LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. RECEIVED BY EXCHANGE Class METAPHOR AND COMPARISON IN THE EPISTULAE AD LUCILIUM OF L. ANNAEUS SENECA BY CHARLES SIDNEY SMITH SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OP UNIVKESITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY IN CONFORMITY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREK OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY MAY 8. 1906 BALTIMORE J. H. FURST COMPANY 1910 PREFATORY NOTE The delay in publishing this dissertation has been due partly to pressure of other duties, and partly to the desire to await the completion of the seventh edition of the " Antibarbarus," in order that references to that work might be corrected in conformity with the latest edition. I regret that unexpected difficulty and delay in obtaining a copy of D. STEYNS' " tude sur les me*ta- phores et les comparaisons dans les oeuvres en prose de Se"neque le Philosophe," Gand, 1906, prevented me from being able to make use of it before my manuscript was practically ready for the printer ; and I am, therefore, obliged to content myself with a commendatory notice in this place. September 4, 1909. C. S. S. 210039 ERRATA. On page 5, line 13, for " dea ", read der. line 22, for "1828", read 1832. On page 181, line 5, for "45", read 46. for "133", read 135. BIBLIOGRAPHY Inasmuch as the present discussion is concerned rather with what Seneca himself said than with what has been said about him, it is not necessary to include here the somewhat extensive bibliog- raphy on the latter subject which was originally prepared in connection with the dissertation. I shall, therefore, only mention a few of the works which I have found especially helpful for my present purpose, namely : A. BIESE, " Die Entwicklung des Naturgefiihls bei den Romern," Kiel, 1884 (pages 127-136 on Seneca); A. GERCKE, " Seneca-Studien," Jbb. f. class. Phil., Supplb. xxn (1895), 1. Heft; K. F. H. MARX, " Uebersichtliche Anordnung der die Medizin betreffenden Ausspriiche des Philo- sophen L. Ann. Seneca," 22. Bd., Abhandl. d. kon. Gesellsch. des Wiss. zu Gottingen, 1877; F. I. MERCHANT, "Seneca the Philosopher and his Theory of Style," A. J. P. xxvi (1905), p. 44 ff. ; H. A. MUNRO, "Virgil and Seneca," E. J. P. n (1869), pp. 144-146 ; and H. WIRTH, " De Vergilii apud Senecam philos. usu," Dissert., Freiburg, 1900. The text of the "Epistulae Morales " which has been used in collecting the examples is that of O. HENSE, Leipzig, 1898 (Teubner) ; and I follow his readings throughout, except as indicated in individual cases. Occasional reference is made to the translations of Seneca by A. PAULY and A. HAAKH (Stuttgart, 1828-1851) and J. BAILLARD (Paris, 1905). Any study of metaphor and simile among the ancients must, of course, be under obligation to G. GERBER, " Sprache als Kunst," 2. Aufl., Berlin, 1885, n, p. 72 ff. ; K. F. VON NAGELSBACH, " Lateinische Stilistik," 8. Aufl. besorgt von I. MULLER, Nurn- berg, 1888, p. 502 ff. ; and R. VOLKMANN, "Die Rhetorik der Griechen und Romer," 2. Aufl., Leipzig, 1885, p. 415 ff. Of great value, also, is the discussion of the style of Seneca by E. JSToRDEN, "Die antike Kunstprosa," Leipzig, 1898, i, pp. 306- 313 ; and the articles on individual words in J. Ph. KREBS, " Antibarbarus der lateinischen Sprache," 7. Aufl. by J. H. SCHMALZ, Basel, 1905-1907. 5 6 Metaphor and Comparison in Seneca The bibliography for metaphor which is given by W. PECZ, on pp. vii xn of his " Beitrage zur vergleichenden Tropik der Poesie," in Berliner Studien in (1886), is practically complete up to that date ; and as this has been supplemented by the lists in H. L. WILSON, " The Metaphor in the Epic Poems of Statius " (Baltimore, 1898) and G. O. BERG, "Metaphor and Comparison in the Dialogues of Plato " (Johns Hopkins Dissert., 1903; publ. Berlin, 1904), it is sufficient for me merely to add a few recent titles, viz. : W. W. BADEN, " The Principal Figures of Language and Figures of Thought in Isaeus and the Guardianship Speeches of Demosthenes," Johns Hopkins Dissert., Baltimore, 1906 ; W. BARCZAT, "De figurarum disciplina atque auctoribus ; Pars I, Auctores Graeci," Gottingen, 1904; R. FENGER, "De metonymiae in epigrammatis Martialis usu," Dissert., Jena, 1906; E. LINDSKOG, "In tropos scriptorum Latinorum studia," Commentt. Acad., Upsala, 1903 ; R. M. MEYER, " Das Gleichnis," Jbb. xi (1908), 1. Heft, pp. 63-72 ; J. PENNDORF, "De sermone figurato quaestio rhetorica," Leipz. Studd., 20. Bd. (1903); R. S. RADFORD, " Personification and the Use of Abstract Subjects in the Attic Orators and Thukydides," Part I (Johns Hopkins Dissert,), Baltimore, 1901 ; and L. VAN HOOK, "The Metaphori- cal Terminology of Greek Rhetorical and Literary Criticism," Dissert., Univ. of Chicago Press, 1905. For an interesting discussion of the troublesome subject of the development and grouping of Figures of Speech, see H. E. GREENE in Publications of the Modern Lang. Assoc. of America, Vol. vm (New Series, Vol. i), Baltimore, 1893, p. 432 ff. A short but suggestive article on " The Force of Metaphor" is to be found on p. 397 of Scribner's Magazine for March, 1903. For convenience of reference, I shall indicate DE-ViT 7 s edition of FORCELLINI'S " Lexicon totius Latinitatis " by F-DV. ; HAR- PERS' " Latin Dictionary," edited by C. T. LEWIS and C. SHORT, by H. Lex. ; a combination of these two by Lexx. ; the seventh edition of the " Antibarbarus " by Antib. 7 ; and A. OTTO'S "Die Sprichworter und sprichwortlichen Redensarten der Romer" (Leipzig, 1890) by Otto, "Sprichworter." INTRODUCTORY REMARKS The prominent position which L. Annaeus Seneca occupies in the history of Latin literature is so well known that it hardly requires any discussion here. In sect. 287 of WARR'S edition of TEUFFEL'S "History of Roman Literature 7 ' he is described as " the most brilliant figure " of his time, " in point of literary skill . . . only comparable with Ovid, to whom he was vastly superior in intellect ; " in sect. 288 it is said that " Seneca is as a writer also a faithful image of his period . . . ; he purposely wrote in harmony with the prevailing taste and successfully courted the applause of his contemporaries;" and sect. 289 remarks that "the estimation in which the writings of Seneca were held caused them to be frequently copied and abridged." H. M. KINGERY, on pp. 18-19 of the Introduction to his edition of "The Medea of Seneca" (Crawfordsville, Ind., 1900) affirms that no study of the literature of Rome can afford to leave Seneca out of account, and that, by developing the tendencies already started by Ovid, he became the creator of a new school of rhetoric. D. COMPARETTI, " Vergil in the Middle Ages" (Engl. Transl., K Y., 1896), p. 36, charac- terizes him as " Seneca, who strove to wed the worst extravagances of rhetoric with philosophy, and yet, in spite of all his failings, startles us with his genius." H. RIEGER, " Observationes Annae- anae" (Freiburg, 1889) declares (p. 5) that 'the history of the Latin language cannot be completed until the language of the most flourishing author of Silver Latinity has been so thoroughly examined that a certain judgment can be passed upon it;' and M. ZIMMERMANN, " De Tacito Senecae philosophi imitatore " (Bresl. philol. Abh., V. Band, 1. Heft, 1889) says (p. 2): "Is autem, qui inter auctores argenteae latin itatis principem tenet locum ... L. Annaeus Seneca, quo nemo fere scriptorum Romanorum maiorem stili splendorem adsecutus est. Patris enim vestigiis insistens flumen verborum et volubilitatem, quam Ciceroniana oratio adfectaverat, distinctis et interpunctis inter- 7 8 Metaphor and Comparison in Seneca vallis ita inhibuit, ut singulis colis morae atque respiratione intercederent, et quo magis singula cola coartabantur, eo magis clausula concisomm et initium emicabat, cum praesertirn numeri oratorii et verborum collocationis maximam rationem haberet. Sed non