beetle; punctures the fruit and causes it to become distorted. Remedies. Arsenite . Plant plum trees at intervals throughout the orchard to attract the curculio, and fight the insects on the plums. See under Plum. ROOT-LOUSE (Sc/iizoneitra lanigera, Hausm). A minute insect which causes swelling upon the roots of the tree, impair- ing its vitality, or killing it. In another form the insect attacks the young branches. It is then conspicuous from its cottony covering. The treatment for aphis is useful here. Remedy. Hot water. Scalding hot water may be poured on the bare roots of trees standing in the soil, or nursery stock may be dipped in water having a temperature of 120 to 150. Mulching about trees is said to bring the lice nearer the surface. ROSE BEETLE. See under Rose. There is practically no remedy for the rose beetle on large orchard trees. Rav- ages can be prevented, to a large extent, by the iime spray. ROUND-HEADED BORERS {Saperda Candida and S. cretata, Fabr.). Larva, an inch long when mature; bores into the tree. It remains in the larval state three years. Preventive. Soap and carbolic acid washes applied early in June and in July. Remedies. Dig out borers in the fall. Insert a wire into the holes. TENT CATERPILLARS (Clisiocampa Americana and C. sylvatica, Harris). Larva, nearly twoinches long, spotted and striped with yellow, white and black ; feeding upon the leaves. Remedy. Arsenides, as for codlin moth. Burn out nests with torch. TUSSOCK MOTH (Orgyia leucostigma, Sm. and Abb.). A hand- some caterpillar, an inch long, bright yellow with red markings, very hairy. Eats the leaves. Remedy. Arsenites. 20 r lhe HorticiUtiiris? s Rule- Book. Apple, continued. TWIG-BORER {Amphicerus Bostrichus bicaudatus, Say). Beetle, three-eighths inch long, cylindrical and dark brown, boring into twigs of apple, pear and other trees. The beetle enters just above a bud. Remedy. Burn the twigs. Catch insects in mating season. T\viG-PRUKERs(t(>fl/ii(tionsara/ie/um, Newm, and E.villosum, Fabr.). Yellowish white larvae, about a half inch long, boring into young twigs, causing them to die and break off. Remedy. Burn the twigs. Apricot. PEAR-TWIG BEETLE. See under Pear. PLUM CURCULIO. See under Plum. Asparagus. ASPARAGUS BEETLE (Crioceris asparagi, Linn.). Beetle, less than one-fourth inch in length, yellow, red and shining black, with conspicuous ornamentation, feeding upon the tender shoots. Larva feeds upon the leaves and tender bark. Remedies. Freshly slaked lime dusted on before the dew has disappeared in the morning. Poultry. Aster. ASTER-WORM. A small larva boring in the stem of garden asters about the time they begin to flower, caus- ing the heads to droop. No remedy is known, but all infested stalks should be burned. Bean. BEAN-WEEVIL or BEAN-BUG (B.-uchus obsoletus, Say). Closely resembles the pea-weevil, which see for de- scription and remedies. Bag- Worm or Basket- Worm ( Thyridopteryxephemerceformis, Haw ). Larva working in singular dependent bags, and feeding upon many kinds of trees, both evergreen and de- ciduous. In winter the bags, empty or containing eggs, are conspicuous, hanging from the branches. Remedies. Hand-picking. Arsenites. Bark-Lice. See under Aphides. Injurious Insects 21 Blackberry. CANE- BORER, See under Raspberry. ROOT GALL-FLY. See under Raspberry. SNOWY CRICKET. See under Raspberry. Blister-Beetle (Lytta, two or three species). Soft-shelled, long-necked and slim black or gray spry beetles, feeding upon the leaves of many trees and garden plants Remedies. Arsenites. Jarring. Cabbage. CABBAGE-WORM, or CABBAGE BUTTERFLY (Pieris rapa, Linn.). Larva an inch long, green with yellow and black markings, feeding upon the heads ; two broods. Remedies. Pyrethrum. Hot water (temperature from 140 to 160), applied forcibly in a fine spray. Lye wash. GREEN LETTUCE-WORM. See under Lettuce. HARLEQUIN CABBAGE-BUG (Strackia histrionica, Hahn). Bug about a half inch long, gaudily colored with orange dots and stripes over a blue-black ground, feeding upon cabbage ; two to six broods. Remedies. Hand-picking. Place blocks about the patch and the bugs will collect under them. In the fall make small piles of rubbish in the patch and burn them at thfe approach of winter. MAGGOT (Anthomyia brassiccc, Bouche). A minute white maggot, the larva of a small fly, eating into the crown and roots of young cabbage and cauliflower and turnip plants. Remedies. There are no remedies specific for the pest ; the best one can do is to remove the plantation to a new plot, as far away as possible, each year. When the plants are in a hot-bed, maggots can be destroyed by inserting bisulphide of carbon into the soil. Puddle the plants when trans- planting in a puddle to which sulphur has been added, and sprinkle sulphur about the plants after they are set. Liquid manure applied to the plants is said to drive away the insects. All infested plants should be burned. The "club-root" of cabbage is not due to the maggot, but to a fungus (which see). 22 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Carrot. PARSLEY- WORM. See under Parsley. Cauliflower. CAULIFLOWER or CABBAGE- WORM. See under Cabbage. MAGGOT. See under Cabbage. Celery. GREEN LETTUCE-WORM. See under Lettuce. PARSLEY- WORM. See under Parsley. Cherry. CANKER-WORM. Sec under Apple. PLUM CURCULIO. See under Plum. ROSE BEETLE. See under Rose and Apple. SLUG (Selandria cerasi, Peck). Lcirva, one-half inch long, blackish and slimy, feeding upon the leaves ; two broods. ' Remedies. Arsenites, for the second brood (which usu- ally appears after the fruit is off), and for the first brood if the trees are not bearing. Hellebore in water. Pyrethrum. Air-slaked lime. Catch mature insects by jarring trees late in the evening or early in the morning. Chrysanthemum. GREEN LETTUCE-WORM. See under Lettuce. CHRYSANTHEMUM LEAF-MINER (Oscinis sp.).) Works upon the leaves of the chrysanthemum. Remedy. Hand-picking. Corn. BUD-WORM. See Tomato Fruit-worm. CORNSTALK BORER (Helotropha atra, Get.). Larva, gray, and striped, boring into the stalk. Remedies. See Cut- Worm. GRAIN APHODIUS (Aphodius granarius, Linn.) Beetle, one- eighth inch long, shining black, feeding on kernels in the ground before they sprout. Remedy. Soak kernels in water, then stir them in a mix" ture of Paris green to twenty parts of flour. Cranberry. CRANBERRY APHIS or LOUSE. Remedy. Flooding. See also under Aphides. FIRE-WORM, or CRANBERRY-WORM (Phopobotavacdniana, Pack- ard). Small larva, green, feeding upon the shoots and Injurious Insects. 23 Cranberry (Fire- Worm or Cranberry- Worm) , continued. young leaves, drawing them together by silken threads ; two broods. Remedies. Flooding for two or three days. Arsenites. Attract the moths to fires at night. CRANBERRY SAW-FLY (Pristipkora identidem, Norton). Larva, less than one-half inch long, greenish, feeding upon the leaves ; two broods. Remedy. Flooding. Probably hellebore and arsenites. WEEVIL (Anthonomous sttturalis, Sec.). Beetle, less than cne-furth inch long, cutting off the flower buds. Remedy. Flooding. Cucumber. CUCUMBER or PICKLE-WORM (Edioptis nitidalis^ Cram.). Larva, about an inch long, yellowish-white, tinged with green, boring, into cucumbers ; two broods. Remedies. Hand-picking at the first appearance of the caterpillars. Destroy infested fruits. MELON-WORM. See under Melon. SPOTTED CUCUMBER BEETLE (Diabrotica i2-punctata, Oliv.). Beetle, yellowish and black-spotted, about one-fourth inch long, feeding upon the leaves and fruit. Sometimes attacks fruit-trees, and the larva may injure roots of corn. Remedy. Same as for Striped Cucumber Beetle. STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE {Diabrotica vittata, Fabr.). Beetle, one-fourth inch long, yellow with black stripes, feeding on leaves. Larva, one-eighth inch long and size of a pin, feeding on roots : two broods. Preventive. Cheap boxes covered with thin muslin placed over young plants. Remedies. Arsenites. Land plaster. Air-slaked lime. Plaster and kerosene. Apply remedies when dew is on, and see that it strikes the under side of the leaves. Currant. BORER (^Egeria tipuliformis, Linn.). A whitish larva, boring in the canes of currants, and sometimes of gooseberries. The larva remains in the cane over winter. Remedy. In fall and early spring cut and burn all affected 24 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Currant (Borer), continued. canes. These canes are distinguished before cutting by lack of vigor, and by limberness. CURRANT-WORM, or CURRANT and GOOSEBERRY SAW-FLY (Nematus ventricosus, Klug). Larva, about three-fourths inch long, yellow, green, feeding upon the leaves of red and white varieties ; two to four broods. Remedies. White hellebore, applied early. Arsenites after the fruit is picked. CURRANT MEASURING or SPAN-WORM (Enfitchia (Abraxis) ribearia, Fitch.). Larva somewhat over an inch long, with stripes and dotted with yellow or black, feeding upon the leaves. 'Remedies. Hellebore, applied stronger than for currant worm. Arsenites, if the bushes are not bearing. Hand picking. FOUR-STRIPED PLANT-BUG (Pcecilocapsus lineatus, Fabr.). A bright yellow black-striped bug about one-third of an inch long, puncturing the young leaves and shoots of many plants. Remedy. Jarring early in the morning. GREEN LEAF-HOPPF.R (Empoa albopicta, Forbes). Small insect working upon the under surface of the currant and goose- berry leaves. Also upon the apple. Remedy. Pyrethrum. GREEN LEAF-HOPPER. ( Typlocylm albopicta, Forbes). A pale green insect about one-tenth inch long, feeding upon leaves of currants and gooseberries, also upon the apple, causing white spots to appear upon the upper surfaces. Remedies. Pyrethrum, applied before the insects are fully grown. Tobacco dust. Cut-Worm. Various species of Agrotis and related genera. Soft, brown or gray worms, of various kinds, feeding upon the roots, crown, or even the tops of plants. Preventives and Remedies. Encircling the stem of the plant with heavy paper or tin. Arsenites sprinkled upon Injurious Insects. 25 Cut- Worm, continued. small bunches of fresh grass or clover, which are scattered at short intervals about the garden towards evening. Arsenites mixed with shorts, and placed about the plants Make two or three deep holes by the side of the plant with a pointed stick; the worms will fall in and cannot escape. Dig them out. Plow infested land in fall to give birds a chance to find the worms. Cut- Worm, Climbing. Several species of Agrotis. The worms climb small trees of various kinds at night and eat out the buds. Preventive, Place strips of tin or bands of tar about the trunk. Dig a small circular hole, with perpedicular sides, about the base of the tree. Remedies. Arsenites. Hellebore. Dahlia. FOUR-STRIPED PLANT-BUG. See under Currant. GREEN LETTUCE-WORM. See under Lettuce. Deutzia. FOUR-STRIPED PLANT-BUG. See under Currant. Egg Plant. POTATO BEETLE. See under Potato. Elm. ELM-LEAF BEETLE (Galleruca xantho-melcena, Schr.). A small bettle, imported from Europe, which causes great devastation in some of the eastern states, by eating the green matter from elm leaves, causing the trees to ap- pear as if scorched. Remedy. Arsenites with kerosene emulsion CANKER-WORM. See under Apple. WILLOW- WORM. See under Willow. Endive. GREEN LETTUCE-WORM. See under Lettuce. Flea-Beetle (Phyllotrcta vittata, Fabr. ; Haltica striolata, Harris). A minute black spotted beetle, feeding upon many plants, as turnips, cabbage, radish, mustard, potato, strawberry, and stocks. It jumps upon being disturbed. Closely related species attack various plants. Very de- structive to plants which are just appearing above the sur- face. 26 The Horticulturist's Rule-Book. Flea-Beetle, continued. Remedies. There are no reliable preventives or reme- dies. Arsenites applied dry while the dew is o"n are best. Land plaster, lime, ashes, and tobacco dust, applied in the same manner, are more or less effective. Tobacco decoc- tion used very liberally. Wood-ashes applied liberally. Sometimes these injure the plants. Kerosene emulsion thrown with great force agrinst the plants. Calomel, mixed with flour or ashes. The same remedies apply to other flea-beetles. Gooseberry. CURRANT- BORER. See under Currant. CURRANT MEASURING or SPAN-WORM. See under Currant. FOUR-STRIPED PLANT-BUG. See under Currant. GOOSEBERRY or CURRANT- WORM. See under Currant. GOOSEBERRY FRUIT- WORM (Dakruma convolutella, Hubn.). Larva, about three-fourths inch long, greenish or yellow- ish, feeding in the berry, causing it to ripen prematurely Remedies. Destroy affected berries. Clean cultivation Poultry. GREEN LEAF-HOPPER. See under Currant. Grape. APPLE-TREE BORER. See under Apple. GRAPE-BERRY WORM (Eudtmis botrana, Schiff.). Larva, about one-fourth inch long, feeding in the berry, often securing three or four together in a web ; two broods. Remedy. Burn the affected berries before the larva escapes. GRAPE CURCULIO. Larva, small, black with a grayish tint. Infests the grape in June and July, causing a little black hole in the skin and a discoloration of the berry immedi- ately around it. Remedies. Jarring and removing berries. The beetle may be jarred down on sheets, as with the plum curculio, Bagging the clusters. GRAPE-SEED WORM (Isosoma vitis, Saunders). A minute grub, living in the seed of the grape and causing it to be. come distorted. The injured grapes shrivel. Remedy. Burn the affected fruit. Injurious Insects. 27 Grape, continued. GRAPE-SLUG or SAW-FLY (Selandria vitis, Harris). Larva, about one-half inch long^ yellowish-green with black points, feeding upon the leaves two broods. Remedies. Arsenites. Hellebore. GRAPE-VINE FIDIA (Fidia viticida]. Beetle, resembles the Rose-bug, somewhat shorter and broader. It appears during June and July, riddling the leaves. Remedies. Jarring the trees ; the least jar is sufficient. Poultry. GRAPE-VINE FLEA-BEETLE (Graptodera chalybea Illig.). Beetle, about one-fourth inch long, feeding upon the buds and tender shoots in early spring. Remedies. Arsenites. The beetle can be caught by jar- ring on cold mornings. GRAPE-VINE ROOT-BORER (sEgeria polistiformis, Harris). Larva, one and one-half inch or less long, working in the roots. Preventive. Mounding as for the peach-tree borer. Remedy. Dig out the borers. Apply scalding water to the roots. GRAPE-VINE SPHINX (Darapsa myron, Cramer). A large larva, two inches long when mature, green with yellow spots and stripes, bearing a horn at the posterior extremity, feeding upon the leaves, and nipping off the young clus- ters of grapes ; two broods. Remedy. Hand picking. There are other large Sphinx caterpillars which feed upon the foliage of the vine and which are readily kept in check by hand picking. PHYLLOXERA (Phylloxera vestatrix, Planchon). A minute insect preying upon the roots, and in one form causing galls upon the leaves. Preventive. As a rule, this insect is not destructive to American species of vines. Grafting upon resistant stocks is the most reliable method of dealing with the insect yet known. This precaution is undertaken to a large extent 28 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Grape (Phylloxera), continued. in European countries, as the European vine is particularly subject to attack. Remedies. There is no reliable remedy known. Burn affected leaves. Bisulphide of carbon poured in holes in the ground, which are quickly filled, is sometimes effective. Carbolic acid and water used in the same way is also recommended. ROSE BEETLE. See under Rose. SNOWY CRICKET. See under Raspberry. THRIP or LEAF-HOPPER (Erythroneura vitis, Harris). In vari- ous stages, one-tenth inch or less long ; feeding on leaves, causing them to appear scorched. Remedies. Sticky fly paper secured to a stick and car- ried over the vines, while another person scares up the in- sects. Attract to lights at night. Kerosene emulsion. In houses, tobacco smoke, pyrethrum poured upon coals held under the vines, syringing with tobacco water or soapsuds. Fumigation in the field should be done before the insects develop wings late in July or in early August (in the north). Rake ground clean about vines late in fall in order to expose insects to the weather. It has been found in California that thrips can be greatly lessened by feed- ing off the leaves with sheep, soon after the grapes are picked. Lawns. ANTS (Formica sp.). Insects burrow in the ground, forming "ant-hills." Remedy. A tablespoonful of bisulphide of carbon, poured into holes six inches deep and a foot apart, the holes being immediately filled up. Leaf Grumpier (Phycis indigenella). Larva, brown, wrink- led, found on the inside of leaves, which it brings together in masses and attaches them to each other and to the twigs by means of silken threads. The next season young worms appear from the mass and feed on the new crop of leaves. Remedy. Gather the masses and burn them. Injurious Insects. 29 Lettuce. GREEN LETTUCE-WORM (Plusia brassicce, Riley) Larva somewhat over an inch long, pale green, with stripes of a lighter color , feeding upon the leaves of many plants, as cabbage, celery and endive. jRj/iijily. Pyrethrum. Kerosene emulsion. Hot water. Lice. See Aphides. May-beetle or May-bug (Lac/mosterna fusca, Frohl.). A large and familiar b.own beetle, feeding upon the leaves of many kinds of trees. The common white grub is the larval state. It often does great damage to sod and to strawberries. Remedy. For beetle, use arsenites, or jar them early in the morning. For grubs, plow up the lawn so as to ex- pose them to field birds and poultry, or turn in hogs. Mealy-bug {Dactylopius adonidum, Linn.). A white scale- like insect attacking greenhouse plants. Remedies. Whale oil soap. Carbolic acid and soap. Removing insects with brush on tender plants. Whiskey, applied with a brush. Fish brine. Melon. MELON-WORM (Eudioptis hyalinata, Linn.). Larva, some over an inch long, yellowish-green and slightly hairy, feeding on melon leaves, and eating holes into melons, cucumbers and squashes ; two or more broods. Remedy. Hellebore. SPOTTED CUCUMBER BEETLE. See under Cucumber. STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE. See under Cucumber. SQUASH-VINE ROOT-BORER. See under Squash. Mushroom. MUSHROOM- FLY. The larva bores through the stems of the mushrooms before they are full grown. Preventive, Keep the beds cool so that the fly cannot develop. When the fly is present, growing mushrooms in warm weather is usually abandoned. Onion. MAGGOT (Anthoniyia ceparum, Meigen). Nearly indistinguishable from the Cabbage Maggot, which see. 3O The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Orange. KATYDID (JMicrocetttrum retinervis, Burm.). A large green grasshopper-like insect, feeding upon the foliage. It is largely kept in check in some localities by a parasitic chalcid fly. Remedy Collect the eggs, which are conspicuous on the borders of the leaves. LEAF-NOTCHER (Artipus Floridanns, Horn). Beetle, one- fourth inch long, greenish-blue or copper-colored, eating the edges of the leaves. Remedy. Jarring. SCALE. Many species, preying upon the leaves and shoots. Remedies. Kerosene emulsion applied v/ith a brush or in spray, just before the trees bloom, and at intervals of two or three weeks as occasion may require. Lye wash. Lye and sulphur wash. Pyrethrum decoction. Resin and fish oil soap. When young the scale is more easily destroyed. Parsley. PARSLEY- WORM (Papilla Asterias, Cramer). Larva, inch and a half long, light yellow or greenish yel- low with lines and spots ; feeding upon leaves of parsley, celery, carrot, etc. When the worm is disturbed, it ejects two yellow horns with an offensive odor, from the anterior end. Remedies. Hand picking. Poultry are said to eat them sometimes. Parsnip. PARSLEY-WORM. See under Parsley. PARSNIP WEB-WORM (Depressaria herachana, De Geer). Larva, about a half inch long, feeding in the flower cluster and causing it to become contorted. Remedies. Arsenites, applied as soon as the young worms appear, and before the cluster becomes distorted. The worms are easily disturbed, and hand-picking is often advisable. Burn the distorted umbels. Pea. PEA-WEEVIL or PEA-BUG (Bruchus pisi, Linn.). A small brown-black beetle, living in peas over winter. The beetle escapes in fall and spring and lays its eggs in Injurious Insects. 31 Pea (Pea- Weevil or Pea-Bug), continued. young pea-pods, and the grubs live in the growing peas. Preventive. It is said that coal ashes or sand saturated with phenyl and sown with the peas will preven attack. Remedies. As soon as the mature peas are picked, and while the grubs are only partially grown, subject the peas to a temperature of 145 for an hour. The seed will not be injured. The ripe peas may also be confined in some tight receptacle, and a little bisulphide of carbon added. Peach. APPLE-TREE BORER. See under Apple. FLAT-HEADED BORER. See under Apple. KATYDID. This insect is often troublesome to the peach in the southern states in early spring, eating the leaves and girdling young stems. Remedy, Poisoned baits placed about the tree. PEACH-TWIG MOTH (Anarsia lineatella, Zeller). The larva of a moth, a fourth inch long, boring in the ends of the shoots; it sometimes attacks the apple, and strawberry roots. Remedy. Burn the infested twigs. PEACH-LOUSE or APHIS (Myzus persica, Sulzer). A small in- sect feeding upon the young leaves, causing them to curl and die. Remedies. Kerosene emulsion. Soap and soda wash. Soap water. Soap and arsenites. PLUM CURCULIO. See under Plum. PEACH-TREE BORER (sEgeria exitiosa, Say). A whitish -larva, about three-fourths inch long when mature, boring into the crown and upper roots of the peach, causing gum to exude. Preventive. Make a mound abont the tree ; n early sum- mer, a foot high, and remove it '"n September; the moth then lays her eggs about the top of the mound, and the tender larvae are killed by exposure to the weather. A coat of asbestos roofing applied about the base of the tree is recommended as a preventive. Apply washes as for 32 1 he Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Peach (Peach-tree Borer), continued. apple-tree borers. All preventives are unsatisfactory how- ever, and the only safety is Remedy. Dig out the borers in late fall and early spring. RED-LEGGED FLEA-BEETLE (Haltica nifipes}. A flea-beetle feeding on the leaves of peach trees, often in great num- bers. Remedies. The insects fall at once upon being jarred, and sheets saturated with kerosene may be used upon which to catch them. Spray with Paris green. ROOT-KNOT. See Root-knot. ROSE BEETLE. See under Rose and Apple. Pear. APPLE-TREE BORER. See under Apple. BUD MOTH. See under Apple. CODLIN MOTH. See under Apple. FLAT-HEADED BORER. See under Apple. PEAR-TREE BORER (Algeria pyri, Harris). A small whitish larva, feeding under the bark of the pear tree. Remedy. Same as for round-headed apple-tree borer. PEAR-TWIG BEETLE (Xyleborus pyri, Peck). Brownish or black beetle, one-tenth inch long, boring in twigs, produc ing effect much like pear-blight, and hence often known as "pear-blight beetle." it escapes from a minute perfora- tion at base of a bud ; probably two broods. Remedy. Burn twigs before the beetle escapes. ROSE BEETLE. See under Rose and Apple. ROUND-HEADED BORER. See under Apple. SLUG. See under Cherry. TWIG-GIRDLER (Oncidei'es cingulatus, Say.). A brownish gray beetle, about one-half inch long, which girdles twigs in August and September. The female lays eggs above the girdle. The twigs soon fall. Remedy. Burn the twigs, either cutting them off or gathering them when they fall. TWIG-PRUNER. See under Apple. Persimmon. TWIG-GIRDLER. See under Pear. Injurious Insects. Pineapple. KATYDID (Acanthacara similis}. A large katy- did which attacks, among other plants, the leaves of the pineapple. Remedies. Arsenites, before the plants are mature. Plant -lice. See Aphides. Plum. BUD MOTH. See under Apple. CANKER-WORM. See under Apple. CURCULIO (Conotrachelus nenuphar, Herbst.). Larva, a whit- ish grub, feeding in the fruit. Remedies. Arsenites, applied as soon as the calyx falls and repeat two or three times at intervals of about ten days. Plaster and carbolic acid mixture. Jarring the beetles on sheets very early in the morning, beginning when trees are in flower and continuing from four to six weeks. Catching beetles under chips or blocks about base of tree, the insects being taken very early in the morning. FLAT-HEADED BORER. See under Apple. PEAR-TWIG BEETLE. See under Pear. PLUM-GOUGER {Coccotoris scutellatis, Sec.). A small larva, feeding upon the kernel of the' plum. The beetle bores a round hole in the plum, instead of making a crescent mark like the curculio. Remedy. Same as for curculio. TWIG-PRUNERS. See under Apple. SLUG. See under Cherry. Poplar. COTTONWOOD LEAF-BEETLE (Lina scripta^ Riley). A striped beetle feeding on the leaves and shoots of poplars and willows. Remedy. Arsenites. WILLOW-WORM. See under Willow. Potato. COLORADO POTATO-BEETLE (Doryphora decem- lineata, Say). Beetle and larva feed upon the leaves. Remedies. Arsenites. Hand-picking the beetle. MOLE CRICKET (Gryllotolpa borealis, Burm.). Mature insect, curiously formed, whitish, feeding on tubers in low and mucky ground. Preventive. Plant potatoes on upland. R 3 34 The Horticulturist* s Rule- Book. Privet or Prim. PRIVET WEB -WORM (Margarodes quadri- stigmalis, Gn.). Small larva feeding in webs on the young shoots of the privet, appearing early in the season ; two to four broods. Remedies. Trim the hedge as soon as the worms appear and burn the trimmings. Attract the moths at night by lights. Probably the arsenites will prove useful. Quince. ROUND-HEADED BORERS. See under Apples. SLUG. See under Cherry. Radish. MAGGOT (Anthomyia raphani^ Harris). Indis- tinguishable from the cabbage maggot, which see. Sow- ing copperas upon the soil before planting is sometimes adopted as a preventive of attack. Raspberry. CANE-BORER (Oberea bimaculata, Oliv.). Beetle, black, small and slim ; making two girdles about an inch apart near the tip of the cane, in June, and laying an egg just above the lower girdle ; the larva, attaining the length of nearly an inch, bores down the cane. Also in the blackberry. Remedy. As soon as the tip of the cane wilts, cut it off at the lower girdle and burn it. RASPBERRY ROOT-BORER (Bembecia marginata, Harris). Larva about one inch long, boring in the roots, and the lower parts of the cane, remaining in the root over winter. Remedy. Dig out the borers. RASPBERRY SAW-FLY (Selandria rubi, Harris). Larva about three-fourths inch long, green, feeding upon the leaves. Remedy. Hellebore. ROOT GALL-FLY (Rhodites radicum, Sacken). A small larva which produces galls, sometimes attaining two inches in diameter, on the roots of the raspberry, blackberry and rose, causing the bush to appear sickly, and eventually killing it. Remedy, There is no remedy except to destroy the galls ; if plants are badly affected they must be dug up, and burned. Injurious Insects. 35 Raspberry, continued. SNOWY OR TREE CRICKET (CEcanthtis niveus, Serv.). Small and whitish cricket-like insect, puncturing canes for two or three inches, and depositing eggs in the punctures. Remedy. Burn infested canes in winter or very early spring. Red Spider (Tetranychus telarius, Linn). A small red mite infesting many plants, both in the greenhouse and out of doors. It nourishes in dry atmospheres, and on the under side of the leaves. Remedies. Persistent syringing with water will destroy them, if the spray is applied to the under surface. Fumes of sulphur. Sulphide of soda wash. Root-Knot. A disease characterized by the knotting and contortion of the roots of the peach, orange and many other plants. It is usually most destructive on the peach. It is caused by a nematode, or true worm. Gulf States. Preventives. Plant non-infested trees in fresh soil ; bud into healthy stocks. Fertilize highly, particularly with potassio fertilizers. Set the trees eight or ten inches deep in high and dry soils. Infested sYnall trees may be remedied, in part at least, by transplanting them into highly-manured holes which have been prepared contig- uous to them. Rose. ROOT GALL-FLY. See under Raspberry. MEALY-BUG. On roses, a gill of kerosene oil to a gallon of water is a good remedy. Syringe the plants in the morn- ing, and a couple hours later syringe again with clean water. See also under Mealy-bug. ROSE BEETLE, ROSE CHAFER or " ROSE-BUG" (Macrodactylus subspinosus, Fabr.). Beetle three-fourths inch long, light brown, feeding upon the leaves, blossoms and fruit. Remedies. Hand-picking. Knocking off on sheet early in morning. Pyrethrum. Eau celeste. It is said to pre- fer Clinton grapes to most other plants, and it has been suggested that these vines be planted as a decoy. Open 36 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Kose (Rose Beetle), continued. vials of bisulphide of carbon hung in bushes and vines are recommended by some. ROSE-LEAF HOPPER (Tettigonia rosa}. Hopper, very small, white, often mistaken for thrips ; lives on the leaves of roses. Various stages of growth may be found in the leaves throughout the summer, and even on indoor plants. Remedies. Whale oil soap. Kerosene. Nicotyl vapor Infusien of tobacco. Kerosene and water emulsion. Py- rethrum. The insect is easily destroyed when in its im- mature state. ROSE SLUG (Selandria rostc, Harris). Larva, one-half inch Ibng, dull and slimy, feeding upon the leaves. Remedy. Kerosene emulsion. Scale. Various small scale-like insects infesting the young branches and leaves of many kinds of trees. The orange tree scale is one of the worst. (See under Orange.) Remedies. Kerosene emulsion. Lye wash. Lye and sulphur wash. Pyrethrum decoction. Resin soap. Oil and alkali wash. Salt and lime wash. Resin and fish-oil soap. Sulphide of soda wash. Smoke-tree. JUMPING SUMAC BEETLE. See under Sumac. Squash. BUG (Anasa tristis, De Geer). Bugs, black, very offensive odor when handled or crushed ; many broods. Remedies. Plaster and kerosene. Hand-picking. Trap- ping, by laying blocks about the hills under which the bugs will collect after feeding in the night ; early in the morning jar or brush the insects into a pail of kerosene. A mild kerosene emulsion kills the young insects. MELON-WORM. See under Melon. SQUASH-VINE ROOT-BORER (sEgeria cucurbit a, Harris). Larva, about one inch long, whitish, boring into the roots, causing the vines to perish. Remedy. Bank up the young vines as far as the blos- soms. Cover some of the joints of the vine, that roots may form to sustain the plants, in case of injury. Injurious Insects. 37 Squash, continued. SPOTTED CUCUMBER BEETLE. See under Cucumber. STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE. See under Cucumber. Strawberry. GRUB or .MAY-BEETLE. See under May- beetle. STRAWBERRY LEAF-ROLLER (Phoxopteris comptana, Frol.). Larva, less than one-half inch long, feeding on the leaves, and rolling them up in threads of silk ; two broods. Remedies. In first stage of attack apply hellebore Burn the leaf-cases. STRAWBERRY ROOT-LOUSE (Aphis Forbesii, Weed). From July to the close of the season the lice appear in great numbers on the crowns and in the roots of the plants. Remedies. Rotation in planting. Disinfect plants com- ing from infested patches by dipping the crowns and roots in kerosene emulsion. STRAWBERY ROOT-BORER (Anarsia lineatella, Zeller). Larva, about one-half inch long, whitish, boring into the crown of the plant late in the season and remaining in it over winter. Remedy. Burn the plant. STRAWBERRY SAW-FLY (Emphytus maculatus, Norton). Larva, nearly three-fourths inch long, greenish, feeding upon the leaves ; two broods. Remedy. Hellebore. Arsenites for second brood. WEEVIL {Anthonomus musculus, Say). Beetle, one-tenth inch long, reddish, feeding on young fruit. Remedies. Plaster and crude carbolic acid mixture, Sumac. APPLE-TREE BORER. See under Apple. JUMPING SUMAC BEETLE (Blepharida rhois, Forst.). Larva, half inch long, dull greenish-yellow, feeding on leaves; two broods. Remedy. Arsenites. Sweet Potato. SAW-FLY (Schizocerus ebenus, Norton). Small larva about one-fourth inch long, working upon the leaves. The fly is about the size of a house-fly. Remedies. Hellebore and pyrethrum are to be recom- mended; also arsenites. 38 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Tomato. FRUIT- WORM (Heliothis armiger. Hub.). Larva, one inch in length, pale green or dark brown, faintly striped, feeding upon the fruit. Also on corn and cotton. Remedies: Hand-picking. White hellebore. TOMATO RINGER (Stictocephala festina, Say). A leaf-hopper which injures the stem of the young tomato plant by punc- turing it in a ring. Southward. No remedy is known. TOMATO-WORM (Macrosila quinquemaculata, Haw.). A very large green worm feeding upon the stems and leaves of the tomato and husk tomato. Remedy. Hand-picking. Turnip. MAGGOT. See under Cabbage. Weigelia. FOUR-STRIPED PLANT-BUG. See under Currant. White ants, or Termites. These insects often infest orchard trees in the Southern states, particularly in orchards which contain old stumps or rubbish. Remedy. The soap and arsenites wash brushed over the trunk and branches of the trees. Willow. WILLOW-WORM ( Vencssa antiopa, Linn.). Larva, nearly two inches long, black, feeding upon leaves of wil- low, elm and poplar ; two broods. Remedy. Arsenites. Wire-worm (Various species}. Slim and brown larvae, feeding upon the roots of various plants. They are the larvae of the click-beetle or snapping-beetle. Remedy. Arsenites sprinkled upon baits of fresh clover or other material which is placed about the field under blocks or boards. Sweetened corn-meal dough also makes a good bait. CHAPTER III. FUNGICIDES, FOR PLANT DISEASES. . Ammoniacal carbonate of copper. Into a vessel having a capacity of 2 qts. or more pour i qt. of ammonia (strength 22 degrees Baume), add 3 ozs. carbonate ot cop- per. Stir rapidly for a moment and the carbonate of coo- per will dissolve in the ammonia, forming a very clear liquid. The concentrated liquid thus prepared may oe kept indefinitely. For use, dilute to 22 gals. For grape mildew. Blight powder, Sulphated sulphur. Prepared by thor- oughly mixing from 3 to 8 Ibs. of anhydrous sulphate of copper with 90 to 100 Ibs. of flowers of sulphur. For simultaneous treatment of downy mildew, tomato and potato blight and rot. Bordeaux mixture (Copper mixture oj Gironde). Dis- solve 6 Ibs. of sulphate of copper in 16 gals, of water. In another vessel slake 4 Ibs. of fresh lime in 6 gals o* water. When the latter mixture has cooled it is slowly poured into the copper solution, care being taken to mix the fluids thoroughly by constant stirring. Prepare some days before use. Stir before applying. Stronger mixtures were at first recommended, but they are not now used. For downy mildew and black-rot of the grape, blight and rot of the tomato and potato. Sometimes the mixture is not was.hed off the grapes by the rains. In this case, add one quart of strong cider vin- egar to 5 gals, of water, and dip the grapes, allowing them (39) 40 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book- Bordeaux mixture, continued to remain a few minutes, then rinse once or twice. Dip the grapes by placing them in a wire basket. Carbolic acid (Phenic acid]. i. J pt. in 10 gals, of water. For powdery mildew of the vine. 2. Soap-suds, 10 gals. ; glycerine, i Ib. ; carbolic acid, l / 2 pt. Mix thoroughly, to form an emulsion. For orange- leaf scab. Chloride of iron. A very dilute solution of chloride of iron has been used with success in combating the coffee disease due to Hemileia vastatrix. The solution is applied to the under surface of the leaves by means of a pulveri- zator or spraying apparatus. Its sticky nature causes it to adhere for two months. It is suggestive in connection with some of our plant diseases. David's powder. Dissolve 4 Ibs. of sulphate of copper in the least possible amount of hot water, and slake 16 Ibs. of lime with the smallest quantity of water required. When the copper solution and slaked lime are completely cooled mix them together thoroughly ; let the compound dry in the sun, then crush and sift. Apply with a sulphur- ing bellows furnished with an outside receptacle for the powder. For downy mildew and black-rot of the grape, mildew and anthracnose. Destroying affected parts. It is important that all affected parts should be removed and burned, if possible. In the fall all leaves and fruit which have been attacked by fungi should be raked up and burned. Diseased branches should be severed at some distance below the lowest visible point of attack. Fungous diseases often spread rapidly, and prompt action is usually necessary. Eau celeste. i (Audoynaud process]. Dissolve i Ib. of sul- phate of copper in 2 gals, of hot water. When com- pletely dissolved and the water has cooled, add i^ pts. of commercial ammonia (strength 22 degrees Baume). When ready to use, dilute to 22 gals. For treatment of downy Fungicides, for Plant Diseases. 