THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA "LOS ANGELES JL, LAWYS DALLAS, THE AMERICAN SYSTEM OF SHORTHAND. THE Manual of Phonography, BY BENN PITMAN AND JEROME B. HOWARD. THREE HUNDRED AND SIXTY-FIFTH THOUSAND. CINCINNATI: THE PHONOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE COMPANY. 1898. COPYRIGHT, 1860, BY BENN PITMAN. COPYRIGHT, 1885, BY BENN PITMAN AND JEROME B. HOWARD. COPYRIGHT, 1897, BY THE PHONOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE COMPANY. PREFACE. This work is a presentation of the system of phonetic shorthand, the elementary parts of which were originally invented by Isaac Pit- man, of Bath, England, in 1837; which was modified, improved, and named "Phonography" by him, in 1840; and which, developed and perfected through the suggestions, experiments, and tests of a multi- tude of practical writers in England and America, reached, substan- tially, its present form in the later fifties. The first edition of this Manual, written by Benn Pitman (brother of the inventor of phonography) in 1855, appeared in no fewer than live distinct issues before 1860, when the work was first revised. Numerous issues followed up to 1885, in which year it was again revised in collaboration by Benn Pitman and Jerome B. Howard, by whom the present revised and improved edition is also prepared. Bui slight additions have been made to the materiel of the system in the course of these several revisions; neither has the plan of presentation been essentially changed, it being felt that any marked alteration of method would be accompanied by a diminution of that clearness and simplicity for which the book has been so long conspicuous among shorthand text-books, and which have made it so eminently successful for both self and class instruction. The chief advances in the present revision consist in a somewhat modified and improved order of pre- senting the several appendages, in the earlier introduction of logo- grams, with suitable exercises, and in the addition of a new and co- pious set of dictation exercises. It is natural, considering the astonishing spread of phonography of late years, that many variations upon the recognized system should be published and to a limited extent adopted. The authors of this work have felt, however, after careful examination and test of many hun- dreds of supposed improvements, that they were, for the most part, the expression of mere individual taste or caprice. Those slight changes and improvements adopted in the present revised edition are (3) 448^84 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. believed to be such as are of real importance. They have all stood the test of some years of actual practise and have received the general approval of reporters and phoneticians. It is natural, too, that many conscientious teachers, zealous to help their students over the road to phonographic proficiency in the short- est possible time, should have worked out what they believe to be improved modes of presenting the system, and we have, therefore, had offered to us a remarkable variety of " short-cut" methods pur- porting to teach "the reporting style from the beginning." The essential fallacy which underlies these endeavors to impart a working knowledge of the abbreviated form of phonography before giving the student a rational understanding of the system in its broad, element- ary aspect, has been generally recognized by enlightened teachers. Continued experience amply demonstrates that in phonography, as in some other things, "the longest way 'round is the shortest way home." Sound reporting habits can not be developed by methods of instruc- tion which neglect thorough training in the elementary parts of the system. The " corresponding style," too often despised for its own sake, is found, after all, to be the safest and shortest road by which the learner may reach the coveted skill of the amanuensis or reporter. It will be perceived from the foregoing that the present work is the oldest as well as the newest shorthand instruction-book now in print in this country. It has been for over forty years the standard text- book of phonography in America, while the form of phonography it presents, and which through it has come to be often called " the Benn Pitman system," is written by a very large majority of American pho- nographers. This fact received signal recognition when the following words were printed in the report of the United States Commissioner of Education for the year 1887-88: "To supply the increasing de- mand for stenographers, schools of shorthand and typewriting have been established in various parts of the country, and, with few excep- tions, all business colleges now have a 'department of shorthand.' A number of systems are. taught but that of Benn Pitman is more generally used than anv other in this country, and may be called the American System." CONTENTS. PAGE. Preface 3 Introduction 9 Table of Consonants 13 Consonants 14 Exercise on Consonants 15 Consonants Continued 16 Exercise on Joined Consonants with Angles 17 Consonants Concluded 18 Exercise on Joined Consonants without Angles 19 Long Vowels 20 Exercise on Vowels Following Consonants 21 Exercise on Vowels Preceding Consonants 21 Long Vowels Concluded 22 Exercise on Words Contaning Lojig Vowels 23 Short Vowels 24 Exercise on Short Vowels 25 Diphthongs 26 Exercise on the Diphthongs 27 Coalescents 28 Exercise on the Coalescents 29 Concurrent Vowels 30 Exercise on Concurrent Vowels 31 The Aspirate 32 Exercise on the Aspirate 33 Upward and Downward L, R, and Sh 34 Exercise on Upward and Downward L and R 35 Logograms 36 Exercise on Vowel Logograms 37 Consonant Logograms 38 Exercise on Consonant Logograms 39 Consonant Logograms Concluded 40 The Nominal Consonant 40 Exercise on Consonant Logograms II 41 Diphthong, Coalescent and Aspirate Logograms 42 Exercise on Diphthong, Coalescent and Aspirate Logograms 43 Appendages 44 Circles S and Z . 44 Exercise on the Circles S and Z 45 (5) CONTENTS. PAGE Circles S and Z Concluded 46 Words containing Circles S and Z 47 Circle Ses, Sez, Zes, Zez 48 Exercise on the Large Circles 49 Loop-st 50 Loop-str 50 Exercise on the Loop-st 51 Exercise on the Loop-str 51 Circle and Loop Logograms 52 Exercise on the Circle and Loop Logograms 53 The N-hook 54 Exercise on the N-hook 55 The F-V Hook 56 Exercise on the F-V Hook 57 The Shun-hook 58 Exercise on the Shun-hook 59 Final-hook Logograms 60 Punctuation, etc 60 Exercise on the Final-hook Logograms 61 The Small W-hook 62 Exercise on the Small W-hook 63 Double Consonants "" 64 Exercise on the L-hook 65 Double Consonants Continued 66 Exercise on the R-hook 67 Double Consonants Concluded 68 Exercise on the Irregular Double Consonants 69 Exercise on Intervocalization 69 Triple and Quadruple Consonants . 70 Exercise on Triple and Quadruple Consonants 71 The Backward N-hook - 72 The Large W-hook 72 Exercise on the Backward N-hook 73 Exercise on the Large W-hook 73 Initial-hook Logograms 74 Initials, etc 74 Exercise on the Initial-hook Logograms 75 The Halving Principle 76 Exercise on the Halving Principle 77 The Halving Principle Concluded 78 Exercise on the Halving Principle. II 79 Half-length Logograms So Exercise on the Half-length Logograms 81 Half-length Logograms Concluded 82 Omitted Consonants 82 THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. PAGE. Exercise on the Half-length Logograms II 83 The Doubling Principle 84 Exercise on the Doubling Principle 85 Double-length Logograms 86 Compounded Logograms 86 Exercise on the Double-length Logograms 87 The Ticks 88 Disjoined Affixes 88 Exercise on the Tick-the 89 Exercise on the Tick A-an-and 89 Disjoined Affixes Concluded ... 90 Exercise on the Disjoined Suffixes 91 Exercise on the Disjoined Prefixes 91 Outline Formation 92 Exercises in the Corresponding Style 93 Outlines of Words of Frequent Occurrence, Unnecessary to Vocalize .... 102 Table of Grammalogues 103 Table of Logograms 106 Writing Exercises , 109 The Reporting Style 172 Reporting Logograms 177 Contractions 178 Phrases 179 Words, Contractions and Phrases for Business Amanuenses 180 Exercises in the Easy Reporting Style 181 Appendix A Speech . 189 Appendix B A Scheme of Phonographic Notation by Means of Common Types 193 Appendix C Extended Alphabet. . 195 Index , . 197 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. INTRODUCTION. 1. Sound- Writing. Phonography is the art of writing according to sound. This is done by means of signs which represent the sounds of speech. A scientific system of phonetic writing must give to each elementary sound of the language a separate and distinct sign, which sign shall under all circumstances represent its own proper sound and it only. This phonography does, and as the signs are of the shortest and most easily-formed kind, phonography is, as a matter of necessity, a brief and practical system of shorthand. 2. Deficiencies of the Roman Alphabet. The ordinary longhand script is utterly inadequate for the purpose of rapid writing. Not only is the outline of the letters needlessly long and complicated, but the letters are not sufficient in number to represent the English language phonetically. With only twenty-six letters (of which three are prac- tically useless) we are required to write a language which contains more than forty elementary sounds. Some of these elements must un- der such circumstances be represented by the clumsy expedient of com- bining two or more letters to represent a single sound. Thus, there is no single letter to stand for the first sound in the word t/iv, nor one for that which ends the word sing. But the worst feature of our ordinary orthography is that no single sound is represented uniformly by any one sign or combination of signs. Thus, although the same sound begins the words fall and phrase, this sound is represented in one case by f and in the other by//;/ the vowel sound heard in the words ape, aim, veil, day, grey, sleigh, though one and the same in all, is variously represented by a, at, ei, ay, ey, eigh. Irregularities of this kind abound to such an extent in the ordinary representation of English as to make "orthography" a distinct branch of education, to acquire a tolerable mastery of which several years of school life must be given. (9) THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 3. The Phonetic Alphabet. In phonography the simple plan is adopted of spelling each word exactly according to its sounds. Every sound has its own sign which is used for it and for no other sound. The consonants are represented by lines straight and curved while the vowels are written by small signs dots and dashes placed beside the consonant signs. From the nature of the phonographic system, the consonants must be considered first. The term "consonant" is here used as meaning any sound which is not a vowel. For a scientific classification of the sounds of the English language see Appendix A. 4. Consonants. The strokes which are used in phonography to represent the consonants are derived from the following geometrical diagrams r j ( )*C ) It will be seen that the circumference of the circle is divided into four equal parts, first, by a horizontal and a vertical line, and second, by lines slanting to the right and to the left midway between the horizontal and vertical lines. This gives in all four straight lines and eight curves, clearly distinguished from each other by form or direction. If these twelve strokes be made both light and heavy we have a total of twenty-four strokes suitable for the representation of the consonants. 5. Explodents. Those consonants which are abrupt and explosive in their nature are called explodents and they are uniformly repre- sented by the straight lines, as follows : p b t d ch j kg \ \ II / / Lips Teeth Hard palate Soft palate The order in which these sounds are arranged accords with the posi- tion of the articulating organs by which they are obstructed, beginning with the lips, the most external, and proceeding in regular order back to the soft palate, the most internal, 6. Shade. It will be seen that advantage is taken of the relation- ship existing between the whispered and voiced consonants to represent the whispered member of each pair by a light sign and the voiced sound by the same sign thickened. Similar sounds are thus repre- sented by similar signs. The mind perceives and the hand feels the THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. consistency of making a thin stroke for a light sound and a heavier stroke for its deeper and louder mate. 7. Continuants. The continuants, as their name implies, are sounds capable of an indefinite degree of prolongation. They are uniformly represented by curved lines. The continuants are divided into three classes called, according to the nature of their articulation, fricatives, liquids, and nasals. 8. Fricatives. The fricatives are those continuants which are produced by means of a friction or rustling of the breath upon the organs of articulation through a much contracted, though not quite closed, opening. Like the explodents, they exist uniformly in pairs, and the distinction between the whispered and voiced members of each pair is maintained by making the strokes light and heavy. They are f v th dh s z sh zh M Lips Teeth Hard palate 9. Liquids. The liquids are less closely obstructed than the frica- tives, and take their name from the fact that their flowing nature enables them to combine readily with other consonants. They are 1 r If' \ 10. Nasals. Nasals are obstructed in such a manner as to force the expired breath through the nose. They are all represented by horizontal curves, thus : m n ng n. Coalescents. All the obstructed sounds of the language are thus provided with signs. It is necessary, however, for practical con- venience, to provide strokes for the representation of tv and y, sounds which hold a middle position between consonants and vowels. These sounds occur only immediately preceding a vowel with which they intimately combine, and they are therefore termed coalescents. They are written in phonography w y > r THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 12. Aspirate. Pratical convenience demands that the unobstructed whisper, or aspirate, h, shall also be given a stroke sign, h S 13. Supplementary Strokes. Besides the foregoing signs, we have / as an additional stroke for r (the sign being more slanting than that for r//), and the stroke s~^ which is not needed for the representa- tion of any elementary sound and which is usefully employed to write the frequent combination nip, and rarely nib. 14. Tabulation. The table on the following page shows the con- sonant signs divided into groups according to the classes of sounds represented. In the second column a name is provided for each con- sonant for convenience in speaking of it. It must, however, be clearly understood that, although the name of \ is " pe," its value in writing words is simply the whispered sound heard at the beginning of the word post or at the end of the word rope, as shown in the third column. It will be observed that the sound J does not begin or end any true English word. It is heard, however, medially in many words like pleajure, treasure, vision, etc. In the last column are given the letters which most frequently represent the consonants in ordinary spelling. " Dh " is used to indicate the voiced sound heard at the beginning of thy, as the ordinary spelling does not employ a distinctive sign or even a distinctive combination of signs to represent this sound. The letters in this column are printed in accordance with the scheme of typic no- tation shown in Appendix B. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 13 CONSONANTS, their Signs, Names and Powers. PHONOGRAPH. NAME. EXAMPLE OF ITS POWER. LETTER. Initial. Final. X \ pe be /ost ro/e 3oast ro^e p B te /eem fa/e T Explodcnts \ . de chay f/eem /ade chest etr^ D Ch / jay y'est ed^e J kay cane loc^ K , gay ^ain \og G V. ef /ear sa/e F c ve t'eer saz-e V r ith ///igh wrea/// Th ^ c the thy wrea/^ Dh | ) ess real \\\ss S ^ ) ze zeal hij z j ish jure lajh Sh Continuants [ j zhe your (Fr.) rou^e Zh ^ r f 'lay lull fa// L s \ ' tO ar roar for R 43 ^-x em wet see/ M | . ^ en wet see;/ N ^ ^^ ing .... si"^" Ng Coalescents \ - way yea wet .... jet W Y Aspirate ^^ hay //and .... H Supplementary / / Strokes \ ^^ ray emp roar for .... caw/ R M b 14 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. CONSONANTS. 15. Direction of Strokes. Of the consonants on the opposite page every straight line is written in the direction of one of the lines in the first of the following diagrams, in which the lines are so drawn as to end at a common point. Number 2 is horizontal, number 4 vertical, and number 3 just midway between them. Number I slopes at an angle of 30 degrees, and number 5 at an angle of 60 degrees, from the horizontal base-line upon which phonography is always sup- posed to be written. The curves are written in the directions shown in the other two diagrams. In both, lines 2 and 4 are horizontal and vertical, respectively, and all remaining lines exactly half way between. 16. Direction of Writing. All horizontal strokes are written from left to right and all vertical and slanting strokes from top to bottom with the following exceptions : ^S^ and . Adjacent quadrants (see line 2) ; c. Tangent joinings of (l) straight strokes with curves (see lines 3 and 4) and (2) opposite curves (see line 5). 26. Modified Shadings. When heavy strokes are joined without angles they often lose or gain shading at some part of their length. a. When a heavy straight stroke is joined to a light stroke it is written wedge-shaped so that there shall be no shade at the point of joining. See lines 6 and 7. b. \Vhen a heavy curve joins a heavy stroke it is made heavy throughout the entire half which lies next to the joining. See lines 8 and 9. 27. Slurs. Certain joinings of / and / with the curves \ \ ) ), and of s^ with ^ ^ ^^ ^ "> ^~^ strictly require a slight angle at the point of joining. In practise, however, this angle is ignored and the two strokes are written with continuous motion. See lines 10 and II. In like manner the joinings of / and j// witli ( f \ \ - ~~* ^"^ ^_^ . , and with each other are written with continuous motion, eliminating the angle which strictly belongs at the point of joining. See lines II and 12. These modified joinings are called slurs. 28. Utility of Continuous Joinings. The joinings on the opposite page are usually somewhat difficult for beginners to form. When, however, they have been completely mastered, they impart exceeding grace and fleetness to the movement of the hand, and the outlines in which they occur are among the most rapidly-formed in phonography. They should therefore be carefully practised ; but the learner should not try to write them rapidly at first. Extreme care should be taken to get correct proportions. Speed and ease in writing them will come if the outlines are slowly and carefully written many times. This is indeed true of all phonographic outlines, but especially so of those written with continuous motion. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Exercise on Joined Consonants. Without Angles. 13 '4 15 c c C :> C J I J ^ L ) r ) ) ^/ o o n n D O O u u b THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. LONG VOWELS. 29. The Vowel Scale. The alphabet of a language professedly contains a letter for every sound heard in the distinct utterance of that language. The Roman alphabet does not, as has been shown, provide a sufficient number of letters to represent the obstructed sounds, or consonants, of the English language ; it is still more de- ficient in providing representative signs for the unobstructed voiced sounds, or vowels, of the language. In phonography the a-e-i-o-u scale is therefore abandoned, and one more philosophic and complete adopted in its stead. 30. The Long Vowels. Provision is first made for the six primary or long vowels of the language, as heard in the following words: eel aim alms all old ooze 31. Long Vowel Signs. The first three sounds are represented by a dot placed respectively at the beginning, middle, and end of a consonant ; the last three by a short stroke or dash in the same posi- tions. These dots and dashes are placed close to, but should not touch, the stroke consonant to which they are written ; thus, e a ah aw o oo The upright line (the sign for /) to which the vowel-signs are here placed, is used merely to indicate the positions of the vowels, at the beginning, middle, and end of the consonant ; they are hence called, respectively, first-place, second-place and third-place vowels. 32. Direction of Dashes. The dashes have the same relative direction to all strokes ; that is, they are placed at right angles to the stroke no matter what its direction may be. When written to curves, dashes are always at right angles to the imaginary line which joins the beginning and end of the curve; thus, \ 33. Order of Reading. A vowel-sign, when written on the left side of an upright or sloping stroke, is read before the stroke to which it is placed; when written on the right side, it is read after the stroke to which it is placed. When a vowel-sign is written to a horizontal character, it is read before when placed above, and after when placed below the stroke. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Exercise on Vowels Following Consonants. ,r i- L r i- L 2 _ _, 4 r > ). r > )_ Exercise on Vowels Preceding Consonants. I .1 1 -I ,./- r (" -r r r THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. LONG VOWELS. Concluded. 34. Vowel Places. The unvarying rule for placing and reading the vowel-signs, is to reckon from the beginning of the stroke to which they are attached. Thus, the strokes^" ^/^ and ^ being writ- ten upward, the vowel places are reckoned from the bottom, that is, from the beginning of the stroke. 35. Names of the Vowels. The vowels s4iould always be pro- nounced as single sounds ; thus, e, as heard at the beginning of eel ; a, as in ape ; ah, as at the beginning of arm (not as a-aitch] ; au as awe (not a-yoii] ; o as mve ; oo as at the beginning of ooze (not as double-o]. 36. Consonants written First. All the consonants of a word must be written without lifting the pen, and the vowel or vowels written afterward. The consonants of a word form what is termed its phonographic outline, or skeleton. 37. Phonetic Spelling. Such are the deficiencies of the common alphabet, and the consequent unphonetic character of English ortho- graphy, that the spelling of a word can seldom be taken as a guide to its pronunciation. In writing phonographically, therefore, the student must note what are the actual sounds of which, a word is composed, and then write the signs provided for the representation of those sounds. It may not at first be easy for the student to de- termine what are the exact sounds in any given word, but the difficulty of determining will diminish at every attempt, and the practise of noting the deliberate utterance of a word, as distinct from its usual colloquial sound, will tend to give accuracy and finish to the student's own pronunciation. 38. Method of Practise. It is advised that before attempting to write the exercise on page 114, the student spell every word in it phonetically; that is to say, analyze each word into its phonetic elements ; that is to say, determine what consonants and vowels arc heard in the word, and in what order. Thus the word take contains but three elements first, the consonant /, second, the vowel a (second- place dot), and third, the consonant k ; though has only two elements the consonant dh, and the vowel 6 (second-place dash.) This practise need not be confined to the writing exercises, and should be pursued persistently until all difficulty is entirely overcome. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY Exercise on Words Containing Long Vowels. X _ )- r r ( I. < A _ ^ J 3 -- 4 i 5 k 6 -T- 7 t~ 8 ^^ 10 I. s 13 14 -I -I / A vr XX > > ^ A c v N/"> ^_ r 24 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. SHORT VOWELS. 39. Short Vowel Scale. In addition to the six long vowels, there are six short vowels used in English speech, as heard in the following words : it ell am on up pull Between the short and long vowels there exists a close relationship, which results from the fact that the position of the organs of speech in pronouncing the long vowels is nearly the same as that required for the utterance of the short ones, as will be perceived on pronounc- ing the words, eat ale alms awning ope pool 40. Short Vowel Signs. The short vowels are therefore appro- priately represented by dots and dashes, placed in the same position as for the long vowels, but made light to indicate their briefer character. Light dots may be written with a mere touch of pen or pencil to the paper. A little pressure which causes a slight separa- tion of the pen points will produce a heavy dot, and with a pencil the same effect is produced by giving it a very slight turn between the thumb and finger. Avoid the vicious method of making dots of any kind by drawing a small circle and "filling in." 41. Vowels between Consonants. When a vowel is to be writ- ten between two consonant strokes, it is possible to write it either after the first, or before the second stroke. If, however, a vowel falls within the apex of the angle it becomes ambiguous, since it is possible to read it as a third-place vowel after the first stroke or as a first-place vowel before the second stroke ; thus [ might be read either tick or tack. To avoid such ambiguity it is only necessary to observe the following rules : a. First-place vowels are written after the first consonant. b. Second-place vowels are written after the first consonant when they are long, and before the second when they are short. (The length of a second-place vowel is thus determined by its position, if it should not be by its size.) c. Third-place vowels are written before the second consonant. THK MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. L_ Exercise on Short Vowels. v ^r n . r K / S 13 ^^v 15 \T NT 26 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. DIPHTHONGS. 42. Vowel Glides. A diphthong is not a simple speech-element but is the result of continuous voice-production during a change made in the shape of the oral cavity. A diphthong may therefore be de- scribed as a glide from the position of one vowel to that of another. There are but three diphthongs in our language and they may be heard at the beginning of the words isle, oil, owl, respectively. 43. Diphthong-Signs. As the diphthongs are compound sounds so they are represented by compound signs : / is a glide from the position of . to the position of and is written See lines I to 6. Oi is a glide from the position of to the position of and is written | See lines 7 to 9. Ow is a glide from the position of . to the position of - and is written A See lines 10 to 12. In writing these characters both strokes should be formed before lifting the pen from the paper. 44. Position of Diphthong-Signs. The position of diphthong- signs is properly determined by that of the final vowel of the glide, /and oi are therefore written in the first position and mu in the third. However, as v is represented by an absolute sign, that is, one which does not depend upon position for its legibility, it may, for greater convenience, be written in any position. 45. Direction of Diphthong-Signs Invariable. The diphthong- signs should always point exactly up and down and never change their direction to correspond with that of the stroke to which they may happen to be written. In this respect they are unlike the dash vowel-signs. Compare par. 32. 46. Joined Diphthong-Signs. When /or oi begins a word, and when i or ow ends a word, the diphthong-sign may be joined to the adjacent stroke without lifting the pen whenever it forms a distinct angle with it. See lines 13 to 15. NOTE. On account of its great frequency the word now may be imperfectly but conveniently vocalized by attaching only the second half of the diphthong- sign without lifting the pen ; thus - ^ ntnv. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 13 '5 Exercise on the Diphthongs. Iv - Vi (v ) v r>\ C U L V> vl V^ V L_ r r \ " ""Y V ~7 /" X 28 THE MANUAL OK 1'HONOGRAPHY. COALESCENTS. 47. Two-fold Nature of the Coalescents. The vowels oo and ee, the two extreme members of the long-vowel scale, are, from the ex- ceeding closeness of their formation in the mouth, of such a nature that any vowel may readily foljow either of them and coalesce with it in the same syllable, forming a combination much like a diphthong. In such cases oo and ee are formed even closer than usual, and so nearly approach true obstructed sounds that they are often consid- ered as consonants and given consonantal representation by the strokes ^ and ( to which the vowel which follows may be written. 48. Coalescent Vowel-Signs. It is convenient, however, to use vowel-signs for the coalescents in combination with the vowels, thus: ye ya u | yah yaw | yo | yoo ! These signs are shaded to indicate the coalescence of oo and ee with the long vowels, but with short vowels they are light. 49. The Triphthong Wi. When iv coalesces with v the resulting triphthong is written 50. Direction of Coalescent Vowel-signs Invariable. All these signs retain their own direction and do not vary with the stroke to which they are placed. Compare paragraphs 32 and 45. 51. Joined Coalescent Vowel-signs. Like the diphthongs (see par. 46) the first-place and third-place Coalescent vowel-signs may be joined to the adjacent stroke, whenever they form a distinct angle. NOTE. When li is joined after n it may be slightly slanted as in renew, line 15. 52. Rules for the Strokes and Vowel-signs for W and Y. a. When a word begins with 10 or y (i) the vowel-sign is used if it can be joined to the following consonant without lifting the pen (see lines I to 3), but (2) if this cannot be done the stroke form is written (see lines 4 to 7) except in cases where its joining with the following stroke is inconvenient, and then (3) the disjoined vowel-sign is used as in lines 8 to 10. b. When w o\ y occurs medially or in coalescence with a vowel at the end of a word the vowel-sign is generally pre- ferred. See lines II to 15. c. When a word begins with a vowel followed by w or y the stroke must be used, as \ a-wake. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 29 Exercise on the Coalescents. ,1 io y V" 12 I - 13 /X. 14 Vj* sHL / 7 ? ; V "> \ \ \ 1 1 T f J r IT' t ^ \ -< ~^ r r\ THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. CONCURRENT VOWELS. 53. Consecutive Vowels Written Separately. a. When a word begins with two consecutive vowels the first is written further away from and the second nearer to the following stroke. See line I. /'. When a word ends with two consecutive vowels the first is written nearer to and the second further away from the preceding stroke. See line 2. f. When two consecutive vowels occur in the middle of a word the first is written to the preceding stroke and the second to the following stroke (see lines 3 to 6) unless (d) the angle between the two strokes is so acute as to render it impracticable to write a third- place vowel within it, in which case both vowels may be written to one of the strokes, as at the end of line 6. 54. Dissyllabic Diphthongs. When the first of two concurrent vowels is long and the second is an unaccented short or obscure vowel they may be conveniently written with the following compound signs: e'-u *( a'-u *=\ ah'-u ., aw'-u *| o'-u =| oo'-u J in which u stands for any short or obscure unaccented vowel. See lines 7 to 9. A little tick may in like manner be struck at an acute angle after a diphthong or coalescent-sign to indicate a following un- accented short or obscure vowel. See lines 10 and u. 55. Approximate Representation of Concurrent Vowels by Coalescent Vowel-Signs. When the first of two concurrent vowels is an unaccented a coalescent-sign of the y series may be conveniently employed to represent the two vowels. See lines 12 to 15. This indicates a pronunciation which though not strictly accurate is sufficiently so for practical purposes and is, indeed, often employed by the poets. Thus, Shakespeare uses period sometimes as a word of two Xx/l sometimes as one of three syllables \/| (See Antony and Cleopatra, act iv, for both uses). THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Exercise on Concurrent Vowels. x .2 "x /rV ^T T L, 3 ^ f -X M J^> (Vf / Ar) ^V ^T" \S $ A.V1W ^ 32 THE MANUAL OK I'Hi ).\( )( ;R Al'l i V. THE ASPIRATE. 56. The Tick-h. When h begins a word and is followed by k, g, s, z, lay, r, w, mp or w, the aspirate is represented by a light short tick struck down invariably in the direction of ch. See lines I to 5. It will be observed that the tick is employed in every case where it forms an acute angle with the following stroke. NOTE. In order to produce a distinct outline the tick may be made somewhat longer before lay than in other cases. 57. The Stroke-h. When // begins a word and is followed by any stroke other than those mentioned in the preceding paragraph, the stroke form < _/ / should be used. See lines 6 to IO. The stroke is also employed, of necessity, when there is no other consonant in the word and when a vowel begins the word followed by h. See line II. 58. The Dot-h. a. When // is medial, that is to say, when it has one or more consonants preceding and following it, the regular form of representation is 'by a dot placed before the sign of the vowel which follows the aspirate, as shown in line 12. b. The- dot aspirate is used initially before joined coalescents and in a very few other words. See line 13. When the dot aspirate is placed to a dash it should be writ- ten at its side rather than at the end. When it is placed to a dot it should be in such a position that a line connecting the two dots would be at a right angle to the stroke to which they are placed. 