solum brevitati sententiarum homo Cordubensis operam dabat, verum etiam, quoniam et ipse poeta erat, poetico solutae orationis colori, quo in genere maxime audacissimas translationes usurpat. Quantum id dicendi genus, quod L. Annaeus Seneca excolebat, habuerit momentum, inde elucet, quod non solum aequalium eius, verum etiam historicorum Komanorum prae- clarissimi, Cornelii Taciti aures ita adfecit, ut is in eloqueudo Senecae stilo accederet." In the course of his valuable and suggestive characterization of the style of Seneca, in the first volume of " Die antike Kunstprosa," Eduard Norden says (p. 306) : " Seneca gait der Nachwelt gewissermassen als der lit- terarische Repriisentant der ersten Kaiserzeit," adding that, in the Middle Ages, he was better known than even Cicero, and that he "hat von jeher die Augen der Menschen auf sich ge- zogen : Hass und Liebe, bittere und milde Beurteilung sind keinem anderen Menschen und Schriftsteller des Altertums in gleichem Masse zuteil geworden." On p. 307, Norden con- tinues: "Sein Stil war die cause celebre fiir die archaistischen Kritiker von Trajan bis zu den Antoninen. . . . Der Grund fiir die Erbitterung und fiir eine solche Erbitterung ist klar : im Kampf der Parteien, der in der traianischen Zeit, nachdem er lange unter der Asche geglimmert hatte, emporflammte, in diesem Kampf . . . hielt die Partei der Modernen das Banner hoch, auf dem der Name Senecas leuchtete, wahrend die reaktioniire Partei dies Banner herabreissen und ein anderes mit Cicero als Devise aufpflanzen wollte;" and again, on p. 312, he expresses the opinion that, in spite of his faults, Seneca is to be regarded as, next to Tacitus, the best representative of the " Modern Style." Compare also, A. Gercke, " Seneca-Studien " (p. 133 ff.), who mentions Pliny, Tacitus and Juvenal among the imitators of Seneca, and whose statement concerning the unfriendly attitude assumed toward him by the professional rhetoricians is proved by Introductory Remarks 9 such passages as Quint. 10, 1, 126f. ; Fronto, p. 155 f. Naber; and Gell. N. A. 12, 2, 1 f. On the other hand, we have Colu- mella's description of him (De R. R. in, Chap. 3) as "excellens" and Pliny's (N. H. 14, 51), as "principe turn eruditionis ac poten- tiae." Tacitus, A. 13, 3, says that he had " ingenium amoenum et temporis eius auribus adcommodatum," and even Quintilian (1. c., sect. 128) makes the admission that he had many and great virtues, and attests his popularity by saying (sect. 126) " turn autem solus hie fere in manibus adulescentium fuit." We should have expected, therefore, that the style of an author of such prominence, regarded so universally as a leading repre- sentative, if not the originator, of one phase of Latin literary development, would have long ago received a careful and ex- haustive investigation. Yet H. Rieger, writing in 1889, is forced to confess (op. cit., p. 5) that ' Haase's complaint at the neglect of the language of Seneca, more than twenty-eight years ago, has as yet borne little fruit;' and since Rieger' s own dissertation, which deals with the causal particles in Seneca, the only impor- tant works along this line which have been published are : G. REINECKE, ft De coniunctionum usu apud Senecam philosophum " (Dissert., Miinchen, 1890) ; J. JOHRING, " De particularum ut, ne, quin, quominus apud Senecam philosophum vi atque usu " (Prager Studd., 1. Heft, 1894); J. HAMMELRATH, " Grammatisch- stilistische Beitrage zu den pros. Schriften des L. A. Seneca " (Progr., Emmerich, 1895; on the tenses) ; F. RECH, "Observa- tiones grammaticae de ' in ' praepositione cum accusative iunctae apud Senecam usu" (Dissert., Freiburg, 1895); H.WEBER, "De Senecae philosophi dicendi genere Bioneo " (Dissert., Marburg, 1895); and R. B. STEELE, "Chiasmus in the Epistles of Cicero Seneca, Pliny and Fronto" (in " Studies in Honor of B. L. Gilder- sleeve/ 7 Baltimore, 1902, p. 339 ff.). 1 Mention should also be made of the discussion of Seneca's style by L. FRIEDLANDER in sectt. 224-235 of his article "Der Philosoph Seneca," Hist. Zeits. N. F. XLIX (1900), 2, p. 192ff. x For Steyns' "Etude sur les Me"taphores et les Comparaisons " see Prefatory Note. 10 Metaphor and Comparison in Seneca Hence it is manifest that a very large part of the ground still lies neglected, including, strangely enough, that section of it which ought to prove especially fertile in the case of such an author as Seneca, namely, the study of his use of tropes and figures. My attention was first called to this as a promising field for research by the late Dr. MORRIS C. SUTPHEN, at that time Instructor in Latin in the Johns Hopkins University, whose own admirably thorough and scholarly dissertation on the colloquial element in Seneca, submitted to the Board of University Studies of that institution when he was a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in 1899, remains as yet only in manuscript, by reason of the untimely and greatly lamented death of its author in August, 1901, but will, it is to be hoped, ultimately be published as a highly valuable contribution to the study of Seneca and of Latin style in general. I very soon became convinced that, in so large a field, I should be compelled to make a choice between extensive and intensive methods; and, as it seemed to me that a somewhat thorough treatment of a limited portion of the subject would produce better results than a more superficial examination of the whole, I decided to confine my present inves- tigation to the use of METAPHOR AND COMPARISON IN SENECA'S "EpiSTULAE AD LuciLiUM." My reason for selecting the Letters was that they are generally recognized as the most distinctly characteristic part of Seneca 7 s writings and give, as is stated in sect. 289 of Warr's edition of TeuffePs "History of Roman Literature/ 7 "the fullest reflection of the writer's idiosyncrasy." The great importance of a study of metaphor and its kindred figure, simile or comparison, has been emphasized so often that there is no need for me to justify my decision to turn my atten- tion to that side of Seneca's style. As far back as Aristotle, Poetics, Chap. 22, we have the statement : TTO\V Se iieyia-Tov TO fjL6Ta(j)opt,/cov elvai. pdvov yap TOVTO ovre Trap' a\\ov ecrrl \afSelVj e/Ji(f)Vias re crrjfjLeldv ecru TO yap ev peTa^epeiv TO opoiov Oewpelv ea-Ti. The exceedingly great value which an index of Latin metaphors would have for a student of that language is emphasized on page 504 of Nagelsbach-Miiller's " Lateinische Stilistik." BAKER, " Die Metaphern in den Satiren des Horaz " (Progr. des Introductory Remarks 11 Realgymn. zu Stralsund, 1883), p. 1, asserts that the figurative expressions used by an author " sind unmittelbare Erzeugnisse des Geistes, und je zahlreicher dieselben vertreten sind, um so leichter werden wir ein treues Bild von der Gesichtskreise des Schreibers erhalten ; " they enable us to determine " auf welchen Feldern der Geist des Schriftstellers thatig ist." J. FRANKE, " De Tib. Silii Italic! Punicorum Tropis" (Dissert., Miinchen, 1889), p. 5, after commenting upon the light which a study of the tropes and figures of any language can throw upon the character and mental habits of the people, adds " qui linguae Latinae in dies magis cognoscendae operam navat, quin in tropos quoque e* figuras, qualia apud singulos Romanorum scriptores exstent, accuratius inquirant, facere non potuerunt." At the beginning of his Zurich dissertation on " Metapher und Gleichnis in den Schriften Lukians" (publ. Winterthur, 1897), OSKAR SCHMIDT, in announcing the objects which he has in view, says that he desires, by his collection of the metaphors and similes in Lucian, to present a picture of the creative talent of that author and gain a glimpse into the civilization of the period. 