41 Eau celeste, continued. mildew and black-rot of the grape, anthracnose, and blight and rot of the tomato and potato. 2. Dissolve i Ib. of sulphate of copper in 2 gals, of water. In another vessel dissolve i Ib. of carbonate of soda. Mix the two solutions. When chemical reaction has ceased, add i l / 2 pts. of ammonia, then dilute to 22 gals. For the same purpose as No. i, and probably better. Orison liquid (Eau Grisori). Prepared by boiling 3 Ibs. each of flowers of sulphur and lime in 6 gals, of water until reduced to two gallons When settled, pour off the clear liquid and bottle it. When used, mix i pt. of clear liquid in 100 parts of water. For mildew and pow- dery mildew of vines. Milk of lime. Simple solution in water, 2 to 6 parts lime to 100 parts water. For mildew and anthracnose. Podeschard's powder. Dissolve 45 Ibs. of sulphate of copper in water. When thoroughly dissolved, pour the solution upon 225 Ibs. of air-slaked lime, which is sur- rounded by 30 Ibs. of ashes to keep the liquid from spread- ing. After 24 hours, add 20 pounds of flowers of sul- phur. Thoroughly mix the compound, ashes and all. When dry sift through a sieve with meshes of one-eighth inch. Will keep for months. For downy mildew, mil- dew and anthracnose. Potassium sulphide. Used at the rate of J or \ oz. to the gal. of water. Skawinski's powder. Mix 22 Ibs. of finely powdered sulphate of copper with 33 Ibs. of soot or alluvial earth and 165 Ibs. of coal dust. For treatment of mildews. Skawinski's sulphate of iron and sulphuric acid solution. Sulphate of iron, no Ibs.; sulphuric acid (53 degrees), ij^ pts. ; .warm water, 22 gals. Pour sulphuric acid on the crystals of iron, then add the water. Use while warm. 42 The Horticulturist' s Rule-Book. Soda hyposulphite. i. \ oz. to 10 gals, of water. For gooseberry mildew and apple scab. 2. i Ib. in 10 gals, of water. For celery-leaf blight, orange-leaf blight, apple scab. Should be used as soon as prepared. Probably too strong. Sulfosteatite or Cuprique steatite. An exceedingly fine bluish powder composed of steatite, or talc, and about 10 per cent, of sulphate of copper. Considered the most adherent of all fungicide powders. For mildews. Sulphate of copper. i. Dissolve i Ib. of pure sulphate of copper in '25 gals, of water. For treatment of downy mildew and black-rot of the grape. Dilute it a little for young foliage. 2. Dissolve 5 to 8 Ibs. in 10 gals, of water. For soaking grains previous to sowing to destroy spores of smuts. The Germans use a y 2 per cent, solution, and soak the grains for about 16 hours. Sulphate of iron. i. Simple solution in water of 4 to 8 Ibs. to the gal. To be used only as a wash. For anthrac- nose of vine and raspberry. 2. For a spray, dissolve about ij/f Ib. to the gal. Sulphatine, the Esteve process. Mix 2 Ibs. of anhydrous sulphate of copper with 20 Ibs. of flowers of sulphur and 2 Ibs. of air-slaked lime. For mildew, downy mildew and black-rot of grape, tomato and potato blight and rot. Sulphide, or sulphuret, of potassium (Liver of sulphur). Simple solution in water of ' ^ to i oz. to the gal. For mildew in greenhouses, mildew on roses, erinose of vine, orange-leaf scab, celery-leaf blight, pear and apple scab and various rots. Sulphide of soda wash (HilgarcFs). Dissolve 30 Ibs. of whale-oil soap in 60 gals, of water by heating the two to- gether thoroughly. Then boil 3 Ibs. of American concen- trated lye with 6 Ibs. of sulphur and 2 gals, of water. When thoroughly dissolved it is a dark brown liquid, Fungicides, for Plant Diseases. 43 Snlphide of soda wash, continued. chemically called sulphide of soda. Mix the two the soap and the sulphur well, and allow them to boil for half an hour, then add 90 gals, of water to the mixture, and it is ready for use. Apply it warm by means of a spray pump. Used warm, its effect is better and less ma- terial is required than when cold. For apple scab. Sulphur. In its dry and pulverized state, sulphur, known as flowers of sulphur, is often a valuable fungicide, particu- larly for surface mildew. In the greenhouse it may also be used in fumes. Evaporate it over a steady heat, as an oil stove, until the house is filled with the vapor. It should never be heated to the burning point, as burning sulphur quickly destroys most plants. It may also be used in water, in the proportion of an oz. of sulphur to 5 gals, of water. Sulphur and lime. A mixture of sulphur and lime in equal parts by weight. For anthracnose during growing season. Some fungicides may be added to London purple or Paris green mixtures, and both plant diseases and insects may be fought with one application. An ounce of the arsenites to ten gallons of Bordeaux mixture is recommended for potatoes. The arsenites may be combined with soda hyposulphite, and other compounds CHAPTER IV. PLANT DISEASES, WITH PREVENTIVES AND REMEDIES. Apple. BITTER-ROT (Glceosporium fructigenum, Berk.). A dry rot appearing in patches on many varieties of ap- ples, and extending some distance into the tissue. No remedies or preventives are known. BROWN-ROT. See under Cherry. POWDERY MILDEW (Podosphcera oxycanthcz, DeBary). At- tacks nursery stocks, covering leaves with a grayish and powdery meal-like mildew. Remedy. Ammoniacal carbonate of copper, applied four or five times. RUST (species of Rcestelia}. Bright yellow rust J appearing on the young leaves and fruit, causing the whole tree to become enfeebled. It is now known that one stage of this fungus is the "cedar apple" which grows on red cedars and junipers, where it is known as Gymnosporangium. Several species have been described. Preventive. Destroy the cedars or keep them free from the "apples." Destroy hawthorns and escaped apples, which are liable to be infested. Some varieties of apples appear to be more susceptible to injury than others. SCAB {Fusicladiuni dentriticum, Fckl.). Brown or blackish scab-like spots on the leaves and fruit, arresting growth and causing the parts to become distorted. Remedy. Spray with soda hyposulphite or potassium sulphide, several times during June and July. Sulphide of soda wash. Apricot. LEAF- RUST. See under Plum. (44) Plant Diseases. 45 Balm of Gilead. LEAF- RUST. See under Poplar. Bean. ANTHRACNOSE, or POD-RUST (Glasosporium Linde- niuthiaimm, Sacc. and Magn.). Reddish-brown scab-like spots appearing upon bean pods, particularity upon the yellow-podded string beans. It also attacks water- melons. Preventive. Plant in dry and airy places, on light soil. Remedy. Sulphur and water. Bean, Lima. BLIGHT (Phytophthora Phaseoli, Thaxter). Attacks the pods in August and September, covering them with a white, felted coating. It also attacks the young shoots and leaves. Remedy. Remedies are not yet known, but the Bordeaux mixture should be tried. Beet. RUST {Uromyces beta, Pers.). Powdery reddish- brown spots on the leaves of beets in California, often doing much injury. Remedy. Burn the infested leaves. Blackberry. CANE- RUST. See under Raspberry. RED OR ORANGE RUST. See under Raspberry. Buttonwood. LEAF-SCORCHING. See under Plane-tree. Cabbage. CLUB -ROOT or CLUB-FOOT (Plasmidiophora brassicte % Woronin). A cortorted swelling of the root of the cabbage in the field, preventing the plant from heading and causing it to assume a sickly appearance. Remedies. Burn the roots as soon as the disease ap- pears. Alternate crops. It is thought that stable ma- nures aggravate the disease. Carnation. RUST (Septora Dianthi, Desm.). Attacks the leaves in large, light brown spots, or occasionally the whole leaf becomes discolored and wilts. Probably in- troduced from Europe. Preventives. If the disease is feared, be careful not to apply water to the leaves. Eau celeste sprayed upon the plants will no doubt be beneficial as a preventive. Burn all infested leaves. 46 The Horticulturist ' s Rule- Book. Celery. CELERY-LEAF BLIGHT, RUST, OK SUN-SCALD (Cercospora Apii, Fries). Appears in hot and dry places and seasons, about mid-summer. Small yellowish spots appear upon the leaves, and later the leaves turn yellow, then brown, and finally die. Preventive. Plant in a moist and cool place, and shade the plants if necessary. Destroy all diseased leaves in autumn. Cherry. BROWN-ROT (Monilia fructigena, Pers.). At- tacks flowers, leaves and fruit. The flowers die and de- cay, the leaves become discolored with brownish patches and the fruit rots on the tree. Attacks also peaches, ' plums and apples. Remedies. Burn all infested fruit and leaves in the fall. Before buds expand in spring spray with sulphate of iron When the flowers are opening, spray again with sulphide potassium, and repeat the operation at intervals of a week or two until the fruit begins to color. LEAF-RUST. See under Plum. POWDERY MILDEW. See under Apple. Corn. ROT. Due to bacteria. The plants are dwarfed, and unusually slender. The roots become mucilaginous and decay, as do the leaf-sheaths and the ears. No remedies or preventives are known SMUT. ( Ustilago Zea-Mays, DeC.). A fungus attacking the ears of corn, producing familiar black abnormal growths. Preventive. Plant seed from clean fields. Remedies. Cut out smut and burn it. Soak seed before planting in sulphate of copper. Cottonwood. LEAF- RUST. See under Poplar. Currant. RUST (Septoria Ribis, Desm.). Appears about mid-summer, on leaves of white, red and black currants, as whitish spots with black centers. It causes the leaves to fall. Remedies. Destroy infested leaves. Spraying with eau celeste or Bordeaux mixture may be tried. Plant Diseases. 47 Gooseberry. MILDEW (Sphosrotheca Mors-uvce, B. & C.). A downy mildew attacking the fruits and young growth of English varieties of gooseberries (varieties of Ribes Grossularia}. Remedy. Spray at intervals during the season with potassium sulphide. Grape. ANTHRACNOSE or SCAB (Sphaceloma ampelinum, DeBary). The fungus attacks the leaves in small spots, and also the fruit, where it forms hard and sunken brown or black large scab-like patches. General in distribution east of the Mississippi. Probably introduced from Europe. Remedies. Sulphur fungicides, as sulphur, sulphate of iron, eau celeste. Repeat application frequently and begin before the leaves appear. BLACK-ROT (Lcestadia Bidwcllii, V. & R. ; Phoma uvicola, B. & C.). Attacks the young berries. The fruit becomes black, hard, dry, and shrivelled and is covered with min- ute pimples. Occurs generally east of the Rocky Moun- tains. Of American origin. Preventive. A board placed over the trellis, as men- tioned under the downy mildew, is some protection ; but the remedy is certain : Remedies. Spray thoroughly with Bordeaux mixture every week or ten days for six weeks or more, beginning before the flowers open. Sulphate of copper may be used also. Burn infsted fruits in autumn. NOTE. The following are synonyms for Black-rot : Sphceria Bidwellii, Physalospora Bidwellii, Phoma uvicola, Phoma uvicola, var. Labruscce, Sph&ropsis uvarum, Phoma uvarum, Nemaspora cempelicida, Phyllosticta Labruscce ( ' ' the leaf-spot" form), Phyllosticta viticola, Phoma ustulatum. Phyllosticla ampelopsidis, Sacidium viticolum, Septoria viticola, Ascochyta Ellissii. DOWNY MILDEW (Peronospora viticola, De Bary). Appears in small frost-like patches on the under surface of the 48 The Horticulturist's Rule-Book. Grape (Downy Mildew), continued. leaves, finally causing yellowish discoloration on the upper surface. It also causes a rot of the fruit. The berries remain small and firm, usually not wrinkled, and become brown in color. The disease is worst on thin and smooth leaved varieties, as the Delaware and others. It extends generally throughout the Union. Of American origin. Preventive. A wide board nailed flatwise on the top of the trellises so as to somewhat protect the vines, as with a roof, is a considerable protection, as it tends to keep the vines dry. Vines trained against a building rarely suffer. Remedies. Spray with Bordeaux mixture every week or ten days from the time the leaves appear until late in July. Eau celeste may be used. POWDERY MILDEW (Uncinula spiralis, B. & C.). Appears early in the season as delicate dust-like patches or covering on the leaves, mostly on the upper surface, and on shoots and fruits. Berries attacked by it become checked in growth, and may remain small and die, or they sometimes grow and crack before death ensues. It attacks grapes in vineries which are not properly venti- lated and managed. Occurs generally throughout the Union, but is less destructive than the downy mildew American origin. Remedy. Dry sulphur applied to the vines, two or three times once when the shoots just begin to push again when in blossom, and usually again shortly before the grapes begin to turn. Apply :n warm and bright weather, after the dew is off. In vineries, the sulphur may be scattered on the hot pipes. Hollyhock. RUST {Puccinia Malvacearum, Mont.). Ap- pears upon leaves of hollyhocks and a few related plants in small, light brown patches. Introduced from Europe, and not yet common in this country. Remedies. Destroying the plants is the only general method yet known to prevent the spread of the disease but some of the fungicides should be tried. Plant Diseases. 49 Lettuce. MILDEW (Peronospora gangliformis, De Bary). A delicate mildew, attacking lettuce leaves and causing yellow or brown spots, and finally killing the leaf. Preventives. (According to Maynard.) Grow at a low temperature (35 to 40 at night, 50 to 70 during day); give abundance of plant food ; give abundance of water, but apply it in morning and bright days only ; avoid sudden extreme changes of temperature. Remedy. Fumes of sulphur. Maple. LEAF-SPOT (Phyllosticta acericola, C. & E.). Attacks the leaves of red, silver, and striped maples in spring, causing them to become spotted and unsightly, and lessening the vigor of the tree. Remedies. Rake and burn the leaves in autumn. When the leaves are two-thirds grown spray with sulphide of potassium, and repeat every three or four weeks as long as necessary. Onion. RUST (Peronospora Schleideniana, Unger). The leaves turn yellow about the time the onions begin to bot- tom, or a little later, and wilt and die. Preventive. There is no remedy known. Exercise care to grow on land not infected, and destroy all affected onions. Orange. ORANGE-LEAF SCAB (Cladosporium). The leaves become yellow and distorted. Remedy. Spray with Grison liquid, or carbolic acid and glycerine mixture. Peach. BROWN -ROT. See under Cherry. CURL, LEAF-CURL OR "FRENCHING," (Taphrina deformans, Tul. ; written also Ascomyces deformans and Exoascus de- formans}. The leaves become blistered and crumpled early in the season and fall off. Remedy. It seldom does much damage, and the trees usually renew their foliage the same season. Good cult- ure, to enable the tree to put forth new leaves, is to be recommended. R-4 50 The Horticulturist' s Rule-Book. Peach, continued. LEAF-RUST. See under Plum, POWDERY MILDEW. See under Apple. YELLOWS. The first symptom in bearing trees is usually the premature ripening of the fruit. This fruit contains definite small red spots which extend to the pit. The next stage is indicated by very slender shoots, which branch the first year and which start in clumps from the old limbs, bearing narrow and small yellowish leaves. Later the entire foliage becomes smaller and yellow. In three or four years the tree dies. The disease spreads from tree to tree. It attacks trees of any age. Known at pres- ent only in regions east of the Mississippi, more particu- larly in the north-eastern states. Peculiar to America, so far as known. Preventive. -Burn all trees as soon as the disease ap- pears. Laws aiming to suppress the disease should be en- acted in all peach-growing states where it has appeared. Pear. BLIGHT (Micrococcus amylovorus, Burrill). Dis- tinguished by the blackening of the entire leaf, and the blackening of the bark. It may destroy branches or the whole tree. Generally distributed east of the looth meridian. Known only in America. Remedy. As soon as the disease is discovered, cut off the affected parts a foot below the point of lowest visible attack, and burn them. LEAF-BLIGHT and CRACKING OF THE FRUIT (Entomosporium maculatum, Lev.; Morthiera Mespili is the same). At- tacks nursery stocks of pears, beginning as small and cir- cular brown spots on the leaves ; soon the entire leaf turns brown and falls. Also causes the cracking of the fruit. Remedy. Bordeaux mixture, applied four or five times. ROOT- ROT (Polyporus versicolor, Fries). Attacks the roots, the white and felt-like threads of the fungus at length be- coming very abundant and conspicuous. The trees pro- duce a short and thick growth, the new wood being Plant Diseases. 51 Pear (Root-rot), continued. reddish, the leaves becoming yellowish or bronzed, and there is an unusual tendency to form fruit buds. The tree may die quickly or may live for several years. The roots rot away and the tree tips over. The disease is worst on poor and dry soils and in grassy orchards. Remedy. Give good culture. Remove the earth from the crown and apply a dressing of lime. RUST. See under Apple. SCAB (Fusicladium pyrinum, Fckl.). Brown or blackish scab-like spots on the leaves and fruit, arresting the growth and causing the parts to become distorted. Remedy. Spray several times during June and July with soda hyposulphite or potassium sulphide. Plum. BROWN-ROT. See under Cherry. LEAF-RUST (Puccinia pruni-spinosce, Pers.) Small round powdery spots of yellowish-brown on the under surface of the leaves, and reddish spots on the upper surface directly above them. Remedy. Spray trees early in the season with Bor- deaux mixture, eau celeste, or other fungicides. PLUM-KNOT OR PLUM-WART (Plowrightia [Sphceria\ morbosa, Sacc.). A black and irregular swelling, from one to five or six inches long, appearing on the small limbs of plum and cherry. Peculiar to America. Remedies. Burn all affected parts. Wash the parts as soon as the swelling begins to appear, with linseed oil, ' turpentine, or kerosene, using the two latter with caution. A paint of red oxide of iron in linseed oil is recommended. Probably spraying with the Bordeaux or similar mixtures in spring will prove to be valuable remedies. PLUM-LEAF or SHOT-HOLE FUNGUS (Septoria cerasina, Peck). Appears as spots upon the leaves in July, and these spots assume definite outlines, and often fall out, leaving holes like shot-holes. The leaves fall early, pre- 52 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Plum (Plum-leaf or Shot-hole Fungus) , continued. venting the fruit from maturing. The disease is some- times designated simply "falling of the leaves." Remedies. Burn leaves as soon as they fall. Try spraying in May and June with some fungicide, as soda hyposulphite or Bordeaux mixture. PLUM POCKETS or BLADDERS [Tap&rina pruni, Tul.). Causes the fruit to become inflated and hollow. These "bladders" begin to appear soon after the flowers fall, and continue to grow for several months, when they fall. They are at first globular, but finally become oblong, often reaching two inches in length. The fungus attacks the fruit of the Chickasaw and American plums, and vari- ous species of plum and cherry. Remedy. Destroy the "bladders" before they mature, together with small portions of the wood on which they are borne. POWDERY MILDEW. See under Apple. Plane-tree. LEAF- SCORCHING (Gl teaspoonful of powdered strychnine, 2 teaspoonf uls of fine salt, and 4 of granulated sugar. Put all in a tin ho* and shake well. Pour in small heaps on a board. It hardens into a solid mass. Rabbits lick it for the salt and the sugar disguises the poison. Sulphur for rabbits. Equal proportions of sulphur, soot and lime, made into a thick cream with cow manure. Smear upon the trees. Cow-manure for rabbits. A mixture of lime, water and cow-manure, made strong, forms an excellent anti-rabbit composition. 60 The Horticulturist' s Rule-Book. Asafcetida for rabbits. A teaspoonful of tincture of asa- foetida in ^ bucketful of liquid clay, mud, or muck of any kind. Apply with a brush to the stem and branches of young trees Two or three applications during winter. California ground squirrel remedies. Take 5 quarts clean wheat, scald with water , drain. Take % cup of white sugar, dissolve with sufficient water to make a syrup ; add i ounce powdered strychnine, stir thoroughly until a thin paste is formed. Pour this on the damp wheat. Stir thoroughly for at least 15 minutes. Add i pint powdered sugar, stir ; add 5 to 10 drops of rhodium and 5 to 10 drops of oil of anise seed. Place a few grains in each squirrel hole, putting it as far in as possible. Bisulphide of carbon is also largely used. A small quantity is poured into the barrow, and the hole is imme- diately closed securely with dirt. Tying newspapers about trees in such manner as to al- low the upper part of the paper to project loosely a few inches, frightens the squirrels away. Poison for English sparrows. Dissolve arseniate of soda in warm water at the rate of i ounce to i pint ; pour this upon as much wheat as it will cover (in a vessel which can be closed so as to prevent evaporation), and allow it to soak for at least 24 hours. Dry the wheat so prepared, and it is ready for use. It should be distributed in winter in places where the sparrows congregate. Bird poisons. i. Place a shallow box on the end of a pole and put it 4 or 5 feet from the ground to keep the poison out of the way of domestic fowls. In the box sprinkle corn meal and a very little strychnine, which mixture the birds eat and are very soon killed. It will not hurt dogs or cats to eat the dead birds, for the reason that there is not enough poison absorbed by the bird. (Californian. ) Jniuries from Mice, Rabbits, Etc. 61 Bird poisons, continued 2. Put the strychnine in pieces of apples and stick them on the ends of limbs of the trees. (Californian.) 3. To protect newly-planted ^eeds. Coat the seeds with red lead, by moistening the seeds slightly and stirring in red lead until all the seeds are thoroughly coated. Let the seeds dry for two or three hours before sowing. To protect fruits from birds, one of the best devices is mosquito bar spread over the bushes or trees. For bush fruits and small trees the expense is not great. CHAPTER VI. WEEDS. I. Weeds in general. Weeds rarely trouble the good cul- tivator, particularly in vegetable gardening. Intensive methods of culture allow no weeds to appear. It is economy, both in labor and in returns from the crop, to pre- vent weeds from appearing, rather than to hoe or pull them out after they are partly grown and have done some damage. Frequent light stirring of the soil with culti- vator, harrow or rake is the cheapest mode of weed de- struction. In the struggle with weeds it is well to con- sider the longevity of the various species. Annual weeds, those which naturally die after the season's growth, re- quire no special treatment. Biennial species, those which die at the end of the second year, may be held in check by preventing them from seeding, as by mowing them when coming into flower. Examples of this class are the mullein, wild carrot and field or bull thistle Perennial species, those which live indefinitely, often re- quire particular treatment. Some of the worst of the perennial species are Canada thistle, white or ox-eye daisy, toad-flax, live-forever, docks, and various grasses. Very frequent, persistent and thorough cultivation will destroy any of these. Cultivation should be repeated even before the weeds recover sufficiently to take root again. Seeding down and mowing the weeds with the hay will destroy most weeds. In dry and sandy soils three or four thor- ough plowings during the season will destroy Canada (62) Weeds. 63 Weeds in general, continued. thistles and other pests, particularly in dry years, but on richer and retentive soils more thoroughness must be prac- ticed 2. Weeds in Lawns. Weeds usually come up thickly in newly sown lawns They are to be prevented by the use of commercial fertilizers or very clean manure and clean grass seed. Clean June-grass, 01 blue-grass, seed is usually best. Grass seed should be shown very thickly 2 to 4 bu. to the acre and annual weeds cannot persist long. Frequent mowings during summer will keep the weeds down, and most species will not survive the winter. In old lawns most perennial weeds can be kept down by very frequent mowings with a good lawn mower Grass can stand more cutting than weeds If mowing cannot be practiced often enough for this purpose, the weeds may be cut off below the surface with a long knife or spud, and the crowns are then readily pulled out Or a little sulphuric acid oil of vitriol may be poured upon the crown of each plant 3. Weeds on Walks. Walks should be so made that weeds cannot grow in them This can be done by making a deep stone foundation and fillip between the stones with cinders, coal ashes, or other similar material But when weeds become established they can be destroyed by the following methods SALT. Hot brine (i Ib. of salt to i gal of water), boiled in a kettle on wheels and dipped out into watering pots. Brine is better than dry salt, because it leaves very little color upon the walk. LIME AND SULPHUR. 10 gals, of water, 20 Ib. of quick- lime and 2 Ib flowers of sulphur are boiled in an iron vessel , after settling, the clear part is dipped off and used when needed. Care must be taken, as it will destroy edgings 64 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Weeds on Walks, continued. OIL OF VITRIOL. i part oil of vitriol (sulphuric acid) to 30 parts of water Apply with a watering-pol Choose a clear evening after a hot day. Keep clear of 'the edgings. The pot should be well painted, or a wooden pail should be used. ARSENITE OF SODA. Place i Ib of powdered arsenic in 3 gals, of cold water, boil and keep stirring : then add 7 gals, of cold water and 2 Ibs. of crushed soda ; stir well while boiling. Apply in dry weather. CARBOLIC ACID. i oz of carbolic acid to i gal of water sprinkled over the path from a common watering-pot Will also destroy ants. COAL-TAR COATING Mix coal-tar with gravel to the con- sistency of mortar ; spread over the path i to 2 in. thick ; cover this with gravel, then roll and add another thin coat- ing of gravel to finish 4. Moss on Walks and Lawns. In damp and shady places, and also in sterile places, moss may appear on walks and lawns. If the conditions cannot be improved, the follow- ing treatments may be tried : i Ib. oil of vitriol (sulphuric acid) to 10 qts. of water. Wet the surface thoroughly, being careful not to sprinkle edgings or good sod. In early spring, while the ground is soft, with a long toothed rake, work it backwards and forwards, in order to bring the moss to the surface. Clear away the moss and leave the ground' untouched for a fortnight. Early in March repeat the operation, and about the middle of that month apply a dressing of rich compost, which may con- sist of any old rubbish well decomposed, adding y& of fresh lime. Mix with compost a few days before using. Cover the ground with the compost at the rate of 200 barrow- loads per acre, passing it through a ^-in. sieve, to save the trouble of rolling Rake it evenly over the suface with a wooden rake, and when dry seed down. An English method. CHAPTER VII. WAXES FOR GRAFTING AND FOR WOUNDS. 1. Common Resin and Beeswax Waxes. 1. RELIABLE WAX. Resin, 4 parts by weight beeswax, 2 parts ; tallow, i part. Melt together and pour into a pail of cold water. Then grease the hands and pull the wax until it is nearly white. 2. Resin, 4 Ibs. ; beeswax, i Ib. tallow, i Ib. 3. Resin, 6 Ibs., beeswax, 2 Ibs.; linseed oil, i pt. 4 6 Ibs. resin, i Ib. beeswax .and i pt. linseed oil; apply hot with a brush, one-eighth o2 an inch thick over all the joints. 5. FOR WARM WEATHER. Four Ibs. of resin, i Ib. of bees- wax, and from half to a pint of raw linseed oil ; melt all 1.0- gether gradually, and turn into water and pull. The linseed oil should be entirely free from cotton-seed oil. 6. Resin, 6 parts ; beeswax, i part , tallow, i part. To be used warm, in the house. 7. Resin, 4 or 5 parts ; beeswax, i^ to 2 parts ; linseed oil, i to i)4 parts. For out-door work. 2. Alcoholic Waxes. 8. LEFORT'S LIQUID GRAFTING WAX, or ALCOHOLIC PLASTIC. Best white resin, i Ib. ; beef tallow, i oz.; re- move frcm the fire and add 8 ozs. of alcohol. Keep in closed bottles or cans. 9. ALCOHOLIC PLASTIC WITH BEESWAX. Melt 6 parts white recln with i part beeswax ; remove from stove and partially cool by stirring, then add gradually with R-5 (65) 66 The Horticulturist* s Rule- Book. Alcoholic Waxes (Alcoholic Plastic with Beeswax), continued, continued stirring enough alcohol to make the mixture, when cool, of the consistency of porridge. In the tem- perature of the grafting-room it will remain sufficiently plastic to permit applying to the cut surfaces with the finger. 10. ALCOHOLIC PLASTIC WITH TURPENTINE. Best white resin, i Ib. ; beef tallow, i oz.; turpentine, i tea- spoonful ; add enough alcohol (13 to 15 fluid ozs. of 95 per cent, alcohol) to make the wax of the consistency of honey. Or, less alcohol may be added if the wax is to be used with the fingers. 3. French and Pitch Waxes. 11. COMMON FRENCH. Pitch, ^ Ib.; beeswax, ^ Ib.; cow-dung, i Ib. Boil together, melt and apply with a brush. 12. COMMON FRENCH BANDAGE WAX. Equal parts of beeswax, turpentine and resin. While warm spread on strips of coarse cotton or strong paper. 13. GRAFTING CLAY. 1 / 3 cow-dung, free from straw, and % clay, or clayey loam, with a little hair, like that used in plaster, to prevent its cracking. Beat and temper it for two or three days until it is thoroughly incorporated. When used it should be of such a consistency as to be easily put on and shaped with the hands. 14. 2 Ibs. 12 ozs. of resin and i Ib. n ozs. of Burgundy pitch. At the same time, melt 9 ozs. of tallow ; pour the latter into the former, while both are hot, and stir the mixture thoroughly. Then add 18 ozs. of red ochre, dropping it in gradually and stirring the mixture at the same time. 15. Black pitch, 28 parts ; Burgundy pitch, 28 parts ; beeswax, 16 parts ; grease, 14 parts ; yellow ochre, 14 parts. 16. Black pitch, 28 Ibs. ; Burgundy pitch, 28 Ibs. ; yel- low wax, 16 Ibs. ; suet or tallow, 14 Ibs. ; sifted ashes, 14 Waxes for Grafting and for Wounds. 67 French and Pitch Waxes, continued. Ibs. When used, warm sufficiently to make it liquid, without being so hot as to injure the texture of the branches. 17. Melt together i^ Ib. of clear resin and ^ Ib. of white pitch. At the same time melt % Ib. of tallow. Pour the melted tallow into the first mixture, and stir vigorously. Then before the stuff cools add, slowly stir- ring meantime, ^ Ib. of Venetian red. This may be used warm or cold. 4 Waxed String and Bandage. 18. WAXED STRING FOR ROOT-GRAFTING. Into a kettle of melted wax place balls of No. 18 knitting cotton. Turn the balls frequently, and in five minutes they will be thoroughly saturated, when they are dried and put away for future use. This material is strong enough, and at the same time breaks so easily as not to injure the hands. Any of the resin and beeswax waxes may be used. When the string is used, it should be warm enough to stick without tying. 19. WAXED CLOTH. Old calico or thin muslin is rolled on a stick and placed in melted wax. When satu- rated it is allowed to cool by being unrolled on a bench. Tt is then cut in strips to suit. 5. Waxes for Wounds. 20. Any of the more adhesive grafting waxes are excel- lent for dressing wounds, although most of them cleave off after the first year. Stiff and ochreous paints are also good. 21. COAL-TAR. Apply a coating of coal-tar to the wound, which has first been pared and smoothed. If the wound contains a hole, plug it with seasoned wood. 22. HOSKINS' WAX. Boil pine tar slowly for three or four hours ; add ^ Ib. of beeswax to a quart of the tar. Have ready some dry and finely sifted clay, and when the mixture of tar and wax is partially cold, stir into the 68 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Waxes for Wounds (Hoskins' Wax), continued. above named quantity about 12 ozs. of the clay ; contL^e the stirring until the mixture is so stiff, and so nearly cool, that the clay will not settle. This is soft enough in mild weather to be easily applied with a knife or spatula. 23. SCH^FELL'S HEALING PAINT. Boil linseed oil (free from cotton-seed oil) one hour, with an oz. of litharge to each pt. of oil ; then stir in sifted wood ashes until the paint is of the proper consistency. Pare the bark until smooth, as the fuzzy edge left by the saw will cause it to die back. Paint the wound over in dry weather, and if the wound is very large, cover with a gunny-sack. 24. TAR FOR BLEEDING IN VINES. Add to tar about j or 4 times its weight of powdered slate or some similar substance. Apply with an old knife or flat stick. 25. HOT IRON FOR BLEEDING IN VINES. Apply a hot iron to the bare surface until it is charred, and then rub into the charred surface a paste made of newly-burnt lime and grease. 26. COLLODION FOR BLEEDING IN VINES. It may be applied with a feather or small brush. In some extreme cases 2 or 3 coats will be needed, in which case allow the collodion to form a film before applying another coat. Pharmaceutical collodion is better than photographic. CHAPTER VIII. CEMENTS, MORTARS, PAINTS AND GLUES. Cement and Mortar. CEMENTS FOR IRON. i. Sal ammoniac, 2 ozs. ; suL- phur, ioz.; clean iron borings or filings reduced to pow- der, 12 Ibs. ; water enough to form a thin paste. 2. Sal ammoniac, 2 ozs.; iron filings, 8 Ibs.; sufficient water. 3. i or 2 parts of sal ammoniac to 100 of iron filings. When the work is required to set quickly, increase the sal ammoniac slightly and add a small amount of sulphur. 4. Iron filings, 4 Ibs.; pipe clay, 2 Ibs.; powdered pot- sherds, 1 1 Ibs. ; make into a paste with moderately strong brine. 5. Equal parts of red and white lead, mixed into a paste with boiled linseed oil. Used for making metallic joints of all kinds. 6. To 4 or 5 parts of clay, thoroughly dried and pulver- ized, add 2 parts of iron filings free from oxide, i part of peroxide of manganese, ^ of sea salt and ^ of borax mix well and reduce to a thick paste with water. Use Im- mediately. Expose to warmth, gradually increasing al- most to white heat. 7. Sifted coal ashes 2 parts and common salt i part. Add water enough to make a paste and apply at once. This is also good for stoves and boilers, as it stands heat. BOILER CEMENTS. i. Chalk, 60 parts ; lime and salt, of each, 20 parts ; sharp sand, 10 parts ; blue or red clay (69) yo The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Cement and Mortar (Boiler Cements), continued. and clean iron filings, of each, 5 parts. Grind together, and calcine or heat. 2. Powdered clay, 6 Ibs. ; iron filings, i Ib. Make into a paste with Iin3ocd oil. 3. Powdered litharge, 2 parts ; silver sand and slaked lime, of each, i part ; boiled oil enough to form a paste. These cements are used for stopping leaks and cracks in boilers, iron pipes, stoves, etc. They should be applied as soon as they made. TAR CEMENT. Coal tar, i part ; powdered slate (slate flour), 3 or 4 parts ; mix by stirring, until thoroughly incor- ' porated. Very useful for mending watering pots, barrels, leaky sash, etc. It remains somewhat elastic. It does not adhere to greasy surfaces. It will keep for a long time before using. COPPER CEMENT. Beef blood thickened with sufficient finely powdered quick-lime to make it into a paste is used to secure the edges and rivets of copper boilers, kettles, etc. Use immediately. FIREPROOF or STONE CEMENT. Fine river sand, 20 parts ; litharge, 2 parts ; quicklime, i part ; linseed oil, enough to form a thick paste. Used for walls and broken stonework. EARTHENWARE CEMENT. Grated cheese, 2 parts ; pow- dered quicklime, i part; fresh white of egg, enough to form a paste. Use as soon as possible. For fine earthenware, liquid glue may be used. CEMENT FOR GLASS. Methylated spirit sufficient to render liquid a half dozen pieces of gum mastic the size of a large pea ; in another bottle dissolve the same quantity of isinglass, which has been soaked in water and allowed to get surface dry, in 2 oz. of methylated spirits ; when the first is dissolved add 2 pieces of either gum galbanum or gum ammoniac ; apply gentle heat and stir ; add the solu- tion of isinglass, heat again and stir. Keep in a tightly- stoppered bottle, and when used set in boiling water. -Mortars, Paints and Glues. 