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 BY 
 
 JAS. W. WARD, M. D, 
 
 For Private Circulation Oniy
 
 The Agnostic in Medicine 
 
 Presidential Address delivered at the sixty-sixth annual 
 
 session of the American Institute of Homoeopathy 
 
 held at Pasadena, CaL, July II, IQIO. 
 
 By JAMES W. WARD, M. D. 
 
 1910: 
 
 THE MURDOCK PRESS 
 SAN FRANCISCO
 
 The Agnostic in Medicine 
 
 c^^ 
 
 5^ The story of Medicine is the story of the ages. Its dawn taps 
 
 - the viewpoint of earliest knowledge. Its development has been 
 
 . concordant with the culture and development of the race. 
 
 Throughout its history one comes more and more to overlook the 
 
 ^r:' v merely temporary, constantly shifting border-lines of cults and 
 
 ^ faiths, and to see medicine as a whole, to watch its uprise as a 
 
 unit, guided by a corresponding thirst for knowledge repelled by 
 
 similar stirrings of the heart, taking part in but a single story 
 
 the marvelous tale of man's advance. This sense of all-enfolding 
 
 us unity, an ever-advancing common destiny is best disclosed by 
 
 ^2 watching the current of philosophy, as it has constantly inter- 
 
 >r mingled in the growth of medicine. 
 
 Philosophy, the speculative ground of the world, has for cen- 
 turies held a challenged place in intellectual pursuits and sought 
 
 us that which is fundamental without in nature, and consciousness 
 
 ^< 
 
 within itself. It has stamped its impress sometimes permanently, 
 but more often irrelevantly, on the page of science, in its effort to 
 seek the goal of human life. At this hour let me rivet your atten- 
 tion on the part which the agnostic has played and is playing in 
 the creative, the conservative, the practical and the progressive as 
 essential elements in the evolution of medicine. By agnosticism, 
 as it may apply to medicine, I mean the theory of things which 
 abstains from either affirming or denying the existence of scien- 
 tific facts. It is a state of suspended judgment, all it undertakes 
 to affirm must be that upon existing evidence, upon demonstra- 
 tion, upon experience and occupies itself with one world at a 
 time. The agnostic perceives that there is a mental horizon that 
 we cannot pierce and beyond that is the unknown possibly the 
 unknowable. He sees only natural causes and natural results, 
 and seeks to induce man to give up gazing into void and empty 
 space, that he may give his entire attention to the real world in 
 which he lives. 
 
 He is one of a class of thinkers who disclaims any knowledge 
 of the ultimate nature of things. The old-time agnostic believed 
 
 262836
 
 2 The Agnostic in Medicine. 
 
 human knowledge was limited to experience, and that since the 
 absolute and unconditioned, if it exists at all, cannot fall within 
 experience, there was no right to assert anything whatever with 
 regard to it. He sheltered his claims behind a rampart of dis- 
 trust where no appeals could reach him. The modern agnostic, 
 on the other hand, is constructive, fertile, magnetic and honestly 
 maintains that his opinions are the very foundations of science. 
 His point of view conceives ultimate cause and essential knowing 
 of things, but to him infinite things are unknowable or at least 
 unknown. He delights in setting forth what medicine is not, 
 rather than what it is. 
 
 Life is full of mystery. It is in many particulars too deep for 
 the human mind to fathom. To instance, there is no use laying 
 rude hands upon the veil that enshrouds death and trying to take 
 a peep into the darkness. No operation of mind, no flights of 
 fancy, no straining of the soul, has ever been able to add one 
 tittle to the knowledge which the world has always possessed con- 
 cerning the future existence. We listen to men of science because 
 we anticipate the sequence in natural phenomena which they un- 
 cover. We love whatever affirms, connects, preserves. We dis- 
 like whatever scatters or dismembers. Skepticism must be the 
 attitude assumed by the student at all times in relation to the 
 particulars of nature. The ground occupied by the skeptic in 
 science is the vestibule of the "temple of health." Bigotry does 
 not like to have any breath of question blown upon existing 
 order, but to the agnostic the interrogation of method at all 
 points is but an inevitable stage in the growth of every superior 
 analysis. 
 
 The agnostic plays with a miscellany of facts, and dissects those 
 superficial views which we call skepticism, but which will finally 
 appear in that order which makes skepticism impossible. If 
 agnosticism more thoroughly prevailed in the world of affairs 
 there would be no place for egotism, hypocrisy or pedantry. The 
 basis of the true agnostic is that of consideration, of self-contain- 
 ing, not all of unbelief, not at all of universal denying, not of 
 universal doubting doubting even that he doubts, least of all 
 of scoffing and profligate jeering at all that is stable and good. 
 Agnosticism lights up the vast background of medicine and clearer 
 view is seen of the night, of its pitfalls, imperfections and un- 
 realized aims. 
 
 In the evolution of philosophy, as in the evolution of an organ-
 
 The Agnostic in Medicine. 3 
 
 ism, it is impossible to fix with any precision the period of 
 origin, because every beginning is also a termination and pre- 
 sumes the results of a whole series of preceding evolutions. The 
 immediate effect of endeavoring to construct the whole world 
 according to the laws of human thought has been stated by 
 Roman herewith, "Natural philosophy, in consequence of an 
 excessive impulse toward systemic production, passed from a 
 general knowledge of the possible to a general ignorance of the 
 actual." What is science now, was then mystery. Mystery over- 
 hung the thinkers of antiquity. The element of wonder and magic 
 held the ancients to the firm belief that disease was punishment 
 inflicted by gods or demons. The Greeks ranged with equal 
 energy over every field of human knowledge as a conglomerate 
 study, because no differentiation had been made between priests, 
 philosophers and doctors. This gifted race, however, with 
 marvelous activity threw off the trammels of religious formalism 
 and superstition. In them the free abandonment of preconceived 
 ideas is united with the precision of a geometer. The natural 
 force and versatility of their intellect made them impatient of 
 knowledge when supported only by external evidence. The ex- 
 cessive employment of deductive philosophy, ever finding the 
 general in the particular, from which sweeping deductions were 
 deduced, was their besetting error and inimical to the best inter- 
 ests of progress. Hippocrates brought order out of chaos, not 
 so much from any special observations, but because he separated 
 medicine from Ionian religion. "The healing art does not exist 
 for its own benefit," said Plato. It was Hippocrates, as the first 
 medical agnostic and vitalist, who pointed the way to real prog- 
 ress through observation of individual facts. His was an original 
 mind in the exercise of original powers. However much we in 
 our day appreciate this point of view, the "Sage of Cos" did not 
 realize the importance of his own work as a logical instrument for 
 scientific growth. 
 