1 Finally, we may quote the opening words of H. L. Wilson's dissertation on " The Metaphor in the Epic Poems of Publius Papinius Statius : " " The importance of the metaphor as an element of style can hardly be overestimated. Especially is this true of the literature of the Romans, who were by no means as familiar with tropical forms of expression as most modern nations. The spheres from which metaphors are most frequently derived, and the point of view not only in the creation of new ones but also in the development or extension of those already found in literature, serve to characterise the different classes of poetry and even individual poets." In less degree, perhaps, but with almost equal truth, * prose ? and ' individual prose writers ' might be added to the statement of this concluding sentence ; nor can the way in which the poets made use of metaphorical language be fully understood and appreciated without some knowledge of the habits of prose writers in the same respect. J Cf. H. P. HUMPHRY, " The Significance of Similes" in " Academy," Vol. 67, p, 461 f. (Nov. 12, 1904). 12 Metaphor and Comparison in Seneca Accordingly, the main purpose of the present investigation is to show how extensively Seneca made use of metaphor and com- parison, the spheres from which he derived them, and the way in which he handled them. But, in connection with this, I have also sought to make a collection of examples which may con- tribute something to our knowledge of Latin figurative language in general, and to a better understanding of this side of Silver Latinity in particular. For this reason, I have interpreted " meta- phor " somewhat broadly, so as to include some cases which would strictly belong under the head of metonymy ; as well as a large number of tropical expressions which had become more or less commonplace and trite, but which could not be omitted from any comparative study of Latin phraseology and style. Similarly, I have preferred to use the term " Comparison " rather than " Simile, 77 in order to admit what Berg, in his Johns Hopkins dissertation on "Metaphor and Comparison in the Dialogues of Plato/ 7 p. 5, calls "didactic comparisons 77 (the 7rapa/3o\r) of Aristotle, Rhet. n, 20, 1393, b 4: cf. Quint. 5, 11, 23 ; 6, 3, 59 and 8, 3, 74 if.), borrowing the term from E. G. SiHLER 7 s unpub- lished "Study of Metaphor and Comparison in Plato 77 (Johns Hopkins Dissert., 1882). Since the method pursued has necessarily resulted in the collec- tion of a large number of examples (somewhat over five thousand metaphors and between three and four hundred comparisons), the proper arrangement of the material becomes a question of impor- tance. Several different systems have been used in classifying metaphors. That which has by far the longest history is the fourfold one recommended by Quintilian, Inst. Or. 8, 6, 9-10 (cf. Pseud.-Plut., Vit. Horn. 20), which divides them into (1) animate for animate ; (2) inanimate for inanimate ; (3) inanimate for animate ; (4) animate for inanimate. This is the one used by J. MUTZELL, " De translationum quae vocantur apud Curtium usu 77 (Berlin, 1842) and by Franke, "De Silii Italici Tropis, 77 although the latter first separates his examples according to the parts of speech ; and is endorsed by Nagelsbach-M tiller, " Die lateinische Stilistik, 77 p. 504. A second method was proposed by Introductory Remarks 13 S. VON RAUMER, " Die Metapher bei Lucrez " (Progr., Erlangen, 1893), who divides them according as they are concrete terms used for concrete : concrete for abstract ; abstract for abstract ; or abstract for concrete. H. L. Wilson adopts this in his dissertation on Metaphor in Statius, already cited. Gerber, "Sprache als Kunst," n, p. 83, thinks that the essential distinction is indicated by Tryphon's phrase (Spengel, ill, p. 191) epcfxio-ecos T) ofjioidcrecos ve/ca, and accordingly suggests as the proper headings "(1) Metapher der Schilderung, (a) eines ruhenden, (b) eines bewegten Bildes; (2) personifizierende Metapher." Still another method, which has been profitably used several times in recent years, classifies the metaphorical expressions according to the sphere from which they are derived. This was employed by Backer in his article entitled "Die Metaphern in den Satiren des Horaz" and more fully developed by HUGO BLUMNER in " Studien zur Geschichte der Metapher im griechischen " (Leipzig, 1891). It is adopted also by Schmidt and Berg, and by Otto in the " Ver- zeichnis der Sprichworter nach sachlichen Gesichtspunkten," on pp. 381-403 of his " Sprichworter und sprichwortlichen Redens- arten der Romer." It would be, of course, possible to discuss the various metaphorical words in alphabetical sequence, as P. LANGEN has done in his article " Die metapher im lateinischen von Plautus bis Terentius" (Jbb. 125, 1882, pp. 673-692 and 753-779). Each of these classifications has its advantages and its disadvantages, but the form used by Bliimner appears to be decidedly the best for the objects which I have in view in the present investigation, and I have therefore adopted most of his divisions, with such minor changes as were necessitated by the character of the material ; although I am at the same time con- strained to admit, as Bliimner himself does (Vorwort, p. xviii), that this classification is by no means perfect and, at some points, rather unsatisfactory. In pursuance of this plan, I shall now proceed to present the examples collected under the following main heads: 14 Metaphor and Comparison in Seneca PAGE I. MAN, - - 17 A. SOUL, MIND, EMOTIONS, - 17 B. THE BODY AND ITS CONDITIONS, - 27 (a) The Body and its Parts, - 27 (b) Life, Death, Burial, - - 36 (c) Health and Sickness, - 39 (d) Sleep and Dreams, - - 46 (e) Periods of Life (Childhood, Youth, Age), - - 47 (f ) Senses and Perceptions, - 48 C. SHELTER AND CLOTHING, - 55 (a) The House and its Furnishings, - 55 (b) Dress and Toilet, - 62 D. FAMILY AND DAILY LIFE, - 62 (a) Relationships, Family and Social, - 62 (b) Generation and Birth, - 63 (c) Love and Marriage, - 64 (d) Master and Slave, - 65 (e) Eating, Drinking, Preparation of Food, - 68 (f) Amusements, - 72 (g) Education, - 77 (h) Miscellaneous, - 78 E. RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY, - 81 F. FARMING, HUNTING, FISHING, HORSEMANSHIP, - 84 (a) Farming, - 84 (b) Hunting, - 88 (c) Fishing, - 89 (d) Horsemanship, - - 89 G. ARTS AND TRADES, - - 90 (a) In General, - - 91 (b) Building (Architect, Carpenter, Mason), - 92 (c) Metal- Working and Engraving, - 94 (d) Sculpture, - 95 (e) Drawing and Painting, - 95 (f ) Music and Literature, - 96 (g) Weaving and Dyeing, - 98 (h) Medicine and Surgery, - - 100 (i) Perfumery, - 102 H. COMMERCE AND TRAVEL, - - 102 (a) Wealth, Property, Business, Debt, - - 102 (b) Weights and Measures, - - 110 (c) Travelling by Land, - - 113 (d) Navigation, - - 124 Introductory Remarks 15 I. WARFARE, - - 127 J. LAW AND POLITICS, - 135 (a) Offices, - 135 (b) Laws and Courts, r 137 (c) Crimes and Penalties, - - 144 (d) Civic Life, - 146 II. THE REALM OF NATURE, - 150 In General, - 151 A. ANIMAL KINGDOM, - 151 (a) Wild Animals, - 152 (b) Domestic Animals, - - 153 (c) Fish, - - 155 (d) Birds, - - 155 (e) Insects, - - 156 (f) Keptiles, - 156 B. VEGETABLE KINGDOM, - 157 C. MINERALS, - - 159 D. THE ELEMENTS, WEATHER, SEASONS, CELESTIAL PHENOMENA, 159 (a) Fire, Heat, Light, - 159 (b) Air, Wind, - - 162 (c) Water and Fluids, - 163 (d) Weather, Kain, Snow, - 166 (e) Heavenly Bodies, - 167 (f ) Seasons, Parts of the Day, - - 167 E. LAND AND SEA, - - 168 (a) Land and Mountains, - - 168 (b) Ocean, Sea, Tide, etc., - 169 (c) Rivers, Springs, etc., - - 171 III. GENERAL NOTIONS, - 173 A. PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL OBJECTS, - 174 B. WORDS INDICATING GENERAL ACTIONS, - - 176 I. MAN Man as a whole furnishes Seneca with few metaphors or com- parisons. In Ep. 86, 12, after commenting upon the difference between the luxury of his own day, with its perfumes and daily visits to the public baths, and the customs of the men of the period of the Punic wars, he asks the question " Quid putas illos oluisse?", and answers "Militiam, laborem, virurn." In Ep. 46, 2, he speaks of the vlrilis conpositio of Lucilius' book (cf. Quint. 