71 Cement and Mortar, continued. SEALING CEMENTS. Beeswax, i Ib. ; resin, 5 Ibs. Stir in sufficient red ochre and Brunswick green, or lamp black, to give the desired color. 2. Black pitch, 6 Ibs ; ivory black and whiting, of each, i Ib. Less attractive than the former. These are used for sealing up bottles, barrels, etc. MORTAR FOR HEAVY RUBBLE WORK or BRICK WORK. i part of slaked lime, 2 parts of sand and y part of black- smith's ashes ; for brick work i part of lime, i of sand and i of blacksmith's ashes. 2. Concrete , etc , for Floors, Borders and Walks. GROUT FLOOR. i. To secure a good grout or cement floor, make a good foundation of small stones or brick- bats, and cover three Ox four inches thick with a thin mortar, made of 2 parts sharp sand and i part water lime, 2. Fresh powdered lime, 2 parts ; Portland cement, i part ; gravel, broken stone, or brick, 6 parts. Mix with water to a liquid consistency, and let it be thrown forci- bly, or dropped, into its position. It should be well beaten or rammed to render it solid. 3. Equal parts of gravel, well screened, and clean river or pit sand. With 5 parts of the sand and gravel, mix i part of Portland cement. Mix with water, and apply i in. thick. FOR GARDEN BORDERS. Nine parts gravel and i part unslaked lime ; slake the lime and cover it with the gravel, then add water sufficient to make a very thin mortar. Apply 3 in. deep ; allow it to stiffen a little, then roll. Finish with an inch thick of i part lime and 3 parts gravel. Apply soft. FOR WALKS. Walks should always have a well-made foundation of stones or brick-bats to give hardness and insure drainage. The top of the walk may be made of gravel, sifted coal ashes, cinders from foundries, fur- naces, etc. If gravel is used, care should be exercised to 72 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Concrete, etc. (for Walks), continued. avoid the round or washed gravel, particularly that lying in the beds of streams, for it will not pack. One part of clean clay to 4 or 5 of gravel makes a good walk. Or the following may be used : 1. One part mineral pitch, i part resin, 7 parts chalk and 2 parts coarse sand. Boil together, and lay it while in a hot state, adding a little gravel. 2. Boil for a short time 18 parts of mineral pitch and 18 parts of resin in an iron kettle ; then add 60 parts of coarse sand ; mix well, and lay it on the path to the thick- ness of i in.; then sift a little fine gravel over it, and beat it down before the cement sets. 3. Put down a coat of tar and sift some road sand or coal ashes over it very thickly. When this is dry repeat the operation until you have 4 coats of tar and as many of coal ashes or road sand. 4. Two parts of thoroughly dried sand, i part cinders, thoroughly dried. Mix together ; then spread the sand and cinders on the ground and make a hole in the center, into which pour boiling hot tar and mix to a stiff paste ; then spread on the walk, beat and roll. 5. Two parts lime rubbish and i part coal ashes, both very dry and finely sifted ; in the middle of the heap make a hole ; into this pour boiling hot coal tar ; mix to a stiff mortar and spread on the ground 2 or 3 in. thick. The ground should be dry and beaten well. Cover with coarse sand ; when cold, roll well. 3. Paints and Protective Compounds. HOME-MADE WASHES FOR FENCES AND OUT-BUILDINGS may be made by various combinations of lime and grease. The following are good formulas : 1. Slake fresh quick-lime in water, and thin it to a paste or paint with skim-milk. The addition of 2 or 3 handfuls of salt to a pail of the wash is beneficial. 2. 2 qts. skim-milk, 8 ozs. of fresh slaked lime, 6 ozs. of boiled linseed oil and 2 oz. of white pitch, dissolved in Cements, Mortars, Paints and Glues. 73 Paint and Protective Compounds, continued. the oil by a gentle heat. The lime must be slaked in cold water and dried in the air until it falls into a fine powder; then mix with # part of the milk, adding the mixed oil and pitch by degrees ; add the remainder of the milk. Lastly, add 3 Ibs. of the best whiting and mix the whole thoroughly. 3. Slake YZ bu. of lime in boiling water, keeping it cov- ered ; strain and add brine made by dissolving i pk. of salt in warm water, and 3 Ibs. rice flour, then boil to a paste ; add YI Ib. whiting and i Ib. of glue dissolved in warm water. Mix and let stand for a few days before using. FIRE-PROOF PAINT. In a covered vessel slake the best quick-lime, then add a mixture of skim-milk and water, and mix to the consistency of cream ; then add 20 Ibs. of alum, 15 Ibs. of potash and i bu. of salt to every 100 gals, of the liquid. If white paint is desired, add to the above 6 Ibs. of plaster of Paris. FOR DAMP WALLS. i. % Ib. of hard soap to i gal. of water. Lay over the bricks steadily and carefully with a flat brush, so as not to form a froth or lather on the surface. After 24 hrs., mix ^ Ib. of alum with 4 gals, of water ; let it stand 24 hours, and then apply it in the same manner over the coating of soap. Apply in dry weather. 2. ij^ Ib. resin, i Ib. tallow, i qt. linseed oil. Melt to- gether and apply hot ; two coats. PAINT FOR GREENHOUSE ROOFS. Make a paint of ordi- nary consistency of white lead and naphtha. It is removed from the glass by the use of a scrubbing brush. Make it thin or it is hard to remove. Ordinary lime whitewash is good for temporary use. WATER-PROOFING PAINTS. For leather. i. >^ Ib. of shellac, broken into small pieces in a quart bottle ; cover with methylated spirit, cork it tight, put it on a shelf in a warm place, and shake it well several times a day ; 74 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Paints and Protective Compounds, continued. then add a piece of camphor as large as a hen's egg ; shake again and add i oz. of lamp black. Apply with a small paint brush. 2. Put into an earthern jar } Ib. of beeswax, J^ pt. of neatsfoot oil, 3 or 4 tablespoonfuls of lamp black, and a piece of camphor as large as a hen's egg. Melt over a slow fire. Have both grease and leather warm and apply with a brush. 3. i pt. of linseed oil, % Ib. mutton suet, 6 oz. of clean beeswax and 4 ozs. of resin ; melt and mix well. Use while warm with a brush on new boots or shoes. ' FOR CLOTH FOR PITS AND FRAMES. Old pale linseed oil, 3 pints ; sugar of lead (acetate of lead), i oz.; white resin, 4 ozs. Grind the acetate with a little of the oil, then add the rest and the resin. Use an iron kettle over a gentle fire. Apply with a brush, hot. FOR PAPER. Dissolve i^ Ib. of white soap in i qt. of water ; in another qt. of water dissolve i^ oz. of gum arabic and 5 ozs. of glue. Mix the two liquids, warm them and soak the paper in it and pass through rollers, or simply hang it up to dry. To PREVENT METALS FROM RUSTING. Melt together 3 parts of lard and i part of powdered resin. A very thin coating applied with a brush will keep stoves and grates from rusting during summer, even in damp situations. A little black lead can be mixed with the lard. Does well on nearly all metals. To PREVENT RUSTING OF NAILS, HINGES, ETC. i pt. of linseed oil, 2 ozs. black lead ; mix together. Heat nails red-hot and dip them in. 4. Glues. LIQUID GLUE. i. Dissolve 2 Ibs. of best pale glue in i qt. of water in a covered vessel, placed in a hot water bath ; when cold, add to it 7 ozs. of commercial nitric acid. When cold put in bottles. Cements, Mortars, Paints and Glues. 75 Glues (Liquid Glue), continued. 2. Finest pale orange shellac, broken small, 4 ozs.; methylated spirit, 3 oz.; put in a warm place in a closely corked bottle until dissolved. Should have the consistency of molasses. Or, borax, ioz.; water, ^ pt; shellac as be- fore ; boil in a closely covered vessel until dissolved ; then evaporate until nearly as thick as molasses. FLOWER GUM. Very fine white shellac mixed with methylated spirit in a stone jar ; shake well for y 2 an hour and place by a fire, and shake it frequently the first day. Keep in a cool place. Leave the camel's-hair brush in the gum. Never fill the brush too full and gum the petals close to the tube. GUM FOR LABELS AND SPECIMENS. i. Two parts of gum arabic, i part of brown sugar ; dissolve in water to the consistency of cream. 2. Five parts of best glue soaked in 18 to 20 parts of water for a day, and to the liquid add 9 parts of sugar candy and 3 parts of gum arabic. 3r Good flour and glue, to which add linseed oil, varnish and turpentine, ^ oz. each to the lb. Good when labels are liable to get damp. f CHAPTER IX. SEED TABLES. i. Quantity of Seed required to Sow an Acre. Asparagus 4 or 5 Ibs., or i oz. for 50 ft. of drill. Beans, Dwarf in drills i}^ bu. ' ' Pole " 10 to 1 2 qts. Beet " 5 to 6 Ibs. Buckwheat " i bu. Cabbage in beds to transplant % lb. Carrot in drills 3 to 4 Ibs. Cauliflower i oz. of seed for 1,000 plants. . Celery i oz. for 2,000 plants Corn in hills 8 to- 10 qts. Cucumber " 2 Ibs. Cress, Water in drills 2 to 3 Ibs. 1 ' Upland .... " 2 to 3 Ibs. Egg-plant i oz. of seed for 1,000 plants. . Kale, or Sprouts 3 to 4 Ibs. Lettuce i oz. of seed for 1,000 plants. . Melon, Musk in hills 2 to 3 Ibs. Water " 4 to 5 Ibs. Mustard broadcast ^ bu. Onion in drills 5 to 6 Ibs. " for Sets " 30 Ibs. " Sets " 6toi2bu. Parsnip " 4 to 6 Ibs. Peas " i to 2 bu. Potato (cut tubers) 7 bu . Seed Tables. 77 Quantity of Seed required to Sow an Acre, continued. Pumpkin . in hills 4 to 5 Ibs. Radish in drills 8 to 10 Ibs Sage " 8 to 10 Ibs Salsify " 8 to 10 Ibs. Spinach " 10 to 12 Ibs. Squash, Bush in hills 4 to 6 Ibs. Running . . " 3 to 4 Ibs. Tomato to transplant * Ib. Turnip in drills i to 2 Ibs. " broadcast 3 to 4 ibs. Grass (mixed lawn) 2 to 4 bu. 2. Weight and Size of Garden Seeds. Adapted from Vilmorirfs tables. A litre is about if pints, and a gramme is i5f grains. Weight of a litre of Number of seeds seeds in grammes. in i gramme. Angelica 150 170 Anise 300 200 Asparagus Bean (Dolichos sesqiu- pedalis, L.) 770 500 to 650 Balm 550 2, ooo Basil 530 800 Bean 625 to 850 75 to 800 in 100 g. Beet 250 50 Bolage 480 65 Borecole 700 300 Broccoli 700 375 Cabbage 700 300 Caper 460 160 Caraway 420 350 Cardoon 630 25 Carrot with the spines 240 700 " without the spines 360 950 Catmint 780 1,200 78 The Horticulturist's Rule-Book. Weight and Size of Garden Seeds, continued. Weight of a litre, of Number of seed., seeds in grammes. in i gramw. Cauliflower 700 375 Celery 480 2, 500 Chervil , 380 450 Sweet-scented 250 40 " Turnip-rooted 540 450 Chicory 400 700 Chick-pea 780 30 in 10 g. Coriander 320 go Corn-salad 280 1,000 Cress, American 540 950 "' Common Garden 730 450 " Meadow (Cuckoo-flower) ... 580 1,500 Para 200 3,400 Water 580 4, ooo Cucumber, Common 500 33 Globe 500 100 Prickly-fruited Gher- kin 550 130 Snake (Cucumis flexu- osus] 450 40 Dandelion 270 i , 200 to i , 500 Dill 300 900 Egg-plant 500 250 Endive 340 600 Fennel, Common or Wild 450 310 Sweet 235 125 Gombo, see Okra. Good King Henry 625 430 Gourds, Fancy 450 20 Hop 250 200 Horehound 680 i , ooo Hyssop 575 850 Kohl-rabi .-. . 700 300 Leek, 550 400 Seed Tables. 79 Weight and Size of Garden Seeds, continued. Weight of a litre of Number of seeds seeds in grammes. in i gramme. Lettuce 430 800 Lovage 200 300 Maize, or Indian Corn 640 4 or 5 Marjoram, Sweet 550 4,000 Winter 675 12,000 Martynia 290 20 Musk-melon . . , .360 55 Mustard, Black or Brown 675 700 " Chinese Cabbage-leaved 660 650 White, or Salad 750 200 Nasturtium, Tall 340 7 to 8 Dwarf 600 15 Okra 620 15 to 18 Onion 500 250 Orach 140 250 Pea 700 to 800 20 to 55 in 10 g. 1 ' Gray or Field 680 to 800 50 to 80 in 10 g. Peanut 400 2 or 3 Pepper 450 150 Pumpkin 250 3 Purslane 610 2, 500 Radish 700 120 Rampion 800 25,000 Rhubarb 80 to 120 50 Rocket Salad 750 550 Rosemary 400 900 Rue 580 500 Sage 55 2 5O Salsify 230 100 Savory, Summer 500 1,500 1 ' Winter 430 2, 500 Scorzonera 260 90 Scurvy-grass 600 1,500 to 1,800 Sea-kale 210 15 to 18 8o The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Weight and Size of Garden Seeds, continued. Weight of a litre of Number of seeds seeds in grammes. in i gramme. Spinach, Prickly-seeded 375 90 " Round-seeded 510 no 11 New Zealand 225 iotoi2 Squash, Bush-scallop 430 10 Strawberry 600 800 to 2, 500 Elite (Blitum) 800 5,000 Tomato (Phy satis] 650 1,000 Sweet Cicely 250 40 Tansy 300 7, ooo Thyme 680 6, ooo Tomato 300 300 to 400 Turnip 670 450 Valerian, African no 250 Watermelon 460 5 or 6 Wax Gourd 300 2 1 Welsh Onion, Common 480 300 " Early White 590 500 Wormwood 650 1 1 , 500 3. Number of Tree Seeds in a Pound. FRL.T TREES. About Apple 12,000 Cherry Pits i , ooo Peach 200 Pear 15,000 Plum 600 Quince 15,000 Mulberry *. 200, ooo FOREST TREES. By count. Butternut Juglans cinerea 15 Black Walnut Juglans nigra 25 American Horse Chestnut, .^sculus glabra 36 Hickory (Shell Bark) Carya alba 78 Seed Tables, 81 Number 01 Tree Seeds in a Pound (Forest Trees), continued. By count, American Sweet Chestnut. .Castanea vesca go Silver-Leaved Maple Acer dascycarpum 2,421 Honey Locust Gleditschia'Lriacanthos . . 2,496 Black Cherry Prunus serotina 4.j3 T i Black Ash Fraxinus sambucifolia . . . 5,629 American Basswood Tilia Americana 6,337 Norway Maple Acer platanoides 7,231 Sugar Maple Acer saccharinum 7.488 Berberry Berberis vuigaris 8, 183 Red Cedar Juniperus Virginiana .... 8,321 Rock Elm Ulmus racemosa 8, 352 American Whita Ash Fraxinus Americana. . . . 9,858 Osage Orange Madura aurantiaca 10,656 Silver Fir Abies pectinata 12,000 Box Elder Acer Negundo I 47 8 4 Hardy Catalpa Catalpa speciosa 19, 776 Ailantus Ailantus glandulosa 20,161 White Pine Pinus Strobus 20, 540 Scarlet Maple Acer rubrum 22,464 Green Ash Fraxinus viridis 22,656 Black Locust Robinia pseudacacia 28,992 Red Elm Ulmus fulva 54, 359 American Whit3 Elm Ulmus Americana 92,352 American Mountain Ash. . .Pyrus Americana 108,327 White Birch .Betula alba 500,000 4. Longevity of Garden Seeds. Adapted from Vilmorirfs tables, The number denotes that the seeds had not all lost their germinating power at the termination of the number of years recorded. AVERAGE EXTREME Years, tears. Angelica T 01 2 3 Anise 3 5 Asparagus Bean (Dolichos sesquipedalis, L.). . 3 R-6 82 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Longevity of Garden Seeds, continued. AVERAGE years. Balm 4 Basil 8 10 f Bean 3 8 Beet 6 io-t- Borage 8 io-f- Borecole 5 10 Broccoli 5 10 Cabbage , 5 10 Caraway 3 4 Cardoon 7 9 Carrot, with the spines 4 or 5 10+ ' ' without the spines 4 or 5 10+ Catmint 6 io-|- Cauliflower 5 10 Celery 8 10 Chervil 2 or 3 6 Sweet-scented i i ' ' Turnip-rooted i i Chicory . . 8 lo-f Chick-pea 3 8 Coriander 6 8 Corn-salad, Common 5 10 Cress, American 3 e; Common Garden 5 9 " Meadow (or Cuckoo-flower) 4 (?) " Par * 5 7+ ' ' Water 5 9 Cucumber, Common 10 10+ Globe 6 (?) Prickly-fruited Gherkin 6 7^- Snake {Cucumis flexuosus) 7 or 8 Dandelion 2 M1 3 Egg-plant 6 Endive IO Seed Tables. 83 Longevity of Garden Seeds, continued. AVERAGK EXTREME years. years. Fennel, Common or Wild 4 7 ' 4 Sweet 4 7 Gombo, see Okra. Good King Henry 3 5 Gourds, Fancy 6 lo-j- Hop 2 4 Horehound 3 6 Hyssop 3 5 Kohl-rabi 5 10 Leek 3 9 Lettuce, Common 5 9 Lovage 3 4 Maize, or Indian Corn 2 4 Marjoram, Sweet 3 7 ' ' Winter 5 7 Marty nia i or 2 (?) Musk-Melon , 5 io-f- Mustard, Black or Brown 4 9 " Chinese Cabbage-leaved 4 8 " White or Salad 4 10 Nasturtium, Tall 5 5 Dwarf 5 8 Ckra 5 lo-f- Onion 2 y Oiach 6 7 Parsnip 2 4 Parsley 3 9 Pea, Garden 3 8 ' Gray or Field 3 8 Pepper 4 7 Pumpkin 4 or 5 9 Purslane 7 10 Radish , 5 JO-f- Rampion 5 JQ-f- Rhubarb 3 8 84 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Longevity of Garden Seeds, continued. AVERAGE EXTREME years. years. Rocket Salad 4 9 Rosemary 4 (?) Rue 2 5 Sage 3 7 Salsify 2 8 Savory, Summer 3 7 Winter 3 6 Scorzonera 2 7 Scurvy-grass 4 7 Sea-kale ... i 7 Spinach, Prickly-seeded 5 7 1 ' Round-seeded 5 7 ' ' New Zealand 5 8 Squash, Bush-scallop 6 lo-f Strawberry 3 6 Tomato (Phy sails} 8 io4- Sweet Cicely i i Tansy 2 4 Thyme 3 7 Tomato 4 9 Turnip 5 io-f- Valerian, African 4 7 Watermelon 6 10 Wax Gourd 10 lo-f- Welsh Onion, Common 2 or 3 7 Early White 3 8 Wormwood 4 6 t 5. Average Time required for Garden Seeds to Germinate. Bean 6-10 days. Beet 7-10 " Cabbage 6-10 ' ' Carrot 12-18 " Cauliflower 6-10 " Celery 10-20 " Corn 5-8 " Cucumber 6-10 " Endive 5-10 Lettuce 6-8 days. Seed Tables. 85 Average Time required for Garden Seeds to Germinate, continued. Onion 7-10 days. I Radish 3-6 days Pea 6-10 ' ' Salsify 7-12 ' ' Parsnip 10-20 Pepper 9-13 Tomato 6-12 Turnip 4-8 6. Proper Kinds and Quantities of Seeds for a Model En- glish Kitchen-garden of i 1-4 Acres (London). Peas, 30 qts. ; white cabbage of different kinds, 6 ozs. ; Sa- voy cabbage, i^ ozs. ; Brussels sprouts, 2 ozs. ; cauli- flower, 3 ozs. ; broccoli, 7 ozs. ; borecole, 2 ozs. ; red cabbage, i oz. ; kohl-rabi, i oz.; white turnip, 8 ozs. ; yel- low turnip, 2 ozs.; early potatoes, i bu.; carrots, 7 ozs.; onions, 8 ozs. ; broad beans, 6 qts. ; narrow beans, 3 qts. ; kidney beans, 3 qts.; scarlet runner beans, 2 qts.; celery, 3 ozs.- Flanders spinach, i qt.; summer spinach, 2 qts ; Jerusalem artichoke, i pk. ; red beet, 4 ozs.; parsnips, 4 ozs.; leeks, 2 ozs.; garlic, ^ Ib. ; shallots, 3 Ibs. ; salsify, YZ oz. ; scorzonera, ^ oz.; Cos lettuce, 5 ozs.; cabbage lettuce, 3 ozs.; endive, 2 ozs. joradish, 3 pts. ; cress, i pt. ; mustard, i qt. ; parsley, 2 ozs. CHAPTER X. PLANTING TABLES. i. Dates for Sowing or Setting Kitchen Garden Vegetables In Different Latitudes. LANSING, MICHIGAN. (Average of 4 and 5 years.) Bean, Bush May 16. Bean, Pole May 30. Beet April 20. Broccoli May 10. Brussels Sprouts May 10. Cabbage, early, under glass March 15. Cabbage, late May 20. Carrot May 7. Cauliflower, under glass March 15. Celery, under glass March 18. in open ground May 20. Corn May 19. Cucumber May 23. Egg- Plant, under glass March 15. Kale May 9. Kohl-rabi May 9. Lettuce May 5 . Melon May 30. Okra May 1 5 . Onion April 17. Parsnips May 7. Pepper, under glass March 16 Peas April 15. (86) Planting Tables. 87 Dates for Sowing or Setting Vegetables, continued. Potato May 3. Pumpkin May 31. Radish April 26. Salsify May 7. Spinach April 10. Squash May 28. Tomato, under glass March 13. Turnip April 15. BOSTON. (RAWSON.) Asparagus About the end of April. Bean, Bush About the first week in May. Bean, Pole From about the middle of May to the ist of June. Bean, Lima About the ist of June. Beet About the middle of April. Borecole, or Kale About the middk, of April; plant out in June. Brussels Sprouts In March or April in hot-bed. Cabbage Transplant the last week in April or the first in May. Carrots Last of May or ist of June. Cauliflower From the ist of May until the ist of July. Celery The ist week in June to the 2d in July. Corn Sweet About the ist of May. Cucumber For first crop, about the middle of March. Egg-Plant About March isth in hot-bed. Endive June or July. Kohl-rabi May or Jun3. Okra About the loth of May. Peas During the : last of April up to the ist of May. Pepper Put out of doors about the ist of April. 88 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Dates for Sowing or Setting Vegetables, continued. Radish From the ist of April to the middle of June. Spinach About the ist of September. Tomato About the 25th of May set plants out doors. Turnips, for fall use . .Any time from July ist to August 2oth. Watermelon About the middle of May. NEW YORK. (HENDERSON.) Plants to sow from the middle of March to the end of April. Thermom- eter in the shade averaging 45 degrees. , Beet. Cauliflower. Parsley. Carrot. Endive. Peas. Cress. Kale. Radish. Celery. Lettuce. Spinach. Cabbage. Onions. Turnip. Parsnip. From the middle of May to the middle of June. Thermometer in the shade averaging 60 degrees. Bean, Bush. Bean, Cranberry. Bean, Lima. Bean, Pole. Bean, Scarlet. Bean, Runner. Corn, Sweet, Cucumber. Melon, Musk. Melon, Water. Nasturtium. Okra. Pumpkin. Squash. Tomato. GEORGIA. (OEMLER.) Asparagus From December ist to the middle of March. Bean, Bush . . . .From the ist to the middle of March. Beet Through November and December. Cabbage From the ist of October to the i5th. Trans- plant about November ist and later. Cauliflower . . . .From May to September. Cucumber About March ist to the i5th. Egg-Plant To prick out, about the middle of January; otherwise ten or fifteen days later. Planting Tables. 89 Dates for Sowing or Setting Vegetables, continued. Lettuce ........ About the middle of September. Onion ......... About January ist. Pea ........... About December ist. Potato. ........ The ist of February. Radish ........ From Christmas to the last of February. Spinach ....... From September loth until October i5th. Squash ........ About the last of February up to the middle of March. Sweet-Potato. . .In cold-frames, about the ist of January. Tomato ........ About January ist. Watermelon . . .About the i5th of March. a. Tender and Hardy Vegetables. Vegetables injured by a slight frost, and which should therefore be planted only after the weather has settled. All Beans. Egg-Plant. Pumpkin. Corn. All Melons. Squash. Cucumber. Okra. Sweet Potato. Pepper. Tomato. Vegetables which, when properly handled, will endure a frost. Asparagus. Beet. Borecole. Corn Salad. Cress. Endive. Parsley. Parsnip, Pea. Broccoli. Horseradish. Radish. Brussels Sprouts. Cabbage. Carrot. - Kale. Kohl-rabi. Leek. Rhubarb. Salsify. Sea Kale. Cauliflower. Celery. Lettuce. All Onions. Spinach. Turnip. 3. Usual Distances Apart for Planting Fruits. Apples ........................... 30 to 40 feet each way. " Dwarf ..................... 10 " " " Pears ......... .................. 20 " 30 " " " " Dwarf. . . 10 " 12 " " ' QO The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Usual Distances Apart ior Planting Fruits, continued. Plums 16 to 20 feet each way. Peaches 16 " 20 " ' ' " Cherries 16 " 25 " " " Apricots 16 " 20 Nectarines 16 " 20 " " " Quinces 8 " 12 " " " Grapes 8 " 12 " . " " Currants 4X 5 feet Gooseberries 4X 5 u Raspberries, Black 3X 6 " Red ... 3X5" Blackberries 4X 7to6X 8 feet- Cranberries i or 2 ft. apart each way. Strawberries ... i X 3 or 4 feet. Oranges and Lemons 25 to 30 feet each way. Figs 20 ' ' 25 " Mulberries 25 " 30 " Japanese Persimmons 20 " 25 " " " Loquats 15 " 25 " " Pecans 35 " 40 " " " Distances Recommended for Orange Trees in California. Dwarfs, as Tangerines , 10 to 12 feet. Half-Dwarfs, as Washington Novel 24 " 30 " Mediterranean Sweet, Maltese Blood, Valencia 24 " 30 ' ' St. Michael 18 " 24 " Seedlings 30 " 40 " 4. Usual Distance Apart for Planting Vegetables. Artichoke . . Rows 3 or 4 ft. apart, 2 to 3 ft. apart in the row. Asparagus Rows 3 to 4 ft. apart, i to 2 ft. apart in the row. Beans, Bush i ft. apart in rows 2 to 3 ft. apart. " Pole 3 to 4 ft. each way. Planting Tables. 91 Usual Distance Apart for Planting Vegetables, continued. Beet, early In drills 12 to 18 in. apart. ' ' late In drills 2 to 3 ft. apart. Broccoli \y 2 X 2^ ft. to 2 X 3 ft. Cabbage, early. . . . 16 X 28 in. to 18 X 3 i n * late 2 X 3ft. to 2^ X3^ ft. Carrot In drills i to 2 ft. apart. Cauliflower 2 X 2 ft. to 2 X 3 ft - Celery Rows 3 to 4 ft. apart, 6 to 9 in. in the row Corn-Salad In drills 12 to 18 in. apart. Corn, Sweet Rows 3 to 3^ ft. apart, 9 in. to 2 ft. in the row. Cress In drills 10 to 12 in. apart. Cucumber 4 to 5 ft. each way. Egg-Plant 3X3ft. Endive i X * ft. to i X ^/2 ft. Horseradish i X 2 or 3 f t. Kohl-rabi 10 X *8 in. to i X 2 ft. Leek 6 in. X i or i> ft. , Lettuce i X i/^ o r 2 ft. Melons, Musk 5 to 6 ft. each way. " Water 7 to 8 ft. each way. Mushroom 6 to 8 in. each way. Okra T. l / 2 X 2 or 3 ft. Onion In drills from 14 to 20 in. apart. Parsley In drills i or 2 ft. apart. Parsnip In drills 18 in. to 3 ft. apart. Peas In drills, early kinds usually in double rows 6 to 9 in. apart, late kinds in single rows 2 to 3 ft. apart. Pepper 15 to 18 in. X 2 to 2^ ft. Potato 10 to 18 in. X 2 /^ to 3 ft. Pumpkin 8 to 10 ft. each way. Radish In drills 10 to 18 in. apart. Rhubarb 2 to 4 ft. X 4 ft . Salsify In drills ij^ to 2 ft. apart. 92 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Us Se Si Sq Sv Tc Ti 5- I I I I I I I I I I I I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 ual Dii a Kale )inach [uash, /eet-P< )mato jtance Apart for PI . .2 V 2 antin to 3 1 Is 12 ft. X ft. ea [3 to [4 to .Is I'/: g Vegetabl to 18 in. a 4 ft. tch way. 4 ft. 5ft. t to 2>/i ft. es, continued, part. , apart. n Acre of Groum Plai 5 in ^18 i at tits. 175 697 360 320 088 080 240 040 632 360 022 O2O 240 816 560 680 905 088 218 816 392 452 048 544 Bush . . , Late ..In dril ...3 to 4 6 to 8 )tato .... ..2ft. X . .4 ft. X irnip . Numl in. X ''' X " X " X ''* X " X " X " X " X " X " X 11 X " X " X " X " X " X " X " X " X " X " X " X " X , ..In dril 3er ef PI i in . . 2 ' ' Given Dia Plants. . . .6,272,640 3136 3?.n itances. 3 in. X 3 " X 3 " X 3 " X 3 " X 3 " X 3 " X 4 " X 4 " X 4 " X 4 " X 4 " X 4 " X 4 ' X 4 ' X 4 " X 5 " X 5 " X 5 " X 5 " X 5 " X 5 " X 5 " X 5 " X 6 "... 7 " 2Q8 2 090 880 1 60 5 28 44 091 080 960 269 240 720 1 60 44 080 264 720 045 040 480 632 120 360 960 720 ,, I c68 8 " ... 9 "... 12 " ... 4' ' . .. 26l, . 232, . . 209, 190, 174, 3Q2 " . . 1,254, 6 " . . . . 1 , 04 5 , 7 ' ' . . . 896, 8 " 784 9' ' 6q6 10 " . . 627 5 " . 12 " . . . 570, 522 6 " ... 26l 7 " . 224 2 " . . . .1,568 8 " ... 1 06 a ** . . I O45 9" . 174 . 784 10 ' ' 156 5* ' 627 12 " 142, I3O 6 " 522 7 " 8 " . . ... 448, OQ2 5 "". 6 "... 7 ' ' - - 250, . . 2O9, I7Q 9' ' . 348 10 ' ' . . 8 "... 9 "... 10 " ... 12 " ... - 156, 139, 125, .. II 4 , . . 104, 12 " 3 " 4 " . . ... 285, . . . 26l, ... 696, 522, Planting Tables. 93 Number of Plants to an Acre at Given Distances, continued. Plants. Plants. g in V 6 in 174 240 12 in. X 12 in 43 ^60 6 in. /\ ^> " X 7 " 149,348 12 " X 15 " .... 34.848 6 " X 8 " .... 130,680 12 " X 18 " .... 29,040 6 " X 9 " .... 116,160 12 11 X 20 " .... 26,136 6 " X 10 " 104,544 12 * \ X2 " or 2 ft. 21, 780 6 " X ii 11 95-040 on ft. ) 6 " X 12 " .... 87, 120 12 in. X 30 " .... 17,424 7 " X 7 " .... I28,OI3 12 " X36 " or 3 ft. 14,520 7 " X 8 11 .... 112,01 I 12 " X42 11 .... 12,446 7 " X 9 ' 99,56 2 12 " X48 " or 4 ft. 10,890 7 " X 10 " .... 89,609 12 " X54 " 9,680 7 " X ii " 81,462 12 11 X6o " or 5 ft. 8,712 7 " X 12 " 74,674 15 " X 15 " .... 27,878 8 " X 8 " .... g8,OIO 15 " Xi8 " 23,232 8 " X 9 " .... 87,120 15 " X20 " .... 20,908 8 " X 10 " 78,408 15 " X2 4 " or 2 ft. 17, 424 8 " X ii " .... 71,280 15 " X3o " 13.939 8 " X 12 " 65,340 15 ; X36 " or 3 ft. 11,616 9 " X 9 " .... 77,440 15 " X42 " - 9.953 9 " X 10 " .... 69,696 *5 " X48 " or 4 ft. 8,712 9 " X ii 11 .... 63,360 15 " X54 11 7.744 9 " X 12 " 58,080 15 " X6o " or 5 ft. 6,969 10 " X 10 " .... 62,726 18 " X 18 " .... 19,360 10 " X 12 " .... 52,272 18 " X20 " .... 17.424 1 1 " X 15 " .... 41.817 18 " X2 4 " or 2 ft. 14, 520 10 " X 18 " .... 34.848 18 " X30 " .... 11,616 10 " X 20 " 3L362 18 " X36 " or 3 ft. 9,680 10 " X2 4 " or 2 1.26,132 18 11 X42 11 8,297 IO " X30 " .... 20,908 18 " X48 " or 4 ft. 7,260 IO " X36 " or 3 ft. 17,424 18 11 X54 " .... 6,453 10 " X42 " 14,935 18 " X6o " or 5 ft. 5,808 10 " X48 " or 4 ft. 13,068 20 " X20 " 15.681 10 " X54 " .... 11,616 20 11 X2 4 " or 2 ft. 13,168 IO " X6o " or 5 ft. 10, 454 20 " X30 41 .... 10,454 94 I he Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Nnxttber of Plants to an Acre at Given Distances, continued. V ^fi in Plants, or ^ f t 8 712 f t y Q f t . 20 ' ' V A'i " 7 467 o " y 10 " . 20 ' ' A 4 Z V /i8 " or A ft 6 ^^A " y ii " . 20 ' ' V t;/i " s 308 " y 12 " . 20 ' ' A D4 V 60 " or 5 ft 5 227 " y 4 " . I ft X i ft 43. ^60 4 " y s " I * ' V 2 " 21 780 4" " y 6 " . I ' ' V 3 " Id. ^20 " y 7 " . J ' ' V A " 10 890 " y s " . I ' ' V 6 c " X 12 " 2 " X 6 " 3,63O 6 "X 6 " 2 ' ' X 7 " 3 III 6 11 y ? " 2 ' ' y 8 " 2 722 6 " y s " 2 ' ' X Q " > . . . 2 42O 6 " y Q " 2 " V 10 " 2 178 fi " y 10 " 2 ' ' y ii " I Q8o 6 " y ii " 2 " y 12 " I 8l? (S " y 12 " _ y ^ " 4840 7 " y 7 " . - y 4 " 363O 7 " y s " . ~ " y s " . 7 " y Q " 3 " _ X 6 , y ? " . . . . . . 2,42O 2 74 7 7 " X 10 V " y ii " . 3 " y s , I.SlS 7 u y 12 ' . Planting Tables. 95 Number of Plants to an Acre at Given Distances, continued. Plants Plants. 8ft. X 8 ft 680 12 ft. X 48 ft 75 8 " X 9 " .... 605 12 " X 54 " .... 67 8 " X 10 " 544 12 " X 60 60 8 " X ii " .... 495 15 " X 15 " 193 8 " X 12 " 453 15 " X 18 " 161 9 " X 9 " .... .... 537 15 " X 20 " 145 9 " X 10 " .... 484 15 " X 24 " .... 121 9 " X ii " .... 440 15 " X 30 " .... 96 9 " X 12 " .... 4P3 15 " X 36 " 80 9 " X 14 M 345 15 " X 42 " 69 9 " X 15 " .... 322 15 " X 48 " 60 9 " X 18 " .... 268 15 " X 54 " 53 9 " X 20 " .... 242 15 " X 60 48 10 " X 10 " 435 18 r< X 18 " ... 134 10 " X 12'" .... 363 18 " X 20 " .... 121 IO " X 15 " .... 290 18 " X 24 " .... 100 IO " X 18 ' .... 242 18 " X 30 " .... 80 10 " X 20 ' .... 217 18 " X 36 " .... 67 10 " X 24 " 181 18 " X 42 " 57 10 " X 30 " .... 145 18 " X 48 " 50 IO " X 36 " 121 18 " X 54 " 44 IO " X 42 " .... 103 18 " X 60 " .... 40 IO " X 45 " .... 9 6 20 " X 20 " .... 108 IO " X 48 " .... 90 2O " X 24 " 90 10 " X 54 " .... 80 2O " X 30 " .... 72 IO " X 60 " .... 72 20 " X 36 " 60 12 " X 12 " .... 302 2O " X 42 " 51 12 " X 15 (< .... 242 3O " X 48 " .... 45 12 " X 18 " .... 2OI 2O " X 54 " .... 40 12 " X 20 " .... 181 ao " X 60 " .... 36 12 " X 24 " .... 151 24 " X 24 " .... 75 12 " X 30 " 121 24 " X 30 " 60 12 " X 36 " .... 100 24 " X 36 " .... 50 12 " X42 " .... 86 24 " X 42 " .... 43 96 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Number of Plants to an Acre at Given Distances, continued. Plants. Plants. 24 ft. X 48 ft - 37 36 ft. X 54 24 " X 54 " - 33 36 " X 60 24 " X 60 " . . . . 30 42 " X 42 30 " X 30 " . . . . 48 42 " X 48 30 " X 36 " 40 42 " X 54 30 " X 42 " 34 42 " X 60 30 " X 48 " . . . . 30 48 " X 48 30 " X 54 " . . . . 26 48 " X 54 30 X 60 " ... . . . . 24 48 " X 60 36 " X 36 " 33 54 " X 54 36 ," X 42 " 28 54 " X 60 36 " X 48 " 25 60 " X 60 20 24 21 19 I? 18 16 15 J 4 13 12 CHAPTER XL MATURITIES, YIELDS AND MULTIPLICATION. 1. Time Required for Maturity of Different Garden Crops, Reckoned from the Sowing of the Seeds. Beans, String 45- 60 days from seed. Shell 65- 70 " Beets, Turnip 65 " " " Long Blood iso Cabbage, Early 105 " " " Late 150 " " " Cauliflower .no " " " Corn 75 Egg-Plant 150-160 ' Lettuce 65 " " " Melon, Water 120-140 " ' ' " " Musk 120-140 " " " Onion 135-160 ' Pepper 140-150 " Radish 30- 45 " " " Squash, Summer 60- 65 ' Winter 125 " " " Tomatoes 150 " " ' Turnips 60 " " " 2. Time Required, from Setting, for Fruit plants to Bear. Apple 3 years Good crop in about 10 years. Blackberry i year. Good crops in 2 and 3 years. Citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, etc.) 2 to 3 years. Good crops in 2 or 3 years later. R -7 (97) 98 The Horticulturist 's Rule- Book. Time required, from Setting, for Fruit Plants to Bear, continued. Cranberry 3 years gives a fair crop. Currant i year. Good crop in 2 and 3 years. Gooseberry i year. Good crop in 2 and 3 years. Grape Fair crop in 4 years. Peach 2 years. Good crop in 4 years, Pear 3 or 4 years. Fair crop in 12 years. Persimmon, or Kaki i to 3 years. Quince 2 years. Good crop in 4 years. Raspberry i year. Good crops in 2 and 3 years. Plum 3 years. Good crop in 5 or 6 years. Strawberry i year. Heaviest crop usually in 2 years. 3. Average Profitable Longevity of Fruit Plants under High Culture. Apple 2 5~4 years. Blackberry 12-15 ' ' Currant 20 " Gooseberry 20 " Orange and Lemon, 50 or more. Pear 5~75 years. Persimmon, or Kaki, as long as an apple tree. Plum 20-25 " Raspberry 12-15 " Strawberry 3 " Peach . 8-12 4. Average Yields Per Acre of Various Crops. The yields of those crops in which the salable products are equal in number to the number of plants per acre, and in which the product is sold by the piece, are to be calculated from the planting tables in Chapter X. Such are cabbage, cel- ery, and the like. Apples A tree 20 to 30 years old may be expected to yield from 25 to 40 bus. every alternate year. Artichoke 200 to 300 bus. Beans, Green or Snap 75 to 120 bus. " ' Lima 75 to 100 bu. of dry beans. Beet 400 to 700 bus. Carrots 400 to 700 bus. Corn 50-75 bus., shelled. Maturities, Yields and Multiplication. 99 Average Yields per Acre of Various Crops, continued. Cranberry 100 to 300 bus. goo bus. have been reported. Cucumber About 150,000 fruits per acre. Currant 100 bus. Egg-Plant One or two large fruits to the plant for the large sorfes like New York Purple, and from three to eight fruits for the smaller varieties. Gooseberry 100 bus. Grape 3 to 5 tons. Good raisin vineyards in California, 15 years old, will produce from 10 to 12 tons. Horse-radish 3 to 5 tons. Kohl-rabi 500 to 1,000 bus. Onion, from seed 300 to 800 bus. 600 bus. is a large aver- age yield. Parsnips 500 to 800 bus. Pea, green, in pod 100 to 150 bus. Peach In full bearing, a peach tree should produce from 5 to 10 bus. Pear A tree 20 or 25 years old should give from 25 to 45 bus. Pepper 30,000 to 50,000 fruits. Plum 5 to 8 bus. may be considered an average crop for an average tree. Potato 100 to 300 bus. Quince 200 to 400 bus. Raspberry and Blackberry 50 to 100 ' us. Salsify 200 to 300 bus. Spinach 200 barrels. Strawberry 75 to 250, or even 300 bus Tomato 8 to 16 tons. Turnip 600 to 1,000 bus. ioo The Horticulturist's Rule-Book. c a a -a,c _ ^ S^> a c c^ _3 Cn j~i O o^w !> a. | | ^g J> 5 |f Q ^^ w fl ; u ?i 5 H 3 ^ .b^ 5 ^ . 05 ac/}cnu ^^ TD_t/> c 3 ?^ c 1 ^ " I o 'c'o'o'-c>, 3 ^ ^^ ^c/,fc^ ~cxoo23 rt > x ^5 OCJ c^P4c/]p4H-J PQ cq C c . ar Statem 1 >- tn || C g*$ |7 3 o 1 - 1 ^ H 1 ^ 8 * in u Q pa P3 *'SlNVld dO NOIXVOVdOHd Maturities, Yields and Multiplication. 101 6. Ways of Grafting and Budding. (Baltet.) GRAFTING WITH UNDETACHED SCIONS. (INARCHING). i. Method by veneering. " " inlaying. English method. 2. Inarching with an eye. * ' . ' ' a branch. GRAFTING WITH DETACHED i. Side-grafting under the bark. " " with a simple branch. " " with a heeled branch. 11 in the alburnum. " with a straight cleft, with an oblique cleft. 2. Crown-grafting. Ordinary method. Improved method. 3. Grafting de precision. Veneering, common method. in crown-grafting. " with strips of bark. Crown-grafting by inlaying. Side-grafting by inlaying. 4. Cleft-grafting, common single. " " " double. " oblique, terminal. " wcody. " " " heibaceous. 5. Whip-grafting, simple. " " complex. Saddle-grafting. 6. Mixed-grafting. Grafting with cuttings. When the scion is a cutting. 102 The Horticulturist's Rule-Book. Ways of Grafting- and Budding, continued. When the stock is a cutting When both are cuttings. Root-grafting of a plant on its own root. " " " " the roots of another plant. Graft'Dg w.th fruit buds. BUD-GRAFTING. (BUDDING.) i. Grvfripg with shield-buds. Bud-grafting under the bark, or by inoculation. " " ordinary method. 14 " with a cross-shaped incision. " " the incision reversed. 1 " by veneering. Bud-grafting, the combined or double method. 2 . Flute-grafting. " " common method. ' " with strips of bark. 7. Particular Methods by which Various FruUs arc Multiplied. Barberry Cuttings of mature wocd; seeds., Orange Seeds ; seedlings budded or grafted. Figs Cuttings, either of soft or mature wood. Mulberry Cuttings of mature wood. Some varieties are root-grafted. Olive Cuttings of mature or even old wood. Chips from the trunk of old trees are sometimes used. Pomegranate. . .Cuttings, layers and seeds. Apple and Pear. Seeds ; seedlings budded or grafted. Peach and other stone fruits Seeds ; seedlings budded. Quince Cuttings usually. Grape Cuttings of from one to three buds ; layers. Currant and Gooseberry Cuttings. Raspberries, red. Suckers from the root ; root cuttings. Maturities, Yields and Multiplication. 103 Particular Methods by which Fruits are Multiplied, continued. Raspberries, bl'k. .Layers from tips of canes ; root cuttings. Blackberry Root cuttings ; suckers from the root. Cranberry Layers or divisions. Strawberry Runners ; tip cuttings. 