59. Medial H. While the dot is the normal form for representing the medial A, the tick is more convenient when it forms an acute angle with both the preceding and following strokes (see line 14) and even the stroke may be employed to advantage in a few cases. See line 15. When the stroke h is written medially it is sometimes im- possible perfectly to form the hook which in such cases must be adapted to the preceding stroke as a slight offset. 60. Wh. The student may find some difficulty at first with such words as those at the end of line 5 until he has learned that all words beginning with u'h in the ordinary spelling really begin with the sounds hit) that why would be much more properly spelled hwy. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY 33 Exercise on the Aspirate. -L. -r r A r vc Y 13 u 15 V x 5 ' V /I ^ . < A ^1 ^ "^ j" 1 1 V v VI vl V K 34 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. UPWARD AND DOWNWARD L, R AND SH. 61. Initial L. a. When / begins a word followed by k, g, in, inp or , use lay (see lines i and 2); but (/;) should a vowel precede / followed by these strokes, use el (see line 3). 62. Final L. a. When / ends a word after f, T, ray or two con- current vowels, one of which is accented, use el (see lines 4 and 5) ; but (b) should a vowel follow / thus preceded, use lay (see line 6). c. When / following or ng is the last consonant in a word, use el whether a vowel follows or not (see line 7). 63. L in other cases. a. When / precedes ng, use el. See line 8. b. When / is the first or last consonant in a word in any case not covered by the foregoing rules, use lay unless an inconvenient outline would result from so doing, in which case el may be used. c. When / is medial, use either el or lay according to convenience. 64. Initial R. a. When r begins a word, use ray (see line 9), except (l>) when followed by m or ;;//, in which case ar should.be used (see line 10). c. When a vowel begins the word and is fol- lowed by r, use ar (see line 1 1 ) except (d) when the r is followed by a descending stroke (other than ar or t's/i) when ray should be used (see line 12). 65. Final R. a. When ; ends a word, use ar (see line 13) except (l>] after m, mp, ray, stroke-^, or two descending strokes, when ray should be used (see line 14). c. When a vowel ends the word pre- ceded by r, use ray (see line 15). 66. Medial R. When ; is medial, ray is generally used, but ar may be used if more convenient. 67. Sh. The choice between the upward and downward forms of sh is determined entirely by convenience in forming the outline ; the accompanying vowels have no effect in determining the choice. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 35 Exercise on Upward and Downward L and R. I (. 6 7 v ..o 9 12 13 H < i5 > M rv Cr \X Ir" f V 36 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.' LOGOGRAMS. 68. Unequal Recurrence of Words. It is an ascertained fact that fewer than two hundred words, through being frequently re- peated, make up at least one-half the bulk of any ordinary written or spoken discourse. To write these words with their full phonographic representation would be inconvenient even in the fullest style of pho- nography, and impossible in the briefer form known as the "reporting style," where the object to be attained is to keep pace with the utter- ance of a rapid speaker. 69. Logograms. These words are, therefore, abbreviated in pho- nography and written for the most part, with but a single motion of the pen, and in any case with but a single sign vowel or consonant. These signs are called logograms, and the words they represent are called grammalogues. A logogram always consists of some part of the complete representation- of its grammalogue, and, in most cases, that part is chosen which is most likely to suggest the full word. 70. Vowel Logograms. The following are the vowel logograms; the* a an, and \ I / x I / all* too, two already* before ought*, aught* who I s \ i / of* to or* but on* should Those marked with an asterisk are written above the 'line, as high as the top of a stroke I. The dashes are utilized by writing them in three directions, both on and above the line. Thus each is made to do duty as six distinct logograms. The dash-logograms are all struck down except on and should, which should be written in the direction of ray. When the same sign stands for more than one word the words are of such a nature that their meanings do not clash, the context making perfectly clear which is intended. The student is advised to commit to memory the words in the last two lines of this list in the order in which they are given, and, while repeating them a great many times, to associate in his mind the signs with the words, remem- bering the changes of direction and the alternation of position. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 37 Exercise on Vowel Logograms. , \ x o r^ x \ V - C F 7 8. r . x X ^ I- x , c\ , , 3 . A. ' L. s ^ , v L 448284 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. CONSONANT LOGOGRAMS. \ up common* [ think \ be come ( them I X I it give-n* ) so I do together ) was / which \_ for ^ shall- 1 / advantage v^ have ^ usual-ly 71. Logograms Represent Derivative Words as well as Prim- itives. It will be noticed that when a logogram represents a primitive word it also frequently represents one or more of its derivatives. In printing these in the foregoing table, for the sake of compactness the termination only of the derivative word is given attached to the primitive with a hyphen. Thus, represents both give and given. Of course, only such derivative words as will not conflict with the primitive word in meaning are represented by the sign of the primitive. 72. Position of Horizontal Logograms. Just as the vowel logo- grams are written in two positions on and above the line (see par. 70) so also may horizontal consonant logograms be written. It will be noticed that, with few exceptions, logograms are written above the line to represent words whose accented vowels are of the first place. The distance above the line at which such vowel and horizontal con- sonant logograms are written is exactly the height of stroke-/. THE MANUAL OF PHONOCKAI'HY. 39 Exercise on Consonant Logograms. i ( ) _>/ \ ^\ ^ \ v 10 1 II X ( 12 (- , ,3 ^ I4 I ( .5 ' -) / / J I' V I" \ V f y ( ) (A J \ 40 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. CONSONANT LOGOGRAMS. Concluded. ( will ' in,* any* \ way ^r are v x no, know f your me,* my* ^~* thing* important-ce* d nun, may -^s young s~^ improve ment 73. The Nominal Consonant. It is sometimes necessary to write a vowel or diphthong considered apart from any consonant, as in writing a word which consists of a vowel only, like the words awe, owe, ah, oh. In such cases the sign J, or \ , called the nominal consonant, is used simply to furnish a stroke of no definite consonantal value to which the vowel may be placed. The little cross tick at the end of the stroke may be considered as canceling the consonant. The dash vowels may be struck through the stroke, thus canceling the stroke and writing the vowel with a single movement of the pen. The six long vowels are thus represented: J. Jj 1". T 4. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. I ( 2 . x* 3 4 " 5 (' 6 7 f. 8 - 9 / 10 ^ 11 N 12 'V 13 Exercise on Consonant Logograms II. , f- \ \ \ > ^ \ X<1 V. r u v r t O C . V x \ . C N c/i ^. \ .r .1 r ..( $ -r i , /t N I Xvl , ^ x I V * x/ X XI' / r N // / s V ( . r r r -) x rv. \ V ' !3 ' ^ v x~\ /'"s. ^ " 15 v. ^V c , C / x ^^ /x - x 44 THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. APPENDAGES. 77. Briefer Signs Supplied. With the signs already given it is possible to write any word in the language in a manner phonetically correct and complete. But while these signs are much briefer than those of ordinary longhand, they are still inadequate for the purposes of a practical shorthand. Certain of the most frequently-recurring sounds are therefore represented by additional signs circles, hooks and loops, called appendages because they are attached in various ways to the strokes. By means of these supplementary signs the ut- most desirable brevity of form is secured. 78. Two Kinds of Curvilinear Motion. In writing and drawing, all curved lines are made with one of two kinds of motion. In tracing the upper half of a circle the hand moves either from left to right or from right to left. The movement of the hand in the former case may be called evolute ( J ; that made in the latter involute motion. -^N i t (s~ The strokes -^>*-S are ma( Je with evolute and xjp* with involute o motion. In attaching the appendages to strokes either kind of motion may be employed according to circumstances. CIRCLES S AND Z. 79. Manner of Attaching the Circles. One of the most fre- quently-recurring pairs of sounds in the language is .r-z. These sounds are represented by the most easily-formed appendage a small circle , which may be attached at either the beginning or the end of any stroke, as follows: a. When attached to a straight stroke, it is written with involute motion. See lines I and 4. b. When attached to a curve it takes the motion of the curve; that is, it is written on the concave side. See lines 2, 3, 5 and 6. c. When between two straight strokes the circle is written with involute motion if the straight strokes are in the same direction (see line 7), but if they are of a different direction the circle is written in the shortest way, that is, on the out- side of the angle. See line 8. d. When written between two curved strokes it is usually placed inside of the first (see lines 9 and 10), though rarely inside of the second (see line n). e. When written between a straight and a curved stroke it is invariably placed within the curve, see lines 12 to 15. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 45 Exercise on the Circles S and Z. X X I I 3 r 5 ^~ 6 C 7 8 9 13 } \ v v > < $ -< C V ^ C J J CTX f r r V L. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. CIRCLES S AND Z. Concluded. 80. Vocalization of Outlines Containing Circles. In vocalizing, that is, inserting vowels in, outlines in which the circle-.? or z is used, the unvarying rule is that the vowels are written and read with reference to the stroke and not with reference to the circle, to which a vowel can never be placed ; thus, J pea age ash \> C f J peace tease sage sash .r eel C seal 81. Rules for Writing Stroke and Circle Forms of S-Z. a. When a word ends with s or z use the circle See lines I to 4, except (b) when the s or z is preceded by two vowels one of which is accented, when the stroke should be used. See line 5. c. When a word begins with s use the circle (see lines 6 to 8), except ( ' ^T c < X, -i X .1 r .r / v > is. JL. ; I - ^ 'V/ .L. - THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. CIRCLE SES, SEZ, ZES, ZEZ. 85. Representation of Plurals. It will have been perceived that one of the most important uses of the circle s-z is the representation of the plural number of nouns. In cases where the singular already ends with a circle the plural is formed by enlarging the circle. See lines I to 8. When the singular ends with s the corresponding plural ending is sez. When the singular ends with z the corresponding plural ending is zez. Similarly, when the outline of the infinitive of a verb ends with a small circle, the circle is enlarged to form the third- person singular, indicative. 86. The Large Circle in other Cases. The syllables scz and zez, as well as ses and zes, are also represented in other cases by the large circle. See lines 9 and 10. 87. Sez-ez. When the singular ends with a large circle the plural is formed by adding a small circle-s, and the verb is treated similarly. See line 1 1. 88. Suggestive Vocalization of the Large Circle. It will be observed that, unlike any phonographic character heretofore given, the large circle has a syllabic and not an elementary value, and that the vowel in the syllable represented is normally e the second- place light dot. To a limited extent, however, other vowels may be sug- gestively indicated, as follows: I (the first-place light dot) by a light dot within the large circle (see line 12); e (the first-place heavy dot) by a heavy dot within the circle (see line 13) ; I by the diphthong-sign within the circle (see line 14); zi (second-place light dash) by a light dash within the circle (see line 15) ; aw (first-place heavy dash) by a heavy dash within the circle (see line 15) ; a (third-place light dot) by a small circle within the large circle (see end of line 15); an y coales- cent by its sign turned in its proper direction (see end of line 15). 89. Zez, zes and sez, ses Circles Distinguished. Zez, zes, may be represented by the shaded circle to distinguish them from sez, ses, (see lines 5 to 8) though such distinction is necessary only in critically accurate writing. go. Manner of Attachment to Strokes. All the rules for the attachment of the small circle to and between straight and curved strokes (see paragraph 80) apply equally to the large circle. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Exercise on the Large Circles. i X \> X \3 E" G */ < ^ \5 V r Q U . p Q \f) n 1 Q / V (^ J? (is. 13 \E) G - ^_^^ > n ^*\ N 9 -ix Sf 14 . Q V / I. V^. 5^ -^ ^ ^ L^> oX I k 50 THE MANUAL OK 1'HONOGRAI'HY. LOOP-ST. 91. The Small Loop. St with no intervening vowel is represented in phonography by a small loop one-half the length of the stroke to which it is attached, written in the involute direction to straight strokes and on the concave side of curves (compare paragraph 79). It is used chiefly (a) at the end of strokes (see lines I to 3) but (l>) may also be initial (see lines 8 to 10). It is used to a slight extent (c) in the middle of words (see line n), but never when the stroke which follows is of such a direction as to cut through the stroke to which the loop is attached. The loop cannot be used in words like vestige. 92. Vocalization of Outlines Containing Loops. As in the case of the circle (see paragraph 80) a vowel cannot be placed to the loop, but must be written and read with reference to the stroke. 93. Rules for the Use of Loop-St. a. When a word begins with st use the loop. b. When the word begins with a vowel followed by st use the stroke-.?, c. When the word ends with st use the loop. d. When the word ends with a vowel preceded by st use the circle-.* 1 and stroke-/, as gust f" 3 , gusty f"P . e. When a vowel occurs between s and /, the loop cannot be used. 94. Representation of Zd. a. The small loop may be used to represent zd at the end of outlines which contain two or more strokes (see line 5). b. After a single stroke the form | must be used (see line 6) except (f) after f / ^_^ and ^ when the loop may be used, but must be shaded (see line 7). 95. Loop and Circle Combined. When the loop st is followed by s, the circle should be written through the stroke as in line 4. These forms are chiefly used in writing the plural of nouns, and the third-person singular of verbs. LOOP-STR. 96. The Large Loop. A large final loop written involute on straight strokes and on the concave side of curves, represents sir with- out intervening vowels (see lines 12 and 13). This loop extends about two-thirds the length of the stroke to which it is attached and is never used initially. When a vowel ends a word after sir the loop cannot be employed. 97. Large Loops and Circles Combined. The circle ^ follows the loop str (see line 14) just as it follows the small loop (compare line 4). THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 51 Exercise on the Loop-st. X V V & r \r / V V I- / V L "^ N> V O *S^ V^ x^S> -f X \ -P -f / =L, ^\ ^~^\ P *^t^ df >- \ ^ 4 ^ ^ .P Exercise on the Loop-str. 12 \>- xj b- b- A 13 \^ ^> vi 14 \i b' b- 52 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. CIRCLE AND LOOP LOGOGRAMS. O Q o is, his* six * first as, has (o this u just b its 6 - some '-^i most, must 1 said 6 yours ^? next 98. Manner of Writing Disjoined Circles and Loop. The dis- joined circles used as logograms should be written with evolute motion, while the disjoined loop representing first should be written with in- volute motion. 99. Circle-s added to Logograms. The circle-.? or z may be added to a logogram for any of the following purposes : a. If the logogram represents a noun, to form the plural or pos- sessive case, as g advantages, ^""^ thing's. b. I'f the logogram represents a verb, to form the third-person, singular, present indicative, as (Q thinks, p knows. too. Loop-st added to Logograms. The \oop-st may be added to a logogram which represents an adjective, to form the superlative degree as ^y youngest. THK MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 53 Exercise on the Circle and Loop Logograms. V, I f, I / I / i o 13 14 15 P < I. i N I t ^ \ / ^ 4 '/ _ . i / / I J u x x / ^ M 54 THK MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. THE N-HOOK. 101. Manner of Attachment. A small final hook may be attached to any stroke to represent n. When attached to straight strokes the w-hook is written in the evolute direction (see lines i to 3) ; when attached to curves it is written on the concave side of the curve (see lines 4 to 6). 102. Rules for Stroke and Hook Forms of N. a. When is the last sound in a word use the hook as pen "N. ; except (6) when the n is preceded by two vowels, one of which is accented, in which case the stroke form should be used, as paan c. When a word ends with a vowel preceded by n use the stroke, as penny \jx 103. Medial Use of N-hook. The w-hook is most frequently used at the end of words, but it is sometimes employed in the middle of an outline, in order to obtain a more convenient form. See line 7. 104. Combined N-hook and Circles. The circle s-z may be written within the -hook and the combination thus obtained is read ns or 2. See line 8. This combination is chiefly useful in writing the plurals of nouns outlines of the singular of which end with an - hook, but it is often used in other cases, and sometimes medially, as in line 9. 105. Contracted Combination on Straight Strokes. When j or z ends a word after an w-hook attached to a straight stroke, the combi- nation may be contracted to a small circle written with evolute motion. See lines to to 12. This will not be mistaken for the circle s, which is always written after straight strokes with involute motion. See paragraph 79 a. 106. Combined N-hook and Circle-sez. A T -sez is written (a) after a straight stroke with a large evolute circle (see line 13). The large circle, however, cannot be written (l>) within the w-hook after a curve, but must be written after the stroke-//, as shown in line 14. 107. Combined N-hook and Loop. In like manner the loops sf and str are expressed as following the -hook on straight strokes by writing them with evolute motion (see line 15), whereas the simple st and str following a straight stroke are written with involute motion (see paragraphs 92 and 97). Of course, neither loop can be written within an w-hook following a curve. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 55 Exercise on the N-hook. X (/ V 7 V 5 9 f y\- c > / Vu 4 > J. J- o/ ^ JL \ t o d- V r V V J. 56 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. THE F-V HOOK. 108. Manner of Attachment. A small final hook may be at- tached to any straight stroke with involute motion to represent f or v. 109. F and V Distinguished. When critical accuracy is required the /-hook is made light (see lines I to 3) and the z>-hook is shaded (see lines 4 to 7). In ordinary writing this distinction is wholly un- necessary (compare paragraph 84). no. Rules for Stroke and Hook Forms of F and V. a. When f or v is the last sound in a word and is preceded by an explodent, ray or stroke-^, use the hook. See lines I to 7. b. When a word ends with a vowel preceded by/or v use the stroke. See lines 8 to 10. in. Medial Use of F-V Hook. The/-z'hook is most frequently used at the end of words, but it may sometimes be employed in the middle of an outline when a more convenient form is thereby obtained. See lines 1 1 to 13. 112. Combined F-V Hook and Circle-s. The circle .r-z may be written within the/-hook and the combination thus obtained is read fs or vz. See lines 14 and 15. This combination is chiefly useful in writing the plurals of nouns the singulars of which are written with outlines ending with the/z' hook, but it is also used in other cases. The large circle and the loops do not combine with t\\e/-v hook. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 57 X Exercise on the F-V Hook V \ I- I (y IT 6 V H X i5 X V V I, ' r 1 ' I s ./ THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. THE SHUN-HOOK. 113. The Shun-hook. The syllable which is variously repre- sented in longhand by ston, sian, shion, tion, tian, don, dan, may in phonography be expressed by a large final hook. 114. Manner of Attachment. a. Following curves the j^ww-hook is written on the concave side. See lines I and 2. b. Following straight strokes the shun-hoo\a may be written on either side, with the following restrictions: (i) When the straight stroke is preceded by an appendage, or by a curved stroke which joins it at a tangent (com- pare par. 25), the s/iun-hook is written on the side opposite the pre- ceding curve (see lines 3 to 5). (2) When no such curve or appendage precedes the straight stroke, the ^w-hook is written on the side op- posite the accented vowel (see lines 6 and 7), except (3) after | / / to which it is written on the right side (see line 8). (4) When the sAun-hook is used in the middle of outlines it may be written on either side of the straight stroke, according to convenience. 115. Rules for the Use of Shun-hook and Sh N-hook. a. When shun ends a word use the shun-hook, except (b) when it is pre- ceded by two vowels, one of which is accented, in which case the form ^/ should in general be used. See line 10. However, (t) in words like association, initiation, etc., where shun is preceded by a stroke-.?/*, the s/iun-hook is preferable, as also in a few other cases where very awkward outlines would result from the use ol^/ 116. Combined Shun-hook and Circle-s. The circle-.? may be written within the sAun-'hook to indicate the plural. See lines II and 12. 117. Backward Shun-hook. After the circle-j or contracted j (see par. 105) shun is written as a small hook turned through the stroke. See lines 13 and 14. The vowel which comes between the circle and the shun is expressed by writing the dot before the combined circle and hook for a first-place vowel, and after the combined circle and hook for a second-place vowel. No third-place vowel occurs in any word written with a backward j//-hook. The circle-j may be written within the backward s/iun-hook. See line 15- 118. Zhun Distinguished from Shun. When the syllable ex- pressed by the shun-\\ook is pronounced z/ian the fact may be indicated by shading the hook (see line 2), but this is unnecessary in practise. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 59 14 Exercise on the Shun-Hook. (> /*> A 6o THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. \ upon \ been FINAL-HOOK LOGOGRAMS. NO phonography N^ above ten J done general-ly 3 can _ again (j then, than f alone man men * opinion- none |j whatever [ differ ed t ent-ce & whichever 3 gave 119. Punctuation. The same marks of punctuation are used in phonography as in longhand except the period ^ , the exclamation mark T, , the dash -y- and the hyphen ^ . The comma should be written with a carefully-shaded dot (,) that it may not be mistaken for the logogram would. The parenthesis should be written either decidedly long longer than double-length th or s or with a short and of the interrogation mark times used by reporters. 120. Capitalization. Properly speaking, there is no such thing as capitalization in phonography, but a proper noun or adjective may be indicated by underscoring it twice; thus, ^^ , /\\ ' c *( ) o v o o c 5 x I X 6 b o ^ J ^ - : 7 s .L U N ( *^,/ ^ ^ ' N ^*^ J / \. o / V-^ v X - j i r V ^ \ j U I \ ^-TJT^- L \ ^ N r \ vy , 3 14 d ' -^^ o v S 62 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. THE SMALL W-HOOK. 122. The Small W-hook. A small hook at the beginning of /, ray, m, and n represents in. See lines I to II. 123. Attachment to Curves. Like all other hooks the w-hook takes the motion of the curve ; that is to say, it is written on the concave side of the curve. 124. Attachment to Ray. Attached to ray the w-hook is written with involute motion. 125. Vocalization of Outlines Containing the W-hook. The unvarying rule in vocalizing outlines containing the 7<>hook is to write and read the vowels with reference to the stroke and not with refer- ence to the hook, to which a vowel can never be placed. In this re- spect the 7>-hook is like the circles. Compare paragraph 80. 126. Rules for Writing the Stroke and Hook Forms of W. a. When a word begins with w and the following consonant is /, ray, m or , use the w-hook, except when the w is followed by two vowels, one of which is accented ; thus, write wear , weigher b. When a word begins with a vowel followed by w use the stroke ; / "N" thus, ware t/' , aware X^ 127. Medial Use of Small W-hook. While the small w-hook is most useful at the beginning of words it may occasionally appear in middle, as in line 7. 128. Combined Circle-s and W-hook. S preceding w may be expressed by placing the circle within the hook. See lines 12 and 13. 129. Hw. When h precedes w it may be indicated by shading the hook. See lines 13 and 14, and compare paragraph 60. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 63 Exercise on the Small W-hook. 1 -r 2 r 3 a 4 e^ 5 6 r r r s 15 J~ Exercise on the L-Hook. \ \ \x % NT NA X V \ y VD 66 THK MANUAL OK I'HO.NOC.KAI'HY. DOUBLE CONSONANTS. Continued. 135. The R-hook. Double consonants of the r series are repre- sented by attaching a small initial evolute hook to the following strokes ; \ pr, \6r, | tr, I dr, / chr, / jr, - kr, c gr, \/r, > vr, ) thr, ) Mr, _/ shr, _x zhr. 136. R-hook on Curved Strokes. As a hook can be written only on the concave side of a curved stroke, it is evident that the /-hook can be regularly attached to involute and the r-hook to evolute curves only. But as the combination rr is relatively infrequent and is easily written with the joined strokes, and as the combinations wr, sr, zr are already well provided for in the phonographic system (see pars. 79 and 123), a great advantage is obtained by writing fr, vr, thr, dhr as shown in the last paragraph. These signs, it will be seen, agree exactly with the straight strokes in this respect, that the r-hook com- binations are simply the /-hook combinations inverted. If the sign // \ for instance, be made of a piece of wire, and then turned over, it becomes pr \; in like manner by inversion ft \_ becomes fr \ rl ^^ becomes vr \ //// ^ becomes thr ) , dhl \ becomes dhr ) 137. Mnemonics for L and R-hooks. If the Zeft hand be held up with the first finger crooked, the outline of the // will appear, and by turning the hand in the various positions of/, /, c/i, k, all the double con- sonants of the /-hook series will be formed. In like manner, the ^ight hand will give the r-hook series. The learner may also remember that the involute motion with which the /-hooks are formed is "Zeft-hand " motion, and the evolute motion which forms the r-hooks is "A'ight-hand " motion. See paragraph 78. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 6 7 Exercise on the R-hook. V i r i- - 1 k -I J P-/" *n 'NO t J V -1 i A -1 -7 13 14 15 > <: s % V x^ x A J ^ 68 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAI'HY. DOUBLE CONSONANTS. Concluded. 138. Irregular Double Consonants. Since the small initial hook attached to ( / ^~~^ ^_^ represents w (see paragraph 123) it is evident that / and r-hooks cannot be regularly attached to these strokes. The combinations ;-/, /;//, /, ngl and Ir are therefore distin- guished by making the hook large (see lines I to 4), and the combi- nations mr and nr by shading the strokes (see lines 5 and 6). These signs are termed irregular, //// and nr being especially so. 139. Use of the Double Consonant-signs. In general, the double consonant-signs should not be used when a distinct long vowel, a diphthong or an accented short vowel occurs between the two conso- nants, as in the words pole ^f, pile \( , repel S\T~; but should be used when no vowel occurs between the letters (see page 65, lines i to 8; page 67, lines I to 8) or when the vowel is an unac- cented short or obscure vowel (see page 65, lines 9 to 15; page 67, lines 9 to 15). 140. Intervocalization of Double Consonants. Strict adherence to the rule given in paragraph 139 would occasionally cause long and awkward outlines for words which might be written with con- venient forms could a vowel be expressed as between the two con- sonants of a double consonant. Such intervocalization may therefore be indicated by writing, in the same position as for the regular sign, a small circle before the double consonant stroke to represent the heavy dot vowels, and after the stroke. to represent the light dot vowels (see lines 7 to 9). The dash vowels, diphthongs and coales- cent-signs, both light and heavy, are struck through the double con- nant stroke (see lines 10 to 14). If the first or third-place dash inter- feres with an initial or final hook or circle, place it just before the beginning or just after the end of the stroke. The beginner should use intervocalization with caution, employing it chiefly in outlines of considerable length. NOTE. When a word begins with rand / is the next consonant the intervocal- ized r/-hook is generally employed, in order to avoid the inconvenient forms which result from the use of ray-el and ray-lay ; thus write with the r/-hook the words rail, roll, rule, relative, relation, realm, relish, and the like. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 6 9 Exercise on the Irregular Double Consonants. 3 6 x^ 9 l U =<= ,. *F , , =-0 VL r * 70 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. TRIPLE AND QUADRUPLE CONSONANTS. 141. Triple Consonants. When .? precedes the double consonants a series of triple consonants is formed, as heard at the beginning of such words as splash, spray, straw, scream, etc. This series of sounds is expressed in phonography by writing the circle-.? within the / or r-hook, as in lines I to 3. 142. Medial Triple Consonants. Triple consonants are fre- quently found in the middle of words (see lines 4 to 8), and in such cases the circle may represent z as well as s. 143. Imperfect Triple Consonants. When a circle is written within an imperfect double consonant hook (see paragraph 134) the circle cannot be perfectly formed and written completely within the hook. It must therefore be lengthened into a loop in such a direction as shall indicate the hook as distinctly as possible. See line 8. In a few cases an imperfect str follows the w-hook, as in line 9. 144. Irregular Triple Consonants. When skr, sgr, sfr, or ST.>r follows t or d, and when spr or sbr follows ch or /', the loop becomes so imperfect as to be too difficult for practise and the forms are therefore written irregularly, as shown in line 10. 145. Initial Spr Series. When the circle precedes a straight double consonant of the r-hook series at the beginning of a word, it is not necessary to write it within the hook, but the whole combina- tion may be contracted to a small circle on the evolute side of the stroke (see lines n to 14). This- will be perfectly legible, as the small circle is always written to straight strokes with involute motion to re- present s. See par. 79 a, and compare par. 105. 146. S before Stroke-h. By analogy with the spr series, s may be written before stroke-/; with the outline g . This form is rarely used but may be employed in writing such words as Soho, Sahara. 147. Quadruple Consonants. The loop-j^ may.be expressed as preceding a straight stroke of the r-hook series at the beginning of the word by writing the loop with evolute motion. See line 15, and compare par. 107. THK MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 71 Exercise on Triple and Quadruple Consonants. ,\ U '5 % V V -P I \ v\ > Y * { 1 3 ry- 0- X t_ V 3- _r \ \ THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. THE BACKWARD N-HOOK. 148. Backward N-hook. A small backward hook written through the stroke may be used to represent the initial syllables in, en, nn, as preceding (a) any straight triple consonant of the spr series (see lines I to 3), or (b\ any evolute circle attached to a curve (see lines 4 to 7). It will be noticed that this backward hook differs from the final w-hook in that it has a syllabic and not an elementary value. Compare para- graphs 88 and 113. THE LARGE W-HOOK. 149. Large W-hook. A large initial involute hook may be at- tached to the strokes /, d, k, g, to represent the combinations ta', dw, kw, giv, (see lines 8 to 12). These combinations are best named fa'ay, dway, kway, gway. 150. Use of Tway, Dway, Kway and Gway. a. When a word begins with hv, din, kw, or giv, use the large ro-hook. b. In the middle of a word the hook may be used if perfectly convenient, as in line 13, bt it should not be used if at all difficult or inconvenient to form. Thus in words like esquire --- ,.