i ! - ! ill! !! I I I I :li I mHm !J EVERy''BUSINESB'"WOMA SHOULD KNOW ''-I .i 'i LILLIAN CECILIA KEARNEY iiiiilli lilhlii III''. ;ii:-::,! i I I HI I i; UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNT LOS --.,._;.£s LIBRARY WHAT EVERY BUSINESS WOMAN SHOULD KNOW Ciq''y\ _ 'i'H„l A- J'nil.i.n,,../. y, y, C'lku Tkading on BitoAi) Strp;et, Xkw Yokk The Stock Exchancre is shown on the left. In tlie background, a statue of Wasliingtou stands in front of the Sub-Trcasurv WHAT EVERY BUSINESS WOMAN SHOULD KNOW A COMPLETE GUIDE TO BUSINESS USAGES AND REQUIREMENTS WITH EXPLANATIONS OF BUSINESS TERMS AND COMMERCIAL FORMS BY L. C. KEARNEY ILLUSTRATED WITH DIAGRAMS AND PHOTOGRAPHS ^^5^% NEW YORK FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY PUBLISHERS Copyright, lOlG, by Frederick A. Stokes Company All rights reserved PUBLISHERS' NOTE This book is the same in every respect as What Every Business Man Should Know, with the exception of a few subjects which pertain exclusively to women. If a man can write a 'better took, preach a better sermon, or make a hatter mousetrap than /(f,s ncujhbor, though he build his house in tlie woods, the tcorld will make a beaten path to his door. PREFACE There are assembled in this book, arranged for conveni- ent reference in encyclopedic form, commercial terms and data which the American Business Woman who desires to establish herself as a factor in what has heretofore been considered ''the affairs of men" should know. It has been the endeavor to present as authentic infor- mation upon each subject as could be obtained. The World Almanac, McClure's Magazine, the Postal Tele- graph & Cable Company, Western Union Telegraph Com- pany, Adams Express Company, Yawman & Erbe Mfg. Company, Harper & Brothers, and the New York Tele- phone Company have either graciously contributed or ap- proved the subject matter accredited to them. Funk & AVagnalls' New Standard Dictionary has been a helpful [j:nide in forming certain definitions. In all lines, the Business Woman will find it desirable to be conversant with financial terms, and the most important of these have been fully covered. A recognized authority in the financial world, Montgomery Rollins, Esq., of the ''House of Rollins" (New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, San Francisco, Los Angeles and London) kindly permitted use of the quotations taken from his works on Finance. Particular attention is directed to the article on ' ' Differ- ence in Time." No other publication, it is believed, con- VII Mil PREFACE tains so complete and np-to-date a ta])le of Standard Rail- road Time wliicli the varions foreign countries have adopted in recent years as appears under this caption. To Air. W. F. Allen, of the American Railway Association, who in 1883 successfully solved the problem of a stand- ardized time for the railroads in the United States, is due grateful acknowledgment for having supplied the data to bring this subject to date. How shall I properly write this check? What is the shortest and cheapest way I can telegraph my message? How many ways can I invest my savings? How shall I start a filing system? AVliat does that abbreviation stand for? What are ''Bulls and Bears"? Shall I send by par- eel post or express? What is a Letter of Credit? A Traveler's check? How shall I become a Notary Public? What is a Power of Attorney? These are a few questions the answers to which will be found in this book. That Business Women will find it a convenient and complete ref- erence book is the author's hope. L. C. Kearney. CONTENTS PAGE Financial Terms: Active Account . 51 Amortization . . . 19 Arbitage 19 Assignment of Stock 21 Bank Accounjt 45 Bankruptcy 21 Bill of Exchange 25 Bimetallism 27 Bolivia 54 Bonanza 27 Bonds and Stock 27 Bonus 29 Bourse • • 29 Bradstreet 29 Bucketshop 29 Building and Loan Association 30 Bulls and Bears 31 Canadian Dollar 54 Capital 39 Capitalization 39 Certificate of Deposit 43 Certificate of Stock 29 Certified Check 51 Checks 45 Clearing House Association 53 Coffee Exchange 53 Coins, Foreign Value of 54 Coins, Domestic 199 ix X CONTENTS PAGE Financial Terms (Continued) Collateral 53 Colon (coin ) 54 Common Stock 28 Compound Interest . , 91 Consolidated Exchange 55 Consols 5G Corner C)4 Cotton Exchange 65 Coupon G5 Coupon Bond 28 Crown 54 Curb Market 66 Current Assets 20 Current Liabilities 20 Debenture 67 Deposit Slip 51 Depositing Checks 45 Depreciation 71 Discount 75 Dividend 75 Drachma 54 Draft 75 Draft with Stock Attached 76 Due Bill 78 Dun 78 Endorsing Checks 46 Endorsing Notes 135 Endorsing Money Orders 127 Exchange on Checks 51 Exchange, Foreign 79 Exchanges : Bourse 29 Consolidated 55 Coffee 53 Cotton 65 Curb 66 CONTENTS xi FAGS Financial Terms (Continued) Maritime 126 Produce 161 Stock 200 Face 'J'9 Fiduciary 79 Finance o 86 Fiscal Year 86 Flat 86 Floating Debt 86 Fluctuation 86 Foreign Exchange 79 Foreign Value of Coins 54 Franc 54 Funded Debt 87 Futures 87 Gilt-edged 87 Gold Brick 87 Gold Coins 199 Gourde 54 Government Bonds 87 Guaranty 88 Hypothecate 88 Income on Investments 94 Industrials 89 Insolvent 89 Interest ■ 90 Interim Certificate 93 Investment 94 Joint Account 95 Joint Stock Company 54 Lamb 96 Lawful Money 96 Legal Investment 94 Legal Eate 68, 92, 98 Legal Tender 98 Letter of Credit 99 xii CONTENTS YACE FixANCTAL Terms (Continued) Liabilities 120 Liquid Assets 20 Lira 54 Listed Securities 121 Long and Short 122 ^larifin 125 ^lurk 54 Maturity 126 Merger 12G Milreis 54 Money Orders 12G Money Transferred by Telegraph 12S Monometallism 27 Municipals 131 Negotiable Instruments 134 Notes 134 Obligation 137 Overdraft 51 Par 138 Pass Book 144 Peso 54 Petty Cash Book 145 Point 145 Postal Money Order . 126 Postal Savings 158 Pound (Sterling) 54, 199 Preferred Stock 28 Premium 160 Present Standard of Weight and Fineness 161 Principal 161 Produce Exchange 161 Promissory Note 68, 161 Protest 166 Public Utilities 166 Kailroad Securities 189 Rebate 189 CONTENTS xiii PAGE Financial Terms (Continued) Receiver 190 Eegistered Bond 28 Eights 192 Rupee 54 Safe Deposit 43 Savings Bank 194 Scrip 194 Securities 195 Semi-Annual 195 Sight Draft 75 Silver Coins 199 Simple Interest 90 Sinking Fund 198 Solvent 198 Specie 198 Spot Cash 198 Spot Price 198 Standard of Weight and Fineness 198 Sterling 199 Stock Assignment 21 Stocks and Bonds 28 Stock Exchange 200 Stockholders 201 Stockholders' Liability 201 Stop Payment Order 50, 201 Sucre 54 Syndicate 202 Tael 54 Ticker 237 Time Draft 75 Trade Discount 238 Transfer of Stock 21 Travelers' Checks 238 Trust Company 239 Underwrite _ 240 Usury 68, 240 xiv CONTENTS PAGE Financial Terms (Continued) Value of Coins 54, 199 Voucher 241 Vouclier Check 50 Wall Street 241 Watered Stock 28 Without Recourse 13G Yen 54 Insurance Terms: Accident or Casualty Insurance 16 Annuity 19 Bond of Indemnity 203 Casualty Insurance 16 Fire Insurance 86 Hazard 88 Indemnity 89 Insurance 90 Life Insurance 120 Lloyds 122 Marine Insurance 126 Premium 160 Proof of Loss 162 Eider 90 Surety 202 Underwrite 240 Legal Terms: Acknowledgment 16 Ad Litem 18 Administrator 18 Administratrix 18 Affidavit 18 Agreement 19 Alias 19 Alibi 19 Assignment 20 CONTENTS XV VACB Legal Terms (Continued) Bankruptcy ,,,... 21 Business Laws 31 Caveat 43 Certiorari 44 Change of Venue 240 Charter 44 Civil Code 53 Codicil 247 Contract 56 Contract Made with Lunatic or Minor 31 Contract Eate 68 Covenant 66 Creditor 66 Days of Grace 67 Debenture 67 Debts 69 Deed 69 Demurrer 71 Deponent 71 Deposition 71 Dower 191, 246 Escrow 79 Et Al 79 Et Ux 79 Executor 246 Executrix 246 Ex Officio 79 Fee Simple 79 Feme Covert 79 Feme Sole 79 Foreclosure 87 Full Covenant Deed 69 Grantee 70 Grantor 70 Guarantee 88 Habeas Corpus 88 xvi CONTENl^ PAGE Lkoal Terms (Continued) Ilereditaiiu'iits 88 Ignorance of the Law 89 Income Tax 226 Indenture 89 Indictment 89 Injunction 89 In Re 89 Insolvent 89 In Statu Quo 90 Interest Laws • • 68 Intestate 94 Judgment 68, 95 Judgment Debtor 95 Laws: Bankruptcy 21 Business 31 By-Laws 32 Customs 67 Interest 90 Naturalization 131 Sherman 195 Lease 96 Legal Day 98 Legal Investment 94 Legal Rate 92 Letters of Administration 98 Letters Testamentary 99 Lien 120 Lieu of Dower 246 Limitation, Statutes of 68 Lis Pendens 121 Mandamus 125 Married Woman's Acknowledgment 17 Married Woman, Check to the Order of 48 Naturalization 131 Notary Public 134 CONTENTS xvli FACE IjEgal Terms {Continued) Order 138 Outlawed Debts 69 Penal Code 53 Personal Property 145 Power of Attorney 159 Prima Facie 161 Principals Eesponsible for the Acts of Their Agents. ... 31 . Prior Lien 161 Proof of Loss 162 Protest 166 Proxy 166 Eeceiver 190 Eelease 191 Eelease of Dower 191 Satisfaction 194 Sherman Law • 195 Sic 197 Sine Die , 197 Sine Qua Non 197 Statutes of Limitation 68 Subpoena 201 Sunday Contracts 202 Taxes 226 Three Days' Grace 67 To Wit 238 Trust Deed 71 Usury 68, 240 Valid 240 Venue 240 Verification 241 Waiver 241 Warrant 242 Warranty Deed 70 Wills 246 Writ of Certiorari 44 xviii CONTENTS PACE Printing and Publishing Terms: Compositor 55 Copy 57 Copyright 57 Galley Proof 164 Infringement 89 Printers' Proof 164 Proof 164 Prospectus 165 Royalties 103 Serial Rights 195 Type 240 Railroad Terms: Additions and Betterments 18 Bill of Lading 24 Central Standard Time 72 Common Carrier 54 Demurrage 71 Depreciation 71 Difference in Time 72 Differential 75 Eastern Standard Time 72 Equipment 78 F. 0. B 70 Maintenance of Equipment 125 Maintenance of Ways and Structures 125 Mileage 126 Mountain Standard Time 72 Pacific Standard Time 72 Per Diem 144 Physical Condition 145 Rebate 189 Rolling Stock 192 Standard Time 72 Tonnage 238 Trackage 338 CONTENTS xix PAGE Real Estate Terms: Abstract of Title 16 Appraise 19 Assignmment of Mortgage 20 Blanket Mortgage 131 Chattel Mortgage 130 Conveyance 57 Deed 69 Easement 78 Equity 78 Fee Simple 79 Foreclosure 87 Indenture 89 Lease 96 Mortgage 129 Party Wall 144 Quit Claim Deed 71 Second Mortgage 131 Site 198 Warranty Deed 70 Steamschip Terms: Bill of Lading 24 Charter Party 44 Dead Freight 67 Demurrage 71 Knot 95 Lease of Ship 44 Log 122 Manifest 122 Marine Insurance 126 Maritime Exchange . 126 Salvage 193 Ship Time 237 Tonnage 238 XX CONTENTS PACE ^Miscellaneous Teems: Abbreviations 1 Acts of Providence or of War 56 Address 103 Address, Model Forms of 152 Ad Infinitum 18 Agents 32 Alphabetical Filing 80 Annuity 19 Apostrophe 182 Appraise 19 Articles of Co-partnership 142 Bill 23 Bill of Sale 26 Board of Directors 32 Board of Trade 27 Body of a Letter Ill Bona Fide 27 Bond of Indemnity 202 Business Laws 31 By-Laws 32 Cablegrams 33 Capital Letters 39 Care of Important Papers 43 Caret 187 Carrier 54 Chamber of Commerce 44 Charter 44 C. L F 3 Citizen 131 Code and Cipher Cablegrams 33 Code and Cipher Telegrams 231 Code, Civil 53 Code, Penal 53 Code, Telegraphic 33 Colon (Punctuation) 160 Comma (Punctuation) 173 CONTENTS xxi PAGE Miscellaneous Terms (Continued) Commissary 54 Company 54 Complimentary Close of a Letter 113 Consignee 55 Consignor 55 Contraband 56 Co-partnership 142 Corporation 65 Creditor 66 Customs and Duties 67 Dash 184 Date 102 Day Letters 232 Dead Letters 155 Declaration of Intention to Become a Citizen 131 Deferred Half- Rate Cablegram 34 Depreciation 71 Dress 76 Duties and Customs 67 Duties of Officers of a Company 32 Disfranchise 75 Dissolution of Partnership 144 Envelope 114 Exclamation Point 168 Express Money Order 128 Equity 78 Filing Systems 80 Firm 86 First-Class Mail 146 Fixed Charges 86 Fourth-Class Mail (Parcel Post) 139 F. 0. B 79 Franchise 87 Futures 87 General Delivery 153 Geographical Filing , 83 Txii CONTENTS FAGE Miscellaneous Terms {('ontinurd) Good Will 87 Hyphen 185 In Statu Quo 90, 199 Intt'rro«. 40 NASSAU STREET Jan. 26 29 1 box Emb. Note Paper 1 Inkwell Cover 60 20 80 FoBM OF Bill fob Supplies. Bill of A receipt for merchandise issued by a Lading. steamship compan}^ a railroad or other car- rier to the shipper, acknowledging receipt of the goods from the shipper and agreeing to deliver them safely to consignee. One copy of the Bill of Lading is kept by the shipper, one by the carrier (consignor) and one is sent to the consignee. A Bill of Lading may be as- signed. Form of Bill of Lading. Coniract .Yo. ■RCCClveO ior shipment, in apjmrcnt good order and condition, from to he transported by the iSleamer or other A\ Steamers, to sail from the port of and hound for (or so near thereto a« she may safely yet and alicays lie afloat), having liberty to call at intermediate ports or an/y port or ports in or out of the cus- tomary route, in any order, to receive and /or discharge coal, cargo, paS' 25 sengers, and for any other purposes, said to weujh pounds, hciny marked and numbered ax per margin {quality, quantity, gauge, contents, weight and value unkiioiin), and to be delivered in like good order and eondition from the vessel's rail (ivhere carrier's responsibility ceases) at the port of unto order or to his or their assigns, he or they paying freight in exchamge for delivery order for said goods, in cash without allowance for credit or discount, iti the u.fual money of the count7-y where vessel discharges; settlement to be made on the basis of 4 Shillings and 2 Pence, 4.30 Ma7-ks, 5.35 Francs, 2.55 Dutch Guilders, 3.80 Kroners, 5.35 Lii-e Gold to the United States Dollar, or at the option of the consignee, settlement to be made at the rate of $4.80 to the pound sterling at the current rate of exchange officially quoted on the day the steamer enters the Custom House at port of discharge, for which bankers' demand bills on London can be bought; {any custom or laic of the port of discharge to the contran-y notwithstanding), at the rate of cents United States Gold Currency, per one hundred poninds (100 pounds) on the actual gross invoice or discharged weight at vessel's option, charges as per margin and average accustomed. Consignees shall exhibit the true invoice to vessel's agent whenever called upon to do so. In Witness Whereof, the Master^ or Agent of said vessel hath affirmed to this OXE Bill of Lading, which being accomplished shall be given up to the carrier and stand void. Bill of An unconditional order in writing addressed Exchange. by one jDerson (the drawer) to the debtor (the drawee), signed by the drawer, re- quiring the drawee, or person to whom it is addressed, to pay the sum specified on demand, or to the bearer. Some Bills of Exchange are payable in 30, 60 or 90 days. A Bill of Exchange may be endorsed and is negotiable. ^A-lien the drawee accepts the Bill of Exchange for pajmient, he then becomes the *' acceptor." Checks and Drafts are Bills of Exchange. 26 J- '?^r»ntflijflar^ _y2^ ^ ^ ^^^f^^/V'TiL y^M^ TXS.ST ^ •;^-;v-;- LI v^^ Vi^SXCOS^O '//'ykveei^e^^^i^^c/iar^ zaavunt/>f y;"-''f^ FoBM OF BiLi, OF Exchange. Bill of Sale. An instrument (not necessarily under seal) by which one person conveys to another a number of articles, or the right, title and interest in per- sonal property. An assigmnent of goods and chattels. Form ov Bill of Sale, fjnow all /llbcn b^ tbC3C Presents, That . of the first part, for and in consideration nf the fitan of la iiful money of the United States, 27 to in hand paid, at or before the ensealing and de- livery of these presents, hy of the second part, the receipt ivhercof is hercbi/ acknoicledged, ha... bargained and sold, and by these presents do grant and convey, unto the said part of the second part, executors, administror tors and assigns, (Here insert property) ^0 bave anD to bOlD the same unto the said part... .of the second part executors, administrators and assigns forever. And do fur heirs, executors and administra- tors, covenant and agree to and with the said part of the second part, to tcaiTant and defend the sale of the sadd hereby sold unto the said part of the second part, executors, administrators and assigns against all a>nd every person a/nd persons ichomsoever. ■ffn Wttness THIlberCOt, haw hereunto set hand and seal. . the day of in the year one thou- sand n ine hundred and SiflncO, SealeD anO Delivered In tbe presence of Bimetal- Double standard of currency — gold and sil- lism. ver. Tbe single standard is known as mon- ometallism. Board of Association of business men to develop and Trade. protect the trade of a to^vn or city. Bona Fide. In good faith. Mala FmE, not in good faith. Bonanza. Gold mine. Highly speculative enterprise. Bonds and Bonds — Instruments by which a govem- Stock. ment, municipality or corporation contracts and agrees to pay a specified sum of money 28 on a given date, the bond itself being a coupon-bearing (or registered) note under seal; the coupons representing quarterly, semi-annual or annual interest at a fixed rate ; a "registered'* bond is one that is registered on the books of a company against loss, has the name of the owner filled out on the face, cannot be transferred from one person to another without endorsement upon the back by the party in whose name it is registered and sending to some desig- nated office for transfer. Stock — Represents money contributed by individuals for the conduct of a business. Preferred Stock is that stock which has a claim upon the property and earnings of a coiporation i)rior to some other stock. Common Stock is that part of the capitalization of a company upon which dividends may be paid only after satisfying the require- ments of the floating debt, bonds and preferred stock; usually represents a ''speculative" ownership in a cor- poration. — {Extract from ''Municipal and Corporation Bonds" by Montgomery Rollins.) A share of stock may be transferred or sold to another by filling out the blank form of transfer on the back of the certificate (see Assignment of Stock) ; but the new owner has no right to vote as a stockholder or receive dividends unless and until the certificate of stock has been turned in to the company and his name registered on the books of the company. If the stock is loaned or hypothe- cated the owner cannot vote. ''"Watered" stock means that the shares of a stock com- pany have been increased to a much greater extent than the amount of capital actHally paid in. 29 INCORPORATED UNDBR THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK NUMBER 1498 SHARES 25 BiGLOW Rubber Company CAPITAL STOCK. $1,000,000. 7*^15 Certifies that Mark Regan /j //leoI»^ero/Twenty- f i ve Shares of the Capital Stock of BIGLO^V RUBBKR COMPANY transferable only on the books of the Corporation by the holder hereof in person or b\f Attorney upon surrender of this Certificate properly endorsed. In Witness Whereof, the said Corporation has caused this Certificate to be signed by its duly authorized officers and to be sealed with the seal of the Corporation this 2nd t/oji o/ November , 1914 , Treasurer Praidenl RIIARBH, Cnl^' KACII Form of Cebtificate of Stock. Bond of See Surety. Indemnity. Bonus. An additional or gratuitous amount given for a loan, privilege, or as an extra dividend or stock to shareholders in a company ; a premium ; surplus. Bourse. A place where merchants and bankers meet for the transaction of business. Paris stock exchange. See Stock Exchange. Bradstreet. Publisher of commercial ratings. Bucketshop. An office where gambling or pretended trad- ing in the stocks listed on the larger ex- changes is carried on, no actual deliveries being made. 30 Building Ihiildiiig and loan associations — or, as they and Loan tlioy arc officially known in New York Association. State, savings and loan associations — are mutual associations of home-builders, who admit, both from their own ranks and from outsiders, sav- ings members, that is, those who buy stock. The vast ma- jority of these co-operative associations naturally confine their loans to a restricted territory, often only one section of a city, known to the officers. Resi^onsible persons who have bought a lot and paid for it in full are lent funds on first mortgage to build a home, the loan being repayable in monthly instalments. The funds come from the savings members who buy shares, usually paying $1 per share down and $1 a month. These shares can be withdrawn, either on demand or upon one or two months ' notice ; but the profits are larger if they are allowed to remain. Divi- dends are not paid every three or six months or yearly upon these shares as upon corporation stock ; but, as profits from lending money accumulate, they are applied to the balance due on shares, and the investor at the end of a few years receives his share fully paid for, usually $100 or $200. A distinctive feature of these associations is that the management is not remunerated, and the safety of shares depends upon knowing that the officers are men of integrity and good judgment as to the value of local real estate and the ability of the home-builders to pay their instalments. From the very nature of the case, information regarding these associations must be obtained from local sources or from the State departments that usually have charge of them. In many States, including Wisconsin, the banking 31 commissioner lias full cliargo. The Banking Department of New York reports that in 1912 expenses of conducting the local associations was bnt 74 cents for each $100 of invested capital, while the dividend averaged 5 6-10 per cent — (From McClure's Macjazine, "Your Money and Hoio to Make it Earn.") Bulls and The ternis ' ' Bulls ' ' and ' ' Bears ' ' are cus- Bears. tomarily accepted to mean as follows: * ' Bull ' ' : one who believes that higher prices will prevail and buys stock or commodities accordingly; presumably originating in the characteristic of tlie animal to toss up. ''Bear": one who believes that lower prices will prevail and sells stock or commodities accordingly; the name presumably originating in the characteristic of the animal to tear down. Business Ignorance of the law excuses no one. Every- Laws. one is bound to know the law and cannot plead ignorance of it. A receipt for money paid is not legally conclusive. Every agreement must have a consideration expressed. Notes obtained from minors, by fraud, or from intoxi- cated persons cannot be collected. Unless otherwise specified, a note is considered payable on demand. A check should be presented for payment as soon as possible. Contracts made with a minpr, lunatic, or on Sunday, are not binding. 3^2 Principals are responsible for the acts of their agents. Each jiartuer is responsible for the whole debts of the firm. The act of one partner binds all the others. It is a fraud to conceal a fraud. Lead i3encil signatures are considered good in law. By-Laws. AVhen a comjiany is formed, a set of by-laws are framed, defining the rules under which the business shall be conducted, usually providing about as follows : That the business of the company shall be managed by a board of directors, elected by the stockholders at their first annual meeting, who shall hold office until the follow- ing or next annual meeting; that every stockholder present at such meetings in person or by proxy is entitled to one vote for each share of stock he owns, provided no share of stock has been transferred on the books of the company or hypothecated ; that a majority of the stockholders shall constitute a quorum ; that the duties of the officers shall be as follows : President — To preside at all meetings of the stock- holders and all meetings of the Board of Directors, to sign all certificates of stock and bonds, all conveyances, etc., and have general control and management of the affairs of the Company. Vice President — To act and perform all the duties of the President in his absence. Secretary — To issue all certificates of stock and bonds, 33 attest same as Secretary and affix the seal of the Company thereto; provide and keep the necessary books, record minutes of stockholders' and directors' meetings, and per- form such other duties as may be assigned to him by the President and Board of Directors. Treasuker — To receive all money, safely keep the same, and pay it out, keeping full and accurate account of such receipts and disbursements. He shall give bond to the Company for the faithful performance of his duties. Cablegrams. Divided into the following classes: Plain Language, Code and Cipher, Full Rate, Deferred Half Rate Messages, Cable Letters, and Week-End Letters. Plain Language Messages — Neither in code nor cipher. May be written in any language that can be expressed in Roman letters. Each word of fifteen letters or less is counted and charged as a word. Words of over fifteen letters are counted and charged for at the rate of fifteen letters or fractions of fifteen letters to a word. Example :responsibility 14 letters 1 word unconstitutional 16 letters 2 words Code Messages — May contain words belonging to one or more of the following languages ; English, French, Ger- man, Italian, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish or Latin. Code messages may also contain artificial words, that is, groups of letters so combined as to be pronounceable in at least one of the eight admitted languages. 84 Example: offenseful (code dictionary word) 10 letters — 1 word ABACABOBAN (artificial word) 10 letters — 1 word In code messages, each code word (whether genuine or artificial) of ten letters or less is counted and charged as one word. No code word of more than ten letters is ac- cepted. If any words in plain language and of MORE than ten letters each are used in Code messages, they are counted at the rate of ten letters to a word. Cipher Language — Foraied of groups of figures or grouj^s of letters having a secret meaning, each uninter- rujDted series being counted at the rate of five figures or five letters to a word. Words in plain language inserted in such messages are counted and charged at the rate of fifteen letters or fraction thereof to the word. Example : 19554 427C8 responsibility (3 words) xbqgr yhtwc unconstitutional (4 words) Figures AND letters are counted separately. Example: a5C — counted and charged as three words. Full Rate Messages — Code or cipher permitted. Ac- cepted for immediate transmission and delivery. Deferred Half Rate Messages — Communications of a non-urgent character. Must be written in plain language of the country of 35 origin or destination, or they may be written in French as a Universal language. The use of more than one language in the same message is not permitted. The sender must write before the address, and pay the charge on one word for the letters LCO (language country of origin) or LCD (language country of destination) or LCF (language country French), according to the lan- guage in which the message is written. Except in the address, all numbers should be spelled out. Code or registered cable address may be used. Subject to being deferred in favor of Full-Rate messages for not exceeding 19 to 24 hours. Rate — one-half regular cable rate, except on messages destined to points in Great Britain and Ireland, when 3 cents jDer word less than half regular rates. Any cablegram filed ivithout an indication that it is to be sent as a Deferred Half Rate message is assumed to be intended for immediate transmission and is sent with full paid cablegrams. Cable Letters — For plain-language business and social communications, which it is not desired to subject to the over-sea mail's delay, yet which are not of sufficient ur- gency and importance to warrant payment of full cable tolls on the same. Are subject to transmission at the Tele- graph Company's convenience and have a fixed time of delivery, well within 24 hours from time of filing. Must be written in plain language of the country of origin, or the language of the country of destination. Code language is not accepted, although code addresses may be used. so The use of more than one language in the same message is not ponnitted. Rate — 75 cents for 13 words (which includes the neces- sary indicator) and 5 cents for each additional word be- tween New York, Boston, Halifax or Montreal and Lon- don or Liverpool, plus Night Letter rates to New York and regular charges beyond London if telegraphic delivery is desired. Week-End Letters — Differ from Cable Letters only in the increased number of words included in the minimum charge, and in the time of delivery. The minimum number of words charged for is 25. May be filed before midnight Saturday for delivery Mon- day. Must be written in plain language of country of origin or the language of the country of destination. Use of more than one language in the same message not permit- ted. Code language not accepted, although the address may be coded. Rate — $1.15 for 25 words (which includes the necessary indicator) and 5 cents for each additional word. Wireless Prepaid Messages — Accepted for transmission by Wireless at sender's risk to nearly all of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean Steamships and boats on the Great Lakes and Long Island Sound. General Rules for Writing Cablegrams. Every message must be prepaid, unless otherwise speci- fically arranged. 37 All words in the address, text and signature are charged for. In the address of any message, the name of the oflfice of destination, the name of the country and the name of the territorial subdivisions are each charged as one word, no matter how many letters are employed. Cable addresses may be registered free of charge with the Telegraph Company. Foreign Government Telegraphs charge for this service. The address of every message must consist of at least two words, the first indicating the name of the receiver and the second the name of the office of destination. Corrections or alterations must be made in a new cable- gram, which must be paid for. Every isolated figure, letter or character counts as one word. Words joined by a hyphen or separated by an apostrophe are charged for as so many separate words. (Example, Navy-yard, 2 words). Signs of punctuation, hyphens and apostrophes are not counted or sent except upon formal demand of the sender, in which case they will be charged for as one word each. Inverted commas, the two signs of parenthesis, and each separate figure, letter, underline or character will be counted as one word. When the letters ''eh" come together in the spelling of a word, they are counted as one letter. (Example, ''Chir- opodist" 10 letters). In artificial words, however, the combination is counted as two letters. 38 The followiuB examples determine the interpretation of the rules to be followed in count- ing words. Number or Wonos. 1 In Text. Pliiin Code Address Lan- Lan- guage KUaKG Mes- Mes- 8a)j;e8. BagOH. 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 •> 2 2 3 o 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 9 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 1 2 3 3 4 4 2 2 1 1 •) 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 T 2 1 Number or Wohdb. In Adilre.ss Text. Plain Liin- KUHKC MOH- Hagcs. Code Lan- guage Mes- New York Newyork Frankfurt Mjiin. . . . Frankfurt a/.M Frankfurtinaiu Sanrt Pocltcn Sanrtpoclten Eniniingcn Han- nover* EmmingCD Wurt- tcmbnrg* Newsouthwales (H P 10) supplemen- tary instrurlions written in abridged form) Vandebrando (name of a person). Du Bois Dubois (name of a person) BelgraveSriuare. . . . Belgravesquare (con- trary to the usage of the language) . Hydcpark (contrary to the usage of the language) Hydepark Square {. Saint James St reet . SaintjamesStreet. . Allright Alright Rue do la Paix .... Rue delapaix Responsibility Unconstitutionality (19 characters). . . A-t-il C'cst-a-dire. . . . Aujourd'hui.. . . Aujourdhui. . . . Port<,>-monnaie. Portcmonnaie. , Princeof Wales (ship) Princeof wales (ship). 44 1/2 (.'i characters) 4441, 2(0ch;iractcrs, 444.5 (.5 characters) 444. .5.5 (6 characters) 44/2 (4 characters) . 44/ (3 characters) . . 2% (4 characters).. . 2p % 54-58 (5 characters) . 17me (4 characters) . E K M (isolated let- ters) Emythf (6, charac- ters) Ch23 G H F45 A.'iC 197a/199a AP Le 1.529me (1 word and a group of 6 characters) 10 francs 50 cen- times (or) 10 fr. .50 c 10 fr. 50 Fr. 10..50 11. .30 huit/10 5bis 30at 15xGt Two hundred and thirty four T wo hundred a nd- thirtyfour (23 characters) Troi.sceuxriets LInneufdixiemes Deux luillo cent qua- tro vingtquatroze. . Deuxmiiecentquatre- vingtquatorze (31 characters) if (Private) the affair is urgent, leave at once (one pair of brackets, one un- derline) 10 10 t Telegraph instruments cannot reproduce such expressions aa 30a 15 x G, etc. Senders must be asked to substitute for them the explicit meanings "30 exponant a," "15 multiplied by 6," etc. * Hannover and Wurttcmburg following Emmingen, serve to complete the designation of two offices of the same name in the same State, and thus appear in the first column of the official nomenclature of telegraph offices. t In this case, the cxprps.sion "Hydepark," written as a single word, counts as one word, because the work "park" forms an integral part of the name of the square. 39 Abbreviations, misspelled words, illegitimate compound words, words combined in a manner contrary to the usages of the several languages authorized, also unpronounceable groups of letters (not trademarks or marks of commerce) are inadmissable, but if they should accidentally appear in a message the unpronounceable groups will be charged for at the rate of five letters, or fractions of five letters, as one word, and the others in accordance with the number of words they actually contain. Upon payment of a quarter of the full rate, in addition to the ordinary tolls, a cable message will be repeated, which ensures its correct transmission. Repetition of a doubtful word or words may be re- quested by the addressee without charge by the Cable Co therefor. Capital. The amount of money put into a business. Available funds. Capitaliza- See Bonds and Stocks. tion. Capital Letters. Begin with a capital : (1) The first word of every complete sentence, whether simple or compound. Examples: (Simple Sentence) Experience develops a stenographer, (Compound Sentence) One of the questions answered herein is : How shall I properly write a check? 40 (2) The first word of each line of i)oetry. Examples : I didn't begin with askings, I took my job, and I stiifk, And I took the chance they wouldn't, And now they're calling it "luck." — Kiplini;. (3) Proioer nouns and words derived from proper nouns. Examples : Engineer Lee, ex-President Roosevelt, Grace, Riverside Drive, Chicago, War of 1812, New Thought, Professor Jones, President Blank, Good Queen Bess, King George, Roman, Ohio, Victorian, Interstate Commerce Commission, Brigadier-Gen- eral. (4) AVords used to indicate the Deity. Examples : He, Ilim, Thou, Thy. Thee, ITeaven. Prov- idence, God, Father, Sou, Holy Ghost, Supreme Being, the Almighty, etc. God indicating a heathen deity Is not capital- ized. "Tliou Shalt have no other gods before me." Heavens (plural), when the sky is meant, is not capitalized. (5) Names of things personified. Examples : "O Death, w^hero is thy sting." "The Sea saw it and fled.'' (6) Months of the year, days of the week, and holi- days. Examples : January, Monday, Lincoln's Birthday. 41 Names of the seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) are not capitalized. When autumn is referred to as ''the Fall," Fall is begun with a capital letter. (7) The first words of a direct quotation. Examples : The Oliver Typewriter Company replied : "To make the pouud Sterling mark, strike a small f over a small <." (Indirect Quotation) : The Oliver Typewriter Company replied that the pound Sterling mark could be made "by striking the hyphen over the capital //," If we did not wish to make the sign with ink. (8) The words north, south, east and west, when in- dicating a section of the country and not direc- tion. Examples : This interesting story comes from the West. The wind is from the east. (9) Personal pronoun / and interjection 0. The interjection oh is not capitalized except at the beginning of a sentence; and is always followed by a comma or an exclamation-mark. ''The stamp — oh! I forgot to put it on." The interjection seldom has a punctua- tion-mark after it, as, "0 Miss Smith, this is not the letter." (10) Important words in the title of a book, picture, play, heading, subject of a chapter, article or 42 paragraph. (Each noun, verb, adjective, and adverb.) Examples : The title of this hooli is, "What Every Business Woman Should Know." "The Roman Girl at the Well," "The Girl of the Golden West." Car Demurrage and Freight Revenue, Article I, Resolved, Whereas. When jointly used with proper names, or when indi- cating that the person is directly addressed, mother, father, sister, brother, cousin, aunt, etc. are capitalized. Examples : "I agree with you, Mother, it is the better way." Aunt Mary, Cousin Margaret, Sister Sue. My uncle and aunt are en route to California. The names of articles or goods, or terms that are peculiar to a certain line of business, are frequently capi- talized. The prefix ex is not capitalized except at the begin- ning of a sentence. Example: Among those present were ex-Judge Townes and ex-President Taft. In typewriting, either capitals or small letters may be used for a.m. and p.m.; as, 10:30 P.M., 9 a.m. There should be no space between the two letters. 43 Care of Every reasonable precaution should be Important taken against loss of important papers, Papers. either by theft, fire or whatever the case may be, and no better precaution can be taken than by renting a box in some safe deposit com- pany. There is no recorded instance of an effort to break into a modern safe deposit vault. The physical obstacles offered by the construction are too great. There are a great many people who think they cannot afford a deposit box, but in the long run it proves a very cheap method of insurance. Have a complete list of the papers to be preserved made, and keep this in a SEPAR- ATE place from where the actual documents are kept, in an entirely different building if possible, so that if the papers are destroyed by fire the same fire will not destroy the list. — (From "Municipal and Corporation Bonds" hy Montgomery Rollins.) Casualty See Accident or Casualty/ Insurance. Insurance. Caveat. An order to hold action on the specified matter in abeyance until further notice or advice is received, e. g., a caveat may be filed against the probate of a will. Certificate A certificate issued against a deposit of of Deposit. money, payable at a fixed due date deter- mined by the depositor. Interest is allowed at a rate which depends on the amount of the deposit and the length of time for which the certificate is issued. Checks cannot be issued against these funds. 44 \i M i:! JTirst IRational 36anU ot Statetown No. Statelown. 19 - ha deposited in this Bank - Dollars payable to the order of upon the return of this Certificate properly endorsed, with interest at per cent, per annum if left months. PAYMENT SUBJECT TO TWO WEEKS NOTICE. Cashier. FoK.M OK CkRTIFUATE OF DEPOSIT. Certiorari. A writ removing an action from a lower to a higher court. Chamber of Association of business men to develop and Commerce. protect the trade of a town or city. Charter. The grant of certain pow^ers or privileges to a company or corporation. Charter The contract or instrument embodying the Party. terms under whicli a ship is hired. A mer- cantile lease of a ship. Form of Chabteb I'abty. HtttCleS of ?lgrccmcnt, nmdc tins day of fty and hcUceen of the city of party of the first part, and of the name place, party of the second part, TJaitncSSCtb, that the said party of the first part has this day char^ tcrcd and hired unto the said party of the second part the vessel named of , , , and!, of the burden of 45 tons, or thereabouts, trith all the appurtenances, cables, anchors, chains, etc., which belong to said vessel, for the term of months, from the day of , to be delivered at the port of ffor tbe U0C of said vessel the said party of the second part agrees and binds himself to pa/y to the said party of the first part the sum of dollars, the payment to be made as follows: dollars on the delivery of said vessel ; dollars on the day of ; and dollars at the expiration of the said months. And it is agreed that the said party of the second part shall be at all the expense of manning, etc., and shall return the same to the said party of the first part, at the port of , m as good condition as it now is tvith exception of the ordinary use and wear, and if the said party of the second part shall at any time refuse to fulfill on his part, the said party of the first part shall have the right to take possession of the said vessel, wherever the same be found. Iln TRIlttness "WUbercof, the said parties have hereunto set their hands and seals, the day and year above w-ritteiu SealeD anD H)cltvcreD in presence of (Seal) (Seal) Chattel See Mortgage. Mortgage. Checks. A check is an order in writing, without con- ditions, directing that the amount specified be paid on demand to the order of the person or persons named. A bill of exchange. A person who draws a check on a bank in which he has no account is guilty of a crime and liable to indictment. A check should be presented at the bank for payment as soon as possible after its receipt, usually within twenty- four hours. 46 If the check is payable to tlie Order of some person named, the i)erson so specilied nmst endorse it. The endorsement must be the same as the face of the check. If drawn to the order of ''Martha Williams" it will not do to endorse the check **M. A. Williams." When the payee signs only his name on the back of the check (called an endorsement in blank) it remains negoti- able, transferable to others; but if the payee endorses it Pay to John Simpson, signing his name below, it becomes the property of John Simpson only. Had he endorsed it Pay to the Order of John Simpson (called an endorse- ment in full), and signed his name underneath, it would then be negotiable and transferable by John Simpson to another. A check reading Pay to Bearer or Pay to Cash needs no endorsement. It is payable to anyone who presents it. If the check is cashed after having been lost or stolen, the maker of the check would be the loser. But when it is payable to the Order of Bearer or Cash, the payee, or one collecting the amount of the check from the bank, must endorse it. If the name of the payee is misspelled on the face of the check, when endorsing it he should first write it as it ap- pears on the face and underneath his name correctly writ- ten, i. e., Edward Brown Edouard Browne If there is a difference in the amount specified in the ' ' body ' ' or written amount on the check and the numerals, No. J: New York, J anuary lst,,Q|6 ^tatftouttt Sank Sc ®ru0t Olomjiany Pay to the order of MA RY SMITH 00 Two hundred fifty and 100 ------ dollars «250j_too ^'\0-^i H J. CO Q. O c SB rt er ^ u. % o I ^ JZ c OB s *^ c TO 2 > CO Form of Enih)ksement of Voucher Check. 50 Voucher Check — Check and receipt in one document, showing wliat i)ayment by check covers. Usually drawn in dui)licate. Checks are numbered consecutively, the stub remaining in the check-book containing a corresponding number to the issued check. Some firms, when their cancelled checks are returaed from the bank, have each check ])asted to its stub. Payment of Check Refused — See Protest. Stop Payment Order — An order given by a customer to his bank directing it not to pay a specified check. When a check has been lost or stolen a ''Stop PajTnent Order" should at once be sent to the bank. January 1 1916. Statetown Bank & Trust Co. , Statetown, New York. Dear Sirs: Please accept this as not ice that we desire payment stopped on our Check No. 333, dated December 28th, 1915, issued in favor of JOHN BROWN & COMPANY, for $250. Yours truly, (Sgd) MOORE & COMPANY FuKii OF Stop Payment Okdeb. 51 Certified Check — When a bank "certifies" a check it guarantees that the drawer of the check has sufficient funds on deposit with it at the time to pay the check, and, except as to endorsements, the bank assumes liability for the pay- ment. The amount of the check "certified" is immedi- ately charged to the drawer 's account. Exchange on Checks — A collection charge on out-of- town checks, established by the Clearing House Associa- tions. Signature — When an account is opened, the depositor's signature is filed with the bank, and it is the duty of the bank to take every precaution against a forged or raised check being paid from the depositor's account. In some in- stances the bank is held liable, but not where the check has been carelessly drawn, as the example of "An improperly drawn check" hereinbefore shown. Overdraw an Account — To draw against an account with a bank for an amount larger than stands to the credit of the drawer. This is a failing accredited by bankers to many women. It is related that one woman upon being notified by the bank that her account was overdrawn, promptly drew another check to cover the ' ' overdraft. ' ' Active Account — One against which many checks are drawn and deposited. Deposit Slip — A slip furnished by the bank to be filled out and turned in with each deposit, a check being made against the items on the printed slip to show what the de- posit consists of, whether Bills and/or Specie (coins) and/or Checks. See Pass Book. 52 ])i-:i'osrri<:i) hv SPENCER SMITH — IN — ^tatftaiitn lank New ror/t,Jan. 1st, /9y6 Bau (ip.: .?! Dollars Cents 1300 00 00 00 00 00 00 Sp^cu ..(silver.) 125 100 350 200 Chicki " First State "First Nat'l •' Corn Nat'l 2 075 Form of Deposit Slip. FOR DEPOSIT ONLY IN STATETOWN BANK & TRUST GO. for credit of Martha Williams FOR DEPOSIT Martha Williams May 1, 1916 Endorsement on Checks FOR Deposit. FOR DEPOSIT TO THE CREDIT OF John Simpson K.mmirsements on Checks for Deposit. 53 Clearing An association of banks and trust companies House through which daily exchange of notes and Association, checks is made. Loans are also made to the various bank members of the association. There are about 200 clearing houses located throughout the United States. The Clearing House Association lo- cated in New York City was established in 1853. Closed Mortgage. See Mortgage. Codes. Civil — Statutes or system of laws deter- mining the civil relations of citizens. Penal — Statutes defining crimes and regulating the method and degree of punishment. Telegraphic — See Cablegrams and Telegrams. Codicil. See Wills. Coffee Located on Pearl Street, New York City. Exchange. Incorporated in 1885. Membership about 320. Provides a daily market where coffee may be bought and sold. Collateral. Money or property deposited with a bank or individual at the time of obtaining a loan as security for the repayment of the amount bor- rowed. In case of default, such collateral security can be confiscated immediately, without having recourse to legal proceedings. 54. Coins. Foreign value of: Country Standard. Monetary Unit. Value. Argentiiio Rcpiihlic Austria-IIunpary. . Belgium Bolivia Brazil Canada Costa llica Chile China Colombia Denmark Eruador KKvpt Finland France German Empire. . . . Great Britain Greece Hayti India (British) Italy Japan Liberin Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold . Gold. Gold. Gold. Silver Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold . Peso ('rown Franc B( liviano Milrcis Dollar Colon Peso (Shanghai . Haikwan.. (Customs) Dollar Crown Sucre Pound (100 pia.'^trrs) Mark Franc Mark Pound Sterling Drachma. Gourde Rupee Lira Yen Dollar D. C. M. 96 5 20 .3 19 3 38 9 54 6 1 46 .5 36 5 69 2 77 1 1 26 8 48 7 4 94 3 19 3 19 3 23 8 4 86 61/^ 19 3 96 5 .32 4H 19 3 49 8 1 Commissary. An official or department having charge of the food supply or the dispensing of other necessities. Common A person or corporation whose business it Carrier. is to carry goods from one place to another for the public generally. Express com- panies, steamship and railroad companies, and others en- gaged in transportation generally, are Common Carriers. Company. An association of two or more persons un- der a firm name for the purpose of con- ducting a business. A Joint company enjoys some of the 55 privileges of a corporation, the capital being divided into shares. A Limited company is one wherein the liability of the partners or shareholders is limited to the amount of capital they have put in or shares they own. See also Corporation, By-laws, Bonds and Stocks. Compositor. One who sets type. Compound See Interest. Interest. Consignee. The person to whom goods are directed. Consignor. The one who sends the goods to the receiver or consignee. Consolidated Located corner Beaver and Broad Streets, Exchange. New York City. Organized in 1886. Deals in odd lots, that is, in less than 100 shares. ' Securities listed upon the New York Stock Exchange are largely traded in, with some that are not listed on the Stock Exchange, such as mining stocks. While the rules of the Consolidated Exchange provide for the dealing in petroleum, grain and other products, wheat is the only one actively dealt in, and this in quantities less than permitted on the Produce Exchange (5,000 bushels). Seats on the Consolidated Exchange command about $2,000. The New York Stock Exchange has a rule that any communication (with the Consolidated Exchange) by means of messenger, or clerks, or in any other manner, 5() directly or iiulircctly between the New York Stock Ex- change Building, or any part thereof, or any office of any member of said New York Stock Exchange or any part thereof, or any room, place, hallway or space occupied or controlled by said Consolidated Exchange, or any office of any member of said Consolidated Stock Exchange * * * through any means, apparatus, device or contrivance as above mentioned, is detrimental to the interest and welfare of this Exchange, and is hereby prohibited. That any member of this Exchange who transacts any business di- rectly or indirectly wdth or for any member of said Con- solidated Stock Exchange who is engaged in business upon said Consolidated Stock Exchange, shall, on conviction thereof, be deemed to have committed an act or acts detri- mental to the interest and w^elfare of this Exchange. Consols. Contraction of ''Consolidated Funds." (British.) Contraband. Goods which a neutral is forbidden to fur- nish a belligerent country. Anything for- bidden. Contract. A formal agreement between two or more jjarties, with a specified consideration, un- der which mutual rights or obligations are established. A contract may be either in writing or verbal. The "Acts of Providence or War" ever abrogate a contract. See Agreement, Sunday Contracts and Business Laws. 57 Form of Br>^\NK Contract. Hrticlcs ot Agreement, Bcticccn of the firxt part, and of the second part, The part of the first part, in consideration of covenant. . . and agree to 7'he part of the second part, in consideration of covenant . . . .and agree to Hn TlXflttnCSS Wi\iCXCOt,thc parties hereunto have set their hands and seals the daij of in the year one thousand nine hundred and Sealed anO Delivered in tbe presence ot Conveyance. A deed which passes or conveys land or property from one j)erson to another. Copy. Manuscript which is to be set up in type. Copyright. Claim filed by an author or artist in the Copyright Office at Washington, D. C, of his exclusive right to publish or distribute his work for a period of twenty-eight years. To secure copyright regis- tration under the Act of March 4, 1909, as amended, the following steps are necessary. Ascertain to which of the following classifications the work belongs and write to the Register of Copyrights at Washington, D. C, for the form of application covering it, designating the number. 58 Form No. of Class Application (a) Hooks, iiicliidiii;; comiKtsiti' cncycldfiiUMlic wttrks, (iircctorics, Kii'''t'tti'ors, and other compilations. , Ri'Itroduceii in copies for sale A 1 (b) Periodicals, newspapers. Single issue B 1 (c) Lectures, sermons, addresses, prepared for oral delivery C (d) Dramatic or dramatico-musical compositions. Publislied dramatic composition for sale.... D 1 Dramatic compositions, copies not reproduced for sale D 2 Published dramatico-musical composition... D3 (e) Musical compositions. Published for the first time E Republished with new copyri^iht El Copies not reproduced for sale E 2 (f) Maps F (g) Worlvs of art ; models or designs for works of art G (h) Reproductions of a work of art H (1 ) Drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character. Reproduced in copies for sale II Not reproduced in copies for sale 12 (j ) Photographs. Reproduced in copies for sale J 1 Not reproduced in copies for sale J 2 (k) Prints and pictoral illustrations K (1 ) Motion-picture photoplays. Reproduced in copies for sale LI Not reproduced in copies for sale L 2 (m) Motion-pictures other than photoplays. Reproduced in copies for sale Ml Not reproduced in copies for sale M 2 For Works Reproduced in Copies for Sale. 1. Publish the work with copyright notice. The notice should read: *' Copyright, 19. . . . (year date of publica- tion) by (name of copyright proprietor).'* The date in the copyright notice should agree with the year date of publication. 59 2. Promptly after publication* send to the Copyright Office two copies of the best edition of the work, with an application for registration and a money order payable to the Register of Copyrights for the statutory registration fee of one dollar. As to special fee for registration of photographs, see Works Not Reproduced in Copies for Sale. In the case of books the copies deposited must be accom- panied by an affidavit^ under the official seal of an officer authorized to administer oaths, stating that the typeset- ting, printing and binding of the book have been performed within the United States. Affidavit and application fonns will be supplied by the Copyright Office upon request. This affidavit is not required in the case of a book of foreign origin in a language or languages other than English, nor in the case of a printed play in any language, as such works are not required to be manufactured in the United States. In the case of contributions to periodicals send one com- plete copy of the periodical containing the contribution with application and fee. No affidavit is required. Only one copy is required to be deposited in the case of a work by an author who is a citizen or subject of a foreign state or nation and which Eas been published in a foreign country. ♦ Section 62 of the Copyright Law defines "the date of publication" as "the earliest date when copies of the first authorized edition were placed on sale, sold, or publicly distributed by the proprietor of the copyright or under his au- thority.'' ()0 For Works Not Reproduced in Copies for Sale. Copyright may also be had of certain classes of works (see a, b, c, etc., below) of which copies are not reproduced for sale, by filing in the Copyright Office an application for registration, with the statutory fee of one dollar, sending therewith : (a) In the case of lectures or other oral addresses, or of dramatic or musical compositions, one complete manu- script or typewritten copy of the work. (b) In the case of photographs not intended for gen- eral circulation, one i)hotographic print. As to special fee see below. (c) In the case of works of art (paintings, drawing, sculpture) or of drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character, one photograph or other identifying reproduction of the work. (d) In the case of motion-picture photoplays, a title and descriiDtion, with one print taken from each scene or act. (e) In the case of motion-pictures other than photo- plays, a title and description, with not less than two prints taken from different sections of a complete motion-picture. In the case of the works here noted, not reproduced IN copies for sale, the law expressly requires that a SECOND deposit OF PRINTED COPIES FOR REGISTRATION AND THE PAYMENT OF A SECOND FEE MUST BE MADE UPON PUBLI- CATION. The statutory fee for registration of any work, except a photograph, is one dollar, including a certificate of regis- 61 tration under seal. In tlie case of a xjhotograph, if a certificate is not demanded the fee is fifty cents. In the case of several volumes of the same book deposited at the same time, only one registration at one fee is required. Checks will not be accepted for pajnuent of copyright fees. Remittances should be made by money order or bank draft. Under the provisions of the **Act to Increase the In- ternal Revenue" approved October 22, 1914, a ten-cent documentary revenue stamp will be required to be attached to each certificate issued by the Coj^yright Office. The stamp should be forwarded at the time of application for registration of copyright, pinned to a card of the follow- ing form, which will be furnished upon request. The ten-cent revenue stamp pinned to this card is to be used on the certificate of copyright to be issued to: Write here the name of the claimant (OWNER) of copyright Write here the address to which certificate ia to be sent PIN HERE lO-cent revenue stamp or envelope containing neces- sary stamps SEND TO REGISTER OF COPYRIGHTS, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, WASHINGTON, D. C. Offlca notation: Attached to certificate Class — No.. Following is the form of an Application and Affidavit furnished by the Co]:)yriglit Office upon request : Hit mx onl Mch nambere.'. spact IPPLICATION FOR COPYBIGHT- -BOOK MAUDFiCTDRED IN THE DHITED STATES Date (1) BXOISTKK OP COPYBIOHTS, Wtshlnfton, D. C. Of the BOOK named herein TWO complete copiea of the beat edition flret published on th« date stated herein are herewith deposited to secure copyright registration, accuuipuxued by th* APFICAVIT required by section 16 of the Act of March 4, 1900, that the book hoa been producaA In accordance with the manufacturing proviiiioiis epecified in »«ctk>n 16 of the said Act. 91 (stiitutory foe for registration and certillcatu) ia also inclosed. The copyright ia clAimad by Name and address of oopyright claimant: (2)-— _j— . iisfoUj towrt (Suu) translation, then Tranalator (3) — _ Country of which the author or translator ia a ci^jcen or sul>jaot (4V An alien author domiciled In the United States must name the place of domicile (6) Title of book (6) -IMuat be stated] Price ♦_ Lmts SB SOKM «ttl!t> UWM dCXMl- MSM Misk Al AppOnOos net ADdlTU Exact date of firot publication (7) Send certiflc.ite of reg-istru-tioa to (8)_ [State here the Aiy, mcnth, and year when th* w^a. was placed on sole, trald, or publicly distributed] Jfame and addroas of person sending the fee: (9)— (Stau) (Please turn this over] <8tt»»t) Application i« _».K1I^— .) from{*yP« places made in the TJ. B. from type/ (Civy) (StaM) set within the limits of the United States by (Olt7) (Statt) that the said book was published on. (Vam* of MtabUihoi«Bt) that the priuting of the text of _; the said book was completed on. ., IB ; -, 19- that the binding of the said book has been performed within the limits of the United States by at . (Ham* o( MMblUbnatf (City) (SUUj Subscribed and |^^i^g^°| before me thls_ (Slcaatnn of panoa Baklac affldaitt) -day of , 19 NCnCK, If the date of pabUcatlon is stated In the alBdaTit, then the eiecuUon of this affidavit MTJST BE SUB- SEQUENT to tbe publication of the book. The notary U requested to see that thii blank is properly filled and that there are no variance! or •erloui delects. PLEASE PLACE SEAL AT TOP. [Please toia this orer] Affidavit on Back of Application. (Slcaalan at JIatafT Pabllo) assignor in the statutory notice of copyright in the work assigned, provided the transfer of proprietorship, as well as the assignment of copyright, is recorded at Washing- ton. An additional fee of ten cents is charged for this. A copyright may be renewed within one year before the expiration of the original twenty-eight year period for another twenty-eight years. 64 EXTRACT FROM THE ACT OF MARCH 4. 1900, RE- SPECTING THE COPYRIGHT NOTICE. The notice of copyright required by Section Nine of this Act shall consist of the word "Copyright" or the abbrevia- tion "Copr.", accompanied by the name of the copyright pro- prietor, and if the work be a printed, literary, musical or dramatic work, the notice shall include also the year In which the copyright was secured by publication. In case, however, of copies of works specified in sub-sections (f) to (k)* inclusive of Section Five of this Act, the notice may consist of the letter C inclosed within a circle, thus (C)' accompanied by the initials, monogram, mark or symbol of the copyright proprietor : provided, that on some accessible portion of such copies or of the margin, back, permanent base or pedestal, or of the substance on which such copies shall be mounted, his name shall appear. But in the case of works in which copyright is subsisting when this Act shall go into effect, the notice of copyright may be either in one of the forms prescribed herein or in one of those prescribed by the Act of June 18, 1874. The notice of Copyright shall be applied in the case of a book or other printed publication upon its title page or the page immediately following (the back of the title page), or if a periodical either upon the title page or upon the first page of text of each separate number or under the title heading, or if a musical work either upon its title page or the first page of music; provided, that one notice of copyright In each volume or iu each number of a newspaper or period- ical published shall suffice. Comer. A stock is said to be cornered when a cer- tain clique get possession of the majority shares of a particular company and by manipulation force the prices above normal. •The following are the classes of works "specified In BUb-sections (f) to (k) :•• (f) Maps; (g) Works of art; models or doslgns for works of art; (h) Reproductions of a work of art; (1) Drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character; (J) Photographs; (k) Prints and pictorial illustrations. ;^'. #> r ^^ia^- IL*fc c -^^ ' w o O cS 1 >^ - ." H >, a, 65 Corporation. A permanent organization, with the privi- lege in some states of perpetual succession*, endowed with the right to conduct business as an individ- ual. See also By-laivs, Charter, Company and Stock- holders. Cotton Located in Hanover Square, New York. In- Exchange, corporated in 1871. Membership limited to 450. Through it is financed and distributed about four-fifths of the cotton crop of this country. Trad- ers from all parts of the world buy and sell on this ex- change. Coupon. One of a series of small certificates attached to a bond, representing the interest due quarterly, semi-annually or annually, at a fixed rate. AVhen the interest is due, the coupon is cut from the bond and presented to the bank, banker, broker or trust company where payment is to be made, or it may be deposited in a bank the same as a check or cash. NO. lOOO $25.00 Upon the first day of May, 1916, the CALCUTTA TIMBER COMPANY will pay^ to bearer at its office or agency in the City of New York, Twenty-five Dollars, ($25.00) gold coin of the United States of America, being six months interest then due on its first mortgage five per cent, gold bond No. 1000, unless said bond shall have been previously paid before maturity as provided therein. Form of Coupon. • In New York State, the following constitutional amendment to end the granting of perpetual franchise to pul)lic service corporations is before the Legislature : "Neither the L/cgislaturo, nor any municipality or corporation shall grant any franchise in perpetuity. Franchises for fixed or for indeterminate periods may be granted on conditions that shall permit the grantor to resume control thereof upon terms to be embodied in the original grant. Upon such resumption of control of any franchise, compensation shall not be granted for the franchise, but only for the actual cost, less depreciation, of the physical property devoted to the operation of such franchise." 66 Covenant. A modifying or qualifying agreement con- tained within another agreement or deed. A separate agreement in any instrument under seal. Creditor. One to whom a debt is due. Curb Market. The Hughes Commission, appointed to in- vestigate the New York Stock Exchange, included in its report, dated June 7, 1909, the following with reference to the Curb Market : "There is an unorganized stock-market held in the open air during exchange hours. It occupies a section of Broad Street. An enclosure in the center of the roadway is made by means of a rope, within which the traders are supposed to confine themselves, leaving space on either side for the passage of street traffic; but during days of acti%'e trading the crowd often extends from curb to curb. There are about 200 subscribers, of whom probably 150 appear on the curb each day, and the machinery of the operations requires the presence of as many messenger boys and clerks. * * * This open-air market, we understand, is dependent for the great bulk of its business upon members of the Stock Ex- change, approximately So% of the orders executed on the curb coming from Stock Exchange houses. The Exchange itself keeps the curb market in the street, since it forbids its own members engaging in any transactions in any other security exchange in New York. If the curb were put under a roof and organized, this trading could not be maintained. The curb market has existed for upwards of thirty years, but only since the great development of trading in securities began, about the year 1S97, has it become really important. It affords a public market place where all persons can buy and sell securities which are not listed on any organized exchange * * *." Subsequently, in 1910, the New York Curb Market As- sociation was formed with a membership of 250; annual dues $100. G7 Stocks of many of the large corporations whose secur- ities are not listed on the New York Stock Exchange, such as the Standard Oil Co., are dealt in on the Curb, as well as stocks that have been issued but not yet listed on the Stock Exchange. Customs Customs (always plural) — Tariffs or duties and Duties, levied on exports and imports. Under the United States Customs Laws and Regula- tions, a resident of the United States returning thereto is entitled to bring with him Free of Duty personal ef- fects taken abroad by him as baggage Provided they have not been remodeled or improved abroad so as to increase their value, and in addition thereto articles of wearing apparel or adornments of the person, purchased or other- wise obtained abroad of a total value Not Exceeding $100, provided they are properly declared, not for sale nor in- tended for other persons. Days of The extra time (usually three days) al- Grace. lowed after a note or bill becomes due be- fore payment is demanded. Dead Money paid to the owners of a vessel for Freight. space that was booked for cargo but not filled. Debenture. A bond or written acknowledgment of a debt. A promise to pay. 68 Intehest Laws and Statutes of Limitation, Statps and Tcrritoriea Alabama . . Alaska Arkansas... Arizona California. . Colorado. . . Connecticut Delaware.. . D. of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky. . . . Louisiana Maine Maryland. . . . Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi . . . Missouri Interest Laws Statutes of Limitations I>CKaI Rate Allowed Judg- Notes Open Ac- Rate by Contract Yeara Years counts Years Per Per cent. cent. 8 8 20 3 S 12 10 1 c 10 10 5 3 G .\ny rnto .5 4 3 7 .\ny rate 5 4 4 8 .Vny rato 20 G 6 6 .\ny rate (0) (e) 6 6 10 611 3 6 10 12 3 3 8 10 20 511 2 7 8 7 Oil 4 8 12 2'.)(n) 6 6 7 12 5 4 5 7 20 10 5 6 8 20 10 6 6 8 20(d) 10 5 6 10 5 5 3 6 6 1.5 1.5 5(a) 5 8 10 5 3 6 .\ny rate 20 G(c. c§§ 6 6 12 3 3 6 Any rate 20 G 6 5 7 10 G 6 (■> 10 10 G G 6 10 7 fi 3 6 .S 10 10 .5 States and Territories Montana . . Nebraska. . Nevada N. Hampshire New Jersey... New Mexico . New York N. Carolina . North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Porto Rico. , . Rhode Island. So. Carolina. South Dakota Tennessee. . . . Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington . . West Virginia Wisconsin. . . . Wyoming. . . Interest Law.s Statutes of Limitations Legal Rate Per cent. Rale Allowed by Contract Per cent. Any rate 10 Any rate 6 6 12 61 1 6 12 8 10 10 6 12 Any rate 8 12 6 10 12 6 6 12 6 10 12 Judg- ments Years 10(i) 5:: 6 20 20 7 20(n) 10 lOCm'i 15(p) 5(A) 10 5(/) (?' 20 10 10(0 10 lOU 8 8 20 6 10 20(n) 21 Notes Years 3 6 6 (9) 6 6 6 6 2 4 6§J 3 * Under seal, 10 years. § Unless a different rate is expressly stipulated. 1| Under seal, 20 years. "H Store accounts; other accounts 3 years; accounts between merchants 5 years, tt New York has by a recent law legalized any rate of interest on call loans of $5,0(X) or up- ward, on collater.il eoeurity. Xt Becomes dormant, but may be revived. §§Six years from last item. (u) Accounts between merchants 2 years. (b) In courts not of record 5 years, (f) Witnes.sed 20 years. (d) Twenty years in Courts of Record; in Ju.stice'3 Court 10 years. (<) Neg(jti;ible notes 6 years, non-negotiable 17 years, (f) Cea.ses to be a lien after that period, unlr.s.i revived. (h) On foreign judgments 1 ye.ir. (/) Ten years foreign, 20 years domestic, (m) Subject to rencwaL (k) Not of record 6 years, (o) No limit. (p) Foreign. Domestic 6 years. (q) Varies from 3 to 30 years. Penalties for Usury difTer in the various states. California, Colorado, Maine, Massachu- setts (except on loans of less than $1,000), Montana and Nevada have no provisions on the subject. Loss of principal and interest is the penalty in Arkansas and New York. Loss of principal in Delaware and Oregon. Loss of interest in Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, District of Columbia, Florida, Idaho, Illi- nois, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mi.ssi.ssippi, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Carolina (double amount if paid). North Dakota (double amount if paid), Oklahoma, Porto Rico, Smith Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Virginia, Washington (double amount if paid), Wisconsin, FTawaii, and Wyoming. Los.s of excess of interest in Connecticut, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, New Hampshire (three times). New Mexico, Ohio, Penn.sylv.ania, Tennessee, Vermont, and West Virginia. Loss of principal and interest in Rhode Island, also fine or imprisonment. — World Almaruic. 69 Debts. Each state has interest laws or "statutes of limitation" within which stated time an action must be brought to collect debts and claims. After this limit has expired, the debts are said to be * ' outlawed. ' ' A judgment is usually good for twenty years. Contracts under seal are good for a longer period than those not under seal. In the majority of states, promissory notes are outlawed in six years, but in some states when under seal they are good for twenty years. Deed. A written instrument or conveyance, under seal, transferring title to real property. The seller is called the ''grantor" and the buyer the "grantee." Before the execution of a deed, a contract of sale is usually entered into and the purchaser has the title to the proiDcrty ''searched" (see Abstract of Title) to ascertain whether the seller has actual title to the land and that there are no mortgages, liens or encumbrances against it. A deed should contain the names of the purchaser and seller (grantee and grantor), the date the deed is executed and a consideration. Frequently "One Dollar" is given as the "consideration" when it is not desired that the actual amount paid shall be known. A deed made by an infant under twenty-one years of age or an insane person is not valid, nor is a deed obtained by fraud or force. Deed with Fui-l Covenakts (New York Fobm) CbiS ITn&enturC, inade the day of m the year nineteen h iindrcd and 70 JSetWCCn of the first part and of the second part. TMttncesCtb that the said part.... of the first part, in, eotunderation of Dollars, hiufid moncu of the I'nitcd States, paid hu the part . . . .of the second part. do. . . .hrrehy ijrunt, and release unto the said part.... of the second part ... .heirs and assigns forever, nil (here insert description of property) XLOQCtbCt with the appurtenances and all the estate and rights of the part of the first part in and to said premises. XLO bavc anD to bOlD the above granted premises unto the said part. . . of the second part.... heirs and a.n.signs forever. TluD the said part of the first part do. . .covenant irith the said part of the second part as follows : Fir.it — That '/(C part . . . of the first jmrt. . .seized of the said pmuises in fee simple and ha... good right to convcij the same. Second — That the part of the second part shall quietly enjoy the said premises. Third — That the said premises are free from incumbrances. Fourth — That the part of the first part ivill crecutc or procure any further necessary assurances of the title to .faid premises. Fifth — That tf^e part of the first part will forever warrant the title to said premises. In witness Wbcreot the said part of the first part ha here- unto H(t hand. . and seal. . .the day and year first above written. In presence of (Signature of grantor). (Witnesses) Warranty Deed — The grantor in a Warranty Deed guarantees to the grantee that the title is absolutely free and clear, and should it prove otherwise the grantee can recover any loss from the grantor. 71 Quit Claim Deed — Merely a transfer of the right, title and interest in a property without responsibility for de- fects in the title. Trust Deed — Conveyance of title in a property to some person or company to be held in trust for others. The duty of the Trustee is to see that the provisions of the trust deed are carried out. After a deed has been properly executed, it should be recorded in the office of the proper official (County Clerk, Register of Deeds). See Release and Release of Dower. Demurrage. The compensation or allowance made for the delay of a vessel by the freighter be- yond the time agreed upon. Also refers to delay to freight trains. Demurrer. A pleading in law denyingthat a real or valid cause of action exists. Deponent. One who makes an affidavit. Deposition. The written testimony of a witness, who is located in a city or town distant from the one in which the case is to be tried, sworn to before a Notary Public or other duly commissioned officer, and used at the trial which he is unable or unwilling to attend. Deposit. See Checks. Depreciation. (Railroad term.) Wear and tear of railroad equipment, buildings, machinery, etc. A diminished value. Diiference in Standard Time (From a statement pre- Time. i)arcd by the United States Naval Observa- tory, Washington, D. C.) The United States adopted standard time in 1883, on the initiative of the American Railway Association, according to which the meridians of 75°, 90% 105° and 120° west from Green- wich became the time meridians of Eastern, Central, Mountain and Pacific standard time respectively. Theoretically, the divisions should be half way between the above meridians, but for general convenience (and from the necessities of operation) the railroads change their time at the ends of railroad divisions, so that Eastern standard time is used from the Atlantic Coast to an irregu- lar line through Buffalo, Salamanca, Pittsburgh, "WHieel- ing, W. Va. ; Holloway, 0. ; Huntington, W. Va. ; Bristol, Tenn. ; Norton, Va. ; Asheville, N, C. ; Atlanta, Augusta, Ga. ; Columbia, S. C. ; Central Junction, Ga. Some of these cities use Eastern and some Central time, while the railroads use one time in one direction and the other time in the other direction. The same applies to the cities on the dividing lines be- tween the Central and Mountain Divisions, the line run- ning through Bismarck, N. D. ; South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico and Texas to El Paso ; also to the cities on the dividing line between the Mountain and Pacific division, the line running through Montana, Idaho, Oregon, Utah, Nevada and Arizona. Almost all countries throughout the world use standard time based on the meridians 15° apart from Greenwich, while some use standard time based on the longitude of their national observatories.— (TForW Almanac.) 73 ALIGNMENT OF STATES IN STANDARD TIME SECTIONS ALONG THE BORDERS OF THE SECTIONS. Eastern Time. Pennsylvania.* West Virginia.* Virginia. Nortti Carolina. South Carolina. Central Time. North Dakota (Eastern part). South Dakota (Eastern part). Nebraska ( Eastern part) . Kansas. Oklahoma. Texas. Michigan.* Ohio.* Kentucky. Tennessee. Georgia. Florida* Mountain Time. North Dakota (Western part). South Dakota (Western part). Nebraska (Western part). Colorado. New Mexico. Montana. Idaho. Utah. Arizona. Pacific Time. Washington. Oregon. Nevada. California. STANDARD TIME USED IN THE PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES. Eastern Time Augusta, Ga. Baltimore, Md. Bangor, Me. Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Charleston, S. C. Columbia, S. C. New London, Ct. New York, N. Y. Norfolk, Va. Oswego, N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Portland, Me. Providence, R. I. Richmond, Va. Washington, D. C Wilmington, N. C. Central Time Atlanta, Ga. Chicago, 111. Cincinnati, O. Columbus, O. Des Moines, la. Galveston, Tex. Hannibal, Mo. Houston, Tex. Indianapolis, Ind. Jefferson City, Mo. Kansas City, Mo. Knoxville, Tenn. Louisville, Ky. Lincoln, Nebr. Little Rock, Ark. Macon, Ga. ■ Memphis, Tenn. Milwaukee, Wis. Central Time Minneapolis, Minn, Mobile. Ala. Nashville, Tenn. New Orleans, La. Omaha, Nebr. Pensacola, Fla. Port Huron, Mich, Quincy, 111. St. Joseph, Mo. St. Louis, Mo. 5t. Paul, Minn. San Antonio, Tex. Savannah, Ga. Selma, Ala. Sioux City, la. Vincennes, Ind. Vicksburg, Miss. Winona, I\Iinn. Mountain Time Denver, Colo. Laramie. Wyo. Leadville, Colo. Salt Lake City Colorado Springs Helena, Mont. Pacific Time Kalama, Wash. Portland, Ore. San Francisco, Tacoma, Wash. Seattle, Wash. * Established by State law. In other cases the use of uniform Standard Time is prescribed by decisions of the courts. The time in other States more distant from the borders is obvious from the section in which they are located. The times in use at points in the vicinity of the borders between Standard Time Sections, such as Buffalo, Pittsburgh, etc., are governed by the contingencies of operation of the several roads. 74 One hour's difference in time is reckoned between each division. AVhen it is noon "Eastern Standard Time," it is 11 a. m. ''Central Standard Time," 10 a. m. ''Moun- tain Standard Time," and 9 a. m. "Pacific Standard Time." DIFFERENCE IN STANDARD TIME BETWEEN PRINCIPAL CITIES. CITIES At Aden Arabia Amsterdam Holland Athens Greece Berlin Germany Bombay India Bremen Germany Central Time United States Constantinople Turkey Copenhagen Denmark Dublin Ireland Eastern Time United States Hamburg Germany Havre France Hong Kong China Honolulu Hawaii Liverpool Fingland London England Madrid Spain Manila Philippine Iwlands Melbourne Australia Mountain Time United States Pacific Time United States Paris Franco Rome Italy Stockholm Sweden St. Petersburg Russia Vienna Austria Yokohama Japan When It is 12 o'Clock Noon According to Eastern Time Central Time Mountain Time Pacific Time In the United States It 8.00 5.20 C.35 6.00 9.51 0.00 11.00 6.56 6.00 4.35 12.00 6.00 5.00 12.37 6.29 5.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 1000 9.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 7.01 6.(KJ 2.00 IS V.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. M. P.M. P.M. A.M.* A.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. A.M.* A.M.* A.M. A.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. A.M.* It 9.00 6.20 7.35 7.00 10.51 7.00 12.00 7.56 7.00 5.35 1.00 7.00 0.00 1.37 7.29 6.00 6.00 6.00 2.00 4.00 11.00 10.00 6.00 7.00 7.(X) 8.01 7.00 3.00 IS P..M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. M. P.M. P.AL P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. A.M.* A.M. P.M. P..M. P.M. A..M.* A.M.* A.M. A.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. A.M.* It 10.00 7.20 8.35 8.00 11.51 8.00 1.00 8.. 56 8.(X) 6.35 2.00 800 7.(X) 2.37 8.29 7.00 7.00 7.00 3.00 5.00 12.00 11.00 7.00 8.00 8.00 9.01 8.00 4.00 P.M. P.M. P..NL P.M. P.M. P..M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. A.M.* A.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. A.M.* A.M.* M. A.NL P.M. P .M. P.M. PM. P..M. A.M.* It 12.00 8.20 9.35 9.00 12.51 9.00 2.00 9.56 9.00 7.35 3.00 9.00 8.00 3.37 9.29 8.00 8.00 8.00 4.00 6.00 1.00 12.00 8.00 9.00 9.00 10.01 9.00 5.00 M. P.M. P.M. P.M. A.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. A.M.* A.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. A.M.* A.M.* P.M. M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. P.M. A.M.* ♦ Following day. Great Britain adopted standard time in 1880; Sweden in 1879 ; Japan in 188G ; Germany in 1892 ; Austria in 1891 ; Prussia in 1893 ; Italy in 1893 ; Switzerland in 1894 ; Den- mark in 1894 ; Norway in 1895 ; Spain in 1901 ; and France in 1911. 75 Differential. The difference or dissimilarity between two things. (Railroad) The difference between the rates of two competing railroads to the same point. Discount. The interest subtracted in advance from the amount stated on the face of a note or bill of exchange. A rebate on a bill in consideration of prompt or cash payment. The price of stocks or bonds below their par value ; a stock or bond originally issued at $100 and sold at, say $98, is said to be sold at a Discount. Disfranchise. To deprive of or take away a privilege, right, or grant. See Franchise. Dividend. The percentage of profit that is distributed among the stockliolders whose names ap- pear on the books of the company. Profit on shares of stock. Stocks bought after the books of a company have been closed, are said to be bought '' ex-dividend "—without dividend. When a company stops paying a dividend, it is said to ''pass its dividend." See Bonds and Stocks. Dower. See Release of Dower and Wills. Draft. A written order from one party to another directing the payment of the amount named on its face within a specified time. 76 s AT SIGHT, PAY New TO THE York,. ORDER .19 OF . . Dollars TO VALUE RECEIVED ACCOUNT. . AND CHARGE THE SAME Form of Sight Draft. $ N E w York, 19 THIRTY DAYS AFTER DATE. PAY TO THE ORDER „ _ _ Dollars value received. and charge to account. Form of Time Drajt. Draft with The seller of the stock forwards the stock, Stock with a draft upon the purchaser attached, Attached. to a bank, who presents the draft for collec- tion, and upon payment delivers the stock to the purchaser. Dress. The earnest business woman courting Suc- cess has enough business acumen to realize that personal appearance goes a long way toward convey- ing her *' personality" to those \Wth whom she must per- 77 force come in contact. A plain, modestly dressed woman carries an air of self-respect and efficiency that will prove one of her chief assets in the business world. In order to j^resent a well-groomed, joleasing ensemble, no single part of her toilette predominates. Good taste, breeding, discernment, intelligence, all de- mand that she shall dress appropriately. Just as certain clothes are proper for wear at the theater, the opera, for- mal dinners, afternoon tea, etc., so certain clothes are properly worn in the business office. Accordion-pleated skirts; chiffon, satin, lace or fancy silk waists; large ''picture" hats, or hats with plumes; brocaded or velvet suits : are frivolous fineries that have their place, but that place is not a business office. It is true some firms considerately serve afternoon tea, but they do not expect their woman employees to dress for it I Unblacked shoes, with run-down or French heels; un- clean or highly-iDolished nails; a soiled or "peek-a-boo" shirtwaist ; a badly hanging skirt, with underskirt showing ; a suit that is over-trimmed or extreme in style ; disheveled hair ; a face powdered or rouged : are abominations either in or outside of a business office. On the other hand, a becoming suit, dark in color and untrimmed ; black shoes with common-sense or moderately high Cuban heels, polished daily ; well-cared- for hands ; a tailored, immaculately clean shirtwaist; a trim, well-cut skirt ; hair simply and becomingly arranged, evidencing the proverbial "fifty-brushes-a-day" treatment; a small but smartly trimmed hat; an avoidance of extremes in style, 78 or ill fact anything in manners or clothes that woiihl tend to make her conspicuous: are marks that identify the "lady" (using that term advisedly) in business. To their credit be it said, very few business women offend against good taste by wearing excess of jewelry. A well chosen pin or lavalliere at the throat, one or per- haps two rings (showy diamonds are extremely vulgar in an office) and a watch, are the modest adornments per- mitted to the business woman. Due Bill. An instrument acknowledging in writing that a debt is owed. $100 DUE Herbert Smith, or bearer, one hundred DOLLARS IN MERCHANDISE. FOR VALUE RECEIVED, PAYABLE ON DEMAND. FRANK ARBUCKLE. New York. March 1, 1916. FoKM OF Due Rill Payable in Goods. Dun. Publisher of commercial ratings. Easement. A right or convenience over the land of another, as a right of way, or water course. Equipment. All the rolling stock — locomotives, cars, etc. — of a railroad. An outfit. Equity. The ownership in a property over and above all liens or debts. 79 Escrow. Something deposited with a third party to be held in trust until certain acts have been performed, conditions fulfilled, or certain events have happened. £t AI. And others. Et Ux. And wife. Exchange, See Coins, foreign value of. Foreign. Executor. See Wills. Ex Officio. By virtue of office. F.O.B. Free on Board. Face. The flat amount. The value exclusive of any deductions such as interest, discount, premium. The principal. See Par. Pee Simple. That estate or interest which an owner holds to himself and his heirs forever. Ab- solute ownership, free and clear. Feme Covert. A married woman. Feme Sole. An unmarried woman. Fiduciary. Trustee. Fiduciary Capacity, financial re- lation of trust, as between a guardian and 80 ward, an executor and beneficiary of a will, an attorney and his client, a trustee and tlie recipient of trust funds, etc, etc. Filing "To find that letter in the right place you Systems. must file it right in the first place," is the admonition of one of the large makers of filing systems. The use of the letter-book with letter copying press has almost entirely given away to the carbon copy and the EajDid Roller Copier copy; both reproductions of corre- spondence being cared for in some one of the several verti- cal filing methods which have, for general correspondence, almost wholly superceded the old and various forms of flat filing. Alphabetical Filing. This is the most widely used, being the best adapted to average business requirements, consisting of a simple alphabetical arrangement of guides and folders reading from A to Z. "With such a system, you simply file in the **A" folder all papers that would naturally be indexed under "A"; all "B" papers in the "B" folder, etc. When there is considerable volume of correspondence with one firm or person, a special folder is made out and filed in front of the alphabetical folder. There may be several of these special folders behind each guide. All papers in each 81 folder should be filed chronologically, that is, according to date, with the latest date in front. The Simplest Alphabeticai:, System — One Guide fob Each Letteb of autiabet. (Courtesy of Yawman & Erhe M]g. Co.) Numerical. Filing. For some uses, especially where a cross index to a file is necessary, no other method will serve so well as numerical indexing. Railroads, insurance companies, large corpora- tions, etc., find it indispensable. Take for example the subject file of a railroad company. Each subject is assigned to a number. All papers relating to that subject are numbered accordingly and filed behind numerical guides. For instance, take the subject of * ' A(^- 82 cideiits" wliicli is allotted to the number 'M.S.'' T^ehind tlie **18" guide is a folder for each aecident on record. These folders are numbered ''18-1," ''18-2", ''18-3" etc. The Numebical System. (Courtesy of Yatcman d Erbe Mfg. Co.) Papers may be cross-indexed, for the matter sometimes is referred to as an " accident " or " collision " or " wreck. ' ' The card index will bear the number "18" and the word "Accidents" at the top. Every paper on the subject bears the file number. In correspondence, the matter is referred to by number. Some firms have printed on their letterheads "Refer to File " or " When Replying Refer to File " This minimizes the chance of error or confusion. 83 Ceoss Index to the Subject File of a Railboad. Subject Filing. For the stock-keeper or purchasing agent, the subject filing is found especially satisfactory. The file is first classed by *' Articles," using a set of guides with tabs in three positions across the file. The guides are usually arranged alphabetically, the names of the various articles being plainly printed on the guide tabs. In railroad and steamship offices, where correspondence is heavy, Subject Filing in conjunction with Numerical Filing is used, together with a detailed card index. Geographical, (or Location) Filing. Divides the correspondence according to geographical divisions. It may be classified by states and divided with H-1. "state" g-iiides arranged alphabetically or by sections. If the size of the correspondence warrants, a set of alphabeti- cal guides indexed by cities may be placed behind each state guide. The Latest and Best Geoqbaphical System. (Courtesy of Yatcman rf Erhe M]g. Co.) Correspondence should never be removed from the file unless a record is kept to tell Where it is. A colored sheet of paper is sometimes put in the place of the letter or document removed from the file and on it a memorandum is made of the date and other descriptive data, which quickly indicates the temporary absence of a letter or paper from the file. Some one person should have entire charge of the filing and be held responsible for its proper operation. 85 The Direct Name System of Filing, in Detail. {Courtesy of Yawman £ Erbe Mfg. Co.) A. The Aliihalictical Numerical Folder for miscellaneous correspondence. Tabs act as guides in transfer file. B. The Direct Name Guide. Odd numbers are in the left row. even num- bers in the right — an additional aid in quick filing. C. The Direct Name Folders for special correspondence are in a straight row, each its own guide. Folders are numbered, a check against mis-filing. D. The "Out" Guide (usually colored) shows by whom correspondence has been removed. This is an efficient insurance against lost papers. 86 Finance. ^Nfonctary transactions. To raise or provide the necessary funds to carry out a commercial or public undertaking. Fire Covers insurance on buildings and their Insurance. contents. The premium or cost of the in- surance varies with the value of the prop- erty, the location of it, the destructability of the contents, etc. A warehouse containing cotton commands a higher rate of insurance than an isolated building containing sheet iron, for instance. Firm. A company, i)artnership, association or business. Fiscal Year. A financial year, which, unlike a calendar year, may date from any mouth in the year. At the close of a fiscal }■ ear, the books of a company are balanced to ascertain its financial condition. Fixed Permanent obligations that have to be met Charges. regularly, as interest, rent, taxes, insurance, etc. Flat. Without interest or modification, value. Face Floating Obligations that are not permanent or fixed Debt. charges. Fluctuation. Changing. The rising and falling of prices. 87 Foreclosure. A judicial proceeding taken by a mortgagee to recover payment for the money loaned, when the mortgagor has defaulted on the principal or interest of the mortgage. See Mortgage. Franchise. A right, privilege or grant; as the Eight conferred on a corporation to conduct its business ; the Privilege of voting ; the Grant of suffrage. Permission. A land patent granted by the Government in aid of railroad construction. Funded Bonded indebtedness. Debt. Money loaned to a government or corpora- tion. Futures. The selling of something for future deliv- ery. Sales made at prices based on specu- lation as to future condition of supply and demand. Gilt-edged. Securities which are considered to be abso- lutely safe and upon which the interest is paid regularly and promptly when due. First class. Gold Brick. Swindle. Good Will. The value placed upon the friendly patron- age of a business. Government Interest bearing obligations of a country. Bonds. Bonds payable in gold of the present stand- ard of weight and fineness. See Standard of Weight and Fineness. 88 Guarantee. An assurance of i)ayment. A promise or Guaranty. agreement to be responsible for tlie pay- ment of a debt or tbe performance of some act or duty on the part of another. FOR VALUE RECEIVED _._ GUARANTEES AND ASSURES THE PAYMENT OF THE PRINCIPAL AND INTEREST OF THE FOREGOING MORT- GAGE AS AND WHEN SAME RESPECTIVELY COME DUE. Form of Guaranty. Habeas (Literally, ''Produce the body"). Corpus. An order directing that the body of one held in custody be produced in court. The Constitution of the United States provides : " the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it." Hazard. Risk. See Insurance. Heredita- Things which may be inherited, ments. Hypothecate. To deposit and pledge certain property as collateral security for a loan, which prop- erty is sold, in case of default, and the debt paid from the money realized. To pawn. See Collateral. 89 Ignorance of Ignorance of the law excuses no one. Every- the Law. one is bound to know the law and will not be excused from punishment by pleading ignorance of it. Income Tax. See Taxes. Indemnity. A guaranty to protect another against loss, damage or responsibility. See Surety. Indenture. A legal instrument under seal; e.g., an Indenture of Mortgage, Lease, etc. Indictment. A formal accusation against a person handed down by a grand jury charging a crime or misdemeanor. Industrials. Stocks and bonds of a manufacturing com- pany or corporation. Infringe- The infraction or invasion of the rights of meiit. others, secured by copyright, patent or trade-mark. Injunction. A prohibitory writ. In Re. In the matter of. Insolvent. Bankrupt. Unable to pay debts. Insuffi- cient funds. See Bankruptcy. 90 In Statu Quo. As it was. ]u the same position. Insurance. Indemnity against loss. See Accident or Casualty, Life, Fire, Marine Insurance. Policies of insurance are issued against loss of health, loss by burglary, lightning, covering workmen's compensation, employer's liability, fidelit}' insurance, etc. A ''rider" is a special schedule attached to a policy. Interest. The rate or charge made for the employ- ment of money. It is generally calculated on a percentage basis, a certain rate per annum. The money loaned is called the ''principal"; the sum per cent, (per hundi^ed) agreed upon for the use of the money is the rate of interest. Income. SIMPLE INTEREST TABLE. (Showing at Different Rates the Interest on SI from 1 Month to 1 Year , and on $100 from 1 Day to 1 Year.) 4 Per Cent 5 Per Cent 6 Per Cent 7 Per Cent 8 Per Cent Time. a P. _2 Q a o U <5 1 CO d O S 1 "o Q 5 g s "o Q 3 7 1 i' 2 4 5 6 7 4 7 i' 2 5 i 2 5 1 2 4 5 6 8 41 83 25 50 4 8 3 5 3 7 1 3 9 3 6 2 i' 1 3 6 i' I 3 6 1 3 5 6 8 10 50 5 5 6 2 2 i" 1 3 7 i' 1 3 7 1 3 5 7 9 11 58 IG 75 50 5 1 7 5 '9' 8 8 7 7 6 3 6 i 2 4 8 i' 2 4 8 2 4 6 8 11 13 66 33 n ^ « « 3 " 1 2 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 33 66 « « 6 • « « 12 " One Hundred Dollars 1 day 2 da vs... 3 - ... 4 * .. . .5 "... 6 " ... 1 month . 2 months. 3 6 12 1 2 4 2 4 7 9 1 3 7 3 « « * 50 ■1 « I 11 « ■ World Almanac. 91 COMPOUND INTEREST TABLE. COMPOUND INTEREST ON ONE DOLLAR FOR 100 YEARS. Amount Years Per cent. Accumula- tion Amount Years Per cent. Accumula- tion Amount Years Per cent. Accumulation SI 100 1 $2.70,5 $1 100 4V. $81.58,9 $1 100 10 $13,780.66 100 2 7.24,5 100 131.50,1 100 11 34,064.34,0 100 2'/, 11.81,4 100 t; 339.30,5 100 12 83,521.82,7 100 H 19.21,8 100 7 867.72,1 100 15 1,174,302.40 100 3'/, 31.19,1 100 S 2,190.78,4 100 18 15,424,106.40 100 4 50.50,4 100 9 5,529.04,4 100 24 2.198,720,200 YEARS IN WHICH A GIVEN AMOUNT WILL DOUBLE AT SEVERAL RATES OF INTEREST. At Simple AT COMPOUND INTEREST RATE At Simple AT COMPOUND INTEREST RATE Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- Com- Interest pounded pounded pounded Interest pounded pounded pounded Yearly Semi- Annually Quarterly Yearly Semi- Annually Quarterly 1 100 years 69.660 69.487 69.237 6 16.67 11.896 11.725 11.639 i'A 66.66 46.556 46.382 46.297 6H 15.38 11.007 10.836 10.750 50.00 35.003 34.830 34.743 7 14.29 10.245 10.074 9.966 2y2 40.00 28.071 27.899 27.748 7J^ 13.33 9.584 9.414 9.328 3 33.33 23.450 23.278 23.191 8 12.50 9.006 8.837 8.751 3H 28.57 20.149 19.977 19.890 8H 11.76 8.497 8.327 8.241 4 25.00 17.673 l?..^! 17.415 9 11.11 8.043 7.874 7.788 4J.^ 22.22 15.747 15.576 15.490 Q'A 10.52 7.638 7.468 7.383 5 20.00 14.2C7 14.035 13.949 10 10.00 7.273 7.103 7.018 5,V^ 18.18 12.942 12.775 12.689 12 8.34 6.110 5.918 5.862 World Almanac. INTEREST CALCULATIONS. RULE. — Multiply the principal by aa many one hundredths as there are days, and then divide as follows: Percent, 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 Divide by 90 72 60 52 45 40 36 30 EXAMPLES.— Interest on $100. for 90 days at 5 per cent.: 100 x .90=9.00 divided by 72=:1.25 (one dollar and 25 cents); on $1. for 30 days at 6 per cent.: 1 x .30=:.300, divided by 60=.005 (5 mills). TABLE. — Showing the number of days from any date in one month to the same date in any other month. To January. . . February. . March April May June July August. . . . September. October. . . . November. December. Jan. Feb. Mch. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 305 31 59 90 120 151 181 212 243 273 304 3.34 365 28 59 89 120 150 181 221 242 273 306 337 3C.5 31 61 92 122 153 184 214 245 275 306 331 365 30 61 91 122 153 183 214 215 276 304 335 365 31 61 92 123 1.53 184 214 245 274 304 334 3G5 30 61 92 122 153 1S4 215 243 273 304 335 365 31 62 92 123 153 184 212 243 273 304 334 365 31 61 92 122 153 ISl 212 242 273 303 334 365 30 61 92 123 151 1S2 212 243 273 304 335 365 31 61 92 120 151 181 212 242 273 301 334 365 31 62 90 121 151 1S2 212 243 274 304 335 Dec. EXAMPLE. — How many days from May 5th to October 5th? Look for May at left hand and October at the top; in the angle is 153. In leap-year add one day if February is 92 Legal Rate — Each state prescribes a fixed or "legal rate," higher than which is considered "usury," viz — Statks and Territories Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaiian Islands. . . . Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Philippine Islands. . . Porto Hico l{hocgal. Special or Contract. 8 per ct. 12 per ct. 12 per ct. 10 per ct. No limit. No limit. No limit. G per ct. 6 per ct. 10 per ct. 8 per ct. 12 per ct. 12 per ct. 7 per ct. 8 per ct. 8 per ct. 10 per ct. 6 per ct. 8 per ct. No limit. 6 per ct. No limit. 7 per ct. 10 per ct. 10 per ct. 8 per ct. No limit. 10 per ct. No limit. 6 per ct. 6 per ct. 12 per ct. 11 G per ct. G per ct. 12 per ct. 8 per ct. 10 per ct. 10 per ct. 6 per ct. No limit. 12 per ct. No limit. 8 per ct. 12 per ct. 6 per ct. 6 per ct. 12 per ct. Q per ct. 6 per ct. 12 per ct. G per ct. 10 pt-r ct. 12 per ct. Statctes or Limitations. Judg- ments, Years. 20 10 5 10 5 20 (a) 10 12 20 7 6 20 20 20 { .5 1.5 10 20 12 20 10 10 7 10 10 5 6 20 20 7 20 10 10 6-15 1-5 10 20 10 10 10 10 8 8 20 6 10 6-20 21 Notes, Years. 6* 6 4 5 4 6 (6) 6t 3 5 6t \5 10 10 10 5 15 5 6-20 3 6 6 6 r, 10 8 5 4 6 6 6 6 3* 6 15 5 6 6t 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 5* 6 10 6 5 II Any rate of interest on enll loans of S5,000 or upward, on collateral security, (a) No limit, (b) NegdtiaMe notes, G years. * I'nder seal. 10 years, t I'nder seal 20 years. J In Courts of Record, 20 years; Justice's Court, 10 years. § Accounts between merchants 2 years. 93 Interim A temporary certificate used until the per- Certificate. manent certificates, which are engraved, lithographed or printed, have been issued. Interstate The Interstate Commerce Commission was Commerce created by the act to regulate commerce, Commission, approved Feb. 4, 1887. The original act provided for five members at a salary of $7,500. Under the ''Hepburn Act'* approved June 29, 1906, the membership was increased to seven at a salary of $10,000 per annum and the term of office increased from six to seven years. Enlargement of the Commission is by appointment of the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The regulating statutes apply to all common carriers engaged in the transportation of oil or other commodity except water and except natural or artificial gas, by means of pipe lines, or partly by pipe line and partly by water, and to common carriers engaged in the interstate trans- portation of passengers or property wholly by railroad or partly by railroad and partly by water when both are used under a common control or management or a continuous carriage or shipment. Only traffic transported wholly within a single State is excepted. The commission has jurisdiction, on complaint, and after full hearing to deter- mine and prescribe reasonable rates, regulations and prac- tices and order reparation to injured shippers ; to require any carriers to desist from unjust discrimination. Camers must file annual reports with the Commission. Various other powers are conferred on the Commission. 94 Intestate. Having left no will ; in which event an ad- ministrator of the decedent's estate is ap- pointed by the court. See Administrator. Inventory. An itemized list or schedule of property. A stock list. Investment. Funds employed in such a manner as to secure a jirofitable and permanent income. The placing of funds in what is considered a safe enter- prise, with the promise of moderate returns, as opposed to speculation. See Building and Loan Associations, Bonds and Stocks, Municipals, Public Utilities, Government Bonds, Railroad Securities, Industrials, Savings Banks. Legal. Investment — Stocks or Bonds in which the law of the state permits a savings bank to invest the funds of its depositors. INCOME ON INVESTMENTS. PAR VALUE «100. Cost 4 per ct. 5 per ct. 6 per ct. 7 per ct. 8 per ct. 10 per ct. $50.00 88.00 $10.00 S12.(X) $14.00 $16.00 $20.00 60.00 6.07 8.33 10.00 11.66 13.33 10.66 70.00 5.71 7.14 8.57 10.00 11.42 14.23 75.00 5.34 0.66 8.00 9.33 10.66 13.35 80.00 5.00 C.25 7.50 8.75 10.00 12.50 85.00 4.70 5.88 7.05 8.23 9.41 11.76 90.00 4.44 5.55 6.66 7.77 8.88 11.11 95.00 4.21 5.26 6.31 7.36 8.42 10.52 100.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 10.00 105.00 3.81 4.76 5.71 6.66 7.61 9.52 110.00 3.64 4 . 54 5.45 6.36 7.27 9.09 115.00 3 48 4.34 5.21 6.08 0.95 8.69 120.00 3.33 4.16 5.00 5.83 (; . 66 8.33 TIME IN WHICH A SUM WILL DOUBLE ITSELF. Rate Simple Interest Compound Interest 2 per cent 3 4 6 - 6 8 10 50 years, 33 years 4 months 25 years, 20 years, 16 years 8 months 12 years months 10 years. 35 years 1 day 23 years 164 daya 17 years 246 days 14 vears 75 daya 1 1 years 327 daya 9 ycftrs 2 daya 7 vc.urj 100 days 95 Invoice. Merchandise received by the consignee. A Bill. Statement of account forwarded to the consignee or purchaser, itemizing the quantity, prices, charges, etc., of the merchandise sent. I.O.U. I Owe You. Ipse Dixit. He himself said it. Joint A bank account, or other interest in com- Account. mon in the name of two or more parties. Judgment. A decision of law pronounced by a court enforcing a contract or redressing a wrong. Judgment The one against whom judgment is se- Debtor. cured; the debtor. Defendant. Kilowatt. Measure of electricity. 1,000 watts. Knot. The statute knot is 6,082.66 feet, and is generally considered the Standard. The number of feet in a knot is arrived at as follows : The cir- cumference of the earth is divided into 360 degrees, each degree containing 60 knots or (360x60) 21,600 knots to the circumference. 21,600 divided into 131,385,456 equals the number of feet in the earth's circumference — gives 6,082 feet — the length of a statute knot. 96 1 knot — 1.151 miles 5 knots — 5.757 miles 2 knots— 2.303 miles 10 knots— 11.515 miles 3 knots— 3.454 miles 20 knots— 23.030 miles 4 knots— 4.606 miles 25 knots— 28.787 miles 6 feet — 1 fathom ; 600 feet — 1 cable ; 10 cables — 1 knot. Statute mile 5,280 feet (5/6 of a knot). Lamb. A novice in the ways of Wall Street. A gambler. A speculator. One who buys stocks at random without knowledge or study of what he is dealing in. Lawful See Legal Tender. Money. Lease. A contract or agreement for the rental of land or a building. Lessee — The one to whom a lease is made. (Tenant). Lessor — The one who makes a lease. (Landlord). Form of Lease. XCbis UnDcnturc, made the day of one thousand nine hundred and Xctwccn of the part, MttnCSSetb, That the said part of the first part ha Icttcn, and hy these presents do grant, demise, and to farm let, unto the said part of the second part tcith the appurtenances, for the term of fro7n the day of one thousand nine hundred at the reut or sum of to he paid in equal 97 HnO it is agreed that if any rent fihall he due and unpaid, or if default shall be made in any of the covenants herein contained, then it shall he lawful for the said part of the first part to re-enter the said premises and the same to have again, repossess and enjoy. 2HnC) the said part of the second part do covenant to pay to the said part of the first part the said yearly rent as herein specified. HnD at the expiration of the said ternh^ the said part of the second part ivill quit and surrender the premises hereh.y demised, in as good state and condition as reasonable use and wear thereof will permit, damages by the elements excepted. HnD the said part of the first part do covenant that the said part of the second part, on paijing the said yearly rent, and performing the covenants aforesaid, shall and may peaceably and quietly have, hold and enjoy the said demised premises for the term aforesaid. Hn ConStDcratiOn of the letting of the premises within mentioned to the icithin named and the sum of one dollar to me paid by the said part of the first part do. . . .hereby corcnant and agree to and with the part of the first part above named, and legal representatives, that if default shall at any time be made Vy the said in the payment of the rent and the performance of the covenants contained in the icithin lease on.... part to be paid and performed, that will well and truly pay the said rent or any arrears thereof that may remain due unto the said part of the first part, and also all damages that may arise in con- sequence of the non-performance of said covenants, or either of them, without requiring notice of any such> default fro)n the said pdrt of the first part TKIlltnCSS hand. .. .and seal this day of in the year one thousand nine hundred and Witness, 98 Legal Day. Legal Rate. Legal Tender. Legend. A legal day ends at 12 p. m. See Interest. (Or Lawful Money). Gold and silver coins and United States Treasury Notes. The explanation of colors or tracings on a map. Symbols used for indexing. A key. Ranking Towns Express Co. Officcs Railroads Rivers - - - o * -(Red) (Blue) Map Legend. Letters of Instrument granted by the Court to certain Adminis- persons who are entitled (preference being tration. given to next of kin) to distribute the es- tate of a deceased who has left no will. Form of Letter of Administration. Zhc people of tbe State of fie vv l^orft, to deceased, SenD ©reefing : TlUlbCCeaS the said deceased, at the time of death, was by means xvhcreof the ordering and (jranting administration of all and situjular the goods, chattels and credits of the said deceased, and also the auditing, alloicing and final discharging the account thereof, doth appertain unto us; and ice being desirous that the said goods, chat- tels and credits may he rcelt and faithfully administered, applied and disposed of, do grant unto you the said 99 full power hy these presents, to administer and fnithfullv dispose of all and singular, the said goods, chattels and credits; to ask, dem-and, recover and receive the debts which unto the said deceased whilst living, and at the time of death, did belong; and to pay the debts which the said deceased did owe, so far as such goods, chattels and credits xoill thereto extend, and the laiv require: hereby requiring you to make, or cause to be mu/ /ti i/oti r rfit/rCeftus n>ft^it/errift''n .^/v\ fo w/ititn i/fuc t«i// /i/etij<> /ti/'na/i Uff/i A/rt^/i trj nifitt. rffgutrf I'/i fo //le ntjtirrriftff nntotinf t>/ J 0ouiu/a fjfrr/irxf atjinittsf dentatul (/rrtJi on THE CITY BANK LIMITED. LONDON OfirA (/rri/t rnaif /f /i/tiin/u nirirAct/ fTS (/rfimn undeit ^ne ^iale/otai% S&iti/i- ^rffei- c/' Ci'ef/if .yAo. and uie nnaag^ /AaX iucA t/rii/h i/m// meet itUfA e/ae /ifnof in -Jonn i/^ rt^otiated on of /tyore i9 !y/ie nmouTif vf eti,rA tlfn/i 7>iii^t ie, enfered on lAe 6a- i^irrifi/ t/t/rntion. ^Ais ^eftcf of Cfcurs, .yotne LiOanA-m ntfntitynrd in Prcsioent ottf .^ixit (U (jofiVM/iondents. i/ea nature o/ . Cashier Form of Letter of Credit. 101 Letter The remarks that follow are designed to re- writing, fer only to typewritten business letters. There may be said to be nine component parts to a letter. (1) Headi?io (2) Date... (3) Addbess ( 4 ) Salvtation (5) Body (6) compumeittabt Close. (7> SlOnATURE ... (8) POSTSCBIPT STONE & STONE 155 WALL STREET NEW YORK December 22, 1916. 10 Mr. T. Smith, 20 103 West Street, New York, N. Y. 10 Dear Sir: Personal Your letter of the 20th instant re- ceived this morning. 20 I shall submit the matter to the Chief of Engineers at once, and urge the impor- tance of this work's being gotten under way at the earliest moment possible. 20 With the compliments of the season, I remain, 40 Very truly yours, H. G. Jones. 10 P.S. Hope to see you at the annual dinner of the Country Club on the 28th. (P) SrTTIBSCRimOW Envelope. 102 (1) Heading (usually priuted or engraved) (2) Date (3) Address (to whom written) (4) Salutation (greeting) (5) Body (paragraphing and divisions) (6) Complimentary close (7) Signature (8) Postscript (if any) (9) Sui:)erscription (1) Heading. Letterheads are usually printed or engraved. For style of type see Type. A letterhead may include any or all of the following: Name of firm Nature of business Location (state, city, street and number, with, room or suite number) Telephone number Cable address Colophon (trademark) Officers' names Name of department and department head In reply refer to file No or Our File No. Address all letters to the firm The less printing on a letterhead, the more attractive it is. A typewritten heading sliould be placed in the upper left- hand comer or the upper center of the blank sheet. (2) Date. Begin date well to the right, so that it ends flush with the righthand margin of the body of the letter. 103 If not printed on the letterhead, the city and state should appear on the date line. Mobile, Ala., August 1, 1916. En Route, September 1, 1916. En Route East, September 1, 1916. The traveling member of a firm, while in a distant city, may write letters on the regular letterhead of the firm, on which is printed the address of the home office. In such case, the letter should be dated At Texas City, Texas, November 1, 1916. Except when they precede the months (including instant, ultimo, proximo) th, st, nd, or d should be omitted after the date number ; as, November 1, 1916. The 12tli of December. Sth instant. th, st, nd and d, not being abbreviations, should not be fol- lowed by a period. The date should be written in full on the first page of a letter, not 8/12/16 or 8-12-16 ; on the second and succeed- ing pages, figures may be used. Be careful never to omit the date. (3) Address. In a formal business letter, the address is usually placed at the beginning, although it is not universally so placed. A friendly business note has the address in the lower lefthand comer. 104 a CO >k . 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DO O M Q a M Q Q M 3 >l 5 s s s o' t> =» .a a Q "3 ■3 (4 "3 1 a 2 > a *> 00 o o' >? o p f . 1 l\ •« a !: m C3 c c 1 >>5 es' o o o 09 W 00 OS 4) Q Q < "o o p p B fcT c 5 * — aj — — ^ 3 cc a> ~>3 ^=3 'to fl * a 0. O B = i c " L. a c a c s d o a 5 d o IP ?3 ?3 0) OP o o C 3 75 o d o e; S3 a - ^^0, o o = 00 2 ca — OS "M p 00 H Eh H H H h _b^ a H H ^ a « ■ f > . tt - o . o t: H ^S _] h • >', ^■ H K • " i •< "* a ij H «^ 2! a ■< 11 S3 o o a B i i E- J _c 1 > a 3 107 >> °Zf ® J? ^>^ 0) O OJ o i? = 2 o 13 a Di a M —■ « CO w ^ cj oj O; 0) m «-< ;-! t^ (-< 05 OT tn w w tH U t^ l4 iH 3 3 3 3 3 o o o o o >l U-l [H tH t*-c £ a W OJ w dj OJ o.> >. 5 £« o cj M ■S ^J « K O M 5 3 tf G S K S « « Q K 0} Qt ai.3 * '"2 ^5S 9 ^ < ^rj 0-> 4, w ?3 Q i; 5 ^ « . Oi a a> a Z .flu fl S o'^ o ^ WH <^ CS S «-- a ■ B>5 •/; S^ ?: -« C "^ oa o C ^'=== ■< 5o E O Ka t- Id H n e ii e: < B < •*- S ?,-^ ^5 »ij 109 lj >, >> >. f-" >> >i t^ iT" 1 a 3 3 a a a a 3 a t> tj M tH L< u (H u ■*-' ■*-• +^ +^ ■^ ^ >> ;>, >» >» >» >. >. >. >, >» t^ u t^ l4 Lh 1- p a> 0) Oj V o 01 0) QJ OJ tn k t> p- > !> t» > t- 93 cn 71 on ce m M y M 73 u tn tH bi I-. u U p 3 3 a 3 a a 3 J2 o O O o o o o O o 1 © >-i >-l >i >H >H kH_ >H >-l t^ 1 >^ « no w CO -3 a "3 C3 a 0) a S a oj s a s •• 0) O CO Q a a ■3 a a g U t4 •d a C3 ca C3 3 ■a o o. 'O 00 •o -a -a w o a 5 u ■^ 01 c4 a> c3 Li 03 rt ;h a ^ vj Q = il S in s S S o "-5 ^ Qj Pt tH ^ TS iH bi b ti bi •Ut (H t^ bi ? "^ ? rt C3 CD 03 cS a "-a '^ es es cS ^ a ^ 0) V V a> Qi HJ c4 0) a; t-l a hj s Q Q Q Q Q O J O Q Q . ^ -* ^•^T- 5 m a a Q _s a. 2 F.^ o 03 ^ ,d ■^ a a; a o U w ■o . tt-2-:r I. ^ a §5 a a 2«fe« ^ W 09 P" ^& be » =*M • at, « ^ C >. a a M a 1" 3 y sa, « o M ^ 2 si:; 5 =0 "to « S ■= 5 m u o o 0) -a o U a a o U 53 'u 'J I 2 ; 03 C a; CO o 0) •/; - — • fe ^ W i • a o a Oc/i : ■< --P 5 a o y B p Q o o a C5 < C ? a 5 1 c c ) Q o O •< o 7, 3 -> D 3 b C ? c 110 A title should be placed on the same line with the name. Mr. James Rutherford, President, Norfolk Chemical Company, Norfolk, Va. not Mr. James Rutherford, President Norfolk Chemical Company, Norfolk, Va. There has come into vogue among the less conservative tyinsts the style of placing each line of the address flush with the lefthand margin, viz.: •Continental Trust Company, 330 Church Street, New York City, N. Y. Dear Sir: If this style is adopted, it adds to the appearance of a single-spaced letter, and is in better proportion, to begin the paragraphs, also, flush with the lefthand margin, with double spacing between them. Do not prefix Messrs. to a firm name like The Yates & Earl Company. George Frost Company. Frederick A. Stokes Company. It should be prefixed to the name of a partnership Messrs. Bell, Polk & Smith. Messrs. Smith, Jones & Co. While Esq. is commonly used in England, in America it is used entirely according to individual preference. Ill Many business firms reserve it as a title of compliment or respect for lawyers and distinguished men. Never use together Mr. and Esq.; Dr. and M.D. No. or # is not necessary before a street number. A num- ber is obviously a number. (-4) Salutation. My dear Madam is more formal than Dear Madam. Dear Mrs. Jones is less formal than Dear Madam. Dear John or Dear Elisabeth is for informal correspond- ence. (5) Body. Paragraph each new subject. Paragraph uniformly — one inch from left margin. If the subject of a letter is given, center it at the top, preferably on the line below the salutation. Dear Sir: In re Car Demurrage: (Note that re is not an abbreviation and should have no period after it.) If more than one subject is covered in the letter, place each subject in large type at the beginning of each para- graph; or if the letter is very long the subjects may be centered. If writing to a large corporation, and you know the per- son in charge of the matter under correspondence, write below the address, or, center on the line below the saluta- tion — Attention of Mr. This may also appear on the envelope. 112 Give your correspomlt'iits' tile Dumber, when they so request on their letterhead. In writing to a large company or corporation, when you know the department or official who has charge of the matter you are writing about, make such designation in your address. Transportation Department, Baltimore and Ohio Ilallroad, Baltimore, Md. Receiving Teller, Cliase National Bank, New Yorlj, N. Y. The clever typist, with a little practice, can make the right-hand margin as even as the left, bearing in mind that typewriting is but a form of printing and that by shifting the spaces between words the margins may be made even. When Personal, Private or Confidential is placed on the envelope, it also usually appears on the letter. AVhen a letter is signed with the firm name, be careful to see that the first person plural we is used throughout; and similarly, if the letter is signed by an officer of the company, writing in his own name, that I is used through- out ; if he is speaking or writing for the firm we is used ; but both we and I should not be used in the same letter. (()) Complimentary Close. Do not show haste by closing with Yours, or worse still, Yrs. When writing to a person of position, a letter of appli- cation, or the like, should be closed with Respectfully yours. 113 Cordially yours denotes a friendly personal relation, and is seldom used in business. Signatures should never be typed. The corporation or firm name when typed may be followed by Per or By and a signature. A woman should place Mrs. or Miss in parenthesis be- fore her name in a business letter or to one who does not know her. {Miss) Margaret Costello. A married woman signs Mary Ellen Smith, and below, if she is not known to her correspondent, Mrs. Arthur Smith, the latter being used in directing the envelope to her. Flowery and pompous closings such as 7 have the honor to remain, my very dear sir, or Your obedient, humble servant, are passe. Usually the first line of a complimentary close is super- fluous and may be disiDcnsed with. Wlien you have con- cisely and briefly presented the matter, end your letter simply by adding Yours truly, Yours very tridy. The first word only is capitalized, and a comma placed at the end of, Very respectfully yours, Yours truly, Yours very truly, Very truly yours, Respectfully yours, Yours respectfully, Sincerely yours. Yours sincerely. Faithfully yours, Yours faithfully. Yours cordially. 114 The first line of the coinpliiueiitary close, if used, should be paragrai)]ied : With kind regards, I remain, Yours very truly, Trusting tills meets with your approval, I am. Yours truly. Use / am at the close when there has been no i)revious correspondence ; / remain, when there has. (7) Signature. Should always be written. Should be legibly written, especially if the name does not appear on the printed letterhead. It is a worn-out theory that illegible writing denotes genius. Write plainly ; cut out curls, frills and shadings in business letter- writing. Be careful not to send a letter out without a sigyiature. A title should never be used in the signature; as John B. Walker, not Professor John B. Walker. (8) Postscript. Indicates something forgotten, or something to be em- phasized. Should begin as a new paragraph. Should be signed with initials only. Some business houses dispense with even those. (9) Superscription. (Envelope.) Direction usually occupies three lines — sometimes four, never two — placed in the center of the envelope. 115 1 — Name 2 — Street and number 3 — City and state. The words street, avenue and the name of the state may be abbreviated. No. or ^ before the street number is superfluous. If to a large town, always give the street and number; if to a small town, give the county, box or R.F.D. number. When writing to a large concern, address your letter to the official or department directly in charge of the matter under correspondence. Attention of Mr Traffic Department If the address contains more than three lines, these par- ticular designations may be placed in the lower lefthand corner of the envelope. The suite or room number may be placed in the lower lefthand corner, if it is desired to augment the address. If a* building instead of a street number be given, it may be written thus : 300 Press Building Besides the direction, there may be written in the lower lefthand comer any of the following: Personal Messenger Private Deliver Confidential Introducing Miss Blank Please forward Kindness of Transient Courtesy of Hold Favored by Present 116 A letter delivered to another in the same building may be directed Messrs. Stone & Davis, BUILDING, If The is part of the firm name, do not ])refix Messrs. ; as, The R. D. Jones Company. Messrs. R. D. Jones & Company. or Messrs. Thomas A, Strauss & Company. Thomas A. Strauss Company. "V\Tien the name of the street is a number, it should be written out, to avoid juxtaposition of numbers ; as, 300 Thirtieth Street. When north, south, east or west intervenes, it is not necessary to write out; as, 8 West 80th Street. Envelopes should never be of so poor a quality as to admit of reading part of a letter through them, nor so poorly gummed as to have the letter received unsealed at its destination, nor of a quality so poor they become torn in the mails. It is a disgusting habit, and very dangerous to health, to "lick" an envelope to seal it. There are many devices on the market, cheap and cleanly, that may be substituted. It is undignified to have too much advertising matter appear on the envelope. A return card may be placed in the upper lefthand cor- ner, e.g.. 117 Return iu days to Box San Antonio, Texas. Or simply the name and address may be used. If there is no return card in the envelope and the ad- dressee cannot be found, it is sent to the Dead Letter Office. See Postal. Put the stamp on straight, in the upper righthand corner. Lick the envelope, not the stamp. Personal may also be written across the back flap of the envelope after it has been sealed, to guard against its be- ing inadvertently opened, while face-down, by other than the person for whom it is intended. It is a wise precaution to open envelopes, using an en- velope-opener, by cutting around three sides, thus laying the envelope entirely open and averting any possibility of the envelope 's being thrown away without all of the con- tents having been removed. General. Business letters should be formal and brief. Enclosures should be attached to the letter. If the enclosures are to go with the letter, note in the lower lefthand corner how many. (Enc.) (2 Enc.) It is discourteous to send enclosures without an accom- panying note or comment. 118 It is a hard and fast rule never to write on but one side of the pai)er in business correspondence. Intimate letters, or letters of a private nature, should not be typed. Letters should be promptly acknowledged. A letter received written in the third person, should be answered in the third person. "When acknowledging receipt of a letter, refer first to its date, and follow with a brief summary of what it contained. Acknowledge a check promptly, referring to its date and number. Return postage should be enclosed in letters about one's own affairs when a reply is desired. Don't typewrite your signature; don't write your signa- ture with a pencil ; use pen and ink. Don't forget to date your letter. Don't use ruled paper for typewritten letters. Don't send a typewritten letter except on business. Too much underscoring weakens rather than strengthens a letter. The initials of the dictator are placed at the lower left- hand. It is not usual nor dignified to place the initials of the president or superior officer on the letter, as the pur- pose of placing the dictator's and typist's initials on the letter is to show the president or head of the firm which one of his employees is responsible for or has charge of the matter under correspondence. The initials of the full name of the dictator and the last name of the typist is the usual style. 119 JHS-R ABW/0 R.W.C. K Quoted matter is usually centered and single-spaced. vAs a telegram.) We speak of ''addressing the letter" and "directing the envelope. ' ' Fold a large letterhead up to within a quarter-inch of the top, then in thirds. There are many devices for sealing envelopes. They should never be sealed with the tongue : should one have a cut or abrasion on the lip, it might result disastrously. Postals or postcards should contain no salutation or complimentary close — simply dated and signed with in- itials. It goes without saying that no private, confidential or offensive matter should ever be sent on postcards. See Postage. Formal, Letter of Recommendation. Should not be sealed. New York, Oct. 1, 1916. To Whom It May Concern : This is to certify that the bearer, Miss Blank, has been in our employ five years as statistician, in which capacity she has given complete satisfaction. (Signature.) Combined Letter of Introduction and Recommendation. A letter of introduction, when to be presented, should not be sealed. 15^0 Newark, N. J., Oct. 1, 1916. Mr. F. W. Corey. President, Union Trust Company, Newark, N. J. Dear Mr. Corey : This will introduce to you the bearer, Mis.s Blank, who desires to apply for the position of Private Secre- tary which, at my rtHjuest, you so kindly h;ive held open until today. I can speak only in the highest terms of Miss Blank's character and ability. Yours very truly, John R. Rowe. The envelope should bear the name and address of the person to whom it is directed, just as if sent by mail, and in the lower lefthand corner — Introducing Miss Blank It is courteous to acknowledge a letter of introduction. Liabilities. See Assets and Liabilities. Lien. An indebtedness, right, title or claim. A mortgage is a Lien. Mechanics Lien — The claim of mechanics or laborers for construction work that has been finished but not paid for. Life A life insurance policy does not take effect Insurance. until the first premium is paid. Failure to pay premiums voids the policy. In case the person insured commits suicide, or dies by the hand of the law or of crime, the insurance company is 121 not liable, but if the insured should kill himself while in- sane the policy would still be valid. The rates for life insurance vary with the age of the in- dividual. These rates are calculatedby the official statisti- cian of the insurance company, who is called the actuary. The rate, or commission, paid for the insurance is called the premium. The insurance company makes a physical examination before accepting the application for life insurance and applicants should answer all questions to the very best of their knowledge. However, a slight, unintentional dis- crepancy does not invalidate a policy. Limitation, See Debts. Statutes of. Limited — See Partnership. Ltd. Lis Pendens. Notice of a pending suit. Listed Securities permitted to be dealt in on a Securities. stock exchange. See Stoclc Exchange. From report of the Hughes Commission on the N. Y. Stock Exchange, dated July 7, 1909: ''Before securities can be bought and sold on the Exchange, they must be examined. The committee on Stock List is one of the most important parts of the organization, since public confidence depends upon the honesty, mipartiality, and thoroughness of its work. While the Exchange does not guarantee the character of any securities, or affirm that 122 the statements filed by the promoters are true, it certifies tliat due diligence and caution have been used by experi- enced men in examining them. Admission to the list, therefore, ostMl)]islics a presumption in favor of the sound- ness of the security so admitted." Lloyds. A set of English underwriters or subscribers to marine insurance. AVhen insurance is desired on a vessel or cargo against loss or damage at sea, the Risk is offered to the underwriters, who accept it at a specified premium, or decline it. The risk is usually divided among the underwriters. Lloyds also distributes authentic infonnation to shijDpers all over the world. Log. A ship's diary. 1915. July IGth Left Port 12 :2d with Barge for southerly end of channel, returning to dock 2 :3-i p. m. 17th 7 :P>0 a. m. went to Jackson's wharf, took five tons water, returning to dock 1 p. m. 18th Left for Key W^est with Barge 7 a. ni. Extract fimjm Log of a Tug Boat. Long and (Finance) Long — A speculator who has Short. bought stocks — a ''Bull"; Short — A spec- ulator who has sold — a "Bear". Manifest. A schedule or list of the cargo or passengers on a ship. 123 ^ o SP ft* t3 f the second part oi' assUjiis, the said s-tun of money jnentioned in the condition of the said bond or obligation and the interest thereon at the time and in the man- ner mentioned in the said condition that then these presents and the estate hereby granted, shall cease, determine and be void. HnO the said the said part.... of the first part covenant with the part.... of the second part as follows: First — That the part.... of the first part will pay the indebtedness as hereinbefore provided, and if default be nmde in the payment of any part thereof of the part of the second part shall have jwicer to sell the premises herein described, according to law. Second — And it i^ hereby ea-pres.sl^y agreed that the whole of said principal sum shall beeo^me due at the option of the said part. . . .of the second part after default in the payment of any installment of principal or of interest for days, or after default in the payment of any tax or assessment for da.ys after notice and demand. Third — That the part of the first part will execute any further necessary assur- ance of the title to said premises and tvill forever warrant said title. In TKHttneSS TJClbercOft the said part of the first part ha hereunto set hand and seal the day and year first above written. In presence ot When the mortgagor defaults in the payment of either principal or interest, the mortgage can be foreclosed in accordance with the conditions of the mortgage, the prop- erty sold and the mortgage satisfied from the proceeds of sale. Chattel Mortgage — A transfer of the title to movable or personal property, such as household furniture. 131 Short Form op Chattel Mortgage. IRnovP all ^en bs tbese presents, that i of the totvn of count]/ of "being indebted to in the sum of dollars, with in tercst from this date, for the security of said sum, I do hcrehij mortgage, sell and assign to the said qil the goods and chattels of every kind and description now in the dicclling-house situated in the town of , and I do hereby authorize and empower the said to take possession of said goods and chattels on default in the payment of the said indebtedness on and after the day of 19 and to sell the same and to apply the proceeds of such sale to the payment of said debt and interest, the surjAus (if any) to be paid over to me. If n TKnitneSS TSnbereof , / have hereunto set my hand and seal this day of 19... Second Mortgage— Subsidiary to the prior or first mortgage. Blanket Mortgage — A mortgage covering several pieces of property. Sometimes called a General Mortgage. As soon as possible after the execution of a mortgage it should be recorded in the office of the County Clerk or Register's office. See Assignment. Municipals. Bonds issued by a village, township, city, county, state or territory. Naturaliza- To Become a Citizen, an alien shall, at tion. least two years prior to his admission to citizenship and after he has reached the age of 18 years, Declare His Intention, under oath, to be- come a citizen of the United States. Ids Decijvkation of Intkntion. (Invalid for au, i'iiu'u.sks skven (7) yeahs atteu the date HEREOF.) STATE OF 1 l ss.: COUNTY OF ( In the Court of I aged years, occupation ,joi 2 29 48 43 32 26 32 30 70 24 29 28 28 30 19 35 42 32 34 31 24 Name of Place Louisiana New Orleans. . Shreveport Maine Augusta Portland Maryland Baltimore . . . . , Massachusetts Boston Lowell Springfield. . . , Worcester... . Michigan Detroit Grand Rapids MiN.NESOTA Duluth Minneapolis. . St. Paul Mississippi Greenville. . . . Jackson Meridian. ... Vicksburg. .. . Missouri Kansas City. . St. Joseph. . . , St. Louis Montana Butte Helena Nebraska Omaha Nevada Cariion City. . Reno New Hampshire Concord , New Jkrsey Atlantic City. Trenton New .Me.xico Albuquerque. New York Albany Bingham ton. . Buffalo KImira Rochester Syracuse Troy Urica Watertown . . . Hours 41 40 15 11 6 8 4 5 16 21 40 35 34 45 39 36 44 32 33 25 70 66 35 84 74 0,4 5 57 3^ 6 11 8 9 7 4 5H 10 157 Name of Place Hours Name of Place Hours IS 19 21 50 47 17 14 14 26 21 18 12 12 5 11 5 4 6 8 5 20 20 48 25 31 Charlotte Nashville 27 Raleigh Texas Dallas 49 North Dakota El Paso 65 Galveston 53 Houston 49 Ohio 60 Utah Ogden Salt Lake City 62 03 Vermont Burlington 7 Montpelier 11 Virginia Pennsylvania Erie Washington 81 69 Harrisburg Philadelphia 82 West Virginia Reading 14 Wisconsin Wilkes-Barre 27 Wtominq Rhode Island 48 Providence South Carolina Canada 75 Charleston Halifax 34 Columbia 12 South Dakota 20 Aberdeen 16 97 Chattanooga Winnipeg 50 MAIL TIME AND DISTANCES New York to European Points Places and Countries. Alexandria, Egypt Algiers, Algeria Amsterdam, Holland Antwerp, Hclgium Athens, Greece Basel, Switzerland Barcelona, Spain Berlin, Germany Berne, Switzerland Bordeaux, France Bremen, Germany Brussels, Belgium Cadiz, Spain Cairo, Egypt Christiania, Norway Cologne, Germany Constantinople, Turkey. . Copenhagen, Denrnark... Dresden, Germany Florence, Italy Geneva, Switzerland Cienoa, Italy Glasgow, Scotland Hague, The, Holland Miles. Days. 13 6,150 6,030 10 3.985 9 4,000 9 5,055 12 4,420 9 4,790 10 4.385 9 4,490 9 4,388 9 4,235 8 3,975 9 6.375 10 6,280 12 4,650 10 4,115 8 5,810 11 4.575 10 4.555 9 4,800 10 4,410 9 4,615 9 3,375 8 3,950 9 Places and Countries. Hamburg, Germany. . . Havre, France Lisbon. Portugal Liverpool. England. . . . London. England Lucerne, Switzerland.. Lyons. France Madrid, Spain Milan. Italy Moscow, Russia Munich. Bavaria Naples. Italy Nice. France Odessa. Russia Paris. France Queenstown, Ireland. . . Rome, Italy Rotterdam, Holland. . . St. Petersburg, Ru.ssia. Southampton, England Stockholm, Sweden. . . . Venice, Italy Vienna, Austria Zurich. Switzerland. . . . Miles. 4,820 3,910 5,335 3,540 3,740 4,480 4,340 4,925 4,615 5,535 4,610 5,195 4,700 5,455 4,020 3,250 6,030 3,035 6,370 3,080 4,975 4,780 4,740 4,170 Days. 9 8 10 8 8 9 9 10 9 10 9 9 9 11 8 7 9 10 8 10 9 10 9 158 Postal Kstablislied for the purpose of providing Savings. facilities for dcpositiiii^ savings at interest, witli the security of the United States Gov- ernment for repajment. An account may be opened l)y any person 10 years or over in his or licr own name, or by a married woman in her own name and free from any control or interference of her husband. Deposits accepted only from individuals, not in the name of any corporation, association, society, finn or partner- ship, or in the name of two or more persons jointly, nor in the name of one person in trust for another. An account may be opened at any depository post office, but no person may have more than one postal savings ac- count at the same office or at different offices. All accounts shall be opened by the depositor in person or his authorized representative. After opening the ac- count, the depositor may send future deposits by registered mail or money order made paj^able to the postmaster. No account may be opened for less than $1., nor will fractions of a dollar be accepted for deposit. No person is permitted to deposit more than $100. in any one calendar month nor to have a total balance to his credit at any one time of more than $500, exclusive of accumulated interest. Amounts less than $1 may be saved for deposit by pur- chasing 10-cent postal saving cards and 10 cent postal saving stamps. Interest at the rate of 2% per annum is allowed on the amount represented by each postal savings certificate, pay- 169 able annually. Interest will not be paid for a fraction of a year. Interest will continue to accrue annually on a postal savings certificate as long as it remains outstanding, certificates being valid until paid, without limitation as to time. Compound interest is not allowed on an out- standing certificate, but a depositor may withdraw interest accrued and make a new deposit, subject to the restriction that deposits at interest will not be received for less than $1. Certificates are not transferable or negotiable. A depositor may exchange the whole or any part of his « deposits in sums of $20, or any multiple of $20 up to and including $500, for United States registered or coupon bonds bearing interest at the rate of 21/^ % per annum, payable semi-annually, redeemable at the pleasure of the United States after one year from date of issue, and both principal and interest being payable 20 years from such date in United States gold coin. The exchange may be made as of January 1 and July 1 of each year. Pound. See Coins. Power of An instrament, duly signed and wit- Attorney, nessed, wherein one person confers upon another the authority to act in his name and stead. The power may be general — to transact all business — or special — the particular matter cited in the P. A. Form oP Tower of Attorney. •ftnow all /iRcn b« tbcse presents, That hnre maae, comtitiitcd and appointed, and hy these presents do IfiO make, cfiiiNtitittc mui appoint true and line fill dltorncif for timl in name, place and slcatl {living and (irantinti unto xnid atlorurii . . . .full po\r< r and au- thority to do and perform all and every act and tliin;; v.hatnocver requi- site and necessary to be done in and about the premises as fully to all intents and purposes as iiiii/ht or eouhl do if personally present, with full power of substitution and revocation, hereby verifying and confirming all that said attorney or substitute shall lawfully do or cause to he done hy virtue hereof. ITn 'OmitnCSS WbCrCOf, have hereunto .set hand and seal the day of in the year nineteen hundred and Sealed anD DcllvercD tn tbe presence of Forms of signature of an agent acting under a Power of Attorney. John Smith & Co.. per pro Walter Girard or Per Pro John Smith & Co., Walter Girard. or p.p. John Smith & Co., Walter Girard. Preferred Stock. See Bonds and Stocks. Premium. (Insurance) The rate paid periodically for insurance. Any amount i)aid in consideration of money loaned. An excess amount. A bonus. A gratuitous sum paid as an incentive. 161 (Finance) The amount paid over and above the face or par value of a stock or bond; e. g., a share originally issued at a par value of $100 and sold at $110 is said to be sold at a Premium of 10%. In this connection it is also used to mean of exceptional value and hence not easy to obtain. See Discount. Present See Standard of Weight and Fineness. Standard of Weight and Fineness. Prima Facie. At first sight. Principal. The major part, as the Principai. of an estate ; the corpus. Superior. Chief. ( Fi- nance) The amount from which income is derived. Principle. Doctrine ; rule ; motive ; element ; rudiment ; source. Ex. The fundamental Principles of International Law. Prior Lien A valid claim which takes precedence over all others. First lien. Produce The New York Produce Exchange is lo- Exchange. cated corner of Beaver Street and Broad- way. It was established in 18G2, has over 2,000 members and deals in grains, cotton-seed oil and other provisions, but principally in wheat. It was also authorized by legislature, in 1907, to deal in securities. 162 Promissory Note. See Notes. Promoter A person engaged in the business of organ- izing and securing ca})ital to 0})erate a new company, or to augment the capital of a going concern. Proof of Loss. A statement in the form of an affidavit de- scribing property or document lost. See Care of Important Papers. FoEM OF Statement and Proof of Loss. For Claims Less than $100 To the INSURANCE COMPANY. The property described iu your Policy No of Agency, insuring issued for the term of from 19 to 1!>. . . . was damaged by a fire which occurred on the day of 19 caused by The ownership and location of said property are as stated in said Policy ; and the cash value thereof, the whole insurance and loss there- on, together with the insurance by and the claim upon you, are as follows : — DESCRIPTTON OF PBOPEBTY CASH VALUE WHOLE INSURANCE WHOLE LOSS INSURANCE KY ABOVE CO. CLAIM TJPON ABOVE CO. There was Incumbrance upon said property ; and be- sides your Policy there was only Dollars other insurance, all of which covered in like manner. The buildings referred to in said Policy were occupied only as permitted therein ; and the said fire did not originate by any act. design or i)rocuremeut, on the part of the insured, or prohibited by said Policy; 163 and nothing has been done before or since the fire by said insured, or by the party malving this statement and proof, to violate any of the conditions of said policy. In accordance with the foregoing claim Dollars, as your share of the loss. Claimant. Subscribed and sworn to before me, this day of ,19.. I hereby certify that the foregoing claim is just and true. .Agent. IReceiVeDat on the day of 19. . . .of the INSURANCE COMPANY of Dollars, in full satisfaction of all claims for loss and damage by fire as stated above, under Policy No. of Agency, and in consideration thereof hereby release and discharge the said Company from all claims whatsoever growing out of said fire loss or damage, directly or indirectly, and the amount of said Policy is hereby reduced in the above-mentioned sum, leaving the sum of Dollars only in force on said Policy. Witness my hand and seal, (I- s.) (» t» o H <*-- • o o *^ t-< o v> o a a Ut JS a >o 4) c « a b •tmt n c O o h B i2 o <4-« ei. *•* m ?5 ?5l «^ ^- €^ § O s o a. 2 2 ■5 -^ ft^ Q a; Q 164 Schedule of Total Insurance and Apportionment of Claim COMPANY Am't Am't INSOKED CLAIMF.n COMPANY Am't Am't Insured Claimed DUPUCATE RECEIPT $. IRCCCiVCb at on the day of 19 of the INSURANCE COMPANY of Dollars, in full satisfaction of all claims for loss and damage by fire as stated above, under Policy No of Agency, and in consideration thereof hereby release and discharge the said Company from all claims whatsoever growing out of said fire loss or damage, directly or indirectly, and the amount of said Policy is hereby reduced in the above-mentioned sum, leaving the sum of Dollars only in force on said Policy. Witness my hand and seal. [L, 8.] Proof. Galley Proof — The first proof, taken on long narrow sheets without regard to paging, which has been printed from type set in a Galley — an oblong, brass or metal tray used to hold type. Printer's Proof — Corrections in printers' proofs should be made in red ink in the margin, never with pencil. 165 The following symbols are commonly used in correcting proof: PROOF MARKS !iiii wn.iu»iui^m jimim^iam)in.j-.iA.,.-.iitvT..Tfark H£ made his mark He made t^ mark He made Kis mark He made iis mark He made his mark^ He made Johns mark He made his^mark^ This is a trademark He made hismark He^made^his^mark Hejmade his mark He .nade his mark /aie out elote up invert bring to mari transpote let ttand (juery to author make paragraph indent em-fuad wrong font letter lower case letter small capital capitals put in italic put in roman period apostrophe quotation marit hyphen space even spacing push down spact broken letter Mj,BA\r,',;».imo,^!riini.,w.iwmj...i^..j,jm.,»,i.t..„... i .vw ' ^ THE above marks are the ones most generally used in proofreading. There are many others that are required in different cli«cs of work, but these arc in the main self-explanatory. This display of proof marks and their meanings has been prepared for The Graphic Arts and en- dorsed by the Boston Proofrcajiers Association. See Type, Prospectus. A descriptive booklet or circular, distributed for the purpose of maldng known the salient and attractive features of an enterprise. Pro Tern. (Tempore). For the time being. Ex : President Pro Tem. 166 Protest. The doolaration of a Notary Public that a noto or check lias been presented and pay- ment refused. See Notes and Checks. Proxy. An agent, or one who is authorized to vote or act for another. The paper itself, viz : Form of Fkoxy. IRnovc all fXnen bg tbcsc presents, That r do hcrchy constitute and appoint Attorney and Agent for mc, and in m.y name, place and stead, to vote as my proxy at of the according to tJie numhcr of votes that I should he entitled to vote, if then personally present. Hn "CClitneSS TKHbercof, / have hereunto set my hand and seal this day of one thousand nine hundred and Sealed anJ) DeltvcrcO tn tbe presence of Public rublic Utility or Public Service securities Utilities. are stocks and bonds of corporations serv- ing the general public, i. e., street railway, gas, electric light, water companies, etc. Punctuation, Punctuation Marks, Etc Period . . . . Caret . . Interrogation-poin t . ? Dieresis Exclamation-point ! Asterisk C!olon . . . Daggers Semicolon . • » Paragraph Comma . » Section . Quotation-marks " " or ' ' Breve Apostrophe ' Macron . Dash . . . — Ditto . Hyphen . Codilla . I'areuthosls () Tilde . . Brackets [1 Lenders Brace or Bracket • } Ellipsis . ' • A 6 « fort § a a >> 167 Period Should follow : (1) A complete declarative or imperative sentence. Examples : It snows. Do it now. (2) Abbreviations. Examples : Nov. inst. corp. Dr. Geo. Nicknames are not abbreviations and sliould not be followed by a period: as, Al Tom Ben The period after the abbreviation is inde- pendent of other iDunctuation in the sentence. ''/ myself brought the letter to the P. 0.; there is no doubt of that." When an abbreviated word ends a sentence, only one period is necessary. Thetf delivered the cargo on the 30th inst. Contractions should not be followed by a period Ass'n Rec'd Dep't (3) The unit, sejDarating it from the decimal. Examples : 5.05% $109.50. "Wlien periods are used to show the omission of letters, one dot should be used for each letter omitted : Secretary L g. {Lansing) . Periods are used to carry the eye from words at the beginning of a line to matter at its end. They are called leaders, and are used in billing, in the index of a book, the contents, etc. 168 Interrogation-Point Should follow : (1) Every direct question. Examples : (Direct) When will you return? (Indirect) She asked me when I would return. (2) Interrogative clause or clauses interjected into an affirmative sentence. Example : The questions now raised, How shall we feed our unemployed? Where house them? re- quire an immediate answer. (3) Elliptical questions of common dependence. Example: What is meant by "hypothecate"? by *'ar- bitagc"? by "inalienable right"? and by "margin of profit"? (4) An assertion that is subject to doubt. Example : She claims she can typewrite 149 words a minute (?) from new matter. Sometimes a statement declarative in form is in reality interrogative and takes a question-mark after it; as "You will stay with her to the end?" EXCLAMATION-POINT Should follow: (1) Interjections. Ewatnplcs: Alas! Oh! Ah! Hold! Gracious! 169 (2) Exclamatory phrases and sentences. Examples: (Phrases) How lovely! We make over a machine a minute — just think! (Sentences) How suggestive of the South are those magnolias! How quickly Time flies! Oh, wouldn't it be exciting to be shipwrecked! More than one exclamation-point is used to indicate an extraordinary degree of emotion, or for emphasis. Examples : "A Perfect Woman ! ! Where can such a creature be found?" This stock must be sold below cost ! ! ! Colon Should follow : (1) The salutation of a business letter. Dear Sir : Dear Madam : My dear Sir : (2) Words introducing an array of particulars that are separated by commas or semicolons. Examples : The business woman has two uniforms : either a one-piece cloth dress with smart collars and cuffs, or a simple shirt waist and skirt. She had all the qualities of a successful busi- ness woman : tact, loyalty, thoughtfulness, court- esy, ability. "My reasons for not employing her were three : first, she was too glib in her speech, agreeing with what was said before it was said, showing a cer- tain flippancy in thought ; second, her speech was largely slang, which indicated lack of rellnement ; third, her style of dress was so extreme as to be conspicuous." — {Oood Housekeeping Magazine.) 170 (3) Words such as thus, this, as follows, these, fol- lowing, to wit. (4) Words introducing a direct quotation. Exariiiilc: Iler (olt'Krain reads: "Find my traiu does not reach New York until three-thirty." Should separate: (1) Clauses that are but slightly connected. (In al- most every case, however, a new sentence would be preferable.) Example : As In all other professions, there is an ever-increasing demand for the highly expert : those who are thoroughly capable need not fear lack of employment. (2) Clauses grammatically complete in themselves, not connected by a conjunction, but depending upon each other to convey the full force of the remark. Example : You can lead a horse to water : you cannot make blm drink. (3) Members of a compound sentence the minor divi- sions of which are separated by semicolons. Example: "We never, in a moral way, applaud or blame either ourselves or others for what we en- joy or suffer; or for having impressions made upon us which we consider as being altogether out of our power : but only for what we do, or would have done had it been In our power; or for what we leave undone which we might have done, or would have left undone though we could have done it." — Bishop Butler. 171 (4) Numerals denoting time. Examples: 5:30 p.m. Will return on the 8:05. The colon is used to separate parts of a sentence that are not so closely connected as to warrant a semicolon, yet closely enough connected as not to require the full stop. Semicolon Should be placed : (1) Between closely connected clauses of a com- pound sentence when no conjunction is used. Examples: We take care of our health; we lay up money ; we make our roof tight and our clothing sufficient ; but who provides wisely that he shall not be wanting in the best property of all — friends ? — Emerson. In sentences like the following where the clauses are short, commas may be used. She has her business ; she has her profession ; she has her office. (2) Before the conjunctions for, therefore, hence, and usually but. Examples: The telephone company, it is said, loses 125 hours a day through the use of the word "please" by its operators ; hence courtesy would seem an item of great expense to them. Many stenographers can use the typewriter and write shorthand ; but grammar and spelling are unknown to them. 172 (3) Before the conjunction as when it introduces an example. Example : Per should be affixed only to words of Latin origin ; as, per diem, per cent., per annum, per capita, per se. (4) Between the members of a compound sentence, the minor divisions of which are separated by commas. Example: Be done with saying what you don't be- lieve, and find somewhere or other, the truest, divinest thing to your soul, that you do believe to- day, and work that out ; work it out with all the action and consecratio:i of your soul, in the do- ing of your work. — Phillips Brooks. Should separate: A series of clauses beginning with the word that. Example : "It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us; that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full meas- ure of devotion ; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain ; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of free- dom, and that government of the people by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth." The semicolon is used to separate parts of a sentence more closely connected than to require a colon, yet not so closely connected as to require a comma. 173 Comma Rules for the use of the comma are difficult to apply in commercial correspondence ; it is largely a matter of indi- vidual taste. One may err on the side of too many commas, or not enough; although it is better to have too few than too many. The following rules, however, are generally adhered to : A comma is used: (1) To separate a series of words (singly or in pairs), phrases, or short clauses. When a series of words with no conjunction between them form the subject of a sentence, a comma separates the last word from the predi- cate. Ex(miple: Regularity, punctuality, personality, are her chief assets. Wlien a series of words with a conjunction between the last two form the subject of the sen- tence, the comma is placed before the coniunc- tion to show that the last two are no more closely connected in the construction than the preceding words of the series. Example: Regularity, punctuality, personality, dig- nity, ability, and sociability are the office girl's assets. "When the subject consists of a series of words connected by a conjunction, no comma 174 scimrates it from the i)redicate. (See example last above given.) In Pairs — A small f and t, a capital L and hyphen, a capital L uud period; these all may be used to in- dicate the pound Sterling mark. Phbases — Ability to spell, to punctuate properly, to be grammatically accurate, to have a talent fur dear, logical expression, lifts the stenographer into the secretary class. Clauses — Your hands are not properly cared for, your hair is coming down, your petticoat shows under your skirt, and altogether you seem to be entirely indifferent to your personal appearance. (2) Between words where a conjunction or a verb previously used is omitted. Examples: Neither envy, jealousy, hatred, nor re- venge will make for happiness, (iwr is omitted after cntw and jealousy.) I will work hard, conscientiously, systematic- ally, and cheerfully to bring about the result you wish, (and is omitted after hard and conscien- titrtisly.) A competency is desired by many ; riches, by few. (w desired is omitted after riches.) (3) To enclose parenthetical, explanatoiy, independ- ent, or synonymous expressions. Examples : On the whole It seems to me She said Per se Too (except when it occurs at the end of a line. "I shall be there too.") 175 Investment funds, or capital, will be hard to obtain. I turned and saw a young woman, rather tawdrily dressed, coming toward me. If the explanatory expression is necessary to the sense of the whole sentence (restrictive) no comma is needed. Examples: Did you see the typist dressed in brown? Did you see the typist, who is dressed in brown? (4) To separate words in apposition from the re- mainder of the sentence. (Exception, when but one word is used in apposition.) Examples : Miss Alberts, one of the cleverest poli- ticians in the country, then addressed the meeting. My sister Margaret will be here shortly. (5) To separate from the rest of the sentence trans- positions, or clauses placed out of their natural order, as when a dependent clause is placed be- fore the principal clause. Examples : Try as I will, I cannot distinguish be- tween shall and will. In my presence, you may not speak of my friend so. (6) Between the members of a compound sentence connected by and, hut, or, for, because, whereas, 176 and other conjunctions, wlien tlie meaning is but dightly changed. (A decided change in mean- ing or thought calls for a semicolon.) Examples : She has her office, but she wants a home. Write out AND in the names of railroads, but use the sign & iu the names of firms. The l^eys of the typewriter are arranged with reference to the frequency with which the letters are used, and the order in which they commonly occur. We lie abed when we are sicli, but get up when we are well. We lay a thing down, in order to set It in its place. (7) To separate the name of a person directly ad- dressed from the rest of the sentence. Example: "Take this letter. Miss Smith, and make a copy of it." (8) To separate introductory words from a direct quotation, when both are short. Example : The telegram reads, "Arrive on the five- thirty." (If either the quotation or the intro- ductory sentence is long, they are separated by a colon.) (9) To cut off contrasting (antithetical) expressions. Examples : She is as tall, though not so handsome, as her sister. Contentment consists not in great wealth, but in few wants. — Epicurus. 177 (10) Between words repeated. Examples : Many, many times, have I seen it turn out as you say. When I return the report to you, you will see what I mean. (Better construction would be: You will see my meaning when I return the report to you.) No comma is placed, however, between words repeated in such expressions as : "We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live." (11) To point off figures. Example : $9,999,999,999. (12) At the end of each line of the address and com- plimentary close of a letter. Examples : Mr. George Carey, West New Brighton, S. I., New York. With best regards, Sincerely yours, I am, dear sir. Yours very truly, I remain, Very truly yours, (13) Before to when equivalent to in order to. Examples : The people of the city, to show their ai>- preciation, elected her Commissioner. She was sent to France, to complete her edu- cation. 178 (14) To separate a long subject from its verb. Example : To end a sentence with an adverb or a l>rt'i)ositiou, weakens it. Quotation-Marks (1) Every direct quotation sliould be enclosed in quotation-marks. Examples: (Direct) "If I employ a secretary," he said frankly, *'I want her to look like a business woman." (Indirect) He told her frankly that if he employed a secretary he wanted her to look like a business woman. (2) A quotation within a quotation is enclosed with single marks. Example : Her employer answered : "You would bet- ter keep this motto, 'Do It Now' before you." If there is another quotation within the single marks, double marks are used. Example: The letter begins: "Dear Madam: Tour inquiry, 'Where can I obtain a copy of "The Effi- cient Secretary" or similar publication,' has been referred to me for reply." (3) Names of steamers and boats are enclosed in quotation-marks when they are not set in caps or underscored. Examples: She sailed on the SS. "George Washing- ton" on Decoration Day. The "Mary Lee," a large tug, appeared along* side. 179 (4) Titles of books, plays, works of art, are either set in quotation-marks, underscored, or set in caps. Examples : Can't you read "East Lynn" sometime this week? I have heard that "The Girl of the Golden West" is playing in Chicago. The best statue I saw was "The Thinker" and you will agree with me that it is exquisite. (5) When the quotation comprises several successive paragraphs, the marks are placed at the com- mencement of each paragraph, but at the end of the last paragraph only. Exwmple : "I hold it true that thoughts are things Endowed with bodies, breath and wings : And that we send them forth to fill The world with good results — or ill. "That which we call our secret thought Speeds to the earth's remotest spot, And leaves its blessings or its woes, Like tracks behind it, where it goes. "It is God's law. Remember it In your still chamber as you sit With thoughts you would not dare have known And yet made comrades when alone. "These thoughts have life ; and they will fly And leave their impress by and by, Like some marsh breeze whose poisoned breath Breathes into homes like fevered death. 180 "Aud after yoii liavo (niilc forgot Or all outgrown some vanished tliouKlit, Hack to your mind to iiiakc its home, A dove or raven it will coiiie. "Then let your secret thoughts be fair ; They have a vital part and share In shaping worlds and nuilding fate — God's system is so intricate." —Ella Wheder Wilcox. (6) The quotation-marks are sometimes placed at the heginning of each line and at the end of the quotation. Example: "I will be more honest, square, and prompt "than business requires ; more kind than "charity re(iuires ; more loyal than friend- "ship requires ; more thoughtful tiian love "requires. I will enjoy as heartily as I "can what the day brings me ; and get "all the pleasure possible out of eating, "drinking, working, resting, amusements, "and the people I meet ; so that at night "I may be able to say : *I have lived today, "and have found life good.' " — Dr. Frank Crane in the Neiv York Globe. (7) Expressions introduced by so-called, self-styled, known as, and the like, are enclosed in quota- tion-marks. Examples: The so-called "Cotton King." The land known as the "Railroad Reservation." The self-styled "World's Greatest Magician " 181 (8) When particular emphasis is to be denoted, or attention called to a word, or when a word is used out of its ordinary meaning, it is enclosed in quotation-marks. Examples : Your "Personal" favor 23rd instant. I may gain the respect even of the man who knew me as a child, and that is "some" respect. (9) The comma and period are almost invariably en- closed within the quotation marks. Example: "I will make my enforced intimacies as pleasant as possible." The colon and semicolon may either precede or follow the quotation-mark. Examples : They had been at the pains to erect "fair and stately houses, wherein they at first outdid the rest of the country" ; and they soon found their town become a sort of capital for that part of the shore. It was he who "preached the funeral sermons to the king, after sentence, out of Esaias" : "Thou art cast out of the grave like an abominable branch." The exclamation-mark and the question- mark are placed within the quotation-marks only when they properly belong to the quoted matter. 182 ExampltH : He exclaiiued, "IIow beautifully Bhe slugs!" IIow stranpe you have not read Dr. Walton's "Peg Aloug" ! "Do you use the Touch system?" she asked. Did she ask, "Do you like the Touch system"? (10) When a quotation is not completed etc. or dc. should be enclosed within the quotation-marks; or if a dash is used to show the ellipsis, it should be within the quotation-marks. Examples : "No wonder it was a railroad man to whom came the happy thought of dividing the country into time zones, etc." " and smile at mortals who would look beyond." Apostrophe Is used : (1) To indicate the possessive case. Examples : A man's man. Men's shoes. Peck & Smith's store. Sister-in-law's. Everybody else's. When the singular ends in a sibilant (the sound of S or Z), to form the plural possessive, the apostrophe only is added : Conscience^ sake, Felix' invention, Moses' staff. Some authorities say that words of oyie syllable end- ing in a sibilant take apostrophe AND S; as fox's tracks. When the plural ends in S, the apostrophe only is 183 added: Kings' daughters, John Brown S Sons' address, Three days' grace. Personal pronouns in the possessive case of course do not take an apostrophe : Mine, Yours, Theirs, His, Hers, Its. (2) To indicate the omission of letters or figures. Examples : I'll I will e'en even don't do not let's let us o'clock of the clock thro' through 'kerchief handkerchief '07 1907 It's It is (Possessive — Its) You're You are (Possessive — Your) They're They are (Possessive — Their) It's immaterial which way you do it. Its usefulness is over. You're in the right. Your gloves are here. They're good friends. Their letter of the 1st. In dialect, to show the omission of letters: "Dat baby of you's" said Mrs. Jacksing, "am de puffet image ob his fathah." "Yas," answered Mrs. Johnsing, "He am a reg'lar cahbon copy." — Remington Notes. (3) To indicate the plural of a letter, word, or figure. Examples : Two r's. "If's and And's." Baltimore and Ohio 4's (or 4s). 184 Dash Is used ; (1) To indicate a pause, faltering, break, or sudden change in thought. Examples : The world moves but one way — forward. Evenings at home may be spent profitably If This, we maintain, is false economy — plus laziness. I 1 am sorry. .Tuli a ! (2) To indicate the omission of the word to. Example/^: May — November; June — December; 1890 —1900. (3) To indicate the omission of a name or date. Examples : Miss B- In the year 19— In the town of ■ (4) To cut off words or phrases when repeated for emphasis. Example: These are very understandable words — safe words — sane words. (5) Between the subject and the subject-matter; or between the subject-matter and the authority. Examples : Cotton. — For the cotton season 1914-15 there will be shown a decided increase in expor- tation to Continental and Mediterranean ports. Nothing ever becomes real till it is experi- enced ; even a proverb is no proverb to you, till life has illustrated it. — Keats. 185 (6) To separate an independent clause interjected into a sentence. Example : I may get strong and well again — I think I will— but If I don't (etc.) (7) After a colon, when a long quotation is intro- duced. Example : Dinner being over, the President arose and read the following address : — A dash is used after other punctuation marks when a longer pause than they denote is required. When two hyphens are used by the typist to indicate a dash, they may be joined into a continuous line by using a pen or sharp-pointed pencil ; or the additional character will be supplied by the typewriter company. Hyphen Is used : (1) Between compound words. Examples : half-time world-famed world-wide first-class laughter-loving twenty-three forget-me-not Vice-President income-yielding self-supporting (2) To divide words at the end of a line. The division should be made between syllables. Example: "The sun had set, the day was done, the shadows of eve- ning were falling." 186 (3) To distingiiisli words of similar spelling but dif- ferent meaning. Examples : Restored re-stored Keformed re-formed (4) Instead of the dieresis, to indicate that two ad- jacent vowels do not unite to form a dipthong. Examples : co-ordinate co-operation re-elect Pakenthesis Used to enclose : (1) Any expression which breaks the continuity of the sentence and which is independent in its con- struction. Examples: Tliese fasteners may be bouglit (I think tiiey cost but ten cents) at any stationer's. He arrived (God Bless Him!) in the knick of time. If the parenthetical matter is complete in sense, punctuation-marks should be included in the parenthesis; as, You promised (did you not?) to remit on or before the first. (2) An explanatory word or phrase. Examples: This street (Main Street) runs north and south. Mrs. L. Smith (n6e Carroll) was enrolled. 187 (3) Enumerations. « Examples : (1) Office supplies (2) Rent (3) Telephone & Telegrams (a) Traffic Department (b) Transportation Department (4) A question-mark used after an assertion to throw doubt upon it. Example: She says she is an expert (?) stenog- rapher. It would similarly enclose an exclamation- mark used to express wonder: Example : They have already written 800 ( ! ) en- velopes, and stamped them too. Beackets Used instead of parentheses. Bracket or Brace Used to connect several terms or items. Caret Used to show where interlined words are to be in- serted. The typist may use a combination of the under- score and fraction-mark, as shown here: it Why is/that so many 188 DiERESIS Placed over the second of two successive vowels to show tlioy do not form a diphthong but are pronounced separately, aeronaut, zoology. Asterisk Used to indicate a reference or an ellipsis. Daggers Reference marks connecting words in the text with marginal notes or footnotes. Paragraph. Used in printers ' ' ' copy ' ' or shorthand notes to indi- cate a new paragraph. {X or two vertical parallel lines 1 1 are also used by shorthand-waiters to indicate a para- graph.) Section (Combination of two s's). Placed before subdivi- sions of books to facilitate reference. Breve Denotes the short sound of a vowel. Cat. Macron Denotes the long sound of a vowel. II ate. 189 Ditto (The same). Denotes words or figures are to be sup- plied from the line above. Cedilla A mark placed under the letter c in certain French words commonly used in English, to show it has the sound of s. fagade. Tilde — (or filde) Mark jDlaced over the letter n in certain Spanish words commonly used in English to show it has the sound of ny — canon (pronounced kanyon). Senor. Quit Claim Deed. See Deeds. Railroad Stocks and bonds of railroads. Wlien in- securities, vesting in them, earning capacity, physical condition, management, financing or indebt- edness, how secured, whether legal for savings banks, and density of population in section traversed, are vital fac- tors to be taken into consideration. Rebate. An allowance or discount. Receipt. An admission in writing that something has been received. A creditor is not obliged to give a receipt; it is a mere act of courtesy. 11)0 "^mr/ZA^t/, ^ Form of Receipt. $100. New York._ Mj^y ^t I9l6_ jSrrrinfil nf Henry Jones ---- - One Hundred ^\\m ------- dqll^rs^ IN FULL OF ALL DEMANDS AGAINST HIM. Receipt in Full. $50. New York. Jan. 1, ,^^6 ?RerftDph n f Josep h Shaw - - - - -_ Fifty "0/,„o_- ^ ^_^ r - - - - DOLLARS TO APPLY ON ACCOUNT. Receipt on Account. Receiver. A person appointed by a court to administer the affairs of an insolvent company, or to distribute the property of a dissolved company. 191 Reg^istered See Bonds and Stocks. Bond. Release. To discharge or acquit from obligation. The paper or instrument in which a right or claim is renounced. Form of General Release. ^0 all to wbom tbeec iprcscnts sball come or mag concern, flreetlng; ftnow se, That for and in consideration of the sum. of Dollars lawful money of the United States of America, to in hand paid "by the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have remised, released and forever discharged and by these Presents do for heirs, executors and administrators, remise, release and forever discharge the said heirs, executors and administrators, of all and from all, and all manner of action and actions, cause and causes of actions, suits, debts, dues, sums of money, accounts, reckon^ ings, bonds, bills, specialties, covenants, contracts, controversies, agree- ments, promises, variances, trespasses, damages, judgments, extents^ executions, claims and demands whatsoever in law or in equity, which against ever had, now ha. . . .or which heirs, executors or administrators, hereafter can, shall or may have for, upon or by reason of any matter, cause or thing whatsoever from the beginning of the world to the day of the date of these presents. In TIClltness imibereot, have hereunto set hand and seal the day of in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and SealeD anD Delivered In tbe pceeence ot Release The release by a widow of her one-third life of Dower. interest in the estate of her husband. 192 Form of Reij:asf, of Doweh. ■ffcnow all fKicn b^ tbcse {presents that i of the t(iu)t (if irifc of (or uidntr of ). /(//(■ of .said town, deceased, party of the first part, in consideration of Dollars to tnc paid hy of the said town of mrtii of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowlcdycd, have f/rantcd, remised, re- leased, conveyed and forever quit-claim, and hy these pi-esents do grant, 7'e)nisc, release, and forever quit-claim unto the said and to his heirs and assigns forever, all the dower and thirds, and all other right, title, interest, property, claim and demand whatsoever, in law and in equity, of me, the said of, in and to. Hll that certain piece, parcel or lot of land, situate lying and. being in the town of and bounded and described as follotcs : (here is inserted description of propertj') So that neither I, the said my heirs, executors, admi)iistrators and assigns, nor any other person or persons for me, them or any of them, shall have claim or demand any dower or thirds, or any other right, title, claim or demand, of, in. or to the same, or any part thereof, but thereof and therefrom shall be utterly barred and excluded forever. f n TlClitnCSS IMbcreof / have hereunto set my hand and seal this day of in the year SealeD anD BclivereD tn iPresence ot (toitnesses) (seal) Rights. stockholders are usually given the right to subscribe to any new stock the company may issue. If the company is one of the large and i)rosperous ones, these rights are in great demand and are bought and sold the same as stock. Rolling Stock of a railroad on wheels — locomotives, Stock. freight and passenger cars, hand cars, etc. 193 Roman I 1 XX 20 Numerals. II 2 XXX 30 III 3 XL 40 IV 4 L 50 V 5 LX 60 VI 6 LXX 70 VII 7 LXXX 80 VIII 8 XC 90 IX 9 c 100 X 10 cc 200 XI 11 ccc 300 XII 12 cccc 400 XIII 13 D 500 XIV 14 DC 600 XV 15 DCC 700 XVI 16 DCCC 800 XVII 17 CM 900 XVIII 18 M 1000 XIX 19 Royalties. Proportion of revenue paid to an author or inventor for the right to use his work, or the revenue paid to the o^vTier of land for the privilege of operating his property, as in the case of oil wells, mines, etc. Sabotage. An attempt to coerce or attain an object by working with intentional incompetency. Salvage. The allowance or compensation made by the owners for assistance rendered their vessel while in distress, or for recovering it after it has been lost. 194. Satisfaction. A written aoknowlodgment that an indebted- ness or obligation has been paid. Savings A bank organized under the state laws, or Bank. under the Federal laws if in the District of Columbia, for the purpose of receiving de- posits, the intent being that such deposits shall largely be the savings of the small earners, such as laborers, wage earners, and small-salaried persons in general, w^ho are not expected to be in a position to invest money intelligently for themselves, and whose savings are so small that no adequate form of investment can easily be found. The aggregate of these savings in any one bank is supposed to be invested by an intelligent board of men elected for the purpose, usually called the ' ' Board of Investment " or * ' Pi- nance Committee. ' ' The legal restrictions placed upon the investment of * ' savings bank ' ' funds vary greatly in differ- ent states, some being very strict and conservative and properly safeguarding the interest of depositors; others woefully lax and unsafe. * * * Interest ranging from 3% to 5% according to the bank is paid on money de- posited, in accordance of course with the rules and regula- tions of the institution.— (AV^rac^ from ''Municipal and Corpora- tion Bonds" hy Montgomery Rollins.) Scrip. Certificate for a fraction of a share of stock. Temporary certificate. Second See Mortgage. Mortgage. 195 Securities. See Investments. Semi- Annual. Twice a year. J- J (January- July) ; F-A (February- August) ; M-S (March-Septem- ber) ; A-0 (April-October) ; M-N (May-November) ; J-D ( June-December ) . Serial The right to publish an article serially or in Rights. instalments in a magazine, newspaper or other issue published in consecutive order. Sherman Under the following anti-trust law, the Law. Standard Oil Co., Tobacco Trust and others were dissolved: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled : Sec. 1. Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign na- tions, is hereby declared to be illegal. Every person who shall make any such contract, or engage in any such com- bination or conspiracy, shall be deemed guilty of a misde- meanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $5,000, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both said punishments in the discretion of the Court. Sec. 2. Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof, shall be punished by fine not exceeding $5,000, or by im- prisonment not exceeding one year, or by both said punish- ments, in the discretion of the Court. Sec. 3. Every contract, combination in form or trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restrain of trade or commerce 196 In any 'IVriitory of the United States, or the District of CVjlunihia. or in restraint of trade or coinniorce between any such Territory and anotlier. or between any such Territory or Territories and State or States or the District of Colum- bia, or with foreij^n nations, or between tlie District of Columbia and any State or States or foreijni nations. Is liereby declared illegal. Every person who shall make any such contract, or engage in any such combination or con- spiracy, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof, shall be punished by tine not exceeding $5,D(lO, or Ity imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both said punishments in the discretion of the Court. Sec. 4. The several Circuit Courts of the United States are hereby invested with jurisdiction to prevent and restrain violations of this act ; and it shall be the duty of the sev- eral District Attorneys of the United States, in their respec- tive districts, under the direction of the Attorney General, to institute proceedings in equity to prevent and restrain such violations. Such proceedings may be by way of peti- tion setting forth the case and praying that such violation shall be enjoined or otherwise prohibited. When the parties complained of shall have been duly notified of sucli petition the Court shall proceed, as soon as may be, to the hearing and determination of the case ; and pending such petition and before final decree, the Court may at any time make such temporary restraining order or prohibition as shall be deemed just in the premises. Sec. 5. Whenever it shall appear to the Court before which any proceeding under sec. 4 of this act may be pend- ing, that the ends of justice require that other parties should be brought before the Court, the Court may cause them to be summoned, whether they reside in the district In which the Court is held or not ; and subpoenas to that end may be served in any district by the marshal thereof. Sec. G. Any property owned under any contract or by any combination, or pursuant to any conspiracy (and being the subject thereof) mentioned in sec. 1 of this act, and being in the course of transportation from one State to an- other, or to a foreign country, shall be forfeited to the United States, and may be seized and condemned by like proceedings as those provided ity law for the forfeiture, seizure and condemnation of property imported into the United States contrarv to law. 197 Sec. 7, Any person who shall be injured in his business or property by any other person or corporation by reason of anythinj; forbiiUlen or declared to be luilawful by this act may sue theri^for in any Circuit Court of the United States in the district in which the defendant resides or is found, without respect to the amount in controversy, and shall recover threefold the damages by him sustained, and the costs of suit, including a reasonable attorney's fee. Sec. 8. That the word "person" or "persons" wherever used in this act shall be deemed to include corporations and associations existing under or authorized by the laws of either the United States, the law^ of any of the Territories, the laws of any State or the laws of any foreign country. Approved July 2, 1S9Q. Sic. So; thus. Signing by An illiterate person who cannot sign his or Mark. her name signs ''by mark"; that is, his or her name is written by another, the illiterate making the mark ''X" and the words ''His (Her) Mark" are written above and below it, i. e., It is necessary to have two witnesses attest such a signa- ture. Sine Die. Without date. Sine Qua Indispensable condition. Non. 198 Sinking A fund set ai)art from earnings to redeem Fund. the securities of a comi)any when they be- come due or to take up obligations. Site. Piece of land. Location. Solvent. Able to meet debts and obligations. Specie. Gold or silver money. Coins. Speed Records. steam rx)pomotive 115 Miles per hour Aeroplane lOG " Automobile 106 " " " Electric Locomotive 00 " " " Motorcycle 83 " Motor Boat 54 " " " Dirijilhle 45 " " " Steamship (passenger) 32 " " " (Subject to change) Spot Cash. Merchandise to be paid for on delivery ; sent '^C. 0. D." (Cash or Collect on Deliv- ery). Spot Price. The day's price. Standard of The standard of ' ' fineness ' ' for gold and sil- Weight and ver coins is defined as follows in the law of Fineness. 1873 (R S 3514) : ''The standard for both gold and silver coins of the United States shall be such that of one thousand parts by weight nine 199 hundred shall be of pure metal and one hundred of alloy. The alloy of the gold coins shall be of copper, or of copper and silver ; but the silver shall in no case exceed one-tenth of the whole alloy." In the actual making of coins there is slight variation from the Standard values and tolerances or allowable er- rors are also established. The ' ' standard ' ' however refers only to the correct or ideal values. The Standard weights of the coins are as follows : Gold Coins Amount $20.00 Weight Grains 516 10.00 « ' 258 5.00 n ( 129 2.50 « c &i.5 Silver Coins ", 1.00 « < 412.5 .50 « i 192.9 .25 ii < 96.45 .10 s as well as for their custom- 201 ers. A number of prominent capitalists hold membership merely for the purpose of availing themselves of the reduced commission charge which the rules authorize between mem- bers. The volume of transactions indicates that the Exchange is today probably the most important financial institution In the world. * * *" NAMES OF FOREIGN EXCHANGES. Paris Bourse de Paris Germany Der Berliner Borse Spain Bolsa Nacional, Madrid Russia Berscha, Petrograd Stocks and Bonds. See Bonds and Stocks. Stock- Those who have invested funds in the shares holders. of a company. In case of the failure of the company, stockholders usually canrtot be held liable for more than the amount of their shares. See Bonds and Stocks. Stop Order. An order to a broker to sell when a stock reaches a certain price. An order on a bank to stop payment of a check. Subject to Offering made with understanding it is not Sale. binding if sale is made to another in the meantime. Subpoena. Subsidiary Company. A writ commanding a person to appear to give testimony. A subordinate or afiiliated company. S02 Subsidy. Assistauce given by a government to public utility companies or others, in tlie expecta- tion it will redound to the benefit of the general public. Sunday All contracts made on Sunday are void, ex- Contracts, cept those for works of charity or necessity. Deeds, notes and checks made on Sunday are void; they may be dated ahead or on Monday. See Biisiness Laics. Surety. A guaranty or security against loss, or for the carr>dng out of some agreed promise or act. A person (or company) who so guarantees another acts as * ' surety ' ' and any paper or bond given as evidence of the fact bears the same title. A surety company is one, which, for proper compensation, acts as ''surety."— (/"'o;;/ "Municipal and Corporation Bonds,"' by Montyomery Rollins.) Syndicate. A group of men, bankers or any combination of the same who unite their mutual interests for the purchase or control of certain properties or securi- ties. The members of the syndicate are generally bound by what is called a ' * syndicate agreement, ' ' in other words a written instrument to cany out the terms of the agreement signed by the i^artics. Some joerson, firm, bank or trust company is usually selected as a "syndicate manager" whose duty it is to see that the terms of the "syndicate agreement" are fulfilled by all Y)arties.-(F>'om "Municipal and Corporation Bonds,'' by Montgomery Rollins.) 203 Synonyms. (Crabb's Synonyms, Harper & Brothers.) Abandon — desert, forsake, relin- quish, resign, renounce, abdicate Abase — humble, degrade, disgrace, debase Abash — confound, confuse Abate — lessen, diminish, decrease Abhor — detest, abominate, loathe Ability — dexterity, address Able — capable, capacious Abjure — recant, retract, revoke, recall Abolish — abrogate, repeal, revoke, annul, cancel Abominate — detest, execrate Above — over, upon, beyond Abridge — curtail, contract Abridgment — compendium, epi- tome, digest, summary, abstract Abrupt — rugged, rough Abscond — steal away, secrete one's self Absent — abstracted, abstract, di- verted, distracted Absolve — acquit, clear Absolute — despotic, arbitrary, ty- rannical Absorb — swallow up, ingulf, en- gross, imbibe Abstain — forbear, refrain Abstinence — fast Abstinent — sober, abstemious, tem- perate Abstract — separate, distinguish Abstraction — alienation, estrange- ment Abuse — ^misuse Abuse — invective Acceptable — grateful, welcome Acceptance — acceptation Accident — chance, contingency, casualty Accidental — incidental, casual, contingent Accompaniment — companion, con- comitant Accompany — attend, escort Accomplish — effect, execute, achieve Accomplish — perfect Accost — salute, address, greet, bail, welcome Account — reckoning, bill, narra- tive, description Accurate — exact, precise Accuse — charge, impeach, arraign Accuse — censure Acknowledge — own, confess, avow Acquaintance — familiarity, intim- acy Acquire — obtain, gain, win, earn, attain Acquirement — acquisition Acrimony — tartness, asperity., harshness Act — do, make, work, operate, action, deed Action — gesture, gesticulation, posture, attitude Active — diligent, industrious, as- siduous, laborious, brisk, agile, nimble, busy, officious Actor — agent, player, performer Actual — real, positive Actuate — impel, induce Acute — keen, shrewd Add — join, unite, coalesce Addict — devote, apply Address — apply, speech, harangue, oration Adduce — allege, assign, advance Adhere — attach Adhesion — adherence 204 Adjacent — adjoining, oontlpnions Admit — recvivo, allow, permit, suf- fer, tolerate, praiit Admittance — admission Admonish — advise Admonition — warninR, caution Adore — worship, reverence, ven- erate, revere Adorn — decorate, embellish Adulate — flatter, compliment Advance — proceed Advantage — benefit, utility, profit Adverse — contrary, opposite, inim- ical, hostile, repugnant, averse Adversity — distress Advertise — publish Advice — counsel, instruction Affable — courteous Affair — business, concern Affect — concern, assume, pretend Affected — disposed Affection — love Affectionate — kind, fond Affirm — asseverate, assure, vouch, aver, protest, assert Affix — subjoin, attach, annex Afflict— distress, trouble Affliction — grief, sorrow Afford — yield, produce Afford — spare Afraid — fearful, timorous, timid After — behind Aggravate — irritate, provoke, ex- asperate, tantalize AOGBESSOB — assailant Agitation — trepidation, tremor, emotion Agree — accede, consent, comply, acquiesce Agree — accord, suit, coincide, con- cur Agreeable — pleasant, pleasing Agreement — contract, covenant, compact, bargain Aim — object, end, vi<'w Aim — point, level, aspire Air — manner, mien, look Alarm — terror, fright, consterna- tion Alertness — alacrity All — whole, every, each Allay — soothe, appease, mitigate, assuage Alleviate — relieve Alliance — league, confederacy, affinity Allot — appoint, destine Allow — grant, bestow Allowance — stipend, salary, wages, hire, pay Allude — refer, hint, suggest Allure — tempt, seduce, entice, de- coy Ally — confederate Alone — solitary, lonely Also — likewise, too Always — at all times, ever Ambassador — envoy, plenipotenti- ary, deputy Ambiguous — equivocal Amhtnd — correct, emend, improve, mend, better Amiable — lovely, beloved Amicable — friendly Amorous — loving, fond Ample — spacious, capacious Amuse — divert, entertain, beguile Amusement — entertainment, di- version, sport, recreation, pas- time Anecdote — story, memoir, chron- icle, annul Anger — resentment, wrath, ire, in- dignation, choler, rage, fury 205 Animadversion — criticism, stric- ture Animal — brute, beast Animate — inspire, enliven, cheer, exhilarate Announce — proclaim, publish Answer — reply, rejoinder, response Answerable — responsible, account- able, amenable Antecedent — preceding, foregoing, previous, anterior, prior, former Apologize — defend, justify, excul- pate, excuse, plead Apparel — attire, array Apparent — visible, clear, plain, ob- vious, evident, manifest Appearance — air, aspect Appease — calm, pacify, quiet, still Applause — acclamation Appoint — order, prescribe, ordain Appraise — appreciate, estimate, esteem Apprehend — conceive, suppose. Im- agine, fear, dread Approach — access, admittance, ap- proximate Appropriate — usurp, abrogate, as- sume, ascribe Architect — builder Argue — dispute, debate, evince, prove Argument — reason, proof Arise — mount, ascend, climb, scale, proceed, issue, spring, flow, ema- nate Arms — weapons Army — host Arrogance — presumption Art — cunning, deceit Artful — artificial, fictitious Article — condition, term Artifice — trick, finesse, stratagem Artist — artisan, artificer, me- chanic Ascribe — impute, attribute Ask — beg, re<^iuest, claim, demand, inquire, question, interrogate Asperse — detract, defame, slander, calumniate Assemble — muster, collect, con- vene, convoke Assembly — assemblage, group, col- lection, company, meeting, con- gregation, parliament, diet, con- gress, convention, synod, convo- cation, council Assent — consent, approbation, con- currence Assebt — maintain, vindicate Associate — companion Association — society, company, partnership, combination Assurance — confidence, impudence Astronomy — astrology Asylum — refuge, shelter, retreat Atone for — expiate Attachment — affection, inclina- tion Attack — assail, assault, encounter, onset, charge Attempt — trial, endeavor, effort, essay, undertaking, enterprise Attend to — mind, regard, heed, notice, wait on, hearken, listen Attention — application, study Attentive — careful Attract — allure, invite, engage Attractions — allurements, charms Audacity — effrontery, hardihood or hardiness, boldness Augur — presage, forebode, betoken, portend Auspicious — propitious Austere — rigid, severe, rigorous, stern 206 AvABicious — miserly, parsimoni- ous, niggardly AvKNuE — revoiifio, vindicate AvKiiSE— unwilling:, back w a r d, loath, reluctant Aversion — antipathy, dislike, ha- tred, rcpuf^nance Avidity — greediness, eagerness Avoid — eschew, shun, elude Awaken — excite, provuko, rouse, stir up Aware — on one's guard, apprised, conscious Awe — reverence, dread Awkward — clumsy, cross, unto- ward, crooked, forward, per- verse Axiom — maxim, aphorism, apoph- thegm, saying, adage, proverb, by-word, saw Babble — chatter, chat, prattle, prate Back — backward, behind Bad — wicked, evil Badly — ill Baffi-e — defeat, discontent, con- found Band — company, crew, gang Bane — pest, ruin Banish — exile, expel Bark — naked, uncovered, scanty, destitute, mere Base — vile, mean Battle — c o m b a t, engagements, action Be — exist, subsist, become, grow Bhiar — yield, carry, convey, trans- port, suffer, endure, support Beat — strike, hit, defeat, over- power, rout, overthrow Bb:atification — canonization I^KAiTiFiTi — line, handsome, pretty Becoming — decent, seemly, fit, suit- able, comely, graceful Beg — desire, lx>seech, solicit, en- treat, supplicate, implore, crave Begin — commence, enter upon Behavior — conduct, carriage, de- portment, demeanor Belief — credit, trust, faith Bend — bent Benefaction — donation Beneficient — bountiful, bounte- ous, munificent, generous, lib- eral Benefit — favor, kindness, civility Benefit — service, good oHice Benevolence — beneficence, benign- ity, humanity, kindness, tender- ness Bent — curved, crooked, awry, bias, inclination, prepossession Bereave — deprive, strip Besides — moreover, except Bewaiiv — bemoan, lament Bias — prepossession, prejudice Bind — tie, oblige, engage Bis iiopbic — diocese Blame — censure, condemn, re- prove, reproach, upbraid Blameless — irreproachable, un- blemislied, unsi)ottpd, or siwtless Blemish — stain, spot, speck, flaw, defect, fault Blot out — exi)uuge, rase or erase, efface, cancel, obliterate BiX)W — stroke Body — corpse, carcass Bold — fearless, intrepid, un- daunted Booty — spoil, prey Border — edge, rim, or brim, brink, margin, verge, boundary, fron- tier, confine, precinct 207 Bound — limit, confine, circum- scribe, restrict Boundless — unbounded, unlimited, infinite Bounds — boundary Brave — gallant, defy, dare, chal- lenge Bravery — courage, valor Breach — break, gap, chasm Break — rack, rend, tear, bruise, squeeze, pound, crush, burst, crack, split Breed — engender Breeze — gale, blast, gust, storm, tempest, hurricane Brightness — lustre, splendor, bril- liancy Bring — fetch, carry Build — erect, construct Bulky — massive Burial — interment, sepulture Business — occupation, employ- ment, engagement, avocation, trade, profession, art, office, duty Bustle — tumult, uproar Buy — ^purchase, bargain, cheapen Calamity — disaster, misfortune, mischance, mishap Calculate — reckon, compute, count Calendar — almanac, ephemeris Call — cry, exclaim, invite, bid, summon Calm — composed, collected, placid, serene Can — may Candid — open, sincere Capacity — capaciousness Captious — cross, peevish, petulant, fretful Capture — seizure, prize Care — solicitude, anxiety, concern, regard, charge, management Careful — cautious, provident Caress — fondle Carnage — slaughter, massacre, butchery Carriage — gait, walk Case — cause Cast — throw, hurl, turn, descrip- tion Cause — reason, motive, occasion, create Cautious — wary, circumspect Cease — leave off, discontinue Celebrate — commemorate Celestial — heavenly Censure — animadvert, criticise Censure — carp, cavil Certain — sure, secure Cessation — stop, rest, intermis- sion Chain — fetter, band, shackle Chance — fortune, fate, probabil- ity, hazard Change — alter, vary, exchange, barter, substitute, variation, vi- cissitude Changeable — mutable, variable, inconsistent, fickle, versatile Character — reputation Charm — enchant, fascinate, en- rapture, captivate Chasten — to chastise Chastity — continence Cheat — defraud, trick Check — curb, control, rebuff, rep- rimand, reprove, rebuke, stop Cheer — encourage, comfort Cheerful — merry, sprightly, gay Chief — principal, main, leader, chieftain, head Childish — infantine Chill — cold 208 Choose — prefer, pick, select, elect CiKcLE — sphere, orb, globe CiHCL'iT — tour, round CiRcuMscuiuE — iuelose Circumstance — iucident, fact Circumstantial — particular, mlu- ute Cite — (luote, summon Civil — polite, obligiug, complai- sant Clandestine — secret Clasp — hug, embrace Class — order, rank, degree, ar- range, range Clean — cleanly, pure Clear — lucid, bright, vivid Clearly — distinctly Clearn es s — perspicu 1 ty Clemency — lenity, mercy Clergyman — parson, priest, min- ister Clfv'er — skillful, expert, dexter- ous, adroit Cloak — mask, blind, veil Clog — load, encumber Cloister — convent, monastery Close — compact, near, nigh, sLut, conclude, finish Coadjuteb — assistant Coarse — rough, rude Coax — wheedle, cajole, fawn Coerce — restrain Coeval — contemporary Cogent — forcible, strong Colleague — partner CoiiOR — dye, tinge, stain, hue, tint Colorable — specious, ostensible, plausible, feasible Com hat — oppose Combatant — champion Combination — cabal, plot, conspi- racy Come — arrive Com iokt — pleasure Command — order, injunction, pre- cept Com MANDiNG — imperative, imperi- ous, authoritative Commission — authorize, empower Commodious — convenient Commodity' — goods, merchandise, ware Common — vulgar, ordinary, mean Commonly — generally, frequently, usually Com motion — disturbance Com MUNicATE — impart Com m UN ion — converse Com m unity — society Comparison — contrast Compatible — consistent Compel — force, oblige, necessitate Compensation — amends, satisfac- tion, recompense, remuneration, requital, reward Competent — fitted, qualified Competition — emulation, rivalry Complain — lament, regret, mur- mur, repine Complaint — accusation Complaisance — deference, conde- scension Complete — perfect, finished Complexity — complication, intric- acy Comply — conft)rm, yield, submit Compliant — yielding, submissive Compose — settle Composed — sedate Compound — complex, compose Comprehensive — extensive Comprise — comprehend, embrace contain, include Conceal — dissemble, disguise, hide secrete 209 CoNCEALM ENX — secrecy Conceit — fancy Conceive — understand, compre- hend Conception — notion Concert — contrive, manage Conciliate — reconcile Conclusion — inference, deduction Conclusive — decisive, convincing Concord — harmony Condition — station Conduce — contribute Conduct — manage, direct Confederate — accomplice Confer — bestow Confide — trust Confident — dogmatical, positive Confinement — imprisonment, cap- tivity Confirm — establish Conflict — combat, contest Conformable — agreeable, suitable Confound — confuse Confront — face Confusion — disorder Confute — refute, disprove, oppugn Conjecture — supposition, surmise Conjuncture — crisis Connect — combine, unite Connection — r el a tion Conquer — vanquish, subdue, over- come, surmount Conquerer — victor Conscientious — scrupulous Consent — permit, allow Consequence — effect, result, issue, event Consider — reflect Consideration — reason Consign — commit, intrust Console — solace, comfort Consonant — accordant, consistent Constancy— stability, steadiness, firmness Constitute — apiwiut, depute Constraint — compulsion, restraint Consult — deliberate Consummation — completion Contact — touch Contagion — infection Contagious — epidemical, pestilen- tial Contain — hold Contaminate — defile, pollute, taint, corrupt Contemn — despise, scorn, disdain Contemplate — mediate, muse Contemptible — contemptuous, de- spicable, pitiful Contemptuous — scornful, disdain- ful ♦ Contend — contest, dispute Contentment — satisfaction Continual — perpetual, constant Continual — continued Continuance — continuation, dura- tion, continuity Continue — remain, stay, pei-se- vere, persist, pursue, prosecute Contracted — confined, narrow Contradict — deny, oppose Contrive — devise, invent Controvert — dispute Contumacy — rebellion Convenient — suitable Conversant — familiar Conversation— dialogue, confer- ence, colloquy Convert — proselyte Convict— detect, convince, per- suade Convivial — social Cool — cold, frigid Copy — transcribe, model, pattern, specimen !1() COQLET — jilt COKNER — UUgle CouPOBAi-i — corporeal, bodily, ma- terial Corpulent — stout, lusly Correct — rectify, rel'orni, accurate CoBRECTiON — discipline, puuisli- ment Correspondent — answerable, suit- able Cost — expense, price, cbarge Cover — bide, shelter, screeu CovETOusNESs — cupidlty, avarice Countenance — sanction, support Countryman — peasant, swain, hind, rustic, clown Couple — pair, brace Courage — fortitude, resolution Course — race, passage Courteous — complaisant, courtly Credit — favor, influence Crime — vice, sin, misdemeanor Criminal — guilty, culprit, male- factor, felon, convict Criterion — standard Cruel — inhuman, barbarous, bru- tal, savage CRT — weep, scream, shriek Culpable — faulty Cultivation — culture, civilization, refinement, tillage, husbandry Cunning — crafty, subtle, sly, wily Cure — heal, remedy Curious — inquisitive, prying CuBSOBY — hasty, slight, desultory Custom — habit, fashion, manner, practice Daily — diurnal Dainty — delicacy Danger — peril, hazard Dabino — bold Dark — obscure, dim, mysterious Deadly — mortal, fatal Deai; — (luantity, portion Death— departure, decease, de- mise Dehate — deliberate Debiuty — infirmity, imbecility Debt — due Decay — decline, consumption Deceit — de<'eptinn, fraud, guile Deceive — delude, impose upon Deceiver — impostor Decency — decorum Decide — determine, conclude upon Decided — determined, resolute, de- cisive Declaim — inveigh Decree — edict, proclamation Dedicate — devote, consecrate, hal- low Deduct — subtract Deduction — abatement Deed — exploit, achievement, feat Deface — disfigure, deform Defeat — foil, disappoint, frustrate Defection — revolt Db:fective — deficient Defend — protect, vindicate Defendant — defender Defender — advocate, pleader Defensible — defensive Definite — positive Definition — explanation Deity — divinity Di:jection — depression, melan- choly Delay — defer, postpone, procrasti- nate, prolong, protract, retard Delegate — depute, delegate, dep- uty Delightful — charming Delineate — sketch 211 Deliver — rescue, save Deliverance — delivery Demand — require Demolish — raze, dismantle, des- troy Demur — hesitate, pause, doubt, hesitation, objection Denote — signify Deny — refuse Dependence — reliance Deplore — lament Deponent — evidence, witness Deposit — pledge, security Depravity — depravation, corrup- tion Depredation — robbery Deprive — debar, abridge Depth — profundity Derangement — insanity, lunacy, madness, mania Deride — mock, ridicule, rally, ban- ter Derive — trace, deduce Desert — merit, worth Design — purpose, intend, mean, plan, scheme, project Desire — wish, long for, hanker after, covet Desist — leave off Despair — desperation, despond- ency Desperate — hopeless Destiny — fate, lot, doom, destina- tion Destroy — consume, waste Destruction — ruin Destructive — ruinous, pernicious Detect — discover Determine — resolve Deviate — wander, swerve, stray Devil — demon Devise — bequeath Dictate — prescribe, suggestion Diction — style, phrase, phrase- ology Dictionary — encyclopsedia, lexi- con, vocabulary, glossary, no- menclature Die — expire Differ — vary, disagree, dissent Difference — variety, diversity, medley Difference — distinction, dispute, altercation, quarrel Different — distinct, separate, sev- eral, divers, sundry, various, un- like Difficulties — embarrassments, troubles, obstacles, impediments Diffuse — prolix Digress — deviate Dilate — expand Diligent — expeditious, prompt Direct — regulate, dispose Direction — address, superscrip- tion, order Directly — immediately, instantly, instantaneously Disadvantage — injury, hurt, detri- ment, prejudice Disaffection — disloyalty Disappear — vanish Disapprove: — dislike Disavow — deny, disown Disbelief — unbelief Discernment — penetration, dis- crimination, judgment Disclaim — disown Discord — strife Discover — manifest, declare Discredit — disgrace, reproach, scandal Discuss — examine Disengage — disentangle, extricate ail Disgust — loadiiii;;, nausea Dishonest — knavish Dishonor — dlsjj;ratt», sliaiiie Disjoint — disuiember 1 >isi,iKE — displeasure, dissatisfac- tion, distaste, disgust, disincli- nation Dismay — daunt, appall Dismiss — discharge, discard DisoKDER — derange, disconcert, dis- conipose, disease, distemper, mal- ady Disparage — detract, traduce, de- preciate, degrade, decry, dero- gate, degrade Disparity — inequality Dispassionate — cool DisPEi, — disperse I )isPENSE — distribute Displease — offend, vex Displeasure — anger, disapproba- tion Disposal — disposition Dispose — arrange, digest Disposition — temper, inclination Disregard — neglect, slight Dissension— (H)ntention, discord Distant — far, remote Distinguish — discriminate Distinguished — conspicuous, noted, eminent, illustrious Distress — anxiety, anguisli, agony, harass, perplex Distribute — allot, assign, appor- tion District — region, tract, quarter Distrust — suspicion, diflidence Disturb — Interrupt Divide — separate, part, distribute, share Docile — tractable, ductile Doctrine — precept, principle, dog- ma, tenet DouHT — quest it)n, suspense Douutful — dubious, uncertain, precarious Draw — drag, haul, or hale, pull, pluck, tug Dream — reverie Dregs — sediment, dross, scum, ref- use Dull — gloomy, sad, dismal Durable — constant Duration — time Dutiful — obedient, respectful Duty — obligation Eager — earnest, serious Earnest — pledge Ease — quiet, rest, repose, easiness, facility, lightness Easy — ready Ebullition — effervescence, fer- mentation, ferment Ecclesiastic — divine, theologian Eclipse — obscure Economy — frugality, parsimony, management Economical — saving, sparing, thrifty, penurious, niggardly Ecstacy — rapture, transport Edifice — structure, fabric Education — instruction, breeding Effect — protluce, perform Effective — efficient, effectual, effi- cacious Effusion — ejaculation Elderly — aged, old Eligible — preferable Eix)CUTioN — eloquence, oratory, rhetoric Embarrass — perplex, entangle Embryo — foetus Emissary — spy Emit — exhale, evaporate Empire — kingdom, reign, dominion 213 Employ — use Empty — vacant, void, devoid Encomium — eulogy, pauegyric Encoubage — animate, incite, impel, urge, stimulate, instigate Encourage — advance, promote, prefer, forward, embolden Encroach — intrench, intrude, in- vade, infringe End — terminate, close, extremity Endeavor — aim, strive, struggle, effort, exertion Enemy — foe, adversary, opponent, antagonist Energy — force, vigor Enjoyment — fruition, gratification Enlarge — increase, extend Enmity — animosity, hostility Enormous — huge, immense, vast, prodigious, monstrous Enough — sufficient Enroll — enlist, or list, register, record Enslave — captivate Enterprising — adventurous Enthusiast — fanatic, visionary Epithet — adjective Equal — even, equable, like, or alike, uniform Eradicate — extirpate, exterminate Error — mistake, blunder, fault Eruption — explosion Especially — particularly, princi- pally, chiefly Essay — treatise, tract, disserta- tion Esteem — respect, regard Estimate — compute, rate Eternal — endless, everlasting Evade — equivocate, prevaricate Evasion — shift, subterfuge Even — smooth, level, plain Event — incident, accident, adven- ture, occurrence Evil — ill, misfortune, harm, mis- chief ExACT^-extort Exact — nice, particular, punctual Examination — search, inquiry, re- search, investigation, scrutiny Examine — search, explore Example — pattern, ensample, prec- edent, instance Exceed — excel, surpass, trauscend, outdo Excellence — superiority Excess — superfluity, redundancy Excessive — immoderate, intemper- ate Exchange — barter, truck, com- mute Excite — incite, provoke Excursion — ramble, tour, trip, jaunt Excuse — pardon Execute — fulfill, perform Exercise — practice Exert — exercise Exhort — persuade Exigency — emergency Exist — live Exit — departure Exonerate — exculpate Expedient — resource, fit Experience — experiment, trial, proof, test Explain — expound, interpret, illus- trate, elucidate Explanatory — explicit, express Expostulate — remonstrate Express — declare, signify, testify, utter Extend — stretch, reach Extenuate — palliate Extraneous — extrinsic, foreign Extraordinary — remarkable Extravagant — prodigal, lavish, profuse 214. Extremity — oxtrcino Exuberant — luxuriant Fadle — tale, novel, romance Face — founteuaui-e, visage Facetious — conversable, pleasant, jocular, jocose Faction — party Fa ct i o u s — sed i tious Factor — agent Fail — fall short, doficieut Failure — failing, miscarriage, abortion Faint — languid Faiu — clear, honest, equitable, reasonable Faith — creed, fidelity Faithful — trusty Faithless — unfaithful, perfidious, treacherous Fall — downfall, ruin, drop, droop, tumble Fallacious — deceitful, fraudulent Fali^\cv — delusion, illusion Fame — reputation, renown, report, rumor, hearsay Family — house, lineage, race Famous — celebrated, renowned, il- lustrious Fanciful — fantastical, whimsical, capricious Fancy' — imagination Fare — provision Farmer — husbandman, agricultur- ist Fastidious — sciueaniish Fatigue — weariness, lassitude Favorable — propitious I^ARFUL — dreadful, frightful, tre- mendous, terrible, terrific, hor- rible, horrid Feast — banquet, carousal, enter- tainment, treat, festival, holiday FEEii — sensible, conscious Feeijno — sense, sensation, sensi- bility, susceptibility Feign — pretend Felicitate — congratulate Feijx)wship — society Female — feminine, efifeminate B^NCE — guard, security Ferocious — fierce, savage Fertile — fruitful, prolific IlcRvoR — ardor Festivity — mirth Fiction — fabrication, falsehood Figure — metaphor, allegory, em- blem, symbol, type Final — conclusive Find — find out, discover, espy, de- cry, invent Find fault with — blame, object to Fine — delicate, nice, mulct, pen- alty, forfeiture Finical — spruce, foppish Finite — limited Fire — heat, warmth, glow Firm — fixed, solid, stable Fit — apt, meet, equip, prepare, qualify, suit, adapt, accommo- date, adjust Fix — fasten, stick, settle, establish, determine, settle, limit Flag — droop, languish, pine Flame — blaze, fiash, flare, glare Fi^T — level Flatterer — sycophant, parasite Flexible — pliable, pliant, supple Flourish — thrive, prosper Flow — stream, gush Fluctuate — waver Fluid — liquid Follow — succeed, ensue, pursue, imitate FoLiyowER — adherent, partisan Folly — foolery Food — diet, regimen 215 Fooii — idiot, buffoon FooLiiAEDY — adventurous, rasti Forbid — prohibit, interdict FoBCE — violence Forefathers — progenitors, ances- tors Forerunners — precursors, messen- gers, harbingers Foresight — forethought, forecast, premeditation Foretell — ^predict, prophesy, prog- nosticate FOBGETFULNESS — OblivioU Forgive — pardon, absolve, remit Form — figure, conformation, fash- ion, mould, shape, compose, con- stitute, ceremony, rite, observ- ance Formal — ceremonious, ceremonial Formerly — in time past or old times, days of yore, anciently or ancient times Formidable — dreadful, terrible, shocking Forsaken — forlorn, destitute Forswear — perjure, suborn Fortunate — lucky, fortuitous, pros- perous, successful Foster — cherish, harbor, indulge Found — ground, rest, build Foundation — ground, basis Fragile — Frail, brittle Frame — temper, temperament, con- stitution Frank — candid, ingenuous, free, open, plain Freak — whim Free — liberal, deliver, liberate, familiar, exempt Freedom — liberty Freight — cargo, lading, load, bur- den Frequent — resort, haunt Frighten — intimidate Fbolic — gambol, frank Fulfill — accomplish, realize Fulness — plentitude Funeral — obsequies Gain — profit, emolument, lucre Gallant — beau, spark Gape — stare, gaze Gather — collect Gender — sex General — universal Generation — age Genteel — polite Gentile — heathen, pagan Gentle — tame Get — gain, obtain, procure Gift — present, donation, endow- ment, talent Give — grant, bestow, afford, pres- ent, offer, exhibit Give up — deliver, surrender, yield, cede, concede, abandon, resign, forego Glad — ^pleased, joyful, cheerful. Glance "at — allude to Glaring — barefaced Gleam — glimmer, ray, beam Glimpse — glance Globe — ball Gloom — heaviness Gloomy — sullen, morose, splenetic Glory — ^honor, boast, vaunt Gloss — varnish, palliate Godlike — divine, heavenly Godly — righteous Gold — golden Good — goodness, benefit, advan- tage Good-nature — good-humor Goods — furniture, chattels, mov- ables, effects, possession, prop- erty Govern — rule, regulate 216 Government — .'ulniinist ration, con- stitution Grack — favor, charm Graceful — comely, elegant Gracious — merciful, kind Grandeur — maguiticence Gratify — indulgo, humor Gratuitous — voluntary Gratuity — recompense Grave — serious, solemn, tomb, se- pulchre Great — large, big, grand, sublime Grievance — hardship Grieve — mourn, lament Groan — moan Gross — coarse, total Guarantee — se<"uritj', responsible, warrant Guard — defenil, watch, sentinel, guardian Guard against — take heed Guess — conjecture, divine Guest — visitor, visitant Guide — rule Guiltless — innocent, harmless Guise — habit Gulf — abyss Happen — chance Happiness — felicity, bliss, blessed- ness, beatitude Happy — fortunate Harbor — haven, port Harbor — shelter, lodge Hard — firm, solid, callous, hard- ened, obdurate, hardy, insen- sible, unfeeling, diflScult, ardu- ous Hard-hearted — cruel, unmerciful, merciless Hardly — scarcely Hasten — accelerate, speed, expe- dite, despatch, hurry Hate — detest Hatefui- — odious IIaicmitinkss — disdain, arrogance Hauuhty — high, high-minded Have — possess Hazard — risk, venture Healthy — wholesale, salubrious, salutary Heap — pile, accumulate, amass Hear — hearken, overhear Hkakty' — warm, sincere, cordial Heave — swell Heavy — dull, drowsy, burdensome, weighty, ponderous Heed — care, attention Heighten — raise, aggravate Heinous — flagrant, flagitious, atro- cious Heij" — assist, aid, succor, relieve Heretic — schismatic, sectarian, or sectary, dissenter, non-conform- ist Hesitate — falter, stanmier, stutter Heterodoxy — heresy Hideous — ghastly, grim, grisly High— tall, lofty Hinder — prevent, impede, obstruct, stop Hint — suggest, intimate, insinuate Hireling — mercenary Hold — keep, detain, retain, occupy, possess, support, maintain Holiness — sanctity Hollow — empty Holy — pious, devout, religious, sacred, divine Homage — fealty, court Honesty — probity, uprightness, in- tegrity, honor, reverence, re- spect, dignity Hope — exjiootation, trust, confi- dence Hot — fiery, burning, ardent However — yet, nevertheless, not- withstanding 217 Human — humane Humble — lowly, low, modest, sub- missive, humiliate, degrade Humor — temper, mood, caprice HuMORSOME — humorous, capricious Hunt — chase Hurtful — pernicious, noxious, noi- some Hypocrite — dissembler Idea — thought, imagination Ideal — imaginary Idle — lazy, indolent, leisure, va- cant, vain Ignorant — illiterate, unlearned, unlettered Illuminate — illumine, enlighten Imitate — copy, counterfeit Imitate — mimic, ape, mock Imminent — impending, threaten- ing Immodest — impudent, shameless Impair — injure Imperfection — defect, fault, vice Imperfection — weakness, fraility, failing, foible Imperious — lordly, domineering, overbearing Impertinent — rude, saucy. Impu- dent, insolent Impervious — impassable, Inacces- sible Implacable — unrelenting, relent- less, inexorable Implant — ingraft, inculcate, instil, infuse Implicate — involve Importance — consequence, weight, moment Imprint — impress, engrave Impugn — attack Inability — disability Inactive — inert, lazy, slothful, sluggish Inadvertence — inattention, over- sight Incapable — insufficient, incompe- tent, inadequate Incessantly — unceasingly, unin- terruptedly, without intermission Incunation — tendency, propen- sity, proneness Inclose — include Inconsistent — incongrous, inco- herent Inconvenience — annoy, molest Incorporeal — unbodied, immate- rial, spiritual Increase — grow, addition, acces- sion, augmentation Indebted — obliged Indecent — immodest, indelicate Indifference — insensibility, apathy Indifferent — unconcerned, regard- less Indignity — insult Indistinct — confused Indolent — supine, listless, careless Indubitable — unquestionable, in- disputable, undeniable, incontro- vertible, irrefragable Indulgent — fond Infamous — scandalous Infamy' — ignominy, opprobrium Influence — authority, ascendency, sway Inform — make known, acquaint, apprise, instruct, teach Informant — informer Information — intelligence, notice, advice Infringe — violate, transgress Infringement — infraction Ingenuity — wit Ingenuous — ingenious Inherent — inbred, inborn, innate Injury' — damage, hurt, harm, mis- chief 218 iNJi'STicF,— injury, wronj; INBIDK — interior Insidious — treacherous Insight — insiwction Insinuate — injiratiate Insinuation — rellection Insipid — thill, flat Insist — persist INSNARE — entrap, entangle, In- veigle Insolvency — failure, bankruptcy Inspection — superiutendency, over- sight Instant — aionient Institute — establisli, found, erect Instrument — tool Insurrection — setlition, rebellion, revolt Intellect — genius, talent Intent — intense Intercede — interpose, mediate, in- terfere, intermeddle Interchange — exchange, reciproc- ity Intercourse — communication, con- nection, commerce Interest — concern Intermediate — intervening Interval — respite I NTERVENTioN — interposition Intoxication — drunlienness. Infat- uation Intrinsic — real, genuine, native Introduce — present I NTRUDE — obtrude I NTRU DER — in tc rloper Invaijd — patient Invasion — incursion, irruption, in- road Invent — feign, frame, fabricate, forge Invest — endure, endow Invidious — envious IN\1NC1BLE — unconquerable, insup- erable, insurmountable Inward — internal, inner, interior Irrational — foolish, absurd, pre- posterous Irreguijvb — disorderly, inordinate, intemperate Irreligious— profane, impious Janole — jar, wrangle Jealcjusy — envy, suspicion Jest — joke, make game, sport Journey — travel, voyage Joy — gladness, mirth Judge — umpire, arbiter, arbitrator Judgment — discretion, prudence Justice — equity Justness — correctness Keep — preserve, save, observe, ful- fil Keeping — custody Kill — murder, assassinate, slay, slaughter Kindred — relationship, affinity, consanguinity Know — be acquainted with Knowledge — science, learning, eru- dition Labor— take pains or trouble, use endeavor Labyrinth — maze Land — country Language — tongue, speech, idiom, dialect Large — wide, broad Largely — copiously, fully Last — latest, final, ultimate Lastly — at last, at length Laudabijc — praiseworthy, com- mendable Laugh at — ridicule Laughable — ludicrous, ridiculous, comical, comic, droll 219 Lawful — logal, legitimate, licit Lay or take hold of — catcli, seize, snatch, grasp, gripe Lead — conduct, guide Lean — uicagre, incline, bend Leave — quit, relinquish, take leave, bid farewell or adieu Leave — liberty, permission, license Leaving — remains Let — leave, suffer Letter — epistle Letters — literature, learning Lie — lay Lifeless — dead, inanimate Lift — raise, erect, elevate, exalt, heave, hoist Lightness — levity, fliglitiness, vo- latility, giddiness LiKENESS^ — i-esemblance, similarity, or similitude Likeness — picture, image, effigy Limit — extent Linger — tarry, loiter, lag, saunter Liquid — liquor, juice, humor List — roll, catalogue, register Little — small, diminutive Livelihood — living, subsistence, maintenance, support, susten- ance Lively — sprightly, vivacious, si)ort- ive, merry, jocund Living — benefice Lodgings — apartments Look — glance, see, behold, view, eye, appear LooKER-ON — spectator, beholder, observer Loose — vague, lax, dissolute, licen- tious Lord's supper — eucharist, commun- ion, sacrament Lose — miss Loss — damage, detriment Loud — noisy, high-sounding, clam- orous Love — friendship Lover — suitor, wooer Low — mean, abject I\Iadness — frenzy, rage, fury Magisterial — majestic, stately, pompous, august, dignified Magnificence — splendor, pomp Make — form, produce, create Malediction — curse, imprecation, execration, anathema Malevolent — malicious, malignant Malice — rancor, spite, grudge, pique Manly — manful Manners — morals Maritime — marine, naval, nautical Mark — print, impression, stamp, sign, note, symptom, token, indi- cation, trace, vestige, footstep, track, badge, stigma, butt, note, notice Marriage — weddings, nuptials, matrimony, wedlock Martial — warlike, military, sol- dier-like Matter — materials, subject Maxim — precept, rule, law Mean — pitiful, sordid, medium Meeting — interview Melody — harmony, accordance Member — limb Memory — remembrance, recolloc- tion, reminiscence Mental — intellectual, intelligent Mercantile — commercial Message — errand Mindful — regardful, observant Minister — agent, administer, con- tribute Mirth — merriment, joviality, jol- ' lity, hilarity 220 MiscoNSTuuK — misinterpret Mix — uiinjile, blcuil, confound MiXTUUK — medley, miscellany MoDK.RATiON — mcdlo<'rity MoDKST — bashful, dilRdeut Moi)KST\' — moderation, temperance, sobriety Moisture — humidity, dampness Money — cash Monument — memorial, remem- brancer Motion — movement Mournful — sad Mo\7NQ — affecting, pathetic Multitude — crowd, throng, swarm Mutilate — maim, mangle Mutual — reciprocal Mysterious — mj-stic Name — call, api)ellation, title, de- nomination, style, entitle, desig- nate, characterize, reputation, repute, credit Natal — native, indigenous Native — natural Naturally — in course, consequent- ly, of course Necessary — expedient, essential, requisite Nbxjessities — necessaries Necessity — need Neglect — omit Negligent — remiss, careless, thoughtless, heedless, inattentive Negligence — (to disregard) and remissness (respect the outward action), careless, heedless, inat- tentive and thoughtless Negotiate — treat for or about, transact Neighbobhood — vicinity New — novel, modern, fresh, recent News — tidings Nightly — nocturnal NonLE — grand Noise — cry, outcry, clamor NoM iNATE — name Noted — notorious Notice — remark, observe Nourish — nurture, cherish Numb — benumbed, torpid Numeral — numerical Obedient — submissive, obsequious Orject — subject, opi)ose Objection — dlthculty, exception Obix)ng — oval Obnoxious — offensive Observation — observance Observe — watch Obstinate — contumacious, stub- born, headstrong, heady Occasion — opportunity Occasion — necessity Occasional — casual Occupancy — occupation Odd — uneven Offense — trespass, transgression, misdemeanor, misdeed, affront Offender — delinquent Offending — offensive Offer — bid, tender, propose Office — place, charge, function Offspring — progeny, issue Often — frequently Old — ancient, antique, antiquated, old-fashioned, obsolete Omen — prognostic, presage One — single, only Onward — forward, progressive Opaque — dark Opening — aperture, cavity Opiniateu — t>piniative, conceited, egotistical Opinion — sentiment, notion Oppose — resist, withstand, thwart Option — choice Order — method, rule 221 Orifice — perforation Obiqin — original, beginning, rise, source Outlive — survive Outward — external, exterior OvERBAiJiNCE — outwcigh, prepon- derate Overbear — bear down, overpower, overwhelm, subdue Overflow — inundate, deluge Overrule — supersede Overspread — overrun, ravage Overturn — overthrow, subvert, in- vert, reverse Overwhelm — crush Pace — step Pain — pang, agony, anguish Paint — depict Palate — taste Pale — pallid, wan Palpitate — flutter, pant, gasp Parable — allegory Part — division, portion, share, piece, patch Partake — participate, share Particular — singular, odd, eccen- tric, individual Patience — endurance, resignation Patient — passive, submissive Peace — quiet, calm, tranquility Peaceable — peaceful, pacific Peculiar — appropriate, particular Peel — ^pare Pellucid — transparent Penetrate — ^pierce, perforate, bore Penetration — acuteness, sagacity People — nation, jwpulace, mob, mobility, persons, folks Perceive — discern, distinguish Perception — idea, conception, no- tion Perish — die, decay Perpetrate — commit Persuade — entice, prevail upon Picture — print, engraving Pillar — column Piteous — doleful, woful, rueful Pitiable — piteous, pitiful Pity — compassion, mercy Place — station, situation, position, post, dispose, order, spot, site Play — game, sport Playful — gamesome, sportive Pleasure — joy, delight, charm Plentiful — plenteous, abundant, copious, ample Plunge — dive Poise — balance Poison — venom Polite — polished, refined Political — politic Poor — pauper Position — posture Positive — absolute, peremptory Possessor — nrrjirietor, owner, master Possible — practicable, practical Poverty — want, penury, indigence, need Pour — spill, shed Power — strength, force, authority, dominion Powerful — potent, mighty Praise — commend, applaud, extol Prayer — petition, request, en- treaty, suit Prelu de — ^pref ace Premise — presume Press — squeeze, pinch, gripe Pressing — urgent, importunate Presumptive — presumptuous, pre- suming Pretence — pretension, pretext, ex- cuse Pretension — claim Pbevailinq — prevalent, ruling, overruling, predominate 222 ruKVKNT — unliclpato, obviate, pre- fludo Previols — prcliuiinary, prepara- tory, iutroiUu'tory Pride — vauity, conceit, haughti- ness, loftiness, dignity Primary — primitive, pristine, orig- inal Prince — monarch, sovereign, po- tentate Principle — motive I'RioiuTV — precedence, pre-emin- ence, preference Privacy — retirement, seclusion Privilege — prerogative, exemption, immunity Proceeding — process, progress, transaction Procession — train, retinue Production — produce, product, performance, worli Profess — declare Profligate — abandoned, reprobate Profusion — profuseness Progress — progression, advance, advancement, proficiency, im- provement Prominent — conspicuous Promiscuous — indiscriminate Promise — engagement, word Proof — evidence, testimony Proportionate — commensurate, adequate. I*roposal — ^proposition Prorogue — adjourn Prove — demonstrate, manifest, evince Provide — procure, furnish, supply Providence — prudence Prudent — prudential Pry — scrutinize, dive into PxjBLisH — promulgate, divulge, re- veal, disclose Purpose — propose I'usii — .shove, thrust Put — place, lay, set Quaufication — accomplishment QiALiFv — temper, humor Quality — property, attribute Quarrel — broil, feud, affray, fray Question — query Quickness — swiftness, fleetness, celerity, rapidity, velocity Race — generation, breed IIadiance — brilliancy Rapacious — ravenous, voracious liAPiNE — plunder, pillage Rare — scarce, singular Rashness — temerity, hastiness, precipitancy Rate — proportion, ratio Ravage — desolation, devastation Ray — beam Ready — apt, prompt Reasonable — rational Recede — retreat, retire, with- drawn, secede Receipt — reception Reckon — count, account, number Reclaim — reform Recune — repose Recognize — acknowledge Rfxord — register, achieve Recover — retrieve, repair, recruit Recovery — restoration Rectitude — uprightness Redeem — ransom Redress — relief Reduce — lower Refer — relate, respect, regard Reform — reformation Refuse — decline, reject, repel, re- buff Relate — recount, descrll)e 22S Relation — recital, narration, nar- rative, relative, kinsman, kin- dred Relax — remit Remains — relics Remark — observation, comment, note, annotation, commentary Repeat — recite, rehearse, recapitu- late Repentance — penitence, contrition, compunction, remorse Repetition — tautology Reprehension — reproof Repress — restrain, suppress Reprieve — respite Reproach — contumely, obloquy Reproachfully — abusive, scurril- ous Reprobate — condemn Reserve — reservation, retain Rest — remainder, remnant, residue Restoration — restitution, repara- tion, amends Restore — return, repay Restrain — restrict Retaliation — reprisal Retard — hinder Retort — repartee Retribution — requital Retrospect — review, survey Return — revert Revile — vilify Revisal — revision, review Revive — refresh, renovate, renew Riches — wealth, opulence, afflu- ence Ridicule — satire, irony, sarcasm Right — just, fit, proper, claim, privilege Ripe — mature Rise — issue, emerge Rot— putrefy, corrupt Roundness — rotundity Route — road, course UovAL — regal, kingly Rub — chafe, fret, gall Rupture — fracture, fraction Rural — rustic Safe — secure Sage — sagacious, sapient Sake — account, reason, purpose, end Salute — salutation, greeting Sanguinary — bloody, bloodthirsty Sap — undermine Satisfy — please, gratify, satiate, glut, cloy Save — spare, preserve, protect Scarcity — dearth Scholar — disciple School — academy Scoff — gibe, jeer, sneer Scruple — hesitate, waver Seal — stamp Seaman — waterman, sailor, mar- iner Second — support, secondary, in- ferior Secret — hidden, latent, occult, mysterious Secular — temporal, worldly Sedulous — diligent, assiduous See — perceive, observe Seek — search Seem — appear Self-will — self-conceit, self-suffi- ciency Senior — elder, older Sense — judgment Sensible — sensitive, sentient, per- ceptible Sensualist — voluptuary, epicure Sentence — proposition, period, phrase, doom, condemn Sententious — sentimental Sentiment — sensation, perception Separate — sever, disjoin, detach 224 Sequel — close Series — course Servant — domei-tic, ii:e;iial, drudge Servitude — slavery, bondage Shade — shadow Shake — tremble, shudder, quiver, quake, agitate, toss Sharp — acute, keen Shine — glitttr, glare, sparkle, ra- diate Shock — concussion Shoot — dart Short — brief, concise, succinct, summary Show — shew, point out, mark. In- dicate, exhibit, display, exhibi- tion, representation, sight, spec- tacle, outside, appearance, sem- blance, parade, ostentation Showy — gaudy, gay Sick — sickly, diseased, morbid Sickness — illness, indisposition Sign — signal, memorable Signalize — distinguish Significant — expressive Signification — meaning, import, sense Signify — imjily, avail Silence — taciturnity Silent — tacit, dumb, mute, speech- less Simile — similitude, comparison Simple — single, singular, simple, silly, foolish SiMui^TioN — dissiinulation Sincere — honest, true, plain Situation — condition, state, pre- dicament, plight, case Size — magnitude, greatness, bulk Sketch — outlines Skin — hide, peel, rind Slack — loose Slant — slope Sleep — slumber, doze, drowse, nap Sleepy — drowsy, lethargic Slip — slide, glide Slow — dilatory, tardy, tedious Smear — daub Smeijj — scent, odor, perfume, frag- rance Soak — drench, steep Sober — grave Social — sociable Society — company Soft — mild, gentle, meek Solicitation — importunity Solitary — sole, only, single, desert, desolate Solve — resolved Some — any Soon — early, betimes Sorry — grieved, hurt Soul — mind Sound — sane, healthy, tone Space — room Speak — say, tell, converse, dis- course, talk Special — specific, particular Spend — exhaust, drain, expend, waste, dissipate, squander Spirituous — spirited, spiritual, ghostly SPRBLA.D — scatter, disperse, expand, diffuse, circulate, propagate, dis- seminate Spring — fountain, source, start, startle, shrink Sprinkle — bedew Sprout — bud Spurious — supposititious, counter- feit Spurt — spout Staff — stay, prop, support, stick, crutch Stagger — reel, totter Stain — soil, sully, tarnish Stand — stop, rest, stagnate Stick — cleave, adhere 225 Stifle — suppress, smother Stir — move Stock — store Stoby — tale Straight — right, direct Strain — sprain, stress, force Strait — narrow Stranger — foreigner, alien Stream — current tide Strengthen — fortify, invigorate Stress — strain, emphasis, accent Strict — severe Strife — contention Strive — contend, vie Strong — robust, sturdy Stupid — dull Suavity — urbanity Subject — subordinate, inferior, subservient, subjugate, subdue Subside — abate, intermit Substantial — solid Succession — series, order Successive — alternate Suffocate — stifle, smother, choke Superficial — shallow, flimsy Surface — superflces Surround — encompass, environs, encircle Sustain — support, maintain Symmetry — proportion Sympathy — compassion, commiser- ation, condolence System — method Take — receive, accept Talkative — loquacious, garrulous Taste — flavor, relish, savor Tease — vex, taunt, tantalize, tor- ment Tegument — covering Temperament — temperature Temple — church Temporary — transient, transitory, fleeting Tenacious — pertinacious Thick — dense Thin — slender, slight, slim Think — reflect, ponder, muse, sup- I)ose, imagine, believe, deem Thoughtful — considerate, delib- erate Threat — menace Time — season, period, age, date, era, epoch Timely — seasonable Time-serving — temporizing Torment — torture Trade — commerce, traffic, dealing Transfigure — transform, meta- morphose Treacherous — traitorous, treason- able Treasure — hoard Treatment — usage Trembling — tremor, trepidation Trifling — trivial, petty, frivolous, futile Troop — company Troublesome — irksome, vexatious, trying Trouble — disturb, molest Truth — veracity Try — tempt Tumultuous — turbulent, seditious, mutinous, tumultuary Turgid — tumid, bombastic Turn — bend, twist, distort, wring, wrest, wrench, bent, wind, whirl, twirl, writhe Unbelief — infidelity, incredulity Uncover — discover, disclose Under — below, beneath Understanding — intellect, intelli- gence Undetermined — unsettled, un- steady, wavering UNFOLi>^unravel, develop }iJ^6 Unhappy — niisorable, wretclifd Unimportant — inslgniflcant, im- material, inconsiderable Unless — except Unoffending — inoffensive, harm- less Unruly — ungovernable, refractory Unspeakabijc — ineffable, unutter- able, inexpressible Untruth — falsebood, falsity, lie Unworthy — wortbless Usage — custom, prescription Utility — use, service, avail Utter — speak, articulate, pro- nounce Vacancy — vacuity, inanity Vain — ineffectual, fruitless Valuable — precious, costly Value — worth, rate, price, prize, esteem Variation — variety Venal — mercenary Venial — pardonable Veebal — vocal, oral Vexation — mortification, chagrin View — survey, prospect, landscape Violent — furious, boisterous, vehe- ment, impetuous Vision — apparition, phantom, spectre, ghost Vote — suffrage Wait — await, look for, expect Wakeful — watchful, vigilant Wander — to stroll, ramble, rove, roam, range Want — need, lack Wave — billow, surge, breaker Way- — manner, method, mode, course, means Weak — feeble, infirm WEAKEN^en feeble, debilitate, en- ervate, invalidate Wearisome — tiresome, tedious Weary — tire, jade, harass Weight — heaviness, gravity, bur- den, load Well-being — welfare, prosperity, happiness Whole — entire, complete, total. In- tegral Wicked — iniquitous, nefarious Will — wish Willingly — voluntarily, spontan- eously Wisdom — prudence Wit — humor, satire, irony, bur- lesque Wonder — admire, surprise, aston- ish, amaze, miracle, marvel, prodigy, monster Word — term, expression Work — labor, toil, drudgery, task Writer — ^penman, scribe, author Youthful — juvenile, puerile Taxes. An assessment; levy. Income (Personal) tax must be paid by every citizen of the United States, whether residing at home or abroad, and by every person residing in the United States, though not a citizen thereof, having a net income of $3,000 or over for the taxable year and also by every 227 non-resident alien deriving income from property owned and business, trade, or profession carried on in the United States by him. Telegrams. Shonkl be i^lainly written upon the form provided by the Company or attached to such form by the sender so as to leave the printed heading in full view above the telegram. Plain paper must not be used. No charge is made for the address, hence code address is not necessary, nor accepted. It is important to have the name of the state written in full in the address of each message directed to any city of which there are more than one of the same name. The sender of a telegram may prepay a reply to the tele- gram. A telegram containing profane, obscene or libelous lan- guage will not be accepted. In order to facilitate the delivery of telegrams ad- dressed to passengers en route on trains, the sender of the message should give sufficient and proper address, if pos- sible the train number or name and the stations between which the passenger is traveling. Messages for passengers on incoming steamers mil be delivered free of charge at Quarantine if received prior to arrival of steamer. To have a message repeated a half rate will be charged in addition to the cost of the original message. 228 l*iiii('luati()ii marks should not ordinarily be used in a telegram, and are not sent unless si)ecific instructions are given to do so. All numbers should be written out. Write abbreviations F. 0. B.— fob; C. O. D.— <^od; etc. Signatures are more legible when typed. In a prepaid telegram, the following words will be counted : All words in an extra date. All extra words in an address (as to "John Smith, 80 Wall Street, N. T., or James Brown, 187 Broadway, N. Y." there are eight extra chargeable words or James Brown one (1) eight (8) seven (7) Broadway Newyork.) All words, figures and letters in the body of the telegram. All signatures except the last one, in case of two or more. All words after the last or only signature. When telegrams are addressed and delivered to two or more parties they will bo charged for as two or more telegrams. "Dictionary" words (i. c, words taken from one of the following languages, namely, English, German, French, Italian, Dutch, Portu- guese, Spanish and Latin), initial letters, surnames of persons, names of countries, counties, cities, towns, villages, states or territories, or names of the Canadian provinces will be counted and charged for each as one word. Tlie abbreviations for the names of countries, counties, cities, towns, villages, states, territories and provinces will be counted and 229 charged for the same as if written in full. Abbreviations of weights and measures in common use will be counted each as one word. Examples. Signatory (English) 1 word Auf wledorsehen(Oerman) 2 " A bon niarchg (French) 3 " Erba mala presto cresce (Italian) 4 " EI corazfin menda las carnes (Spanish) 5 " Errare humanum est (Latin) 3 " J G yi Jones, Jr. 5 " Van Dome 1 " McGregor 1 " O'Connor 1 " New York State 2 " Examples. New York (or N. Y.) 1 word District of Columbia (or D. C.) St. Louis East St. Louis New Mexico (or N. M.) Nova Scotia (or N. S.) North America United States United States of Colombia Queen Anne (county) Lbs. Ilhds. Cwt. All groups of letters, when such groups do not form dictionary words, and are not combinations of dictionary words, will be counted at the rate of five letters or fraction of five letters to a word. When such groups are made ui> of combinations of dictionary words, each dictionary word so used will be counted. EXAMPT.KH. Ukugu (artificial) 1 word Babelu (artificial) 2 " Bacyzafyih (artificial) 2 " Abycazfybgk (artificial) 3 " FIhgga (artificial) 1 " Examples. Doyou (improperly combined) 2 words Canhe (improperly combined) 2 " Allright (or alright) (improp- erly combined) 2 " Housemate (dictionary word) Figures, decimal points, punctuation marks and bars of division will be counted, each separately, as one word. In groups consisting of letters and figures, each letter and figure will be counted as one word. 230 ExAMPU!:s. At xOnSg % EXCIiPTIONS. A. M. P. M. F. O. R. (or fob) C. O. D. (or cod) " " (quotation marks) ( ) (parenthesis) Examples. 2 words 4442 5 •• 3 " 5 " word 4 words 44.42 5 " ICr, Kast 22d St. 8 " EXCETTIONS. ('. I. F. or C. F. T 1 \Vf (or cif or cti) C. A. F. (or caf) O. K. Per cent (or percent) ord In ordinal numbers the affixes, st, nd, rd and th will each be counted ns one word. Examples. Examples. 1st 2 words 3rd 2 words 2nd 2 " 4th 2 " It facilitates coiiiiting tlie number of words in a tele- gram to place five words on each line. POSTAL TELEGRAPH - COMMERCIAL CABLES TELEGRAM ia«BkaiaiiMaw]iiM«M»m.iiiiiui^H,lHj||flj|)^.||mHljlHBm BEfm th» Ailtanrfstf Trl*tr^m, .«»/«•« I teralnal Rallwaj of iasrle* Chicago IlllDOl* Duanaieil TlTerr* Olarraced JarasT7 1 1916 Apotlna lofarBS Intlelpste >sld«D Pewsl Today Oolf IallM7 Coap^vf 231 Translation. Unamazed Is my understanding correct? Viverra Vouchier will be issued Apotime as soon as approved. Inferno Shipping instructions will be sent by mail Anticipate Anticipate Tyrannical no trouble in regard to Disgraced delay caused by break in line. Maiden 1(54 carloads Fewel went forward to destination Today today. IVhen including a quotation in a telegram, begin and end with the word ''quote," as POSTAL TELEGRAPH - COMMERCIAL CABLES ■ ■coUflTE* lU II mc nito IB NIGHT TELEGRAM mmummmmmm^mmmm^mmKmmmssm^gt^mmm SEIfI> tht> foUnwtmS HtgMt m»mmg^ •ahjtxt to lk« Jnlj 1 1916 JohB aslth Bntta ItontSBft Drlsooll writs* QTJora call nsating for flra» Toesday Ati^et WOTS Cu roa. attend t JSFTEBSOB /CHAfiCK - / " T JKFTKRSOB / wordB ^ Night Letters — The charge for Night Letters or Letter- grams of 50 words or less is the regular day rate for 10 words and 1-5 of this rate for each additional 10 words. Should be written in plain English ; code or cipher not per- mitted. May be filed at any hour of the day or night up to 232 midiiiglit, (lelivory being made as early as convenient the following morning. At option of Telegrai)b Company they may be mailed at destination to addressee. Artificial characters representing trade names or terms, trade desig- nations of cotton shipments, brands or grades of flour and other manufactured products, are permissible, provided the characters arc used in their natural sense and not used to convey a hidden meaning as code or cipher words do. Example: ''Uneeda" (biscuit) ; *'XXX" (brand of flour). Day Letters — Must be written in plain English; code language not permitted. Fifty words or less charged at the rate of li/o times a Ten- Word Day Message l^ate, and 1-5 of the initial rate for such fifty words is charged for each additional ten words or less. May be filed at any time and will be transmitted and delivered as promptly as the Telegraph Company's facili- ties permit in subordination to the full paid message traffic. Night Messages — Must be written on Night ]\Iessage form. Received after 6 o 'clock p. m. for delivery the following morning, at reduced rates, but in no case less than 20 cents for a single message. SUMMARY of TELEGRAPHIC RATES FROM AND TO NEW YORK CITY (subject to change) 50-Word NIGHT LETTER RATE— same as Ten-Word DAY MESSAGE 50- Word DAY LETTER RATE— IV2 times Ten-Word DAY MESSAGE 233 Rates for TEN-WORD DAY MESSAGES Figure in parenthesis indicates rate for each word over ■ ten. Cents Cents Alabama, GO— (4) Nebraska, GO— (4) Arizona, 100— (7) Nevada, lOO— (7) Arkansas, 00— (4) New Hampshire, Various California, 100— (7) New Jersey, 25— (2) Colorado, 75— (5) New Mexico, 75— (5) Connecticut, 25— (2) New York, Various Delaware, 30— (2) North Carolina, 50— (3) Dist. of Columbia, 30-(2) North Dakota, 75— (5) Florida, *G0— (4) Ohio, 40-(3) Georgia, GO— (4) Oklahoma, 75— (5) Idaho, 100— (7) Oregon, 100— (7) Illinois, 50— (3) Pennsylvania, Various Indiana, 50— (3) Rhode Island, 30— (2) Iowa, 60— (4) South Carolina, 60— (4) Kansas, 60— (4) South Dakota, 75— (5) Kentucky, t50— (3) Tennessee, 50— (3) Louisiana, 60— (4) Texas, 75— (5) Maine. Various Utah, 75— (5) Maryland, Various Vermont, Various Massachusetts, Various Virginia, Various Michigan, Various Washington, lOO— (7) Minnesota, 60— (4) West Virginia, 40— (3) Mississippi, 60-(4) Wisconsin §60— (4) Missouri, $60— (4) Wyoming, 75— (5) Montana, 75-(5) *Key West $1.00- -(7). +St. Louis .50— (3) tCovington, , Newport .40 — (3). §Milwaukee .50— (3) Wireless — Prepaid messages are accepted for transmis- sion at sender's risk to nearly all of tlie Atlantic and Pa- cific ocean steamships and boats, on the Great Lakes and Long Island Sound. Notice of the sighting of an incoming steamer may be obtained from the Telegraph Company, upon application, at a cost of One Dollar in Greater New York, Hoboken and Jersey City, N. J. ; all other places, an additional charge is made of tolls on one teii-wonl messa^^e from New York City. In New York, Brooklyn and vicinity the notice is received in time to allow friends to be at the dock when the steamer arrives. For inland places, the notice conveys the intelligence of the near approach of home-coming steamers. Money Transferi-ed by Telegraph. See Money Orders. Telephone. An idea of the vast amount of business that is transacted over the telephone may be gained from the figures of the Bell Telephone System, which show that the number of telephone conversations held in the United States each year is greater than the com- bined number of telegrams and first-class letters sent through the United States mail, and that in New York City alone there are over two million telephone conversations held daily. There are in Greater New York nearly 600,000 telephones and over 7,000 telephone operators. It is quite as important to know how to efficiently nego- tiate and consummate a piece of business over the tele- phone — voice to voice — as it is to accomplish the same at a conference — face to face. Learn the Art of Telephony. **The Voice With the Smile Wins" is the slogan of the New York Telej^hone Company. Concentrate on what is being said over the telephone. Speak clearly and distinctly, using the rising inflec- tion. Answer calls promptly and politely. 235 Do not ask others to * ' Hold the Wire " ; it wastes time and creates an unfavorable imiDression. Use the telephone directory to make sure you have the right number ; do not trust your memory. Be slow to blame the operator for a mistake ; she may not be at fault. If you are on the wrong line, excuse yourself, remember- ing you have interrupted someone who is not to blame for the mistake. The telephone reflects your personality; be yourself when telephoning. Be courteous. Courtesy is like oil to machinery — the lack of it will cause friction. One of the surest ways of losing the regard of a person to whom you are talking, is to be inattentive to what he is saying. Concentrated, courteous attention given to a telephone conversation is a mark of respect paid to the talker that will be appreci- ated in most cases. Short abrupt answers or curt and im- polite questions should be avoided. In practicing court- esy over the telephone, several points may be kept in mind that will be found helpful. You cannot see the person to whom you are talking, but the telephone reflects your accents and inflections so perfectly that you must be yourself. In making a call, the telephone directory should be con- sulted in practically every case. A large percentage of the wrong connections are a direct result of a wrong number being called. For example, there are many combinations of a number with four figures — 4354, 3454, 4534, etc. — 2,'i6 any one of these may bo asked for if tlie memory is de- pended upon. Time will l)e saved and annoyances avoided if the person calling identifies himself at once. ** Hello", that ungrace- ful and rude little word that used to preface a telephone conversation, has been tabooed. The proper way to an- swer your telephone is to say, ** Smith and Company — Miss Jones speaking. ' ' That identifies you at once and the person calling is able at once to deliver his message or ask for the particular i)erson he wants. If you are not the person wanted, make an effort to locate the proper person at once or politely give the infor- mation where he or she may be found. Offer to take a message and in some way show that you feel a responsi- bility for the proper delivery of the message. TELEPHONE MESSAGE Hour Date Mr - (Tel. No ) CALLED Mr Message- (Signed) - A wide awake private branch exchange operator can do wonders to help the business of her employer. She should 237 know liow to consult the telephone directory quickly for telephone numbers that are required. She should learn to recognize the voices of customers and in answering call them by name, a courtesy that is flattering and appreciated. She should know for whom most of the incoming calls are intended and quickly switch each call to the proper person with minimum delay. New customers are always im- pressed with the courtesy and consideration they receive from the firm 's switchboard operator. Ticker. The machine which prints automatically, on a narrow paper tape, the prices and num- ber of shares being sold on an exchange. These quotations are sent out from the Board Room of the Stock Exchange almost immediately after the actual transaction on the floor of the Exchange. The approval of a committee of the Stock Exchange must be obtained in order to rent one of these tickers and receive the quotations. The Produce, Cotton and other exchanges have similar machines to re- cord their quotations and sales. Time. See Difference in Time. Ship Time — The nautical day begins at noon and is divided into ''watches" of four hours each, except from 4 to 8 p. m., which time is divided into two watches of two hours each. Each hour and half hour of the day is announced by ship's bell. The time on board ship is changed daily; in going east- ward it is put forward four minutes for each degree of 238 longitude, mid in going westward it is set ]).'U'k four min- utes for eaeh degree. Tonnage. Tons of freight hauled by a railroad. The freight capacity of a steamer is arrived at by finding the cubic capacity after deducting the amount of space taken up by machinery, etc. To Wit. That is to say. Trackage. The right of one railroad to operate its cars over the rails of another road. Trade. A discount on the list price made to dealers. Discount. Trademark. A special mark or emblem used by a manu- facturer to represent or designate his goods, which mark, for the manufacturer's protection, is regis- tered at the Patent Office at Washington, D. C, under the United States law relating to Trade-Marks, approved Feb- ruary 20, 1905 (Statutes at Large, vol. 33, part 1, pp. 724- 731). A Trademark is good for thirty j^ears. Travelers Are a form of credit used for the conveni- Checks. ence of travelers and the protection of their traveling funds. At the time of purchase the holder places his or her signature in the upper right hand corner of the check. This provides absolutely against loss, for the check then becomes payable only when coun- tersigned in the lower left-hand comer by the same person 230 in the presence of person cashing it. Comparison of the two signatures, which must agree, establishes the necessary identification. They have the advantage over a Letter of Credit, in that the Letter of Credit must be presented during banking hours, whereas a Traveler's Check is ac- cepted generally by hotels, railroads, steamship lines, mer- chants, shoj^-keepers, etc., at its face value in gold or its equivalent in the money of the country where accepted, and may be cashed on Sundays, holidays or fete-days either before or after business hours. These checks are a convenience abroad or for tourists in Canada and the United States. W-.-C.>««Ti-..'»««o acLO-W.TM TRAVELER'S CMCQUC ••^AOAMS EXPRESS COMfMV "'*•'* ••*»***'^"*' = CC«C(ui orricc s« eaoAowor new loM .191 ^i^ O^* ^^idjCy^ PAY INC AGENCIES •••"" will PAY TO _ b^ /V THE OROE« or tQ f ^ >y :.;7t;;;^ • Equivalent AS Spccii A Reduced Facsimile of a $10 Teavklee's Check. Trust Any domestic corporation formed for the Company. j)urpose of taking, accepting and executing such trusts as may be lawfully committed to it, and acting as trustee in the cases prescribed by law, and receiving deposits of moneys and other personal property, and issuing its obligations therefor, and of loaning money on real or jDcrsonal securities. Trust Deed. See Deeds. S40 Type. Samples of Printing Type. 6 pi. Caslon Oldstylc. An interesting (eiture of lljf work is that it keeps us the ereiter pir 6 pt. Bookman Oldstyle. This is the place that I cherished since the day 8 pt. Ronaldson Oldstyle. If we please you tell your friends 8 pt. Cheltenham Oldstyle. If we please you tell your friends, if not, tell us 10 pt. Cheltenham Bold. This type is popular 10 pt. Caslon Bold. At the time the outcome 12 PT. PLATE GOTHIC. THESE 12 PT. ENGRAVERS RO 14 pt. Litho Roman. Bet\^een 14 PT. ENGRAVER 18 pt. Uubor Black. XTwent? la pt. iEitgraupra Wlb Snglialj. M Underwrite. To subscribe to, or undersign. To UNDERWRITE insuraiice is to issue poli- cies of insurance. See Lloyds. To underwrite an issue of stocks or bonds is to subscribe to all or part of the same. See Syndicate. Usury. An interest charge exceeding the legal rate. See Interest. Valid. Legal ; legitimate ; lawful. Venue. Neighborhood. * * Change of venue ' ' — change of district in which a case is to be tried. 241 Verification. An affirmation sworn to by a party to an action that what he has stated is true to the best of his knowledge and belief. Form of Verification. CITY OF 1 COUNTY OF J hcivu (Jiihj sworn, says that he is the herein, that the foregoing is true to Jiis own Jcnowledge, except as to the matters which are therein stated to he alleged on information and belief, and as to those matters he believes it to be true. S'tcorn to before me, this ) dau of ini ^ Verbatim. Word for word. Void. Illegal, not binding, without effect, not good. Voucher. Receipt. Voucher See Checks. Check. Waiver. "She giving up of a right. Wall Street. A street in the downtown section of New York City, running from Broadway to the East River, on which is located the United States Sub- Treasury, many large banking houses and in close prox- imity to which is the Stock Exchange. It is the financial 242 center of the United States, and in this connection "Wall Street is often referred to as meaning the national money market or financial interests of the country as a whole. Threadneedle, Throgmorton and Lombard Streets in England have a similar significance. Tn the early days, when New York (Manhattan) be- longed to the Dutch, "Wall Street was the site of a fortified wall which formed the southern defence to the city, from which it is named. At its head, on Broadway, old Trinity Church, where George "Washington is said to have w^orshipped, still stands, and a statue of "Washington in front of the Sub- Treasury marks the spot on which he delivered his first inaugural address. Warrant. An order. A writ of arrest or search. Warranty See Deeds. Deed. Watered See Bonds and Stocks. Stock. Weights and Measures. Avoirdupois Weight. • 27J5 Grains =^ 1 Drachm (dr.) or 27Ji Grains 16 Drachms =z 1 Ounce (oz.) or 4;i7i^ " 16 Ounces = 1 Pound (lb.) or 7000 25 I'ounds = 1 Quarter (qr.). 4 Quarters — 1 Hundredweight (cwt.) 20 Cwts. = 1 Ton. 2rHX) I'ounds =: 1 Short Ton. 224U Pounds = 1 Long Ton. 243 Apothecaries' Weight, 20 Grains = 1 Scruple. 8 Drachms = 1 Ounce. 3 Scruples = 1 Drachm. 12 Ounces = 1 Pound. Diamond Weight. in Parts = 1 Grain (4-5ths Grain Troy.) 4 Grains nz 1 Carat (r{ l-5th Grains Troy.) Troy Weight. 24 Grains = 1 Pennyweight, or 24 Grains. 20 Pennywts. — 1 Ounce, or 480 " 12 Ounces = 1 Pound, or 5760 Minimum Weights of Produce. The following are minimum weights of certain articles of produce according to the laws of the United States: Per Bushel. Wheat 60 lbs. Corn, in the ear 70 Corn, shelled 56 Rye 56 Buckwheat 48 Barley 48 Oats 32 Peas 60 White Beans 60 Castor Beans 46 White Potatoes 60 Sweet Potatoes 55 Onions 57 Turnii^s 55 Per Bushel. Dried Peaches 33 " Dried Apples 26 *' Clover Seed 60 " Flax Seed 56 " Millet Seed 50 " Hungarian Grass Seed 50 " Timothy Seed 45 " Blue Grass Seed 44 *' Hemp Seed 44 " Salt (see note below). Corn Meal 48 " Ground Peas 24 " Malt 34 " Bran 20 " Salt. — Weight per bushel as adopted by different States ranges from 50 to 80 pounds. Coarse salt in Pennsylvania is reckoned at 80 pounds, and in Illinois at 50 pounds per bushel. Fine salt in Pennsylvania is reckoned at 62 pounds, in Kentucky and Illinois at 55 pounds per bushel. —World Almanac. Cubic Measure. 1728 Cubic Inches = 1 Cubic Foot. 27 Cubic Feet = 1 Cubic Yard. 244 CiRfur-AK Measure. GO Seconds GO Minutes 30 Degrees 90 Degrees 4 Quadrants 3G0 Degrees 1 Minute 1 Degree 1 Sign 1 Quadrant 12 Signs 1 Circle Cloth Measure. 214 Inches = 1 Nail 4 Nails = 1 Quarter 4 Quarters = 1 Yard Dbt Measure. 2 Pints = 1 Quart 8 Quarts = 1 Peck. 4 Pecks = 1 Bushel. 8 Bushels = 1 Quarter. 30 Bushels = 1 Chaldron. 1 Bushel = 2150.4:^ Cubic Inches. Linear Measure. 12 Inches 3 Feet 5/2 Yards 40 Rods 8 Furlongs 52S0 Feet 3 Miles 1 Foot 1 Yard 1 Rod 1 Furlong 1 Mile 1 Mile 1 League 4 Gills = 1 Pint. 2 Pints — 1 Quart. 4 Quarts = 1 Gallon. Liquid Measure. 311/$ Gallons = 1 Barrel. 63 Gallons = 1 Ilhd. 252 Gallons — 1 Tun. Makinek's Measure. G Feet = 1 Fathom 120 Fathonia = 1 Cable Length iy2 Cable Lengths = 1 Mile 5280 Feet = 1 Statute Mile G085 Feet — 1 Nautical Mile Paper Measure. 245 24 Sheets = 1 Quire 20 Quires = 1 Ream 2 Reams — 1 Bundle 5 Bundles = 1 Bale Square Measure. 144 Square Inches = 1 Square Foot. 9 Square Feet zz: 1 Square Yard. 3014 Square Yards = 1 Square Rod, Perch r»r Pole- 40 Square Rods =. 1 Rood. 4 Roods = 1 Acre. Gunter's Chain ^2 Yards or 100 Links.. 10 Square Chains z= 1 Acre. G40 Acres = 1 Square Mile. 2721^ ; Square Feet = 1 Square Rod, 43,560 Square Feet zz: -I- Acre. SUBVEYOBS' ] Measuee. 7.92 Inches . = 1 Link 25 Links zzz 1 Rod 4 Rods rz: 1 Chain 10 Square Chains or 160 Square Rods = 1 Acre 640 Acres = 1 Square Mile 36 Square Miles = 1 Township Time Measure. GO Seconds — 1 Minute 60 Minutes =z 1 Hour 24 Hours — 1 Day 7 Days = 1 Week 28, 20, 30 or 31 Days = 1 Calendar Montli 30 Days = 1 Interest Month 365 Days =z 1 Year 366 Days ■zz. 1 Leap Year »46 Wills. All persons who have attained the age of eighteen years and are of sound mind and memory may make a will. In most states the will must be in writing, signed by the testator with two attesting witnesses who must sign in the presence of the testator and of each other. The wording or form is immaterial, so long as the inten- tion of the testator is clear. A second will invalidates a former one, provided it con- tains words expressly revoking it. A bequest is often made by a man to his wife in *'lieu of dower, ' ' the one-third she is entitled to receive by law. See Release of Dower. Executor — (or executrix — fem.). One who is nomin- ated in the will to carry out its provisions. iVnMiNisTRATOR — (or administratrix — fem.). One who is appointed to distribute the property of an intestate. The next of kin is usually given preference. Short Form of Will. r 01 County being of sound and disposing mind and vicniory, but mindful of the uncertainties of this life, do hereby make, publish and declare this to be my Last Will and Testament, in manner and form following, that is to say: FIRST: I direct that all my just debts, funeral and testamentary ex- penses be paid as soon after my decease as conveniently can be done. SECOND: I give and bequeath to etc., etc. I hereby nominate, constitute and appoint sole executor of this my Will and I hereby revoke all former and other vills by me made and declare this and this only to be my last Will and Testament. 247 ■ffn TWlttncsS TUflbcrcof / have hereunto set my hand and sen] this day of nineteen hun- dred (L.S.) Subscribed, sealed, published and declared by as and for her last Will and Testament, in the presence of each of us, who, at her request, in her presence, and in the presence of each other have here- unto subscribed our names as witnesses this day of 19.... residing at residing at Codicil — Is an addition or alteration to a will. This is a codicil to my last icill and testament dated. KllbCtcaS by my said will, I have given all my / now declare that it is my will that instead of that provision she shall have And I hereby revoke the appointment of to be one of my executors, and I appoint to take th at office, with all the powers and duties in my said will declared. Hn TKnitnesS TlClbcrcot / have hereunto set my hand this day of 19.... (Signature) (Attestation clause Signature of witnesses.) Probate — As soon as possible after the death of the tes- tator the will should be probated (proved) ; that is, the wit- nesses, if living, should appear before the proper court and testify as to its genuineness. Without See Notes. Recourse. This book is DUE on the last dute stamped below I'lr MAR 2 9 1950 Form L-9-15n!-ll,'27 * X« \F.t 11 r So56 K21wh__KeariLej_- What every business ^^•^^==^-<^> UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 001 018 459 6 AT :;GELES MliiM'l!;