8. Stocks Used for Various Fruits. Almond Peach, hard-shelled almond, plum. Apple Common apple seedlings, Paradise and Doucin stocks, crab-apple and wild crab. Apricot Apricot and peach in mild climates and plum in severe ones. Cherry Mazzard stocks are preferred for stand- ards ; Mahaleb stocks are used for dwarfing. Medlar Hawthorn, medlar, quince. Mulberry Seedlings of white mulberry. Orange Otaheite orange, shaddock ; Limonia trifoliata, particularly for dwarfs. Peach and Nectarine. .Peach. Plum is often used when dwarfs are wanted, or when the peach must be grown in a too se- vere climate or upon heavy soil. Pear Pear ; quince, mountain ash, or thorn for dwarfs. Apple temporarily. Persimmon, Japanese Native persimmon. Plum Plum, Myrobalan plum, peach. Quince The finer varieties are sometimes grafted upon strong growing kinds like the Angers. CHAPTER XII. METHODS OF KEEPING AND STORING FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. Apples. 1. Keep the fruit as cool as possible without freezing. Select only normal fruit, and place it upon trays in a moist but well ventilated cellar. If it is desired to keep the fruit particularly nice, allow no fruits to touch each other upon the trays, and the individual fruits may be wrapped in tissue paper. For market purposes, pack tightly in barrels, and store the barrels in a very cool place. 2. Some solid apples, like Spitzenberg, are not injured by hard freezing, if they are allowed to remain frozen until wanted and are then thawed out very gradually. 3. Many apples, particularly russets and other firm varieties, keep well when buried after the manner of pit- ting potatoes. Sometimes, however, they taste of the earth. This may be prevented by setting a ridge pole over the pile of apples in forked sticks, and making a roof of boards in such manner that there will be an air space over the fruit. Then cover the boards with straw and earth. Apples seldom keep well after removal from a pit in spring. 4. Apples may be kept by burying in chaff. Spread chaff buckwheat-chaff is good on the barn floor, pile on the apples and cover them with chaff and fine broken or chopped straw two feet thick, exercising care to fill the interstices (104) Keeping and Storing Fruits and Vegetables. 105 Pears. Pears should be picked several days or a couple weeks before they are ripe, and then placed in a dry and well ventilated room, like a chamber. Make very shallow piles, or, better, place on trays. Figs. After the figs are gathered and dried in the same way as peaches or apricots, wash to remove all grit, and spread on shallow pans and set them in the oven to be- come thoroughly heated, taking care to prevent scorching. Then roll in powdered sugar, which has been rolled to remove all lumps. When cold, pack away, preferably in paper bags. They make a delicious lunch with a bowl of milk. They also help to make a nice dessert. Gooseberries keep well if kept tight in common bottles filled with pure water. Be sure that none but perfect berries are Admitted, and keep in a cool place. Grapes. i. The firm grapes usually keep best, as Ca- tawba, Vergennes, Niagara, Diana, Jefferson, etc. Thick- ness of skin does not appear to be correlated with good keeping qualities. Always cut the bunches which are to be stored on a dry day, when the berries are ripe, and carefully remove all soft, bruised or imperfect fruits and all leaves. Keep the fruit dry, cool, and away from cur- rents of air. Many varieties keep well if simply placed in shallow boxes or baskets and kept undisturbed in a cool place. 2. Pack the bunches in layers of dry clean sand. 3. Pack in layers in some small grain, as wheat, or oats, or barley. 4. Cork dust is also e::cellent for use in packing grapes. This cork can be had from grocers who handle the white Malagas, which are packed in this material. 5. Pack the bunches in finely cut soft and dry hay, placing the grapes and hay in consecutive layers. 6. Dry hardwood saw-dust is also good for packing. io6 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Grapes, continued. 7. Place on shelves in a cool, airy room. After a few days wrap the bunches separately in soft paper and pack in shallow pasteboard boxes not more than two or three layers deep. Keep in a cool, dry room that is free from frost. 8. Cut the bunches with sharp scissors, place in shal- low baskets or but few in a baskec, and after reaching the house dip the cut ends of stems in melted wax. Now take tissue paper or very thin manilla paper cut just to the right size, and carefully envelope each cluster of grapes. Secure shallow tin boxes ; place a layer of cotton batting at the bottom, then a layer of grapes, then batting ; three layers of grapes are enough for one box, alternating with cotton batting, and topping with batting ; then gently se- cure the lid to each box, and when done place in cold storage for use in April or even later. If cold storage cannot be had put in a dry, cool room, and when cold weather approaches cover in an interior closet with just sufficient covering to prevent freezing ; warmth will cause over-ripening and deterioration. 9. ROE'S METHOD. In a stone jar place alternate layers of grapes and straw paper, the paper being in double thickness. Over the jar paste a cloth and bury below frost in a dry soil. The grapes will keep until New Year. KEEPING GRAPES FOR MARKET (W. M. Pattison, Quebec). It is the generally received opinion that the thick-skinned native seedlings are the only keepers. This Is correct as regards preserving flavor, but several hybrids of foreign blood are the best keepers known. Before giving results of this and former irials, instructions in packing may be of service. The varieties intended to be laid up for win- ter use should be those only which adhere well to the stem and are not inclined to shrivel. These should be allowed to remain on the vines as long as they are safe Keeping and Storing Fruits and Vegetables. 107 Grapes, continued. from frost. A clear dry day is necessary for picking, and careful handling and shallow baskets are important. The room selected for the drying process should be well ven- tilated, and the fruit laid out in single layers on tables or in baskets where the air circulates freely, the windows be_ ing closed at night and in damp weather. In about ten days the stems will be dried out sufficiently to prevent moulding when laid away. When danger from this is over and the stems resemble those of raisins, the time for pack- ing has arrived. In this, the point to be observed is to ex- clude air proportionately with their tendency to mould. I have used baskets for permanent packing, but much prefer shallow trays or boxes of uniform size to be packed on each other, so that each box forms a cover for the lower, the uppermost only needing one. Until very cold weather, the boxes can be piled so as to allow the remaining moist- ure to escape through a crevice about the width of a knife blade. Before packing, each bunch should be examined, and all injured, cracked and rotten berries removed with suitable scissors. If two layers are packed in a box, a sheet of paper should intervene. The boxes must be kept in a dry cool room, or passage, at an even temperature. If the thermometer goes much below freezing point, a blanket or newspaper can be thrown over them, to be removed in mild weather. Looking over them once in the winter and removing defective berries will suffice, the poorest keepers being placed accessible. Under this treatment the best keepers will be in good edible order as late as February, after which they deteriorate. The following is a list of the grapes worth noticing that have been tested for keeping : io8 The Horticulturist *s Rule- Book. Grapes, continued. DESCRIPTION. LIST OF GRAPES TO BE RECOMMENDED. ETIES KEEPING WELL UNTIL Nov. ist Lady, Antoinette, Carlotta, Belinda. Dec. ist. Lady Washington, Peter Wiley, Mason's Seedling, Worden, Senasqua, Romell's Superior, Ricketts' No. 546, Concord, Delaware. Jan. ist. Duchess, Essex, Barry, Rockland Favorite, Aminia, Garber's New Seedling, Massasoit, Dempsey's No 5, Burnett, Undine, Allen's Hybrid, Agawam, Gen. Pope, Francis Scott. Jan. isth. Salem, Vergennes, El Dorado. - & Feb. ist. Wilder, Herbert, Peabody, Roger's No. 30, Gaertner, Mary and Owosso. Crystallized or Glace Fruit. The principle is to extract the juice from the fruit and replace it with sugar syrup, which hardens and peserves the fruit in its natural shape. The fruit should all be of one size and of a uniform degree of ripeness, such as is best for canning. Peaches, pears and similar fruits are pared and cut in halves ; plums, cherries, etc., are pitted. After being properly prepared the fruit is put in a basket or bucket with a perforated bottom and immersed in boiling water to dilute and ex- tract the juice. This is the most important part of the process, and requires great skill. If the fruit be left too long, it is over-cooked and becomes soft ; if not long enough the juice is not sufficiently extracted, and this prevents perfect absorption of the sugar. After the fruit cools, it may again be assorted as to softness. The syrup is made of white sugar and water. The softer the fruit the heavier the syrup required. The fruit is placed in earthern pans, covered with syrup, and left about a week. This is a critical stage, as fermentation will soon Keeping and Storing- Fruits and Vegetables. 109 Crystallized or Glace Fruit, continued. take place, and when this has reached a certain stage the fruit and syrup are heated to the boiling point, which checks the fermentation. This is repeated, as often as may be necessary, for about six weeks. The fruit is taken out of the syrup, washed in clean water, and either glaced or crystallized, as desired. It is dipped in thick sugar syrup, and hardened quickly in the open air for glacing, or left to be hardened slowly if to be crystallized. The fruit is now ready for packing, and is said to keep in any cli- mate. Cabbage. The most satisfactory method of keeping cab- bages is to bury them in the field. Select a dry place, pull the cabbages and stand them head down on the soil. Cover them with soil to the depth of six or ten inches, covering very lightly at first to prevent heating unless the weather should quickly become severe and as winter sets in cover with a good dressing of straw or coarse manure. The cabbages should be allowed to stand where they grew until cold weather approaches. The storing beds are usually made about six or eight feet wide, so that the middle of the bed can be reached from either side, and to prevent heating if the weather should remain open. Cabbages quickly decay in the warm weather of spring. Celery. For market purposes, celery is stored in tem- porary board-pits, in sheds, in cellars, and in various kinds of earth pits and trenches. The points to be con- sidered are, to provide the plants with moisture to prevent wilting, to prevent hard freezing, and to give some venti- v lation. The plants are set loosely in the soil. There are several methods of keeping celery in an ordinary cellar for home use. The following methods are good : Take a shoe or similar box. Bore one inch holes in the sides, four inches from bottom. Put a layer of sand or soil in the box, and stand the plants, trimmed carefully, upon it, closely together, working more sand or soil about no The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Celery, continued. the root part, and continue until the box is full. The soil should be watered as often as needed, but always through the holes in the side of the box. Keep the foliage dry. Celery may also be stored and beautifully bleached at the same time, in a similar way by standing in a barrel upon a layer of soil. Some roots and soil may be left ad- hering to the plants. Crowd closely, water through holes near the bottom as in case ol box storage, and keep the plants in the dark. Blanched celery can also be preserved for a long time by trimming closely and packing upright in moist moss in- , side of a box. A large quantity of the vegetable may thus be stored in a small space. Onions demand a dry cellar, and the bulbs should be thoroughly dried in the sun before they are stored. All tops should be cut away when the onions are harvested. If a cellar cannot be had, the bulbs may be allowed to freeze, but great care must be exercised or the whole crop will be lost. The onions must not be subjected to ex- tremes of temperature, and they should not thaw out dur- ing the winter. They can be stored on the north side of a loft, being covered with two or three feet of straw, hay or chaff to preserve an equable temperature. They must not be handled while frozen, and they must thaw out very gradually in spring. This method of keeping onions is reliable only when the weather is cold and tolerably uniform. Orange. Aside from the customary wrapping of oranges in tissue paper and packing them in boxes, burying in dry sand is sometimes practiced. The fruit is first wrapped in tissue paper, and it should be buried in such manner that the fruit shall not be more than three tiers deep. Roots of all sorts, as beets, carrots, salsify, parsnips, can be kept from wilting by packing them in damp sphag- Keeping and Storing Fruits and Vegetables, in Boots, continued. num moss, like that used by nurserymen. They may also be packed in sand. It is an erroneous notion that pars- nips and salsify are not good until after they are frozen Squashes should be stored in a dry room in which the temperature is uniform and about 50. Growers for mar- ket usually build squash houses or rooms and heat them. Great care should be taken not to bruise any squashes which are to be stored. Squashes procured from the mar- ket have usually been too roughly handled to be reliable for storing. Sweet potatoes. IN THE NORTH, dig the potatoes on a sun- ny day and allow them to dry thoroughly in the field. Sort ut the poor ones, and handle the remainder carefully. lever allow them to become chilled. Then pack them in barrels in layers, in dry sand, and store in a warm cellar. They are sometimes stored in finely broken charcoal, in charcoal dust, wheat chaff and similar substances. Sometimes they are kept in small and open crates, with- out packing material, the crates being stacked so as to al- low thorough ventilation. The Hayman or Southern Queen keeps well in this way. A warm attic is often a good place in which to store sweet potatoes. A tight room over a kitchen is particu- larly good when it is so arranged that the heat from the kitchen can be utilized in warming il. IN THE SOUTH (Berckmans). Digging the tubers should e delayed until the vines have been sufficiently touched y frost to chock vegetation. Allow the potatoes to dry off in the field, which will take but a few hours. Then sort all those of eating size to be banked separately from the smaller ones. The banks are prepared as follows : Make a circular bed six feet in diameter in a sheltered corner of the garden, throwing up the earth about a foot high. Cover this with straw and bank up the tubers in H2 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Sweet potatoes, continued. shape of a cone, using from 10 to 20 bushels to each bank. A triangular pipe made of narrow planks to act as a ven- tilator should be placed in the middle of the cone. Cover the tubers with straw 6 to 10 inches thick and bank the latter with earth, first using only a small quantity, but in- creasing the thickness a week or ten days afterwards. A board should be placed upon the top of the ventilating pipe to prevent water from reaching the tubers. Several banks are usually made in a row, and a rough shelter of boards built over the whole. The main point to be con- sidered in putting up sweet potatoes for winter is entire freedom from moisture and sufficient covering to prevent heating. It is therefore advisable to allow the tubers to undergo sweating (which invariably occurs after being put in heaps) before covering them too much, and if the tem- porary covering is removed for a few hours, a week after being heaped, the moisture generated will be removed and very little difficulty will follow from that cause. If covered too thickly at once, the sweating often engenders rapid fermentation, and loss is then certain to follow. Sand is never used here in banking potatoes. Some varieties of potatoes keep much better than pthers. The Yellow Sugar Yam and the Pumpkin Yam are the most difficult to carry through, while the Trinidad potato keeps as readily as Irish potatoes, only requiring to be kept free from frost and light by a slight covering of straw if the tubers are placed in a house. Next in keeping quality come the Hayti Yam, the Red-skinned, Brimstone, Nigger Killer, and last of the potato section is the Nansemond Tomatoes. Pick the firmest fruits just as they are begin- ning to turn, leaving the stems on, exercising care not to bruise them, and pack in a barrel or box in clean and thoroughly dry sand, placing the fruits so that they will not touch each other. Place the barrel in a dry place. CHAPTER XIII. STANDARD AND LEGAL MEASURES AND SIZES. i. Standard Flower Pots. AMERICAN. The Society of American Florists has adopted a standard pot, in which all measurements are made inside, and which bears a rim or shoulder at the top. The breadth and depth of these pots are the same, so that they "nest "well. ENGLISH CHISWICK STANDARDS. Diam. at top. Depth. Thimbles 2 in. 2 in. Thumbs 2^ 2> 6o's 3 3^ 54' s 4 4 4S's 4^ 5 32*3 6 6 24*3 8)4 S Jfc's g l / 2 9 I2*S 11^ 10 8's 12 IT 6's 13 12 4*s 15 13 a's 18 14 (113) The Horticulturist* s Rule- Book. 2. Legal and Stan Legal Weights of a Bushel of Produce STATES. c/i fi Massachusetts . . 18 r.fi CQ co q2 Michigan . 48 22 46 60 48 7O ?fi co C A oo Minnesota 4 ^8 4 42 5 U Sfi J u 54 O z 0,2 Missouri 48 24 16 fin co ifi so S7 02 Nebraska 24 16 fin C,2 7O r.fi so S7 0,2 Nevada fin ^fi so New Hampshire . . . New Jersey c<-> 2S 60 62 fin CQ 56 r.fi 50 S7 32 0,0 New York ....... . fi-> 18 r ,8 02 North Carolina .... en Sfi 18 ^2 Ohio .18 22 fin CQ fi8 r.fi SO 02 Oregon 4S 42 sfi ifi Pennsylvania 18 Sfi 32 Rhode Island Sfi so S2 ^2 Tennessee en 24 fin CQ 7O sfi so s6 02 Texas fin 42 sfi S7 32 Ver ^.ont Virginia 4 6 "8 60 62 fin 48 C2 7O 56 sfi so 52 S7 32 0,2 West Virginia "Wisconsin Sfi 25 ->8 60 fin 52 CQ 56 sfi SO 32 0,2 Washington 45 Standard and Legal Measures and Sizes. 1 15 dard Measures. in various States, corrected to 1887. co Id CD CD - CO 8 T3 TJ -d CD CD CO CD CD CO CD" co CO CO CD CD CO CD CO g >> CO* CD H "rt s CO rt CD u CD H CD OH s 5 bo "o g .* '3 rt CD 1 I o PM 1 s u E rt PQ CD E O CO H H 60 50 60 56 14 60 56 4 8 50 50 60 57 60 54 50 60 60 56 14 60 4 8 44 45 60 60 60 56 48 50 6O 38 60 55 60 56 14 60 56 47 45 55 60 33 60 55 56 14 60 55 48 44 45 55 4 8 33 60 55 56 60 48 44 45 4 8 33 60 46 56 14 60 56 48 44 45 30 45 33 60 50 56 14 60 56 48 44 50 45 55 60 39 60 55 60 56 14 60 56 47 44 50 45 60 60 32 32 60 60 60 48 50 60 40 60 56 62 56 14 64 56 48 44 50 45 56 <^o 60 56 48 45 60 28 60 56 60 56 14 60 56 48 44 50 45 58 48 28 60 60 48 60 33 60 5<5 60 56 14 60 56 T ins. Standard and Legal Measures and Sizes. 121 Society and Customary Standards, continued. Plum boxes, capacity 20 Ibs. Outside measurements 19^ ins. in length, 12^5 ins. in width, 4^ ins. in depth. Inside measurements length, 8j^ ins.; width, n^ ins.; depth, 4 ins. There are four sizes of peach and apricot boxes : First, capacity 22 pounds. Outside measurements 19^ ins. in length, 12% ins. in width, 4% ins. in depth. Inside measurements length, 18^ ins. ; width, n^ ins.; depth, 4^ ins. Second, capacity 25 Ibs. Outside measurements 19^ ins. in length, 12^ ins. in width, 5^ ins. in depth. Inside meas- urements length, i8)4 ins.; width, n^ ins.; depth, 4^ ins. Third, capacity 27 Ibs. Outside measurements 19^ ins. in length, 12% ins. in width, 5^ ins. in depth. Inside meas- urements length, 18^ ins.; width, n^ ins.; depth, 5^ ins. Fourth, capacity 30 Ibs. Outside measurements 19^ ins. in length, i2j^ ins. in width, 6% ins. in depth. Inside meas- urements length, i8j^ ins.; width, 11% ins.; depth, 5% ins. Pear boxes, capacity 40 Ibs. Outside measurements 19% ins. in length, 12^ ins. in width, 8% ins. in depth. Inside measurements length, 18^ ins.; width, n^ ins.; depth, 8% ins. Grading of Prunes. Prunes are graded by running them over screens of various degrees of coarseness. The meshes should be oblong, 2 ins. or more in length for all the sizes, the widths varying as stated in the table below. The California French prunes are usually sorted in six sizes, by using the fol- lowing methods : Width of mesh for Width of mesh for Gra 1 \ green prunes. dried prunes. Extras, 40 to 50 to pound i^ inch i^ inch. No. i, 50 to 60 ' i% " 1% No. 2, 60 to 70 ' ij/6 " i No. 3, 70 to 80 " i " 7 /& " No. 4, 80 to 90 " fa " 3 /i " No. 5, 90 to 100 " ^ " fa 122 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Society and Customary Standards, continued. Watermelons are usually sorted into three grades. Of the largest size, about 6 melons are placed in a barrel. Of medium size, about 8 (4 melons in each of 2 layers), and of the small- est size, 10 to 12. A truck load of melons comprises about 200 fair sized fruits. A car load numbers from 1,000 to 1,500. Cocoa nuts are packed for shipment in bags which hold 100 fruits. "Ekimis" branded upon boxes of Smyrna figs means A No. i, or superior selected. "Eleme" means selected, the second grade. 6. Covent Garden (London) Measures. SEAKALE PUNNETS. 8 ins. diameter at the top, yj^ ins. at the bottom, and 2 ins. deep. RADISH PUNNETS. 8 ins. diameter and i in. deep, if to hold 6 hands ; or 9 ins. by i in. for 12 hands. MUSHROOM. 7 ins. by i in. SALAD PUNNETS. sins, by i in. SIEVE. Contains 7 imperial gals.; diameter 15 ins. ; depth, 8 ins. A sieve of peas is equal to i bu. ; a sieve of currants 12 qts. HALF-SIEVE. Contains 3^ imperial gals. It averages 12^ ins. in diameter and 6 ins. in depth. BUSHEL SIEVE. ioj^ imperial gals. Diameter at top n^ ins., at bottom 17 ins.; depth, ii^ i ns - BUSHEL BASKET, ought, when heaped, to contain an im- perial bushel. Diameter at bottom 10 ins., at top 14^ ins. depth, 17 ins. Walnuts, nuts, apples and potatoes are sold by this measure. A bus. of the last named, cleansed, weighs 56 Ibs., but four pounds additional are allowed if they are not washed. A junk contains % of a bu. POTTLE. A long tapering basket that holds rather over a pt. and a half. A pottle of strawberries should hold y z a gal., but never holds more than i qt. ; a pottle of mushrooms should weigh i Ib. Standard and Legal Measures and Sizes. 123 Covent Garden (London) Measures, continued. HAND applies to a bunch of radishes, which contains from 12 to 30, or more, according to the season. BUNDLE contains from 6 to 12 or 20 heads of broccoli, celery, etc; seakale, 12 to 18 heads; rhubarb, 20 to 30 stems, accord- ing to size; and of asparagus from 100 to 150. GRAPES are put up in 2 Ibs. and 4 Ibs. punnets ; new pota- toes by the London growers in 2 Ibs. punnets. Apples and pears are put up in bu. sieves, or half sieves. A 100 weight of Kentish filberts is 104 Ibs. Weights are always 16 ozs. to the Ib. BUNCH. Radishes, 12 to 24; carrots, 12 and upwards ; tur- nips, 12 and upwards; leeks, 6 and upwards. A roll of celery contains 6, 8, to 12 heads or roots, A score of lettuce or endive is 22. A tally is 5 dozen. CHAPTER XIV. TABLES OF MEASURES AND WEIGHTS. Dry Measure. 2 pints = i quart 8 quarts = i peck. 4 pecks = i bushel. 8 ousneis (480 pounds) i quarter. 36 bushels = i chaldron. bu. pk. qt. pt. i = 4 = 32 = 64 i = 8 = 16 I = 2 Liquid Measure. 4 gills = i pint. 2 pints = i quart. 4 quarts = i gallon. gallons = i barrel. 2 barrels or 63 gallons = i hogshead. gal. qt. pt. gi. i = 4 = 8 = 32 1 = 2= 8 i = 4 Apothecaries' Fluid Measure. 60 minims = i fluidram. 8 fluidrams = i fluidounce. 16 fluidounces = i pint. 8 pints = i gallon. (124) Tables of Measures and Weights. 125 Apothecaries' Fluid Measure, continued. cong. o. f. f. m. 1 = 8 = 128 = 1,024 61,440 ! = 16 = 128 = 7,680 i = 8 = 480 i = 60 One minim equals i drop of water. Line, or Linear Measure. 12 inches ................... = i foot. 3 feet ..................... = i yard. 5^ yards, or i6J/ feet ....... = i rod, or pole. 40 rods ................... = i furlong. 8 furlongs (320 rods) ....... = i mile (statute mile). 3 miles ................... = i league. 1. in. fur. rd. yd. ft. in. I =3 =24 = 960 = 5,280 = 15,840 = 190,080 1 = 8= 320 = 1,760 = 5,280 = 63,360 ! = 40 = 220 = 660 = 7,920 i = 5 1 A= 16/2 = 198 i = 3 = 36 I = 12 Surveyor's, or Chain Measure. n ry 2 inches = i link. / -y 2 ^ links = i rod, o " pole. *3 rods or 66 feet . . . . . = i chain. r v 80 chains = i mile. mi. ch. rd. 1. in. I = 80 = 320 = 8,000 = 63,360 I = 4 = IOO 792 I = 25 = 198 i = 7 .92 Square or Surface Measure. 144 square inches .......... = i square foot. 9 square feet ............. = i square yard. 30^ square yards ....... , . . . = i sq. rod or perch. 160 square rods ............ = i acre. 640 acres ................. = i sq. mile or section. 126 7 he Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Square or Surface Measure, continued. sq.m. a. sq. rd. sq. yd. sq. ft. sq. in. 1=646= 102,400 = 3,097,600 ==27,878,100 =4.014,489,600 1= 160= 4,840 = 43,660 = 6,272,640 1= ^A= 272^= 39.204 I = 9 = 1,296 i = 144 Surveyors' Square Measure. 625 square links = i square rod, or pole 16 poles = i square chain. 10 square chains = i acre. 640 acres = i square mile or sec 36 square miles (6 miles sq.) . = i township tp. sq. mi. a. sq. ch sq. rd. sq. 1. ! 36 23,040 = 230,400 = 3,986,400 = 2,304,000,000 Solid o- Cubic Measure. 1728 cubic inches = i cubic foot. 27 cubic feet = i cubic yard. 16 cubic feet = i cord foot. 8 cord feet, or 128 cubic feet . . = i cord of wood. 24^ cubic feet === i perch. cu. yd. cu. ft. cu. in. cd. cd. ft. cu. ft. cu. in. i = 27 = 46.656 = 1 = 8 = 128 = 221,184 Avoirdupois, or Commercial Weight. 2 7ii grains = i dram. 16 drams = i ounce. 16 ounces = i pound. 25 pounds = i quarter. 4 quarter, or 100 pounds = i hundredweight. 20 hundredweight, 01 2,ooolbs . = i ton. 480 pounds = imperial quarter. 100 pounds is also called i central. t. cwt. Ib. oz. dr. gr. I = 20 = 2,000 = 32,000 = 512,000 i 100 = i, 600 ===== 25,600 i = 16 = 256 = 7,000 I = 16 Tables of Measures and Weights. 127 Troy, or Jewelers' Weight. 24 Efrains . = i pennyweight. 20 pennyweights ; i ounce. 12 ounces = i pound. Ib. oz. pwt. gr. I = 12 = 240 == 5.76o I = 20 = 480 I === 24 Apothecaries' Weight. 3 scruples . 12 ounces Ib. oz. dr. scr. I = 12 = 96 = 288 I = 8 = 24 i 3 i i scruple, i dram, i ounce, i pound. 60 20 Table of Comparative Weights. Avoirdupois. Troy. 700 gr. = lib 5,760 gr. =i Ib. i Ib. I T V T Ibs. Ibs. Apothecaries. 5,760 gr. =i Ib. or 144 Ibs. i oz. or 192 oz. T \ r 175 oz. oz. = i75 Miscellaneous Table. 175 Ibs. 175 of an inch . of an inch . inches inches inches inches 2}^ feet 3 feet A wine Ballon. . . A dry gallon. . . . 3 4 9 18 a line (American). a line (French). a palm. a hand. a span. a cubit. a military pace. a pace. 231 cubic inches. 268.8 128 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Miscellaneous Table, continued. An imperial gallon = 277.274 cubic inches. A U. S. bushel = 2, 150. 42 A U. S. bushel heaped =2,688 An English bushel =2,218.192 " i pint of water weighs 1.0431 Ibs. i gallon of water weighs 8.3450 Ibs. i cubic foot of water weighs 62.425 Ibs. at 39.2 F. An English (statute) mile is 1,760 yards. A Scotch mile is 1,984 " An Irish mile is 2, 240 ' ' A Dutch mile is 8, 101 " A Roman mile is 1,628 " A German mile is 6, 859 ' ' A Russian mile is i, 100 ' ' An Arabian mile is 2, 148 ' ' A sea (nautical) mile is 2,026 " Equivalents of Metric Measures of Capacity. Metric denominations Dry measure. Liquid measure i millimeter . . . = .001816 pts. = .0338 fl. oz. i centiliter .... =* .01816 pts. = .338 fl. oz. i deciliter = .181625 pts. = .84532 gi. i liter = .908128 qts. = 1.056745 qts. i dekaliter = 9.08128 qts. = 2.64186 gals. i hectoliter. ... = 2.8379 bus. = 26.4186 gals. i kiloliter = 28.379 bus. = 264.186 gals. i myrialiter . . . = 283.79 bus. = 2641.86 gals. equivalents of Metric Linear Measure. Equivalents in English measure, i millimeter = .05937 inches. i centimeter = -3937 " i decimeter = 3.93707 ' ' i meter = 39. 37079 ' ' i dekameter = 32.80899 ft. i hectometer = 19.88423 rods. Tables of Measures and Weights. 129 Equivalents of Metric Linear Measure, continued. i kilometer = .62138 mile. i myriameter = 6.21382 miles. Equivalents of Metric Square Measure. i sq. centimer = .155 sq. in. i sq. decimeter = 15.5 sq. in. i sq. meter = 1. 19603 sq. yds. i sq. dekameter = 119.6034 sq. yds. i sq. hectometer = 2.47114 sq. rds. i sq. kilometer = .3861 sq. rriles. Equivalents of Metric Cubic Measure. i cu. centimeter = .061027 cu - m - i cu. decimeter = 61.02705 cu. in. i cu. meter, or stere = 35.31658 cu. ft. Equivalents of Metric Weights. i miligram i decigram i centigram i gram i dekagram i hectogram i kilogram i myriagram i quintal i tonneau or ton = 2204.62124 Ibs. avoir., or 1.10281 tons. .015432 gr. troy. I-54324 gr- troy. .15432 gr. troy. 15-4324^ gr. troy. 35 2 73 oz. avoir. 3-5 2 739 oz. avoir. 2.20462 Ibs. avoir 22.04621 Ibs. avoir. 220.46212 Ibs. avoir. 9-R CHAPTER XV. MISCELLANEOUS TABLES, FIGURES AND NOTES. i. Quantity of Water Held by Pipes of Various Sizes. Diameter of Bore. ^A in Contents of roc in Lengtf 84 g Feet i. ils. 1 1 < c i ' 3.39 7.64 2 ' I3-58 21.22 3' ' 3O. 56 ; 54-33 5 1 "' . , 84.90 6 '' . 122.26 2. Number of Gallons In Circular Tanks and Well*. To find the contents in gallons of circular tanks, etc., square the diameter in feet, multiply by the depth and then multiply by 4.8947. GALLONS WHEN THE DEPTH IS efer. ^ ft. 4 ft. 5 ft. 6ft. 7 ft. 8ft. p ft. 10 ft. lift. 12 ft. 4 ft. 235 313 391 469 548 626 704 783 861 989 5 ' 367 489 611 734 856 979 1101 1223 1346 1468 6 " 528 704 88 1 1057 I2 33 I 49 J 585 1764 1988 2114 7 " 7*9 959 IJ 99 J 439 l6 7 8 1918 2158 2398 2638 2878 8 " 939 1253 1566 1879 2194 2506 2819 3182 3445 3759 9 " 1189 1585 1982 2378 2775 3171 3568 3964 4361 4757 10 " 1468 1957 2447 2936 3426 3915 4405 4894 5884 5873 11 " 1776 2368 2961 3553 4145 4787 5330 5922 6514 7107 12 " 2114 2812 3524 4229 4933 5638 6343 7048 7753 8458 Miscellaneous Tables, Figures and Notes. 131 3. Number of Gallons in Square-Built Tanks. To find the number of gallons in any square or oblong vessel multiply the number of cubic feet contained in it by 6.232. 3ft. 4ft. 5 ft. Size of Tank. , deep. deep. deep. 6 by 3 feet 336 448 560 448 598 747 560 747 934 673 897 II2I ' 5 2 3 6 98 870 ' 654 872 1090 1 785 1047 1308 ' 916 1221 1526 1 598 797 997 747 997 1246 897 1196 1495 1046 1395 1744 1196 1595 1994 841 II2I I 4 02 ' 1009 1346 1682 ' H77 1570 1963 1346 1784 2243 I 5 I 4 2019 2523 ' 934 1246 1558 II2I 1495 1869 1 1308 1744 2181 ' 1495 1994 2 4 92 1682 2243 2804 ' 1869 2492 3116 1233 1645 2056 1439 *9!9 2899 1645 2193 2742 1850 2467 3084 ' 2056 2742 3427 ' 2262 3016 3770 ' I34 6 *794 2243 1570 2093 2617 ' 1794 2393 2901 2019 2892 3365 ' 2243 2991 3739 1 2467 3290 4113 ' 2692 3589 4487 132 The Horticulturist" s Ride- Book. 4. Thermometer Scales. Fahrenheit. The freezing point is taken as the 320! de- gree of the scale, and 180 degrees are made between that and the boiling point, which therefore becomes 212. Centigrade or Celsius. The freezing point of water is taken as the zero, and boiling point as 100. Reaumur. The freezing point of water is taken as zero, and the boiling point as 80. A degree Centigrade is therefore greater than a degree of Fahrenheit as nine is greater than five ; and a degree of Reau- mur is greater than nine is greater than four. To reduce Fahrenheit degrees to Centigrade, subtract 32 from the given degree of Fahrenheit and multiply the remain- der by 5 and divide it by 9 : (F. 32) J. To reduce Centigrade to Fahrenheit, multiply the given de- gree of Centigrade by 9 and divide the product by 5, then to the quotient add 32 : ( J C. _j_ 32). To reduce Fahrenheit to Reaumur, subtract 32 from the given degree of Fahrenheit and multiply the remainder by 4 and divide by 9: (F. 32) f. To reduce Reamur to Fahrenheit, multiply the given degree of Reamur by 9 and divide by 4, then add 32 : (JR. -f- 32.) 5. Effects of Wind in Cooling; Glass. (Ltuchars.) 3.26 miles 2:58 minutes. 5.18 " 2:16 6 -54 " 1:91 8.86 " 1:66 10.90 " 1:50 I3-36 " 1.25 iy-97 " 1:08 20.45 " 1:00 " 24-54 " -9 1 27.27 " :8i Miscellaneous Tables, Figures and Notes. 133 6. Per Cent, of Rays of Light Reflected from Glass Roofs at Various Angles of Inclination. (Bouguer. ) i '. 2.5 per cent. 2-5 2-5 2.7 3-4 5-7 II. 2 " 22.2 " 41-2 IO U 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 85 54-3 Glass in use previous to 1887. Area of Glass in Various States and Provinces, Commercial Greenhouse Purposes. {Stewart. ) in use nous 887. Alabama 50,000 Arkansas J 4474 California 213,660 Connecticut Delaware 79, 100 District of Columbia . 125,000 Florida 20,000 Georgia 33, 100 Illinois 1,422, 533 Indiana 142, 866 Iowa 125, 580 Kansas 31,600 Kentucky 320,400 Louisiana 24,420 Maine 102,033 Maryland 185,526 Massachusetts 1,375,000 used for INCREASE IN 1887 , For cut- For Total flowers. plants. increase. 3,000 6,780 9,780 8,188 4.150 12,338 59,810 32,200 92,010 35.071 17.551 52,622 2 OOO o OOO 37.100 4,000 41,000 20,000 10,000 30, ooo 2,400 500 2,900 12,676 36,824 99,500 20,575 23, 240 43,8-15 27,900 13,110 41,010 i, 800 2,250 4,050 11,400 7,600 19,000 19.130 2Q Qo8 4,000 23,130 29,908 S3.00Q '34 The Horticulturist' 's Rule- Book. Area of Glass for Commercial Greenhouse Purposes, continued. Glass in use previous to 1887. For cut- flow *ers. -INCREASE IN 1887 > For Total plants, increase. Minnesota 138,500 22,600 5,600 28,200 New Hampshire.... 86,450 11,825 3> 2 75 15.100 New Jersey 2,114,245 297,529 59,504 357-033 New York 1,412,500 60,700 19,250 79, 950 North Carolina 15,400 1,500 4,500 6,000 Ohio 1,378,929 67,000 50,230 117,230 Pennsylvania 1,315,240 183,050 83,576 266,626 Rhode Island 93, 771 13,918 1,000 14,918 South Carolina 3,300 3,825 3,825 Tennessee 62,200 9,636 6,500 16,136 Texas 18,600 3,800 5,980 9,780 Vermont 37,95 7,700 7,200 14,900 Virginia 53,868 15,240 5,200 10,040 West Virginia 19, 800 Wisconsin 148,230 24,806 3,127 27,933 Ontario 176, 498 61, 500 Quebec 103,696 12,790 8,577 21,367 8. National and Party Flowers. Canada Sugar Maple. China Narcissus. Egypt .... Lotus (Nymphaa Lotus}. England Rose. France Fleur-de-lis (Iris). Germany Corn-flower (Centaurea Cyanus.) Greec- (Athens) Violet. Ireland Shamrock ( Trifolium, usually T. rep ens). Italy Lily. Japan Chrysanthemum. Prussia Linden. Saxony Mignonette. Miscellaneous Tables, Figures and Notes. 1 35 National and Party Flowers, continued. Scotland Thistle. Spain Pomegranate. Wales . . . . Leek. Beaconfield's followers Primrose. Bonapartists Violet. Ghibellines White lily. Guelphs Red lily. Prince of Orange The orange 9. Dates at which Various Fruits and Nuts Appear in North- ern Markets. (from Ne^cv Rngland Grocer. ) NUTS. Peanuts, about the first of November. Walnuts, French, Naples and Grenoble, about the middle of November. Pecans, about the same time as walnuts. Filberts, about the first of November. Castanas, early in March. Almonds, shelled about October first, and Ivica and Princess about forty-five days later. Shellbarks, October first. Baracoa cocoanuts begin to come during the latter part of March and the first of April. Chestnuts, late in September. DRIED FRUITS. Citron (Leghorn), October first. Currants, the middle of October. Dates, Fard about the middle of November, and Persian about December 12. Prunes, French, about the middle of October, and Turkish a month or so later. Raisins, Malaga fruit, which includes loose Muscatels, 2, 3, 4 and 6 crown ; and Imperial Cabinet layers, B. B., Empire Cluster, Royal and Imperial begin to put in appearance about 136 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Dates Fruits and Nuts Appear in Northern Markets, continued, the first of November. California laisins begin to come early in October. Sultana raisins are due about October first, and New Valencias about the same time. FOREIGN GREEN FRUIT. Oranges, Messina, Valencia and Palermo, and all Mediterranean fruit early in December. Florida oranges generally begin to arrive the first of No- vember. Jamaicas get here the middle of September. Lemons, Messina, Valencia and Palermo and all Mediter- ranean fruit December first. Aspmwall, Cuban, Jamaica and Baracoa bananas come the year round, every month in the year, and about every day in the month a portion of che time certainly every week in each month. Pineapples, mostly Havanas, come whenever there is a de- mand for them, the year round, Florida pines come during the latter part of May and the first of June. Grapes. Malagas, are due about October first. New figs begin to come along about the same time. DOMESTIC GREEN FRUIT. Apples, new, early in August. Russetts generally make their appearance upon the market early in the winter, and Gravensteins in December. Pears, September. Peaches, Jersey, latter part of August and early in Septem- ber. Delawares early in August. Plums. All along from August first to the middle of No- vember. Grapes. Hamburgs are in the market about all the year round, save, perhaps, three or four months. Catawbas ar- rive about the middle of August, and ives about the same time. Berries. Blueberries, usually in July. Blackberries are liable to arrive any time in June. Watermelons are with us from the first of June to the first of September. Cantaloupes. Early in July, lasting about three months. Miscellaneous Tables, Figures and Notes. 