 It was Hippocrates who said that "the physician who is also a 
 philosopher is godlike." Platonic philosophy adhered to this 
 motto, but changed from one pole of thought to another, and 
 ended only in keeping alive powers of reason, to the absurd de- 
 gree of seeking to prove the futility of all reasoning to a direct 
 and concrete experience. This philosophy of doubt had the effect 
 of limiting investigations to the narrow sphere of sense knowl- 
 edge, while it encouraged the powers of observation, which must
 
 4 The Agnostic in Medicine. 
 
 ever prove the handmaid of research. This post-Hippocratic 
 period paid special attention to the totality of symptoms as a 
 collective unit, but regarded the study of ultimate cause of phe- 
 nomena as futile. Here we first discern the recognition of symp- 
 toms of disease as a basis for therapeutics, without, however, seek- 
 ing facts of prevention. 
 
 "Nature makes nothing vain," said Aristotle, and borne upon 
 the wings of his philosophy the "doctrine of final cause" appeared, 
 and proceeded to prove that every human tissue and function 
 created was the cause of its existence. The influence of phil- 
 osophy on medicine all through the Middle Ages, rather than 
 the material facts of advancement, gave zest to further study and 
 acceptance through succeeding centuries. They were intent 
 upon verbal triumphs rather than solid acquisition of knowledge, 
 leading only to a stasis in progress. In their day the practice 
 of Galen, the principle of "contraria contrariis curantur" took 
 deep root, analogous but antagonistic to, the philosophy for which, 
 at a later period, Hahnemann stood. Soon the center of gravity 
 in philosophic thought shifted, becoming chiefly a refuge against 
 the sorrows of life. 
 
 Some one has said that "life is a strife of opposites." Para- 
 celsus' life seems a good example in the world of thought of the 
 "falsehood of extremes." He was opposed to authority because 
 it was authority. Born in an age when speculation was in excess, 
 he was awakened to enthusiasm for the happiness of men, and 
 sought freedom of opinion as a means of reaching an harmonious 
 form of life. In dealing death blows to the comparative anatomy 
 of Galen, who never dissected a human body, he blazed the way 
 for substitution. He was the "philistine in medicine," that in turn 
 was to be slain by the youthful David the better system the 
 i8th century medicine. 
 
 The doctrine of "general toleration" was now born with obser- 
 vation, as the key with which the secrets of nature might be 
 unlocked. Dr. Moon says that in the "Therapeutic doctrine of 
 signatures we see the forerunner of the modern doctrine of 
 homoeopathy," and that Hahnemann was "the lineal successor of 
 Paracelsus." In this passing reflection upon homoeopathy by 
 this brilliant English author, there can be no element of creed 
 implied. What he means is, that Paracelsus revolted against 
 Galen and against post-Galenic doctrine, and declared he had not 
 read a medical book in ten years. Hahnemann also declared
 
 The Agnostic in Medicine. 5 
 
 against the widespread therapeutic paralysis of his time. Here 
 the parallelism ends. Paracelsus originated the doctrine of sig- 
 natures and substituted that theory for all that had pre-existed. 
 Paracelsus declared "Man invents nothing ; the devil invents noth- 
 ing; it is God only who unveils all to us by the light of nature." 
 I take down Hahnemann's Lesser Writings and read what he says 
 when in the throes of disappointment over medieval medicine. I 
 quote : "Well, since there must be a certain means of cure, as sure 
 as there is a God, the wisest and best of beings, I will quit the 
 barren field of autological illustration ; I will no longer listen to 
 arbitrary opinions with whatever art they may be reduced to 
 system ; I will no longer bow to the authority of celebrated names. 
 But I will seek close around me, where must be this means of 
 which no one has dreamed because it is too simple and does not 
 appear learned enough ; because it is not encircled with crowns 
 for the masters in the art of building hypotheses and scholastic 
 abstractions." Hahnemann's genius had just received the spark 
 that was to illumine his pathway and ours, and he exclaims : 
 "What ! has not the infinite wisdom of that spirit which animates 
 the universe been able to furnish means to relieve the suffering 
 caused by disease which has been permitted to afflict mankind !" 
 
 In the uplift of his reasoning he recognized cause and defined 
 the necessity of relief. Paracelsus' lament was the wail of dis- 
 content. Hahnemann's outcry was that of the philosopher search- 
 ing in the dark. Paracelsus' desperation was that of intellectual 
 obscurantism ; Hahneman's interrogation, that of the analytical 
 mind, believing in Nature's secret near at hand and searching 
 through inductive methods the balm for the healing of the nations. 
 Paracelsus held in contempt all knowledge acquired by toil and 
 reflection, relying solely on inward illumination. Hahnemann, on 
 the contrary, held in fitting regard historic medicine, himself a 
 past master of all the sciences of his day, and by his matchless 
 labor he drew the veil off the face of nature to the unfolding of 
 the law of shnilia. Paracelsus was a true child of his age ; 
 Hahnemann, a man born for centuries that were to come. The 
 prayer of Paracelsus was that of helplessness and benignity 
 the supplication of Hahnemann that of courage and a benediction. 
 
 Medical knowledge jnust ever be "immersed in the particulars 
 of_sense," and although philosophy may broaden its conception 
 and aGentuate7TFs tone, no metaphysical or mystic conceptions 
 can ever be a substitute for that balanced judgment essential to
 
 6 The Agnostic in Medicine. 
 
 scientific growth. It was only at the renaissance that medicine 
 rose from the bondage of medievalism. Medieval physicians 
 were impressed so strongly with the idea of unity of knowledge 
 that they failed in constructing that solid groundwork upon 
 which each department must rest. As they lifted up the obelisk 
 they did not lay below the proportionate base. The validity of 
 knowledge can only be tested by logic. It was however, repulsed 
 at this period and the pure Hellenic spirit was drowned in a sea 
 of mystic entanglements. The barrenness of medicine was always 
 in evidence during these centuries, because experimental phil- 
 osophy was an impossibility. No specific contributions to science 
 were made and but feeble evidence of the right path for attaining 
 truth was in sight. 
 