2, 5, 9). Ep. 66 has several comparisons between men and things, to illustrate quomodo possint paria bona esse, si triplex eorum condicio est. In sect. 21, we are told that a thing which is honorable, but tristis atque aspera will occupy, in the eyes of the philosopher, the same position as a man who is good, but poor, exiled and pale. In sect. 22, a good man who is abundantly sup- plied with riches is contrasted with one who has nothing, but both are equally good ; so, in the case of things, virtue is equally praise- worthy in a strong free body, or in one which is sick and bound A similar line of argument is pursued through sections 22-27 ; and finally, in sections 3334, the statement is made that all good and honorable actions are equal, just as all good men are, though differing in age, beauty, wealth and popularity. A. SOUL, MIND, EMOTIONS Metaphors from this sphere are very numerous, and are about equally divided between moral, intellectual and emotional quali- ties. Substantives are used for this purpose comparatively seldom ; adjectives and adverbs show a considerably larger number, while verbs more than equal the other two classes combined. Of course, a very large percentage of the examples are those in which there is a more or less complete personification of abstract qualities, but there are also a number of striking instances of tropes involving inanimate objects. For convenience 17 18 Metaphor and Comparison in Seneca of reference, it has seemed best to give an alphabetical list of the chief examples that belong in this division. admonere: Ep. 39, 1 (ratio as subject). Ep. 46, 1 (fames as subject). Ep. 47, 19 verberibus muta admonentur. Ep. 49, 1 ab aliqua regione admonitus. Ep. 57, 4 (natura as subject, virtus object). Ep. 101, 1 (dies and hora as subjects). adprobare : Ep. 99, 18 stultius vero nihil est quam famam captare tristitiae et lacrimas adprobare. The meaning here seems to be 'gain people's favor by.' Haakh in his translation renders "zeigen zu wollen." Cf. Sen. Here. Oet. 1712 ; id. Med. 977; and Pliny, N. H. 11, 240 and 34, 45. aemulator : Ep. 124, 23 animus . . . aemulator dei. agnoscere: Ep. 66, 44 (virtus as subject). ambitiosus : Ep. 119, 14 ambitiosa non est fames. arguere : Ep. 100, 3 contemplatio diligens inventura est, quod arguat. argumentum : Ep. 122, 3 (action is " et officium et argumentum" of life). audax : Ep. 114, 1 sensus audaces (of literary style ; in the same context, abruptae sententiae). Cf. Quint. 8, 6, 67 (hyperbole audacioris ornatus); id. 10, 1, 104 (sententiae) ; id. 10, 5, 4 (verba). audere : Ep. 42, 3 vitia non minus ausura. Ep. 114, 16 (sententiae) plus ausae quam pudore salvo licet. Ep. 123, 9 (malae voces) quom initium fecerunt admissaeque insunt, plus audent. The only example given by Lexx. 1 of audere with an impersonal subject is Lucr. 6, 1072 (latices in fontibus audent misceri) ; see also Antib. 7 , I, p. 218 l s. v. audens. Cf. inausus. avidus: Ep. 118, 6 felicitas, 'good luck.' benignus : Ep. 117, 32 tempus (in same connection, liberate) . blandi men turn : Ep. 78, 22 sensuum. blandiri: Ep. 46, 1 (with Lucilius' book as subject). Ep. 114, 15 (with compositio as subject). Lexx. give no instances of the use of this verb with sub- jects of this type. blandus : Ep. 103, 1 malum. Ep. 118, 8 mala. cogitare : Ep. 104, 6 corporis . . . male cogitantis (i. e., impeding thought ; but see Hense's ap. crit. for a different explanation). colligere : Ep. 53, 5 stomachum (after seasickness ; evidently derived from the common phrase colligere animum. I find no other example of colligere stomachum). comis : Ep. 88, 30 humanitas . . . comem se . . . praestat. commendare : Ep. 24, 21 ubi veritati commendas verba (so the MSS., but see Hense, ap. crit., for a different reading). Ep. 42, 1 eximia vero ipsa raritate commendat (natura). Ep. 55, 8 animus . . . sibi commendat omnia. Ep. 76, 8 vitem fertilitas commendat. Ep. 104, 2 (Paulina) mihi valitudinem meam com- mendat. Ep. 119, 4 (fames) mihi commendavit quodcumque comprendero. Ep. 121, 16 mihi . . . me natura commendat. comminisci : Ep. 78, 23 hoc enim iam luxuria commenta est. Ep. 86, 8 cum aliquid novi luxuria commenta est. These may be regarded as merely cases where luxuria is put by metonymy for luxuriosi. In the sense * feign, fabricate ' some- thing that is untrue, comminisci is common in Plautus, cf. also Ter. Heaut. 674 ; 1 For meaning of these abbreviations, see page 6. Soul, Mind, Emotions 19 Cic. Att. 6, 1, 8 ; Quint. 5, 13, 30 (which seems the only instance for Quintilian), Meaning l devise, contrive, ' it occurs in Livy, Mela, Florus and especially Sue- tonius, but in these authors it always has a personal subject. concors : Ep. 89, 15 vita concors sibi. Cf. discors. concupiscere : Ep. 90, 19 (natura) super vacua coepit concupiscere. conscius : Ep. 101, 15 lucem ... tot consciam scelerum. consentire: Ep. 71, 2 'whatever we do should harmonize with the summum bonum.' In the sense 'agree with, harmonize with,' this verb is quite common, even with things as subject. Ep. 118, 12 multa naturae . . . consentiunt. Ep. 123, 14 retro abducere cum vitio . . . consentire est. consilium : Ep. 85, 8 ' no passion knows how to obey or receives advice. ' contemnere : Ep. 116, 5 (with amor as subject). contemptrix : Ep. 88, 29 fortitude contemptrix timendorum. contentus : Ep. 77, 2 (ships velo contentae). Ep. 95, 7 (arts and wisdom 'con- tent with precepts'). contristare : Ep. 84, 2 (much writing contristabit vires). See Antib. 7 , I, p. 360. contumax : Ep. 119, 2 natura. contumelia: Ep. 70, 20 hoc (i. e., a shocking method of suicide which he has just described) fuit morti contumeliam facere. Ep. 123, 3 (venter) contumeliae patiens (cf. moratus). crudelitas : Ep. 70, 15 (vel morbi vel hominis). cupere : Ep. 87, 16 virtus . . . nee . . . aut cupit . . . aut expavescit. Ep. 90, 38 avaritia. cura : Ep. 88, 23 artes . . . quibus curae virtus est. delectari : Ep. 119, 3 (natura) ventrem non delectari vult, sed impleri. delicatus : Ep. 92, 33 imperium. In trop. sense ' spoiled with indulgence, delicate, dainty, effeminate,' cf. Plaut. Men. 119 ; Quint. 9, 4, 113 and 11, 3, 132 ; in sense 'fastidious, scrupulous,' cf. Quint. 3, 1, 3 (aures) and Plaut. Mil. 984 (vah delicatus ! ) ; see also morosus. deliciae : Ep. ] 14, 2 disciplina civitatis . . . se in delicias dedit. deridere: Ep. 49, 3 'we only live for a brief moment,' sed et hoc minimum specie quadam longioris spatii natura derisit. desiderare : Ep. 88, 35 laxum spatium res magna desiderat. Other instances of the use of this verb with inanimate subjects are Cic. Plane. 5, 13 (oculi mei te); id. Arch. 11, 28 (virtus nullam mercedem); id. Att. 5, 16, 1 (haec quae , . . orationem); id. Q. Fr. 3, 4, 4 (opera, subject); Quint. 3, 7, 4 (laus proba- tionem), and often; Pliny, N. H. 17, 249 (arbores rigari). Ep. 94, 10 non desiderant manifesta monitorem. Ep. 120, 1 epistula tua . . . hanc expediri desiderat. desumere : Ep. 51, 1 ilium (locum) sibi celebrandum luxuria desumpsit. The only authors cited for this verb are Horace (Ep. 2, 2, 81 for. Xe-y.), Livy, the younger Pliny, Tacitus, and Suetonius. This instance in Seneca is not included in Lexx. nor is it mentioned in Antib. 7 (q. v., I, p. 431). deterrere : Ep. 94, 37 leges a scelere deterrent. diligens : Ep. 95, 14 remediis diligentibus. For similar use in connection with inanimate objects, cf. Cic. De Or. 1, 33, 150 (scriptura); Pliny, N. H. 6, 84 (notitia); Tac. Dial. 39 (stilus); Veil. 1, 4 (custodia). discors : Ep. 95, 19 discordi cibo ; cf. Sen. Oed. 323 (favilla); id. Here. Fur. 711 (latex); id. Med. 941 (fluctus). 