137 10. What Constitutes Wholesale Quantities. The wholesale fruit dealers of Washington, D. C., have adopted the following rules to govern the least quantities of fruits to be sold at wholesale rates : BANANAS. Not less than one bunch. APPLES. Not less than one barrel or box as received ; no packages to be broken. PINEAPPLES. Not less than twenty-five. ORANGES. Not less than one box ; no packages to be broken LEMONS. Not less than one box ; no packages to be broken. GRAPES OF ALL KINDS. Not less than five baskets. MALAGA GRAPES. By the keg only. PEACHES. Not less than one box or one bushel crate, or not less than five baskets ; no packages to be broken. If in half- bushel lots, not less than two. PEARS. One box or barrel ; if in baskets not less than five WATERMELONS. Not less than twenty-five. MUSKMELONS. Not less than twenty-five. STRAWBERRIES AND ALL OTHER BERRIES. Not less than a thirty-two quart crate, unless small quantity received. A sixty-quart crate may be halved. An exception made with raspberries ; not less than fifteen quarts. In February and March, strawberries, not less than fifteen quarts. ii. Average Prices in France of Various Orchid Flowers. {Orchidophile}. From 20 to 25 centimes* : Dcndrobium nobile, Wardii. 30 centimes : Cypripedium insigne, Masdevallia Lindeni Harryana, ignea } Veitchii, Odontoglossum Pescatorei, Rossi* From 30 to 60 centimes : 'Odontoglossum crispum (Alex- andi'(c), triumphant, luteo-purpureum, Schlieperianum, Insleayi Cat t ley a amethystina, Skinner i. From 60 to 75 centimes : Cypripedium villosum, Harrisianum Spicerianum, Boxalli. From i franc to i franc and 25 centimes : Odontoglossum *A centime is about one-fifth of a cent, and a franc is about 20 cents. 138 The Horticulturist" s Rule- Book, Average Prices of Various Orchid Flowers, continued. grande, Lycaste Skinneri (price sometimes as low as 50 cen- times), Ccelogyne cristata (per truss), Cattleya labiata, Mossia:, Perdvaliana, Gaskeliana, Perrini, Pinelli, elegans, Triana:. From i franc and 50 centimes to 2 francs : Various Vandas, Cattleya Domiana. Trusses of ALrides and Saccolabium sell from a franc and a half to 3 francs, or even for 5 francs for extra good specimens. 12. Weights of Various Varieties of Apples per Bushel. The following varieties, just from the trees in October, gave the following weights : Pounds. 47 Pounds. Baldwin 50 Belmont 50 Ben Davis 47 Bunker Hill 49 Cabashae 57 Esopus Spitzenburg 44 Fallawater 48 Golden Russet 53 Lawver 47 Nickajack 51 Northern Spy 46 Pennock Rambo 50 Rhode Island Greening . . .52 Roxbury Russet 50 Rubicon 46 Stark ^6 Swaar 51 Sweet Bough 39 Talman Sweet 48 Tompkins King 44 Yellow Bellefleur 46 43. Various Recipes and Rules. Black ink for zinc labels. Verdigris, i ounce ; salam- inoniac, i ounce ; lamp black, y z ounce ; rain watsr, y 2 pint. Mix in an earthenware mortar or jar and put up in small bot- tles. To be shaken before use and used with a clean quill pen on bright zinc. To prevent boilers from filling with sediment or scale. i. Exercise care to get clean water and that which contains little lime. 2. Blow it out often. It can be blown out a little every day, and occasionally it should be blown off entirely. 3. Put slippery elm bark In che boiler tank. Or, if slippery elm is not handy, use potato peelings, flax seed, oak bark, spent tan Miscellaneous Tables , Figures and Notes. 139 Various Recipes and Rules, continued. or coarse saw-dust. 4. Put in with the feed water or other- wise, a small quantity of good molasses (not a chemical syrup), say ^ pt. to i pt. in a week, depending upon size of the boiler. This will remove and prevent incrustation without damage to the boiler. These vegetable substances prevent, in a measure, by mechanical means, the union of the particles of lime into incrustations. Cutting glass bottles. i. Pass 5 or 6 strands of coarse packing twine round the bottle on each side of where you want it divided, so as to form a groove ^ inch wide ; in this groove pass one turn of a piece of hard-laid white line, and extend the two ends ; fasten to some support. Saw the bottle back- wards and forwards for a short time ; after a minute's friction, by a side motion of the bottle, throw it out of the line in a tub .of water, and then tap the side of the tub and the bottom will fall off. 2. Fill the bottle the exact height you wish it to be cut, with oil of any kind ; dip, very gradually, a red-hot iron into the oil. The glass suddenly chips and cracks all round, then the upper surface may be lifted off at the surface of the oil. 3. For cutting bottoms of bottles off make a slight nick with a file, and then mark round with a streak of ink where you want it to come off. Make an iron red-hot and lay it on the nick. This will cause it to expand and crack, then by moving the rod round, the crack will follow. To preserve wooden labels. Thoroughly soak the pieces of wood in a strong solution of copperas (sulphate of iron) ; then lay them, after they are .dry, in lime water. This causes the formation of sulphate of lime, a very insoluble salt, in the wood To prepare paper for hot-bed sash. Use a sash without bars, and stretch wires or strings across it to secure as a rest for the paper. Procure stout but thin manilla wrapping paper and paste it firmly on the sash with fresh flour paste. Dry in r, warm place and then wipe the paper with a damp sponge to 140 The Horticulturist* s Rule- Book. Various Recipes and Rules, continued. cause it to stretch evenly. Dry again, and then apply boiled linseed oil to both sides of the paper, and dry again in a warm place. Cowdung is highly prized by many gardeners for us in potting soil. It is stored under cover and allowed to remain until dry, being turned several times in the meantime to pul- \erize it. Manure water is irade either from this dried excre- ment, or from the fresh material. When made from the fresh material, the manure water should be made weaker than in the other case. To find the bushels of shelled corn in a crib or bin of corn in the ear, divide the cubic contents by 2. To find the number of bushels of potatoes, apples, etc., in a bin, multiply the cubic contents by 8 and point off one figure in the product. To find the tons of hay in a mow or stack, divide the cubic contents by about 510, if the hay is not well settled, or by about 460 if the hay is well packed. Approximate value of household measures. i teaspoonful equals i dram. i dessertspoonful equals 2 teaspoonfuls, or 2 drams. 1 tablespoonful equals 2 dessertspoonfuls, or 4 teaspoonfuls. 2 tablespoonfuls equals 8 teaspoonfuls, or i ounce. i common size wineglassful equals 2 ounces, or y z gill. A tea cup is estimated to hold 4 fluid ounces, or i gill. i pound of wheat is equal to about i quart. i pound and 2 ounces of Indian meal is equal to i quart. i pound of soft butter is equal to about i pint. i pound of sugar is equal to about i pint. 14. Various Figures. From 7 to 12 bushel of apples are required for a barrel of cider. A bushel of average apples gives from 6 to 7 pounds of evaporated product. Miscellaneous Tables, Figures and Notes. 141 Various Figures, continued. PRODUCT OF DIUED RASPBERRIES (Professor Green). Ohio ........................... 9 Ibs. to the bushel. Gregg Hilborn Ada Tyler Shaffer 8 Raspberries contain from i *4 to 3 Ibs. of seeds to the bushel. A pint of garden blackberries weighs about one pound. Good clusters of American grapes weigh on an average from one-half to three-fourtti pounds-, while extra good clusters will reach a pound and a half. Clusters have been reported which weighed two pounds. A bushel of sweet-corn ears, "in the milk," with the husks which come from it, weighs from 50 to 70 Ibs. There are about 5,000 honey bees in a pound. SAMPLES OF DATES ON THE TITLE PAGES OF OLD BOOKS. [3 is. . 500 Mcccclxjij is . . 1463 MccccLxxz M7 2 Mccccyz r 47 2 Mcccc. II 472 Mccccxxc 1480 MCCCCmjXXVIII 1488 Miiiic iiii x Vlij 1488 MCDXCV 1495 M. VD ... 1495 MiiijD. .... 1496 MjjjD 1497 MIII.D 1497 MCCCCXCviii 1498 MID 1499 McoXciX J 499 MccccID 1499 MCCCCXCViiij 1499 MCDXCIX 1499 M cccc iCi 1500 MD 1500 MCDCII 1502 M.DXLIX 1549 MlQL or MDL *55 M.D.VIL 1554 oo DLXVI 1566 oo DLXX 1570 cIoIoLXXX 1580 1580 1581 oo DXXCII : 1582 MCCCCCLXXXI1I ... 1583 CIC ID XXCVl 1586 oo D XXCIIX 1588 QlCIoXXCUX 1588 MDXC 1590 1700 . 1750 1791 1800 MDCCC 1800 cic. loccc 1800 CHAPTER XVI. RULES. i. Loudon's Rules of Horticulture. 1. Perform every operation in the proper season and in the best manner. 2. Complete every operation consecutively. 3. Never, if possible, perform one operation in such a man- ner as to render another necessary. 4. When called off from any operation, leave your work and tools in an orderly manner. 5. In leaving off work, make a temporary finish, and clean your tools and carry them to the tool-house. 6. Never do that in the garden or hothouses, which can be equally well done in the reserve ground or in the back sheds. 7. Never pass a weed or an insect without pulling it up or taking it off, unless time forbid. 8. In gathering a crop, take away the useless as well as the useful parts. 9. Let no plant ripen seeds, unless they are wanted for some purpose, useful or ornamental, and remove all parts which are in a state of decay. 2. Rules of Nomenclature. I. RULES FOR NAMING FRUITS, Adopted by the American Pomological Society. 1. The originator or introducer (in the order named) has the prior right to bestow a name upon a new or unnamed fruit. 2. The Society reserves the right, in case of long, inappro- priate, or otherwise objectionable names, to shorten, modify- 142 Rules. 143 Rules of Nomenclature, continued. or wholly change the same, when they shall occur in its dis- cussions or reports ; and also to recommend such names for general adoption. 3. The names of fruit should, preferably, express, as far as practicable by a single word, the characteristics of the variety, the name of the originator, or the place of its origin. Under no ordinary circumstances should more than a single word be em- ployed. 4. Should the question of priority arise between different names for the same variety of fruit, other circumstances being equal, the name first publicly bestowed will be given prefer- ence. 2. RULES FOR NAMING KITCHEN GARDEN VEGETABLES, As adopted by the committee on nomenclature of the Associa- tion of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Sta- tions : 1. The name of a variety shall consist of a single word, or at most, of two words. A phrase, descriptive or otherwise, is never allowable ; as Pride of Italy, King of Mammoths, Earliest of All. 2. The name should not be superlative or bombastic. In particular, such epithets as New, Large, Giant, Fine, Selected, Improved, and the like, should be omitted. If the grower or dealer has a superior stock of a variety, the fact should be stated in the description immediately after the name, rather than as a part of the name itself ; as, " Trophy, selected stock." 3. If a grower or dealer has secured a new select strain of a well known variety it shall be legitimate for him to use his own name in connection with the established name of the variety ; as Smith's Winnigstadt, Jones's Cardinal. 4. When personal names are given to varieties, titles should be omitted ; as, Major, General, etc. 5. The term hybrid should not be used except in those rare in- stances in which the variety is known to be of hybrid origin. 6. The originator has the prior right to name the variety ; 144 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Rules of Nomenclature, continued. but the oldest name which conforms to these rules should be adopted. 7. This committee reserve the right, in its own publications, to revise objectionable names in conformity with these rules. 3. WORK OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FLORISTS. This society adopted a resolution demanding reform in names of ornamental plants at the meeting of 1888, and a committee was appointed. Definite reform has not yet been inaugurated, however. 3. Rules for Exhibition. I. AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY RULES. For Exhibitors. 1. A plate of fruit must contain six specimens, no more, no less, except in the case of single varieties not included in collections. 2. To insure examination by the proper committees, all fruits must be correctly and distinctly labeled, and placed upon the tables during the first day of the exhibition. 3. The duplication of varieties in a collection will not be permitted. 4. In all cases of fruits intended to be examined and re- ported by committees, the name of the exhibitor, together with a complete list of the varieties exhibited by him, must be delivered to the secretary of the society on or before the first day of the exhibition. 5. The exhibitor will receive from the secretary an entry card which must be placed with the exhibit, when arranged for exhibition, for the guidance of committees. 6. All articles placed upon the tables for exhibition must re- main in charge of the society till the close of the exhibition, to be removed sooner only upon express permission of the per- son or persons in charge. 7. Fruits or other articles intended for testing, or to be Rules. Rules for Exhibition, continued. given away to visitors, spectators, or others will be assigned a separate hall, room or tent, in which they may be dispensed at the pleasure of the exhibitor, who will not, however, be permitted to sell and deliver articles therein, nor to call at- tention to them in a boisterous or disorderly manner. For the Guidance of Examining and Awarding Committees. 1. In estimating the comparative values of collections of fruits, committees are instructed to base such estimates strictly upon the varieties in such collections which shall have been correctly named by the exhibitor, prior to action thereon by the committee on nomenclature. 2. In instituting such comparison of values, committees are instructed to consider : ist, the values of the varieties for the purposes to which they may be adapted ; 2d, the color, size, and evenness of the specimens ; 3rd, their freedom from the marks of insects and other blemishes; 4th, the apparent care- fulness in handling, and the taste displayed in the arrangement of the exhibit. 2. MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY RULES. Special Rules of the Fruit Committee. i. All collections and single dishes of fruit offered for prizes at any exhi- bition must have marked zipon the cards the numbers of the prizes for which they are offered. 2. All fruits offered for premiums must be correctly named. Indefinite appellations, such as "Pippin," "Sweeting," "Greening," etc., will not be considered as names. 3. All fruits offered for premiums must be composed of exactly the number of specimens or quantity named in, the Schedule. A "dish" of apples, pears, peaches, plums, nec- tarines, quinces, figs, apricots, etc., is understood to contain twelve specimens, and this number will be required of all fruits when not otherwise specified. 4. The whole quantity required of any one variety of fruit must be shown in a single dish or basket. R-IO 146 The Horticulturist's Rule-Book. Rules for Exhibition (Mass, Hort, Society), continued. 5. Contributors of fruits for exhibitions or prizes must pre- sent the same in the Society's dishes. All small fruits must be shown in baskets, not more than an inch and three-quarters in depth, which will be furnished to exhibitors by the superin- tendent, at cost. Market baskets will not be allowed on the tables. 6. No person can compete for more than one prize with the same variety or varieties of fruit ; except that a single dish may be of the same variety but not the same specimens as one of a collection ; and also that the same variety but not the same specimens may compete for both special and regu- lar prizes. 7. Grapes grown on girdled vines cannot compete for a premium. 8. All fruits offered for prizes [exceptions noted], and those for foreign grapes must be of out-door culture. The Fruit Committee, in making their awards, will consider the flavor, beauty, and size of the specimens, comparing each of these properties with a fair standard of the variety. The adaptation of the variety to general cultivation will also be taken into account. Other things being equal, specimens most nearly in perfection as regards ripeness will have the prefer- ence. Special Rules of the Vegetable Committee. i. The speci- mens offered must be well grown, and placed on the tables clean, correctly labeled, and fully complying with the Rules and Regulations of the Society. 2. Special gratuities will be awarded for well-grown varieties from under glass, previous to the opening exhibition. 3. All vegetables offered for premiums must be composed of exactly the number of specimens or quantity named in the schedule. 4. All vegetables offered for premiums at any exhibition must have marked upon the cards the numbers of the prizes for which they are offered. Rules. 147 Rules for Exhibition, continued. 5. Prizes will not be awarded when the articles are judged unworthy. 6. Non-compliance with the rules will cause the rejection of the articles offered for premium. Special Rules of tJie Flower Committee. i. All named varieties of plants or flowers exhibited for premiums must have the name legibly and correctly written on stiff card, wood, or some other permanent substance ; and each separate plant or flower must have its name attached. 2. All plants, flowers, bouquets, designs, etc., offered for prizes at any exhibition, must have marked upon the cards the numbers of the prizes for which they are offered. 3. Plants in pots to be entitled to prizes, must evince skil- ful culture in the profusion of bloom, and the beauty, sym- metry, and vigor of the specimens. 4. All exhibitors not strictly complying with the above rules will be excluded from competition for premiums. 5. No gratuities will be awarded on other than regular prize days, except for objects of special merit. 3. MICHIGAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY RULES. For Exhibitors. Entries may be made for exhibition, with- out competition ; and if worthy, the Awarding Committee are expected to properly notice them in their reports. No article entered for competition in one class will be per- mitted to compete for a premium in any other, except as here- inafter expressly provided. Each entry of collection of fruits must be accpmpanied by a correct list of the varieties of each class of fruits, named in the order of their maturity as nearly as may be. No pre- miums will be awarded in the absence of such list. Fruits will be valued by committees according to their adap- tation to the requirements under which they are entered. A really superior dessert fruit, if entered in a market collection, can only receive credit for its value for the market, as given in 148 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Rules for Exhibition (Mich, Hort, Society), continued, the Society's catalogue ; and vice versa, market varieties found in a dessert or family collection must be adjudged by their proper value for family purposes. A plate of fruit, unless otherwise specified, must contain five specimens no more no less. Of those usually designated "small fruits," the exhibit must be one pint of each variety. Of crab apples and plums, one dozen of each variety. Of dried fruits, one quart of each separate variety or article. Jellies, canned, pickled and preserved fruits, may be entered and shown in glass vessels, of such character and capacity as are commonly employed for family or market purposes. Flowers, plants, evergreens, and such other articles as the fancy of the exhibitor may suggest, may be freely employed in the ornamentation of exhibits, in any manner that shall not essentially interfere with the examinations of committees, or the general designs of decoration ; and full weight will be given to such ornamentation by the awarding committees in rendering their awards. The entry card, furnished by the secretary, specifying the class and number of the entry, must in all cases be placed in connection with the articles to which it appertains, as a guide to committees. Articles when entered, named and arranged for exhibition will thenceforth be strictly under the control of the officers in charge of the exhibition, and neither exhibitors or spectators will be permitted to handle them, except by permission of the proper officer. Any exhibitor, having been awarded a premium upon an article, and removing the same prior to the close of the exhibi- bition, without permission of the officer in charge, will by so doing forfeit his right to such premium. The name of the fruit should, in no case, appear on the entry card, except only in the case of single plates, or other single articles. Entry cards, name cards, and the cards of the committee on Rules. 149 Rules for Exhibition, continued. nomenclature, should, for the convenience of awarding com- mittees and other officers, be each of a different color, or other- wise printed in different colored inks. Exhibitors will not be permitted to sell and deliver the arti- cles they may have entered for exhibition ; nor to bring fruit, nor any other article, for the purpose of sale, on a penalty of forfeiture of all premiums, but such articles must remain in charge of the officers until the close of the exhibition. Any exhibitor interfering with awarding committees, while in the discharge cf their duties, will be held, by so doing, to have forfeited all premiums. For Awarding Committees. i. The division superintend, ent will be a member and clerk of the Awarding Committee for his division. The remaining members of each committee will be selected with great care from the best horticulturists of this and neighboring states. The names of such persons will not be made public until the time of the fair. 2. Members of the Awarding Committee are requested to re- port to the president, at the secretary's office, on or before noon of the second day of the fair, that the places of those failing to report may be supplied. 3. The president is chairman of the committee on nomen- clature ; but to expedite the business of correction, the super- intendent of each division will correct the nomenclature of his division, appealing to the chairman in all doubtful cases, and attaching the committee's card in all cases in which correc- tions are made. 4. No exhibitor will be permitted to act on a committee in a class in which he shall exhibit for premiums. 5. Members of the Awarding Committees are requested to report to the president, at the secretary's office, at i o'clock p. M. on Thursday, when they will receive their committee books, together with such explanations and instructions as may at the time seem needful. 6. Upon conclusion of their labors, not later than the after- 15 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Rules for Exhibition (Mich. Hort. Society), continued, noon of Friday, Awarding Committees will deliver their reports to the president, who will examine them, and in case of insuf- ficiency or omission, will return them with instructions. When accepted by the president, they will be delivered to the sec- retary. 7. When an exhibit is not deemed v/orthy of a premium, the committee will withhold the award. 8. A majority of an Awarding Committee, when present, shall constitute a quorum, and of those present the first on the list shall act as chairman, unless the committee shall arrange otherwise. 9. Awarding Committees, in estimating the comparative values of exhibits, are instructed to base such estimates strictly upon the varieties in such collections that shall be correctly labeled by the exhibitors, prior to the corrections of the com- mittee on nomenclature. * 10. In awarding premiums upon any and all exhibits of fruits, committees will exclude any and all unlabeled and incor- rectly labeled specimens, as well as duplicates, and consider : ist, the value of the varieties for the required purpose, as given in the Society's Catalogue of Fruits ; 2d, the color, size and evenness of the specimens ; 3d, their freedom from the marks of insects and other blemishes ; 4th, the apparent carefulness in handling and the tastefulness of the exhibit, recollecting that the gradations of the catalogue call for perfect specimens. These gradations should, therefore, be correspondingly lowered in case of deficiencies or imperfections. A copy of the cata- logue, will, for this purpose, be furnished to each committee. In grading collections entered for family purposes, the dessert and culinary sub-columns should be consulted, and the grada- tion expressing the highest value taken. For market, the grada- tions of the market sub-column only should be employed. 11. In the case of fruits not named in the catalogue, for the dessert, committees should consider : ist, quality ; 2d, beauty ; 3d, size. For culinary uses : ist, flavor ; 2d, texture ; 3d, Rules. J 5i Rules for Exhibition, continued. size. For market : ist, productiveness ; ad, color ; 3d, hand- ling qualities ; 4th, suitable, even size. 12. The true and legitimate purpose of the premiums offered is to draw out the views of both exhibitors and committees re- specting the relative values, for the purposes specified, of the varieties included in the exhibits. 13. The society desires to encourage the planting of only a sufficiently large variety of sorts for the desired purpose. Hence it is important that the committee, in their reports, specify, in the order of their value, the varieties upon which the determination of their awards is based. 14. Useful and valuable varieties only are expected to influ- ence awards ; while indifferent sorts, even though large, showy and attractive, should not, for these reasons alone, be held to add to the value of an exhibit, except, possibly, as a means of education. 15. An important object of the society is to collect valuable information of a pomological character. Committees are there- fore requested to gather all the information possible from the exhibitors in their classes, and to make their reports as full as time and circumstances will permit. 16. The society desires to foster a free exercise, by exhibit- ors, of the principles of correct taste in the arrangement, display and ornamentation of their exhibits. To this end, committees will give all reasonable and proper consideration to particulars of this character. CHAPTER XVII. POSTAL RATES AND REGULATIONS. i. Classes of Domestic Mail Matter, and Rates. FIRST CLASS. Letters, postal cards, and matter wholly or partly in writing, whether sealed or unsealed (except manu- script copy accompanying proof sheets or corrected proof- sheets of the same), and all matter sealed or otherwise closed against inspection. Rate. Two cents per ounce or fraction thereof. Postal cards, one cent each. On "drop " letters, two cents per ounce or fraction thereof, when mailed at letter-carrier offices ; and one cent per ounce or fraction thereof aLother offices. SECOND CLASS. Newspapers and publications issued at stated intervals as often as four times a year, bearing a date of issue and numbered consecutively, issued from a known office of publication, and formed of printed sheets, without board, cloth, leather or other substantial binding. Such publications must be originated and published for the dissemination of in- formation of a public character, or devoted to literature, the sciences, art, or some special industry. They must have a legitimate list of subscribers, and must not be designed pri- marily for advertising purposes, or for free circulation at nominal rates. Rate. One cent per pound or fraction thereof when sent by publisher thereof and from office of publication, including sample copies, or when sent from news agency, to actual sub- scribers or other news agents. One cent for each four ounces or fraction thereof on news- Postal Rates and Regulations. 153 Classes of Domestic Mail Matter, and Rates, continued. papers and periodical publications of second class when sent by other than publisher or news agent. One cent each on nswspapers (excepting weeklies) and peri- odicals not exceeding two ounces in weight, when deposited in letter-carrier office for delivery by carrier ; two cents each on periodicals weighing more than two ounces. One cent per pound on newspapers, other than weeklies, and periodicals when deposited by publisher or news agent in letter- carrier office for general or box delivery ; one cent for four ounces or fraction thereof when deposited by other than pub- lishers or news agents, for general or box delivery. One cent per pound or fraction thereof on weekly newspa- pers deposited by publisher or news agent in letter-carrier offices for letter or box delivery, or delivery by carrier one cent for each package not exceeding four ounces, and one cent for each additional four ounces or fraction thereof when depos- ited by other than publisher or news agent. Free when one copy is sent to each actual subscriber resid- ing in county where same are printed, in whole or in part, and published ; but at rate of one cent per pound when delivered at letter-carrier office, or distributed by carriers. THIRD CLASS. Books, periodicals and matter wholly in print (not included iu second class), proof-sheets, corrected proof-sheets, and manuscript copy accompanying the same. "Printed matter" is the production upon paper, by any pro- cess except that of handwriting, of any words, letters, characters figures, or images, or of any combination thereof, not having the character of an actual and personal correspondence. A "circular" is a printed letter, which, according to internal evidence, is being sent in identical terms to several persons. It is permissible to write, in circulars, the date, the name of the person addressed, or of the sender, and to correct mere typographical errors. Rate. One cent for each two ounces or fraction thereof. FOURTH CLASS. Merchandise ; namely, all matter not em- 154 The Horticulturist s Ride-Book. Classes of Domestic Mail Matter, and Rates, continued, braced in the other three classes, and which is not in its form or nature liable to destroy, deface or otherwise damage the contents of the mail bag, or harm the person of any one en- gaged in the postal service, and not above the weight provided by law. Includes seeds and plants. Rate. One cent per ounce or fraction thereof ; or on seeds, cuttings, roots, scions and plants, one cent for each two ounces or fraction thereof. a. Foreign Postage. To Canada and Mexico, the rates are the same as domestic postage. In the Universal Postal Union, which includes nearly all the countries of the world except New Zealand and most Austra- lian provinces, rates are as follows : Letters, ^ ounce 5 cents. Postal cards, each 2 " Newspaper and other printed matter, per 2 ounces. . . i " Packets not in excess of i o ozs. 5 " Packets in excess of 10 ounces, Commercial papers. < for each 2 Qunces or frac _ tion thereof i " f Packets not in excess of 4 ounces 2 " Samples of merchandise. Packets in excess of 4 ozs. , for each 2 ounces or fraction thereof i " Registration fee on letters or other articles 10 The rates to New Zealand, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania are: 12 cents (per % oz.) on first-class matter, 2 cents a copy for newspapers, 4 cents for single rate (4 oz.) on printed matter other than newspapers and merchandise. Rates to China are 13 cents for a half ounce of first-class mat- ter, 5 cents for a single rate (4 oz.) on newspapers, 4 cents for a single rate (2 oz.) on other printed matter and merchandise. For Cape Colony, Natal, most of Morocco, and some other Postal Rates and Regulations. 155 Foreign Postage, continued. parts of Africa, and some islands, the rate is 15 cents on a half ounce of first class matter For Cape Colony and Natal, newspapers demand 4 cents for a single rate (4 oz.), and other printed matter and merchandise, 5 cents for a single rate (2 oz.). 3. Unmaifable Matter. Held for Postage. Domestic matter of first class on which two cents has not been prepaid, and all other domestic matter not fully prepaid. Misdirected. Matter without address, or so incorrectly, insuf- ficiently or illegibly addressed that it cannot be forwarded to destination, including "nixies" or matter not addressed to a Post Office, or addressed to a Post Office without the name of the State being given, or otherwise so incorrectly, illegibly or insufficiently addressed that it cannot be transmitted. Destructive. Matter of a harmful nature, poisons, explosive or inflammable articles, live animals or dead animals not stuffed, fruits or vegetable matter liable to decomposition, comb-honey, guano, articles exhaling a bad odor, vinous, spir- itous and malt liquors, liquids liable to explosion, spontaneous combustion, 01 ignition by shock or jar (for example, kerosene oil, naphtha, benzine, turpentine, etc.). Bees and dried insects or reptiles must be so put up as not to injure any one handling the mails, nor soil mail bags or their contents. Coin and Jewelry. Coin, jewelry and other precious articles prohibited by postal treaty from being sent in the mails to for- eign countries. Scurrilous Matter. Matter upon the envelope or outside cover or wrapper of which, or any postal-card upon which, any delineations, epithets, terms, or language of an indecent, lewd, lascivious, obscene, libelous, scurrilous, defamatory or threat- ening character, or calculated by the terms or manner or style of display, and obviously intended to reflect injuriously upon the character or conduct of another, may be written or printed, or otherwise impressed or apparent. 