 The world waited nearly 2,000 years for Bacon to forge anew 
 the weapon of inductive reasoning and lend the weight of his 
 genius to the formulation of his method. The science of medi- 
 cine, independent as it seems to us to-day, seems not to have de- 
 veloped in isolation, but always has been associated with, and a 
 part of the philosophic theories of the day. It is ever true that 
 measures of constructive medicine are the outcome of periods 
 of constructive thought, and development is always commensurate 
 with activity of the latter. Bacon recalled men from the study 
 of words to that of things, pointed out the power to be gained 
 from a true knowledge of nature and the methods by means of 
 which such knowledge could be obtained. He claimed his true 
 mission was rather one who sounded the "trumpet call" than one 
 who "marshalled the troops." He insisted on the importance of 
 experiment and research. He did for inductive logic what 
 Aristotle had done for the theory of syllogism. This does not 
 imply that Bacon invented the inductive method of reasoning. 
 His strength of mind is like the momentum of a falling planet, 
 and his discretion the return of its due and perfect curve. What 
 Bacon endeavored to do was to analyze the inductive procedure 
 and to interpret what conditions must be fulfilled in order that 
 truth might be reached in this way. The world has agreed to 
 date from Bacon the systemic reforms of natural philosophy, the 
 beginning of an intelligent attempt to place investigation of 
 nature on a sound basis, teaching science for all time the great 
 idea of reality and boundless worth of knowledge. 
 
 "It was long after the Baconian system that medicine was ap- 
 plied with a method appropr Jle to iacts." Great generalizations
 
 The Agnostic in Medicine. 7 
 
 advance slowly. The deductions which Bacon abolished were 
 from premises arbitrarily assumed, and not tested by verification 
 through specific experience. Until the eighteenth century had 
 well-nigh closed, we find philosophy confounded with metaphysics 
 and science with physics. This was dispersed by the spirit of 
 agnosticism engendered in the human mind, fostered by the 
 promptings of science. 
 
 Truth^ noL based on sound comprehensions of its right place 
 ancl meaning, proves little better than error. It is within the 
 prrwe'f'bf inductive reasoning to explain the facts, whereas form- 
 erly the hypothesis must harmonize with their shiftless theolo- 
 gians. The possibilities of human life analyzed through logic, 
 the instrument of philosophy, has only been appreciated in keep- 
 ing with the unfolding of medical science in its protection of 
 public health to the attainment of the ideal and of existence. 
 The study of inductive philosophy created a spirit of criticism 
 which was destined at a later period to stimulate the study of 
 anatomy and physiology, making clear that science comes by 
 observation and not by way of authority. Clearer vision now 
 developed by the right of private judgment and abrogation of 
 precedence. Much disappointment, reversals, pain and anguish 
 had to be suffered before real intellectual freedom could be 
 born. In the reaching of higher levels, there must of necessity 
 have been much good lost along with the dross the true lost with 
 the irrational. 
 
 The ferment in the medical world had taken new impetus by 
 the far-reaching philosophy of Bacon. His inductive logic drew 
 attention to the actually small amount of positively ascertained 
 truth that antiquity had developed. His was the duty of pointing 
 the way to the stability of science. In this stability truth was to 
 come forth. The importance which he attached to facts and cor- 
 rect observation made error less possible. Science has ever won 
 out through induction to certified facts. Certified facts have led 
 to concrete experience. 
 
 Bacon was the torch bearer to lay the basis of all science. In 
 him experimentation was scientifically founded to the larger ful- 
 fillment through observation to correct conclusions. Spencer 
 says : "Before deductive interpretation of the general truths 
 there must be some deductive establishment of them." John 
 Stuart Mill claims the deductive method to imply "that mode of 
 investigation by which the law of an effect is ascertained from
 
 8 The Agnostic in Medicine. 
 
 the consideration of the laws of the different tendencies of which 
 it is the joint result. This method consists of three kinds of 
 operation the first induction, the second ratiocination, and the 
 third verification. To the three the human mind is indebted for 
 its most conspicuous triumph in the investigation of nature." 
 Now, as a matter of fact, deductive reasoning is commonly op- 
 posed to inductive. 
 
 Deductive reasoning is meant to include all necessary reason- 
 ing together with those probable reasons which predict results 
 as true in the long run, but excluding those inferences which are 
 generally regarded as being open to correction in the long run. 
 Descartes passed through the period in which he doubted every- 
 thing except his own existence, because of the power of thinking. 
 The ultimate test of this proposition being, that truth is intrinsic 
 not extrinsic. The laws of action and reaction, of refraction of 
 light, and of conservation of energy are all elements in our every- 
 day experience. The materialistic tendency of these philosophers 
 was a powerful reaction from the ultra-theological conceptions of 
 the time and became a powerful aid to science, even if, together 
 with Spinoza, they rejected the idea of "final cause" from their 
 conception of nature. 
 
 Medicine is intensely inductive. We collect our facts not by 
 starting from prior principles to conclusions, but in orderly 
 sequence and gradually rise from facts to principles. Induction 
 proceeds from the known to the unknown. A real induction is 
 never made with absolute confidence, but the belief in the con- 
 clusion is always qualified and shaded down. Both induction and 
 deduction to the agnostic reveal two worlds of thought. They 
 are rivals, side by side, seeking to explain and balance the honors 
 due to each. Mathematical exactitude of method in both thought 
 and experiment has produced the achievements of modern labora- 
 tory research. This exactitude has in its brief but marvelous 
 career of three centuries, altered the face of the globe. Whether 
 its success has been due to abstract reasoning or to the practical 
 experiments like Harvey's, it is equally valuable. We may regard 
 Harvey's discovery a fine example of inductive method, because 
 the complete proof of it was not found until a later date. His 
 education and probity gave him the more solid grasp of facts as 
 the birds of highest flight have the strongest alar bones. Harvey 
 from definite experiments and observations induced the fact of 
 connection between the arteries and veins, but the actual anasto-
 
 The Agnostic in Medicine. 9 
 
 mosis through the capillaries was not demonstrated till four years 
 after his death by Malpighi. Thus it is plain that the scientific 
 method harmonized with the materialistic ideas of Bacon and 
 Descartes, and thus a bold advance was felt to the mechanical 
 conceptions of life. 
 
 The study of the phenomena of fermentation in the I7th cen- 
 tury, amplified and bacteriologically explained in our time by 
 Pasteur, the chemist, the inevitable thirst after more complete 
 knowledge of botany; the clearer ideas of physiology all com- 
 bined to fashion a period when disease could be classified by the 
 great Sydenham, and still greater of practitioners, Boerhaave. 
 As in the center of a circle all the radii come together, so do the 
 eminent philosophers and physicians whom I have mentioned, 
 tend to focus all ascertained facts to the establishment of a medi- 
 cal science, rendering possible the great discoveries of the igth 
 century. That all-embracing genius, Haller, alike renowned as 
 the botanist and physiologist, discovering the existence of "nerv- 
 ous impulse," laid the foundation to that knowledge which Hahne- 
 mann later called the "vital principle." He formed deduction 
 from experiments to facts, as the ultimate appeal must be facts, 
 which true science arranges, combines, interprets. The age was 
 carried away by the rapidly swelling current of knowledge then 
 decisively setting out in the direction of science. It is Haller's 
 glory to have seen vision of the coming greatness, to have ex- 
 pressed in terms of splendid power the thoughts which were 
 dimly stirring the age, and to have sanctioned a new movement 
 of drug proving by his authoritative genius. 
 
 The destruction of scholasticism was now complete. He came 
 to direct the construction of a grander temple. He represents the 
 power of carrying up any fact to successive platforms, and so 
 disclosing in every fact a germ of expansion. These expansions 
 consisted in continuing the scientific sight where the horizon falls 
 on the ordinary man's vision and through this labor aided in 
 discovering the law which led to the unfolding of true drug 
 pathogenesy. It has ever been true, there can be no advance 
 without liberty of opinion ; suppression of honest inquiry is re- 
 trogression and must end in intellectual night. Suppression is 
 the enemy of individuality. Through it philosophy . would be 
 branded as infamous; science would again press its pale and 
 thoughtful face against the prison bars, and around the limbs of 
 liberty would climb the bigot's flame. Medicine became now to
 
 io The Agnostic in Medicine. 
 
 be honored as a part of natural science, theoretically and prac- 
 tically, as a science devoted to the ideal aim of mankind. Natural 
 philosophy with its over-systemic production separated from 
 natural science, and, passed as Homan says, "from a general 
 knowledge of the possible to a general ignorance of the actual." 
 
 It is now plain that the old materialism has been repudiated 
 and an agnosticism has come in its stead. Naturalism has no 
 philosophical existence ; it rejects the reality not only of mind but 
 even of matter. Once materialism is abandoned and naturalism 
 found untenable, a vital force remains the one stable position. It 
 is, therefore, only in terms of mind that we can understand the 
 unity, activity and regularity that nature presents. It is here 
 where the agnostic starts his study into the unknowable. If with 
 the history of science and the results of science before us we pass 
 straight on to the construction of philosophy, idealism has no 
 chance save as an incentive for action. From a confusion of prob- 
 able opinions and fanciful surmises, there gradually emerges the 
 clear circle of the sciences waxing brighter as they advance in 
 coherence and continuity, while the void of nescience beyond 
 grows too dark for shadows, too empty for dreams. That a single 
 atom should deviate from its predetermined course were as much 
 a miracle as if Halley's comet should break away from its track 
 and set the whole solar system in commotion. So in the human 
 body, matter and energy are the two fundamental conceptions as 
 elsewhere. Matter in motion in the body follows physiological 
 laws, as certain as any law of the universe. 
 
 In searching for truth in every direction, it is possible to leave 
 its outposts behind and to reach the open where speculation may 
 enter. It is more profitable, however, to discuss the existence of 
 the serious gaps within the bounds of science itself. A working 
 hypothesis has been the rule of the ages. Nowadays there is 
 nothing that science resents more indignantly than the imputa- 
 tions of materialism. It is a past philosophical dogma. It pro- 
 fesses to start from the beginning, which science can never do, 
 and when it is true to itself, never attempts to do. It is agnosti- 
 cism that has led modern science to separate itself from the pro- 
 nounced materialism so common in scientific circles a century ago. 
 True science will not dogmatize either by offering or deny- 
 ing. Knowledge in the determinate sense is the knowing that we 
 do not know. So far as knowledge extends all is law, and law 
 ultimately and most clearly to be formulated in terms of matter 
 and mind.
 
 The Agnostic in Medicine. II 
 
 We therefore conclude that "in proportion as psychological 
 facts are physiologically interpretable, and in proportion again as 
 their physiological concomitants are physically explainable, in 
 that same proportion will every fact of mind have a definite and 
 assignable place as an epiphenomenon or concomitant of a definite 
 and assignable physical fact and our empirical knowledge ap- 
 proximate towards a rounded and complete whole." It is plain 
 that on the physical side we have a single system governed by un- 
 varying law, quantitative exactness, complete concatenation of 
 events in a word, one vastly complex but rightly adjusted 
 mechanism. To set out then from this permanent material 
 scheme of inductive research and to trace its working through 
 the fleeting multitude of vital sparks as one follows the stem of a 
 tree into its branches with their changing leaves and fruit, that 
 is a sure synthetic and direct method of analysis. We have in the 
 foregoing the basis for intelligent study of pharmacodynamics 
 the laws governing cause and effect in drug pathogenesy, and the 
 scientific basis for intelligent operation of the law of similia. In 
 dealing with drug pathogenesis we follow a line regimental in 
 fashion, with such definite co-existence, successions, resemblances 
 and differences as fall within the range of actual experience. 
 
 John Stuart Mill in his discussion of the deductive method with 
 reference to its application to cases of the "composition of 
 causes" says: "It is obvious that we cannot expect to find the 
 law of tendency by an induction from cases in which the tendency 
 is counteracted. It has been judiciously remarked that pathologi- 
 cal facts, diseases in their different forms and degrees, afford in 
 the case of physiological investigation the most variable equiva- 
 lent to experimentation, inasmuch as they often exhibit to us a 
 definite disturbance in some one organ or organic function, the 
 remaining organs or functions being in the first instance at least 
 unaffected. It is true that from the perpetual actions and re- 
 actions which are going on among all parts of the organic econ- 
 omy there can be no prolonged disturbance in any one function 
 without ultimately involving many of the others, and when once 
 it has done so, the experiment for the most part loses its scientific 
 value." Hence Mill continues : "The experiments are best tried, 
 not in a state of disease which is essentially a changeable state, but 
 in a condition of health, comparatively a fixed state. In the 
 one, unusual agencies are at work, the results of which we have 
 no means of predicting ; in the other, the course of the accustomed
 
 12 The Agnostic in Medicine. 
 
 physiological phenomenon would, it may generally be presumed, 
 remain undisturbed, were it not for the disturbing cause which 
 we introduce. 
 
 "If, for instance, we try experiments with mercury on a per- 
 son in health in order to ascertain the general laws of its action 
 upon the human body, and then reason from these laws to de- 
 termine how it will act upon persons affected with a particular 
 disease, this may be a really effectual method, but this is deduc- 
 tion." Then he proceeds to lay down the conduct for these ex- 
 periments as follows : "In the first place we introduce the agent 
 into the midst of a set of circumstances which we have exactly 
 ascertained." Again, "Moreover the difficulty may be attenuated 
 by sufficient multiplication of experiments in circumstances ren- 
 dering it impossible that any of the unknown causes should exist 
 in them all." Further on he states : "We take the utmost pains 
 to exclude all causes capable of composition with the given cause, 
 or, if forced to let in any such causes, we take care to make them 
 such that we can compete and allow for their influence, so that the 
 effect of the given cause may, after the subduction of those 
 other effects, be apparent as a residual phenomenon." 
 
 Now, my friends, do you not recognize in these quotations the 
 full exposition of Hahnemann's conception of drug proving and 
 the precision of methods as well, the very foundation of our 
 science which was suggested by the immortal Haller, but brought 
 into practical form by the "Sage of Coethen." 
 
 Thus we see the law of similia dogging the steps of advancing 
 science ; here seen and then apparently for a time gone, like the 
 longest wave is quickly lost in yonder Pacific Ocean. Every- 
 thing in the world of matter is subject to invariable law, as the 
 reaction of chemicals, and this very relationship of science demon- 
 strates the domain of homoeopathy. The sharp distinction which 
 Christian Wolff brought into view between empirical and rational 
 knowledge has been of vast import. What we have to note is the 
 existence in our time of a vast circle of empirical knowledge in 
 the whole range of medicine. The criticisms on homoeopathy 
 have merely touched the periphery of its philosophy, but have not 
 weakened its center. 
 
 It is ever plain that as a vitalist and agnostic Hahnemann stood 
 conspicuous and foreshadowed the facts which later were ex- 
 plained by philosophy. His life resembles one of those winter 
 mornings when the air sparkles with crystals. To-day his law
 
 The Agnostic in Medicine. 13 
 
 marks the zenith of intellectual activity in the evolution of thera- 
 peutics. The continuity of the tale is now established from Hip- 
 pocrates to Bacon, from Bacon to Hahnemann, from Hahnemann 
 to Mill, from Mill to the laboratories of our day. To the 
 clinician the law of similia is as the voice of a guide in an ava- 
 lanche of the Alps. Observation and experiment alone can de- 
 termine it, and it is to those he has a right to confidently appeal. 
 The law of induction has been the pathfinder, the facts of deduc- 
 tion the road-builder in our science of therapeutics. 
 
 Agnosticism is not a disease of thought. Query, Is not the 
 satisfaction of doubt essential to all manliness ? Belief in Homoe- 
 opathy does not alone consist in accepting the affirmations of 
 Hahnemann, but rather through the impulse of deductive logic 
 shown through inductive process, ratiocination and verification, 
 we reach the conclusion 
 
 "Rightly seeing, 
 Rightly seen." 
 
 Throughout the historic past there have been two influences in 
 operation, that of Greece with Hippocrates in the background; 
 that of the Fatherland with Hahnemann in the foreground, stand- 
 ing in close relationship, by the influence upon medicine through 
 the respective eras and in undeviating parallelism in moulding 
 all modern thought. Both laid their ears close to Mother Nature 
 to interpret the voice, as to her teachings and as to application 
 of her lessons. 
 
 There are in these two thinkers certain marked features of 
 resemblance, and others equally marked of difference. Both were 
 agnostics, in that they sought through the unknown to acquire 
 truth. We see their difference most strikingly in their descend- 
 ants. The sincerity and marrow of Hahnemann reaches in his 
 writings. He always worked with solid ground and stones un- 
 derneath. He interrogated nature with the query, ''What do I 
 know?" Not until Hahnemann touched the essentials of scien- 
 tific agnosticism with the keenness of his introspective mind, do 
 we see dawning the age of inductive reasoning in medicine and 
 progress in therapeutics. Homoeopathy is a science by induction ; 
 it is an art by deduction. Hahnemann knew by sad experience 
 what medicine was not, before stating what it was. As a natural 
 seeker for truth, which grew with lapse of time, he foresaw the 
 natural connection between cause and effect.
 
 14 The Agnostic in Medicine. 
 
 "Behold he watches at the door, 
 Behold his shadow on the floor." 
 
 Hahnemann has been assailed by carping critics as regarding 
 the "study of the cause of disease as utterly futile and absurd." 
 This is absolutely false, for in the third section of his conception 
 of law, the "Organon," in laying down his formula for curing the 
 sick, he says: "If, finally, he knows the obstacles to recovery in 
 each case and is aware how to remove them, so that the restora- 
 tion may be permanent, then he understands how to treat judi- 
 ciously and rationally and he is a true practitioner of the healing 
 art." Sections 4 and 5 he gives over entirely with specific empha- 
 sis, pointing out the absolute requirement as a first consideration, 
 removal of cause of disease or obstacles against the cure. Hahne- 
 mann's declaration of the constitutional nature of all chronic and 
 most acute diseases, was ahead of his time and is being confirmed 
 by twentieth century pathology. The relationship that infection 
 bears to causation in disease has made plain how many diseases 
 have a constitutional basis which were formerly regarded as purely 
 local. For example, pneumonia, formerly considered an organic 
 pulmonary disease, now more and more is being regarded as a 
 true septicemia, of the pneumococcus, which has long been so 
 advocated by our colleague, Dr. Thomas McConkey. 
 
 Hahnemann has been accused of neglecting pathology. His 
 standard of health was the normal body. He, therefore, founded 
 his science on anatomy and physiology, and regarded the totality 
 of the symptoms in disease to be the objective and subjective ex- 
 pression of the pathology. Contemporaneous with Hahnemann, 
 pathology was conceived by the inspiring genius of Morgagni 
 and the meteoric career of Bichat. The short life of that famous 
 Parisian, Bichat, dying at 23, gave birth to only fragmentary sug- 
 gestions in this vast field of physical research. Modern pathology 
 was not born until 1856, fifteen years after Hahnemann's death. 
 It is much to the latter's credit that he did not build the system 
 of homoeopathic therapeutics on the shiftless sands of earlier 
 morbid anatomy. 
 
 Therapeutics has been a "bundle of perceptions," and it has 
 been hopelessly at a loss to find the "principle that unites the 
 bundle." This principle is found to be the law of similia, that 
 has been the synthesizing activity which has yielded the marvel- 
 ous results of the nineteenth century. Prof. Ward says : "More- 
 over, when we divest ourselves of the scientific bias and con-
 
 The Agnostic in Medicine. 15 
 
 template medicine in its historical concreteness, we can see the 
 true reality to be not a mechanism but a realm of ends. It is 
 plainly seen that science is concerned only with the conceptions, 
 ignores the elements due to the conative and practical interest of 
 the subject." 
 
 With the publication of the "Organon of Rational Medicine" 
 and the "Materia Medica Pura" Hahnemann provided both theo- 
 retically and practically the requirements of homoeopathy as a 
 distinct method of therapeutics. The high water mark of his 
 medical philosophy was now reached. He was the first to apply 
 the inductive method of research in therapeutics. He says, in 
 the preface to the second, the 1819 edition of the "Organon," 
 "The true healing art is in its nature a pure science of experience, 
 and can and must rest on clear facts and on sensible phenomena 
 pertaining to their sphere of action. Its subjects can only be 
 derived from pure experience and observation, and it dare not 
 take a single step out of the sphere of pure well-observed experi- 
 ence and experiment." And again, "Every one of its conclusions 
 about the actual must always be based on sensible perceptions, 
 facts and experiences, if it would elicit truth." 
 
 Hahnemann's philosophic conceptions were a protest against 
 materialism; his conclusions, the results of years of observation 
 and experiment. He proved that therapeutic science cannot be 
 built on any insecure foundation. His teachings entertain a 
 practical acceptance of the existence of a vital principle animat- 
 ing the body, and at the same time a similar force embodied in 
 every medicinal substance. It necessitates, therefore, a substantial 
 world of causes. From this conception follows the pathological 
 deduction, that the disturbance of the harmonious play of life 
 manifesting itself in symptoms affecting the functions and sen- 
 sations which we call disease is a disturbance of the same vital 
 force. The most marked feature of early homoeopathy was 
 its entire freedom from all theory and hypothesis. It was a pro- 
 test against all and any pathological theory as a basis of thera- 
 peutics. William Boericke says. "Whatever Hahnemann pub- 
 lished as a fact has never yet been disproved, but his theories are 
 not proved. It is the genuine Hahnemann spirit to disregard all 
 theories when they are in opposition to the results of experience. 
 Hypotheses are of value in so far as they lead to suggestive ex- 
 perimentation." It is enough to say that modern laboratory re- 
 search is making plain and is in harmonizing accord with Hahne-
 
 1 6 The Agnostic in Medicine. 
 
 mann's therapeutic doctrine. Newton and D'Alembert's famous 
 treatise on dynamics do not pretend to reveal spiritual mysteries 
 as synonymous with mental but rather the relation of the forces 
 of matter, and that the vital forces of an organism are superior 
 to material parts. Hahnemann did not invent the dynamization 
 hypothesis of matter. This was announced by Boscovich in 1759, 
 when Hahnemann was only four years old. No better refutation 
 to the ridicule of attenuations which has been heaped upon Hahne- 
 mann and his followers, than to mention the dosage of the vac- 
 cines now in clinical use, or again the power of triturations, as 
 shown by the photographical action of the radioactive agents, so 
 accurately demonstrated by the indefatigable Bailey and Blackmar. 
 Moon says of Hahnemann that "apart from his peculiar the- 
 ories he was a great advocate of hygiene, and in his book, "The 
 Friend of Health," appears to have been far in advance of his 
 time as regards preventive medicine." To this if we add his far- 
 reaching declaration of the germ theory of cholera and other 
 infectious diseases, we find him standing alone on the threshold 
 of iQth century medicine, pointing the way to future researches. 
 Can we doubt his right place in medicine as an agnostic and in- 
 ductive philosopher, when we note the establishment of his, the 
 first physiologic-chemical and hygienic laboratory this world 
 ever saw? Over the portal of its door we see inscribed, "Dedi- 
 cated to Modern Therapeutics, based upon Drug Proving in 
 Health." Now, what the science of therapeutics stands in need 
 of to-day is a form of induction which shall analyze experience 
 and take it to pieces, and by a due process of exclusion and re- 
 jection lead to inevitable conclusion. Such we may rightly ex- 
 pect from the Bureau of Clinical Research of the American In- 
 stitute of Homoeopathy. 
 
 Hahnemann did believe in the "vis medicatri.v nature" as is 
 shown by his declaration of the effect of appropriate well-proved 
 remedies exciting the "vital force" to normal pitch. In this 
 belief he did use the current idea of "nervous responses," which 
 had only a little while before been formulated by Brown. Hahne- 
 mann's inductive philosophy led him step by step from the un- 
 known to the known in drug pathogenesy. We find him advanc- 
 ing in the face of authority, taking the drug, observing effects, 
 recording all changes and noting reactions. Under the spell of his 
 reasoning we discover his recognition of causes as obstacles to 
 cure and the measure of vital force his curative index. It has
 
 The Agnostic in Medicine. 17 
 
 been proven, clinically, to be true for a century, but we have 
 waited just 100 years to have it proven at Ann Arbor and Boston 
 University by laboratory research, through opsonic index regis- 
 tration by our distinguished colleagues, Burritt and Watters. 
 
 In Hahnemann's lifework there is a co-ordinate body of ac- 
 curately ascertained facts. He aimed at differentiation of dis- 
 eases apart from their names, and the individualization of rem- 
 edies as a choice to their cure. The false perspective of ancient 
 posology was forever raised, and a better adjustment between 
 the individual and the disease appeared, making clear rational 
 practice. Medical knowledge will not be enduring unless com- 
 bined with philosophy, which both Hippocrates and Hahnemann 
 regarded as essential to a physician and of enormous service ta 
 the common weal. Philosophy is forever seeking to establish 
 among mankind the basis of a rational existence. Science must 
 foresee as well as explain. As the drop of rain starts but does 
 not create the life dormant in the grain of wheat, as the flash of 
 lightning reveals but does not produce the visions of the night, 
 so the simillimum arouses the life force in disease and reveals 
 the inherent power of nature to respond to normal impulse. 
 
 Hippocrates discovered the glimmer. Hahnemann saw the 
 light. In the midst of the law of similia is the light, in the 
 midst of the light is the truth, in the midst of the truth is the 
 imperishable opportunity. If inquiry is to be independent, if 
 reason is to walk alone, in what direction must we walk? We 
 must walk with a dual object in view on the one hand our in- 
 tellectual growth and expansion, on the other, with sincerity of 
 purpose seek the philosophy of the enlightenment as it pertains 
 to the treatment of disease, and lastly defend ourselves against 
 discrimination. 
 
 We move toward progress. In accepting truth through the 
 open door, come from whatever source it may, for observation is 
 that noble indigenous plant which grows like the palm, from 
 within. The primary impulse of philosophy is the hunger for 
 unity. 
 
 In coming more and more to realize that homoeopathy is a 
 specialty in therapeutics which seeks the treatment of the pa- 
 tient rather than treatment by name of the disease. 
 
 In realizing that through scientific agnosticism alone the phil- 
 osophy of homoeopathy has been kindled and when applied 
 through laboratory research broader confirmation will be ac-
 
 1 8 The Agnostic in Medicine. 
 
 quired. The future agnostic in medicine will be just as potent 
 a factor as in the past. Science is no mystery; it is simply the 
 effort to reduce facts to laws and laws to law. 
 
 In realizing that at all turns our progress can only come through 
 independence of thought and freedom of action. It is in the 
 hunger to know the objective truth of things, in the immense 
 impetus given to the scientific spirit, in the fresh awakening in 
 the inductive study of the real world, that the intellectual inspira- 
 tion of our epoch in medicine has centered. Closely allied to these 
 elements of progress, is the present social movement towards 
 idealism. We detect the marvelous wave, intense, determined 
 and widespread, moving towards the ideal in medical reform. It 
 is a movement we cannot stem. It ought not to be stemmed. It 
 should not be stopped, rather assisted and directed. It is a 
 revolt against the tyranny in medical practice of the old school, 
 and the shiftless practice of the new. It is a recoil against 
 materialism in practice and an application of idealism in method. 
 We cannot deny that to-day medicine as a whole is in the trough 
 of the wave, where nothing is seen but unrest. The world's cry 
 is ever for more light and the prayer ever for more truth. 
 
 In the current idealism of practice the aim is centered on safe- 
 guarding the rights of the individual against the undue limitation 
 of the past, and will in turn be answered by assuring the full and 
 free play of activities in all lines of the healing art, composing 
 the social organism. It is a movement destined to end in aban- 
 donment of crude measures in therapeutics and a better adjust- 
 ment of intellectual and moral beliefs. 
 
 Kant worthily said: "Two things fill the mind with ever new 
 and increasing wonder and veneration, the more often and 
 steadily we reflect upon them: the starry heaven above me and 
 the moral law within me," and of the two, it is the spiritual 
 within us to which we return in the last resort of science and 
 philosophy. 
 
 This movement will ultimately enrich the respect for the best 
 in medical practice and deepen the regard of the world for all 
 we have that is substantial and true. The universal significance 
 will be revealed in the essential setting of the reciprocal rights 
 of the patient and the duty of the doctor. It is for the homoe- 
 opathic school to take hold of this idea, move on the crest of the 
 wave and without letting go of any of its basic philosophy, seize 
 the opportunity to influence the laity towards Hahnemann's prin-
 
 The Agnostic in Medicine. 19 
 
 ciples. The tide is drifting in the exactitude of the compass 
 toward the gentle power in the healing art, towards truth as we 
 see it. It must be grasped and made to encircle the outposts of 
 our work and the confines of our faith. This is our duty ! This is 
 our opportunity ! Shall we prove ourselves worthy ? 
 
 Again, defense against discrimination is the school's preserva- 
 tion. Its practice and its colleges are in the balance. Mental 
 freedom meets us at the cradle, opportunity leaves us at the 
 tomb. Our first questions are answered by asking another, and 
 our last by pointing to the boundless unknown. 
 
 That spirit of self, with a consciousness of power, with an in- 
 tense sense of right and of truth, and a disposition to project it 
 upon others, is of necessity a domineering spirit, and it is that 
 which attempts to make men bend to your sense of what is true 
 and what is right. I do not, therefore, wonder when this is 
 wrongly conceived that there is a spirit of despotism. 
 
 It is not the fault of the garden pole that is put into the ground 
 for the morning glory to twine around about it. 
 
 It is not the fault of the despot that turns the educational 
 machinery of American medicine so that all have to keep step to 
 the music exactly. He may turn that despotism into dogma it 
 is not his fault. He himself was first the subject and then the 
 master, and then the despot. If there were not men who wanted 
 to be governed, there would not be so many men who want to 
 govern them; and if men in our profession assuming to direct 
 educational standards and state medical legislation and would-be 
 national health board creations or its doctrines, are imperious, if 
 they are arrogant, you make them so. 
 
 It is inherent in the fundamental falsity of this idea that any 
 body of men in America are commissioned to govern any other 
 body of men by reason of the supposition that they are nearer to 
 right than others. True brotherhood with its uplift never harm- 
 ed any body, because brotherhood proceeds ever with justice for 
 its instrument in the spirit of true medical development, and 
 works by right as well as by head. 
 
 Now, the moment that any man stands among his fellowmen 
 and says: "I alone am right, and I own all human decrees, and 
 I am empowered to enforce them upon you, and I bring down 
 all that is restrictive in the world of medical legislation to lay 
 it upon other schools of practice and their colleges that have not 
 a vast endowment, and upon the conduct and life of others than
 
 2O The Agnostic in Medicine. 
 
 dominant medicine ;" the moment that any organization has taken 
 possession of that vast and un-American realm, that very moment, 
 of necessity, it becomes an enemy to liberty, a leader towards 
 captivity and men are bound by it to be servants. So then, if 
 homoeopathy in 1910 is oppressed by the tightening cordon of 
 organized inimical legislation, it is only because through weak- 
 ness it has invited it it is because through indifference it has 
 permitted it. 
 
 Who are makers of organized medical despots? Weak men, 
 apathetic men, for power is not easily oppressed. Strong, robust 
 and sun-crowned men are not often oppressed. It is the indiffer- 
 ent, the ignorant, those that do not know how to defend them- 
 selves, that in civil or in intellectual things are oppressed and in 
 medical realms as well ; and the remedy for professional and edu- 
 cational oppression is, measure your own strength and power in 
 activity, translate your thoughts into deeds, make the common 
 people stronger, wiser and better informed of the needs of liberal 
 medicine. Let the homoeopath wake out of his somnambulistic 
 state and make him understand that carelessness in practice, in- 
 difference to matters of school and to matters of education and 
 state laws, is an invitation to despotism; and give him to under- 
 stand that our statesmen who have faith in the common good for 
 our common country, believe also in manhood, fair play and in 
 men. Give to your state legislators an earnest of your faith, 
 urge upon them the recognition of duty and importance of equal 
 rights, and then insist upon the obtaining of fair play to all men. 
 Give to them this spirit and there shall be found no association 
 or monopoly that shall govern you except as the air governs the 
 flowers, except as the sun governs the seasons, for the sun wears 
 no sceptre, but with sweet kisses covers the ground with fragrance 
 and with beauty. Government by consent of the governed is 
 democratic, but by authority of organization and machinery and 
 systematic creeds or dogma, no man has a right to govern an- 
 other, nor can he if those other men are not weak, effeminate or 
 indifferent. 
 
 I regard all men and organizations who are working towards 
 the enlargement of their fellowmen as being worthy guides to- 
 wards setting men free. He too is a prince among men, and 
 belongs to that host of scientists and philosophers who are say- 
 ing to the rock and the sky and to the realms of nature 
 
 "What secret hath God told you, Tell it to us !"
 
 The Agnostic in Medicine. 21 
 
 They, too, are making men free and are uplifting the human 
 mind, and every artist who paints upon his canvas or sculptor 
 carving the stone or mason rearing up stately marble expressing 
 something noble to men every such man also is working for 
 the largeness and so for the liberty of men. Whosoever teaches 
 men to be earnest, to be seekers after truth; in short, whoever 
 teaches manhood makes men free, for liberty means not license 
 but such largeness and balance of manhood that "men go right, 
 not because they are told to, but because they love that which 
 is right." 
 
 We honor Hahnemann because his pure soul loved that which 
 was right; because his stored mind of varied learning and 
 questioning spirit sought the truths of nature; because he en- 
 nobled our race ; because he has contributed as much as any man 
 living or dead to the real prosperity of the world; because he 
 left a legacy of helpfulness to every human being. We associ- 
 ate his name with other scientists who are honored throughout 
 the world. Millions are doing homage to his genius at this 
 moment and pronouncing his name with veneration. Never for 
 one moment did he abandon the sublime standard of truth. He 
 investigated the phenomena of nature. He studied the laws of 
 drug action. He thought much to advance more. He separ- 
 ated the scientific gold from the alloy in the crucible of his 
 mighty brain. He was never found on his knees before the 
 altar of insincerity or authority. He stood erect by the grand, 
 tranquil column of Reason. He was an inquisitor, an admirer, a 
 lover of nature. Close to the age of 90, bowed by the weight 
 of years, covered by the insignia of- honor, beloved of two con- 
 tinents with royalty to do him homage, he laid his weary head 
 upon the bosom of universal Mother, and with her loving arms 
 around him sank into that slumber called Death. 
 
 On the starry scroll of the immortals, medical history has added 
 another name! The good he did in the world is his monument; 
 within the hearts of her suffering peoples he inscribed his name, 
 and there upon everlasting stone at Pere La Chaise to his genius 
 is written this, the sublimest of truths 
 
 "Non inutilis vixi."
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES. 
 
 Aristotle Biography. 
 Hippocrates Biography. 
 Plato Biography. 
 
 Hahnemann, Samuel Organon of Rational Medicine Dudg- 
 eon. 
 
 Bacon Novum Organon. 
 
 Ward, James Naturalism and Agnosticism. 
 
 Mill, J. Stuart System of Logic. 
 
 Moon, R. O. The Relation of Medicine to Philosophy. 
 
 Paracelsus Philippus Theophrastus Bombast of Hohenheim, 
 Life of 
 
 Boericke, William Compend of the Principles of Homceopathy. 
 
 Bur ford, George The Medicine of the Future. 
 
 Emerson, R. W. Representative Men. 
 
 Descartes Biography. 
 
 Spinoza Philosophy. 
 
 D'Alembert Spirit of Laws. 
 
 Newton Principia. 
 
 Kant Critique of Pure Reason. 
 
 Hibben Philosophy of the Enlightenment. 
 
 Conway Dogma and Science. 
 
 Griggs The New Humanism. 
 
 Spencer Principles of Psychology. 
 
 Descartes Principia Philosphis. 
 
 Haller Life by Frey.
 
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