> entwine ^^ , the hook should be omitted and the proper coalescent-sign used. 151. Phonetic Analysis of Qu. It is sometimes difficult for be- ginners to analyze words which in the ordinary spelling contain the letters qu, but the difficulty will disappear when it is understood that the sounds always represented by these letters are really kw. 152. Circle-s before Large W-hook. The circle-* may precede the large 7f-hook either at the beginning or in the middle of an out- line by being written entirely within the hook. See line 14. 153. Large W-hook in Foreign Words. In addition to the strokes metioned in paragraph 149, the large ?i'-hook may be written to/ and b. These combinations are useful in writing many foreign word, as X pueblo (Spanish), ^v bois (French), but are of no utility in English. > 154. Y-hook after B. The form ^\ may be written to represent the combination of b and y, heard at the beginning of many Scandi- navian names, as Bjomson, but is of no utility in English. THK MANTAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 73 .+ Exercise on the Backward N-hook. < \ \ \ \ \ Q/ Li- r\ *N Exercise on the Large W-hook. P- r (^ r fli ft* 'I M\ L 74 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. INITIAL HOOK LOGOGRAMS. (, well \_ full-y > every, very c^ where C^x only J three when* ^ / one I tell, till P 'I /^^ ed * twelve dear Mr., remark , , able-) call* c care (T^ more c difficult-y ) from ' near, nor * *\ ^ \ principle-al-ly ) their, there \ remember-ed _J sure-ly n o I truth _s pleasure 1 ^" dear 155. Initials. Initials of names or titles may be written in phono- graphy or in longhand, many writers preferring the distinctiveness of the latter method. In any case, C, G (soft), Q and Jfmust be written in longhand, as there are no phonographic equivalents for these letters. In writing vowel initials phonographically the nominal consonant must be used. See paragraph 73. 156. Emphasis. Emphasis is expressed by striking a wave line - ^, under a single word and a straight line under several con- I segutive words. 157. Accent. If for any critical purpose it is necessary to indicate the accent of a word, it may be done by writing a small cross beside the accented vowel ; thus, *) es'say, )* essay* . THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 75 Exercise on the Initial-hook Logograms. t_ r c r J > o *. v <= - > .^-T ^D r / . * f 13 15 \ $ , \ x \ 76 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. THE HALVING PRINCIPLE. 158. Vocal Affinity. A strong affinity exists, in the English and in other languages, between sounds of a like nature with respect to vocality that is to say, a voiced sound is much more likely to be immediately followed by a voiced than by a whispered sound ; con- versely, a whispered sound is more likely to be immediately followed by a whispered than by a voiced sound. This is observed in plurals, which are regularly formed by adding s (a whispered sound) to the form of the singular when that ends with a whispered sound, as lock, locks ; and z (a voiced sound) when the singular ends with a voiced sqund, as log, logs (=logz). Vocal affinity has an equally strong il- lustration in the formation of the past tenses of weak verbs those of which the past tense is usually represented by ed in the ordinary spell- ing. The sound which forms these past tenses is t (whispered) when- ever the present tense ends with a whispered sound, as phick, plucked (=rpluckt), and d (voiced) whenever the present tense ends with a voiced sound, as plug, plugged (=plugd). 159. The Halving Principle. The frequent occurrence of t and d in past tenses, as well as in other cases, is provided for in phonography by what is called the "halving principle." By halving a consonant stroke, t or d is added according as the stroke is light or heavy t being added to a light stroke and d to a heavy stroke. See lines I to 3. 160. Vocalization of Half-lengths. a. A vowel before a half- length stroke is read first. See line 4. b. A vowel after a half-length stroke is read next after the primary letter but before the added t or d. See line 5. 161. Halving of L, R, M, N. The rule for writing given in par. 159 would agree exactly with the phonetic principle stated in par. 158 if it were not for the fact that /, r, m, and n, although voiced sounds, are represented by light lines, contrary to the general method of re- presentation explained in par. 6. When these strokes are halved t is added because they are light. See line 6. But as these strokes re- present voiced sounds it is desirable to add the voiced sound d ' ; and this is done by shading the strokes when halved for that purpose. See line 7. This necessitates that y, w, mp and ng never be halved. Half-length Id should always be written down. 162. Tick-h on Halved Strokes. The tick-^ is attached to half- length exactly as it is to full-length strokes. See line 8. 163. Circles and Loops on Halved Strokes. The circles and loops are attached to half-length exactly as they are to full-length strokes. See lines 9 to 12. 164. Halved Double and Triple Consonants. The /and r-hook strokes, as also the large 7i/-hook strokes, are halved like simple strokes. See lines 13 to 15. THK MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 77 Exercise on the Halving Principle. ^ 5 \ 6 r 7 r " 8 ^> 9^ 10 V .r T L. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. THE HALVING PRINCIPLE. Concluded. 165. Halved Final-hook Strokes. The final-hook strokes may be halved to add either t or d. See lines i to 3. To distinctly indi- cate the added d the hook may be thickened, but this is seldom neces- sary in practise. Although 70, y, mp and ng cannot be halved when simple, they may be when followed by a final hook. See line 3. 1 66. Halved W-hook Strokes. When a small w-hook stroke is halved, the addition of either t or d is indicated. When d is added the stroke is not shaded. See line 4. 167. Halved Ray. Ray may be halved whenever it is joined to some other stroke (see line 5) but it must not be halved when it would be the only stroke in the word. Words like rate ^<\ , and write x"y| must be written in full. 168. Half-lengths Joined at a Tangent. A half-length stroke cannot generally be used unless it makes a distinct angle with its adjacent stroke, as half-lengths joined at a tangent (cp. par. 25 f) produce indistinct outlines. If, however, the half-length stroke is a heavy curve and the stroke to which it is joined is light, the tangent joining will be sufficiently distinct. See line 6. 169. Half-length S. When a half-length j ends an outline it may be written either upward or downward according to convenience. See line 7. 170. Rules for Writing Past Tenses. a. When the present tense ends with a full-length stroke (simple or compound) halve that stroke to form the past tense. See page 77, lines i to 3. b. Light double consonants may be halved to add d in forming past tenses. See page 79, line 8. c. When the final full-length stroke in the present tense forms no angle with its preceding stroke the halving principle cannot be used (cp. par. 168) and a stroke t or d must be added (see line 9) ; except (d) when such final full-length stroke making no angle with its preceding stroke is t, in which case the t should be halved and disjoined to form the past tense, as shown in line 10. e. When the present tense ends with a vowel preceded by a full-length light simple stroke, the halving principle should not be used, but the stroke-*/ should be added to form the past tense. See line n. f. When the present tense ends with a half-length stroke add the stroke-*/ to form the past tense (see line 12), but (g] if the stroke-*/ forms no angle with the preceding half-length stroke or cannot be coveniently joined to it, it must be disjoined as shown in line 13. 171. Free Use of the Halving Principle. In certain outlines, especially in those of two or more strokes, some license may be taken in using the halving principle to indicate d after light strokes and / after heavy strokes. This, however, should be done with caution, and only when a decided practical advantage and no ambiguity results therefrom. See lines 14 and 15. THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. 79 Exercise on the Halving Principle II. sC 4 -l rl v s s \ xX \ 8o THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. HALF-LENGTH LOGOGRAMS. I did* could got* _ get good ^ after thought* without that* let lord,* read* word might* immediate-ly' 5 ~- made -^ nature not* v^ under 172. Logogram for " Read." The word read in the foregoing table is the present tense of the verb. The past tense and participle are written / x x ^ 173. Position of Half-length Logograms. Half-length logo- grams are written both on and above the line in accordance with the principle explained in paragraphs 70 and 71. A half-length logogram marked * is so written that its highest point may be exactly as far above the line as the top of a stroke-/. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 8l Exercise on the Half-Length Logograms. i ( r < f o c o <^ x -(\ . v 4 / . I x ^ . XI _^> V (o ' L- /} \ ) rs . ^ ^ n v x N > X O V I 12 . _ X \ J 13 ! - - ^_ 14 > -> ^ i .5 v , \ ; \ 82 THK MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. HALF-LENGTH LOGOGRAMS. Concluded. <\ -^> particular-ly* i/ gentleman cannot* s ^ ^ x r 6 ' ' I 7 r "^ -> rr r v \ r I3 *> \ r x " \ _^ -i 3 \ r i 4 . /" r s\ " ^ u c b THE MANUAL OF 1'HONOGRAPHY. THE DOUBLING PRINCIPLE. 175. Ter and Der Added by Doubling. Any curved stroke may be doubled in length to represent theaddition of ter or der. See lines I to 7. 176. Ther and Dher Added by Doubling. Any curved stroke may be doubled in length to add thcr or dher (see lines 8 and 9) pro- vided the same double-length stroke, similarly vocalized, is not already used to represent a word of the same part of speech containing ter or der. Thus, feather should be written ^_/v because V already represents fetter. 177. Double-length Ng. Ng may be doubled to add ker or ger t and also, under the foregoing rules, to add ter, der, ther or dher. See lines 10 and 1 1. 178. Double-length Mp-mb. Mp-mb may be doubled to add er, as well as to add ter, der, ther or dher. See lines 12 and 13. i?8a. The Base-Line. Upright and slanting double-length strokes do not, like corresponding single-length strokes, rest upon the line; they are so written that the line shall cut them at the middle point. 179. Vocalization of Double-lengths. a. A vowel placed be- fore a double-lengrh stroke is read first, b. A vowel placed after a double-length is read next after the primary stroke, but before the added value, ter, der, etc. 180. Double-lengths Joined at an Angle. A double-length stroke cannot generally be used unless it makes a distinct angle with its adjacent stroke. Compare paragraph 1 68. Double-length n and ng may however be joined with continuous motion after th and el. 181. Intervocalization of Double-lengths. The normal vowel in the syllable added by doubling is the second-place light dash, but any short, unaccented vowel may appear in this syllable without special indication. If, however, the vowel is long, a diphthong, or accented, it should be indicated by intervocalization in a manner similar to the vocalization of double consonants. (See line 14 and cp. par. 140.) When a double-length double consonant is intervocalized, the inter- vocalization takes effect in the double consonant and not in the syllable added by lengthening. See northern in line 15. 182. N-hook Added to Double-lengths. The -hook may be added to double-length strokes, and is invariably read after the syllable added by lengthening. See line 15. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. '3 14 Exercises on the Doubling Principle. L. 86 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. DOUBLE-LENGTH LOGOGRAMS. ' letter ,- -^ matter neither* _ another 183. Compounded Logograms. It often happens that a gram- malogue forms a part of some other word, and in such cases the corre- sponding logogram may sometimes be used to form a part of the phonographic outline. For example, the word to-niorrcrw may have the first syllable expressed by the logogram for to \ . The remainder of the word is joined to it without lifting the pen, and should, of course, be vocalized. In such outlines, the portion written with the logogram should generally be placed in the position with reference to the line of writing which it would hold if written alone, the rest of the outline accommodating itself to the position of the logogram. When two logograms are used in the same outline, the first is usually placed in its own position with reference to the line of writing. The following is a list of the most frequently-occurring words written in this manner. Those printed with the double hyphen (;) are written with broken outlines connected by the phonographic hyphen. Above-board, o&mr-mentioned, above-named, accordance, afcffrdyai, accountant, advantageous, after-dinner, afternoon, after-taste, after- thought, afterward, all-round, A/-mig\ity, a/most, ^/though, altogether, anybody, anyone, anything, anyway, anywhere, become, before-.band, behindhand, caller, careful, careless, c/ii/dhood, childish, childless, childlike, come-down, commonplace, commonwealth, dearer, dearest, dearly, dearness, everybody, every-day, everything, everywhere, first- born, firsttdass, firsthand, forsalie, forswear, forthwith, forward, fu//- ness, geiitleman-.like, goodby, goodly, goodnatured, goodness, gotten, greater, greatly, greatness, improvable, indeed, indifferent-ce, inset, in- side, into, inward, justness, fetter-writer, lordly, manful, mankind, man-of-war, men-of-war, minded, misW'stood, moreover, natural, nearer, nearly, nearness, , s. After evolute motion and after all other straight strokes use a small dot immediately following the stem-outline. See page 91, line i. b. -ings. When -ing is represented by a dot, the plural should be. represented by a small circle placed in the position of the dot. See page 91, line 2. f. -ing-the. When the follows a word ending with the dot-?'//^, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Exercise on the Tick-the. >> . N ^ /r Q 5\ > I J / 6/ / I J J r ! y <-- i Exercise on the Tick A-an-and. ii -i -P^S S S , *-i X X Vt d \ I Np ,__^> Vp y fs Y ^ r=> XL L / y 1 1 *Y ^ 12 /v\j- I,- . / -,, *L Vo l_ \ oj- 13 14 92 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. OUTLINE FORMATION. 190. New Kind of Practise Recommended. The student who has thus far carefully studied the text and illustrations and who has mastered the writing exercises, is prepared to benefit by practise of a new kind ; that is, copying into phonography connected matter taken, say, from any well-written English book or from the editorial page of a daily newspaper, and also, writing from dictation such matter at a rate of speed just within his power to follow the reader and write accurately. In writing such matter he will, of course, come upon many words not contained in the writing exercises of this Manual, but if these writing exercises have been faithfully practised and truly mastered, the student will have acquired a thorough familiarity with all the leading principles of outline formation and will write most of these new words without hesitation. 191. Variety of Outlines Possible. Occasionally, however, he will meet with problems which will have to be solved. Since /, d,f, v, s, z, sh, zh, /, r, n, w, y and h are represented in phonography in more than one way, it is evident that many words may be written with several possible outlines. The word abbreviation, for instance, has no less than twenty-one possible forms, though not more than two of these can be considered as in any way available in practise. 192. Initial and Final Consonants. The observant student of the foregoing pages will have recognized the fact that most of the rules respecting outline formation therein given are such as apply to the manner of writing the first and last consonants of outlines. See paragraphs 56, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 81, 93, 94, 96, 102, 105, 106, 107, Iio, 115, 126, 145, 147, 148, 170. These rules are sufficiently extensive in their application to leave little, if any, doubt as to how to write initial and final consonants. 193. Medial Consonants. No hard and fast rules can be formu- lated for determining the manner of writing those consonants which lie between the first and last consonants of any word. In many, indeed most, cases it is the necessary result of the kind of phono- graphic material available for writing the word. In certain cases, however, the medial consonant is capable of several forms of expres- sion and the learner may sometimes well be in doubt in determining whether to express medial consonants by means of appendages and THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. 93 EXERCISES IN THE CORRESPONDING STYLE. Benevolence. 7 , ) > r ^ ) \ 1,3 *\ (r ^ ^ \ > V V, . ^. ^ "V 94 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. modified strokes or to write them out "in full" with the alphabetic strokes. In the case of medial s and z no difficulty is felt, for the circle is almost invariably the available and desirable form. See paragraph 8 1 h. The medial use of the loop to represent st is quite restricted (see paragraph 91 c] owing to the fact that in most cases the loop would, if used, be followed by a stroke written in such a direction as to cut through the stroke to which the loop is attached. Most of the doubtful cases are, therefore, those of medial consonants which may be expressed by hooks. 194. Motives of Outline Formation. The two all-important considerations which must guide the phonographer in determining whether to -use the hook or the stroke representation of such medial consonants are certainty in reading and facility in writing, which are, indeed, only equivalent expressions for legibility and speed. Growing out of these considerations are certain "motives" of outline formation which in the absence of definite rules, must determine the particular form to be used. These may best be illustrated by outlines contain- ing a medial .' They are : a. Balance of Motion. It is desirable to avoid the occurrence of the same kind of curvilinear motion both preceding and following a straight stroke and at a tangent thereto. For this reason words like branch, apprentice, springe, cringe, grange, are written with the stroke-;*, and words like plunge, sponge, blanch, blench, are written with the hook. This secures in both cases what has been aptly called the "balance of motion" and maintains the straightness of the stroke, which otherwise, in rapid writing, would tend to become a curve. b. Avoidance of Obtuse Angles. It is desirable to eliminate obtuse angles, as checked joinings (see par. 24) are easily and rapidly made in exact proportion to the diminution of the angle. For this reason words like serenity, warranty, wrench, range, are written with the stroke-w instead of the hook, and words like tinge, dingy, Dante, are written with the hook instead of the stroke. c. Avoidance of Unnecessary Checks. It is desirable to reduce the number of checks in any outline, and for this reason the use of the hook in such words as clinic, tinge, jaunty, canopy, chinchilla, is prefer- able to the use of the stroke. d. Avoidance of Abrupt Checks. It is desirable to avoid abrupt I UK MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 95 Bridging East River. S V > -c- > "* C -r J 96 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. or "jerky " checks and to substitute for them, whenever possible, such as produce smooth, flowing outlines. Thus, the stroke is to be pre- ferred to the hook in such words as month, Monday, eminence, promi- nence, manage, impinge, etc. e. Avoidance of Imperfect Hooks. It is desirable to avoid imperfect hooks, especially such as are highly imperfect, and for this reason the use of the stroke in words like tonic, carbonic, panic, is preferable to the use of the hook. In like manner, in words like assignor, dinner, joiner, the r-hook is preferable to the w-hook followed by a down- ward r. f. Derivation. It is desirable to write derivative words in accord- ance with the outlines used for the primitive words from which they are immediately taken. For this reason it is better to use the hook in such words as finer, finest, finely, fineness, finery, thus building the outlines for these words upon the form of the primitiveyfw^. 195. Conflicting Motives. It will be seen that in deciding the outline for a given word we may have to consider two or even more conflicting motives, each of which, if considered by itself, would lead to an outline different from that indicated by the others. In such cases the balance of advantage must be kept in view; and here it is that outline-building affords some play for individual judgment and taste. Happily, the opinions of the best reporters do not vary widely in such matters; but there will probably never be absolute uniformity of practise among them, as some will always attach greater value to certain motives than do others. Whatever variation may exist, how- ever, among well-trained phonographers will not in the slightest de- gree affect their power to read each other's notes, so long as the latter are written with reasonable care as to penmanship. 196. Use of the "Phonographic Dictionary." Whenever in copying printed matter into phonography the learner meets with a word the correct outline for which does not unhesitatingly come into his mind, he should carefully weigh the principles and motives of outline formation which should lead him to a decision, and he should then write the word in accordance with his own judgment. On read- ing his notes for all notes should be carefully read and criticised by the learner each doubtful word should be marked and the student's outline compared with that given for the word in the Phonographic Die- THE MANUAL OK 1'HONOGRAPHY. 97 / - __ \ J \ f < ' / ^ i v *Vx X x J >. * > ^k. r ( e x X ^ ^ <= - certain credit cv <= , person X_> 1 quality x^ "V earnest enough s\ ? rapid / refer =-\ c-^ firm ,} . ^ relation V- i forget, forgot Cr / render ^} => further s\ /? report / \/ ~v return ^ seldom o A-CC e( l dmer- ent-ce I accord-ing-ly* - before ' difficult-y <-- account ^ behind* \ do 1 advantage / beyond* done J after V. but I Every ^ again 3 Call* c First all* N called* .- .. 'for \^ alone f can ^ from ^*+^ already* cannot* full-y f\ an care Gave => and cared ^~ general-ly / another . could gentleman f/ any* ^_s child* gentlemen* (/ are /^ come get as o common* give-n* aught* X Dear good * The logogram is written above the line. 104 THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. TABLE OF GRAMMALOGUES. Continued. got* _ lord* > nor* <^/ great Made not* ^ Has o man s~~^> Of* have V- matter -- - on* he* may one most x-<^ Part % important-ce* *-v more Just ^ neither* remark* f^ Know v next ^~t? remember-ed \ Let f no ^_^ Said f letter f none -^_y shall-t THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 105 TABLE OF GRAMMALOGUES. Concluded. should till f what* 3 six* n n to \ whatever I SO J together when* |V some Q ^ told r where * spirit* too \ which / sure JJ Tell toward truth 1 1 whichever who [ ten \ twelve c will r than (^ two N with* c that* ( Under ~ without ( the* up \ word ^ their ) upon \ world e/ them ( usual-ly J would 3 then Vj Very \> Ye* U there ) Was ) yet M thing* ^_x way s you n think we* c young ^^ this (o well f your r thought* ( went - yours r three were c IO6 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. TABLE OF LOGOGRAMS. ARRANGED N Up PHONETICALLY FOR TH {, twelve E READER. come cannot* x above 1 did* T3 account \ remember-ed / which ^ called* N> behind* /* child* o accord-in g-ly* it / advantage c cared b its / just f quite* J ten ,/ general-ly give-n* \j whatever n t/ gentleman together tell, till I truth i/ gentlemen* common* ., again => gave * The logogram is written above the line. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. IO7 TABLE OF LOGOGRAMS. Continued. _ got* first (3 > some good, get ) was ^-^^ most, must e great o is, his* '~~z> men* V. for o as, has ^~s man Vo phonography J shall-t g~^ Mr., remark* V^ full-y -/ sure-ly ~^ more ^ from ^X usual-ly ^ might* ^ after _x pleasure ^ immediate-ly* v^ have f will -* made i every, very ' alone ^ mind* ( think C well *~^ important-ce* ) three C let .--' ed ^^ improve- ment (. thought* f letter ^ matter V them x^ are v^ in, any* Vo this cs where ^ x no, know V> than, then c/ world ^jy nexl 1 *i i r / the re "> lord, read* ^_? opinion* < that* "^ word ^_? none ( without ^~~^ my, me* Q ' when* ) so ' s him, may ) to trace each character as you read it. By pronouncing each character aloud as you write it, the ear, eye and hand are trained at the same time the ear to recog- nize the sound, the hand to shape the sign, and the eye to judge of the accuracy of the formation. No student can expect to become a good writer of phonography, whose ear, eye and hand have not been equally and harmoniously trained. When reading printed phono- graphic exercises, or your own writing, let your practise be to trace the outline of each word as you read it, by using a wooden stick sharpened to a point, or a pen without ink. It will greatly facilitate your acquirement of phonography carefully to read and review each day the exercises written on the preceding one. They should be read and re-read, aloud, until this can be done without hesitation. The neglect of this rule will waste your time, cause you to over-look much that you might profitably review, and in other ways hinder your progress. Do not read through the entire book before beginning to write, but master each writing exercise in turn before proceeding to the study of the next principle. Still less need you display your skill by attempting to "puzzle out" sentences at the end of the book, before you are familiar with the elements of which they are composed. This advice will be needed only by those who have not the good sense to perceive, or whose minds have not been so far disciplined by study as to know that no art or science can be truly mastered, the study of which is not begun and continued in a systematic manner. EXERCISE I. Combinations of Consonants. See paragraphs 21 to 24. Pars. 21 and 22. P-lay, b-ray, d-lay, ch-lay, j-ray, v-lay, s-lay, lay-b, lay-d, lay-f, lay-dh, ray-d, ray-p, ray-v, ray-ish. Par, 23 a. K-m, k-ng, g-mp, m-g, n-k, n-ng. Par. 23 b. P-g, b-k, b-mp, t-m, t-ng, d-m, d-ng, ch-mp, j-g, j-n, f-ng, v-n, th-in, s-m, ish-k, ish-n, lay-n, ray-n, ar-g, ar-n, w-ng, k-lay, g-ray, mp-lay. 1'ur. 23 <-. K-b, k-cli, k-v, k-i>h, g-t, g-f, g-ish. m-ch, mv, inb-d, n-h, n-ch, n-v. n-el. Par. 25 h-ray, lay-]), lay-t, Iay-ch, lay-j. lay-v, lay-th, ar-lay, ar-ray, ray-b, ray-t, ray-cli, ray-j, ray-tli, ray-/, ray-zh. ray-el, k-n, k-mp. g-in, g-n, g-ng, in-k, m-in. inb-m. n-g, n-n, ng-k, p-k. p-in. p-mp. b-g, b-m. t-k, t-g. t-mp, t-n. d-k, d-g. d-mp. d-n. ch-k. ch-ni, cb-n, j-k. j-m. j-mp, f-m, i-n, v-m. v-nip. v-ng. th-k, th-inp, >-k, s-n. z-n, ish-g, i.-h-ni, lay-in, lay-mp. ray-k, ray-g, ray-ng. ar-k, ar-in. ar-mp. \v-k, \v-g, y-k. y-m, k-ray, g-lay, in-lay, in-ray, inp-ray, k-p. k-t. k-d. k-j, k-f. k-tli, k-z, g-p, g-b, g-d. g-j. g-tb, g-z. in-t. in-d. in-j, m-f, in-tli, inp-t. mp-ch, n-p, n-t, n-d, n-j. n-f, n-z. n-i>h. n-ar. p-t. p-ch, p-j, p-th, p-i>h, b-t, b-cli. b-v, b-th, b-ish, b-ar. t-b, t-ch, t-dh, t-el, d-\), d-1), d-j, cl-th, d-el, d-ar. cb-b, ch-t. ch-f. ch-ar. j-t, j-cl, j-el, j-ar. f-b. f-d, f-j. f-tb. f-z, f-i>h, v-t, v-ch, tb-d, th-cb. t!i-v, tb-el, w-j), \v-b, w-k, w-g, lay-la}', ray-lay, t-m-lay. d-in-rav. t-inp-lay, ray-p-ar. n-t-ni, n-v-d. b-lay-t, n-g-j. b-k-m, t-ray-f. p-ar-lay. ray-v-n, d-n-ng, ar-ni-d. ray-b-k, b-ray-d. v-lay-v. k-v-t. ('-n-d, lay-v-t, ray-b-ray. lay-lay-t, ar-m-v, t-ray-n. v-ray-t, ni-ray-t, k-ray-d. ray-d-lay, n-f-m, lay-v-ng, m-ray-k, ray-n-d. g-lay-f, t-n-s. el-k-lay, f-m-lay, f-ray-tb, d-k-d. in-in-ray, ]>-ray-i>h, h-p-lay, ray-b-t. d-p-t, n-t-ray, ]3-ray-t, j)-ray-d. ray-ng-k, d->bay-ng, k-m-lay, m-lay-t, n-l)-lay-t, k-ji-lay-ray, p-ray-s-d. b-ni-ray-ng, n-t- ray-el, ar-m-v-ng, n-t-ray-t, inp-lay-f-ng. n-t-lay-p. EXERCISE II. Combinations of Consonants. Continued. See paragraphs 25 to 28. Par. 25 <7. P-p. d-d. k-k. Par. 25 /'. F-shay, th-ng, Iay-\v, m-z. Par. 25 ('. P-ng, t-isb, t-v, v-k. nip, f-ar, clh-s, z-tb, lay-sliay, m-n, n-m. \v-f. Par. 26 7/awnee, s/te, sheaf,, j/jeath, j//eathe, sheave, shoal, s/ioe, s/iow, showed, sow (?'.), tail, take, talk, tame, tape, teak, teem, teethe, thaw, thawed, theme, they, thief, thieve, thong, thonged, toll, tomato, tome, torch, tow, vague, veto, vetoed, vogue, wade, wage, wait, wake, wave, waved, weak, weigh, weighed, weight, woe, woke, woo, wove, wreath, wreathe, wrong, wronged, Ya/e, yaw/, yea. EXERCISE V. Words Containing Short Vowels. See paragraphs 39 to 41. First-place light dot: Bit, pick, tick, ditch, pitch, pig, pith, big, Dick, dig, dip, dim, tip, pity, pitchy, finny, pithy, ditty, Biddy, busy, tinny. Second-place light dot (written before the second consonant): Etch, beck, debt, bet, peck, peg, egg, edge, deck, fed, death, beg, jet, fetch, keg, Betty, jetty, Jenny, penny, bevy, Jessie. Third-place light dot : Pad, patch, add, aj/z, at, tack, bag, bat, pap, batch, nag, match, tap, baggy, taffy, natty, chatty, Fanny. First-place light dash : Odd, botch, pop, pod, bog, bob, fog, knock, dodge, top, dock, Tom, dot, jockey, Johnny, Bobby, poppy, copy, bonny, doggy. Second-place light dash: Up, us, pup, bug, touch, tuck, duck, pug, tub, tug, buck, tongue, Dutch, dug, puppy, putty, buggy, duchy, dummy, puffy, touchy. Third-place light dash : Cook, hood, book, look, took, nook, pussy, cuckoo, cooky, goody. Dictation Exercise. Abbey, abbot, acid, academy, Adam, adage, agile, agility, agilely, agate, aiming, alley, alp, amity, anthem, Il6 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. antimony, apogee, affect, a.pis/i, apothegm, apologue, As/i\cy, atom, atomy, attic, autumn, audit, awning, badge, balky, back, bang, Bailey, ballet, baby, bamboo, bailiff, barony, baggage, banged, bank, banging, beamy, beachy, bell, belly, bellow, Betty, beaming, Bellamy, belch, benumb, benignity, bill, billow, Biddy, bilge, bilk, bomb, botchy, boggy, bony, bot, body, Bombay, booku//, bobbed, bottom, botanic, budge, bus/i, buj//y, bung, bull, bully, butt, bulb, bulge, bulk, bulky, bullock, bunged, bunk, bump, cap, cab, catch, c&s/i, callow, cad, caddy, cabbage, cavity, camp, cacophony, catechetic, chip, chop, chap, chappy, chub, chubby, chaffy, chum, chick, chalky, chock, check, chuck, chill, chilly, Chitty, chimney, Choctaw, chink, chunk, chump, chid, champ, cob, coffee, covey, cock, cog, cozy, coney, cod, covet, comity, comedy, comic, cockney, cogged, Congo, cocked, cockade, coquette, cooked, cup, cub, cull, cud, dab, dam, dash, Davy, daily, dally, daisy, daddy, damage, damming, damp, damning, dell, depth, deeming, delve, decoct, dish, dicky, ding, dill, dizzy, ditto, dimity, dimly, dimming, dimple, doth, dog, doll, dolly, doggi.f/2, donkey, dub, Duffy, dumb, dull, dump, dumpy, easily, ebb, ebony, echoed, eddy, Edith, effigy, effect, ell, elbow, elf, em, Emily, empty, embody, embassy, emphatic, enough, envy, enemy, Enoch, enmity, entomb, encage, entombing, epic, epoch, epilogue, ethic, evolve, evict, fadge, fag, fang, fatty, famij//, fathom, fagot, fagged, fe//, fenny, ftp, fib, fish, fishy, fig, fi//, filth, fidgety, fop, fob, foggy, foppis/i, foaming, foggily, foxy, fudge, fussy, fuzzy, funny, fumble, gap, gab, Gath, gas/i, gang, gaily, galley, gag, gawky, gassy, gaudy, gaming, gaudily, gagged, gem, gemmy, Genesee, gill, gig, giddy, giddily, gipsy, gn&s/i, gob, Goth, gong, Gotham, gothic, gun, gummy, gnsb, gull, gully, Guinea, gumming, haughty, hatch, hang, havoc, haddock, hank, hanging, happy, happily, haughtily, Hadley, hanged, heavy, head, heady, hedge, headache, hid, hitch, hinge, hod, hodgepodge, hutch, hus/i, hung, hunch, hunk, hunchback, if, ill, image, imp, inveigh, inch, inning, ink, inky, into, infamy, invoke, inanity, infect, invoked, invocate, intimacy, indemnity, mue, iwued, itch, itchy, jam, jack, jag, jaggy, jamming, jalap, Jacob, jackdaw, jelly, jiffy, jig, job, jog, jolly, jot, jollity, jollily, judge, juicy, jut, jutty, jubilee, judged, junk, jump, kedge, Kelly, kith, kip, king, kill, kick, Kinney, kid, kink, kicked, knob, knotty, lap, lath, lathy, latch, lazy, lady, leafy, levee, levy, ledge, lessee, lip, Liffy, live, Livy, lily, lop, love, lodge, loll, lowly, lobby, luff, lull, Mab, ma.c//, Mackey, Macy, massy, mazy, many, Matty, map, mammoth, maiming, manage, magic, maggoty, maggot, malmsey, Manasseh, mapped, mandate, mes/i, mealy, mellow, meaty, meadow, memory, mephitic, memento, metonymy, miff, mill, minnow, mimic, mink, mob, moth, mock, mothy, Moll, Molly, mossy, money, motto, moody, mop, moving, moodily, moldy, monody, Monday, monied, month, monk, mopped, mobbed, monotony, muff, mum, mummy, much, mus/i, muck, mucky, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. mug, muggy, mull, muddy, mutiny, munch, myth, nap, nab, navy, nack, naughty, nabob, Nancy, neck, needy, nip, nib, niche, nick, ninny, nickname, nicknack, notch, nog, nothing, nomadic, nub, numb, nutty, nutmeg, nymph, oakum, oddly, oddity, olive, oozy, opal, owning, palmy, pack, pal, pappy, patty, Paddy, pang, party, parity, parody, Paynim, panic, package, petty, pelf, peacock, peeped. Philip, pis/i, pick, pill, pillow, pip, pillory, pillage, pigmy, pink, pitied, pipped, pimple, pock, pocky, Poll, Polly, posy, pony, popis/i, polity, polish, Polish, porridge, popped, poppet, pomp, Pompey, Poughkeepsie, push, pull, pulley, pulp, pulpy, puppet, pump, Put- nam, j/np, s/iop, shabby, s/iame, S/iem, s/iam, shock, s/iook, s/iag, sAaggy, shod, s/ied, shad, s/iady, j//adow, tabby, tag, tally, tallow, tank, tamely, Tammany, taming, tactic, techy, Teddy, techily, team- ing, teething, Tennessee, thumb, thatch, thick, thump, thimble, tissue, tiptoe, Timothy, tipsy, tiptop, Todd, toddy, toady, tonic, touchily, topic, tobacco, tush, unwove, unhung, unsay, uneasy, unto, unpack, unmake, uncage, unhanged, unjudged, uncocked, vat, valve, vanity, vapid, vamp, vetch, veiny, vendee, vim, victim, wavy, wav- ing, weighty, weightily, wick, wing, wink, winging, winged. EXERCISE VI. Words Containing Third-place Long Vowels. See paragraph 41 r. Barb, becalm, boom, cargo, debark, doom, ghoul, Juno, lark, marsh, move, palm, j/*oed, wooed, food. Dictation Exercise. Balm, balmy, balmily, barge, bark, booby, boozy, boot, bootee, booty, booth, bouquet, calm, calming, cark, carp, cooed, coop, coupe, dooming, embalm, embalming, farm, gape, garb, hoop, laugh, laughing, loop, march, mark, moving, palming, parch, park, pool, poop, tomb, tooth, tool, way-mark, uncouth, un- moving. EXERCISE VII. Words Containing A before R. In the utterance of careful speakers a distinction is made between the a in air, dare, etc., and that heard in aim, dame, etc. This differ- ence may be indicated by a special sign (see Appendix C), but it is not necessary in practical phonography to note the distinction. The following words, should, therefore, be written with the second-place heavy dot. Air, fair, fare, dare, bear, bare, share, chair, tear, tare, lair, pare, pair, pear, unfair, airy, repair. Dictation Exercise. Use the writing exercise. Il8 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. EXERCISE VIII. Words Containing Medial A. Careful speakers make a clear distinction between the a in ask, mica, avow, etc., and the vowel in alms, far, guard on the one hand, and the vowel in am, fat, gad on the other. This medial sound of a may be distinctly represented by the sign given in Appendix C, but in practical writing it should be written with either the light or heavy third-place dot, according to the preference of the writer some approaching in their own speech more nearly to one and some to the other. The usual pronunciation of most speakers undoubtedly more nearly resembles the sound of the third-place light dot and that sign is accordingly used in printed phonography. Use the third-place light dot : Ago, aback, taboo, agap, aloof, appall, abate, ability, mamma, toga, Ithaca, Java, comma, Elba, papa, Judah, Panama, malady. Dictation Exercise. Aba.s/i, abet, agape, agog, Agatha, ahead, Aleppo, a/ong, Alva, among, anatomy, apathy, Apollo, apology, apeak, avai/, awake, awoke, away, bigamy, botany, canoe, cockatoo, Dana, data, demagogue, demagogy, efficacy, fatigue, inca, Jaffa, Jonah, lava, Mecca, Mocha, manna, Malta, Numa, omega, S/ieba, votary. EXERCISE IX. Words Containing U (E, I) before R. The vowel heard in hurt, err, fir, (heard only before the consonant r) is in quantity a long vowel, but in quality it very closely resembles the second-place light dash, with which for practical purposes it is written. A sign to express this sound with critical exactness is pro- vided in Appendix C. ~Err, hurry, Perth, perch, birth, bearer, birch, Burke, lurk, lurch, girl, curl, Kirk, mirth, merge, derth, dirge, purr, Barney, Burney, dirty, cur, shirr, murk, murky, Murphy. Dictation Exercise. Use the writing exercise. EXERCISE X. Words Containing Diphthongs. See paragraphs 42 to 46. I: Tie, bile, dire, pyre, pie, eyes, vie, thigh, thy, nigh, bite, dyke, type, knife, chide, chime, gibe, live, guile, five, lyre, rhyme, mime, Ni/e, tiny, idol, ally, China. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. OI : Toy, boy, oil, coy, foi/, toil, boil, decoy, enjoy, annoy, alloy, noisy, oily, boiler, toiler, uncoil, envoy. OW : Out, bout, our, owl, cowl, mouth, gouge, thou, fou/, couch, vouch, allow, endow: Dictation Exercise. Abijah, afou/, aisle, allow, alloyed, allied, ally, allowed, alive, annoy, annoyed, aside, avow, bite, biped, bow, boy, bough, by, chyme, chide, coy, cow, defy, decoy, defied, deny, denied, decoyed, die, dime, dike, Dinah, Dido, dignify, Dow, doit, dowdy, edify, Eliza, enjoy, endow, espied, espy, eyed, eyebeam, eyetooth, eyeteeth, fie, fife, foci, Gemini, gout, gouty, guy, haut- boy, hide, high, ice, icy, Ida, Ike, imbibe, item, ivy, joy, kneehigh, knife, lie, lousy, magi, magpie, mica, Mike, mow, mouth, now, noisy, ossify, out, outvie, pie, pike, pica, pile, pipe, pied, piped, pouch, shy, sow, thigh, thy, thou, tie, time, tiny, tide, tied, tidy, toy, toyed, type, typify, untie, untied, unalloyed, unallowed unannoyed, Vandyke, vie, viny, vow. EXERCISE XI. Words Containing Coalescents. See paragraphs 47 to 52. \Yrite the long we, wa, wah, etc., before t. Write the short wi, we, wa, etc., before t. Write the long ye, ya, yah, etc., before /. Write the shorty/, ye, ya, etc., before /. Par. 520. (i) Weave, wit, wight, widow, widely, witch, vfasA, \\a.bas/i, yearly. Sometimes a first-place coalescent may be introduced into the middle of an outline : Unweaving, unwitty, outwit, bewitch. (2) Weep, wave, wait, wet, wage, weak, awake, wing, yam, yoke. (3) Woof, youth, watch, Eugenia, unity. Par. 52 b. Fume, dupe, occupy, gewgaw, puny, beauty, immunity, tulip, cubic, assume, Teutonic. Few, new, sue, anew, avenue*, bedew, endue vendue. Dictation Exercise. Wife, wive, witty, wot, weed, weedy, wad, wide, withe, withy, witchery, vtis/i, waj//y, walk, weaving, year, yawl. Wavy, wade, wake, wag, waving, waved, web, weight, weighty, wed, wedge, wipe, wick, wink, wove, wooed, woke, Ya/e, yellow, yea. Euphony, use, usurp, unify, waif, yacht, Yarrow, Yankee, yore. Assuming, beweep, cube, Cuba, cupola, cubeb, duke, duty, feud, fumy, fuzee, Lucy, Luna, mewed, occupied, pneumatic, puke, pupa, Punic, putid, thwack, tube, tunic, tumefy. THE MANUAL OF I'HONOGRAl'HY. Adieu, ague, Bellevue, cue, dew, due, emu, hew, hue, lieu, pew, renew, thew, undue, venue, view. Await, awa;-e, away, awake, awoke. EXERCISE XII. Concurrent Vowels. See paragraphs 53 to 55. Par. 53 a. Iota, lanthe, Ionic, aorta, Iowa, Eolic, iambic, iodic. Par. 53 b. Payee, bayou, avowee, Leo, Fabii, genii, radii, Ohio, Pompeii, cacao, Bilbao. Par. 53 c. Miami, cayenne, duello, evacuate, naive, chaotic, poetic, duet, innuendo, coact. Par. 54. Idea, Noah, haying, poem, viewing, Moab, deify, neigh- ing, Jewij/^, bias, Josiah, poesy, peon, piety, moiety, shadowy, vowing, ^Eneid, Naj/^ua, Medea, diet, bowie-knife, buoyancy, vacuity, gaiety, embower, diadem, Joab, lion, variety. Par. 55. Aria, opium, idiom, piazza, mania, Harriet, India, idiot, ammoniac, pneumonia, caveat, tedium, envying, espionage. Dictation Exercise. Attenuate, Diana, duenna, Fayette, hyena, ipecacuanha, Joanna, Louisa, naivete, naively, Tioga, towage, un- poetic, vacuum, Wyoming. Acuity, ^Egean, /Eneas, annuity, annoying, avowing, bayonet, being, boa, Boaz, Bowie, Boadicea, buoyant, buoyantly, chaos, coy\s/i, Darius, deity, defying, deifying, dietetic, diatonic, duad, edifying, eying, feeing, fiat, Genoa, gnawing, Goliath, hewing, Hiero, hoeing, Howard, ingenuity, inveighing, Isaiah, Jewess, ]oas/i, joyous, joy- ously, Judea, knowing, knowingly, Leah, Leon, Messiah, meadowy, naiad, ossifying, Owen, owing, Pnean, Padua, panacea, pioneer, pious, piously, poet, stiowy, .r/$owish, suet, thawing, theory, Tobias. Acadia, ammonia, ana, babyij/?, Batavia, begonia, cameo, deviate, demoniac, Dieppe, Ethiop, Ethiopia, Euphemia, Eugenia, Fabia, Guiana, Guienne, Iliad, Ionia, Lydia, maniac, monomania, Numidia, odium, olio, Paphia, Pavia, tapioca, theology, Vienna. EXERCISE XIII. The Aspirate. See paragraphs 56 to 60. Par. 56. Hem, whom, hazy, heal, Hawley, halo, hallow, hair, hock, hug, humming, vfhiggis/i, help, Hiram, harp, herb, humpy, whiplash, humanity, hilarity, hectic, homely, hurl, hellish, hackney. Par. 57. Happy, hub, heed, heyday, hoed, heathy, higher, hurry, hewer, hyena, hitch, hedge, hang, hinge, hayrick, Harvey, hurrahing, THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. heavily, hugely, hubbub, horrid, harrowed, honeydew, head/ong, Hungary. Hay, haw, hah, hoe, hew, high, ahead, ahoy, aha, oho, Ohio, aheap, Ahab. Par. 58 a. Bohemia, Mohawk, Jehovah, hedgehog, uphill, mohair, outhouse, woodhouse, ice-house, watch-house, whitehead, widowhood, mahogany, a/cohol, Rehoboam, hardihood. Par. 58^. Wheat, whit, white, whitlow,' Whitely, buckwheat, half, halve, hath, half-pay, halfpenny. Par. 59. Unhook, inhale, cohere, bunghole, rehear, unhealthy, inhumanity, unhealthily, inhere, inhume. Elihu, unhitch, Ivanhoe, haha, thickhead, unhinge, unhanged, bulkhead. Dictation Exercise. Ham, haul, hale, Hal, hawk, hack, hag, Hague, haggis/i, Hallam, harem, harm, hark, harpy, harr//, hawkeyed, hail-fellow, harmony, harming, harelip, hallowed, Halliday, hell, hear, her, hemming, Hecuba, health, healthy, Herrick, hereby, hemp, hemmorhage, healthily, heeltap, heraldic, healer, hearsay, heresy, Helena, hill, hiccup, hilly, hillock, Himalaya, hickory, Hil- lery, Hilda, home, holly, hollow, hole, howl, hook, hog, homage, hoggi-s^, Hoyle, homily, homeopathy, Holyrood, horror, homing, horny, holiday, hum, huzzy, huzzah, hull, hulk, hump, humbug, humility, Hulda, Hume, hymning, hymenial, whanged, whanging, whack, whet, whey, whig, whip, whipsaw, whole, why. Hap, hautboy, Haiti, hairy, harrow, Harry, Hannah, hatch, ha.f//, haying, haunch, hank, hanging, harrowing, harangue, haply, happily, Hadley, haycock, Havana, Harriet, hardy, harried, handy, hanged, harangued, haranguing, handily, heap, Hebe, heavy, head, heady, heath, hero, hewing, heroic, Hervey, herring, Headley, heavier, hejira, hedgerow, hearty, head-gear, heartily, heritage, heretic, hid, hide, highly, Hiero, Hindu, hope, hoop, hobby, hod, hood, hoary, houri, Hodge, hoeing, horrify, Howard,- honeyed, hoe, hobnob, horrific, hodgepodge, hoity-toity, horridly, huffy, hurrah, hutch, hung, hunch, hunk, hurrying, hurried, huge, hurriedly, hunchback. Abhor, abhorring, babyhood, behead, Bohea, boyhood, kneehigh, unhappy, unhoop, unhung, unhappily, unhardy, unhandy. EXERCISE XIV. Upward and Downward L. See paragraphs 61 to 63. Par. 6 1 a. Use lay : Limb, loam, leak, lock, luck, lackey, Lena, looming, lunch, lounge, lookout, lineage, lenity, Laocoon, legate, luggage, locket, lacked, leagued, lugged, logbook, locate. THE MANUAL OF 1'HOXOGKAI'HY. Par. 61 b. Use el: Alum, alack, Illinois, alumni, Allegheny, eliminate. Par. 62 a. Buel, fill, phial, fuel, vial, vowel, ideal, Joel, befell, unveil, barrel, royal, buriel, Israel, ethereal, defile. Par. 62 b. Filly, Philo, fellow, volley, uvula, namely, handily, merrily, Riley, merely, rarely, charily. Par. 62 c. Nile, knoll, annual, biennially, vanilla, kingly, Nelly, manual, longingly, Manila. Par. 63 a. Along, appalling, pulling, bawling, oblong, feeling, filing, fowling, availing, dialing, headlong, link, .length, longing, annealing, chilling, keeling, culling, galling, befalling, unfeeling, cajoling. Par. 63 b. Use lay: Leap, elope, Lybia, lobe, elf, alpha, levee, Livy, olive, love, alva, Lethe, lath, leech, ledge, elegy, Elias, lassie, Louisa, lousy, laity, Alida, allopathy, Levite, limbo, Paul, pell, pull, bile, bowl, Moll, mule, tool, easel, agile, chyle, ghoul, billowy, Beu- lah, Milo, wittily, Delia, oddly, dahlia, Athalia, easily, July, gully, effectual, camomile. Write both 1's up : Labial, lamely, alkali, leal, loll, Lisle, loyal, Lowell, lull, lily, loyally, lowly. Par. 63 *-. Use lay: Bulge, bullock, filthy, foliage, dilemma, caliph, pillage, apologue, Bellevue, Volga, mulatto, mileage, Molucca, unalliecl, gullied, Islam, epilepsy, palladium, belladonna, balcony, phillipic, milldam, deathlike; antelope, bullfinch. Use el: Film, filmy, vellum, Philomel, Philomela, Philomena, avalanche, monologue. Write both 1's up : Belial, a/coholic, lullaby, Carlisle, coolly. Write both 1's down: Filial, unfilial. Dictation Exercise. Lame, lamb, lake, lack, laming, launch, lackaday, lackey, lagged, leaky, league, leg, Icon, leakage, legatee, leaked, legged, Lima, lime, lick, like, lion, Limburg, licked, liked, llama, loamy, loom, look, log, looked, locked, logwood, logged, logom- achy, lucky, Luke, Luny, lunge, Lynch. Alamo, alma, alike, alchemy, alackaday, elm, elk, Electa, Ilion, illuminate, illuminati, Olney, Olinda, ulna. Afoul, avail, avowal, Baal, befall, befool, beryl, bowel, dial, duel, dual, espial, fall, fail, feel, fell, file, foil, foal, fool, fowl, jewel, Merrill, parole, peril, puerile, towel, vail, veal, vile, viol. Cheerily, duello, ethereally, fallow, felly, folly, follow, heavily, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. ideally, narrowly, Ophelia, Raleigh, rally, relay, royally, Rolla, tho- roughly, valley, villa, wifely. Anneal, annul, annually, biennial, Emanuel, gushingly, knell, magnolia, raanilla, Manuel, nail, Neal, newly, nighly, null, unkingly, youngly. Appealing, bailing, befooling, billing, boiling, bowling, coiling, cooling, dealing, defiling, doling, dulling, falling, failing, felling, filling, foiling, foaling, fooling, fopling, fueling, gulling, jeweling, killing, kneeling, knelling, lank, lengthy, lingo, long, lung, nailing, Oolong, paling, pealing, piling, polling, tilling, toiling, tolling, un- coiling, unfailing, veiling, youngling. Alabama, album, Albany, albino, Albion, Aleppo, alibi, alive, alluvia, allege, allied, alloyed, allopathic, Alp, aloof, also, Elba, elegaic, Elijah, Eliza, eulogium, elbow, eulogy, Iliad, lap, laugh, lave, lava, lathy, lathe, latch, lady, Lacy, lasso, lazy, laid, laughing, laving, lathing, leaf, leafy, leave, Levi, levy, lessee, levity, leaving, levying, lip, Liffy, life, live, Livia, Lieth, lithe, liege, lied, Livonia, living, lifetime, lop, loop, lobby, loaf, love, loath, loathe, lodge, Louis, lofty, loving, loathing, logic, luff, Lucy, Lydia, Olivia. Adelia, Amelia, appeal, appall, appellee, Angelo, Apollo, ball, bail, Bailey, ballet, balmily, Beal, bell, belie, belay, belly, bellow, below, beguile, Bengal, bill, billow, binomial, boil, Boyle, bull, bully, bylaw, callow, cabal, Camilla, calmly, chill, chyle, chilly, coil, coal, cool, cowl, comely, cupola, dale, daily, dally, deal, dell, delay, dill, dimly, Doyle, dole, doll, dolly, dull, duly, edile, effectually, Emilia, Emily, foggily, gall, gale, gaudily, gaily, galley, Gallia, gill, giddily, goal, Goliah, guile, gull, haply, happily, haughtily, Hadly, horridly, hurriedly, hugely, Isabella, jail, jalap, jelly, jole, jolly, jollity, Julia, jubilee, Juliana, keel, Kelly, kill, mall, mail, Malay, maypole, mam- malia, mantilla, meal, mealy, mellow, mill, mile, mole, Molly, Mobile, moodily, monthly, Mongolia, mull, nebula, nebulae, needily, oatmeal, opal, Osceola, outlie, outlaw, outlay, pail, pale, pal, Paley, peal, pec- cadillo, pill, pile, pillow, pillowy, pigtail, Piccadilly, Poll, pole, pool, Polly, pulley, tall, tale, tallow, tally, tallowy, tamely, Thule, tile, timely, toil, toll, uncomely, uncouthly, uncoil, unduly, untimely, up- lay, weightily, widely. Ability, Abimelich, agility, Amalek, anthology, apologue, apology, asleep, asylum, athletic, bailiff, Baalam, belch, belove, Bellamy, be- lied, beldame, Belknap, Belinda, Belgium, bilge, bilk, Bilboa, bow- leg, Bolivia, bowlegged, bulk, bulky, bullied, bulldog, bucolic, Caleb, calico, colic, colleague, dallied, delta, deluge, Delphic, delve, delv- ing, dialogue, eclogue, entomology, epilogue, etymology, evolve, evolving, failure, fealty, felony, filth, filch, foolery, Galway, Gallo- way, gallop, Galena, Gallic, Gaelic, galaxy, Goliath, Golgotha, gulf, gulp, italic, Kilkenny, Malachi, Malaga, Malta, malady, mameluke, Malvina, Malcolm, mail-coach, matchlock, melody, milch, milk, 124 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. milky, Milwaukee, mildew, mollify, moldy, Moloch, Molucca, Mol- davia, nymphlike, oblique, obligate, ophthalmia, outleap, outlive, palmetto, pelf, pelvic, Philip, pillory, pillowed, polity, Pollock, pop- lar, pomology, polemic, Polynesia, polygamy, Ptolemy, pulp, pulpy, public, rallied, theologic, tillage, tulip, unallayed, unalloyed, valve, villainy, village, vilify, vilifying. Baliol, Delilah, filially, Galilee, lilac, lolled, loyalty, lulled, owl- like, unfilially. EXERCISE XV. Upward and Downward R. See paragraphs 64 to 66. Par. 64 a. Rock, rogue, ruby, wreathe, roach, reissue, rag, rang, Raleigh, racy, renew, ready rebuke, royalty, rank, ravage, Roanoke, wryneck, rickety, wronged, rivet, retouch, radiate, reanimate. Par. 64 b. Ream, aroma, arm, ram, roomy, remove, roaming, rim, romp, ramifying, ruminate. Par. 64 c, Era, ire, awry, array, arrow, Eric, ergo, earl, our, orally, arrear, Aurora, irony, erelong, arrogate, arctic. Par. 64 d. Europe, orb, aerify, arch, aorta, arrayed, Arabic, archly, urbanity. Par. 65 a. Peer, pour, power, fire, affair, fewer, attire, widower, newer, char, corps, cower, lawyer, allayer, allure, headgear, Navarre, esquire, polar, boiler, miller, dealer, wrongdoer, reviewer. Par. 65 b. Mere, myrrh, amour, abhor, uproar, barrier, terror, narrower, higher, career, courier, empire, empower, interior. Par. 65 c. Opera, apiary, borrow, bureau, fairy, ivory, merry, Torrey, deary, dairy, theory, narrow, hedgerow, curry, cherry, Laura, foolery, mummery, imagery, notary, Victoria, capillary, Murray. Par. 66. Use ray: Heroic, horrid, purify, puerile, periwig, barony, forge, verify, mirth, merino, mirage, tardy, theorem, rarify, carriage, peril, parade, furrowed, deride, perfidy, Barnaby, veranda, temerity, debarring, unborrowed. User: Farm, forego, lyric, Newark, Jerome, girl, formula, fire- lock, decorum, alarm, aeriform, uniform, caloric, Carlisle. Dictation Exercise. Raw, ray, rake, rap, rajah, Ravenna, rabbi, wrath, wrathy, rage, rash, rally, rainy, Raphael, rayed, raid, range, rabbit, rack, reap, repay, review, reavow, reach, retchy, revealing, reengage, rejudged, recoiling, regaling, relay, reed, red, reedy, re- peal, repel, rebel (z>), Rebecca, refuge, refugee, revive, reveal, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 125 revenue, revoke, reviewing, reassume, renewal, renewing, rejudge, reechoed, recoil, regalia, regale, repaid, rebate, rebut, retail, retire, reattach, retake, readily, repealing, repelling, rebelling, revivify, re- viving, Khoda, rick, rig, rip, ripe, rib, rich, ridge, ridgy, ring, Riley, Riga, rid, ride, riot, richly, ringing, rightly, rocky, rook, rope, ropy, rob, robe, rouge, rowing, royal, rowell, Rolla, royally, Rousseau, rosy, Rosa, Rooney, rod, road, rood, rondeau, rue, rug, rupee, rub, Ruth, rush, Russia, rude, ruddy, ruining, rudely, ruing, rye, wreak, wreck, wreathe, wretch, wreathing, wrench, writhe, writhing, wringer, wroth, wrothy, wrong, wronging, wrung. Ramify, ramming, ramp, remedy, reembody, removing, reemerge, remarrying, rheum, rime, riming, Rome, roam, room, rum, rumage, rump. Air, airy, airily, area, ark, arena, army, Arno, armada, arming, arcade, Arcadia, Argyle, armadillo, archaeology, argue, Aurelia, ear, early, earldom, error, Erie, Ira, Irish, oral, Orrery, Uriah, Yarrow, year, yearly, York, Yorick. Arabia, Arab, Araby, Arabella, archy, archduke, archduchy, aright, earth, earthy, earthly, erratic, erudite, European, orthoepy, urge. Adair, adore, afire, afore, afar, ajar, arrear, assayer, avower, bar, beer, bear, bier, bore, boor, bower, bowler, buyer, Burr, car, catarrh, chair, chore, core, cur, cure, dare, door, dower, dyer, easier, essayer, fare, far, failure, fear, feeler, fir, filler, fowler, four, gear, gore, guitar, gyre, heavier, inure, jar, jeer, layer, lear, liar, lore, lower, lure, lyre, Malabar, molar, ne'er, nigher, pallor, paler, pear, peeler, pillar, pore, poor, purr, pyre, rapier, repair, repealer, tare, tar, taller, tailor, tear, tire, tiller, tiler, tore, tour, tower, toiler, unbar, unfair, valor, vilifier, waylayer. Admirer, anterior, aspire, bearer, borrower, carrier, currier, em- pire, Farrier, furor, hewer, inferior, immure, impair, impure, juror, mare, mayor, mar, mirror, Moor, mure, Myer, rare, rear, repairer, roar, terrier, unmoor, weightier. Assyria, Aurora, aviary, barrow, Barry, bewray, Bowery, bury, burrough, Gary, cheery, chary, Cora, Darrow, Derry, diary, diarrhea, dowry, Ellery, Elmira, emery, Ezra, farrow, ferry, fiery, forray, furry, furrow, fury, gory, Harry, hegira, Iberia, Jerry, jury, Kerry, Leary, Lyra, Mary, marrow, marry, malaria, memory, miry, morrow, Moray, mulberry, Norah, Orrery, parry, Palmyra, Perry, Peoria, Peru, peri, Pharaoh, raree, rotary, tarry, Tara, thorough, tiara, tory, tyro, vary, victory. Abhorring, acerb, acerbity, admiring, aforetime, aspiring, barb, barge, barrack, barrel, Barbery, beryl, birth, birch, Borneo, borrow- ing, borrowed, Borodino, Bordeaux, burial, Burke, burgh, burying, burrowing, buried, burrowed, carp, Caribee, carrying, carried, career- ing, cherub, cheerily, charily, Cherokee, cherubim, cherubic, char- 126 THE MANUAL OF I'HONOGRAl'HY. ioteer, Corfu, Corunna, corrode, curb, currying, curried, dearth, debark, demurring, dirty, dirge, Doric, emerge, embark, embargo, embowering, emburied, Escurial, ethereal, Faraday, faradic, farthing, ferriage, ferrying, ferried, forage, foredoom, foreknowing, furrowing, garb, gorge, gyratory, Harvey, harangue, Harriet, hardy, harried, harrowed, harangued, haranguing, Herrick, Hervey, hearth, hearty, heartily, heritage, horrify, Howard, horrific, horridly, hurrying, hurried, hurriedly, immuring, inamorata, inherit, Israel, Jared, Lo- retto, March, marriage, mark, marrying, marring, married, merely, merrily, merge, Meredith, mooring, Mordecai, Morocco, Murdock, murky, notoriety, outmarch, outpouring, outreach, outrage, outride, outroot, parity, parody, parole, parch, park, parrying, parried, para- bole, parabola, parvenu, parterre, paradigm, period, Perth, perch, peerage, peruke, perfume, periodic, pirouette, pirogue, porch, por- ridge, pork, Pomerania, purvey, purity, purge, purifying, purveying, Pyrrhic, rarity, rarely, rarifying, reared, roaring, roared, targe, tarry- ing, tarried, Tartary, tardily, terrify, terrific, terrifying, thoroughly, thorny, thyroid, thoroughfare, tirade, torch, torrid, tyranny, unmar- ried, unvaried, unvarying, unmarrying, unmooring, unearthly, up- right, uproot, usurp, varied, verifier, verifying. Alarming, cargo, carl, choleric, cork, curl, curly, fairly, farewell, farming, form, fork, forky, formulae, forming, forelock, forereach, inform, Jeremy, Jeremiah, joram, Kirk, lark, lurk, Palermo, poorly, power-loom, uncork, unfairly, virago. EXERCISE XVI. Upward and Downward Sh. Par. 67. Use ish: Abash, ambush, marshy, Ishmael, coyish, unshod, charade, famish, Russia, push, shy, hush, oceanic, barouche, shank, perish, shadowy, gnash, cashier, wash, shearer, bushy, rush, gush, mash. Use shay: Dash, sheave, fish, abolished, whitish, shelve, lavish, shyly, foo/ish, cheviot, polishing, Shiloh, toyshop, elfish, shell, fore- shadow. Dictation Exercise. Acacia, apish, ash, ashy, Asia, Ashby, ashore, Ashantee, babyish, bearish, bishop, boyish, bush, bullrusn, cassia, cash, calabash, chamois, cherish, Chicago, doggish, foppish, gash, gush, gushingly, hash, Irish, issue, issued, Jewish, Joshua, mash, marsh, mashed, mawkish, mesh, mush, Nashua, Nashville, newish, Oceanica, pasha, parish, Persia, pish, popish, rash, rakish, reissue, Romish, roguish, rush, rubbish, Shaw, shah, shape, shabby, shame, sham, Shawnee, shake, shag, shaggy, share, shade, shad, shampoo, shamrock, shady, shadow, shabbily, shaming, shamming, shanty, she, sheep, Sheba, Shem, sheath, sheathe, sheer, sherry, THE MAXl'AL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 127 shed, Shenandoah, sheepish, sheathing, ship, shiny, shied, shipwreck, .shipshape, shiboleth, shod, show, showy, shoe, shop, showish, shock, shook, shore, shower, showery, showed, shoed, shoetie, unshady, unsheathe, unsheathing, washy, Wabash, waggish, wish. Ashley, chevalier, dashing, dish, dishing, efficiency, fishy, fireship, knavish, lashed, lavishing, polished, ravish, ravishing, shave, shav- ing, shawl, shale, shallow, shallop, shallowly, sheaf, Shelby, shelf, shilling, shoal, shoaly, shove, shoving, Theodosia, tissue, toyish, tush, wettish. EXERCISE XVII. Mp and Mb. When a vowel comes between the two consonants use the two strokes : Mope, moped, map, mapped, mop, mopped, Mab, mob, mobbed. When no vowel intervenes, use the stroke ^~^: Imp, dump, limp, bumping, temple, Pompeii, amply, impel, rumple, lamp, dimple, jump, camp, shampoo, umpire. Limbo, timbal, embargo, ambiguity, rumble, embalm, nimbly, bamboo, fumble. Dictation Exercise. Ample, bump, camping, champ, chump, damp, damping, dumpy, dumping, empire, empower, impale, impair, impede, impeach, impiety, impute, impure, jumping, limply, lump, pimple, pomp, Pompey, pump, ramp, romp, rump, tamping, thump, thumping, wampum. Ambush, Bombay, embark, embalming, embower, embowering, embody, imbuing, jumble, mumble, nimble, ramble, reembody, shamble, thimble, tumble, unimbued. EXERCISE XVIII. Vowel Grammalogues. Par. 70. Write the signs for the grammalogues, filling a line with each sign: The, a, an, and, all, too, two, already, before, ought, aught, who, of, to, or, but, on, should. I. Take no oath; make no vow; but if thou make it keep it. 2. They who do ill to-day may feel ill to-morrow. 3. Day by day, do each daily duty and be happy. 4. Fear to do wrong to anybody, but be ready to do right to all. 5. Too much love of money may make a thief of anybody. 6. Love should teach us to pity and help the poor and weak. 7. A knave or a fool may lure the weak to folly. 8. He who owes the debt may fail to pay aught of it. 9. All of us 128 THE MANUAL OK 1'HONOIIKAPHY. ought to be loving, each to each. 10. Enjoy thy youth and thy hope before they fade away. n. They do ill who add length to a tale already too long. 12. The foolish heed nothing but to eat and be merry. 13. The ill hap of an hour may take away the joy of a life- time. 14. If two share a joy they add joy to joy. 15. Take time to toil and time to enjoy the effect of toil. EXERCISE XIX. Simple Consonant Grammalogues. Page 38. Write the signs for the grammalogues, filling a line with each sign: Up, be, it, do, which, advantage, common, come, give, to- gether, for, have, think, them, so, was, shall, shall, usual, usually. I. The falling out of them who love doth renew love. 2. They who do ill shall come to feel ill. 3. They usually fail who fear to make the essay. 4. They who think life was given us merely to enjoy it know nothing of life. 5. The right way of living ought also to be the usual way. 6. Do wrong and thou shall pay for it. 7. They who think of nothing but lo enjoy life live bul poorly. 8. Many ask for money bul few are ready to give it. 9. They who toil for a living usually have no time to enjoy it. 10. They who aim lo make a show of having much money usually have much ado lo keep il up. II. The rich and ihe mighty usually aim at power lo which they have no right. 12. If ihe mighly lake advanlage of the weak, the weak usually aim al revenge on the mighty. 13. No remedy of the law should be out of reach of the common folk. 14. The love of money and the love of humanity rarely go logelher. 15. Many have so much lo do they do it but poorly. EXERCISE XX. Simple Consonant Grammalogues. Concluded. Page 40. For each of ihe following grammalogues wrile the corre- sponding logogram, filling a line wilh each : Will, are, me, my, him, may, imporlanl, imporlance, improve, improved, improvement, in, any, no, know, thing, young, way, your. i. They are bul poor who have too much. 2. Know the way to make your life a happy life make it a busy life. 3. They are happy who toil day by day for both bodily and mental improve- THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 129 ment. 4. Each day and each hour should be improved by the young. 5. The fool will feel no love for them who wish to teach him to im- prove. 6. They who know anything which may be important for all to know ought to say so right away. 7. Aim to know each tiling which may be of much importance in your life. 8. Love me, love my dog. 9. They who go into debt may wait long before they come out. 10. Death will come alike to youth and age, to rich and poor, to mighty and lowly, n. The fool will beat the bush and the knave will catch the game. 12. Give an inch to many and they will take an ell. 13. The fool will eat the cake and think to have it too. 14. They who are far ahead to-day may be far to the rear to-morrow. 15. Keep thy shop and thy shop will keep thee. EXERCISE XXI. Diphthong, Coalescent, and Aspirate Grammalogues. Page 42. For each of the following grammalogues write the corre- sponding logogram, filling a line with each : I, how, we, with, were, what, would, ye, yet, beyond, you, he. i. Show me a liar and I will show you a thief. 2. Do what you ought to do and you will be happy. 3. Aim to be in fact what you would appear to be. 4. The poor at all time ye have with you. 5. He who would be happy should also be busy. 6. They are happy who know how to improve each day and hour. 7. We all carry with us a weight of debt which we should have paid long ago. 8. We ought to look beyond the fear of to-day and reach out to the hope of to-morrow. 9. We have to thank our own folly for much of the ill we bear. 10. You may hear fair talk come out of the mouth of any knave. II. Many know why they ought to do right, and yet dare to do wrong. 12. If no money were to be had we should all be rich and poor alike. 13. They who keep at home all the time know noth- ing beyond home. 14. I am rich enough if I am happy with what I have. 15. They are lucky who love to do what they are paid to do. EXERCISE XXII. Joining of Circles S and Z. See paragraph 79. Par. 79 a. P-s, t-s, ray-s, s-p, s-g, n-t-s, k-ch-s, t-ray-s, n-h-s, s-p-t, s-p-ray-b, s-t-k, s-g-n-f, s-ray-v, s-t-s, s-ray-s, s-t-k-s, s-j-k-s, s-ray-p-s. THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. Par. 79 b. F-s, dh-s, ar-s, w-s, s-th, s-ng, ray-th-s, p-z-s, k-lay-s, m-n-s, s-f-t, s-th-k, s-s-t, s-z-ar, s-n-ch, s-ar-s, s-lay-s, s-m-s, s-w-s, s-v-ng-s, s-dh-ng-s, s-z-ar-s, s-ar-k-s, s-n-f-s. Par. 79 c. P-s-t, p-s-k, p-s-j, t-s-t, t-s-k, d-s-k, d-s-ray-el, k-s-d, g-s-p, ray-s-p, ray-s-ray. Par. 79 d. F-s-el, f-s-n, v-s-el, v-s-n, tli-s-el, s-s-ar, lay-s-lay, el-s-ng, ar-s-n, m-s-ish, m-s-ni, mp-s-m, n-s-m ; f-s-m, v-s-m, th-s-m, n-s-lay-ray, v-s-lay-j, th-s-lay. Par. 79 e. D-s-ar, ch-s-el, ch-s-n, j-s-n, k-s-m, ray-s-v, ray-s-ng, h-s-ng, f-s-k, lay-s-p, m-s-t, m-s-ray, n-s-ray. Dictation Exercise. B-s, d-s, ch-s, j-s, k-s, g-s, h-s, s-p, s-t, s-d, s-ch, s-j, s-k, s-ray, ray-p-s, ray-b-s, b-d-s, j-j-s, p-k-s, b-g-s, s-t-k, s-ch-k, s-j-k, s-k-p, s-p-s, s-b-s, s-t-s, s-ch-s, s-j-s, s-k-s, s-g-s, s-p-k-s, s-b-ray-b-s, s-d-ray-s, s-ch-k-s, s-k-b-s, s-g-t-s. V-s, th-s, s-s, z-s, ish-s, zh-s, lay-s, m-s, mp-s, n-s, ng-s, y-s, s-f, s-v, s-dh, s-z, s-ish, s-zh, s-lay, s-ar, s-m, s-mp, s-n, s-w, s-y, ray-f-s, n-v-s, ray-dh-s, ray-ish-s, ray-zh-s, t-ar-s, n-m-s, f-ng-s, t-w-s, f-el-s, s-v-n, s-dh-ng, s-z-ar, s-ish-b, s-lay-p, s-ar-lay, s-m-lay, s-mp-lay, s-n-p, s-ng-ar, s-w-mp, s-f-s, s-v-s, s-th-s, s-dh-s, s-z-s, s-ish-s, s-zh-s, s-ar-s, s-m-s, s-n-s, s-ng-s, s-y-s, s-f-el-s, s-th-k-s, s-s-t-s, s-ish-p-s, s-el-ng-s, s-m-k, s-mp-lay-s, s-ng-k-s, s-w-mp-s. P-s-d, p-s-j, b-s-ray, b-s-t, p-s-ch, p-s-k, t-s-d, d-s-t, d-s-d, d-s-g-s, ch-s-t-s, j-s-t-s, k-s-p-s, k-s-t, k-s-k, k-s-ray, g-s-t-lay, g-s-ray, ray-s-t, ray-s-d, ray-s-k. F-s-f, f-s-shay-s, f-s-ar, f-s-ng, v-s-f-s, v-s-ar, v-s-ng, n-th-s-ng, s-s-n, el-s-v, lay-s-ar, lay-s-m*, el-s-n, ar-s-ar, ar-s-m, m-s-v, m-s-s, m-s-lay, m-s-ar, m-s-n, m-s-ng, mp-s-v, mp-s-lay, n-s-f, n-s-v-ray, n-s-el, n-s-n, n-s-ng. *- P-s-f-el, p-s-el, p-s-ar, p-s-m, p-s-n, p-s-ng, b-s-v, p-s-lay, b-s-ar, b-s-m, b-s-n, b-s-ng, t-s-f, t-s-ar, t-s-n, d-s-v, d-s-el, d-s-n, d-s-ng, ch-s-ar, ch-s-ng, j-s-f, ray-j-s-ng, k-s-ng, g-s-ng, ray-s-lay, ray-s-n, h-s-lay, h-s-n, f-s-t, f-s-d, v-s-t, lay-s-t, m-s-k, mb-s-k-d, n-s-t, ng-s-t. EXERCISE XXIII. Words Containing Circles S and Z. See paragraph 81. Par. 8l a. Base, decks, keels, hops, palace, rouse, oppose, tongs, collapse, rankness, veracious, educe, chops, happiness, genius, lus- cious, Thomas, annex, lameness, waves, unwise, peruse, arduous. Par. 8l b. Pious, bias, Elias, Louis, joyous, /Kneas, Jewess, chaos, Tobias, Darius, Boaz. Par. 8l c. Seat, said, snow, snub, spool, scathe, Celia, soothing, THE MAM'AI. OK 1'HOM KJU A I'll V. sleeve, solemn, serious, suffice, selvage, secular, solidity, ceremony, survive, sparrow, Swede, silly, Samuel, swamp, scourge, savagely, superb. Par. 8 1 d. Science, sawyer, sewer, suet, sower, scion, Suez, Siam, Sienna, sciatic, sciatica, sewage, cyanic. Par. 8 1 e. Sigh, pussy, icy, policy, Odessa, Esau, fuzzy, spicy, foresee, Chelsea, daisy, busy, gassy, m.