156 The Horticulturist's Rule-Book Unmailable Matter, continued. Obscene Matter. Every obscene, lewd or lascivious book, pamphlet, picture, paper, letter, writing, print or other publi- cation of an indecent character, and ever article or thing designed or intended for the prevention of conception or pro- curing of abortion, and every article or thing intended or adapted for any indecent or immoral use, and every written or printed card, letter, circular, book, pamphlet, advertisement, or notice of any kind giving information, directly or indirectly, where or how, or of whom, or by what means any of the here- inbefore mentioned matters, articles or things may be obtained or made, whether sealed as first-class matter or not. Lottery Matter. Letters and circulars known to be concern- ing lotteries, gift concerts, etc., or concerning any scheme devised and intended to deceive and defraud the public for the purDOse of obtaining money under false pretenses. Mutilated. Matter recovered from wrecked or burned mail cars or vessels, or matter damaged so that it cannot be for- warded to destination. All matter found loose in the mails, separated from the wrapper, label or envelope containing the address, so that the direction cannot be known ; and the mat- ter recovered from depredations on the mails and to be restored to the owners upon due proof of ownership. Excess of Weight and Size. Packages of domestic third and fourth class matter, weighing more than four pounds (except single books and official matter emanating from the Depart- ments at Washington), and of foreign matter in excess of weight or size fixed by stipulation of postal treat CHAPTER XVIII. WEATHER SIGNS, AND PROTECTION FROM FROST. Stationary barometer indicates continuance of the present weather. Slowly rising barometer usually indicates fair weather. Slowly falling barometer indicates the approach of a severe storm. One-fifth to one-third of an inch is sufficient fall to give indications. Sudden rise of the barometer indicates the approach of a storm or the breaking up of an existing storm. Sudden fall of the barometer indicates high wind and prob- able rain. When areas of low and high barometer are near together, heavy gales may be expected. Long lines of cloud extending up the sky from a common starting point often foretell a storm from that quarter. When the fleecy or cirrus clouds settle down into horizontal bars, or ribs, in the upper sky, wet and foul weather may be expected. This is the ' ' mackerel sky. " If contiguous clouds move in various directions, rain is likely to follow soon. When small black clouds scud over an overcast sky, heavy rain and bad weather may be expected. Cumulus clouds that preserve a well rounded form and float high in the air indicate fair weather. Anvil-shaped cumulus clouds usually indicate thunder storms. In spring and fall rain is often indicated by a dense bank of (157) 158 The Horticulturist" s Rule- Book. gray clouds in the east, in front of which are little shoals of blackish clouds. Cirro-cumulus clouds like bunches and fleeces of wool scattered high in the sky are indications of still and dry weather. When the rays of the rising sun shoot far up into the sky, fair weather may be expected. When the ray-like ^shadows of clouds over-lie a hazy sky in the vicinity of the sun, rain is apt to follow. This is ex- pressed in the phrase "the sun drawing water." Gaudy hues of blue and purple at sunset prophesy rain and wind. A bright red sunset means fair weather for the morrow. A pale and diffuse sun at setting portends a scorm. If the sun sets in subdued purple and the zenith is pale blue, fair weather may be expected A deep red morning sky is usually followed by bad weather. A rosy or gray morning sky means good weather. A sonorous condition of the atmosphere foretells rain. A bank of cloud across the southern horizon in winter indi- cates snow. It is frequently called the "snow-bank."' If the sun rises clear, but becomes over-case within half an hour, prepare for rain. A halo about the moon indicates a rain storm. If the sky is white or yellowish-white nearly to the zenith after sunset, prepare for rain soon. Strong east winds indicate a storm. Haziness is indicative of dry weather. It is due to dust in the atmosphere When haziness suddenly disappears and the sun sets pale and the sky is very clear, rain is probable. When stars twinkle with unusual prominence, rain may be expected. Heavy dew indicates fair weather. Absence of dew for two or three mornings in succession in summer is a precursor of rain Weather Signs, and Protection from Frost. 159 To Predict Frost (Kedzie). 1. When the sunshine is very hot and the shade very cold and the shadows very deep, "there is frost in the air," because the air is very dry and radiation of heat little checked. 2. When the dew point is more than 10 F. above frost point, there is little danger of frost. To find approximately the temperature of dew point when the temperature of the air is between 45 and 65 F. , multiply the difference between the wet-bulb and dry-bulb thermometers by two and subtract the product from temperature of dry-bulb. If the remainder is above 42 F., there is little danger of frost. The nearer this re- mainder comes to 32, the greater the danger of frost, espe- cially if the air is still and clouds disappear at sunset. T. Protect Plants from Light Frosts. 1. Make a smudge in the garden or vineyard at night when the frost is expected. Rubbish or litter and tar make the best smudge. 2. Syringe the plants thoroughly at night-fall. CHAPTER XIX. COLLECTING AND PRESERVING. I. Collecting and Preserving Plants. Collect samples of all parts of the plant, lower and upper, leaves, stem, flowers, fruit, and, in most cases, roots. In small species, those two feet high or less, the whole plant should be taken. Of larger plants, take portions about a foot long. Press the plants between papers or "driers." These driers may be any thick porous paper, as blotting paper or carpet paper, or, for plants which are not succulent or very juicy, newspapers in several thicknesses may be used. It is best to place the specimens in sheets of thin paper grocer's tea-paper is good and place these sheets between the driers. Many specimens can be placed in a pile. On top the pile place a short board and a weight of ten or a dozen pounds. Change the driers every day. The plants are dry when they become brittle and when no moisture can be felt by the fin- gers. Some plants will dry in two or three days while others require as many weeks. If the pressing is properly done the specimens will come out smooth and flat, and the leaves will usually be green, although some plants always turn black in drying. Specimens are usually mounted on single sheets of white paper of the stiffness of very heavy writing paper or thin Bristol board. The standard size of sheet is ii^xi6>< inches. The plants may be pasted down permanently and en- tirely to the sheet, or they may be held on by strips of gummed paper. In the former case, Denison's fish glue is the best (160) Collecting and Preserving. 161 Collecting and Preserving Plants, continued, eunv A o use. But one species or variety should be placed on a sheet. The species of a genus are collected into a genus cover. This cover is a folded sheet of heavy manilla or other firm paper, and the standard size, when folded, is 12x16^ inches. On the lower left hand corner of this cover the name of the genus is written. A label should accompany each specimen upon the separate sheets. The specimens are now ready to be riled away on shelves in a horizontal position. If insects attack the specimens, they may be destroyed by fumes of bisulphide of carbon or chloroform. In this case it is necessary to place the specimens in a tight box and then insert the liquid. Usually, however, specimens are dipped in poison, and then dried, before being mounted. HERBARIUM POISONS, i. 120 grains of arsenic acid dis- solved in a quart of alcohol. The arsenic acid is very deli- quescent and the bottle must be kept tightly corked. This is Dr. Gray's favorite preparation, and is used in the herbarium at Harvard University. 2. Place as much corrosive sublimate in alcohol as the liquid will dissolve. If the poison is applied with a brush, care must be taken to avoid one with iron trimmings, as the sublimate corrodes the iron. 3. Dissolve i^ oz. of corrosive sublimate in i pt. of alco- hol ; add 2J^ fluid drams of carbolic acid and apply with a paint brush. 4. i Ib. of corrosive sublimate, i Ib. of carbolic acid to 4 gals, of methylated spirit. Camphor, frequently renewed in each cabinet, is often suffi- cient to prevent the attack of insects. 2. Preserving and Printing of Flowers and Other Parts of Plants. To PRESERVE THE COLOR OF DRIED FLOWERS. i. Im- merse the stem of the fresh specimen in a solution of 32 parts by weight of alum, 4 of nitre and 186 of water for two or three days until the liquid is thoroughly absorbed, and then 1 62 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Preserving and Printing of Flowers and Plants, continued, press in the ordinary way, except that dry sand is sifted over the specimen and the packet submitted to the action of gentle heat for twenty-four hours. 2. Make a varnish composed of 20 parts of powdered copal and 500 parts of ether, powdered glass or sand being used to make the copal dissolve more readily. Into this solution the plants are carefully dipped ; then they are allowed to dry for 10 minutes, and the same process is repeated four or five times in succession. 3. Plants may also be plunged in a boiling solution of i part of salicylic acid and 600 of alcohol, and then dried in bibulous paper. But this should be very rapidly done, violet flowers especially being decolorized by more than an instan- taneous immersion. 4. Red flowers which have changed to a purplish tint in dry- ing may have their color restored by laying them on a piece of paper moistened with dilute nitric acid (i part to 10 or 12 parts of water), and then submitting them to moderate pres- sure for a few seconds ; but the solution must not touch the green leaves, as they would be decolorized by it. 5. With Sulphur. (Quin.) Procure a chest about 3 or 4 ft. square, with a small opening in the under part of one side, to be closed by a bar, through which the basin containing brimstone must be put into the chest ; this opening must be covered inside with perforated tin, in order to prevent those flowers which hang immediately over the basin from being spoiled. Paper the inside to render it air-tight. When the chest is ready for use, nail small laths on two opposite sides of the interior, at a distance of about 6 inches apart, upon which lay thin round sticks upon which to arrange the flowers ; these should not be too close together, or the vapor will not circulate freely through the vacant spaces around the flowers. When the chest is sufficiently full of flowers close it carefully, place a damp cloth on the sides of the lid, and some heavy stones upon the top of it; then take small pieces of brimstone, put them Collecting and Preserving. 163 Preserving and Printing of Flowers and Fruits, continued. in a small flat basin, kindle and put through the opening in the bottom of the chest and shut the bar. Leave the chest undis- turbed for twenty-four hours, after which time it must be opened, and if the flowers be sufficiently smoked they will ap- pear white ; if not they must be smoked again. When suf- ficiently smoked, take the flowers out carefully and hang them up in a dry airy place in the shade, and in a few days or even hours they will recover their natural color, except being only a shade paler. To give them a very bright and shining color, plunge them into a mixture of 10 parts of cold water and i of good nitric acid ; drain off the liquid, and hang them up again the same as before. The best flowers for this process are asters, roses, fuchsias (single ones), spiraeas (red-flowered kinds, such as cal- losa, Douglasi, etc.), ranunculus, delphiniums, cytisus, etc. The roses ought to be quite open, but not too fully blown. 6. In sand. (Quin.) Dry the plants in clean silver sand, free from organic matter (made so by repeated washing, until the sand ceases to discolor the water). Heat the sand rather high, and mix with it by constant stirring a small piece of compo- site candle, which prevents the sand from adhering to the flowers. Have a box not higher than 3 inches but as broad as possible ; this box should have instead of a bottom a narrow- meshed iron-wire net at a distance of % inches from where the bottom should be. Place the box on a board and fill with sand till the net is just covered with a thin layer of sand ; upon this layer of sand place a layer of flowers, on that a layer of sand, then flowers, and so on ; the layers of sand should vary in thickness according to the kind of flowers, from Y% inch to X inch. When the box contains about three layers of flowers, it must be removed to a very sunny dry place, the best being close under the glass in an empty greenhouse, exposed to the full influence of the sun. After a week, if the weather is sunny and dry, the flowers will be perfectly dried ; then the box is 164 The Horticulturist" s Rule- Book. Preserving and Printing of Flowers and Plants, continued, lifted a little, the sand falls gently through the iron net, and the flowers remain in their position over the net without any disturbance whatever. They should then be taken out carefully and kept in a dry and, if possible, dark place, where no sun can reach them, and afterwards they will keep very well for many years. Care should be taken that the flowers are cut in dry weather and that, while laying in the sand, no part of a flower shall touch another part, as this always spoils the color and causes decay. Sand should be filled in between all the parts of the flower ; therefore it is necessary to insert the double flowers in an erect position, in order to fill the sand between the pet- als, while most of the single flowers must be put in with the stalks upwards. To KEEP FRESH FLOWERS. If cut-flowers are not needed immediately, wet them and then wrap them in paper and place in a box in a cool place. Keep as cool as possible without freezing. The disagreeable odor which comes from flowers in vases is due to the decay of the leaves and stems in the water. There- fore remove all the lower leaves before putting flowers in vases. Flowers which have stood in a vase for a day or so can be greatly refreshed if taken from the vase at night, thoroughly sprinkled, wrapped, stems and blossoms and all, as closely as possible in a soaked cloth, and laid aside until the morning. They will be much fresher than if they had been left in their vases, yet will not have bloomed out so much. Before thus laying them aside, and again in the morning, a bit of each stem should be cut off, as the end soon hardens. This ought also to be done once or twice a day, even if the flowers are kept constantly in their vases. Roses which have drooped be- fore their time as, for example, when worn on the dress may be wonderfully revived if the stems, after being thus cut are placed for ten minutes in almost boiling water and then re- Collecting and Preserving. 165 Preserving and Printing of Flowers and Plants, continued, moved to cold water. It is also well to add a little charcoal or ammonia to the water in which flowers are standing. If salt is added to the water in which cut-flowers are kept, it will delay wilting and decay. PRINTING PLANTS. i. First, lightly oil one side of the paper, then fold in four, so that the oil may filter through the pores, and the plant may not come into direct contact with the liquid. The plant is placed between the leaves of the second folding, and in this position pressed (through other paper) all over with the hand, so as to make a small quantity of oil adhere to its sur- face. Then it is taken out and placed between two sheets of white paper for two impressions, and the plant is pressed as before. Sprinkle over the invisible image remaining on the paper, a quantity of black-lead or charcoal, and distribute it in all directions ; the image then appears in all its parts. With an assortment of colors the natural colors of plants may be repro- duced. To obtain fixity, resin is previously added to the black-lead in equal parts. Expose to the heat sufficient to melt the resin. 2. The best paper to use is ordinary wove paper without water-marks ; if it can be afforded, use thin drawing paper. First, select the leaves, then carefully press and dry them. If they be placed in a plant press, care must be taken not to put too great pressure on the specimens at first, or they will be spoiled for printing. An old book is the best for drying the samples to be used. Take printer's or proof ink, and a small leather dabber ; work a bit of ink about the size of a pea, on a small piece ot slate or glass with the dabber until it is perfectly smooth , A drop or two of linseed oil will assist the operation. Then give the leaf a thin coating, being care- ful to spread it equally ; then lay the leaf ink downwards on a sheet of paper and place it between the leaves of an old book, which must then be subjected to a moderate pressure in a copying press, or passed between the rollers of a ringing machine. Impressions can be taken with greater rapidity by 1 66 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Preserving and Printing of Flowers and Plants, continued, laying the book on the floor and standing upon it for a few sec- onds. Soft book paper is the best, and, previous to using it, place a few sheets between damp blotting paper, which causes it to take the ink still more readily. At first you will find that you lay on too much ink. If the impression is too black, use the leaf again. If the midrib of the leaf is too thick, it must be shaved down with a sharp knife. 3 Leaf -Prints. (Engle.) i. A small ink roller, such as printers use for inking type. 2. A quantity of green printer's ink. 3. A pane of stout window glass (the larger the better) fastened securely to an evenly planed board twice the size of the glass. A small quantity of the ink is put on the glass and spread with a knife, after which it is distributed evenly by going over in all directions with the ink roller. When this has been carefully done, the leaf to be copied is laid on a piece of waste paper and inked by applying the roller once or twice with moderate pressure. This leaves a film of ink on the veins and network of the leaf, and by placing it on a piece of blank paper and applying considerable pressure for a few mo- ments the work is done, and when the leaf is lifted from the paper the impress remains with all its delicate tracery, faith- ful in color and outline to the original. To make the ink of proper consistency, add several drops of balsam copaiba to a saltspoonful of ink. In case the leaf sticks, the ink is too thick. SKELETONIZING PLANTS. i. By Maceration. Place the leaves in water, and allow them to remain in the same water for from three to four months, until the soft matter decays, and the stem may be taken in the hand, and the refuse shaken away. There remains behind a network or skeleton of the original object, which can be bleached with a little lime. Leaves and pods may both be treated satisfactorily in this manner. The pod o> the ' Jimson weed " or Datura Stramonium is a favorite fo r this purpose. 2. By Chemicals. Chloride of lime, % lb.; washing soda : Collecting and Preserving. 167 Prosorving and Printing of Flowers and Plants, continued. y 2 lb. Put the soda into i^ pts. boiling water, (rain water is best) and let it thoroughly dissolve. Put the chloride of lime in a largo pitcher, and add samo quantity of cold water. Stir well and cover closely, to prevent the escape of the chlorine. When the soda water is cool, pour it on the chloride of lime, stir well together and cover tightly, leaving it for an hour or more. Then pour off very gently the clear liquid, which must be bottled tightly. This solution will remove fruit stains from white goods, and will bleach any vegetable substances. When used for cotton or linen, it must be considerably diluted, and the goods well rinsed afterwards. 3. Perfumery. PERMANENT ATTAR or OTTO OF ROSES (Ellwanger). The roses employed should be just blown, of the sweetest smelling kinds, gathered in as dry a state as possible. After each gather- ing, spread out the petals on a sheet of paper and leave until free from moisture ; then place a layer of petals in the jar, sprinkling with coarse salt ; then another layer of coarse salt alternating until the jar is full. Leave for a few days, or until a broth is formed ; then incorporate thoroughly and add more petals and salt, mixing thoroughly daily for a week, when fra- grant gums and spices should be added, such as benzoin, storax, cassia buds, cinnamon, cloves, cardamon and vanilla bean. Mix again and leave for a few days, when add essential oil of jasmine, violet, tuberose and attar of roses, together with a hint of ambergris or musk, in mixture with the flower ottos to fix the odor. Spices, such as cloves, should be sparingly used. PERFUME JAR i . One lb. of dried rose petals bought at a drug store, 4 ozs. of salt and 2 ozs. of saltpeter, on which put 8 drops of essence of ambergris, 6 drops of essence of lemon 4 drops oil of cloves, 4 drops oil of lavender, and 2 drops of es- sence of bergamont. 2. Half lb. of common salt, % lb. saltpeter, # oz. of storax. y^ doz. cloves, a handful of dried bay leaves, and an- i68 The Horticulturist's Rule-Book. Perfumery, continued. other handful of dried lavender flowers. This basis will last for years, and petals of roses and of other fragrant flowers gath- ered on dry days may be added annually. Or, powdered ben- zoin, chips of sandal-wood, cinnamon, orris root or musk may be added. LAVENDER BAG. One-half Ib. lavender flowers, y^ oz. dried thyme and mint, % oz. ground cloves and caraway, i oz. com mon salt, Tie up in a linen bag, which is hung in the ward robe. Orris root is a good medium in which to place delicate per- fumes for perfumery bags. 4. Collecting and Preserving Insects. Flying insects are caught in a net made of musquito bar, after the fashion of the minnow net. The bar is made into a bag about a yard deep, and about a foot in width at the top. The opening is fastened upon a wire hoop, which is secured to a pole, as a broom-stick. Insects are killed by placing them in a " cyanide bottle." This is prepared by placing two or three lumps of cyanide of potassium the size of a quail's egg in a museum bottle or glass jar, covering the lumps with dry plas- ter of Paris, and then adding just enough water to make the plaster set. The fumes of the poison coming through the plas- ter quickly kills the insects. Keep the bottle corked. The cyanide is very poisonous and the fumes should not be inhaled. A very broad-mouthed bottle with glass stopple is best. Bugs and beetles can be pinned and mounted as soon as they are dead. It is customary to pin beetles through the right wing- cover, and bugs as squash-bug through the triangular space between the wings. Butterflies, moths, bees, flies, etc., must be pressed to preserve the wings. This is done by placing on a "setting board." This apparatus is a little trough with a crack at the bottom. The sides of the trough are made of thin bits of board, three or four inches wide and a foot or more long. These sides have very little slant. The crack in the Collecting and Preserving. 169 Collecting and Preserving Insects, continued, bottom of the trough is left about a half-inch wide, and it is covered beneath with a strip of cork. The body of the in- sect is now placed lengthwise the crack, a pin is thrust through the thorax, or middle division of the insect, into the cork, and the wings are laid out on the sides of the trough. The wings are held in place by strips of card-board pinned over them, care being taken not to stick the pins through the wings. In about two weeks the insects will be dry and stiff. Insects must be kept in tight boxes to keep other insects from devouring them. Cigar boxes are good. Tight boxes with glass covers are generally used by large collectors. Place sheets of cork in the bottom of the box to receive the pins. If insects attack the specimens, expose them in a tight box to vapors of bisulphide of carbon or benzine. CHAPTER XX. ELEMENTS, SYMBOLS AND ANALYSES. . The Elements and their Symbo's, and the Composition of Various Substances. Aluminum Al. Antimony Sb. Arsenic As. Barium Ba. Bismuth Bi. Boron B. * Bromine Br. Cadmium Cd. Cesium Cs. Calcium Ca. Carbon C. Cerium Ce. Chlorine Cl. Chromium Cr. Cobalt Co. Columbium Cb. Copper Cu Didymium D. Erbium Er. Fluorine F. Gallium Ga Glucinum Gl. Gold Au. Hydrogen H. Indium In. Iodine I. Iridium Ir. Iron Fe. Lanthanum La. Lead Pb. Lithium Li. Magnesium Mg. Manganese ...... Mn. Mercury Hg. Molybdenum Mo. Nickel Ni. Nitrogen N. Osmium Os. Oxygen O. Palladium Pa. Phosphorus P. Platinum Pt. Potassium K. Rhodium Rh. Rubidium Rb. Ruthenium Ru. Scandium Sc. Selenium Se. Silicon Si. Silver Ag. Sodium Na. Slrontium Sr. Sulphur S. Tantalum Ta Tellurium Te. Thallium Tl. Thorium Th. Tin Sn. Titanium Ti. Tungsten Wo. Uranium Ur. Vanadium V. Yttrium Y. Zinc Zn. Zirconium Zr. (170) Elements, Symbols and Analyses. 171 The Composition of Various Substances. Acetic Acid C 2 H 7 O 2 Ammonia NH 3 Aniline NH 2 (C 6 H 5 ) Arsenious Oxide . As 4 O 6 Carbonic Oxide . . CO Carbonic Dioxide CO 2 Chloroform CHCI 3 Ferric Oxide Fe 2 O 3 Ferrous Oxide . . . FeO Hydrochloric Acid HC1 Mercuric Oxide . . HgO 2. Analyses. Compiled from many reliable sources, largely from the labors of Drs. Goessmann and S. W. Johnson. (a.} GENERAL ANALYSES OF FRUITS AND FRUIT PLANTS. i. Various Fruits (Fresenius). Nitric Acid HNO 3 Nitric Oxide NO Nitrous Oxide N 2 O Nitric Peroxide . .NO 2 Sulphure tted Hydrogen H 2 S Sulphurous Oxide SO 2 Sulphuric Oxide .SO 3 Sulphuric Acid . . . H 2 SO 4 cn o 9 Albuminous substance. Pectous substance. Soluble matter. Water. Apples ... . . 6 83 14 96 82 04 Apricots . . . 766 8 283 12 723 82 115 Austrian Grape . . Cultivated Straw- berries . 13.78 1.020 I 133 .832 .498 IIQ 16.49 9 666 79-997 87 474 Cultivated Rasp- berries 4 7o8 I 3^6 I 746 86.557 Green Grape Heart Cherries . . Mulberries Peaches 2.96 13.11 9-193 .96 .351 1.86 612 477 903 394 .463 10.475 2.286 2.031 6.313 17-25 14-043 9-39 80.841 75-37 84.707 84.99 Pears . . . . 7 OO 26 3 281 10.90 83.95 Red Currants. . . Red Gooseberries. Wild Raspberries. Wild Strawberries 4.78 8.063 3-599 3-247 2.31 L358 1.980 1.650 45 .441 54 6 .619 .28 9.69 1.107 145 8.36 11.148 7.500 6.398 85.84 85-565 83.86 87.271 172 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. ,SSi H t^ in t^ M M N piouiumqiv ^ P t^ O M C4 qsy t^ inoo W ^HUO ro rooo vO 00 t-. C^ N M ^H M ro vO ^- in O ^* O ^t" o vo invo M OJ - N ro TJ- TJ- ' M ,, S n S3 soou 10 M O Tt- M O t^ M d ro invo ' t ^- M M M O ro O\ O vo n invO t^ ^t" ro *n . oo O t^ t-^ in vo in o M t^ in rOOO O TJ- TfOO i>.vo M in inoo *o vo oo t^ in M M N H , !8 ^ apI u D rovo oo oo r>.oo O OJ O vO rOOO t^ M ^oo o o^ MM MM ^ . ^^-^S^S^R^^n^?! 00 invO vo ro O^ tn ro rovo vO vo t-x 1>.VO 00 00 t^CO OO 00 00 00 OO ^omegranates mons Oranges, Bitter-swe* Tangierine Mandarin I T> \ J -DIOOUS. . . Navels. . . Russets . Common Sour L Oranges, Guy Pope C/3C/3CL E ^ Elements, Symbols and Analyses. 173 Analyses, continued. 3. Strawberries, Average of 20 Varieties. (Stone.) Water ................................. 90. 52 Solids ................................. g. 48 Free acH .............................. i . 37 Glucose ................................ 4 78 Glucose after inversion .................. 5. 46 Difference calculated as cane sugar ....... 0.58 COMPOSITION OF DRY MATTER. Ash ................................... 6.53 Crude fiber ............................. 16. 35 Ether extract ........................... 6. 75 Crude protein .......................... 10. 51 Non-nitrogenous extract ................. 60.79 4. Raspberries. Reliance. Gregg. Sugar ............................ 1.78 2.82 Acid .............................. 92 .64 Seed ............................ 3.5 5.612 Pectose, protein, combined acids, etc. 3.92 5.91 Ash .............................. 43 .42 Fiber ............................ 32 .48 Water ........................... 89.13 84.12 5. Peach, Branches. (Kedzie.} Diseasedby Ash constituents. Healthy. yellows. Silica, SiO 2 ..................... 1.21 1.40 Oxide of iron, Fe 2 O 3 ........... 0.92 0.84 Lime, CaO ..................... 43-67 45-O2 Magnesia, MgO ................. 2.53 2.40 Potash, K 2 O .................... 7.07 4.93 Soda, Na 2 O ................... 1.88 2.33 Phosphoric acid, P 2 O 5 ........... 7.20 6.03 Sulphuric acid, SO 3 ............. 0.54 0.83 Carbon dioxide, CO 2 ............ 34.7* 35- 8 5 Chlorine ....................... o. 07 o. 1 1 Moisture and loss ................ .30 0.26 Total.. 100.00 100.00 '74 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Analyses, continued. 6. Peach, Fruit and Branches. (Goessmann.} j | * | rt OtJ 0) . rt ^ w ^' ASH CONSTITUENTS. 1 1 1 w^J s^ 8 i ^^-1 .t: ; b' a . .tJ^b^^ a'b *! CJ 'O Q >% o *H O rrt 2 o *^ 2 O rt J3 LI ^> rt (i| *t^ *2 PQ *"> rt PQ ^> u -"^ g Pk 2 a "^ B* rt ^^ CJ CJ CJ CJ Per Per Per Per cent. cent cent. cent. Ferric oxide, Fe 2 O 3 ... .58 .46 5 2 r -45 Calcium oxide, CaO . . . 2.64 4.68 54-52 64.23 Magnesium oxide, MgO. 6.29 5-49 7.58 10.28 Phosphoric acid, P 2 O 5 . 16.02 18.07 n-37 8-37 Potassium oxide, K 2 O . 74.46 71.30 26.01 I5-67 Total IOO.OO IOO.OO IOO.OO IOO.OO 7. Fertilizing Constituents in the Ash of Fruits. (Goessmann.] Phosphoric Name. Potash. Soda. Lime Magn. acid. Lombard Plums 76.59 13.26 2.17 7-44 Peaches 74 46 2.64 6.29 16.03 Baldwin Apples 63 54 i 71 7 2 8 r C2 20.87 Asparagus, stem . 42 Q4 3 %& / - 60 27. 18 12 77 12.31 roots I* 48 il " 1 1 7 .7 Clinton Grapes . . 17 4O ^ c. i O- T v I3.IO / J/ 7.24 17.87 Concord Grapes 62.29 I5-50 1.76 18.49 Cranberries . 47 06 6 5,8 18.58 6.78 14 27 White Currants 53-81 17.46 4.72 * T" / 22.54 Black Raspberries . . . . . . . 5O.OO 19.44 9.60 20.47 Blackberries , . . . 51.42 17.22 5-30 24-13 Blueberries 31.36 28.02 9.25 29.05 Elements, Symbols and Analyses. (b) ANALYSES OF FRUIT AND GARDEN PRODUCTS WITH REF- ERENCE TO THEIR FERTILIZING CONSTITUENTS 8. Analysis of Garden Crops and Fruits for Fertilizing Con- stituents. ( Wolff and Goessmann. ) ONE THOUSAND PARTS OF THE PLANTS CONTAIN: NAME. Water. -/ '' d I 'I A < Potash. i ij Corn, kernels 144. 150. 750. 770. 143- 160. 16.0 4.8 3-4 4-9 35-8 10.4 39-0 12.4 45-3 9-5 19.7 23-4 43-i 274 40.2 8.2 23-9 7-i 15-3 6.4 11.9 7-5 19.5 9.6 15.6 14.0 8.0 19.7 4-9 IO.O 10. 1 5-0 # 16.0 8.1 10. 1 9-8 5-8 2S.8 17.2 2.2 3-3 3-9 2.9 3-3 3-3 8.8 22.7 3-7 16.4 5-8 4-3 IO.I 9.9 12.0 12.8 3-0 2.9 3-8 4.0 2.9 2.8 3.5 2.8 4.3 5-8 11 1:1 5-4 2.4 1.2 *:i 2.7 3-7 3-9 2-5 24 0.9 a 0.8 1.8 2.0 1-7 i.3 0.7 5- 6.9 O.I 0.5 0-3 0.4 0.2 1.8 0.4 3-2 1-7 4.7 0.6 2.0 0.6 I.I 0.4 0.8 0.8 1-5 1.4 0.5 0.4 I.O 0.2 0.7 0.9 0.2 c s i 0.8 3-5 0.6 0.9 o-3 0.6 0-3 O.I 0-3 0.9 O.I 0.5 stalk and leaves . . . Potato, tubers vines Peas, seed vines . . Beans, seed vines Carrots, roots 850. 822. 815- 897. 920. 870 884. 900. 890. 871. 904. 767. 933- 793- Six. 2.2 8 8 3-0 2.1 3-4 3-o 2.4 5-3 4.0 4-3 1.9 5-4 leaves . . Sugar Beet, roots leaves White Turnip, roots * ... leaves Swedish Turnip, roots leaves . . . . White Cabbage, head roots Savoy Cabbage, head . . . Cauliflower Horse-radish, roots Spanish Radish roots Parsnip, roots Artichoke, roots Asparagus sprouts 933- 860. 841. 923- 94. 3-2 2.7 2.4 4-9 Common Onion, bulb .... Celery Spinach . . Common Lettuce Head Lettuce 943. 956. 900. 743-5 916.7 831. 831- 825. 2.2 2.0 1.6 I.I 5-5 i-3 0.6 0.6 Roman Lettuce Cucumber Pumpkin Rhubarb roots stem and leaves .... Apples Pears Cherries Plums .... 838. Gooseberries 903. Grapes 830. no. i-7 19.0 seeds ij6 The Horticulturists Rule- Book. Analysis of Garden Crops and Fruits, continued. ONE THOUSAND PARTS OF THE PLANTS CONTAIN : NAME. oJ 3 Magnesia. Phosphoric acid. o b . 00 Chlorine. TS u 'o 35 Corn kernels 0.3 1.9 5-7 O.I O.2 0.3 stalk and leaves . ... 4 9 2 6 38 2.4 o 6 13 I Potato tubers o <. o s i 6 o 6 o ^ vines . . . . * 6 4 3-3 i 6 1.3 I.I o 9 Peas seed i.i 1.9 8.4 0.8 0.4 O.2 vines ........ I 5-9 3-5 3 5 2.7 2.3 2 9 Beans, seed vines . . . .... i-5 11. i 2.1 2.5 9-7 3-9 I.I 1.7 0.3 3.1 0.2 I Q Carrots roots o 9 o 4 i i o 5 o 4 O 2 leaves 7 9 0.8 I.O 1.8 2.4 2 4 Su* r ar Beet roots o 4 o 6 o 9 O ^ o ^ o ? leaves 3 ' i 7 0.7 o 8 1.3 i 6 leaves 3-9 0.5 0.9 i i 1.2 O <\ Swedish Turnip roots o 9 o 3 i i o 7 O "^ O I leaves . . White Cabbage, head 6-5 I 2 0.8 o 4 2.0 I i 2.3 i 3 1-5 o 5 2.1 O I roots Savoy Cabbage, head 2.8 3 o 0.6 o =\ 1.4 2 I 2.4 I 2 i-3 i i O.I O 7 Cauliflower 0.5 o 3 1.6 I.O o 3 o 3 Horse-radish, roots Spanish Radish, roots Parsnip, roots Artichoke, roots Asparagus, sprouts 2.0 0.7 I.I 1.0 o 6 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.4 O 2 2.0 0-5 i-9 i.i o 9 4-9 0.3 0.5 1-3 o 3 0-3 0-5 0.4 0-5 o ^ i-5 O.2 O.I O ^ Common Onion, bulb i 6 O T. i ^ o 4 Celery 2 ~\ 2 8 Spinach . . ... 1 Q T Q i 6 Common Lettuce o 5 O 2 o 7 o 3 o 4 j 3 Head Lettuce Roman Lettuce i-5 1.2 0.6 o 4 I.O I y 0.4 o 4 0.8 o 4 0.8 O ^ Cucumber o 4 O 2 I 2 o 4 O 4 O "^ Pumpkin 0.3 O 2 I 6 O 1 o 3 Rhubarb, roots 5- 1.6 0.6 stem and leaves . . . . 3-4 i 3 O 2 Apples O I O 2 o 3 O I O I Pears 0.3 0.2 0.5 O.2 O.I Cherries . . . 3 O 2 o 6 O 2 O I Plums 0.3 O.2 o 4 O I O I Oooseberries o 4 O 2 o 7 O 2 O I Strawberries Grapes 0.5 I.O O.4 0-5 1.4 O.I 0.5 O.I O.I 0.4 0.3 seeds 5-6 1.4 7.0 0.8 O.I 0.2 Elements, Symbols and Analyses 177 Analyses, continu 9. Apple Pomace, Water . 69.90 Ash .71 Albuminoids 1.58 Fiber 4.87 Nitrogen-free extract 21.24 Fat i. 71 10. Cranberry Vines. Moisture at 1 00 C., .. 13.07 Phosphoric acid 268 Nitrogen 77 Magnesium oxide 253 Ash constituents 2.45 Sodium oxide 080 Ferric oxide 087 Potassium oxide 329 Calcium oxide -44 Insoluble matter 834 ii. Corn Fodder. Moisture at 100 C. .. .24.87 ' Potassium oxide 1.465 Nitrogen 995 Sodium -oxide 794 Phosphoric acid . 201 Ferric oxide 026 Calcium oxide 310 Insoluble matter 1.318 Magnesium oxide 093 12. Corn Kernel, New. Water 20.00 Ash 1.25 Albuminoids 8.06 Fiber 1.54 Nitrogen-free extract 65.38 Fat 3-77 100.00 13. Pea-straw. Potash 4-73 Lime 54-9* Magnesia 6.88 Oxide of iron -4 lyS The Horticulturist 's Rule- Book. Analyses, continued. Oxide of manganese o. 15 Phosphoric acid 4.83 Sulphuric acid 677 Chlorine o. 09 Alumina 1.21 Silica 20.03 100. oo 14. Peas. Potash 36. 05 Soda 7.42 Lime 5.29 Magnesia ,18.46 Oxide of iron o. 99 Phosphoric acid 33. 29 Sulphuric acid 4. 36 Chloride of sodium 3.13 Silica 0.51 15. Beet, Egyptian Turnip. Moisture at 100 C. .. .85.80 Magnesium oxide 035 Nitrogen 177 Sodium oxide 061 Phosphoric acid 070 Ferric oxide 002 Potassium oxide 303 Insoluble matter 018 Calcium oxide 049 1 6. Carrots. Moisture at 100 C 90.02 Potassium oxide 0.54 Ferric oxide o.oi Sodium oxide o.n Phosphoric acid o. 10 Nitrogen o. 14 Magnesium oxide 0.02 Insoluble matter o.oi Calcium oxide 0.07 17. Turnip, Ruta-baga. Moisture at 100 C 87.23 Phosphoric acid 136 Nitrogen 211 Potassium oxide 546 Elements, Symbols and Analyses. 179 Analyses, continued. Calcium oxide 106 Ferric oxide 002 Magnesium oxide 030 Insoluble matter ...... .001 Sodium oxide 051 (c.) ANALYSES OF ANIMAL EXCREMENTS. 1 8. Common Barn-yard Manure, Fresh. Water 710.0 Lime 5.7 Organic substance .... 246.0 Magnesia 1.4 Ash 44.1 Phosphoric acid 2.1 Nitrogen 4.5 Sulphuric acid 1.2 Potash 5.2 Silica and sand 12.5 Soda... 1.5 Chlorine and Fluorine . 1.5 19. Common Barn-yard Mamire, Moderately Rotted Water 75- Lime 7.0 Organic substance .... 192.0 Magnesia 1.8 Ash 58.0 Phosphoric acid 2.6 Nitrogen 5.0 Sulphuric acid 1.6 Potash 6.3 Silica and Sand 16.8 Soda 1.9 Chlorine and Fluorine . i .9 20. Common Barn-yard Manure, Thoroughly Rotted. Water 790. o Lime 8.8 Organic substance .... 145.0 Magnesia 1.8 Ash 65.0 Phosphoric acid 3.0 Nitrogen 5.8 Sulphuric acid 1.3 Potash 5.0 Silica and Sand 17.0 Soda 1.3 Chlorine and Fluorine. 1.6 21. Cattle Feces, Fresh. Water 838.0 Lime 3-4 Organic substance .... 145.0 Magnesia i-3 Ash 17.2 Phosphoric acid 1.7 Nitrogen 2.9 Sulphuric acid 0.4 Potash i .o Silica and Sand 7- 2 Soda 0.2 Chlorine and Fluorine . o. 2 i8o The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Analyses, continued. 22. Cattle Urine, Fresh. Water 938. o Lime o. i Organic Substance. . . . 35.0 Magnesia 0.4 Ash 27.4 Sulphuric acid 1.3 Nitrogen 5.8 Silica and Sand 0.3 Potash 4.9 Chlorine and Fluorine. 3.8 Soda 6.4 23. Horse Feces, Fresh. Water 757 -o Lime 1.5 Organic Substance. ... 211.0 Magnesia 1.2 Ash 31.6 Phosphoric acid 3.5 Nitrogen 4.4 Sulphuric acid 0.6 Potash 3.5 Silica and Sand 19.6 Soda 0.6 Chlorine and Fluorine. 0.2 24. Horse Urine, Fresh. Water 901 .o Lime 4.5 Organic Substance. ... 71.0 Magnesia 2.4 Ash 28.0 Sulphuric acid 0.6 Nitrogen 15 5 Silica and Sand 08 Potash 150 Chlorine and Fluorine. 1.5 Soda 2.5 25. Sheep Feces, Fresh. Water 655.0 Lime 4.6 Organic Substance. . . . 314.0 Magnesia 1.5 Ash 31.1 Phosphoric acid 3.1 Nitrogen 5.5 Sulphuric acid 1.4 Potash 1.5 Silica and Sand 17.5 Soda i.o Chlorine and Fluorine. 0.3 26. Sheep Urine, Fresh. Water 872.0. Lime 1.6 Organic Substance. ... 83.0 Magnesia 3.4 Ash 45.2 Phosphoric acid o. i Nitrogen . 19.5 Sulphuric acid 3.0 Potash 22.6 Silica and Sand o. i Soda 5.4 Chlorine and Fluorine. 5.5 Elements, Symbols and Analyses. 181 Analyses, continued. 27. Swine Feces, Fresh. Water 820.0 Lime 0.9 Organic Substance. . . . 150.0 Magnesia i.o Ash 30.0 Phosphoric acid 4.1 Nitrogen 6.0 Sulphuric acid 0.4 Potash 2.6 Silica and Sand 15.0 Soda 02.5 Chlorine and Fluorine. 0.3 28. Swine Urine, Fresh. Water 967.0 Soda 2.1 Organic Substance. ... 28.0 Magnesia 0.8 Ash 15.0 Phosphoric acid 0.7 Nitrogen 4.3 Sulphuric acid 0.8 Potash 8.3 Chlorine and Fluorine. 2.3 29. Htiman Feces, Fresh. Water 772.0 Lime 6.2 Organic Substance .... 198.0 Magnesia 3.6 Ash 29.9 Phosphoric acid 10.9 Nitrogen 10.0 Sulphuric acid 0.8 Potash ,. 2.5 Silica and Sand 1.9 Soda 1.6 Chlorine and Fluorine . 0.4 o. Human Urine, Fresh. Water 963.0 Lime 0.2 Organic Substance. . . . 24.0 Magnesia 0.2 Ash 13.5 Phosphoric acid 1.7 Nitrogen 6.0 Sulphuric acid 0.4 Potash 2.0 Chlorine and Fluorine. 5.0 Soda 4.6 31. Hen Manure, Fresh. Water 560.0 Lime 24.0 Organic Substance. . . . 255.0 Magnesia 7.4 Ash 185.0 Phosphoric acid 15.4 Nitrogen 16.3 Sulphuric acid 4.5 Potash 8.5 Silica and Sand 35- 2 Soda i.o 1 82 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Analyses, continued. 32. Geese Manure, Fresh. Water 77 1 - Lime 8.4 Organic Substance. ... 