20 Metaphor and Comparison in Seneca dissidere : Ep. 56, 5 dum avaritia luxuriaque non dissideant ; cf. in same context rixentur and vexet. Ep. 84, 7 (summae dissidentes). Ep. 95, 19 (of food) inter se tarn diversa dissideant. Ep. 120, 8-9 ( neglegentia, facilitas, temeritas, fortitude) inter se dissidentia. dubius : Ep. 104, 6 marcor ille corporis dubii (i. e., in ill health). eligere : Ep. 44, 2 nee reicit quernquam philosophia nee eligit. Ep. 91, 5 eligit aliquid novi casus (subject). Ep. 110, 12 luxuriae . . . certa membra . . . eligentis. excogitare : Ep. 90, 7 (philosophia as subject ). exigere: Ep. 11, 10 aliquo, ad quern mores nostri se ipsi exigant. The mean- ing here is 'try, prove,' for which I have found no other example with an inanimate subject. Ep. 16, 3 innumerabilia . . . quae consilium exigant. Ep. 20, 2 (philosophia, subject). Ep. 70, 18 nunquam a nobis exegit huius virtutis experimentum integri ac sani felicitas corporis. Ep. 70, 18 (dies as subject ; wsum, object). Ep. 89, 9 (tertia pars philosophiae). When it has this meaning of 'require, demand,' the use of exigere with other than a personal subject is not common ; the only examples cited by Lexx. being Cic. Tusc. 1, 39, 93 (natura ; add id. Kep. 3, 28, 40); Ov. Fasti, 4, 230 (ira poenas); Col. 7, 12 (necessitas); id. 9, proem, (usus epularum); Pliny, N. H. 27, 17 (res); id. 31, 58 (res); Quint. 5, 11, 5 (res); id. 10, 3, 3 (res); id. 12, 1, 37 (utilitas); id. 12, 9, 20 (ratio); id. 12, 10, 69 (res); Sil. Ital. 7, 280 (fames poenas); Juv. 10, 187 (gloria poenas); Claud. Bell. Goth, (xxvi, Koch) 194 ( Alpes supplicium) . exorare : Ep. 78, 21 (nihil, subject). Ep. 94, 37 (praecepta, subject) in con- nection with eogunt ; cf. persuadere and minari. expavescere: Ep. 87, 16 (virtus, subject). expectare : Ep. 26, 7 te mors expectet . . . tu illam . . . expecta. experiri : Ep. 54, 4 mors experitur me . . . ego illam diu expertus sum. Ep. 82, 7 securos aliquis casus expertus est. fastidire : Ep. 87, 16 (artes as subject) . Ep. 110, 12 (luxuria, subject). fastidiose : Ep. 70, 20 fastidiose mori. favere : Ep. 90, 26 sapieutia . . . paci favet ; cf. Sen. Phoen. 438 and Phaed. 269. fidelis : Ep. 21, 3 (gloria) ; cf. stabilis. Ep. 27, 2 (inprobae voluptates) non sunt solidae, non sunt fideles. Ep. 80, 2 spectaculum non fidele et lusorium (Pauly translates "eitel," and Baillard " un spectacle de mensonge"). Ep. 98, 1 (gaudium) fidele firmumque. Concerning the metaphorical use of fidelis, Cicero says (Fam. 16, 17, 1) "nam et doctrina et domus et ars et ager etiam fidelis dici potest ; ut sit, quomodo Theophrasto placet, verecunda translatio." fideliter ; Ep. 2, 2 quod in animo fideliter sedeat. Ep. 50, 8 fideliter sedent, quae. Ep. 80, 6 saepius pauper et fidelius ridet. Ep. 84, 7 adsentiamur illis (sc. his, quibus aluntur ingenia) fideliter et nostra faciamus. fides : Ep. 67, 1 nee adhuc illi fides est (of a backward spring, which "saepe in hiemem revolvitur " ). fortis: Ep. 88, 2 (studium sapientiae). Ep. 95, 72 fortissimum vulnus. Ep. 100, 10 oratio. furere : Ep. 95, 30 non privatim solum, sed publice furimus. furor : Ep. 95, 32 potentem explicitumque late furorem. Cf. insania. Soul, Mind, Emotions 21 hilaris: Ep. 66, 15 materia (cf. laetus). Ep. 66, 24 res. Cf. Plant. Poen. 1367 (dies); Cic. Att. 7, 25 (litterae hilariores); Pliny, N. H. 16, 48 (abies hilarior); id. 23, 144 (color hilarior); id. 36, 55 (marmor hilarius); Quint. 8, 3, 49 (oratio); id. 8, 6, 27 (adulescentia) ; id. 12, 10, 28 (oratio hilarior); Juv. 15, 41 (dies). honestare : Ep. 71, 5 incommoda . . . quae . . . virtus honestaverit. honestus : Ep. 100, 8 corpus (of the literary work of Fabianus). honor : Ep. 92. 1 corpus in honorem animi coli. humane : Ep. 23, 1 humane nobiscum hiemps egerit. imitari : Ep. 120, 8 imitatur neglegentia facilitatem, temeritas fortitudinem. improbus (inp-): Ep. 94, 19 non . . . inbecillam aciem committas inprobo lumini. Ep. 114, 21 lacernas coloris improbi. inausus : Ep. 91, 15 nihil inausum esse fortunae. The word itself is confined to poetry and post-Augustan prose ; being cited by Lexx. only for Verg. A. 8, 205 ; Sen. Troad. 669 ; here; Val. Flacc. 1, 803 ; Tac. A. 1, 42 and, as subst., Sen. Thyest. 20. Add Sen. Phaed. 824 and Mart. 2, 14, 1. Cf. audax and audere. inexorabilis : Ep. 101, 7 fatorum necessitas. infamia : Ep. 82, 16 (mortis). Ep. 100, 7 (the style of Cicero) sine infamia mollis. Ep. Lib. xxn (excerpta Gellii), 9 infamiam nimis lascivae orationis. Cf. Ov. F. 1, 551 timor atque infamia silvae ; id. M. 8, 97 infamia saecli. infamare : Ep. 22, 7 illos apud te temeritatis infamet. Ep. 99, 26 infamant praecepta nostra duritiae. In the tropical sense ' blame, accuse, charge ' this verb is post- Augustan ; the only examples cited in Lexx., outside of Seneca, being in Livy, 40, 7, 8 ; Quint. 10, 1, 74 ; id. Decl. 2, 4 ; Apul. Apol. 2. H. Lex. (see p. 6) states that it is "rare but classical" in the sense 'bring into disrepute, dishonor,' but the only examples there cited from the classical period are Nep. Ale. 11 and Cic. Fam. 9, 12, 2, 1 and the other authors quoted are Propertius, Ovid, Columella, Petronius, Quintilian, Statius, Julius Paulus, Tertullian, 2 and Claudius Claudianus. The word occurs very frequently in Quintilian, who shows 5 examples in the Institutiones, and there are over a dozen instances in the Decla- mationes. infestare: Ep. 68, 7 huic, a quo saepe infestantur (of one's "besetting" weak- ness or disease). Pauly translates "das ihn mehrmals plagt." Ep. 71, 18 vir- tutem . . , quam incitat, quicquid infestat. Cf. Sen. Ben. 4, 35, 2 iter infestari latrociniis nuntiatur and Sen. Contr. 3, 18, 10 (pater animam). Infestare is mostly post- Augustan, the earliest example in prose being Bell. Alex, 3, 1 (muni- tiones, object). For full discussion of sphere and use, see Antib. 7 , i, p. 734 f. It is strange, however, that no reference is there made to the elder Pliny, who is rather fond of the word, e. g., N. H. 2, 228 (fons amaritudine infestatur); 6, 205 (insulas infestari beluis); 15, 92 (membrana saporem nucium); 17, 216 (arbores infestantur morbis); 23, 39 (vinum nervos); 27, 16 (aloe stomachum). infestus : Ep. 91, 1 numquam denique tarn infestum ulli exarsit incendium. inritare : Ep. 114, 21 inritant illos (sc. oculos) et in se avertunt. 1 The only other instance given for Cicero by Merguet is Scaur. 7, 13, where the reading " infamata," though accepted by Miiller, is conjectural. s Add Firm. Math. 2, 30, 2 ne istius divinae scientiae gloriam ignobilis pecuniae cupiditas infamet ; id. 3, 10, 10 ; id. 4, 6, 2. 22 Metaphor and Comparison in Seneca inritatio : Ep. 9, 17 ad amicitiam fert ilium . . . naturalis inritatio. This word is cited first for Livy, 31, 14, 10 (animorum), where it has the meaning 'wrath, anger.' The only other examples given by Lexx. are, in the physical sphere, Scrib. Larg. 142 init. and a disputed reading in Gell. 6 (7), 16, 6 (edendi); of feelings and passions, Sen. Dial. 12, 6, 6 (commutandi sedes); Tac. G. 19 (con- viviorum) ; and several from the Vulgate Bible. insania : Ep. 29, 7 si ridere perseverabit, gaudebo . . . , quod illi genus insa- niae hilare contigerit. Ep. 82, 6 cupiditatum mansuescit insania. Ep. 83, 18 nihil aliud esse ebrietatem quam voluntariam insaniam. 1 Cf. furor, fuere and rabidus. insanire : Ep. 81, 27 ista, propter quae vulgus insanit. Ep. 115, 8 circa tabulas et statuas insanimus ; cf. Hor. Sat. 1, 2, 49 (in libertinas). Auct. ad Her., the two Senecas, and Quintilian are the only prose authors cited by Lexx. for this tropical use of insanire. insanus: Ep. 9, 11 illam (i. e., adfectus amantium) esse insanam amicitiam. intellegere : Ep. 117, 26 futuram adulescentiam pueritia . . . intellegat. intemperantia : Ep. 88, 36, desiring to know too much intemperantiae genus est. invitare : Ep. 46, 1 sol me invitabat (cf. admonere and minari}. Ep. 48, 11 ad hoc invitatus sum. Ep. 55, 2 invitante ipso litore. Ep. 65, 6 quid est pro- positum ? Quod invitavit artificem. Ep. 118, 8 bonum est quod invitat animos (cf. vocare, p. 60). Ep. 123, 13 duo esse genera rerum, quae nos aut invitent aut fugent. Ep. 124, 2 nulla(sc. voluptas) enim non invitat. The tropical use of invitare is sporadic in poetry and prose (including Cicero), from Plautus on. invitus : Ep. 85, 9 in vita ratione. Ep. 95, 21 invitis . . . visceribus. Ep. 104, 29 invita fortuna. iratus: Ep. 18, 7 fortuna. Ep. 58, 6 (aures ; cf. propitius, p. 110). Ep. 110, 2 nulli te posse inprecari quicquam gravius, quam si inprecatus fueris, ut se habeat iratum (playing on the phrase deum habere iratum). Ep. 120, 8 (of spendthrifts) non voco ego liberalem pecuniae suae iratum. laetus: Ep. 66, 15 rnateria (cf. hilaris}. Ep. 79, 3 regio . . . et herbida. Ep. 102, 21, si quod est ... frequentius accolis laetiusve tectis solum. largus : Ep. 90, 40 terra (in connection with fertilior). Ep. 100, 2 oratio. Examples in Seneca's Tragedies are: Phaed. 498 (cruor), 512 (fons), 1263 (fletus), Oed. 307 (dapes), 979 (sanguis), Here. Get. 791-2 (tus). lascivia : Ep. 114, 2 orationis. Neither lascivus nor lascivia occurs in Cicero's orations. In Div. 1, 24 he quotes from Pacuvius the phrase piscium lasciviam ; and Fin. 2, 65 he connects the word with hilaritate ; cf. De Rep. 1, 63 licet . . . lascivire, dum nihil metuas. As applied to style, I do not find either the noun or the adjective before Seneca, but noun, adjective, and verb are favorites with Quin- tilian as rhetorical terms, as Inst. Or. 2, 5, 22; 10, 1, 43 (in connection with deliciae; cf. se in delicias dedit in Seneca, just before the passage quoted). H. Lex. endorses the opinion of Gronovius that lasciviam in Livy, 23, 11, 3 means ' impious exultation. ' 1 Prof. K. F. SMITH has called my attention to the fact that a similar phrase i& attributed to the elder Cato by Amm. Marc. 15, 12, 4 ebrietate continua . , . , quam furoris voluntariam speciem esse Catoniana sententia definivit ; which i& also quoted by H. JORDAN, " M. Catonis praeter librum de re rustica quae extant " Lips. 1860), p. 110. Soul, Mind, Emotions 23 lascivus : Lib. xxn (exc. Gell.), 9 oratio (in connection with nitida). legere : Ep. 44, 2 castra quoque, quos ad laborem . . . recipiant, fastidiose legunt. le vitas: Ep. 13, 11 habet . . . mala fortuna levitatem. Fortasse erit, fortasse non erit. Ep. 98, 4 levitatem casus. liberalis : Ep. 117, 32 tempus (see benignus). Ep. 122, 1 spatium. lymphatus : Ep. 85, 27 lymphatos metu. Cf. Sen. Med. 386 (furor lympha- tus). See Antib. 7 , IT, p. 42. magnanimus : Ep. 88, 2 (stadium) sublime, forte, magnanimum. maligne : Ep. 18, 9 Epicurus . . . maligne famem extingueret. Ep. 44, 1 malignius tecum egisse naturam. Cf. Sen. Ben. 6, 16, 7 nee quae sciebat maligne dispensavit ; id. ib. 6, 34, 3 fores maligne apertas ; also Livy, 8, 12, 12 ager . . . maligne divisus. malignitas: Ep. 52, 6 naturae. Ep. 79, 17 saeculi. Cf. Col. 3, 10, 18 (vitis). malignus : Ep. 23, 1 ver. Ep. 65, 17 lumen (cf. Verg. A. 6, 270). This adjective is chiefly poetic, especially in the sense 'stingy, grudging.' The only prose authors for whom it is cited by Lexx. are Seneca, the elder Pliny, and Quintilian. malitia : Seneca's use of this word is notable in that it shows a return from the tropical sense of 'spite, meanness,' which is the usual signification in the classical authors, to its original force of ' badness, vice.' Ep. 75, 10 nemo sit extra periculum malitiae, nisi qui totam earn excussit. Ep. 81, 21 si malitia miseros facit, virtus beatos (cf. Sail. Jug. 22, 2 virtute, non malitia). Ep. 81, 22 (quoted from Attains). Ep. 82, 12 malitia ... an virtus. Ep. 82, 14. Ep. 85, 25 qui timet . . . non caret malitia, sed leviore vexatur. Ep. 92, 29 malitiae vis. Ep. 94, 13 pravis opinionibus malitia contracta. Ep. 94, 19 malitia liberatus. Cf. Plaut. Mil. 942 collatio nostrarum malitiarum ; Cic. N. D. 3, 30, 74 everriculum malitiarum omnium ; and especially Cic. Tusc. 4, 15, 34 virtutis contraria est vitiositas ; sic enim malo, quam malitiam appellare earn, quam Graeci Kadav appellant : nam malitia certi cuiusdam vitii nomen est, vitiositas omnium. mandare : Ep. 116, 3 curam nobis nostri natura mandavit. mansuescere : Ep. 71, 5 omnia . . . quae . . . videntur mala . . . mansuescent. Ep. 82, 6 cupiditatum mansuescit insania. In the tropical sense of 'grow tame, gentle, mild, soft,' the verb is poetic, being cited by Lexx. only for Lucr. 2, 475 (umor) and 5, 1367 (terra); Verg. G. 2, 239 (tellus), and 4, 470 (corda); Lucan, 1, 332 (fauces), and Petr. 122, line 149 (solis radiis); but the corresponding use of the ppl. mansuetus is common. mendacium : Ep. 76, 32 fortunae mendacia. mendice : Ep. 33, 6 si tamen exegeris, non tarn mendice tecum agam, sed plena manu net. mens : Ep. 19, 12 dum incipis esse mentis tuae, interim hoc consilio sapientium utere. mentiri : Ep. 45, 10 tota mihi vita mentitur : hanc coargue, hanc ad verum, si acutus es, redige. minari : Ep. 46, 1 nubes minabantur. Ep. 78, 12 id, quod extremum minatur. Ep. 94, 37 (leges) minantur. In the tropical sense 'threaten,' with inanimate subject, cf. Cic. Plane. 40, 95 (domus mea); id. Tusc. 5, 27, 76 (dolor); Verg. 24 Metaphor and Comparison in Seneca A. 2, 240 (machina) and 628 (ornus); Hor. A. P. 350 (arcus); Juv. 3, 256 (plaustra); id. 14, 294 (color caeli); Claud. Cons. Mall. Theod. (xvii Koch) 237 (torrentes pontibus). minitari : Ep. 66, 40 morbis . . . extrema minitantibus. moratus : Ep. 123, 3 bene moratus venter. morem gerere : Ep. 70, 12 morem animo gerere. Ep. 106, 11 morem gessi tibi, illustrates the ordinary classical usage. morosus : Ep. 78, 11 stomachus. Ep. 92, 33 (corporis) morosum imperiuni . . . est. nescire : Ep. 79, 10 haec una maiestas deprimi nescit. Ep. 85, 8 (adfectus) parere nescit. Cf. Cic. De Or. 3, 18, 65 Stoici . . . irasci nesciunt ; Verg. G. 3, 84 (equus) stare loco nescit ; Hor. A. P. 390 nescit vox missa reverti ; Stat. Theb. 9, 743 (leo) nescit in antra reverti ; Juv. 10, 360 qui nesciat irasci ; Sen. Agam. 113 redire . . . nescit pudor ; id. Here. Fur. 1229 (vultus nescit lacri- mare) ; id. Med. 866 frenare nescit iras ; id. Here. Oet. 298 nescit irasci satis. nolle : Ep. 110, 10 nolente rerum natura. noscere : Ep. 95, 30 non avaritia, non crudelitas modum novit. obiratus : Ep. 56, 9 ambitio. obiurgare : Ep. 107, 9 nee velit (animus) obiurgare naturam. obsequi : Ep. 50, 6 animus . . . omni umore obsequentior (note how the figure is here revivified). Ep. 95, 4 obsequens ingenium (here, too, the trite metaphor gains new life from the preceding clause "ad actiones rectas praecepta per- ducunt"). Ep. 95, 36 quidam . . . nudis tantum praeceptis obsecuntur. Ep. 99, 20 naturae obsequi. obsolefacere : Ep. 29, 3 (auctoritas obsolefacta). Ep. 90, 43 fontes rivique non opere nee fistula nee ullo coacto itinere obsolefacti. Cf. Val. Max. 3, 5, 1 (toga) and Suet. Aug. 89 (nomen . . . commissionibus). The verb seems post- Augustan, except for Cic. Phil. 2, 41, 105 obsolefiebant dignitatis insignia ; where Baiter and Kayser doubt the reading, and others adopt obsolescebant or obsolebant. odisse : Ep. 88, 29 (temperantia voluptates odit). parcere: Ep. 88, 17 fallit me hora, si parcit. Ep. 88, 30 clementiam, quae alieno sanguini tamquam suo parcit. Ep. 114, 7 pepercit gladio, sanguine abstinuit. parcus : Ep. 99, 24 meminisse parcissime (contrasted with effusissime flere). pati : Ep. 87, 19 nee quemlibet possessorem patitur (bonum). patiens : Ep. 123, 3 venter . . . contumeliae patiens (cf. moratus). permittere : Ep. 51, 3 sibi plurimum luxuria permittit. Ep. 113, 30 ius dominandi trans maria . . . permittere. Ep. 113, 23 Cleanthes ait spiritum esse a principali usque in pedes permissum, is an instance of the literal use of this verb, which Lexx. show to be quite rare. persuadere : Ep. 25, 5 omnia nobis mala solitude persuadet. Ep. 94, 37 (leges) non persuadent. petere : Ep. 29, 3 sapientia . . . certum petat (in the same passage sapienlia is the subject of eligat, desperavit, recedat, relinquat and temptet). Ep. 113, 31 iustitia . . . nihil ex se petens (in the same passage occur alienum bonum spedans and sibi placeat). placere : Ep. 47, 21 (boni mores) placent sibi. Ep. 113, 31 (see petere). Soul, Mind, Emotions 25 placide : Ep. 114, 15 si quid placidius effluxit (of literary style). poscere : Ep. 90, 19 quod (natura) poscit. Ep. 119, 2 contumax est (natura), non potest vinci, suum poscit. Ep. 123, 10 dum (aetas) poscit (voluptates). prodige : Ep. 88, 30 homini non esse homine prodige utendum. The adverb is cited by Lexx. only here ; Cic. Phil. 11, 16, 13 ; and Sen. Dial. 7, 20, 4 (where it is contrasted with sordide). The tropical use of the adjective is not uncommon, but chiefly poetic ; cf. Hor. Od. 1, 12, 38 animae . . . prodigum ; id. ib. 1, 18, 16 arcanique fides prodiga ; Veil. 2, 48, 3 prodigus suae . . . fortunae et pudicitiae ; Sil. 1, 225 prodiga gens animae ; Juv. 7, 138 (Eoma); id. ib. 10, 304 prodiga corruptoris improbitas ; Gell. 11, 5, 4 iudicii sui ; id. 19, 2, 3 (libidines) (con- strued with in and ace.); Auct. Quint. Decl. 292 prodigis oculis (in sense 'greedy'). profited : Ep. 87, 16 istae artes non sunt magnitudinem animi professae. Ep. 120, 18 (gradus, in quo deficimus, lassitudinem profitetur). promittere : Ep. 19, 1 (epistulae) non promittunt de te, sed spondent. Ep. 48, 11 quod mihi philosophia promittit. Ep. 93, 6 (diem) quern . . . spes avida promiserat. Ep. 115, 10 si plus scelera promittent. proritare : Ep. 23, 2 quern spes aliqua proritat. Cf. Colum. 2, 10, 17 (pre- tium); Sen. Dial. 9, 12, 5 (res species); Scribonius, Comp. Med. 104 (stomachum varietate . . . ciborum); Arnob. 5, 178 (aliquem ad furias). prosperus : Ep. 92, 19 corpore parum prospero. putare: Ep. 88, 30 (temperantia as subject). quaerere : Ep. 9, 15 summum bonum extrinsecus instrumenta non quaerit. Ep. 9, 15 si (summum bonum) quam partem sui foris quaerit. Ep. 88, 29 secreta quaeret dolor. Ep. 91, 2 Lugdunum . . . quaeritur (i. e., cannot be found, since it was destroyed by fire). queri : Ep. 22, 15 (natura) nobiscum queri debet et dicere. querulus : Ep. 78, 10 (of the body, in contrast with the mind) hac querula et fragili (parte). rabidus : Ep. 99, 24 sic aves, sic ferae . . . quarum . . . concitatus est amor et paene rabidus. Cf. Sen. Dial. 3, 12, 5 (of a human being); id. ib. 5, 16, 2 (adfectus). In trop. sense 'impulsive, passionate, impetuous,' it is very rare in prose, outside of Seneca, but common in poetry; cf. Cat. 63, 38 (furor animi); Ov. A. A. 3, 501 (mores); Gell. 19, 9, 7 facundia rabida iurgiosaque. rabere : Ep. 29, 7, in sense 'rave, be mad.' Is a very rare verb and seems to come from the old poets; see Nonius 1, 186 (Miiller I, p. 54) and Cic. Div. 1, 31, 66; cf. Manil. 5, 208 (canicula) and 224 (lingua), in both cases connected with latrare. rabies : Ep. 89, 23 ad sedandam rabiem adfectuum. recusare : Ep. 36, 10 dies, quern multi recusarent. Ep. 51, 10 nullum laborem recusant manus. reicere : Ep. 44, 2 (see eligere). Ep. 86, 8 (balnea) in antiquorum numerum reiciuntur. Ep. 124, 2 nullain voluptatem reiceremus, nulla enim non invitat. reperire : Ep. 81, 31 divitias . . . malo vitae humanae repertas. repetere : Ep. 36, 11 stellarum iste discursus, quicquid praeteriit, repetit. Ep. 104, 6 repetivi ergo iam me (which is the only instance I have found where it is used in the sense ' recover health ' ; for its employment in the opposite sense, of the return of a disease, see Antib. 7 , n, p. 502). 26 Metaphor and Comparison in Seneca saevire : Ep. 90, 7 (pelagus). Ep. 95, 17 (febres). saevitia : Ep. 82, 6 timorum. Ep. 90, 41 hiemis. saevus : Ep. 104, 27 libertate bellis ac tyrannis saeviore. scire : Ep. 43, 1 is qui scit plurimum, rumor. Ep. 88, 29 (temperantia impe- rat, odit, abigit, dispensat, redigit, venit, scit). Ep. 88, 30 clementiam, quae . . . parcit et scit. scrutari : Ep. 89, 22 gula . . . maria scrutator. Ep. 99, 28 dolorem scrutamur, an quid habeat iucundum (here, however, the logical object is the clause, rather than dolorem]. securus : Ep. 100, 5 Fabianus non erat neglegens in oratione, sed securus. Ep. 124, 19 sollicitum est, quod potest esse securum (indefinite neuter subject). sobrius : Ep. 108, 14 (mensa). sollicitare : Ep. 68, 4 furem signata sollicitant. Ep. 118, 8 quod invitat ad se et adlice facit, veri simile est : subripit, sollicitat, adtrahit. sollicitudo : Ep. 9, 7 ilia in opere suo occupata sollicitudo ingens oblectamen- tum habet in ipsa occupatione. sollicitus : Ep. 84, 11 ambitum : tumida res est ... sollicita est. Ep. 124, 19 (see securus}. superbia : Ep. 116, 5 superbia (amoris) accendimur (quoted from Panaetius). superbus : Ep. 4, 10 superbis . . . liminibus (this is really a grammatical figure, with superbis for superborum). Ep. 122, 4 superba umbra (the correct reading in this passage is quite doubtful, but the one preferred by Hense, which is here adopted, is at least as likely as any. For variants and conjectures see Hense's ap. crit., and the critical notes of Schweighauser and Fickert). suspectus : Ep. 70, 5 cum primum illi coepit suspecta esse fortuna. Ep. 122, 4 suspectior illis quam morbo pallentibus color est. suspicere : Ep. 18, 8 illo nomine te suspice, quod facies non coactus. suspicio : Ep. 114, 11 si sententia pependerit et audienti suspicionem sui fecerit. suspiciosus : Ep. 114, 1 abruptae sententiae et suspiciosae. The meaning here seems to be ' suggestive,' for which I find no parallel. Haakh renders "geheim- nissvolle." temerarius : Ep. 59, 6 translationes verborum ut non temerarias ita quae periculum sui fecerint. temptare : Ep. 65, 1 lectione primum temptavi animum. Ep. 83, 27 si temp- tantur pedes. timere : Ep. 97, 12 nequitia tenebras timet. Ep. 123, 16 superstitio . . . amandos timet. tolerantia : Ep. 31, 7 animi est ipsa tolerantia, quae se ad dura et aspera hortatur. Tolerantia is not a common word, and I find no other example of it connected with the subjective genitive. vehemens : Ep. 90, 4 corpora . . . vehementissima (referring to animals). voluntas : Ep. 76, 15 ad naturae suae voluntatem accommodata. In contrast with the large number of metaphors which belong under this category, Seneca here shows very few similes. In Ep. 85, 9 the statement is made that moderation in yielding to pas- sions is to be regarded as if one should be advised to be insane The Body and its Parts 27 with moderation ; cf. Ter. Eun. 63 des operam ut cum ratione insanias. Ep. 94, 17 quotes quite a long comparison from Aristo, to the effect that the only difference between the insanity of the people and that which is entrusted to the doctor's care is that the latter is due to disease, the former, to mistaken ideas. In the one case, the causes of madness come from ill- health ; in the other, it is sickness of the mind. One who tries to advise a madman how to act is more insane than the man he advises. The physical cause of the disease must be removed. The same should be done in the madness of the soul ; the madness itself must be dislodged or the words of advice will be wasted. In Ep. 113, 3 occurs the purely formal comparison that, as the wise man does all things through virtue, so virtue does all things through itself. In Ep. 121, 12 the consciousness which men have of their own intelligence is used as an illustration and proof of the statement that animals have a similar consciousness of their own nature. The same comparison, somewhat differently stated, is made also in the following section. B. THE BODY AND ITS CONDITIONS (a) THE BODY AND ITS PARTS As was to be expected, Seneca makes large use of the body as a whole and its several parts and functions, for both metaphor and simile. This is quite in accord with the general rule ; see, for example, Baker, " Die Metaphern in den Satiren des Horaz," p. 1 ff. ; Blumner, ' Studien zur Geschichte der Metapher," p. 38 ff. ; O. Schmidt " Metapher und Gleichnis in den Schriften Lukians," p. 13 ff. ; Berg, " Metaphor and Comparison in the Dialogues of Plato," p. 17 ff: To begin with the word corpus itself, we have : Ep. 46, 1 (referring to a book received from Lucilius) levis mini visus est, cum esset nee mei nee tui corporis, sed qui primo aspectu aut Titi Livii aut Epicuri posset videri. The meaning of the expres- sion is not altogether clear. Pauly renders it u die fur meine 28 Metaphor and Comparison in Seneca und Deine Hande zu gewichtig scheint ; " and Baillard " il de"passe la taille des miens comme des tiens." It is possible to see here an allusion to corpus in the sense of ' a work/ as in Cic. Fam. 6, 12, 4 (cf. crapa, id. Att. 2, 1, 3) ; ^Sen. Dial. 9, 9, 6 ; Suet. Gram. 6, and elsewhere ; and in the next example here quoted. The idea then would be, ' larger than such works as you or I generally write.' Ep. 84, 2 (whatever has been gathered by reading) stilus redigat in corpus. Ep. 89, 1 dividi philosophiam et ingens corpus eius in membra disponi. Ep. 95, 52 membra sumus corporis magni (i. e., the universe). Ep. 100, 8 totum corpus videris quam sit comptum (of the literary work of Fabianus). The body is used in the following similes. Ep. 80, 3 ' If the body, by exercise, can be brought to a condition where it can endure blows, sun, dust, and can stand all day dripping with its own blood ; so can the soul more easily be strengthened so as to endure the blows of fortune, and, when thrown down and trampled under foot, it can rise again. The body needs many things for its health ; the soul grows of itself, nourishes itself, exercises itself. The athlete needs much food, drink, oil, and labor ; you may get virtue without equipment, without expense. 7 Ep. 92, 30 ' As the body is erect and looks toward heaven, so the soul, which can reach as far as it desires, has been formed by nature to wish for the same things as do the gods. 7 The compar- ison in this case is not well balanced. Ep. 93, 7 ' As a man can be perfect though his body be small, so life can be perfect, though in a brief space of time.' Ep. 99, 18 ( As the forcing out of the breath by the pain of a blow shakes the body, so it also does the eyes, causing the moisture to flow from them.' Here should also be included : Ep. 120, 22 'It is a great thing to be one man. But, aside from the philosopher, we are all multiformes.' Ep. 71, 8 i Virtue can become neither larger nor smaller/ unius staturae est. Ep. 76, 31 'No one is great because wealth or offices have put him on a pinnacle. You are measuring him pedestal and all. A dwarf is not large because he stands on a mountain, nor a colossus small, because it stands in a well/ Ep. 6 r 1 non emendari me tan turn sed transfigurari ; cf. Quint. 6, The Body and its Parts. 29 2, 1 iudicum animos . . . velut transfigurare. Ep. 94, 48 animus eius transfiguratus est. Ep. 66, 4 non deformitate corporis foedari aniinum, sed pulchritudme animi corpus ornari. Ep. 50, 4 morborum tantas vires. Ep. 91, 5 per quod velut oblitis vires suas ingerat (casus). Ep. 120, 5 'we may conjecture robur animi from vires corporis 7 (this is used as an illustration of "analogia"). Cf. other examples of metaphorical use of robur, given under I. B, (c), p. 40. Membrum is used metaphorically in the following passages. Ep. 21, 6 quicumque membra ac partes alienae potentiae fuerunt. Ep. 33, 5, the Epicurean writers can furnish quotations more readily than the Stoics, because the latter should be viewed as a whole. In them, there is no objection to looking at singula membra, provided it is done as in the case of a human being. A woman is not beautiful whose ankle or arm is praised, but she whose complete beauty takes away admiration from the individual parts. Ep. 89, 1, quoted under corpus. Ep. 92, 30 socii sumus eius (i. e., dei) et membra. Ep. 95, 52, quoted under corpus. Of the separate parts of the body, those which provide Seneca with metaphors or comparisons are : pectus : Ep. 59, 9 non satis credimus nee apertis pectoribus haurimus. The object of the sentence is ' the discoveries of philosophers' ; but the combination of pectus and haurire is very awkward. latus : Ep. 101, 6 ad latus mors est. cutis : Ep. 9, 13 sapientem undique submovent (plerique) et intra cutem suam cogunt. Pauly translates "driingt ihn auf sich selbst zuriick." Ep. 72, 5 * sometimes something comes from without to remind us that we are mortal,' sed id leve et quod summam cutem stringat. This expression may be proverbial ; see M. C. SUTPHEN in A. J. P. xxn, p. 28, and example from Prudentius there cited. caput : Ep. 21, 5 'the deep flood of time will come over us,' pauca ingenia caput exerent. Ep. 65, 20 ' do you forbid me to have intercourse with heaven, that is, do you bid me ' vivere capite demisso ? Ep. 108, 28 senectus . . . adules- centiam cogitantibus supra caput est. facies : Ep. 66, 7 haec eius (sc. virtutis) est facies, si sub unum veniat aspectum et semel tota se ostendat. Ceterum multae eius species sunt. Ep. 79, 18 leviter extrinsecus inducta facies (of character). Ep. 87, 1 'the Stoic paradoxes, of which none is false nor as strange' quam prima facie videtur. While facies applied to things is not uncommon, I do not find the phrase prima fade elsewhere in literary Latin except Sen. Controv. 10, 15 (incorrectly cited by H. Lex. 1 as 1 See page 6 for meaning of abbreviation. 30 Metaphor and Comparison in Seneca "5, 10, 15") dicebat (Latro) quosdam esse colores prima facie duros. Cf. Gaii Inst. 4, 126 and Dig. 16, 1, 13. For the use of fades in the sense of aspectus, see H. L. WILSON, "Satires of Juvenal" (1903), on Sat. 10, 157. Ep. 89, 1 universa mundi facies. Ep. 102, 13 veritatis . . . una facies est. Ep. 113, 9 animi. Ep. 115, 3-7, metaphor of "beholding the face of the mind" runs through the whole passage. Ep. 122, 17 (vitia) innumerabiles habent facies. voltus (vul-): Ep. 67, 11 sunt quaedam tristis voltus bona. Ep. 71, 34 cum ilia (i. e., fortuna) conferre vultum (that is, 'look at face to face,' probably involving a reminiscence of the common military phrases with manus, signa, and pedem). We may also include here Ep. 101, 9 mens . . . cum multo RISU seriem temporum cogitat ; and Ep. 123, 13 cetera blanda et ADKIDENTIA. frons : Ep. 5, 2 frons populo nostra conveniat. coma: Ep. 114, 5 quid turpius "amne silvisque ripa comantibus?" This is one of a series of passages from Maecenas criticized by Seneca, vellere : Ep. 40, 10 illi singula verba vellenti, tamquam dictaret, non diceret (illi is Vinicius). Vellere ' pull, pluck' is generally used of hair, feathers, plants, etc., and the lexicons do not cite any parallel to this passage. For a different metaphorical application, see Stat. Silv. 5, 2, 3 mea secreto velluntur pectora, ' my heart is tormented in secret.' In Ep. 114, 14, while discussing literary style, Seneca says * I declare that the one is as much at fault as the other. The one takes more care of himself than he ought, the other is more careless than he ought to be,' ille et crura, hie ne alas quidem vellit. For vellicare, see p. 34 and for convdlere and divellere, pp. 176-177. barba : Ep. 48, 7 barbam demisimus is used by metonymy for ' have become philosophers.' Ep. 92, 34 contains the simile 'as we pay no attention to the clippings when our hair and beard are trimmed, so the soul cares not what be- comes of the man who has been its temporary receptacle, when it is about to leave him.' auris : Ep. 75, 7 quid aures meas scabis? (of 'tickling the ears' with elo- quence). Ep. 94, 55 'let there be some guardian at hand' et aurem subinde pervellat, ' and banish rumors and cry out against the praises of the people.' Ep. 108, 39 rein spinosam et auribus erectis curiosisque audiendam ; cf. Ep. 68, 9 erexeram aures. Otto, " Sprichworter," p. 49, cites a number of examples of this phrase, but thinks that Donatus on Ter. Andr. 933 shows that the Romans did not regard it as proverbial, although the corresponding uo-lv e