\or,K A 1'H V. geance, diligence, dispense, assistance, instance, impudence, elegance, expanse, heightens. Par. 106 a. Pounces, tenses, chances, dances, dispenses, re- sponses. Par. 106 b. Fences, offenses, evinces, minces, essences, lances, lenses, summonses, dissonances, resonances, excellences. Par. 107. Pounced, bounced, danced, chanced, canst, against, rinsed, instanced, dispensed, distanced. Punster, spinster. Silenced, fenced, evinced, minced, lanced, summonsed. Leinster, minster. Dictation Exercise. Abstain, acorn, adorn, anon, arraign, assign, aspen, bane, bastion, beckon, bobbin, button, bullion, campaign, cabin, champion, cheapen, chin, colon, coin, dawn, detain, discern, din, engine, examine, felon, festoon, foreign, gammon, haven, hair- pin, herein, heroine, heathen, Hessian, hearken, hidden, homespun, humane, illumine, Italian, Japan, keen, keystone, lampoon, lapstone, lagoon, lemon, legion, linen, liken, masculine, marine, machine, milestone, minion, muslin, open, orphan, oxygen, pain, patten, pip- pin, piston, rain, refine, remain, renown, reckon, ripen, roughen, saturnine, Satan, scan, sexton, serene, shorn, silken, sloven, smitten, spin, stiffen, stolen, stern, summon, sultan, sullen, sustain, surgeon, talon, thin, thine, thorn, turn, uneven, urban, wagon, weapon, whet- stone, woven, yearn. Aphony, Arno, assignee, avenue, P>inney, bonny, bony, China, coney, Dana, Diana, duenna, Egina, Eugenia, Fanny, fenny, finny, genii, Guinea, Guiana, Havana, hackney, Harney, hernia, horny, Illinois, irony, Jonah, Joanna, Kinney, Lena, mania, many, money, Mooney, Pawnee, pony, Ranney, renew, Rooney, Taney, tiny, ulna, viny, veiny. Athenian, bandog, banish, bunch, bunchy, buttonweed, button- wood, buttonhole, canary, cabinboy, conic, Cognac, downfall, evanish, evening, fawning, fanning, feigning, feigningly, finisher, finishing, fining, finance, leanly, leaner, Leonora, leavening, lineally, linear, manure, malignly, millenium, millinery, millionaire, Minorca, moon- beam, monarchy, monarchic, Monroe, occupancy, openness, opulency, paunch, piquancy, ponderous, poppinjay, punisher, pulmonic, punch, punish, ravening, redolency, roughening, skindeep, softening, spinach, Spanish, supineness, thinness, thinning, tinfoil, towntalk, vainness, vanishing. Arraigns, dissonance, evince, fawns, feigns, fines, fins, heavens, Hessians, impatience, irons, lance, leans, lines, loins, loans, loons, manes, mince, mines, moans, nuns, offense, omniscience, patience, resonance, shins, shines, summons, thanes, thence. 138 THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. Accidence, attains, atones, awakens, bans, beans, bins, bones, boons, buns, canes, chins, chains, cons, cones, coons, dance, deans, deigns, dens, dense, distance, dins, dines, dons, downs, duns, ex- pense, gains, gowns, guns, impotence, inelegance, joins, kens, pawns, pans, pence, pens, Phillipines, pines, Poins, puns, rains, response, rounce, runs, sapience, suspense, tans, teens, tense, tines, Tompkins, tons, tones, towns, weakens. Assistances, bounces, diligences, distances, dunces, elegances, ex- penses, expanses, instances, rinses, suspenses, vengeances. EXERCISE XXIX. The F-V Hook. See paragraphs 108 to 112. Par. no<;. Puff, beef, doff, chaff, calf, Gough, reef, rebuff, tariff, sheriff, scuff, seraph. Pave, dive, rave, heave, dative, repave, Argive, bereave. Pur. I lo f>. Puffy, edify, defy, coffee, purify, verify. Agave, bevy, Batavia, Davy, Java, Jehova, covey, anchovy, purvey, Fairview, larva, larvae, Harvey, Hervey, survey. Par. in. Buffer, taffeta, toughen, toughness, defeat, chaffing, chafing, cougher, rifle, raffle, rougher, refer. Recover, recovery, paver, paving, obviate, bivouac, devote, devotee, cover, rival, river, revery, revere. Par. 112. Puffs, doffs, coughs, reefs, rebuffs, tariffs, carafes, seraphs. Calves, achieves, raves, heaves, archives, serves. Dictation Exercise. Buff, caitiff, carafe, chief, chafe, chuff, cough, coif, cuff, deaf, epitaph, gaff, giraffe, guff, hoof, huff, Jeff, rife, roof, rough, scoff, skiff, surf. Achieve, archive, behave, Dave, dove (past tense o/Jnv), dove (a bird), gyve, hive, hove, Jove, khedive, reave, rive, rove, serve, up- heave, votive. Beefy, beatify, chaffy, citify, deify, horrify, Jaffy, Morphy, Murphy, rarify, speechify, taffy, terrify. Beefs, buffs, caitiffs, chiefs, chafes, coifs, cuffs, epitaphs, gaffs, gi- raffes, hoofs, roofs, scoffs, scuffs, sheriffs, skiffs, surfs. Argives, behaves, bereaves, dives, gyves, hives, khedives, paves, reaves, repaves, rives, roves, upheaves. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 139 EXERCISE XXX. The Shun-hook. See paragraphs 113 to 118. Par. 114 a. Fashion, evasion, omission, oration, abolition, viola- tion, intimation, mention, division, ignition, ascension, domination, assignation, reanimation, expostulation, starvation, definition, postu- lation, distension, assassination, collision, fascination, inanition, repulsion- Par. 114 (i). Section, fiction, adhesion, eviction, hesitation, infection, deception, suspicion, recitation, exception, execution, ex- action, benefaction, emancipation, institution, restitution, ulceration, deification, subsection. Par. 114^ (2). Option, passion, auction, cushion, abortion, diction, adoration, allegation, erection, inaction, caption, apparition, abjec- tion, adaption, reduction, libation, extortion, iteration, separation, seduction, restoration, castigation, rejection, assertion. Par. 114^(3). Edition, optician, obtusion, erudition, agitation, repetition, invitation, cogitation, facilitation, expedition, affectation. Par. 114^(4). Optional, additional, rational, auctioneer, occa- sional, dictionary, sectional, executioner. Par. 115^. Tuition, situation, variation, evacuation, attenuation, deviation (r-hook), alleviation, radiation, insinuation, expiation, extenuation, affiliation, delineation, humiliation, palliation, retal- iation. Par. 115 c. Association, vitiation, emaciation, initiation, renun- ciation. Par. 116. Passions, visions, emotions, orations, actions, mansions, revisions, sections, locations, exertions, portions, associations, temp- tations, assertions, occupations, injections, inventions, distinctions, suspicions, resolutions, abortions, delusions, opticians, repetitions, allegations. Par. 117. Position, physician, secession, excision, causation, supposition, vexation, indecision, dispossession, annexation, dis- pensation. Positions, abscissions, decisions, recessions, excisions, impositions, sensations, dispositions, annexations, pulsations. Dictation Exercise. Ablution, abomination, absolution, accu- mulation, admission, adulation, allusion, ambition, ammunition, 140 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPH V. animation, appellation, assumption, ascension, attention, cessation, coalition, coagulation, collation, damnation, delusion, derision, de- famation, demolition, detention, derivation, dejection, destination, designation, devotion, diffusion, dilation, divination, dissension, dissimulation, dissemination, distinction, donation, effusion, evolu- tion, elation, elevation, elimination, emulation, exhalation, expansion, formation, hallucination, illusion, immolation, impulsion, inhalation, infusion, invasion, involution, invention, intimation, locomotion, lotion, mansion, manipulation, mission, motion, munition, nation, notion, oblation, oppugnation, ovation, pension, pollution, popu- lation, reascension, remission, resignation, resolution, retention, revision, ruination, rumination, salivation, scintillation, session, stag- nation, suffusion, tension, undulation, vaccination, vacillation, vatici- nation, vision. Affection, avocation, bisection, citation, cohesion, destitution, discussion, dislocation, dissection, dissipation, edification, elucidation, excitation, exertion, exhibition, exudation, faction, gestation, im- bibation, inception, laceration, legation, location, locution, mani- festation, ossification, oxidation, pacification, reception, restitution, revisitation, revocation, selection, station, suction, vacation, vene- section, visitation, vocation. Aberration, abnegation, action, acceleration, adoption, admiration, alienation, allocation, amelioration, apportion, arrogation, aspiration, benediction, caution, cooperation, corrosion, decoction, defection, demarkation, distortion, ejection, election, elocution, elongation, enaction, eruption, eradication, exacerbation, exaggeration, exhilara- tion, fumigation, inhibition, injection, incubation, inspiration, irri- gation, irruption, litigation, melioration, negation, occasion, occupa- tion, operation, peroration, portion, potion, reaction, reapportion, reelection, reenaction, reiteration, reparation, rogation, rustication, subjugation, suspiration, usurpation, variagation. Addition, amputation, annotation, capitation, deputation, dictation, eructation, felicitation, habitation, imputation, inundation, limitation, mutation, notation, palpitation, partition, petition, potation, rendition, rotation, vegetation. Actionary, additionally, cautionary, electioneer, exceptional, extor- tioner, occasionally, petitionary, petitioner, rationally, stationary, stationer, stationery. Additions, admissions, allusions, appellations, auctions, avocations, benedictions, cautions, carnations, castigations, citations, collations, collisions, coronations, cushions, deputations, definitions, derivations, destinations, designations, deceptions, decoctions, divisions, dicta- tions, discussions, distortions, dissensions, donations, ebullitions, editions, effusions, ejections, elisions, elections, elongations, eleva- tions, emissions, eruptions, eructations, eradications, evasions, exag- gerations, exceptions, executions, exhibitions, exhalations, expansions, THK MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 14! expeditions, fashions, fascinations, fusions, habitations, illusions, impulsions, inhalations, inspirations, institutions, intimations, innun- dations, invitations, legations, libations, limitations, lotions, mani- festations, mentions, missions, motions, nations, notions, occasions, omissions, operations, ovations, partitions, pensions, petitions, pota- tions, potions, reascensions, receptions, refashions, remissions, ren- ditions, renovations, renunciations, ruminations, selections, separa- tions, sessions, stations, undulations, vacations, visitations, vocations. Abscission, accession, accusation, apposition, decision, deposition, disposition, dissuasion, fossilization, incision, imposition, taxation, nationalization, opposition, possession, pulsation, reannexation, re- cession, repossession, sensation, solemnization, succession, symboliza- tion, taxation. Accessions, accusations, causations, depositions, dissuasions, dis- pensations, incisions, laxations, oppositions, physicians, possessions, reannexations, secessions, solemnizations, successions, suppositions, symbolizations, vexations. EXERCISE XXXI. Final Hook Grammalogues. Page 60. For each of the following grammalogues write the corre- sponding logogram, filling a line with each : Upon, been, ten, done, general, generally, can, again, phonography, than, then, alone, man, men, opinion, none, above, whatever, differ, differed, different, differ- ence, gave, whichever. I. The man who lives but for his own sake is lower than the beasts. 2. No opinion is so general but some will refuse to receive it. 3. The rich man generally becomes possessed by his riches and then he is a slave. 4. The man who takes pains is like to attain success by which- ever road he may choose to seek it. 5. If the young but gave a small portion of time to master phonography they would save it again and again. 6. Whatever you have to do, do as soon as you can. 7. If I have done all I can, I have done all you can ask. 8. Any man can give an opinion but few can take advice. 9. Men's opinions have always differed and it is safe to say they always will differ. 10. A fool can give an opinion upon ten different themes before a wise man can upon two. II. If phonography were generally written we should all save much time which now is lost. 12. Nothing is mine alone; but mine to use, to enjoy and to share with my fellow men. 13. Men have long been of different opinions as to the right of any man to own a portion of the earth. 14. No mere difference of opinion can 142 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. justify violence in man against man. 15. Set your affections on things above and on none of the things on the earth. EXERCISE XXXII. The Small W-hook. See paragraphs 122 to 129. Par. 122. Wail, wall, walrus, wane, war, warden, warm, wan, wealth, weariness, welcome, welfare, wench, wile, willow, win, wince, window, wolf, woman, woolly, wordy, worried, worthless, warranty. Par. 127. Edwin, unworn, beware, outworn, half worn, Epworth, unworthy, unwearied, wayworn. Par. 128. Swam, swain, swarm, swarthy, swerve, swill, swirl, swollen, sworn, boatswain. Par. 129. Whale, whaler, wheel, whelm, whence, whilom, whimsi- cal, whirling, whine, whorl, whinny, wheelman, wharfage, whaleback. Dictation Exercise. Wailer, wain, Wainwright, wale, Wallack, Waller, Wallis, wall-less, Walloon, wallop, wallow, wan-faced, wanly, wanness, wanton, wantonness, war-chief, war-dance, war-horse, war- knife, war-path, war-ship, war-song, war-whoop, war-worn, ware, warehouse, wareroom, warfare, warily, wariest, warlike, warming, warmth, warn, warner, warp, Warren, warring, warrior, wary, weal, wealthy, wean, wear, wearer, wearing, wearisome, weary, Welch, welkin, Wellington, Welsh, wen, werwolf, wiliness, wilier, wily, wincing, window-seat, Windsor, wine, Winnebago, winner, winning, winnow, winsome, winsomeness, wire, wire-edge, wire-puller, wiri- ness, wiry, wolf-dog, wolfish, wolf-skin, wolves, womanish, women, womanishness, women-folk, won, wool, woolen, woolpack, work, workaday, workhouse, worm, worm-eaten, wormwood, worn, worri- some, worry, worst, worth, worthily, worthier, worthlessly, worthy. Forswear, forsworn, swallow, swallowed, swan, swarming, swarth- ier, swarthiest, swarthiness, swear, swell, swim, swimmer, swimming, swine, swinish, swirling, swoon, swore, swum. Whaleboat, whalebone, whaleman, whale-oil, wharf, wharfman, wharfmaster, wheelbarrow, Wheeler, wheel-house, wheelway, wheel- work, wheel-worn, wheelwright, whelk, whelp, wherry, while, whilst, whim, whimsically, whimsicalness, whimsy, whining, whiningly, whir, whirl, whirligig, whirlpool. EXERCISE XXXIII. The L-hook. See paragraphs 130 to 134. Par. 133. Plea, plow, blow, flee, flow, claw, clay, glue. Apple, able, idle, addle, eagle, ogle, awful, evil, oval, idol. Apply, ably, idly, eclat, ugly, awfully. THK MAMAI. OF PHONOGRAPHY. 143 Plum, Plato, pledge, bluff, bleach, flume, flowery, flag, claim, glassy, bleat, clinch, gluttony, blossom, classic, flax, plowman, flagon, planet, platonic, flamingo, clemency, globular, flabbiness, clearance. Abler, oblige, idler, applies, addles, afflict, appliance, eclipsing, acclivity, eclectic, affluence, acclamation, ableness. Woful, waggle, Bible, facial, meekly, tickle, employ, ireful, chapel, goggle, magical, chemical, devilish, speckle, suitably, diplomacy, radical, obstacle, vocalist, legibly, roguishly, emblem, deplore, shuf- fler, unstable. Par. 134. Petal, battle, Mitchell, nobly, wriggle, novel, bungle, finical, terrible, assailable, revival, ineffable, cavalry, memorably, reflect, scutfle, indelible, unclasp, replevin, anglicize, amicably, fiddler, inflame, unlovely, dominical. Dictation Exercise. Blew, blue, clayey, Chloe, cloy, clue, flaw, flay, flew, flue, fly, glee, glow, gluey, play, ply. Blackmail, blame, blasphemy, blazed, blazoning, blazon, blemish, blessedly, blight, bliss, blithe, block, blockhead, bloodiness, blueish- ness, blush, clammy, clarifying, clarion, clash, clause, cleanse, clearly, clench, clerical, clerk, climax, clip, clog, closely, cloth, clownish, club, clumsy, flaccid, flange, flab, flash, flask, flaxen, fleece, Flemish, flog, floridly, florist, flounce, flower, fluency, fluid, glance, glass, glazed, gleam, glen, glibly, glimpse, glisten, globe, globule, glossy, glottis, phlegm, plan, plank, plastic, platoon, please, pleased, pliancy, pluck, plumbago, plume, plunge, plus, Plymouth. Acclaim, acclimation, afflatus, affliction, afflictive, applaud, applause, apple-pie, apples, applicable, applicably, application, awfulness, eagles, eclipsed, effloresce, effluence, effluvia, effluvium, evil-doer, evilness, evils, idleness, idles, idols, ogles. Amiable, arable, audible, available, beneficial, biblical, bubble, buckle, bugle, cackle, cheaply, chivalry, cubical, curable, declare, declivity, desirably, diploma, double, edible, eligible, employer, es- pecial, esplanade, faculty, fickle, firefly, fumbler, geological, giggle, heretical, hovel, idiotical, implore, infallible, inimitable, juggler, knavishly, lavishly, likelihood, localism, logical, mystical, nimble, official, oracle, palatial, pebble, periodical, pliable, poetical, powerful, pupil, removal, resumable, shovel, shuffle, shuttle, smuggle, stifle, stoical, table, tangible, teachable, theistical, thickly, thievishly, tick- lish, tipple, total, useful, vocal, weavil, wiggle. Admirable, affable, alienable, angler, answerable, barnacle, bell- flower, Bethel, bevel, botanical, bottle, bungler, canonical, cavalcade, cavil, chilblain, circle, couple, cynical, dangler, definable, dissoluble, doleful, empirical, enable, enviable, feeble, fiddle, gavel, gobble, haggle, Hannibal, healable, hierarchal, ignoble, inclosed, inclusive, 144 THE MANUAL OF rHONOGUAl'HY. inflict, invariably, jungle, knuckle, levelness, libel, lovable, mingle, miserable, movably, muffler, navigable, nibbler, nickle, novelty, paddle, panoply, pedal, rabble, rankly, reasonable, receivable, reflex, regal, repealable, replaced, repletion, shackle, snaffle, tangle, tech- nical, tinkle, uncle, volubly, wrangle, wrinkle, wrathful. EXERCISE XXXIV. The R-hook. See paragraphs 135 to 137. Par. 135. Pry, bray, free, trio, draw, throw, shrew, crow, gray. Offer, eater, eider, ether, usher, acre, augur. Affray, agree. Prop, prowl, breathe, dream, trudge, freak, crumb, drag, shiill, grieve, bruise, thrice, bright, broken, driven, frenzy, prepare, traj-ic, brevity, critic, trustee, prince, trickle, crisis. April, abridge, utterly, across, egregious, overlap, atrocity, adroit, ushers, oversee, apron, approve, address, attrition, oppressed, over- turn, overflow, egress, overcome, Africa, eagerly, oppressor, average, approach, aphorism. Poetry, powder, fiber, major, labor, teacher, leisure, robber, knocker, victor, gentry, poultry, fabric, theatric, alacrity, lethargy, spatter, slavery, flavor, clever, improper, chagrin, impress, increase, patronage, preacher. Defray, wafer, baker, talker, Dover, jobber, checker, algebra, out- break, diagram, chatter, tigress, depravity, astrology, epigram, mim- icry, taper, arbor, chaffer, begrime, joker, wicker, tether, diaphragm. Dictation Exercise. Brew, brow, crew, cry, dray, drew, dry, fray, fro, fry, grow, pray, prow, threw, through, tray, tree, trow, try. Adder, aider, author, azure, eager, either, ichor, ochre, odor, ogre, Ophir, other, otter, outer, utter. Brain, bravery, breach, bribe, brick, bridle, brisk, broom, crab, crank, crawl, crayon, create, credence, crime, crisp, crop, crossed, cruelty, crusty, drain, dreary, drench, drive, droll, drop, drowsy, drudge, frail, frame, fresco, fresh, fresher, frost, frothy, grab, gra- cious, graphic, grasp, grass, greedy, groom, grudge, gruel, phrase-. prefix, premium, price, princess, prism, process, progress, promise, propose, proxy, shrimp, shrine, shrink, shrivel, thread, thresh, thrifty, throes, trace, tracery, track, traffic, trail, train, trash, treatise, trellis, trim, trouble. Aberdeen, Abraham, Abrahamic, Abram, abrasion, accretion, acri- mony, addressed, addressing, Adrian, afresh, African, aggregate, aggression, aggressive, aggrieve, agreeable, agreeably, Agrippa, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Akron, appraised, appreciable, apprisal, approachable, approbation, approbative, approval, approve, apropos, atrocious, authoress, author- ize, authorized, ebriety, Ephraim, Euphrates, O'Brien, offers, ogress, O'Grady, oppress, oppressing, oppression, oppressive, opprobrious, opprobrium, overalls, overbear, overblown, overbuy, overdo, over- done, ov rdose, everdraw, overgrowth, overhang, overhear, overlay, overlook, overmuch, overpass, overpay, overpower, overreach, over- ride, overrun, overruling, overshadow, overweening, overwhelm, over- whelming, overwork, utterable, utterer. Angry, archer, badger, barber, betray, blubber, cambric, camphor, cater, cleverly, cockerel, copper, daughter, dodger,' electric, embroil, enshrine, entry, favorer, federation, feverish, gather, harbinger, heifer, highpriest, hither, hopper, hungry, impressed, improvise, intrigue, labyrinth, library, liquor, livery, lodger, lounger, maneuver, mongrel, obliger, obtrusion, paper, pilgrim, pusher, rasher, reaffirming, recross, rector, redress, refresh, reproach, rigor, shelter, shiver, shoulder, snapper, sugar, sulphur, tatter, tawdry, unbroken, unthrifty, viper, voucher, wagers, withdrawal, worker. Algebraic, ascribe, Australasia, autocracy, autocratic, autographic, beaker, beggar, beggarly, begriming, begrudge, Beverly, biographic, checkers, chider, chowder, choker, chopper, dapper, daybreak, decree, decrial, defrayer, degree, depressed, deprive, dethrone, digger, digress, fireproof, geographer, geographic, harper, hypocrisy, jabber, Jeffrey, jeopardy, Jethro, jigger, leapfrog, mackerel, maker, meager, outbrave, outcry, outgrown, Picardy, pickerel, pucker, Shadrach, smoker, tiger, tigerish, Tipperary, toper, tubercle, tucker, typography, watchmaker, wavers, weaker, weaver, Weber, weeper. EXERCISE XXXV. Irregular Double Consonants. See paragraphs 138 and 139. Par. 138. Panel, final, venal, tunnel, kennel, unless, original, nominal, flannel, spinal, signal, diagonal, analyze, channel, penalty, cardinal. Exceedingly, glowingly, jugglingly, shufflingly, cavilingly, curl- ingly, bloomingly, obligingly, flamingly, glaringly, sparingly. Enamel, animal, camel, enameling, malignity, animalness. Laurel, coral, carol, caroling, spiral, spirally, rural, ruralness. Choler, collar, scholar, Schiller, nailer, kneeler, color, Kneller, cooler. Humor, roamer, warmer, calmer, former, Limerick, schemer, primer, tremor, grammar. 146 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Inner, minor, tenor, tannery, mineral, funeral, enrich, enrage, unravel, unriddler. Dictation Exercise. Aboriginal, analist, analogical, analogically, analyzed, analyzer, annals, autumnal, Bacchanal, channeling, diag- onally, diurnal, enliven, fennel, finally, funnel, hexagonal, impanel, impaneling, kenneling, marginal, marginally, nominally, octagonal, originally, paneling, penal, seminaL tunneling, venally. Blamer, brimmer, chimer, clamorous, defamer, dreamer, drummer, enamor, ephemeral, farmer, femoral, flummery, formerly, framer, glimmer, hammer, hammering, hammers, Homer, humoring, humors, rimer, rumor, rumoring, skimmer, trimmer. Banner, deanery, dinner, donor, Eleanor, enrank, enravish, enrav- ishing, generous, honor, honoring, honors, inwreathing, Minerva, owner, panorama, pecuniary, Sumner, tanner, tinner, ulnar, unre- voked, unriddle, unwreathing, veneration, ignorance. EXERCISE XXXVI. Intervocalization. See paragraph 140. Par. 140. Generic, marble, paralysis, locality, develop, analogy, charge, philology, telescope, barter. Verb, border, affirm, nerve, church, portray, Virgil, allegorical, burglar, Normandy, Birmingham, fulcrum, purple, moralist, porce- lain, devolve, devulge, colony, tolerably, inculcate. Picture, puncture, fiduciary, lecture, rupture, capture, rapture, soldier, craniology, lecturer, recapture, disfigure, soldierly, figurative, ridicule. Par. 140 (Note). Roll, enroll, unroll, enrolling, rail, railway, rail- road, rule, ruler, ruleable, unrolling, relation, relative, realm, relish, relevancy, roller, rolling, railing. Dictation Exercise. Analogous, chargeable, chargeably, envelop (v), generical, impartial, legality, marshal!, marvel, overcharge, par- allel, paralytic, philologic, philosopher, philosophic, philosophize, philosophy, sharpening. Adverb, adverse, allegorically, allegory, averse, aversely, aversion, burglary, colonial, Columbus, demonology, diabolical, diabolically, diverse, endorser, ethnology, hyperbole, impervious, infernal, inverse, isothermal, moralized, murmurer, murmuring, permeable, perjure, perjury, personage, personify, phonology, portrayer, purplish, reaf- firm, renerve, sycamore, technology, tolerable, turtle, unburthen, un- church, verbal, verbally, vermifuge, vernal, version. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 147 EXERCISE XXXVII. Triple and Quadruple Consonants. See paragraphs 141 to 147. Par. 141. Splash, splice, spleen, splutter, splatter, splicing, spliced, splenetic, splenetical, spleenishness, Sclavonic. Supply, sable, civil, settle, satchel, cycle, civilize, Cyclops, sepul- cher, sepulchral, cypher, sever, simmer, soother, sooner, suffers, southern, sufferable, sublimely, saddlebow, swaddle, supplication. Par. 142. Possible, physical, display, plausible, briskly, classical, disoblige, disclaim, exclaim, medicinal, discipline, obtrusively, de- pressingly, displeasing, exclusion, grotesquely, repressible, untrace- able, disciple, noticeable, deducible, unappeasable, exclusive. Pastry, fastener, mastery, destroy, dishonor, extra, prisoner, pastur- age, rostrum, extreme, fixture, depositor, bestride, mistress, solicitor, distrust, expressly, pedestrian, apostrophize, prosperous, obstre- perous, blusterer, blazonry, frustration, terrestrial, expressively, disthrone. Par. 143. Intrinsical, explosive, explicit, explanation, feasible, taxable, invisible, whisper, gesture, disprove, ancestry, prescription, proscribe, bescrawl, disproportion, disperse, disburden, registration, disapproval, shoestring, massacre, dulcimer, risible, crucible, explain. Menstruum, menstruous, monstrous, monster, monstrosity, mon- strously, monstrousness, minstrel, minstrelsy, demonstrable, demon- strably, demonstrative, demonstrativeness, demonstration. In writing the following words it is necessary to write the circle on the outside of the preceding curve, contrary to the general rule: Misapply, vesper, vestry, masonry, offspring, nostrum, nostril, soph- istry, songstress, vestryman. Write the word necessarily with a large circle within the ;7-hook. Par. 144. Tasker, dissever, disagree, decipher, disagreeable, dis- graced, disfranchise. Par. 145. Supper, sober, cedar, swagger, soprano, cypress, citron, sojourn, superfine, secretion, superficial, sacrificed, suppression, So- crates, supercargo, superstition, Sacramento, supreme, secrecy, super- vision, superfluity, suppressed, sacristy, superinduce, swaggerer. Skirmish, scurrilous, spry, strew, spring, strife, stream, strike, strong, scrawl, sprain, spread, struggle, scruple, sprinkle, strengthen, 148 THK MANUAL OK 1'HONOGRAPHY. scripture, strangulation, strode, scurvily, springtide, scrupulous, stress, straddle. Write the word sister with the large initial evolute circle. Par. 147. Stutter, stutteringly, slabber, stacker, stager, stagger, stalker, steeper, stepper, stitcher, stoker, stooper, stopper, stouter, stupor, stutterer. Dictation Exercise. Ciphers, civilian, civilized, civilizing, civilly, cyclopedia, psychological, sables, saddle, saffron, salver, saner, savor, seemer, seether, sepulture, settler, severance, sickle, sickliest, sick- linass, sickly, sidle, signer, sinner, southerly, subliming, sublimity, subtle, suckle, suffer, sufferableness, sufferance, sufferer, suffrage, summer, summering, supple, suppleness, suppliance, supplicater, sup- plies, suttler, swivel, sibyl, sibylline. Adducible, appeasable, appeasableness, chastisable, chess-player, classically, despisable, disable, disbelief, disbelieve, disciplinarian, disclose, disobligation, disobliger, disobligingly, disobligingness, dis- place, displaced, displacing, displayer, displease, displeased, dis- pleasedness, disposable, disqualify, dropsical, exclaimer, exclaiming, exclamation, exclamative, exclusively, exclusiveness, hexahedral, impressible, intrusively, lackadaisical, medicinally, passable, passably, paschal, peaceable, peaceableness, peaceably, pedestal, phthisical, physically, plausibleness, plausibly, possibleness, possibly, purchas- able, reducible, reducibleness, seducible, sidesaddle, traceable, tra- ducible. Abstraction, abstrusely, admixture, ambassador, Amsterdam, apo- strophe, apostrophized, atmosphere, atmospheric, baptistry, besieger, besprinkle, bestraddle, bestrewn, bestrode, blusteringly, boisterous- ness, bowstring, chemistry, crusader, designer, destroyer, destruction, dextrous, dissuader, distraction, distress, distressed, distressfully, dis- tribution, emblazonry, excrescence, excursion, excursive, expositor, express, expressed, expressible, expression, expressness, expurgation, exterminate, extirpation, extraction, extremity, extrication, extrinsic, fellow-sufferer, gastric, hemisphere, illustration, imposture, lucifer, masterly, misapprehension, mispronounce, mistrust, mixture, or- chestra, orchestral, outstrip, pasture, poisoner, preposterous, prosper, prosperously, prostration, receiver, reciprocity, restriction, super- structure, tapestry, whomsoever. Bescrawling, bescribble, dayspring, disapprobation, disapproba- tional, disapprobatory, disapprove, disapproving, disapprovingly, disburse, disbursed, disburser, disbursing, dispersed, dispersing, dis- persion, disproportionable, disproportionableness, disproportionably, disproportional, disproportionally, disproportionate, disproportion- ately, encyclopedia, encyclopedist, explain, explainer, explanatori- ness, explanatory, explicable, explicitly, explicitness, explode, explo- ration, explore, explorer, explosion, feasible, fusible, ineffaceable, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 149 inexplicable, inexplicably, infusible, intrinsically, masker, passover, prescribe, prescription, refusable, visible, visibly, wiseacre. Cheese-press, deceiver, decipherable, descry, disaffirm, disaffirming, disagreeableness, disagreeable, disfranchised, disfrachising, disgracing, disgracious, disseverance, disseveration. Gibber, cider, Cyprus, saber, sacker, sacrificer, sacrificial, sacrificing, sacrilegious, sacrilegiously, sacrilegiousness, sadder, sager, sapper, sappers, satyr, seeker, setter, sicker, sipper, soberness, sobriety, solder, sucker, suitor, superadd, supercilious, superciliously, super- ciliousness, superexcellence, superficially, superficialness, superfluous, superfluously, superfluousness, superhuman, superinduced, super- inducing, supernumerary, superscribe, supersede, superstitious, super- stitiously, superstitiousness, supervene, supervise, supervised, super- vising, supervisor, suppers, suppress, sweeter. Scraggy, scramble, scrap, scrape, scraper, scratch, scratches, scream, screamer, screech, screen, screw, scribble, scribbler, scribe, scrip, scriptural, scrivener, scrofulous, scrub, scrupulously, scrupulousness, scurrilously, scurrilousness, scurviness, skirmisher, sprang, sprawl, spree, sprees, sprig, springiness, sprinkler, spruce, sprucely, spruce- ness, sprung, strain, strainer, strap, strata, straw, stray, streak, strength- ening, strengthless, stretch, strewn, stride, striker, string, stringiness, stringy, strip, stripe, strive, stroke, stroll, stroller, strop, strove, strow, strown, struck, strung. EXERCISE XXXVIII. The Backward N-hook. See paragraph 148. Par. 148 a. Unscrew, unsoberly, unstring, unstrung, inscribe, in- superable, insuperableness, insuperably, insuppressible, unsuppressed, instruction, unscriptural, unscripturally, . unscrupulous, unscrupul- ously, unscrupulousness, inscriber. Par. 148 b. Insolence, unseemly, unseemliness, unsoldierly, 'un- soldierlike, unsolicitous, unceremonious, insurrection, insurrectionary. Dictation Exercise. Use the writing exercise. EXERCISE XXXIX. The Large W-hook. See paragraphs 149 to 153. Par. 150 a. Twain, twang, tweak, tweezers, twice, twig, twin, twinkle, twitter. Dwarf, dwarfish, dwell, dweller, dwelling-house, Dwight, dwelling- place. Guiacum, guaniferous, guano, guava, Guelph. I5O THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Quack, cuirass, quake, qualm, quarter, queenly, quench, quiver, query, quibble, quicken, quiescence, quietly, quill, quirk, quiz, quota, quadruple, quarrel, queer, Quebec, quorum, Quincy, Quixotic, quicksilver. Equip, equable, aquiline, equalize, equator, equilibrium, equation, equipment, equinox, equivocate, equity, equally, equestrian, equi- angular. Par. 150/5. Inquire, require, inquisition, requisition, Piqua, liquid, liquify, liquification, adequacy. Par. 152. Sequacious, sequacity, sequel, sequence, sequential, sequester, sequestration, sequin, disquiet, disquisition, obsequious, obsequies, exquisite, exquisitely, exquisiteness. Dictation Exercise. Cuirassier, cuish, cuisine, quacked, quack- ery, quackish, quicksilver, quad, quadragesima, quadrangle, quad- rangular, quadrennial, quadrille, quadrillion, quadrinomial, quadri- syllable, quadrisyllable, quadroon, quadrumana, quadrumanous, quadruplication, quaff, quag, quagga, quaggy, quagmire, quail, quailing, quaked, Quaker, Quakerish, Quakerism, qualmish, quaran- tine, quarreler, quarreling, quarrelsome, quarried, quarrying, quar- terly, quartermaster, quarterstaff, quarto, quash, quatrain, quaver, quean, queasiness, queasy, queen, queenlike, Queenstown, queer- ish, queerly, quell, queller, quelling, quencher, quenchless, quer- ied, querist, quern, querulous, querulously, querulousness, querying, quest, quibbler, quick, quickener, quicklime, quickly, quickness, quickset, quid, quidity, quiesce, quiet, quieter, quietest, quietness, quietus, quilling, quincunx, quinine, quinsy, quintillian, quip, quire, quirkish, quitch, quixotical, quixotically, quixotism, quixotry, quizzed, quizzer, quizzical, quoth, quotidian. Aquarian, aquarium, aquatic, aqueous, aqueousness, equably, equal, equalization, equalized, equalizing, equaling, equanimity, equatorial, equerry, equestrianism, equilibration, equilibrious, equilibrist, equil- ibrity, equine, equinoctial, equipage, equipoise, equitation, equivocal, equivocally, equivocation, equivocator, equivoke. EXERCISE XL. Initial Hook Grammalogues. Page 74- For each of the following grammalogues write the corre- sponding logogram, filling a line with each : Well, where, when, one, tell, till, twelve, call, difficult, difficulty, full, fully, only, principle, principal, principally, remember, remembered, truth, dear, care, from, THE MANUAL OK rHONOGKAl'H V. 151 every, very, three, their, there, sure, surely, pleasure, Mr., remark, remarked, remarkable, remarkably, more, near, nor. I. It has been well remarked, "No smoke can arise till there has been a fire." 2. By close study and faithful practise many have been able to master phonography in a remarkably brief time. 3. We may rightly call health the vital principle of pleasure. 4. Few of us always remember how very important it is to do well whatever we may have to do. 5. Our principal care should be to live fully with all our faculties at work to some useful purpose. 6. When twelve honest men have no difficulty to agree, the law takes their decision as being the truth. 7. It is difficult to tell the truth in all cases, but it is surely a brave and noble thing to do. 8. Every pleasure we enjoy, it should be remembered, flows principally from our actions. 9. He who goes far from home is sure to remark many strange sights. IO. We leave more to do when we die than we have done. II. Every pleasure seems dear to us in proportion as it is near. 12. Think of three things : Whence you come, where you go, and to whom you must answer. 13. It was Washington Irving who first wrote the re- markable expression "the almighty dollar." 14. It is only by full and free discussion that men can hope to reach the truth in many difficult cases. 15. An honest man will make no rash promises, nor fail to keep one if he makes it. EXERCISE XLI. The Halving Principle. See paragraphs 158 to 164. Par. 159. Fit, aft, east, sheet, hushed, caught, act, heaped, packet, merit, tippet, turret, eject, enact, adopt, hesitate, fatal, esteem, active, depict, fortune, petrify, plucked, enriched, vanished. Ebbed, deed, goad, bead, joyed, avoid, bathed, vj-vid, tugged, rigid, unaided, jogged, caged, wisdom, turbid, candid, scathed, judicious, abduct, provide, dragged, avidity, argued, elbowed. Par. 161. Let, art, mat, knit, omit, pilot, helmet, alert, twilight, bullet, hermit, walnut, remote, unhurt, quilt, ignite, metal, oratory, native, antic, eminent, cutlet, ejaculate, return, climate. Led, aimed, oiled, aired, yard, hand, award, pared, behold, field, veiled, timid, attired, assailed, index, scold, soundly, framed, en- deavor, twirled, shared, pallid, indigo, astound. 152 THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. Write in full: Weighed, winged, unweighed, hanged, whanged, imbued, honey-tongued. Par. 162. Hooked, hurt, halt, hemmed, herd, humid, hardness. Par. 163. Spot, sift, ceased, satiate, scout, smite, sonnet, sold, swiftly, biscuit, phosphate, dissipate, lacerate, insatiate, except, be- sieged, peasant, desert, desolate, result, resound, absurd, officered, jostled, insert. Shouts, coats, wickets, pockets, edicts, garrets, lofts, agitates, benefits, carpets, units, pellets, magnets, buds, intents, snorts, penants, lads, viands, enfolds, buzzards, spouts, summits, resorts, chestnuts. Steeped, stuffed, stitched, stalked, stubbed, stilt, start, steamed, midst. Par. 164. Plate, prate, split, flute, clot, fright, effort, trait, threat, crate, penult, replete, patriot, autocrat, flatly, freightage, sprout, straight, secrete, floatage, recruit, couplet, flotilla. Blade, broad, dread, grade, upbraid, inbred, breadth, gladly, idled, hammered, agreed, bubbled, leveled, wavered, Arnold, Madrid, nibbled, juggled, shoveled, bannered, figured, summered, degrade, injured, sobered. Quote, twit, quit, acquit, adequate, requite, squat, banquet, lan- guid, adequately, requital, antiquate, equitable, equitably, aquatical, adequateness. The following words are written with halved double consonants intervocalized : Beard, build, bird, averred, chart, gold, courtly, sport, cathartic, partner. Dictation Exercise. Abashed, accetify, actively, acute, adoptive, afoot, approached, apricot, apt, aqueduct, ascertain, attract, auster- ity, baked, barefoot, befitting, bethought, capital, captive, category, catnip, clipped, cogitate, cottage, cutlery, delicate, dipped, earthed, elective, enwrapped, epileptic, epitomize, equipped, eradicate, eti- quette, fatally, fate, fetlock, flushed, freshet, gnashed, hitched, hood- winked, hopped, hospital, iced, imitator, infatuate, initiatory, latched, lavished, looped, mimicked, mocked, muriate, nourished, novitiate, octillion, October, officiate, operative, optical, ostrich, palpitate, pirate, pitfall, Potomac, pottery, rectify, shut, sketched, suppurate, surfeit, taught, thwacked, tomahawked, touched, tripped, unyoked, upshot, whacked, wished. Adjudicated, aided, alleged, arranged, assuaged, avenged, avowed, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 153 bedewed, bequeathed, bodied, breathed, brigade, damaged, deluged, died, dodged, eased, emerged, endued, enraged, envied, epileptic, evading, fatigued, fervid, forbid, frigid, gibed, graduate, jawed, ju- dicial, livid, managed, morbid, mouthed, moved, nerved, obduracy, obeyed, obliged, overjoyed, pervade, pillaged, plagued, ranged, rem- edied, reviewed, robbed, shadowed, sheaved, shelved, shrived, smoothed, sordid, subdued, surveyed, tagged, turbidly, twinged, unargued, vowed, wagged, wedged, wreathed. Abhorrent, acclimate, aconite, advent, affiliate, antedate, Antioch, antiquary, antler, appellate, aromatic, arterial, artful, artillery, as- sault, assimilate, asthmatic, belittle, burgamot, Charlotte, cocoanut, collate, daylight, dilatory, efficient, effluent, elate, emulate, entity, gamut, gently, granite, humilate, idiomatic, infinite, intense, intimate, involute, Israelite, lateness, lighthouse, linnet, litany, lottery, lunatic, maturely, metaphor, meteoric, mignonette, motley, mutable, mute, nativity, naught, nautical, nettle, nightshade, notably, 'notebook, oblate, oratorio, oriental, ornately, parentage, permeate, polite, pol- lute, pullet, remotely, spoliate, support, ultimate, vacant, vintage. Afield, alarmed, allude, allured, annealed, apalled, assumed, availed, becalmed, bewailed, blamed, blurred, cajoled, cashiered, charred, colonade, crawled, devoured, drawled, eastward, endless, erred, evi- dent, fathomed, fattened, felled, froward, gnarled, hardened, hold, Indian, indict, indicate, intend, laudably, medallion, meddler, media- tor, medical, medicate, medley, mermaid, minuend, mode, modicum, modify, ordeal, ordinary, overheard, owned, pinioned, poured, pre- sumed, quailed, redeem, repealed, skimmed, spared, steward, teamed, termed, thrilled, thumbed, tolled, toughened, towered, unappalled, unequalled, upheld, valid, vineyard, whelmed, whirled, yelled. Hacked, haltingly, heard, heart, heartless, hilt, hired, Holt, horde, hugged, hurd, hurtful, hurtfully, hurtless, unheard, exhumed. Absent, absolute, accent, assassinate, bisect, buzzard, castled, cemetery, chastened, deceived, decimate, desired, dispite, disavowed, disobeyed, disowned, dissect, dissolute, disunite, disused, excelled, excitate, execute, exult, fascinate, fastened, gaslight, gasped, hast- ened, insect, lessened, lizard, macerate, misdeed, misguide, obsolete, occiput, pleasant, poisoned, psaltery, puzzled, rasped, reasoned, re- ceived, recent, resolute, resumed, risked, rosebud, sapped, scent, seared, sect, seethed, seized, skate, skittish, sleet, sobbed, softly, somewhat, soured, spite, spittle, summed, switched, testate, tusked, unsent, unsold, unsound, worsted (), wainscot. Abides, annotates, aspects, associates, ballots, baronets, baskets, bids, buckets, colona'des, comets, corrupts, cuts, dedicates, deputes, descends, despots, dictates, directs, disunites, emeralds, enumerates, epaulets, epithets, evades, exacts, hearts, hordes, hornets, housemaids, Huguenots, inducts, inoculates, inserts, intends, latchets, leads, mates, modes, notes, officiates, omelets, oscillates, parapets, pats, 154 THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. pheasants, plummets, populates, ports, prophets, pulpits, refutes, restates, retards, rivulets, scouts, shots, sonnets, swords, lanyards, tenants, thefts, tilts, tracts, vegetates. Amidst, staked, stabbed, staved, stalled, stared, starred, stacked, stepped, stemmed, steeled, steered, stilled, stirred, stopped, stooped, stocked, stored, styled. Affright, chaplet, elect, clout, Crete, crout, Detroit, entreat, flat, flatten, flattish, fleet, fleeting, fleetly, flight, flit, flitting, float, float- ing, flout, fluting, fraught, freight, fret, fruit, fruitage, hypocrite, plat, plate, plight, plot, Pratt, secret, split, sprat, sprite, street, strut, throat, treat, trite, trot, trout. Abjured, abroad, addled, angled, augured, babbled, beggared, beveled, bled, bleed, Bradley, braid, braved, breed, Bridewell, broad, broadly, coddled, cudgeled, cupboard, Donald, doubled, dried, en- abled, enamored, fabled, favored, feathered, fiddled, gathered, glued, gobbled, haggard, haggled, half-blood, half-breed, harbored, hobbled, home-bred, honored, hovered, Hubbard, humbled, humored, hundred, hybrid, ill-bred, imbrued, joggled, labored, libeled, low-bred, meas- ured, niggard, peddled, powdered, quivered, rumored, severed, shivered, sidled, simmered, sobered, swaggered, tethered, unbraid, undried, unhonored, waddled, wagered, warbled, well-bred, wheedled, wiggled, wriggled. Bald, bard, beardless, begird, board, bold, cart, cartage, cortege, court, courthouse, gird, guard, guardless, ignored, inert, overboard, rebuild, regard, short. EXERCISE XLII. The Halving Principle. Concluded. See paragraphs 165 to 171. Par. 165. Paint, haunt, faint, vaunt, mount, lint, arrant, count, latent, fountain, patent, blunt, occupant, augment, scant, unbent, invent, ardent, reappoint, obedient, opulent, authentic, adamant, an- cient (shay), element. Hound, opened, fiend, amend, twined, assigned, loaned, bondage, vender, random, candor, surround, rejoined, second, brained, cleaned, aground, appendage, turned, buttoned, japanned, unearned, laundry, imagined, Ireland. Yawned, impugned, ambient. Faints, events, vaunts, chintz, mends, amends, plants, attends, lowlands. Tuft, hoofed, rift, chafed, coughed, cleft, handcuffed, graft. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 155 Paved, heaved, raved, achieved, derived, curved, served, approved, aggrieved, retrieved. Hefts, hafts, rifts, rafts, gifts, clefts, crafts, grafts, tufts. Fashioned, passioned, impassioned, motioned, auctioned, cautioned, occasioned, cushioned. Par. 1 66. Wilt, welt, wart, want, wont, wallet, thwart, athwart, wanting, waltz, swart, thwarting. Willed, walled, weaned, weird, waned, wayward, re%vard, unwind, wilds, swelled, sward, wildfowl, windpipe, windlass, whirlwind, up- ward, backwardly, winding-sheet. Par. 167. Marred, admired, matured, glared, covered, answered, exert, article, separate, venerate, iterate, mart. Writ, wrought, write, rot, rate, rote, rut, rat, root, rout, aright, riot. Par. 168. Card, feared, lured, warmed, acquired, unfeared, shield, midnight, slurred, flowered, maidenly, apprehend. Par. 169. Finest, roughest, briefest, gravest, gruffest, oftenest, vainest. Par. 170 a. Baited, habited, jotted, quieted, seated, obviated, berated, effected, attenuated, defeated, located, denoted, related, in- vited, actuated, elicited, blotted, delegated, decocted, far-sighted, righted, rooted, gray-headed, created, coquetted. Weeded, headed, padded, faded, sided, paraded, divided, dissuaded, exceeded, applauded, threaded, shrouded, proceeded, undecided, cor- roded, pleaded. Par. 170 b. Plied, flowed, clawed, prayed, offered, treed, crowed, chattered, pickled, bottled, buckled, employed, tackled, replied, nib- bled, shuffled, papered, betrayed, tapered, tattered, decreed, recurred, untried, colored, suffered. Par. I /or. Piped, waved, mapped, leaked, leagued, kicked, quaked, judged, gagged, charged, slaked, roared, deified, caulked. Par. 170 d. Radiated, waited, awaited, whetted, audited, dotted, dieted, doted, edited, dated, undated, unedited, situated, instituted, repudiated, inundated. Par. 170 e. Paid, tied, thawed, showed, cawed, laid, gnawed, wallowed, alloyed, wearied, hurried, annoyed, echoed, pitied, emp- tied, renewed, copied, borrowed, mellowed, rallied, queried, unoc- cupied, bestowed, canopied. 156 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPH V. But verbs ending in -fy may form the past tense by halving the f: Horrified, vilified, typified, terrified, qualified, beautified, pacified, mortified. Par. l^of. Acted, petted, budded, footed, matted, wilted, halted, warded, wanted, haunted, wounded, cheated, quoted, pelted, up- rooted, founded, melted, ticketed, repeated, landed, sifted, counted, courted, plotted, assented. Par. 170 g. Treated, deeded, lauded, awarded, folded, darted, anointed, imitated, agitated, unlighted, unaffrighted, gifted, irritated, annotated, unshielded. Par. 171. Rapid, wicked, method, afraid, hatred, infidel, include, orchard, freedom, cold, record, multitude, leopard, pedagogue, kid- nap, longitude, intrepid. Corvette, doubt, vote, budget, beautify, detach, litigate, private, credit, emigrate, generate, covert, gratify, candidate, vertex, built, mortal, invert, guiltless, vertical, inhabit, anecdote. When the present tense of a verb ends with loop-5/, the past tense ends in circle-.? and a half-length /; Hoisted, wasted, posted, feasted, vested, twisted, attested, assisted, arrested, accosted, breasted, trusted, enlisted, digested, requested. In the following past tenses the halving principle is not employed, but the stroke-*/ follows lay: Healed, hailed, whistled, raffled, riv- aled, embezzled. In the following past tenses the stroke-*/ follows ;/: Reeled, roiled, railed, ruled, rolled, enrolled, unrolled. . When a word ends with t or d preceded by two vowels one of which is accented, use the stroke : Create, fiat, duad, poet, Croat. Dictation Exercise. Adherent, affront, ailment, amount, anoint, appellant, appoint, arrogant, assailant, ascent, attaint, attentive, avaunt, banter, bent, brunt, burned, cant, cantata, canter, chant, countess, current, dent, eloquent, emollient, enchant, errant, event, fiendish, finder, flaunt, 'foment, gaunt, grant, hint, hunter, hydrant, identify, infant, jaunt, Kentucky, lenient, meant, mountain, pageant, painter, parent, payment, pent, phantom, pint, pliant, pointer, pon- der, potent, print, quaint, quantity, quantum, recount, remount, rental, repent, runt, sequent, silent, stint, talent, taunt, tint, torrent, urgent, violent, warrant. Abound, adorned, append, around, ascend, atoned, attained, band- age, bandit, binder, bond, boned, candle, chained, churned, coined, THE MAM'AI. OK PHONOGRAPHY. 157 crowned, demand, diamond, dinned, drained, enjoined, entwined, errand, fanned, feigned, found, gleaned, groaned, happened, har- pooned, hidebound, hind, Holland, horned, Iceland, inland, ironed, island, jocund, kindle, land, legend, maligned, mender, moaned, obtained, offend, oppugned, ordained, pained, pawned, pined, planned, Poland, quandary, redound, refund, remind, roundly, shunned, spend, stained, summoned, thickened, thinned, tinned, unbend, unopened, vend, warned, whitened, widened, woodland, yearned. Acquaints, binds, blends, daunts, finds, fonts, friends, grinds, hunts, joints, lends, mends, mints, moments, mounds, offends, points, pounds, raiments, rents, rinds, slants, stands, stunts, tyrants, vents. Abaft, bereft, chaffed, craft, cuffed, dwarfed, gift, haft, heft, huffed, puffed, quaffed, raft, rebuffed, reefed, reft, rift, roofed, scoffed. Achieved, behaved, behooved, bereaved, braved, carved, caved, craved, graved, grieved, grooved, gyved, hived, proved, reprieved, reproved, roved, unapproved, unpaved, upheaved. Awkward, backward, hillward, homeward, inwardly, leeward, outward, outwardly, rearward, rewarding, southward, thwartingly, unwinding, wailed, wand, ward, warding, waywardly, weld, wend, Wentworth, wheeled, whined, wield, wiled, wind, wind (?), windfall, winding, windward, wired, wooled, wound, wounding. Artifice, aspirate, aspired, assort, chariot, chlorate, claret, debarred, demerit, demurred, embowered, eviscerate, exhort, gored, mired, moored, pirate, quart, retort, saturate, smart, smeared, ulcerate, un- admired, unanswered, unmoored. Cleared, cord, curd, cured, declared, dockyard, fired, floored, inquired, leered, lowered, madden, maiden, maidenhood, required, scared, scarred, scoured, secured, sheet-lead, squared, swarmed, un- acquired, unwarmed, wormed. Abated, abetted, abnegated, abominated, affected, affectedly, alien- ated, alleviated, animated, batted, bayoneted, besotted, bigoted, bit- ted, bloated, bonneted, booted, bruited, cited, closeted, coacted, coveted, debated, debited, derogated, detonated, devoted, dominated, effeminated, elevated, eliminated, evacuated, excited, fumigated, gazetted, gibbeted, glutted, grated, greeted, incited, inhabited, inno- vated, jutted, litigated, mediated, narrated, quick-witted, rabbeted, rated, rebated, rebutted, receipted, recited, rioted, riveted, rotted, routed, sated, sighted, suited, sweated, targeted, unabated, unabettcd, unexcited, unquieted, unsated, unseated, unsuited, variegated. Added, beheaded, ceded, coincided, crowded, decided, decidedly, derided, dividedly, embedded, flooded, hooded, light-headed, many- headed, persuaded, preceded, raided, receded, shrouded, spaded, speeded, thick-headed, unfaded, unheeded, un weeded, weak-headed, widowed, wrong-headed. Accoutered, applied, baffled, battered, beetled, butchered, but- tered, checkered, chuckled, ciphered, collared, coupled, criec 1 , 158 THE MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. dappled, decried, defrayed, deployed, deterred, enameled, flayed, freed, fried, implied, incurred, insured, kenneled, knuckled, muffled, paneled, pattered, peopled, peppered, played, ploughed, preyed, rippled, shackled, settled, sickled, soldered, strayed, succored, suck- led, supplied, tickled, tippled, titled, tittered, toppled, tottered, tunneled, tutored, twittered, unapplied, uncheckered, unoffered, un- shipped, ushered, uttered, victualed, wafered, whiskered, whispered, whittled. Abhorred, bilked, bobbed, caked, churched, cocked, cooked, lagged, legged, licked, liked, locked, logged, looked, lugged, mobbed, moped, mopped, peeped, piped, popped, reared, uncharged, un- churched, waved. Allayed, allied, arrayed, balconied, barbecued, belied, bullied, buried, burrowed, canopied, carried, chewed, cooed, cowed, curried, dallied, deep-laid, dirtied, disallowed, disarrayed, dismayed, espied, ferried, furrowed, gullied, hackneyed, hallooed, harried, hollowed, honeyed, issued, jockeyed, keyed, lied, married, narrowed, neighed, occupied, parried, pawed, pied, pillowed, quarried, repaid, rescued, shied, shoed, spewed, tallied, tarried, tattooed, thick-laid, tied, tongue- tied, toyed, unallayed, unallied, unallowed, unalloyed, unannoyed, unarrayed, undecayed, undismayed, unespied, unhackneyed, un- hallowed, unpitied, unthawed, untied, varied, waylaid, winnowed, worried. Acetified, classified, crucified, fortified, liquified, modified, molli- fied, notified, purified, rarified, ratified, rectified, tumified, unpacified, unpurified, unqualified, verified. Abounded, acquitted, addicted, admitted, adopted, affiliated, allot- ted, amended, appended, ascended, associated, assorted, balloted, bearded, boarded, boded, bolted, brooded, chatted, clotted, collated, delineated, diluted, elected, emaciated, enacted, ended, fitted, floated, glided, goaded, guarded, hazarded, heated, hinted, humiliated, igni- ted, initiated, invaded, jaded, jolted, knighted, lifted, lighted, mer- ited, noted, nodded, offended, omitted, ousted, palliated, patted, piloted, pocketed, populated, pounded, quilted, refuted, retaliated, saluted, shifted, shouted, skated, slighted, sounded, spotted, tainted, thwarted, turreted, unitedly, violated, wafted, warranted, wielded. Afforded, carded, cogitated, corded, diluted, dictated, elided, en- filaded, enfolded, escaladed, estated, forded, heralded, herded, hoarded, laded, leaded, loaded, molded, open-hearted, remolded, retreated, sorted, twitted, unfolded, unhoarded, unloaded, unyielded, weak-hearted, yielded. Alfred, beatitude, codify, desuetude, dotard, epidemic, escapade, federal, fortitude, inaptitude, inifinitude, inquietude, jeopard, lassi- tude, latitude, methodical, methodically, prodigious, prodigy, quiet- ude, rapidity, rectitude, seclude, solitude, torpidity, trade, turpitude, wickedness. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 159 Abrogate, accredit, adulterate, affidavit, aggravate, Albert, alpha- betic, attribute, avert, beautiher, beautiful, beautifully, beautifying, Bridget, brutish, curvate, curvet, debate, debit, detached, doublet, doubtable, doubtful, doubtfully, editorial, editorially, Egbert, ener- getic, evitable, exhibit, geodetic, girt, habit, habitable, Herbert, hereditary, imbrute, incubate, inertly, inundate, invite, itinerate, Jacobite, legitimacy, legitimate, migrate, misdoubt, mortality, mor- talize, mortally, myrtle, overt, overtly, rebuilt, redoubtable, reno- vate, repudiate, Robert, vegetable, verbatim, vertically, vertigo, vortex. Ballasted, basted, blasted, boasted, bursted, coasted, detested, dusted, entwisted, fasted, foisted, harvested, hasted, infested, in- vested, jested, molested, pasted, posted, rested, rusted, tasted, tested, thirsted, toasted, unattested, untasted, untwisted, unvisited, vis- ited. Hauled, hilled, howled, hulled, hustled, inhaled, muzzled, ravelled, revelled, rifled, ruffled, unmuzzled. EXERCISE XLIII. Half-length Grammalogues. Page 80. For each of the following grammalogues write the corre- sponding logogram, filling a line with each: Did, could, got, get, good, after, thought, without, that, let, lord, read, word, might, made, immediate, immediately, nature, not, under. I. A rose without a thorn is a thing not found in nature. 2. Let us dare to do our duty as we understand it. 3. Gain not base gains ; they are the same as losses. 4. A word spoken in due season, how good it is. 5- H e that makes haste to be rich shall not be innocent. 6. Even a fool if he hold his peace is thought wise. 7. When a man gets rich by some new trick others immediately try to do likewise. 8. In striving after a remote possession men often lose the chance of immediate gain. 9. A wise man will desire no more than may be got with honesty. 10. If all men did right, lawyers, doctors and preach- ers might starve, n. We might all be far happier could we but learn to wait in patience. 12. It is as hard to do business without money as it is to see without eyes. 13. That man alone is free who is lord of his own desires. 14. While we read we should think ; when we act we should have thought. 15. He who has made an enemy has done a sad day's work. l6o T1IK MANUAL OK I'HONOGRAI'HY. EXERCISE XLIV. Half-length Grammalogues. Concluded. Page 82. For each of the following grammalogues write the corre- sponding Ipgogram, filling a line with each: Particular, particularly, part, spirit, behind, told, toward, child, gentleman, gentlemen, called, cared, accord, according, accordingly, quite, account, cannot, great, world, mind, went. I. We are told that an ounce of wit that is bought is worth a pound that is taught. 2. A true gentleman will act from principle and will not fear what the world says. 3. They who care not what the world thinks are quite likely to be misunderstood. 4. It is not enough to have great talents ; we should also be able to turn them to account. 5. Train up a child in the way he should go and when he is old he will not depart from it. 6. Those who have suffered most should feel most pity toward others. 7. Judge not according to appearances; the spirit we cannot see with our eyes. 8. The great spirits of this world leave a great name behind them. 9. We cannot judge the whole nature of a man from any particular act. 10. A healthy mind and a free spirit cannot abide in an unclean body. II. They cannot be called gentlemen who have never cared for the feelings of others. 12. Plenty of exercise and sleep are important to health, particularly in youth. 13. When the cat went away, the mice lived in the pantry. 14. Play your part with such ability as you possess and you shall have your reward accordingly. 15. They live ill at ease who live not in accord with the spirit of their own times. EXERCISE XLV. Words from which Consonants are Omitted. See paragraph 174. Par. 174^. Tempt, damped, thumped, camped, swamped, trumped, exemption, prompt, assumption, glimpse, encamped. Par. 174 b. Anxious, distinction, function, sanctity, injunction, instinctive, punctuate. Par. 174 c. Postmark, postdate, post-paid, postman, post-office, postscript, postpone, postponed, postfix, postdiluvial, pasteboard, waistcoat. Par. 174. Note. Transpose, transplant, transpire, transport, trans- parent, transfuse, transfer, transform, transfix, transfigure, transmit. THK MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY. 161 transitive, translate, transcend, transact, transcript, transcribe, trans- gress, transverse, transpierce, translucent, transmigrate, transitory. Dictation Exercise. Assumpsit, attempt, attempted, bethumped, champed, clamped, cramped, crimped, decamped, exempt, jumped, lumped, pumped, stamped, stumped, sumptuous, symptom, tempted, tramped, unattempted, untempted. Adjunct ive, anxiety, disjunction, disjunctive, distinctive, extinction, injunction, junction, punctuated, sanction, subjunctive, unction. Transacted, transaction, transactor, transalpine, transatlantic, trans- cendency, transcendent, transcendental, transcendentalism, trans- cendently, transcriber, transcription, transferable, transferred, trans- ferrence, transfiguration, transfixed, transfixing, transformation, transformed, transfusible, transfusing, transfusion, transgressed, transgressing, transgressional, transgressive, transgressor, transitive- ness, transitorily, transitoriness, translatable, translated, translation, translator, translucency, translucid, transmigrant, transmigration, transmigratory, transmissible, transmission, transmissive, trans- mittable, transmitted, transmutation, transmute, transparency, trans- parently, transpierced, transpired, transplanted, transplanter, trans- portable, transportation, transporter, transposal, transposition, trans- ubstantiate, transubstantiation, transversely, Transylvania. EXERCISE XLVI. Double-length Strokes. See paragraphs 175 to 182. Par. 175. Water, meter, thermometer, trumpeter, rafter, lifter, fighter, waiter, loiter, inviter, swelter, dissenter, winter, voter, de- serter, minister, shatter, remitter, alter, lateral, porter, flutter, fritter, smaller, diameter. Fodder, shudder, seceder, alder, wander, gender, tender, tinder, hoarder, warder, order, defrauder, deluder, ardor, hinder, cylinder, freeholder, oleander, bewilder. Par. 176. Weather, father, grandfather, godfather, forefather, Lather, whether, nether, thither, whither", lilher, wither, mother, rrandmolher, godmolher, smother. Par. 177. Anker, hanker, thinker, franker, rancor, drunker. Anger, finger, linger, conger, monger, younger, longer, stronger. Par. 178. Scamper, damper, hamper, pamper, tamper, stamper, temper, distemper, simper, bumper, thumper, jumper. Amber, chamber, bed-chamber, presence-chamber, limber, clamber, timber, umber, cumber, encumber, cucumber, lumber. 1 62 THE MANUAL OF 1'HONOGRAI'HY. Par. 181. Material, materially, entirely, entire, materiality, ma- terialize. Farther, further, murder, larder. Par. 182. Modern, eastern, astern, modernize, northern, subaltern, intern, slattern. Past tenses of verbs whose present forms end with double-lengths are generally written with half-length double consonants: Watered, loitered, faltered, sweltered, muttered, ordered, weathered, smoth- ered, scampered, simpered, murdered, furthered. After double-length n, ng and s/i, however, past tenses are formed by adding the stroke-*/ to the form of the present: Entered, wintered, anchored, fingered, shattered, shuddered, engendered. Dictation Exercise. Aerometer, barometer, bolter, chronometer, colter, deadwater, enter, falter, fetter, filter, fitter, halter, hexameter, knitter, laterally, latterly, laughter, lighter, literal, literally, literati, litter, liturgy, micrometer, midwinter, mutter, neuter, niter, obliterate, palter, philter, polluter, prompter, Psalter, reenter, salter, saunter, shifter, shutter, simitar, slater, slaughter, smelter, smiter, sumpter, supporter, tempter, transmuter, unfetter, vaulter, waterlogged, welter. Asunder, attainder, backslider, boulder, cinder, coriander, defender, disorder, elder, Endor, engender, hazarder, holder, householder, in- vader, joinder, ladder, madder, molder, nadir, orderly, provender, provider, rejoinder, render, retarder, sender, smolder, sunder, sur- render, tender, thunder, upholder, wilder, winder, wonder, yonder. Anchor, canker, danker, drinker, flanker, lanker, ranker, sinker, tinker, winker, younker. Altered, bewildered, chambered, cumbered, disordered, distemp- ered, fathered, fettered, filtered, fluttered, hampered, lathered, lit- tered, lumbered, moldered, mothered, paltered, pampered, slaught- ered, smoldered, tampered, timbered, unfettered, wildered, withered. Angered, cankered, hankered, hindered, lingered, reentered, ren- dered, sauntered, surrendered, tendered, thundered, tinkered, wan- dered, wondered. EXERCISE XLVII. Double-length Grammalogues. Page 86. For each of the following grammalogues write the corre- sponding logogram, filling a line with each : Neither, another, letter, matter. I. This world is nothing except as it tends to another. 2. To a good speaker the matter is of more importance than the manner. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 3. That which you sow to-day you will at some future time reap. 4. One man may bring a horse to water but a hundred cannot make him drink. 5. What one day gives us another may take away from us. 6. Let all things be done decently and in order. 7. If thine enemy hunger feed him ; if he thirst give him to drink. 8. Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's. 9. When it is evening we say it will be fair weather if the sky is red. 10. Be not ignorant of anything in a great matter or a small. 1 1. Many waters cannot quench love, neither can the floods drown it. 12. Cast thy bread upon the waters; for thou shalt find it after many days. 13. They who are perfect in the letter of the law often miss the spirit. 14'. They seldom succeed in anything who always turn from one thing to another. 15. To serve the public faithfully and at the same time please it entirely is a thing not to be done. EXERCISE XLVIII. Compounded Logograms. Par. 183. Use^the list of words given in the text. This list con- tains almost all the useful English words written according to this principle. EXERCISE XLIX. The Ticks. See paragraphs 184 to 186. Par. 185. Write the downward : After-the, all-the, are-the, as-the (write as involute), be-the, between-the, come-the, down-the, for-the, in-the, like-the, mind-the, nor-the, of-the, that-the, to-the, gives-the, whence-the. Write the upward : Am-the, but-the, can-the, do-the, from-the, shall-the, than-the, seems-the, just-the. Par. 186. Write the tick downward: Been-a (an), gives-a (an), if-a(an), in-a (an), knows-a (an), mind-a (an), nor-a (an), says-a (an), shall-a (an), thinks-a (an), where-a (an), yet-a (an). Write the tick to the right: As-a (an) (write as involute), at-a (an), can-a (an), from-a (an), does-a (an), just-a (an), say-a (an), would-a (an). Write the tick to the right: A-day, a-first, a-great, a-just, a-life, a-part, a-thought, a-time, a-truth, a-very, a-work, a-breath, a-chance, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. a-creclit, a-debt, a-delight, a-failure, a-form, a-fragment, a-gradual, a-half, a-jury, a-limit, a-province, a-rail. An-addition, an-affection, an-appropriation, an-attempt, an-authen- tic, an-aversion, an-elevation, an-illogical, an-illustration, an-oath. And-a, and-after, and-as, and-at, and-every, and-first, and-great, and-have, and-he, and-just, and-let, and-other, and-part, and-the, and-them, and-truth, and-with, and-you, and-your, and-also, and-fail, and-furnish, and-generally, and-relish, and-warn. Dictation Exercise. Been-the, by-the, comes-the, give-the, has- the, have-the, if-the, is-the, know-the, knows-the, likes-the, love-the, loves-the, malce-the, makes-the, not-the, on-the, only-the, seen-the, should-the, take-the, takes-the, think-the, thinks-the, though-the, under-the, up-the, upon-the, were-the, when-the, where-the, with-the, without-the, work-tlie, works-the. At-the, had-the, into-the, made-the, may-the, or-the, say-the, says- the, see-the, sees-the, so-the, there-the, unto-the, was-the, what-the, which-the, who-the, would-the. After-a (an), between-a (an), for-a (an), give-a (an), have-a (an), know-a (an), like-a(an), likes-a (-an), love-a (an), loves-a(an), make-a (an), makes-a (an), not-a (an), only-a (an), sees-a(an), take-a (an), takes-a (an), under-a (an), upon-a (an), were-a (an), when-a (an), with-a (an), work-a (an), works-a (an). But-a (an), do-a (an), had-a (an), has-a (an), into-a (an), is-a (an), or-a (an), see-a (an), so-a (an), than-a (an), there-a (an), unto-a (an), was-a (an), what-a (an), which-a (an), who-a (an). A-brief, a-broad, a-burden, a-chamber, a-court, a-crime, a-curse, a-daughter, a-death, a-defense, a-delusion, a-demonstration, a-depart- ment, a-descent, a-desire, a-despot, a-disadvantage, a-dispensation, a-doubt, a-duty, a- family, a-fantastic, a-farther, a-fashion, a-favor, a-feature, a-few, a-finish, a-foundation, a-frequent, a-friend, a-further, a-general, a-gentle, a-grand, a-joy, a-judgment, a-judicious, a-lady, a-law, a-letter, a-light, a-like, a-little, a-luxury, a-partial, a-partner, a-permit, a-person, a-phenomenon, a-preparation, a-president, a-prob- lem, a-procession, a-proclamation, a-promise, a-promotion, a-raihvay, a-relief, a-relish, a-temptation, a-theory, a-touch, a-vacancy, a-vege- table, a-very, a-vindication, a-violent, a-vision, a-voice, a-voter, a-war, a-warehouse, a-warrant, a-worthy. An-adequate, an-admission, an-advantage, an-advocate, an-atmos- phere, an-attendance, an-attraction, an-available, an-avocation, an- avoidance, an-edition, an-education, an-effect, an-effort, an-evasion, an-event, an-evidence, an-evolution, an-illusion, an-office. And-add, and-admit, and-advise, and-affect, and-afterwards, and- allow, and-always, and-an, and-appreciate, and-attempt, and-attract, and-avoid, and-brief, and-broad, and-desire, and-devise, and-display, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. and-do, and-down, and-each, and-effect, and-evade, and-evidence, and-false, and-few, and-find, and-for, and-form, and-from, and- gentlemen, and-had, and-half, and-has, and-his, and-if, and-is, and-it, and-join, and-judge, and-life, and-like, and-little, and-often, and-out, and-over, and-particularly, and-permission, and-prepare, and-proceed, and-profit, and-prove, and-relate, and-take, and-that, and-there, and- they, and-think, and-this, and-thou, and-treat, and-truly, and-turn, and-vain, and-very, and-\ve, and-were, and-whatever, and-where, and-which, and-who, and-will, and-without, and-work, and-ye, and-yet. EXERCISE L. Disjoined Affixes. See paragraphs 187 to 189. Par. 188 a. Use the stroke-/;/^- : Pacifying, vicing, thawing, scath- ing, fishing, lashing, piling, puzzling, annoying, chastening, ringing, pacing, reposing, abusing, tracing, dressing, casing, chasing, creasing, glazing, suffusing, revising, rousing, puffing, yawning. Use the dot-ing: Essaying, obeying, hopping, eating, awaiting, aiding, witching, hedging, awaking, hooking, hugging, hollowing, allaying, abashing, moping, mining, making, sharing, shining, plow- ing, loosing, arousing, ranging, abandoning, enchanting. Par. 188 b. Etchings, whippings, doings, washings, icings, echo- ings, hallooings, sayings, emptyings, meanings, teachings, twitchings, ravings, riggings, joinings, copings / drawings, ratings, chidings, coat- ings, swellings, ceilings, musings, openings, gruntings Par. l88r. Buying-the, watching-the, arraying-the, packing-the, touching-the, brewing-the, hunting-the, guiding-the, erasing-the, whitening-the, dividing-the, abbreviating-the, sharpening-the, govern- ing-the, estimating-the, prosecuting-the, discounting-the, befriending- the, exhausting-the, managing-the, arranging-the, quieting-the, mock- ing-the, shadowing-the, augmenting-the. Par. 188 d. Justly, bluntly, urgently, diligently, vainly, ex- pediently, deftly, suddenly, manly, positively, prudently, relatively, chastely, friendly, slovenly, impenitently, openly, flippantly, vehem- ently, figuratively, demonstratively, thinly, triumphantly, flagrantly. Par. 188 e. Servility, futility, generality, frugality, barbarity, infidelity, impenetrability, vitality, flexibility, singularity, sensibility, posterity, credibility, incapability, affability, hospitality, polarity, l66 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. susceptibility, disability, culpability, solubility, cordiality, malleabil- ity, prosperity. Par. l88/. Friendship, lordship, clerkship, courtship, scholarship, fellowship, hardship, horsemanship, censorship, kingship, rectorship, deaconship. Par. 188 g. Himself, herself, ourself, itself, thyself, myself, them- selves, ourselves, yourselves. Par. 189 a. Conceal, concenter, concern, conclude, concession, condone, confide, congeal, conspire, conscience, contemplation, con- sequence, contrary, conveyance, conundrum, contiguous, consecutive, consolidate, constraint, confiscate, conduct, congratulate, condescend, connect, concussion. Commingle, comminution, commit, commune, computability, com- municant, compurgation, compunctuous, compressive, comprehensive, composite, comprehend, composedly, complimentary, complexity, completely, competitor, competence, compensation, compatible, com- passion, compare, community, commeasurable, commandery. Cognate, cognition, cognizance, cognomen, cognitive, cognation. Reconstruct, unconfined, inconvenience, inconsistant, recommend, incompetent, unconcern, disconnect, reconnoiter, recondite, discon- tended, accomplish, recumbent, reconciliation, encumber, uncondi- tional, inconstancy, recommendation, uncompact, accommodation, decomposition, unconscious, uncontrolled, incumbent, unconvinced. Par. 189 f>. Counteract, counter-agent, counterbalance, counter- charge, counterpane, countercheck, counterplot, counterpoise, counter- shaft, countermarch, counterweigh, counterbore, counterfoil, counter- motion, counterfeit, countercurrent, counterpoint, countersign, coun- tervail, counter-evidence, counteractive, counter-irritant, counterdrain, counter-statement, countermine. Contraband, contrabass, contradict, contradistinction, contravene, contrapuntal, contradance. Controversary, controversial, controvert, controversially, contro- vertible, controversy, controversialist, controvertibly. Par. 189 c. Circumambient, circumference, circumflex, circum- jacent, circumnavigate, circumscribe, circumspect, circumstance, circumvallation, circumvention, circumscription, circumlocution, cir- THK MANUAL OF 1'HONOORAI'HY. 167 cumrotary, circumlocutory, circumgyration, circumstantiate, circum- spectively, circumvolution. Par. 189 d. Self-appointed, self-assertion, self-centered, self-defense, self-denial, self-destruction, self-esteem, self-evident, self-forgetful, selfish, self-possessed, self-protection, self-same, self-reliant, self- restraint, self-indulgence, self-assumption, self-dependent, self-depre- ciation, self-command, self-conscious, self-control, self-content, self- confidence, self-conviction. Par. 189 e. Interpret, interrogative, interrupt, intersperse, inter- vene, interwoven, intercede, intercession, intercourse, interference, interlaced, interlineal, interloper, intermediate, interdiction, interpose, intermittent, interlocution, intercommunion, interconnection, inter- view, intersect, intermix, interplead, intercellular. Introduce, introducer, introduction, introductive, introspect, intro- spection, introspective, introversion. Enterprise, enterprizing, entertain, entertainingness, entertainment, enterprisingly, entertainer, entertainingly. Par. 189/1 Magnifiable, magnificalj magnifically, Magnificat, mag- nification, magnificence, magnificent, magnifice'ntly, magnifico, mag- nifier, magnific, magnify, magniloquence, magniloquent, magnilo- quently, magnitude. Magnanimity, magnanimous, magnanimously. Dictation Exercise. Accusing, achieving, appeasing, approving, avoiding, blazing, bluffing, bowling, bracing, braving, bringing, broiling, causing, chiseling, christening, classifying, clinging, closing, coalescing, cooling, dazzling, dealing, driving, drizzling, enticing, evening, facing, failing, fainting, falsifying, fanning, fastening, flaunting, founding, frothing, galling, guessing, hastening, hissing, levying, nodding, nursing, passing, paving, piecing, placing, poising, poisoning, possessing, pressing, qualifying, receiving, resenting, reviewing, scrawling, slashing, snarling, sneezing, sounding, spacing, spicing, stiffening, stinging, striving, sufficing, supposing, surveying, thinning, tolling, tossing, vending, wincing, winding, witnessing, yelling. Alleging, amusing, applying, appropriating, blunting, budging, chapping, dating, debilitating, degrading, delaying, demanding, de- meaning, deriving, desisting, distancing, dogging, dubbing, ebbing, entrancing, equipping, existing, expediting, fomenting, forgetting, freeing, gagging, getting, glowing, harping, heaping, huddling, hurting, idling, infesting, itching, joking, liberating, looking, lulling, mastering, mooting, paying, perching, persisting, pouring, predicat- l68 THE -MANUAL OF I'HONOGKAI'HY. ing, prostrating, repaying, requesting, revoking, rooting, searing, slanting, spraining, subjoining, succeeding, superadding, tasking, thatching, thrusting, tying, unbending, undoing, ushering, using, victimizing, wadding, waiting, wasting, weathering, wedging, wiping, wrecking, yachting. Ailings, airings, banterings, barkings, bearings, beatings, blunder- ings, blusterings, bowings, brushings, cawings, comings, cooings, Growings, cuffings, duckings, eddyings, edgings, gainings, gallopings, garlandings, goings, graftings, haltings, haulings, hobblings, howl- ings, launchings, likings, linings, lodgings, mattings, meetings, mis- doings, mutterings, offerings, outings, pawnings, pesterings, placard- ings, plasterings, ponderings, poutings, prayings, ragings, riotings, rovings, scrapings, screechings, showings, sighings, smatterings, sob- bings, solicitings, spankings, spatterings, spendings, splashings, splut- terings, suitings, surroundings, sweepings, tattooings, toyings, utter- ings, voyagings, weddings, weedings, whackings, whistlings, workings, wrappings, writings, yelpings. Adorning-the, allowing-the, aping-the, apportioning-the, attacking- the, auditing-the, awarding-the, bedewing-the, begging-the, belaying- the, besieging-the, blasting-the, blinding-the, branding-the, carving- the, cashing-the, chewing-the, coining-the, crediting-the, cutting-the, dodging-the, effecting-the, endowing-the, foraging-the, forestalling- the, fostering-the, healing-the, hiding-the, hiring-the, hoisting-tlie, infringing-the, investing-the, jarring-the, keeping-the, kicking-the, locking-the, matching-the, melting-the, missing-the, oiling-the, omit- ting-the, patching-the, pawning-the, penetrating-the, perverting-the, pillaging-the, printing-the, propitiating-the, protracting-the, quench- ing-the, quickening-the, recasting-the, regretting-the, reminding-the, rubbing-the, scattering-the, seizing-the, selling-the, setting-the, shak- ing-the, shearing-the, shooting-the, starving-th'e, stationing-the, stewing-the, stretching-the, striking-the, stunting-the, towing-the, trying-the, tuning-the, unbarring-the, upheaving-the, wagging-the. Ardently, authoritatively, blindly, bravely, cogently, commonly, definitively, diffidently, diminutively, disobediently, distantly, effect- ively, extravagantly, fondly, gentlemanly, gravely, greenly, heavenly, honestly, humanly, illustratively, impotently, improvidently, impru- dently, impudently, indulgently, inexpediently, inhumanly, inquisit- ively, instantly, intuitively, jointly, manly, meanly, narratively, negatively, negligently, obediently, patiently, penitently, plainly, potently, radiantly, sensitively, transiently, unfriendly, unmanly, un- womanly, womanly. Acceptability, angularity, capability, circularity, corporality, cor- ruptibility, destructibility, dexterity, disparity, dissimilarity, divis- ibility, ductility, expansibility, fallibility, feasibility, fragility, friab- ility, hostility, immobility, incorruptibility, incurability, indissolubility, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPH V. 169 indivisibility, infallibility, inflammability, inflexibility, insensibility, invisibility, irresistibility, jocularity, juvenility, mobility, muscularity, mutability, particularity, penetrability, placability, plausibility, po- tentiality, principality, punctuality, refrangibility, resistibility, ris- ibility, secularity, separability, similarity, speciality, stability, tang- ibility, temporality, totality, versatility, visibility, volubility, vulgarity. Apprenticeship, bachelorship, captainship, chancellorship, chap- lainship, copartnership, counsellorship, dictatorship, guardianship, ladyship, lieutenantship, partnership, professorship, secretaryship, sergeantship, sheriffship, soldiership, sonship, stewardship, surety- ship, surveyorship, survivorship, township, vicarship, wardship, workmanship. Concave, concede, conceit, conceive, concentrate, conception, con- cert, conciliate, concise, concoct, concrete, concur, condemn, con- dense, condign, condition, condole, conduce, confection, confederate, conference, confess, confidence, confine, confirm, conflict, conform, confound, confront, confuse, confute, congenial, congregation, con- gress, conjecture, conjoin, conjunction, connive, conquer, conquest, conscript, consecrate, consensus, consent, conservative, consider, consign, consist, consonant, conspicuous, constancy, consternation, constitute, construct, consul, consult, consume, contain, contact, con- tend, contest, continual, contract, contrive, control, convenient, con- vent, conversation, convex, conviction, convince, convoke, convolve, conclusion. Combat, combination, combustion, comfort, comfortable, com- mand, commandment, commemoration, commence, commencement, commend, commendation, commensurate, comment, commentary, committee, commix, commodious, commodity, commodore, communal, communication, communion, commutation, compact, companion, company, comparative, comparison, compass, compatibility, compa- triot, compeer, compel, compendious, compendium, compensate, compete, competent, competition, competitive, compilation, compiler, complacent, complain, complaint, complement, complete, completion, complexion, compliance, complicate, complicity, comply, component, comport, compose, composition, compositor, compost, composure, compound, comprehensible, comprehensive, compress, compression, comprise, compromise, compulsion, compulsory, compunction, com- putation, compute, comrade. Cognati, cognatus, cognizability, cognizable, cognizably, cognizant, cognize, cognizee, cognizor, cognominal, cognovit. Accommodate, accompany, accomplice, discomfort, discommode, discompose, disconcert, disconsolately, discontinued, encompass, incombustible, incomparable, incompatible, incomplete, incompre- hensible, incomprehensive, inconceivable, inconclusive, incongruence, incongruity, inconsiderate, inconsistencv, inconsolable, inconstant, inconvenient, inconversant, incumbrance, recognition, recombination. 170 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. recombine, recommence, recompense, recompile, recompose, reconcile, recondense, reconduct, reconfirmation, reconj unction, reconquer, reconsecrate, reconsider, reconsideration, reconstruction, reconvene, reconvert, reconvey, uncomfortable, uncommitted, uncommunicated, uncompassionate, uncompelled, uncompressed, uncompromising, un- condemned, uncondensed, unconfessed, unconfirmed, unconformable, unconfutable, uncongealed, uncongenial, unconnected, unconsecrated, unconsoled, unconsolidated, unconstitutional, unconstrained, uncon- sumed, uncontaminated, uncontented, uncontested, uncontradicted, unconverted. Counteraction, counteractively, counter-appeal, counter-appellant, counter-attraction, counterbalanced, counter-battery, counter-blast, counterclaim, counterfeiter, counterfeiting, counterfeitly, counterfeit- ness, counter-irritate, counter-irritation, countermand, countermark, counter-motive, counterpart, counter-plea, counterplead, counter- poised, counterpoising, counter-signal, counter-signature, counter- signing, countersink, countersunk, counter-tendency, counter-tenor, countervailing, counterweight. Contrabandism, contrabandist, contrabassist, contrabasso, contra- dictable, contradiction, contradictorily, contradictoriness, contradic- tory, controdistinctive, contradistinguish, contraposition, contrapunt- ist, contra-tenor, contravention. Circumambiency, circumambulate, circumambulation, circumferen- tial, circumferentially, circumflexed, circumflexing, circumflexion, circumgyrate, circumgyratory, circumjacence, circumlocutional, cir- cumlocutionary, circumlocutionist, circumnavigable, circumnavigation, circumnavigator, circumscribable, circumscriber, circumscriptive, cir- cumscriptively, circumspection, circumspective, circumspectly, cir- cumspectness, circumstanced, circumstances, circumstantial, circum- stantially, circumstantation, circumvallate, circumvent, circumventive, circumventor, circumvolve. Self-abandonment, self-abasement, self-absorbed, self-accusation, self-accusing, self-adjusting, self-approving, self-assertive, self-assumed, self-binder, self-blinded, self-closing, self-complacency, self-conceit, self-condemnation, self-confident, self-confiding, self-congratulation, self-consciousness, self-considering, self-consistency, self-consistent, self-constituted, self-consuming, self-contained, self-contradiction, self-contradictory, self-convicted, self-culture, self-deceiving, self- deception, self-delusion, self-denyingly, self-dependence, self-destruc- tive, self-devotion, self-disparagement, self-distrust, self-educated, self-examination, self-existent, self-governed, self-government, self- important, self-imposed, self-indulgent, self-interest, selfishness, self- love, self-made, self-opinionated, self-originating, self-perception, self-pity, self-pleasure, self-poised, self-preservation, self-recording, self-registering, self-regulating, self-reliance, self-renunciation, self- repression, self-reproach, self-reproof, self-restrained, self-righteous- THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. ness, self-sacrifice, self-seeker, self-support, self-sustaining, self-styled, self-taught, self-torture, self-willed. Interact, interaction, interactive, interblend, interbreed, interceder, intercept, interception, intercessor, intercolonial, intercommunicability, intercommunicable, intercommunicate, intercommunication, inter- community, intercomplexity, interconnect, intercontinental, intercon- vertible, interdependence, interdependent, interdict, interdictive, interfere, interferer, interferingly, interjacent, interjoin, interjunction, interlace, interlacing, interlard, interleave, interline, interlinear, interlinearly, interlineation, interlink, interlock, interlocutor, inter- locutory, interlude, intermarriage, intermarry, intermeddle, inter- meddler, intermeddlesome, intermedial, intermediary, intermediately, intermediation, intermediator, intermingle, intermission, intermissive, intermit, intermittently, intermixture, international, internationally, internecine, interpage, interpellate, interpellation, interpenetrate, interpenetration, interpenetrative, interplay, interposed, interposer, interposition, interpretable, interpretation, interpretative, interpreta- tively, interpreter, interregnum, interrogate, interrogator, interroga- tory, interrupted, interruptedly, interrupter, interruption, interruptive, interruptively, intersection, intersectional, interspace, interspersion, interstellar, interstice, interstitial, intertribal, intertwine, intertwist, intervention, interviewer, interviewing, interweave. THE REPORTING STYLE. 209. The Corresponding Style. The present work treats especially of the "corresponding style" of phonography ; that is, phonography in its full and complete form, which, being an exact and compendious system of representing the language, is best adapted to the purposes of letter-writing and, indeed, to meeting all the emergencies in which longhand is usually employed. It may with perfect legibility be written three times as rapidly as longhand, every word being written in full with the exception of less than two hundred, which, on account of their frequent recurrence, are represented by abbreviated forms called logograms. 210. The Easy Reporting Style. In the remaining pages of this book those principles of abbreviation according to which phonography is adapted to the uses of verbatim reporting will be so far explained and illustrated as to enable the learner to write what may be termed the "easy reporting style," by the practise of which he may readily increase his speed to from four to five times that of longhand a speed quite sufficient to meet all the demands usually made upon the busi- ness amanuensis or phonographic clerk and at the same time obtain an easy introduction to the study of reporting as an art, for the com- plete development of which he is referred to the Reporter 's Companion. 211. Principles of Abbreviation. The two broad principles of abbreviation applied to the corresponding style in order to adapt it to the uses of the reporter are (a) omission which includes omission of vowels, of consonants and of entire words and (6) phrase-writing. 212. Omission of Vowels. While there is no difficulty in appre- ciating the immense saving of time gained by the reporter through the extensive omission of vowels, it may nevertheless seem to the beginner that by such omission his phonographic notes will be rendered almost absolutely illegible. The fact is, however, that with very little prac- tise he will become able to read a remarkably large proportion of words from their mere consonant outlines. Indeed he does this in reading vocalized phonography, for as soon as he becomes well ac- (172) THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 173 quainted with the form of many words he reads them by the outline, paying little attention to most of the vowels, which he finds com- paratively useless. 213. Vowels Retained in Certain Cases. It is true, however, that many words do lose legibility to a greater or less extent through the omission of their vowels, and the learner should not at first leave out any initial or final vowel the presence of which is not indicated by the manner of writing the adjacent consonant, though in time he will be able to dispense with even some of these vowels without decreasing the legibility of his notes. Neither should he omit the vowels in writing proper names and strange and unusual words. The vowels should also be inserted in writing detached words, since the legibility of an unvocalized phonographic outline is largely derived from its context that is to say, the word for which the ontline Joes stand must often be selected from among those for which it might stand by re- ferring to the words with which it is associated and with which it must "make sense." 214. Position-writing. The chief means of correcting the illegi- bility which results from the omission of vowels is the devise known as position-writing. Any phonographic stroke, either simple or with appendages, may be written in three positions with reference to the line of writing, as follows : 1st position: above the line. 2d position; resting on the line. 3d position : below the line; or for full-le-ngth upright and slant- ing strokes, through the line. When double-lined paper is used, the positions are : For full-length upright and slanting strokes : 1st position : through the upper line. 2d position : between (and touching both) lines. 3d position : through the lower line. For horizontal and half-length strokes and vowel-signs: 1st position: immediately below (and touching) the upper line. 2d position : resting on the lower line. 3d position : below the lower line (half-length upright and slant- ing strokes touching it). With either kind of ruling, a double-length curve, to be written in a 174 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. given position, must be begun at the same point as the corresponding single-length curve in the same position, and the additional length carried on in the direction of writing. An outline made up of two or more strokes, to be written in a given position, is so placed that its first upright or slanting stroke shall occupy that position. If the out- line is composed entirely of horizontal strokes its position is, of course, determined by that of its first stroke. 215. How Position-writing is Employed. By writing the outline of any word in one of the three positions, the place of the accented vowel of the word is indicated. When the outline is written in the first position it indicates that the accented vowel of the word is a first-place vowel, and so on. 216. What Outlines Should be Written in Position. It is by no means necessary to write all outlines in position, for the longer an outline is, the greater the certainty with which it may be read without its vowels and without the aid to reading given by position-writing. As a rule, all words are written in position whose outlines consist (a) of but one stroke, either simple or with appendages, or modified by halving or doubling, or (6) of two unmodified simple strokes. Deri- vative words, moreover, should be written in the position of those primitives from which they are immediately taken. As to longer outlines, it is never necessary to write them in position except for the purpose of distinguishing certain clashing words written with the same outline, as prominent may be distinguished from permanent by writing the former in the first and the latter in the second position. 217. Other Means of Distinguishing "Clashing" Words. Clashing words may sometimes be distinguished more conveniently than by position-writing, (a] by varying their consonant outlines as pure may be distinguished from floor by irregularly writing the former with ray and (6) by inserting distinctive vowels as voracity is dis- tinguished from veracity by inserting the vowel o in the former. 218. Omission of Consonants. Contractions. Since the re- porter on account of the extensive omission of vowels must depend chiefly upon the consonants for the reading of his notes, it is evident that consonants cannot be omitted to any great extent in the report- ing style. Nevertheless, abbreviated forms are employed for certain very frequently-recurring words, and, furthermore, certain words of THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 175 less frequent recurrence may be usefully abbreviated by the omission of the most inconvenient portion of the outline provided a distinctive and characteristic form remains. A table of the most useful contrac- tions is given on page 178, which, as well as the reporting logograms, should be thoroughly learned by frequent copying and re-copying and also by the writing of short sentences of the student's own devising, which sentences shall contain these words. 219. Phrase-writing. The table on page 179 gives a list of the most useful phrases. Phrases, it will be observed, consist of single outlines for the expression of two or more words. Those given may be taken as models upon which the student may form others of a like character. The student should increase his phrase-list, however, rather by the adoption of forms seen in printed phonography than by seeking to devise phrases for himself; for he should know beforehand that out of many phrases which he may so devise but few will be of actual service to him in rapid writing, while others may even become a serious hindrance. No phrase should be written unless the words composing it are naturally connected with each other in a logical and grammatical relation, nor unless the several outlines join readily. Neither should any phrase be written which is difficult or awkward on account of its length. 220. "I" and "He" in Phrases. When the word 7 begins a phrase it may with perfect legibility be expressed by either one of the two strokes which form the sign v. When the first stroke is used it must always be struck downward, and when the second stroke, it must always be struck upward. When he occurs anywhere in a phrase but at its beginning the tick may be written either up or down according to convenience. 221. Position of Phrases. Most phrases have their position de- termined by that of their first word; that is to say, the first word of a phrase is generally written in its own position, and the word or words which follow accommodate themselves to it. Occasionally, however, legibility demands that the first word adapt itself to the position of a following word, as in the phrases of these, of those. See page 179. When a phrase begins with either of the words is, as, his, has, he, the circle or tick-/* accommodates itself to the position of the word that follows. THE MANUAL OF I'HONCHIKAl'HY. 222. Omission of Words. The connective phrase of the is omitted when the words between which it occurs can be written close to each other. If, however, one of them is a vowel logogram the phrase > must be written. 223. Preparation for Amanuensis Work. The student whose immediate object is to fit himself to do the work of a business aman- uensis should now turn back to page 112 and rewrite in the report- ing style the entire body of exercises beginning on that page and ending on page 171, omitting all vowels except such as in paragraph 213 are directed to be retained, and placing in position all words which fall under the rules of position-writing as given in paragraph 2 1 6. Special attention should be paid to the dictation exercises and each one should be written and rewritten from dictation till the learner feels no hesitation in placing each word on paper as soon as it is heard. The words and phrases on pages 177, 178, 179 and 180 should then be written very many times so as to thoroughly memorize each, after which the learner should take up dictation practise on new matter selected from a great variety of sources, and especially on model business letters which may be found in the books of " Business Letters," published by the Phonographic Institute Company. A few weeks of faithful practise for several hours daily will give the learner sufficient speed for all the requirements of ordinary business dictation. If, however, he is ambitious to fit himself to fill the more difficult and, therefore, the more lucrative positions of this kind, and especially if he desires to develop that degree of skill demanded for court and legis- lative reporting, he is urged to take up the study of the Reporter's Companion, which will lead him to the briefest and most legible style of writing used by practical reporters. THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 177 \ REPORTING ] able LOGOGRAMS much often ago /- -N, N appear "^s opportunity v , other T~ I out 1 over ~* T at \ because \ believe 1 belong-ed I \ owe, on own people-d possession praclise-ical , satisfaction satisfy-ied several similar-ly somewhat suggest surprise thank-ed those though thousand time until use (n.) use (v.) within ' woman women dollar n duration \ *V / T during ) / each P f if" T ^ either V_ England-ish V. fact / _^_- . i had x < r " " ^c_ half hand t / / r N. ^ y hence, / hold, held 6 holy hope ^- \ / \ f 5 -x_-__- ~ \^ however ^~b if '"'} \ impossible-y-ility kingdom T <^ /- large i 7 S THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. CONTRACTIONS. ~7 x acknowledge """"fr 3 l mistaken anybody /capable-ility change-d ^"" never > nevertheless =^- nobody <= character <^- characteristic ^f ^~\ notwithstanding " November > I danger ** December >V object y objection \ 1 determine J. determination \ \v peculiar-ly-ity y passenger > \ disadvantage \ establish-ecl-ment v,/ V^ phonograph er phonographic \ >^ P'ebruary independent-ce ?\ ^N. practicable-ility \. probable-y-ility ^p - >. indiscriminate indispensable \\ purpose \ public \- * p influence s/ j rather regular-ly-ity s\ /\ represent-ed ^ representation /\ p representative ^ ~~TP^ satisfactory 7 influenced influential-ly information ^. intelligence intelligent < S' intelligible ' interest ^ somebody 6 " / subject 7 / irregular-ly-ity ^ ' January knowledge ^~ magazine \w ^v subjected / / subjection 1 & L' !i ~~%L whatsoever whensoever -_ ' * manuscript /\^_ * wheresoever \^ whosoever mistake THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 179 PHR/ p are not iSES. 1 x it may be - of course "o (3 of his X_ as far as f* as soon as J as well as can be could not , did not _ o f th ese > ^. of those x> ^ ought to be should be ^\ 1 should do j should have V_ ' so that 6 *)/ that is do not had not J \ 6 has not Shas been have been have not 6 he has he is f^ he may there are (Q / this is IP those who v . to be v. v his own > j to do / United States we are c s- we have v_ u we will / which he knows who have /"V who can t -^> ' ^ will be .r, 5 will not ' with which ? / with them \ you are n _^_^ you can you may Q_^ x I am (may) not 1 I do r <\ I do not ^- I have o- I will I U Kit is it is impossible I it may ^ it must ! it must be it should i8o THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. WORDS, CONTRACTIONS and PHRASES. FOR BUSINESS AMANUENSES. 1 . at once T"-f New Jersey New York t ^s^ bank v y/^ bankrupt T^-^~ New York City ^-^ North Carolina Y vx Ohi X. V -^-. better than v 9 bill of lading ^ business /" by return mail commercial-ly dear sir * District of Columbia * ;> Pennsylvania \^~^ ^o per cent please advise ./I , /~~\ railroad railway 1_ ./ V\ enclosure ?~ y^. regret to say ) respect-ful-ly free on board I- ^ I trust that /^ 1 . South Carolina territory in order-to *-* ^ | in our ^ / the first /^ this letter in receipt-of ^ ^ in reference-to 1^" C *\ truly yours ^~^ very much in regard-to ^\ . <5 "~' ! *\ i reply-to in respect-to ^YX\ "^V very respectfully |r very truly 01 ^\ in response-to -> ' L i in stock V^N Virginia ^\f way-bill n ^ ' ^ Iowa ^/^ we are in receipt-of * = f we enclose list price ~> ^""V machinery ~~ manufacture-d 0T fr\4t WC remaln with reference-to 7 y J ' . Y M^ y urs y ery truly EXERCISES IN THE EASY REPORTING STYLE. Speech of Patrick Henry. DELIVERED MARCH 28, 1775, BEFORE THE VIRGINIA CONVENTION OF DELEGATES. \ i r * * v* P -^ \ i k^ > - ' ^ A L /? i c */ ^\ ^ X \ ^ ' v ^.^..)...T..h./ l 5 .^^..^Vf , -y ^_^.j._ ^ x ^, > ^/s v ^ s \ \ L ^ 1 V- -\/ z /x C^ x /^ ( ^ \~ (18!) KEY. Speech of Patrick Henry. MR. PRESIDENT; It is natural for man to indulge in the illusions of hope. We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth and listen to the song of that siren till she -transforms us into beasts. Is this the part of wise men engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty ? Are we disposed to be of the number of those who having eyes see not, and having ears hear not, the things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation ? For my part, whatever anguish of spirit it may cost, I am willing to know the whole truth ; to know the worst and to provide for it. I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided ; and that is the lamp of experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the past. And judging by the past, I wish to know what there has been in the conduct of the British ministry for the last ten years to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves and the house. Is it that insidious smile with which our petition has been lately received ? Trust it not, sir; it will prove a snare to your feet. Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss. Ask yourselves how this gracious reception of our petition comports with these warlike preparations which cover our waters and darken our land. Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation ? Have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled that force must be called in to win back our love ? Let us not deceive ourselves, sir. These are the implements of war and sub- jugation the last arguments to which kings resort. I ask gentlemen, sir, what means this martial array if its purpose be not to force us to submission? Can gentlemen assign any other possible motive for it ? Has Great Britain any enemy in this quarter of the world, to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies? No, sir, she has none. They are meant for us ; they can be meant for no other. They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains which the British ministry have been so long forging. And what have we to oppose to (182) THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. ? L ) ,/ / v - - '\> > ? V. X " I -\ , \ r c \ r i \ 184 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. them ? Shall we try argument ? Sir, we have been trying that for the last ten years. Have we anything new to offer on the subject? Nothing. We have held the subject up in every light of which it is capable ; but it has been all in vain. Shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication ? What terms shall we find which have not been already exhausted? Let us not, I beseech you, sir, deceive our- selves longer. Sir, we have done everything that could be done to avert the storm which is now coming on. We have petitioned ; we have remonstrated ; we have supplicated ; we have prostrated ourselves before the throne and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and parliament. Our petitions have been slighted ; our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult ; our supplications have been disregarded and we have been spurned with contempt from the foot of the throne. In vain, after these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peace and reconcilia- tion. There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish to be free if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for which we have been so long contending if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained, we must fight ! I repeat it, sir, we must fight ! An appeal to arms and to the God of hosts is all that is left us ! They tell us, sir, that we are weak ; unable to cope with so formid- able an adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week, or the next year ? Will it be when we are totally disarmed and when a British guard shall be stationed in every house? Shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction ? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs and hugging the delusive phantom of hope until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot? Sir, we are not weak if we make a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power. Three millons of people, armed in the holy cause of liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess, are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us. Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just God who presides over the destinies of nations and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us. THE MANUAL OF I'HONOGRArHV. I8 5 J c NO, x x \, . r s \ ' V <>_ SrJ /' \> \ r r l86 THE MANUAL OF 1'HONOGRAPHY. The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone ; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Besides, sir, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat but in submission and slavery ! Our chains are forged ! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston ! The war is inevitable and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come! It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry peace, peace but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle ? What is it that gentlemen wish ? What would they have ? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery ? Forbid it, almighty God ! I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death ! Business Letters. i. LA CROSSE LUMBER Co., LA CROSSE, Wis. Gentlemen : Referring to the claim presented by you April 21, 1897, for alleged overcharge in weight on various shipments of pulp wood forwarded from Waterloo, Wis., to La Crosse, during the month of April, 1897: These claims you base on estimated weight of this wood as per circular No. 224. For your information I would say that cir- cular No. 224 is applicable only to cases in which the actual weight of the wood in question cannot be ascertained. The weights upon which the freight charges referred to in your claim were collected were actual as ascertained by careful weighing. Under these circum- stances we must respectfully decline to reduce our charges to those for estimated weights. No overcharge exists on this shipment and your claim is respectfully declined. Yours, THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 18 7 Business Letters. f~ X y 9 ' d P* t/ 2 1 224 -X t .P /\ J ^ ^- A 2 \ =v ^ o x ' - /-I /- 2 5 x -, x^ _ : ^-x - -I- S/^ l88 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 2. MR. M. H. SMITH, SALES AGENT TRIUMPH COAL Co., CHESTER, PA. Dear Sir : I am to-day in receipt of your order dated July 20, for Lehigh coal. It contains only one order for Schuylkill coal. From this it would appear that you have misconstrued my letter of July 25. What I would like you to do is to send no orders to me at Philadel- phia but for Schuylkill and Hazleton coal. All your other orders should go to Maple Hill as heretofore. I will make a memorandum of your order No. 357 on the sheet re- ceived this morning and forward the other orders to my office in Maple Hill. Trusting I have made this plain and that in future I may receive only orders for Schuylkill and Hazleton coal at this office, I remain Yours truly. APPENDIX A. SPEECH. 1. SPEECH, physiologically considered, is the result of the joined operation of the vocal and articulating organisms upon the current of expired breath. 2. Underlying both these organisms, and essential to both, are the lungs, which, with reference to speech, simply perform the office of a pair of bellows, drawing in and expelling the air. It is the return current of air, which, having become vitiated in the process of oxy- genating the blood, is expelled preparatory to taking in a fresh sup- ply, that forms the material basis of speech. 3. THE VOCAL ORGANISM consists of the trachea, the larynx, and the pharynx. The first of these (often called the wind-pipe) is the air-tube which forms the direct avenue through which air enters and leaves the lungs. At its upper extremity it widens into a pear- shaped box of cartilage called the larynx, which is situated in the fore part of the neck above the trachea and below the base of the tongue. The larynx is formed of several thin plates of cartilage articu- lating upon each other, which are so provided with muscles as to be capable of considerable variation in their relative position. Within the larynx, and stretched across it from back to front, are the two vocal cords or ligaments. The edges of these two ligaments, when stretched by the muscular action of the larynx, are parallel and nearly or quite in contact, forming an elastic, membraneous dia- phragm or partition in the air passage at this point. The slit or open- ing between the vocal ligaments is called the glottis. The produc- tion of high or low sounds depends upon the tension of the vocal ligaments, and, perhaps to some extent, upon some modification in the shape of the larynx and in the length of the trachea. When the vocal ligaments are tightened and the edges brought nearly or quite in contact, expired breath can not pass through without caus- ing a vibration, thereby producing a sound, the pitch of which, as 190 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. before said, depends upon the tension of the ligaments. The phar- ynx is a muscular and membraneous passage which connects the cav- ity of the mouth with the larynx and esophagus (or gullet) below and with the nasal passage above. Though not strictly employed in the production of sound it aids by its resonance in intensifying the vibrations of the vocal ligaments. 4. THE ARTICULATING ORGANISM is peculiar to man, in whom alone of all the animal creation it is found in any considerable per- fection. It consists of the arched Hard Palate, the serried rows of Teeth, and the flexible and elastic Lips, Tongue and Soft Palate. A great variety of positions may be assumed by these organs, which form a chain of contacts running from the lips the most external, to the soft palate the most internal ; and thus a corresponding variety of modifications may be given to the expired breath. 5. A correct physiological classification of the elements of speech can be obtained only by considering the sounds in relation to these two organisms. If a sound of speech be considered with reference to the vocal organism it will be found to be either (a) voiced or (l>} whispered that is to say, it is produced either (a) with a vibration of the vocal cords, or else (6) without such a vibration. If it be con- sidered with reference to the articulating organism, it will be found to be either (l) obstructed or (2) unobstructed that is, in its production (l) there exists a contact between certain of the articulating organs, or (2) there is no such contact. It is evident, furthermore, that while a given sound belongs to a certain class (a or b}, with reference to the vocal organism, it may belong to either class (l or 2), with reference to the articulating organism ; and thus, of necessity, we have the four grand divisions of the elements of speech, as follows: a i. Sounds that are voiced and obstructed (sonants). a 2. Sounds that are voiced and unobstructed (vowels). b I. Sounds that are whispered and obstructed (surds). b 2. Sounds that are whispered and unobstructed (aspirates). 6. A careful study of the diagram on page 192 will assist the student to understand this classification, and, at the same time, in- dicate what particular sounds belong to each class. On the line joining the words "voiced" and "obstructed," the sonants are ar- ranged, according to the order of their formation, along the line of THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 191 articulations running from the lips to the soft palate ; and the vowels, surds, and aspirates are similarly arranged upon their respective lines. With respect to length, sounds may be either short (abrupt), or long (continuous), and in the diagram the short sounds are uniformly placed immediately above the line and the long sounds immediately below it. The medial quality of the vowel a is indicated by its being placed exactly on the line. The Nasal Continuants, m, n, and ng are indicated in italic type, and the Liquids- / and r in a heavy-faced letter. The diacritical, marks placed to the vowels and aspirates are those employed in Webster's International Dictionary, as follows : a heard in ale. a " " add. a " " air. a " " arm. a " " ask. a " " all. e " " eve. end. e heard in ermine. I " " 111. " " old. 6 " " odd. u " " rude, u " " us. u " " put. ha C W s g C W 3 ~ O C/3 w *j Q C Z f (192) APPENDIX B. A SCHEME OF PHONOGRAPHIC NOTATION BY MEANS OF COMMON TYPES. The following plan for indicating the construction and vocalization of phonographic outlines by means of common types was first printed in the Phonographic Magazine for June I, 1895. ^ ' s built mainly upon a scheme of characteristics, as follows : CAPITALS are the characteristic representatives of strokes. ROMAN CAPITALS are the characteristic representatives of of downward and horizontal strokes: P, B, T, D, Ch, J, K, G, F, V, Th, Dh, S, Z, Sh, Zh, L, R, M, X, \g, W, Y, Mp. ITALIC CAPITALS are the characteristic representatives of up- ward strokes: Sh, L, R, H. SMALL CAPITALS are the characteristic representatives of modifica- tions by halving and doubling : T, D; THR, DHR, TR, DR, KR, GR, R. Lower-case letters are the charateristic representatives of appendages and vowels. Roman lower-case are the charateristic representatives of circles: s; z; ss; sz ; zs ; zz ; ss,z; sz,z ; zs, z; zz, z. Italic laiver case are the characteristic representatives of hooks and loops : /, r, w, hw, n, f, z>, shn, zhn : sf, zd, sir. Diacritical vowel-signs are the characteristic representatives of the vowels : e a a a o I e a 6 u u and, with lower-case w and y, of the coalescents : we wa \va \va wo wo wi we wa wo wu wu ye ya ya ya yO yo vl ye ya yo yu yii 194 THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. Grouped vowel-signs, without diacritics, are the characteristic re- presentatives of the diphthongs: ai, oi, au, (wai). Dissyllabic diphthongs are indicated by the sign A between the component vowels: CAU, aAU, aAU, aAu, OAU, OAU. aiAU, oiAU, auAU. WCAU, etc. ; yeAu, etc. Special representation tick-/// Roman lower-case h. dot-// .' Roman lower-case heavy face h. large 7o-hook : lower-case heavy face italic W. Suffixes are spelled out and separated from the stem by an inverted period; thus, "contain" is written con-T//. Disjunction or the breaking of an outline is indicated by X between the parts; thus, " freighted " is written FrrXD. Joining of a diphthong or coalescent to an outline is indicated by -(-, as "idea," ai-fDeAU. The use of the phonographic hyphen is indicated by = between the parts; thus, "story-teller" is written j/R=T/R. Vowel and tick wordsigns are spelled out; as, I, of, you, he. Proximity is indicated by between the outlines; thus, "wonder of the world" is written 7C'Nr>R. wRn. Position is indicated by a superior figure * or 3, placed immediately after the capital letter which stands for the positioned stroke. When no figure appears the outline is in the second position, or on the line. Phrasing is indicated by connecting the words with hyphens. Thus, "in-the" is written N'-the. The first sentence on page 93 is represented as follows : MaiK/ ShoPaK., a swiS DoKTr of se/,eP;iTl N'-the Ltet seXT- yotfl, Z aFew VfziTeD Bai PeP/ of DiJ/lNgj//w and-FatfryoX. The first two sentences on page 177 are represented as follows: M';--P;-zD;zT T-z N 2 TL F M to iNnlJ N'-the \l3zhm. of P3. wR aP3T to Shx R3 ai+Z Gnsf-a. PwFL Tr and-LsN to-the sNg 1 of- Dhr saiA> T/ Sh 1 TrsFRMz S NT APPENDIX C. THE EXTENDED ALPHABET. 1. For the representation of foreign sounds not heard in English, and for a more exact representation of English than is given in ordi- nary phonography, an extended alphabet is required and is here presented. 2. The twelve-vowel scale does not provide distinctive signs for the vowels heard in earth, air and ask. These are given in the following table, numbered I, 2 and 9. 3. The remaining signs in the table are for the representation of sounds foreign to the English language. They are, of course, useful only to those persons who have " a speaking acquaintance " with the language represented. Long Vowels. 1 e 1 earth (Eng.), le (Fr.) 2 e : | frere (Fr. ), air (Eng.) 3 a :l pate (French) 4 u | grim (Ger.), lune (Fr.) 5 o 'I b5s (German) 6 a || Aehre (German) Nasal Vowels (French). 13 in s| fin. 14 en | en danse. 15 on 2 \ bon 1 6 un ? brun Short Vowels. 7 i | ici (French) 8 e : | etc (French) 9 a J patte (Fr.), ask (E.) 10 u 'I Fiille (German) no 'I Bocke (German) 12 a ii Manner (German) Consonants. 17 ch -^- ich (Ger.) loch (Sc.) 18 gh ^ einige (German) 19 11 f Llanelly (Welsh) ~~$ ./ 20 r \ /* amor (Italian) ('95) INDEX. Figures preceded by "p." refer to page ; all others refer to paragraph. A, tick, 186. Abbreviation, principles of, 211. Accent, 157. Affinity, vocal, 158. Affixes, disjoined, /. 88, /. 90, 187. Alphabet ; deficiencies of the Roman, 2 ; phonetic, 3. Amanuenses, words, contractions and phrases for business, p. 180. Amanuensis work, preparation for, 223. And, tick, 186. An, tick, 186. Appendages,/. 44. Approximate representation of concur- rent vowels by coalesceat vowel-signs, 55- Aspirate, /. 32, 12 ; logogram, /. 42. Attachment; of the circles, 79, 90; of they'-z' hook, 108 ; of the -hook, 101 ; of the jA-hook, 114; of the small w-hook to curves, 123 ; of the small w- hook to ray, 124. B, _y-hook attached to, 154. Backward; w-hook, p. 72, 148; shun- hook, 117. Base line, 17, 23 Briefer signs supplied, 77. Business amanuenses, words, contract- lions and phrases for, p, 180. Capitalization, 120. Checks, 24. Circle ; and w-hook combined, 104; large, 85-86 ; logograms, /. 52 ; -s added to logograms, 99; -j andy-p hook com- bined, 112; -s and loop combined, 95, 97; -j and j//z-hook combined, 116; -.r and small /-hook combined, 128; -J before large TO-hook, 152; vowel ex-" pression between a stroke and a, 83. Circles; attachment of, 79; large, dis- tinguished, 89; manner of writing dis- joined, 98; on halved strokes, 163; rules for reading the, 82 ; J and z, p. 44, /. 46', s and z distinguished, 84; ses, sez, zes, zez, p. 48 ; suggestive vo- calization of the large, 88 ; vocalization of outlines containing, 80. Clashing words, means of distinguishing, 216-217. Coalescent ; direction of vowel-signs in- variable, 50 ; logograms, p. 42 ; logo- grams unshaded, 74; vowl-signs 48; vowel-signs, approximate repr menta- tion of concurrent v( w els by, 55; vowel-signs, joined, 51. Coalescents, p. 28, n ; twofold nature of, 47. Combinations of consonants, 21. Combined ; circle-j and small /-hook, 128; f-v hook and circle-,!-, 112; loop and circle, 05, 97; -hook and circles, 104 ; w-hook and circle-jvz, 106 ; - hook and loop, 107; skun-hook and circles, 116. Compounded logograms, 183. Compounds, double consonants consid- ered as indivisible, 132. Concurrent vowels, p, 30; approximate representation by coalescent vowel- signs, 55. Conflicting motives, 195. Consecutive vowels written separately, 53- Consonant; logograms, p. 38 ; nominal, 73- Consonants, p. 13, /. 14, p. 16, p. 18, 4; combinations of, 21; double, /. 64, p. 66, /. 68 ; double, considered as indivis- ible compounds, 132; imperfect triple, 143 ; initial and final, 192 ; irregular double, 138 ; irregular triple, 144 ; me- dial, 193 ; medial triple, 142 ; omitted, 174, 218; quadruple, 147; table of,/. 13, 14, triple, 141 ; triple and quad- ruple, /. 70; vocalization of double, 133, 140; written first, 36. Continuants, -j. Continuous joinings, 25; utility of, 28. Contracted ns on straight strokes, 105. Contractions,/. 178, 218; for business amanuenses, /. 180. Corresponding style, 199, 209 ; exercises in the, /. 93. Curvilinear motion, two kinds of, 78. Dashes, direction of, 32. Deficiencies of the Roman alphabet, 2. Der added by doubling, 175. Derivative words, logograms represent, as well as primitives, 71. Deviations from the standard in rapid writing, 198. Dher added by doubling, 176. Dictation exercises, 207. Dictionary, use of the Phonographic, 196. Diphthong, direction of signs invariable, 45 ; logograms, /. 42 ; position of signs, 44 ; signs, 43 ; signs joined, 46. Diphthongs,/. 26; dissyllabic, 54. Direction of coalescent vowel-signs in- variable, 50; of dashes, 32; of diph- thong signs invariable, 45; of he, 76; of strokes, 15; of writing, 16; strokes of variable, 22. (197) 1 98 Disjoined ; affixes, /. 88, p. 90, 187 ; cir- cles and loops, manner of writing, 98 ; prefixes, 189 ; suffixes, 188. Dissyllabic diphthongs, 54. Dot-A, 58. Double consonants, p. 64, p. 66, p. 68; considered as indivisible compounds, 132; halved, 164; intervocalization of, 140 ; irregular, 138 ; vocalization of, 133, 140. Pouole-consonant signs, use of the, 139. Double-length; logograms, /. 86; mp- mb, 178 ; ng, 177. Double-lengths; intervocalization of, 181 ; joined at an angle, 180; tt-hook added to, 182 ; vocalization of, 179. Doubling; principle,/. 84; ter and der added by, 175 ; (her and dher added by, 176. Downward, upward and, /, rand sk, p. 34- Easy reporting style, 210; exercises in the,/. 181. Emphasis, 156. Exercises ; dictation, 207 ; how to prac- tise the writing, 206; in the corre- sponding style, /. 93 ; in the easy reporting style, p. 181 ; necessity of writing, 200; preparation for the writ- ing, 205; writing,/. 109. Explodents, 5. F; and v distinguished, 109 ; rules for stroke and hook forms of, no. /"-hook, /. 56; and circle-j combined, 112; attachment of the, 108; medial use of the, in. Figures, 121. Final ; consonants, 192; /, 62 ; r. 65. Final-hook ; logograms,/. 60; strokes, halved, 165. Foreign words, large w-hopk in, 153. Free use of the halving principle, 171. Fricatives, 8. Glides, vowel, 42. Grammalogues, table of, /. 103. H; dot, 58 ; medial, 59 ; stroke, 57 ; tick, 56 ; tick on halved strokes, 162. Half-length; logograms, /. 80, /. 82; logograms, position of, 173; s, 169. Half-lengths; joined at a tangent, 168; vocalization of, 160. Halved ; double and triple consonants, 164; final-hook strokes, 165; ray, 167; strokes, circles and loops on, 163 ; strokes, tick-A on, 162; w-hook strokes, 1 66. Halving ; of /, r, -m, n, 161 ; principle, /. 76, /. 78, 159 ; principle, free use of the, 171. He ; direction of, 76; in phrases, 220. Hints to self-instructed learners, 208. Holding the pen or pencil, manner of, 204. Hook ; attachment of they^, 108 ; back- ward n, p, 72, 148; f-v, p. 56; /, 131 ; large TV, p. 72, 149; logograms, initial, /. 74; n, p. 54; r, 135; r on curved strokes, 136; shun, />. 58, 113; small 10, p. 62, 122 ; y attached to b, 154. Hooks, imperfect, 59, 134. Horizontal logograms, position of, 72. Hw, 60, 129. Hyphen, use of the, in phonography, 121 note. /; distinguished from ye, 75 ; in phrases, 220. Imperfect; hooks, 59, 134; triple con- sonants, 143. Initial; consonants, 192; hook logo- grams, /. 74 ; /, 61 ; r, 64 ; spr series, 145- Initials, 155. Ink, 203. Intervocalization ; of double consonants, 140; of double-lengths, 181. Irregular ; double consonants, 138; triple consonants, 144. Joined ; coalescent vowel-signs, 51 ; diphthong signs, 46. Joinings ; continuous, 25 ; utility of con- tinuous, 28. Kinds of curvilinear motion, two, 78. L ; final, 62 ; halving of, 161 ; initial, 61 ; upward and downward, /. 34. Large; circle, 85-86; circles distin- guished, 80 ; circle suggestive vocali- zation of tne, 88; loop, 96; loop and circle combined, 97 ; w-hook, /. 72, 149 ; i-hook in foreign words, 153 ; iv- hook preceded by circle-j, 152; w- hook, rules for the use of the, 150. Learners, hints to self-instructed, 208. Z-hook, 131 ; and r-hook, mnemonics for, 137. Liquids, 9, 130. Logogram ; aspirate,/. 42; for read, 172. Logograms, /. 36, 69; circle added to, 99; circle and loop,/. 52; coalescent, / 42 ; coalescent, unshaded, 74 ; com- pounded, 183; consonant,/. 38; /. 40 : diphthong, /. 42 ; double-length, /. 86; final-hook, /. 60 ; half-length, /. 80 ; /. 82; initial-hook, /. 74; \oop-st added to, 100 ; position of half-length, 173; position of horizontal, 72; reporting, /. 177; represent derivative words as well as primitives, 71 ; table of,/. 106; vowel, 70. Long vowels, /. 20, /. 22, 30. Long vowel signs, 31. Loop; and circle combined, 95, 97; and -hook combined, 107; large, 96; logo- grams, /. 52 ; manner of writing dis- joined, 98; small, 91 ; -st, p. 50; -st added to logograms, 100 ; -str, p. 50; -st, rules for the use of the, 93. 199 Loops ; on halved strokes, 163 ; vocaliza- tion of outlines containing, 92. M, halving of, 161. Manner ; of attaching the circles, 79, 90; of attaching the f-v hook, 108 ; of at- taching the -hook, 101 ; of attaching the fAa-hook, 114; of holding the pen or pencil, 204 ; of writing disjoined circles and loops, 98. Materials, writing, 201. Mb, double-length, 178. Means of distinguishing clashing words, 216-217. Medial; consonants, 193; h, 59; r, 66; triple consonants, 142; use of the f-v hook, in ; use of the -hook, 103; use of the small w-hook, 127. Method of practise, 20, 38. Mnemonics for / and r hooks, 137. Modified shadings, 26. Motion, two kinds of curvilinear, 78. Motives; conflicting, 195; of outline formation, 194. Mf>, double-length, 178. N\ halving of, 161 ; rules for stroke and hook forms of, 102. Names of the vowels, 35. Nasals, 10. Ne;, double-length, 177. ^V-hook, /. 54 ; added to double-lengths, 182 ; and circles combined, 104 ; and circle-.r?z combined, 106 ; and loop combined, 107; backward,/. 72; me- dial use of, 103. Nominal consonant, 73. Now, imperfect vocalization of, 46 note. Ns contracted on straight strokes, 105. Omission; of consonants, 174, 218; of vowels, 212 ; of words, 222. Order of reading, 33. Outline formation, p. 92 ; motives of, 194. Outlines ; containing circles, vocaliza- tion of, 80; containing loops, vocaliza- tion of, 92; containing the small Mi- hook, vocalization of, 125 ; of words of frequent occurrence unnecessary to vocalize, p. 102 ; variety of, possible, 191 ; written in position, 216. Paper, 202. Past tenses, rules for writing, 170. Pencil, 203; manner of holding the, 204. Pen, 203 ; manner of holding the, 204. Phonetic; alphabet, 3; analysis of qu, 151 : spelling, 37. "Phonographic Dictionary," use of the, 196. Phonography, study of printed, 197. Phrases, p. 179; for business amanuen- ses, p. 180; /and he in, 220; position of, 221. Phrase-writing, 219. Plurals, representation of, 85. Position ; of diphthong signs, 44 ; of half- length logograms, 173 ; of horizontal logograms, 72 ; of phrases, 221 ; what outlines should be written in, 216. Position-writing, 214; how employed, 215. Practise ; method of, 20, 38 ; new kind recommended, 190. Prefixes, disjoined, 189. Preparation ; for amanuensis work, 223 ; for the writing exercises, 205. Primitives, logograms represent deriva- tive words as well as, 71. Principle; doubling,/. 84; free use of the halving, 171 ; halving,/. 76, /. 78, 159. Principles of abbreviation, 211. Printed phonography, study of, 197. Punctuation, 119. Quadruple consonants,/. 70, 147. Qu, phonetic analysis of, 151. R; final, 65 ; halving of, 161 ; initial, 64; medial, 66; upward and downward, / 34- Rapid writing, deviations from the stand- ard in, 198. Ray, halved, 167. Read, logogram for, 172. Reading, order of, 33. Recurrence of words, unequal, 68. Reporting logograms,/. 177. Reporting style, p. 172 ; easy, 210 ; exer- cises in the easy, /. 181. Representation ; of concurrent vowels by coalescent vowel-signs, approxi- mate, 55; of plurals, 85; of zd, 94. ./?-hook, 135 ; and /-hook, mnemonics for, 137 ; on curved strokes, 136. J?/-nook intervocalized used in writing certain words, 140 note. Roman alphabet, deficiencies of the, 2. Rules ; for reading the circle, 82 ; for the stroke and hook forms of /"and v, no; for the stroke and hook forms of , 102; for the strokes and vowel-signs for w and y, 52 ; for the use of large v>- hook, 150; for the use of loop-st, 93; for the use of j/a-hook and sh n- hook, 115 ; for writing past tenses, 170; for writing the stroke and circle forms of s-z, 81 ; for writing the stroke and hook forms of iv, 126. S; and z circles distinguished, 84 ; before stroke-A, 146 ; half-length, i6Jj ; rules for writing stroke and circle forms of, 81. Scale ; short vowel, 39 ; vowel, 29. Self-instructed learners, hints to, 208. 5>.r-circle, /. 48. Sez-c\rc\e, p. 48; and K-hook combined, 106. Sh, 67 ; upward and downward, p. 34. Sez-es, 87. Shade, 6, iq ; modified, 26. Short vowels,/. 24. Short vowel ; scale, 39 ; signs, 40. Shun distinguished from zhun, 118. S/iun-hook, p. 58, 113; and circle-.? com- bined, 116; and sh w-hook, rules for the use of, 115; attachment of, 114; backward, 117. Signs; briefer, supplied, 77; diphthong, 43 ; diphthong joined, 46 ; direction of diphthong, invariable, 45 ; long vowel, 31; position of diphthong, 44; short vowel, 40; use of the double-conso- nant, 139. Size of strokes, 18. Slurs, 27. Small loop, 91. Small w-hook, /. 62, 122 ; and circle-.? combined, 128 ; attachment to curves, 123; attachment to ray, 124; medial use of the, 127. Sound-writing, i. Spelling, phonetic, 37. Spr series, initial, 145. -SMoop,/ 50; r -SVr-loop, p. 50. nta, 145. ; rules for the use of the, 93. Stroke ; and a circle, vowel expression between a, 83 ; and circle forms of s-z, rules for writing, 81 ; and hook forms of , rules for, 102; and hook forms of w, rules for writing the, 126; -h, 57; -h preceded by s, 146. Strokes ; and vowel-signs for -w and y, rules for, 52 ; circles and loops on halved, 163 ; direction of, 15 ; halved final-hook, 165; halved 7/-hook, 166 ; of variable direction, 22 ; size of, 18 ; supplementary, 13 ; tick-A on halved, 162. Suffixes, disjoined, 188. Supplementary strokes, 13. Table of consonants, f>. 13, 14; of gram- malogues, /. 103 ; of logograms, /. 106. Tangent; half-lengths joined at a, 168 ; joinings, 25. Tenses, rules for writing past, 170. Ter added by doubling, 175. The, tick, 185. Ther added by doubling, 176. Tick ; ft, an, and, 186; the, 185. Tjck-A, 56 ; on halved strokes, 162. Ticks, /. 88, 184. Triphthong ivi, 49. Triple consonants, p. 70, 141 ; halved, 164; imperfect, 143; irregular, 144; medial, 142. Two-fold nature of coalescents, 47. Unequal recurrence of words, 68. Upward and downward/, r, and sh,p. 34. Utility of continuous joinings, 28. V; f and, distinguished, 109; rules for stroke and hook forms of, no. Variable direction, strokes of, 22. Variety of outlines possible, 191. K-hook, p. 56 ; and circle-.? combined, 112 ; attachment of, 108 ; medial use of the, ni. Vocal affinity, 158. Vocalization; of double consonants, 133, 140; of double-lengths, 179-181; of half-lengths, 160; of now, imperfect, 46 note; of outlines containing cir- cles, 80; of outlines containing loops, 92 ; of outlines containing the small iu- hook, 125; of the large circle, suggest- ive, 88. Vowel ; expression between a stroke and a circle, 83 ; glides, 42 ; logograms, 70; places, 34: scale, 29; short, scale, 39. Vowels; between consonants, 41 ; con- current, /. 30; consecutive, written separately, 53; long, /. 20, p. 22, 30; names of the, 35 ; omission of, 212 ; re- tained in certain cases, 213; short, p. 2 4- Vowel-signs; approximate representa- tion of concurrent vowels by coales- cent, 55 ; coalescent, 48; direction of coalescent, invariable, 50; joined coa- lescent, 51 ; short, 40; strokes and, for w and y, rules for, 52. W; and y, rules for the strokes and vowel-signs for, 52; rules for writing the stroke and hook forms of, 126. \Vh, 60, 129. JF-hook ; attachment of small, to curves, 123 ; large, /. 72, 149 ; large, in foreign words, 153; large, preceded by circle -s, 152; medial use of the small, 127; rules for the use of the large, 150; small, p. 62, 122; small, and circle-^ combined, 128; strokes halved, 166 ; vocalization of outlines containing the small, 125. Iff, triphthong, 49. Words; for business amanuenses, /. 180; large w-hook in foreign, 153 ; logo- grams represent derivative, as well as primitives, 71; means of distinguishing clashing, 217 ; of frequent occurrence, unnecessary to vocalize, outlines of, f. 102 ; omission of, 222 ; unequal re- currence of, 68. Writing ; direction of, 16 ; materials, 201. Writing exercises, p. 109 ; how to prac- tise the, 206: necessity for, 200; prep- aration for the, 205. Y, rules for the strokes and vowel-signs for iu and, 52. Ye distinguished from 7, 75. J'-hook attached to b, 154. Z ; rules for writing stroke and circle forms of, 81 ; J and, circles distin- guished, 84. Zd, representation of, 94. ^cj-circle, /. 48. 2^z-circle, p. 43. Zhun distinguished from shun, 118. THE AMERICAN SYSTEM OF SHORTHAND. CATALOG OF Phonographic Works BY BENN PITMAN AND JEROME B. HOWARD. PUBLISHT BY THE PHONOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE CO., CINCINNATI, O. To supply the increasing demand for stenographers, schools of shorthand and typewriting have been establish! in various parts of the country, and with few exceptions, all business colleges now have a "department of shorthand." A number of systems are taught, but that of Benn Pitman is more generally used than any other in this country and may be called the "American System." Extract from the Reportof the Commissioner of Education (Wash- ington, D. C.),for the year 1887-88, page 927. The following is a graphic summary of the Table of Statis- tics on the Teaching of Shorthand in the United States, in the Bureau of Education Circular of Information No. I, 1893, pages 40 to 141 ; ( Benn Pitman, 747 teach- ^ "^^ ^^^ \ ers, 34. 7 %. ^^^ Graham, 363 teachers, 16.8 Munson, 228 teachers, 10.6 $,. ^-^ Cross, 185 teachers, 8.6 $,. ^^^ Isaac Pitman, 143 teachers, 6.7 $,. ^ Lindsley, 81 teachers, 3.7 f/ c . Pernin, 64 teachers, 2.5 $,. Scott-Browne, 52 teachers, 2.4 $,. Longley, 52 teachers, 2.4 $, McKee, 36 teachers, 1.6 $,. Pitman (unspecified), 35 teachers, 1.6 %. Moran, 30 teachers, 1.3 c/ . Sloan-Duployan, 24 teachers, i.i %. Besides 38 others, each being less than i