134.0 Magnesia 2.0 Ash 95. o Phosphoric acid 5.4 Nitrogen 5.5 Sulphuric acid 1.4 Potash 9.5 Silica and Sand 14.0 Soda 1.3 33. Duck Manure, Fresh. Water 566.0 Lime 17.0 Organic Substance 262. o Magnesia 3.5 Ash 172.0 Phosphoric acid 14.0 Nitrogen 10.0 Sulphuric acid 3.5 Potash 6.2 Silica and Sand 28.0 Soda 0.5 34. Dove Manure, Fresh. Water 5*9- o Lime 16.0 Organic Substance .... 308. o Magnesia 5.0 Ash 173.0 Phosphoric acid 17.8 Nitrogen 17.6 Sulphuric acid 3.3 Potash 10.0 Silica and Sand 20.2 Soda 0.7 ( Bean, Kidney . . . Haricot Tiircksche Bohne Beet Betterave Rothe Rube Berberry Epine vinette Berberitzenstrauch .... Blackcurrant. . . Cassis and Groseille noir . Schwartze Johannisbeere . Borecole Chou vert, or Non pomme Griiner Kohl Broccoli Broccoli and Chau brocolis . Italienischer Kohl Brussels Sprouts . Choude Bruxellesor a jets Sprossen Kohl Cabbage Chou pomme or Cabus . . Kopfkohl Cardoon Cardon Kardon Carrot Carotte Mohre or Gelbe Rube . . . Cauliflower .... Chou-fleur Blumen Kohl Celery Celeri Sellerie Cherry Cerisier Kirsche Chicory or Succory ChicoreeSauvage Gemeine Cichorie Cress, Garden . . Cresson Gemeine Garten Kresse . . " Water . . . Cresson de Fontaine . . . Briinnen Kresse " Winter . . . Cresson de Terre Winter Kresse Cucumber .... Concombre Gurke Egg-plant Melongene, Aubergine . . Tollapfel and Eierpflanze . Endive . ... jChicoree des Jardins, En- j Endiyie tdive ) Fig . Figuier Feige Filbert Noisette . . Nussbaum Garlic Ail Knoblauch Gooseberry .... Groseiller a Maquereau . Stachelbeere Grape Vigne Traube and Weintrr.uben . Horse-radish . . . Cranson or le Grand Raifort Meerrettig Kohl-rabiorTur-| chou _ rave Kohl Rabi nip-cabbage . . > Leek Poireau -f Gemeiner Lauch or Porro ) 'I Zwiebe ....'..../ Lemon Limonier Limonie ... Lettuce Laitue Gartensalat and Lattich . Melon, Musk . . . Melon Melone Names and Histories. 191 Cables in Various Languages. Dutch. Italian. Spanish. Amandelboom Mandorlo Almendro. Appelboom Melo or Porno ...... Manzana. Abrikozenboom Albicocco Albaricoqr.e. Artisjok CacJofo Cinauco. Aspergie Asparago or Sparagio . . Esparrago. Bananenboom. Boon Fava Haba. Turksche Boon Faginolo Judias and Fasoles. Beetwortel or Karoot . . Barba bietola Betarraga. Barbarisse Berbero Berberis. Aalbessenboom Ribes nero Grosella negro. Grone Kool " . Gavolo aperto Col. Srotsche Kool Broccoli Broculi. Spruit Kool. Kool Cavolo Berza. Spaansche Artisjok . . . Cardon Cardo. Gerle Wortel Carota Chirivia. Bloem Kool Cavoli fiori Berza florida. Selderij Appio Appio hortense. Keresenboom Ciriegia Cerezo. Suikerei Cicoria Achicoria. Tu inkers Cresciio Mastuerzo. Waterkers Crescione di Sorgenti . . Berro. Winterkers Erba di Santa Barbarea | Hierba de Santa Barb- bara. Komkommer Citriuolo ....... . Pepino or Cohombro. Dolappel Melanza Berengena. Andijvie Indivia Endivia. Vijgenboom Fico Higuera. Hazelnotenboom .... Avellano Avellano. Knoflook Aglio Ajo. Kruisbessenboom .... Uva-spina Uva-crespas. Druif . . Vigna Vina. Rammenas Ramolaccio Rabano picante. Look or Prei Porro Puerro. Limoenboom Limoen Linjon. Latouvv Lattuga Lechuga. Meloen Mellone and Popone . . Melon. 192 The Horticulturist" s Rule- Book. Names of Fruits and Vegetables in English. French. German. Mint, common . . Menthe des jardins .... Munze .......... Mulberry ..... Murier .......... Maulbeere ........ Mushroom .... Champignon comestible . Essbare Blatterschwamme Mustard ..... Moutarde ......... Senf . , ......... Nectarine ..... Peche lisse ........ Nectarpfirsch ....... Olive ....... Olivier .......... Oelbaum and Olive .... Onion ....... Oignon .......... Zwiebel .......... Orange ...... Granger ......... Pomeranze ........ Orach ....... Arroche , ......... Meldekraut ........ Parsley ...... Persil ........... Petersilie ......... Parsnip ...... Panais .......... Pastinake ........ . Pea ........ Pois ........... Erbse ........... Peach ....... Pcher .......... Pfirsiche . . ..... Pear ....... Poirier .......... Birne .......... Pepper ...... Piment .......... Spanischer Pfeffer ..... Pine-apple .... Ananas .......... Ananas ....... ... Plum ....... Prunier .......... Pflaume ......... Pomegranate . . . Grenadier ......... Granatenbaum ...... Potato ...... Pomme de Terre ..... Kartoffel ........ . Pumpkin or Gourd Courge .......... Ku'rbis .......... Quince ...... Coignassier ..... . . . Quitte .......... Radish ...... Radis and Rave ...... Rettig and Radies .... Rape ...... Navette .......... Repskohl ........ Red Currant . . . Groseiller commun .... Gemeine Johannisbeere . . Rhubarb ..... Rhubarbe ......... Rhabarber ........ Sage ....... Sauge ........... Salbey ...... ... Salsify ...... Salsifis .......... Haferwurzel and Bocksbart Savoy ...... { Chou de Milan or PO^ I Wirsing or Herzkohl . I fraise .......... ) Sea-kale ..... Chou marin and Crambe . Meerkohl ......... Spinach ...... Epinard ......... Spinat .......... Strawberry .... Fraisier .......... Erdbeer ......... Sweet Chestnut . . Chataignier and Marronier Castanien . . ...... Thyme ...... Thym ... ........ Thimian ......... Tomato ...... Tomate .......... Liebesapfel Turnip ...... Navet ........... Rube ........... Walnut ...... Noyer .......... Wallnuss ......... White Currant . . Groseiller commun . . . . Gemeine Johannisbeere . Watermelon . . Me'on d'Eau ....... Wassermelone ..... Names and Histories. 193 Various Languages, continued. Dutch. Italian. Spanish. Munt ErbaSta. Maria . . . . Menta. Moerbezieboom Moro Moral. Kampernoelio Pratajuolo bianco .... Seta. Mosterd Senapa Mostaza. Kale Perzik Brugnuolo Especie de Durazno. Olijfboom Ulivo Olivo. Uijen Cipolla Cebolla. Orarijeboom Arancio Naranja. Melde Atreplice Armuelle. Pieterselie Petroseline Perejil. Pinksternakel Pastinaca Chirivia and Pastinaca. Ervvt Pisello Guisante. Perzikboom Persico Alberchigo Perenboom Pero Pera Spaansche Peper . . . Peberone Pimiento. Ananas Ananas ......... Pina Pruinboom Prungo Ciruelo. Granaatboom Melagrano Granada. Aardappel . . { Tartufi bianchi or Pomo 1 Batatas Inglezas. I di Terra > Kauworde Zucca Calabaza. Kweeboom Cotogno Membrillo. Radijs Rafano Rabano. Rapskool Nape salvatico Naba silvestre. Aalbessenboom Ribes rosso Grosella. Rabarber Rabarbaro Ruibarbo. Salie Salvia Salvia. Boksbaard ....... Sassifica Barba Cabruna Savojie Kool Cappuccio Berza de Saboya. Zeekool Crambe marina Col marina. Spinazie Spinace Espinaca. Aardbezienplant .... Piantadifragola Fresa. Kastanjeboom Castagno Castano. GemeeneThyne . . . . Timo Tomillo. JAppeltjes der liefde j p omo d> Qro . Tomate i- and Tomaat . . . > Raap Navone Nabo. Walnotenboom Noce Noguera. Aalbessenboom Ribes rosso Grosella. ... Sandia. 194 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Bo ok 3. Derivation of the Names of Various Fruits and Vegetables. a. Fruits. Apple. Anglo-Saxon, ceppeL Apricot. Indirectly from Latin prcecox, early. Blackberry. From the color of the fruit Cherry. Anglo-Saxon, cirse. Cranberry. Crane-berry, from the slender pedicel of the European species. Currant. Corruption of Corinth, Greece, whence came the "dried currants'" (grapes), which were once called Corinths. Gooseberry. Gorse-berry, because the fruit is often rough like the gorse, a European plant. Grape. French, grappe ; allied to the word grapple. Lemon. French, limon. Mulberry. German, mulber, indirectly from Latin mor- o, a mulberry tree. Nectarine. Nectar-like. Orange. Latin, aurum, gold. Peach. Corruption of Persia, whence the fruit was early obtained. Pear. Pirum, the Latin name. Plum. Anglo-Saxon, pluma ; indirectly from Latin prun- um, a plum. Quince. Corruption of Cydonia, the Latin name, from Cydon. Raspberry. From rasp, referring to the character of the plant. Strawberry. In early times the berries were strung on. straws when sold. b. Vegetables. * Artichoke. Italian, articiocco ; indirectly from Arabic. Asparagus. The Latin name. Names and Histories. 195 Derivation of the Names of Fruits and Vegetables, continued. Bean. The Anglo-Saxon name. Beet. Latin, beta, the beet plant. Cabbage. French, cabus, from the Latin caput, a head. Carrot. French, carotte, from Latin carota, the carrot. Brussels Sprouts. From Brussels, Belgium. Cauliflower. Latin, caulis, stem, and flower. Celery. Latin, selinon, parsley. Chervil. Anglo-Saxon, cerfille, indirectly from a Greek combination signifying "pleasant leaf." Chives or Gives. Latin, cepa, onion. Corn. Anglo-Saxon, corn. Cress. Old German, kresan, to creep. Cucumber. Latin, ciicumis. Egg-plant. From the egg-shaped fruit of some varieties. Endive. French, endive, indirectly from the Latin in- tubus, the endive or chicory. Garlic. Anglo- Saxon, gar and leak, spear-leaf, referring to thn shape and position of the leaves. Gumbo. Portuguese, quingombo, from quillobo, an Afri- can name. Horse-radish. Refers, evidently, to the strong and pun- gent character of the roots by reference to the strength of the horse. Kohl-rabi. Corruption of the Latin caulo-rapa. stem- turnip. Leek. Anglo-Saxon, leac or leak. Lettuce. Latin, lactuca, the lettuce : from lac, milk, re- ferring to the milky juice of the plant. Mf>lon. Latin, melo, a certain small melor. Mushroom. French, mousseron, alluding to mousse, or moss, in which some mushrooms grow. Mustard. French, mou&tarde, from Latin mustum, the must, with v.hich mustard was mixed. 196 The Horticulturist s Rule- Book. Derivation of the Names of Fruits and Vegetables, continued. Onion. French, oignon ; indirectly from Latin units, one, tints, oneness, in allusion to a plant of which the bulb was formed of one piece. Parsley. From a Greek combination meaning "rock- parsley," a parsley-like plant. Parsnip. Latin, pastinaca. Pea. French, pots, evidently from Latin pisiun, the pea. Pepper. Latin, piper, the true pepper or black pepper, with which the present plant is compared in pungency. Potato. Spanish and Portuguese, batata, probably an aboriginal American name. First applied to the sweet potato. Pumpkin. French, pompion, from Latin fiepo, a pump- kin-like fruit. Radish. Latin, radix, root. Rhubarb. French, rhubarbe ; probably indirectly from Latin barbartis, foreign. Sage. Latin, salvus, saved, evidently in allusion to medicinal properties of the plant. Salsify. French, salsifis. Spinach or Spinage. Latin, spinacia, spinach, from spma. a thorn, in reference to the prickly character of the plant. Squash. American Indian, asquas/i, a raw or green fruit. Tomato. Tomate, of South American origin. Turnip. Probably Welsh turn, roand, and maip, turnip. 4. Periods of Cultivation and Native Countries of Cultivated Plants. (Adapted from researches of De Candolle, and Gray and Trumbull.) Almond. Over 4,000 years ; Mediterranean basin, west- ern temperate Asia. Apple. Over 4,000 years ; Europe, Anatolia* south of the Caucasus. Names and Histories. 197 Periods oi Cultivation and Native Countries of Plants, continued. Apricot. Over 4,000 years ; China. Artichoke. Less than 2,000 years ; Europe, Africa, Canaries and Madeira. Asparagus. Over 2,000 years ; Europe, western temper- ate Asia. Banana. Over 4,000 years ; Southern Asia. Barley, common. (?); Western temperate Africa. Bean, Kidney. Over 4,000 years ; unknown wild. Prob- ably N. American. Bean, Broad. Over 4,000 years; South of the Caspian (?). Buckwheat. Less than 2,000 years; Mandschuria, Cen- tral Siberia. Buckwheat, Tartarian. Less than 2,000 years; Tartary Siberia to Dahuria. Cabbage. Over 4 ooo years ; Europe. Carrot. Over 2,000 years; Europe, western temperate Asia (?). Celery. Over 2,000 years ; Europe, Asia and Africa. Chestnut. (?) ; from Portugal to Caspian Sea, eastern Algeria. Chives. Less than 2,000 years ; temperate and northern Europe. Citron. Over 2,000 years ; India. Corn Salad. Less than 2,000 years ; Sardinia, Sicily. Cotton, Herbaceous. Over 2,000 years ; India. Cress. Over 2,000 years ; Persia (?). Cucumber. Over 4,000 years ; India. Currant, black. Less than 2,000 years ; Europe, western Himalayas. Currant, red. Less than 2,000 years ; Europe, to Hima layas ; north of U. S. Date-palm. Over 4,000 years ; Western Asia and Africa. Egg-plant. Over 4,000 years ; India. 198 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Periods of Cultivation and Native Countries of Plants, continued. Endive. Less than 2,000 years ; Mediterranean basin. Fig. Over 4,000 years; South of Mediterranean basin. Garlic. Over 2,000 years ; desert of the Kirghis. Gooseberry. Less than 2,000 years ; temperate Europe, western Himalayas. Hop. Less than 2,000 years ; Europe, Asia, U. S. Horseradish. Less than 2,000 years ; Eastern temperate Europe. Jerusalem Artichoke. Probably ancient ; U. S. Leek. Over 2,000 years ; Mediterranean basin. Lettuce. Over 2,000 years ; Europe, Asia and Africa. Maize. Very ancient ; New Granada (?) Melon. Less than 2,000 years ; India, Beluchistan, Guinea Mushroom. Less than 2,000 years ; Northern hemisphere. Oats. Over 2,000 years ; temperate Europe. Okra. Less than 2,000 years ; tropical Africa. Onion. Over 4,000 years ; Persia, Afghanistan, Beluchis- tan, Palestine (?). Onion, Welsh. Less than 2,000 years ; Siberia. Orash. Less than 2,000 years ; Northern Europe and Siberia. Parsley. Lesss than 2,000 years ; Europe, Algeria and Lebanon. Parsnip. Less than 2,000 years ; Central and Southern Europe. Pea. Over 2,000 years ; Caucasus to Persia (?), India (?). Peach. Over 4,000 years , China. Pear. Over 4,000 years ; temperate Europe and Asia. Pepper. Over 500 years ; Brazil (?). Pine-apple. Over 500 years ; Mexico, Central America. Plum, Over 2,000 years ; Anatolia.' North of Persia. Potato. Over 500 years ; Chili, Peru. Names and Histories. 199 Periods of Caltivation and Native Countries of Plants, continued. Pumpkin and Squash. Over 500 years ; temperate N. America. Quince. Over 4,000 years ; North of Persia, south of the Caucasus, Anatolia. Radish. Over 2,000 years ; temperate Asia. Rampion. Less than 2,000 years ; temperate and south- ern Europe. Rape. Over 4,000 years ; Europe, Western Siberia (?). Rice. Over 4,000 years ; India, southern China (?). Rye. Over 2,000 years ; Eastern temperate Europe (?), South-east of Europe, Algeria. Salsify. Less than 2,000 years (?); south-east of Eu- rope, Algeria. Sea Kale. Less than 2,000 years; Western temperate Europe. Scorzonera. Less than 2,000 years ; South-west of Europe. Shaddock. Over 2,000 years ; Pacific Islands. Shallot. Less than 2,000 years ; unknown wild. Spinach. Less than 2,000 years ; Persia (?). Sorghum. Over 4,000 years ; tropical Africa (?). Strawberry, Chili. Less than 300 years ; Chili. Strawberry, Virginia. Less than 300 years ; temperate N. America Sunflower. Very ancient ; U. S. Sweet Potato. Very ancient ; tropical America. Tomato. Over 500 years ; Peru. Turnip. Over 4,000 years ; Europe, western Siberia (?). Watermelon. Over 4,000 years ; tropical Africa. Wheat. Over 4,000 years ; region of the Euphrates. CHAPTER XXII. STATISTICS. i. Horticultural Statistics. i. EXPORT OF FRUITS FOR 1886. Article. } Quantity. Value, Apples, dried 10,473, 183 Ibs. $548,434 Apples, green or ripe 744,539 bbl. 1,810,606 Preserved canned 580,422 other 28, 339 all other . . ^ 340, 507 2. EXPORTS OF FRUITS FOR 1887. Articles Quantities. Value. Apples, dried 8,130,896 Ibs. $413,363 Apples, green or ripe 591,868 bbl. 1,382,872 Fruits preserved, canned 506,794 Other preserved '. 29, 489 All other, green, ripe or dry 337,447 3. EXPORTS OF FRUITS AND NUTS FOR 1888. Articles. Quantity. Value. Apples, dried 11,803, l61 Ibs. $812,682 Apples, green 489,570 bbl. 1,878,801 Preserved, canned 834,668 Other preserved . . .* 58,630 All other, green, ripe or dried '. 397,643 Nuts 27,784 (200) Statistics. 201 Horticultural Statistics, continued. 4. EXPORTS OF VEGETABLES FOR 1886. Articles. Quantities. Value. Onions 68,811 bus. $75,838 Peas and beans 408,318 " 570, 153 Potatoes 494,948 ' 346,864 Vegetables canned 190 389 All other, including pickles 134,293 5. EXPORTS OF VEGETABLES FOR 1887. Articles. Quantities. Value. Onions 71,689 bus. ^73>5 I 5 Peas and beans 387,222 " 562.864 Potatoes ,. 434,864 " 318,259 Vegetables canned 228, 567 All other, including pickles 125,448 6. EXPORT OF VEGETABLES FOR 1888. Articles. Quantities. Value. Onions 56,725 bus. $64, 161 Peas and beans 253,170 ' 462,762 Potatoes 403, 880 ' ' 308, 193 Vegetables canned 265, 587 All other 140,634 7. IMPORTS OF FRUITS, NUTS AND VEGETABLES FOR 1887 AND 1888. Articles. 1887. 1888. Fruits and nuts $20,608,486 $20,502,223 Beans and peas 607,853 2, 190, 137 Potatoes 543 091 3,698,021 Pickles and sauces 387, 177 416,958 All other in natural state, salt or brine 516,319 7 I 5. 6 3 Prepared or preserved 295,911 350,245 202 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Horticultural Statistics, continued. 8. IMPORTS OF VEGETABLES FOR 1886 AND 1887. Articles. 1886. 1887. Beans and peas $585, 461 $607, 853 Potatoes 649, oog 543 , 09 1 Pickles and sauces 323,362 387,177 All other, in their natural state or in salt or brine 528,830 516,319 Prepared or preserved 465,517 295,911 9. TOTAL AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS AND IMPORTS FOR 1887 AND 1888. 1887. 1888. Total agricultural exports $520,820,758 $498,966,029 Total exports of domestic manu- facture 703,022,923 683,862, 104 Per cent, of agricultural matter . 74 73 Total imports of agricultural products 287, 542 266 318, 502,085 10. VALUE OF ORCHARD AND MARKET GARDEN PRODUCTS IN THE VARIOUS STATES IN 1879. (Tenth Census.) All orchard prod- Market gar- ucts consumed den products State. or sold. sold. Alabama $362, 263 $135, 127 Arizona 5, 530 17, 272 Arkansas 867,426 62,007 California .*. 2,017,314 796,663 Colorado. 3,246 136,617 Connecticut 456,246 385,014 Dakota 156 40,473 Delaware 846,692 166,575 District of Columbia 12,074 202 , 191 Florida 758,295 154,002 Georgia 782,972 158,490 Idaho 23, 147 36,025 Illinois : 3.502,583 959,962 Indiana 2,757,359 578,4*3 Iowa 1,494,365 401,928 Kansas 35 8 ,86o 279,448 Statistics. Horticultural Statistics, continued. 20 3 All orchard prod- Market gar- nets consumed den products or sold. sold. Kentucky 1,377,670 592,411 Louisiana 188,604 132,525 Maine 1,112,026 144,892 Maryland 1,563, 188 873,968 Massachusetts 1,005,303 1,696,890 Michigan 2,760,677 636,908 Minnesota 121,648 166,030 Mississippi 378, 145 48,650 Missouri 1,812,873 763,439 Montana I 53 41,020 Nebraska 72,244 J 52,545 Nevada 3,619 75.847 New Hampshire ..... 972,291 115,967 New Jersey 860,090 1,841,863 New Mexico 26,706 42,679 New York 8,409,794 4,211,642 North Carolina 93.5 I 3 I 35,435 Ohio 3,576,242 1,486,787 Oregon 583,663 168,935 Pennsylvania 4,862,826 1,752,934 Rhode Island 58,751 261,938 South Carolina 78,934 84,363 Tennessee 919,844 228,269 Texas 876,844 277,023 Utah 148,493 37,851 Vermont 640,942 38,966 Virginia 1,609,663 837,609 Washington 127,668 27.918 West Virginia 934,400 162,898 Wisconsin >' 639,435 206,691 Wyoming 6,150 ii. TOTAL EXPORTS OF APPLES FROM THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA IN VARIOUS YEARS Barrels. Barrels. 1888-89 1,401,382 1883-84 81,532 1887-88 608, 588 1882-83 395, 594 1886-87 811,410 1881-82 239,252 1885-86 893,375 1880-81 '. 1,328,806 1884-85 787,785 204 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. ^ ro H ro rf TJ- in o 00 O^ t^ O vO t^ O ft oo vo in vo CM t-^ CM O r^ o o cs CM 1" v 2 M ro M M H 00 CO i 1 CO ro rh T)- 00 M O Tf ro O vO t>- CO 00 H oo O 00 H vO vO O CM ro M H CM CO s in vo CM GO CM o^ CM 0? tr^ in c^ H CM M M 1>> VO in M M OO ro ' O M M ro in o^ M ~ oo 00 00 O T)- O\ oo M ro <* CM M in O^ ^ O r>N o^ oS CM TJ- ro O fO CO oo vO vO ts. oo t^ in VO CM uopuoq in o o CM o> M M in CM M vo" in 00 o> 00 00 vO in ro vO vo . c^i CM M M M H VO 00 in CO M ^ O ' in oo Q vo ro H o> M M.OBS'EJfj vo ro O 00 CM" rf N ro CM M M Th VO CM 00 O CM (^ ^ O ^ O^ CM O in ro M t^ M ro T^- o^> vo ro ro ro O OX O> ro M rj- CM CM H H ro X o 00 K ft I 00 00 I 00 vo . 00 00 CO - ^ r^j ! ^ I ^ Sill I I 1 1 11 o H rt O H o BB8ITY Statistics. Horticultural Statistics, continued. 13. IMPORTATION OF APPLES INTO ENGLAND. The commercial importation of apples to England began about 20 years ago. The following table shows the total im- portations into England and also those from the United States. England d~:..,o ner foreign apple supply from the United States, Canada, Belgium, Holland and France. TOTAL IMPORTATIONS. IMPORTATIONS FROM UNITED STATES. Bushels. Value in pounds. Bushels. Value in pounds. 1883 3:884 2,251,925 2,679,800 2.387,685 3.261,460 1,944,460 553>488 786,415 717.031 857.095 563,919 273,825 976,269 1,349,798 1,647,052 997,413 126,219 349, 168 440,925 478.895 295,108 , 1885 1886 1887 . . 14. IMPORTATIONS OF BANANAS. 1884 $1,878,279 1885 2.156.873 1886 2.356,843 1887 ;e .. 2,682,143 5,914,472 bunches 1888 3,153,645. = 8,049,074 The first bananas introduced into this country were brought from Cuba to New York in 1804. The first full cargo (1,500 bunches) arrived in 1830. 15. GOVERNMENT AIDS TO HORTICULTURE CALIFORNIA. Viticulture $15,000 oo Horticulture 10,000 oo Forestry 2, 500 oo Experimental and analytical work. . . 5.000 oo Total $32, 5 206 The Horticulturist' s Rule-Book. Horticultural Statistics, continued. COLORADO. Reports published. DAKOTA. Appropriations to college. ILLINOIS $2, ooo oo INDIANA 500 oo IOWA. 5,000 reports published and i,coo oo KANSAS. 8,000 reports published. MAINE 500 oo MICHIGAN. 8,400 copies annual report published and i , ooo oo MINNESOTA. Horticulture 1,750 oo Horticultural Experimental Station.. 1,000 oo Publishes 3,500 copies of 500- page report. MISSOURI. Reports printed and 1,250 oo NEBRASKA. Reports published and 1,000 oo NEW HAMPSHIRE 100 oo NORTH CAROLINA 500 oo OHIO. Reports published and 1,000 oo PENNSYLVANIA. Reports published. WISCONSIN. Reports published and 1,000 oo CANADA NOVA SCOTIA. Reports printed and .... 300 oo QUEBEC 2, ooo oo ONTARIO 1,000 oo 16. TARIFFS ON CERTAIN PRODUCTS. Oranges and Lemons J 6.54 per cent. Dates 30. oo " Vegetables 27.23 " Peanuts 63. oo " Hops 49.50 Oats 26. oo " Honey 55.55 Cheese 29. 57 Butter 25.18 Wool 37.16 Statistics. 207 Horticultural Statistics, continued. 17. MISCELLANEOUS. In 1888, between 200 and 300 tons of dried pyrethrum flow- ers for Persian insect powder were imported into this coun- try. California produced about 50 tons. The Florida orange crop was estimated at 2,000,000 boxes in 1888. In 1889 it is estimated that 1,600,000 boxes. The estimated yield of cranberries in 1888 was 585,000 bush- els, of which New England produced 260,000, New Jersey, 225,- ooo and the West 100,000. The estimates for 1889 place the New England crop at 22^ per cent, short, the Western crop 37/^ per cent, short, and the New Jersey crop 40 per cent, short. About 20,000,000 cocoanuts come into the New York market every year. They come mostly from Central America. The "dried currants" of commerce are seedless grapes. They come from Greece. The following figures give an idea of the extent of this industry : In 1871 81,800 tons were grown. In 1878 101,000 " " " In 1888 160,000 " " " NUMBER AND COST OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. There are to-day 46, or, counting branch stations, 57 agricul- tural experiment stations in the United States. Every state has at least i station, several have 2, and one has 3. These 46 stations now employ over 870 trained men in the prosecution of experimental inquiry. The appropriation by the United States Government for the fiscal year just ended, 1889, for them and for the office of experiment stations in the department, is $505,- ooo ; for the coming year it is $600,000. The several states appropriate about $125,000 in addition, making the sum total of ibout $720,000 given from the public funds the present year for the support of agricultural experiment stations in the United States. This is less than 10 cents for each of 7,500,000 farm workers of the country, less than 2^ cents for each of the 30,000,000 of our population directly dependent upon agri- 208 The Horticulturist s Rule -Book. Horticultural Statistics, continued. culture for their support, and less than i^ cents for each of the 60,000,000 of our people who consume the products of our farms. The farming lands, farm implements and live stock of the country are estimated to be worth $12,000,000,000. The experiment stations cost us, therefore, about $6.25 a year for every million dollars invested in agriculture. Or, reckoning the annual value of the products of our farms at $2, 200, 000,000, we are now spending about 33^ cents for every $>i,ooo worth of products in an attempt to increase the value of those products in future years. 2. Statistics of the Vegetable Kingdom. There are 200 natural families or orders of flowering plants, about 7,600 genera, and about 100,000 species are known and described. The flowerless plants are much more numerous than the flowering plants, both in individuals and species. Ferns, moss, mushrooms and many smaller or even microscopic fungi, lichens and sea-weeds are flowerless plants. The Ranunculaceae or Crowfoot family includes over 1,200 species of plants, inhabiting all parts of the world. The clematis, marsh-marigold or so-called cowslip, columbine, adonis, buttercup Christmas rose, love-in-the-mist, larkspur, aconite and paeony are members of the Crowfoot family. The family comprises 30 genera. There about 100 species of clematis known. About 40 distinct species of delphinium or larkspur are de- scribed, few of which are cultivated, however. It is supposed that there are about a half-dozen true species of paeonies known, although many supposed species have been described. The Magnolia family comprises about 70 species of trees and shrubs. Of these, 14 are magnolias proper, of which 6 are native of Japan, China or the Himalaya region, and the remainder are North American. The lulip-tree, of which but a single species is known, belongs to this order. The Nymphaeacese or Water Lily family contains 8 genera Statistics. 209 Statistics of the Vegetable Kingdom, continued. and about 35 species, all aquatic. The largest genus is nym- phaea by some called castalia comprising some 20 species. The Mustard family, Cruciferae, comprises probably about 2,000 species, many of which are grown fort ood and ornament. The cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, kohl-rabi, radish, horse- radish, sea-kale, cresses and mustards are the leading edible species, while the stocks, alyssum, wall-flower, honesty or lunaria are among the ornamental species. There are over 175 genera in the order. The Violet family comprises about 250 species, generally dis- tributed over the world. Of these, about 200 are violets. The order includes 21 genera. Some of the species, outside of viola proper, are shrubs or small trees. The Caryophyllaceae or Pink family has about 1,000 species and 35 genera. The ornamental genera are dianthus, including the pinks and carnation, saponaria, silene, lychnis and a few others of less importance. Dianthus, literally "Jove's flower," numbers some 200 species. The corn-cockle and catchflies belong to this family. The Mallow family, Malvaceae, has about 60 genera and 700 species. The best known genera are althaea, the hollyhock ; malva, the mallows ; hibiscus ; abutilon ; and gossypium, the cotton. The Basswoods or Lindens are 8 in number, growing in n .rthern temperate climates. Two are natives of North America. Tiliaceae, the basswood family, comprises 40 genera and about 330 species. Some 50 species of maples are known, inhabiting Europe, Asia and America. 9 grow naturally in North America. The Sapindaceae, to which family the maple belongs, is largely tropical. It comprises over 70 genera, and 600 or 700 species, ^sculus, the horse-chestnuts, belong here, and are about 14 in number. The Leguminosae or Pulse family, is one of the most impor- tant orders of plants. It furnishes many foods, fine woods, 2io The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Statistics of the Vegetable Kingdom, continued, dyes, medicines, and ornamental plants. Many of the species are extremely important in agriculture because of the great amount of nitrogen which they contain. Peas, beans, clover, locuscs, acacias, sensitive plant, belong in this family. It com- prises about 400 genera and 6,500 species. The Rosaceae or Rose family may be called the fruit family of the north temperate zone. Apples, pears, quinces, June- berries, strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, peaches, plums, apricots, almonds, cherries, all belong here. Prunus, which includes the stone fruits, has about 80 species in various parts of the world, and n are North American. Pyrus, including apple, pear, quince and mountain ash, has about 40 species, of which 5 are in North America. Of roses, over 250 have been described, but late authorities consider that there are only about 30 good species. Of strawberries, there are 3 or 4 species, and of spiraea about 50. The whole family has about 1,000 species and 70 genera. Vitis, the grape and its allies, has some 230 species. There are two or three other genera, and about a score of other species in the family, vitaceae or ampelideae, to which it belongs. The Cucurbitaceae includes the squashes, pumpkins, cucum- bers, melons, and gourds. The species are c.bout 500 in num- ber, and are mostly tropical or sub-tropical. Some 25 species are described as cucumis, to which the cucumber and musk- melon belongs, and 2 as citrullus or watermelon. The pump- kins and squashes belong to cucurbita, of which about 10 species are known, several of them perennials. The family comprises about 70 genera. About 350 species of Begonia are known. Of Cacti, there are about 1,000 species and 13 genera, all but one species native of the New World. Umbelliferae, comprising over 150 genera and about 1,300 species, includes the parsnip, parsley, carrot, celery, caraway, anise, dill and others. In Africa some of the species a-ttain the size of trees. Statistics : 211 Statistics of the Vegetable Kingdom, continued. About one-ninth of all the flowering plants are comprised in the Compositae or Sunflower family. It is by far the largest order, containing nearly 800 genera and about 10,000 species. Very few of the species furnish esculent parts ; the leading ones are lettuce, endive, chicory, artichoke, cardoon and sal- sify. But the family comprises great numbers of ornamental plants, of which the leading one at the present time is the chrysanthemum. A very few of the species become small shrubs. The Heach family, Ericaceae, includes the heaths, heather of Europe, wintergreen, whortleberries or huckleberries, cran- berries, azaleas, rhododendrons and laurels. Certain white and flesh-colored parasitic plants also belong to it, as the Indian pipe and the snow plant of the Rocky Mountains. About 80 genera and over 1,300 species are known. The Primulas belong to the Primulaceae or Primrose family, and they number some 80 or more species, many of which are cultivated. The genus primula is commonly divided by flor- ists into auriculas, polyanthuses and primroses. One of the primulas is the true cowslip. Primulaceae has about 20 genera and 250 species. Oleaceae, a family of 18 genera and nearly 300 species, in- cludes the jasmine, forsythias, lilacs, ashes, privet and olive. 10 species of Fraxinus or ash, are native to North America. There are about 120 species of jasminum or jasmine, 2 of forsythia. 6 of syringa or lilac, over 30 of fraxinus, about 25 of ligustrum or privet, and 35 of olea, or olive. The Convolvulus or Morning-glory family, Convolvulaceae, has some 800 species, some oi which are trees, and 32 genera. The dodders, peculiar parasitic plants, of which several are natives of the. United States, belong here, as does also the sweet potato. There are about 30 species of Phlox described, nearly all natives of North America. The common Phlox Drummondii is native of Texas. Solanaceae is a large and important order, containing many 212 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. StPtistiCo oi the Vegetablb Kingdom, continued, esculent plants and many poisons. Here belong the potato, tomato, egg-plant, red pepper, and strawberry or husk tomato ; also tobacco, belladonna and nightshade. There are 66 genera and from 1,200 to 1,500 species. The genus solanum alone, to which the potato and egg-plant belong, contains from 700 to 900 species. Lycopersicum, the tomat^ genus, has lesc than a half dozen speciss. There aro about 140 genera and 2,600 species in the Labiatae 01 Mint family. The order comprises a few tree-like and a few climbing plants. The species are aromatic, ana most of cur cultivated sweet herbs, and all the mints, belong to the family. It comprises many ornamental species, among the most promi- nent being species of coleus, ot which about 50 species are described. The Nettle family or Urticaceae comprises many dissimilar plants. Here belong the nettles, mulberry, fig, bread-fruit, hack-berry osage-orange, elm, hemp and hop. The family has in the neighborhood of 1,500 species, and the accepted genera are 108. 5 elms and 2 mulberries are native to North America, and 3 wild figs grow in Southern Florida. Five genera and about 30 species belong to the Juglandaceae or Walnut family. All the hickories, 8 or 10, are natives of Noith America. There are 2 walnuts and i butternut in the United States. Cupuliierae, the Oak family, numbers 400 species and 10 genera. It gives us the oaks, about 300 in the world and 44 in the United States ; chestnuts, beeches, hazels and filberts, birches, alder, hornbeam and ironwood. The United States has 2 chestnuts, i beech, about 8 birches and 6 alders. The Pine or Spruce family is known as the Coniferas, or cone-bearing family. It includes plants of very dissimilar kinds. Most of the species have needle-like and evergreen leaves, but some are deciduous, and the ginkgo has broad and flat leaves. There are some over 30 genera and about 300 species in the family. Of pines there arc about 70, and 35 of them are native to the United States. Statistics. 213 Statistics of the Vegetable Kingdom, continued. Orchidaceae, the Orchid family, includes som 5,000 singular herbs, distributed through 334 genera. Many of the species are epiphytes, that is, growing above ground on other plants. The species are the most specialized, perhaps, of any order, and they are usually uncommon or rare. A number of showy species grow in the United States, the best known of which are the lady-slippers. Our species usually inhabit bogs or deep woods. Over 2,000 species, in 187 genera, comprise Liliaceae, or the Lily family. Some of the species are tree-like. Here belong the onion, asparagus, tulip, aloes, yuccas, hellebore, and many choice ornamental plants. Of lilies, there are about 45 species, tulips in the neighborhood of 50, and of hyacinths about 30. The Palm family, Palmse, includes 1,100 or more species and 132 genera. Many species produce edible fruits, the best known in our markets being the date and cocoanut. The Graminese or Grass family is the most important order of plants. Besides all the grasses, it furnishes all the cereal grains, including Indian corn and the sugar cane. Genera about 300 ; species over 3,000. There are about 74 genera of ferns or Filices, and in the neighborhood of 2,400 species. Some of the species attain to the size of small trees. CHAPTER XXIII. GLOSSARY. Acclimation. The spontaneous or natural process of be- coming, or the state or condition of being, inured or habit- uated to climate at first injurious. Acclimatization. The act of man in inuring or habituat- ing to a climate at first injurious, or the state or condition of being thus inured or habituated by man. A.dventive. Said of foreign plants wiiich grow spontane- ously, but which are not thoroughly established. Agriculture. The art and science of cultivating land and raising crops and stock. The term is often restricted to include only the cultivation of grains and forage plants and the rearing of domestic animals, with the operations arid studies incident thereto. Alburnum. Sap-wood. Ammonia. A pungent gas, composed of an atom of ni- trogen to three of hydrogen. Annual (adj.). Living for one year only. Arm. In grape culture, a vine branch over a year old. Assimilation. In botany, the production of organic mat- ters from inorganic matters. Bacterium (pi. bacteria). As popularly used, the term is applied to an extensive class of microscopic organisms, usually classed with plants. The term microbe is used in the same sense. Basin. In descriptions of apples and related fruits, the depression at the apex of the fruit. The calyx sits in the basin. (214) Glossary. 215 Berry. In botany, and properly, a separate fruit which is pulpy and juicy throughout, as the grape, currant, to- mato. The word is commonly employed to denote any soft fruit or fruit-like part which is borne upon a woody or perennial plant. The raspberry and blackberry are collections of little fruits. Biennial (adj.). Persisting two years. As a rule, biennial plants do not blossom until the second year. Bigeneric half-breed. The product of a cross between varieties of species belonging to different genera. Bigeneric hybrid. A hybrid between species of different genera ; bigener. Blight. The dying without apparent cause of the tenderer parts of plants, especially of the leaves, flowers and young fruit ; as pear blight. Botany. The science of plants. Bottle-grafting. A modification of whip-grafting by which a heel of the scion is conducted into a bottle of water to. supply temporary nourishment. Bottom heat. Heat applied underneath plants by artifi- cial means. Bract. A much reduced leaf. Bracts are usually present about the inflorescence. Break. A radical departure from the type. Ordi- narily used in the sense of sport, but in its larger mean- ing it refers to the permanent appearance of apparently new or very pronounced characters in a species. Bud. A bud which is inserted in a plant with the in- tention that it shall grow. Budding. The operation and practice of inserting a bud in a plant with the intention that it shall grow. Bulb. A large, more or less permanent leaf-bud, usually occupying the base of the stem, and emitting roots from its lower portion. Bulbs are of two leading sorts; scaly, when composed of narrow and mostly loose scales, as in 216 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Bulb, continued. the lily ; laminated or tunicated, when composed of more continuous and closer-fitting layers, as in the onion. Bulbel. A small bulb borne about a mother- bulb, as in some bulbous irises and some onions ; bulbule. Bulblet. A small bulb borne entirely above ground, as in the axils of leaves, in the inflorescence, etc. Bulbo-tuber. A corm. Bulbule. A bulbel. Bush. A small woody plant having no central trunk or stem ; shrub. Bush-fruit. Small fruits, as the currant, gooseberry, raspberry and the like. Callus. The new and protruding tissue which forms over a wound, as over the end of a cutting. Calyx. The outer envelope of the flower. The parts, when distinct, are called sepals. In apples, pears, etc., part of the calyx persists on top of the fruit. Cambium. The layer of new tissue which lies under- neath the bark. It is usually thin and more or less mucilaginous in spring and early summer. Cane. A young growth of hard-wooded plants. Usually applied to ripened or hardened shoots a year or less old. Cantaloupe. A class of musk-melons characterized by firm and warty or scabby rinds. Capsule. A dry seed-vessel which splits open at maturity ; pod. Carbon dioxide. A gas composed of one atom of carbon to two of oxygen. It is heavier than air. and is poisonous in large quantities ; carbonic acid gas. Carbonic acid. Carbon dioxide. Carpel. A simple pistil, or one of the divisions of a com- ponind pistil. Cavity. In descriptions of apples and similar fruits, the depression about the stalk or stem. Glossary. 217 Chlorophyl. The green coloring matter of plants. Cion. See Scion. Cleft-graft. A sort of grafting in which the scion is cut wedge-shaped at the lower extremity, and is then inserted in. a cleft in the end of a trunk or branch which has been severed. Close fertilization. The action of pollen upon the pistil of the same flower ; self-fertilization. Cold-frame. A frame covered with glass, cloth, or paper, without bottom heat, used for starting plants early in spring, for receiving plants transplanted from a hot-bed or forcing-house, or for protecting plants during the winter. Conservatory. A glass house for preserving or growing tender plants. Popularly, the term is applied to houses in which plants are grown for display of flowers. Corolla. The inner envelope of the flower. The parts, when distinct, are called petals. Corm. A solid bulb-like tuber, as in the gladiolus and crocus ; bulbo-tuber. Corymb. A flower cluster which is flat or convex on top and in which the outer flowers bloom first. Cotyledon. A small leaf borne in the seed ; seed-leaf. In many plants the cotyledons rise to the surface, when the seed germinates, and increase in size. Cross. The offspring of any two flowers which have been cross-fertilized. Cross-breed. A cross between varieties of the same species ; half-breed, mongrel, variety-hybrid. Cross-fertilization. The action of pollen upon the pistil of another flower of the same species. Cross-fertilization is commonly used to denote the mere conveyance of pollen pollination but better usage confines the term to the action of pollen upon the pistil. Cross-pollination. The conveyance of the pollen to the stigma of another flower. 2i8 The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. Crossing. The operation or practice of cross-pollinating. Crown-grafting. Grafting at or near the surface of the ground. Cryptogam. One of the class of flowerless plants. These plants propagate by spores instead of seeds. Ferns, fungi, mosses and sea-weeds are examples. Cutting. A portion of a plant which is inserted in soil or water with the intention that it shall grow , slip. Cyme. A flower cluster, flat or convex on top, and in which the central flowers open first. Deciduous. Said of plants whose leaves fall in autumn. Derivation hybrid. A hybrid between hybrids, or be- tween a hybrid and one of its parents ; derivative hybrid ; secondary hybrid. Dibber. See Dibble. Dibble. A pointed instrument used for making holes in the ground for the planting of seeds and roots ; dibber. Dioecious. Said of species in which the stamens and pistils are borne on different plants. Disbudding. The practice or operation of removing buds. Double-graft. A plant twice grafted for the purpose of . overcoming the lack of affinity between stock and scion. Double-grafting. The practice and process of twice grafting or budding a plant so that the root, the stem or a part of it, and the top, shall each represent a different variety. It is used when a certain variety will not grow upon a given root, but which will grow on some variety that unites with that root ; double-working. Double-working. See double -grafting. Drupe. A fleshy or soft fruit formed entirely from the ovary, and containing a hard pit ; stone-fruit. The peach and cherry are examples. Embryo. The rudimentary plant contained in the seed ; seed-germ. Entomology. The science of insects. Glossary. 219 Evergreen. Said of plants which hold their leaves dur- ing winter. Eye. A cutting composed of a single bud. Family. A group of genera and species, as Critciferce, mustard family ; Gramince, grass family. In botany, order in the same. Fecundation. The action of the pollen upon the pistil ; fertilization ; impregnation. Female. Used to designate flowers or plants which bear only styles. Fertilization. The action of the pollen upon the pistil ; fecundation ; impregnation. Fertilizer, i. Any substance which promotes plant growth. 2. Plant food. Fertilizing. The act or process of applying fertilizers to plants. The word fertilization should be restricted to designate the action of pollen. Flagging. Wilting of newly set plants or herbaceous cuttings. Flat. A shallow box used by gardeners in which to sow seeds or handle plants. Floriculture. The cultivation of flowers. Florist. One who practices floriculture. Flower. An organ which contains a stamen or pistil, or both. It is usually provided with some kind of an envelope, as calyx and corolla. Forcing-house. A structure in which plants are grown or forced out of their season. Frame. The structure forming the sides and ends of cold-frames or hot-beds. A frame is usually understood to be the area covered by a single sash, when areas are to be designated. Fruit, i. Botanically, a ripened ovary, containing the seeds. 2. Popularly, any edible or ornamental organ or 22O The Horticulturist" s Rule- Book. Fruit, continued. collection of organs which are closely associated in their origin with the flower. Fungicide. A substance employed to destroy fungi. Fungoid (adj.}. Fungus-like in general appearance or characteristics. A fungoid disease is one which appears to be due to a fungus, but whose character is not understood. Fungous (adj,). Pertaining or due to a fungus or to fungi ; as, & fungous disease. Fungus (pi., fungi]. A' flowerless (plant, devoid of chlorophyl, drawing its nourishment from living plants or animals or from decaying matter. Gardener One who practices horticulture on a small or on an intensive scale. Gardening. The art and science of raising kitchen garden vegetables, fruits and ornamental plants ; horticulture. The term is commonly restricted, however, to the operations of growing kitchen garden vegetables and flowers. Genus (pi., genera). A group or kind containing a greater or less number of closely related species ; as Rosa, the rose genus, Tilia, the linden genus. Germination. The act or process by which a seed or spore gives rise to a new and independent plant. Gourd. An ambiguous term, used in America to designate various small fruits of the pumpkin and squash genus which are grown for ornament and curiosity. In other countries the term is generic for most pumpkins and squashes. Graft. Scion, which see. Graftage. The process of grafting, or the condition or state of being grafted. Grafting. The operation of inserting a bud or scion upon a stock. It is commonly restricted to the operation of inserting scions of dormant wood, or to those operations in which wax or mastic is used to dress the wounds. Glossary. 221 Greenhouse. A glass house in which plants are grown. Originally and properly, however, it was applied to houses in which plants were simply preserved green during the winter. Ha-ha. A sunken fence. Half-breed. A cross between varieties of the same species ; cross-breed, mongrel, variety-hybrid. Half-hardy (adj.). A term applied to plants which need protection during winter, but which can endure some frost. Half-hybrid. The product of a cross between a species and a variety of another species. Hand-box. A box of size sufficient to cover a hill of plants, provided with a cover of glass, cloth, or paper, used to force plants in the hill. Hardiness. Capability to endure a given climate. Hardy (adj.). Able to withstand a given climate. Heart-wood. The inner and colored wood of trees. The deeper color and greater hardness of heart-wood are due chiefly to the deposition of mineral matter in the cells. Herb. A plant possessing but a small amount of hard, woody fibre, the stem of which dies at the approach of winter. Hei barium. A collection of preserved plants. The plants are usually dried and glued on sheets of paper. Heeling-in. The process and operation of temporarily covering the roots of plants to preserve them until wanted for permanent planting. Horticulture. The art and science of raising fruits, kitchen garden vegetables, flowers and ornamental trees and shrubs. Horticulturist. One who practices horticulture. Hot-bed. A frame covered with glass, cloth or paper, provided with bottom heat, and used for forcing plants. Hot-house. A glass house, artificially warmed, in which plants are grown. 222 The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Hy'brid, or hybrid. The offspring of plants of different species. Hybridism or hyb / ridism. The state, quality or condi- tion of being a hybrid ; hybridity. Hybridist. One who practices hybridizing. Hy Aridity or hyb'ridity. Hybridism. Hybridization or hybridization. The state or condition of being hybridized ; or the process or act of hybridizing. Hybridization. The action of the pollen of one species upon the pistil of another species. Hybridizing or hybridizing. The operation or practice of crossing species. Impregnation. The action of the pollen upon the pistil ; fertilization ; fecundation. Inarching. The process of grafting contiguous plants or branches while the parts are both attached to their own roots. When the parts unite, one is severed from its own support. Individual-fertilization. Fertilization between flowers upon the same plant. Inorganic. Pertaining to unorganized substances, as miner- als, rocks, chemicals, etc. Insect. An articulate animal which in the mature state has three distinct divisions and six legs. Insecticide. A substance employed to destroy insects. Kitchen-garden. An area devoted to the cultivation of "vegetables," or annual plants which yield edible parts. Kitchen-garden vegetable. An edible portion of an an- nual plant. A loose term, commonly shortened to vegetable. Landscape gardening. The art of embellishing grounds. It demands a high appreciation of natural scenery and an ability to represent it in grounds. Landscape horticulture. The operations and manual appliances employed in embellishing grounds ; the industrial phase of landscape gardening. Glossary. 223 Larva (p\.,Zarv3i>33 Keeping Fruits and Vegetables . 104 Kerosene 10 Kerosene and condensed milk emulsion 10 Kerosene emulsion 10 Kerosene and milk emulsion . . 10 Kerosene and water emulsion . 10 Laestadia Bidwellii 47 Lachnosterna fusca 29 Lavender Bag 168 Lawns, Weeds in 63 Leaf-blight 5<>,53 Leaf-brownness 53 Leaf-crumpler 28 Leaf-notcher 30 Leaf Prints 166 Leaf-rust 51,52 Leaf-scorching 52 Lina scripta 33 Leaf-spot 49-54 Legal Sizes 116 Legal Weights 114 Lime and Sulphur 63 Lime spray n Liver of sulphur 42 London Purple 8,11 Longevity of Fruit Plants ... 98 Longevity of Seeds 81 Lye and sulphur wash n Lye wash 1 1 Lytta . 21 Macrodactylus suhspinosur. . . 35 Page. Macrosila quinquemaculata . . 38 Maggot 21,29 Mail Matter 152 Margarodes quadristigmalis . . 34 Maturity, Time required . . . . 97 May-beetle or May-bug .... 29 Mealy-bug 29,35 Measures 114,129 Measures, Covent Garden . . .122 Melampsora populina 52 Melon-worm 29 Metals, to prevent rusting ... 74 Mice and rabbits 58 Milk of Lime 41 Micrococcus amylovorus .... 50 Microcentrum retinervis .... 30 Mildew 47,49,54 Mole Cricket 33 Monilia fructigena 46 Mortar 71 Moss 64 Multiplication i .2 Mushroom-fly 29 Mytilaspis pomorum 17 Myzus persicae 31 Naming Fruits 142 Naming Vegetables 143 National and Party Flowers . . 134 Nematus ventricosus 24 Nomenclature, Rules of . .142,143 Oberea bimaculata 34 CEcanthus niveus 35 Oil and alkali wash n Oil of Vitriol 64 Oncideres cingulatus 32 Orange-leaf Scab 49 Orchard and Garden Products . 202 Orchids, Price of 137 Orgyia leucostigma 19 Oscinis sp 22 Packages 120 Paecilocapsus lineatus 24 Paints 72,73 Paper, paint for 74 234 The Horticulturist s Rule- Book. Page. Papilio Asterias 30 Paraffineoil 12 Paris Green 7 Parsley-worm 3 Parsnip Web-worm 3 Pea-weevil or Pea-bug 30 Peach-louse or Aphis 3 1 Peach-tree Borer 31 Peach-twig Moth 31 Pear-tree Borer 32 Pear-twig Beetle 32 Perfumery 167 Periods of Cultivation 196 Peronospora gangliformis ... 49 Peronospora Schleideniana . . 49 Peronospora Violae 55 Peronospora viticola ...... 47 Persian Insect Powder 12 v Phenic acid 4 Phopobota vacciniana ..... 22 Phoxopteris comptana 37 Phragmidium mucronatum . . 54 Phycis indigenella 28 Phyllosticta acericola 49 Phyllotreta vittata 25 Phylloxera 27 Phytophthora infestans 52 Phytophthora Phaseoli 45 Pierisrapae 21 Pipes, Water held by 130 Pitch Waxes 66 Plants, Collecting and Preserv- ing 160 Plants, Number^to an Acre . . 92 Plasmidiophora brassicae .... 45 Plaster and kerosene 12 Plowrightia morbosa 51 Plum Curculio 19 Plum-gouger 33 Plum-knot or Plum- wart .... 51 Plum-leaf Fungus 51 Plum pockets 52 Plusia brassicae 29 Pod-rust 45 Page. Podeschard's powder 41 Podosphaera. oxycanthae .... 44 Poisons, rabbit 59 Poison for English sparrows . 60 Polyporus versicolor 50 Postage 152 Potassium sulphide 41 Potato-rot 52 Powdery Mildew 44,48 Preserving Flowers 161 Printing Plants 163 Pristiphora identidem 23 Privet Web-worm 34 Products, Tariffs on 206 Promoting growth 12 Propagation 100 Puccinia Malvacearum 48 Puccinia pruni-spinosae 51 Pyrethrum 12 Quantity of Seed 76 Quassia 13 Rabbits 58,59 Raspberries, Dried 141 Raspberry Root-borer 34 Raspberry Saw-fly 34 Rats and mice 57,58 Rays of Light Reflected .... 133 Recipes and Rules 138 Red-legged Flea-beetle .... 32 Red Spider 35 Resin and fish-oil soap 13 Resin and petroleum soap ... 14 Resin soap 13 Resin wax 65 Rhodites radicum 34 Red or Orange Rust 53 Root Gall-fly 34 Root-grafting 67 Root-knot 35 Root louse 19 Root-rot 50 Rose Beetle 19,35 Rose-leaf Hopper 36 Rose Slug 36 Index. 235 Page. Roses, Otto of 167 Rot 46,55 Round-headed Borers 19 Rules for Exhibition 144 Rules of Horticulture 142 Rules of Nomenclature 142 Rules and Recipes 138 Rust, Apple 44 Rust, Beet 45 Rust, Carnation 45 Rust, Currant 46 Rust, Hollyhock 48 Rust, Onion 49 Rust, Rose 54 Rust, Verbena . 55 Rusting, to prevent 74 Salt and lime wash 14 Salt for weeds 63 Saperda Candida and S. cretata 19 Saw-fly . 37 Scab 44,5i Scale 30,36 Schizocerus ebenus ..... 37 Schizeneura lanigera 19 Sealing Cement 71 Seeds for an Acre 76 Selandria cerasi 22 Selandria rosae 36 Selandria rubi 34 Selandria vitis 27 Septoria cerasina 51 Septoria Dianthi 45 Septoria Ribis 46 Skawinski's Powder 41 Skawinski's Solution 41 Skeletonizing 166 Slug 22 Smut 46 Snowy Cricket 35 Soap and arsenites 14 Soap and lime wash 14 Soap and soda wash 15 Soap and tobacco 15 Society Standards 118 Page. Soda and aloes 15 Soda hyposulphite 42 Soda and resin wash 15 Soda wash 15 Sphaceloma ampelinum .... 47 Sphaerella fragariae 54 Sphaerotheca Castagnei .... 54 Sphaerotheca Mors uvae .... 47 Spheerotheca pannosa 54 Spotted Cucumber Beetle ... 23 Squash Bug 36 Squash-vine Root-borer . . . 36 Standard Measures 113 Statistics, Horticultural .... 200 Statistics, Vegetable Kingdom 208 Stictocephala festina 38 Storing 104 Strawberry-leaf Blight 54 Strawberry Leaf- roller 37 Strawberry Root-bore r 37 Strawberry Root-louse . . . . 37 Strawberry Saw-fly 37 String, Waxed . . 67 Striped Cucumber Beetle .... 23 Sulfosteatite 42 Sulphate of copper 42 Sulphate of iron 42 Sulphated sulphur 39 Sulphide of potassium . ... 42 Sulphide of soda wash . . . .15,42 Sulphatine 42 Sulphur 16,43,59 Sulphur and lime 43 Sulphur and snuff 16 Tanks and Wells 130 Taphrina deformans 49 Taphrinapruni 52 Tar Cement 70 Tariffs 206 Tartar emetic 58 Tent Caterpillars 19 Termites 38 Tetranychus telarius 35 Tettigonia rosae 36 236 The Horticulturist ' s Rule- Book. Page. Thermometer Scales 132 Thrip or Leaf-hopper 28 Thyridopteryx ephemerseformis 20 Tmetocera ocellana 18 Tobacco 16 Tomato Fruit- worm 38 Tomato Ringer . 38 Tomato-worm 38 Trypeta pomonella 17 Tussock Moth 19 Twig-borer 20 Twig-girdler 32 Twig-pruners 20 Typlocyba albopicta 24 Uncinula spiralis 48 Uromyces betse 45 Ustilago Zeae-Mays 46 Vanessa antiopa 38 Vegetables, Naming 143 Vegetables, Names of 194 Vegetable Kingdom, Statistics of 208 Violet Rust . 55 Walks, Concrete for 71 Page. Walks, Weeds in 63 Walks, Moss on . 64 Water-proofing Paints 73 Waxed Cloth, etc 67 Waxes 65,67 Weather Signs 157 Weeds 62,63 Weevil, Cranberry 37 Weevil, Strawbei ry 23 Weights Avoirdupois, or Com- mercial 126,127 Weight of Seeds 77 Weights of Apples 138 Whale-oil soap 16 White ants 38 White hellebore 16 Wholesale Quantities .... 137 Willow-worm 38 Wind, Cooling Glass 132 Wire-worm 38 Wounds, Waxes for 67 Xyleborus pyri 32 Yellows 50 i Yield per Acre 98 ADVERTISEMENTS. The Horticulturist' s Rule-Book, wwnOvV 4 By L. H. Bailey, corresponding Editor of The American Garden, Hor- ticulturist of the Cornell Experiment Station, and Professor of Horticulture in Cornell University ; assisted by specialists in the different departments, and correspondents in all parts of the world. This book, long in preparation, and now nearly ready, has met with the heartiest approbation in all quarters. Following, we quote the author's preface and table of contents : PREFACE. A series of Annals of Horticulture, of which the present volume is the initial, is projected for the purpose of preserving in convenient form a record and epitome of yearly progress in horticulture. Our horticultural interests are becoming so various and extensive, and records of them are so widely scattered, that such compendiums are a necessity; and summaries of the most important discoveries and discussions must have a direct and imme- diate practical use, wholly aside from their values as history. A leading feature of the series must necessarily be complete records of the introduc- tion of horticultural plants ; and the author desires that these volumes shall comprise the standard publication of new varieties. So far as record is concerned, these publications can serve the purpose of the certificates is- sued for new varieties by the Royal Horticultural Society in England, and by similar organizations in other countries ; and to this end, all North Amer- ican originators and introducers are solicited to make records of their nov- elties and introductions. It certainly requires no argument to convince both dealer ^nd purchaser that all interests will be greatly subserved by such an- nual records. Complete lists of all the varieties of fruits, kitchen-garden vegetables and ornamentals now cultivated in North America are needed. Such lists are indispensable to an understanding of the present condition of our horti- culture, and they become more valuable in each succeeding year as matters of history. They would furnish invaluable material for the study of the di- rection and extent of variation in cultivated plants; and, as varieties in- crease, they should serve a purpose in preventing the duplication of varie- tal names. A contribution to such comprehensive record has been made in this volume, in the -insertion of a list of all the varieties of kitchen-garden vegetables now cultivated in North America, so far as the names can be The Horticulturists Rule- Book. learned. The list has been prepared at immense labor and with great care. It is expected that similar, lists for fruits and ornamentals will be added in other years. The present volume is in many directions fragmentary, and incomplete in design. It is prepared undet the pressure of many new enterprises, and it has the faults inherent in new ventures. It is particularly desired that future volumes shall be broader in iheir scope, and that European horticul- ture, particularly in all its relations to our own, shall receive greater atten- tion. It is the purpose to present in each volume a few fresh and attractive accounts of the horticultural interests of other countries, in extension of the plan already inaugurated in our last chapter. The author is aware that the accumulations of the year can never be complete unless the horticulturists of the country cooperate in making them, and he will be grateful for any facts which are worthy of record. L. H. BAILEY. December 31, 1889. GARDEN HOME, Ithaca, N. Y. CONTENTS. NEARLY COMPLETE. T. GENERAL ANNALS : Review of Yields and Prices of 1889. Horticul- tural Work of the Experiment Stations. Horticultural Work of the Department of Agriculture. Economic Entomology. Arsenites for the Curculio Combating Insects \\iih their Parasites. Vegetable Pathol- ogy Laws foi Checking Insect Ravages and Plant Diseases. Oriental Fruits. The New Plants ct" the Southern States. Fruits for the Cold Prairie States. Fruits for the Cold North, and Protection of some Ten- der Fruits-. Notes on Fruits in California. Recent Tendencies in Or- namental Gardening, and in Ornamentals. Chrysanthemums. Orchids. The National Flower Discussion. Laws to Regulate Weights and Measures. Societies. II. RECENT HORTICULTURAL LITERATURE : Reviews of Books on Horticulture for 1889. Review and Abstracts of all Bulletins of Horti- cultural Interest which have Appeared from the Congressional Experi- ment Stations. Lists of the Horticultural Periodicals of the World. Ill TOOLS AND CONVENIENCES OF THE YEAR. IV. ANNALS OF PLANTS: Complete Lists of all the Fruits, Vegeta- bles and Ornamental Plants Introduced in 1889. A Complete List of all the Varieties of Vegetables now Cultivated in North America, with Re- vision of the Names by the Horticultural Committee on Nomenclature. Plane Portraits in all Periodicals of the Year. V. DIRECTORIES: Officers of all the National, State, Provincial and other Important Horticultural Organizations of North America. Hor- ticulturists of the Experiment Stations. Botanic Gardens of the World. VI. OBITUARIES AND BIOGRAPHIES FOR THE YEAR. VII. HORTICULTURE IN OTHER LANDS. Price, in Cloth, about 250 Pages, Illustrated, $1.00. GARDEN PUBLISHING CO., L't'd, 10 Spruce St., New York. The Horticulturist' s Rule- BOOK. The Great Out-door Magazine for all who Work and Play with Nature. The American * Garden Established as The Horticul- $ Increase in Size, More Pages. turist in 1846. Special feat- ($) More Matter. More Illus- ures for 1890. & trations. 1,000 IN PRIZES FOR GOOD GARDENING. Cooperative War on Useless Fences, Weeds, Insects and Plant Diseases. Marketing Fruits, Flowers and Vegetables : means and methods. Canning best guide in buying seeds and plan ing. Horticulture as a Business for us. nupagauuii ui numb, oeeu VJIUVY- uig. jnuiui.un.uic eta A Ajuoiiito^ iv^r Women. Practical Floriculture. Fruit Growing and Market Gardening. Price, $2 a Year ; 20 cts. a Copy. Four Months on Trial, 50 cts. GARDEN PUBLISHING CO., L'T'D, 10 SPRUCE STREET, NEW YORK. The Horticulturists Ride-Book. THE RuRdi NEW-YORKER The Leading Farm Weekly in the World. ORIGINALITY, RESEARCH, ENTERPRISE. From N. Y. Tribune : " The RURAL NEW-YORKER, during its 40 years of life, has done vastly more for farming than nine-tenths of all the land-grant colleges and experi- ment stations." From the TV". Y. Times : " The RURAL NEW-YORKER has done more to promote the true interests of agriculture in the way of experimenting, than all the experiment stations put together." From the TV. Y. World: "The RURAL NEW-YORKER is the best agricultural paper in the coun- try." From the Farm Journal: " The RURAL NEW-YORKER is the best farm weekly in the world." From JOSEPH HARRIS, Moreton Farm, N. Y.: " The fact is, you are doing more for agricultural and horticultural sci- ence than all the experiment stations combined." The RURAL NEW-YORKER is published for all who own a home for all parts of the country. It is conceded on all hands that during the past twelve years, it has wrought a new era in farm journalism. It is filled with contri- butions from the best write; s in the world. It is the first journal to have es- tablished an experiment farm, and the only one working such a farm in the interest of its readers. It has no axes to grind. Its aim is to present a pure, sound, dignified, yet aggressive paper that shall be thoroughly independent, working only for the highest ideal of country life. Its readers are usually the leading men of the community. Its striking and original features render it the best exponent of agricultural thought in the country. It does not depend upon second- hand engravings or articles to fill its pages. The object of its experiment grounds has been and is to try all kinds of seeds and plants, whether ornamental or economical ; to produce new kinds of grain, flowers and fruits by cross-breeding; to test new farm implements, fertilizers, methods of culture, with a view to producing the greatest yields at the smallest cost. Its illustrations commend themselves to its readers, being true portraits, taken from nature for the most part, and printed on super-calendered paper. Hundreds of different kinds of grains, vegetables, small fruits, etc., may be seen under test at the Rural grounds. The same may be said as to orna- mental trees, shrubs, vines, herbaceous plants and the like, hardy enough to endure the climate. It is published weekly 16 pages on fine, heavy paper, and it may be read by any member of the family without fear that its influence will be other than w'holesome and pure. Its advertising columns are also guarded with unusual care. The Price is $2 a year, or in Clubs of 5 or over, $1.50. Specimen copies will be promptly mailed to all applicants without charge. It is invariably stopped at the end of the time subscribed and paid for. Address The Rural New-Yorker, 34 Park Row, New York. The Horticulturist s Rule- Book. The Oldest Established and Most Complete Seed Establishment in America. Founded 1784. Over 1,500 acres under cultivation growing. baridretr/s American (arden * eeds Are grown from Seed Stocks, carefully selected from Trial Seed Beds. Thus the varieties ars perpetuated free from mixtures or adulteration. eeds, Implements and {pools, and all other requisites for Garden and Farm. Catalogues and Price Lists mailed free on application. Catalogues published in seven different languag- es. Our new catalogue now ready, containing descriptive lists of novel- lies and standard sorts, with illustrations o f choice vegetables and flowers, with cultural instructions. Sent free to all applicants. Address, D. bandretl? >ons , NOS. 21 AND 23 SOUTH SIXTH ST., PHILADELPHIA. pord 9 5eeds>mei? , U. S. f\. Issue an Annual Catalogue which is sent free to all who apply. It is neatly arranged, plain, readable, with few illustrations ; comprehensive yet concise, (without bombast or exaggeration) giving Accurate Descriptions and Fair Prices for best stocks of all the leading varieties of Vegetable, Flower and Field Seeds, Seed Potatoes, Fruit Trees. Plants and Vines, etc., etc. We handle no goods of doubtful quality, the best being none too good. Originators of Ford's Early Sweet Corn, the very best early variety; Advance Tomato, earliest, smoothest, best quality. Intro- ducers of Lee's Favorite Potato, the very best early potato; the new Crandall Currant, remarkable for its wonderful productiveness, large size and fine quality, The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. THE SEEDSJURN'S JHflGNIFYIN& GLRSSES, Farmers and dealers alike, for their own protection, should be able to distinguish \ the harmless grass-hop per dirts from plantain seeds; pepper-grass seeds from white clover; rag- weed from red-top; cone-flower (or yellow daisy) from broken seems. The naked eye, however good it may be, needs assistance for the purpose of facilitating the examination of grass seeds. This we particularly invite as to our own special brands. We have the glasses here shown made in large quantities, to enable us to supply our customers with some- thing serviceable, at a nominal price. COUNTER GLASS, with lens 2 # inches di- ameter, height 4 inches, postpaid, 50 cents. HAND GLASS, lense i> inches "diameter, post- paid, 30 cents. The Whitney-Noyes Seed Co., BINGHAMTON, N. Y. New Strawberry "LADY RUSK.' The best berry for long distance shipments. Will not rot or melt down if packed dry. Headquarters for all leading varieties of Berry Plants and (iRAPK VINES, having 300 acres in cultiva- tion. Catalogue Free. WM. STAHL, QUINCY, ILL. ihe Horticulturist's Rule- Book- BERRY BOXES and BASKETS. WELLS HIGMAN CO. , MICHIGAN BASKET FACTORY ST JOSEPH, MICH, SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED PRICE LI 100 Varieties. S m all pruit Plants, gtc.. for rjurser\/*men, Dealers and fruit (3roia?ers. Best Quality, Lowest Prices. Guaranteed Genuine, Intro- ducer of the New Red Grape MO\R. Early as Champion, Good as Delaware, Healthy, Hardy and Reliable. Can ship any day from October 1st until May 20th, having over 55,000 cubic feet cellar storage room. You cannot afford to buy Vines and Plants without giving me a trial. 3 Sample Vines mailed for 15 cts. Illustrated descriptive price list free. Send list of your wants for lowest quotations. is Rpeseb, f redonia, ft. y The Horticulturist s Rule- Book. REID'S Small Km its, Trees, Vines, Seeds, Ornamentals, Crates and. Baskiets. Everything for the Fruit Grower. Prices Low. Estimates Free. You save one hzlf by seeing our list. New Fruits a Specialty. "Trie Trtath aboxat Ne^v Krtaits, ' IlluLstrated Catalogue, KREE. . W. REID, Bridgeport. Oriio. The Horticulturist' 's Rule- Book. A GOOD GARDEN FEEDS BUGS. SLUG SHOT KILLS BUGS. 10 full Years Record proves that SLUG SHOT is Reliable, and is safe to Man or Beast, Kills the Potato Bugs, Currant and Cabbage Worms, Black Fleas on Turnips, Radishes, Etc., Green Flies on Roses and Other Flowers, Slugs on Quinces and Pears, Canker Worms, Cut Worms around Cucumbers, Melons, Beans, Etc., Worms on Tomatoes and Tobacco. Alt is a cheap powder, destructive to insects that prey upon vegetation. Destroys vermin and leaves plant unharmed. BA " Bug" is a small atom and needs only a little of the right stuff to destroj it. The right thing is SLUG SHOT. A heavy dose is like send- ing an elephant to kill a house fly. C Special articles like Hellebore, Tobacco, etc., are good for some pur- poses. SLUG SHOT is a general insecticide, good in all cases. D Insects that fly, like Flea Beetles and Rose Bugs, are more difficult to contend against than are Caterpillars or Slugs. Look often and dust when necessary. E Tender plants that feel frost quickly are sensitive to heavy applications of Insecticides, so dust light. Sold by the Seedsmen of America. For pamphlet on reliable insecticides and fungicides, address B. HAMMOND, Fishkill-on-Hudson, N. Y. The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. FLORAL GUIDE. The Pioneer Seed Catalogue of Amer- ica, containing com- Clete list of Vegeta- les, Flowers, Bulbs, Potatoes and Small Fruits, with descrip- tion and prices. De- partment of Special- ties and all Worthy Novelties. Same shape and style as proved so satisfac- tory last year. Many new and elegant il- lustrations, hand- some colored plate 8xio^ inches, and frontispiece. Spe- cial Cash Prizes $1,000; see Floral Guide. Every person who owns a foot of land, or cultivates a plant should have a copy. Mailed on receipt of 10 cents, which amount may be deducted from first order. Abridged Catalogue Free. Pure stocks. Full Measure. Prices Low for Honest Goods. JAMES VICK, Seedsman, Rochester, N. Y. liiiiiiMniiiNMMiiiMinniiiuiiiiiMiiiniiiiiiiiitMnMiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiiii'iiuiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiiinMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiii BURPEE'S FARM ANNUAL, Handsomely illustrated with colored plates painted from nature tells all about the BEST SEEDS, Including rare novelties of sterling merit, which cannot be obtained elsewhere. It is mailed free to all who want really first-class Warranted Seeds. W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., PHILADELPHIA, PA. miiMiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiuiiiiiiiiiwiiiiiniiiiiiim The Horticulturist' s Rule- Book. Detroit paper (Nlou^Ity Qo IMPROVED Folding Paper Berry Baskets. Folded. (Patent applied for.) Set up for use, Made of strong Water-proof Manilla Tag Board. Will stand Rain or Soft Berries. Can be set up in a moment. Neat, attractive and convenient. So cheap that it can be given away with the fruit. The only berry package made with handle and cover, a point that wid be appreciated by both retailer and consumer. Made with or without perforation. The bail being square, folds against the inside of the basket and cannot injure the fruit Write for circulars, containing price list, full description and testimonials. We also manu- facture the "Novelty" Wooden Shipping Crate. Strong, light and cheap. Write for particulars. Detroit 'Paper Novelty Company, Detroit, Mich igan . Professor L. H. Bailey uses and endorses our Packages. The Horticulturist's Rule- Book. LSEEDSi .519 III IMPLEMENTS 11217 JOHNSON & STOKES, SEEDSMEN, 217 AND 219 MARKET STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PA. FARM SEEDS, GARDEN SEEDS, FLOWER SEEDS, HORTICULTURAL SUPPLIES, POULTRY SUPPLIES. SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. The Horticulturist s Rule- Book. Boltoi? jtot-U/ater Jieater for U/armii?<$ I^esidei?ees, Qreepl^ouses, Schools, Hospitals, te., te. The Bolton is the most economical, durable and efficient. Its vertical circulation renders its action prompt and rapid. Its fire surface is the largest in proportion to grate surface. No bolted, flanged or packed joints ; there- fore cannot leak. Its brick casing entirely prevents loss of heat In cellar. Wrought iron, therefore cannot crack. Manufacturers also of the COM- BINATION GAS MACHINE, the best "Portable "gas apparatus; furnishes gas in country at less than city prices. DETROIT HEATING & LIGHTING COMPANY, 88 LAKE ST., CHICAGO. WIGHT ST., DETROIT. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY