. -".. - ■_ - -. - '• ^KiKlty x^ \\ cs * ' , : I'). II • I IHINGS AS THEY Alii-:. I itnrn'i Poems / - «• AN UNIVERSAL MILITARY DICTIONARY, ix ENGLISH AND FRENCH; IN WHICH ARE EXPLAINED THE TERMS OF THE PRINCIPAL SCIENCES THAT ARE NECESSARY FOR THE INFORMATION OF AN OFFICER. By CHARLES JAMES, LATE MAJOR OF THE ROYAL ARTILLERY DRIVERS, Author of the Regimental Companion ; Comprehensive View ; Poems, dedicated, by Permission, to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, &c. &c. Malheur anx apprentifs dont les sens egares Veulent, sans s'appliquer, franchir tous les degres : Temeraires, craignez le sort qui vous menace ! Phaeton pent seul par sa funeste audace : Si vous guidez trop tot le Char brillant de Mars, Songez que tout l'Etat doit courir vos hasards. King of Prussia's Art of Wak. FOURTH EDITION. LONDON: Printed for T. EGERTON, BOOKSELLER TO THE ORDNANCE, MILITARY LIBRARY, NEAR WHITEHALL. 1816. TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS FIELD MARSHAL THE DUKE OF YORK, COMMAXDER IN CHIEF, &c. Je n'ai point le sot amour-propre de voir mieux qu'un autre ; si chacun avoit la meme franchise, il vous tiendroit le meme langage. Precis de la ViePubliquedu Due D'Otrante.— p. 65. SIR, I continue to inscribe this Work to your Royal Highness, because, under your auspices, the British army has arrived at a state of discipline and regulation, by which success abroad has been obtained, and tranquillity at home secured. The Army stands indebted to you for the confirmation and im- provement of that system which Frederick the Great of Prussia first reduced to practice, and which has been ably carried into execution by the united efforts of those officers who have acted under your influence. Victories gained in the field may reflect the greatest honour upon men that have gallantly fought the battles of their Country ; but victories, after all, are little more than the fruits and consummation of those well digested principles by which the arduous science of war is managed, and without which no army can be well conducted, or finally triumphant. Even he, # who but lately astonished every quarter of the civilized globe by his military exploits and political daring, might still have stood at the head of a great nation, had he been governed by something less intoxicating than mere success. That soldiers are necessary in every state, the wildest theorist must acknowledge ; and the good or bad direction of their energies alone makes them a curse or a blessingr to community. Five and twenty years hard experience in a neighbouring country must have convinced mankind, that mere abstract reasoning is not sufficient to cope with the vices and frailties of human nature. The dissolution of one frame of government may be effected by arms, but unless arms be resorted to for the support of another, anarchy must * Bonaparte. A VI • DEDICATION. follow until the old system be restored, or a better one substituted in its room : so that whether we have recourse to Alfred's antiquated plan of national defence, to a militia as it now exists, or to a regular army, the consequences must be the same. The whole reasoning, in fact, is neither more nor less than a distinction without a difference. The same may indeed be said of Party, which has been truly called, the madness of many for the gain of a few. These are truths as unquestionable, as that the necessity for criminal jurisprudence is rendered indispensible by the depravity of human nature. In the hands of a wicked despot, an army becomes a devour- ing locust, and a creature of ruin and desolation ; in those of a man whose highest object is the welfare of his country, it is the palladium of the best rights and interests of a nation; and it is not flattery to say, that you have studiously endeavoured to render it so. Even the honour and honesty of its component parts have been kept in sight; and every species of fraud on the industrious tradesman has been discountenanced by the restrictive vigilance of your rules.* Under circumstances by no means encouraging to any writer, I have attempted to add my mite to the general stock of military know- ledge. That 1 have, in some degree, succeeded, is shewn by the wide circulation of the work, and most especially by the gratifying man- ner in which you have done me the honour to receive it.f The path I have been doomed to tread has been lowly, but not wholly destitute of merit, or unfruitful to the service ; and although thousands may have eclipsed me by the brilliancy of their career in arms, I have the hardihood to assert, that few have done more, in zeal and assi- duity, to second those views which have reflected so much honour upon yourself.^ * In order to secure the profession of arms from the contaminating touch of fraud, and to convince officers of every rank and description, that the slightest de- viation from honesty will be noticed at Head-Quarters, it is an admitted prin- ciple with His Royal Highness the Commander in Chief, the Right Honourable the Secretary at War, and the Right Honourable the Master-General of the Ord- nance, to receive remonstrances from the lowest tradesman, and to put defaulters under suspension and stoppage of pay until the debt be discharged. In very gross cases dismissal from the service may take place. This is as it ought to be; for why should a man, with honour on his lips, indulge dishonest views in his heart, under the cloak of professional impunity ? t Extract from an Official Letter sent to the Author on his presenting the second edition : Horse- Guards, 2lst January, 1804. ' I am also directed to inform you, that His Royal Highness very much applauds viiir zeal, which has induced you to allot so much of your time to the study of military subjects; and he considers the several treatises which you have presented to the public, to have been very beneficial to the service.' Addressed, (Signed) W. H. CLINTON. Charles James, Esq. Albany, Piccadilly. X See Hints to Lord Rawdon, now the Earl of Moira, published by Faulder, in 1700; Comprehensive View, in 1796; and the 7th edition of the Regimental Companion; and Military Dictionary, originally, published in ISO'.', by T. Egerton, Whitehall. DEDICATION. VII Daring your administration of the Forces, not only the officer, but the private soldier, has been raised from a comparative state of indi- gence and degradation into one of comfort and respectability among his fellow citizens ; their wives, widows, and children have been relieved ;* and even the higher orders of the profession have been placed in a condition of honourable independence. Emulation has received an additional incentive by honorary marks of distinction, and the unavoidable calls of life have been answered by a fair appeal to national justice and liberality. The soldier of fortune and the unpro- tected officer, with grey hairs and crippled limbs, are no longer left to vegetate upon a miserable half-pay with nominal rank ;*f and although they may remain without regiments, they are still above the want of those means which are required for the support of their respective stations. And this has been done upon the best of all good princi- ples, that of justice to the individual and economy to the public ; for as regiments become vacant they are filled up according to seniority,^ and are given to such meritorious officers as have distinguished them- selves on actual service. In the distribution of military pensions the same regard has been paid to the public purse; for as officers recover, and become enabled to return to the full exercise of their functions, they are examined by the Medical Board, and the allowance drops. The Date obohtm JBetisario is no longer a matter of reproach to Englishmen ; while a profligate expenditure of their means for the exclusive benefit of the army, ceases to be a just object of com- plaint. The interior economy of corps has been equally benefited by the wisdom of your arrangements. Troops and companies have obtained effective officers by the abolition of nominal captains in the several field officers. The Colonel's company, instead of being left, as it formerly was, to the sole direction of an ensign, (for the adjutant was usually its lieutenant,) is now under the immediate com- mand of a captain and two subalterns ; and the gay and thoughtless gre- nadier or light-infantry paymaster has been replaced by an unassuming man of conduct and calculation. Nor have the superior departments or the army been less fortunate under your influence and personal di- rection. Not only the General Staff has been improved and new-mo- delled by you, but all its minor branches have been made to corre- spond with the exigencies of real service. You have destroyed that system of plurality which once prevailed in the army, and which is so destructive in every well-regulated state, civil, military or ecclesiastical. We no longer see vested in the same person the contradictory duties of captain-lieutenant, adjutant, paymaster, quarter-master, and chaplain by * See the Regulations respecting the provision for the widows and children, and the security of the effects of deceased officers and soldiers. t For particulars respecting the melancholy situation of a General Officer of this description, before the allowance took place, see the Preface to the last edi- tion of the Regimental Companion. — Ab uno disce oinnes. I The Royal Branches are, of course, an exception to the rule; and this excep- tion is no more than one of the scarce feathers in the prerogative. a a viii DEDICATION. proxy,* for the shameless purpose of throwing into one pocket the accumulated pay and allowances of those situations without the possi- bility of lining justice to any. In a moral point of view, the condition of the British army has been such as to cause it to be respected abroad, and esteemed at home. Even the French, under the severe mortifica- tion of defeat, do not refuse their tribute to the general good beha- viour of our men and officers. With practical knowledge of the field and undaunted assiduity in office, Your Royal Highness has done that for the Army which the late Mr. 1*111, at his outset in life, and every wise man besides, has endeavoured to do for the state at large ; you have not only reformed its abuses, but you have raised the long tried valour of its soldiers into acknowledged skill and reputation ; you have wisely dismissed all parade and imposing grandeur, to receive officers and common citizens — for your situation embraces the concerns of both classes — as one honest man would receive another; you have not done, as many, most unfortunately for the country, sometimes do — you have not heard through the ears, or seen through the eyes of others ; you have personally listened to, and patiently considered, the different statements that have been laid before you; and thereby enabled every man of zeal and ability to offer his contribution to the public service. It is well known, that one of the boldest and the wisest manoeuvres in naval, or military, tactics, was first suggested by a civilian, and afterwards successfully practised by Lord Rodney in 1 782, and by Lord Nelson during the late war. It was also imitated by Bonaparte; — I mean that of cutting the enemy's line asunder. f Let it not then be said that books and writings are useless to the service, or that no notice ought to be taken of those men who devote their time and health to Theory and Research. Animal courage most unquestionably deserves its eulogy ; but something also is due to genius, skill and conduct, especially in a nation where courage springs from the cradle, and accompanies every true-born Briton to the grave. W hen the army was first placed in your hands, you found it little better than an Augaean stable, choked by undue promotions, and reeking with the Sale, Exchange and Purchase of Commissions ; you found Colonels, with their schoolboy habits still about them, standing nt the head of battalions, and Ensigns emerging from the Nursery into troops and companies. These evils were obviated by your judicious regulations, in which, while seniority was duly respected, the path to promotion was not closed against superior merit. You have happily steered between the two extremes of an overweening adherence to mere rule and regulation, and an indiscriminate deviation from all sys- tem ;| and after having borne the attacks of Calumny in its grossest * See a Desultory Sketch of the Abuses in the Militia, addressed to the Earl of Moira in t794 ; published by John Bell, Oxford-street. t See Clerk's Naval Tactics. t See the Seventeenth Report of the Commissioners of Military Inquiry. DEDICATION. IX sense, and been vindicated by Recantation in its purest spirit, you re- main in your dignified station under the best of all pretensions, that of doing reell. This, Sir, is the unaltered language, and these are the uninvited sen- timents of a plain individual-, whose emoluments from the service have always been little, and whose rank is less ; who is not bribed to flatter you, or any other distinguished personage, either by a sense of past, or a hope of future, favour ; and who thus adds his slender testimony to that of the army at large, in acknowledging, that from the General Officer down to the widow and orphan child inclusive, the happy effects of your interference continue to be felt. totamijue diffusa per artus Mens agitat niolem, et magno se corpore miscet. — A r inoiL. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your Royal Highness's Very obedient, humble Servant, CHARLES JAMES. London, November, 18l6. ADVERTISEMENT. Although this Edition has considerably exceeded the proposed limits of the Author's plan, and contains more technical terms than are to be found in the original undertaking, it is nevertheless so far reduced as to be rendered more portable, and so far abridged as to be less elaborate in its explanation, and more copious in its terms. Many words have been added in this impression which are not to be found in any work extant; and it is no small gratification to the Author to see the utility of his original introduction of foreign phrases sanc- tioned by events, in continental warfare, that have raised the character of the British army to the highest pinnacle of glory. More than fourteen years have elapsed, since he first ventured to give the explanation of military terms in general, with the admixture of French words. The propriety of this introduction is now unquestionable. Without pretending to know more than his neighbours, or to be endowed with deeper sagacity than others, the Author was well aware, from an early view of the French Revolution, and a mature consideration of its course, that the military spirit of France would either over-run Furope, and lodge some of her moveable legions in Great Britain and Ireland, or be forced back by the awakened energies of the Continent upon her own distracted bosom ; in either of which unavoidable consequences, a knowledge of the French language must be useful, and indeed necessary, to the British officer. One of these consequences has taken place : and Great Britain possesses the exclusive glory of seeing that power by which her very existence, as an independent nation, had been repeatedly menaced, placed under the guardian wing of a British Chief, whose skill, courage, and good fortune are unexampled in history.* Of the execution of the Work itself, either in its original state, subse- quent augmentation, or present abridgement, the Author can only say, that far from being satisfied himself, he has done his best to satisfy others. He has endeavoured to reduce the subject matter of two volumes into a more portable impression, without losing the smallest portion of its military cast and tenour; and by discharging a redundancy of explanation, he has obtained room for several fresh words. Some entire new matter has also been admitted ; particularly that connected with the most important sieges which have occurred since the invention of gunpowder; and likewise the consequences that have ensued from those operations. The list of battles, which has appeared in former editions, is now given with additional matter, and fresh illustration. The Author is free to confess, that after having discovered many contradictory dates in recent publications, he has been enabled to correct them by a reference to that well executed and invaluable collection of mint-medals in which the principal events of the reign of Bonaparte, or Napoleon the 1st, are minutely described ; and in imitation of which a series is in pro- gress here to preserve the memory of the several contests in which the Duke of Wellington has proved victorious. Not that any metal, or com- * To shew that the Author's opinion of the energy and stability of Great Britain has been uniformly the same, see the Dedication to the 4th edition of his Poems, originally written in 1792. XII ADVERTISEMENT. position, can be sufficiently lasting to vie with the living record of his transactions, which must pass down from the lips of one generation to those of another ; for he may indeed exclaim, in the words of the Roman Pott, Exegi mommentum are peramuu! Although in the prosecution of this volume, the Author has been left to his own labour and researches, and that too during a period of ex- traneous occupation, he is, nevertheless, called upon by his own feelings to say, that were he permitted to indulge his sense of the prompt and friendly manner in which he has been assisted through the list of Sieges, by an intelligent officer of Engineers, an unreserved acknowledgement would be truly gratifying. This tribute must, therefore, remain with no other direction to its object than may be found in the following French inscription : A cehii qui s'y reconnoitra ! The Author can only repeat here what he has said in the last edition, that to render this work (what it ought to be) a national Military Encyclo- paedia, the Professors at Woolwich and Sandhurst should not only afford their theoretical contribution, but officers of known ability and experience, who are provided for in the several departments, should add their practical observations. An office, or circumscribed department, at a moderate expense to the public, might, indeed, be established for the purpose of receiving com- munications, of translating foreign military works, and of digesting the different Acts of Parliament which relate to the army. This Office, or Literary Board, would be subordinate to the Commander in Chief and to the Secretary at War; under whose immediate sanction and direction works of a military tendency, as well as official rules and regulations, could be arranged in a short and conspicuous manner. Long subsequent to the publication of the Regimental Companion, a collection of Official Rules and Regulations was given by authority ; but this collection con- tains no more than the bare existing rule without suggestion or illustration ; and it is published so seldom,* that innumerable alterations occur between the appearance of one edition and the promulgation of another; so that the officer is frequently at a loss through the want of official reference. I shall not, 1 trust, be accused of egotism, when I have the presumption to arrogate to myself some slight merit in having struggled through many difficulties to bring the Companion and the present work into notice. The former, for a fair and candid reason,f was not sanctioned by the Com- mander in Chief, but it had, and still has, the distinguished countenance of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent. To those persons whose chief study, and perhaps whose chief delight, consists in a malignant pursuit after errors only, the Author must ob- serve, that " // cannot be expected that he should please others, since he has not been able to please himself." Si quid novisti rectius istis, Candid us imperti : si iion, his utcre mecum. London, 2£)th November, 1 8 1 6". 6 For the correctness of this remark, I appeal to the Comptrollers of Army Accompts. t When the Author first requested permission to dedicate the Regimental Companion CO Hit Royal Highness the Commander in Chief, Colonel (now Lieut. General) Brownrigg, who was then Military Secretary, told him, that as the work would contain desultory observations which might be misconstrued into Rules and Regulations, the sanction of Head-Quarters could not be given. This ob- jection, however, was waved with respect to the Military Dictionary. MILITARY DICTIONARY, ABA A BAB, a sort of militia among the ^*- Turks. ABACOT, IV. a cap of state. ABACUS, (abaque, Fr.) in architec- ture, the upper member of the capital of a column, serving as a kind of crown- ing, both to the capital and the whole column. It is usually square in the Tuscan, Doric, and Ionic orders; and sloping, on the sides, or faces, in the Corinthian and Composite capitals. Vi- truvius, and others after him, who give the history of the orders, say that the abacus was originally intended to repre- sent a square tile laid over an urn, or rather a basket. See Acanthus. ABAJOUR, Fr. a sky light; also a *mall sloping aperture which is made in walls for the purpose of receiving light from above, such as is seen in prisons and subterraneous buildings. To ABANDON, (abandonner, Fr.) to I leave a place to the mercy of an enemy, by suddenly retiring from it. Hence to j abandon a fortress, &c. ABATE, in horsemanship. A horse is said to abate, or take down, his cur- tets, when, working upon curvets, he | puts his 'two hind legs to the ground j both at once, and observes the same exactness in all his times. ABATIS, Fr. trees cut down, and so laid with their branches, &c. turned to- wards the enemy, as to form a defence for troops stationed behind them. They are made either before redoubts, or other works, to render the attacks diffi- cult, or sometimes along the skirts of a wood, to prevent the enemy from getting possession of it. In this case the trunks serve as a breast-work, behind which the troops arc posted, and for that reason ABO ! should be so disposed, that the parts may, if possible, flank each other. ABBUTTALS, the buttings and boundings of a piece of land expressing on what other lands, streets, highways, &c. the several extremes thereof abutt or terminate. To ABDICATE, (abdiquer, Fr.) to give up voluntarily any place of trust, as to abdicate the crown. The French use the word abdiquer in the same manner that we do to resign; hence abdiquer le commandement dtune armce, d'une com- pagnie, to resign the command of an army, of a company. ABLECTI, in military antiquity, a choice or select part of the soldiery in the Roman armies, picked out of those cal led ext raor dinar ii. ABOARD, (abord, Fr.) in the ship. On hoard is frequently used to signify the same; but the term is evidently a corruption of its original import and etymology. A signifies in. Thus, aloft is derived from a, in, and luft, air, in the air; along, in the same track. So that instead of saying, the troops are on board, it should be, the troops are aboard. ABOIS, IV. a term used among the French to signify extreme distress. Thus an army which is hemmed in on all sides in a fortress or camp, and is in want of provisions, &c. is said to be aux abois. The word comes from aboi/er, to bark; perhaps the term at bay is de- rived from it, as the stag at bay. ABOI-VENTS, Fr. in fortification, small lodgments constructed in acovered way, or in any other part of a fortified place, to protect soldiers from the in- clemency of the weather. B A R R ( 2 ) A B S A DOLL A, in military antiquity, a warm kind of garment, generally lined or doubled, used both by the Greeks and Romans, chiefly out of the city, in following the camp* ABONNEMENT, Fr. an engage- ment entered into by a country, town, corporation, &c. tor the purpose of sup- plying the exigencies of the state in time of war, or of granting provisions, &c. to an army. ABORD, Fr. attack, onset. D'ABORD, Fr. at first; in the be- ginning. S'ABOUCHER, Fr. to parley. ABOUT, a technical word to express the movement, by which a body of troops changes its front or aspect, by facing according to any given word of command. Right-Avovr, is when the soldier, by placing the toe of the right foot on a line in contact with the heel of the left, makes a pivot of the latter, and com- pletely changes the situation of his per- son, by a semi-circular movement to the right. Left-AhovT, is when the soldier, by placing the heel of his right foot on a line with the great toe of the left, changes the situation of his person, by a semi-circular movement to the left. When troops are under arms, they are sometimes put to the left-about, in order to prevent the clashing of the pouches, which frequently occurs in the semi-cir- cular movement to the right. • ABOUT, Fr. in carpentry, that part of a piece of wood which is between one of the ends of the piece and a mortoise. ABREAST, a term formerly used to express any number of men in front. At present they are determined by files. ABREUVOIR, Fr. a watering place; any spot dug for the purpose of retain- ing water. This must always be at- tended to when a regular camp is first formed. Abreivotr, Fr. in masonry, the joint, or juncture, of two stones; or the interstice, or space, which is left be- tween, to be filled up with mortar or cement. Abreuvoir also signifies small trenches which are made in stone quar- ries to carry off the water. ABRI, Fr. shelter, cover. Fire, a Vabri, to be under cover, as of a wood, hillock, &c. ABRIS, Fr. places of shelter. ABSCISSA, in military mathematics, signifies any part of the diameter or axis of a curve, contained between its vertex or some other fixed point, and the intersection of the ordinate. In the parabola, the abscissais a third proportional to the parameter and the ordinate. In the ellipsis, the square of the ordi- nate is equal to the rectangle under the parameter and abscissa, lessened by an- other rectangle under the said abscissa, and a fourth proportional to the axis, the parameter, and the abscissa. In the hyperbola, the squares of the ordinates are as the rectangles of the abscissa by another line, compounded of the abscissa and the transverse axis. But it must be remembered, that the two proportions relating to the ellipsis and hyperbola, the origin of the abscissa, or point from whence they began to be reckoned, is supposed to be the vertex of the curve, or, which amounts to the same thing, the point where the axis meets it; for if the origin of the abscissa be taken from the centre, as is often done, the above proportions will not be true. ABSENT, a term used in the British army. It forms a part of the regimental reports and general returns, to account for the deficiency of any given number of officers or soldiers; and is usually distinguished under two principal heads, | viz. Absent with leave, (avoir conge, ou itre permis d'a/ler en semestre, Fr.) offi- cers with permission, or non-commission- ed officers and soldiers on furlough; excused parade or field duty. Absent without leave, (itre absent, ou s'ubscntcr sans permission, Fr.) Men who desert are frequently returned ab- sent without leave, for the specific pur- pose of bringing their crime under regi- mental cognizance, and to prevent them from being tried capitally for desertion, according to the Mutiny Act. ABSOLUTE Gravity, in philosophy, is the whole force by which a body, shell, or shot, is impelled towards the centre. See Gravity. Absolute Number, in Algebra, is the known quantity which possesses entirely one side of the equation. Thu», in the equation, .r.r -f- lOr, — 64, the number 64, possessing entirely one side of the equation, is called the absolute number, and is equal to the square of the un- A C A ( * ) A C C known root x, added to 10 x, or to 10 times .r. ABUTMENT, that which abuts or supports the ends of any thing. ACADEMY, in antiquity, the name of a villa situated about a mile from the city of Athens, where Plato and his fol- lowers assembled for conversing on phi- losophical subjects; and hence they ac- quired the name of Academics. The term Academy is frequently used among the moderns for a regular society, or company, of learned persons, insti- tuted under the protection of a prince, for the cultivation and improvement of arts or sciences. Some authors con- found ucademy with university ; but, though much the same in Latin, they are very different things in English. An university is, properly, a body composed of graduates in the several faculties; of professors, who teach in the public schools; of regents or tutors, and stu- dents who learn under them, and aspire likewise to degrees : whereas an academy was originally not intended for teaching, or to profess any art, but to improve it ; it was not for novices to be instructed in, but for those who were more know- ing, for persons of distinguished abilities to confer in, and communicate their lights and discoveries to each other, for their mutual benefit and improvement. The first ucademy we read of, was esta- blished by Charlemagne, at the motion of Alcuin ; it was composed of the chief wits of the court, the emperor himself being a member. Royal Military Academy. We have in England two royal academies, one at Woolwich, and one at Portsmouth. The first was established by his late Majesty King George II. by warrants bearing date the 30th day of April, and the 18th day of November, 1711, en- dowed and supported for, the instructing of the people belonging to the military branch of the ordnance, in the several parts of mathematics necessary to qualify them for the service of the artillery, and the business of engineers. The lectures of the masters in theory were then duly attended by the practitioner-engineers, officers, serjeants, corporals, private men, and cadets. At present the gentlemen educated at this academy are the sons of the nobility and military officers. They are called gentlemen cadets, and are not admitted under 14, and not above 16 years of age. They are taught writing. arithmetic, algebra, Latin, French, ma- thematics, mechanics, surveying, level- ling, and fortification, together with the attack and defence; gunnery, mining, laboratory-works, geography, perspec- tive, fencing, dancing, &c. The master- general of the ordnance is always cap- tain of the company qf gentlemen cadets. One second captain and two subalterns constantly do duty with the cadets, on the common; and there is the sam« number with those in the arsenal. The academy at Portsmouth was founded by George I. in 172'2, for teach- ing the branches of the mathematics, which more immediately relate to navi- gation. ACANTHUS, in architecture, an or- nament in the Corinthian and Compo- site orders, being the representation of the leaves of the plant in the capitals of them. Acanthus is the name of a thorn, or thistle, which is called, in English, bear's breech, and goat's horn. ACANZI ? in military history, thq name of the Turkish light horse, that form the van-guard of the Grand Si"- nior s army on a march. ACCELERATED Motion on oblique or inclined planes. See Motion. Accelerated Motion of Pendulums. See Pendulums. Accelerated Motion of Projectiles. See Projectiles. ACCELERER, Fr. to hasten on; t» press forward. Accelerer tin siege, Fr. to carry the trench under the main body of a fortified place, in order to take it by a prompt assault. Accelerer une marcke, Fr. to mak* extraordinary exertions in advancing a- gainst an enemy with rapidity; to make a forced march. ACCENDONES, in military anti- quity, a kind of gladiators, or supernu- meraries, whose office was to excite and animate the combatants during the en- gagement. ACCENSI, in antiquity, were officers attending the Roman magistrates; their business was to summon the people to the public games, and to assist the pra> tor when he sat on the bench. Accensi, in military antiquity, was also an appellation given to a kind of ad- jutants appointed by the tribune to as- sist each centurion and decurion. Ac- cording to Festus, they were supernu- merary soldiers, whose duty it was to B* A C C t * ) A C T •Mend their leaders, and supply the places or those who were either killed or wounded. Livy mentions them us ■{regular troops, hut little esteemed. — Nilmasius tells us, they were taken out of' the fifth class of the poor citizens of Koine. ACCESSIBLE, ( 'accessible, Fr.) that which may be approached. We say, in a military style, that place, or that for- tress, is accessible from the sea, or land, i. e. it may be entered on those sides. ACCLAMATIONS, Fr. shouts of joy, &c. usually given by troops under arms, amidst the discharge of cannon, &c. on the surrender of a place: or in testimony of some great event: we use the term cheers. ACCLIVITY, in a military sense, is the steepness or slope of any work, in- clined to the horizon, reckoned upwards. Some writers on fortification use accli- vity as 6ynonimous to talus; though talus is commonly used to denote all manner of slopes. ACCOMPANIMENT, something at- tetrdant on, or added to, another by way of ornament, or for the sake of symmetry. ACCONTIUM, in ancient military writers, a kind of Grecian dart or jave- lin, somewhat resembling the Roman pihun. ACCOTEMENT, Fr. an upsetting; among paviors, a space of ground which is between the border of a road and the ditch; a sort of footpath by which the road is widened. Dcs-Accotement sig- nifies the reverse, or having both sides uncovered, or not upset. Put; or Personal ACCOUNT, an ac- count which is kept by army agents, spe- cifyiug the several sums of money which have been received or disbursed for an officer under the heads of subsistence and allowances. Clothing Account, an account which is kept by army agents, stating the sums of money which have been received or disbursed for a colonel on account of die clothing of his regiment. ACCOUNTANT (Public). Every officer, be his rank and situation ever so high or low, becomes a public account- ant the instant he is entrusted with the receipt and distribution of public property; and until he receive his quietus, he and his heirs remain amena- ble to the crown — nullum tempus oc- •uriit Jle^i. ACCOUTREMENTS, in a military sense, signify habits, equipage, or furni- ture, of a soldier, such as buffs, belts, pouches, cartridge boxes, &c. Accou- trements should be made of stout, smooth buff, as well for the service to he expected from them, as for their supe- rior look above the spongy kind, which is always stretching, and difficult to clean. The" bull belts are about 2 J inches broad, with two buckles to fix them to the pouch. Pouches are mad* of the stoutest blackened calf-skin, especially the outside Haps, which are of such a substance as to turn the se- verest rain. Cartridge-boxes are made as light as possible, with 3ti holes in each, to hold so many cartridges. The bayonet-belt is also 2\ inches broad, and better worn over the shoulder than about the waist. ACCULER une armie, une troupe, Fr. to drive an army or body of men into such a situation that they must either fight or surrender; also to come to close action. ACEREIt, Fr. to mix steel with iron; thus the point, or edge, of a tool is said to be bien act re, well steeled, when the mixture of steel is pure. ACIIARNEMENT, IV. the rage and frenzy to which soldiers are subjected in the heat of an engagement; a thirst for blood and carnage. ACLIDES, in Roman antiquity, a kind of missive weapon, with a thong fixed to it, whereby it might be drawn hack again. Most authors describe the aclides as a dart or javelin ; but Scaliger- makes it somewhat of a round and glo- bular shape, with a wooden stein to poise it by. ACOLUTIII, in military antiquity, was a title in the Grecian empire given to the captain or commander of the 7"«- rangi, or body guards, appointed for the security of the emperor's palace. ACKOTERIA, (acrolircs, Fr.) in architecture, small pedestals, usually without bases, placed on pediments, and serving to support statues. Sometimes acroteria is used to signify those sharp pinnacles, or spiral battle- ments, which stand in ranges about fiat buildings, with rails and balustrades. ACTIAN games, in antiquity, were games instituted, or at least restored, by Augustus, in memory of the famous victory, at Actiuui, over Mark Au« thony. A D J ( 5 ) ADO Actian years, in chronology, a series of years, commencing with the epocha of the battle of Actium, otherwise called the aera of Augustus. ACTION, {action, Fr.)in the military art, is an engagement between two ar- mies, or any smaller^ body of troops, or between different bodies belonging there- to. The word is likewise used to signify some memorable act done by an officer, soldier, detachment, or party. Action of the mouth, in a horse, the agitation of the tongue and the mandi- ble of a horse, which, by champing upon the bridle, keeps his mouth fresh. ACTIVITE, Fr. See Activity. Eire en Activite, Fr. to be in force, or have existence, as a law, rule, or order ; also to be on service. ACTIVITY, in a military sense, de- notes laboriousness, attention, labour, diligence, and study. ACTS of hostility, (actes d'hostilite, Fr.) certain overt acts by sea or land, which tend to a declaration of war be- tween two countries; or to a renewal of it, after a truce had been agreed upon. ACULER, from the French, signifies, in the manege, that a horse, working upon volts, does not go far enough for- wards, at every motion, so that his shoulders embrace, or take in, too little ground, and his croupe comes too near the center of the volt. A horse is said to have petite, when the horseman does not turn his hand, and put him on with the calf of the inner leg. ACUTE angle. See Angle. ADACTED, applies to stakes, or piles, driven into the earth with large malls shod with iron, as in securing ramparts or ponloens. ADAPTER, Fr. in architecture, to fit an ornament to any particular ob- ject. ADDICE, a sort of axe which cuts horizontally. It is commonly, or cor- ruptly, called an adze. ADDOSSER, Fr. .fieeADOssER. AQ^jkthe shaft, or entrance into a mine^ap^ssage underground, by which miners approach the part they intend to sap. §ee Gallery. ADJUTANT-GENERAL, an officer of distinction, who aids and assists the general in his laborious duty: he forms tb^" several details of duty of the army, with the brigade majors, and keeps an exact state of each brigade and regi- ment, with a roll of the lieutenant-ge- nerals, major-generals, colonels, lieute- nant-colonels, and majors. He every day at head quarters receives orders from the general officer of the day, and distributes them to the majors of bri- gades, from whom he receives the num- ber of men they are to furnish for the duty of the army, and informs them of any detail which may concern them. On marching days he accompanies the general to the ground of the camp. He makes a daily report of the situation of all the posts placed for the safety of the army, and of any changes made in their posts. In a day of battle the adjutant- general sees the infantry drawn up, after which he places himself by the general to receive orders. In a siege he visits the several posts and guards of the trenches, and reports their situation, and how circumstanced; he gives and signs all orders for skirmishing parties, (if time permit,) and has a serjeaut from each brigade to carry any orders which he may have to send. ADJUTANT, an officer who eases the major of part of the burthen of his duty, and performs it in his absence. He receives orders from the brigade ma- jor, if in camp ; and when in garrison, from the town major. After he has car- ried them to his colonel or officer com- manding the regiment, he then assembles the serjeant-major, drum-major, and rite- major, with a serjeant and corporal of each company, who write the orders to shew to their respective officers. If con- voys, parties, detachments, or guards, are to be furnished, he gives the number which each company is to furnish, and hour and place for the assembling : he must keep an exact roster and roll of duties, and have a perfect knowledge of all manoeuvres, &c. ADMINISTRATION interieure des Corps, Fr. the interior economy or in- ternal management of regiments; such as the clothing, capping, accoutring, pay- ing the men their allowances, &c. ADMINISTRER, Fr. to furnish; to supply. Administrer des munitions, Fr. to supply a town or army with the neces- sary means of attack and defence. ADMIRAL, the commander in chief of a tleet, squadron, &c. When on shore, he is entitled to receive military ho- nours, and ranks with generals in the army. ADOS, Fr. a bank of earth which A F F ( 6 ) AGE is raised against a wall that is much exposed. \ DOSSER, Fr. to place one thing behind anotlu p. ADOUBER, l Fr. to stop up li \DOUBER, S chasms or holes in a fountain, machine, &c. ADOUCIS8EMENT, in architec- ture, the junction of one body with another; also tlie reducing two bodies to the same surface, or making them even. ADVANCE. See Pay in Advance. ADVANCED signifies some part of an army in front of the rest, as in ad- vanced guards, which always precede the line of march or operations of a body of troops; again, as when a battalion, or guns of a second line are brought up in front and before the first line. This term also applies to the promotions of officers and soldiers. t Fosse \ See Fortifi- Advanced % Ditch \ cation. (Guard. See Guard. ADVANCEMENT, in a military sense, signifies honour, promotion, or preferment, in an army, regiment, or company. ADVANTAGE G round, a ground that gives superiority, or an opportunity of annoyance or resistance. ADVICE Boat, a vessel employed for intelligence. ADVOCATE General. See Judge Marshal. I \ EATORES, in military antiquity, the musicians in an army; including those who sounded the trumpets, horns, li/ui, bueeitUBf ike. AFFAIR, in the military acceptation of the word, means any action or engage- ment. Affair of Honour, a duel. AFFAIRE de poste, Fr. any engage- ment fought hy an army for the purpose of securing some object of importance ; as the key of a country, &c. AFFAISSEMENT d'un outrage de fortification, Fr. the sinking or lowering of any part of a fortification, either through time, or by pressure, &c. Ah'h'AyiERunc armcc, Fr. to prevent an army from receiving provisions, &c. and thereby starve it out. AfFAMr.it une place, Fr. to besiege a place so closely as to starve the garrison and inhabitants. See Blockade. AFFIDAVIT, in military law, signi- fies an oath taken before some person who is properly authorized to administer it; as first, when a soldier is enlisted, when it is styled an attestation ; second- ly, by all officers appointed for a court- martial; thirdly, by the commissaries, or muster-masters, Ike. AFFIDE, Fr. a man that is trusted; one in the confidence of another. AFFLEURER, Fr. to place two things upon the same level. AFFOIBLIR, Fr. to weaken; hence aff'oiblir un ennemi, to weaken an enemy. AFFRONTER les perils, Fr. to face all dangers; not to be intimidated by the sword, ball, or even death itself. S'AFFRONTER, Fr. to engage one another rudely. Lcs deux armies s'af- fronte rent, the two armies came to close action, and fought hand to hand. Affronter, Fr. to encounter or at- tack boldly. AFFUT, the French name for a gun- carriage, and for which we have no pro- per name; the only distinction from all other carriages is, that it belongs to a gun. See Carriage. AGA, in the Turkish army, is the same as a general with us. AGE. A young man must he 14 years old before he can become an officer in the line, or be entered as a cadet at Woolwich. Persons may be enlisted for soldiers from 17 to 45. After the latter age, every inhabitant is exempted from serv- ing in the British militia. By a late regulation, growing boys may be enlisted under 16 years of age. These recruits are chiefly intended for the East-India service. The Romans were obliged to enter themselves in the army at the age of 17 years; at 45 they might demand their dismission. Amongst the Lombards, the age of entry was between 18 and 19; among the Saxons, at 13. AGE of a horse. The age of a horse is discovered by several outward cha- racters, but principally by his teeth; which see. We also refer the curious to Af. de SolleyseVs Complete Horseman, for particular remarks on this important head. AGEMA, in the ancient military art, a kind of soldiery chiefly in the Macedo- nian artryes. The word is Greek, and li- terally denotes vehemence, to express the strength and eagerness of this corps. Some authors will have agema to denote AGE ( 7 ) A G G a certain number of picked men, an- swering to a legion among the Romans. AGENCY, a certain proportion of money which is ordered to be subtract- ed from all the pay and allowances of the British army, for transacting the busi- ness of the several regiments compos- ing it. AGENDA, Fr. a term used among the French, signifying a minute detail of every thing that is required in the inte- rior economy of a regiment, troop, or company. AGENT, a person in the civil depart- ment of the army, between the,paymas- ter-general and the paymaster of the regiment, through whom every regimen- tal concern of a pecuniary nature must be transacted. He gives security to go- vernment, or to the colonels of regi- ments, who are responsible to govern- ment, for all monies which may pass through his hands in the capacity of an Agent — and by the Mutiny Act it is provided, That if an agent shall with- hold the Pay of Officers or Soldiers for the space of one Month, he shall be dis- missed from his Office, and forfeit 100^. (39th Geo. III. Sect. 69.) Half-pay Agent, a person named or appointed by an officer on half-pay, to receive his allowances. He does not give any security. AGENT, Fr. the person who is en- trusted with the interior economy of a regiment, troop, or company. AGGER, in ancient military writers, denotes the middle part of a military road, raised into a ridge, with a gentle slope on each side, to make a drain for the water, and keep the way dry. Agger is also used for the whole road or military way. Where highways were to be made in low grounds, as between two hills, the Romans used to raise them above the adjacent land, so as to make them of a level with the hills. These banks they called aggeres. Bergier mentions several in the Gallia Belgica, which were thus raised 10, 15, or '^0 feet above ground, and 5 or 6 leagues long. They are sometimes call- ed aggeres calceati, or causeways, as with us. Agger also denotes a work of for- tification, used both for the defence and the attack of towns, camps, &c. in which sense agger is the same with what was otherwise called vallum, and in later times, agestum ; and among the mo- derns, lines; sometimes, cavaliers, fer* r asses, &c. The agger was usually a bank, or ele- vation of earth, or other matter, bound and supported with timber; having some- times turrets on the top, wherein the workmen, engineers, and soldiery, were placed. It was also accompanied with a ditch, which served as its chief defence. The height of the agger was frequently equal to that of the wall of the place. Csesar tells us of one he made, which was 30 feet high, and 330 feet broad. Besides the use of aggers before towns, they generally used to fortify their camps with the same, for want of which precaution, divers armies have been sur- prised and ruined. There were vast aggers made in towns and places on the sea-side, fortified with towers, castles, &c. Those made by Caesar and Pompey, at Brundusium, are famous. Sometimes aggers were even built across arms of the sea, lakes, and morasses; as was done by Alexander before Tyre, and by M. Anthony and Cassius. The wall of Severus, in the north of England, may be considered as a grand agger, to which belong several lesser ones. Besides the principal agger, or vallum, on the brink of the ditch, Mr. Horsley describes another on the south side of the former, about 5 paces distant from it, which he calls the south agger ; and another larger one, on the north side of the ditch, called the north agger. This latter he conjectures to have served as a military way ; the former, probably, was made for the inner defence, in case the enemy should beat them from any part of the principal vallum, or to pro- tect the soldiers against any sudden at- tack from the provincial Britons. Agger Tarquinii was a famous fence built by TarquiniusSuperbus, on the east side of Rome, to stop the incursions of the Latins and other enemies, whereby the city might be invested. Agger is also used for the earth dug out of a ditch or trench, and thrown up on the brink of it : in which sense, the Chevalier Folard thinks the word to be understood, when used in the plural number, since we can hardly suppose they would raise a number of cavaliers or terrasses. Agger is also used for a bank or wall, erected against the sea, or some great river, to confine or keep it within bounds; A I G ( 5 ) A I R tn which sense, agger amounts to the same Willi what the ancients called tu- mulus and moles; the Dutch, dyke; and we, dam, sca-ica//, \c. AGIADES, in the Turkish armies, are a kind of pioneers, or rather field engineers, employed in fortifying the camp, &c. AGIR, Fr. to act; hence agir en offensive ; agir en defensive ; to act of- fensively; to act defensively, or on the defensive. AGITATOR, (Affid't, Fr.) a person in the confidence of a superior, who mixes with his fellow subjects or comrades, and discusses various matters for the pur- pose of discovering their views and prin- ciples. This character was first created by Oliver Cromwell; and a similar one was much employed among the French, in order to preserve the military ascend- ancy of Bonaparte. AGUERRI, Fr. an officer or soldier experienced in war; a veteran. AID, in horsemanship. To aid, as- sist, or succour a horse, is to help him to work true. This is done by the gen- tle and moderate exercise of the bridle, the spur, the caveson, the poinson, the rod, the action of the legs, the mo- tion of the thighs, and the sound of the tongue. AIDE-DE-CAMP, an officer ap- pointed to attend a general officer, in the field, in winter quarters, and in garrison ; he receives and carries the orders, as occasion requires. He is seldom under the degree of a captain, and all aides-de- camp have 10s. a day allowed for their duty. This employment is of greater im- portance than is generally believed : it is, however, often entrusted to young offi- cers of little experience, and of as little capacity; but in most foreign services the v give great attention to this article. Marshal de Puysegur mentions the loss of a battle through the incapacity of an aide-de-camp. The king may appoint for himself as many as he pleases, which appointment gives the rank of colonel in the army. Generals, being field mar- shals, have four, lieutenant generals tico, major generals one, and brigadier gene- rals one brigade major. AIDE du Pare des Vivrcs, Fr. an of- ficer in France, acting immediately un- der the commissary of stores and provi- sions. AID-MAJOR. See Adjutant. AIGREMORE, a term used by the artificers in the laboratory, to express the charcoal m a state fitted for the making of powder. AIGUILLE, an instrument used by engineers to pierce a rock lor the lodg- ment ot powder, as in a mine; or to mine a rock, so as to excavate and make roads. Aiguille de chariot, Fr. the draught tree of a chariot. AIGUILLES, Fr, in carpentry, short upright pieces of wood used in the roofs or houses. Aiguilles, in hydraulics, round or square pieces of wood which serve to lift up, or let down, a llood-gate. AIGUILLETTE9, Fr. tagged points, such as hang from the shoulders in mili- tary uniforms, particularly among the Russians, Prussians, &c. AILE, Fr. a wing or flank of an army or fortification. A ills de moulin a vent, Fr. the sails of a windmill. AILERONS, Fr. the short boards which arc set into the outside of a wa- ter-mill's wheel; we call them ladles, or aveboards. slubes, Fr. signify the same. AiLERONsalsosignify small buttresses, or starlings, which are laid along the sides of rivers, or water courses, in or- der to prevent them from undermining any particular building. According to Belidor, the word epis is more appro- priate. AIM, the act of bringing the mus- quet, piece of ordnance, or any other missive weapon, to its proper line of di- rection with the object intended to be struck. AIM-FRONTLET, a piece of wood hollowed out to fit the muzzle of a gun, to make it of an equal height with the breech, formerly made use of by the gunners, to level and direct their pieces. It is not used at present. AIR, (air, Fr.) in a horse, a ca- dence and liberty of motion, suited to the natural disposition of the horse, which makes him work in the manege, and rise correctly. Am, Fr. air, manner, way, &c. also look, countenance, &c. Air de service, Fr. a look of hardship, or of war ; weather-beaten. AIR-GUN, a pneumatic machine for exploding bullets, &c. with great vio- lence. The common air-gun is. made of brass, A I R ( 9 ) A L C 3nc] has two barrels : the inside barrel is of a small bore, from whence the bullets are exploded; and a large barrel on the outside of it. There is likewise a sy- ringe fixed in the stock of the gun, by which the air is injected into the cavity between the two barrels through a valve. The ball is put down into its place in the small barrel with the rammer, as in any other gun. Another valve, being opened by the trigger, permits the air to come behind the bullet, so as to drive it out with great force. It this valve be opened and shut suddenly, one charge of condensed air may be sufficient for several discharges of bullets; but if tire whole air be discharged on one single bullet, it will drive it out with uncom- mon force. This discharge is effected by means of a lock placed here, as usual in other guns; for the trigger being pulled, the cock will go down and drive the lever, which will open tl £ valve, and let in the air upon the bullet s but as the expansive power of the condensed air diminishes at each discharge, its force is not determined with sufficient precision for the purposes of war. Hence it has been Ion" out of use among military men. In the air-gun, and all other cases where the air is required to be condensed to a very great degree, it will be neces- sary to have the syringe of a small bore, viz. not exceeding half an inch in dia- meter ; because the pressure against every square inch is about 15 pounds, and therefore against every circular inch about 12 pound?. If therefore the sy- ringe he one inch in diameter, when one atmosphere is injected, there will be a resistance of 12 pounds against the pis- ton ; and when ten are injected, there will be a force of 120 pounds to be over- come; whereas ten atmospheres act against the circular half-inch piston (whose area is only \ Dart so bi^j with only a force equal to 30 pounds; or 40 atmospheres may be injected with such a syringe, as well as 10 with the other. In short, the facility of working will be inversely as the squares of the diameter of the syringe. AIR-SHAFTS, in mining. See Mixing. AIRE, Fr. any smooth or even spot of ground upon which one treads. Aire, Fr. in geometry, the area or inside of any geometrical figure. Aire, Fr. in architecture, the space between the walls in a building. AIKEE, Fr. a barn-floor; A I tt I E R, IV. to fumigate. A IS, Fr. board, plank. Afs d'entrevouj:, Fr. boards or planks which cover the space between the raft- ers, or beams, in a building. AISCEAU, Fr. a chip-axe, or one handed plane axe, with which carpenters hew their limber smooth. ATSCETTE, Fr. a small planing axe. AISSE, Fr. a linch pin. AISSIEU, IV. axle-tree, axis. It is also called fi/mpan or (tuubour, round which a rope may be wound for the pur- pose of drawing up any load affixed to it. AJUTAGE, (ajutage, FrJ in hy- draulics, part of the apparatus of an ar- tificial fountain ; being a sort of jet cPeait, or kind of tube fitted to the mouth or aperture of a vessel, through which the water is to lie played, and thrown into a particular form or figure. AJUTAGES, Fr. pipes for water- works. ALAISE, Fr.- in carpentry, a thin piece of wood which is used to linish the wooden pannels of a door. It is also written ali.se. ALARM is a sudden apprehension upon some report, which makes men run to their arms to stand upon their guard; it implies either the apprehension of be- ing suddenly attacked, or the notice given of such an attack being actually made ; generally signified by the firing of a can- non, the beat of a drum, &c. Alarm-I-W, in the field, is the ground appointed by the quarter-master general for each regiment to march to, in case of an alarm. Alar m- Post, in a garrison, is the place allotted by the governor for the troops to draw up in, on any sudden alarm. J'a/se-ALARMS, are stratagems of war, frequently made use of to harass an enemv, by keeping them perpetually un- der arms. They are often conveyed by false reports, occasioned by a fearful or negligent sentinel. A vigilant officer will someiiu.es makS a false alarm, to try if his guards are strict upon duty. A i ARM-i'.W/, the bell rung upon any sudden emergency, as a lire, mutiny, ap- proach of an enemv, or the like, called i>v the French, Tocsin. C ALG ( to ) ALL ALCANTARA, kuightsof, a Spanish military order, who gained great honour during the wars villi the Moors. ALDER, an aquatic tree well known; still much esteemed for such parts ot works as lie continually under water. Vitruvius tells us, that the morasses about Ravenna, in Italy, were piled with alder timber, in order to build upon. The Rialto at Venice is built upon piles of this wood. ALERT, originally derived from the French word alerte, which is formed of a and airte. The French formerly said airte for air; so that alerte means some- thing continually in the air, and always ready to be put in action. A general is said to be alert when he is particularly vigilant. To be kept upon the Alert is to be in continual apprehension of being sur- prized. Alerte, among the French, is an expression which is used to put soldiers upon their guard. It is likewise used by a post that may be attacked in the night, to give notice to the one that is destin- ed to support it; and by a sentry to give warning when any part of the enemy is approaching. ALETTE, Fr. in architecture, the side of a pier between two arcades : alettes also signify jaumbs, or piedroits. ALGARIE, Fr. a catheter which sur- geons use to draw off the urine. ALGEBRA, the science of numbers in general, in which, by general marks for numbers, and others for operations with them, the properties of numbers are demonstrated, and questions relative to them are solved in an easy and concise manner. This science has been rendered obscure by an affectation of mystery, and the supposition, that numbers might be less than nothing, and impos- sible. But as number is delinite in it- self, and one of the clearest ideas, when- ever such a mysterious expression oc- curs, it must be owing to the negligence of the person using it, not to any fault in the science. The study of this easy branch of knowledge might he recom- mended to officers in genera!, from the example set them by Descartes, the great philosopher of France, who when a young man, and encamped neai an university, solved a difficult problem, which est r- cised the ulents of their deepest stu- dents. To officers in the ordnance de- partment the knowledge of Algebra is indispeusably necessary. See Mr. Fiend's very able publication on this science. ALIDADE, Fr. a small instrument which is used in making the grooves of a rillc barrel equal; a cross-staff; also the index of a nocturnal or sea qua- drant. ALIEN", in law, implies a person born in a foreign country, not within the king's dominions, in contradistinc- tion to a denizen, or natural-born sub- ject. Alien-Office. See Office. ALIGN EMENT implies any thing straight: for instance, the alignement of a battalion means the situation of a body of men when drawn up in line. The alignement of n camp signifies the rela- tive position of the tents, &c. so as to form a straight line from given points. ALiE, in the ancient military art, the two wings or extremes of an army ranged in order of little. ALIQUANT, (aliquante, Fr.) parts of a number, which, however repeated, will never make up the number exactly; as, 3 is an aliquant of 10, thrice 3 being 9, four times 3 making 12. ALIQUOT, ( aliquot cs, Fr.) aliquot parts of any number or quantity, such as will exactly measure it without any re- mainder; as three is an aliquot part of 12, because being taken four times, it will just measure it. Thus also, the aliquot parts of 18 are 2, 3, 6, 9. ALLEGIANCE, in law, implies the obedience which every subject ought to pay to his lawful sovereign. Oath of Ar.LEGfANCE is that taken by the subject, by which he acknow- ledges the king his lawful sovereign. It is also applied to the oath taken hy o(li- cers, non-commissioned officers, and sol- diers in pledge of their fidelity to the monarch, prince, or state, under which they ser\e. ALLEG1ANT, loyal. ALLER a I'ennemi, Fr. to meet the enemy; to march against him. ALLEZER, Fr. to cleanse the mouth of a cannon or other piece of ordnance, and to increase the bore, so as to pro- duce its determined calibre. ALLEZOIR, Fr. a frame of timber firmly suspended in the air with strong cordage, on which is placed a piece of ordnance with the muzzle downwards. In this situation the bore is rounded and enlarged by means of, an instrument which has a very sharp and strong A L M ( 11 ) A M A edge made to traverse the bore by men or horses, and in an horizontal direc- tion. ALLEZURES, Fr. the metal taken from the cannon by boring. ALLIAGE, a term used by the French, to denote the composition of metals used for the fabrication of can- non and mortars, &c. ALLIANCE, Fr. in a military sense, signifies a treaty entered into by sove- reign princes and states, for their i j- tual safety and defence. In this sense alliances may be divided into such as are offensive, where the contracting parties oblige themselves jointly to at- tack some other power; and into such as are defensive, whereby the contract- ing powers bind theinse ves to stand by, and defend one another, in case of being attacked by any other power. Alliances are variously distinguished according to their object, the parties in them, &c. Hence we read of equal, un- equal, triple, quadruple, grand, offensive, defensive alliances, ccc. ALLODIAL, independent; not feu- dal. The Allodu of the Romans were bodies of men embodied on any emer- gency, in a manner similar to our volun- teer associations. ALLOGNE, the cordage used with floating bridges, by which they are guided from one side of a river to the other. ALLONGE, Fr. a pass or thrust with a rapier or small sword; also a long rein used in the exercising of horses. ALLONGER, Fr. to lengthen. ALLOWANCE, a sum paid monthly or otherwise, as the case may be, for services rendered, &c. The French use the word truitement in this sense. They also say Allouunce, from Allouer, to allow. ALLOY is the mixture of metals that enter into the composition of the metal proper for cannon and mor- tars. ALLY, ia a military sense, implies any nation united to another, under a treaty, either offensive or defensive, or both." ALMADIE, a kind of military canoe, or small vessel, about 24 feet long, made of the bark of a tree, and used by the negroes of Africa. Almadie is also the name of a long- boat used at Calcutta, near 30 feet long, and generally six or seven broad. ALTIMETRY, the taking or mea- suring altitude, or heights. ALTITUDE, height or distance from the ground measured upwards, and may be either accessible rii inaccessible. ALTrTmr. qfjigure is the distance of ir* vertex from its base, ox the length of u perpendicular let fall from the vertex to the base. Altitude of a shot or shell is the . pendicular height of the vertex of the cuive in which it moves above the hori- zon. See Gunnery and Projectiles. Aititude, in optics, r9 Usually consi- dered as the angle subtended between a Ime drawn through the eye, parallel to the horizon, and a visual ray emitted from an object of the eye. Altitude, in cosmography, is the perpendicular height of an object, or its distance from the horizon upwards. Altitudes are divided into accessible and inane-txible. Accessible Altitude of an object is : hat whose base you can have access to, . e. measure the nearest distance be- weeu your station and the foot of the object on the ground. Inaccessible Altitude nf an object is that when the foot or but torn of it can- iot be approached, by reason of some impediment; such as water, or the like. The instruments chiefly used in measur- ing altitudes, are the quadrant, theo- dolite, geometric quadrant, or line of shadows, ike. Altitude of the eye, in perspective, is a right line let full from the eye, per- pendicular to the geometrical plane. Altitude of motion, a term used by some writers, to express the measure of any motion, computed according to the line of direction of the moving force. AMARRER sur la culasse d'un canon, Fr. to tie or lash to the breech of a gun, in order to inflict bodily chastisement, or to answer any other put pose. A MAS, Fr. stores. AMAZON, one of those women who inhabited the country so called. They ire said to have composed a nation of themselves, exclusive of males, and to have derived their name from their cut- ting off one of their breasts, that it might not hinder or impede the exercise of their arms. This term has often by modern writers been used to signify a bold daring woman, whom the delicacy of her sex does not hinder from engag- ing in the most hazardous attempts. C2 A M M ( a ) A M O Tlic last and former wars with France have furnished us with several instances of females who have uudergone the fa- tigue of a campaign with alacrity, and run the hazards of a battle with the greatest intrepidity. AMBIT, the compass or circuit of any work or place, as of a fortification or encampment, &c. AMBJ 1 [ON, in a military sense, sig- nifies a desire or greater posts, or pre- ferment. Every gentleman in the army or oavy ought to have a spirit of ainbi- tion to arrive at tlie very summit of the profession. .A.MIjI.EE OU emblee, Fr. main force, or assault. AMBLING, a motion in a horse between the gallop and trot. AMBULANT, Fr. changing situa- tion according to circumstances; hence Hopital ambulant, i\\\ hospital which fol- lows the army; Chirurgien ambulant, a surgeon who follows the line of action. AMBUSCADE, a snare set for the enemy, either to surprize him when marching without precaution; or by posting yourself advantageously, and drawing hmi on by different stratagems, to attack himvtith superior force. AMBUSH, a place of concealment for soldiers to surprize an enemy, by falling suddenly upon him. AME, a French term, similar in its import to the word chamber, as applied to cannon, i\:c. AMENDE Honorable, among the Trench, signifies an apology for some injury done to another, or satisfaction given for an offence committed against the rules of honour or military etiquette; and was also applied to an infamous kind of punishment inflicted upon trai- tors, parricides, or sacrilegious persons, in the following manner: the offender being delivered into the hands of the hangman, his shirt is stripped off, a rope put about his neck, and a taper in his Land; then he is led into court, where he must beg pardon of Cod, the king, the court, and his country. Sometimes the punishment ends here; but at other times it is only a prelude to death, or banishmeut to the gullies. AMMUNITION implies all sorts of powder and ball, shells, bullets, car- tridges, grape-shot, tin and case-shot, carcasses, grenades, &c. Ammunition, fixed and unfixed. — The fixed comprises loaded shells, car- casses, and cartridges, filled with pow- der; also shot, fixed to powder, for the convenience of loading qaick, and pre- venting mistakes in using the. charges of powder for filing the different natures of round and case-shot, for held service; but this latter practice has of late years been discontinued, owing to the great danger there is in mixing the powder with the shot, when travelling, and from the ammunition fixed ill this manner not being proper to deposit in magazines. Ball and blank cartridges for the troops, of different descriptions, to suit the na- tures of arms, are also termed fixed am- munition. Unfixed ammunition means round] case, and grape-shot, or shells, not tilled with powder. Ammunition for the navy is all un- fixed, at the time it is sent on board shift, except it may be the hantlgrenades; and when on board, the gunner receives directions to keep a certain number of cartridges, filled with powder, for im- mediate service. Ammunition, or gun-ponder, may be prohibited to be exported, at the king's pleasure, by Car. II. cap. 4. sect. 1o vJ, Arms, utensils of war, or gun-powder, imported without licence from his ma- jesty, are to be forfeited with treble the value. Such licence obtained, except for the furnishing his majesty's public stores, is to be void, and the offender to incur a premunire, and be disabled to. bold any office from the crown. Am. mi mi ion bread, such as is con- tracted for by government, and served in camp, garrison, and barracks. Ammunition shoes, stockings, shirts, storks, 6ic. such of those articles as are served out to the private soldiers by go- vernment. See Half Mountings. Ammunition-?^ <,'(>« is generally a four-wheel carriage with shafts; the sides are railed in with staves and raves, and lined with wicker work, so as to carry bread and all sorts of tools. It is drawn by four horses, and loaded with 1200 pounds weight. See Wagon. AMMUNITlON-carf, a two-wheel car- riage with shafts; the sides of which, as well as the fore and hind parts, are in- closed. AMNESTY, (umnistic, Fr.) an act of oblivion; a general pardon. AMOISE, Fr. in carpentry, a piece of wood which is laid between two half- A N B ( is ) AND beams of timber to support the rafters in a roof. AMORCE, an old military word for fine-grained powder, such as is some- times used for the priming of great guns, mortars, or howitzers; as also for small arms, on account of its rapid inflammation : a port fire, or quick match. AMORCES, Fr. in masonry, bricks or stones which serve to unite a wall of some extent, but which is not com- pleted all together. AMDRTIR, Fr. to deaden; as Amortir un coup de feu, to deaden a shot from a fire-arm. AMORTISSEMENT, ou eouronne ment, Fr. a piece of architecture, or or- an army ANCHOR, (ancre, Fr.) a heavy iron composed of a long shank, having a ring at one end, to which the cable is fastened, and at the other branching out into two arms or flukes, tending up- wards with barbs or edges on each side: its use is to hold the ship, by being fixed to the ground. There are ten parts be- longing to an anchor, viz. the shank, the eye, the ring, the nuts, the crown, the arms, the palms, the flukes, the bill, and the stock. ANCHORS, in architecture, a sort of carving which resembles an anchor, or arrow head. ANCIENT, a term used formerly to express the grand ensign or standard of nament of sculpture, which diminishes as it rises, to terminate some decora- tion. AMPLITUDE de parabole, Fr. in artillery, the horizontal range of a shell, from its departure out of a mortar to the spot on which it drops. AMPLITUDE of the range of a pro- jectile. See Projectile. AMPOULETTE,an old military term used by the French to express the stock of a musket, &c. AMUSETTE, a species of offensive weapon which was invented by the cele- brated Marshal Saxe. It is fired oft* in the same manner as a musquet, but is mounted nearly like a canon. It was found of considerable use during the late war, especially among th? French, who armed their horse artillery with it ; and found it superior to the one adopted by the Prussians. The ball with which it is loaded is from one pound and a half to two pounds weight of lead. ANABASII, in antiquity, were expe- ditious couriers, who carried dispatches of great importance, in the Roman wars. ANACLETICUM, in the ancient art of war, a particular blast of the trum- pet, whereby the fearful and flying sol- diers were rallied and recalled to the combat. ANALOGY, in geometry, ike. the comparison of several ratios together; and is the same as proportion. ANALYSIS, (ana/i/se, Fr.) a separa- tion of a compound body into the seve- ral parts of which it consists. ANBURY is a kind of wen, or ANCILE, in antiquity, a kind of shield, which fell, as was pretended, from heaven, in the reign of Numa Pompilius; at which time, likewise, a voice was heard, declaring, that Rome would be mistress of the world as long as she should preserve this holy buckler. Authors are much divided about its shape: however, it was kept with great care in the temple of Mars, under the direction of twelve priests; and lest any should attempt to steal it, eleven others were made so like it, as not to be dis- tinguished from the sacred one. These Ancilia were carried in procession every year round the citv of Rome. AN CONES are the corners, or coins of walls, crossbeams, or rafters. Vi- tmvius calls the consols, ancones. ANCRE, Fr. an iron brace. ANDABATjE, in military antiquity, a kind of gladiators, who fought hood- winked, having a sort of helmet that covered the eyes and face. They fought mounted on horseback, or out of cha- riots. St. ANDREW, or the Thistle, a mi- litary order of knighthood in Scotland; the motto is, Nemo vie impune lucessit. The occasion of instituting this order is variously related by different authors John Lesley, bishop of Ross, reports, that the night before the battle betwixt Atheistane, king of England, or rather Northumberland, and Hungus, king of the Picts, a bright cross, in the fashion of that whereon St. Andrew suffered martyrdom, appeared in the air to Hun- gus; he having gained the victory, bore the figure of that cross at all times after spungy wart, growing upon any part of in bis ensigns and banners; from which 2 horse's body, full of blood. time all succeeding kings of Scotland AND ( U ) A N G liavc religiously observed the same bear- ing. Others assert, that this extraordi- nary appearance was nc^t to Hungus, but to the Scots, whom Achaius, king of Scotland, sent to his assistance. This victory is said to have been obtained in the year 819, (though, according to Buchanan, Achaius died nine years be- forehand that Hungus and Achaius went bare-footed in solemn procession to the kirk of St. Andrew, to return thanks to God and his apostle, promising, that they and their posterity would ever use in their ensigns the cross of St. Andrew, which custom prevailed among the Picts, and continues among the Scots unto this day; and that both these kings in- stituted an order, which they named the order of St. Andrew. Others, who allow that Achaius in- stituted this order, give the following account of its origin: Achaius having formed that famous league, offensive and defensive, with Charlemagne, against all other princes, found himself thereby so strong, that lie took for his device the Thistle and the Rue. which he com- posed into a collar of his order, and for his motto, Pour inn defense, intimating thereby, that he feared not the powers of foreign princes, seeing he leaned on the succour and alliance of the French. And though from hence may be inferred, that these two plants, the Thistle and the Rue, were the united symbols of one order of knighthood, yet Menenius di- vides them into two, making one whose badge was the thistle, whence the knijjhts were so called, and the motto, Nemo me impune htcessit ; another vulgarly called Sertumruto; or the Garland of Rue; the collar of which was composed of two branches or sprigs thereof, or else ol several of its leaves: at both these col- lars hung one and the same jewel, to wit, the figure of St. Andrew, bearing before him the cross of his martyrdom. But though the thistle has been ac- knowledged for the badge and symbol of the kingdom of Scotland, even from the reign of Achaius, as the rose was of England, and the lily of France, the pomegranate of Spain, &c. yet there are some who refer the order of the thistle to later times, in the reign of Charles VII. of France, when the league of amity was renewed between that king- dom and Scotland, by which the former received great succour from the latter, at a period of extraordinary distress. Others again place the foundation still later, even as low as the year 1500; but without any degree of certainty. The chief and principal ensign of this order is a gold collar, composed of thistles, interlinked with annulets of gold, having pendent thereto the image of St. Andrew, with his cross, and this motto, Nemo me impune lucessit. Knights of St. Andrew is also an order instituted by Peter the Great, of Muscovy, in 1698; the badge of which is a golden medal, on one side whereof is represented St. Andrew's cross; and on the other are these words, Czar Pierre, monurque de toute la Russie. This medal, being fastened to a blue ribbon, is sus- pended from the right shoulder. ANGARIA, in ancient military wri- ters, means a guard of soldiers posted in any place for the security of it. Vide Vegetius, lib. i. c. 3. lib. ii. c. 19. lib. iii. c. 8. Angaria, in civil law, implies a ser- vice by compulsion, as furnishing horses and carriages for conveying corn or other stores for the army. ANGE, a term used by the French to express chain shot. ANGEL SHot. See Chain Shot. Angel Bed, an open bed without bed-posts, such as may be seen in the wards of gaols, hospitals, &c. ANGELOT, a gold coin, which was struck at Paris when that capital was in the hands of the English; and so called from its representing the figure of an angel, supporting the arms of England and France; also a musical instrument resembling a lute. ANGLE, in geometry, is the incli- nation of two lines meeting one another in a point. The measure of an angle is the arch of a circle whose center is the angular point, and radius any distance in ilie lines forming the angle, and by which the arc is intercepted. As many degrees, tSx. as are contained in that arch, so many degrees, &c. the angle is said to consist of. Angles are either right, acute, or obtuse. A right Angle is that formed by a line falling perpendicularly on another; or that which subtends an arc of 90 de- grees. All right angles are equal to each other. An acute Angle is that which is less than a right angle, or 90°. A N G ( is ) A N G An obtuse Angle is that which is i the diameter of a circle makes with the greater than a right angle ; or whose circumference, measure exceeds 90°. Angle of incidence is that which the Adjacent Angles are such as have the] line of direction of a ray of light, &c, same vertex, and one common side. The sum of the adjacent angles is always equal to two right angles (13 Eucl. 1), and therefore, if one of them be acute, the other will be obtuse ; and the con- trary: whence, if either of them be given, the other is also given, it being the complement of the former to 180°. Homologous or like Angles, in similar figures, are such as retain the same order, reckoning from the first in both figures. Vertical Angles are the opposite angles made by two lines cutting or crossing each other. When two lines cut or cross each other, the vertical an- gles are equal. (15 Eucl. 1.) Alternate Angles are the angles formed by a straight line falling on two parallel straight lines, so that each angle shall have a common leg, but the other legs are on opposite sides of this com- mon leg. These alternate angles are always equal. (29 Eucl 1.) A rectilinear or right-lined Angle is made by straight lines, to distinguish it from the spherical or curvilinear angle. Angles of contact are angles formed by a curve with its tangent, which may be considered as true angles, and should be compared with one another, though not with right-lined angles, as being in- finitely smaller. Angle of elevation, in gunnery, is that which the axis of the hollow cylin- der, or barrel of the gun, makes with a horizontal line. See Elevation. Angles oblique are those which are greater than right angles. Sp/tericul Angle is an angle formed by the intersection of two great circles of the sphere. A spherical angle is measured by the arc of a great circle, intercepted between the legs, or the legs produced, whose pole is in the vertex of the angle. Angle lunular is an angle formed by the intersection of two curves, the ont concave and the other convex. Mixed-line Angle is that compre- hended between a light line and a curv- ed line. Curved-line Angle is that inter- cepted between two curved lines meet- ing each other in one point, in the same plane. Angle of a semi-circle is that which makes at the point where it first touches the body it strikes against, with a line erected perpendicular to the surface of that body. Angle of incidence, in projectiles, is the angle which the line of direction of the projectile makes with the surface of the obstacle on which it impinges. The force or effect of a shot striking a wall, or other obstacle, in an oblique direc- tion, is to its force, if it had struck the same obstacle in a perpendicular direc- tion, as the angle of incidence is to the radius. Hence the impulsive forces of the same shot, fired in different direc- tions, are to each other, as the respec- tive angles of incidence of these direc- tions. Angle of interval, between two places, is that formed by two lines directed from the eye to those places. Angle of reflection is the angle inter- cepted between the line of direction of a body rebounding after it has struck against another body, and a perpendicu- lar erected at the point of contact. Angle at the center, in fortification, is the angle formed at the middle of the polygon, by lines drawn from thence to the points of the two adjacent bastions. Angle of the curtain, ) that which is Angle of the flank, j made by, and contained between the curtain and the flank. Angle of the polygon, that which is made by the meeting of the two sides of the polygon, or figure in the center of the bastion. Angle of the triangle is half the an- gle of the polygon. Angle of the bastion, or | that which Flanked Angle, ) is made by the two faces, being the utmost part of the bastion most exposed to the enemy's batteries, frequently called the point of the bastion. Diminished Angle, only used by some foreign engineers, and more espe- cially the Dutch, is composed of the face of the bastion, and the exterior side of the polygon. Angle of the shoulder, i is formed by Angle of the epaule, $ one face, and one flank of the bastion. Angle of the tenaille, } is made by Angle rentrant, J two lines fi- A X G ( 10 ) A N I chant, that is, the laces of the two bas- tions extended till they meet in an an- gle towards the curtain, and is thai which always carries its point towards the out-works. AngLI of the flunk exterior is that which i» before the cent< r of the curtain, formed by the prolongation of the laces of the bastion, or by both the fichant lines of defence, intersecting each other on planning a fortification. A NCI E f defence is that angle made by the flank and the line of defence. Angle of the face is formed by the angle of the face and the line of de- fence produced till they intersect each other. Angle of the base interior is the half of the angle of the figure, which the in- terior polygon makes with the radius, when they join each other in the cen- ter; intersecting the center of the gorges of each bastion. Angle of the base exterior is an angle formed by lines drawn from the center of the figure to the angle of the exterior polygon, cutting the center of the gorges of each bastion. Angle of the gorge is that angle formed by the prolongation of the cur- tains intersecting each other, in the cen- ter of the gorge, through which the ca- pital line passes. ANGLE of the ditch is formed before the center of the curtain, by the out- ward line of the ditch. Angle of the mole is that which is made before the curtain where it is in- t( rsected. Flanked Angle. Sec Angle of the bastion. Salient Angle, ) is that angle which Angle tortant, S points outwards, or towards the country; such is the angle of the counterscarp before the point of a bastion. .Entering - Angle, or ; an angle point- Angle rentrant, S ing inwards, as the salient angle points outwards; such is the angle of the counterscarp before the curtain. Angle of the counterscarp, made by two sides of the counterscarp meeting before the center of the curtain. Angle at the circumference of a cir- cle, is an angle formed by two chords in the circumference of a circle. Angle of /.'/< circumference is the mixed angle formed by an arch, drawn from one gorge to another. He-entering Angle. See Entering Am. i.e. Angle qf the complement of the line of defence is the angle formed by the intersection of the two complements with each other. ANGLES of a lalta/ion a;e made by the last men at the extremity of the ranks and tile-. Front Angles, the two last men of the front rank. . Rear Angles, the two last men of the rear rank. Dead Angle is a re-entering angle, consequently nut defended. Flank-forming Angle. When the flank, as in Ozanaih's method, passes when produced through the center of the polygon, the angle formed l>v that line and the oblique, or great radio?, a called by him the flank-forming angle. In the Dutch construction, it is the angle formed by a di mi-gorge and a ri^ht line drawn to the adjacent epaule from that extremity thereof, which is in the angle of the gorge or center of the bastion. ANGLET, l'r. an anklet, a corner; also a small right-angled cavity; a term in architecture. ANGON, in ancient military history, was a kind of dart of a moderate length, having an iron bearded head and cheeks; in use about the fifth century. This sort of javelin was much used by the French. The iron head of it resembles a fleur- de-lis; and it is the opinion of some writers, that the arms of France arc not fleurs-de-lis, but the iron point of the angon or javelin of the ancient French. ANGULAR, in a general sense, de- notes something relating to, or that has angles. lb ANIMATE, in a military sense, is to encourage, to incite, to add fresh impulse to any body of men who are ad- vancing against an enemy, or to prevent them from shamefully abandouing their colours in critical situations. Soldiers may be encouraged and incited to gal- lant actions not only by words, but by the looks and gestures of the oflicers, particularly of their commanding one. ft is by the latter alone, indeed, that any of these artificial means should be ANT ( n ) A P O irsorted to; for silence, steadiness, and calmness are the peculiar requisites in tlte character of subordinate oti':cers. ANIMOSITY, (animosite, Fr.) ha- tred, grudge, quarrel, contention. AN LACE, a falchion or sword, shaped like a scythe. ANNA, Ind. the sixteenth of a rupee; the lowest nominal coin in India, equal to about 2d. English. ANNALS, a species of military his- tory, wherein events are related in the chronological order they happened. They differ from a perfect history, in being only a mere relation of what passes every year, as a journal is of what passes every day. ANNELET, } fcr/irce/e/,Fr.)fromara- ANNULET, S nulus, a ring, a small square member of the Doric capital, un- der the quarter-round, &c. Annulets are used in architecture to signify narrow fiat mouldings. An an- nulet is the same member which M. Mauclerc, from Vitruvius, calls a fillet; and Pulladio a listel or cincture; and M. Brown, from Scamozzi, a supercili- um, tinea, eye-brow, square and rabbit. ANNUNCIADA, an order of mili- tary knighthood in Savoy, first insti- tuted by Amadeus I. in the year 1409; their collar was of 15 links, interwoven one with another, and the motto F. E. R. T. signifying Fortitude ejus Rhodum tenuit. Amadeus VIII. changed the image of St. Maurice, patron of Savoy, which hung at the collar, for that of the Virgin Mary; and instead of the motto above mentioned, substituted the words of the angel's salutation. ANOLYMPIADES. See Olympiad. ANOMALOUS, irregular, unequal, out of rank. ANSE des pieces, Fr. the handles of cannon. Those of brass have two — those of iron seldom any — these handles serve to pass cords, handspikes, or levers, the more easily to move so heavy a body, and are made to represent dol- phins, serpents, &c. ANSPESADE.SeeLANCECoRi'ORAL. ANTA, (antes, Fr.) in architecture, is used by M. Le Clerc, for a kind of shaft of a pilaster, without base or capi- tal, and even without any moulding. Belidor calls them angular pilasters, which are placed in the corners of build- ings adorned with orders of architec- ture ANTvE, pilasters adjoining to a wall. ANTEMURAILLE, Fr. in the an- cient military art, denoted what now thft moderns generally call the out-works. ANTES, square pilasters, which the ancients placed at the corners of their temples. To ANTEDATE, (antidater, Fr.) to date a letter, &c. before the time. Hence to antedate a commission. ANTESTATURE, in ancient fortifi- cation, signifies an intrenchment of pa- lisades or sacks of earth thrown up in order to dispute the remainder of a piece of ground. ANTHONY, or Knights of St. An- thony, a militarv order instituted by Albert, duke of Bavaria, Holland, and Zealand, when he designed to make war against the Turks in 1382. The knights wore a collar of gold made in the form of a hermit's girdle, from which hung a stick like a crutch, with a little bell, as they are represented in St. Anthony's pictures. ANTICIIAMBER, ( antichumbre, Fr.) an apartment in a house before the principal chamber; a lobby or outer room of a large or noble house, where servants, strangers, or petitioners wait till the lord or master of the house is at leisure to he spoken to. The French say Chauffer Vantichambre, to dance at- tendance. ANTIPAGMENTS, ornaments, or garnishings in carved work set upon the architrave. ANTIQUO-OTraterH, a term used iu speaking of old Gothic churches, to dis- tinguish them from those of the Greeks and Romans. APERTURE, the opening of any thing; or a hole, cleft, or vacant place in some solid or continuous substance. In architecture, doors, windows, stair- cases, chimnies, outlets and inlets for light, smoke, Sec. are termed aper- tures. Aperture, in geometry, is used for the space left between two lines, which, mutually incline towards each other, to form an angle. APOPHYGE, in architecture, that part of a column where it begins to spring out of its base, and shoot upwards. | The French call it ichappe, conge. The apopbyge, in its original, was no more than the ring or ferril, heretofore fastened at the extremities of wooden pillars, to keep them from splitting, which was afterwards imitated in stone- work. A P P ( i» )' A P P APPANAGE, Fr. train, retinue. APPAREIL, Fr. height or thickness of a stone in the quarry; also, in archi- tecture, the method of cutting stones and laving them. Pierre A PP A RELLLEE, Fr. a stone eat to the measure given. APPAREILLES,Fr. are those slopes : liit lead to the platform of the bastion. See FoOTIFIC vi ion. W'PARKILLEUR, Fr. an architect who superintends the workmen in the construction of fortifications, sluices, &C. a marker of stones to be cut. APPEAL might formerly have been made, by the prosecutor or prisoner, from the sentence or jurisdiction of a regimental to a general court-martial. — At present no soldier has a right to ap- peal, except in cases where his immedi- ate subsistence is concerned. APPEL, Fr. a roll call, a beat of drum for assembling; a challenge. Appel, in fencing, a smart beat with your blade on that of your antagonist on the contrary side to that you have engaged, generally accompanied with a stamp of the foot, and used for the pur- pose of procuring an opening. APPENTIS, Fr. in carpentry, a shed. See Hangar. APPOINTE. This word was appli- cable to French soldiers only, during the monarchy of France, and meant a man who, for his long service and extraordi- nary bravery, received more than com- mon pay. There were likewise instances in which officers were distinguished by being styled officios appoint is. They were usually rewarded by the king. The word appoint c was originally de- rived from its being said that a soldier was appointed among those who were to do some singular act of courage, as by going upon a forlorn hope, &c. ike. APPOINTMENT,^ a military sense, is the pay of the army; it likewise ap- plies to warlike habiliments, accoutre- ments, &c. APPREHEND, in a military sense, implies the seizing or confining of any person. According to the Articles of War, every person who apprehends a de- serter, and attests the fact duly before a magistrate, is entitled to receive twenty shillings. APPROACHES. All the works are generally so called that are carried on to- wards a place which is besieged ; such as the first, second, and third parallels, the trenches, epaulements with and without trenches, redoubts, places of arms, saps, galleries, and lodgments. See these words more particularly under the head FOR- TIFICATION. This is the most difficult part of a siege, and where most lives are lost. The ground is disputed inch by inch, and neither gained nor maintained without the loss of men. It is of the utmost importance to make your approaches with great caution, and to secure them as much as possible, that you may not throw away the lives of your soldiers. The besieged neglect nothing to hinder the approaches; the besiegers do every thing to carry them on; and on this depends the taking or defending the place. The trenches being carried to their glacis, you attack and make yourself master of their covered-way, establish a lodgment on their counterscarp, and ef- fect a breach by the sap, or by mines with several chambers, which blow up their intrenchments and fougades, or small mines, if they have any. You cover yourselves with gabions, fascines, barrels, or sacks; and if these are wanting, you sink a trench. You open the counterscarp by saps to make yourself master of it; but, before you open it, you must mine the flanks that defend it. The best attack of the place is the face of the bastion, when by its regularity it permits regular ap- proaches and attacks according to art. If the place be irregular, you must not observe regular approaches, but proceed according to the irregularity of it; ob- serving to humour the ground, which permits you to attack it in such a man- ner at one place, as would be useless or dangerous at another; so that the engi- neer who directs the attack ought exactly to know the part he would attack, its proportions, its force and solidity, in the most geometrical manner. Approaches, in a more confined sense, signify attacks. Counter Approaches are such trench- es as are carried on by the besieged, against those of the besiegers. APPRENTI, Fr. apprentice. In France they had apprentices or soldiers among the artillery, who served for less pay than the regular artillery- men, until they became perfect in their profession, when they were admitted to such vacancies as occurred in their re- spective branches. A R A ( 19 ) ARC APPROXIMATION, (approxima ■ tion, Fr.) in arithmetic or algebra, is a continued approaching still nearer and nearer to the root or quantity sought, without ever expecting to have it exactly. APPUI, with horsemen, the stay up- on the horseman's hand, or the recipro- cal sense between the horse's mouth and the bridle hand ; or the horse's sense of the action of the bridle in the horseman's hand. Horses for the army ought to have a full appui, or firm stay upon the hand. A full Appui, in horsemanship, a firm stay without resting very heavy, and without bearing upon the horse- man's hand. A more than full Appui, upon the hand, is when the horse is stopped with some force; but still so that he does not force the hand. This appui is good for such riders as depend upon the bri- dle, instead of their thighs. Appui, (point d'appui, Fr.) any par- ticular given point or body, upon which troops are formed, or by which they are marched in line or column. Alter a /'Appui, Fr. to go to the as- sistance of any body ; to second, to back. Hauteur (/'Appui, Fr. breast-height. APPUYER, Fr. to sustain, to "sup- port. Hence, une urmee appuyte d'un hois, d'un marais; an army which has a wood or a marsh on either of its flanks. Appuyer also signifies to force any thing into an object ; as, appuyer I'eperon (i uncheval, to drive the spurinto ahorse. APPRELLE, Fr. horse-tail. APRON, in gunnery, a square plate of lead that covers the vent of a cannon, to keep the charge dry, and the vent clean and open. AQUEDUCT, a channel to convey water from one place to another. Aque- ducts, in military architecture, are ge- nerally made to bring water from a spring or river to a fortress, Ike. ; they are likewise used to carry canals over low grounds, and over brooks or small rivers : they are built with arches like a bridge, only not so wide, and are cover- ed above by an arch, to prevent dust or dirt from being thrown into the water. See Muller's Practical Fortification. The Romans had aqueducts which ex- tended 100 miles. That of Louis XIV. near Maintenon, which carries the river Bute to Versailles, is 7000 toises long. . ARAIGNEE, Fr. in fortification. See Gallery. something done af- ter the manner of ARABESQUE,; ARABESK, the Arabians. Arabesk, grotesque, and moresqve, are terms applied to such paintings, orna- ments of friezes, &c. on which there are no human or animal figures; but which consist wholly of imaginary foliages, plants, stalks, &c. The terms are derived from the Arabs, Moors, and other Mahometans, who use these kinds of ornaments, because their religion forbids them to make any images or figures of men, or of other animals. ARABIAN horse, a horse supposed to be of high value, but not so useful as the common English breed. ABASEMENT, Fr. in masonry, the last course of stone or brick upon a wall of an equal height. ARASER, Fr. to carry the different courses of stone or brick to an equal height. ARASES, Fr. stones or bricks which are larger or smaller than those of the other courses, and are used to make any given height. ARBALET, in the ancient art of war, a cross-bow, made of steel, set in a shaft of wood, with a string and trigger, bent with a piece of iron fitted for that pur- pose, and used to throw bullets, large arrows, darts, &c. Also a mathemati- cal instrument called a Jacob's Staff, to measure the height of the stars upon the horizon. ARBALETE a jalet. Fr. a stone bow. ARBALETRIER, Fr. a cross-bow- man. Arbaletrier d'une galiere, Fr. that part of a galley where the cross- bowmen were placed during an engage- ment. ARBORER, Fr. to plant, to hoist. Arborer I'etendart, to plant the stand- ard. ARBRE, Fr. tree; in mechanics, the thickest piece of timber upon which all other pieces turn, that it supports. ARC, Fr. a bow; anarch in building. Arc en plein ceintre, Fr. in architec- ture, an arch which is formed of a per- fect half-circle. Arc en anse de punier, Fr. an elliptic arch drawn upon three centers. Arc biuis, ou de cute, Fr. an arch whose piedroits are not even with then plans. Arc rampant, Fr. that which in an D.2 A R C ( to ) A R C upright wall issomcwhatinclined towards a gentle slope. Arc en (nlut, Fr. that which is made to ease a platband or an architrave, and whose declivities bear upon the sum- mers. An arch is also so called when il is made in a wall that slopes. Anc en tiers-point, on Gothique, Fr. that which is made of two portions of a circle, which intersect each other, at the point of the angle at top. Anc ile cloitrc, Fr. See Voute en arc dc cloitre. Anc a renters, Fr. an inverse arch that is made to support the piles of a bridge, between the arches, and to pre- vent their falling against each other, which often happens in loose ground. ARCADE, (arcade, Fr.) a continued arch ; a walk arched over. ARCBOUTANT, (from the French arc and boater, to abut,) a flat arch, or part of an arch abutting against the reins of a vault, to support and prevent its giving way. Arcboutant, Fr. in carpentry, any piece of timber which is used as a but- tress or support in scaffolds. ARCBOUTER, ou contrcboutcr, Fr. to restrain or keep in the bellying of an arch, or of a platband, by means of a pile or buttress. ARCEAU, Fr. an arch. This term, however, is chiefly applied to the small arch of a bridge. Arceau also means a saddle-bow. ARCH, in military architecture, is a vault or concave building, in form of a curve, erected to support some heavy structure, or passage. Triumphal Arch, in military history, is a stately erection generally of a semi- circular form, adorned with sculpture, inscriptions, &c. in honour of those he- roes who have deserved a triumph. For a very able Treatise on Arches, see Mr. Atwood's late publication; and under Parabola see Parabolic arches. ARC I IE en plein ccintrc, Fr. an arch formed by a perfect semi-circle. Arche elliptique, Fr. that which is formed by a half-oval. Arche surbaissie, Fr. that which is of the lowest proportion; called also en tnae de punier, from its resemblance to the handle of a basket. Arche en portion de cercle, Fr. that which contains less than a semi-circle. Arcue cxtradossiie, Fr. is that, all the hendings of which are equal in length and parallel to the cintrv. Anc he d' assemblage, Fr. When a wooden bridge is made of one arch, the arch is so called. ARCHED. A horse is said to have arched legs, when his knees are bent arch-wise. This relates to the fore- quarters, and the infirmity is generally occasioned by hard riding. There are horses, however, which the French call brassicourts, or short fore-' thighs, that have their knees naturally arched. ARCHERS, in military history, a kind of militia or soldiery, armed with bows and arrows. They were much used in former times, but are now laid aside, excepting in Turkey, and in some of the eastern countries. ARCHERY, (I'art de tirer de I'are, Fr.) the art of shooting with a bow and arrow. Our ancestors were famous for being the best archers in Europe, and most of our victories in Fiance were gained by the long-bow. The statutes made in 33 Hen. VIII. relative to this exercise, are worth perusal. It is for- bidden, by statute, to shoot at a stand- ing mark, unless it be for a rover, where the archer is to change his mark at every shot. Any person above 24 years old is also forbidden to shoot with any prick- shaft, or flight, at a mark of eleven score yards or under. 33 Hen. YI1I. chap. 9. The former was a provision for making good marksmen at sight; the latter for giving strength and sinews. ARCHIPELAGO, (archipel, archi- pelage, archipelague, Fr.) a certain ex- tent of the ocean, which is intersected by several islands; that part which was anciently called the /Egean Sea, having Romania, Macedonia, and Greece, on the N. and W., Natolia on the E., and the Ionian Sea on the S. It con- tains a vast quantity of large and small islands. Archipelago, (Northern,) situated between Kamschatka and the N. W. parts of America. ARCHITECTURE, in a military sense, is the art of erecting all kinds of military edifices or buildings, whether for habitation or defence. Military Architecture instructs us in the method of fortifying cities, sea- ports, camps, building powder maga- zines, barracks, &c. Military architcc- A R G ( 21 ) ARM *ure is divided into regular and irregu- lar fortification. Naval Architecture, the art of building the hull or body of a ship, dis- tinct from her machinery and furniture for sailing, and may properly be compre- hended in three principal articles. l.To give the ship such a figure, or outward form, as may be most suitable to the service for which she is intended. 2. To find the exact shape of the pieces of timber necessary to compose such a fa- bric. 3. To make convenient apart- ments for the artillery, ammunition, provisions, and cargo, together with suitable accommodation for the officers and men. ARCHITRAVE, the master-beam, or chief supporter, in any part of a sub- terraneous fortification. ARCH I VAULT, (archivolte, Fr.) the inner contour of an arch, adorned with mouldings, which goes round the faces of the arch stones, and bears upon the imposts. This contour differs ac- cording to the different orders in archi- tecture. Faire vuider les ARCONS, Fr. to throw out of the saddle. Perdre les Arcons, Fr. to lose one's seat in riding. AREA, the superficial content of aay rampart, or other work of fortification. ARENER, Fr. to sink under. This is said of a beam or plank, which gives way on account of the weight upon it. AREOMETER, (arcomltre, Fr.) an instrument usually made of fine thin glass, which, having had as much running quicksilver put into it, as will serve to keep it upright, is sealed up at the top; so that the stem or neck being divided into degrees, the heaviness or lightness of any liquor may be found, by the ves- sel's sinking more or less into it. ARESTIER, Fr. the corner side of a building. Also the back part of the blade of a sword. Arestier de plomb, Fr. the end of a piece of lead, which lies under the top of a roof that is slated. ARESTIERES, Fr. the beds or lays of plaster which tile-coveiers, or slaters, put at the angles of the top of a roof that is tiled. ARCANE AU, Fr. the ring of an anchor. ARGYRASPIDES, a part of the old Macedonian phalanx, which served un- der Alexander the Great, and was dis- tinguished from the rest of the men who composed that body, by carrying silver shields. ARIGOT, Fr. a fife or flute. ARM, in geography, denotes a branch of the sea, or of a river. Arm is also used figuratively to denote, power. Arm signifies also any particular de- scription or class of troops. To Arm, to take arms, to be provided against an enemy. ARMADA, a Spanish term, signi- fying a fleet of men of war, applied par- ticularly to that great one fitted out by the Spaniards, with an intention to con- quer this island, in 1588, and which was defeated by the English fleet, under ad- mirals Lord Howard and Sir Francis Drake. ARMADILLA, a Spanish term, sig- nifying a small squadron. ARMATEUR, Fr. a privateer. ARMATURA, in ancient military his- tory, signifies the fixed and established military exercise of the Romans, nearly in the sense we use the word exercise. — Under this word is understood the throwing of the spear, javelin, shooting with bows and arrows, &c. Armattjra is also an appellation given to the soldiers who were light- armed. Aquinus seems, without reason, to restrain armatura to the ty rones, or young soldiers. Armatura is also a denomination given to the soldiers in the emperor's retinue. ARMATURE, Fr. In architecture, this word comprehends the bars, iron pins, stirrups, and all other iron hold- fasts which are used in a large assem- blage of carpentry. ARME, Fr. This word is used among the French to express any distinct body of armed men. ARME-a-feu, Fr. a fire-arm; a gun ; a musket. Arme de trait, Fr. a bow, a cross-bow. Arme blanche, Fr. This term is used among the French to signify sword or bayonet. Attaquer a /'Arme blanche, Fr. to at- tack sword in hand, or with tixed bay- onets. ARMED, in a general sense, denotes something provided with, or carrying arms. An Armed body of men denotes a military detachment, provided with arms ARM ( 22 ) A R M and animunition, ready for an engage- ment. Armed, in tlie sea language. A cross- bar-shot is said to be armed, when some rope-yarn, or the like, is rolled about the end of the iron bar which runs through the shot. Armed ship is a vessel taken into the government's service, and equipped, in time of war, with artillery, ammunition, and warlike instruments : it is command- ed by an officer who has the rank of master and commander in the navy, and upon the same establishment with sloops of war, having a lieutenant, master, purser, surgeon, &c. Passer par Ics Armes, Fr. to be shot. Faire les Armes, Fr. to fence. Aux Armes! Fr. to arms ! ARMET, Fr. a casque or helmet. This term is grown obsolete, and is only found in old stories concerning the knights errant. Amain ARMEE, Fr. with open force. Fntrer unpays a main Armee; to enter a country with open force. ARMEE, Fr. See Army. Armze navale, Fr. the naval forces. Armee de terre, Fr. the land forces. ARMEMENT, Fr. a levy of troops, equipage of war, either by land or sea. AR.MER un J'ourneau de mine, Fr. to close up a mine, after it has been pro- perly charged. ARMES a I'epreuve, a French term for armour of polished steel, which was proof against the sword or small arms; but its weight so encumbered the wearer, that modern tacticians have wholly re- jected its use. Armes itish service as a prepara- tive to any particular exercise or ma- noeuvre. Gare-a-vous has the same signification in the French service. ATTESTATION, a certificate made by some justice of the peace within four days after the enlistment of a re- cruit. This certificate is to bear testi- mony, that the said recruit has been brought before him in conformity to the 55th clause of the Mutiny Act, and has declared his assent or dissent to such enlistment; and, if according to the said act he shall have been, and is duly enlisted, that the proper oaths have been administered to him by the said magistrate, and that the 2d and 6th B A C ( 32 ) B A C sections of the Articles of War against! mutiny and desertion have been read to the said recruit. AVANT, Fr. Foremost, most ad- vanced towards the enemy. AvANT-6ec, Fr. the starling of a stone] bridge. Those starlings which areal-j ways pointed towards the current of the water, are called avanl-bec-d'amont, and the others avant-bec~d , aval. AvAtn-chemin-couvert, Fr. the ad- vanced covered-way which is made at the foot of the glacis to oppose the ap- proaches of an enemy. AvANT-«r«r, Fr. the pile-work which is foimed by a number of young trees on the edge or entrance of a river. They are driven into the ground with battering rams or strong pieces of iron, to forma level Hour, by means of strong planks being nailed upon it, which serve for the foundation of a bridge. Boats are placed where the uvant-duc ter- minates. The avant-duc is had re- course to when the river is so broad that there are not boats sufficient to make a bridge across. Avant-ducs are made on each side of the river. AvAm-fosse, Fr. the ditch of the counterscarp next to the country. It is dug at the foot of the glacis. See Fortification. AvANT-grtrr/e. See Van Guard. AvANT-main, Fr. the fore-hand of a horse. Avant-<7y»'h, Fr. the limbers of a field piece, on which are placed two boxes containing ammunition enough for immediate service. AUDIT-o/fue, an office at Somerset- house, where accounts are audited. AUDITOR, the person who audits regimental or other military accounts. He is generally a field officer. AL'AVENANT, Fr. proportionably; at equal rates. AVENUE, in fortification, is any kind of opening or inlet into a fort, bastion, or out-work. A UGE, Fr. a trough which holds water. AUGET, or Augette, Fr. a wooden pipe which contains the powder by which a mine is set lire to. AUGMENTATION, increase of any thing. Hence colonel commandant by augmentation; that is, colonel of an ad- ditional battalion. AVIVES, Fr. vives; a disease in horses. AULNE AC, Fr. a ferry boat; also a sort of ■" box made of lar»e boards, through which water is passed, and carried from one quarter to another. BACK-notYs, nails made with flat shanks, so as to hold fast, and not to open the grain of the wood. BACK-step, the retrograde movement of a man or body of men without chang- ing front. BACKWARDS, a technical word made use of in the British service to ex- press the retrograde movement of troops BAG ( 33 ) B A L from line into column, and vice versa. See Wheel. BACULE, ou bascule, Fr. a swipe, or swing gate. BACULOMETRY, (bac ulamitrie, Fr.) in geometry, the art of measuring ac- cessible or inaccessible lines, by the help of one or more staves. BACULUS divinatorius, that is, a divining staff" or rod; a branch of hazel tree forked, and used for the discovery of mines, springs, tkc. BAGGAGE, in military affairs, signi- fies the clothes, tents, utensils of diver* sorts, and provisions, &c. belonging to an armv. B ag c ag E-Wagons. See Wagons. BAGPIPE, the name of a well-known warlike instrument, of the wind kind, greatly used by the Scotch regiments, and sometimes by the Irish. Bagpipes are supposed to have been introduced by the Danes; but we are of opinion that they are much older, as there is in Rome a most beautiful bas-relievo, a piece of Grecian sculpture of the highest antiquity, which represents a bag-piper playing on his instrument exactly like a modern Highlander. The Greeks had also an instrument composed of a pipe and blown-up skin. The Romans, in all probability, borrowed it from them. The Italians still use it under the names of piva and cornu-musa . The bagpipe has been a favourite instrument among the Scots, and lias two varieties: the one with long pipes, and sounded with the mouth -. the other with short pipes, played on with the fingers: the hist is the loudest and most ear-piercing of all music; is the genuine Highland pipe; and is well suited to the warlike genius of that people. It formerly roused their courage to battle, alarmed them when too secure, and collected them when scattered; solaced them in their long and painful marches; and in times of peace kept up the memory of the gal- lantry of their ancestors, by tunes com- posed after signal victories. BAGS, in military employments, are used on many occasions : as, Sand-B&Gs, generally 16 inches dia- meter, and 30 high, filled with earth or sand, to repair breaches and the embra- sures of batteries, when damaged by the enemy's fire, or by the blast of the guns. Sometimes they are made less, and placed three together, upon the parapets, for the men to fire through. Earth-Bxcs, containing about a cu- bical foot of earth, are used to raise a parapet in haste, or to repair one that is beaten down. They are only used when the ground is rocky, and does not afford earth enough to carry on the ap- proaches. BAGUETTE, in architecture, a small round moulding less than an astragal. When enriched with ornaments, it is called a chaplet. BAGUETTES, Fr. drumsticks ; they also signify the switches with which sol- diers were formerly punished in the French service; as passer par (es ba- guettes, to run the gauntlet. BAHU, Fr. a trunk. According to Belidor it also signifies the rounded pro- files which are generally given to the paved roads of an open country; also the rounded edge or profile of the but- tress of a parapet, ccc. Cheval BAHUTIER, Fr. a sumpter horse, or one that carries a portmanteau. BAILLOQUE, Fr. an ostrich feather. BAJOYERS, Fr. the side walls in a sluice or dam. They are also called jouiUieres. BALANCE, in mechanics, one of the six simple powers principally used for determining the equality, or diffe- rence, of weights in heavy bodies, and consequently other masses and quan- tities of matter. BALANCE, Fr. a term used in the French artillery to express a machine in which stores and ammunition are weighed. BALANCIER June echse, Fr. the thick bar of iron which serves as a handle to shut or open a sluice with one or two flood-gates. BALATRONES, an ancient name given to wicked, lewd, and cowardly persons, from Servilius Balatro, a de- bauched libertine; whence, according to Bailey, the French have probably de- rived their Poltron, which see. BALISTA, Lat. an instrument from which arrows, darts, and javelins were thrown in ancient times. BALISTIQUE, Fr. the art of throw- ing or projecting heavy substances, as shells and cannon-balls, to a given dis- tance. BALIVEAUX, Fr. young oaks that are under 40 years growth, and measure from 12 to 21 French feet in the girth. BALKS, poles or rafters, over out- houses or barns; and among bricklayers. F B A L ( 31 ) B A L great beams, such as are used in making scaffolds. The word is also, by some, npplied to great pieces of timber coming from beyond seas by floats. BALL, (balle, Fr.) a round substance, made of iron or lead, put into heavy ordnance, or fire-arms, for the pur- pose of killing or wounding, or making a breach. GWjhoh-Balls are of iron, and mus- ket and pistol balls are of lead. Cannon balls are always distinguished by their respective calibres, thus, 48' ^6,631 inches 32 6,105 24 5,517 10 pound ball, the 5,040 12 diameter of which is 4,403 9 4,000 6 3 3,49S 2,775 2 2,423 1, L 1,923 JwYc-Bai.ls, ) of which there are ra- Light-]i.\Li.i>, S rious sorts, are used for various purposes. Their composition is mealed powder 2, saltpetre l£, sulphur 1, rosin 1, turpentine 2|. Sometimes they are made of an iron shell, some- times a stone, filled and covered with various coats of the above composition, till it conglomerates to a proper size, the last coat being of grained powder. But the best sort, in our opinion, is to take thick brown paper, and make a shell the size of the mortar, and fill it with a composition of an equal quantity of sulphur, pitch, rosin, and mealed pow- der, which being well mixed, and put in warm, will give a clear fire, and bum a considerable time. When they are intended to set fire to magazines, buildings, &c. the composi- tion must be mealed powder 10, saltpetre 2, sulphur 4, and rosin 1; or rather, mealed powder 43, saltpetre 32, sul- phur 10, rosin 4, steel or iron filings 2, fir-tree saw-dust boiled in saltpetre ley 2, birch-wood charcoal 1, well rammed into a shell for that purpose, having va- rious holes filled with small barrels, loaded with musket-balls; and lastly, the whole immerged in melted pitch, rosin, and turpentine oil. SwiiAc-Balls are prepared as above, with this difl'erence, that they contain 5 to 1 of pitch, rosin, and saw-dust. This composition is put into shells made for (hat purpose, having 4 holes to let out the smoke. Smoke-balls are thrown out of mortars, and continue to smokal from 25 to 30 minutes. Stink-BjLLLS are prepared by a com- position of mealed powder, rosin, salt- petre, pitch, sulphur, rasped horses and asses hoofs, burnt in the fire, assa-fojti- da, seraphim-gum or ferula, and bug or stinking herbs, made up into balls, as mentioned in Light-BALLS, agreeable to the size of the mortar out of which you intend to throw them. Puisu)icd-B,\Li.a. We are not sure that they have ever been used in Eu- rope; hut the Indians and Africans have always been very ingenious at poisoning several sorts of warlike stores and in- struments. Their composition is mealed powder 4, pitch 6, rosin 3, sulphur 5, assa-foetida 3, extract of toads poison 12, other poisonous substances 12, made into balls as above directed. At the commencement of the French Revolu- tion, poisoned balls were exhibited to the people, pretended to have been fired by the Austrians, particularly at the siege of Lisle. We have seen some of this sort ourselves. They contained glass, small pieces of iron, &c. and were said to be concocted together by means of a greasy composition, which was im- pregnated with poisonous matter. In 1792 they were deposited in the archives of Paris. Red-hot Balls, balls made red-hot, upon a large coal fire in a square hole made in the ground, 6 feet every way, and 4 or 5 feet deep. Some make the tire tinder an iron grate, on which the shell or ball is laid; but the best method is to put the hall into the middle of a clear burning fire, and when red-hot, all the fiery particles must be swept off. What- ever machine you use to throw the red- hot ball out of, it must be elevated ac- cording to the distance you intend it shall range, and the charge of powder must be put into a flannel cartridge, and a good wad upon that; then a piece of wood of the exact diameter of the piece, and about 3| inches thick, to prevent the hall from setting fire to the powder; then place the ball on the edge of the mortar, &,c. with an instrument for that purpose, and let it roll of itself against the wood, and instantly fire it off. Should there be a ditch or parallel before such a battery, with soldiers, the wood must not be used, as the blast of powder will break it to piece*, and its own elasticity prevent it from living far; it would in B A L C 35 ) B A L (hat case either kill or wound your own people. On this account the wad must be double, the second being damp. It the gun lies at a depression, there must be a wad over the shot, which may be rammed home. Chain-BALLS are two balls linked together by a chain of 8 or 10 inches long, and some have been made with a chain of 3 or 4 feet long; they are used to destroy the palisadues, wooden bridges, and chevaux-de-frizes of a for- tification. They are also very destruc- tive to the rigging of a ship. Sta?ig-BALLs are generally termed bar-shot, and by some called balls of two heads; they are sometimes made of two half-balls joined together by a bar of iron from 8 to 14 inches long; they are likewise made of two entire balls : they answer the same purpose as the before mentioned. Anchor-Y$Ai.i.s are made in the same way as the light-balls, and filled with the same composition, only with this ad- dition, that these are made with an iron bar two-thirds of the ball's diameter in length, and 3 or 4 inches square. One half is fixed within the ball, and the other half remains without; the exte- rior end is made with a grapple-hook. Anchor-balls are very useful to set fire to wooden bridges, or any thing made of wood, or even the rigging of ships, tkc. for the pile end being the heaviest, flies foremost, and wherever it touches, fas- tens, and sets all on fire about it. Message-Bxi.LS. See Shells. BALLE-d-lVu, Fr. See IuYc-Balls BALLF.-m«t'A(ie, Fr. a musket ball, which the soldier bites and indents in different places before he loads his mus- ket. It is contrary to the established rules of war to use any thing of the sort. BALLIUM, a term used in ancient military history. In towns, the appel- lation of ballium was given to a work fenced with palisades, and some times to masonry, covering the suburbs; but in castles, it was the space immediately within the outer wall. BALLON, Fr. balloon. Ballon, Fr. in architecture, the round globe on the top of a pier or pillar. Ballon a lombcs, Fr. a bag in which are placed beds of smaller bombs, that are charged and interlaid with gunpow- der. This bag is put into another co- vering, that is pitched and tarred, with the neck closely tied up with pack- thread, in which a fuse is fixed, as in ordinary bombs. These balloons, or bags containing bombs, are thrown out of mortars, and are frequently used in the attack and defence of fortified places. Colonel Shrapnel's invention of the sphe- rical case-shot is of a superior kind. Ballon a eailloux, Fr. a balloon or bag filled with stones or pebbles in the same manner as the above mentioned. Ballon a grenades, Fr. a balloon or bag, impregnated with pitch, containing several beds of grenades, with a fuse at- tached to each. BALLOON, a hollow vessel of silk, varnished over and filled with inflam- mable air, or gas, by which means it as- cends in the atmosphere. It has some- times been used by the French in recon- noitring, particularly at Fleurus, during the revolutionary war. Balloon for communicating intelli- gence. This balloon is 5 feet diameter, and will carry between 4 and albs, weight, or about 3000 printed papers, each 5 inches square. The balloon by which the papers are carried and discharged is 12 inches diameter. The fire will burn at the rate of one minute per inch: consequently one round will be 36 inches; and the double ring will, of course, con- tinue to discharge for one hour and 12 * • * /* I minutes, and so on in proportion, if the battery be triple, as the circle may go 20 times round ; by which means the discharging of papers may be kept up for hours: and to prevent any possibi- lity of the fire going out, it may be made to burn double; although there is not one chance in a hundred of its going out by single fire. By a simple com- munication of fire to the inflammable air in the balloon, after the last parcel of papers is discharged, the whole is ex- ploded into air. This balloon was tried at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, by order of the Earl of Moira jn 1S06, and was favourably reported upon. The battery, when charged, is covered with skin, to prevent the rain or wet from affecting the fire, BALLOT, a little ball or ticket used in giving votes. The act of voting by baliot. To Ballot, to chuse by balls or tickets, without open declaration of the vote. The militia of Great Britain aud Ireland is drawn for by ballot in the several counties and parishes. F2 B A N ( 36 ) BAN BALLOTS, Fr. sacks or bales of wool, made use of, in cases of great emergency, to form parapets or places of arms. They are likewise adapted for the defence 01 trenches, to cover the workmen. in saps, and in all instances where promptitude is required. BALUSTER, (balustre, Fr.) This word is usually, but corruptly, pro- nounced bannister. It is a small co- lumn or pilaster of different dimensions, viz. from an inch and three quarters, to tour inches square, or diameter. The sizes and forms of balusters are various, according to the fancy of the workman. BALUSTRADE, {balustrade, Fr.) an assemblage of one or more rows of little turned pillars, called balusters. Balustrade fcinte, Fr. small pillars or balusters which are fixed, half their usual height, upon any ground. BAN and Arrihc Ban, a French military phrase, signifying the convoca- tion of vassals under the feudal system. Menage, a French writer, derives the term from the German word ban, which means publication. Nicod derives it from another German term, which sig- nifies field. Borel, from the Greek nav, which means all, because the convoca- tion was general. In the reign of Charles VII, the ban and arriere ban bad different significations. Formerly it meant the assembling of the ordinary militia. After the days of Charles VII. it was called the extraordinary militia. The first served more than the latter; and each was distinguished according to the nature of its particular service. The persons belonging to the arriere- ban were at one period accoutred and mounted like light horse: but there were occasions on which they served like infantry, — once under Francis I. in 1545, and again under Lewis XIII. who issued out an order in 1637, that the arriere-ban should serve on foot. Ban likewise signified, during the ancient monarchy of France, a procla- mation made by the sound of drums, trumpets, and tambourines, either at the head of a body of troops, or in quarters. Sometimes to prevent the men from quitting camp, at others to enforce the rigour of military discipline; sometimes for the purpose of receiving a new commanding officer, and at others to degrade and punish a military cha- racter. BANC, Fr. a bed or layer of stones in the quarry. Banc decicl, Fr. that bed or layer of the hardest upper stones, which is sup- ported by pillars, at intermediate dis- tances. BAND, (banrfe, Fr.) in architecture, is a general name for any fiat low mem- ber, or one that is broad, and not very deep; which is also called face, from the Latin fascia, which Vitruvius uses for the same thing; and sometimes fillet, plinth, Ike. BANDELET, (bandelette, Fr.) a little fillet or band. BANDER, Fr. to bind, to bend, to cock. Bander les yeux a un trompette, to blindfold a trumpeter. Bander un pistolet, to cock a pistol. Bander also signifies to unite, to in- trigue together for the purposes of in- surrection. BANDERET, Fr. in military history, implies the commander in chief of the troops of the canton of Bern, in Swit- zerland. BANDES, Fr. bands, bodies of in- fantry. Bandes Francoises, Fr. The French infantry was anciently so called. The term, however, has of late become less general, and been confined to the Prevot des Bandes, or the Judge or Provost Marshal that tried the men belonging to the French guards. Bandes, Fr. iron hoops or rings. Sons-Ban de% Fr. the iron hoops in a mortar-carriage on which the trunnions lie. Sms-Bandes, Fr. the iron bands or hoops that cover the trunnions of can- nons or mortars when mounted on their carriages: they are usually made with a hinge. BANDIERE, Fr. This terra is fre- quently used in the same sense with ban- nitre, banner; especially on board ship. Bandiere, Fr. line, artnie rangie en front de bandiere signifies an army in battle-array. This disposition of the army is opposed to that in which it is cantoned and divided into several bodies. line armie campie front de Ban- diere, Fr. an army which is en- camped with the regular stand of co- lours in front. Hence La ligne bandiere, the camp-colour line. The sentries should not, on any account, permit per- sons out of regimentals to pass this line. BANDIT or Banditto, (bandit,Yr.) a lawless plunderer, a military depredator. BANDOLEER, in ancient military history, a large leathern belt worn over BAN ( 57 $ BAN tlie right shoulder, and hanging under the left arm, to carry some kind of war- like weapon. Bandoleers arelikewiselittle wooden cases covered with leather, of which every musketeer used to wear 12 hang- ing on a shoulder-helt; each of them contained the charge of powder for a musket. They are now no more in use, hut are still to be seen in the small ar- moury in the Tower, BANDROLS. See Camp-Colours. BANDS, properly bodies of foot, though almost out of date. The term band is also applied to the body of mu- sicians attached to any regiment or bat- talion. XVaj'n-BANDS. In England, the mi- litia of the City of London were gene- rally so called. The thud regiment of Foot, or the Old Buffs, were originally recruited from the Train Bands, which circumstance has given that corps the exclusive privilege of marching through London with drums beating and colours flying. Band of Pensioners, a company of gentlemen so called, who attend the King's person upon all solemn occasions. They are 120 in number, and receive a yearly allowance of 1001. Band is also the denomination of a military order in Spain, instituted by Alphonso XL King of Castile, for the younger sons of the nobility, who, before their admission, must serve 10 years, at least, either in the army or during a war; and are bound to take up arms in defence of the Catholic faith, against the infidels. JVafe-BANDS, with gunners, hoops of iron, binding the nave of a gun-carriage at both ends. BANNER, the ordnance flag fixed on the fore part of the drum-major's kettle-drum carriage, formerly used by the Royal Artillery. At present, when a flag is carried, it is affixed to the car- riage of the right hand gun of the park, generally a 12 pounder. Banner, in the horse equipage, for the kettle-drums and trumpets, must be of the colour of the facing of the regi- ment. The badge of the regiment, or its rank, to be in the center of the har- rier of the kettle-drums, as on the se- cond standard. The king's cypher aur! crown to be on the banner of the trum- pets, with the rank of the regiment in figures underneath. The depth of the kettle-drum banners to be 3 feet 6 inches; the length 4 feet 8 inches, ex- cluding the fringe. Those of the trum- pets to be 12 inches in depth, and IS inches in length. BANNERET, Fr. a term derived from banniere. This appellation was attached to any lord of a fief who had vassals sufficient to unite them under one ban- nitre or banner, and to become chief of the troop or company. Un Chevalier Banneret, or a Knight Banneret, gave precedence to the troop or company which he commanded over that of a banneret who was not a knight or chevalier; the latter obeyed the former, and the banner of the first was cut into fewer vanes than that of the second. BANNERET. Knights-banneret, ac- cording to the English acceptation of the term, are persons who, for any par- ticular act of valour, have been knighted on the field of battle. The late Sir William Erskine, on his return from the Continent in 1764, was made a knight-banneret in Hyde Park, by his present Majesty, in consequence of his distinguished conduct at the bat- tle of Emsdoiff. But he was not ac- knowledged as such in this country, al- though he was invested with the order between the two standards of the 15th regiment of light dragoons, because the ceremony did not take place where the engagement happened. Captain Trol- lope of the Royal Navy is the last cre- ated knight-banneret. Knights-banne- ret take precedence next to knights ot the Bath. BANNIANS, Ind. a name signifying innocent people, and without guile; a religious sect among the Indians, who believe in a transmigration of souls, and therefore do not tat the flesh of any living creature, nor will they even kill a noxious animal. They wear round their necks a stone called tunibesau, about the bigness of an egg, which is perforated, and has three strings run in it; this stone, they say, represents their great God; and on this account, the Indians shew them very great respect. BANNiAN-rf«y, a day so called from the above sect, on which no animal food is touched. BANQUET. See Bridges. Banquet, of a bridle, is that small part of the branch of a bridle that is under the eye, which is rounded like a BAR ( 38 ) BAR small rod, and gathers and joins the extremities of a hit to the branch, so that the banquet is not seen, but is co- hered by the cap, or that part of the bit which is next to the branch. BANQUETTE, Fr. a kind of step made on the rampart of a work near the parapet. See Fom ificamon. BAR, a long piece of wood or iron, used to keep things together. Bars have various denominations in the construc- tion of artillery carriages, as sweep and cross bars for tumbrils; fore, hind, and under cross bars for powder-carts; shaft bars for wagons, and dowel bars used in mortar beds. B.\R-shot. Sec S/a»g-BALLS, under the head Ball. To Bar a rein, in farriery, is to strike it, or open it above the skin, and after it has been disengaged, and tied above and below, to strike between the ligatures. Bau, (a sea word,) a rock or sand, lying before a harbour, which ships can- not sail over, but upon a flood. BARAQUER une anuee, Fr. to put an army into cantonments. BARAQUES, Fr. small huts made with wood and earth for the accommo- dation of soldiers during a campaign. BARB, the reflected points BAT Aoesoy, 1791. Austeilit/, Dec. 2, 1805.— Tho conquest ( t Germany by Bonaparte. A\cin, loi'.O Ayvaille, 1794. Ay moo/.. March, 1709. Baden, July 1, 1796. Bagdad, 17:».'». BagBoty October 25, 179:'.. Bagnouls-la-Maixo, 1793. Baltimore, 1781; September 19j 1811. Bamberg, August 1, 1796. Banbury, July 26, I4t.9. Bannor.kburn, June 27, 1314. Bavckham, October 7 to 9, 1608. Bardis, April 5, 1798. Barnet, April 11, 1471. Barrosa, March 5, 1811. — Won by the British under General Graham, now Lord Lynedock. Bartholomew, (St.) May 8, 1800. Bassano, Sept. 8, 1796; January 11, 1801 ; November 9, 1805. Bassignana, May 19, 1799. Bastan, (Valley of St.) Julv -2-1, 1794. Bautzen, May BO to 81, 1313. Beylen, July 80> 1608: Bayonne, December 10 to IS, 1313.— Won by the Duke ol' Wellington. Beauge, April S, 1481. Beauheu, September 20, 1793. B .■amnont, April 26, 1794. Beaupreau, March 29, 1793. Beansejour, 1793. Belbeys, March 31, 1800. Belluni, March 13, 1797. Belonc, July 5, 1796. Belvedere, 1793; April 29, 1791. Belver, June 26, 1794. Beneadi, April 18, 1798. Bera, 1793; July 24, 1791. Berchera, December 2 to 1, 1793. I .ira, November 28, 1794. Bergen, April 13, 1759. ! •- tried, February 3, 1807. gzabern, October 3, 1793. iVresiiia, November 28, 1812. Berne, March 5, 1798. Bessai, Julv SO, 1793. Betentll, March 18, 1791. Bezalu, July 20, 1794. Bhurtporey April 2, 1805. Bibemcb, Oct. 2, 1796; May 9, 1310- Bicoecpie. 1528. BiddasBoa, August 17 and October 9, 1818, Bilbao, July 12 to 13, 1794. Binasco, April 20 and 21, 1794. BingeVjVJarch 17, 1793; March 27, 17SB. Bjschofswerda, September 22, 181*. Bitonto, Mav 25, 1731. Blackhcath, June 22, 1197. Illaekmere, 1323. Bladensburg, August 21, 18] 1.— Ca]T- tur« ot" the city of Washington. Blaregmes, September II. 170!>. Hlasclieidt, November 20, 179-1. Bleneau, April 7, 1652. Blenheim, August 18, 1701.— Won by the Duke of Marlborough. r.l.nehearli, September 24, 1439. Hoi-ghetto, May 30, 1796. BorislofT, J une' 25, 1708. Bormio, March 26, 1799. Borodino, September 7, 1812. — Th« capture ol' Moscow bv the Trench. BoKO, October 21, 1799. Bosworth, August 21,1 185. Bothwell Bridge, June 22, 1679. Boulon, August IS, 17 91. Bonvines, July 27, 121 1. Bouxweiller, November 18 to 20, 1793. Boitel, September 14 and 15, 1794. Boyne, July 11, 1690. Braunsberg, February 26, 1807. Brandy-wine Creek, September 12, 1777. Breeds-hill, 1775. Brcnta, (Defiles of the,) September T t 1796; November 3 and 3, 1796. Breslaw, November 31, 1757. Bressuire, August 24, 1792. Brienne, January 29, 1814. Briga, April 21," 1794. Brignais, 1361. Brooklynn, August 22, 1776. Brouzil, 1793. Bruschali, September 4 to 15, 1796. Brzecie, September 19, 1794. Butl'arola, June 23, 1636. Bunker's-hill,near Boston,June 17,1775. — Won by tlie Americans. Burg-eberac.l), Xov. 3 and 4, 1800. Burguet, October 16, 1794. Bussingen, October 7, 1799. Butzbach, July 9, 1796. Buzaco, September 27, 1810. Byn-el-barr, April 2, 1798. Cadibona, April 5, 1800. Cairo, I Egypt>) April 19 to 27, 1800. Cairo, (Italy,) September 20, 1794. Calcinato, April 19, 1706. Galdero, December 12, 1796. Calderon, (bridge of,; January 17, 1811. (Mexico). Calvi, December 6, 1796, Campo Santo, 1743. Cana, June 10, 1798. Camden, March 25, 1781. Caatalopo, December li, 1796. BAT ( 45 6 ) BAT Carpenedolo, January 26, 1796. Carpi, 1701. * Cars, June 17, 1744. .Casasola, March 19, 1797. Cassano, 1705 ; April 25, 1799. Cassovie, 1389. Cast, September 4 to 10, 1758. Castel-franco, November 23, 1503. Castel-genest, November 24, 1793. Castellamare, 1617; April 27, 1799. Castella, May 12, 1812. Castellaro, Sept. 12, 1796. Castelnaudari, 1632. Castel-novo, November 21, 1796. Castel-novo, (Dalmatia,) September 30, and October 10, 1806. Castiglione, June 29, 1796. Castrel, (Mount,) April 30, 1794. Cateau-Cambresis, April 7, 1794. Ce, (bridge of,) April 26 and 28, 1792. Cerea, September 11, 1798. Ceret, May 4, 1794. Cerignolles, April 28, 1503. Cerise, September 1, 1794. Cerisolles, April 15, 1544. Ceva, April 26, 1796. Cezio, May 7, 1800. Chabotiere, March 23, 1796. Champagne, (Campaign of,) August 22 to October 25, 1792. — The Prussian army, dreadfully afdicted with the dysentery, in consequence of the sol- diers eating unripe grapes, forced to abandon the coalition. Chantonnay, September, 1793. Chateignerave, 1793. Chatillon, (Savoy,) May 18, 1800. Chatillon, (France,) Julv 8 to October 6, 1793. Chebreisse, July 13, 1793. Chemille, February 24, 1796. Chiari, 1801. Chili, (India,) 1803. Chiusa, August 5, 1796; January 2, 1801. Chiusella, April 25, 1800. Choczim, November 11, 1673. Chollet, March 15, 1793; October 15, 1794 ; February, 1794. Chotzemitz, July 18, 1745. Circeo, July 29," August 2 to 9, 1798. Cistella, May 5 and 6, 1795. Ciudad Rodrigo, January 19, 1812. — Won by the British under the Duke of Wellington. Civita-Castellana, December 4, 1798. Clausen, 1797. Closter-camp, October 16, 1760. Cocherel, 1364. Coefeld, August 1, 1759. Col-du-mont, Apr. 17 and May 12, 1795- Colonibino, January, 1794. Commines, 1382. Consarbruck, November 9 to December SO, 1792. Constance, October 7, 1799. Coimbra, October 7, 1810. Coptos, March 8, 1798. Coraiin, March 23, 1800. Coron, September 17, 1793. Corbach, June 24, 1760. Cornells, August 26, 1811.' — Total de- feat of the Dutch ; the general and a few followers being all that escaped of 10,000 men. — The conquest of Java by the English. Corsica, 1769; 1793; October, 1796. — Taken by the British, who expelled the French. Corunna, January 16, 1309.- — Won by the British under Sir John Moore, who was killed. Cosdorif, February 20, 1760. Cossaria, April 13, 1796. Costheim, September, 1795. Courtrai, 1302; June 17 to 30, 1792; May 10, 1794. Coutras, October 20, 1537. Cracovie, 1702. Cressy, August 26, 1346.— Won by th« British. Crevelt, June 23, 1758. Crevent, June, 1423. Croix-des-bouquets, June 23, 1793. Croix-de-Mortimer, 146 1 . Culloden, April 27, 1746. Culm, August, September, 1813. CunnersdorfT, August 12, 1759. Cyr, (St.) September, 1795. Czarnowo, December 22, 1806. Czaslawau, May 17, 1742. Dalem, 1568. Dego, April 15, 1796. Delhi, September 9, 1803. Delmesingen, May 22, 1800. Demenhour, May 8, 1799. Denain, 1712. Denis, (St.) 1567. Dennewitz, September 6, 1813, Deppen, February 5, 1807 ; June C, 1807. Dettingen, June 26, 1743. — George the Second commanded in person. Deux-ponts, September 22, 1793. Deva, June 28, 1795. DierdorrY, April 17, 1797. Diernstein, Nov. 14, 1305. Diersheim, April 20 to 25, 1797. Diettickon, September 22 to 26, 1799, Dobeln, May 12, 1762. B A T ( 45c ) BAT Dominco, (St.) 1.502, 1700. Dresden, August 27 and 28, 1813.— Moreau mortally wounded. Dreux, December IP, 1562. Dumblain, November 12, 1715. Dona, 1701. Dunbar, September 3, 1650. Dunes, 1638. Dunkirk, September 7, 1793. Durham, October 17, 1346.— David, king of Scots, taken prisoner. Dusseldorff, September 8, 1795. Fckeren, June 30, 1703 —Gen. Obdam commanding the allies, ran oil' at t'ull speed, declaring all lost; but General Slangenbourg remained with the troops and made a skilful retreat. Edgehill, October 23, 1642. —Lost by Charles I. and won by Oliver Crom- well. Einbeck, August 24, 1761. Eltz, October 19, 1796. EmsdorfF, July 9, 1760.— Won by the allied army commanded by Prince Ferdinand, when the Fifteenth Ligbt Dragonnslnst distinguished themselves under Lord Heathfield, then Lt. Col. Elliot. Engadines, (Affairs in the,) March, 1799. Engen, May 3, 1800. Ens, 1800.* Ensheim, October 4, 1674. Erbach, October 18, 1800, Eri van, 1805. Ernani, 1794. Escaulas, Xm ember 20, 1794. Eslingen, July 81, 1796. Essling, May 32, 1809. Etlingen, July 9, 1796. Evesham, August 4, 1265. Exiles, July 19, 1747. Eylau, February 8, 1807. Faenza, February S, 1797. Faioum, October 8, 1796. Falkirk, July 21, 1298; Jan. 28, 1746. Famars, Mav l to 26, 1798. Favorite, (J. a,) January 14, 1797. Fehrbellin, June 18, 1675. Feldkirk, March 5 to 23, 1799; Julv 15, 1799. Femeuil, August 27, 1424. Feiruekabad,(E.I.) November 17, 1804. Figuiero, November 27, 179 I. Fleurus, August ;'.0, 1622; July 1, 1696; Ma} 21 and June 26, 1794. Flines, 1792. Flodden,Sept. 9, 1513.— James IV. king of Scots, killed. Florent, (St.) March 10, 1793. Fluvia, June 15, 1795. Fombio, May 9, 1796. Fontaine-francaise, 1595. Fontarabia, August 1, 1794, Fontenai, (Vendee,) May 16 and 24, 1793. Fontenoi, May 11, 1745. — Won by the French under Marshal Saxe, after the British had been masters of the field all day. They were commanded by the fat Duke of Cumberland. Fontoi, August 19, 1792. Forham, July 21, 1739. Formigni, April 15, 1450. Formosa, 1662. Fornoue, 1494. Fossano, April 23, 1796. Fougores, November 2, 1793. Frankfort-on-the-Maine, December 2, 1792; October 5, 1799. Frankfort-on-the-Oder, August 12, 1759. Frankenthal, June 24, 1796. Fraucnfeld, May 22, 1799. Fravenstal, 1706. Freibach, July 2 to 14, 1794. Frelignt, September 13, 1794. Freschweiller, December 22, 1792. Frendenstadt, July 4, 1796. Freyberg, October 10 and 29, 1762. Fribourg,August3, 1644 ; March 1, 1798. Fridlingen, 1702. 1'riedbera, August 30, 1762 ; August 24, 1796." Friedberg, (Silesia,) June 3, 1747. Friedland, June 14, 1807.— Won by Bo^ naparte against the Prussians. Fuente de Honor, May 5, 1811. Fulda, July 28, 1762. Fulgent, September 23, 1793. Gabesbusch, 1712. Garigliano, 1502. Garrezio, November 29, 1791. Gavignana, 1530. Gaza, February 26, 1799. Gehemi, April 11, 1799. Geisberg, December 6, 1793. Geisenfeld, September 1, 179C. Gemblours, 1518. Gemmingen, 1568. Genola, November 3 and 4, 1799. George, (St.) September 14, 1796. George, (St.) Fort, E.I. 1760. German-town, October 14, 1777. Gilletto, October 17 and 18, 1793. Giorgewo, June 2 to 8, 1790. Giovanni, (St.) June 17 to 20, 1799. Gleisclv.veilhr, July 29, 1793. Gliswelle, June 13, 1792. Goar, (St.) 1758. Godart, (St.) 1661. Golden Kock,(Tritchinopolv,) 1753.— A BAT ( 45 d ) BAT handful of British and Sepoys defeats a French battalion and 10,000 Mah- ratta horse. Golymin, December, 1806. Gonawes, February 22, 1802. Gondelour, 1759. Gorcum, January 21, 1795. Gorde, September 16, 1813. Gorlitz, 1745. Gothard, (St.) September 17, 1799. Governo, 1526. Governolo, 1796 ; September 18, 1797. Grabensteyn, June 4, 1760. Granchamp, June, 1795. Grandpre, September 10, 1792. Granson, 1475. Grant, 1685. Granville, November 14, 1793. Gravelle, 1793, to January 24, 1794. Grebenstein, June 24, 1762. Greussen, October 16, 1806. Grisen, April 25, 1799. Grimsel, August 14, 1799. Grodno, 1708. Gros Jegemdorff, August 30, 1757. Grosberen, August 22 and 23, 1813. Grunnewald, October 22, 1793. Grunsberg, March 2, 1761. Guastalla, 1734 ; March 24, 1746. . Guechenen, August 15, 1799. Guilford Court House, (America,) March 15, 1781. Guinegatte, 1479. Gumine, March 5, 1798. Gundelfingen, August 8, 1793. Guntzbourg, October 9, 1805. Gurau, 1705. Guttstadt, June 9, 1807. Haag, October 15, 1806. Haguenau, 1706 ; December 22, 1793. Halberstadt, 1760. Halidon-Hill, July 29, 1333. Halle, October 17, 1806. Hamptienne, June 23, 1793. Hanau, October, 1813. Haslach, July 14, 1796. Hastenbeck, July 26, 1757. Hastings, Oct. 14, 1066. — King Harold slain, and the race of English kings destroyed by William the Bastard, commonly called William the Con- queror. Heilsberg, June 12, 1807. Helder, August 27, 1799. Heliserke, 1368. Heliopolis, March 19, 1800. Helsinborg, 1709. Henef, September 13, 1795. HennersdortY, November 24, 1745. Herrings, February 12, 1429. Hersan, 1687. Herxheim, June 17, 1793. Hexham, May 15, 1464. Hocheim, Dec. 14, 1792, to Jan. 6, lf93* Ilochkirken, October 14, 1758. *«* Hochstedt, August 13, 1703; August 13, 1704: January 19, 1800. Hoff, February 7, 1307. Hohenlinden, December 3, 1800; won by the French under General Moreno against the Austrians. Hohenwil, April 25 to May 1, 1800. Hollabrnnn, Dec. 15, 1805. Hollofin, July 14, 1708. Hondscoote, Sept. 7, 8, 9, 1793; won by the French over the British, after the unsuccessful attempt to enter Dun* kirk. Hooglede, June 10 and 15, 1794. Hoterage, July 19, 1572. Hundsmark, April 4 to 15, 179G. Ichenhausen, June, 1800. Iller, May 28. to June 5, 1800. Ingelmunster, May 10, 1794. Inn, Dec. 5 to 14, 1800; 1805. Inspruck, 1797; 1305. Intrapa, Nov. 25 to 27, 1795. Iratie, May 11, 1794. Irmeaca, April 26, 1794. Irun, July 23, 1793. Isola, July 1 to 7, 1806. lvry, March 14, 1590. Janvilliers, Feb. 14, 1814. Jarnac, March 13, 1569. Jean, (St.) April 16, 1796. Jean-de-Luz, Feb. 5, 1794. Jean-pie-de-port, (St.) June 6, 1793. Jemmapes, Nov. 6, 1792. — Won by the French army under the command of General Dumourier against the Aus- trians, headed by Prince Saxe Teschen, Governor of the Low Countries. The consequence of this battle was the subsequent irruption of the French into Flanders and Holland ; and even- tually, the cause of that military en- thusiasm, by which France was ena- bled to over-run all civilized Europe ; Great Britain excepted. Jena, Oct. 14, 1806. — The conquest of Prussia, by Bonaparte. Jersey, Jan. 6, 1781. Joannesberg, Aug. 30, 1762. Jagerthall, March 8, 1774. Josseau, Oct. 11, 1745. Josselin, (the Thirty,) 1351. Juliano, May 11 to 29, 1799. Juterboch, Aug. 1813. Kagoul, July 18, 1770. Ka'lisk, 1706. B A T ( 45 C ) B A T Kamlacli, August 13, 1706. Karmidtjea, Dec. 28, 1806. Katzbach, Augasl 96, 1813. Kayserlaoteni, Nov. 98 and 29, 1793; Oct. 06, 1796. K.iM-riluil, Un 14, 1790. Kill), (passage of the Rhine,) June 24, L796; SepL 15, 1790; Nov. 22, 1796; .l:m. 94, 1797. Kent', Feb. 12, 1799. Kesselsdorff, Dec. 15, 1745. l\n m:il, 17.".;;, 1789. Kingston, Noveoibe»2, 1449. — Between Charles I. and the Parliamentary forces. Kint/ig, (on the,) Aug. 18 to 15, 1793. Kirkdenckcrn. Julv IS, 17 'i 1 . Kinveiller, April 23, 1794. Kitzinge*, August, 1794. Klotten, July 9f, 1796. Kffinigeberg, lane 46, 1867. Kolin, June 18, 1757. Korsoum, March 15, 1799. Krasnoij Nov. id, i«i?. Krattan, (Java,) battle and a^saulr of the palace of the Sultan Djojeoaita, June 21, 1818. Krupezize, L794. kutVestain, (Fort,) Nov. 1896. Kursomb, Dec 24, 180G. Labositz, Oct. I, 175G. Laffeld, July 20, 1747. Lambach, Oct. 27, 1806. Lambert, (St.) Sept. 19, 1765; Landsbut, June 23 to July 23, 1700. Langensalza, Feb. 12, 17<>0. Lango-nogro, August, 1806. Laogueaau, Oct. 10, 1805'. Ixuuioi, Sept. ... 1798; August 2ft, 1793; .May 18, 1791. Lansdown, July 5, 1646. Lantesee, Mav i. 179 i. Laon, March 9, !0, 181 I. Laufeld, July 2, 17 47 ; Sept. 19, 1791 July P, Liege, Nov. 1792; July 27, 1794, won by the French under Dnmouriep. Lignitz, 1241 ; August 15, 1760, Limburg, Nov. 9, 1792; 1795; 1795. Lincelles, August 18, 1793. Lincoln, May 19, 1217. Lissa, Nov. 5, 1757. Loano, Nov. 23, 1795. Lobbes, May 24, 1794. Lodi, May 11, 1790.— Tlie bridge of Lodi was crossed by Bonaparte and Augereau, under a heavy lire from the Austrian batteries; Bonaparte heading the Grenadiers with a standard in bis hand. Lodron, July 13, 1790. Loniitten, 1807. Long Island, August 27, 1770. Longwy, Oct. 22, 1792. Lopaczim, Dec. 25, 130G. Loubi, April 11, 1799. Louesch, May 31, 1799. Louisbourg, July 27, 1758. I.onvain, April 22, 1793; July 15, 1794. Lowers, Dec. 5, 1806; Lowosita, Oct. l, 1750. Lubcck,Oct. 31, 1S06. — Capitulation of Marshal Blucher, the Duke of Saxe- Weiinar, and Duke of Brunswick Oels. ' Lucerne, 1 158. ! Lucia, (Santa,) March 30, 1799. Lugon, June 23, 1793; Oct. 13, 1793. Lugo, July 9, 1790. Lutzelberg, 1 758. Lutzen, 1032; 1813. Luxembourg, June 12, 1795. Luzara, 1702. Machecoult, Mar. 14, 1793; Dec. 1798. Maczim, July 13, 1791. Madelaine, Sept. 20, 1798. Madrid, August 4, 1812. Magnan, March 30 to April 7, 1799. Maida, July 0, 180G. Laurent-de-la-Mouga, May 0, 1794 ■;, Mairnbourg, Sept. 7, 1790. H©V, 17, 1701 Lauria, August, 1806. I .nun rbourg, ( let. f l to 28, 1798. Lavis, (River,) 1790; March 20, 1797. Lax, April 1, 1700. Lech, June 11, 1800; Oct. and' 7, 1805. Leipsic, 1G31; Oct. 16 and 19, 1813.— Jn the last great battle, the King of Saxony and his Court were undo prisoners. Lesnow, Oct. 7, 17o;;. Leswaree, Nov. 1, 1803. Leuze, Sept. 18, 1091. Lewes, May 14, 1264. Lexington, 1775. Malines, July 13, 1794. Malo-Yaraslovetz, Oct. 24, 1812. Malplaquet, Sept. 11, 1709. Manoss, April 22, 1799. Mans, Dec. 10, 1793. Mantua, May 29, 1796. Marco, (San,) Jan. 1, 1801. Marengo, June 15, 1800. — The conquest of great part of Italy; won by Bona- parte in person against the Austrian army. General Desaix, who largely contributed by breaking the line, was killed on this occasion. Mai pee, 1641. Maricndal, 1645. Maiicnvverder, 1G29- BAT ( 45/ ) BAT Marienzel, Nov. 7, 1805. Marignan, Sept. 13 and 14, 1515. Marquain, April 25, 1792. Marsaille, 1693. Marston-Moor, July 2, 1644. Martinique, 1762; April 16, 1780 Matchewitz, Oct. 14, 1794. Maulde, 1792. Maurice, Oct. 4, 1793. Maxem, 1759. Medellin, Mar. 2S, 1809. Meer, August 5, 1758. Memel, July 3, 1757. Memmingen, May 10, 1800. Messina, 1282. Mexico, 1519. Michel, (St.) June 13, 1797. Micoui, 1798. Millesitno, April 14, 1796; won by Bo- naparte. Minden, August 1, 1759; won by the English. Mitquamar, Sept. 28, 1798. Mittau, 1705. Moescroen, April 29, 1794. Moeskirck, May 5, 1800. JUohatz, 1526;" 1687. Mohilow, July, 1812. Mohrungen, Jan. 25, 1807. Mohvitz, April 10, 1741. Mondovi, April 5, 1796. Monmouth, March 11, May 11, 1403. — Defeat of the Welsh. Monmouth Court-house,(America,) June 28, 1778. Mons-en-pue!Ie, 1304. Mtnitabaur, April 19, 1797. Montaigu, 1793. Monte-Coccaza, August, 1806. Montcontour, 1559. Moutebaldo, 1796; Jan. 13, 1797. Montebello, June 12, 1800. Monte di Savaro, March 2, 1797. Monte-inurio, August 1, 1538. Montenotte, April 9, 10,11, 1796. lich -The was first memorable battle fought by Bonaparte. Montesimo, 1745. Mont-Genevre, August 27, 1793. Montiel, March 14, 1363. Montlhery, 1465. Montmartre, Romainvilleand Belleville, (heights before Paris,) Mar. 30, 1814 — Occupation of Paris by the Allies — Restoration of Louis XVIII. Monzanbano, Dec. 26, 1800. Mooch, April 14, 1574. Moore-Cross-Crick, 1776. Morat,-l476. Morgarten, 1499. Mortajme, 1793. Moskowa, 1812, called by the Russians The Bloody Battle of Borodino. — Marshal Ney distinguished himself greatly in this battle, and thence took his title. Mouveau, July 10, 1793. Moxon, Nov. 20 and 21, 1759. Mulberg, 1547. Mulhausen, 1674. Mulheim, 1505. Munden, Oct. 29, 1762. Muradal, 1210. Muret, 1213. Muttenthal, Oct. 1799. Nageara, 1368. Namslaw, 1745. Nanci, 1477. Nantes, June 24 to 27, 1793. Narrew, Feb. 15, 1807. Narva, Nov. 30, 1700. Naseby, June 25, 1645.— The downfall of the monarchy under Charles the. First, and the erection of the common- wealth under Oliver Cromwell. Navarete, April 3, 1367. — Henry the Bas- tard totally defeated by the Prince of Wales, and Don Pedro replaced or the throne of Castile. Nazielsk, Dec. 30, 1806. Negrepelisse, 1622. Nerac, July 7, 1621. Neresheim, 1796. Nerwinden, July 29, 1693; March 18 and 19, 1793. — Won by the Austrians under the command of Prince Co- bourg, father to the British Saxe Co- bourg. In consequence of tins battle, the French, under Generals Dumou- rier and Miranda, were obliged to evacuate Holland and the Low Coun- tries, and Paris itself was threatened by the combined armies under the Duke of Brunswick. Neubourg, June 26, 1800. Neuhoff, April 23, 1797. Neumark, (Carniola,) April 2, 1797. Neumulli, June 24, 1796. Neuwied, 1794; Sept. 8, 1796; Oct. 23, 1796; April, 1797. Neuwiller, Nov. 18, 1794. Newbury, Oct. 27, 1644; remarkable for the obstinate courage which was displayed by the London militia, every man of which, according to the late Earl of Liverpool, was found dead in the ranks. See his Pamphlet respect- ing the Militia. Newport, Sluys, and Ipres, October 19", 1793. ' Niagara, (Fort,) 1756. Niagara, July 25, 1314. B A T ( 45g ) BAT .Nicea, 1333. Nicobar, 1227. Nicopolis, (Danube,) 1393. Nicopolis, (Epirus,) 1799. Nidel-Ingelheim, Sept. 15, 1795. Niderbach, May 25, 1796. Nieve, Dec 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13, 1313. Nieuport, July 2, 1(300; July 8, 1794.— Inundated round and man f ally de- fended by a small body of British against the French army commanded by General Pichegru, in 1794. Ninety-six, June 19, 1781. Nisbet, May 7, 1402. — Between tbe English and the Scots, when 10,000 of the latter were slain. Noirmoutiers, Jan. 5, 1794. Nordlingen, Sept. 6, 1634 ; August 3, 1648. Northallerton, 1138. Northampton, July 19, 1460. Novi, 1745; August 16, 1799; Jan. 8, 1800. Nuremberg, Dec. 15, 1800. Oberflesheim, March 30, 1793. Obrique, 1139. Ockzakow, Dec. 6, 1788. Offembourg, 1796. Oldensee, 1605. Omulef, May 13, 1805. Oporto, May 12, 1809.— Won by the British. Ost-Capelle, July 7, 1793. Orchies, July 13 to 14, 1792. Ormea, April 16, 1794. Orthes,Feb. €7, 1814. Oss, July 16, 1796. Ostend, April 19, 1798. Ostreiram, 1762. Otricoli, Jan. 5, 1799. Otterburn, July 31, 1388. — Between Hotspur and Earl Douglas. Oudenarde, July 7, 1708. Pampeluna, July 9, 1795. Parma, June 29, 1734; July 12, 1799. — The French under Gen. Macdonald defeated by Suwarrow. Partha, Oct. 15, 1813. Passaw, 1703. Patay, June 10, 1429, under Joan of Arc. Paviii, 1525. Peila, August 16, 1762. Peiiestortes, Sept. 18, 1793. Periapatam, (E.I.) March 4, 1799. Peschiera, July 19, 1796. Peterwaradin, August 4, 1710. Pfaffenhoffen, 1745. Pfullendorff, March 20 to 23, 1799. Pietri, July 29, 1793. Pinkey, Sept. 10, 1547. Piqpasteus, Sept. 14, 1793. Pirna, October 16, 1756. Plasencia, June 16, 1746 ; 1799; May 5, 1800. Plassendal, 1708, 1745. Plassie, (E. I.) February 5, 1757. Plomnitz, February 13, 1745. Plowcre, 1331. Po, (St. Cypriano,) June 6, 1800. Poitiers, September 19, 1356. — The King of France and his sou taken pri- soners. Polotsk, September, 1812. Pontremoli, May, 1799. Posnanie, 1704. Prague, 1600 ; May 22, 1757. Prentzlow, October 28, 1806. Preston-pans, October 2, 1745. Pretsch, October 29, 1759. Primolan, September 7, 1796. Princetown, 1778. Prusnitz, September 30, 1745. Pruth, 1711. Pufflich, October 39, 1794. Pultusk, 1702 ; December 26, 1806. Pultawa, July 9, 1709. Pyramids, July 20, 1798. Pyrenees, August 11, 16, 19, 1813.— Won by the British under the Duke of Wellington. Quaquoun, March 13, 1799. Quatre Bras, June 16, 1815. Quebec, April 28, 1760. i Quentin,(St.) August 10, 1557. Quiberon, June 24 to July 25, 1795.— The Emigrants defeated and destroyed by the French Republicans under Ge- neral Hochc. Quievrain, April 28, 1792. Radstadt, July 5, 17961 Kami) lies, May 23, 1706. Rastars, April 4, 1794. Rathenau, 1646. Razboc, 1390. Rebec, 1523. Reichenberg, April 21, 1757. Reichlingen, (passage of the Rhine,) April 30, 1800. Reignac, (island of the Rhine,) 1743. Renchen, June 28, 1796. Renti, August 15, 1551. Rhamanie, July 10, 1798 ; May 9, 1801. Rhinberg, October 16, 176U. Rhinfeld, February 28, 1638; July 8, 1678. Ricardi, 1466. Rieti, December, 1798. Rimenatc, 1578. Riota, June 6, 1513. Rivoli, January, 1797- Rocoux, 1746.— Won by the French under Marshal Saxe A ajjaiuit the Dutch BAT ( 45* ) BAT by and English, under Prince Charles of Loraine. Rocroy, 1643. Rodelheim, December 3, 1792. llolcia, August 17, 1808. RoncevaUes, July 24, 1813. Rorbis, 1799. Rosbach, November 5, 1757. Rosbeq, 1382. Rosemberg, 1755. Rosetta, March 31 and April 19, 1807. Roundawaydown, July 13, 1643. Roveredo, Septernher 3 to 5, 1796. Runiersheirn, August 26, 1709. Rymnich, September 22, 1789. Sabuga!, 1404. Saffef, May 12, 1799. Sahagun, Dec. 21, 1803. Salado, 1340. Salamanca, July 22, 1312. Salehieh, 1793 ; March 3, 1800. Sal ion za, December 27, 1800. Salza, (Passage of the,) December, 1800. Samanouth, January, 1799. Sand Hills, near Bergen, October 2, 1799. Sandershagen, October 10, 1758. Sandershausen, July 23, 1758. Saratoga, October *16, 1776. — Won the Americans, when the late General Bourgoyne was taken prisoner, and his whole army surrendered. Saragossa, 1118; 1710. Sarre', November 10, 1313. Saumur, June, 1793. Savannah, January 15, 1778. Savcnay, November 15, 1793. Savigliano, September 18, 1799. Sawolax, 1788. Scherding, January 17, 1744. Schifferstadt, May 23, 1794. Schliengen, October 23, 1796. Sebastian, (St.) September 9, 1813. Sedaseer, March, 1799. Sediman, March 30. 1798. Selbourg, August, 1704. Seminara, April 21, 1503; May 28, 1807. Senef, August 11, 1674. Seringapatam, 1799. Sezia, April 30, 1800. Shacton, May 16, 1643. Shrewsbury, June 21, 1403. Siegberg, July 3, 1796. Silleri, (Plains of,) 1760. Sintzeim, 1674. Sion, May 15, 1798. Smolensko, September 22, 1708; August 17, 1812. Soldau, December 26, 1806. Solway, November 24, 1542. Sommo Sierra, 1808. Sora, 1307. Souaqui, January 3, 1799. Souhama, 1799. Spanden, June 4, 5, and 6, 1807. Spierbach, November 15, 1703. Spire, 1792. Staflarde, 1690. Stamford, March, 1470. Steinkerk, August 3, 1692. Stockach, March 25, 1799. Stoke, June 6, 1487. Strehlen, August 2, 1760. Stum, 1630. Suez, April, 1800. Suffelsheim, August 23, 1744. Sulzbach, August 19, 1796. Syene, February 12, 1799. Tagliacozzo, 1268. Tagliamento, (Passage of the.) effected by Bonaparte, March 14, 1797 ; No- vember 12, 1805. Taillebourg, 1242. Talavera de la Ileyna, July 28, 1809.— Won bv the present Duke of Wel- lington. Tanaro, 1745. Tannenbeig, July 15, 1409- Tarvis, March 25, 1797. Tauris, 1514. Taunton, March SJ, 1461. Terni, December, 1798- Terracina, August 11, 1798. Tesino, March 31, 1800. Tewkesbury, May 4, 1471. Thanis, (Passage of the,') (Egypt,) 1250. Thebes, (Egypt,) January 13*1799. Theme, April 9, 1799. Tiberiad, 1187. Ticonderoga, July o, 1758. Tidon, 1746. Tilsitt, 1807. — Won by Bonaparte, who made peace with the Emperor Alex- ander. Tirlemont, November 8, 1792 ; July 19, 1794. Tolhuys, (Passage of the Rhine,) 1672. Tongres, 1 i08. Tonquin, 1200. Torfou, September 19, 1793. Torgau, September 8, 1759; November 3, 1760. Toulouse, April 10, 1814. / Tours, October, 732. — This battle was fought between Abdoulrahman, the Sa- racen chief, and Charles Martel, the hero of Christendom, and was pro- ductive of most important conse- quences, for it decided that the reli- n a t ( 4(3 ) C A T gion of Mahomet "as not to become {wedominant in Eoiope. — For pai ticu- ars, see Gibbon's History, 4to. edit. vol. HI. Trunin, .March 83, 1797*. r« di ■ . December, 1 776. Treves, August 8. 1701. Tripstadt, July 11. 1 7 i- 1 . Tana, 1693; ami 1706. — Inconsequence of which the French were driven out of Italy. Turkheim, 14 Vim. October 15, 1805. Urlaffen. June 87, 1796. U telle, October 81, 1703. Valmy, September, 1798. Varne, 1444. Veillane. 16S0. Velletri, (surprized 1744. Vellinghausen, Julj 16, 1761. Verner. September, 1J Verneuil, 1504. Verona, August, 1704; 1799. Villa-Vic osa, 1710. Ville-longue, December 6, 1793. Villers en Coocbee, A il 24, 1701. — The Emperor Leopold saved by the Fifteenth Light Dragoons; for which gallant action eight of ti;e oriicers were us inTested with the Military Order of Maria Theresa. V ntira, August 81, 1808. \ 'ittoria, June 81, 1813. Wa.i -- ge of the,) 1795. Wagram,Ja j 5, I ■ >9. W akd did, I . r :i. U60. Waatsenau, October 85, 1703. Warbourg, July 31, 15 Warsaw, 1771. Waterloo, June 18, 1815. — Total defeat of the French army under the guidance of Bonaparte, by the combined British and Frussian armies, commanded by the Duke of Wellington, and Marshal Prince Blucher. — Second restoration of Louis XVIII. Watignies, 17 WeisseiuLerg, 1744. White Plains November 16, 1776. Wignendorff, October 17, l v 06. WiThelmstahl, June 04, i; Wilstett, June 86, 17. Wunpfen, May 16, 1669. Woitenbuttel, June 29, 1641. -u 1312. Wondiwas, December 31, 1760. W rcester, September 3. 1651. Women, May, 1313. — This battle was won by Bonaparte, and stauds re- corded in the famous collection of mint medals, known bv the description of the reign. Wynedale, September 28, 1708. York-Town, (America,' Oct JO, 1781. Zama, A. R. 560 — Ar.t.i .—This I ::le was fought between Scipio, the Roman, and Hannibal, the Carthagi- nian, and put an end to the long existing rivalsbip of Rome aud Car- thage. Zamora, 1476. Zedenick, October '27, 1806. Zenta, 16 Zorndorff, August 85, 175S. Zullichau, July 83, 1759. Zuntersdorff, November, 1805. Between Porto Novo and Mooteapollam, 1.1.) 17S1. Between Scindiah and the English, (E.I.) August 11, 1803. Near Riga, (between St. Cyr and Witt- genstein,) IS 13. Near Montinirai], February 12, 1811, (between Bonaparte and Blucher.) There is no action in war more bril- liant than that of battles, the success of which sometimes decides the fate of kingdoms. It is by this action a general acquires his reputation. It is in battle that his valour, his force of genius, and his prudence, appear in their full extent; and when !y he has occasion for that firmness of mind, without which the most able general will hardly succeed. Bat t Us have ever been the last re- source of good generals. A situation where chance and accident often baiiie and overcome the most prudential and most able arrangements, and where su- periority iu numbers by no means en- sures success, is such as is never entered into without a clear necessity for so doing. The lighting a battle only be- cause an enemy is near, or from having no other formed plan of offence, is a direful way of making war. Darius lost his crown and life by it: King Haroid of England, did the same; and Francis I. at Pavia, lost the battle and his liberty. King John, of Fiance, fought the battle of Poitiers, though ruin attended his eueray if he had not fought, The Russian and Prussian cam- paigns against Bonaparte, in 1806 and ". are also strong illustrations of this truth ; and particularly so, the battle of . loo. The true situation for giving battle is BAT ( 47 ) BAT when an army's situation cannot be worse, if defeated, than if it does not fijiht at all; and when the advantage may be great, and the loss little. Such was the Duke of Cumberland's at Hast- etiheck, in 1757, and Piince Ferdinand's at Vellinghausen,in 1761. The reasons and situations for giving battle are so numerous, that to treat of them all would fill a large volume: we will there- fore content ourselves with the follow- ing. There may be exigencies of stale that require its array, to attack the ene- my at all events. Such were the causes of the battle of Blenheim, in 1794, of Zorndorrt, in 1758, of Cunnersdorff, in 1759, and of Rosbuch, in 1757. To raise a siege, to defend or cover a countrv. — An army is also obliged to engage when shut up in a post. An army may give battle to effectuate its junction with ano- ther army, &c. The preoarations for battle admit of infinite variety. By a knowledge of the detail of battles, the precept will ac- company the example. The main gene- ral preparations are, to profit by any advantage of ground ; that the tactical form of the army he in some measure adapted to it; and that such form be, if possihle, a form tactically better than the enemy's. In forming the armv, a most careful attention should be given to mul- tiply resources, so that the fate of the army may not hang on one or two ef- forts; to give any particular part of the army, whose quality is superior to such part in the enemy's army, a position that ensures action ; and finally, to have a rear by nature, or, if possible, by art, capable of checking the enemy in case of defeat ; that is, never to lose sight of the Base Line. The dispositions of battles admit likewise of an infinite variety of cases; for even the difference of ground which happens at almost every step, gives oc- casion to change the disposition or plan; and a general's experience will teach him to profit oy this, and take the ad- vantage the ground offers him. It is an instant, a coup-iCail, which decides this: for it is to be feared the enemv raav de- prive you of those advantages, or turn them to his own profit; and for that reason this admits of no precise rule; the whole depending upon time and op- portunity. W ith regard to battles, there are three things to be considered; what precedes, what accompanies and whet follows the action. As to what pre- cedes the action, you should unite all your force, examine the advantage of the ground, the wind, and the sun, (things not to be neglected,; and chuse, if possi- ble, a field of battle proportioned to the number of your troops. You must post the different kinds of troops advantageously for each : they must be so disposed as to be able to re- turn often to the charge; for he who can charge often with fresh troops, is commonly victorious; witness the uni- form practice of the French. Your wings must be covered so as not to be surrounded, and you must take care, that your troops can assist each other without any confusion, the intervals be- ing proportioned to the battalions and squadrons. Particular regard must be had to the regulation of the artillery, which should be disposed so as to be able to act in every place to the greatest advantage; for nothing is more certain than that, if the artillery be well commanded, pro- perly distributed, and manfully served, it will greatly contribute to gaining the battle; being looked upon as the gene- ral instrument of the army and the most essential part of military force. — The artillery must be well supplied with am- munition, and each soldier have a suf- ficient number of cartridges. The bag- gage, provisions, and treasures of the army, should, on the day of battle, be sent to a place of safety. In battle, where the attacks are, there is also the principal defence. If an army attacks, it forms at pleasure; it makes its points at will : if it defends, it will be sometimes difficult to penetrate into the designs of the enemy, but when once found, succour succeeds to the dis- covery. Ground and numbers must ever lead in the arrangement of battles; impression and resource will ever give them the fairest chance of success. Xever to be surprized is perhaps the surest way never to be beaten. The Battle, a term of distinction which was used during the 13th and 14th centuries, to mark the cavalry, or gentlemen who served on horseback. Robertson, in his View of the State of Europe, vol. i. page 80, observes, that, during those period-, the armies of Eu- rope were composed almost entirelv of cavalry. No geutleman would appei- T, A T in the field hut on horseback. ( 48 ) BAT To serve in any oilier manner, lie would have deemed derogatory to his rank. The cavalry, by way of distinction, was called The Battle, and on it alone depended the fate of every action. The infantry, collected from the dregs and refuse of the people, ill armed, and worse disci- plined, wiis almost of no account. B\tti.e-^/>t«v, ) the method and Line of B \ i 1 le, S order of arranging the troops in line of battle; the form of drawing up the army for an ei^gagi - inenf. This method generally consists of three lines, viz. the front line, the rear line, and the reserve. The second line should be about 300 paces behind the first, and the reserve at about .3 or GOO paces behind the se- cond. The artillery is likewise distri- buted along the front of the first line. The front line should be stronger than the rear line, that its shock may be more violent, and that, by being more exten- sive, it may more easily close on the enemy's Hanks. If the first line has the advantage, it should continue to act, and attack the enemy's second line, which must be already terrified by the defeat of the first. The artillery must always accompany the line of battle in the order it was at first distributed, if the ground permit; and the rest of the army should follow the motions of the first line, when it continues to march on alter its first success. Main Battle. See Battle-Array. B\TTLE-«aT, (hache d'armes, Fr.) an effensive weapon, formerly much used by the Danes, and other northern in- fantry. It was a kind of halberd, and did great execution when wielded by a strong arm. BATTLEMENTS, in military af- fairs, are the indentures in the tup of <>id castles or fortified walls, or other buildings, in the form of embrasures, for the greater conveniency of tiring or looking through. BATTUE, Fr. to direct one or more | icces of ordnance in such a manner, that any given object may be destroyed or broken into by the continued dis- ge of cannon ball, or of other war- like materials; it likewise means to silence an enemy's fire. Battre en Sreche, Fr. to batter in breach. The word battre is aJso applied, in the artillery, to all the different ways of battering. Battue Festrade, Fr. to scour; to scout. Battue la campagne, Fr. to scour the country, or make incursions against an enemy. Battre de front, Fr. to throw can- non-shot in a perpendicular or almost perpendicular direction against an\ body or place which becomes an object of at- tack. This mode of attack is less ef- fectual than any other unless you bailer in breach. Battrj cVecharve, Fr. to direct shot, so that the lines of fire make a manifest acute angle with respect to the lino of any particular object against which can- non is discharged. Bati R e i a jlunc, Fr. is when the shot from a battery runs along the length of the front of any object or place against which it is directed. Battue « don, Fr. to direct the shot' from one or several pieces of cannon so as to batter, almost perpendicularly, from behind any body of troops, part of a rampart or intrenchment. Battre de revers, Fr. to direct shot in such a manner as to run between the two last mentioned liens of fire. When you batter from behind, the shot fall almost perpendicularly upon the reverse of the parapet. When you batter from the reverse side, the trajectories or lines of fire describe acute angles of forty- live degrees or under, with the prolon- gation of that reverse. Battre de bricole, Fr. This method can only be put in practice at sieges, and against works which have been con- structed in front of others that are in- vested. Every good billiard player will readily comprehend what is meant by bricole or back-stroke. Battue en sape, Fr. to batter a work at the foot of its revetemeut. Battre en salve, Fr. to make a gene- ral discharge of heavy ordnance against anv spot in which a breach is attempted to be made. Battue la cainse, Fr. to beat a drum. Battue I'assemblce, Fr. to beat the assembly. Battre un ban, Fr. to give notice by sound of drum, when an officer is to be received, orders given out, or any punish- ment to he publicly inflicted. Battre la chamade, Fr. to give inti- mation by the sound of drum, from a besieged place, of a disposition to capi- tulate; to beat a parley. BAY ( 49 ) BAY Battre aux champs, Fr. to give notice, by beat of drum, that a regiment, or armed body of men, is approaching or marching off. It also signifies the beat which is made when a superior officer comes near a guard, &c. Battre la charge, Fr. to beat the charge; or to give notice that a general discharge of musketry is about to take place, and that the whole line is to charge with bayonets. Battre la Diane, Fr. to beat the Re- veille. Battre les drapeanx,¥r. to announce, by beat of drum, that the colours are about to be lodged. Battre la generate, Fr. to beat the General; a signal to collect the soldiers together for immediate action, or for quitting camp, or quarters. Battre la marche, Fr. to give notice, by beat of drum, for troops to advance or retreat. Battre la messe, Fr. to give notice, by beat of drum, for soldiers to march to church. Battre la prierc, Fr. to give notice, by beat of drum, for soldiers to assem- ble at any particular place to hear prayers. Battre la retraite, Fr. to beat the retreat; a notice given by all the drums of a regiment or army, for soldiers to keep to their several colours, and to re- tire in the best order they can, after a disastrous battle. Se Battre en retraite, Fr. to main- tain a running fight. Mener battant, to overcome. Mener quelqiiun att tambour battant, to disconcert, to confound, puzzle, and perplex any body. BATTURES, Fr. breakers; shelves. BAUDRIER, Fr. a cross-belt. It also signifies a sword-belt. BAVETTE, Fr. in architecture, a piece, or apron, of lead, which is placed in front of a water pipe, or upon a roof that is slated. It signifies, literally, a bib, such as is put before a child. BAUGE, Fr. a coarse sort of mortar which is made with chopped straw, or pounded hay, in the manner that lime and sand are mixed up. This species of mortar is used in lieu of better. BAVINS, in military affairs, implies small faggots, made of brush-wood, of a considerable length, no part of the brush being taken off. See Fascines. BAYARD, Fr. a provincial term used i in Languedoc and Roussilion to signify a wheel-barrow. BAY, {bai/e, Fr.) an inlet of the sea between two capes or headlands. It also signifies such a gulph or inlet of the land as does not run very deep into it, whether large or small; but smaller bays are frequently denominated creeks, havens, or roads. It may be observed, indeed, in general, that a bay has a pro- portionably wider entrance than either a gulph, or a haven; and that a creek has usually a small inlet, and is always much less than a bay. BAY-window, one that is composed of an arch of a circle; consequently it will stand without the stress of the building: by which means spectators may better see what is done in the street. BAYE, Bee ou Jour, Fr. in architec- ture, every sort of aperture in a build- ing is so called. BAYONET, {bayonnette, Fr.) a kind of triangular dagger, made with a hollow handle, and a shoulder, to fix on the muzzle of a firelock or musket, so that neither the charging nor firing is pre- vented by its being fixed on the piece. It is of infinite service against horse. At first the bayonet was screwed into the muzzle of the barrel, consequently could not be used during the fire. It is said by some to have been invented by the people of Malacca, and first made use of on quitting the pikes. Accord- ing to others, it was first used by the fuzileers in France, who were afterwards made the body of Royal Artillery. At present it is given to every infantry re- giment. This weapon was formerly called dagger. In some old English writers it is written Bagonet; and, in- deed, generally now so pronounced by the common soldiers. A French writer, in a work entituled L'Essai general de la Tactique, has pro- posed a methud of exercising the sol- diers in a species of fencing or tilting with this weapon. But, as another very sensible author (Mauvillion in his Essai sur I'lnjluence de la Poudre a Canon dans I'ylrt de la Guerre Moderne) justly asks, how can any man tilt or fence with so cumbrous an instrument, and so dithcult to be handled, as the firelock? It seems probable that great advantage mav be obtained by a person who has been taught to use such a weapon scientifi- cally, when contending with an indi- vidual; but we do not think that the H BED ( so > BEL niceties of parrying are applicable to the charge in line; but a firm grasp and a quick and steady thrust are required. A French author, M. G. De Levis, in bis Maxima and Reflexions, observes: Oner combat tre a Farme blanche, voila ce qui constitue le veritable guerrier. Lex peuplet qui out cttte e'nergie (et its sont ai bien petit nomine) peuvent s'appeler <) ban droit let" Grenadiers de F Europe." Experience has convinced the French that this daring quality is peculiarly marked in the character and conduct of a British soldier, of which a signal proof was given at the battle of Waterloo, on the 18th June, 1815. BEACON, (j'anal, Fr.) something raised on an eminence to be fired, or displayed, on the approach of an enemy, to alarm the country; also,marks erect- ed, or lights made in the night, (as on the North and South Forelands on the Coast of Kent, and elsewhere,) to direct navigators in their course, and warn them from rocks, shallows, and sand- banks. It is said that Bonaparte's boasted pillar near Boulogne will be converted into one. On certain eminent places of the country are placed long poles erect, whereon are fastened pitch-barrels to be fired by night, and smoke made by day, to give notice, in a few hours, to the whole kingdom, of an approaching in- vasion. To BEAR, in gunnery. A piece of ordnance is said to bear, or come to bear, when pointed directly against the ob- ject; that is, pointed to hit the object. BEARD, the reflected points of the head of an ancient arrow, particularly of such as were jagged. To BEAT, in a military sense, signi- fies to gain the day, to win the battle, &c. To Beat a parley. See Cham a de- To Beat a drum. See Drum. To Beat to arms, to assemble the sol- diers, or armed citizens of a town or place by beat of drum. BEAVER, that part of the ancient helmet which covered the face, and which was moveable so as to expose the face without removing the beaver from the helmet. BEC de corbin, Fr. a battle-axe. BEC1IE, Fr. a spade used by pio- neers. BEDS, in the military language, are of various sorts, viz. Mortar-BEDS serve for the same pur- pose as a carnage does to a cannon : they are made of solid timber, consisting ge- nerally of two pieces fastened together with strong iron bolls and bars. Their sizes arc according to the kind of mortar they carry. -Roi/«/-Beds, ) are carriages for a Coe A/,\\\ gunnery, a wooden battery for two or more small pieces mounted on wheels, and moveable from place to place; very ready to fire en bar- bette, in the galleries and casemates, &c. where room is wanted. Block-Aousc, in the military art, a kind of wooden fort or fortification, sometimes mounted on rollers, or on a flat-bottomed vessel, serving either on the lakes or rivers, or in counterscarps or counter-approaches. The Brisbane, on the south side of Calais harbour, 19 of this description, standing on wooden piles, and surrounded by a battery. This name is sometimes given to a brick or a stone building on a bridge, or the brink of river, serving not only for its defence, but for the command of the river, both above and below. BLOQUEIt, Fr. to blockade. Bloqler, Ft", in mason-work, to erect thick rough walls along the trenches, without confining them to measure or line, as is the case in stone walls. Bloquer also signifies to fill up, indis- criminately, the chasms in walls with rubbish and coarse mortar, as is the case in works constructed under water. BLUES, or Royal Horse Guards, com* monly called the Oxford Blues. This regiment was originally raised at Oxford, and possesses landed property in that county. It consists of 1 colonel, with 8 warrant men; 2 lieutenant colonels; 1 majors; 8 captains, (of whom his pie- sent Majesty is one;) 8 lieutenants; 8 cornets; 8 quarter-masters, who all bear the King's commission; 2 surgeons; 1 adjutant; 1 assistant surgeon; 1 vete- rinary surgeon; 1 corporal-major; 42 corporals; 9 trumpeters; . r >60 privates. It is worthy of remark, that lieutenant colonels and captains of this regiment do not pay any thing to the agent, as is the case in other regiments. The kettle drummers and trumpeters belonging to this corps, and to the Life Guards, being household troops, have their clothing furnished to them out of his Majesty's wardrobe. BLUNDERBUSS, (mousqueton, Fr.) a well-known fire-arm, consisting of a wide, short, but very large bore, capable of holding a number of musket or pistol balls, or slugs ; very fit for doing great execution in a croud, making good a narrow passage, defending the door of a house, staircase, &c. or repelling an at- tempt to board a ship. To BOAR,) with horsemen. A horse To BORE, J is said to boar or bore, when he shoots out his nose as high as he can. BOARD, (conseil, bureau, departe- ment, Fr.) an office under the govern- ment, where the affairs of the state are transacted; of which there are several sorts in England; as Board of Ordnance,, Board of Admiralty, &c. &c. BOAT. See Advice Boat, Pontoon- Boat, &c. B O I ( 55 ) BOL BOB-tail, with archers, is the steel of an arrow or shaft, which is small breasted, and large towards the head. BODY, {corps, Fr.) in the art of war, is a number of forces, horse or foot, united under one commander. Main Body of an army sometimes means the troops encamped in the cen- ter between the two wings, and gene- rally consists of infantry. The main body on a march signifies the whole of the army, exclusive of the van and rear- guard. Body of reserve. See Reserve. Body of a place is, generally speak- ing, the buildings in a fortified town ; yet the inclosure round them is generally understood by it. BOETES pour les rtjouissances, Fr. small guns, made of wrought or cast iron, which are laid in a vertical posi- tion, after thev have been loaded with gunpowder, and then plugged up with a wooden stopper. These guns are let off, like other pieces of ordnance, by apply- ing the match to the bottom of the box. The train, along which the fire is con- veyed, consists of bran, with gunpowder at the top, in order to secure the latter from moisture. Boete, in the artillery, an instrument made of brass, to which a steel temper- ed blade is attached, with which the metal in a cannon is diminished, for the purpose of widening the bore. See Allizer. Boete, ou coffre, Fr. a wooden box, in which is carried the gun-powder for a mine. BozTE-a-pierrier, Fr. a hollow cy- linder made of iron or copper, which, when loaded, is placed in a mortar, so that an immediate communication takes place between the fuse of the latter and its touch-hole, and it is propelled to the place of destination. Aller au BOIS, Fr. to go with a party of men for the purpose of procuring wood, &c. Bors de rcmontage, Fr. every species of timber which is used to new mount cannon, or refit ammunition wagons, &c. Boxs de chauffage, Fr. the fuel which is distributed among French troops. Long Boj s, Fr. a pike, lance, or spear. Faire de tout Bois Jleches, Fr. figu- ratively, to use every thing that turns to one's purpose. Literally, to make arrows out of every sort of wood. Faire haut le Bors, Fr. pikemen are said to do so, when they stop and niaks a stand, advancing their pikes. L'ceil tend a au Bots, Fr. warily : watchfully; alluding to a bowman, who keeps his eye upon the wood of his in- strument, when he takes aim. BOISE, Fr. a log, or great piece of timber; more particularly a brace of timber. BOISSEAU, Fr. a French bushel, being the 12th part of a septier, and somewhat less than our London peck and a half. A boisseau of wheat weighs 20 pounds; our peck of wheat- meal 14. BOISSEL d'osier, Fr. a weel or weerc of ozier twigs. BOISSIER, Fr. to wainscot walls, &c. BOISSIERE, Fr. a hedge, thicket, or plot of box trees. BOLT, an iron pin used for strength- ening a piece of timber, or for fastening two or more articles together. Bolts in gunnery, being of several sorts, aoV mit of various denominations, which arise from the specific application of them, as Eye Joint Transom Bed Breeching Bracket Stool-bed 8. Garnish 9. Axle-tree 10. Bolster Bolts of iron for house-building are distinguished by ironmongers into three kinds, viz. plate, round, and spring bolts. Plate and spring bolts are used for the fastening of doors and windows. Bound boltsare long iron pins, with a head at one end and a key hole at the other. Prize-BoLTS, with gunners, are large knobs of iron on the cheek of a car- riage, which prevent the handspike from sliding, when it is poising up the breech of the piece. Transom-Bons, with gunners, are bolts which go between the cheeks of a gun-carriage to strengthen the tran- soms. Traverse-BoLTS, with gunners, two short bolts put one into each end of an English mortar carriage, which serve to traverse the raoi tar. Bracket-BoLTS, with gunners, bolts 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. >B0LTS. r> o m ( ™ ) 13 O M which go through the clieeks of a mor- tar, and by tin- help of the coins keep it fixed to the elevation given her. / See Siili.l. nnM],)('W. See Caisson. j Vessels, ) small vessels,made \ Ketches, \ very strong, with large beams, particularly calculated for i hi owing shells into a town, castle, or fortification, from 13 to 10-inch mor- tars, two of which are placed on hoard of each ship. They are said to have been invented by one M. Reyneau, a French- man, and to have been first put in action at the bombardment of Algiers in 1681 : till then it had been judged impracticable to bombard a place from the sea. Bomb Tender, a small vessel of war laden with ammunition for the bomb ketch, and from which the latter is con- stantly supplied. The ammunition and stores are now carried in the bomb ves- sel : tenders not being employed in that service. BOMB AlfD, (bombarde, Fr.) an an- cient piece of ordnance, very short, and very thick, with an uncommon large bore. There have been bombards which have thrown a ball or shell of S Bwt. : they made use of cranes to load them. The Turks use some of them at present. To Bombard, (bombarder, Fr.) See Bombarding. BOMBARDING, ) the act of as- BOMBARDMENT, S saulting a city or fortress, by throwing shells into it, in order to set fire to, and ruin the houses, churches, magazines, &c. and to do other mischief. As one of the effects of the shell results from its weight, it is never discharged as a ball from a cannon, that is, by pointing it at a certain object : but the mortars in England are fixed at an elevation of 45 degrees; that is, inclined so many de- grees from the horizon, that the shell describes a curve, called the military projectile: hence a mortar, whose trun- nions are placed at the breech, can have- no point blank range. I am of opinion that mortars should be so contrived, that they may be elevated to any- -degree iequired, as much preferable to' those rixed at an angle of 45°; because shells should never be thrown at that angle but in one single case only, which seldom happens; that is, when the battery is so far off, that they cannot otherwise reach the works: for when shells are thrown from the trenches into the works of a fortification, or from the town into the trenches, they should have as little ele- vation as possible, in order to roll along, and not bury themselves; whereby the damage they do and the terror they cause to the troops, is much greater than if they sink into the ground. On the contrary, when shells are thrown upon magazines, or any other buildings, with an intention to destroy them, the mortar should be elevated as high at possible, that the shells may acquire a- greater force in their fall. Some mor- tars (5{ inch brass) have of late been constructed to fire at different elevations, upon brigadier-general Lawson's princi- pie. Shells should be loaded with no more powder than is required to burst them into the greatest number of pieces, and the length of the fuzes should be exactly calculated according to the required ranges; for, should the fuze set fire to the powder in the shell before it fails on the place intended, the shell will burst in the air, and propably do more mischief to those who fired the mortar, than to those against whom it was discharged. To prevent this, the fuzes arc divided into as many seconds as the greatest range requires, consequently may be cut to any distance, at an elevation of 45 degrees. Mortars are not to be fired with two fires; for when the fuze is properly fixed, and both fuze, and shell dredge' with mealed powder, the blast of the powder in the chamber of the mortar, when inflamed by the tube, will likewise set fire to the fuze in the shell. BOMBARDIERS, non-commissioned officer, so called because they were chiefly employed in mortar and howitzer duty. They are to load them on all oc- casions; and in most services they load the shells and grenades, fix the fuzes, prepare the composition both for fuzes and tubes, and fire both mortars and howitzers on every occasion. They are also employed on all services in the ar- tillery. In the English service, shells, grenades, and composition for the same, fuzes,ccc. are prepared in the Laboratory by people well skilled in that business. In most foreign services, both officers and soldiers belonging to the companies of bombardiers have an extraordinary pay, ;^s it requires more mathematical learning to throw shells with some d»- BOO ( 57 ) BOO gree of exactness, than is requisite for the rest of the artillery. In the British service, a specific number is attached to each company of artillery; hut they flo not form a separate corps as in other countries.^ BOM BE, ou courbe, Fr. a flat portion of a circle, such as is made upon the base of an equilateral triangle, whose center is the angle at the top. Bombe, Fr. timber that is crooked, and tit for crotches, knees, &c. BOMBELLES, Fr. diminutive bombs or shells, which are used against a be- sieged fortress, or for the purpose of creating confusion among a body of men. BOMBEMENT, Fr. curvity, con- vexity, also the swelling of a pillar. BOi\ T , Fr. a written document which always precedes the signature of a sove- reign or a minister, and by which some appointment is confirmed, to one or more persons. BONACE or BONNACE, Fr. calm weather, with a serene sky and smooth sea. BONAVOGLIE, Fr. a man that for a certain consideration voluntarily en- gages to row. BONDIR, Fr. to bound; to fly up as a cannon ball does. It is also applied to a horse that suddenly leaps forward. BONNET, in fortification, implies a small but useful work, that greatly an- noys the enemy in his lodgments. This work consists of two faces, which make a salient angle in the nature of a ravelin, without any ditch, having only a parapet three feet high, and 10 or 12 feet broad. They are made at the sa- lient angles of the glacis, outworks, and body of the place, beyond the counter- scarp, and in the faussebray. See For- tification. Bonnet, a sort of cap which is worn by the Highlanders, hence called Bon- net-men. Bonnet a Frttre, or Priest's-cap, in fortification, is an outwork, having three salient and two inward angles, and differs from the double tenaille only in having its sides incline inwards towards the gorge, and those of a double tenaille are parallel to each other. See Forti- fication. Bonnet defer, Fr. an iron scull, a sal lad. BOOKS. There are different books made use of in the British army, for the specific purposes of general and regi- mental economy. The general order book is kept by the brigade major, from which the leading oiders of regiments, conveying the pa- role and countersign, are always taken. The regimental order book contains the peculiar instructions of corps which are given by a colonel or commanding officerto the adjutant — Hence adjutant's order book. — And from him to the serjeant-major, who delivers the same to the different Serjeants of companies assembled in the orderly room for that purpose. Hence the company's order book. The regimental book is kept by the clerk of the regiment, and contains all the records, &c. belonging to the corps. The black book is a sort of memoran- dum which is kept in every regiment to describe the character and c induct of non-commissioned officers and soldiers; when, and how often, they have been re^ duceri,or punished, &c. Every quarter-master belonging to the cavalry and infantry has likewise a book which may not improperly be called a book or inventory of regimental stores, &c. A black bonk, is kept in the adju- tant-general's office in Dublin, so that the commander in chief can always know the state or condition of each re- giment in that country, with respect to its interior management. This system ought to he general. Time book. A book which is usually kept at public offices in order to ascer- tain the exact time at which the clerks, Cv'c. make their appearance, particularly at the War-Office. Quarter book. A book kept in the Office of Ordnance, which contains the names of such officers, and such salaries only, as have been sanctioned by his Majesty's warrants. Practice book. A book containing the weight, range, &c. of cannon; and also the manner of exercising with pieces of artillery. Every officer be- longing to the royal artillery ought to have a book of practice. Regimental court-martial book. This book contains the names of the soldiers who have been tried since the date of the last inspection of a regiment, stat- i ing the crime lor which each man has been tried; the punishment awarded, and i he punishment inflicted. • I BOS ( 58 ) BOU Description book. This book is like- wise called regimental book. BOOM, in marine fortilication, is a long piece of timber, with which rivers or harbours are stopped, to prevent the enemy's coining in : it is sometimes done by a cable or chain, and floated wiih yards, top-masts, or spars of wood lash- ed to it. BOOTS, a familiar term used in the British service. It means the youngest officer at a regimental mess, and takes its origin, most probably, from what is generally called Boots at an inn. BORDAGE, I V. the planks of a ship's side. Franc Bordace, Fr. the outside planks. BORDE E de canon, Fr. a broadside, or all the guns on one side of a ship. BORDER, in military drawings, im- plies single or double lines, or any other ornament, round a drawing, &c. BORDER, Fr. in a military sense, to line: as Border la cole, to line the coast. BORDEREAU, Fr. a sort of diary which is kept in a troop or company, for the purpose of ascertaining what arti- cles have been distributed, and what jnonev lias been paid to the soldiers. BORDERERS(King'sown.) The 25th regiment is so called; from the regiment having originally been stationed on the boundaries of Scotland. BORDURE, Fr. in architecture, a profile in relievo, which is either oval or round. When it is square, it is called cadre, and serves to frame a picture or pannel. Bordure de pave, Fr. the curb stone on each side of a paved road. BORE, in gunnery, implies the cavity of the barrel of a gun, mortar, howitzer, or any other piece of ordnance. See Cannon. BORNE, Fr. a stone stud, which is placed at the corner of, or before, a wall, to secure it against wagons, &c. Borne, Fr. limit; bound. BORNOYER, Fr. to ascertain the straight ness of a line, by looking with one eye through three or more stakes or poles, in order to erect a wall, or plant a row of trees. BOSCAGE, ^ a term in architecture, BOSS AGE, $ used for any stone that has a pmjeeture, and is laid in a place, in a building, lineal, to be afterwards carved into mouldings, capitals, coats of arms, &c Bossage is also that which is other- wise called rustic work. Bossage en liaison, Fr. that which re- presents the squares and stones laid cros,s-wavs. BOSSE, Fr. a term used in the French artillery to express a glass bottle which is very thin, contains four or five pounds of powder, and round the neck of which four or five matches are hung under, after it has been well corked. A cord, two or three feet in length, is tied to the bottle, which serves to throw it. The instant the bottle breaks, the pow- der catches fire, and every thing within the immediate effects of the explosion is destroyed, or injured. Bosse, Fr. a small knob or emboss- ment, which is left on the dressing of a stone, to shew that the dimensions have not been toised, and which the work- man pares off when he finishes. BO ITER, Fr. to boot. BOTTINE, Fr. half boots worn by the hussars and dragoons in foreign armies. BOUCHE, Fr. the aperture or mouth of a piece of ordnance, &c. Bouche, Fr. the king's kitchen. BOUCAES a feu, Fr. This word is generally used to signify pieces of ord- nance, such as cannon and mortars. Grosse Bouche a feu, Fr. a piece of heavy ordnance. Petite Bouche a feu, Fr. a carbine, musket, or pistol. BOUCHERS d'une armie, Fr. This term is sometimes used among the French, to signify the persons who con- tract with the quarter-master general's department for a regular supply of meat. BOUCHON d'etoupe, de Join, de paille, Fr. the wad of a cannon, made of tow, hay, straw, &c. Un port BOUCLE, Fr. a land-locked harbour. BOULANGERIE, Fr. a bakery; the spot where bread is baked for an army, or where biscuits are made at a sea-port. BOULANGERS, Fr. bakers. Per- sons of this description are generally at- tached to armies. BOVLDER-u alls, a kind of wall which is built with round flints, or pebbles, laid in strong mortar. These walls are chiefly used where the sea has a beach cast up, or where there is plenty of flints. BOU ( 69 ) BOW BOULER la mutitre, Fr. to stir up inhabitants which consists of respect- the different metals which are used in casting cannon. BOULETS a deux tites, ou anges, Fr. double headed shot. Boulets enchaints,Yr. chain-shot. Boulets ramis, Fr. barred-shot. Boulets rouges, Fr. red -hot shot. BOULEVART, Fr. formerly meant a bastion. It is no longer used as a mi- litary phrase, although it sometimes oc able tradesmen who are united among themselves, and, in moments of danger, learn military movements, and turn out as volunteers for the security of their rights, &c. BOURGUIGNOTE, Fr. a helmet or morion which is usually worn with a breast-plate. It is proof against pikes and swords. It is also called a Cabosset. BOURRADE, Fr. a thrust which is curs in the description of works or lines I made with the barrel end of the musket which cover a whole country, and pro- instead of the butt. tect it from the incursions of an enemy. Thus Strasburgh and Landau may be called two principal boulevarts or bul- warks, by which France is protected on this side of the Rhine. The elevated line, or rampart, which reaches from the Champs Elysees in Paris beyond the spot where the Bas- tille was destroyed in 1789, and surrounds Paris, is styled the Boulevart. In ancient times, when the Romans attacked any place, they raised boule- varts near the circumference of the walls. These boulevarts were 80 feet high, 300 feet broad, upon which wood- en towers commanding the ramparts were erected, covered on all sides with iron-work, and from which the besiegers threw upon the besieged stones, darts, (ire-works, &c. to facilitate the ap- proaches of the archers and battering rams. BOULINER, Fr. to pilfer. Bouliner dans un camp, to steal or pilfer in a camp. Un soldat boulineur, a soldier that plunders. BOULINS, Fr. pieces of timber which are fastened into walls in order to erect a scaffold. XVoms <&rBouLiNS,Fr.scaffoldingholes. BOULON, Fr. an iron bolt. BOULONNER, Fr. to fasten with an iron bolt. BOULONS d'afut, Fr. the bolts of the gun-carriage. BOUNTY, a certain sum of money which is given to men who enlist. FmA-BouNTY, money given to a soldier when he continues in the ser- vice after the expiration of the term for which he enlisted. BOU RE, Fr. See Mousse. BOURGEOIS, Fr. the middle order of people in a town are so called, to distinguish them from the military and nobility. BOURGEOISIE, Fr. that class of BOURRE, Fr. a wad. BOURRELET, Fr. the extremity of a piece of ordnance towards its mouth. Bourrelet means likewise a pad or collar. BOURRER, Fr. to ram the wad or any other materials into the barrel of a fire-arm. Bourrer une mine, Fr. to fill up the gallery of a mine with earth, stones, &c. BOURRIQUET, Fr. a basket made use of in mining, to draw up the earth, and to let down whatever may be ne- cessary for the miner. BOURSEAU, Fr. in architectures round moulding upon the ridge of lead, on the top of a house that is slated. BOUSIN, Fr. soft crust of stones taken out of the quarry. BOUSSOLE, Fr. a compass, which every miner must be in possession of to direct him in his work. BOUTE-SELLE, Fr. the signal or word which is given to the cavalry to saddle their horses. BOUTON, Fr. the sight of a musket. BOW, an ancient weapon of offence, made of steel, wood, or other elastic matter; which, after being bent by means of a string fastened to its two ends, in returning to its natural state throws out an arrow with prodigious force. The use of the bow is, without all doubt, of the earliest antiquity. It has likewise been the most universal of all weapons, having obtained amongst the most barbarous and remote people, who had the least communication with the rest of mankind. The bow is a weapon of offence amongst the inhabitants of Asia, Africa, and America, at this day; and in Eu- rope, before the invention of fire-arms, a part of the infantry was armed with bows. Lewis XII. first abolished the use of bows in France, introducing, in J 2 BOY ( 60 ) BRA their stead, the halhert, pike, and broad-' sword. The long-bow was formerly in great use in England, and many laws were made t'> encourage tlie practice 01 it. Tlie parliament under Henry VII. com- plaints! of tlie disuse of long-bows, heretofore the safeguard and defence of this kingdom, and the dread and terror of its enemies. Cross How is likewise an ancient weapon uf offence, of the eleventh cen- tury. Philip II. surnamed the Con- queror, introduced cross-hows into f ranee. In this reign Richard I. of l'.n land, '• s killed liy a cross-bow at tl.e siege of Chalus. 1j()v\ MAN. See Archer. BOWYER, the man who made o: repaired the military bows was SO called. BOXES, in military affairs, are of several sorts, and for various purposes. A cutting B>x, a box wherein chop- ped straw and cut hay may he kept. F.ve-y troop of cavalry intended for service or parade, ought to have a cut- ting box I elodging to it, and one man constantly employed, all day, at it in chopping hay, straw, &c. Forage of all kinds should lie cut and mixed together. Among the G rmans, every trooper carries a double feed of chopped straw and corn mingled together, which is never touched hut by express order of the commanding officer. Battery-BoxES. See Battery. Cartpuch-llox.ES. See Cartouch. AViT-Boxes arc made of iron, and fastened one at each end of the navej to prevent the arms of the axle-tree, about which the boxes turn, from causing too much friction. I^b-Boxes, such as are filled with small shot For grape, according to the size of the gun they are to he fired out of. /foot/- Boxes, with lids, for holding grape-shot, &c. Each calibre has its own, distinguished by marks of the cali- bre on the lid. There are wooden boxes which con- tain ammunition carried upon the lim- hers and cars for field ordnance; also boxes to contain the reserve ammuni- tion as it conies from the Laboratory. The shot, shells, cartridges, &c. are packed in these boxes, according to their natures and descriptions, so as to prevent any confusion; and the ends of the boxes are marked in letters to shew what they contain. BOYAUj in fortification, is a particu- lar trench separated from the others, which, in winding about, incloses dif- ferent spaces of ground, and runs pa- rallel with the works of the place, that it may not be enfiladed. When two at- tacks are made at once, one near to the other, the boyau makes a communica- tion between the trenches, and serves as a line of contravallation, not only to hinder the sallies of the besieged, but likewise to secure the miners. BUACES, in a military sense, are a kind of armour for the arm: they were formerly a part of a coat of mail. 'I he straps which are worn across the shoul- ders, in order to suspend the breeches, are also called Braces. BRACKETS, in gunnery, are the cheeks of the travelling carnage of guns and howitzers; they are made of strong wooden planks. This name is some- times given to that part of a large mor- tar-hed, where the trunnions are placed, for the elevation of the mortar: they are sometimes made of wood, and more frequently of iron, of almost a semi- circular figure, well fastened with nails and strong plates. BRACONS, Fr. in carpentry, small stakes of wood which are assembled with the cross-beams in the Hood-gates of large sluices. BRADS, a kind of nails used in building, which have no spreading heads, as other nails have. They are distinguished by ironmongers in the following manner: joiners' brads, floor- ing brads, bntten brads, bill brads or quarter heads } &c. BRAGUE, Fr. a kind of mortoise, or joining of pieces together. BRANCARD ou civiere, Fr. a hand- barrow, or litter. This word literally means shaft. It is sometimes used as a machine to carry sick or wounded sol- diers upon. The difference between brancard and civiere is that the first is only a frame; and the second, being bo.ude 1 inside, and raised round, it can be used for the conveyance of earth, sand, &c. BRAN (ill-:, Fr. branch. This word is peculiarly adapted to the covert-way, ditch, horn-works, and to every part of a fortification, and signifies the long sides of the different works which sur- round a fortified town or camp. See Mine and Gallery. Branche d'un prqjet de guerre, of- fensive ou defensive, Fr. This term comprehends the various designs and B R E ( 61 ) B R I means which are embraced to carry 01 offensive or defensive measures. Branche de riviere, Fr. a branch of a river. Brunche also signifies, as with us, the various divisions of a department, as civil and military branches. BRAND, an ancient term for a sword ; so called by the Saxons. BRANDINS, Fr. See Chevrons. BRAQUEMART, Fr. a broad short sword, which is usually worn on the let' side, and is properly a cutlass. BRAQUER, Fr. to bring up any thins, so that it may be used immedi- ately: hence Braquer le canon, to bring cannon to bear. BRAS de mer, Fr. an arm of the sea. BRASSER la matiere, Fr. to mix the different ingredients which are required for the making of gunpowder or other combustible matter. BRASSARTS,JV.thin plates of beaten iron which were anciently used to cover the arms above the coat of mail. BRAVOURE, Fr. According to the author of the French Military Dictionary, this word signifies any act of courage and valour by which the enterprizing cha- racter of a man is distinguished. BRAYETTE, Fr. See Torre cor- rompu. BRAZING, the soldering or joining two pieces of iron, by means of thin plates of brass melted between the two pieces to be joined. BREACH, (brtche, Fr.) a gap, or opening, in any part of the works of a fortified place, made by the artillery or mines of the besiegers, preparatory to the making of an assault. A practicable Breach, (brtche prac- ticable, Fr.) an opening made into the wall of a fortified place, through which soldiers may enter. To repair a Breach, to stop or fill up the gap with gabions, fascines, &c. and prevent the assault. To fortify a Breach, to render it in- accessible with chevaux-de-frize, crow's- feet, &c. To make a lodgment in the Breach. After i he besieged are driven away, the besieiieis secure themselves against any future attack in the breach. To clear the Breach, to remove the ruins, that it may be the better defended. BREAK-o/^ a term used when ca- valry is ordered to diminish its front — similar to rile-off in the infantry. It is also used to signify wheeling from line; as break iNG-off to the left, for wheeling to the left. To Break-o^ (rompre, discontinuer, Fr.) also signifies to desist suddenly: as to BfiEAK-o/f negociations. To Break a horse, (dresser un cheval, Fr.) to render a horse manageable. To tinEAh-ground, (ouvrir la tranchte, Fr.) to make the first openingof the earth to form entrenchments, as at the com- mencement of a siege. It applies also to the sti iking of tents, and quitting the ground on which any troops had been encamped. BREAST-PLATE, a piece of defen- sive armour worn on the breast. BREAST-ziw/r. See Parapet. BRECHE, Fr. any opening which is made by force. It is also used among the French, to signify a successful charge upon a bodv of men. BREECH of a gun, the end near the vent. See Cannon. BRETESQUE, Fr. a public place in a town wherein proclamations are usually made; also a port or portal of defence in the rampart, or wall of a town. BRETESSE, Fr. embattled; garnish- ed or furnished with battlements. BRETESSE, Fr. the battlement of a wall. B REVET- rarc/c is a rank in the army higher than that for which pay is re- ceived. It gives precedence (when corps are brigaded) according to the date of the brevet commission. The Brevet, a term used to express general promotion, by which a given number of officers are raised from the rank of captain, upwards, without any additional pav, until they reach the rank of major-general; when, by a late regula- tion, they become entitled to a quarterly allowance. BREVET, Fr. commission, appoint- ment. All otiicers in the old French service, from a cornet or sub-lieutenant up to a marshal of J7ance,were styled of- ficiers a brevet. Brev ets d'assurance ou de retenued'ar- gcnt, Fr. certain military and civil ap- pointments granted by the old kings of France, which were distinguished from other places of trust, in as much as every successor was obliged to pay a certain sum of money to the heirs of the de- ceased, or for the discharge of his debts. BRICKS, substances composed of an B R I ( 62 ) B R I enrthv matter, which are hardened by art : they may be very well considered as artificial stcne. Bricks are of very great antiquity, as appears from sacred history, the Tower of Babel being built with them; and it is said the remains are still visible. The Greeks and Romans, &c. generally used bricks in their build- ings, witness the Pantheon, &c. In the east they baked their bricks in the sun. The Romans used them unburst, having first left them to dry in the air for three, four, or five years. The best bricks must not be made of any earth that is full of sand or gravel, nor of such as is gritty or stony; but of a greyish marie, or whitish chalky clay, or at least of reddish earth. But if there is a necessity to use that which is sandy, choice should be made of that which is tough and strong. The best season for making bricks is the spring; because they will be subject to crack, and be full of chinks, if made in the summer : the loam should he well steeped or soaked, and wrought with water. They are shaped in a mould, and, after some drying in the sun or air, are burnt to a hardness. This is our manner of making bricks; but whe- ther they were always made in this man- ner admits a doubt. We are not clear what was the use of straw in the bricks for building in Egypt, or why in some parts of Germany they mix saw-dust in their clay for bricks. We are in general tied down by cus- tom to one form, and one size; which is truly ridiculous : 8 or 9 inches in length, and 4 in breadth, is our general measure : but beyond doubt there might be other forms, and other sizes, intro- duced very advantageously. Bricks, with- out any particular form or shape, are used in the north of England to make up the public roads, &c. particularly those in the neighbourhood of Sheffield, Wakefield, and Leeds. Compass Bricks are of acircular form; their use is for steening of walls; we have also concave, and semi-cylindrical, used for different purposes. Grey-Stocks are made of the purest earth, and better wrought: they are used in front in building, being the strongest and handsomest of this kind. P/We-BtucKS are made of the same tarth, or worse, with a mixture of dirt fro.ii the streets, and being carelessly put out of hand, are therefore weaker and more biittle, and are only used out of sight, and where little stress is laid on them. Red-Stocks are made of a particular earth, well wrought, and little injured by mixture: they are used in fine work, and ornaments. Hcdgcrlcy-TlRiCKS are made of a yel- lowish coloured loam, very hard to the touch, containing a great quantity of sand : their particular excellence is, that they will bear the greatest violence of fire without hurt. BRIDGES, in military affairs, are of several sorts and denominations, viz. Rkj/i-Bridges are made of large bundles of rushes, bound fast together, over which planks are laid, and fas- tened: these are put in marshy places, for the army to pass over on any emer- gency. Pendant or hanging Bridges are those not supported by posts, pillars, or hutments, but hung at large in the air, sustained only at the two ends. Diaw-B ridge, that which is fastened with hinges at one end only, so that the other may be drawn up (in which case the bridge is almost perpendicular) to hinder the passage of a ditch, &c. — There are others made to draw back and hinder the passage ; and some that open in the middle; one half of which turns away on one side, and the other half to the other, and both again join at pleasure. F/i/ing-BRivcz is generally made of two small bridges, laid one over the other, in such a manner that the upper- most stretches out by the help of certain cords running through pullies placed along the sides of the upper bridge, which push it forwards, till the end of it joins the place it is intended to be fixed on. They are. frequently used to sur- prise works, or out-posts, that have only narrow ditches. Bridge of boats is a number of common boats joined parallel to each other, at the distance of 6" feet, till they reach across the river; which being covered with strong planks, and fastened with anchors and ropes, the troops march over. Bridge of communication is that made over a river, by which two armies, or forts, which are separated by that river, have a free communication with one another. Floating-BmoGZ, abridge resembling B R I ( 63 ) B R I « work in fortification, which is called a redoubt; consisting of two boats covered with planks, that are solidly framed, so as to bear either horse or artillery. Bridges of this kind are fre- quently used. Poh/om-Bridge, a number of tin or copper boats placed at the distance of 7 or 8 feet asunder, each fastened with an anchor, or a strong rope that goes across the river, running through the rings of the pontons. They are covered with baulks, and then with chesses or pianks, for the army to walk over. See Ponton. Cask, or Barrel Bridge, a number of empty casks that support baulks and planks, made as above into a bridge, where pontons, &c. are wanting. Ex- perience has taught us that 5 tuns of empty casks will support above water 9000 pounds: hence any calculation may be made. Bridges are made of carpentry or masonry. The number of arches of a bridge is generally made odd; either that the middle of the stream or chief current may flow freely without inter- ruption of a pier; or that the two halves of the bridge, bv gradually rising from the ends to the middle, may there meet in the highest and largest arch ; or else, for the sake of grace, that being open in the middle, the eye in observing it may look directly through, as we always expect to do in looking at it; and without which opening we generally feel a disappointment in view- ing it. If the bridge be equally high through- out, the arches, being all of a height, are made of one size, which causes a great saving of centering. If the bridge be higher in the middle than at the ends, let the arches decrease from the middle towards each end, but so that each half have the arches exactly alike, and that they decrease in span propor- tionally to their height, so as to be al- ways the same kind of figure. Bridges should of which is highly spoken of; the model ie at the Office of Ordnance, in Pall-Mail. — Bridges have sometimes been built in commemoration of great battles, such as those of Jena, Austerlitz, &e. in Paris. Names of all the Terms peculiar to Bridges, fyc. Abutment. See But merit. Arch, an opening of a bridge, through or under which the water, &c. passes, and which is supported by piers or hut- ments. Arches are denominated cir- cular, elliptical, cycloids), caternarian, equilibria!, gothic, &c. according to their figure or curve. Archivolt, the curve or line formed by the upper sides of the voussoirs or arch-stones. It is parallel to the intra- dos or under side of the arch, when the voussoirs are all of the same length: otherwise not. By the archivolt is also sometimes un- derstood the whole set of voussoirs. Banquet, the raised foot-path at the sides or the bridge next the parapet. Battardeau, or } a case of piling, &c. Coffer-dam, $ without a bottom, fixed in the river, water-tight, or nearly so, in order to lay the bottom dry for a space large enough to build the pier on. When it is fixed, its sides reaching above the level of the water, the water is pumped out of it, or drawn off by engines, &c. till the space be dry: and it is kept so by the same means, until the pier is built up in it, and then the materials of it are drawn up again. Battardeaux are made in various man- ners, either by a single inclosure, or by a double one, with clay or chalk rammed in between the two, to prevent the water from coming through the sides: and these inclosures are also made either with piles only, driven close by one an- other, and sometimes notched or dove- tailed into each other; or with piles grooved in the sides, driven in at a dis- tance from one another, and boards let down between them in the grooves. Butments are the extremities of a rather be of few and large bridge, by which it joins to, or abuts upon arches, than of many and small ones if the height and situation will allow of it. Several bridges have lately been con- structed of cast iron, as those of Sunder- land, Colebrook Dale, &c. — A portable iron bridge is constructing under the im- mediate direction of Major By, of the corps of Royal Engineers, the principle the land, or sides of the river, &c. These must be made very secure, quite immovable, and more than barely suffi- cient to resist the drift of its adjacent arch; so that, if there are not rocks or very solid banks to raise them against, they must be well reinforced with proper walls or returns, &c. Caisson, a kind of chest, or flat-bot- B R I ( 64 ) B R I tomed boat, in which a pier is built, then sunk to the bed of the river, and the sides loosened and taken off from the bottom, by a contrivance for that purpose: the bottom of it being left under the pier as a foundation. It is evident therefore, that t lie bottoms of the caissons must be made very strong and tit for the foundations of the piers. The caisson is kept afloat till the pier be built to the height of low-water mark ; and for that purpose its sides must either be made of more than thai height at (irst, or else gradually raised to it, as it sinks by the weight of the work, so as always to keep its top above water : and therefore the sides must be made very strong, and kept asunder by cross timbers within, lest the great pres- sure of the ambient water crush the sides in, and so not only endanger the work, but also drown the workmen within it. The caisson is made of the shape of the pier, but some feet wider on every side, to make room for the men to work ; the whole of the sides are of two pieces, both joined to the bottom quite round, and to each other at the salient angle, so as to be disengaged from the bottom, and from each other, when the pier is raised to the desired height, and sunk. It is also convenient to have a little sluice made in the bot- tom, occasionally to open and shut, to sink the caisson and pier sometimes by, before it be finished, to try if it bottom level and rightly; for by opening the sluice, the water will rush in and fill it to the height of the exterior water, and the weight of the work already built will sink it; then by shutting the sluice again, and pumping out the water, it will be made to float again, and the rest of the work may be completed. It must not however be sunk except when the sides are hi«h enouiih to reach above the surface of the water, otherwise it cannot be raised and laid dry again. — Mr. Labeyle tells us, that the caissons in which he built Westminster bridge, contained above 150 load of fir timber, of 40 cubic feet each, and were of more tonnage or capacity than a 40-»un ship of war. Centers are the timber frames elect- ed in the spaces of the arches to turn them on, by building on them the vnus- soirs of the arch. As the center serves as a foundation for the arch to be built upon, when the arch is completed, that foundation is struck from under it, to make way for the water and navigation, and then the arch will stand of itself from its curved figure. The center must be constructed of the exact figure of the intended arch, convex, as the arch is concave, to receive it on as a mould. If' the form be circular, the curve is struck from a central point by a radius; if it be elliptical, it should be struck with a double chord, passing over two pins fixed in the focusses, as the mathematicians describe their ellipses: and not by striking different pieces or arcs of circles from several centers : for these will form no ellipsis at all, but an irregular mis-shapen curve made up of broken pieces of different circular arches; but if the arch be of any other form, the several abscissas and ordinates should be calculated ; then their corre- sponding lengths, transferred to the cen- tering, will give so many points of the curve; by bending a bow of pliable mat- ter, according to those points, the curve may be drawn. The centers are constructed of beams of limber, firmly pinned and bound to- gether, into one entire compact frame, covered smooth at top with planks or boards to place the voussoirs on; the whole supported by off-sets in the sides of the piers, and bv piles driven into the bed of the river, and capable of being raised and depressed by wedges con- trived for that purpose, and for taking them down when the arch is completed. They should also be constructed of a strength more (ban sufficient to bear the weight of the arch. In taking the center down, first lower it a little, all in a piece, by easing some of the wedges; then let it rest a few days to try if the arch maki s any efforts to fall, or any joints open, or any stones crush or crack, cvc. that the damage may be repaired before the center is entirely removed, which is not to be done till the arch ceases to make any visible e fforts. Chest. See Caisson, Coffer-dam. ^ee Battardeau. Drift, "i of an arch, is the push or Shoot, or > forte which it exerts in the Thrust, j direction of the length of the bridge. This force arises from the perpendicular gravitation of the stones of the arch, which being kept from de- scending by the form of the arch, and the resistance of the pier, exert their B R I ( 65 ) B R I force in a lateral or horizontal direction. This force is computed in Prop. 10, of Mr. Hutton's Principles of Bridges, where the thickness of the pier is deter- mined that is necessary to resist it, and is greater the lower the arch is, ceteris paribus. Elevation, the orthographic projec- tion of the front of a bridge, on the ver- tical plane, parallel to its length. This is necessary to shew the form and di- mensions of the arches and other parts, as to height and breadth, and therefore has a plain scale annexed to it, to mea- sure the parts by. It also shews the manner of working up and decorating the fronts of the bridge. Extrados, the exterior curvature, or line of an arch. In the propositions of the second section of Professor Hutton's Principles of Bridges, it is the outer or upper line of the wall above the arch, but it often means only the upper or ex- terior curve of the voussoirs. Foundations, the bottoms of the piers, &c. or the bases on which they are built. These bottoms are always to be made with projections, greater or less, accord- ing to the spaces on which they are built. Agreeable to the nature of the ground, depth and velocity of water, &c. the foundations are laid, and the piers built after different manners, either in caissons, in battardeaus, on stilts with starlings, ccc. for the particular method of doing which, see each under its re- spective term. The most obvious and simple method of laying the foundations and raising the piers up to the water-mark, is to turn the river out of its course above the place of the bridge, into a new channel cut for it near the place where it makes an elbow or turn ; then the piers are built on dry ground, and the water turned into its old course again; the new one being securely banked up. This is certainly the best method, when the new channel can be easily and conve- niently made. It is, however, seldom or never the case. Another method is, to lay only the space of each pier dry till it be built, by surrounding it with piles and planks tlriven down into the bed of the river, so close together as to exclude the water from coming in ; then the water is pumped out of the enclosed space, the pier built in it, and lastly the piles and planks drawn up. This is coffer-dam work, hut evidently cannot be practised if the bottom be of a loose consistence, admitting the water to ooze and spring up through it. When neither the whole nor part of the river can be easily laid dry as above, other methods are to be used; such as to build either on caissons or on stilts, both which methods are described under their proper words; or yet by another method, which hath, though seldom, been sometimes used, without laying the bottom dry, and which is thus: the pier is built upon strong rafts or gratings ot timber, well bound together, and buoyed up on the surface of the water by strong cables, fixed to the other floats or ma- chines till the pier is built; the whole is then gently let down to the bottom, which must be made level for the pur- pose: but of these methods, that of building in caissons is best. But before the pier can be built in any manner, the ground at the bottom must be well secured, and made quite good and safe, if it be not so naturally. The space must be bored into, to try the con- sistence of the ground ; and if a good bottom of stone, or firm gravel, clay, &c. be met with, within a moderate depth below the bed of the river, the loose sand, &c. must be removed and digged out to it, and the foundation laid on the firm bottom on a strong grating; or base of timber made much - 1 broader every way than the pier, that there may be the greater base to press on, to prevent its being sunk. But if a solid bottom cannot be found at a con- venient depth to dig to, the space must then be driven full of strong piles, whose fops must be sawed off level some feet below the bed of the water, the sand having been previously dug out for that purpose; and then the foundation on ; a grating of timber laid on their tops as before: or when the bottom is not good, if it be made level, and a strong grating of timber, 2, 3, or 4 times as large as the base of the pier be made, it will form a good base to build on, its great size preventing it from sinking. In driving the piles, begin at the middle, proceed outwards all the way to the borders or margin; the reason of which is, that if the outer ones were driven first, the earth of the inner space would be thereby so jammed together, as not to allow the inner piles to be driven : and besides the piles immediately under K B R I ( 66 ) B II I the pier?, it is also %ery prudent to drive in a single, doulile, or triple row of them round, and close to the frame of the foundation* cutting them off a little nbove it, to secure it from slipping aside out of its place: and to hind the ground under the pier firmer, for, as the safety of the whole bridge depends on the foundation, too much care cannot be used to have the bottom made quite se- cure. Jcttcc, the border made round the Stilts under a pier. See Starling. Impost is the part of the pier on which the feet of the arches stand, or from which they spring. Key-stone, the middle voussoir, or the arch-stone in the top or immediately over the center of the arch. The length of the key-stone, or thickness of the nrchivolt at top, is allowed to be about l-15th or 1-iGth of the span by the best architects. Orthography, the elevation of a bridge or front view, as seen at an infinite dis- tance. Parapet, the breast-wall made on the top of a bridge to prevent passengers from failing over. In good bridges, to build the parapet but a little part of its height close or solid, and upon that a balustrade to above a man's height, has an elegant effect. Piers, the walls built for the support of the arches, and from which they spring as their bases. They should be built of large blocks of stone, solid throughout, and cramped together with iron, which will make the whole as one solid stone. Their faces or ends, from the base up to high-water mark, should project sharp out with a salient angle, to divide the stream: or perhaps the bot- tom of the pier should be built flat or square up to about half the height of low-water mark, to allow a lodgment against it for the sand and mud, to go over the foundation; lest, by being kept bare, the water should in time under- mine, and so ruin or injure it. The best form of the projection for dividing the stream, is the triangle; and the longer it is, or the more acute the sa- lient angle, the better it will divide it, and the less will the force of the water he against the pier; but it may he suf- ficient to make that angle a right one, as it will make the work stronger; and in that case the perpendicular projec- tion will be equal to half the breadth or thickness of the pier. In rivers, an which large heavy craft navigate and pass the arches, it may, perhaps, he bet- ter to make the ends semicircular: tor, although it does not divide the water so well as the triangle, it will both better turn off and hear the shock of' the craft. The thickness of the piers should be such as will make them of weight, or strength, sufficient to support their in- terjacent arch, independent of any other arches; and then, if the middle of the pier he run up to its full height, the cen- tering may be struck to be used in ano- ther arch before the haunches are filled up. The whole theory of the piers may be seen in the third section of Professor Hut ton's Principles of Bridges. They should be made with a broad bottom on the foundation, and gradually diminishing in thickness by off-sets up to lower water-mark. Piles are timbers driven into the bed of the river for various purposes, and are either round, square, or flat like planks. They may be of any wood which will not rot underwater; but oak and fir are mostly used, especially the latter, on account of its length, straight- ness, and cheapness. They are shod with a pointed iron at the bottom, the better to penetrate into the ground, and are bound with a strong iron-band or ring at top, to prevent them from being split by the violent strokes of the ram by which they are driven down. Piles are either used to build the foundations on, or they are driven about the pier as a border of defence, or to support the centers on; and in this case, when the centering is removed, they must either be drawn up, or sawed off very low under water; but it is perhaps bet- ter to saw them olFand leave them stick- ing in the bottom, lest the drawing of them out should loosen the ground about the foundation of the pier. — Those to build on, are either such as are cut off by the bottom of the water, or rather a few feet within the bed of the river : or else such as are cut off at low water mark, and then they are called stilts. Those to form borders of defence are rows driven in close by the frame of a foundation to keep it firm, or else they are to form a case or jettee about the stilts, to keep the stones within it, that are thrown in to fill it up: in this case the piles are grooved, driven at a little distance from each other, and plank piles BR I ( 67 ) B R I let into tfc grooves between them, and driven d' wn a ' so ' li ^ tne whole space is surrounded. Besides using this for stilts, it is sp net ' nies necessary to surround a stoneP' er with a starling or jettee, and fill i' up with stones to secure an injured pic from being still more damaged, and tlit whole bridge ruined. The piles to sjpport the centers may also serve as a border of piling to secure the founda- tion, cutting them off low enough after the center is removed. Pile-driver, an engine for drivingdown the piles. It consists of a large ram or iron sliding perpendicularly down between two guide posts; which being lifted up to the top of them, and there let fail from a great height, comes down upon the top of the pile with a violent blow. It is woiked either with men or horses, and either with or without wheel work. That which was used at the building of Westminster bridge, is per- haps the best ever invented. Pitch of an arch, the perpendicular height from the spring or impost to the key-stone. Plan, of any part, as of the founda- tions, or piers, or superstructure, is the orthographic projection of it on a plane parallel to the horizon. Push, of an arch. See Drift. Salient angle, of a pier, the projec- tion of the end against the stream, to divide itself. The right-lined angle best divides the stream, and the more acute, the better for that purpose; but the right angle is generally used, as making the best masonry. A semicircular end, though it does not divide the stream so well, is sometimes preferable in large navigable rivers, as it carries the craft off, or bears their shocks better. Shoot, of an arch. See Drift. Springers are the first or lowest stones of an arch, being those at its feet, and bearing immediately on the impost. Starlingn, or Jetties, a kind of case made about a pier of stilts, &c. to secure it, and is particularly described under the next word, Stilts. Stilts, a set of piles driven into the space intended for the pier, whose tops being sawed level off, above low-water mark, the pier is then raised on them. Thrust. See Drift. Voussoirs, the stones which immedi- diately form the arch, their undersides constituting the intiados. The middle one, or key-stone, should be about l-15th or l-16th of the span, as has been observed ; and the rest should in- crease in size all the way down to the impost; the more they increase the bet- ter, as they will the better bear the great weight which rests upon them without being crushed ; and also will bind the firmer together. Their joints should also be cut perpendicular to the curve of the intrados. For more infor- mation, see Professor Hutton's Prin- ciples of Bridges,N ewcastle, 1772,in8vo. Bri dge, in gunnery, the two pieces of timber which go between the two tran- soms of a gun-carriage, on which the coins are placed, for elevating the piece. See Carriage. BRIDLE-«rw Protect, a guard used by the cavalry, which consists in having the sword-hilt above the helmet; the biade crossing the back of the head, the point of the left shoulder, and the bridle-arm; its edge directed to the left, and turned a little upwards in order to bring the mounting in a proper direction to protect the hand. BRIDON or Bridoox, the snaffle and rein of a military bridle ; which acts in- dependent of the bit and curb at the pleasure of the rider. BRIGADE, in military affairs, im- plies a party or division of a body of soldiers, whether horse, foot, or artil- lery, under the command of a brigadier. There are, properly speaking, three sorts of brigades, viz. the brigade of an army, the brigade of a troop of horse, and the brigade of artillery. A brigade of the army is either foot or dragoons, whose exact number is not fixed, but generally consists of 3 regiments, or 6 battalions: a brigade of horse may consist of 8, 10, or 12 squadrons; and that of artillery, of five guns and one howitzer, with their appurtenances. The eldest brigade takes the right of the first line, the se- cond of the second line, and the rest in order; the youngest always possessing the center. The cavalry and artillery observe the same order. Brigade Major, an officer appointed bv the brigadier, to assist him in the r.jmagement of his brigade. The most experienced captains are generally nomi- nated to this post. According to the regulations published by authority, a brigade-major is attached to the bri- gade, and not to any particular briga- dier-general, as the aide-de-camp is. K 2 B R I ( 63 ) B R G Brigade-majors must be taken from the regular forces, and must not be el- fective field officers. If they are sub- alterns, they take rank in tlu brigade or garrison, in which they are serving, as junior captains. BfLiGADE-Major-Genernl. The niili- tary commands in Great-Britain being divided into districts, an office has been established for the sole transaction of brigade duties. Through this office all milt rs from the commander-in-chief to the generals of districts relative to corps of officers, commits acts of plunder. BRIGANDINE or Brigaltine, in alicient military history, a coat if mail, or kind ot defensive armour, coisistiug of tin; so called from the troops by which it was first worn, who were cdled Bi igands, and were a kind of light-ari\ed irregular foot, much addicted to plun- der. The brigandine is frequently con- founded with the jack; sometimes with the habergeon, or coat of plate mail. BRIGUE, Fr. a plot, or conspiracy which is formed against a commanding officer, to deprive him of his situation. BRINGER, a term used iq the re- cruitiug branch of the British service, to signify a person who produces a man or boy, within the regulated age, that is willing to enlist. He is allowed one guinea for his trouble. Bringers-w/.>, an antiquated military expression, to signify the whole rear rank of a battalion drawn up, as being the hindmost men of every file. BRTN d'estoe, Fr. quarter-staff. BoisJeBiUN, fr. solid timber. BRINS d'est, Fr. large sticks or poles resembling small pickets, with irou at each end. They are used to cross ditches, particularly in Flanders. BRISER les jfers, Fr. to break the fetters; to obtain liberty. BRISE, Fr. in sluices, a beam that is placed, swipe fashion, on the top of a large pile, upon which it turns. Brise-com, Fr. a break-neck place; as a defect in a staircase, &c. BRisE-g/ace, Fr. starlings; literally an ice-breaker, after a thaw. Lit BRISE, Fr. a folding bed. BRISURE, in fortification, is a line of 4 or 5 fathoms, which is allowed to the curtain and orillon, to make the hol- low tower, or to cover the concealed flank. BROADSIDE, in a sea-fight, implies the discharge of all the artillery on one side of a ship of war. BROAD-SWORD, a sword with a broad blade, chiefly designed for cut- ting; not at present much used in the British service, except by some few regi- ments of cavalry and Highland infantry. Among the cavalry, this weapon has in general given place to the sabre. The principal guards with the broad sword are: The inside guard, (similar to carte in fencing,) which is formed by directing BRO ( 69 ) BUF your poin* 11 a mie about 6 inches higher than vou antagonist's left eye, the hilt opposif your own breast, the finger nails t' rne d upwards, and the edge of the sworr to the left. T'e outside guard, (resembling tierce,) in vhich by a turn of the wrist from the iVnier position, the point of the sword ji directed ahove your antagonist's right eye, and 'he edge turned to the right, to protect the outside of your body from the attack. The medium guard, which is a posi- tion between the inside and outside guard, seldom used, as it affords very little protection. The hanging guard, (similar to prime and seconde,) in which the hilt of your sword is raised high enough to view your opponent under the shell, and the point directed towards his body. The St. George's guard, which pro- tects the head, and differs from the last described, only in raising the hand some- what higher, and bringing the point nearer to yourself. The swords worn by officers of the infantry being constructed either for cutting or thrusting, it is necessary for gentlemen to be acquainted both with the method of attacking and defending with the broad-sword and with the ra- pier. Those who have not the opportu- nity of regular lessons from a professed teacher, may obtain much useful infor- mation from a work entituled the Art of Defence on Foot, with the Broad-Sword, &c. in which the spadroon or cut and thrust sword play is reduced to a regu- lar system. BROCHOIR, Fr. a smith's shoeing hummer. BRODEQUINS, Fr. buskins or half boots. They are generally worn by light armed troops. BROKEN-oWra. A horse is said to be broken down, when he is shook in the shoulders, hurt in the loins, or lame about the feet from hard riding or work- ing. The malady generally lies in the feet or back sinews. Broken-winded, {poussif, Fr.) sub- ject to a difficulty in breathing. BROKERS, persons who act between two trafficking parties. Arwy-BRGkF.ii-, persons who former- ly acted between army agents and indi- viduals wishing to purchase, sell, or ex- change commissions. In 1806, a clause was introduced into the Mutiny Bill to prevent this species of traffic. BROND. See Brand. BRONZE, Fr. bronze ; brass. BROTHER - SOLDIERS, (Freres d' armes, Fr.) an affectionate and en- dearing term which is used among mili- tary men, from the commander-in-chief of an army to the lowest drum-boy in- clusive. Soldiers ought, in fact, to con- stitute a family within themselves. The cause they have to defend, and the dan- gers they must encounter, are so many motives for mutual attachment, especi- ally in a foreign country. BROUETTE, Fr. a "wheelbarrow. B BOUILLON, Fr. a rough copy; day book. BROWNBILL, the ancient weapon of the English foot, resembling a battle- axe. BRUGNE. The hauberk was some- times so called. BRULOT, Fr. a fire-ship. BRUNT, (choc, Fr.) the principal shock of the enemy in action. BRUSQUER une attaque, Fr. to open the trenches in the nearest approaches to a place, completing the works from the front towards the rear. This un- dertaking is extremely hazardous, unless the object invested, or attacked, be ill- garrisoned, have a narrow front to be- siege, or the ditches be dry, &c. Brusquer V affaire, Fr. to attack suddenly, and without attending to any regular rule of military manoeuvre. Brusquer une place, Fr. to storm a place. BRUT, Fr. any thing in the rough; as stones from the quarry. BUCCANEER, Boucanier, {fli- bustier, Fr.) in military history, a name frequently applied to those famous ad- venturers, consisting of pirates, &c. from all the maritime nations of Europe, who formerly joined together, and made war upon the Spaniards in America. BUCCINATEUR, Fr. a trumpeter. BUCCINE, Fr. a cornet. BUCKLER, a piece of defensive ar- mour used by the ancients. It was al- ways worn on the left arm, and com- posed of wicker-work, of the lightest sort, but most commonly of hides, forti- fied with plates of brass or other metals. The shape of it varied considerably, be- ing sometimes round, sometimes oval, and often nearly square. BUDGE-Barre/s. See Barrel. BUFF- Leader, in military accoutre- ments, is a sort of leather prepared from the buffalo, which, dressed with B U I ( 70 ) BUL •il, after the manner of a shainoy, makes what is generally called buff-skin. BUGLE-HORN, the old Saxon horn; it is now used by all the light infantry in the British service, and also by the horse artillery, and some regiments of light cavalry. BUGLER, the person who blows the bugle-horn. BUGLES, BEUGLES, BIBLES, Fr. were engines used in former times for throwing large stones. BUILDING, (edi/ke, Fr.) a fabric erected by art. Military Buildings are of various sorts, viz. powder-magazines, bridges, gates, barracks, hospitals, store-houses, guard-rooms, ike. Regular Building is that whose plan is square, the opposite sides equal, and all the parts disposed with symme- try. Irregular Building, that whose plan is not contained within equal or parallel lines, and whose parts are not relative to one another in the elevation. Insulated Building, that which is not contiguous to any other, but is en- compassed with streets, open squares, tec. or any building which stands in a river, on a rock surrounded by the sea, marsh, &c. Engaged Building, one surrounded with other buildings, having no front to any street or public place,,nor any com- munication without, but by a common passu^r. J nl erred or sialic Building, one whose area is below the surface of the place where it stands, and of which the lowest courses of stone are concealed. In buildi)ig there are three things to be considered, viz. commodity or con- veniency; secondly, firmness or stabi- lity; thirdly, delight. To accomplish which ends, Sir Henry Wotton considers the whole subject under two heads, namely, the seat or situation, and the work. J. As for the seat, cither that of the whole is to be considered, or that of its parts. 2. As to the situation, regard is to be had to the quality, temperature, and sa- lubrity, or healthiness of the air; that it be a good healthy air, not subject to foggy noisomeness from adjacent fens or marshes; also free from noxious mi- neral exhalations ; nor should the place want the sweet influence of the sun- beams, nor be wholly desti U te of the breezes of wind, that will faii< n d purge the air; the want of which wou in a general sense im- BURTHEN, S plies a load or weight, supposed to be as much as a man, horse, &c. can well carry. A sj^und healthful man can raise a weight equal to his own, can also draw and carry'oOlb. a mode- rate distance. An able horse can draw 3501b. though in length of time 300 is sufficient, Hence all artillery calcula- tions are made. One horse will draw as much as 7 men, and 7 oxen will draw as much as 11 or 12 horses. Burthen, in a figurative sense, means impost, tax, &c. Beast of Burden, {bete de somme, Fr.) an animal that is used to carry loads of every kind. BUREAU, Fr. office. Bureau de la Guerre, Fr. War-Of- fice. Bureau du Timbre,T?r. Stamp-Office. BURGANET or Burgonet, Fr. a kind of helmet used by the French. BURIALS, as practised by the mili- tary, are as follow, viz. The funeral of a field-marshal shall be saluted with 3 rounds of 15 pieces of cannon, attended by 6 battalions, and 8 squadrons. That of a general, with 3 rounds of 11 pieces of cannon, 4 battalions, and 6 squadrons. That of a lieutenant-general, with 3 rounds of 9 pieces of canon, 3 battali- ons, and 4 squadrons. That of a major-general, with 3 rounds of 7 pieces of cannon, 2 battalions, and 3 squadrons. That of a brigadier-general, 3 rounds of 5 pieces of cannon, 1 battalion, and 2 squadrons. That of a colonel, by his own battali- on, or an equal number by detachment, with 3 rounds of small arms. That of a lieutenant-colonel, by 300 men and officers, with 3 rounds of small arms. That of a major, by 200 men and officers, with 3 rounds of small arms. C A B ( 73 ) CAB That of a captain, by his own com- pany, or 70 rank and lile, with 3 rounds of small arms. That of a lieutenant, by 1 lieutenant, 1 serjeant, 1 drummer, 1 lifer, and Sfl rank and tile, with 3 rounds. That of an ensign, by an ensign, a serjeant, and drummer, and '27 rank and lile, with 3 rounds. That of an adjutant, surgeon, and quarter-master, the same party as an ensign* That of a serjeant, by a serjeant, and 19 rank and lile, with 3 rounds of small arms. That of a corporal, musician, private man, drummer, and fife, by 1 serjeant, and 13 rank and file, with 3 rounds of small arms. All officers, attending the funerals of even their nearest relations, shall not- withstanding wear their regimentals, and only have a black crape round their left arm. The pall to be supported by officers of the same rank with that of the de- ceased : if the number cannot he had, officers next in seniority are to supply their place. The order of march to be observed in military funerals is reversed with re- spect to rank. For instance, if an offi- cer is buried in a garrison town or from a camp, it is customary for the officers belonging to other corps to pay his re- mains the compliment of attendance. In which case the youngest ensign marches at the head immediately after the pall, and the general, if there be one, in the rear of the commissioned officers, who take their posts in reversed order ac- cording to seniority. The battalion, troop, or company, follow the same rule. The expense for a regimental burial is to be charged against the captains of the respective troop-, or companies. BURR, in gunnery, a round iron ring, which serves to rivet the end of the bolt, so as to form a round head; also a broad iron ring for a lance. BURRF.L-s/m/, small bullets, nails and stones discharged from any piece of ordnance. BUSC d'icluse, Fr. the salient point which is made by two flood-gates that are shut; presenting an angle towards the body ol' water which it sustains. BUTER, /•'/•. to support a wall, or to preve.it it from bellying out, by means of an arch or buttress. BUTIERE, Fr. a species of large fire-arm, which was formerly used among the French to fire point-blank. BUTIN, Fr. hootv or pillage. BUTMENTS. See Bridges. BUTT, in gunnery, is a solid earthen parapet, to fire against in the proving of guns, or in practice. Butt or Butt-end, {couche, Fr.) that extremity of a firelock which rests against the shoulder when it is brought up to a position of levelling, or when it rests upon the hand. BUTTON, in gunnery, a part of the cascable, in either a gun or howitzer, and in the hind part of the piece, made round in the form of a ball. See Cannon. BUTTRESS. Sec Counterfort. BUZE, a wooden, or ieaden pipe, to convey the air into mines. BY-PROFITS, {tour du baton, Fr.) certain advantages or emoluments which are gained by individuals over and ahove their regular salaries or wages. Thej are also called By-gains. /^ABANE, Fr. a flat-bottomed boat with a deck, used on the river Loire for the accommodation of passengers. CABAS, Fr. a basket made of rushes, which is used in Languedoc and Rous- sillon, for the purpose of conveying stores and ammunition. CABASSET, Fr. a piece of armour which was formerly used by foot-soldiers to cover the head. A slight kind of helmet. CABESTAN, Fr. See Capstan. CABINET, (cabinet, Fr.) a private room in which consultations are held. Cabinet Council, a council held with privacy and unbounded confidence. — Hence Cabinet minister. CABLE ou Chable, Fr. a large rope which is used in the French artillery. This word is likewise used, in French, to signify all kinds of ropes that are neces- CAD ( 7» ) C A I sary in dragging, or raising loads, or things of bnrthen. CABOCHE, Fr. a long-headed nail. CABOOSE, Fr. the cooking-place of a ship. CABOTAGE, Fr. coasting. CABOTER, Fr. to coast. CABRER, Fr. to rear as a horse does when he is improperly checked, &c. CABRIOLET, Fr. a light low chaise. CABROUET, Fr. a cart. CABROUETTIER, Fr. a carman or carter. CACADE, Fr. a word used among the French to signify an unlucky enter- prize in war, occasioned by an ill-con- certed measure for the prosecution of it, and by ignorance or want of courage in its execution. CADENCE, in tactics, implies a very regular and uniform method of marching: it may not be improperly called mathe- matical marching; for after the length of a step is determined, the time and dis- tance may be found. Cadence or Cadency, in cavalry, is an equal measure or proportion, which a horse observes in all his motions. CADET, among the military, is a young gentleman, who applies himself to the study of fortification and gun- nery, &c. and who sometimes serves in the army, with or without pay, till a vacancy happens for his promotion. There is a company of gentlemen cadets maintained at Woolwich, at the King's expense, where they are taught all the sciences necessary to form a complete officer. Their number has lately been increased, and commissions are given to them when qualified. The proper signi- fication of the word is, younger brother. See Academy. Gebtlkm ah -Cadet, a term applied to every youth belonging to the company of cadets, consisting of one hundred in- dividuals, who are educated at the Royal Military College at Great Marlow, in the county of Bucks, and also to the com- pany of cadets at Woolwich. — For parti- culars, see vol.i. p. 116, Regimental Com- panion. CADET, Fr. differs in its signification from the term as it is used in our lan- guage. A cadet in the French service did not receive any pay, but entered as a volunteer in a troop or company, for the specific purpose of becoming master of military tactics. Cadet, Fr. likewise means any offi- cer that is junior to another. CADRE, Fr. literary a frame; this word is used in France to denote the proposed establishment of a regiment. ,E«-CADRER, Fr. to place an officer or soldier in some particular regiment. CiEMENT, ) among engineers, a CEMENT, > strong sort of mortar, used to bind bricks or stones together for some kind of moulding; or in ce- menting a block of bricks for the carv- ing of capitals, scrolls, or the like. — There are two sorts, i. e. hot cement, which is the most common, made of resin, bees-wax, brick-dust, and chalk, boiled together ; the bricks to be ce- mented with this mixture must be made hot in the fire, and rubbed to and fro after the cement is spread, in the same manner as joiners do when they glue two boards together. Cold cement, made of Cheshire cheese, milk, quick lime, and whites of eggs. This cement is less used than the former, and is accounted a secret known but to very few brick- layers. CiESTUS, in military antiquity, was a large gauntlet, composed of raw hides, used by pugilists at the public games. CAFFTAN, the name of a vest worn among the Turks. CAGE, a machine which was for- merly used in this island for the security of a prisoner of war. Rymer gives a sin- gular account respecting the imprison- ment of the Countess of Baghun, or Buchan, a Scotch prisoner, in the reign of Edward I. A.D. 1306.— The sister of Robert Bruce was prisoner at the same time. This cage was built of lattice- work, constructed with stout posts and bars, and well strengthened with iron. It was so contrived, that the prisoner might have the convenience of a privy, and it was placed in one of the turrets of the castle of Berwick upon Tweed. So much for the chivalry of those times ! and the homage said to have been paid to the fair sex ! CAGE de la bascule, Fr. a space into which one part of the draw-bridge falls, whilst the other rises and conceals the gate. CAHUTE, Fr. a small hut or cabin which soldiers make to defend them against the inclemency of the wea- ther. CAIC, CAIQUE, Fr. a galley boat, C A L ( 74 ) C A L CAILLOUX, Fr. small pebbles used in paving aqueducts, grottoes, &c. C \LMACAN, an officer among the Turks, nearly answering to our lieute- nant. CAISSE, Fr. a sort of wooden box in which the necessary charge tor the ex- plosion of a line is deposited. Caisse, Fr. die military chest, con- taining the necessary funds for the pay- ment of a troup or company, regiment or arm v. / Caisse also signifies a drum. CAISSIER, Fr. a treasurer; any person entrusted with regimental monies; a paymaster. CAISSON, (caisson, Fr.) a wooden frame or chest, made square, the side planks about two inches thick : it may be made to contain from 4 to 20 loaded shells, according to the execution they are to do, or as the ground is firmer or looser. The sides mu^t be high enough, that when the cover is nailed on, the fuzes may nut be damaged. Caissons are buried under ground at the depth of 5 or 6 feet, under some work the enemy intends to possess himself of; and when he becomes master of it, fire is put to the traiu conveyed through a pipe, which inflames the shells, and blows up the assailants. Sometimes a quantity of loose powder is put into the chest, on which the shells are placed, sufheieut to put them in motion, and raise them above ground; at the same time that the blast of powder sets fire to the fuze in the shells, which must be calculated to burn from 1 to 2\ seconds. When no powder is put under the shells, a small quantity of mealed powder must be strewed over them, having a communi- cation with the saucisson, in order to convey the fire to the fuzes. Caisson signifies also a covered wagon, to carry bread or ammunition. CALATRAVA, a Spanish military order, so called from a fort of that name. The knights of Calatrava bear a cross; gules, fleur-de-lissed with green, ore. CALCULATION, in military affairs, is the art of computing the amplitudes of shells, time of flight, projectile curve, velocity of shots, charges of mines, &c. together with the necessary tables for practice. Military Calculation, (calcul mili- taire, Fr.) a consideration of things and events in a military manner; a view of all the geographical bearings, political relations, and effective forces for or against a country, &c. CALF, Fr. creek. La Cai.e, Fr. a punishment among the French, which is inflicted when one soldier, or sailor, wounds another mali- ciously. The culprit is lied to the, yard- arm, and suddenly plunged into the sea, and hauled up again. It corresponds, in s>>me degree, with our keel-hauhng. Cai.e, on fond de cale, Fr. ship's hold. CALER, Fr. in architecture, to place a piece of thin wood under a stone, in order to determine the width of the seam or joint that i« to be filled. CALFATER, Fr. to calk. CALIBER, in gunnery, signifies the same as the bore or opening; and the diameter of the bore is called the dia- meter of its caliber. This expression regards all pieces of artillery. CALiBFR-cowjDasses, ) the name of a CALUPzn-compasses, ) particular in- strument used by gunners, for measuring the diameters of shot, shells, &o. as also the cylinders of cannon, mortars, and howitzers. They resemble other com- passes, except in their legs, which are arched, in order that the points may touch the extremities of the arch. To find the true diameter of a circle, they have a quadrant fastened to one leg, and passing through the other, marked with inches and parts, to express the diameter required: the length of each ruler or plate is usually between the limits of 6 inches and a foot. On these rulers are a variety of scales, tables, proportions, &c. such as are esteemed useful to be known by gunners. The following ar- ticles are on the completest gunners- callipers, viz. 1. The measure of con- vex diameters in inches. 2. Of concave ditto. 3. The weight of iron shot from given diameters. 4. The weight of iron shot from given gun bores. 5. The degrees of a semicircle. 6. The proportion of troy and avoirdupois weight. 7. The proportion of English and French feet and pounds. 8. Factors used in circular and spherical figures. 9. Tables of the specific gravity and weight of bodies. 10. Tables of the quantity of powder necessary for proof and service of brass and iron guns. 11. Rules for computing the number of shot or shells, in a finished pile. 12. Rule con- cerning the fall of heavy bodies. 13. Rules for raising water. 14. Rules for firing C A L ( 75 ) C A M artillery and mortars. 15. A line of inches. 16. Logarithmetic scales of numbers, sines, versed sines and tangents. 17. A sectoral line of equal parts, or the line of lines. 18. A sectoral line of plans, and superficies. 19. A sectoral line of solids. CALIBRE, Fr. See Caliber. Calibre, Fr. signifies, in a figurative sense, cast, weight or character ; as un homme de ce calibre, a man of this cast, or weight. CALIBRER, Fr. to take the measure- ment of the caliber of a gun. CALIVER, an old term for an arque- buse or musket. CALOMNIERE, Fr. a pop-gun. CALOTE, Fr. a species of skull-cap wbich officers and soldiers wear under their hats in the French cavalry, and which is proof against a sabre or sword. Calotes are usually made of iron, wick, or dressed leather, and every officer chuses the sort he likes best. Those deli- vered out to the troops are made of iron. The CALOTE, a term used in the French service for the Lieutenants' Court, at which the first lieutenant of the regiment, for the time being, always presided. The form of a calote shews its connexion with the English expres- sion Round Robin, (which see ;) the lat- ter taking its allusion from a circle, and the former from the sphere. Its object was to watch over the con- duct of the subalterns : and the presi- dent instructed young men, on their ar- rival, in all the private regulations of the corps, as also in the general rules necessary for going through the service with honour. It took cognizance, as a court of honour, of all disputes and quarrels in which the laws of honour, or of good breeding, had been violated. Our regi- mental committees, in some degree, re- semble the Calote, especially with re- gard to the expulsion of an officer, or the sending of him to Coventry. Calote spherique, Fr. the section of a sphere, having a circle for its basis. Calote also signifies a tonsure, or that back part of the head which is shaved to denote a person in orders, ac- cording to the rites of the Romish church. CALOTIN, one who has the tonsure. This term has been generally used by the French, especially the soldiery, since the commencement of the Revolution, in de- rision of the priesthood; and is one of the many proofs of contempt into which every sort of religion has fallen, and to which the immorality of the nation may be attributed. CALQUER, Fr. to take oft' a counter- part of any drawing or design, by friction or impression. CALQUING, 1 (calquer, Fr.) tbe art CALKING, S »f tracing any kind of a military drawing,&c. upon some plate, paper, &c. It is performed by covering the backside of the drawing with a black or red colour, and fixing the side so covered upon a piece of paper, waxed plate, &c. This done, every line in the drawing is to be traced over with a point, by which means all the outlines will be transferred to the paper or plate, &c. CALTROPS, pieces of iron having four points, so disposed that three of them always rest upon the ground, and the fourth stands upwards in a perpen- dicular direction. Each point is three or four inches long. They are scattered over the ground and passages where the enemy is expected to march, especially the cavalry, in order to embarrass their progress. CAMARADE, Fr. See Comrade. CAMBRE, on Cambrure, Fr. the bend- ing of a piece of timber, or the curve of an arch. CAMBRER, Fr. to vault; to bend. Also to fit pannel squares, boards, and other pieces of timber to curved dimen- sions, by means of fire, &c. CAMION, Fr. a species of cart or dray with three wheels, which is drawn by two men, and serves to convey can- non-balls, &c. These carts are very useful in fortified towns. It is also called petit tombereuu, small tumbrel. CAMISADE or Camisatjo, Fr. in military transactions, an attack by sur- prise, either during the night, or at break of day, when the enemy is sup- posed to be asleep, or off" his guard; it is so called from the soldiers wearing their shirts outside, in order to know one an- other in the darkness. CAMOUFLET, Fr. in war, a kind of stinking combustible blown out of paper cases into the miners' faces, when thev are at work in the galleries of the coun- termines. Camouflf.t also signifies the sudden explosion of a pistol, &c. wbich takes place when miners encounter one ah- L2 CAM ( ro ) CAM otlicr; hence donner Ic camouftet, to take another by surprise, or (ire at him unex- pectedly. CAMP, the extent of ground oc- cupied by an army pitching its tents when in the field, and upon which all it* baggage and apparatus are lodged. It is marked out by the quarter-master-ge- neral, who allots to every regiment its ground. The extent of the front of a regiment of infantry is 200 yards, in- cluding the two battalion guns, and depth 320, when the regiment contains 9 companies, each of 100 private men, and the companies' tents in two rows; but when the companies tents stand in one row, and about 70 private men to each row, the front is then but 155 yards. A squadron of horse has 120 yards in front, and 100 for an interval between each regiment. The nature of the ground must also be consulted, both for defence against the enemy, and for supplies to the army. It should have a communication with that army's garrisons, and have plenty of water, forage, fuel, and either rivers, marshes, hills, or woods to cover it. An army always encamps fronting the enemy, and generally in two parallel lines, besides a corps de reserve, about 500 yards distant from each other; the horse and dragoons on the wings, and the foot in the center. Where and how the train of artillery is encamped, see Park of artillery, and Encampment of a regiment if artillery, under the word Artillery. In a siege, the camp is placed all along the line of circumvallation, or rather in the rear of the approaches, out of can- non-shot; the army faces the circumval- lation, if there be any. There is one thing very essential in the establishing a camp, and which should be particularly attended to, if the enemy is near, which is, that there should not only be a commodious spot of ground at the head of the camp, where the army, in case of surprise, may in a moment be under arms, and in condition to repulse the enemy; but also a convenient field of battle at a small distance, and of a sufficient extent for them to form ad- vantageously, and to move with facility. The arrangement of the tents in camp is nearly the same all over Europe, which is to dispose them in such a man- ner, that the troops may form with safety and expedition. To answer this end, the troops arc encamped in the same order as that in which they are to engage, which is by battalions and squadrons; hence, the post of each battalion and squadron in the line of battle must necessarily be at the head of its own encampment. Gus- tavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, was the first who formed encampments according to the order of battle. By this disposition, the extent of tha camp from right to left, of each battalion and squadron, will be equal to the front of each in line of battle: and conse- quently, the extent from right to left of the whole camp, should be equal to the front of the whole army when drawn up in line of battle, with the same intervals between the several encampments of the battalions and squadrons, as are in the line. There is no fixed rule for the inter- vals : some will have no intervals, some small ones, and others are for intervals equal to the front of the battalion or squadron. The most general method is, an interval of 60 feet between each bat- talion, and of 3G feet between each squadron. Distribution of the front and depth of the Camp for a battalion of infantry. The present mode of encampments dif- fers from what was formerly adopted. The front of the camp for a battalion of 10 companies of 60 men each, is at pre- sent 400 feet, and during the late wars only 360 feet; the depth at present 759 feet, and during the late war 960. The front of the camp of a battalion of 10 companies of 100 men each is at present 668 feet, and formerly only 592. The breadth of the streets from 45 to 55 feet, excepting the main street, which is sometimes from 60 to 90 feet broad. Of the Camp of a battalion by a nez$ method. This is, by placing the tents in 3 rows parallel to the principal front of the camp ; which is suitable to the 3 ranks in which the battalion is drawn up: the tents of the first row, which front the camp, are for the men of the front rank : the tents of the second row front the rear, and are for the men of the second rank ; and the tents of the third row, which front the center row, are for the men of the rear rank. When two field-pieces are allowed to each battalion, they are posted to the right of it. Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, was the first who ordered CAM ( 77 ) CAM two field-pieces to each battalion, which are generally light 6 pounders. Camp of Cavalry. The tents for the cavalry, as well as for the infantry, are placed in rows perpendicular to the principal front of the camp ; and their number is conformable to the number of troops. The horses of each troop are placed in a line parallel to the tents, with their head towards them. The number of tents in each row is regulated by the strength of the troops, and the number of troopers allotted to each tent is 5 : it follows, that a troop of 30 men will require 6 tents, a troop of 60 men 12 tents, and a troop of 100 men '20 tents. The tents for the caval- ry are of the same form as those of the infantry, but more spacious, the better to contain the fire-arms, accoutrements, saddles, bridles, boots, &c. See Tents. Distribution of the front and depth of a Camp of Cavalry. Supposing the re- giment to consist of 2 squadrons, of 3 troops each, and of 50 men in each troop, the extent of the front will be 450 feet, if drawn up in 2 ranks; but if drawn up in 3 ranks, the front will be only 300 feet, the depth 220, and the breadth of the back streets 30 feet, and the other streets 46 feet each. In the last war 600 feet were allowed each re- giment of cavalry in front, 774 feet for the depth, and the breadth of the streets as above. The standard-guard tents are pitched in the center, in a line with the quarter- master's. The camp-colours of the ca- valry are also of the same colour as the facings of the regiments, with the rank of the regiment in the center : those of the horse are square, like those of the foot; and those of the dragoons are swallow-tailed. The dung of each troop is laid up behind the horses. Camp duty consists in guards, both ordinary and extraordinary: the ordi- nary guards are relieved regularly at a certain hour every day (generally about 9 or 10 o'clock in the morning); the extraordinary guards are all kinds of detachments commanded on particular occasions for the further security of the camp, for covering the foragers, for con- voys, escorts, or expeditions. The ordinary guards are distinguished into grand guards, standard, and quarter guards; rear guards, picket guards, and guards for the general officers ; train of artillery, bread wagons, paymaster ge- neral, quarter-master general, majors of brigade, judge advocate, and provost marshal guards. The number and strength of the grand guards and out-posts, whether of cavalry or infantry, depend on the situation of the camp, nature of the country, and the position of the enemy. The strength of general officers guards is limited. Camp maxims are, 1. The principal rule in forming a camp, is to give it the same front the troops occupy in order of battle. 2. The method of encamping is by battalions and squadrons, except the royal regiment of artillery, which is en- camped on the right and left of the park of artillery. 3. Each man is allowed 2 feet in the ranks of the battalion, and 3 feet in the squadron: thence the front of a batta- lion of 900 men, formed 3 deep, will be 600 feet; and the front of a squadron of 150 men, formed 2 deep, will be 225 feet. 4. The depth of the camp when the army is encamped in 3 lines, is at least 2750 feet; that is, 750 feet for the depth of each line, and 250 feet for the space between each of those lines. 5. The park of artillery should always be placed on a dry rising ground, if any such situation offers; either in the center of the front line, or in the rear of the second line; with all the train horses encamped in the rear of the park. 6. The bread-wagons should be sta- tioned in the rear of the camp, and as near as possible to the center, that the distribution of bread may be rendered easy. 7. When the commander in chief encamps, it is generally in the center of the army ; and the town or village chosen for his residence is called head- quarters. 8. That general is inexcusable, who, for his own personal accommodation, makes choice of quarters that are not properly secured, or lie at too great a distance to have an easy communication with the camp. 9. If the ground permits, the troops should be encamped as near to good water as possible. 10. When there are hussars, they are generally posted near the head-quarters, or in the front of the army. 11. The ground taken up by the en- campment of an army should be equally C A M ( 78 ) C A M distributed, and, if possible, in a straight line; as the whole will have more grace; for a crooked line, and an inequality of disposition, afford a very unpleasing view, both of the camp and of the troops when they are under arms. 12. Cleanliness is essentially neces- sary to the health of a camp, especially when it is to remain for any length of time. To maintain this, the privies should be often filled up, and others opened; at least every 6 days. The offal of cattle, and the carcasses of dead horses, should be buried very deep; and all kinds of corrupt effluvia, that may infect the air and produce epidemical disorders, should be constantly removed. Choice of Camps. 1. At the begin- ning of a campaign, when the enemy is at too great a distance to occasion any alarm, all situations for camps that are healthy are good, provided the troops have room, and are within reach of wa- ter, wood, and provisions. More ground should be allowed to the troops in sta- tionary camps, than in tempurary ones. 2. Camps should be situated as near as possible to navigable rivers to facili- tate the conveyance of all manner of supplies; for convenience and safety are the principal objects for camps. 3. A camp should never be placed too near heights from whence the enemy may overlook it ; nor too near woods, from whence the enemy may surprise it. If there are eminences, not commanded by others, they should be taken into the camp ; and when that cannot be done, they should be fortified. 4. The choice of a camp depends in a great measure on the position of the enemy, on his strength, and on the na- ture and situation of the country. 5. A skilful general will avail himself of all the advantages for a camp, which nature may present, whether in plains, mountains, ravines, hollows, woods, lakes, inclosures, rivers, rivulets, &c. 6. The disposition of the troops in camp should depend on the nature and situation of the ground; as there are occasions which require all the infantry to encamp on the right, and the cavalry on the left; and there are others which require the cavalry to form in the cen- ter, and the infantry on the wings. 7. A camp should never be formed on the banks of a river, without the space of at least 2 or 3,000 feet, for drawing out the army in order of battle: the enemy cannot then easily alarm th« camp, by artillery and small arms from the other side. 8. Camps should never be situated near rivers that are subject to be over- flowed, either by the melting of the snow, or by accidental torrents from the mountains. Marshy grounds should also be avoided, on account of the vapours arising from stagnant waters, which in- fect the air. 9. On the choice of camps and posts, frequently depends the success of a campaign, and even sometimes of a war. Camp guards. They are of two sorts : the one serves to maintain good order within the camp; and the other, which is stationed without the camp, serves to cover and secure it against the enemy. These guards are formed of both infantry and cavalry ; and in pro- portion to the strength of the army, situation of the camp, and disposition of the enemy. Sometimes it is required, that these guards should consist of the 8th part of the army ; at others, of the 3d part; and when an attack from the enemy is apprehended, even of the half. Manner of stationing the Camp guards. It is of the utmost conse- quence to station the guards in such places, as may enable them to discover easily whatever approaches the camp. 2. The guards of the cavalry are ge- nerally removed farther from the camp, than those of the infantry; but never at so great a distance, as to endanger their being cut off: within cannon-shot is a very good distance. They are often stationed in highways, in open places, and on small heights; but they are always so disposed as to see and com- municate with one another. 3. The vedettes to the out-posts must be double; for should they make a dis- covery, one may be detached to inform the officer commanding the out-post, and the other remain on duty; they should not be at too great a distance from their detachment; probably, about 50 or 60 paces will be sufficient. 4. The guards of infantry have dif- ferent objects, and are differently sta- tioned : their duty is, to receive and support the guards of cavalry in cases of need; to protect the troops sent out for wood, forage, or water ; in short to prevent any approaches from the small parties of the enemy. Some are sta- tioned in the churches of the neigh- C A M ( 79 ) C A M ■ bouring villages, in castles, houses, and in passages and avenues of woods; others are stationed on the borders of rivulets, and in every place necessary to secure the camp. Guards tliat are sta- tioned in churches, steeples, in woods, or among trees, castles, and houses, should, if possible, be seen from the armv, or at least from some grand guard in its neighbourhood, that signals may be readily perceived and repeated. 5. The guards of infantry are gene- rally fixed ; that is, they have the same post both day and night, except such as are to support and protect the guards of cavalry, and to cover the forage grounds. All out-guards should have intrenching- tools with them. 6. The guards of cavalry have gene- rally a day-post and a night-post; the latter is seldom more than 4 or 500 paces from the camp ; one third should be mounted, one third bridled, and one third feeding their horses; but when near the enemy, the whole guard should be kept mounted during the night. 7. The security and tranquillity of a camp depending upon the vigilance of the guards, the officers who command them cannot be too active in preventing surprises : a neglect in this particular is often of fatal consequence. Though an officer must, at all times, be strictly attentive to every part of the service, yet he should be more particularly watchful in the night than in the day. The night is the time most favourable for surprises; as those who are not on duty, are generally asleep, and cannot immediately afford assistance; but in the day time, the attention of all the troops is turned to the movements of the enemy ; they are sooner under arms, sooner in readiness to march, and in much less danger of being thrown into confusion. It ought also to be remembered, that the officer of the quarter-guard and the advanced sen- tries should never permit any person in coloured clothes to pass the front line of the camp, or in any shape enter it, without being minutely questioned as to his situe-tion in life, &c. For this end, he should be conducted to the quarter- guard, there to give in writing the ne- cessary information. Those who wish to be better acquainted with the nature and mode of encampments, may read Mr. Lochee's useful Essay on Castrame- tation. Concerning the healthiness of the different seasons of a campaign, the in- genious Dr. Pringle has the following observations. The first three weeks are al- ways sickly; after which the sickness decreases, and the men enjoy a tole- rable degree of health throughout the summer, unless they get wet clothes. The most sickly part of the campaign is towards the end of August, whilst the days are still hot, but the nights cold and damp with fogs and dews; then, if not sooner, the dysentery prevails; and though its violence is over by the begin- ning oi" October, yet the remitting fever, gaining ground, continues throughout the rest of the campaign, and never en- tirely ceases, even in winter quarters, till the frost begins. He likewise ob- serves, that the last 14 days of a cam- paign, if protracted till the beginning of November, are attended with more sickness than the two first months of the encampment. As to winter expe- ditions, though severe in appearance, he tells us they are attended with little sickness, if the men have strong and good shoes, warm quarters, fuel, and provisions enough. CAMP-Colour-men, men who carry the camp-colours. Each regiment has generally 6, and sometimes 1 per com- pany; they always march with the quarter-master, to assist in making the necessary preparations against the ar- rival of the regiment in a new encamp- ment. They also carry the triangles when a soldier is to be flogged. CAMP-Fight, (combat en champ chx, Fr.) When an engagement takes place within certain lines of a camp or in- closed position, it is called a camp-fight. Camp-fight was also formerly used to signify combat. Fly i7ig-C amp, or army, generally means a strong body of horse and foot, commanded for the most part by a lieutenant-general, which is always in motion, both to cover its own garrisons, and to keep the enemy's army in conti- nual alarm. It is sometimes used to signify the ground on which such a body of men encamp. Camp -utensils, hatchets, shovels, mat- tocks, blankets, camp-kettles, canteens, tents, poles, and pins: each company has 10 shovels and 5 mattocks; each tent 1 hatchet, 2 blankets, 1 camp-ket- tle, with its linen bag; and each soldier 1 canteen, 1 knapsack, and 1 havre-sack. C A M ( 80 ) CAN C/iMV-discases, are chiefly bilious fe- vers, malignant fevers, fluxes, scurvy, rheumatism, &c. Camp is also used by the Siamese and some other nations in the East Indies, to express the quarters where the per- sons from different countries, who come to trade with them, usually reside. CAMP d'assemblce, Fr. the first ground which is taken when troops are encamp- ed on the opening of a campaign. Camp a cheval, Fr. a ground of en- campment across which any river runs, &c. Camp d'ecousu, Fr. a ground of en- campment, which is occupied by dif- ferent regiments, without any attention being paid to a regular line, &c. Camp desemparc, Fr. a ground upon which the enemy has been encamped the preceding day, or during the course of the one on which the ground is re- connoitred. Camp detendu, Fr. a ground of en- campment upon which the tents are struck, either for the purpose of engag- ing the enemy, of marching from him, or of making any particular movement. Camp en echelons, Fr. a ground of encampment which is taken up in such a manner, that the different regiments lie obliquely in advance one to the other. By means of this disposition the flanks nearest to the enemy are supported by those that are farther from him, and are not exposed to have their wing turned. CAMP^xe, Fr. a regular, or stationary camp. Camp bien ordonn'c, Fr. a well regu- lated camp. Camp d 'instruction, ou de discipline, Fr. a ground of encampment which is occupied for the purpose of training troops, &c. Camp momentani, Fr. a ground of en- campment which is taken for a short in- terval. Camp de. passage,Yr. ground taken for the purpose of passing through a coun- try, crossing a river, &c. Camp de plaisancc, Fr. a camp which is taken for the purposes of parade. Camp de position, Fr. ground taken to enable an army to act offensively, or de- fensively, against any opposing force. Camp rctrunch'c, Fr. an entrenched camp. See Camp. Camp tendu, Fr. a ground of encamp- ment, where tents, &c. are regularly pitched. Camp volant, Fr. a flying camp, one which is formed and broken up from day to day. Camp de Mars, Fr. apiece of ground in the vicinity of Paris, where troops are occasionally exercised, and public festivals kept. CAMPAGNE, Fr. campaign. Se mettre en Campagne, Fr. to take the field. Tenir la Campagne, Fr. to keep the field, or remain encamped. CAMPAIGN, in military affairs, the time every year that an army continues in the field, in war time. The word is also used for an open country before any town. &c. CAMPEMENT, Fr. an encampment. This word is also used to denote a de- tachment sent before the army to mark out the ground for a camp. CAMPER, Fr. to encamp. CAMPUS Maii, an anniversary as- sembly which was observed by our an- cestors on May-day, when they mutually pledged themselves to one another for the defence of the country against foreign and domestic foes. Of this de- scription was the famous Champ de Mai when Bonaparte assembled the troops and citizens of Paris in 1815. Campus Martins, a public place so called among the llomaus, from Mars, the God of War. Champ de Mai, Fr. See Campus Mail CANAL de lumilre, Fr. the aperture, or touch-hole, which leads from the pan to the barrel of a fire arm. CANAL, {canal, Fr.) that part of a stone, or wooden aqueduct, through which the water passes. CANAPSA, Fr. knapsack; more properly an old leathern bag or satchel, which a beggar or soldier's boy carries. Canapsa also means the individual who carries the bag. CANARDER, Fr. to pelt, to shoot; to fire from any secret place. CANEVAS, Fr. canvass ; rough draught. CANIVEAUX, Fr. a strong pave- ment which runs across a street where wagons pass. CANNIPERS. See Callipers. CANNON, or pieces o/Ordnance, in the military art, imply machines having tubes of brass, or iron. They are charged with powder and ball, or some- times cartridges, grape and tin-shot, &o. CAN C 81 ) CAN The length is distinguished by three parts; the first re-in force, the second re-inforce, and the chace: the first re- inforce is 2-7 ths, and the second l-7th and a half of the diameter of the shor. The inside hollow, wherein the powder and shot are lodged, is called the bore, iS:c. History o/"Cannon' or pieces nfOr.D- nance. They were originally made of iron bars soldered together, and fortified with strong iron hoops; some of which are still to he seen, viz. one in the tower of London, two at Woolwich, and one in the royal arsenal at Lisbon. Others were made of thin sheets of iron rolled up together, and hooped; and on emer- gencies they were made of leather, with plates of iron or copper. These pieces were made in a rude and imperfect man- ner, like the first essays of many new inventions. Stone balls were thrown out of these cannon, and a small quantity of powder used on account of their weakness. These pieces have no orna- ments, are placed on their carriages by rings, and are of cylindrical form. When or by whom they were made, is uncer- tain: however, we read of cannon being used as early as the 13th century, in a sea engagement between the king of Tunis and the Moorish king of Seville. The Venetians used cannon at the siege of Claudia Jessa, now called Chioggia, in 1366, which were brought thither by two Germans, with some powder and leaden balls; as likewise in their wars with the Genoese in 1379. Our glorious king Edward III. made use of cannon at the battle of Cressy in 1346. On this occasion the English had 4 pieces of ordnance planted upon a height, which caused such a panic in the French troops, that Edward defeated Philip of Valois, who commanded his army in person, without experiencing much opposition. Cannon was employed at the siege of Calais in 1347. Pieces of ordnance were made use of by the Turks at the siege of Constantinople, then in pos- session of the Christians, in 1394, or in that of 1452, that threw a weight of 10061b. hut they generally burst, either the first, second, or third shot. Louis XII. had one cast at Tours, of the same size, which threw a ball from the Bastille to Charenton. One of those fatuous cannon was taken at the siege of Dieu, in 1546, bv Don John de Castro, and is in the castle of St. Juk;d da Barra, 10 miles from Lisbon; its length is 20 feet 7 inches, diameter at the center 6 feet 3 inches, and discharges a ball of 10001b. It has neither dolphins, rings, nor but- ton, is of a curious kind of metal, and has a large Indostan inscription upon it, which says it was cast in 1400. Ancient am/present names o/'Cannon. Formerly they were dignified with un- common names; for in 1503 Louis XII. had 12 brass cannon cast, of an uncom- mon size, called after the names of the 12 peers of Fiance. The Spanish and Portugueze called them after their saints. The emperor Charles V. when he marched before Tunis, founded the 12 Apostles. At Milan there is a 70- pounder, called the 1'imontelle; and one at Bois-le-duc, called the Devil. A 60- pounder at Dover castle, called Queen Elizabeth's Pocket-pistol. An 80-pounder in the tower of London (formerly in Edinburgh castle) called Mounts-meg. An 80-pounder in the royal arsenal at Berlin, called the Thunderer. An 80- pounder at Malaga, called the Teirible. Two curious 60-pounders in the arsenal at Bremen, called the Messengers of bad news. And lastly an uncommon 70- pounder in the castle of St. Angelo at Rome, made of the nails that fasteued the copper plates which covered the an- cient Pantheon, with this inscription upon it: Ex claris trubulibus por tints AgripptB, In addition to the above curiosities, there are two leather field pieces in the Tower, and one in the armoury at Malta; there is also a very singular old piece of brass ordnance in the island of Rhodes, about 20 feet in length, with a chamber 5 feet long, to contain the charge of powder, which screws on at the breech ot the gun. The calibre of the piece is 24 inches, carrying a spherical stone ball, and seems to have been used at a very early period. There is likewise an ancient piece of brass ordnance, sup- posed to be Turkish, in St. James's Park, brought home from one of the arsenals in Alexandria, when the British troops, under the command of Lord Hutchinson, conquered the French in Egypt. In the beginning of the loth century the uncommon names of Terrib'e, Devil, &c. were generally abolished, and the following more universal ones took place, viz. rounders. Cwt. Cannon royal, or 1 carthoun M J — 48 about 90 CAN ( 82 ) C A N Bastard cannon, ) or i carthoun j •* carthoun Whole culverins Demy culverins Falcon Slowest sort ~ ordinary =r largest size rz Basilisk := Serpentine — Aspik — Dragon Syren Falconet = 3ti = 21 = 18 — 9 = G GO 50 30 25 13 15 la 85 8 7 13 81 15,10,5 G 8 = 43 =: 4 — 2 = G = GO = 8, 2, Hi 1 Moyens, which carried a ball of 10 or 12 ounces, &c. Rabinet, which carried a ball of 10 ounces. These curious names of beasts and birds of prey were adopted, on account of their swiftness in motion, or of their cruelty; as the falconet, falcon, sul.tr, and culverin, ccc. for their swiftness in flying; the basilisk, serpentine, aspik; dragon, syren, &c. for their cruelty. See the Latin poet Forcastarius. At present cannon, or pieces of ord- nance, take their names from the weight of the ball they discharge: thus a piece that discharges a ball of 24 pounds, is called a 24-pounder; one that carries a ball of 12 pounds, is called a 12-pouuder; nnd so of the rest, divided into the fol- lowing sorts, viz. Ship-guns, consisting in 42, 32,24, 18, 12, 9, 6, and 8 pounders. Garrison-guns, in 42, 32, 24, 18, 12, 9, and G pounders. Battermg-guns, in 24, 18, and 12 pounders. Field-pieces, in 18, 12, 9, G, 3, 2, If, 1, and \ pounders. The British seldom use any of lower calibre than G in the field. The metal of which brass cannon is made, is in a manner kept a secret by the founders: yet, with all their art and 6ecrecy, they have not hitherto found cut a composition that will stand a hot engagement without melting, or at least being rendered useless. Those cast at Woolwich bid fairest towards this amendment. The respective quantities which should enter into this composition, is a point not decided; every founder has his own proportions, which are pecu- liar to himself. The most common pro- portions of the ingredients are the fol- lowing, viz. To 2401b. <>f metal fit for casting, they put G8lb. of copper, 52lb. of brass, and 12lh. of tin. To 42001b. (if metal lit for casting, the Germans put 3687 |j of copper, 204$$lb. of brass, and S07|flb.of tin. Others again use 1001b. of copper, Gib. of brass, and 9lb. of tin; and lastly, others, 1001b. of copper, 101b. of brass, and 15lb. of tin. With respect to iron guns, their structure is the same as that of the others, and they generally stand the most severe engagements, be- ing frequently used on ship-board. Seve- ral experiments have taught us that the Swedish iron guns are preferable to all others. Cannon is now generally cast solid, and th« cavity bored afterwards by a very curious machine for that purpose, where the gun is placed in a perpendicu- lar position; but of late these machines have been made to bore horizontally, and much truer than those that bore in a vertical form. This new machine was was first invented at Strasburgh, and greatly improved by Mr. Verbruggen, a Dutchman, who was bead founder at the royal foundery at Woolwich, where probably the best horizontal-boring ma- chine in Europe has been lately fixed; it both bores the inside, and turns and polishes the outside at once. Kunus of the several parts of a Can- non. The grand divisions exterior are as follows, viz. First re-inf'oree is that part ofa gun next the breech, which i'- made -tronger to resist the force of pow- der. Second re-inforce. This begins where the first ends, and is made something smaller than the first. The chace is the whole space from the trunnions to the muzzle. The muzzle, properly so called, is the part from the muz/.le astragal to the end of the piece. Small divisions exterior. The. cascable, the hindermost part of the breech, from the base-ring to the end of the button. The cascabte-uslragal is the diminish- ing part between the two breech-mould- ings The neck of the cascable is the nar- row space between the breech-moulding and the button. The breech is the solid piece of metal behind, between the vent and the extre- mity of the base-ring, and which termi- CAN ( 33 ) CAN nafes the hind part of the gun, exclusive of t lie cascable. The breech-mouldings are the eminent parts, as squares or rounds, which serve only tor ornaments to the piece, &c. The base-ring and ogee are orna- mental mouldings: the latter is always in the shape of an S, taken from civil architecture, and used in guns, mortars, and howitzers. The vent-field is the part from the vent to the first re- in force astragal. The vent astragal and fillets are the mouldings and fillets at or near the vent. The charging ci/linder is all the space from the chace-astragal to the muzzle-astragal. The first re-inforce ring and ogee are the ornaments on the second re-inforce. The fintt re-inforce astragal is the ornament between the first and second re-inforce. The chace girdle is the ornament close to the trunnions. The trunnions are two solid cylindri- cal pieces of metal in every gun, which project from the piece, and by which it is supported upon its carriage. The dolphins are two handles, placed on the second re-inforcte ring of brass guns, resembling the fish of that name: they serve for mounting and dismount- ing the guns. The second re-inforce ring and ogee are the two ornaments joining the trun- nions.- The second re-inforce astragal is the moulding nearest the trunnions. The chace-astragal and fillets, the two last-mentioned ornaments jointly. The muzzle-astragal and fillets, the joint ornaments nearest the muzzle. The muzzle-mouldings, the ornaments at the very muzzle of the piece. The swelling of the muzzle, the pro- jected part behind the muzzle-mould- ings. Interior parts. The mouth, or entrance of the bore, is that part where both powder and ball are put in, or the hollow part which re- ceives the charge. The vent, in all kinds of fire-arms, is commonly called the touch-hole: it is a small hole pierced at the end, or near it, of the bore or chamber, to prime the piece with powder, or to introduce the tube, in order, when lighted, to set fire to the charge. The chamber is the -place where the powder is lodged, which forms the charge. Tools for loading and firing Cannon are rammers, sponges, ladles, worms, handspikes, wedges, and screws. Coins, or wedges, to lay under the breech of the gun, in order to elevate or depress it. Handspikes serve to move and to lay the gun. Ladles serve to load the gun with loose powder. Rammas are cylinders of wood, whose diameters and ares are equal to those of the shot: they serve to ram home the wads put upon the powder and shot. Sponge is fixed at the opposite end of the rammer, covered with lamb-skin, and serves to clean the gun when fired. Screics are used to field-pieces in- stead of coins, by which the gun is kept to the same elevation. Tools necessiny for proving Cannon are, a searcher with a reliever, and a searcher with one point. Searcher is an iron, hollow at one end to receive a wooden handle, and on the other end has from 4 to 8 flat springs of about 8 or 10 inches long, pointed and turned outwards at the ends. The Reliever is an iron flat ring, with a wooden handle, at right angles to it. When a gun is to be searched after it has been fired, the searcher is intro- duced; and turned every way, from end to end, and if there is any hole, the point of one or other of the springs gets into it, and remains till the reliever, passing round the handle of the searcher, and pressing the springs together, re- lieves it. When there is any hole or roughness in the gun, the distance from the mouth is marked on the outside with chalk. The other searcher has also a wooden handle, and a point at the fore end, of about an inch long, at right angles to the length: about this point is put some wax mixed with tallow, which, when in- troduced into the hole or cavity, is press- ed in, when the impression upon the wax gives the depth, and the length is known by the motion of the searcher backwards and forwards: if the fissure be 1-ninth of an inch deep, the gun is rejected. See Instruments. N. B. The strength of gunpowder having been considerably increased by M2 CAN ( 81 ) CAN the late Lieutenant General Sir William Congreve, of the Royal Artillery, the quantity for service lias heen somewhat reduced; that for proof remaining as heretofore. r , i Bull. See Balls. Cannon { .,, , c „ „ c„„„. I Shot, hee shot. Cannon-B«aAW.?. See Gabions. To nail C a n NON. See N a t l. Cannon. Tlie author of Maxima Yolitiqu.es, page 125, says, " Le canon est le dernier moyen des rois, (ultima ratio region,) comme I' insurrection est le dernier moyen des pcuples. Les maux qui en resultent sont certains, Its remedes douteux ; il est done aussi insensi que coupable, de ne fas ipuiser toutes les res- sources de la moderation et de la patience avant ePe'n venira ces-crueltes extrimites." This sound doctrine holds good with re- spect to king and people. Let the social compact which ought to hind the ruler and the ruled he honestly followed, and there will he little occasion for can- non. CANNONADF, the direction of the powers of artillery against some distant ohject intended to he seized or destroy- ed, as the troops in battle, battery, for- tress, or out-work. To Cannonade, (cautioner, Fr.) to fire against any thing with cannon, or pieces of ordnance. CANNONEER, (canonnier, Fr.) the person who manages the gun. See Gunner. CANON, Fr. See Cannon. Cannon also means in French the barrel of any fire-arm, great or small. Canon chambr'e, Fr. a piece that has not heen well cast, and could not he used without danger, on account of the defective cavities which exist in the body of the metal. Canon secret, Fr. one, or several pieces of ordnance placed on a battery, unperceived by the enemy. These are used by the besieged for the defence of breaches, and by the besiegers to oppose a sortie. Canon d la Sualois, Fr. a piece of ordnance adopted by the French, and so called from the Swedish pieces, of which it is an imitation. It is very con- venient in long marches, as being very light. The weight at most o^olb. the ball 4lb. weight. Canon double, Fr. See lieveil matin. Canon Ruyi; Fr. a rifle gun. See JljFLE. CANON Bit, that part of the bit which is let into the horse's mouth. CANONNADE, Fr. See Cannon- ade. CANONNTERE, on Embrasure, Fr. an opening which is made in the parapet of a work for the purpose of pointing cannon against any particular object. Canon nieiie, Fr. a sort of shed co- vered over with canvass for the accom- modation of soldiers and sutlers. CANONNER, Fr. to fire against any fortified place or body of armed men with heavy ordnance, ixc. CANONS de goutiere, Fr. in archi- tecture, the extremities or mouths of copper or leaden pipe*, which serve tO carry off the water from aroof,&C Military CANT terms, familiar ex- pressions which obtain currency among military men, when they are employed in garrison, or elsewhere. These phrases are too numerous to be recited, especi- ally as they prevail differently in differ- ent corps. The Guards, for instance, have phrases peculiar to themselves. Instead of no parish business, theGuards say 7io pipe clay, when they wish to put an end to regimental discussion; and in- stead of scabbarding a soldier, as in the infantry of the line, or booting him, as in the cavalry, theycallitfarrrngauaaO, ecc. CANTABRES, Fr. soldiers held in high lepute at the time of the Romans: and, in fact, the renown of the gallant Cantabres was such, that a great number of the Spanish provinces reckoned it a great honour to be comprehended w ithin the limits of ancient Cantabria. In the year 1745, Lewis XV. formed a regiment of Cantabres, which since were called Royal Cantabres. CANTABRUM, a standard intro- duced during the reign of the Roman Emperors, and which differed from the vexillum. This latter was a large standard, distinguished by its particular colour and motto; whereas the canta- bruni was only a small flag, with its par- ticular colour also, and used as a signal for the troops to rally. CANTEEN, a suttling-house for the convenience of officers and soldiers; also a machine made of wood or leather with compartments for several utensils, generally used by officers. The tin ves- sels used by the soldiers on a march, &c. to carry water or other liquor in, each holding about 2 quarts, are also called canteens. CAP ( 85 ) CAP To CANTER, (aller au petit-galop, Fr.) to go a hand-gallop, or three- quarter speed. See Hand. CANTINE, IV. See Canteen. Cantine is sometimes used among the French to signify the meat, &c. that is ready drest. CANTiNIER, Ft. the person who keeps a canteen, booth, or suttling house. To CANTON, (cantonner, Fr.) to disperse troops into winter or summer quarters. CANTONMENTS are distinct situ- ations, in towns and villages, where the different parts of an army lie as near to each other as possible,' and in the same manner as they encamp in the held. The chief reasons for cantoning an army are, first, when the campaign begins carlv; on which occasion, in cantoning your troops, two objects demand atten- tion, viz. the military object, and that of subsistence: the second is, when an ar- my lias finished a siege early, the troops are allowed to repose till the fields pro- duce forage for their subsistence: the third reason is, when the autumn proves rainy, and forage scarce, the troops are cantoned to protect them from the bad weather. CANVASS-BAGS. See Bags, Sand- Bags, &c. CAPA-AGA, an old and experienced officer of the Seraglio, who has the charge of instructing and superintending the Ichonoglans ; which office he fulfils with the utmost severity, in order to ac- custom them to subordination and dis- cipline, and that they may be the bet- ter qualified to command in their turns. CAPARISON. Under this term is included ihe bridle, saddle, and housing of a military horse. CAPE du batardeau, Fr. a roof sloping on both sides, which covers the upper part of the batardeau constructed in the ditch at the salient angle of a bastion. A small turret about six or ,seven feet high is erected in the center of the cape, to prevent desertion. CAPELINE, a kind of iron helmet worn by the cavalry, under John, Duke of Britauy. C/i n Ef LETT!, a Venetian militia, composed of Sclavonians, Dalmatians, Albanians, Mo'lachians, and formerly reckoned the best troops in the service of the state of Venice. CAPICULY, otherwise called Jani- zaries, the first corps of the Turkish in- fantry. CAPITAINE en pied, Fr. an officer who is in actual pay and does duty. Capitaine reforme, Fr. a reduced officer. Capitaine general des vivres, Fr. the person who has the chief manage- ment and superintendance of military stores and provisions. Capii aixe des guides, Fr. a person appointed to direct the roads by which the armv is to march: he must be well versed in topography, is under the di- rection of the quarter-master general, and is obliged to provide guides for all general officers, detachments, and con- voys. Capitaine des charrois, Fr. captain of the wagon-train. Capitaine general des chariots de munition, Fr. the person who commands the whole of the ammunition wagons, and zcagon-train. Capitaine des mulets, Fr. His func- tions are the same as those of the capi- taine des charrois, with this difference, that he sometimes has a hundred, or a hundred and fifty mules under his ma- nagement : this branch of service is of great importance when the war is carried on in a mountainous country, where the progress of the caissons is rendered verv difficult. Capitaine des ouvriers, Fr. one who commands the carpenters, wheelwrights, and other workmen in the artillery; and among the engineers, he superintends the workmen employed by those corps. Capita i nes conducteurs d'artillerie, Fr. persons entrusted in the armies and fortified towns with the particular details of the functions of the Captain General. Capitaine des portes, Fr. a commis- sioned officer who resides in a garrison town, and whose sole duty is to receive the keys of the gates from the Governor every morning, and to deliver them to hini every night, at appointed hours. CAPITAL, in fortification, is an ima- ginary line which divides any work into two equal and similar parts. It signifies also, a line drawn from' the angle of a polygon to the point of the bastion, or from the point of the bastion to the mid- dle of the gorge. CAPITAN, Fr. an unconscionable vaunter, who boasts of incredible acts of bravery, although he be a real coward. A capitan also signifies in harsher Ian- CAP ( 86 ) CAP guage, a coward; every military man who has been once found guilty of cow- ardice is ruined beyond recovery. CAPITOUL, Fr, chief magistrate of Toulouse. lb CAPITULATE, to surrender any place, or body of troops, to the enemy, on certain stipulated conditions. CAPITULATION, in military af- fairs, implies the conditions on which the garrison of a place besieged agrees to de- liver it up, &c. CAPITULATION, Fr. is sometimes used to denote an agreement which is made on enlisting upon certain terms or conditions. The capitulations of the foreign corps that have been taken into the British service are of this descrip- tion. CAPONNIERE, in fortification, is a passage made from one work to another, of 10 or 12 feet wide, and about 5 feet deep, covered on each side by a parapet, terminating in a glacis. Capon niers are sometimes covered with planks and earth. See Fortifk atjon. Dt'/Hi-CAPONMEitr., Fr. a passage which is made in the bottom of a dry ditch, and which is only defended to- wards the enemy by a parapet or glacis. Its object is to protect the branch or passage belonging to the ditch which is directly in front. CAPORAL, Fr. corporal. CAPOTE dc faction, Fr. a large great coat with a hood or cowl, which is worn by sentinels in bad weather. CAPS, in gunnery, are made of lea- ther, and used for the same purpose that tampions were, to prevent rain or rubbish from collecting in the bore of the guns and howitzers. There are also canvass caps for similar purposes used for mortars. CkP-Sguarcs. See Carriages. Cap-a-pef. implies being clothed in armour from head to foot, or fully ac- coutred. CAPSTAN, ) a strong massy piece CAPSTERN, > of timber in the form of a truncated cone, having its upper part, called the drum-head, pierced with a number of square holes, for receiving the levers. By turning it round, several actions may be performed that require an extraordinary power. CAPTAIN is a military officer, who is the commander of a troop of horse or dragoons, or of a company of foot or artillery. The name of captain was the first term made use of to express the chief or head of a company, troop, or body of men. He is both to march and fight at the head of his company. Cap- tains of artillery and engineers ought to be more masters of the attack and defence of fortified places than either a captain of infantry or cavalry; because they must be good mathematicians, and un- derstand the raising of all kinds of bat- teries, to open the trenches, to conduct the sap, to make mines and fougasses, and to calculate their charges. They ought farther to be well acquainted with the power of artillery, the doctrine of the military projectile, and the laws of motion, together with the system of me- chanics ; and should be good draughts- men. A captain has, in most services, the power of appointing his own Ser- jeants and corporals, but cannot by his own authority reduce or break them; neither can he punish a soldier with death, unless he revolts against him on duty. Captain General. By the constitu- tion, the King is Captain General of all the forces of Great Britain. This term implies the first rank, power, and autho- rity known in the British army. His Majesty was pleased to delegate this rank, and the powers annexed to it, to his Royal Highness the Duke of York, in 1799. C apt Aix-Lieutenant, formerly the commanding ofticer of the colonel's troop or company in every regiment, in case the colonel is absent, or he s;ivcs up the command of it to him. This rank has been abolished in the British army. Captain reformed, one who, upon a reduction of the forces on the termina- tion of war, loses his company, yet keeps his rank and pay, whether on duty or not. Captain on half pay is one who loses his company on the reduction of an army, and retires on half-pay, until seniority puts him into duty and full pay again. Captain en second, or second captain, is one whose company has been broke, and who is joined to another, to serve under the captain of it. Captain, (Capitaine, Fr.) In the high- est acceptation of the term, this word sig- nifies a man of great talents, genius, and perseverance, who can undertake the ma- nagement of a whole army and conduct it to victory; few such men exist. Hence Un grand capitaine, a great captain, as CAR ( 37 ) CAR the Duke of Wellington has been justly called. Captains of halberts, or black-fulls, certain persons who, during the reign oi our ancient kings, and as late down as the reign of Queen Elizabeth, had the charge and direction of a body of men called Halberts and Black-bills, who were always in the heat of a battle. In the armies of king Henry VIII. Mary, and Elizabeth, there were a great number of bill-men. According to some writers, the deno- mination of captain and lieutenant, ap- plied to officers commanding small bodies of men, equivalent to our troops and companies, was scarcely introduced into our armies before the reign of Henry VII. and VIII. where we find them borne by the officers commanding the yeomen of the guard and the band of gentlemen pensioners, and their occasional repre- sentatives. CAPTIVE, (captif, Fr.) a prisoner of war. CAPTIVI, the name given by the Romans to their prisoners of war, who were generally loaded with chains, and placed near the colours. The captive kings had their heads shaved, and were sent to Rome, to enhance the splendour of the triumph. CAPTURE, Fr. any seizure or cap- ture which is made against the enemy. CAQUE de poudre, Fr. a term syno- nimous to a tun or barrel of powder. CAR, in military antiquity, a kind of small carriage; figuratively, used by the poets for a chariot: it is mounted on wheels, representing a stately throne, used in triumphs and on other solemn oc- casions. CAR-taker to His Majesty; a sine- cure which is enjoyed by the entering clerk at the Pay-office, value 39l. per annum net. Car, {char, on chariot a deux roues, Fr.) a carriage with two wheels, fitted up with boxes to contain ammunition, and to carry artillery men chat are at- tached and formed into brigades, For the purpose of accompanying field ordnance. This car is considered an important im- provement in artillery equipment, and was first introduced into the service by the Hon. W. W. Pole, when clerk of the ordnance. It is now universally used for all natures of field ordnance, instead ot the covered ammunition wagons with low wheels, which are not constructed upon a principle equal to move with the same rapidity as the guns themselves. An improvement has lately been made in the principle of the wheel-car, by a spare gun-carriage, of the nature of the guns attached to the brigade, being sub- stituted to carry the spare wheels, &c. before mentioned. CARABINE, Fr. a carbine. CARABINIERS, Fr. One complete regiment of carabiniers was formed during the monarchy of France, out of the different corps of cavalry. They were usually distributed among other bodies of troops, and it was their duty to charge the advanced posts of the enemy. See Carbineers. CARABINS, Fr. these were light armed horsemen, who sometimes acted on foot. They were generally stationed in the outposts, for the purpose of ha- rassing the enemy, defending narrow passes, &c. In action, they usually fought in front of the dragoons, or upon the wings of the first line. Their name is derived from the Arabian word Karab, which signifies, generally, any warlike instrument. CARACOLE, a semi-circular motion or half wheel, chiefly applied to that used either by individuals, or squadrons of cavalry, to prevent an enemy from discovering where they intend to make their attack. CARACOLER autour d'une troupe ennemie, Fr. to hang upon the flanks of an enemy, in order to take him by sur- prize, or otherwise perplex him. CAPtACORE, an Indian vessel be- longing to the island of Borneo. CARAVAN, (caravanne, Fr.) from a Turkish word, which signifies a troop of travellers, pilgiiin*, or merchants, form- ed in a body, and who journey across the deserts, under an escort commanded by a chief who is called an Aga. There are guides attached to the caravans, who direct them to encamp near those places where water can be procured. With re- gard to other provisions, the travellers take care to provide a large quantity, which they share with the Arabs, in case they should appear in great numbers; but if the escort are confident of their superiority, they will engage and some- times give a severe drubbing to those in- truders. The appellation of caravanne is also given to the first voyages op cruizes which the knights of Malta are obliged to undertake before they become CAR ( 88 ) CAR graduates, or can be promoted to the commanderies of tlie order. CARAVELLE, IV. caravel; a small expeditious Portugueze vessel, square Itemed, and with lateen sails. CARBINE, a fire-arm, somewhat smaller than the firelock of the infantry, and used by the cavalry. CARBINEERS, OTcarabineers,horse- men armed with carbines, who occasi- onally act as infantry. All regiments of light-armed horse were Formerly called carbineers; but since the establishing of hussars and chasseurs, they have iost that denomination, and now all the fo- reign heavy cavalry are called carbi- neers. CARCAMOUSE, Mouton, Marmou- tun, Fr. the battering-ram which was used by the ancients. CARCAN, Jr. an iron collar. CARCASS, (carcasse, Fr.) a composi- tion of combustibles. Carcasses are of two sorts, oblong and round: the uncer- tain flight of the first sort has almost ren- dered them useless. They are prepared in the following manner: boil 12 or 1511). of pitch in a glazed earthen pot; mix with that Sib. of tallow, 30lb. of powder, till>. of salt-petre, and as many stopins as can be put in. Before the composi- tion is cold, the carcass musj be filled; to do which, smear your hands with oil or tallow, and fill the carcass one third full with the above composition; then put in loaded pieces of gun or pistol barrels, loaded grenades, and fill the intervals with composition; cover the whole over with coarse cloth, well sewed together, keeping it in a round form. Then put it into the carcass, having a hollow top and bottom, with bars run- ning between them to hold them toge- ther, and composed of four slips of iron joined at top, and fixed at the bottom, at equal distances, to a piece of iron which, together with the hoops, when filled, form a complete globular body. When quite finished and cold, the car- cass must be steeped in melted pitch, and then instantly immerged in cold water. Lastly, bore three or four holes at top, and fill the same with fuze com- position, covering the holes with pitch until used. Carcasses are thrown out of mortars, and weigh from 50 to230lbs. according to the size of the mortars out of which they are to be thrown. There are other carcasses for the sea-service, which differ from a shell only in the com- position, and in the 4 holes from which it burns when fired. Oblong Carcasses are obsolete in the British service, and the round carcasses are applicable for howitzers as well as mortars. The 13-inch round carcass weighs about 212lb. 10-inch P6lb. 8- inch -18lb. and 5^-inch l(3lb. Carcasses are seldom or ever fired from guns and carronades in the land service, or in the sea service excepting in bomb vessels, and then only from mortars. After the first invention of bombs, that of carcasses and grenades naturally followed. They are said to have been first used in 1594, and afterwards by the Bishop of Minister, at the siege of Groll, in 1672, where the Duke of Luxemburg commanded. CARELET, Fr. See Semeli.e. C A RENE, Fr. all the parts of a ship under water. CARIPI, a kind of cavalry in the Turkish army, which to the number of 1000 are not slaves, nor bred up in the seraglio, like the rest, but are generally Moors, or renegado Christians, who have obtained the rank of horse-guards to the Grand Signior. CARMAGNOLE, Fr. a name given to the French soldiers who first engaged in the cause of republicanism. It comes from a place in Italy, situate in Pied- mont, near the Po. CARMINE, a bright scarlet colour which is used in plans of fortification, and serves to describe those lines that have mason work. C A RNAG E, {carnage, Fr.) the slaugh- ter which takes place in consequence of a desperate action between two bodies of armed men. CARNEY, a disease in horses by which their mouths become so furred and clammy that they cannot feed. C aRNOUSE, the base ring about the breech of a gun. CAROLUS, a broad piece of gold of King Charles the First, made then for 20 shillings, and since current at 23. CAROUSAL, (Carrousel, Fr.) in mili- tary history signifies a magnificent enter- tainment, exhibited by princes or other great personages, on some public occa- sion, consisting of cavalcades of gentle- men, richly dressed and equipped, after the manner of the ancient cavaliers, di- vided into squadrons, meeting in some public place, and performing justs, tour- naments, ccc. It also signifies among C A It ( 89 ) CAR the French, from whom the term is taken, the place where tournaments, &c. were formerly exhibited. Thus the Place Carrousel in Paris, which is con- tiguous to the palaces of the Louvre and the Tuileries, was appropriated to this purpose as late down as the sixteenth century. According to Madame Genlis, this place received its appellation from the feasts and torn nana. lis which were exhibited by order of Louis the XlVtli, to please iiis mistress Madame de la Valtiere. CARQUOIS, Fr. a quiver. CARRE, Fr. square. CARREYU, Fr. in a military sense, the ground. Voucher sur It currcuu, Fr. to lay low ; to knock down. Carreac, Fr. a verv ancient sort of arrow. The carrcuu was trimmed with brass instead of being feathered, and was thrown from a buiistu ; whereas the arrow was trimmed with feather, and shot from a bow. Careeai', Fr. a square piece of stone which is broader upon the superficies of a wall than it is within. Carreau de plaucher, Fr. clay made into different shapes and sizes, for the pavement of floors, &c. : as flat tiles, &c. Carreau de Hollonde, Fr. Dutch tile. CARREAUX, FV.the bends, or wales of a ship. CARREFOUR, Fr. a cross-wav. CARRELaGK, Fr. »!] works" which are made of clay, stone, or marble, are distinguished under this term. CARRELER, Fr, to pave or cover over with square tiles. CAlililAGYlru/astcr-gciK ra!, or v.n- gon-master-genera!, an office of great trust and much labour. Amongst the iloinaus he was called Impcdimentorum tiiapisler, the master of the impediments or hindrances in the wars. CARRIAGES, in military affairs, are of various kinds, viz. Ammunition Limber Care I ages have been constructed of late with four wheels, fitted up with boxes for the conveyance of ammunition, and tocarryartillery men. This alteration, or rather improvement, possesses many advantages over the com- mon ammunition wagon, which i= calcu- lated to carry ammunition only. Garrison Carriages are those on which all &Ofts of garrison pieces are mounted. They are made much shorter tfa.au field carriages. Those for land service are carried upon iron trucks, and those for sea service upon wooden ones. Iron trucks however destroy the decks and platforms, which is the only objectiim against them. Travelling car- riages for the natures of 24 and 1% pounders are used upon garrison service, or more particularly in the field, where platforms cannot be provided. N. B. As the trucks of garrison car- riages are generally made of cast-iron, their axle-trees should havecopper clouts underneath, to diminish the friction of the iron against the wood. Traielling-CARRiACES are such as guns are mounted on for sieges, and for the field; they are much longer, and dif- ferently constructed from garrison-car- riages; having 4 wheels, 2 for the car* riage, and 2 for the limber, which last are only used on marches. Travelling car- riages are in many respects very unfit for garrison service, though they are fre^ quentlv used. FYcW-Carriages are both shorter and lighter than those before mentioned, bearing a proportion to the pieces mount- ed upon them. They consist of the na- tures of 2i-pounders and 12-pounders, for iron guns, mostly used in the field against fortified places. The proper car- riages under the denomination of field carriages are of the natures of 12-pound- ers medium and light, 9-pounders, 6- pounders heavy and light, 3-pounders heavy and light, 8-inch howitzers and 51-inch heavy and light with iimbers; the whole of which are now, upon the principle introduced into the service by General Lawson, of the Royal Artillery, constructed with block trails, and fitted with boxes upon the limbers to carry am- munition; upon which boxes the artillery men are usually seated, in order to ac- company the brigades. Tie quantity of ammunition carried into the field with each nature of carriage is as follows, viz. , i medium 12 rounds. 12-pounders ( ^ ^ ^ 9-pounders , ( heavy 43 do. o-pounders { ,- , • 10 A 1 ( light 48 do. Q , S heavy 3-pounders j ^ 8-inch howitzers none. 5^-inch { heavy 21 do. howitzers ( light 24 do. Besides the proportion of ammuni- tion which is carried in the limber boxes of the field carriages, there are cars or limber carriages upon a new principle N CAR ( oo ) CAR loaded with ammunition to accompany each piece of ordnance. All the Held pieces (except iron 84-pounders and Im- pounders) are elevat< I by means of a screw fixed in thecarriagi s, between the cheeks, and to the breech of the guns, or how it/cis. The iron 24- pounder and 12-pounder guns, as also the \\ hole of the guns mounted upon garrison, or ship, car- riages, are elevated by coins of wood, and not hy screws. Galloper-( arimac.es serve for l\ pounders. These carriages are made with shafts, so as to he drawn without a limber. The king of Prussia once mounted light S-pounders on these car- riages, which answered very well. This description of carriage is now obsolete in the British service. Moanfatn-CAR-RTAGE, a carriage pe- culiarly constructed lor the use of the artillery in mountainous countries. Hoo^^-Carriages are made on the same principle as field carriages, which see. J'umlucl-C arri age. See Tumbrel. Ji/ocA--C arri age, a carriage which is made from a solid piece of timber, hol- lowed out so as to receive the gun or howitzer into the cap-squares; the lower part of the cap-square is ht into the solid wood, and the gnu or howitzer is either elevated or depressed by a screw, as in other carriages. The limber for this carriage carries two large chests for ammunition, and takes four men. The pintie of the limber is so constructed as to receive the gudgeon of the carriage; by which means a greater relief is utYord- ed when the carriage passes over rou'di ground. Block-C arri ages are also used by the horse artillery as curricles. They are particularly useful on service. The ori- ginal inventor of them was the late Gene- ral Sir William Congreve, I\. A. to whom the Board of Ordnance was not a little indebted for many improvements, and of whose services the most unquestionable records are preserved. DtivV-C ARRiAcr.s are carriages upon a very strong construction, with four wheels; the two hind wheels being very high, and the two fore, or limber wheels, being much smaller. These carriages are used for transporting heavy guns, which cannot be conveyed upon theii own carriages. The garrison carriage of the gun, so carried, is placed upon th< carriage in a very compact maimer for travelling. I P/tiffarm-C arri agf.± are constructed with four wheels, haying a platform fitted up to carry one heavy gun or mortar, with its carriage or bed, and is of a si- milar u*>e with the devil-carriage. ZVttcft-C* p.riages are to carry tim- ber and other heavy burthens from one place to another, at no great distance: they serve also to convey guns or mor- tars upon a battery, whither their own carriages cannot go, and are drawn by men as well as horses. Povtoon-CARRIAGES. Carriagesof this> kind are solely for transporting the pon- toon-,; they had formerly but two wheels, but are generally now made with four. The making use of two-wheel carriages for travelling a great way, is contrary to sense and reason; because the whole weight lying upon the two wheels, must make them sink deeper into the ground than those of a four-wheel carriage. Spare-Gun Carriages have lately been introduced into the field artillery service, and independent of being spare gun carriages, are fitted up to carry spare wheels, with a proportion of tools and materials for a collar-marker and wheeler, who ride upon the carriage. One of these carriages is attached to each brigade of field ordnance. CARRIER, a kind of pigeon, so called from its having been used in ar- mies, to carry orders from one division of an army to another, or intelligence to some officer commanding a post, or army, at a distance. CAR1UERE, Fr. a large spot intend- ed for tournaments, races, and other exercises; also a quarry. Prendre Carriers, Fr. to commence the full speed at which cavalry charge. M. de Folard says, that the cavalry is to start (prendre carriire) from sixty paces distance to charge the enemy. CARRONADE, a very short pieca of iron ordnance, originally made at Canon, a river in Scotland, from whence the Carron company, or foundery, de- rives its name. It is different from ordnance in gene- ral, h iving no trunnions, and being ele- vated upon a joint and bolt. The length of the calibre seldom exceeds 'hue feet; on which account a thin projection of metal is cast upon the muzzle, to carry the explosion of the charge more clear of the sides and rig- ging of ships. All carronades have cha»»ujers, and much less windage than CAR ( 91 ) CAR guns, by which means they make a con- siderable range, and a recoil that is almost ungovernable. To CARRY, to obtain possession of by force; as, To carry the outworks. To Carry on, in a military sense to prosecute, to continue, as to carry on the war. CART, (chariot, Fr.) a vehicle mount- ed on two wheels, and drawn by one or more horses; of which there are several sorts, viz. Ball Cartridge Carts, constructed to draw wiih two horses abreast. They are common sized carts with sides, which let down occasionally, and have wooden tops, covered with canvass, for the security of the ammunition. Each cart will contain 11,000 hall cartridges, and 1000 flints in elevpn half barrels. Ibrge-CART*, or IW^p-Wagons, are travelling machines hired up for the purpose of assisting the artillery in the field, and in repairing or replacing any iron work, when no other means can he obtained. Each cart, or wagon, has four wheels — the hind part of the carriage has a body in which a pair of small bel- lows are fixed. In the front of the body are a tire place, and a trough for carrying coals and water. There is also a box at the hind part of the cart for carrying the smith's tools. The two front wheels are merely a limber for the support of the body of the cart, which limber is generally taken oft*, and the body supported by a prop, when the cart is in actual use. Powder-CA rts, for carrying powder with the army; they are divided into 4 parts, by boards of an inch thick, which enter about an inch into the shafts Each of these caits can only stow 4 bar- rels of powder. The roof is covered with an oil-cloth, to prevent dampness from coming to the powder. These carts are not at present used in the British service. S/ing-CAF.rs have two strong wheels fitted up with rollers, pall, handspikes, and ropes, and are used to carry mortars or heavy guns from one place to another at a small distance, hut chiefly to trans- port guns from the water-side to the proof-place, and from thence back auain; as also to convey artillery to the batte- ries in a fortification, &c. Tinnbrel-CARTs are carts with two wheels, and square bodies, with a can- vass painted top, for the conveyance of ammunition. These carts are not much used in the field artillery service. ifa«rf-CARTS are low small carts with two wheelsand iron arms. T/chcA-Carts are precisely upon the same principle with hand-carts, except- ing that they have wooden axles, and are calculated to carry heavier weights. They are found to be useful in carrying mortars and their beds, ammunition, &c. CARTE is a thrust with a sword at the inside of the upper part of the body, with the nails of your sword hand upward. Low carte is a thrust at the inside of the lower half of the body; the position of the hand being the same as in the former. Carte also signifies bill of fare, such as is given at a tavern. CARTL-btanchc, Fr. a full and abso- lute power which is lodged in the hands of a general of an army, to act according to the best of his judgment, without waiting for superior instructions, or or- ders. It likewise strictly means a blank paper: a paper to be tilled up with such conditions as the person to whom it is sent thinks proper. Carte deiaillee d'un pays, Fr. a cor- rect drawinu; of a country, so that all its various localities may be seen with a bird's eve view. CARTF.L, in military transactions, an agreement between two states at war for the mutual exchange of prisoners. CARTEL, Fr. a challenge or rendez- vous given by two persons whose inten- tions are to tight. CARTOUCH, a case of wood about' 3 inches thick at bottom, bound about with marline, holding about 400 musket-balls, besides 8 or 10 iron balls of a pound each, to be ti red out of a howitzer, for the de- fence of a pass, 6vC Cartouches with musket-balls are at present not much used in the British service. See Grape Shot. CARTOUCHE, IV. a charge; a car- tridge. Cartouche, Fr. in geographical, or topographical, design, a particular species or mode of sketching out with a crow's quil", and with Indian ink. This sketch is made on the left of one of the lower angles; and if there be two sketches, the least of the two is always on the right. Cartouche infumante, Cartouche jaune, Fr. a discharge given to a soldier in the French service in consequence of N 2 C A S C 9* ) CAS his being rendered unworthy to carry' company wore a camque of a particular arm-, after having been degraded and colour, it was easily known at once punched. It is printedon vellow paper, what company the delinquent belonged to. When the casuqiir was abolished, scarfs o( different colours were intro- duced in lieu of it. I ASCADE,fV. This literally means a «ater fall; a cascade. In mining, it nullifies the several descents or accents which are made. Hence Ckemmur par • i make wav by intermediate descent*, or ascents. CASI *NS, (f«Jcon«, Fr.) holes in the form of wells, serving as entrances to galleries, or living vent to the ene- my's mines. See Fortification. CASEMATE, m fortification, a vault, or arch of BM W w o rk, in that part of the (lank of a bastion which i? next the curtain, made to defend the ditch, and the face of the opposite bastion. See Fortification. Casemates nouvelles, Fr. arched bat- teries which are constructed under all the openings of revetments, or ramparts. The diriereut forts at Cherbourg are de- CARTOUCHBS»in artiliery, are made of leather, to sling over the shoulder of the gunner, who therein carries the am- munition from the magazine or w 3 for the service of the artillery, when at exercise or real service, CiRTOUCHFS. on J'ormules, Fr. mili- tary paaeea which were given to soldiers g jing on furlough. CARTOUCHIER, m Portc-Car- touche. Fr. a cartouch-bo\. I ARTKIDGE, a case of paper, parchment or flannel, ritred to the bore ot the piece, and holding exactly its proper charge. Musket and pistol car- t ges are always made of strong paper; hetween SO or 40 of which are made from 1 pound of powder, including their priming. The French musket ball-car- tridges are capped with flannel or coarse cotton. Cartridges for heavy guns are now partly made of cured paper onlv, and partly of cured paper with flannel h>t- fended by these casemates: the works toms. Those for field ordnance are all j which baive been thrown Up during the made of flannel, and their nature and ' late war round Dover Castle, come like* size suited to the bore, or chamber of I wise under the description. pieces fot which they are intended Cartridges for small aims. The CASERNER une troupe, Fr. to put a troop into barracks. ball cartridges for wall piece*, muskets, CASERNES, in fortification, large carbines and pistols are made of whited buildings for the soldiers of the garrison brown paper, on former- of wood. One ' to live in; generally erected between sheet of paper will make 6" f>r wall the houses of fortiied towns, and the pieces, 12 for muskets, sixteen for car- rampart bines, and 24 for pistols. The quantity CaSEBHES, in a general Of powder contained in the above car- signify barracks. tridges is, for wall pieces, 10 drams, musket 6. carbine 4. and pistol 3 drams. Blank cartridges for musket*, carbines, acceptation, See Shot, and Labo- ( ASE-SAot. BATOBT. Spheria.I C ±SL-Shot. See Spherical and pistols are made of blue paper, to or Siirapml. preserve a distinction between ball CASES qf wood are made of wood, and blank, and to prevent the pos- the exact size of the different natai sibility of accidents happening from the cartridges of powder, for the purpose ot ball cartridges being n.ixed with the, carrying the cartridges from the mugav blank Cartridge-Pot, a case of wood car- ried by a soldier, which contains his se- veral rounds of ball, ink, cartridges. When firelocks v CHA ^purpose of supporting any particular weight, as the bottom of a wind-mill, &c. CHALLENGE, a cartel, or invita- tion to a duel, or other combat. Challenge is also a term applied to an objection made against any mem- ber of a court-martial, on the seme of real or presumed partiality. The pri- soner, however, in this case, must as- sign his cause of challenge ; of the re- levancy, or validity of which the mem- bers are themselves the judges; so that peremptory challenges, though allowed in civil cases, are not acknowledged in military law. The privilege of chal- lenging belongs equally to the prisoner and the prosecutor. CHALOUPE, Fr. a small vessel which is capable of accompanying ships, or of making short sea voyages. CHAMADE, in a military sense, means a signal made by the enemy, ei- ther by beat of drum, or sound of trum- pet, when they have any matter to pro- pose; such as to bury their dead, &c. See Parley - . CHAMAILLER, Fr. to fight at close quarters, or hand to hand, in full Wmour. CHAMBER of a cannon, mortar, &c. the space where the powder lies, and is much narrower than the rest of the cy- linder. These chambers are of different forms. Chamber of a mine, that place where the charge of powder is lodged, to blow up the works over it. It is generally of a cubical form. See Mine. Chamber of a battery is a place sunk \inder-ground for holding powder, loaded shells, and fuzes, where they may be out of danger, and preserved from rain or moisture. CHAMBRE, Fr. chamber, signifies among the French a hollow space or chasm which is sometimes discovered in pieces of ordnance after they have been cast. Whenever this happens, the piece is condemned. This term is now used to express the bottom part of the bore of a gun, womb of a mortar, or barrel of a musket, which is concave, and either round or oval. Chambre de port, Fr. a French sea- tenn, signifying that part of a harbour which is most retired, as an inward bason, a back-water, and where ships may be repaired and careened, &c. It is also called darsine. Chambre cCtcluse, Fr. a sort of canaj, or reservoir of water, which remains be- tween the two flood-gates of a dam; CHAMBREE, Fr. a military phras* among the French, to signify several per- sons lodged in the same room, barrack, or tent. CHAMFRAIN, Fr. an armour used to protect the horse: it was made either of metal or of boiled leather, and covered the front part of the animal's head, in the shape of a mask. A round, sharp pointed piece of iron was fixed on th» center of it. The chamfrainoi theComte de Saint Pol, (1449,) at the siege of Harjleur, under Charles VII. was valued at 30,000 crowns of the then currency; that of the Count de Foix, at the taking of Bayonne, was worth 15,000 gold crowns. CHAMP CLOS, Fr. camp list, in th« first centuries and even long after, was a privileged spot, granted by royal assent, under the authority of the laws of the country, where such individuals who had a difference or an affair of honour to set- tle, were admitted to private combat. The place allotted for tournaments was also called Champ clos. CHAMP de bataille,Fv. field of battler the ground on which two armies meet. Champ de Mars, Fr. the Field of Mars, an open place in the neighbourhood of Paris, where troops were frequently re- viewed by the kings of France, and in which the public festivals have been ob-. served since the Revolution. CHAMPION, he who undertook to settle the difference of contending ar- mies, by single combat. A warrior who fights in support of a cause, whether his own or another person's. It is likewise an honorary title which descends to the male issue of a particular family in England. The champion of England is drunk to at every coronation, and receives a golden cup from his new sovereign. CHAMPION, Fr. champion. Among the French, this word signifies a brave soldier, or military man. CHANDELIERS, in military affairs, constituteakind of movable parapet, con- sisting of wooden frames, on which fas- cines are laid to cover the workmen when at work on the trenches. They are made of various sorts and sizes. CHANFREIN, Fr. shafferoon; a piece of black cloth, or black nodding plumes upon a horse's forehead. It also 02 C H A ( 100 ) C H A signifies the forehead itself; also a set of feathers for a horse on a solemn day. Chantuein rfc cheoal Harma, Fr. the front-stall, head-piece, or forehead- piece of a barbed horse. CHAN 1- RON, C HA MI REIN, or SHAFFRON, armour tor a horse's head. CHANGE, Fr. a word given when troops are on a march, directing the men to shift the firelock from one shoulder to the other; sloping arms. GHANTE-p/eure, Fr. an outlet made in the wall of a building which stands near a running stream, in order to let the water that overflows pass freely in and out of the place. CIIANTIER, Fr. a timber-yard; it also signifies the scalfolding in a dock- yard upon which shipwrights work. Chantier, Fr. a square piece of wood, which is used for the purpose of raising any thing. It serves to place barrels of gunpowder in a proper man- ner, and frequently to try pieces of ord- nance instead of frames. CHAFE, the metalline part put on the end of a scabbard, to prevent the point of the sword or bayonet from piercing through. CHAPE, Fr. a barrel containing an- other barrel, which holds gunpowder. It likewise means a composition of earth, horse-dung, and wad, that covers the mouth of a cannon, or mortar. CHAPELET, Fr. a piece of flat iron with three tenons or ends of timber, which is fixed to the end of a cannon. Cuapellt ilc fa; Fr. iron hat, or chaplet. CHAPERON, Fr. a cap with a pad, and a pointed tail hanging behind, in use only a few centuries back. These caps were made of different sorts of stuffs, and of two different colours. At the time of the famous League, which ended when Henri/ of Navarre mounted the French throne, the opposite factions were distinguished by the colour of their chaperons. The same had taken place at the time of the disturbances between the Dukes of Orleans, or Burgundy, and of Armagnac. Chaperon, Fr. a pistol holster. OHAPITEAUX, Fr. two small boards which are joined together obliquely, and serve to cover the touch-hole of a piece of ordnance. CHAPLAIN, (chapelain, Fr.) he that perforins divine sen ice in a chapel; a cler- gyman that oiliciates in domestic worship. Chapt ws-Gcncral, a situation made out by order of the Duke of York, when commander in chief, for the government of brigade and regimental chaplains. The chaplain general is responsible to head-quarters tor the recommendation and good conduct of all such persons. CHAPLAINSHIP, (cAapelainie, Fr.) the office or business of a chaplain; also the possession or revenue of a chapel. CHAR, ) a job, or small piece of CHARE,) work; hence, chare-wo- man; also an old word for chariot, now called car. CHARACTER, in a general sense, implies any mark used for representing either ideas, or objects. Military Characters, ) are Mathematical CHARACTERS, ) cer- tain marks invented for avoiding pro- lixity, and more clearly conveying the thoughts of the learned in those sci- ences; the chief of which are as follow: + is the mark of addition, and when placed between two numbers, shews that the latter is to be added to the for- mer, thus 5 + 3=8 is five, add three, make eight. — is the mark of subtraction, thus : 5 — 3=2 is from five, take three, there remain two. The qualities called negative, are those which have the mark — before them without any preceding number; but such a mode of writing is asserted by Mr. Baron Mcseres, in his use of the negative sign, and by Mr. Frend, in his excellent Treatise on Algebra, to be neither useful nor proper. -f- in algebra is the sign of the real existence of the quality it stands before, and is called an affirmative, or positive sign. It is also the mark of addition, and signifies, that the numbers, or quantities on each side of it are added together. — this is the note of negation, ne- gative existence, or non-entity. It is the sign of subtraction, and signifies that the numbers, or quantities which come after it, are to be taken from the numbers, or quantities which stand be- fore it. N. B. + signifies a positive or affirm- ative quantity, or absolute number; but — signifies a fictitious or negative number or quantity. Thus — 8, is 8 times less than nothing. So that any number or quantity, with the sign x being added to the same number, or CHJI . ( / 101 ) C H A ■quantity with the sign — , their sum will be equal to nothing. Thus 8 added to — 8 is equal to 0, but — 8 taken from x 8, is equal to 16. X is the sign of multiplication. It signifies into, or multiplied by. -f- is the mark of division, and signi- fies, that the numbers, or quantities be- fore it are to be divided by the numbers after it. ~ are the signs of equality,and signify, that the quantities and numbers on the one side of it are equal to the quantities and numbers on the other. »s/ is the sign of radicalitf, and shews (according to the index of the power that is set over or after it) the square, cube or other root, that is extracted, or is to be so, out of any quantity. ly is the sign of the cube root, and signifies the extraction of it, as in the square root above. ■ff- is the sign of continued, or geome- trical proportion. : : is the mark of geometrical pro- portion disjunct, and is usually placed between two pair of equal ratios; as 3 : 6 : : 4 : 8, shews, that 3 is to 6, as 4 to 8. Ov a : b: : d: e, and are thus read, as a is to b, so is d to c, &c. > or C_ are signs of majority; thus c > b expresses that a is greater than b. < or _Z3 are signs of minority; and when we would denote that a is less than b, we write a < b, or a _3 b, Ike. ± signifies more or less such a quantity, and is often used in extraction of roots, completing of squares, &c. Artillery-Cn araciers, most generally used, are as follow : C. qr. lb. which signify centners, or hundreds of 112 pounds, qr. quarters of 28 pounds, lb. pounds. Thus a piece of artillery with 14 : 3 : 16, is 14 hundred 3 quarters, and 16 pounds. Pr. signifies pounder. Thus 2 1 pr. is a 24 pounder. T. C. qr. lb. signifies tuns, centners, quarters, pounds; and 28 lb. is one quarter; 4 qr. is one centner, or 112 pounds: and 20 C. is one ton. lb. oz. dr. mean pounds, ounces, and drams : 16 dr. is one ounce, and 16 oz. is one pound. lb. oz. dwts. gr. are pounds, ounces, penny-weights, and grains; of which 24 gr. make one penny-weight, 20 dwt. make one ounce, and 12 oz. one pound of troy-weight. Characters in fire-works, are the following. M Means meal-powder. 3 Corned powder. •0- Saltpetre. Z Brimstone. C Z Crude Sulphur. C 4- Charcoal. C S Sea-coal. B R Beech raspings. S X Steel or iron filings. B X Brass-dust, G x Glass-dust. T x Tanner's dust, C I Cast-iron. C A Crude antimony. 36 Camphor. A Y Yellow amber. L S Lapis calaminaris. (Tj Gum. B L Lamp-black. G I Ising-glass. W Spirit of wine. 5 T Spirit of turpentine. PO Oil of spike Characters used in the arithmetic of infinities, are dots over letters, denot- ing the character of an infinitesimal, or fluxion. Thus, the first fluxions of x, y, x, being marked thus, x, y, z ; the second are x, y, z; and the third x, y, z. Geographical Characters are °, ', ", '", ike. which signify degrees, mi- nutes, seconds, thirds. Thus 40°, 35', 18", 55'", is read 40 degrees, 35 minutes, 18 seconds, 55 thirds. It is also used in the elevation of pieces of artillery. CHARBON, Fr. See Aigremore. ■ CHARDONS pour monter a I'assaut, Fr. cramp-irons used by scaling parties. Previous to the cramp-iron being known, the soldiers, to prevent their slipping in the attempt of storming a rampart, used to take off one shoe. At present they use the cramp-iron, or chardon de fer, which is fixed over the shoe by means of a strap witfi a buckle, or is screwed in the heel. We do not imagine this second, method to be so safe as the other, espe- cially when the attempt is extremely hazardous. i Chardon3, Fr. iron points in the shape of a dart, which are placed on the top of a gate, or wall, to prevent per- sons from getting over it. CHARGE, in gunnery, implies the CHA ( 102 ) C II A Quantity of powder, shot, hall, shells, grenadoes, ike. with which a gun, mor- tar, or howitzer, is loaded. Tlie usual charge of powder for heavy and medium guns, is one third the weight of the shot for round and for case shot; that for light field guns is only one fourth the weight of the shot. Howitzers, 8-inch, are fired with Slbs. of powder; 5| inch, heavy, .with Slbs., and 5$ inch, light, with 111). The charge for spherical case-shot is the same as for the guns and howitzers. Charges for mortars are determined by the range re- quired. The charge of powder, for sea service, is one fourth the round shot's weight for case, and one third for round shot. Charge is also the attack of cavalry; and charge bayonet is a word of com- mand given to infantry, to rush on the enemy whom they are to charge at the point of the bayonet. To sound a charge \> the sound of the trumpet as a signal for cavalry to begin the attack. Charge, in military law, is the spe- cification of any crime, or offence, for which a commissioned, a non-commis- sioned officer, or soldier is tried before a court-martial. In all charges of this nature, the time and place, when and where the crime or offence was commit- ted, must he set forth with accuracy and precision. CHARGE, Fr. The French techni- cally use this term in two different senses, viz. charge precipitin, and charge it volonte. Charge precipitin is given when the four times are expressly mark- ed, as churgcz vos armes y un, deur, quatre ; and applies chiefly to the drill. Charge a volonte is executed in the same manner as the charge precipitin, with this difference, that the soldiers do not wait for the specific words. Charge de mine, Fr, the disposition of a certain quantity of powder, which is used for the explosion of a mine. CHARGED cylinder, in gunnery, im- plies that part of the chace of a gun, which contains the powder and ball. CHARGER bat/onclte, Fr. to charge bayonet. CHARGER, (cheval de guerre, Fr.) any horse belonging to an officer on which he rides in action or parade, ike. Chargers (chargeoirs, Fr.) are either bandoleers, or little flasks that contain powder for loading or priming. CHARGER, Fr. to load a piece of ordnance, or a lire-arm. Charger une mine, Fr. to place the quantity of gunpowder necessary for the explosion of a mine. Charger avec Forme blanche, Fr. to charge with fixed bayonet, or sword in hand. CHARGES mihtairea, Fr. military commissions and appointments. CHA RI AGE, Fr. land-carriage. The French also say Charroi. CHARIER du canon, Fr. to convey ordnance. It is likewise used to ex- press the carriage of ammunition and military stores. CHARIOT, a car, in which men of arms were anciently placed. These were armed with scythes, hooks, ike. CHARIOT, Fr. wagon. Chariot coOT3ert,Fr. a covered wagon. Chariot a porter corps, Fr. a wagon upon four wheels, which is used for the carriage of a piece of ordnance that i* not mounted. Chariot a riddles, Fr. a four-wheel -% ed wagon with railing round its sides. It is used in the conveyance of cannon balls, shells, and ammunition. Chariots de guerre, Fr. armed cha- riots. Cii a riots (Tu tie artnee,Yr. wagon-train. Chariots d'artiuerie, Fr. artillery- wagons. Chabiots de$ vivres, Fr. provision wagons. Chariots d\mtils, a pioniers et tranchans, Fr. wagons to carry pioneers tools, ike. for the attack, or defence, of places. CHARPENTE, Fr. carpentry. ClIARPENTIER, Fr. a carpenter. Charpentier $oldat, Fr. an enlisted man who is employed in carpentry work for military purposes. CHARPIE, Fr. lint; such as is used in dressing wounds. CIIARRONS, Fr. wheelwrights. CHARROYER, Fr. to convey any thing in carts or wagons. CHART, or sea-CnART, is a hydro- graphical map, or a projection of some part of the earth's superficies in piano, for the use of navigators and geogra- phers. P/ajic-Chart is a representation of some part of the superficies of the ter- raqueous globe, in which themeridians are supposed parallel to each other, the parallels of latitude at equal distances, and consequently the degrees of latitude and longitude every where equal to each other. C H A ( 105 ) C H A .Chart of reduction is that where the meridians are represented by right lines, inclining towards each other; thence it appears by construction, that these charts must correct the errors of the plane ones. But since these parallels should cut the meridians at right angles, and do not, they are defective, inasmuch as they exhibit the parallels inclined to meridians. Mercators-CiiAT.i is that where the meridians are straight lines parallel to each other, and equidistant: these pa- rallels are also straight lines, and paral- lel to each other; but the distance be- tween increases from the equinoctial to- wards each pole, in the ratio of the secant of the latitude to the radius. Globular-Cu art, a meridional pro- jection, wherein the distance of the eye from tlie plane of the meridian, upon which the projection is made, is supposed to be equal to the sine of the angle of 45°. This projection comes the nearest of all to tiie iiature of the ijobe, because the meridians therein are placed at equal distances. Chorograp/uc-CH arts are descrip- -tions of particular countries. Hetiographic-C harts, descriptions of the body of the snn, and of the macula? or spots observed in it. Selenographic-C harts, particular de- scriptions of the spots of the moon, her appearance and macula?. Hevelius has written verv accurately on Selenography. Te/fgrap/tic-Cn arts are descriptions of the telegraph on paper. Topograph ic-C a arts are specific de- lineations of military positions, in any given tract of country. Companies of topographers have been formed among the French, for the purpose of accurately and expeditiously pointing out to gene- rals and commanding officers, all the re- lative points of locality, &C. Magna CHART A, the great charter, originally signed by King John, contain- ing a number of laws ordained in the ninth year of Henry III. and confirm- ed by Edward I. comprehending and ex- hibiting, in honest English, the sum of till the written laws of England; parti- cularly that invaluable and exclusive privilege which every Englishman, in a civil or military -capacity enjoys, of be- ing tried by his peers. Even the dread- ful crime of high-treason, or an attempt to destroy one's lawful sovereign, must pass through the ordeal of a jury. Com- mitment for a breach of privilege against the House of Commons, is, however, considered, by some persons, as an ex- ception; but the question is at issue. CHARTAGNE, Fr. a strong en- trenchment, most generally concealed from the view of the enemy, and which is used in woods and forests, for the de- fence of important passages. CHASE-g?«j,a gun in the fore-part of a ship which is fired upon those that are pursued. Bailey calls chase guns the guns in the head or stern of a ship; the latter, however, are generally called stern chasers. Chase of a gun. See Chace. To CiiASE, to pursue. CHASSE, Fr. in mechanics, the vi- brating motion which puts a body in action. CiiASsz-Coquins, Fr. See Baxdou- liere. Chasse, Fr. a charge of coarse pow- der which is thrown into the hottom of the cartouche, to facilitate the explosion of the fire-work it contains. CHASSER, Fr. to drive away; to force an enemy to quit a position, &c. Chasser, Fr. among workmen, to lasten together pieces of joinery by driving them home with a mallet, &c. CHASSEURS, Fr. light infantry men, forming a select body upon the left of a battalion, in the same manner that gre- nadiers are posted on the right. They must be particularly active, courageous, and enterprising. Chasseurs, Fr. See Hunters. Cjiasseurs a cheval, Fr. a species of light troops in the French service. CHASSIS, Fr. a square platform made of wood, which is used in min- ing. Chasms tie gallerie, Fr. beams of difv ferent lengths, which the miners use to support the earth in proportion as they advance into the gallery. These beams support other transversal ones which prevent the earth from falling down; the whole is called chassis du mineur. Chassis a secret, Fr. a particular method of drawing lines upon a sheet of paper, and folding it in such a man- ner, that when the words which are written in the intervals are read, ther appear incomprehensible, except to th« person who is provided with a corre- spondent sheet, and who by placing it upon the one received, unravels the sig- nification of its contents.. C II A ( 104. ) CHE Chassis, Fr. sash; frame; case. Chassis defer, Fr. iron frame work. Chassis dc mine, Fr. frames which are made for the galleries in a mine. CHASSOIR, Fr. cooper's driver. CHAT, Fr. a piece of iron having one, two, or three very sharp prongs, claws; arranged in a triangular shape, when it has three prongs. This piece of iron is fixed to a shaft. It is used in the examination of a piece of ordnance, and by being introduced into the bore, shews whether it be honey-combed, da- maged, or otherwise defective. There is another species of chat which differs a little from the one we have just described. It consists of two branches of iron, that are tixed to the end of a piece of the same metal, and have, each of them, two steel prongs or claws. One of these branches contains a hinge with a spring so fixed, that when the chat is put into the bore, the least cavity re- leases the spring, and the defect is in- stantly discovered. Master-founders, who by DO means like the invention, call the common chat Ic (liable, the devil; and they distinguish the one with two branches, by terming it la malice du diuble, the malice of the devil. Chat, Fr. a kind of turret formerly in use amongst the French, for the con- veyance of the troops who were going to besiege a town. CHATEAU, Fr. a small castle which stands by itself", and is sometimes occu- pied by a troop or company of soldiers who mean to hold out. Chateaux des liuvrcs, Fr. small forts, or covered batteries, which are built on the shore close to sea-ports, in order to protect the shipping that may lie off. CHATELET, Fr. in former times a small castle or fortress. The officer who had the command of it was called Chatelain. At present a place of con- finement, in Pans, is so called. CHATIMENT, Fr. punishment, chastisement. CHATFE, Fr. a small two masted vessel. CHATTER les pieces, Fr. to search, to probe, or examine pieces of ordnance with a chat, in order to discover whe- ther there ate any defects within the bore of a cannon. CHAUDE-C/*asse, Fr. running after a prisoner. CHAUDEMENT, Fr. hotly ; warmly. CHAUDIERES, Fr. are vessels made use of in military magazines, to boil pitch in for various purposes. CHAUDUON, Fr. a kettle; a chaldron. CHAUFFA6E militairc, Fr. a ration of wood or other fuel. CHAUFFE, Fr. a spot where the wood is collected and burnt in a foun- dry. The chauffe stands three feet un- der the side of the furnace, the flames which issue from it spread over every part of the inside of the furnace, and by their intense heat dissolve the metal. CHAUFFER I'anticliambre, Fr. a figu- rative term used among the French, to Minify in waiting, or dancing attend- ance. Chauffer une troupe, une forleresse, Fr. to keep up a hot and continual dis- charge of ordnance or musketry against an armed body of men, or fortified place. Chauffer, Fr. to heat; to warm. Chauffer la tranchee, Fr. to com- mence an attack by filing into an ene- my's trenches. CHAUFFERIE, Fr. a kind of forge. CHAUFFOIR, Fr. a wanning place. CHAUFOUR, Fr. a lime-kiln. CHAUFOURNIER,Fr.a lime-maker. CHAUSSE-^rflprs, Fr. are what we call crow's feet or caltrops; they con- sist of nails with 4 or 5 points, of which one always stands upward, above the level of the ground; each point is 4 or 5 inches long. They are usually tixed in different parts of a breach, or in any place which is accessible to cavalry, to prevent its approach: sometimes they are of use to obstruct the passage of cavalry through the streets. Chaussee, Fr. any paved way which is raised across a morass, &c. It also signifies the broad road. Chaussee, or Rez de Chaussee, Fr. an old expression for the level of the field or the plain ground. CHAUX, Fr. lime. CHECAYA, the second officer in command among the Janizaries; the Aga's lieutenant. CIIECK-7/i«te, a term used at the game of chess, when the king is shut up so close that there is no way left for his escape. Hence, according to Spencer, check-mate signifies defeat, overthrow. To Cnr.cK-male, to block up; to ren- der it impossible to move without being taken. CHEEKS, a general name among mechanics, for those pieces of timber in CHE ( 105 ) CHE their machines, which are double, and | plished manners. His fidelity to his perfectly corresponding to each other. j sovereign was proverbial; and though In the construction of military carriages, I the reigning powers at that time tried &c. the term is used to denote the strong their utmost to make him withdraw his planks which form the sides. To CHEER, {animer, Er.) to incite; to encourage ; to inspire; to huzza. Cheers, (a military term used among the English in the same sense that the word acclamation* obtains among the French,) signs of joy ; assurances of Success before, or, after an engagement; testimonies of loyalty and affection on the appearance of a chief magistrate, general, &c. expressed by huzzas. CHEF, Jr.. the chief or head of a party, troop, company, regiment, or army. The person who has the princi- pal command. Chef d'escadre, Fr. a general officer, who commands any part of an army, or division of a fleet. Chefs de files, Fr. the front rank of a battalion, consisting generally of the best and bravest soldiers. Chef de file, Fr. the man who stands on the right of a troop or company. CHELSEA COLLEGE, or 'HOS- PITAL, a noble edifice which stands on the northern bank of the river Thames, and was originally begun by James the First, in the fifth year of his reign, for a college to consist of a number of learned divines. For this purpose a Provost and Fel- lows were incorporated by the title of King James's College, Chelsea. This corporation he endowed, by his letters patent, with the reversion of cer- tain lands in Chelsea, then under lease to Charles Earl of Nottingham. After the restoration, King Charles II. wanting a convenient hospital for the reception of sick, maimed, and superan- nuated soldiers, converted the unfinished buildings of this college to that use; whence it has still occasionally retained the title of The College. He accord- ingly began to erect his royal hospital on this spot, but did not complete it; it was carried on during the short reign of Jams II. and finished in the reign of King William and Queen Mary, by Sir Christopher Wren. One of the princi- pal contributors to this patriotic institu- tion was Sir Stephen Fox. He was grandfather to the late Mr. Fox, and uncestor of the Earls of Ilchester and the Lords Holland, and w^s a man of the greatest abilities and most accom- allegiance from his exiled master, King Charles II. they found him incorrupti- ble. But what will endear his memory to the latest posterity is, his being the first projector of the noble design of Chelsea Hospital, having contributed to the expense of it about 130,000/. His motive to it was known from his own words: he said " he could not bear to see the common soldiers, who had spent their strength in our service, beg at our doors." He therefore did what he could to remove such a scandal from the king- dom. He first purchased some grounds near the old college at Chelsea, which had been escheated to the crown, in the reign of James I. and on these grounds the present college is erected. Nume- rous were his public and private chan- ties, He lived to see his noble design take effect, and died October 28th, 17 16, aged 89, universally regretted. Non-commissioned officers and pri- vate men, who have been wounded or maimed in the service, are entitled to the- benefit of this hospital. There are in and out-pensioners belonging to the establishment, and the provisions of it extend to the militia under the following restrictions; Serjeants who have served fifteen years, and corporals or drummers who have served twenty, may be recom- mended to the bounty. Serjeants on the establishment may likewise receive that allowance, with their pay in the militia. But Serjeants who have been appointed subsequent to the passing of the 26th of George III. are not entitled to it under twenty years service. CHEMIN-coarerf. SeeCovERT-WAT. Chemin den rondes, in fortification, a space between the rampart and low pa- rapet under it, for the rounds to g<< about it. CHEMINER, Fr. in fortification, to carry on some particular work, such as a trench, &c. towards a given object. CHEMISE, Fr. an obsolete term to signify the revetement made of brick work, which was formerly constructed to secure works made of earth, especially those that were formed of sandy soil, and would necessarily require too large a talus to support the weight. The mo- dern term i& ouvra^e revitu, place re- vcluc. C H E ( iot» ) CHE ( 'nr.Misr. (i feu, Fr. a piece of cloth which is steeped in combustible matter, and is made use of against a scaling party. Chemise de feu, Fr. a French sea- terni, to signify several pieces of old sails of various sizes, which, alter they have been pitched, and thoroughly soak- ed in other combustible matter, such as oil of petrol, camphor, c%:c. may be nailed to an enemy's ship on boarding her, and when set hie to, will consume the same. Chemise dc i/utU/r, Fr. a shirt of mail. Chemise dt coup deinuin, dc surprise, Fr. a shirt made of cloth highly bleach- ed, and of which a general provides a number when he premeditates a coup dc main. This chemise must not come be- low the waist, in order that it may be got over the coat and cartouch box. The general directs these shirts to be made either with two sleeves, with one, or without any at all. A coup de wain Or this kind must be kept secret till the moment of its execution. This strata gem is practised to prevent a soldier from attacking his brother soldier. CHEMISTRY, the art of examining bodies, and of extracting from them any of their component parts. CHENAL, Fr. a channel, or gutter. CHESS. SeePorajtwi-BiuDGE. Chess, a nice and abstruse game, sup- posed to have been invented during the siege of Troy. This game is particularly adapted to military capacities. CHEVAL, Fr. a horse. Cheval de bois, Fr. a wooden-horse, a military chastisement, which common prostitutes, who followed the French army, were subject to undergo, by expos- ing them, we presume, on a machine of that description. Cheval ic/opc, Fr. a lame horse. Cheval encloue, Fr. a horse that has been pricked or cloyed in being shod. Cheval morvcu, Fr. a horse that has the glanders. Cheval d'ordonnance, Fr. a horse which is impressed in a town or village for some military purpose. .•/-Cheval, Fr. on horseback. Also, To horse! A notice given by sound of trumpet for dragoons to mount. Cheval de bataille, Fr. a charger. Cheval defrise, Fr. See Chevaux defrise. Cheval de bat, Fr. a bat, or pack- horse. It also signifies, figuratively, a drudge; a looby. Etr# a Cheval sur une riviere, sur' une cliaussec, Fr. to be encamped or drawn up on each side of a river, or road. CHEVALEMENT, Fr. in architec- ture, a sort of prop which is made of one or two pieces of timber, with a head, laid buttress fashion, upon a rest. It serves to support jambs, beams, &c. CHEVALER, Fr. to prop; to sup- port; also to run to and fro. CHEVALER,in the manege, is said of a horse, when, in passing upon a walk or trot, bis off fore leg crosses the near fore leg every second motion. CHEVALERESQUE, Fr. chivalrous. CHEVALET, Fr. a sort of bell-tent, formerly used in the French service, when an army encamped. It resembles, in some degree, the wigwam of the In- dian. Chevalet, Fr. a raft for troops to cross rivers upon ; also a wooden horse, used in military punishments. ChevaL£T d'annes, Fr. a covered rack which is made in the front of a line of encampment for the regular distribution and security of the fire-arms belonging to the different troops, or companies. This is sometimes cMedfaisceau d'annes, a pile of arm-.. CHEVALIER, iu a general sense, sig- nifies a knight, or horseman. Chevalier also means a buttress. Chevalier d'indvstric, Fr. a sharper. Chevalier d'honncur, FY. first gen- tleman usher. Chevalier du guet, Fr. captain of a watch on horseback. Chevaliers errans, Fr. knights- errant. CHEVALIERE, Fr. a knight's lady. CHEVAU-LEGERS, Fr. a corps of cavalry, which, during the old monarchy, was composed of two hundred gentlemen, making part of the King of France's guard. It has been noticed, to the honour of this corps, that they never lost their kettle drums, nor their colours. They were established by Henry IV. who first exclusively confined the hommes d'annes to the natives of Navarre. The French also formerly said un chevuu leger, in the singular number, when they spoke of any individual be- longing to a particular corps of light horse, who were not heavily armed. See Dictionnaire de I' ' Academic CHEVAUCHEE, Fr. a journey, or round which is made on horseback by persons employed officially. It is only used iu this sense. CHE ( 107 ) C H L CHEVAUCHER, Fr. an old word which is only used in the following phrases, chevaucher court, chevaucher long, to ride short, to ride long. CHEVAUX-de-frise, in fortification, a large joist or piece of timber, about 5 or 6 inches square, and 10 or 12 feet in length ; into the sides whereof are driven a great number of wooden pins, about 6 feet long, and 1£ inch diameter, crossing one another at right angles, and pointed with iron. They are used on number- less occasions; as to stop up the breaches, to secure the avenues of a camp from the inroads both of horse and foot, &c. They are sometimes mounted on wheels, with artificial fires, to roll down in an assault, &c. They were first used at the siege of Groningen, in 1658. CHEVET, Fr. a quoin or wedge; likewise that part of a wooden draw- bridge to which the chains are fastened. CHEVETAINE, Fr.a term anciently used among the French to signify the leader of a troop, or company. The chevetaine was the same as cupitaine or connctab/e, with this difference, that the commission only lasted during the time of hostilities. CHEVTLLE d'affut, Fr. an iron bolt which goes across the whole of a gun carriage. Cheville a oreilles, Fr. an iron bolt of the above description which has rings. Cheville ouvriere, Fr. a large fiat headed nail, which confines the avant- train to the gun carriage of a piece of ordnance. Cheville a tourniquet, Fr. a stick or round piece of wood, which serves to tighten a rope in packing. Chevilles de travaux militaircs, Fr. large nails used in the artillery. See Nails. CHEVISANCE, Fr. enterprize, feat, or achievement. CIIEVRi:, Fr. a crab or gin Chevrette. • CHEYRETTE, Fr. a kind of gin. Among the many inventions for raising guns or mortals into their carriage s, this engine is very useful: it is made of two pieces of wood about 4 feet long, stand- ing upright upon a third, which is square: they are about a foot asunder, and parallel; pierced with holes oppo- site one another, to hold a strong bolt of iron, which may be raised higher or lower at pleasure : it may be used with a hand-spike, which takes its poise over this bolt, to raise any thing by force. CHEVRONS, Fr. rafters; also the distinguishing marks on the sleeves of non-commissioned officers. CHEVROTINES, Fr. leaden bullets of small calibre; there are generally 60 to it pound weight. CllIAJA-boch, the third general of- ficer in command among the Janizaries. We may judge of the power of the Aga, who is chief commandant of the Jani- zaries, from the rights and authority of his second lieutenant: he is captain of the richest company, which he governs despotically; he inherits the whole pro- perty of all the Janizaries who die with- out issue, or leave no relations behind them; and appoints his subaltern officers to be governors of the fortified towns. CHIAUS, the captain of a company of Janizaries; this officer, of high rank, has two captain-lieutenants under his command. CHICANERY, (chicane, Fr.) trick; stratagem. In war it signifies the va- rious expedients which are resorted to. Hence chicaner le terrein, Stc. CHIEF, or CniEETAiu,a leader, or commander. CHIEN d'une urme a feu, Fr. that part of the cock of a musket or pistol which holds the flint. CHIFFRES, Fr. ciphers, certain cha- racters, consisting of different names and words which are used in military correspondence. CHILIARCH, (chiliarque, Fr.) the name given in Athens to a captain who commanded 1000 men. CHIOURME, Fr. the crew of galley slaves and honavogliers or volunteers. CHIOUS, an officer attached to the grand signior. ' ( H I RURfilE, IV. surgery. CHIRURGIEN, Fr. surgeon, from twu Greek words signifying hand and See | a oik ; and meaning an operator with 'the hand, in contradistinction of phy- sicians, who work with the head. ( ' ii i R r nc i LK-major, Fr. su rgeon- major. Cuirukgien d\in r'egiment x Ev. a re- gimental surgeon. CHISSEL, an instrument used in carpentry, joinery, masonry, sculpture, &c. CIIIURTS, certain Turks expert in horsemanship. CHLAMIS, a short cloak which com- P2 C H U ( 108 ) C I M po*ed part of the military dress of tlie Gieeks: it was worn over the tunic. The Roman emperors al£o adopted the chlamis for their military dress, and called it paludamentum. CHOC, Fr. shock; the percussion which takes place in an engagement be- tween adverse armies; the running foul of one ship against another. CHOPINE, Fr. a French half-pint; an English pint, Winchester measure. CHORD of an arch is a right line drawn from one extremity of an arch to the other: called also the suhtense. CHOROBATTS, Fr. a level used by the ancients with a double square, in the form of a T. CHOROGRAPHY, in c nginec ring, is the art of making a drawing or map of a country, province, or district. Chorography, (chorographie,) Fr. a general description of a country. It is not limited, as Geography or Topogra- phy ; the first comprehending the de- scription of the earth, and the second of any particular part of it, with its de- pendencies. CHOSE publique, Fr. public safety; common-weal. CHOU AX, Fr. the name of a counter- revolutionary party which appeared in France in November, 1793, after the Vendeans had crossed the river Loire. The original founders of this party were four brothers, whose real name was Cot- tcreau. They were called Chouan from a corruption of the word chat-huant,(un owl,) because they imitated the cry of this bird, whenever they wished to be known to each other in the woods, or during the night. At the beginning, they seldom ventured beyond the forests of Pert re and Guerche. Having been re- inforced by the junction of the royalists of Brittany, La Manche and Calvados, and of the remnant of Talmont's army after the actions of Mans and Savcnay, they assumed a regular form, and in the name of Louis XVIII. made war upon a larger scale. Out of the four brothers only one survived; the other three having fallen in battle. CHOUDREE, hid. troops employed to go to market to buy forage for the troops; also a monev lender. CHURCHWARDENS. The only proper sense in which they can be taken with respect to military matters, relates to the militia. They are to pay, when ordered by two deputy lieutenants, half the price of voluuteers, to persons chosen by ballot, on They aie likewise, with penalty of 51. the consent of the inhabitants, to provide volunteers, and make a rate for the expense, which must not exceed 61. per man. They arc liable to have the rates on places where the militia has not been raised, levied upon them. One penny in the pound is allowed them for all the money they collect. In the counties of Kent and Sussex, they possess the power of con- stables, for the purposes specilied in the 26th of the King. CHUTE cTeau, Fr. the sloping, or downward direction of a conduit of water, from its reservoir to the upward shooting of a water-spout. CICATRICE, Fr. a scar; the mark which a wound leaves upon the surface of the human body. Se CICATRISER, Fr. to heal; to become sound. CID, Fr. a word borrowed from the Arabic, signifying Chief'; Commander; Lord. CIDARIS, Fr. the turban or cap worn by the kings of Persia, Armenia, Pontus, and Egypt. CTERGE d'eau, Fr. several water- spouts which play in the same direction, into a long basin at the head of a canal and cascade. C1EIBO, a round table upon which the Roman and Greek soldiers used to lay down their shields, when they re- turned from an expedition. CILICES, Fr. coarse tissues of horse or goat's hair, quilted with sea- weeds or cow-hair stuffed between. The ancients used to hang these cilices over the parapets, the ditches and breaches, to stop the darts or arrows that were shot from bulistas or cata- pult as. CILICIA, or Cilice, a dress made of goat's-hair, worn by the troops in an- cient times, and invented by the Ci- licians. When properly woven it is water-proof. CILINDRE, Fr. See Cylinder. CIMENT, Fr. See Cement. CTMETERRE, Fr. scimitar. C1METIERE, Fr. church-yard; bu- rial-ground. CIMIER, Fr. a heavy ornament, which the ancient knights or chevaliers, in France and in other countries, were accustomed to wear upon their helmets; small figures were afterwards substitu- ted in their stead. CIMITER. See Scimitar. C I R ( 109 ) C I R CINCTURE, ( ceintre, Fr.) a girdle. In architecture, a ring, list, or orlo, at the top and bottom of the shaft, at one end from the base, and at the ether from the capital. That at the bottom is particularly called apophyses, as if the pillar took its height from it; and that at top, colarin or collar, from the French colier, and sometimes annulus, a ring. CINCTUS, the appellation given to a Roman soldier, who was bound to carry arms and to fight. He received at the samt time the cingulum, (a belt,) to be stript of which was reckoned the ut- most disgrace. CINQUAIN, in ancient military his- tory, was an order of battle, to draw up 5 battalions, so that they might make 3 lines ; that is, a van, main body, and re- serve. Supposing the 5 battalions to be in a line, the 2d and 4th advance and form the van, the 3d falls back and forms the rear, the 1st and 5th form the main body upon the same ground. Lastly, every battalion ought to have a squadron of horse on both the right and left wings. Any number of regiments, produced by multiplying by 5, may be drawn up in the same manner. CINQUENELLES, Fr. thick ropes which are used in artillery for the pur- pose of throwing a bridge of boats, or pontoons, across a river. CINTRE, ou ceintre, Fr. This word expresses the figure of an arch, and of all curved timber, which is used in roofs, &c. CINTRER, Fr. to lay the wooden frame work or curve in order to esta- blish the bending of an arch. Cintrer or Ceintrer signifies also to give more or less circle to an arch or vault. CIPHER, ) (chiffre, Fr.) one of the CYPHER, $ numeral characters or figures, in this form, 0. The cipher in itself implies a privation of value; but when placed with other characters on the left hand of it, in common arith- metic, it serves to augment each of their values by ten; and in decimal arith- metic, lessens the value of each figure at the right thereof in the same proportion. Figuratively, a thing called a man, with or without titles, which has neither ta- lents nor industry to do anything for the community at large, and is a splen- did nothing in society. CIRCITOR, a Roman officer, who, after having received his orders from a ascertain whether the sentinels vver* alert and steady at their posts. CIRCLE, in mathematics, is a plane figure, comprehended under one line only, to which all right lines drawn from a point in the middle of it, are equal to one another. Circle, (cercle, Fr.) a smooth sur- face which is terminated by one curved line, called a circumference, within which there is a point called a center, that is equidistant from all the points of the circumference. Demi-CiRCLE, (demi-cercle, Fr.) con- sists of two equal parts of a circle di- vided by the diameter. Circle, called by the French cercle generateur. See Cycloid. Concentrical Circles, (cercles con- ccntriques, Fr.) circles described upon the same center, with parallel circumfe- rences. Eccentric circles are such as, being contained within one another, have not been described by the same center, and whose circumferences are not pa- rallel. CIRCUIT, (circuit, Fr.) that space which immediately surrounds a town or place; it also signifies the march of a body of men, who do not move in a di- rect line towards any given object. CIRCULAR, any thing that is de- scribed or moved in a round ; as the circumference of a circle, or the sur- face of a circle. Circular lines are such straight lines as are divided from the divisions -i. made in the arch of a circle; as sines, tangents, secants, &c. Circular numbers are such whose powers end in the roots themselves; as 5, whose square is 25, and cube 125. Circular, (circulaire, Fr.) an official paper or document which is sent to the army, or to any department belonging to the state, for the guidance and infor- mation of individuals thereto belonging. CIRCUMCELLIONS, a set of mad Christians in St. Augustin's time, who strolled about from place to place; and to get repute, either would lay violent hands upon themselves, or get others to kill them. CTRCUM FERENCE, (circonference, Fr.) a compass; a circle; the periphery or limit of a circle. CIRCUMFERENTER, an instru- ment used by engineers for measuring angles. CIRCUMSPECT, (circonspect, Fr.) tribune, began to visit the posts, and to 'a person who observes every thing, cor* C I R ( «D ceals what lie designs to put in execu- > C I T Hon, and is cautious with regard to every thing he says, or does. Such ought every commanding officer of a regiment and every general ot an army to be. CIRCUMSPECTION, (circonspec- tivn, Fr.) dignified reserve, great pru- dence, and marked discretion. These are qualifications essentially necessary to every man who holds a public situa- tion. CIRCUMVALLATION, or line of circumvallation, (circonvallation, ou lignes de circunrallation, Fr.) 8 fortifi- cation of earth, consisting of a parapet and trench, made round the town in- tended to be besieged, when any mo- lestation is apprehended from parties of the enemy, which may march to relieve the place. Before the attack of a place is begun, care is to be taken to have the most exact plan of it possible; and upon this, the line of circumvallation, and the at- tack are projected. This line, being a fortification opposed to an enemy that may come from the open country to re- lieve the besieged, ought to have its defences directed against them; that is, so as to fire from the town : and the besiegers are to be encamped behind this line, and between it and the place. The camp should be as much as possible out of the reach of the shot of t lie place: and the line of circumvallation, which is to be farther distant from the place than the camp, ought still more to be out of the reach of its artillery. As cannon are never to he fired from the rear of the camp, this line should be upwards of 1200 fathoms from the place ; we will suppose its distance fixed at 1100 fathoms from the covert-way. The depth of the camp may be com- puted at about 30 fathoms, and from the head of the camp to the line of cir- cumvallation 120 fathoms, that the army may have room to draw up in order of battle at the head of the camp, behind the line. This distance, added to the 30 fathoms, makeo ISO fathoms, which being added to the 1100, makes 1550 fathoms, consituting the distance of the line of circumvallation from the covert- way. The top of this line is generally 12 feet broad, and 7 feet deep; the pa- rapet runs quite round the top of it, and at certain distances it is frequently strengthened with redoubts and small forts; the base 1R feet wide, the height within 6, and on the outside 5 feet, with a banquet of 3 feet wide, and If high. See CONTKAVALLATION, Or COUNTFR- VAI.LA1 ION. CIRCUMVOLUTIONS, the torus of the spiral line of the Ionic volute. CIRCUS, (cirque, Fr.) in military an- tiquity, a very capacious building, of a round or oval form, erected by the an- cients for exhibiting shews to the people. CIRE prcparce, Fr. a composition which is made of yellow wax, tallow, and pitch, and is used as a sort of mastic gum to close up the heads of fuses, &c. CISALPINE, lying on this side the Alps. CISEAUX, Fr. chissels used by mi- ners, to loosen earth from the sides of the excavation, without making a noise; which the miner effects by striking the chissel with his hand. CISELURE, Fr. chasing; chased work ; also chissel work, such as is done if] dressing stones. CISSOID, (cissoide, Fr.) the name of a curve in transcendant geometry, the properties, &c. of which may be found in Savcrien's Dictionvairc Univerael de Muthiniatiqitc. CISTERN, (citerne, Fr.) a reservoir; every fortified tow nor place should have one. CITADEL, (citudclle, Fr.) a fort with 4, 5, or 6 bastions, raised on the most advantageous ground about a city, the better to command it; and com- monly divided from it by an esplanade, the more effectually to hinder the ap- proach of an enemy; so that the citadel defends the inhabitants if they continue in their duty, and punishes them if they revolt. Besiegers always attack the city first, that, being masters of it, they may cover themselves the better against the fire of the citadel. Having bastions, it is thereby distinguished from a castle. Sometimes the citadel stands half within, and half without the rampartsof the place. CITERNEAU, Fr. a small reservoir arched over for the purpose of holding rain water. CITIZEN, a freeman of a city or town, as a citizen of London ; a towns- man ; a man of trade; not a gentleman ; also an inhabitant; a dweller in any place. Shakespeare makes an adjective of the word, having the qualities of a citizen. CITOYEN, Fr. citizen; the inhabi- tant of a place. Cnovza-soldat, Fr. an armed citi- zen : a volunteer. CLA ( in ) C L B CITY, (cite, Fr.) a town or place containing many houses surrounded by walls. City also means, in Frencb and English, the oldest parts of a town, as the City of London; La Citi in Paris. CIVIC-CROWN, among the ancient Romans, was a crown given to any sol- dier who had saved the life of a citizen. It was composed only of oaken boughs, but accounted more honourable than any other. CIVTERE, Fr. a small hand-barrow, which is carried by two men, and is much used in the artillery; also a large wooden frame, upon which loads may be carried by four men. CIVILIAN, a person who is in no way connected with the army. CLAIE, Fr. a kind of hurdle in the shape of a rectangle, made of twigs well interwoven: these claies are used during a siege, for want of blinds, to cover a lodgment, a sap, or the passage over a ditch, and are covered over with earth to protect the workmen again*t fire-works. Claies poissies, Fr. pitched hurdles. These are used with great advantage to form causeways in a marshy soil, when the waters have been drained. CLAION, Fr. a small hurdle. CLAIRE-iw/e, Fr. in carpentry, too wide a space between beams or rafters. Also rails in a park; also an open gate. CLA IRIERE, Fr. a glade in the wood. CLAIRON, Fr. a species of trumpet, which is shriller in its sound than the ordinary kind. CLAIRVOYANCE, Fr. sagacity; penetration. CLAIRVOYANT, Fr. clear-sighted. A CLAMP is a kind of kiln built above ground (of bricks unburnt) for the burning of bricks. Clamp-h«»/s are such nails as are used to fasten on clamps in the building or repairing of ships. CLAN, a term used among the Scotch for a number of families subject to one head, or chief, who formerly led ihein to war. CLARENCIEUX, the second king at arms, so called from the duke of Cla- rence, third son to king Edward III. CLARIGATION, in Roman anti- quity, a ceremony which always pre- ceded a formal declaration of war. It was performed in the following manner : the chief of the heralds went to the ter- ritory of the enemy, where, after some solemn prefatory indication, he, with a loud voice, intimated, that he declared war against them for certain reasons specified; such as injury done to the Roman allies or the like. CLARINETTE, Fr. a clarinette ; a shrill musical instrument, resembling the hautboy, which is used in regimental bands. CLATES. } c „ CLAYFS * Hurdles. CLAYONNAGES, Fr. hurdles with which the timber work of a gallery is covered. They are likewise used in saps. CLEAR, to clear the trenches. See Trenches. CLEARINGS. See 0/-Reckon- ings, Regimental Companion. CLEATS, slings used in transports to hang the accoutrements of soldiers on. CLEF, Fr. the keystone of an arch. Clef a"un etat, d'un pays, Fr. lite- rally signifies the key of a state or coun- try. Any fortified place which must ne- cessarily be taken before an irruption can with safety be made into a country. Thus Luxemburgh is. called the key of the Austrian dominions towards France. Clef de mousquet, de carabine, de pis- tole t, Fr. an iron instrument with only one square hole, and a handle: it serves to cock the piece. Clef d'arbalete, Fr. gaffle of a cross- bow. CLEFS, Fr. long pieces of timber which are used in the construction of quays, dykes, and wooden jetties. CLEPSYDRE, Fr. an hour-glass; an instrument measuring time by the running of water or sand ; originally used before the invention of clocks or watches. CLERK, in the general acceptation of the term, a writer in a public office, an officer of various kinds. Clerk of the general meeting for the levying, c]c. of militia men. In time of peace this person has authority to ad- journ any such meeting, when no lieu- tenant or deputy attends. It is his duty likewise to file amended lists of militia-men, to send notice of the time and place of exercise to the chief con- stables, and to transmit copies of ac- counts he receives of the commitment of deserted Serjeants, &c. to the colonel and adjutant of the county battalion. Clerk of the subdivision meeting. His functions are to give notice of the meeting to the deputy lieutenants, &c. and to transmit lists of men enrolled te CLE ( 112 ) C LO ihe commanding officer : to appoint an- other meeting when there is not due at- tendance, and give notice of the same; to certify, gratis, in what list any per- son's name is inserted; to transmit co- pies of rolls to the clerk of the general meeting; to transmit a list of the per- sons enrolled to the commanding officer and adjutant; to enter on the roll the time of apprehending substitutes who desert. Clerk of the peace is to transmit co- pies of qualifications to the county lieu- tenant; to enter qualifications; to cause dates, &C. of commissions to be in- serted in the Gazette; and to transmit an annual account of qualifications to the secretary of state; to transmit an account of the arrival from abroad of the colonel, to the officer commanding in his absence; to deliver the annual certificate of the state of the militia, or certify his not having received one to the quarter sessions; to file certificates of officers' service, and certify their names to the high constable; to transmit copies of certificates from the county lieutenants, &c. to the treasury, and the receiver general of the land tax ; to certify to the solicitor of the treasury the omission at the quarter session of assessing money on places where the militia had not been raised. He is liable to penalty for neglecting to record, &c. certificates. Clerk of the battalion. The colonel or commanding officer of every militia regiment, in time of peace, may appoint a clerk to his battalion, who is to act as paymaster. All army agents come under the denomination of clerks, acting by the authority of the colonels of regi- ments, who are responsible to the public. When the militia is embodied, the paymaster may appoint some intelligent Serjeant to act in the capacity of clerk. The same regulation holds" good in the line. There is likewise a regimental clerk, who acts under the Serjeant major. See Regimental Book. Clerk of the check, an officer who has the check and controul of the yeo- men of the guard; also an officer in the ordnance, who, conjointly with the clerk of survey, is a check upon, and must sign all the accounts of the store-keeper be- fore they are passed by the board. Clerk of survey, an officer in the ordnance in the store-keeper's oftice who must survey the stores and see them kept in order. He also signs the store* keeper's accounts before they pass the board. Clerk of the stores, an officer under the board of ordnance, who i> responsi- ble to the commissary tor .ill ordnance stores under his charge; keeping an ac- count of all issues or receipts. Clerk of the ordnance. This officer, who is a member of the board, makes up and delivers the annua! estimates to parliament; and the debentures, or orders for payment of the bills allowed by the surveyor general, are made out in his office to be signed by the board. All balances, both of money and stores, as well as all accounts of records, are kept in his office. Clerk of the deliveries under the board of ordnance. All issues of stores, at distant stations, are, directly, or in- directly, made from this office. He is also a. member of the board. CLICH, a sabre in use among the Turks; the blade of which is crooked and very broad. The Turks have also another kind of sabre, which is sharp only at one edge; the back of the blade is tipped with a piece of strong iron; this they call gadaru ; it is not so much falcated as the clich. They have a third kind of sabre, straight, sharp at both edges, especially towards the point, which is blunted : this they call palas. CLIDE, or Janclide, a long piece of timber withheld by a counterpoise, which, upon the latter being let loose, would throw a heavy load of stones into a for- tress : the elide was still in use under Charlemaiu. CLIENTS, Fr. noblemen who for- merly served in the French armies under the pennant of a knight, the banner of a banneret, ike. CLIMATE, (climat, Fr.) a term used in cosmography. It signifies a portion of the world between north and south, containing some notable difference in sun-rising. CLINKERS, those bricks which, hav- ing naturally much nitre, or saltpetre, in them, and lying next the fire in the clamp, or kiln, by the intense heat of the fire, are run and glazed over. CLIQUE, Fr. gang; party; faction. See Regiment. CLIQUETIS, Fr. clashing of swords. CLOCHE, Fr. a bell. Cloches sujettes d la taxe militaire+ C L U ( 115 ) COB Fr. bells subject to military requisition. Tlie moment a town that lias been bat- tered with cannon, surrenders, the in- habitants are compelled to redeem the bells belonging to the churches, and' divers utensils -made either of brass or some other metal. This kind of tribute is ac the disposal of the chief of the ar- tillery, who, as he thinks proper, divides it between the officers under his com- mand ; such at least was the custom during the old French monarchy. CLOTHING. The clothing of the British army is determined by a perma- nent board composed of the commander in chief, and a certain number of general officers, who act under the king's imme- diate authority. A considerable altera- tion has lately taken place in almost all articles which, under this head, are sup- plied to the soldiers. Those under the name of half-mounting have been wholly laid aside. The annual clothing of the infantry of the line, or fencible infantry, serving in Europe, in North America, or at the Cape of Good Hope, (Highland corps excepted,) consists in a coat, waistcoat, or waistcoat front, a pair of breeches, unlined, except the waistband, and with one pocket only; a cap made of felt and leather, with brass plate, cockade, and tuft. The felt crown of the cap, cockade, and tuft, to be supplied annu- ally, the leather part and brass plate, every two years. Two pair of good shoes, of the value of 5s. 6d. each pair, are to be supplied annually in lieu of the half mounting, and each Serjeant is to be credited with the sum of 3s. being the difference between the value of the former articles of half mounting for a Serjeant and private man. Some excep- tions are made with respect to Highland corps, and regiments serving in the East and West Indies. — For further particu- lars, see Regulations, published by au- thority. CLOTURE, mur de Cloture, Fr. a wall which surrounds any given space, such as a park, garden, &c. CLOY, or To ck>i/ gum. See To Nail. CLOUTS. See Axle-Tree. CLOUX, Fr. See Nails. To CLUB, in a military sense, to throw into confusion; to deform through igno- rance, or inadvertency. To Club a battalion, to throw it into confusion. This happens through a temporary inability in the commanding officer to restore any given body of men' to their natural front in line or column, which sometimes occurs after some manoeuvre has been performed, and is occasioned by false directions being given to the different component parts. Ignorant and unexperienced officers may frequently commit this error; some- times, however, the circumstance may arise from an erroneous movement of a division or company, notwithstand- ing that the word of command has been correct. Ad able officer in that case will instantly know how to unravel the se- veral parts. The le«s informed and the less capable may find a relief in sound- ing the Disperse, which see. It does not, however, always follow, that be- cause an officer may occasionally commit this error with respect to the minute movements of a battalion; he must therefore be unequal to the superior functions of command; or that when a man, who has risen from the ranks, is perfectly master of the mechanical arrangement of inferior movements, he should be able to act upon the enlarged scale of locality and position. The military science which is required in each of these cases essentially differs in its ap- propriate exercise, but both are neces- sary. See Strategy. CLY-MORE, a great two-handed sword, formerly in use among the High- landers, two inches broad, doubly edged; the length of the blade, 3 feet 7 inches ; the handle, 14 inches; of a plain trans- verse guard, 1 foot ; the weight, 6 pounds and a half. These swords were the original weapons of England, as appears by the figure of a soldier found among the ruins of London, after the great fire in 1666. COAT of mail, armour made of scales, or iron rings. COB, a coin current in Gibraltar, and the south of Spain, equal to 4s. 6d. English. COBBING, a mode of punishment amongst soldiers for petty offences which are committed in camp, barracks., or quarters, and which is indicted with- out the form of a court-martial. These trespasses consist chiefly in acts of inde- cency, filth, and dirtiness, which are more properly punished privately than exposed to the public. In this rase, some of the culprit's comrades invests Q c o c ( 11* ) Pate the matter, and a strapping with the belt or scabbard takes place. COCARDE mi/itaue, Fr. Amongst all nations the cockade has succeeded to the scarf: it is not long, however, since the Dutch continued to wear the scarf crossways, and the Austrians over their belts. From the colour, or colours, of the cockade, it is discovered what country a soldier belongs to. When first this mark of distinction was intro- duced, it was reckoned a badge of honour. With regard to the scarfs, they were attended with great inconve- nience, since an othcer or private might easily be seized by it, pulled from his horse, or at least stopped in his flight. From this very reason the French, within forty years, have given up the shoulder knots and aiguillettes with tassels formerly worn by their cavalry and dragoons. We have adopted them ! COCHLEA, in mechanics, one of the five mechanical powers, otherwise called the screw. COCK, that part of the lock of a musket, which sustains the two small pieces of iron called jaws, between which the flint is fixed. To Cock, to fix the cock of a musket or pistol, so as to have it ready for an instant discharge. COCKADE, a ribbon worn in the hat. We have already observed, that this military mark succeeded the scarf which was formerly worn by the officers and soldiers belonging to European nations, and which are principally dis- tinguished in the following manner: in the army and navy of Great Britain, black silk ribbon for the officers, and hair cockades for the non-commissioned officers, private soldiers and marines; white distinguishes the French; red marks the Spaniard, black the Prussian and Austrian, green the Russian, &c. In France, before the Revolution, officers were not permitted to wear a cockade, unless they were regimentally dressed; and, singular as it may appear, the officers and men belonging to a certain number of old regiments in the Prus- sian service did not wear any mark in their hats. In England the cockade is worn, in and out of regimentals, by every species of military character. In- deed it is so generally abused, that almost every prostitute, who can afford to keep a man or boy, trims his hat with it. C O F See COCKLE-srairs. See Winding' St aii:-. COCKPIT, a sort of theatre, where game cocks fight their battles. It is commonly a house, or hovel, covered out. Also an apartment in the trea- sury, where the King's speech is read before the meeting of parliament ; and where the appeals on prize causes are made. Iron-COD PIECES, appendages at- tached to ancient armour, to prevent the ill consequences of violent shocks in charging, and to contain sponges to re- ceive the water of the riders in the heat of battle. CODE, (code, Fr.) a collection of laws, rules, and regulations, by which the civilized proportion of mankind is governed. Military Code, (code militaire, Fr.) rules and regulations for the good or- der and discipline of an army. Of this description are our Articles of War; a revision of which is much wanted at this time. COEFFER, Fr. to cap, or put a head-piece on any thing. Coeffeb les fusees a bombes, Fr. to stop the vents or apertures of shells with anv sort of mastic composition. C(ENOTAPII, an empty tomb, or monument, erected in memory of some illustrious deceased person, who, having perished by shipwreck, in battle, &c. his body could not be found to be interred, or deposited in the same. C(EUR, Fr. the heart. This word is frequently used among the French to signify courage, intrepidity, manhood, &c. Hence the expression in Corneille's Cid: Roderigue, as-tu du cceur? which may be thus translated — Roderigues, art thou a man of resolution ? COFFER, in fortification, a hollow lodgment sunk in the bottom of a dry ditch, from 6 to 7 feet deep, and from lo" to 18 feet broad ; and the length of it, the whole breadth ( ,f t| ie sa j ( } ditch, from side to side. The besieged gene- rally make use of these coffers to re^ pulse the besiegers, when they attempt to pass the ditch: they are distinguished only by their length from Caponiers ; the difference between coffers and the traverse and gallery, consists in this, that the latter are made by the besiegers, and the former by the besieged. They are covered with joists, hurdles, and earth, raised 2 feet above the bottom of the COL ( 115 ) COL ditch; which rising, serves instead of a parapet, with loop-holes in it. COFFRE. See Cofih COFFRE, Fr. a wooden frame, well calked and pitched, that is letdown into the wuter for the purpose of laying the foundation of a building, when the ne- cessarv draining has not heen practicable. Coffre d'une batterie, Fr. the solid work which covers the pieces of ord- nance that are planted in a battery, as well as the soldiers who are attached to the guns. Coffre a feu, Fr. a machine filled with combustible materials, for the pur- pose of doing mischief to a scaling party, or of blowing up a ship, &c. Coffres des galeries de mine, Fr. when mine galleries are carried through ground which wants consistence, the upper part of the gallery, and its sides, are supported by planks made into a platform, and placed at equal distances one from another, to prevent the earth from falling in. COGNIZANCE, judicial notice, trial, judicial authority; in a military sense, it implies the investigation to which any person or action is liable. During the suspension of civil authority, every of- fence comes under military cognizance, is subject to military law, and may be proceeded upon according to the sum- mary spirit of its regulation. Hence, a drum-head court-martial is the strongest instance of military cognizance. COHORT, (colwrte, FY.) in Roman antiquity, a name given to part of the Roman legion, comprehending about 600 men; a component part of a modern French army, consisting of 1000 men. COIN, in gunnery, {coin d'artil/cur, coin de mire, Fr.) a kind of wedge to lay under the breech of a gun in order to raise, or depress, the metal. Coin de manmuvre militaire, Fr. a particular manner in which the ancients used to dispose their troops on the front of the army, to break the line of the enemy. This disposition consisted in giving a great depth, and allowing only a small front, to the body of troops, which was called faire la tete de pore. This last title was given to an officer who commanded a column. See Wedge. COLGlAT, a large glove which the Turks wear in the field. The colgiat covers the arm up to the elhow, and while it protects the head, it helps them in parrying the blows that are aimed at their heads. Royal Military COLLEGE, a new institution which has been created by the immediate sanction of his Majesty, with the consent of parliament, and under the direction of the commanderjn chief, for the time being.— /This college is now at Sandhurst, near Windsor. COLLEGE Royal Militaire, Fr. a ge- neral term used among the French to express that place where military in- struction was given during their mo- narchy. This establishment consisted of several colleges, which were subordinate to the Royal Military School, or Ecoli Royale Militaire, of Paris. On the 28th of March, 1776, the French King gave directions, that ten colleges should be establ.shed, over the gates of each of which was written — College Royal Militaire, Royal Mi- litary College. These colleges were under the immediate care and instruc- tion of the Benedictine Monks, and other religious orders; the most en- lightened of which was that of the Jesuits. The secretary of state held the same jurisdiction over these colleges that he possessed' over La Fleche and the Mili- tary School in Paris. — For particulars respecting the old institution, see the article Royal Military School. COLLER, Fr. literally means to paste; to glue. Se Coller, Fr. to adhere to; to stick close to any thing. COLLET, Fr. that part of a cannon which is between the astragal and the muzzle. COLLIERS, Fr. iron or brass hold- fasts which are used in flood-gates. COLOBE, a kind of short coat, with half sleeves, called a Dalmatica. COLOMBE, Fr. an old word, sig- nifying every sort of raft, that is placed upright in partitions; whence the term colombage. COLONEL, the commander in chief of a regiment, whether of horse, foot, dragoons, or .artillery, in England: but in France, Spain, and some other southern nations, colonels of horse are called Maltrex de camp. Colonels of horse take place, and command one an- other according to the dates of their commissions, and not in consequence of the seniority of their regiments. Colo« Q 2 COL ( H6 ) COL riels of foot command in the same man- ner. A colonel of a regiment, properly so called, is, with us, the nominal head of a given number of men; the cloth- ing, &c of whom is exclusively entrusted to him, as well as the appointment of an agent, who receives the pav and sub- sistence of the corps, hut for whose sol- vency and character the colonel is re- sponsible to the public, According to some authors, the word Colonel is derived from the Italians or Spaniards. Skinner supposes it may come from colony, colonia, and that the heads or chiefs of colonies may have give* the appellation to the officers commanding regiments. In former times, officers, although at the head of considerable Corps, were only styled captains, hut not colonels. See Dictionnaire de Trevoux, fol. edit. A question arises whether the old word Coronet might not have been de- rived from the Latin Cdronarius; either from some ceremony which was per- formed upon the person receiving the rank, or from his being placed at the head, corona, of a regiment. The former certainly appears the most pro- bable, as it might have had its origin from the Roman manner of rewarding a general. The Spaniards have it Coroncl ; the Italians, Colonetlo. We are inclined to think, that it is derived from the Latin Corona, whence Coronarius ; and that it came to us from the Spanish. Both the English and Scotch, but particularly the latter, pro- nounce the word Coroncl, and so do the Irish. According to Grose, some derive it from the French word colonne, or column, because the colonel inarches at the head of the column. Kelly, in 1627, calls this officer Grozmer. Colonel of horse is the first officer of the regiment; hence his attention ougiit to be given to keep the regiment complete, to have it composed both of men and horses rit for service, and to take particular care to have them well exercised and taught the different evolutions; to be able on all occasions to form themselves according to the ground, or manner in which they may attack, or be attacked. CoCdkel of foot, or infantry. His /unctions are more extensive than those of the cavalry, as the infantry are em- ployed to more different purposes. A colonel of infantry should understand something of fortification, and be well acquainted with field-engineering. He cannot be too careful to maintain union and harmony among his officers; and, to succeed in this, he must acquiie their esteem and confideuce,and conduct himself so as to be respected. The (rue way to succeed in this, is to keep up sub- ordination with unalterable firmness; to do justice to every one, to employ all his credit to procure favours to the corps in general, and to the officers in particular, without ever losing sight of the health, comfort, and contentment of his men. Colonel of dragoons is nearly con- nected with that of horse, to which word we refer the reader. Colonel of artillery, the commander of a battalion of artillery. He is pre- sumed to be a very able mathematician and engineer, to be thoroughly acquaint- ed with the power of artillery, to Un- derstand the attack and defence of for- tifications in all the different branches; to be able, on all occasions, to form the artillery according to the ground or manner in which they may attack, or be attacked; in short, he should be master of every thing belonging to that import- ant corps. Colonel of engineers should be a very able mathematician and mechanic; he should be master of fortification, and be correctly versed in the art of planning) constructing, attacking, and defending. See Engineer. Lieutcnant-CoLOwT.L is the second person in command of a regiment. Under his direction all the affairs of the regiment roll. His military qualifica- tions should be adequate to the size and the importance of the corps he has the honour to serve in. Colonel general of the French in~ fantry, an appointment formerly of great trust and authority. He was en- titled to the nomination of every com-? mission and place of trust in the in- fantry. He could order courts-martial, and enforce the sentences awarded by them without ulterior reference; and he had a company in every regiment, which was called the colonel-general's coni- P a 'V\ This-appointment was created during COL ( iir ) COL the reign of Francis I. in 1544, and be- came an immediate gift of the crown, under Henry III. in 1584. There was likewise a colonel-general of the cavalry; which appointment was entrusted to two officers under the reign of Louis XIII. One commanded the French and the other the German cavalry. The appointment of colonel-general of dragoons was created by Louis XIV. in 1688. Colonel by brevet, (Breve tc Colo- nel, Fr.) one who has obtained the rank of colonel in the army, without having that rank in any particular regi- ment. Colonel reforme, Fr. a reduced half- pay officer, who has the rank of colonel hi the army, without having any com- mand or regimental rank, or who lias retired from the service retaining his brevet rank. COLONELLE, Fr. is the first com- pany in a French regiment. Madame la Colonelle is the colonel's wife. COLQNNE, Fr. column. This word is variously used in military phraseology. Colon ne etroite, Fr. close column. Colon ne ouverte, Fr. open column. Colon ne d'artillerie, Fr. the march or movements of a corps of artillery in regular order, with the several pieces of ordnance, accompanied by stores and ammunition, for the purpose of attacking or checking an enemy. Colonne d'eouijwges, Fr. the line of march which is observed by the baggage- wagons, ike. In advancing against an enemy these always follow the main army, and precede it when the troops are forced to retreat. Fcrnicr uue Colonne, Fr. to be the rear rank of a bodv of troops that are marching rank and file in any direc- tion. Ouvrir itne Colonne, Fr. to be the leading or front rank of a body of troops that are marching in regular order. Ouvrir unc Colonne, Fr. to plant signals as marks of direction for troops that are marching in regular order. To clear the way, by removing all sorts of obstacles, &c. Serrer la Colonne, Fr. to close the column. COLOXELLING, beating about for soldiers; a familiar phrase, which is used in various senses. COLOSSE, Fr. Colossus, an image or statue of exceeding greatness. COLOURS, in the military art, ara large silk flags fixed on half pikes, and carried by the ensign. When a batta- lion is encamped, they are placed in its front; but in garrison they are lodged with the commanding officer. The first standard, guidon, or co- lours, of a regiment, are not to be car- ried on any guard but that of his Ma- jesty, the Queen, Regent or Prince of Wales, or captain-general. The size of the colours to be 6 feet 6 inches flying, and 6 feet deep on the pike. The length of the pike (spear and ferril included) to be 9 feet 10 inches. The cords and tassels of the whole to be crimson and gold mixed. CV/WjO-Colours are a small sort of colours placed on the right and left of the parade of the regiment when in the field : they are IS inches square, and of the colour of the facing of the regi- ment, with the number of the regiment upon them. The poles to be 7 feet 6 inches long, except those of the quar- ter and rear guards, which are to be 9 feet. CoLOUR-Gi'orc/. See Guard. A pair 'of Colours, a term used in the British service to signify an en- signcy, or the first commissioned ap- pointment in the army. Colours used in the drawings of fortification. It is necessary to use colours in the drawings of plans and profiles of a fortification, in order to distinguish every particular part, and separate, as it were, the one from the other, so as to make their difference more sensible. The different sorts of colours, generally used in these kinds of drawings, are, Indian-ink, carmine, ver- digrease, sap-green, gum-bouch, Prussian blue, indigo, and umber. Indian-ink is the first and most ne- cessary thing required in drawing; for it serves, in drawing the lines, to ex- press hills or rising grounds, and, in short, for all what is called shading, in drawings. The best sort of Indian-ink is of a bluish black, soft, and easily re- duced into a liquid, free from sand or gravel. It is sold in sticks from six- pence a stick to half a crown, according to its goodness and quantity. That made in Europe is good for nothing. The manner of liquefying ic is by COL ( H8 ) COM putting a little clear water into a shell or tea-cup, and rubbing it gently till the water i-> black, and of a consistence much like common ink ; when it is used for drawing lines, it must be made very black, though not too thick, otherwise it will not easily How out of the drawing- pen ; but when it is for shading, it must be pale, so as to go over the same shade several times, which adds a beauty to the shading . Carmine is an impalpable powder, and the fairest red we know of: it serves for colouring the sections of masonry, the plans of houses, and all kinds of military buildings; as likewise their elevation : but then it is made of a paler colour. It is also used for drawing red iines in plans, to represent walls. It is exceedingly dear, being ge- nerally sold for a guinea an ounce; but a little will go a great way. It niubt be mixed with a little gum-water. Verdigrcase, or sea-green, used in drawings, is either liquid in small vials for six pence a piece, or mixed in little pots or shells, &c. it serves to colour wet ditches, rivers, seas, and in general to represent all watery places. Sap-green is a stone of a faint yel- lowish green, when liquefied with clear water ; but when mixed with a little sea-green, it makes a beautiful grass- green; but, as all mixed colours are liable to fade, if verd'iris can be had, it will be much better. Sap-green is very cheap. Gum-bouch is a fine yellow in stones, and very cheap. It may be dissolved in water, but without gum: it serves to colour all projects of works; as likewise to distinguish the works unfinished from those that are complete. It serves also to colour the trenches of an attack. Indigo is in small cakes, and very cheap; it serves to colour iron, and roofs of buildings which are covered with slates: it must be well ground upon a smooth stone or glass, and mixed with a little gum-water. Prussian blue is a kind of friable Stone, of an exceeding fine blue: it is used to represent the colour of blue cloth in drawing encampments, battles, &c. It must be well ground, and mixed with a little gum-water. Smalt, also a good sprt of blue, and may be used for the same purposes. It is not dear. Ultramarine is an impalpable powdef, and of a very delicate sky-blue. It is a dear colour. Umber is a yellowish brown colour, in powder: when it is mixed with gum* water, it serves to colour dry ditches, sand, and all kinds of earth. By mix- ing a little red 'ink with it, it will make a wood colour. If some tobacco-leaves are steeped in clear water for several hours, and filter- ed through a woollen cloth, or brown paper, with a little red ink mixed with it, it will make the best earth or wood colour, as lying smoother than any other. Gum-uater is best when it is made some time before it is used; for which reason take some gum arabic and steep it in clear water for some hours, till it is dissolved : then strain it through a woollen cloth or brown paper, and pre- serve it in phials, well stopped, till wanted. COLUMN, a body of troops formed in deep files, and narrow front, the whole advancing with the same degree of movement, and having suflicient space between the ranks and files to prevent confusion. The name of column is also given to several bodies placed behind each other, and intended to march on successively, to form or to keep in order of battle : but in this case they are not to be called files of troops. There are more or less columns, according to the nature of the ground, but it is not necessary that they should all of them advance the same way in order to meet at an appointed spot. Those officers, who have been taught by experience alone, (which is far from being sufficient if they are ignorant of the theory,) will do well to consult L'Art de la guerre par regies et par principes, by Marcc/ialde Puysegur, and Les CEuvres deFolard. It is next to an impossibility to remember all that is prescribed by those skilful authors; but every officer, who is anxious to improve his know- ledge in the military art, may derive great advantage from the perusal of their works. C/ose-CoLUMN, a compact solid co- lumn, with very little space between the divisions of which it is composed. Opeu-CoLVMK, a column with inter- vals between the divisions equal to their respective fronts. COMBAT, a battle or duel. Anci- ently it was not uncommon for con- COM ( us ) C O M tending powers to adjust their dispute by single combat, when each party chose tor itself a champion, who con- tested the point in presence of both armies. COMBATANTS, (combat tans, Fr.) troops engaged in action. JVorc-COMBATTANS, Fr. persons about an army whose employments are wholly civil ; such as commissaries, bar- rack-masters, pay masters, surgeons, chap- \'\] us (S?c COMBATTRE, Fr. to act against an enemy with offensive weapons, tor the purpose of defending one's country and its rights, &c. Hence, tout est so/dat pour vous combattre : every thing is up in arms to fight you. COMBINAISON, Fr. a calm and dispassionate examination of the vari- ous projects and designs which are sug- gested to the human mind by their mul- tiplied occurrences in warfare. Combinaison also signifies the art ot calculating numbers and quantities, and comparing them together. COMBINER ce que fait Vennemi, Fr. to weigh well the movements of an enemv. COMBLE, Fr. roof. It is also called toit. ' COMBLEAU, Fr. a cord used to load and unload pieces of artillery, also to hoist them on their carriage, the same as other heavy burdens, by means of a crane. COMBLEM ENT des fosses, Fr. When the besiegers have succeeded in render- ing themselves masters of the covert- way, they contrive, by all possible means, to lib up the ditches, by estab- lishing galleries which protect the work- men, in order that the miners may carry on their operations with more safety : by this means they form an intrench- ment which defends them against the sorties, or any other attempt, that might be made bv the besieged. COMBUSTIBLES, Fr. combustible materials; such as are used in offensive and defensive operations. COME-i«. Soldiers are said to come in, as volunteers, recruits, &c. when they join any particular standard. Cows-over. When men desert from an enemy, ami join the army that op- poses liim, they are said to come over. Tins term is opposed to go over. To Come-i'k to, to join with, to briny help. " They marched to Wells, where the Lord Audley, with whom their lead- ers had before secret intelligence, came, in to them." Johnson. To CoiiE-u/), to overtake. To come up with an enemy, is a military phrase much in use. COMINGE, Fr. a shell of extreme magnitude, which takes its name from the person who originally invented it, containing 18 inches in diameter, and aOOlbs. in weight. COMMAND, generally called the zcord of command, is a term used by offi- cers in exercise, or upon service. Command, in military matters. All commands fall to the eldest in the same circumstances, whether of horse, dra- goons, artillery, foot,or marines. Among the officers of the corps of the British troops, entire or in parts, in case two of the same date interfere, a retrospection of former commissions, or length of ser- vice, is to be examined and ended by the judgment of the rules of war. Commands in fortification, are: A command in front, when any emi- nence is directly facing the work which it commands. A command in rear, when any emi- nence is directly behind the work which it commands. A command by enfilade, when an emi- nence is situated in the prolongation of any line of a work, and a considerable part of it may be seen from thence. To have in command, an official term, signifying to have authority or instruc- tion to make a communication ; as, I have it in command from his Royal Highness the Duke of York, ccc. COMMANDANT is that person who has the command of a garrison, fort, castle, regiment, company, &c. called also commander. COMMANDE, Fr. a rope made use of in boats and pontoons. COMMANDE, Fr. a person under the orders of another. 0«OTageCoMMANDE,Fr. awork which is overlooked, 1 and consequently com- manded by some other. COMMANDEMENT, Fr. in a mi- litary sense, means any spot which is higher than another. A commande- luent is called simple, when the dif- ference between two heights is only 9 feet. It is called double, when the litfere.nce is 13 feet; triple when 27, .md so progressively, taking 9 feet in- variably for the height of each com-} COM [ K8 ) C O M Wandcment. A commaiidcmeut may be considered in three lights; in front, in enfilade, and in reverse. The coin- lnandeinent' in front, is when you see all the persons who are employed in protecting a work; in enfilade, when you only see them from a flank; and in reverse, when you see them obliquely from behind. COMMAS DEMENT, Fr. an order; a Command ; a situation of trust which is given to a military olbcer. Com man dement (ordre de.) Fr. a right of command which formerly existed among the French between officers of cavalry and infantry. In a fortilied post, or town, the officers of infantry have the command orer the officers of cavalry; but in an open country the offi- cers of infantry are commanded by the former. A//^///-COMMANDER.SeeKNiGiiT. COMMANDER, Fr. to command: to be superior in rank, and to possess authority over others. Commander, Fr. in fortification, to overlook, to command. COMMAND FRY, a certain benefice belonging to some military order. A body of the Knights of Malta are so called. COMMANDEUR, Fr. a knight of an order who enjoys some lucrative si- tuation in consequence of his rank, such as the Knights of Malta formerly en- joyed. COMMANDIXG-^'nwW implies, in a military sense, a rising ground which overlooks any post, or strong place. There are, strictly speaking, three sorts ef commanding grounds; namely, Front CoMMANDiNG-groM/if/. Every height is called so, that lies opposite to the face of the post which plays upon its front. licierse CoMMANDiNG-g/oi/m/, an eminence which plays upon the rear of a post. Enfilade CmniAsmaG- ground, or Curtain Commas Di^c-ground, a high place, which, with its shot, scours all the length of a line, ccc. COMMIS, Fr. clerk or inferior per- son, who is employed in any of the French war-departmei)ts,&c. COMMISSAIRE, Fr. commissary, This term was used in the old French service, before the Revolution, to express a variety of military occupations. The -following are the principal designations:' CoMMiBBAlfiE-g£n£ra/ des armies, Fr. commissary-general of the armies. Commissi] as general de la eavu/erie li.gi.re, IV. commissary general of light cavalry. lie ranked as the third general otlicer of the cavalry. COMMISSAIEE d'urti/laie, Fr. com- missary of artillery. (J,uMMii>'iAiiu:*provineiai<.vd , arti//erie, Fr. provincial commissaries attached to the ordnance. Commissaires ordinuires d'urtil/n ie, Fr. commissaries in ordinary attached to the ordnance. These were subordi- nate to the provincial commissaries, and were distributed among the navy, forts, and garrison towns. Commissaires extraordinaire! cTais ti/.lerie, Fr. extraordinary commissaries attached to the ordnance. These formed the third class of commissaries under the former monarchical government of France. They likewise did duty on board the king's ships, or in garrison towns. Commissaire provincial en I'urscnal de Faris an departement dc I'hle de France, Fr. provincial commissary be- longing to the arsenal in Paris. Commissaire gineral des poudres et sal/Hires, Fr. commissary general of gun-powder and saltpetre. This place was created with that of the superin- tendant general of gun-powder and salt- petre, in 1634, but was finally sup- pressed. Commissaire general des fontes, Fr. commissary general of the founderies. Commissaiue ordonnateur, Fr. a per- son entrusted with the chief management of the commissariat department on ser- vice. The situation corresponds with that of our chief commissary. Commissa IKES de& guerres, Fr. com- missariesof the war departments, or rnus- ter-masters-general. Commissaires ordinuires des guerres, Fr. commissaries in ordinary, or deputy muster-musters. These were subordi- nate to the former, and were entrusted with the superintendence of hospitals, to see that proper provisions were pro- cured for and distributed among the sick. They likewise gave proper vouchers to account for the absence of soldiers, and regulated what number of extraordinary wagons should be furnished to the troops on marches. Commissaires provinciaux et ordi- nuires des guerres, Fr. provincial or or- dinary commissaries of war. C O M ( 121 ) COM Commissaires des guerres entretenus dans C Hotel des Invalides, Fr. commissa- ries of war, specifically attached to and resident in the Hotel des Invalides. Commissaire des vivres, Fr. commis- sary of stores. Commiss aire general desfort [fie at ions, Fr. commissary general of fortilications. Commiss a i REsprovinciaux tk s g ucrres, Fr. provincial commissaries of war, created in 1C35 ; they were first sup- pressed and then re-established hy Louis XIV. in 1704. Commissaire Imperial, Fr. judge advocate; so called during the reign of Napoleon in France. COMMISSARY is of various deno- minations, though he is generally a civil officer appointed to inspect the musters, stores, and provisions of the army. In war time the number of commissaries is unlimited. Commissary's department, in the ar- tillery service. See Artillery. COMMISSARIES general, and Com- missaries of accounts, are appointed by warrant under the king's sign manual, directing them to obey all instructions given them for the execution of their duty by the lords commissioners of the treasury. These instructions are gene- rally prepared by the comptrollers of the army accounts, under the orders, and subjected to the subsequent inspection, of the treasury. CoMMissARY-gCHeroZ of the musters, or muster-master general. He takes ac- . count of the strength of every regiment as often as he pleases; reviews them, sees that the horses are well mounted, and all the men well armed and clothed. He receives and inspects the muster- rolls, and knows exactly the strength of the army. A new appointment has been created in the person of inspector gene- ral of cavalry, which answers every pur- pose for which that of muster-master general was intended, as far as regards the cavalry, CoMMisSARY-gen^raZ of stores, a civil officer in the artillery, who formerly had the charge of all the stores, for which he is accountable to the office of ordnance. He was allowed various other deputy commissaries, clerks, and conductors, especially in war-time. At present there is no such appointment in the British artillery service, although from the magnitude and importance of the situation, and the responsibility attached to it, such an appointment is absolutely necessary to support the respectability of so extensive a department. The officers of this description are called commissaries of stores. Instead of there being a commissary general, deputy commissaries and assistant commissa- ries are employed in rank according to the magnitude of the trust committed to their charge both in cash and stores. Both duties generally center in one per- son. Commissary- of the train horses, a civil officer formerly of the artillery, who had the inspection of all horses belong- ing to the train, the hospital and the bakery; having under him a number of conductors, drivers, &c. There is at present no such appointment in the Bri- tish service. Commissary of accounts is a respon* sible person who attends- each army, where the numbers are of sufficient im- portance, with a proper establishment, for the purpose of examining and con- trolling accounts on the spot. All commissaries of accounts make returns of their examinations, and on these do- cuments the comptrollers of the army accounts found the best inquiry into the public expenditure which the nature of the subject admits of. CoMMiss&RY-general of provisions has the charge of furnishing the army in the field with all sorts of provisions, forage, &c. by contract: he must be very vigi- lant and industrious, that the tro ips may never suffer want. He has under him various commissaries, store-keepers, clerks, Ike. COMMISSION, any situation or place which an individual may hold in the regular army, militia or volunteers of Great Biitain. Alt commissions in the line, guards, or volunteer corps must have the royal sign manual. The for- mer are issued from the War-office, sub- jecting the individual to the payment of certain fees, according to the rank he holds; which fees are received by the several agents, (who deduct them in the first instance,) and account for them to the War-office. Commissions in the mi- litia do not bear the royal sign manual ; that of the adjutant alone excepted, who is generally called a king's officer. Lieutenants or deputy lieutenants of counties affix their seals and signatures to these commissions or appointments; but thev must previously have beec R ' C O M C 122 ) COM laid before the king for his approbation. Fourteen days constitute the allotted time; and if his majesty does not disap- prove of the person so recommended, a notification is sent by one of the prin- cipal secretaries of state lo the lord lieutenant, or to those acting by com- mission in his absence, or during a va- cancy, stating his majesty's pleasure. Commission of array. In the reign of Hcnrv II. 1181, an assize of arms was settled to the following effect. That every person possessed of a knight's fee, was to have a coat of mail, an helmet, a shield, and a lance, and as many of these as he had fees. Every free layman that had in goods or rents to the value of 16 marks, was to have the same arms; and such as had 10 marks were to have a lesser coat of mail, an iron cap, and a lance; the two last of which, with a wambois, were assigned for the arms of burgesses, and all the freemen of bo- roughs. These arms were all to be pro- vided before the feast of St. Hilary next following. To enforce these regulations, it was customary for the time, at certain sea- sons of the year, to issue commissions to experienced officers, to draw out and array the fittest men for service in each county, and to inarch them to the sea- coasts, or to such other quarters of the country as were judged to be most in danger. Of these commissions of array, there are many hundreds in the Gascon and French rolls in the Tower of Lon- don, from the 36th of Heny III. to the reign of Edward IV. The form of the ancient commissions of array may be seen inRushworth'sHistoricalCollection published in 1640. These commissions were again attempted to be revived by Charles I. but they were voted illegal and unconstitutional by the parliament in those days. They would not be so in Xhese times. COMMISSION militaire, Fr. a com- mission in the army. Commission mi/itaire,Yr.a temporary court or tribunal established to inquire into capital offences, and to pass sen- tence on the delinquents. IVon-COMMISSIONEOappliestothat particular class of men who act between what are called the rank and file of a buttalion, and the commissioned or war- rant officers. See Serjeants. COMMISSIONER, ( commissaire in- tendunt, Fr.) a person entrusted by go- vernment to superintend any particular department, or branch of civil or mili- tary service. COMMISSIONERS, certain persons w ho, towards the latter end of the reign of King James I. and in the beginning of that of Charles, his successor,constituted a kind of mixed court, composed of civil and military members, whose duty was to try all offences committed by the soldiers or followers of the army, within certain counties and districts. At what time courts-martial, according to their present form, were first held, does not appear ; they are, however, mentioned, with the distinction of general and regi- mental, in the ordonnances of war of King James II. published bv authority, A. D. 1686. Military Commissioners, certain per- sons who are authorized by parliament to examine army accounts, &c. They are likewise called commissioners for the inspection of army accounts. Also individuals who are invested with a cer- tain authority for the purpose of com- municating with foreign powers, parti- cularly such as may be subsidized by England. Commissioners of the royal military college consist of persons who are mostly military men, under the immediate di- rection of the commander in chief of his Majesty's forces for the time being. COMMITTEE, a select number of persons to whom the more particular consideration of some matter is referred, and who are to report their opinion to the court, &c. of which they are mem- bers. Committee of artillery officers, a se- lect committee of artillery officers es- tablished at Woolwich by the King's warrant, to whom all improvements and inventions are submitted, under the authority of the master general of the ordnance, to whom they report upon all matters referred to them. COMMON, in geometry, is applied to an angle, Hue, or the like, which be- longs equally to two figures, or makes a necessary part of both. Common divisor, in arithmetic, is a quantity, or number, which exactly divides two or more other quantities, or numbers, without having any re- mainder. COMMUNICATION, in fortifica- tion, signifies all sorts of passages or ways which lead from one work to aa,- C O M ( 123 ) COM •ther. The best and indeed the only good communications are those which the besieger cannot annoy, or interrupt by his fire. The obstinate defence of a work is rendered almost impracticable, if you are destitute of good communica- tions. Subterraneous galleries, coffers, or caponieres, slopes made on the out- side of gorges, raav be termed commu- nications. When the ditches are filled with water, floating bridges, &c. serve as communications. Xi«co/*Communication. SeeLiNE. COMPAGNE, Fr. a room or cabin belonging to the chief of a galley. COMPAGNIE, Fr. a certain number of soldiers under the inspection or ma- nagement of a chief called captain. Comp \ghi E-colunellc, Fr. among the French the first company in a battalion, or that which is called the colonel's. Compagn I E-lieutenant-colonelle, Fr. the second company in a battalion, or that which belonged to the lieutenant- colonel. CoMPAGNiEs : /rancAes, Fr. free corps, or companies, which, during the old mo- narchical government of France, were put upon a certain establishment in war time. See Free-CoMiwxY. COMPANY,in a military sense, means a small body of foot or artillery, the number of which is never fixed, but is generally from 50 to 120, commanded by a captain, a lieutenant, and an en- sign, and sometimes by a first and se- cond lieutenant, as in the artillery, and flank companies of the line. A com- pany has usually three or four Serjeants, three or four corporals, and two drums. In the Guards, the companies consist of 120 men each, as in the artillery. In the Austrian service a company consists of 200 men. F/fe-CoMPAXv is one of those corps commonly called irregular; is seldom that another does to convey fire to the furnaces at one and the same time. Compartiment du 7nineur, Fr. See CoMPARTTMENT dt feu. COM PAS, Fr. See Compass. Compas de proportion, Fr. a mathe- matical instrument which facilitates the prompt dividing of the lines on apian. COMPASS, a circle, space, limits; an instrument whereby mariners steer. Compass, an instrument for dividing, measuring, or drawing circles. The ori- ginal invention of compasses has been given to Daedalus, who is affirmed by Pliny to have been the inventor of all sorts of carpenters' tools. He was an Athenian by birth. But Ovid gives the invention of the compasses to Perdrix, who was sister's son to Daedalus. COMPASSEMENT defetn, Fr. See Compartiment. COM PASSER la meche, Fr. to try the match. COMPASSION,(cow/)assi'on,Fr.) Ac- cording to a French author, (see Dic- tionnaire Mi/itaire, par M. Dupain de Montcsson,) a quality not known in mi- litary life. lie describes compassion to be a sentiment, or impulse, of the soul, which carries us insensibly towards the relief of every object in bodily or mental distress: a sentiment, however, which in war we carefully conceal; repressing every feeling of the heart, becoming ob- durate mi every occasion, and seeking nothing hut the destruction of our ene- mies. Such are the sentiments of this French writer. British valour is, on the contrary, susceptible of much compas- sion. COMPASSIONATE List. See LrsT. COMPETENCE militaire, Fr. mili- tary cognizance. COMPETlTOR,(conipititeur,Fr.)one who sues or fights for the same thing or never under tlfe same orders with the regular corps of the army, but for the most part acts like a detached army, either by itself, or in conjunction with some of its own kind; therefore their operations are properly considered under the title of the petite guerre. Indepeudenl-CoMPA.'sv, that which is not incorporated in a regiment. COMPARTIMENT de feu, Fr. a specific division of the intermediate spaces belonging to a mine, and the regular allotment of the saucissons or train-bags COMPLEMENT, (completer.) the full establishment of. a regiment, &c. Comim.i'.m i nt of the curtain, that part in the interior side of a fortification which makes the denii-gorge. See Fon- TirrcATiox. Complement of the line of defence, the remainder of the line of defence, after you have taken away the angle of the flank. See Fsrtification. Complement (in a parallelogram,) are the two lesser parallelograms, which are made bv drawing two right lines parallel R'a f COM ( IM ) CON to each side of the figure through a given point in the diagonal. Complement, in geometry, is what re- mains of the quadrant of a circle, or of ninety degrees, after a certain arch has been retrenched from it. Thus, if an arch or angle he 25 degrees, they say its complement is 65 : since 65 and 25 ~ to 90. Complement of an angle, (comple- ment d'uu angle, Fr.) the quantity of de- grees which an acute angle wants to be equal to a right angle. COMPLETE, (complet, Fr.) A batta- lion, troop, or company is said to be complete, when the established number of men are present and lit for duty. The French say, Le complet iVun batail- lon, u"une compugnie, ccc. the full esta- blishment of a battalion, company, &c. To CoMPLETE,(cow/)/<7f7', Fr.) to carry up to its full establishment. COMPLIMENT of the line of the army. See Honours. Compliment from guards. See Ho- nours. COMPLICITE, Fr. the act of being an accomplice. COMPOSER, Fr. to enter into a composition ; to make terms with an enemy; as when a fortress, town, or body of men surrender. COMPOSITION, F;-. This term among the French signifies the component or constituent parts of any establishment, &c. Thus regiments form divisions, and the whole put together make up an army. Hence composition d'une urm'te. Compositions, Ft. terms, conditions, &c. which are entered into by two con- tending parties, when one is forced to give wav. Composition, Fr. in artillery, the different ingredients with which gun- powder is made, viz. sulphur, saltpetre, and charcoal. Composition also signifies a mixture of beeswax with pitch and tar, that is used in the making up of fuses and shells. COMPOUND motion. SeeGuxNERY. COMPRESS, (compresse, Fr.) in sur- gery, a bolster made up with linen, to be laid on a wound, or on the orifice of a vein. COMPRESSION, the act or circum- stance of being restrained or confined. Globe of Compression, an excavation of a globular form, which is made in the earth, and is filled with gunpowder. COMPTROLLER, {controlcur, Fr.) a person who inspects accounts, and makes his report upon them, after due exami- nation, without favour or partiality. Comptroller of the artillery, (con- trblevr cfartiUerie, Fr.) a civil olhcer who formerly inspected the musters of artillery, made the pay lists, took the account and remains of stores, and was subordinate to the board of ordnance. No such appointment exists at present in this department. Comptrollers of army uccounts, cer- tain persons appointed by government to inspect the general expenditure of the army, and to report thereon to the Treasury. The office is in Whitehall. COMPTE borgne, Fr. odd money. Compte ronde, Fr. even money. Argent Comptant, Fr. ready money. COMPTEPAS, Fr. (from compter les pas, to count or measure steps or paces,) an instrument which serves to measure the ground a person has run over, whether on foot, on horseback, or in a carnage. See Ooometre. COMRADE, (camarade, Fr.) a fellow- soldier in the same regiment, troop, or company, from the Italian camera, a chamber. COMPTER, Fr. to reckon; to de- pend upon : as compter sur les troupes, to depend upon the troops. To CONCAMERATE, to make an arched roof,as in vaults, &c; toarchover. CONCAVE, (concave, Fr.) hollow, as the inside of a shell, ike. CONCAVITY, (concavite, Fr.) the hollow space which appears in an exca- vation, &c. Such, for instance, is the hollow that is made by the springing of a mine CONCQUE, Fr. a piece of ordnance wider about the mouth than at the breech. A kind of shell used by the an- cients in lieu of a trumpet. CONCEIT, (entttcment, opinion, Fr.) fondness; over-weening opinion of one- self. CONCEITED, (entett, affect e, Fr.) proud; fond of himself; opiniative; fantastical; every thing in a word which a brave and intelligent officer is not. See Gloriole. To CONCERT, (converter, Fr.) in a military "ense, to digest, arrange, and dispose matters in such a manner, that you may be able to act in conjunction with other forces, however much divided, at any given point of offensive, or de- fensive, operation. CON ( 125 ) CON CONCERTER une operation de guerre,Fr.to concert measures for actual warfare : as to fix on some specific time, describe some direct mode, and adopt the necessary means to carry a plan into execution. CONCHOIDE, Fr. a curve of the third kind, which was originally invented by Nicodemus. CONCIERGE, Fr.keeper of a palace. It also signifies keeper of a prison. CONCIERGERIE, Fr. the situa- tion, or place, of the keeper of a castle, &c. Also an old state prison, now a common jail, in Paris. CONCILE, Fr. See Council. CONCITOYEN, Fr. fellow-citizen; countryman. CONCLAVE, in architecture^ closet or inner chamber, from the French con- clave; also a room in the Vatican at Rome, where the Roman cardinals meet to chuse a Pope. Eire en Conclave, Fr. to be clo- setted. Military- CONCORD, agreement, union, good understanding. This is re- presented by the Goddess Pallas, having in her right hand a spear, and in her left serpents. CONCORDAT, Fr. compact; con- vention; agreement. CONCORDATES, public acts of agreement between popes and princes. CONCOURIRaw bieu du service, Fr. to do every thing in one's power for the good of the service. CONCUSSION, a shock occasioned by two bodies which are moving in con- trary directions. CONCUSSION, Fr. public extortion, when any officer or magistrate pillages the people by threats, or pretence of au- thority. CONDITION, quality; state of being. Out of Conditjon, a term used to signify that a horse is not fit for work, either through want of nutriment, or from hard usage, &c. Conditions of peuce, {conditions de pair, Fr.) terms upon which peace is made. CONDUCT, {conduite, Fr.) that line which is observed by an officer, who is entrusted with the management of others, or has the direction of any particular en- terprize. So/e-CoNDUCT, a guard of soldiers who defend the common people from the violence of an enemy. Also a protec- tion given to individuals who pare through an enemy's country or lines. CONDUCTEUR, Fr. a person en- trusted with the conveyance of military stores, &c. Conducteur, ou guide, Fr. an inha- bitant of a town or village, who is well acquainted with the different roads, and acts as a guide. CONDUCTORS, (conducteursd'equi- pages, Fr.) are assistants to the com- missary of stores, to conduct depots, or magazines, from one place to another: they have also the care of the ammu- nition wagons in the field : they report to the commissary, and are under his command. CONDUIRE, Fr. to lead; to ma- nage; as conduire une armee, to conduct or head an artnv- CONDUIT, JV. a conduit; a pipe. CONDUITE d'une troupe, Fr. the charge or management of any body of troops on a march. Conduite d'eau, Fr. a succession or train of pipes made to convey water from one quarter to another. CONE, {cone, Fr.) a solid having a circular base, and growing smaller and smaller until it ends in a point, which is called the vertex, and may be nearly represented by a sugar-loaf. CONFEDERATE troops, {troupes conftdire.es, Fr.) troops of different na- tions united together in one common cause against an enemy. Hence the league by which they are so engaged, is called a confederacy. Confederates, {confederes, Fr.) dif- ferent princes, states, or bodies of peo- ple acting together. CONFEDERATION, {confederation, Fr.) a compact entered into by two or more powers to act offensively against a common enemy, or to stand upon the de- fensive; an assembly of people. CONFERENCE* Fr. an oral discus- sion between two or more persons to settle the conditions of a peace, &c. CONFIDENCE, in a military sense, implies an explicit reliance upon the skill, courage, i!\;c of an individual. Next to a peil'ect knowledge of military tactics, the faculty of securing the con- fidence of the soldiers is, perhaps, one. of the surest means of becoming suc- cessful in war. There are instances, indeed, which prove that many victories have been gained by men who had the entire confidence of their army, without CON ( 126 ) CON t»eing remarkable for much military knowledge: whilst, on the other hand, battles have been lost by the most cele- brated generals, because they did not possess the good opinion of their men. When confidence and military science go together, an army must be unfor- tunate not to succeed in the most despe- rate enterprize. CONFLICT. See Com n at. CONFUSION, {confusion, Fr.) the loose and disorderly state into which a regiment or a whole army is thrown, by defeat. CONGli, Fr. leave of absence. The old monarchical service of France ad- mitted of two sorts. The Conge limite, a limited or specific leave, and Conge ab- sulu, a full discharge: in time of war, the latter was alwavs suspended. CONGEDIER, Fr. to dismiss. Congedier une armee, Fr. to send an army into quarters. CONGLOMERATE, to gather toge- ther, to assemble in a knot. CONGRESS, {congrh, Fr.) in mili- tary and political affairs, is an assembly of commissioners, deputies, envoys, &c. from several courts, meeting to agree on terms for a general pacification, or to con- cert matters for their common good. CONIC, (conique, Fr.) like a cone. A piece of ordnance wider towards the mouth, than about the breech, is said to be conic. Conic section is a figure which is made by the solidity of a cone, being supposed to be cut by a plane. CONICS, that part of the geometry of curves, which considers the cone, and the several curve lines arising from the sections thereof. CONJUGATE, (coujuge, Fr.) an epithet used in geometry to signify the junction of two lines. Conjugate axis, (are covjvg'c, Fr.) two axes that cross each other. Conjugate diameter, (diametre con- jug'e, Fr.)thc shortest axis or diameter in an ellipsis or oval. Conjugate of the hyperbola, (hyper- bole covjugi; l'r.) a line drawn parallel to the middle point of the transverse axis, sometimes called the second axis. CONJURATEURS, ou conjures, Fr. conspirators; persons leagued together by oath, for the purpose of assassinating their prince or sovereign, or of overturn- ing the established government. This term applies generally to any illegal com- bination of men. CONJURATION, IV. conspiracy; league entered into by persons who are mutually sworn to support and carry into execution some projected scheme. CONNETABLE de France, Fr. con- stable of France. This appointment succeeded to that of Grand Sencchal de France. It was not originally a military place of trust, but merely an ofhee be- longing to the kiwi's household. Connetable de France, Fr. was a particular corps under the immediate command and direction of the Marshals of France; composed of forty-eight mounted guards, who wore a hoqueton, for the king's service, of a provost- general, four lieutenants, and four exempts. CONNOISSANCE, Fr. knowledge of any thing. Connoissanck d'un pays, Fr. the complete knowledge of a country, of its mountains, vallies, rivers, fortified places and bridges, &c. also of its ma- gazines and means of subsistence for an army. Pays de Connoissamce, Fr. This expression is used by the French to express a familiar knowledge of persons or things; hence, Etre en pays de con- noissance, to be perfectly acquainted ; to be at home. Avoir des Conxoissances, Fr. to have much knowledge; much skill. CONOID, (conoide, Fr.) in geometry, the solid produced by the circumvolution or turning of any section of a cone about its axis. Parubo/ic-CotioiD, or paraboloide, (conoide paraboliquc, ou paraboloide, Fr.) a conoid which is produced by the whole circumvolution of a parabola round its axis. Hypcrbolic-Connw, (conoide hypcr- bolique, Fr.) that which is produced by the entire circumvolution of an hyper- bola round its axis. Elliptic -Con oi d, (conoide elliptiqne, Fr.) that which is produced by the ter- minated motion of an ellipsis round one of its two axes. To CONQUER, (conqu'erir, Fr.) to conquer, to obtain possession of a town, countrv, &c. by force of arms. CONQUEROR, (conquirant, Fr.) a warrior who manages his affairs in such a manner, that he gets the better of all his enemies, and obtains a complete triumph. CONQUEST, (conquete, Fr.) victory ; territory,&c. obtained by dint of fighting CON Fr. ( 127 conquered ) C O 1ST i being en- or regimental court- Pays CONQUIS, countries. CONSCRIPT, (conscriptus, Lat.) a term anciently applied to the senators of Rome, from their tered all in one register. CONSCRIPTS, men raised to recruit the Imperial and French armies. In Bohemia and Hungary, all men capable of bearing arms are enregistered, and must march whenever there is occasion for their services. The conscripts in France were raised, during the late wars, upon similar principles. CONSEIL, Fr. This word is vari- ously used by the French, viz. Le Consexl d'Etat, Fr. council of state. It is also called Le Conseil d'en kaut, or the upper council. Le Conseil Prive, Fr. privy council. It is also styled Le Conseil des Parties, the meeting of the heads of certain de- partments. Consei l de guerre, Fr. This term not only signified a council of war, at which the French king and his ministers •at to determine upon military matters, both by sea and land, but it likewise meant a general martial. Conseil de guerre secret, Fr. a secret council held by the sovereign and his ministers to deliberate on a defensive, effensive, or federative war. Arret du Conseil d J Etut, Fr. a state- warrant. CONSERVATEUR, Fr. This word literally signifies preserver. Politically applied, it means guardian, having ob- jects of state in trust. Senat Conservateur, Fr. a name given to an assembly in France, which was instituted by Bonaparte, when First Consul, and was perpiitted to exist after he assumed the title of Emperor of the French. CONSERVATIONS, a town-hall; a place where commercial objects were discussed and settled. Hence La Con- servation de Lyons. Aller de CONSERVE, Fr. to go in company, as ships do at sea. CONSERVER, Fr. to keep upon the establishment : hence, Conserver vn Regiment. CONSIDERATION, Fr. considera- tion; weight; value; estimation. CONSIGNE, Fr. the aggregate of the orders given to each sentry. It likewise means, when used in the masculine gender, a person paid by the French government for constantly resi- ding in a garrison town in order to take cognizance of all persons who entered, or went out, of the gates. He had a place allotted to him in the half-moon, and de- livered a regular report to the governor, or commandant of the place. Consigne, Fr. an individual who is not permitted to go beyond certain limits, or to leave a house wherein he is detained by superior command. CONSIGNER, Fr. to order a person to be stopped. It also signifies to regu- late things in a town, or garrison, so a* to ensure public tranquillity. Also to put down upon paper; to enrol. CONSOUDE, Fr. comfrey; a plant with monopetalous leaves, which have a healing quality, particularly a styptic" one, in wounds. CONSPIRATION, Fr. conspiracy. CONSPIRING powers, in mechanics, are all such as act in directions not op- posite to one another. CONSTABLE, Chief, a person em- ployed under the militia establishment of Great Britain, to issue, when direct- ed, orders to the coustables to return lists of men liable to serve, and to give notice to the constables of the number of men appointed to serve, and direct them to give notice to the men chosen. To forward notice of the time and place of exercise to the constables, and of the orders for embodying the militia. To- order proper persons to furnish car- riages for the militia, as well as for every other part of the British army on its- march, and to be repaid their extra ex- penses by the county treasurer. To transmit to the petty constables certifi- cates from the clerk of the peace of the service of officers. Constables are al- lov\ed one penny in the pound of the money they collect; but they forfeit fifty pounds whenever they neglect to assist in raising money to be assessed where the militia has not been raised. Constables are to attend subdivision meetings, with lists of men liable to serve, and verify them; likewise to pro- duce returns on oath of the days notice was given to the men chosen by ballot. On their refusing *to return lists, they are liable to be imprisoned, or to suffer fine. It is their duty to affile notice of the time and place of exercise on the church doors. They are paid for their trouble in the same manner as the chief constables are, but are only subject to 201, penalty, for neglecting to assist i* CON ( 128 ) CON vnising money directed to be assessed where the militia has not been raised. They may likew ise apprehend persons Suspected of being deserted Serjeants, corporals, or drummers, belonging to the militia. Lord High Constable of England, an officer who anciently was of so great power, that it was thought too great for a subject; his jurisdiction was the same with that of the Earl Marshal, and took place of him as chief judge in the mar- shal's court. Constable of the Tower, a general officer who has the chief superintend- ance over the Tower, and is Lord Lieu- tenant of the Tower Hamlets. He holds his appointment by letters patent from the King, and is not removable at plea- sure. The Tower, being a state prison, is also considered as a garrison, of which the constable is governor. High Con statue and Marshal, (Grand Connetab/e, et Mar'cchal de France, Fr.) were officers of consider- able weight and dignity, not only in France, but throughout all the feudal governments of Europe. The title of pointed chief consul To outrun the Constable, in a mili- tary sense, to spend half-a-crown out of sixpence a day. CONSTANCE, Fr. perseverance and resolution : qualities which are essentially necessary in war. CONSTITUTION (fun pays, Fr. the nature of a country; its local advan- tages, or disadvantages, with respect to military operations. CONSTKUCTIOX,(cons/)roc/fes, Fr, lines in for- tification, or trenches which a besieged garrison, or invested army, makes to de- feat the attempts of its adversaries. Coar RE-batteries, Fr. batteries which are erected for the purpose of answering those of an enemy, who besieges a place, or gives battle. CoNTRE-^nesse, or CoNTRE-rwse, Fr. a stratagem employed to oppose, or prevent, the effect of another : it is also called contrc-mine. Com \uz-forts, Fr. brick-work which is added to the revetement of a rampart OH the side of the terre-pleine, and winch is equal to its height. Contre- forts are used to support the body of earth with which the rampart is formed. They are likewise practised in the re- vetements of counterscarps, in gorges, and deini-gorges, &c. The latter are constructed upon a less scale than the former. It has been suggested by an able engineer in the French service, to unite eontre-foits, and consequently to strengthen them, by means of arches. Contre-forti likewise form a part of the construction of powder-magazines, which are bomb-proof. CoNTRE-£«?'de, ou conserve, ou couvre- face, Fr. in fortification, counter-guard. Contre-/<£MC, Fr. a sort of tempo- rary fortification which is thrown up with earth, and stands between a be- sieged town, or fortress, and a besieging army, in order to prevent the sorties of the former. CoNTRE-wjfl/r/ie, Fr. See Maucu. CoNTRE-mine, Fr. See Mine.' Cout RE-mineurs, Fr. See Mine. CoNTRE-7/«m*,Fr. up the river; up hill. Contre-?«o£, Fr. a second parole, or countersign, which is given in times oi alarm. CoNTRE-7«wr, Fr. an outward wall erected round the principal wall of a town. CoNTRE-orJ/e, Fr. a counter-order. CoNTRE-por/c, Fr. an inward door, or gate. CoxTRE-queue d't/ronde, Fr. a work in fortification, which has two faces, or sides, making a rentrant angle, by join- ing together towards the inside of the wurk. It has also two brandies, whiclL, with the faces, contain a narrower space towards the enemy than on the other side. CoxTRE-ronde, Fr. a round which is made subsequent to another, to see if the first round was gone according to order. Cont RE-sanglon, Fr. girth-leather. CoNTRE-sJi,'«e, Fr. the signature, or name of a prince, minister, or of any privileged person, which is written on the outside of a letter, and renders it post free, &c. This word is properly written Contre-seitig. CoNTRE-sigraer, Fr. to countersign; to frank. CoNTRE- render the ball perfectly round. COR, Fr. a French "horn. A cor et a cri, with hue and cry ; with might and main. CORBE1LLES, Fr. large baskets, which being filled with earth, and placed one by another along the parapet, serve to cover the besieged from the shot of the assailing enemy. See Basket. CORBILLARD, Fr. a herse. CORDAGES, Fr. all sorts of ropes which are used in the artillery, &c. CORDE, Fr. cord, in geometry, and fortification, means a straight hue which cuts the circumference into two parts, without running through the cen- ter. Corde-m feu, Fr. a rope-match, com- posed of combustible materials. Corde d'estrapade, Fr. a rope by which men or women are hoisted up, by way of chastisement. Cord e de fare, Fr. SeeSuBTENBANT. CORDEAU, Fr. a cord which is used in measuring ground. It is di- vided into toises, feet, and inches, for the purpose of ascertaining, with preci- sion, the opening of angles and the ex- tent of lines. In wet weather a small chain made of wire is substituted, to prevent mistakes that would necessarily occur from the end becoming shorter or longer, according to the influence of the weather. The technical terms among French engineers, are — Manier le cordeau ; Pendre le cordeau ; Tra- vail, er an cordeau. Cordeau de campement, Fr. a long cord divided at equal distances with a piece of cloth of a bright colour, that it may be better seen ; it serves to mark, from left to right, the alignement of the camp of each battalion in battle array. C o r d e a u de iiicaurc, Fr. See C h a i n e d'inge'nicur. CORD ERIE, Fr. a rope-walk. CORDON, in fortification, is a row of stones made round on the outside, and placed between the termination of the slope of the wall, and the parapet which stands perpendicular, in such a manner, that this difference may not be offensive to the eye; whence those cor- dons serve only as ornaments in walled fortifications. The Cordon of the revetment of the rampart is often on a level with the tene-pleiue of the rampart. It has beea COR ( 133 observed in a French military publi ) COR cation, that it might be more advan- tageously placed some feet lower, espe- cially when there is a wall attached to the parapet, to shield the round* from the-enemy's fire. Cordon, in military history, is a chain of posts, or an imaginary line of separa- tion between two armies, either in the field, or in winter quarters. Cordon bleu, Fr. the blue ribbon. See Order. Cordon rouge, Fr.thered ribbon. See Order. Cordon also signifies the outermost bor- der of a wall, &c. generally made of stone. CORNAGE, an ancient tenure, which obliged the land-holder to give notice of an invasion by blowing a horn. CORNE a amorcer, Fr. a priming- horn. CoRNE, OU OUVRAGE a CoRNE, Fr. See Horned-work. CORNES de belier, Fr. low flanks in lieu of tenailles, for the defence of the ditch. See Ouvrage a corne. CORNES, Fr. horns. The French say figuratively, Lever les comes, to rebel against one's superiors. CORNET, in the military history of the ancients, an instrument much in the nature of a trumpet: when the cornet was sounded alone, the ensigns were to march without the soldiers; whereas, when the trumpet only sounded, the soldiers were to move forward without the ensigns. A troop of horse was so called. Cornet, in the military history of the moderns, the third commissioned of- ficer in a troop of horse or dragoons, subordinate to the captain and lieute- nant, equivalent to the ensign amongst the foot. His duty is to carry the stand- ard, near the center of the front rank of the squadron. Cornet d'ouie, Fr. a horn made of beaten iron, which the officers use in going their rounds to hear from over the parapet what passes in the ditches, and even beyond the covert-way. CORNETTE, Fr. See Cornet. The Cornettes or Cornets of the colonel-general of cavalry, in the old French service, as well as those attached to the quarter-master-general and com- missary-general, ranked as lieutenants, and the Cornettes of la Colouelle-gene- rale des dragons ranked as youngest lieutenants, and commanded all other cornets. Cornette, Fr. was likewise the term used to signify the standard peculiarly appropriated to the light cavalry. Hence cornettes and troops were synonimous terms to express the number of light- horse attached to an army. The stand- ard so called was made of taffetas or glazed silk, one foot and a half square, upon which the arms, motto, and cy- pher of the prince who commanded the cavalry were engraved. A sort of scarf, or long piece of white silk, was tied to the cornette whenever the cavalry went into action, in order to render the stand- ard conspicuous, that the men might rally round it. CORNETTE (parte) BLANCHE, Fr. an ornament which, in ancient times, served to distinguish French of- ficers who were high in command. It was worn by them on the top of their helmets. It likewise meant a royal standard, and was substituted in the room of the Pennon Roial. The cor- nette-blanche was only unfurled when the king joined the army; and the per- sons who served under it were princes, noblemen, marshals of France, and old captains, who received orders from his Majesty direct. CORNICE, (corniche, Fr.) in archi- tecture, the uppermost member of the entablature of a column, or that which crowns the order. The cornice is the third grand division of the trabeation, commencing with the frieze, and ending with the cymatium. According toBelidor, cornice signifies every salient profile that crowns a work, CORNICON, Fr. a species of trum- pet used among the ancients. Prior to the Romans being acquainted with the trumpet and kettle-drum, a Cornieon drew sounds from the horn of a wild bullock, lined with silver. The sound was loud and shrill, and was heard from a great distance. This instrument, which, perhaps in the opinion of some, will not he considered as a very wonderful inven- tion, did not originally belong to the Ro- mans, but was borrowed from the Phry- gians. A Phrygian named Marsyas was the in ventor,who, probably, little thought, that a horn would render his name me- morable. CORNICULUM, a kind of iron or brass horn added to the helmet as a mi- litary distinction, which was granted to the Roman soldier who had shewn proofs of extraordinary valour. CORNISH ring, in gunnery, the next ( 134 See right COR ring from the muzzle backwards Cannon. CORN U A Exercitus. The Romans used to call by this name what we term right and left wing of an army. However, according to Polybius, by cornua exercitus, they only meant the auxiliary troops which were divided so as to occupy both extremities of a Hu- man army. These two divisions were .distinguished by the appellation ol' dex- trum cornu and sinistrum cornu, and left wing. COROLLARY, {corolluire, Fr.) with mathematicians, an useful consequence drawn from something that has been ad- vanced before: as, that a triangle that has three sides equal, has a/so two angles equal; and this consequence should be inferred, that a triangle, all zehost sides are equal, has also its three angles equal. CORONA, } in architecture, is a CORONE, f large flat member of CROWN, ( the cornice, so called, CROWNING, ) because it crowns not only the cornice, but the entablature, and the whole order. CORPORAL, (caporal, Fr.) a rank and file man with superior pay to that of common soldiers, and with nominal rank under a Serjeant. He has charge of one of the squads of the company, places and relieves sentinels, and keeps good order in the guard. lie receives the word of the inferior rounds that pass by his guard. Every company has three or tour corporals. LaKce-CoRPORAL, (caporal hrcveti, Fr.) one who acts as corporal, receiving pay as a private. He is also called vice- caporal, and by the common soldiers caporal postiche. Corporal «/' a ship, an officer whose business is to look to all the small shot and arms, to keep them clean, with due proportions of match, &c CORPS, with architects, a term sig- nifying any part that projects, or ad- vances beyond the naked ofa wall, and which serves as a ground for some deco- ration. Corps, any body of forces. Corps is also applied to specific regiments; as the corps of Guards; likewise to a par- ticular class of men; as a tine corps of drums and fifes. Corps de garde, Fr. in the French ac- ceptation of the word, signifies not only the place itself, but likewise the men who are stationed to nmi™»* if Si GlARD-HOlSE. ) COR protect it. See Corps de garde avancee, Fr. When a camp is secured by intrenchments, and has one line of defence, the corps de garde, or advanced post of the cavalry, is on the outside of the line, and each part has its quarter and main guard. The quarter guard, or petit corps de garde, is more in front, but still in sight of the main guard, and the vedette is still far- ther in advance, for the security of both. Coups de reserve. See Reserve. Coups d/armte, Fr. the whole of an army, including detachments, &c. Corps de bataille, Fr. the whole line of an army which is drawn out in order of battle. Corps de casernes, Fr. the range of buildings called barracks, erected for the convenience of troops. Corps g'tont'etrique, Fr. signifies length, breadth, and depth. CORRELET or Corslet, an ancient suit of armour which was chiefly worn by pikemen, who were thence often deno- minated Corselets. The same kind of armour was worn by the harquebusiers. To CORRESPOND, to hold inter- course. An officer or soldier who cor- responds with the enemy, is liable to suffer death, by the Articles of War. CORRESPONDENCE, (correspon- dunce, Fr.) a written intercourse which is kept up between officers at the head of the army, or between belligerent powers, who are embarked in the same cause, and who communicate together in order to secure ultimate success. Military Correspondence, (corre- spondance de gucrre,Yv.) See Military Sec r eta i:t . Secret Correspondence, (correspon- dance secrete, Fr.) secret intelligence or correspondence which is maintained be- tween the general of an army, and some one or more confidential agents that are employed to watch the enemy. CORRIDOR, (corridor, Fr.) the covert- way which is formed between the fosse and palisade on the counterscarp. See Covert-wav. This word is becoming obsolete as a military term, and is chiefly used to designate a gallery, &c. CORRODY, a defalcation from an allowance or salary, for some other than the original purpose. Thus an officer who retires upon the full pay of a short troop or company, holds a Corrody. CORROYER, Fr. to mix lime and sand with water, well together, in order to make mortar. CORYPHEE, Fr. chief; leader. COS ( 135 ) COT CORSAGE, Fr. the trunk of the body ; either of a man or animal. CORSAIR, ( corsair e, Fr.) in naval history, a name given to the piratical cruisers of Barbary, who frequently plunder the merchant ships of countries with whom they are at peace; a pirate. CORSELET, a little cuirass; or, ac- cording to others, an armour, or coat made to cover the whole body, anciently worn by the pikemen, who were .usual ly placed in the front and on the flanks of the battle, for the better resisting the enemy's assaults, and guarding the sol- diers posted behind them. CORTEGE, Fr. the suite or retinue which accompanies a person of distinc- tion. We use the term in the same sense. CORTES, the states, or the assembly of the states, in Madrid. CORVEE, Fr. a species of hard la- bour for the repair of public roads, &c. to which a certain number of soldiers, and sometimes the inhabitants of towns and villages, were subjected during the old French monarchy. This personal tax was done away at the Revolution, and turnpikes have since been established throughout France. Corvee likewise means a job. CO-SECANT, (co-secant, Fr.) the se- cant of an arch, which is the comple- ment of another to 90°. CO-SINE, (co-sinus, Fr.) is the right sine of an arch, which is the complement of another to 90°. COSMOGRA PHY, (cosmographie, Fr.) a science which teaches the structure, shape, disposition, and connection of all the different parts of the globe; like- wise the manner of delineating them on paper: it is composed of two parts, viz. astronomy and geography. COSMOLABE, an ancient mathe- matical instrument for measuring dis- tances both above and below. COSMOPOLITAN, (cosmopolitain, cosmopolite, Fr.) a citizen of the world. COSSAQUES or COSSACKS. Ac- cording to Sir Robert Wilson, in his brief remarkson the Character and Com- position of the Russian army, the Cos- saquesare a description of troopspcculiar to the Russian Army. There are some writers who believe, that the Cossaques have been a people 900 years, and sup- pose them to have come originally from the neighbourhood of Mount Caucasus, and to have settled on the Don, anciently called the Tanais; whence they sent out colonies, and conquered Siberia, which they ceded to Russia in 1574, and in 1584 they established themselves on the Volga. In 1574 they made their first appearance in the Russian armies. The Cossaque is mounted on a very little, ill-conditioned, but well-bred horse, which can walk at the rate of five miles an hour with ease, or vie with the swiftest goer. The Cossaque has only a snaffle bridle on his horse, for the convenience of feeding at all times, and even in the pre- sence of an enemy. He carries a short whip on his wrist, as he does not wear a spur; and as he is constantly armed with a lance, a pistol in his girdle, and a sword, he never fears a competitor in single combat. The Cosaques distin- guished themselves during the war be- tween the Russians and the French on several occasions. Though supposed to be less civilized than their brethren in arms, the uniform tenour of their con- duct, both in 1814and 1815, has entitled them to general esteem, and secured them from reproach, even in France. COSSE, Fr. a measure of distance in the East Indies, equal to 2500 geometri- cal paces. COSSE, ) as Cossick Numbers. COSSICK, S This was the old name of the art of algebra, and is derived from cosa, Ital. for res or the root; for the Italians call algebra, regula rei ct census, i. e. the rule of the root and the square. Cossick numbers, with some algebraists, are the powers of numbers, as the roots, the square, the cube, &c. COTANGENT, the tangent of an arch which is the complement of another to S0°. t COTE, Fr. side. The whole extent or length of a branch in fortification; the distance or space between two given points, or the detni-gorges of two neigh- bouring bastions. Cote ext'erieur du poligonr, Fr. terior side of the polygon. The which is drawn from the capital of bastion to another. Cote inlaieur du poligone, Fr. terior side of the polygon. The which is drawn from the angle of gorge to the angle of the gorge most contiguous to it. See sides of the Po- lygon. Du Cote de POrient, Fr. eastwards. COTE a Cote, Fr. abreast. COTEAU, Fr. a hillock. ex- line one in- line one cou ( 136 ) C O V COTER, Jr. to mark upon the plans and profiles of works of fortification, the exact measurement thereof divided into toises, feet, inches, and lines : the figure which is used to distinguish the ditl'erent parts of the work is called the coti : so that when it is necessary to re- pair a bastion, the engineer instantly Knows the defective part. COTISER, Fr. to give one's allotted proportion of money or provisions, &c. for the use of an army. Also to make a person contribute any rate according to his means. COTOYER une arwee, Fr. to keep a parallel line with an enemy, so as to prevent him from crossing a river, or to seize a convenient opportunity to attack him. Cotoyer also signifies to coast along. COTTE d'armes, Fr. the military dress of the ancient Gauls, the length of which frequently varied; sometimes it hung to the ground both before and behind, with the sides sloping; some- times it came just above the knee, and at oilier times just below it. In sub- sequent years it was only worn by the Ik routs d'armes and les gardes de la tnanche, as we may have seen in our days Those Gauls that were opulent displayed great magnificence in their colic d'armes. Since that period the privilege has descended to the sons of grandees and noblemen. CO 111', de muilles, Fr.coat of mail. COTTEREAUX, Fr. a banditti that formerly infested France, particularly the province of Berri. They were de- stroyed by Philip Augustus in 11G3. Their only weapon was a large knife. COUARD, Fr. See Coward. COUARDISE, Fr. SeeCowARDicE. COUCH, (couche, Fr.) with painters, a lay or impression of colour, or varnish. To COICH, a term used in the exercise of the lance. Bring the lance under the right arm, and holding it firm there by pressing the arm to the body, direct the point with the right hand. COUCHE, Fr. in carpentry, a piece of timber which is laid flat under the foot of a prop or stay. COL CHER, Fr. in an active sense of the verb, to lay. CovcHERsur/e carreau,Yr. to lay low. Coucher en joue, Fr. to take aim with a firelock : figuratively, to keep any per- son, or thing, in view, for the purpose of gaining some object. Coucher vnecrit, Fr. to write down, to take down in writing. COUCHES, Fr. courses or layers of sand, which are spread about one foot deep, over the boarding of a wooden bridge, in order to place the stones upon it. Also any layer of sand or gravel which serves to have a pavement laid upon. COUDE, Fr. an obtuse angle in the continuity of a front or partition wall, taken outside, with one turn, or bent within. Also any angle. Coude, Fr. any turning or deviation from a direct line, that is made by a river, canal, road, or branch of a work in fortification. Coude d'unc riviere, Fr. a winding of the river. COUDE E, Fr. an ancient measure taken from the elbow to the end of the hand. COVENTRY, a town in Warwick- shire. To be. sent to Coventry, a military term used to express the situation of an officer who is not upon a good footing with his brother officers. This term derives its origin from a circumstance which happened to a regiment that was quartered in the town of Coventry, where the officers were extremely ill re- ceived by the inhabitants, or rather de- nied all sort of intercourse with them. Hence to be sent to Coventry signifies to be excluded from all social communi- cation with others; or, more properly, with those who before were intimate. To COVER, in the mathematical dis- position of a battalion, company, or squad, only means that a man is to stand in such a position in file, as that, when he looks exactly forward to the neck of the man who leads him, he cannot see the second man from him. Nothing but great attention at the drill can bring men to cover so truly as never to destroy the perpendicular direction of anv leading body. The least deviation in the men who cover upon either flank of a leading column, or division, will throw all that follow out of the true line. To Cover ground is to occupy a certain proportion of ground, indivi- dually, or collectively. A foot soldier upon an average covers c 22 inches of ground when he stands in the ranks. The dimensions arc taken from his shoulder points. C O V ( 137 5 c o u A file on horseback covers or occupies in the ranks about 2 feet 8 inches. Thus three file will occupy 8 feet; twelve file 32 feet or 10 yards and 2 feet; thirteen file, 34 feet 8 inches, or 11 yards, 1 foot, 8 inches; fourteen file, 37 feet 4 inches, or 12 yards 1 foot 4 inches, and so on. One horse's length from nose to croup, on an average, 3 feet and about 2 inches, or 2 yards 2 feet 2 inches. This consequently will he the space which about three file occupy in front. Cavalry and infantry officers cannot pay too much attention to the calcula- tion of distances; by an accurate know- ledge of which, ground will he properly covered, and any proportion of men, on horseback or on foot, be drawn up so as to answer the intentions of an able general. The best way that an of- ficer can form his eye, is to exercise it to the measurement of ground by the regular pace of 2 feet, used in mili- tary drawings; by this he can calculate his interval exactly, when he once knows how many feet his division oc- cupies ; for it is only halving the num- ber of feet, and the number, so pro- duced, is his distance in paces of two feet each. This instruction has been given to cavalry officers, by a very able tactitian. Cover, (u couvert, Fr.) a term in war to express security or protection : thus, to land under cover of the guns, is to ad- vance ofFensi\ely against an enemy who dares not approach on account of the fire from ships, boats, or batteries. It likewise signifies whatever renders any movement imperceptible : as, under cover of the night, under cover of a wood, &c. The gallery or corridor in fortification is, however, particularly dis- tinguished by the term cliemin couvert, covert-way, liecause the glacis of the parade is its parapet. COVERER. The serjeant, corporal, or private that is posted in the rear of a leader is so called. COVERT-WAY, in fortification, is a space of 5 or 6 fathoms on the border of the ditch toward the country, covered by a rising ground, which has a gentle slope towards the field. This slope is called the glacis of the covert-way. See Fortification. Second Covert-way, or, as the French call it, avant-chemin convert, is the co- vert-way at the foot of the glacis. See FORTIFICATION. COULER vne piece de canon, Fr. to liquify the metal for the purpose of casting it into a mould. COULET, from col, Fr. covering for the neck. COULEVRINE, Fr. a piece of ord- nance of great length, and which carries a ball to a considerable distance. The Coulevrine of Nanci in France, which is still to be seen at Dunkirk, is twenty-two French feet long from the breech to the mouth, and carries au eighteen pound shot. COULIS, Fr. plaster well mixed, for the purpose of filling up the joints of stones, and to keep thein together. Vent Coulis, Fr. wind issuing out of chinks. COULISSE, Fr. any piece of timber which has grooves in it. Also pieces of wood which hold the floodgates in a sluice. COULVRENIER, Fr. a militia-man of the fifteenth century. The Coulvre- nier wore a habergeon with sleeves, a gorgerin and salade, a breast plate of brass, a dagger, and a sharp edged sword. COUNCIL of wa, (conseil de guerre, Fr.) an assembly of principal officers of an army or fleet, called by the general or admiral who commands, to concert mea- sures for their conduct. See Conseil. COUNTER of a horse is that part of the fore-hand of a horse, that lies be- tween the shoulder and under the neck. COUNTER-Approaches, lines or trenches made by the besieged, when they come out to attack the lines of the besiegers in form. Line o/Counter-Approach, a trench which the besieged make from their co- vered-way to the right and left of the attacks, in order to scour, or enfilade, the enemy's works. Cov mzn-battcry, a battery used to play on another in order to dismount the guns. See Battery. Cov STER-breastwork,(cont re-parapet, Fr.) See Faussf.-braye. Covhizr- forts, in fortification, are certain pillars and parts of the wall, dis- tant from 15 to 20 feet one from an- other, which are advanced as much as may be in the ground, and are joined to the height of the cordon by vaults, to sustain the cheinin des rondes, or that part of the rampart where the rounds T cou i. 138 ) COU arc gone, as well as to fortify the wall, and strengthen the ground. See Bt 1- i ur.ssts. CoUNTER-gtlOfUfe, ill fortification, are small ramparts, with parapets anil ditches, to cover Mime part of the body of the place. They are of several shapes, and differently situated. They are ge- nerally made he fore the bastions, in or- der to cover the opposite Hanks from being seen from the covert-way; con- sisting then of 2 faces, making a salient angle, and parallel to the faces of the bastion. They are sometimes made lie- fore the ravelins. See Fortification. CouMTER-round. See Roc Mis. Cou yiEK-mincs. See M i s ks. Cowst Entrenches. See Siege. Counter working is the raising of works to oppose those of the enemy. CouNTi.R-s?t«//(),(''.s tail, (ronht-uueue tfkironde, Fr.) in fortification, is a kind of an out-work very much resembling a single tenaille. CouHTER-parole, or word, (contre- viot, Fr.) a parole or word which is given in times of trouble and alarm, and is taken from the name of some instru- ment, such as cane, hammer, pistol, &c. Cov\7ini-ti»ie, with horsemen, is the defence or resistance of a horse, that in- terrupts his cadence and the measure of his manage. CouNTER-//g/((,uith architects, a light opposite to any thing which makes it ap- pear to disadvantage. Counter-/«M, with builders, a lath that is laid in length between the rafters Cov St ER-gugc, in carpentry, a me- thod used in measuring the joints, by transferring the breadth of a mortoise to the place in the timber where the tenon is to be, in order to make them lit to- gether. To COUNTERMAND, (contreman- der, Fr.)togive contrary orders to those already issued; to contradict former orders, tkc. COUNTERMARCB,fc0**r/uirc/ie, Fr.)to change the front of an army, battalion, ike. by an inversion of their several component parts. To COUNTERMARK a horse, a 'rick frequently played by the knowing ones for the purpose of concealing the real age of a horse. This is done by means of slips and scratches which are made by the graver on the outside of the hollows of the teeth. COUNTERMURE, (contremur, Fr.) a wall built up behind another, in order to increase the strength ofanv work. COUNTERPOISE, with 'horsemen, i-> the balance of the body, or the liberty "I the action and seat of a horseman, acquired by practising in the manage, so that in all the motions the horse makes, the horseman does not incline his body more to one side than to the other, but continues in the middle of the saddle, bearing equally on the stirrups, in order to give the horse the seasonable and proper aids. COUNTERSCARP, in fortification, is properly the exterior talus, or slope of the ditch, on the farther side from the place, and lacing it. Sometimes the covert-way and glacis are meant by this expression. See FORTIFICATION. COUNTERSIGN, in a general ac- ceptation of the term, means any parti- cular word, such as the name of a place or a person, which, like the parole, is exchanged between guards, entrusted to persons who visit military posts, go the rounds, or have any business to transact with soldiers in camp, or garrison. It ought always to be given in the language be si known to the troops. COUNTERVALLATION, or Line of Couii/t initiation, a trench with a para- pet, made by the -besiegers, betwixt them and the besieged, to scciue them from the sallies of the garrison ; so that the troops which form the sit ue are en- camped between the lines of cite. imval- lation and cotintervallation. When the enemy has no army in the field, these lines are useless. i ()\JNTY-/icutcnant. See Lieute- nant of County. COVS'l'Y-lrcasinrr. See TilSASV- rer of Col Nl v. COUP, Fr. a blow, or stroke. Coup /forme et feu, Fr. shot. CoOP df canon, Fr. cannon-shot. Coifs decorde, Fr. blows given with popes-ends, st;ch as are used in our ships of war. Although the punishment of flogging does not exist in the French army, the navy is subjected to it. Coups de corde is also used to signify the seve- ral jerks given in the punishment by estrapade. See Estrapade. c o u ( 139 ) c o u Un Coup d'ipte, Fr. a thrust with a sword. Coup de main, Fr. a sudden and un- foreseen attack, (Src. The favourable side of the proposed action must ever be viewed; for if what may happen, arrive, or fall out, is chiefly thought upon, it will, at the very best, not only greatly discourage, but, in general, produce a failure. Les Coups de main, Fr. To use a vulgar English phrase, this term signifies off-hand-business, or a word and a blow. During the paroxysm of the French Re- volution, it was common to have re- course to what the revolutionists called Les hommes d'exccution pour fuire des coups de main. Of this description were the Septembrizers in 1792. Coup de langue,Tr. language or words which are used for the purpose of in- juring another. It literally signifies a stroke of the tongue, or that mean and cowardly attack which is made against a man's character without his knowledge. The French say, Les coups de langue blesscnt bien plus fort que les coups de sabre; of this description is insinuative abuse. Covp-d'wil, Fr. in a military sense, First Sight, or that fortunate aptitude of eye in a general, or other officer, by which he is enabled, by one glance on the map, or otherwise, to see the weak parts of an enemy's country, or to discern the strong ones of bis own. It also signi- fies to catch a ready view, and thereby to secure an accurate knowledge of the enemy's position and movements in action. Repossessing a ready coup-d'ail, a general may surmount the greatest difficulties, particularly in offensive ope- rations. On a small scale this faculty is of the greatest utility, especially in an aide-de-camp. Actions have been recovered by a sudden conception of different openings upon the enemy, which could only be ascertained by a quick and ready eye, during the rapid move- ments of opposing armies. General Desaix, at the battle of Marengo, gave a striking proof of the importance of this faculty, and so did the Duke of Wel- lington at the battle of Waterloo. Coup-/b«rre, Fr. a term used in fencing, signifying a double thrust, or one given by two antagonists at the same time. The French also say figuratively, Ftrter un coup fourrt a quelqu'vn, to do an ill turn to somebody behind his back. Coup de partance, Fr. the signal of departure which a fleet, or ship of war, makes by firing cannon. Coup de Jarnuc, Fr. an underhand blow. This term is always used in a bad sense by the French. It conies from the circumstance of a Frenchman, named Jarnuc, having killed his countryman La Chitaigneraie unfairly in a duel. COUPE, Fr. the rough draft, or sketch, of a drawing which represents the inside of a building, &c. We also say cut in some cases. (lor PL-gorge, Fr. a cut-throat; it also signifies any dangerous spot, avenue, or cutlet, where a man might be way-laid and murdered. Also a gambling-house, &c. COUPELLE, Fr. a kind of tin or copper shovel, which is used in the ar- tillery to (ill the cartridges with gun- powder, &c. COUPElt une conmninication,un con- voi, un pont, une retraitc, une troupe, Fr. to cut off a communication, to in- tercept a convoy, break down a bridge, cut off a retreat, or any armed body of men. COUPURES, in fortification, are pas- sages sometimes cut through the glacis, of about 12 or 13 feet broad, in the re- entering angle of the covert-way, to fa- cilitate the sallies of the besieged. They are sometimes made through the lower curtain, to let boats into a little haven built in the rentrant angle of the coun- terscarp of the out-works. Coupure, FY. a ditch that is dug to prevent a besieging army from getting too close to the walls of a fortified town, or place. COU R->martiale, Fr. See Court- Martial. COURAGE, derived from caur, Fr. heart, that being supposed to be the seat of it : so we say, stout at heart is synonimous to brave. This quality of the mind is sometimes natural, and some- times acquired. It is equally necessary to the officer and soldier. The French make a difference between bravery and courage. They say soldiers may be very brave, and yet not have courage enough upon all occasions to manifest their bravery. A general who is determined, upon an emergency, to risk neck or no- thing, always knows how to inspire his T2 cou ( 140 ) COU troops with courage, (provided they be well disciplined, for if not, he can do no- thing,) and in that respect the famous Turcnnc and Maurice of Nussau, who were often opposed hy a superior force, were wonderfully skilful. Fernond Cor- tex, who had oidy five hundred men of infantry, and twenty horse, to make the conquest of Mexico, perceiving that his troops, (which he called an army,) were ('lightened at the great number of Indians mustering against them, ordered his ships to be set on fire. He con- quered the enemy ; but we must con- fess, that he had to deal with barbarians, who mistook his twenty horsemen for sea monsters, and the firing from the musketry and artillery, for the thunder from above. All manner of stratagems must be recurred to, in order to revive, or inspire, courage. A general, for in- stance, who, at the head of an inferior force, cannot avoid a batlie, causes it to be rumoured, that the enemy will give no quarter, and that he has heard the report from his spies, &G. Courage tnilitaire, Fr. military prowess, active fortitude. A peculiar degree of hardihood, by which the miud is driven to acts of uncommon boldness and enterprise. The late General Sir Thomas Picton, K. B. was remarkable for this species of courage. COURANTJN, Fr. in artificial fire- works, this term is given to those fu- sees that carry the fire from one quarter to another by means of a cord which is stretched very light in the air. COUryBT, a double evurbwe, Fr. a curved-line which has two other curves within it. M. Clanaut has written very learnedly upon this head in a book in- tiujjfd, Kecherches sur Us Courbt.s a double con r burr. COURBETTER, Fr. to curvet. COURCON, Fr, a strong piece of iron which serves to connect and secure the moulds for cannon. COUREURS, Fr. light armed troops that are mounted, and go upon recon- noitring parties, or in pursuit of a flying enemy. It literally means runners. Those who, on a march, leave their ranks to go marauding, are also called coureurs. COURGE, Fr. a gourd ; a yoke. Also a stone or iron crow which sustains the false mantle-tree of an old chimney. COURIER, a messenger sent post, or express, to carry dispatches of battles gained, lost, &c. or any other occurrences that happen in war, &c. Coukier de cabinet, Fr. a state mes- senger. Couriers des vivres, Fr. were two active and expert messengers attached to the French army, whose duty con- sisted wholly in conveying packets of im- portance to and fro, and taking charge of pecuniary remittances. COURIR au.v mines, Fr. to run to arms. COURONNE de pieur, Fr. the head of a stake, which is sometimes bound round with iron, to prevent it from split- ting when driven down bv the rammer. COURONNER, F> . to terminate or finish any piece of work. COURON EM ENT,or Couronnement, Fr. in fortification, implies the most ex- terior part of a work when besieged. COURONNES gverrilres, Fr. mili- tary crowns or garlands. See Crowns. COURROYES, Fr. stirrup-leathers. Dragoons are sometimes punished with these articles. The culprit is obliged to pass through two lines facing inwards, and receives a blow from every soldier as he goes by. COURS de Hues, Fr. See Lisses. COURSE, with architects, a conti- nued range of bricks or stones of the same height throughout the length of the work. COURSER. See Charger. COURSES, Fr. the incursions which an army makes into an enemv's country. COU RM FR, Fr. that canal in a wa- ter-mill, or in any other hydraulic ma- chine, where the bottom of the ladle- wheel is confined, and where the water issues with great force from under the flood-gate, to put the wheel in motion. COURSIER, Fr. a gun which is placed in the forecastle of a galley for the pur- pose of firing over the ship's beak. The weight of its ball is from 33 to 34ll>. COUKSEY, in a galley, a space, or passage, about a foot and a half broad, on both sides of which slaves are placed. CQ\TRT-niartial,(Cour-niartialc, Fr.) a court appointed for the invent ; gation and subsequent punishment of ut'.ences in officers, under-officers, soldieis, and sailors: the powers of which are regu- lated by the Mutiny-bill, in the words, and to the effect following. " His Ma- jesty may, from time to time, grant a commission, under his royal sign manual, c o u ( 141 ) C u to any officer, not under the degree of a field-officer, for holding a general court- martial within this realm; and also grant his warrant to the lord-lieutenant of Ireland, or other chief governor or governors there, for the time being, or the governor or governors of Minorca, Gibraltar, and any of his Majesty's do- minions beyond (he seas respectively, or the person or persons, their commander in chief, from time to time, to appoint courts-martial in the kingdom or Ire- land, and other places and dominions respectively; in which courts-martial, all offences mentioned in the Articles of War, and all other offences hereinafter specified, shall be tried and proceeded against in such manner as the act lor that purpose directs." The courts have power by their sentence of judgment to inflict corporal punishment, not extend- ing to life or limb, on any soldier for im- moralities, misbehaviour, or neglect of duty. A general court-martial shall not consist of a less number than 13, where- of none are to be under the degree of a commissioned officer; and the president of such general court-martial shall nei- ther be the commander in chief, or go- vernor of the garrison where the offender shall be tried, nor under the degree of a field officer, unless where a field officer cannot be had; in which case the officer next in seniority, not being under the degree of a captain, shall preside at such court-martial; and that such court- martial shall have power and autho- rity to administer an oath, to every wit- ness, in order to the examination or trial of any of the offences that shall come be- fore them. That in all trials of offenders by gene- ral courts-martial, to be held by virtue of this act, every officer, present, at such trial, before any proceedings be had thereupon, shall take an oath, upon the Holy Evangelists, before the court and judge advocate, or his deputy. A regimental Court-Martial can- not sentence to the loss of life or limb. The colonel or commanding officer ap- proves the sentence of a regimental court-martial. By a clause in the Mu- tiny-bill of 1806, all the members of a regimental court-martial must be sworn. A garrison Court-Martial only differs from a regimental one by beins; composed of officers of different regi- ments. The governor, or other com- manding officer of the garrison, ap- proves the sentence. For further parti- culars respecting courts-martial, see Regimental Companion, vol. ii. 5th edition. Court of inquiry, a meeting of of- ficers who are empowered to inquire in- to the conduct of the commander of an expedition, &c. or to see whether there be ground for a court-martial, &c. Courts of inquiry cannot award punish- ment, but must repoit to the officer by whose order they were assembled. Courts ot inquiry are also appointed to examine into the quality and distribu- tion of military stores, &c. COURTAUD, with horsemen, a crop, or cropped horse; a Lob-tail. Courtaud, with gunners, a short kind of ordnance used at sea. COURTADER, Fr. to crop a horse's tail. COURTIER, Fr. an agent. Courtier de change, Fr. a money broker. Courtier priviUgii, Fr. an agent of government. COURT1NE, Fr. See Curtain in Fortification. COUSSIN, Fr. a sort of wedge, or small piece of wood, which is placed un- der the breech of a cannon in order to point it properly, and to keep it steady in the proposed direction. C017SSINET, Fr. a wedge of wood which is fixed between the carriage and the center part of a mortar, and serves to keep it in a prescribed degree of ele- vation. COUSSINET a mousquetaire, Fr. a bat; formerly worn by a French soldier on his left side beneath the cross-belt. It hung upon hooks near the butt of his musquet. Its object was to resist the recoil of a large fire arm, particularly during a siege. COUSTILLE, Fr. an offensive wea- pon which was occasionally used by the troops in the fifteenth century, in the time of Charles VII.; it was longer than the common sword, sharp edged from the hilt to the point, of a triangular shape, and very slender. COUSTILLER, Fr. a person armed with a const Me. COUTEAU, Fr. a knife. Couteau de chasse, Fr. a hanger. Couteau de bois, ou spatule, Fr. a wooden instrument in the shape of a short blunt blade. It is used in press- ing down earth or hay between a shell C R A ( i« ) C R A and the inside of a mortar, in oredr to keep the former compact and steady. COUTELA&, Fr. See Cutlass. COUTER, Fr. to cost; to have a price, or value. This expression is used figuratively among the French in a mili- tary sense — viz. Ce general expoto sis troupet a tout moment; Its hommes ne lui content guere. — That general ex- poses his troops every moment, he puts no price or value upon the loss of men. A plate COUTURE, Fr. utterly; en- tirely. Defaite a plate couture, an utter defeat. COUVADE, Fr. the act of skulking. Faire U Couvade, Fr. to lurk in camp, or quarters, when others are gallantly fighting in the field of battle. COUVERT, Fr. cover. Pays Couvert, Fr. a woody coun- try. COUVRE-FACE, Fr. a tern. us< ,1 h\ some engineers, and among others by Coehorn, to express the counter-guard : others, particularly Montaleinhert, con- vey by couvre-f ace generate a second line of complete investment. Le COUVRE-FEU, Fr. a signal made by the ringing of a bell, or heat of drum, to give notice to the soldiers or inhabitants of a fortified place, that the gates are shortly to be shut. It literally means the covering, or extinction, of lire, or light. See Curfew. COUVRIR, Fr. to cover, defend, conceal. Coivrir unc rille, un port, unc troupe, un pays, un magasin,un entrepot, une armee usance ante, Fr. to lie encamp- ed in front of a town, bridge, body of men, any particular ground or post, magazine, or between a fortified place and the main besieging army, so as to prevent the approaches of an enemy. To this end temporary works should he erected, defended by chosen troops, who must he attacked and beaten, before possession can be obtained of any of the above-mentioned objects. Couvrir une marche, un mouvement, une communication, Sfc. Fr. to cover the march or movement of an army, by means of detachments, which are sent forward for that purpose. COWARD, according to Dr. John- son, a word of uncertain derivation. A poltroon; a wretch whose predominant passion is fear; a thing unworthy of, and unfit for, the navy or army. It is some- times used as an adjective. ( OY. \ UX, Fr. hip rafters. COYER, Fr. a piece of timber which is laid diagonally in the: groove, or hol- low of a roof, COYON, Fr. a coward; a base das- tardly fellow.' COYONADE, Fr. cowardice; das- tardly conduct. CRAB. See Gin. CRABBAT, Hcravatei Fr.) Baiby CRAVAT, S derives this word from one Crabbat, a Croatian, who first wore a sort of neckcloth. Before the Revo- lution, there was a German regiment in the French service, called Royal Cravats, probably from the men having originally been recruited out of Croatia, and also wearing the neckcloth. This regiment gave way at the famous sortie of Lisle, in 1792, when Colonel Dillon led out a body of troops to attack an advanced post of the Austrians. The consequence of their panic was the inhuman murder of that brave officer, and of Berthier the engineer, who was suspended from a lamp iron, and shot, anil cut at by the fugitives as they returned to the citadel. CRADLE, a machine made of stout sail-cloth for the purpose of shipping and unshipping horses; also a hollow piece of leather for a fractured or bro- ken limb to rest in. Cradle, with shipwrights, a frame of timber raised along the outside of a ship by the bulge, serving more securely and commodiously to launch her. CRAIK.E. The constablery of this place, a* far as it regards the militia, is deemed a part of the North Riding of Yorkshire, and is subject to the juris- diction of the Lord Lieutenant. CRAMPON dc cuir, Fr. a loop, or tab of leather. CRAMPONS, Fr. pieces of iron hooked at the end; grappling hooks. Iron instruments distributed amongst the troops intended to storm a rampart, and which they fastened to their shoes by means of a strong strap of leather, to he able to climb up. CRAMPONNER, Fr. to join or fasten together with cramp-irons. Ciiami'onner des fcrs dc cheoal, Fr. to shoe a horse with frost nails. CRAMPONNET, Fr. a little cramp iron ; tack or hoop. Les CRAMPONS d'unfer de cheval, Fr. the frost nails of a horse-shoe; caulks; the caulkings. CRANE, an instrument made with CRE rope?, pullies, and hooks, by which great weights are raised. CRANE, Ft. literally the skull, brain pan, or bone of the head. The French say of a stubborn hot-headed man, Cest une crane CRANEQUfN, Fr. the gaffle of a cross bow. It is also written Crenne- uuin, and signifies an engine for battery, used in old times. C It AN EQU I ER, C It A S EQUI- NIER, Fr. formerly an order who served both on foot and horseback; hi? bow was very light; in the origin it was made of wood, next of hum, and finally of iron: it was bent by means of an iron bandage, called crunequin, which was fastened round the waist. The Dukes of Burgundy used to have six hundred ot them in their suite. This appellation was also formerly given to an inferior officer who had the management of warlike machines. CRAPAUD, ou affut, Fr. Crapaud literally means a toad. It is a sort of gun-carriage without wheels, on .which a mortar is carried. CItAPAUDINE, Fr. a sort of sucker, which is placed at the bottom of reser- voirs and basons, in order to keep them dry, or to draw off the water. Crapau- dine also signifies the cavity in which the hinge of a door, &c. turns. CRAPAUDINE, in a horse, an ulcer on the coronet, called also a tread upon the coronet. CRATCH, {r atelier, Fr.) a rack, in which hay is put for cattle. CRATCHES, {crevasse, Fr.) a crack; a disease in horses. CRATES, engines of war used by the ancients to cover the workmen in pro- portion as they drew nearer to the walls of a besieged town. CRAVATES. Fr. See Croats. Rot/ales Cravates, Fr. a mounted militia, or species of Life Guards, for- merly so called in France. Cravates des dvapeaux, Fr. the cor- ners of a colour or Hag. CRECHE, Fr. a manger; a crib. CREDIT, {credit, Fr.) trust reposed, with regard to property: correlative to debt. Johnson. It is customary, upon the arrival of troops that are to conti- nue quartered in a town, village, &c. to warn the inhabitants not to give credit to the men. CREDITS. See Debts and Credits. ( i*3 ) CRE CREESE, a dagger used by the Ma- CREMAILLE, in field fortification, is when the inside line of the parapet is broken ill such a manner as to resemble the teeth of a saw; whereby this advan- tage is gained, that a greater fire can be brought to bear upon the defile, than if only a simple face were opposed to it; and consequently the passage is render- ed more difficult. Belidor, in his Dic- tionnaire Porlatif de I'Ingenieur, writes the word, Cremilliere. CREMILLIERE, Fr. a pot-hanger. CREMILLON, Fr.ahook. CRENAUX, Fr. small openings, or loop, holes which are made through the walls of a fortified town or place. They are extremely narrow towards the ene- my, and wide within; so that the balls from the besiegers can scarcely ever en- ter, whereas two or three soldiers may fire from within. CRENELE, Fr. embattled; having loop-holes. CRENELER, Fr. to indent; notch. CRENELLATED Parapet, an em- battled parapet with loop-holes to fire through. CRENELURE, Fr. indenting. CREOLE, CREOLIAN, {Creole, Fr.) A person born in the West Indies, but of European Origin. Creoliansare very tenacious of their birth, and will not associate with blacks, or mulattoes. CREPAINE, CREPANCE, Fr. an ulcer seated in the midst of the forepart of a horse's foot, about an inch above the coronet. CREPUSCULE, Fr. twilight. CRESCENT. See Orders. CRESSET, any great light upon a beacon, light-house, or watch-tower. CREST of the parapet, or <>f the glacis, is the superior surface, or too, of the parapet of any work. Crest, (crcte, Fr.) a tuft of feathers, a plume, a tassel, generally worn in the helmet. These crests were originally made of horse-hair; and, according to Herodotus, were invented by the Ethio- pians. CiiEsr-fallen, dispirited, out of heart, cast down, cVc. CRETE, in fortification, implies the earth thrown out of the ditch hi a forti- fication, trench, tkc. The most elevated part of a parapet, or glacis. Crete d'un chemin couvert, d'une C R I ( 144 ) C R () piece tlr fortification^ d'unc montagne, d'nn rocker, &c. Fr. the peak or highest pari of a covert-way, o*- of any work in fortification; the summit of a hill, rock, &c. 'J'lie French say figuratwely, Buisser hi crete, to be less haughty, to lose one's vigour or strength. CREVICE, ( crevasse, Fr.) a chasm or hollow Bpace which is made by time, or mismanagement, in a piece of ordnance ike; it also signifies a crack in a wall, ike. CRT, Fr. the acclamation or shout which is made by soldiers when the enemy gives way, and a battle is won. Also the sound uiven by the voice in challenging a sentry. Cri also signifies the motto which is written upon colours, or coats of anus belonging to illustrious houses. Cm des amies, Fr. a savage custom which is still preserved by the Turks and other uncivilized nations, whenever they go into action. It was formerly practised among the French, Spaniards, and the English, ike. The national exclamations were Montjoie and St. Dcnys for France, St. James for Spain, St. George for England, Farrah formerly lor Ireland, St. Andrew for Scotland, St. Malo, or St. Yves, for the Dukes of Britttany, St. Lambert for the principa- lity of Liege, ike. The war-hoop may likewise be considered in this light. It is s till practised among the savages of America. See War hoop. In making any desperate assault, or in charging bayonet, or when one bat- talion is directly opposed to another, or squadron to squadron, French soldiers frequently use the cri des armes ; Tuez ! tiuzf and the Spaniards vociferate "hiatal Silence and calmness in the soldier, and steadiness and observation in the officer, are, nevertheless, superior to such un- governable effusions. The former must contribute to regularity, the latter sel- dom fail to create disorder. CRIBLB, JV.a riddle; a sieve. CRIBLE de coups, Fr. covered with blows, or wounds; pierced through and through. CRIBLEIt, Fr. to lame; to cripple; to render unfit for service. CRICjCRJCQ, Fr.a machine which is u^ed to move forwards, or drag up a piece of ordnance, a mortar, tkc. or any load, from the ground. The c is not pro- nounced in this word. CRIC, Fr. a poignard used by the Malya people. The c is pronounced in this word. CRIME de lezc-majestc, Fr. high treason. CRIMP, (raceoleur, Fr.) a person who makes it his business to entice others into a military life, generally by mil. or meahs. CRINIERE, Fr. that part of the ca- parison which covers the horse's neck. The name of crinicre is also given to a hunch of culling horse-hair worn upon the helmets of the dragoons, which flows down on the sides, like a garland, or up- on the hack. CRINIERE, or manefuire, a defence for the neck of a horse against a blow from a sword. It consisted of a number of small plates, generally about twelve, hooked together, and fastened to the chant Von, so as to be moveable. CRIQUES, Fr. small ditches. CRISIS, (crise, Fr.) the point of time at which any affair comes to the height. CRISTA, a plume. See C ft EST. CRIT, Fr. a small dagger. CROATS, light irregular troops from Croatia. Their method of fighting is the same as the I'andours. They wear a short waistcoat, and long v\hite breeches, with light boots, and a cap greatly resembling the hussar cap. Their arms are a long firelock barrel, and short bayonet, hanger, and a brace of pistols. The late Empress Queen of Austria had 5000 of these troops, the greatest part of which had no pay, but lived by plunder. CROC," uic Crochet de Sape, Fr. a pole with an iron hook, used to place the gabions and fascines. CROCHET de tranchie, Fr. the fur- ther end of a trench or boyav, which is purposely carried on to conceal the head of the bui/uu, in order to prevent it from being enfiladed; and to serve as a small place-of-arms from whence soldiers may fire against sallying parties. CROCS, Fr. whiskers. CROCUS, (saf'ran des mitaux, Fr.) a calcined metal used by soldiers to clean their muskets, tkc. CROISADE, CRUSADE, (croisade, Fr.) a holy war, or an expedition of the Christians against the Infidels for the re- covery of the Holy Land, so called from those who engaged in it wearing a cross on their clothes. CROIX de St. Andre, Fr. St. An- wilh rifled a crooked C R O ( 145 ) C R O (1 rew's cross, so called from the saint of that name having been crucified upon it. It consists of two pieces of wood placed diagonally across each other. Croix 'de St. Louis, Fr. the cross of St. Louis, a French order which is purely of a military nature. It was in- stituted by Louis, surnamed the Great, in 1693. In 1719 the number of grand crosses to be distributed in the French army was limited, with appropriate allowances, in the following manner: 445 commandeurs and chevaliers, 12 grand crosses at 6000 livres, 13 com- mandeurs at 4000 livres, 27 ditto at 3000, 35 chevaliers at 2000, 38 ditto at 1500, 106 ditto at 1000, 1 ditto at 900, 99 ditto at 800,45 ditto at 600, 25 ditto at 500, 35 ditto at 400, 5 ditto at 300, and 4 ditto at 200. The King is Sovereign Grand Mas- ter of the Order. Land and sea officers waer it promiscuously. The cross con- sists of an enamelled golden Jieur de Lis, which is attached to the button-hole of of the coat by means of a small ribbon, crimson coloured and watered. On one side is the cross of St. Louis ■with this inscription : Ludovicus Magnus instituit, 1693 ; on the reverse side a blazing sword with the following words, Bellice virtutis premium. This is the only order which can be properly and strictly called military. There are several others, which we judge superfluous to our present undertaking. CRONE, Fr. a round low tower, covered at the top like a windmill, which stands upon the sea-side, or on the banks of a river, and turns upon a pivot, with a hook, serving to load and unload cargoes. CRONET, the iron at the end of a tilling spade. To CROP, (tondre, Fr.) to cut short. A Crop, (tite toadue, Fr.) what was called among the followers of Oliver Cromwell, a roundhead. During the late war, the officers and soldiers were re- lieved from a certain regulated length of tail, and permitted to have short hair without powder. CROQUANT, Fr. the name of a faction which committed great depre- dations towards the end of the sixteenth century, in several provinces on the pther side of the Loire. In 1593, the peasantry of Perigord, Limousin, and Potto*, assembled i« larje bodies, ap- pointed their commanders, refused ta pay the taxes, over-ran the country, ana gave no quarter to any of the nobility that had the misfortune to fall into their hands. They were named Croquants, from the word croquer, to devour, or pilfer; literally to crack. > CROQUES, Fr.a rough sketch taker* of any thing. CROSS, the ensign, or grand standard borne by the crusaders in the Holy Land. Gran D-Cross, a superior mark of dis- tinction belonging to the military order of the Bath, lately created. See Order. Cnoss-battery, (batterie de travers, Fr.) See Battery. C'Ross-^ire is when the lines of fire of two or more adjoining sides of a field redoubt, &c. cross one another; it is frequently used to prevent an enemy's passing a defile. It may be two ways obtained : first by constructing the re- doubt with the face opposite to the defile, tenailed; that is, forming a re-entering angle. The other way is, to defend the defile by two redoubts, whose faces com- mand the passage; flanking each other at the same time. CROSS-6ar shot, {balle ramie, Fr.) shot with iron bars crossing through them, sometimes standing 6 or 8 inches out at both sides: they are used at sea for destroying the enemy's rigging. At a siege they are of great service in demo- lishing the enemy's palisading, &c. Cfioss-/>ars, (croistes, Fr.) bars laid across one another. CROss-iars, sometimes called the splin- ter, or master-bar, that part of the car- riage which the shafts are fixed in, and from which the draft of the carriage is produced. Cross-6ow, called by the Latins arcus balistarius, or balista manualis, was an offensive weapon which consisted of a bow fixed to the top of a sort of staff", or stick of wood, which the string of the bow, when unbent, crossed at right angles. See Bow. CROSSES, distinctions given to mili- tary men for exploits and good conduct in war. See Order. CROUP, (crouppe, Fr.) the buttocks of a horse. CROUPADES, Fr. higher leaps than common curvets. The bouncing of a horse. CROUPE, Fr. the top of a hill. CROUPIERE, or buttoek-piece, hs>rs« armour. W CRO ( no ) C 11 u CROW, an iron bar, used as a lever in moving heavy ordnance or carriages, &c. The crows used in the artillery service are 4 feet 6 inches, and 5 feet iu length. CROWN, (couronne, Fr.) ttie orna- ment of the head which denotes impe- rial and regal dignity. It also signifies reward, honorary distinction, as ucrotni. of laurels, &c. 'Hie crowns, in ancient military his- tory, were of various uses and denomi- nations, viz. Oral Crown, corona ovatis, given to a general who, without effusion of Wood, had conquered the enemy. Naval Ckown, corona navalia, dishi- buted to those who first should board an enemy's ship. Camp Crown, corona castrensis, the reward of those who first parsed the pali- sades, and forced an enemy's camp. Mural CROWN, corona vrura/is, the recompense and mark of honour due to those who first mounted the breach at the assault of a besieged town. Civic Crown, corot't civica, more esteemed than the preceding: it was the distinguishing mark, of those who had saved the life of a Roman citizen in battle. It was given to Cicero for dis- sipating the conspiracy of Catiline, and denied to Cassar, because he imbrued his hands in the blood of his fellow- citizens. TriBwpAaZCROWN, corona triumphalis, the symbol of victory, and presented to a general who gained any signal advan- tage to the republic. Grass Crown, corona "ranrinca, was delivered by the whole Roman people to any general who had relieved an army invested, or besieged, by the enemy. The other crowns were distributed by the emperors and generals; this was given to Fabius by the Roman people, for obliging Hannibal to decamp from Rome. Olive Crown, corona oliva, the sym- bol of peace, and presented to the nego- ciators of it. Iron Crown, (couronne dc fcr, Fr.) a crown which was formerly worn by the kings of Lombardy, and by Charlemagne as emperor of the West ; iu imitation of whom, Napoleon the First was crowned with it by the Pope, us king of Italy, in 1806. Crown of thorny (couronne cfepincs, Fr.) a crown well known in holy history, as having been placed, in mockery, upon the bleeding temples of our Redeem ef by order of Pontius Pilate to satisfy the Jews. It also signifies any crown ac- quired by usurpation, or supported by tyranny, or imbecility. CROWN-.id/Vc, in fortification, an out-uork that takes up more ground (than any other. It consists of a large gorge, and two sides terminating to- wards the country iu two demi-bastions, each of which is joined by a particular Cttrfain, forming two half has lions and one whole one. Crovvn-vvoi ks arc made before the curtain, or the bastion, and generally serve to enclose some buildings which cannot be brought within the body of the place', Or to cover the town-gates, or else to occupy S spot of ground which might lie advantageous to the enemy. Sec Fob i iik.vi ion. CKOWN Ft) horn-aork, in fortifica- tion, is a horn-work, with a crown-work before it. ClvOWS;/ir/ are 4 pointed irons, so made, that what way soever fhev fall, one point is alvvavs uppermost. The short ones are about 4 inches in length, and the long ones (5 or 7. The short ones are thrown on bridges^&C and the long ones on the earth; both serving to incommode the cavalry, that they may not approach without great difficulty. C ROWS- 1<7/, a surgeon's instrument for extracting bullets, broken hones, &c. CRUCIIES a feu, Fr. earthen pots with two handles, filled with grenades, having the intervals between them filled with powder: these jirc-pols are first stopped with a sheep skin fastened round the neck; a match is nextfixed' to each handle; these are set fire to, and thrown upon the enemy, on their approach to storm the walls; the mo- ment the pots break, the fire from the matches communicates to the powder and to the grenades. CRUPELLAIRES, Fr. the nobiliy amongst the ancient Gauls, all of them fervent is, that is to say, covered with iron; they served on foot,, until, pur- suant to a regulation of Charles \ TJ. king of France, they were named homines des amies, men at arms, and each of them was obliged to keep four horses. CRUPPER, a leather strap which is placed under a horse's tail to prevent the saddle from moving forwards. It forms a part of a horseman's military furniture. CUB ( U7 ) C U I Cr.v rvzn-buckles are large square buckles fixed to the saddle-tree behind, to fasten the crupper, each buckle hay- ing a roller or two, to make it draw easily. CU, I Fr. literally the bottom, or CUL, i brainless part of the human, or animal, frame. Cu de basse fosse, Fr. a deep dun- geon. Tirer le Cu en arriere, Fr. to loiter, Co hang behind, Tour faile en Cu de lampe, Fr. a . tower winding downwards like a wreathed shell. Cu or Cul de lampe, according to Belidor, signifies also a kind of pen- •dentive which hangs from the mouldings • in Gothic vaults; also an assemblage of sculptured stones which serve to sup- port centr.f/-boxes, or small turrets at- tached to the salient angles of stone and brick works. Cu de sac, Fr. a blind alley ; an alley, street, or place, that has no thoroughfare. Avoir leCvL sur la selle, Fr. to be on horseback. Tenir conseil de guerre le Cul sur la selle, Fr. to hold a council of war on horseback. CUBATION, ) {cubation, Fr,) is the CUBATURE, S cubing of a solid, or the art of measuring the solidity of bodies. This solidity is usually ascer- tained by multiplying together their three several dimensions: viz. their length, breadth, and height or depth. The cubature has respect to the con- tent of a solid, as the quadrature has to the superficies of a figure: so that the cubature of the sphere turns on the same thing as the quadrature of the circle. CUBE, ^ solid contained between six equal square sides. The solidity of any cube is found by multiplying the super- ficial content of any one of the sides by the height. Cubes are to one another in the triplicate ratio of their diagonals. CvBE-root is the side of one of the squares constituting the cube. CUBIC-J'oot implies so much as is contained in a cube, whose side is 1 loot or 12 inches. Cubic hyperbola is a figure expressed by the equation x y '2— a, having 2 asymptotes, and consisting of 2 hyper- bolas, lying iii the adjoining angles of the asymptotes, and not in the opposite angles, like the Apollonian hyperbola., being otherwise called, by Sir Isaac Newton, in his enumeral.io linearum lertii ordinis, an hyperbolismus of a parabola; and is the 65th species of lines, according to him. Cubic number is that which is pro- duced by multiplying any number by itself, and then again the product by that number. Cubic parabola, a curve of the se- cond order, having infinite legs, diverging contrary ways. CUE or Queue, the hair tied in form of a tail. All the British soldiers, ex- cepting the grenadiers and light infantry, were formerly ordered to wear their hair cue'd. They are now permitted to wear it short, En CUERPO, en chemise, Fr. from the Spanish, in one's shirt. — Se battre eri cuerpo, To tight in one's shirt. CUILLER, on cuillirt a canon, Fr. a copper ladle or scoop, which is used to draw the cartridge out of the gun. CUIR bouilli, Fr. jacked leather, such as jack-boots, leathern bottles, pouches, &c. are made of. CUIRASSE, a piece of defensive armour, made of plate, well hammered, serving to.coverthe body, from the neck to- the girdle, both before and behind, called breast and back-plate. CUIRASSIERS, a sort of heavy ca- valry armed with cuirasses, as most of the German horse are. The several German powers have regiments of cui- rassiers, especially the Emperor, and the King of Prussia. The late King of France had also one regiment; but we have had none in the English army since the Revolution. There were troops of this description engaged in the battle of Waterloo, who had, until that time, been thought invincible, but were completely routed and destroyed by the superior weight and dexterity of the Life Guards; notwithstanding the peculiar advantages of their armour, which was musket-proof in most parts. CUISII, from cuisse, Fr. thigh. See Cuissars. CUISINES, Fr. kitchens; ditches dug by the soldiers, in rear of the camp, to cook their victuals. CUISSARS, Fr. are plates or scales made of beaten iron, which formerly served to cover the thighs. CUITE, Fr. a technical word to U2 C U N ( 148 ) CUT express the preparation of saltpetre for the making of gunpowder. See Salt- l'l.I rf. CUL de chaudron, Fr. the hollow or excavation left after the explosion of a mine. CULASSE, Fr. breech of a gun; butt- end of a musket. CULATE, Fr. that part which stands between the touch-hole of a cannon and the button. CULBUTER, Fr. to overthrow; break; turn upside down. Cui.buter tine culonne, Fr. to oxer- throw a column. CULCIT/E, mattresses used from time immemorial ; at first they were made of dried herbs, next of feathers, and finally of wool. In proportion as the Romans relaxed from their former severe discipline, they would carry mat- tresses with them, notwithstanding they were forbidden. During the siege Of Numantia, Scipio, finding that all pro- hibitions were superfluous, set the ex- ample to his troops; insisted upon hav- ing no bed made for himself, but con- stantly slept on a bundle of hay. It is not necessary, however, that a general should lie on the bare ground for ever; let it suliice that he has done so once; he stands more in need of sleep than any other man in his army ; he is ex- posed to be summoned up frequently in the course of the night; besides, the fatigues and agitation of mind which he has undergone on the preceding day, require that he should enjoy some re- pose to be able to resume the labour of the morrow. The Duke of Wellington has been remarkable for his neglect of bodily comfort; especially during the campaigns in the Peninsula. CULEE d'etre boidant, Fr. a massy pile which receives and sustains the de- clivities of an arch or a buttress. CULEIRE, Fr. a crupper, which see. CULLION head, a sconce, or block- house, the same as a bastion. CULOT, Fr. the thickest part of a shell. CULOTTE, Fr. breeches. See Sa n S- CULOTTES. CULSTODE, Fr. See Custode CULVERIN, Culveri s-ordinurt/, Culveri n oft/te largest si CULVERTAIL, in carpentry, the same as dove-tail. CUNEUS. See Wedge. f See (Cannon. CUNETTE. See Cuvette. CURB, a chain of iron, made fast to the upper part of the branches of the bridle, in a hole called the eve, and run- ning over the beard of the horse. CURBOULY,a boot of jacked leather, which was formerly worn by hoiseincu. CURE-pit', Fr. See Hoksk-imcker. CURFEW-fct//, a signal given in cities taken in war,&c. to the inhabitants to go to bed. The most memorable curlew in England was that established by \\ il- liain the Conqueror, who ordered, under severe penalties, that at the ringing of a bell, at 8 o'clock in the evening, every one should put out his lights and tires, and go to bed, &c. CURRIER, a kind of piece form* rly used in sieges. According to Sir John Smith, in his remarks on the writiugs of Captain Berwick, a currier was of the same calibre and strength as ,t harque- huss, but had a longer barrel. CURRYCOMB, an iron instrument used for currying horses. To CURTAIL a horse, to dock him, to cut oft' his tail. CURTAIN, in fortification, is that part of the body of the place which joins the' flank of one bastion to that of the next. See Fortification. CURTELASSE, ) G r „., . ,,, TUTrT . v * } See Cutlass. CURTELAX, S CURTICONE, in geometry, a cone whose top is cut otT by a plane parallel to its basis. CURVATURE of a line in its bend- ing, or flexure, whereby it becomes a curve of such peculiar properties. CURVE, {courbe, Fr.) in geometry, a line, wherein the several points it con- sists of, tend several ways, or are placed in different directions. CURVILINEAL, (curviligne, Fr.) crooked lined, or consisting of crooked lines. Curvilinear figures, in geometry, are spaces bounded by crooked lines; as circles, ellipses, spherical triangles, &c. CUSTODE, Fr. a holster cap. CUSTREL, the shield-bearer of the ancients was so called. 7b CUT, in farriery, to interfere. See INTERFERE. Cut, the action of a sharp or edged instrument. There are six cuts esta- blished for the use of the cavalry, to be made with the broad sword, or sabre. See Sword Exercise. To Cut off, to intercept, to hinder from CYC ( 149 ) C Z A union or return. In a military sense, this phrase is variously applicable, and extremely familiar. To Cut short, to abridge; as the sol- diers were cut short of their pay. To Cut up, to destroy promiscuously. When the cavalry are sent in pursuit of a flying enemy, the latter are generally cut up. To Cut through, szvord in hand. A small body of brave men, headed by a good officer, will frequently extricate it- self from apparent captivity, or destruc- tion, by cutting its way through supe- rior force. British soldiers have often exhibited proofs of this extraordinary ef- fort of national courage. Cut and thrust szcord, See Spa droon. To Cut the round, or Cut the volt, is to change the hand when a horse n-ork.s upon volts of one tread, so that dividing the volt in two, he turns and parts upon a right line to recommence another volt. CUTLER, an artificer whose business is to forge, temper, and mount all sorts of sword-blades, &c. CUTTTNG-o/f. See Retrenchment. CUTTS, a soi"- of flat-bottomed boats, formerly used for the transportation of faorses. CUV T E, Fr. This word literally sig- nifies a tub; but it is also used by the French to express any thing steep of ascent, as fosses a fond de cuve, steep ditches. CUVETTE, Fr. a cistern : a small ditch, or reservoir. In fortification, it is a small ditch of 10 or 12 feet broad, made in the middle of a large dry ditch, about 4 or 4| feet deep, serving as a re- trenchment to defend the ditch, or else to let water in, (if it can be had during a siege,) and afford an obstacle, should the enemy endeavour to cross the fosse. CYCLISCUS, in surgery, an instru- ment made in the form of a half-moon, for scraping away corrupt flesh, &c. CYCLOID, a curve formed by a point in a circle revolving upon aplane. Thus every point in the outer rim of a car- riage wheel in motion moves in a cycloid. M. Huyghens has applied the cycloid to clocks, by which he renders their move- ments more equal and regular. CYCLOIDAL space, the space con- tained between the cycloid and the sub- tense thereof. CYCLOMETRY, (cyclomitrie, Fr.) the art of measuring cycles, or circles. CYCLOPAEDIA. SeeENCYCLOPjEDiA. CYLINDER, a solid body, having two flat surfaces and one circular. Cylinder, or concave cylinder of a gun, is all the hollow length of the piece or bore. See Cannon. Charged Cylinder, the chamber, or that part which receives the powder and ball. Vacant Cylinder, that part of the hollow or bore which remains empty when the piece is loaded. CYLINDROID is a frustum of a cone, having its bases parallel to each other, but unlike. CYMAR, a slight covering; a scarf. CYMBAL, (cymbale, Fr.) a warlike musical instrument in use among the an- cients, made of brass and silver, not un- like our kettle-drums, and, as some think, in their form, but smaller. They are now used by the British and other Eu- ropean nations, in their martial music. CZAR, a title of honour assumed by the great dukes, or, as they are now styled, emperors of all the Russias. This title is no doubt, by corruption, taken from Cesar, emperor : and the Czars accord- ingly bear an eagle as the symbol of their empire. The first that bore this title was. Bazil, the son of Basilides, about the year 1470. The empress is called the Czarina orTzarina. CZARIENNE, Fr. a term applied only in the following manner: Sa Majeste Czarienne, his or herCzarine Majesty. CZARINE, the Czar's wife; or the fe- male sovereign of Russia. CZARO WITZ, the son of the Czar or Czarine of Russia, ( 150 ) D DAN D A U TT\ BY the Articles of War it is enacted, *-*' that a court-martial may order any non-commissioned officer or soldier who has been convicted of desertion, to he marked on the left side, two inches be- low the arm-pit, with the letter D. Such letter not to be less than half an inch long, and to be marked upon the skin with some ink, or gunpowder, or other preparation, so as to be visible and con- spicuous, and not liable to be obliterated. DAG, an obsolete word for hand-gun, or pistol ; so celled from serving the pur- poses of a dagger, being carried secretly, and doing mischief suddenly. DAGGER, (dugiie, Fr.) in military affairs, a short sword or poignard, about 12 or 13 inches long. DAGUE de prcvbl, Fr. a cat o'nine tails. DALES, Fr. flagstones. DAM. See Dyke. DAMAS, Fr. a sabre made of the best polished steel, and well tempered : it rs excessively sharp, and is so called from Damascus in Syria, where the first of the kind were manufactured. To DAMASK, (damasquiner, Fr.) to inlay iron or steel, with gold or silver, as to damask the hilt or blade of a sword. DAMASQUINE, Fr. is said of a poignard, sabre, sword, musket, pistol, shield, helmet, or lance, that is orna- mented with sold or silver. DAME, Fi . a bank of earth ; a dam. Dame likewise means a piece of wood with two handles, used to press down turf or dirt in a mortar. Dame oh quille, Fr. a small turret which is erected upon a rampart wall, or on the top of a building, to overlook the country, and prevent soldiers from deserting. Dame jeannc, Fr. a large bottle in which wine or other liquors may be kept. DAMNED, (dumne, Fr.)lost; profli- gate. Z'awieDAMNliE de quelqu'un,Tr. the tool, or unprincipled instrument of any one. DANE-gefr, an ancient tribute of twelve pence laid upon every hide of land by the Danes, after they had invaded England. DANGERS to which land forces are exposed, (dangers pour les troupes de terre, Fr.) Under this title are compre- hended unknown defiles, certain passages in a country that have not been recon- noitred ; bridges which, from the stra- tagem of the enemy, are rendered unsafe; rocks, straits of rivers, a wood, a forest, an ambuscade ; a height in the shape of a curtain, behind which troops are con- cealed ; marshes, sandy grounds; false in- formation; traitors; weariness; the want of pay and of provisions; hard treatment ; want of discipline; the bad example given by the officers; neglect; unbound- ed security; bad morals; plunder allowed unseasonably: all the above are things which at various times may expose an army ; but a wise and prudent general knows how to remove all dangers of the kind. Mistrust and want of confidence, occasioned by the improvident appoint- ment of weak commanders, are likewise great dangers for an army. DANSE militaire, Fr. a military dance used among the ancients. DARD.'JV. a dart. Dard a J'ru, Fr. a javelin trimmed with lire-works, that is thrown on ships, or against places which you wish to set on fire. DARDER, Fr. to throw a dart, or any other pointed weapon. D ARDEUR, Fr. a person who throws a dart. DARE, a challenge or defiance to single combat. DARRA I X. Sec HATTLF.-aTVYn/. DA USE, Fr. the interior part of a port, which is shut with a chain, and where gallies and other small craft are sheltered. DART, in ancient military history, im- plies a small kind of lance, thrown by the hand. It was invented by Etholus or GEtolus, the son of Mars. DAUPHIN, a title given to the eldest SOU "t France, and heir presumptive to the crown, on account of the province of Dauphiny, which, in 1343, was given to DEB ( 151 ) DEB Philip of Valois, on this condition, by Humbert, dauphin of the Viennois. Dauphin, Fr. a warlike engine used by the ancients to pierce through and sink the gallies of their enemy. It threw a heavy mass of lead or of iron with such impetuosity as to do great execu- tion. This engine is mentioned in the account of the naval engagement in which the Athenians, under the com- mand of Nicias, were defeated by the Syracusans. Dauphins des canons, Fr. dolphins which are made in relief on the trunnions of field pieces. DAY, in a military sense, implies any time in which armies may be engaged, from the rising of one day's sun to that of another. According to Johnson it signifies the day of contest, the contest, the battle. Hence a hard-fought day. DAYSMAN, an umpire of the com- bat was so called. DE, Fr. See Die. DEA.TH's-head Hussars. SeellussARS. DEBACLE, Fr. breaking of a frozen river. DEBACLEUR, Fr. water-bailiff. DEBANDADE, Fr. £ la dcbandade, helter-skelter. Se battre a la Debandade, to fight in a loose, dispersed manner. Laisser a la Debandade, to leave at random, or in disorder, as the late Em peror of the French left his army on the 18th day of June, 1815, after the battle of Waterloo. DEBANDEMENT, Fr. the act of being out of the line, or irregularly formed. DEBARCADEUB, Fr. place for the landing of a ship's cargo. DE BARD EUR, fr. a lighterman. DEBARK. See Disembark. DEBARQUEMEN T, Fr. disembark- ing. DEBAUCHERi, Fr. to debauch, se- duce, or entice a .soldier iVum the ser- vice of his king and country. During the reign of Louis XV. and in former reigns, it was enacted, that any person who should be coinicted ol having de- bauched, or enticed, a soldier from his duty should sutler death. By a late act of parliament it is made a capital offence to entice, or seduce, a soldier from any regiment in the British service. DEBENTURE is a kind of war- rant, given in the office of the board of ordnance, whereby the person whose name is therein specified, is entitled to receive such a sum of money as by for- mer contract had been agreed on, whe- ther wages or otherwise. Debenture, in. some of the acts of parliament, denotes a kind of bond or bill, first given in 1649, whereby the government is charged to pay the soldier, creditor, or his assigns, the money due on auditing the account of his arrears. The payments of the board of ordnance for the larger services at home are always made by debentures; and the usual practice has been to make those payments which are said to be in course of ollice, at a period which is always somewhat more than three months after the date of each debenture, and which can never exceed six : to pay, for instance, at once for the three months of January, February, and March, as early as possible after the 30th of June. Army-Debentures are generally made up at the Pay-Onice, by virtue of war- rants from the War-Orhce, with the state of regimental charges annexed, after which is issued the final, or clearing warrant. See Warrant. DEBET, Fr. balance. It also signi- fies the same as dibit ens, debtor. DEBILLER, Fr. to take off the horses that are used in dragging boats up a river. DE BITER, Fr. to saw stones for the purpose of converting the several pieces into flag-stones, &c. It also sig- nifies to saw wood into thin planks. DEBLAI, Fr. the depth, or exca- vation, made by dicing. DEBLAYER, Fr. to make holes or excavations in the earth with spades or pick-axes, &c. Deiilaver un camp, Fr. to evacuate a camp for the purpose of cleaning and purifying the ground. Deblaver les terres d'unjhsse, Fr. to throw away the superfluous earth which is not used in constructing a parapet. ToDEBLOCADE, from the French Dcbloquer ; to raise the sis-ge of a place, or to clear the avenues to a town of an enemy that prevents ready access to it. DEBORDEMENr, IV. This word is applied to that excess and want of gootl order among troops, which induce them to overrun a country that is friend- ly or otherwise. Debordanmt was the ancient appellation given to the irrup- tion of a tribe of barbarians, who came from afar to invade a strange country. DEC ( *& ) DEC DEBORDER, Fr. to extend to the right or left so as to he be von d the ex- treme points of a Fortified town or place. DEBOUCH^, Fr. the outlet of a wood, or narrow pass. Debouche de tranchee, Fr. the open- ing which is made at the extremity of a trench, in order to carry the work more forward, by forming new boyaus, and to attack a place more closely. DEBOUCHEMENT, Fr. the march- ingot' an army from a narrow place into one more open. DEBOUCIIER, Fr. to march out of a defile or narrow pass, or out of a wood, village, &c. either to meet an enemy or to retire from him. It also signifies to begin a trench or boyau, in fortification, in a ziz-zag direction from a preceding one. D&boochbr une grosse louche a feu, Fr. to take the wadding out of a heavy piece of ordnance. DEBOURRER, Fr. to take the wad- dingout of a cannon, or musket. DEBOURS, Fr. disbursements. DEBOUT, Fr. Up! a word of com- mand in the French service, when troops kneel upon one knee in the presence of the consecrated host. DEBRIS it'inie urmee, Fr. the remains of an army which has been routed. DEBTS and Credits. Every captain of a troop or company in the British service is directed to give in a monthly statement of the debts and credits of his men ; and it is the duty of every com- manding officer to examine each list, and to see that no injustice or irregularity has been countenanced or overlooked, in so important an object as every money mat- ter between officer and soldier most un- questionably is. DEBUSQUER, Fr. to drive an ene- my's party from au ambuscade or ad- vantageous position. DECAGON, (decagonc, Fr.) in for- tification, is a polygon figure, having 10 sides, and as many abgles, and if all the sides and angles be equal, it is called a regular decagon, and may be inscribed in a circle. The sides of a regular deca- gon are, in power and length, equal to the greatest segment of an hexagon in- scribed in the same circle, and cut in extreme and mean proportion. To DECAMP, (dkamper, Fr.) to march an army or body of men from the ground where it before lay en- camped. It also signifies to quit any any place or position in an unexpected manner. DECAMPEMENT, Fr. the break- ing up of an encampment. DECAMPER, Fr. to leave one camp in order to go and occupy another. DECANI S, in Roman military his- tory, an officer who presided over ten other officers, and was head of the con- tubernium, or serjeant of a file of Ro- man soldiers. DECASQUER, Fr. to take off one's helmet. DECEDER, Fr. to die a natural death ; hence decease. DECEMPEDAL, ( decern fede, Fr.) an ancient measure of ten feet. DECEMVIR, (dicemvir, Fr.) In Roman history one of the ten magis- trates that were created, on various occa- sions, under the republican government. DECEMVIRATE, (dicemvirat, Fr.) the station, or dignity, of a decemvir; also the period of its duration. DECIIARGE, Fr. the act of firing off a musket. Decharge generate, Fr. a general discharge. Decharge etarmessur un mort, Fr. a discharge of musketry over a dead body. Une Decharge de coups de batbn, Fr. a bastinado; a volley of blows. DECIIARGEURS, Fr. men appoint- ed to attend the park of artillery, and to assist the non-commissioned officers,&c. who are employed on that service. It is the duty of the former to keep a specific account of articles received and consumed^ in order to enable the latter to furnish their officers with accurate statements. DECIIIRER la cartouche avec les dents, Fr. to bite cartridge. DECHOUER, Fr. a sea term, sig- nifying to get a ship afloat, which has touched or been stranded. To DECIMATE (decimer, Fr.) to chuse one out of ten, by lot. DECIMATION, in "Roman military history, a punishment inflicted upon such soldiers as quitted their post, or behaved themselves cowardly in the field. The names of all the guilty were put into an urn or helmet, and as many were drawn out as made the tenth part of the whole number; the latter were put to the sword, and the others saved. DECLARATION of tear, (declara- tion de guerre, Fr.) a public proclama- tion of a state, declaring it to be at war with any foreign power, and forbid- DEC ( 153 ) D E D ding all and every one to aid or assist the common enemy, at their peril. To Declare rear, (declarer la guerre, Fr.) to make it publicly known that one power is upon the eve of acting offensive- ly against ahother. DECLICQ, DECEIT, Fr. a rammer; a machine used to drive down piles, staves, &c. It also signifies a battering ram. DECLIVITY, as opposed to acclivity, means a gradual inclination or obliquity reckoned downwards. DECOIFFER, Fr. to uncap. Decoiffer une fusee, Fr. to take off the wax, or mastic composition, by which the inflammable matter is con- fined. This term is also used with re- gard to shells. The French sometimes say, grater la fusee des bombes, to scrape oft" the fuse of a bomb. DECOLLER, Fr. to behead. For- merly, no person under the rank of a gentleman could be beheaded in Fiance. In Austria it is an ignominious punish- ment. DECQMBRER, Fr. to carry away the loose stones, &c. which have been made in a breach by a besieging enemy. DECOMBRES, Fr". the rubbish which is the consequence of a breach being made in a work; or any other loose ruins that may have been occa- sioned by time. DECOMPTE, Fr. in a general sense, discount, or deduction made, on any given sum or allowance. Decompte also signifies a liquidation, or balance, which from time to time was made in the old French service, between the captain of a company and each pri- vate soldier, for monies advanced, or in hand. DECONFIRF., Fr. discomfit; route. DECOUCHER, Fr. to sleep out of quarters. DECOUDRE, ctre en decoudre, Fr. to be on bad terms; to be determined to fight. DECOURAGER, JV. to dishearten. DECOUSU, Fr. unstitched, disorder- ed, from decoudre : thus an army may be partially broken, vet not discomfited. DECOUSURE, Fr. a part unstitch- ed, or broken, after having been sewed. Cela n'est pas dechire, ce n'est qu'une decousure. A DECOUVERT, Fr. exposed; not covered or protected. Aller a Decouvert attaquer I'enne- mi, Fr. to attack an enemy in open day. DECOUVERTE, allcr a la dicou- verte, Fr. to patrole; to reconnoitre. Decouverte sur ?ner, ctre a la decoa- verte, Fr. to be placed in the round-top, 6r at the mast-head, for the purpose of keeping a good look-out. DECOY, a stratagem to carry oft' the enemy's horses in a foraging party, or from the pasture ; to execute which, you must be disguised, and mix on horseback in the pasture, or amongst the foragers on that side on which you propose to fly: you must then begin by firing a few shots, which are to be answered by such of your party as are appointed to drive up the rear, and are posted at the oppo- site extremity of the pasture, or forag- ing ground; after which they are to gal- lop from their different stations towards the side fixed for the flight, shouting and firing all the way : the horses being thus alarmed, and provoked by the example of others, will break loose from the pickets, throw down their riders and their trusses, and setting up a full gallop, will naturally direct their course to the same side; insomuch that, if the number of them was ever so great, you might lead them in that manner for several leagues together: when you are got into some road, bordered by a hedge, or ditch, you must stop as gently as possible; and without making any noise; the horses will then suffer themselves to be taken without any opposition. It is called in French Haraux, and Count Saxe is the only author that mentions it. to Decoy, to allure, entice, or draw in. DECOYED, an enemy is said to be decoyed when a small body of troops draws him into action, whilst the main body lies in ambush ready to act with the greatest effect. DECRIRE un pays, Fr. to give a de- scription of a country. DECUPLE, in arithmetic, a term of relation or proportion, implying a thing to be ten times as much as another. DECURION,in Roman military his- tory, a commander of ten men in the army, or chief of a decury. DECURY, (decurie, Fr.) ten RomajP soldiers ranged under one chief, or leader, called the Decurion. DECUSSATION, in geometry, op- tics, ecc. the point at which two lines, rays, &c. cross, or intersect, each other. DEDANS d'une rille de guerre, Fr. the inside of a fortified town, i. e. all tks X D E F ( 154 ) J) E V works whi< h are within the line of cir-jtown or place may be entirely ovcr- CLimvallation. (lowed and become an inert stagnant DEEP, a term used in the disposition pool. Mere submersion is, in fact, the or arrangement of soldiers that arfe distinguishing character of this species placed in ranks before each other; of defence, which does not afford any hence two deep, three deep, 8cC. Troops other movement than what naturally are told off in ranks of two, or three ; arises from the greater or lesser elevation deep, and on some occasions in four or move. DEFAIRE, Fr. to defeat. of the waters, without the means of urg- ing them beyond a given point. Distant Defence consists in being DEFAITE, Fr. defeat. The loss of able to intet nipt the enemy's movements a battle. An army is vaincue (ovcrpow ered) when the field of battle is lost; it is dt/'uilc when, besides the loss of the passing, or to insulate batteries, ihe by circuitous inundations; to inundate, for instance, a bridge, when a convoy is held of battle, there are a great number killed, wounded, and made prisoners. The word defaite is only applicable to an army, but never to a detachment; in the latter case it -is said to have been over- powered. DEFAULTER. See Deserter. Defaulter, a term generally used to signify any person whose accounts are incorrect, particularly with the public; as a public defaulter. DEFEAT, {defaite, Fr.) the over- throw of an army. DEFECTION, an abandoning of a king or state; a revolt. DEFENCE, in fortification, consists of all sorts of works that cover and de- fend the opposite posts; as flanks, para- pets, caesinates, and fausse-brays. It is almost impossible to fix the miner to the face of a bastion, till the defences of the opposite one are ruined; that is, till the parapet of its Hank is beaten down, and the cannon, in all parts that can fire upon that face which is attacked, is dismounted. See Fortification. Active Defence, generally consider- ed, means every spei ies of offensive ope- ration which is resorted to by the be- sieged, to annoy the besiegers. Such, for instance, is the discharge of heavy ordnance from the walls, the emission of shells, and the firing of musketry. A mass of water may likewise be under- stood to mean active defence, provided it can lie increased according to the exi- gency of the service, and be suddenly made to overflow the outworks, or en- trenchments of the besieging enemy. Mines which ;ue carried beyond the for- tifications may likewise be included un- der this head. Passive Defence is chiefly confined to inundations, and is effected by letting out water in such a manner, that the level ground which lies round a fortified heads of saps or lodgments which have been made in the covert-way, is to act upon a distant defence. By this species of defence, an enemy's communications may be perpetually intercepted, and his approaches so obstructed as to force him to leave dangerous intervals. See Belidor's treatise on Hydraulic Architecture. Line of Defence represents the flight of a musket-ball from the place where the musketeers stand, to scour the face of the bastion. It should never ex- ceed the reach of a musket. It is either fichant, or razant: the first is when it is drawn from the tingle of the curtain to the flanked angle; the last when it is drawn from a point in tfie curtain, raz- ing the face of the bastion. Line of Defence is the distance be- tween the salient angle of the bastion and the opposite flank; that is, it is th^ face produced to the flank. See Forti- fication. Defence of rivers, in military affairs, is a vigorous effort to prevent the ene- my from passing; to effect which, a care- ful and attentive officer will raise re- doubts, and if necessary join curtains thereto: he will place them as near the banks as possible, observing to cut ft trench through the ground at the wind- ings of the river, which may be favoura- ble to the enemy, and to place advanced redoubts there, to prevent bis having any £ rou ml lit to form on, &c. See Rivers. To be in a posture of Defence is to lie prepared to oppose an enemy, whe- ther in regard to redoubts, batteries, or in the open field. To DEFEND, to fortify, secure, or maintain a place, or cause. Dlii E\ ID ANT, Fr. a synonimous word for jlanquant. DEFENSE, Fr, prohibition. Anorder issued by some superior officer forbid- D E F ( 155 ) D E G ding the troops of a garrison, or camp, to do certain things. Defenses (Tune place, Fr. the works of a fortified place. See Defence in Fortification. Relative to the defence of fortified places, the reader may he gratified by referring to the Reveries or Memoires of Marshal Saxe, and to a work entitnled Reflexions, by Baron D'Espagnuc, in his Supplement to these Reveries, page 91. DEFENSIVE, serving to defend; in a state, or posture, of defence. DEFENSivE-IFa?-. See War. DEFERLER, Fr. to unfurl; to spread out. This term is only used by the French in a naval sense, as Diferler l.cs voiles, To let go the sails, or sheets. DEFIANCE. See Challenge. DEFICIENT, wanting to complete, as when a regiment, troop, or company has not its prescribed number of men. Deficient numbers, in arithmetic, are such whose parts added together .make less than the integer. Thus 8, whose quota parts are 1, 2, and 4, which together make onlv 7. D±FI,Fr. a challenge. Defi (Tarmes, Fr. a challenge, or pro- vocation, to fight, much in practice some centuries back. DEFIER, Fr. to set at defiance. To DEFILADE, to move, or pass oft' by files; also to march through narrow passes. DEFILE, {defile,, Fr.) in military affairs, a narrow passage, or road, through which the troops cannot inarch, other- wise than by making a small front, and filing off; so that the enemy may take an opportunity to stop or harass their march, and to charge them with so much the more advantage, because the rear cannot come up to the relief of the front. Defile, among the French is also called filitre. To Defile, (difiler, Fr.) is to reduce divisions or platoons into a small front, in order to march through a defile; which is most conveniently done by fac- ing to either the right or left, and then wheeling to either right or left, and marching through by files, ike. It has been mentioned by a writer on military manoeuvres, that defiling should be per- formed with rapidity, for this obvious reason, that a body of men which ad- vances towards, or retires- from an ap- proaching enemy, may get into line, or into columns, prepared for action, with- out loss of time. There may, however, be exceptions to this general rule. For instance, if the regiment is passing a bridge, either retreating or advancing, and the bridge is not firm, the pressure upon it must be as little as possible; because if it should break down, the re- giment is suddenly separated, and the remainder may be cut to pieces. In passing a common defile, the pace must be proportioned to the nature of the ground. DEFILEMENT, the art of disposing all the works in a fortress so that they may be commanded by the body of the place. See Fortification. DEFILING a lodgment. See Enfi- lade. DEFORMER, Fr. in a military sense, signifies to break: as d "ej or merune co/onne, to break a column. DEFY. See Challenge. DEGAGEMENT, Fr. the absolute discharge of a soldier. - Degagement, Fr. a small passage, or staircase, belonging to a suite of apart- ments, through which a person may go, without being obliged to return the same way he came. DEGAGER un soldat, Fr. to give a soldier his discharge. DEGAINER, Fr. to draw one's sword. DEGAINEUR, Fr. a hector; a bully. DEGARNIR uneforteresse,une ligne, tin poste, Fr. &c. to dismantle a fortress, a line of fortification* a post, by with- drawing the troops, and sending away the cannon. DEGAST, Fr. the laying waste an enemy's country, particularly in the neighbourhood of a town which an army attempts to reduce by famine, or which refuses to pay military exactions. DEGAT, Fr. waste; spoil; devasta- tion. DE GA UC HI R, Fr. to plane; to level ; to make smooth and even, as car- penters i\o wood, and masons stone; also to level a talus by a slope of earth. DEGORGEOIR, Fr. a sort of steel pricker used in examining the touch- hole of a cannon. DEGORGER, Fr. to clear out some obstruction. D egorger une embrasure, Fr. to lower the earth in an embrasure, so as to have a perfect view of any object against which u piece of ordnance is to be point- ed. D E G ( 156 ) DEL DECOURDl, Jr. polished. It is baid proverbially of a soldier who under- stands liis duty well, that he is a man degourdi; in the like manner it is said of a clumsy, awkward recruit, that he must be degourdi, that is to say, that he must^be properly drilled. DEG0UTER, Fr. to disgust; to set against any tiling. Chcxal DEGOUTE, a horse that is off his feed. DEGRADATION, {degradation, Fr.) in a military life, the act of depriving an officer for ever of his commission, rank, dignity, or degree of honour; and tak- ing away, at the same time, title, badge, and every other privilege of an officer ; also a sentence passed on non-commis- sioned officers only, who before they can receive any corporal punishment, except imprisonment, must be degraded to the ranks, or station of a private soldier. So late as the reign of Charles I. private soldiers, for misbehaviour in action, were degraded to pioneers. Degradation sue les Ouvrages par Zercu de /'enntmi, Fr. See Ouvrages degrades. DEGRADE, Fr. This is said of a building, when, from want of the neces- sary repairs, it becomes uninhabitable. The term also applies to a wall, when the plaster or mortar is fallen oil", and the shards, or bricks, are w ithout any cement, or connexion. To DEGRADE, to lessen; to lower in the estimation of others. DEGRADER, Fr. to degrade. In France, military criminals were never de- livered over to the charge of the civil power, or sent to be executed, without having been previously degraded; which was done in the following manner: As soon as the serjeant of the com- pany to which the culprit belonged had received orders from the major of the regiment, to degrade and render him in- capable of bearing arms, he accoutred him cap-a-pee, taking care to place his right hand upon the butt end of the musket, while the soldier remained tied. lie then repeated the following words: " Te trouvant indigne de porter amies, nous t'en degradons." thee unuort/ij/ to bear arms, we thus de- grade and remhr tine ineupable of t/ici/i. lie then drew the musket from his arm backwards, took off his cross-belt, sword, &c. and finally, gave him a kick upon the posteriors. After which, the serjeant les Finding retired, and the executioner seized tho criminal. Set Drum-out. DEGRADER une muraille, Fr. to beat down a wall, Terre « DEGRAISSER, Fr. fuller's earth; the use and application of which are well known. DEGRAYOYER, Fr. to wash away the gravel, &c. in loosen; to undermine. DEGREE, (degre, Fr.) a division of a circle, including a 360th part of its cir- cumference. Every circle is supposed to be divided into 360 , parts called degrees, and each degier into ti(/, other parts, called minutes; each of these minutes being divided into CO" seconds, each se- cond into thirds, and so on. Degree of latitude, (degre de lati- tude, Fr.) a portion of land between two parallels. Degree of longitude, (degfk de I »igi- lude, Fr.) a portion of land between two meridians. DEGROSSER on 1) 1 £G R( )SSI R, Fr. to take oil the rough or outside of any thing; to chip; to clear up; to fashion. DEHARNACHER, Fr. to unsaddle a horse, and tale off every part of his harness and armour. DEHORS, in the military art, are all sorts of out-works in general, placed at. some distance from the walls of a forti- fication, the better to secure the main places, and to protect the siege, &c. See Fortification. DE.1ETTER, Fr. to open; to give; as wood will when it has not been thoroughly dried before it is used. DELAL5RER, Fr. to tear to pieces; to rend ; to ruin; to destroy. DELATION, Fr. information, such as is given by a reporter, tale-bearer, or spy. DELATOR, (de/ateur, Fr.) an in- former. Under the Roman emperors these contemptible creatures were veiy common. Tacitus informs us, that the tyrants encouraged them to carry on that infamous trade by granting them re- wards. Caligula allowed them one- eighth of the property of the accused person. As the informers consulted only their own interest, they invariably lodged their informations against the most respectable citizens, so that tran- quillity and personal safety were entire- ly out of the question ; till at last Titus and Trajan put an end to that public nuisance, and had the informers put to death. The same infamous system was D E M ( 157 ) D E M or tu revived in France in the espionnage practised under Robespierre, and throughout the French Revolution. DELIAISON, Fr. See Liaison. DELINEATION, an outline, tketch. See Design. DELIVER. See Surrender. To Deliver up, to surrender; give up. Thus Charles I. was delivered up to Oliver Cromwell's army. To Deliver battle, {a term taken from the French Livrer batuille,) to attack an enemy, and come to blows. DELIVRER une troupe, une ville assie'g'ce, Fr. to relieve a body of men, or besieged town, by forcing the enemy to withdraw. DELLIS, Fr. select men from Alba- nia, who volunteer their services for the armies of the Grand Siguor, and receive no pay: their undaunted courage is su- perior to that of any other nation. No man is admitted into that body unless lie be of a proper height, robust, and of a martial countenance. Previous to their being embodied, they must give proofs of their valour. The Sanjacs and Beyglerbeys select their guard from amongst these Albanians, on account of their courage and fidelity. They are armed with a sabre, a lance, a battle- axe, and sometimes with pistols; but pressibn; for, amongst civilized nations., to iiive the lie is a very gross insult; amongst military men it is reckoned the greatest offence: and the satisfaction re- quired is not so easily given as it was among the Romans, when the offender had only to say to the affronted person, Nollrm dictum, lam sorry for zchat I said. DEMEURER, Fr. to lodge; to re- main; to stay. This word is used figu- ratively among the French, to signify possession of any thing, as le champ de batuille ?n'est demeure, the field of battle was mine. Demeurer sur la place, Fr. to be left dead on the spot. DEMI-BASTION is a work with only one face and one flank. See For- tification. DEMI-CANNON. See Cannon. DEMI CULVERIN. See Cannon. DEMI-DIAMETRE, Fr. See Se- mi-diameter. DEMLD1STANCE des polygones, Fr. is the distance between the exteriof polygons and the angles. Demi-Distances, Fr. half-distances; as serrez la colonne a demi-distanccs, close the column at half-distances. DEMI-FILE, Fr. is that rank in a French battalion, which immediately succeeds to the serre-demi-file, and is at they prefer other weapons to fire-arms, the head of the remaining half of its as they may, in their opinion, acquire more glory by making use of the former. DELOGER, Fr. to dislodge; to march off. This term is used among the French both to signify the act of with- drawing one's self, and that of forcing another to quit a position. Hence, di- loger Vennemi, to dislodge an enemy. DELOGEMENT, Fr. the act of suddenly quitting a town or village upon which troops have been quartered, or of breaking up camp. Decamper is a more appropriate term. DELOYAL, Fr. disloyal; regardless of all faith and honour; perfidious. DEMANTELER, Fr. to dismantle; to destroy the works of a fortified place. D EMARCATION, {demarcation,Fv.) a stipulated separation, or division of ter- ritory, ike. See Line of Demarcation. DEMENTI, Fr. the lie. A young soldier must know, from the moment he embraces the profession of arms, that this word can never escape with impuni- ty from the lips of a man of honour, and especially of asoldier; in short, upon no occasion whatever must he use the ex-, depth. DEMI-GORGE is half the gorge, or entrance into the bastion, not taken di- rectly from angle to angle, where the bastion joins the curtain, but from the angle of the flank to the center of the bastion ; or the angle which the two curtains would make by their prolonga- tion. See Fortification. DEMI-LANCE, a light lance, or spear. DEMI-LUNE, in fortification, is a work placed before the curtain to cover it, and prevent the flanks from being discovered sideways. It is made of two faces, meeting in an outward angle. See Fortification. DEMi-lunes dctachces,Fr. These works are constructed like bastions, either level, flat, or elevated, according as cir- cumstances require, and which depends upon the elevation, or depth, of the covert-way. Dzm-parabole, Fr. a curved line, but less so than that of the parabola. Vide Parabola. DEiii-parallcles, or Places cCarmes, DEN ( 158 ) D E P Fr. parts of trenches conducted in pa- rallel lines in front of the place between the second and third parallel, with a view of protecting from a shorter dis- tance, the head of the saps, until the third parallel be completed. Their length and depth are the same as those of the parallels: they are from forty to fifty toises long. Dzui-pigue, Fr. a long javelin, or spontoon. Dsm-revitement, Fr, a rrvetement made of brick-work, which supports the rampart from the bottom of the ditch, to a foot above the level of the country. The demi-rev&tement costs less than the r&oetement entier, and is equally as ad- vantageous in every respect. Dr,Mi-/(K/r a droite, rr. See Right ABOUT. T)EMi-four a gauche, Fr. See Left ABOUT. DEMISSION, Fr. resignation; the act of giving up any place of trust, &c. DEMOISELLE, IV. a pavior's instru- ment ; a rammer. It is also called a hie. DEMOLIR uric place, Fr. to destroy the fortifications of a fort, that it may jio longer be in a state of defence. DEMOLITION, the act of over- throwing buildings. DEMONTER une piece d'artillerie, Fr. to dismount a piece of artillery; to take it off its carriage. Demonter une troupe a clieval, Fr. to wound or lame the horses of a troop of cavalry, so as to render them unfit fur service. DEMUNIR, Fr. to take away from a place the provision and ammunition it contained. DEMURER, Fr. to unwall ; also to drain a place of stones. DENISON, a free man, or native of a country or state, as opposed to alien. It is also written Denizen. DENOM BREMEN!', Fr. list; sur vey; the complement of a troop or company ; also the number of battalions, &c. which compose an army, or of in- habitants that dwell in a town. DENONCER un soldat, Fr. to gi notice to the captain of a troop or com- pany, or to the regiment, of a soldier's intention to desert. Dexgncer une troupe, Fr. to give intelligence of the movement of an armed body of men, of its strength, proposed route, &c. DENONCIATEUR, Fr. an iafor mer; or, to speak in the courteous lan- guage of government, a reporter. Denoxciateur d'un d'eserteur, Fr. the person who discovers and gives up a deserter for a specific reward. DENREE, Fr. commodity; ware; provisions. DENSITY of bodies. See Motion. DEPARTMENT (dipartement, Fr.) separate allotment; province or busi- ness assigned to a particular person or place; hence Civil or Military Depart- ment; Home or Foreign Department, signifying the same as office. Also, in French, any particular district. J)EPASSER, (or Deuorder,) Fr. to over-run. Se laisserTiEPASSKR, Fr. to suffer your- self to be overtaken. DEPECHES, Fr. dispatches, letters, &c. which are carried by a special mes- senger. DKPENSES secretes, Fr. imply secret service money. DEPERIR, Fr. to waste away; an army is said to be in this state when it is afflicted with a pestilential or epi- demical disorder; when it is short of provisions; when the troops do not enter into cantonments as the season requires it, or if they suffer from any other accident. DEPEUPLER, Fr. to depopulate. DEPLOY, (dcplouer, Fr.) to display, to spread out ; a column is said to de- ploy, when the divisions open out, orex- tend to form line on any given division. DEPLOYMENT, (d'eploiement, Fr.) or flank march, in a military sense, the act of unfolding or expanding any given body of men, so as to extend their front. Deployment into Une on a front di- vision, the rigid in front, is effected by halting that division in the alignment, and all the others in their true situations, parallel and well closed up to it ; and then by taking a point of formiug upon, and dressing by the prolongation of that division. For a minute explanation of the deployments on a rear and central divi- sion, sec Rules and Regulations, p. 186. Oblique Deployments differ from those movements which are made when a battalion stands perpendicularly to the line on which it is to form. These de- ployments are frequently made on an oblique line advanced, on an oblique line retired; and when the close column halted is to form in line in the prolon- gation of its Hank, and on either the D E P ( 159 ) D E P front, rear, or central division. See In- fantry Regulations, p. 192. DEPORTATION,! 1 /-, the act of trans- porting or sending away; what we call transportation. DEPORTER, Fr. to transport; to send away. DEPOSTER un ennemi, on une troupe, Fr. to oblige an enemy to quit his position; to drive him out of a for- tified place, &c. DEPOT, {depot, Fr.) any particular place in which military stores are depo- sited for the use of the army. In a more extensive sense, it means several maga- zines collected together for that purpose. It also signifies an appropriate fort, or place for the reception of recruits, or detached parties, belonging to different regiment's. The barracks near Maid- stone are depots for the British cavalry, and the Isle of Wight is allotted for the infantry. During hostilities, the greatest atten- tion should be given to preserve the several depots which belong to the fight- ing army. Hence the line of operation should be invariably connected with them ; or rather, no advance should be made upon that line, without the strictest regard being paid to the one of com- munication. Depot is also used to denote a par- ticular place at tiie tail of the trenches, out of the reach of the cannon of the place. It is here that the besiegers ge-j nerally assemble, who are ordered to attack the outworks, or support the troops in the trendies, when there is reason to imagine the besieged intend making a vigorous sally. DEPOUILLE, Fr. " Mcttre endipou- ille is an expression made use of in the casting of cannon, and signifies to strip it of the matting, clay, &c. Depouilles de V ennemi, Fr. See Spoils. DEPOUILLEMENT, Fr. the act of stripping another. In the French army this crime is punished most se- verely, and is thus distinguished in the last military code. Depouillement eiore any justice of the peace, living in or near such town or place, who hath power to examine such suspected per- son: and if by his confession, or the testimony of one or more witness or wit- nesses upon oath, or by the knowledge of such justice of the peace, it shall ap- pear, or be found, that such suspected person is a listed soldier, and should be with the troop or company tt> which he belongs; such justice of the peace shall forthwith cause him to be conveyed to the gaol of the county or place where he shall be found, or to the house of cor- rection, or other public prison, in such town or place where such deserter shall be apprehended ; or to the Savoy, in case such deserter shall be apprehended within the citv of London or West- minster, or places adjacent ; and trans- mit an account thereof to the secretary at war for the time being, to the end such person may be proceeded against according to law : and the keeper of such gaol, house of correction, or prison, shall receive the full subsistence of such deserter or deserters, during the time that he or they shall continue in his custody, for the maintenance of the said deserter or deserters; but shall not be entitled to any fee or reward, on account of the imprisonment of such deserter or deserters, any law, usage, or custom to the contrary notwithstanding. Reuard for taking up Deserters. And for the better encouragement of any person or persons to secure or ap- prehend such deserters as aforesaid ; be it further enacted by the authority afore- said, that such justice of the peace shall also issue his warrant in writing to the collector or collectors of the land-tax money of the parish or township where such deserter shall be apprehended, for paying, out of the land-tax money aris- ing or to arise in the current year, into the hands of such person who shall ap- prehend, or cause to be apprehended, any deserter from his majesty's service, the sum of 20s. for every deserter that shall so he apprehended and committed; which sum of 20s. shall he satisfied by such collector to whom such warrant shall be directed, and allowed upon his account. Penalty for concealing Deserters, or buying their arms, clothes, &c. Provided always, that if any person shall harbour, conceal, or assist any deserter from his Majesty's service, knowing him to be such, the person so offending shall for- feit, for every such offence, the sum of 5l. or if any person shall knowingly detain, buy, or exchange, or otherwise receive, any arms, clothes, caps, or other furniture belonging to the king, from Y DES ( 162 ) DES any soldier or deserter, or aDy other person, upon any account or pretence whatsoever, or cause the colour of such clothes to be changed ; the person so offending shall forfeit for every such offence the sum of 5 1, and upon convic- tion by the oath of one or more credible witness or witnesses, before any of his Majesty's justices of the peace, the said respective penalties of 5l. and 51. shall be levied by warrant under the hands of the said justice or justices of the peace, by distress and sale of the goods and chattels of the offender; one moiety of the said first mentioned penalty of 51. to be paid to the informer, by whose means such deserter shall be appre- hended ; and one moiety of the said last-mentioned penalty of 5l. to be paid to the informer; and the residue of the said respective penalties to be paid to the officer to whom any such deserter or soldier did belong : and in case any such offender, who shall be convicted, as afore- said, of harbouring or assisting any such deserter or deserters, or having know- ingly received any arms, clothes, caps, or other furniture belonging to the king, or having caused the colour of such clothes to be changed, contrary to the intent of this act, shall not have suffi- cient goods and chattels, whereon dis- tress may be made, to the value of the penalties recovered against him for such offence, or shall not pay such penalties, within 4 days after such conviction; then, and in such case, such justice of the peace shall and may, by warrant under his hand and seal, either commit such offender to the common gaol, there to remain without bail or mainprize for the space of three months, or cause such offender to be publicly whipped, at the discretion of such justice. DESERTEUR, Fr. See Deserter. DESIIONNEUR, Fr. dishonour, loss of character. Se DES110NORER, Fr. to disgrace one's-self. DESIGN, (dessein, Fr.) in a general sense, implies the plan, order, repre- sentation or construction of any kind of military building, chart, map, or draw- ing, &c. In building, the term Ichno- graphy may be used, when by design is only meant the plan of a building, or a flat figure drawn on paper: when some side or face of the building is raised from the ground, we may use the term orthography j and when both front and sides are seen in perspective, we may call is xenography. DESIGNING, the art of delineating, or drawing the appearance of natural objects, by lines on a plain. DESIGNS, (desseins, Fr.) premedi- tated plans, schemes for execution, &c. DESOBEISSANCE, Fr. disobedience of orders. During the war in Italy, (as may be seen in the Histoire de France, vol. 37, by Gamier,) an act of laudable disobedience (if it may be so called) is said to have been committed by a private soldier, whilst an expedition ot great moment was taking place under the command of Marechal de Brisac. DESOLER, Fr. to ravage, to ruin a country by heavy exactions, to destroy it by sword and fire. DESORDRE, Fr. disorder; confu- sion, such as occurs among troops when they are defeated ; the licentious con- duct manifested among troops when entering a conquered place. A general has it always in his power, when his troops enter a conquered town, to pre- vent their committing any disorder. — Marshal Saxe having taken Prague in 1741, previous to his entering the town, ^ave the most positive and strict orders, that not the least disorder should be committed. These orders were so punc- tually obeyed, that most of the inhabi- tants did not perceive, till the following day, that they had changed their sove- reign. The magistrates, through grati- tude, went in a body to present to tha marshal, a diamond worth 40,000 livres, on a magnificent gold dish : there had been engraved in the setting an inscrip- tion relative to the transaction : they likewise caused rich presents, and large bounties to be distributed amongst the French officers and soldiers. When war is carried on in this way, half its calami- ties are softened down ; it secures im- mortality to the conqueror, at the same time that he acquires the love and the esteem of the conquered. Conquerors of this cast experience to the very last a pleasing retrospect, which those who only think of filling their pockets, are ever strangers to. The discipline esta- blished by Charles XII. was so severe, that even those towns, which were taken by storm, after having been summoned three times, were not plundered without a particular permission proclaimed by the trumpeters of the army, and the. pillage was carried on in such good or- D E T der, that it subsided the instant the se- cond signal was given. DESSELLER, Fr. to unsaddle. DESSINATEUR, Fr. a draftsman; or the person who sketches out and finishes the plans, profiles and elevations of works intended to be made by direc- tion of a chief engineer. DESTINATION, (destination, Fr.) the place, or purpose, to which any body of troops is appointed, in order to do, or attempt, some military service. To DETACH, to send out part of a greater number of men on some parti- cular service, separate from that of the main body. DETACHED pieces, (pieces detachces, Fr.) in fortification, are such out-works as are detached, or at a distance from the body of the place; such as half- moons, ravelins, bastions, &c. DETACHMENT, (detachement, Fr.) an uncertain number of men drawn out from several regiments, or companies, equally, to be marched or employed as the general may think proper, whether on an attack, at a siege, or in parties to scour the country. Detachments are sometimes made of entire squadrons and battalions. One general rule, in all mi- litary projects which depend upon us alone, should be to omit nothing that can ensure the success of our detach- ment and design ; but in that which de- pends upon the enemy, to trust some- thing to chance. DETAIL of duty, a roster or table for the regular and exact performance of duty, either in the field, garrison or in cantonments. The general detail of duty is the proper care of the majors of brigade, who are guided by the roster of the officers, and by the tables for the men to be occasionally furnished. The adjutant of a regiment keeps the detail of duty for the officers of his regiment, as does the serjeant-major that for the non-commissioned, and the latter that for the privates. To beat an enemy in Detail, (battre Vennemi en detail, Fr.) to destroy one corps after another; to drive an enemy from his several positions by desultory warfare. An officer o/Detail, one who enters minutely into the whole interior of a corps, troop, or company. Detail. This word is sometimes used for detachment; hence, lo send out small details. ( i6s ) D E T DETAIL, Fr. Faire le detail d'unc armee, d'une compagnie, ou d'un corps de gens de guerre, is to keep a strict eye upon every part of the service, and to issue out instructions or orders, that every individual belonging to a military profession may discharge his trust with accuracy and fidelity. Faire le detail d'une compagnie likewise means to make up a company's reports, &c. Detail de fortification, Fr. a private account of the materials and expenses attending a work. DETENDRE, Fr. This word lite- rally means to stretch. The French say, ditendre an camp, to strike the tents of a camp. DETENTE, Fr. a trigger. DETENU, Fr. detained; kept against one's will. A term adopted, and en- forced beyond its legitimate meaning, by the French government, at the continua- tion of hostilities between France and England in 1803; when, for reasons best known to himself, Bonaparte, then First Consul, judged it expedient to detain and imprison all British subjects who were found about the French dominions after the departure of their ambassador^ It is not within the limits of our under- taking to discuss this question; but, viewing it, as we must, in a military point of view, we do not hesitate to say, that the sudden and unexpected seizure of so many innocent and unoffending travellers is an indelible stain in the character of a powerful enemy. The act has certainly a precedent; but where and when is that precedent to be found? In civil discord and convulsion, and at a period when humanity was a crime, and death and carnage were the order of the day. It has been said, that this measure was embraced to reconcile the Irish to their probable destiny, if ever it should be found necessary to make use of them, as enfans perdus, against their native country, and that these detenus (we are borne out by the public prints for using the term) would remain as hostages to secure to men in open rebellion all the rights and privileges of fair warriors. So much for the new-fangled law of na- tions quoad Fiance. DETERMINER une action, ou un mouvement, Fr. to put into motion a project or design which has been pre- viously weighed and concerted; it also means to force the enemy to come to action. V2 D E V ( 164 ) D E V DETONATION, (detonation, Fr.) a sudden and violent inflammation and ex- plosion, such as occur iu t lie ignition of gunpowder and of nitre. DETRAQUER, Fr. a French ex- pression which is peculiarly applicable to bad horsemanship. It literally sig- nifies, to put out of order ; to spoil. A Trench military writer very properly observes on the subject, that many young riders imagine themselves extreme- ly clever and expert, if they can make their horses exhibit a fine curved neck, flee, by suddenly applying the spurs, and checking on the bit; the consequence of which is, that the poor animal reaches the spot of destination heated and al- most mired to death. DETREMFE, Fr. water colours. 1'undre en Detrempe, Fr. to paint in water colours. DETRIER, Fr. a led horse. DETRIPLER les files, Fr. to take borne files out of a battalion, troop, or company, when the men are drawn up .three deep. DETROIT, Fr. any narrow arm of .the sea; a canal ; a narrow passage, &c. Detroit, ou Detresse, Fr. the critical state into which an army may be brought by having its line of communication cut off. DEVANCER une armce, une troupe, Tr. to take an advantageous position in front of an army, or of any other armed body of men, by means of a forced march, &c. DEVANS, Fr. places in front of an army. The King of Prussia, in his Art of War, says — " Plucez pour sureti des corps sur vos devans." Vide his Art of'War. DEVANT, Fr. before; hi front. Avoir le pus devant, to take precedence. DEVANTURH, Fr. a fore work. DEVASTATEURS, Fr. a term ap- plied by the French to the Spaniards, on account of their barbarous and in- human conduct in Mexico and Peru. It now generally signifies soldiers who are not disciplined, and pillage every country thev enter. Devastation, the act of destroy- ing, laying waste, demolishing or un- peopling towns, cvc. DEYASTER, Fr. to lay waste. DEVELOPPEE, Fr. a curve formed by the opening, or unfolding of another curve, DEVELOPPEMENT de dessein, Fr. the representation of all the plans, faces and profiles of works constructed or pro- jected. DEVELOPPER, Fr. to unfold, to unravel ; as Se dcveloppcr sur la tete d'une colonne, to form line on the head of a column. DEVELOFr-Er. une armec, Fr. to draw up an ;u in v in tegular array. DEYERSOIR, Ft: any place into which v\ t iter empties itself; as from a sluice, &c. DEVICE, (devise, Fr.) a motto; the emblems on a shield or standard. The origin of mottos is connected with that of heraldry. The study of mottos will lifclp us to trace back the military expe- ditions of the remotest antiquity. The standard?, the banners, the pennons, the coats of mail, the shields of the ancients, discover historical facts under an un- known cypher, or a motto composed only of a few words. Parables were the mottos of the Hebrews, and hieroglyphics those of the Egyptians. The Greeks, Athenians, Carthaginians, in short, all the European nations had their mottos and emblematical figures; and we may venture to say, that military institutions gave rise to the civil ones. DEUIL mililuire, Fr. military mourn- ing. The Author of the Dictionnaire Militaire makes the following singular remark respecting military mourning: "With regard to the military mourn- ing which is worn by British officers, it appears, peihaps, singular and not suf- ficiently dignified in a Frenchman's eye, because the French peasants, out of economy, adopt the same; it is, how- ever, in my opinion, noble and impres- sive. Whereas the mourning which our officers observe, is too fantastic and com tier-like, without a sufficient indi- cation of martial sentiment, by which alone it ought to be suggested." DEVIS, Fr. estimate, plan, &c. of a building. DEVISE, Fr. motto. See Device. DEVOIR Militaire, Fr. a strict and correct observance of military duty. DEV ON. The tinners belonging to that county may be arrayed by the war- den of the stannaries. DEVOTE Dtt ESS; (denouement, Fr.) such as a good army manifests towards able generals. DEVOYER, DESVOYER, Fr. to turn any thing from its straightforward direction; fjgu rati very to mislead. DEVLTDER, Fr. in the manege, is. D I A ( 165 ) D I A applied to a horse that, upon working upon volts, makes his shoulders go too fast for the croupe to follow easily. DEY, the chief of the government of Tunis, a vassal to the Grand Turk. DIA, Fr. a noise which is made bv the French drivers of carriages to make their horses turn to Uie left. They use the word hu-hau, to make them go to the right. The French say, figuratively, of an obstinate man, who will not hear reason — It rCentend n i a Dia, ?ii a hu-hau. DIABLE, Fr. See Chat. DIABLESSE de Boix le Due, Fr. a piece of ordnance so called from having nist been used at Bnis le Due, a strong town of Dutch Brabant, in the Nether- lands. DIADEM, (diudime, Fr.) the mark of royalty worn round the head. DIAGONAL, (diagonale, Fr.) reach- ing from one angle to another; so as to divide a parallelogram into equal parts. Diagonal movements. See Eche- lon. DIAMETER, (diametre, Fr.) in both a military and geometrical sense, implies a right line passing through the center of a circle, and terminating at each side by the circumference thereof. See Circle. The impossibility of exnressing the exact proportion of the diameter of a circle to its circumference, by any re- ceived way of notation, and the absolute necessity of having it as near the truth as possible, lias put some of the most celebrated men in all ages upon endea- vouring to approximate it. The first who attempted it with success was the celebrated Van Cuelen, a Dutchman, who, by the ancient method, though so very laborious, carried it to 36 decimal places: these he ordered to be engiaven on his tomb-stone, thinking he had set bounds to improvement. However, the indefatigable Mr. Abraham Sharp carried to 75 places in decimals: and since that, the learned Mr. John Machin has carried it to 100 places, which are as follows: If the diameter of the circle be 1, the .circumference will be 3.1415926535, 89 79323846, 2643383279, 5028841971, 69 39937510, 5820974944, 5923078164, 0523620899, 8628034825, 3421170* 79, + of the same parts; which is a degree of exactness far surpassing all imagination. But the ratios generally used in the practice of military mathematics are these following. The diameter of the circle is to its circumference as 113 is to 355 nearly. — The square of the dia- meter is, to the area of the circle, as 452 to 355. — The cube of the diameter is, to the solid content of a sphere, as 678 to 355. — The cubes of the axes are, to the solid contents of equi-altitude cylinders, as 452 to 355. — The solid content of a sphere is, to the circum- scribed cylinder, as 2 to 3 — . How to find the Diameter of shot or shells. For an iron ball, whose diameter is given, supposing a 9-pounder, which is nearly 4 inches, say, the cube root of 2.0S of 9 pounds is, to 4 inches, as the cube root of the given weight is to the diameter sought. Or, if 4 be divided bv 2. 08, the cube root of 9, the quotient 1.923 will be the diameter of a 1-pound shot; which being continually multiplied by the cube root of the given weight, gives the diameter required. Or by logarithms much shorter, thus: If the logarithm of 1.923, which is .20397 9, be constantly added to thf third part of the logarithm of the weight, the sum will be the logarithm of the diameter. Suppose a shot to weigh 24 pounds: and the given logarithm .2839 79 to the third part of 460070 of the logarithm ' 1.3802112 of 24, the sum .7440494 will be the logarithm of the diameter of a shot weighing 24 pounds, which is 5.5468 inches. If the weight should be expressed by a fraction, the rule is still the same: for instance, the diameter of a 1^ pound bail or j, is found by adding the loga- rithm .2839793, found above, to .0586 97 H of the logarithm of f, the sum .3426764 will be the logarithm of the diameter required, i. e. 2.2013 inches. As the diameter of the bore or the caliber of the piece is made ^ part larger than that of the shot, according to the present practice, the following table is computed. D I A ( 166 ) D I F Diameters of the shots and calibers of English guns. lb. 1 2 1 a S 4 5 6 ' 7 8 9 1.923 2.4232.775 3.053 3.288 3.498 3.679 3.846 4.000 Diam. 2.019 2.5442.913 3.204 4.635 S.568 3.668 3.861 4.038 4,200 Calib. 4.143 4.277 4.403 4.522 4.743 4.846 4.915 5.192 5.040 5.131 Diam. 4.349 1.490 4.623 4.748 4.866 5.547 4.981 5.088 5.292 5.368 Calib. 5.220 5.305 5.388 5.409 5.623 5.697 5.769 5.339 5.908 Diam. 5.480 5.570 5.661 5.742 5.824 5.893 5.982 6.057 6.129 6.203 Calib. 3 r 4 5.975 6.041 6.105 6.168 6.230 6.290 6.350 6.408 6.465 6.521 Diam. 6.273 6.343 6.410 6.475 6.541 6.604 6.666 6.707 6.788 6.846 Calib. 6.576 6.631 6.684 6.737 6.789 6.640 6.890 6.940 6.989 7.037 Diam. 6.90 1 6.962 7.01S 7.076 7.128 7.182 7 234 7.287|7.338 7.383 Calib. Explanation The numbers in the first horizontal lines are units, and those in the first vertical column tens ; the other numbers under the one, and opposite to the others, are the respective diameters of shot and calibers. Thus, to find the diameter of the shot, and the caliber of a 24 poun- der, look for the number 2 on the left- hand side, and for 4 at top ; then the number 5.547, under 4, and opposite 2, will be the diameter of the shot, in inches and decimals, and the number 5.824, under the first, the caliber of a 24 pounder, &c. Diameters of leaden bullets from 1 to 39 in the pound. 1 1.671 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1.326 1.158 1.05 .693 .97? .919 .873 .835 .803 1 .715 .751 .730 .711 .677 .663 .65oj .637 .626 o 3 .615 .605 .596 .587 .579 .571 .564 .557 .550 .544 .538 .536 .526 .521 .517 .541 .506 .501 .497 .493 The diameter of musket bore9 dif- fers about l-50th part from that of the bullet. The government allows 11 bul- lets in the pound, for the proof of mus- kets, and 14 in the pound, or 29 in 2 pounds, for service; 17 for the proof of carbines, and 20 for service; 28 in the pound for proof of pistols, and 34 for service. Diameter of powder measures. See Powber measures. Lu DIANE, Fr. the Reveillee. DICTATOR, a magistrate of Rome, elected in times of exigence and public distress, and invested with absolute au- thority. DIET, (Diete, Fr.) an assembly of princes or estates; particularly so calle4 in Germany, Poland, and Sweden. DIFFERENCE, the sum paid by an officer in the British service, when he exchanges from half to full pay. It like- D I N ( 16? ) D I S wise means the regulation price between an inferior and a superior commission. Officers who retire upon half-pay, and take the difference, subject themselves to many incidental disadvantages, should they wish to return into active ser- vice. DIFFERENCES among officers of a town, &c. (Differences entre les officiers d'une place, Fr.) Whenever any differ- ences, disputes, &c. occur between the staff officers of a town and those of a garrison, in case they do not come under any specific military code, all such dif- ferences must be settled by the governor or commandant. DIFFERENTIEL, Fr. an epithet given in geometry to that species of calculation, whose object is to ascer- tain quantities infinitely smail, and their reciprocal differences. See Integral. DIGERER un projet, Fr. to weigh well every thing which may conduce to the good success of an enterprize. DIGGING. See Mining. DIGLADIATION, a combat with swords. DIGUE, Fr. See Dyke. DIGUON, Fr. a staff, at the end of which is suspended a vane or streamer. This term is properly marine. DIKE or Dyke, a channel to receive water, also a mound or dam to prevent inundation. DILAPIDATION, Fr. embezzle- ment, misapplication of public monies. DIMACHJE, in ancient military af- fairs, were a kin.d of horsemen, answer- ing to the dragoons of the moderns. DIMICATION. See Battle. To DIMINISH or increase the front of a battalion, is to adopt the column of march or manoeuvre according to the obstructions and difficulties which it meets in advancing. This is one of the most important movements; and a battalion, which does not perform this operation with the greatest exactness and attention, so as not to lengthen out in the smallest degree, is not fit to move in the column of a considerable corps. DIMINUE, Fr. diminished. A term used in fortification. See Angle dimi- nished. DINATOIRE, Fr. the hour, or cir- cumstance of dining, or going to mess. Hence heure dinatoire, the dining hour, or dinner time. The French also say, heure soupatoire, supper time ; and of a very late breakfast or dinner — such as the mess dinner at St. James's, Dijenni dinatoire, smpcr dinatoire. DIRECTEUR G'tncral, Fr. a mili- tary post of nominal importance, which was originally instituted by Louis XIV. This charge was entrusted to eight lieutenant-generals, four to command and superintend the infantry, and four the cavalrv. J DIRECTION, in military mechanics, signifies the line or path of a body in motion, along which it endeavours to force its way, according to the propelling power that is given to it. Angle of Direction, that formed by the lines of direction of two conspiring powers. Quantity of Direction, a term used by military mathematicians for the pro- duct of the velocity of the common cen- ter of gravity of a system of bodies, by the sum of their quantities of matter; this is no ways altered by any collisions among the bodies themselves. DIRECTOR (directeur, Fr.) The chief officer belonging to the late corps of Royal Engineers in Ireland was so called. DIRECTLY, in geometry, a term used of two lines which are said to be directly against each other, when they are parts of the same right line. In mechanics, a body is said to strike directly against another, if it strike in a right line, perpendicular to the point of contact. A sphere is said to strike directly against another, when the line of direc- tion passes through both their centers, DIRECTORY, (Directoire, Fr.) a go- vernment which prevailed in France after the death of Robespierre ; also a civil or military tribunal. DIRK, a kind of dagger used by th© Highlanders in Scotland, which they ge- nerally wear stuck in their belts. To DISALLOW, in a military sense, not to admit charges which may be made against the public by officers and agents. DISALLOWANCES, deductions made from military estimates, when the charges against the public do not appear correct. To DISARM, to deprive a soldier of every species of offensive, or defen- sive weapon. DISARMED, soldiers divested of their arms, either by conquest, or in consequence of some defection. D I S C 168 ) D I S DISBANDED, the soldiers of any regiment, who are in a bodv dismissed from the conditions of their mitotan Service. DISBARS. See Disemuark. DISCHARGE, remission of service. There are three different sorts of dis- charge made use of, according to the merit or demerit of the individual to whom it may be granted. See General Regulations and Orders, pages 47, 50, 187 to 203; 219, 268, 203,823 to 385. This term is also applied to the firing of cannon or muskets; as, a discharge of cannon, or small arms. DISCIPLINARIAN, an officer wl„> pays particular regard to the discipline of the soldiers under his command. DISCIPLINE, in a military sense, signifies the instruction and government of soldiers. Military Discipline,) By military Military Constitution. ) constitution is meant, the authoritative declared laws for the guidance of all military men, and all military matters; and by discipline is meant, the obedience to, and exercise, of those laws. As health is to the natural body, so is a sound military constitution to the military one; and as exercise is to the first, so is discipline to the last. Bravery will perchance gain a battle; but every one knows that by discipline alone the long-disputed prize of a war can be ultimately obtained. Discipline is the right arm of a general, and money is his shield; with- out those two ingredients, it would be better to be a d ruin-boy, or a filer, than the general of an army. Marine Discipline is the training up soldiers for sea-service, in such exer- cises and various positions as the mus- ket and body may require; teaching them likewise every manoeuvre that can be performed on board ships of war at sea, &c. DISCOBOLOS, (discobole, IV.) a person who threw the disk; an athletic exerciser. The range of the discus thrown from a vigorous arm was con- sidered as a measure which served to name a certain distance, the same as we say, within musket-shot, or cannon- shot. DISCORD, (Discorde, Fr.) according to heathen mythology, an ill-tempered goddess, whom Jupiter turned out of heaven, on account of her continually setting the gods at variance with one another. She was represented as having serpents instead of hair, holding at lighted torch in one hand, and a snake and dart in the other; her complexion was olive colour, her looks wild, her mouth foaming with rage, and her hands stained with gore. Ever since she was driven from the heavens, she has re- sided on earth, and is chiefly visible in courts and cabinet councils. She is continually travelling from the one to the other, in order to excite all sove- reigns to wage war against one another; and in the course of her excursions, she often disturbs the peace of private individuals. This description is figura- tive, and ought to convince young mili- tary men, that the slightest differences between the members of a corps may become epidemical, and ruin the whole body. Discord among troops in a gar- rison town may be attended with fatal consequences; for the garrison are in- terested in obtaining the esteem and attachment of the inhabitants, whose assistance they may chance to be in great need of, should a long siege take place. DISCOVER MB, a scout; one who is set to descry the enemy. DISCRETION, Fr. discretion. Se rendre a discretion, to surrender at dis- cretion, implies to throw one's-self upon the mercy of a victorious enemy. The French likewise say, let solilats vivent & discretion dans un pays ; which, in fami- liar English, signifies, soldiers live scot* free in a country. DISCRETION, (discretion, Fr.) Un- der this term are comprehended circum- spection, prudence, wisdom, and acti- vity; qualities which essentially contri- bute to the ultimate success of an un- dertaking. DISCUS, a quoit, made of stone, lead, or some other metal, one foot long, and eight inches wide. It was used among the Greeks and Romans at their public games and festivals. He who threw it highest, or to the greatest distance, car- ried the prize. Discus was also the name of a round shield which was con- secrated to the memory of some hero, and was suspended in a temple. There was one to be seen at the Cabinet dex Antiques in Paris, which had been found in the Rhone. DISEMBODIED. See Disbanded. To DISEMBODY, when applied to the British militia, signifies to disarm D I S ( 169 ) D I S that body, and to dispense with their mi- litary services for a stated period. To DISEMBARK, (dibarquer, Fr.) to land troops from any vessel. DISEMBARKATION, (dibarque- ment, Fr.) the disembarking or landing of troops. To DISENGAGE, (degager, Fr.) to clear a column or line, which may have lost its proper front by the overlapping of any particular division, company, or section, when ordered to form up. To do this, ground must be taken to the right or left. It is, however, a danger- ous operation when the army or battalion gets into a line of fire. In that case the files that overlap must remain in the rear, and fill up the first openings. To Disengage is also to extricate yourself and the men you command from a critical situation. A battalion, for in- stance, which may have advanced too far during an action, and got between two fires, may, by an able manoeuvre, disengage itself. To Disengage the wings of a batta- lion. This is necessary when the bat- talion countermarches from its center, and on its center by files. The battalion having received the word " by wings, inward face," is next ordered " by wings, three side steps to the right, march," by which the wings are disengaged from each other. In countermarching, &c the leading files must uniformly disen- gage themselves. To Disengage, in fencing, to quit that side of your adversary's blade, on which you are opposed by his guard, in order to effect a cut or thrust where an opportunity may present. DISETTE, Fr. scarcity. The want of some article of the first necessity; i. e. some article of life. DISGARNISH, (degarnir, Fr.) to take guns from a fortress. DISHONOUR, (deshonneur, Fr.) loss of character and reputation. DISLOCATION, Fr. out of joint. In a military sense this word signifies distri- bution. Hence the dislocation of an army, or the distribution of its component parts into cantonments, camps, garrisons, &c. DISLODGE, to drive an enemy from their post or station. To Dislodge a camp, (dicamper, Fr.) to strike the tents, &c. and march away. DISLOYAL, (d'doyal, Fr.) perfidious; unfaithful. DISMANTLE, (dimunteler, Fr.) to strip a town or fortress of its outworks. The French say likewise, digarnir. To Dismantle a gun, to render it unfit for use, by capsizing it, &c. To DISMISS, to discard. To Dismiss the service, (congidier, Fr.) to take an officer's commission, or warrant from him. DISMISSED. An officer in the British service may be dismissed gene- rally or specifically. When an officer is dismissed generally, it is signified to him, th it his Majesty has not any further oc- casion for his services. When an officer is dismissed specifically, it is expressly notified, that he is rendered incapable of ever serving again. Sometimes, indeed, this species of dismissal is attended with public marks of extreme disgrace and degradation. In the Austrian service, a colonel has been dismissed at the head of his regiment, and has had his sword hroken before him,&c. During the war of 1793, the colonel of a militia regiment was not only rendered incapable of ever serv- ing again, but was also expelled thellouse of Commons for military misconduct. The charges against him, together with the circumstantial proofs of his guilt, and the King's approbation of the sentence, were read in the circle of every regiment throughout Great Britain, in 1795; and nothing hut a plea of severe indisposi- tion saved the culprit from having the minutes publicly communicated to him at the Horse Guards. DISMOUNTING, in a military sense, is the act of unhorsing. Thus, to dis- mount the cavalry, &c. is to make them alight. To Dismount cannon, (d'emonter un canon, Fr.) is to break their carriages, wheels, axle-trees, or any thing else, so as to render them unfit for service. It also implies dismounting by the gin, &c. DISOBEDIENCE of orders, (dho- belssance, Fr.) any infraction, by neglect, or wilful omission, of general or regi- mental orders. It is punishable by the 5th art. of the 2d Sect, of the Articles of War. To DISPART, in gunnery, is to set a mark on the muzzle-ring, so that it may be of an equal height with the base- ring: hence a line drawn between them, will be parallel to the axis of the concave cylinder, for the gunner to take aim by it, to bit the mark he is to fire at; for the bore and this imaginary line being parallel, the aim so taken must be true. D I S This exactness cannot be made use of in an engagement, an'i but very seldom at a siege; for in those cases practice and the eye must be the only guides. To Dispart « piece of ordnance, (ca- librer up canon, Fr.) See Dispart. DisPA&T-froiitlet. Sec From let. DISPENSATION, exclusive privi- lege to do or omit something. Hence a dispensation to receive half-pay, to- gether with the emoluments of some place or office. DISPENSE £age, Fr. a dispensation given on account of old age. To DISPFRSF, in a military sense, may be variously understood, In an ac- tive one, it signifies to disperse any body of men, arir.ed, or unarmed, who may have assembled in an illegal, or hostile manner. The cavalry are generally em- ployed on these occasions. To Disperse likewise means to break suddenly from any particular order, in line or column, and to repair to some rallying point. Hence to sound the dis- perse is to give notice that the battalion, or battalions, are to retreat from their actual position, in a loose and desultory manner, and to reassemble according to the natural line of formation; taking the colours as their central points to dress by. To Disperse the enemy, (dispcrser Vcnnemi, Fr.) to force him to fly in vari- ous directions. The F ench also say, dispcrser des soldats, to separate soldiers and distribute them in different quarters. DISPLACED. Officers in the British service are sometimes displaced from a particular regiment in consequence of misconduct proved upon the minutes of a general court-martial; but they are at liberty to serve in any other corps. The power of displacing an officer is vested in the King only. To DISPLAY, (dephnjer, ctendrc, Fr.) in a military sense, is to extend the front of a column, and thereby bring it into line. See Deploy. DISPOSE. To dispose cannon is to place it in such a manner, that its dis- charge may do the greatest mischief. Formstance, to dispose cannon alo/ig the front of the line. DISPOSITION, in a general sense, is the just or proper placing of an army, or body of men, upon the most advantageous ground, and in the strongest situation for a vigorous attack, or defence. Disposiion- de guerre, Fr. warlike ar- rangement, or disposition. Under this C iro ) D I S head may be considered the mode of establishing, combining, conducting and finally terminating a war, so as to pro- duce success and victory. Wisdom and discretion in council point out the form necessary for the first establishment of a warlike enterprize, or disposition, afford the means of bring- ing it to a conclusion, and assimilate all the various parts so as to unite the whole. The following maxims are in the Me- moirs of General Montecuculi. Deli berate leisurely, execute promptly. Let the safety of your army be your first object. Leave something to chance. Take advantage of circumstances. Use all the means i:i your power to secure a good reputation. The disposition, or arrangement, of a warlike enterprize may be universal, or particular. An universal disposition, or arrange* ment, of war implies every thing which relates to that system upon an extensive scale ; such as the combination of many parts for the ultimate benefit of the whole, &C. A particular disposition, or arrange- ment, of war signifies the detail of mi- nute objects, and the appropriation of various parts, one with another, for the purpose of effecting; a general combi- nation. This disposition (without which the other must prove abortive) consists in an observance of the strictest dis- cipline by every individual that belongs to a troop, or company. To this end, general officers should be scrupulously exact in attending to the inspection of particular corps ; specific instructions for regimental economy and discipline should be given, and the strictest regard paid to the execution of orders. Fairedes Dispositions, Fr. to make the necessary arrangements for a battle; or to adopt such measures, that every thing may be in a good state to meet the enemy. To' DISPUTE the ground, (disputer le terrein, Fr.) to light foot to foot. DISSIPER une armec, Fr. to attack an army in such a manner, that the se- veral battalions are obliged to disperse, and retreat by different routes. DISTANCE, in military formation, signifies the relative space which is left between men standing under arms in rank, or the interval which appears be- tween those ranks, &c. D I S ( in ) D I V Distance of files. Every soldier when in his true position under arms, shoul- dered and in rank, must just feel with his elbow the touch of his neighbour with whom he dresses; nor in any situa- tion of movement in front must he ever relinquish such touch, which becomes in action the principal direction for the preservation of his order, and each file as connected with its two neighbouring ones, must consider itself a complete body, so arranged for the purpose of attack, or effectual defence. Close files must invariably constitute the formation of all corps that go into action. The peculiar exercise of the light infantry is the only exception. See Infantry Regu- lations, p. 75 of his means of subsistence, ammunition, Sjq Spg A liOis Ft ^ DISTRIBUTION, (distribution, Fr.) in a military sense, generally applies to any division, or allotment, which is made for the purposes of warfare. Thus an army may be distributed about a coun- try. In a more confined sense it means the minute arrangements that are made for the interior economy of corps ; as distribution of pay, or subsistance, distri- bution of allowances, ccc. Distribution de plan, Fr. the distri- bution, or division of the several pieces which compose the plan of a building, and which are placed and proportioned according to their different uses. DISTRICT, in a military sense, one Distance of ranks, open distances of i of those parts into which a country is ranks are two paces asunder; when close, they are one pace: when the body is halted and to fire, they are still closer locked up. Close ranks, order or dis- tance, is the constant and habitual order at which the troops are at all times formed and move; open ranks, order, or distance, is only an occasional excep- tion, made in the situation of parade, or in light infantry manoeuvres. Distance of files and ranks relates to the trained soldier; but in the course of his tuition, he must be much exercised at open files and ranks, and acquire thereby independence and the command of his limbs and body. Distance of the bastions,\n fortifica- tion, is the side of the exterior polygon. See Fortification. Distance in fencing. See Fencing. Distance, (distance, Fr.) is properly the shortest hue between two points. Line o/* Distance, in perspective, is a right line drawn from the eye to the principal point. Point (i/'Distance, in perspective, is a point in the horizontal line, at such distance from the principal point as is that of the eve from the snme. To DISTINGUISH one's self, (se dis- tinguer, Fr.) to do some extraordinary feat of valour in the field, or to discover great talents in the management and execution of an office, &c. A DISTINGUISHED officer, (officier distingue, Fr.) a person who, in his mili- tary capacity, has given proofs of extra- ordinary skill and valour. divided, for the convenience of com- mand, and to secure a ready co-opera- tion between distant bodies of armed men. Great Britain and Ireland are divided into districts; each being under the immediate superintendence of gene- ral officers. DITCH. See Fortification, Moat. Ditch of the counterscarp, a wet or dry ditch, which is made under the coun- terscarp. DIVAN, a particular private council of war among the Turks, held by the Capiculy infantry, in the palace of the Zunizeragazy in order to discuss the military operations of the corps, &c. There is another Divan held by the su- preme council of the Grand Signor, at which all the generals attend. This term is also applied to a grand council, or court of judicature, held in each province among the Turks and Persians. DIVERGENT, > in geometry, DIVERGING lines, S are such lines whose distance is continually increasing. Lines which converge one way, and diverse the opposite way. DIVERSION, (diversion, Fr.) in mi- litary history, is when an enemy is at- tacked in one place where he is weak and unprovided, in order to draw off his forces from making an irruption some- where else ; or where an enemy is strong, and by an able manoeuvre he is obliged to detach part of his forces to resist any feint, or menacing attempt of his op- ponent. To derive advantage from a To DISTRESS an enemy, (mcttre un j diversion, taken in an extended accepta- ennemi aux abois, Fr.) to cut off his j tion of the term, it is necessary that one line of communication : to deprive him j state should have greater resources tba» Z 2 D I V ( 172 ) D O D another; for it would be alisurd to at- tack the territories of another before you had seemed your own. It is likewise requisite, that the coun- try you attack by stratagem or diversion should be easy of access, and the inva- sion you make must l»e prompt, vigorous nnd unexpected, directed against a weak and vulnerable quarter. A little good fortune is however essentia! to render a diversion perfectly successful, as all the ways and means by which it ought to be made cannot he reduced to rule. The most memorable instance of a diversion well executed, which we meet with in history, was performed by Scipio in Africa, whilst Hannibal carried the warin to Italy. In 1659, a diversion, no less remarkable, was practised by the imperial and allied armies against the Swedes. Fuire Diversion, Fr. to oblige an enemy to divide his forces: it also signi- fies to draw off his attention. DIVIDEND, (dividends, Fr.) is the number divided into equal parts l>v an- other number. In a fraction, the dividend is called the numerator. DIVISION, (division, Fr.) a certain proportion of an army consisting of horse and foot together, or of horse and foot separately, which is under the order of a brigadier, or other general officer. Division, (division, Fr.) a certain proportion (U a troop or company, which is under the command of its respective officers. It also means any given num- ber which is detached on military duty, from an established body of men : hence a division of artillery, wagon-corps, pioneers, &c. Divisions of a battalion are the se- veral platoons into which a regiment or battalion is divided, either in marching or firing; each of which is commanded by an officer. Divisions of an army are the num- ber of brigades and squadrons it con- tains. — The advance, the main and the rear guards are composed out of the several brigades, and inarch in front, in the center, and in the rear of an army. Each army has its right wing, its center, and its left wing. When armies march, they advance in column, that is, they are divided into several squadrons and battalions of a given depth, successively formed upon one another. If an army be drawn out or displayed in order of battle, it is usually divided into the first line, which constitutes the front, the second line, which makes the main body, and the third line, or reserve. DIVINE service, in the army, is, or should be, performed every Sunday. All officers and soldiers, not having just im- pediment, shall diligently frequent divine service and sermons in the places ap- pointed for the assembling of the regi- ment, troop, or company, to which they belong: such as wilfully absent them- selves, or, being present, behave inde- cently or irreverently, shall, if commis- sioned officers, be brought before a court- martial, there to be publicly and severely reprimanded by the president; if non- commissioned officers or soldiers, every person so offending, shall, for his first offence, forfeit 12d. to he deducted out of his next pay; for the second offence, he shall not only forfeit 12d. but be laid in irons for 12 hours, ccc. Articles of War. DOCK. See Troussequeue, Fr. DOCKET, a small note or bill con- taining the substance of something writ- ten elsewhere more largely. DOCUMENT, (document, Fr.) pre- cept; instruction; direction; voucher. Death-bed Document. Officers have sometimes delayed sending in their re- signation, or signing the same, until their lives have been actually despaired of; in this case even the original purchase of their commissions has not been al- lowed. The official term is, a death-bed document ; for a remarkable case see Rfgimetitat Companion, vol. iv. p. 263, 6th edit. DODECAGON, in geometry, is a re- gular polygon, consisting of 12 equal sides and angles, capable of being re- gularly fortified hy the same number ot bastions. DODECAHEDRON is one of the platonic bodies, or five regular solids, and is contained under 12 equal and re- gular pentagons. The solidity of a dodecahedron is found by multiplying the area of one of the pentagonal faces of it by 12; and this latter product by 1-Sd of the distance of the face from the center of the dode- cahedron, which is the same as the cen- ter of the circumscribing sphere. The side of a dodecahedron inscribed in a sphere, is the greater part of the side of a cube inscribed in that sphere, cut into extreme and mean proportion. If the diameter of the sphere be 1.0000, DON ( 175 ) DOS the side of a dodecahedron, inscribed in it, will he .35682 nearly.. All dodecahedrons are similar, and are to one another as the cubes of the sides; and their surfaces are also similar, and therefore they are as the squares of their sides; whence as .509232 is to 10.51462, so is the square of the side of any dode- cahedron to the superficies thereof: and as .3637 is to 2.78516, so is the cube of the side of any dodecahedron to the soli- dity of it. hOG-nuils. See Nails. DOLLAR, a foreign coin worth from 4s. to 4s. 6d., according to the mint from which it is issued. DOLMAN, DOLIMAN, a robe of Thessonica cloth, of which the Grand Signor makes a present to the janizaries on the first day of their Rumuzun, or Lent. DOLON, a long hollow stick, con- taining a pointed iron, which is thrown at discretion. DOLPHINS. See Cannon. DOME, (dome, Fr.) in architecture, a spherical roof, or a roof of a spherical form, raised over the middle of a build- ing, as a church, hall, pavilion, vestible, staircase, &c. by way of crowning. Domes are what the Italians call cou- polas, and we cupolas; Vitruvius calls them tholi. DOMMAGE, Fr. in a general accep- tation of the term, signified, in the old French service, the compensation which every captain, of a troop, or company, was obliged to make in consequence of any damage that their men might have done in a town, or on a march. If any disagreement occurred between the of- ficers and inhabitants, with respect to the indemnification, a statement of losses sustained was sworn to by the latter before the mayor, or magistrates of the place, who determined the same. But if the officers should refuse to abide by their decision, a remonstrance was drawn up and transmitted to the secre- tary at war, with a copy of the same to the intendant of the province. Officers have frequently been displaced, or de- graded, on this account. Hence the term dommage is supposed to have been derived from the Latin words damnum, jactura, and signifies the loss, or priva- tion of a step. DONDANE, Fr. a machine which was used by the ancients to cast round stones and pebbles on their enemies. DONJON, Fr. a turret; a dungeon. Donjon, Fr. in fortification, a secure spot, generally bomb-proof, in a place of arms, or in a citadel, to which the garri- son sometimes retires, in order to offer terms of capitulation. Donjon, Fr. in architecture, a small wooden pavilion, which is. raised above the roof of a house, in order to take the air, or to enjoy a fine view of the coun- try, or adjacent parts. DONNEE, Fr. given; a term gene- rally used in mathematics, with respect to any thing which we suppose to be known. DONNER, Fr. to charge an enemy, to fire upon him. Donner, Fr. is to charge the enemy as soon as the signal for battle is given. Thus it is said, les troupes donnerent iete baissee, the troops rushed headlong. Donner de t'inquietude a Vennemi, Fr. to inarch in various directions, and by other manoeuvres to disconcert an enemy. Donner, Fr. This word is used in the same sense as marcher. As donner, ou marchjg contre Vennemi. DOOSilES, Ind. palanqueens of a simple c Obstruction, for the conveyance of the sick. On a march, each company of sepoys is allowed one dooly, and of Europeans ten. GO^iSmilituires, Fr. military rewards. DORMANT, Fr. a sleeper, or piece of timber laid horizontally in wooden quays and dikes, in order to keep fast the extremities of the keys which form the assemblage. Dormant, Fr. also a frieze, or frame at the top of a square, or arched door. Dormant de fer, Fr. an aperture made of iron bars, over a wooden or iron door, to give light. DORYPHORI, the body guards of the Roman emperors; they were armed with a pike, and were forced to take a particular oath ; they were held in high consideration, and were promoted to tha first military ranks. DOS, Fr. back ; rear. Dos d'ane, Fr. This term is applica- ble to all bodies that have two inclined surfaces which terminate in one line; such, for instance, as the head of a ba- tardeau. DOSSER, in military matters, is a sort of basket carried on the shoulders of men, used in carrying the earth from one part of a fortification to another, where it is wanted. D O U ( 174 ) D R A DOSSES, Jr. planks, flitches of wood. The same as madriers, which are thick beams laid to secure a foundation. DOUBLEAU,JV. joist; thechiefarch which reaches from one pile to another. DOUBLEMENT, Fr. the augmenta- tion of the rank and file of a battalion. DOUBLER un batailloti, Fr. to ex- tend the front of a battalion, so that it covers twice the ground it did in line ; or to reduce it in such a manner that it does the same in column. The French also say, doublez les retries, dedoublez les rungs, and redoublez lea rangs. DOUBLING, in the military art, is the placing two, or more, ranks or hies into one. DOUBLE your ranks, is for the 2d, 4th and 6th ranks (when so drawn up) to march into the 1st, 3d, and 5th; so that of 6 ranks they are made but 3; which is not so when they double by half-files, because then 3 ranks stand together, and the 3 other come up to double them; that is the 1st, 2d, & 3d are doubled by the 4th, 5th, & 6th, or the contrary. Double your files is for every other file to march into thai which is next, to it, on the right or left, ab the word oi command directs; and then the 6 ranks are doubled into 12, the men standing 12 deep; and the distance between the files is double what it was before. By this method, 3 liles may be doubled into G, &c. To Double round, in military move- ments, is to march by an inversion of a second line, on the extremity of a first line, thereby to outflank an enemy. DouBLE-anwer/ man, a soldier armed with a pike and a bow. During the reign of Charles 1., in the year 1625, one William Nead caused a soldier to perform this exercise before the King in St. James's Park. Le DOUBLE, Fr. This term is used in French diplomacy, to signify a species of secret intelligence which is conveyed by one person to an opposite interest. Hence double espionnage. — It is also fami- liarly said by the French, U Anglais ne connaU pas le double ; that is, to use a vulgar phrase, an Englishman does not know how to hold with the hare and run with the hounds. And yet characters of this sort are necessary in state affairs; but they ought to be well watched. Double tenaille. SeeTENAiLLE. To be DOUBLED up. This term is applied to the circumstance of two of- ficers being put into one barrack-room, or one tent, as is the case with the sub- alterns, or of sharing the several allow- ances. DOVETAIL, (queue d'aronde, Fr.) a form of joining two bodies together, when that which is inserted has the form of a wedge reversed. DOUILLE, Fr. a small iron socket which is at the heel of the bayonet, and receives the extreme end of the musket, so as to be firmly united to- gether. Douille likewise signifies the cavity which belongs to the round piece of iron that is fixed to the end of the ramrod, by means of two nails through two small holes, called yeux or eyes, and to which the worm is attached. DRA HANTS, a company of two hun- dred select men, of which Charles IX. of Sweden was captain. They were a tine body of men, and of tried courage. Charles XII., with one hundred and fifty Drabants, has been known to vanquish one thousand Russians. DRA1TSMAN, (dessinateur, Fr.) a person who can draw sketches of forti- fications, take the profile of a country, and describe upon paper, positions, cv'c. Every officer, intended for the staff" especially, ought to be more or less a draftsman. DltAO-ro/7fs. See Ropes. DRAGON, et DRAGON volant, Fr. some old pieces of artillery were ancient- ly so called. The Drauon was a 40- puunder; the Dragon volant a 32. But neither the name, nor the size, of the ca- liber of cither piece is now in use. Dragon also signifies a piece, which Markham, in his Souldier's Accidence, published in 16)3, thus describes — "A fay re dragon, fitted with an iron work, to be carried in a belt of leather, which is buckled over, the right shoulder, and under the left arm ; having a turnell of iron with a ring through which the piece runneth up and downe,and these dragons are short pieces, of sixteen inches the ban ell, and full musquet bore, with fire- locks, or snaphaunces." DRAGONNADE, Fr. a term given by the Calvinists to the barbarous usage which was exercised against them in France, in 1684. DRAGONNE, Fr. a sword-knot, at the extremity of which hangs a tassel. D R A ( Ho ) D R A The sword-knot was originally worn by the Germans, and is (with them) the distinction of a officer when in plain clothes; no other person being permitted to wear a gold or silver one. In Austria, the sword-knot is gold lace, edged with a black stripe, in commemoration of the loss of Jerusalem; the British sword- knot is made of crimson and gold. DRAGONNER, Fr. According to the French acceptation of the term, is to attack any person in a rude and vio- lent manner; to take any thing by force; to adopt prompt and vigorous measures; and to bring those people to reason by hard blows, who could not be persuaded by fair words. We say to dragoon. DRAGOON-Wse. This term was formerly applied by the Americans to all regiments that were mounted, from their ignorance of the meaning of the word dragoon. To Dragoon, to abandon a place to the rage of the soldiery; to give it up to rape and plunder. DRAGOONS, (dragons, Fr.) in mili- tary affairs, are a kind of cavalry, who serve both on horseback and foot; be- ing always ready on every emergency, as being able to keep pace with the horse, and to do infantry duty. In battle, or on attacks, they generally fight sword in hand after the first tire. In the field they encamp on the right and left of the lines. They are divided into brigades, regiments, and squadrons. Their martial music consists of drums and trumpets. The first regiment of dragoons in England was raised in 1681, and called the Royal Regiment of Dra- goons of North Britain. This name is derived from the Latin word Druconarii, used among the Romans. DRAIN, (rigole, Fr.) the channel through which liquors are generally drawn; a water-course; a sink. In the military art, it is a trench made to draw water out of a ditch, which is afterwards filled with hurdles and earth, or with fascines, or bundlesfof rushes, and planks, to facilitate the passage over the mud. See Trench. DRAKE, a small piece of artillery. DRAPEAU, Fr. flag; colours. Eire ni au Drapeau, Fr. to be born in the regiment. Battre /psDrapeaux, Fr. See Battre. DRAUGHT, a plan or delineation of any place; a body of troops selected from others. To Draught, to draw forces from one brigade &c. to complete another; to se- lect a portion from brigades, regiments, or companies for any particular service. Draught-/ioo/cs, in a gun carriage, are fixed to the transom-bolts on the cheeks of artillery carriages, near the trunnion holes and trails: they are used to draw the guns backwards and for- wards by men with drag-ropes fixed to those hooks. Draught of 'soldier s,(ditachement, Fr.) any given number of armed men, se- lected from ' the different component parts of a regiment, brigade or army, for some specific service. Draught, or draft compasses, are compasses with several moveable points, to draw draughts in architecture. DRAUGHTSMEN, a body of men educated at the Tower, to assist the en- gineers in drawing plans, fortifications, and surveying. Jo DRAW, to delineate, or make a sketch. To Draw, to pull a sword from the sheath. To'Draw, to entice; as to draw an enemy into ambuscade. Draw ramrod/ a word of command used in the drill exercise, on which the soldier draws his ramrod half from the pipes, and seizing it back-handed by the middle, waits for the signal for the next motion, when he turns it round, and with an extended arm places the butt of the rod about one inch in the muzzle of the firelock; in which position he waits for the command ram down cartridge! Draw swords! a word of command in the sword exercise of the cavalry. The drawing of swords is performed in 3 motions : 1st. Bring the right hand smartly across the body to the sword- knot, which being placed on the wrist, and secured by giving the hand a couple of turns inwards, seize the hilt of the sword. 2d. Draw the sword with an extended arm ; sink the hand till the hilt of the sword is immediately under the chin, the blade of the sword perpen- dicular and the back of the hand out- wards. 3d. Bring down the hilt till in a line with the bridle-hand, the blade per- pendicular, the edge turned towards the horse's left ear. Officers of infantry, when the men are under arms, draw their swords without wailing for any command. Draw; charge! a word of command DRE ( 176 ) DRE in the cavalry, when a body of that arm are ordered to charge the enemy. To Draw off, to retire; also to ab- stract or takeaway; as to draw off your forces. To Draw on, to advance; also to oc- casion : as, to druw an enemy's fire. To Draw over, to persuade to revolt; to entice from a party. 2b Draw out, to call the soldiers forth in array for action. To Draw up, to form in battle array. To Draw out a parly, to assemble any particular number of armed men for military duty. The French say, fairc un detachement. To Draw together, (assembler, Fr.) to bring any given number of persons or bodies of men into one quarter, dis- trict or country. To Draw the guns, to convey them from one situation to another. The word drag, though seemingly applicable from the Circumstance iff drag-ropes, is not technically correct, as, in the artil- lery, they always say draw. TtRAW-bridge. See Bridge. DRAWING, in a military sense, is the art of representing the appearances of all kinds of military objects by imi- tation, or copying, both with and without the assistance of mathematical rules. DRAWN, pulled out, as a drawn sword ; assembled, collected, as an urmy drawn together. DRA.\vs-battle, (combat igal de part tt d'autre, Fr.) a battle which has been fought and in which both sides claim the victory, or retire upon equal terms; either resuming their original positions, or taking fresh ground for the purpose of renewing the contest, or making peace. DREGS, any thing by which purity is corrupted : also persons of the lowest class, as dregs of the people. DRESS, military. The clothing of the army is generally called regimentals, every part of which should facilitate, and not hinder, the various motions of the manual exercise. A soldier, with- out regard to fashion or taste (to use the words of a modern author) should he dressed in the most comfortable and least embarrassing manner possible; and the keeping h : , m warm, and leaving him the entire use of his limbs, are objects always to be had in view. See Stock. To Dress, in a military sense, is to keep the body in such a relative position, as to contribute to, and make a part of an exact continuity of line, upon what- ever front, or in whatever shade the bat- talion may be formed. Soldiers dress by one another in ranks, and the body collectively dresses by some given ob- ject. To Dress the line, (dresser la ligne, Fr.) to arrange any given number of soldiers, so as to stand perfectly correct with regard to the several points of au alignement that have been taken up. This is done by the adjutant, or brigade- major. Dress, a word of command which is given when troops are arrived at any prescribed point of alignement, as halt, dress. To Dress a wound, to cover a wound with medicaments. DRESSERS, in military dispositions, are those men who take up direct, or relative points, by which a corps is en- abled to preserve a regular continuity of front, and to exhibit a straight alignement. In every operation of this sort, the dresser must be particularly alert, especially when a general line is to be formed to give battle to the enemy. Under this circumstance, every thing will depend upon the activity, skill and aptitude of eye in the two cenrer dressers or each battalion. No line, indeed, can be said to be in a proper situation to meet, or march up to, the enemy, whilst there is the least interval from center to flanks. Solid, compact and straight lines in forward movements are the nerves and sinews of immediate conflict; whereas unconnected movements pro- duce confusion, are naturally weak, and always tend to give a superiority to the enemy. DRESSER, Fr. See To Dress. Dresser une batterie, Fr. to dispose pieces of artillery in a battery for the purpose of acting against an enemy. Dresser, Fr. to place anything up- right, or in a perpendicular state. Dresser a alignement, Fr. to erect or build a wall according to lineal mea- sure. Dresser dc niveau, Fr.to level. DRESSING of a battalion after the halt, is to bring all its relative parts in a line, with the point, or object, towards which it was directed to move. What- ever correction is necessary, must be made by advancing or retiring the flanks, and not by moving the center; D R I ( 177 ) D R U which, having been the guide in the march, has properly stopped at the point where it has arrived. Dressing of a battalion when it is to retire, is to have some intelligent officer placed thirty paces in the rear, so as to stand perpendicular to the front directing Serjeant, by whom the direction of* the march is to be ascertained, as the officer will of course be in the line, or nearly so, of the directing Serjeants. To DRILL, to teach young recruits the first principlesof military movements and positions, ike. To be sent to Drill, to be placed under the command of the drill-officer, or nun-commissioned officer, and made to join the recruits in performing the ma- nual and platoon exercises, ike. This is sometimes ordered as a punishment to those who are perfect in their exercise, when a battalion, company, or individual has done something to merit exposure. The French call the drill, ccole dusoldat. Knapsack Drill, a punishment in- flicted upon soldiers for minor offences. On this occasion, they are inarched round the barrack-yard, or camp-ground, ike. for several hours successively, with a 6 or 121b. shot tied to the knapsack. DRILLE, Fr. signified formerly a sol- dier ; thence it is that an old soldier who knows his duty is called a bon drille. DRINKING to excess in the army is at ail times highly criminal, but upon service it ought never to be overlooked; and the consequence will be a trial by a court-martial. It has been productive of almost innumerable mischiefs, and is a most detestable and horrid practice. See Drunkenness. Drinking of horses, immediately after hard riding or driving, is extremely dangerous; and therefore ihey should not be suffered to drink, until they be thoroughly cooled, and have eat some outs. A horse after violent labour will not suffer by being kept half a day from water ; but may die by drinking an hour too soon. To DRIVE, to expel by force, as to drive out an enemy. To Drive, to guide, or regulate, a carriage. To Drive in, to force back; as to drive in the enemy's piquets, ike. DRIVERS, pieces of bone or wood made in the shape of a musket-flint are £0 called. Drivers of baggage or artillery, men who drive the baggage artillery and stores, having no other duty in the army. Royal Artillery Drivers. See Ar- tillery. Bone Drivers, a nick-name which was originally given to one of the batta- lions of Foot Guards, owing to their long residence in London, and absence from active service; alluding to the little use which was made of their flints, and the substitution of Bone Drivers. DROITE, Fr. the right. Droite d' une riviire, Fr. that side of a river which lies upon your right when you take a front view of its source. DROITS, a French term in peculiar use amongst us, signifying certain rights and advantages which are exclusively en- joyed by the crown, when ships, &c. are taken from the enemy ; hence Admiralty Droits. DROWNING, (noyade, Fr.) an an- cient military punishment; also an in- famous mode of destruction, which was resorted to under the reign of Robes- pierre in 1793, and 1794. DRUGGERMAN.alinguist; onewho speaks and interprets severai languages. DRUM is a martial musical instru- ment in the form of a cylinder, hollow within, and covered at the two ends with vellum, which is stretched, or slackened, at pleasure, by means of small cords and sliding leathers. This instrument is used both by foot and dragoons; which is done in several man- ners, either to give notice to the troops of what they are to do, or to demand liberty to make some proposal to an enemy. Every troop of dragoons, and every company of foot or artillery, has two or more drums, according to the effective strength of the party. The drum was first invented by Bacchus, who, as Polyenus reports, fighting against the Indians, gave the signal of battle with cymbals and drums; and the Sara- cens, who invaded Christendom, introdu- ced the drum into the European armies. The author of an old work entituled A Treatise of the Arms and Engines of War, ike. speaks of drums in the follow- ing manner: "Though drums and kettle-drums were not in use among the Romans, yet other nations, and especially the Indians, used them. Indi tympana suo more pulsantes. Curtius, lib. viii. And Suidas, Tubis 2A DRU ( 178 ) DRU Indi non utuntur,$ed pro iis sunt flagella, et tympana horribilem quendam bombum emittentia. " The Partisans made use of them also, but, iu all appearance, (according to the description we have of them in Suidas and Plutarch,) the Instruments of these people were rather kettle-drums than drums, because they were made of palm- tree wood, hollow ami filled with little brazen bells, the mouth whereof was covered with a hull's hide. Isidorus de- fines the word (tympanum) in these terms : Tympanum est prills vel corinm ligno ex una parte extension. And that is the very shape and figure of our ket- tle-drums. "lie describes also another instrument which he calls symphony, which can be nothing else but our drums. Symphonia, he observes, vulgo appellatur lignum ca- vum ex utrdtjuc parte pelie extensa, yuam virguUs bine et inde musici feriunt. That instrument resembles the little ta- bors or drums which the Turks carry before them, and which they beat on both sides with sticks. However it be, there is no doubt but that the invention of drums is as ancient as that of trum- pets: I build not only on the authority of prophane history, but on the testi- mony of the royal prophet, who says : Let them praise his name with the flute ; let them sing praises to him icith the tim- brel and harp. Psal. 14-9. Praise him timbrel and Jiute, If c. Psal. 150." Drums are made of a chesnut wood, hollow, and covered at both ends with skins of parchment, which are braced with cords and with snares under- neath. The drums are sometimes made ©f brass. Those belonging to the Blues are silver. Drums arc used when religious cere- monies are performed in n camp or in the field, one being placed on the other, and serving for a desk. The various beats areas follow: viz. TlieGeneral to give notice to the troops that they are to march. The Assembly, \ to order the troops to The Troop, S repair to the place of rendezvous, or to their colours. The March,tn command them to move, always with the left foot first. Tut-too or Tap-too, to order all to re- tire to their quarters. To Arms.' for soldiers who are dis- persed, in repair to them. The Reveil/i always beats at break of day, and is to warn the soldiers to rise, and the sentinels to forbear challenging, and to give leave to come out of quarters. I'/ic Retreat, a signal to draw off from the enemy. It likewise means a beat in both camp and garrison a little before sun-set, at which time the gates are shut, and the soldiers repair to their barracks, &c. The Alarm, to give notice of sudden danger, that all may be in readiness for immediate duty. The Parley, ) a signal to demand The Chamade, $ some conference with the enemy. Long March, a beat which was for- merly used in England; on the sound of which, the men clubbed their firelocks, and claimed and used the liberty of talk- ing all kind of ribaldry. The Church Call, called also beating the bank ; a beat to summon the sol- diers of a regiment, or garrison, to church. The Pioneers'' Call ; known by the ap- pellation of Round Heads and Cuckolds ! come dig; this is beaten in camp to summon the pioneers to work. The Serjeants' Call, a beat for calk- ing the Serjeants together in the orderly- room, or iu camp, to the head of the colours. The Drummers' Call, a beat to as- semble the drummers at the head of the colours, or in quarters at the plate where it is beaten. The Preparative, a signal to mak? ready for firing. The Warning Drum, a beat to give officers and soldiers time to assemble, for their meals in camp or quarters. The Roast-beef of Old England, a beat to call officers to dinner. Drum, or Diiummer, the person who beats the drum. Kettle-DRVMH are two sorts of large basins of copper or brass, rounded at the bottom and covered with vellum or goat-skin, which is kept fast by a circle of iron, and several holes, fastened to the body of the drum, and a like num- ber of screws to stretch it at pleasure. They are used among the horse. The kettlc-ih urn formerly belonging to the royal regiment of artillery was mounted on a most superb and pompous wagon, richly gilt and ornamented, and drawn by four white horses elegantly capari- soned, with a seat for the drum-major- general*. DUE ( 1?9 ) DUE B RUM-mq/'or, a person in the regi- Ihent who has the command over the otherdrums, and teaches them their duty. Every regiment has a drum-major. DRVM-major- genera/, of England. There was formerly in the King's house- hold an officer so called, without whose licence no one could, except the King's troops, beat a drum. T)RVM-sticks, the sticks with which the drummer beats his drum. DRUNGARIUS, a Roman captain tvho had the command of 1000 men. DRUNGE, a body of Roman troops, composed of from 1000 to 4000 men. DRUNGUS, a flying Roman camp, •which was composed of a particular body of men that kept very close to one ano- ther when in battle. DRUNKENNESS, according to Dr. Johnson, intoxication with strong liquor. The Articles of War say respecting this vice: Whatsoever commissioned officer «hall be found drunk on his guard, party, or other duty, under arms, shall be cashiered for it; any non-commissioned officer or soldier so offending shall suffer such corporal punishment as shall be in- flicted by the sentence of a court-mar- tial. Sect. xiv. Art. v. DUAL, a weapon used by the inhabit- ants of New Holland.— See Grant's Voyage of Discovery. DUC de la nation, Fr. Under the second race of the French kings, the ar- mies were headed by a duke, who was called Due, de la nation, as long as he retained the command. Thus it hap- pened that Robert le Fort became duke of the French. DUCHIS-BASCY, the captain of the Turkish founders, who is to provide all necessary materials. DUEL, (from the Italian duello, signi- fying a rule of duelling,) is a single com- bat, at a time and place appointed, in consequence of a cartel or challenge. Duelling was anciently authorized ; but the motive of the duellists was the good of their country, when one, or a small number of combatants was chosen to save the blood of a whole army, and decide, by victory or death, the quarrels of kings or nations. Thus it was with Goliah and David, the Horatii and Cu- ratii, and several others. Duelling was so general 'a method of determining differences among the nobles, that even ecclesiastics were not excused; only, to prevent their being stained with blood, they procured cham- pions to fight for them. None were ex- cepted from combat, but sick people, cripples, and such as were under twenty- one years of age, or above sixty. Justs and tournaments, doubtless, rendered duels more frequent In the seventeenth century, duelling was much discountenanced, as will ap- pear by the following extract from the History of Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, surnamed the Great. " Duels were not extremely fashion- able in those days; we hardly find half a dozen in the space of thirty years con- tinued war ; every hour affording better proofs for valour, than such irrational appeals to public opinion. Nor were superior commanders ill thought of by their adherents and followers, in case they refused to refer themselves to such sort of decisions. Cratz, in the tran- sports of resentment, challenged Wal- stein when he was generalissimo and absolute; yet nothing resulted from the provocation; it was passed by with neglect. John de Wert killed Merode, but the affair was purely a rencounter. Young Pappenheim, it is true, lost his life in a real duel, but that happened merely because he had eluded the vigi- lance of his general, who had locked the city gates, and planted spies to watch the combatants. Aldringer never for- gave Sirot for drawing his sword in his presence, though he himself set the ex- ample, and insisted upon making his life the forfeiture for the offence. Greater cautious were still taken in the Swedish service: Count de Sonches challenged General Stalhaus, but first resigned his commission. Duels before this time had been severely prohibited in France, and the French King declared, with an oath, that he would reward such military per- sons as had spirit enough to refuse a challenge. E) Gustavus's laws all pri- vate quarrels were decided by the offi- cers of the regiment, and all challenges referred to a court-martial : and if an inferior officer allowed the common sol- diers to engage hand to hand, he was to be cashiered, ipso facto, and serve as a private man, being answerable also for the mischiefs that should be committed in such engagements. The best and most remarkable swordsman in the course of these wars was the Count de Forgatz; yet we find nothing concerning him in the public fujd of action. At 3 A «2 DUM ( 130 ) DUN to the custom of seconds, I think it appeared as early as the year 1570." — See Hartc's History of Gusluvus Adol- plius, page 45. in the Essay on the Mili- tary State, ike. &c. No officer or soldier shall pretend to send a challenge to any other otlicer or soldier, to fight a duel: if a couiinis- sioned officer, on pain of being cashiered ; if a non-commissioned officer or sol- dier, of suffering corporal punishment, at the discretion of a court-martial. Articles of /far. For a very singular deviation from this article, as far as relates to officers, see the first volume of the Regimental Companion, 5th edition. Duelling was authorized before the Normans came into England, hut the practice was not so frequent as after the Conquest. DUELLIST, (duelliste, Fr.) a man who makes it his profession to fight, and sometimes to insult, other persons. Duelling is not the true test of valour; for it will happen, that a man may indi- vidually fight well, although he he a cheat at play, and an arrant coward in the hour of battle. The fate of Major Campbell of the 21st regiment of foot, who was executed in Ireland for the murder of his brother officer, Captain Boyd, ought to be a so- lemn warning to those intemperate men who act up to the first impulse of anger and revenge; most especially,.when the common forms of duelling are aban- doned. If this lex ultima honoris must be resorted to, let usage, at least, and the common decencies of life be observed. During the reign of Louis the XlVth, every man who fought a duel and killed his adversary, without the evidence of seconds, (or, as the French more properly say, timoins, wit- nesses,) was condemned to death. The Irish, who are naturally a brave and ge- nerous people, felt all the weight and ef- ficacy of this wise law, when they brought in their verdict at Armagh. DUKIGI-BACIII, the second officer of the Turkish artillery. DULEDGE, a peg of wood which joins the ends of the felloes, forming the circle of the wheel to a gun-carriage; and the joint is strengthened on the out- side of the wheel by a strong plate of iron, called the duledge plate. DUMB-BELLS, weights which are used in drilling the soldier, who holds one in each hand, winch he swings back- wards and forwards to open his chest, increase muscular strength, throw back his shoulders, and accustom him to that freedom of action in the arms, and to that erect position of body which are so essentially necessary to a soldier. The following method of exercising recruits with the dumb-bells, is extracted from a work entitled Military Instruc- tion. The dumb-bells being placed one on each side of the recruit, and himself in an erect, steady posture — on the « Raise bells — he will take one ii hand, and by a gentle motion raise as high as his arm will suffer him, a his head ; then gradually sinking llieui with stretched arm, as much behind linn as possible, he will form a circle with them, making the circle complete by causing the backs of his hands to meet behind his body; this will be. repeated, according to his strength, 5 or b" times. Extend bells. — The bells being raised to the shoulder, they will be forced for- wards, keeping the same height, then brought back in the same manner; this will throw the chest forward, and force back the neck and shoulders: — this must be frequently repeated. Suing bells. — The top part of the bells to be made to meet together in front, the height of the breast; then forced back- wards with an extended arm, and be made to touch behind; in doing this, the palm of the hand must be uppermost, and the elbows well down : this circle must be repeated fourteen or fifteen times: Time, the circle performed in, two seconds. Ground belh. — The recruit will let fall the bells by his sides, and remain steady and firm. DUNES, Fr. sand hills, commonly called downs. As, les dunes sur la cute de Flandres, the downs, or sand-hills, along the coast of Flanders. Hence also, Dunkirk, from a church first built in the sand-hills. DUNGEON, } in fortification, is DONJON, S commonly a large tower or redoubt of a fortress, whither the garrison may retreat, in case of ne- cessity, and capitulate with greater ad- vantage. Also a place in which prisoners were kept. DUNNAGE, as used in the ordnance, consists of fir deals or other light tim- ber to raise the dead weight in the hold, D U T ( 181 ) DYE for the purpose of preventing a ship from labouring too much in a heavy sea. In ships coming from China, dunnage is used about a foot above the ceiling to prevent the water in a ship's hold from damaging teas, or other dry goods. The laths, ecc. which are placed in trunks serve also as dunnage to secure clothes and linen fioin rubbing together. DUPLE, dupla ratio, that is, double ratio, in architecture, is where the ante- cedent term is double the consequent; or where the exponent of the ratio is 2; thus 6 : 3 is in a double ratio. Sub-Di'PLE, or double sub-duple ratio, is where the consequent term is double the antecedent, or the exponent of the ratio is f; thus 3 : G is a sub-duple ratio. -DUPLICATION, (duplication, Fr.) the art or science of doubling a thing, or any given quantity. Duplication of the cube, (duplica- tion du cube, Fr.) a term used to express the invention of a number which is twice as great as any other proposed. DUTY, (devoir, Fr.) in a military sense, is the exercise of those functions that belong to a soldier; yet with this nice distinction, that duty is counted the mounting guard, &c. where no enemy is directly to be engaged; for when any body of men marches to meet the enemy, this is strictly called going upon service. On all duties, whether with or with- out arms, piquets, or courts-martial, the tour of duty begins with the eldest downwards. An officer who is upon duty cannot be ordered for any other before that duty is finished, except he be on the inlying piquet, as then he shall be relieved, and go on the duty ordered. Military Duties may be divided into two general, classes, under the heads of Brigade and Regimental duties. Brigade duties are those which one regiment does in common with another, collectively or by detachments, and of which the brigade-major keeps a regular roster. Regimental duties are those which the several companies of a legiment perform among themselves, and of which the adjutant keeps a regular roster. Duties of Honour are, 1. the king's guard ; 2. those of the royal family ; 3. the captain-general's, or field-marshal's commanding the army ; 4. detachments of the army, or out-posts; 5. genera! officers' guards; 6. the ordinary guards in camp or garrison; 7. the piquets; U. general courts-martial, and duties with- out arms, or fatigue. The following general regulations are to be observed, respecting duties in gene- ral: When field or other commissioned officers are given out at head-quarters, for one duty, they cannot be taken off to be put on any other duty. No orlicer is allowed to exchange his duty with another, after he has been put in orders for it, without leave of the commanding officer of his regiment. Guards, or detachments which have not matched oft' from the parade, are not to be reckoned as for a duly done; but, if they should have inarched from the parade, it stands for a duty done, though they should be dismissed imme- diately. If any officer's tour of duty for the piquet, general court-martial, or duty of fatigue, happen when he is on duty, he shall not make good such duty when he comes off. No regiment can demand a tour of duty, unless it has inarched off the place of parade, and beyond the main guard. General courts-martial that have as- sembled, and the members sworn in, shall be reckoned for a duty, though thev should be dismissed without trying any person. Whenever the piquets are ordered to inarch to any parade, it is not to be ac- counted a duty, unless they march oil that parade. All commands in the regular forces fall to the eldest officers in the same circumstances, whether of cavalry or infantry, entire, or in parties. In case two commissions of the same date in- terfere, a retrospect is to be had to for- mer commissions. Ollicers, in all duties under arms, are to have their swords drawn, without waiting for any word of command for that purpose. Duty also signifies, in amoral and no- ble sense of the word, not otily a reli- gious observance of orders, but a zealous and undaunted execution of them. Thus our immortal Nelson: England expects that every man will do HIS DUTY'. D£E. See Die. EAR ( 182 ) E A S DYKE. See Dike. DYNAMICS, (dynamique, Fr.) the science of moving forces, or of move- able causes. DYNASTY, (dynastic, Fr.) This word is frequently found in the History of the Monarchies and Empires of the East; it signifies a series of princes who have reigned successively. When a new family succeeds to the throne, it is a new dynasty that begins. The house of Nassau Orange began a new dynasty of the Kings of England in 1688. ' E EAGLE. B/acfe-Eagle, an order of military knighthood in Prussia, in- stituted by "the elector of Brandenbuurg, in 1701, on his being crowned king of Prussia. The knights of this order wear an orange-coloured ribbon, from which is suspended a black eagle. U'/hVc-Eagi.k, a like order in Po- land, instituted in 1325, by Uladislaus V. on occasiow of the marriage of his ton Casimer, to the daughter of the great duke of Lithuania. The knights of this order wear a chain of gold, to which a silver eagle, crowned, is sus- pended. Eagle, the standard of the ancient Romans. In a general sense, it formerly meant the standard of the Roman ar- mies; in a more limited acceptation the sign or flag of the several legions. At present it is the standard of the German empire. The difference between the Roman and the Imperial eagle consists in this, that the first were eagles of gold or sil- ver, fixed at the end of a pike, having their wings extended, and holding the lightning in their claws ; the second are eagles painted upon the colours and standards of the emperors. The eagle likewise signifies, in a figurative sense, fhe German empire. On the accession of Bonaparte to the imperial throne, the eagles were introduced among the standards of France, in imitation of the Romans. EARL-MARSHAL, an officer who lias the care and direction oi military solemnities. The dukes of Norfolk are," by hereditary right, earls-marshal of England ; but they must be protestants to exercise the functions of that high office. EARS of a horse should be small, narrow, straight, and the whole substance of them thin and delicate : they ought to be placed on the very top of the head, and their points, when styled, or pricked up, should be nearer than then- roots. When ahorse carries his ears pointed forwards, he is said to have a bold, hardy, or brisk ear; also when a horse is travelling he should keep them firm, and not (like a hog) mark every step by the flapping of his ears. EARTH-fcags. See Bags. EASE, in a military sense, signifies a prescribed relaxation of the frame, from the erect and firm position which every well dressed soldier should observe. To statid at Ease, in a technical ac* ceptation of the term, is to draw the right foot back about six inches, and to bring the greatest part of the weight of the body upon it. The left knee must be a little bent, and the hands brought together before the body, the right hand in front. But the shoulders must inva- riably be kept back and square, the head to the front, and the whole carriage of the person be unconstrained. In cold weather, when standing at ease, the men are permitted, by command, to move their limbs without quitting their ground. EBO ( 183 ) E C H Stand at Ease, (from the support.) On this command, the soldier retires his right foot six inches, hends his left knee, and carrying the right hand smartly .across the body, seizes the firelock by the small of the butt, and raises it suffi- ciently to slope it over his left shoulder, and relieve the left arm from the pres- sure of the cock. In some regiments, instead of seizing the small of the butt with the right hand, they only place the hollow of the hand below the left elbow. Ease arms, a word of command given immediately after the order to handle, arms, by which the soldier is directed to drop his right hand to the full extent of the arm, from the top of the ramrod, on the front of the sling, with his fingers spread along it. EAU, Fr. water, is a principal object to be considered, whenever an army advances, retreats, or encamps. It is the quarter-master-general's business, through his subordinate deputies, to se- cure this indispensable necessary of life. Small running rivulets are preferable to large rivers, because the latter cannot be so easily turned for the convenience of the army ; whereas the former may be always stopped, or diverted from their natural course. Wells are never resorted to but in cases of absolute necessity. Stagnant or pond water is in general unwhole- some, and never limpid or clear. Buvage u rinu/icr, Fr. a long piece of timber which is crossed by a number of steps, and which is placed perpendicularly for the purpose of going down into quarries, Ike. ECHELLE, Fr. scale, in a mathe- matical sense, is a Straight line drawn double, which is divided into a certain number of parts, each part containing as many toises or yards, etc. as the size of the chart or paper will admit, which are again reduced into feet. Ecuelle, Fr. ladder; in civil and military architecture, means a machine, which is made of two side pieces or arms, that receive a certain number of small steps, at equal distances from one another. These ■ ichelles, or ladders, are of two kinds: lai'iie and small. The small ladders are used to descend into the ditches of fortified places, and the large ones for scaling the walls, txc. See Scaling Ladders. Echelle, Fr. any spot or place of trade in the Mediterranean, is so called by the French. ' EJCHELLES, Fr. President Fauchet in his Book 11, de In tnilicc et des armies, tells us, that by this word were meant several troops of horse. Each ichelle had a particular standard with the motto and armorials of its captain. EUIEIJ.FTTE, Fr. a small ladder. ECHELON, from iehelon, Fr. the Step of a ladder. A position in military tactics, where each division follows the preceding one, like the steps of a ladder; and is convenient for removing from a direct to an oblique, or diagonal line. When troops advance in echelon, they almost invariably adopt the ordinary lime. Hence to march in iehelon, may not improperly be said to approach to- wards any given object by a gradual movement. Echelon movements and positions are not only necessary and applicable to the immediate attacks and retreats of great bodies, but also to the previous oblique or direct changes of situation, which a battalion, or a more considerable corps already formed in line, may be obliged to make to the front or rear, or on a particular fixed division of the line. The oblique changes are produced by the wheel less than the quarter circle of divisions from line which places them in the echelon situation. The direct changes are produced by the perpendi- cular and successive march of divisions from line to front, or rear. See Infan- try Regulation!*, p. 105. "j-J/t KCHIQUIER, Fr. alternately. Fdire la retraite en Echiquier, Fr. to retreat by alternate companies, &c columns. ECIIOUER, Fr. to fail in an under- taking, or enterprize. ECLAIRCIlL Fr. to thin. Hence to thin the ranks by cannon-shot, or mus- ketry. Eclaircjr des armeSy Fr. to polish arms, or make them bright. ECLAIRCISSEMENT, Fr. explica- tion ; explanation. Ofjicier a Eclaircissement, Fr. a quarrelsome officer. ECLAIRER, Fr. according to the translator of the French military tac- tics, signifies to keep an eye on, to natch, to observe. It literally means to enlighten. Eclaieee vne marche, Fr. to detach, E C L ( 185 ) ECO xn front of an army, small or large de- tachments of troops, who are preceded by sharp-shooters or light infantry, for the purpose of ascertaining the position of the enemy, &c. Eclairer ce que font des assicges, Fr. to throw inflammable halls or pots filled with combustibles into the works of a fortified place, for the purpose of know- ins; the strength of a garrison, &c. Eclairer une truncate, Fr. to throw balls of fire, &c. towards the trenches of an enemy, in order to discover what the i let put of a sluice or dam. operations of the besiegers are during! ECLUSES, Fr. See Sluices. the night. ECOLES a" artillerie, Fr. military ECLAIREUR, Fr. according to the schools, where the pupils are taught every translator of the French military tactics/ thing that relates to the profession of a trooper, a flanker. arms: whether they be officers, cadets, ECLAIREURS, Fr. a corps of gre- or private soldiers, nadiers raised by Bonaparte, when chief; Ecoles du genie, Fr. military schools consul of France, for the immediate pro- for the education of engineers. Before tection of Paris. I an officer can be admitted he must have ECLAT, IV. shew; gorgeous appear- [attended the several lectures, and have fosse of a fortified place or town; par ticularly so when a river may happen to run close under the glacis. This is the case at Gravelines, where there is a pro- visional sluice in the covert- way, op- posite to the royal bastion, by which any quantity of water can be brought into the ditch from the river Aa. Ecltjse quarree, Fr. a dam, or sluice, which has one floodgate, whose doors shut squarewise. ECLUSEE, Fr. the water which is ance. Eclat de bois, Fr. a shiver of wood. Eclat de pierre, Fr. a shard of stone. Eclat d'annes, Fr. clang of arms. ECLOPPES, a French military term, to express those soldiers who, though invalided, are yet well enough to follow the army. Among these may be classed dragoons, or horsemen, whose horses get suddenly lame, and cannot keep up with the troop or squadron. They always march in the rear of a column. ECLUSE a tambour, Fr. a dam, or sluice, which fills and empties jtself by means of two arched drains. Ecluse d, vannes, Fr. a dam, or sluice, which fills and empties itself by means of floodgates. Ecluse en eperons, Fr. a dam, or sluice, whose double floodgates join each other. Ecluse de chcisse et de fuite, Fr. two sluices by means of which water is brought in and carried out of fortified places from the sea. When the water runs in, it flows through what is called the ecluse de chasse, and when it runs out, it does so from the ecluse de t'uite. Sluices of this kind run under the town of Calais, from the sea-side to the out- ward ditch. Ecluse de decharge, Fr. a dam, or sluice, where the back-water is kept, or let oat, for the purpose of filling, or emptying any ditch or fosse, &c Ecluse provisionnelle, Fr. a sluice which serves to inundate, or fill up, the undergone a general examination upon mathematics, the art of drawing, tracing plans of military architecture, of defence, attack, &c. &c. See School. ECOLIER, Fr. a student; a scholar. The French say figuratively, Ce general a fait une faute d' ecolier, that general has acted with great incapacity; literally like a school-boy. ECONOMY, in a military sense, im- plies the minutiae, or interior regulations of a regiment, troop, or company. Hence regimental economy. ECORCER, Fr. to impose upon. ECORE, Fr. steep shore. Cote en ecore signifies a very steep descent. ECORNIFLEUR, Fr. a sponger. ECOT, Fr. scot; club; company; reckoning. The French say, Vuyer bien son ecot, to be a lively companion, to make a society merry. ECOUER, Fr. to crop; to dock; to cut short. ECOUE, Fr. crop-tailed. ECOUPE, Fr. a broom, such as is used by pioneers. It is also called Balui. ECOUTE, Fr- a private place for listening; such as is generally found at- tached to public offices where persons are examined. Etre mix ECOUTES, Fr. to he on itie watch. Ecoutes, Fr. small galleries made at equal distances in front of the glacis, of the fortifications of a place, the whole of which correspond with a gallery pa- rallel to the covei t-wav : they serve to 2 B ECU annoy the enemy's miners and to inter- rupt them in their work. ECOUVETTE, Fr. a brush. ECOUVILLON, Fr. a manikin or drag; the spungc marie use of to clean and to cool the inside of a cannon, w hen it has been discharged. ECOUVJLLONER, Fr. to dean, or cool a piece of" ordnance. ECRETER, Fr. CO batter or fire at the top of a wall, redoubt, epaulement, &c. so as to dislodge or drive away the men that may be stationed behind it, in order to render the approach more easy. fScriter /cs point es des palissadeS, to blunt the sharp ends of the palisades. This ought always to be done before you attack the covert-way, which is generally fenced by them. ECRIN, Fr. a jewel-box. ECRIRE en chiffrcs, Fr. a particular method of writing in certain figures, marks, &c. upon interesting matters which must be kept secret. The present telegraph is a kind of writing in figures, and was much in use amongst the Per- sians, Greeks, Egyptians, Tyrians, and Romans. ECROU, Fr. the nut of a screw. It likewise signifies the jailor's book. Hence the, term ccrouc. ECROUE, (soldat, Fr.) a soldier that was confined and reported as such dur- ing the old French monarchy. When this happened by the command of his officer he could not be removed to another place of confinement in consequence of any sentence of a civil court. With us Jill military regulations are subordinate to civil law. ECROULEMENT, Fr. the decay or Fall of the earth, or mason-work, belong- ing to a rampart, which is occasioned by the waste of time, or by the force of ordnance. ECU, Fr. a large shield which was used by the ancients, and carried on their left arms, to ward olF the blows of a sword or sabre. This instrument of defence was originally invented by the Samnites. The Moors had ecus or shields, sufficiently large to cover the whole of their bodies. The clipei of the Romans, only differ from the ecu in shape; the former being entirely round, and the latter oval. Ecu de campagne, Fr. a certain sum of money which is given to the cavalry during one hundred and fifty days that the troops are in winter-quarters. ( 186 ) EDU EDGE, the thin, or cutting part, of* sword or sabre. EDICT. See Proclamation. EDUCATION, in a military sense, implies the training up of youth to the art of war. The first object to be con- sidered is, whether nature has given the voung man the talents necessary for the profession, or not ; for here sense, parts, courage, and judgment, are required in a very eminent degree. The natural qualities of an officer are, a robust con- stitution, a noble open countenance, a martial genius, fire to produce activity, phlegm to moderate his transports, and patience to support the toils and fatigues of war, almost without seeming to feel them. Acquired qualities of an officer consist in moral virtues and sciences; by the first is meant a regular good con- duct, economy, prudence, and a serious application to what regards the service. Military sciences indispensably demand the reading of ancient and modern hii- torians; a good knowledge of military mathematics, and the study of the chief languages of Europe. It is in ancient authors we find all that is excellent, either in politics or war: the make and form of arms are changed since the invention of gunpowder; but the science of war is always the same. On one side, history instructs us by ex- amples, and furnishes us with proofs, of the beautiful maxims of virtue and wis- dom, which morality has taught us: it gives us a kind of experience, before- hand, of what we are to do in the world ; it teaches us to regulate our life, and to conduct ourselves with wisdom; to dis- trust mankind; ever to conduct ourselves with integrity and probity, never to do a mean action : and to measure grandeur with the level of reason, that we may despise it, when it becomes dangerous, or ridiculous. On the other band, history serves to give us a knowledge of the universe, and the different nations which inhabit it; their religions, their governments, their interests, their commerce, their politics, and the law of nations. It shews us the origin of the illustrious houses who have reigned in the world, and given birth to those who still subsist. The knowledge of military mathema- tics regards the operations of war in general; every thing there consists in proportion, measure and motion : it treats of marches, encampments, battles, E F F ( 187 ) E L M -Artillery, fortification, lines, sieges, mines, ammunition, provisions, fleets, and every thing which relates to war; but no just notion can be acquired without geometry, natural philosophy, mechanics, military architecture, and the art of drawing. The study of languages is most useful to an officer, and he feels the necessity of it, in proportion as he rises to higher employments. Thus the Latin, German, and French languages are very necessary for an English oflicer; as are the English, French, and Italian, for a German. EEL-backed hor'scs, such as have black lists along their backs. EFFAUTAGE, Fr. refuseship-timber. EFFECTIONS (in geometry) some- times signify geometrical constructions, sometimes problems, so far as they are reducible from general propositions. EFFECTS, the goods of a merchant, or tradesman. Also the goods and property belonging to a deceased officer, or soldier. EFFECTIVE, (effectif, Fr.) fit for service; as an army of 30,000 effective (fighting) men. Effective, a word used in military returns, signifying the actual and bond fide presence of an officer, or soldier. Homme EFFECTIF, Fr. a man of his word. EFFEMINATE, (efimin'e, Fr.) ad- dicted to excessive pleasure, sloth and luxury, all of which are detrimental to military courage. Such were the real causes of the decay and fall of the Ro- mans: the relaxation was universal among the civil, the military and the body poli- tic : discipline had raised them to the highest pitch of glory and splendour, whilst riches became their ruin. The Roman soldiers with their eagles, their bracelets, clasps of solid gold, &c. were less great than the former adventurers, the soldiers of Romulus, carrying a bundle of hay on their pikes. EFFORT du canon, Fr. the effect or impression made by a piece of ordnance. EFFRON ORE, >'r. burst open ; thrust through, &c. Chemin ErFRONDRfe, Fr. a way full of holes, or miry sloughs, ike. EFFRONDRER une parte, Fr. to burst open a door. EFFRONTERY, boldness, impudence, malapertness, sanciness; the opposite to teal digiiiried courage and intrepidity, which are modest and unassuming, with- out descending to meanness, or pusillani- mity. EGORGER, Fr. to cut the throat; to slaughter. EGOUT, Fr. a drain ; a sewer. It also signifies the spout at the gable end, from which the water runs oft' the roofs of houses. EGRFGII, persons among the ancient Romans, who, by military exploits, ob- tained the government of a province. EGUILLETTES, shoulder-knots. See Nceuds d'epaules,S)-c. ELANCE, Fr. thin; lank. Cherval Elance, Fr. a horse back- swayed. To ELANCE, to throw darts, &c. S'ELANCER, Fr. to dart, to rush forward; to go with violence. S'ilancer parmi lea ennemis, to rush into the thick- est of the enemy. ELDER battalion. A battalion is counted elder than another, by the time since it was raised. See Seniority. Elder officer, he whose commission bears the oldest date. See Seniority. ELEMKNTS, (ilanens, Fr.) the first rudiments of an art, or a science. ELEPHANTS, (iliphans, Fr.) ani- mals well known among Eastern nations who employ them in their armies. ELEVATION, (elevation, Fr.) in gun- nery, that comprehended between the horizon and the line of direction of either cannon, or mortar; or it is that which the chace of a piece, or the axis of its hollow cylinder, makes with the plane of the horizon. Elkvation, (elevation, Fr.) In a mili- tary sense, with regard to plans, or draw- ings, of fortification, elevation signifies the representation of a work when com- pleted. ELF- allows, flint stones sharpened and jagged, like arrow heads, used iu war by the ancient Britons. ELITE de tronpes,Er. the chosen troop of an army. We have adopted the term. ELLIPSIS, an oval figure made by the section of a cone, by a plane, divid- ing both sides of a cone: and though not parallel to the base, yet meeting with the base when produced; a defect; a chasm. ELM is of peculiar use in water works, nulls, ladles, and soles of wheel pipes, aqueducts, pales, and ship planks beneath the water-line. Some of this wood, which has been found in bogs, hag turned like the most polished and the haidest ebony. Elm is of great use to wheel-wrights. g B2 E M B ( 188 ) EMB It serves to make handles for single saws; the knotty parts for naves and nubbs; the straight and smooth for axle- trees; and the very roots for curiously dappled works, kerbs of coppers, feather- edge, and weather-board*, trunks, cof- fins, and shovel board tables. The tenor of the grain makes it also fit for all kinds of carved work, and for most ornaments belonging to architecture. Vitruvius particularly recommends it for tenons ami mortoises. ELOIGNEMENT permu «u soldat, Fr. the bounds, or limits, within which a soldier is allowed to walk for hi* amuse- ment. ELOIGNER I'ennemi, Fr. to oblige an enemy to quit his position, by giving him battle, aud thus forcing him to re- treat. EMANCIPATION, (emancipation, Fr.) the act of setting free. .S'EMANCIPER, Fr. to emancipate one's- ?elf, or to regain what has been unjustly taken from us ; figuratively, to take too much liberty. EMARGEMENT, Fr. the act of putting any thing down upon the margin of a paper; the casting up of a balance. EMARGER, Fr. to put down upon the margin. EMBARGO, a prohibition for any ships to leave a port: generally enforced on the rupture of any two or more na- tions. EMBARKATION, the act of putting troops on board of ship, when destined to be conveyed on an expedition. In arranging and proportioning the ordnance carriages, with all their appro- priate stores and ammunition, great judgment and experience are requisite, not only for the purpose of embarking the stores systematically, but also that the transports may be loaded and put in proper trim for sea, aud especially when heavy guns, shot and shells are on board. More than ordinary care is then neces- sary in raising the dead weight by means of dunnage to a height sufficient to pre- vent the vessel from being stranded or labouring at sea in bad weather. EMBARRAS, Fr. embarrassment; trouble; perplexity; a cheval de frise. Vent rf'EMBAS, Fr. the western wind. ■ EMBASEMENT, Fr. a continued basis, or bottom laid at the foot of a building. EMBASER, Fr. to give a basis, or hottoro to any thing. EMBATAILLONNER, Fr. to form into battalions, as is the case when the grenadiers, or light companies, are taken from their respective regiments and cast into separate battalions. I'M HATER, -Fr. to put on a pack- saddle. EMBATONNE, Fr. armed with cudgels, as mobs generally are. EM BATTAG E, Fr. the covering of the streaks, or fellies of a wheel. EMBATTIS, Ft. the easterly winds, which generally prevail about the dog days. EMBATTLE. See BATihz-array. EMBATTRE, Fr. to cover the fellies of a wheel with bars of iron. Embattrb les bandages des roues, Fr. to nail or fasten the streaks unto wheels* EMBAUCHAGE, Fr. the act of se- ducing away from any thing; as a soldier from the regiment, &c. EM B AUCHER, Fr. to persuade young men to enlist. EMBAUCIIEUR, Fr. a term which corresponds w ith crimp ; what we vul- garly term a decoy. EM BEZZLIN G, \ the act of ap- EMBEZZLEMENT, S propriating,bj breach of trust; which, with respect to military stores, is punishable by the A rticles of War, but not at the discretion of a general court-martial, as the offender must be sentenced to be casfiiered. EMBLEE, Fr. a prompt, sudden, and vigorous attack made against the covert- way and out-works of a fortified place. This military operation is executed by means of a rapid march, and an unex- pected appearance before a town, fol- lowed by an instantaneous assault upon the out-posts of the enemy; who is there- by thrown into so much confusion, that the assailants force their way at the same time, and endeavour to get possession of the town. Insulter t/'EMBL^E, Fr. to insult a place with promptitude and vigour. EMBOITEMENT, Fr. the closing up of a number of men, in order to secure the front rank from any injury they might sustain by the firing of the rear. EMBOITER, Fr. to lock up, to joint, to let in. It is used in the artillery to signify the fastening of a piece of ord- nance. EMBOITURE, Fr. an iron box scresved over the nave of the wheels, and which go vers the axle-tree; also a joint. E M E ( 189 ) E M P EMBOLON, Fr. a military disposi- tion of troops, which was used among the ancients, for the purpose of present- ing a narrow front. The shape was that of a salient angle on the center. EMBOUCHER, Fr. to bit a horse. S'Emboucher, Fr. to discharge, as a river does. EMBOUCHOIR, Fr. a boot-tree; boot last. EMBOUCHURE, Fr. the mouth of a river; a horse's bit; mouth piece; socket. ( Embouchure du canon, Fr. the muzzle of a cannon. According to Belidor this word is improperly applied to the mouth of a cannon. It should be bouche du cano?i. EMBRANCHEMENS, Fr. pieces of timber belonging to the roof of a house. EMBRASER, Fr. to set fire to. EMBRASSER, Fr. to comprehend; to embrace; to encompass. EMBRASSURE, Fr. a piece of iron, which grasps the trunnions of a piece of ordnance, when it is raised upon the boring machine, to widen its calibre. EMBRASURE, in fortification, an opening, hole, or aperture in a parapet, through which cannon is pointed to fire at the enemy. Embrasures are gene- rally made from 10 to 12 feet distant from one another, every one of them being from 6 to 9 feet wide without, and 2 or c 2\ within : their height above the platform is 1\ or 3 feet towards the town, and 1^ foot on the other side to- wards the held, so that the muzzle of the piece may be sunk occasionally, and brought to fire low. See Battery. EMBRIGADER, Fr. to brigade. See Brigade. EMBROCHER, Fr. a vulgar term Hsed among French soldiers, to signify the act of running a man through the body — literally, to spit him. EMBUSCADE, Fr. SeeAiwBuscADE. S'EMBUSQUER, Fr. to lie in am- bush. EMERILLON, Fr. a merlin, or small piece of brass, or cast iron, which does not exceed a pound weight. EMERY, a ground iron ore : each British soldier is allowed a certain quan- tity for cleaning his arms. Emery, oil, and brickdust or crocus, articles used by soldiers to keep their firelocks in constant good order; and for which a limited half yearly allowance, not exceeding 2s. 9d. per annum, is paid through the ordnance to the captains of troops and companies. EMEUTE, Mr. insurrection. EMIGRANTS, EMIGRES, persons who have quitted their native country, either from cowardice, or from civil and religious persecution. EMILLES, Fr. stones and shards rough hewn and squared only, to fill up the massy parts of a wall. EMINENCE, high or rising ground, which overlooks and commands the low places about it. Such places, within cannon-shot of any fortified place, are a great disadvantage ; for if the besiegers become masters of them, they can thence fire into the place. EMIR, a title or surname which the Mahometaus give to all persons who are presumed to be the immediate, or colla- teral, descendants of Mahomet. This title is very much respected by the in- habitants of that part of the world, and authorizes the bearer to wear the green turban. When emir is connected with another term, it becomes an official one, and signifies, among the Turks, a com- mandant. EMIRALEM, (gonfalonier, Fr.) the general of the Turks, or keeper of all their colours; he marches immediately before the Grand Signor. EMISSARY, (emissaire, Fr.) a person sent by any power that is at war with another, for the purpose of creating dis- affection among the subjects of the latter, of obtaining intelligence, &c. in other words, a spy. EMMAGASINER, Fr. to store; to lay up. EMMANCHEUR, Fr. a hafter. EMMORTAISER, Fr. to mortoise. EMOUCHETTE, Fr. a horse-cloth, or net, to keep off flies. EMOLUMENTS, (imolumens, Fr.) perquisites ; fair profits. Every general, and other public officer, if men of ho- nour, ought to be satisfied with the emolu- ments allowed them. Whatsoever they get beyond, is injurious to the state and to the nation. EMOUSSER, IV. to blunt, to dull. In a military sense, it signifies to take off the four corners of a battalion, which has formed a square, and to give it, by those means, an octagon figure; from the different obtuse angles of which it may fire in all directions. EMPAILLER, Fr. to pack up i» straw. E M P ( 190 ) E N C EMPALE. See Fortify. lb Empale, (empaler, Fr.) to put to death by spitting on a stake fixed up- right. EMPANACHER, Fr. to plume; to adorn with feathers ; as empanacher une casque. EMPANONS, Fr. See Chevrons du croupe. S'EMPARER, Fr. to take possession. Semparer d'unc eminence, to take pos- session of a height. EMPASTING, in painting, the act of laying on colours thick and bold ; or of applying several lays of colours, to the end that they may appear thick. EMPATT EMENT, in fortification. See Talus. EMPATURE, Fr. joining together. EMPEIGNE, Fr. the upper leather of a shoe; the vamp. EMPEROR, (empcreur, Fr.) a title given to the Sovereigns of Germany. It is derived from the Latin imperator, and signifies the chief in command. The term is, however, variously used ; for although empire means a certain extent EMPLACEMENT, Fr. the spot upon which a body of armed men is posted. EMPLOIS militaires, Fr v military em- ployments, such as commissions, &c. in the armv. jT EMPLOYES, Fr. peflbns employed in the service, to supply the .necessary subsistence, ike. for an army. Of this description are commissaries, purvey- ors, &c. Petty EMPTIONARY, a contract term used by the Board of Ordnance, signifying the purchase of small stores. EMPRISE. See Expedition. EMULATION, a noble jealousy, with- out the slightest tincture of envy, where- bv gentlemen endeavour to surpass each other in the acquisition of military know- ledge. EN AMBUSH. See Ambush. ENCAMPMENT, the pitching of a cam p. See Camp. In the Regulations published by Au- thority, are particularly enjoined the fol- lowing points: Attentions relative to Encampments. of country, which comprehends several On the arrival of a brigade or a bat provinces, and many different states, and talion, on the ground destined for its ahould consequently give the honorary title of emperor to its principal chief, there are instances in which the person SO invested is only called king. Hence the British empire is under the chief magistracy of George the Third, King, &c. It is, in fact, more suitable to a military government, than to one, whose vital formation consists of a happy mix- ture of King, Lords and Commons. EMPIETER, Fr, to take advantage of. Empieter sur I' enncmi, Fr. to take advantage of the enemy. EMPLLEMENT, Fr. from emptier, to pile up; the act of disposing balls, grenades, and shells, in the most secure and convenient manner. This generally occurs in arsenals and citadels. EMPIUANCE, Fr. deficiency of coin. EMPIRE, (empire,Fr.) imperial power; supreme dominion; sovereign command; also command over any thing. The French say, avee empire, imperiously. L'Empire des lettres, Fr. the com- monwealth of the learned, or the em- pire which the only valuable aristocracy (that of talents) is supposed to possess over mankind; and which seldom exists, except in the posthumous works of neg- lected worth and genius. camp, the quarter and rear guards of the respective regiments will immedi- ately mount; and when circumstances require them, the advanced piquets will be posted. The grand guards of ca- valry will be formed, and the horses picketed. The men's tents will then be pitched, and till this duty is com- pleted, the officers are on no account to quit their troops, or companies, or to employ any soldier for their own accom- modation. Privies are to be made in the most convenient situations, and the utmost attention is required in this, and every other particular, to the cleanliness of the camp. If circumstances will allow the ground on which a regiment is to encamp to b« previously ascertained, the pioneers should make these and other essential conveniences, before the corps arrives at its encampment. Whenever a regiment remains more than one night in a camp, regular kitch- ens are to be constructed. No tents, or huts, are to be allowed in front of, or between, the intervals of the battalions. A spot of ground for this purpose should be marked by the quar- ENC ( 191 ) ENF ter-master, with the approbation of the commanding officer. On arriving in a camp which is inter- sected by hedges, and ditches, unequal or boggy ground, regiments will immedi- ately make openings of communication, of 60 feet in width. The ground in front of the encamp- ment is to be cleared, and every obstacle to the movement of the artillery and troops is to be removed. Commanding officers of regiments must take care, that their communication with the nearest grand route be open, and free from any impediments. ENCAST* ELE, Fr. hoof-bound. ENC ASTELURE, Fr. the being hoof- bound. ENCASTRER, Fr. to interlace one stone within another. ENCEINTE, in fortification, is the interior wall or rarnpart which surrounds a place, sometimes composed of bastions or curtains, either faced or lined with brick or stone, or only made of earth. The enceinte is sometimes only flanked by round, or square, towers, which is called a Roman wall. ENCHEVAUCHURE, Fr. the junc- tion of one thing with another, as of tiles or slate in covering houses. ENCLAVE. Fr. bound, or boundary; limit. ENCLAVER, Fr. in carpentry, to mortoise, or set one thing within another; as the ends of beams and rafters are in a floor. Enclaver, Fr. also generally to en- close. ENCLOS, Fr. any wall which sur- rounds a magazine, or garden, is so called. ENCLOSURE. This word is used in epistolary correspondence and official communications to signify any paper which is enclosed in another. The French use the word sous-enveloppe, i. e. under cover. ENCLOUER k canon, Fr. to spike the cannon. See To Nail. ENCLOUEURE, Fr. this term is used in the artillery, to signify the actual state and condition of any thing that has been spiked. Encloueure, Fr. a prick in a horse's foot. ENCLUME, Fr. an anvil. ENCOIGNURE, Fr. the gable ends of a building. ENCOLURE, Fr. the chest of a horse. ENCOMBRER, Fr. in fortification, to fill up any hollow space, such as a stagnant lake, &c. with rubbish. ENCORBEILLEMENT, Fr. any thing built beyond the wall, as a buttress. ENCOUNTERS, in military affairs, are combats, or fight*, between two persons only. Battles, or attacks bj iarge or small armies are figuratively so called. The Marquis de Feuquieres men- tions four instances of particular en- counters brought on by entire armies, with a design to create a general en- gagement. ENCOURAGE. See Animate. ENCOURAGEMENT, (encourage- ment, Fr.) excitement to action, &c. ENCROACHMENT, the advance- ment of the troops of one nation on the rights or limits of another. ENCYCLOPAEDIA, (encyclopedic, Fr.) the whole circle of sciences ; also a title given to some elaborate works, such as tli* Encycloptdie Methodique in France, and Encyclopaedia in England and Scotland ; to which works we refer our readers for a fuller detail of many scientific articles that are slightly touched upon in this compilation. ENDECAGON, a plain figure of 11 sides and 11 angles. ENDORMI, Fr. asleep. Soldat en- dormi, a soldier asleep on guard. See the Articles of War, which direct that any sentinel who is found asleep during the period of his duty, shall be punished with death. ENDUIT, Fr. a composition which is made of plaster, lime, or sand, or of lime and cement to cover the outside of walls. ENDURCI, Fr. hardened ; enured. Endurci, ou fait a la fatigue, Fr. hardy; enured to hardships. ENEMY, (ennemi, Fr.) In a compre- hensive meaning, this term signifies any power, or potentate, with whom we are at war, together with his subjects, by sea and land ; it also includes his allies, all persons adhering to and favouring his cause and undertaking; his troops, the inhabitants of his cities and tillages. It more particularly applies to armed bodies of men that are acting against each other. ENFANS perdus, Fr. forlorn hope, which consists of soldiers detached from several regiments, or otherwise appointed to give the first onset in battle, or in an attack upon the counterscarp, or the E N F ( 19* ) E N G breach of a place besieged; so called (by the French) because of the imminent danger to which they are exposed. S'ENFERRER, Fi . to run upon an adversary's sword. ENFILADE, in fortification, is used in speaking of trenches, or other places, which may be scoured by the enemy's shot alonv scaling the ramparts, &c. When discovered in the act or so doing, the sentinels had orders to (ire at him ; and if apprehended, lie was tried and condemned n. death. ESCALADER, Fr. to scale a place. ESC ALE, Fr. a machine used to ap- ply the petard. ESCAPADE, Fr, irregular motion of a horse. ESCARMOIL'HE, Fr. See Skir- mish. ESCARPE, Fr. the outward slope, or talus, of the rampart. ESCARPER, Fr. in cutting a rock or any natural soil, to give as little slope as possible. ESCARPMENT. See Declivity. ESCARPOLETTE, Fr. a swing. ESCAUPILLE, Fr. a kind of quilted blanket, cut in the shape of a cassock, or long gown. This armour was sug- gested by necessity, when the Spaniards under Fernaud Cortez invaded Mexico. They had no wire to make coats of mail with, to protect themselves against the arrows of the Indians; but they were taught, by experience, that a wadding "between two pieces of cloth, well quilted, was a better safeguard than knitted brass wire. ESCHARPE, (more correct/yEciiARPE, Fr.) a scarf. In ancient times, a military mark to distinguish officers and soldiers from the rest of the people. Before a regular clothing was adopted among the nations in Europe, officers and soldiers appeared with two scarfs of different colours, which crossed each other before and behind, in order to point out the country and the corps to which the wearer of them belonged. The scarf was preserved among the French, as late down as the reign of Louis the XlVth. It consisted of a piece of white silk. Scarfs, however, were continued much later among other nations, particularly among the Germans, who wear them to this day across their uniforms. ESCLISSES, Fr. splents bound about a broken leg. ESCOMPTE, Fr. discount; deduc- tion made from a principal sum of money. ESCOPECHES; Fr. large pieces of wood, or rafters, which are used in scaf- folding. ESCOPERCIIE, Fr. an engine which serves to raise weights. BSCOPETTE, Fr. a kind of pike three feet and a half long, formerly used by the carabiniers. There is also a tire- arm called escopette which resembles a small rifle piece; it carries five hundred paces. The French cavalry had esco- pettes so late as under Lewis XIII. ESCOPETTERIE, Fr. a volley. ESCORE, Fr. a steep rock or coast. ESCORT, (cscorte, Fr.) safe-guard. See Convoy. Escort of deserters consists in genera] of a corporal and three rank and file, unless the number exceed four, or five. Deserters are conducted by them a cer- tain distance, and either delivered over to the next military station, or lodged in some county gaol. ESCOUADE, Fr. in the old French service, generally meant the third part of a company of foot, or a detachment. Companies were divided in this manner for the purpose of more conveniently keeping the tour of duty among the men. ESCOUT. See Spy. ESCRIME, Fr. the art of fencing; t i 1 1 i ii »z. ESCRIMEUR, Fr. a fencer; one who understands the sword. ESCUAGE, an ancient feudal tenure, by which the tenant was,bound to fol- low his lord to war, or to defend Ins castle. ESKY-BAS, the Turkish soldier who carries the colours: in general he is the senior man in the company. ESPACES, Fr. regulated intervals between the battalions, the companies, and the tents in a camp, between the ranks in a manoeuvre, on a march, or in battle. ESPADON, in old military books, a kind of two-handed sword, having two edges, of great length and breadth ; for- merly used by the Dutch. ESPADONNER, Fr. to fight with the back-sword. ESPEC ES, Fr. coin. Hence payer en especes sonnantes, to pay in cash, or ready money. ESPION, Fr. a spy. ESPIONNAGE, Fr. the act of ob- taining and giving intelligence; which is as dangerous to the employer as it is to the person who undertakes it. Double Espionnage, Fr. the art of ESP ( 201 ) ESS obtaining intelligence from both sides, and of betraying both. A sound govern- ment has no occasion for either, especi- ally under a free constitution like that of England. It may suit the rottenness of foreign courts, and agree with Machiavt'T lian duplicity. A wise general must, however, sometimes run the hazard of being betrayed by making use of such detestable means. Fspiounage, even among the French, is called, Un metier in fame, an infamous trade. ESPLAMADE, in fortification, the sloping of the parapet of the covert-way towards the field, and is therefore the same as the glacis of the counterscarp; but begins to be antiquated in that sense, find is now only taken for the empty space between the glacis of a citadel, and the first houses of the town. ESPONTON, Fr. a sort of half pike. ESPRINGAL, in the ancient art of war, a machine for throwing large darts, general I v called muchetta. ESPRINGARDE, not Espringale, Fr. a machine for throwing stones. In the Dictionnairede CAcad'cmie Francaise, it is written Espriagale, and by some Espringolde; but Monstrelet, Fauchet, and Froissart have it as above. ESPRIT, Fr. mind; genius; sense, &c. Esprit de corps, Fr. This term is ge- nerally used among all military men in Europe. It may not improperly be de- fined a laudable spirit of ambition which produces a peculiar attachment to any particular corps, company, or service. Officers, without descending to mean and pitiful sensations of selfish envy, under the influence of a true esprit de corps, rise into an emulous thirst after military glory. The good are excited to peculiar feats of valour by the senti- ments it engenders, and the bad are de- terred from ever hazarding a disgrace- ful action through a secret conscious- ness of the duties it prescribes. Grena- diers and light infantry men are pecu- liarly susceptible of this impression. What a common battalion man might do with impunity, would entail disho- nour and reproach upon either of the flanks. The same observation holds good with respect to regiments. There are some corps in the British army whose uniform good conduct and beha- viour before the enemy have, from the first ot their establishment, secured to them an enviable reputation; the con- sequence of which is, that every young man who gets a commission in a corps of this cast, naturally feels anxious, not only to. support, but to add, if possible, to the fame it possesses. Such a senti- ment creates an esprit de corps. The Highland regiments, and the Fusileer corps, and also the Guards, possess this feeling to a high degree. ESQUADE. See Squad. S'ESQUICHER, Fr. to avoid coming to blows. ESQUILLE, Fr. splinter of a broken bone. ESQUINE, Fr. literally, a horse's back. Un chevalfort d'esquine, a horse strong in the loins. Un cheval foible d'esquine, a horse weak in the loins. ESQUIRE, (ccuyer, Fr.) in the ge- neral acceptation of the term, a gentle- man who bears arms, a degree of gentry next below a knight. In the British service the rank of captain, whether in the line, militia, or volunteers, entitles the person to be called esquire; that of lieutenant, cornet, or ensign, makes the individual a gentleman, i. e. the king's sign manual or the signature of the lord lieutenant authorizes him to be so dis- tinguished. Esquires of the king's body, certain officers belonging to the court. See Armiger. S'ESQUIVER, Fr. to steal away : to go off" as a thief does. It is not always used in a bad sense. ESQUISSE, Fr. the first sketch or outlines of a drawing; it is also called grijfbnnement. ESS A I des amies a feu, de la poudre a tirer, Fr. the act of proving fire-arms, and of ascertaining whether gun-powder be fit for service. ILSSAY-hatch, among miners a term for a little trench, or hole, which they dig to search for ore. ESSEDAIRES, Fr. a kind of warriors in old times, who were conveyed in wagons, but fought on foot, and when pressed, retired again to their wagons. ESSES, in the train of artillery, are fixed to draught-chains, and made in the form of an S; one end of which is fast- ened to the chain, and the other hooks to the horses harness, or to a staple: they serve likewise to lengthen, and piece, chains together. ESS1EU, Fr. a piece of solid timber which runs across the carriage, enters the wheel at both ends, and is fastened by means of an S. The word is some- 2D EST ( 202 ) EST times written aissieu, and signifies lite- rally an axle-tree. ESSUYER le feu, Fr. to remain ex- posed to the fire of cannon, or mus- ketry. Essuyer le premier feu, Fr. to receive the enemy's fire without attempting to fire first. Essuvez la pierre, Fr. a word of com- mand in the platoon exercise, which signifies to try the flint. ESTABLAGE, Fr. the harness which is between the two shafts of a cart, and serves to support them. ESTItAC, Fr. an old word used in the manage to signify a narrow chested lank horse; at present the French say — Un chcvul 'droit. To ESTABLISH, to fix, to settle. It is likewise a technical phrase, to express the quartering of any considerable body of troops in a country. Thus it is com- mon to say, the army took up a posi- tion in the neighbourhood of , anc established its head-quarters at . ESTABLISHMENT, in the military sense, implies the quota of oflicers and men in an army, regiment, troop, or company. Pertce-EsTABLisiiMENT is the reduc- tion of corps to a certain number, by which the aggregate force of a country is diminished, and its expenditure les- sened. Winr-EsTABLisHMENT is the augmen- tation of regiments to a certain number, by which the whole army of a country is considerably increased. ili//iVar?/-EsTABi J isiiMENT, an esta- blishment so called in India, compre- hending the allowances for tent, camels and drivers, which must always be kept in readiness, as no olficer knows when and where he may be ordered to march, at a minute's notice. Serious disturb- ances were occasioned in that part of the British empire by a retrenchment of some of these allowances. ESTABLISSEMENT, Fr. an advan- tageous position, in which a body of troops, well supplied with provisions, will make a successful stand. ESTACADE, Fr. a dyke constructed with piles, in the sea,a river, or morass, to oppose the entry of troops, or of suc- cours. ESTAFETTE, a military courier, sent express from one part of an army to another. ESTAFFE, Fr. contribution money. ESTAFILADE, Fr. a cut across the face. The three ESTATES (of the realm) are three orders of the kingdom of Eng- land, viz. the lords spiritual, the lords temporal, constituting the peers or Up- per House, and the Commons who make the Lower House. The Mutiny Bill is an- nually discussed in the latter, and, with the consent of the lords, passes into a code of laws for the government of the army; subject, nevertheless, to the king's approbation. ESTERLING. See Sterling. ESTIMATE, computation; calcula- tion. Army estimates are the com- putation of expenses to be incurred in the support of an army for a given time. ESTOC, Fr. the point of a sword or sabre, or of any other weapon. D Estoc et tie Taille, Fr. to push and thrust vigorously at one's antagonist, in every direction. ESTOCADE, Fr. a long rapier, (cal- led, in derision, brette, or Jlamberge,) used by duellists. ESTOILE. See Etoile. ES IRA I) E, Fr. a road, or way. This word is derived from the Italian strada, which signifies road, street, or way. Some writers take its etymology from Estradiotes, a class of men on horse- back, who were employed in scouring the roads, and in procuring intelligence respecting the movements of an army. See Battel - r d'estrade. Estrade, ou retraite, Fr. the retro-t grade movement which an armed body makes in order to avoid an engagement, or to secure a retreat after haviug been unsuccessful. ESTRADIOTES, Fr. brave warriors, who, like the Turks and Arabs, are very expert in managing their horses. They formerly made themselves extremely formidable in that part of Italy which is called the Apcnnine mountains; for, be- ing more hardy than the Turks, they could keep the field the whole year round. Their favourite weapon was the zugaye. fiSTRAMACON, Fr. a kind of sword or sabre, formerly in use. It also means the edge of a sabre. Estramacon, Fr. a cut over the head. ESTRAMA CONNER, Fr. to play, or fight with a sabre. ESTRAN, Fr. a beach ; a flat sandy shore. E T ( 203 ) E T ESTRAPADE, Jr. strappado. See Etrapade. ESTRAPADER, Jr. to give the strappado; to put to the rack. ESTRAPASSER, Fr. to ride a horse beyond his strength. ESTRAPONTIN, Fr. a cricket, or loose seat for the tore-part of a carriage. ESTROPlE, Fr. manned; lame. Cervelle ESTROPIEE, Fr. a crack- brained person. ESTUARY, any ditch or pit where the tide comes, or is overflowed by the sea, at high water. ETA 8LIES, Fr. companies,squadrons, or battalions of soldiers : so called in old times, because they were appointed together to certain places or stand- ings, which they were to hold or make good. The term garrison has since been adopted. ETABLIR, Fr. to establish. ETAGE, Fr. See Floor. Etage soulerrain, Fr. the under- ground floor. Etage uu rez-dc-chausse, Fr. the ground floor. Etage quarre, Fr. an even floor which has no slope, ccc. Etage en galetas, Fr. a garret. ETAGES de batteries, Fr. the different stages, or small eminences/ forming some- times a species of amphitheatre,) upon which batteries are erected, as at the flanks of bastions, ccc. or in other quar- ters. Their use, or object, is to protect every thing in front by a considerable range of artillery. The battery which is least elevated on a bastion is called butierie inferieure, oujianc bas, lower battery, or under flank. The next is termed seconde batterie, second battery, whether it consists of two or more pieces; and the highest is named batte- rie superieure, superior, or upper battery. Advantage is often taken of the ground upon which a fortress is erected, in order to dispose artillery in this man- ner; and the declivitv of a mountain is equally useful towards covering an army in the day of battle. Etages defourneuux, ou de mines, Fr. the various chambers, or excavations, which are made, one over the other, for the defence, or attack, of fortified places. ETAIMor ETAIN, Fr. tin; a white metal of a consistency less hard than silver, but firmer than lead. It is used in the casting of cannon. The beat qua- lity is found in Cornwall. ETALON, Fr. a stallion ; a horse used for covering mares. Etalon, Fr. the regulated weight, or measure, of things that are sold; as the assize of bread, ccc. ETALONNER, Fr. to take the just quantity, scantling, pattern, or size of things; to assize measures; to adjust weights, ccc. ETAMPER, Fr. a term used in far- riery to signify the act of piercing a horse shoe in eight places. Met Ire en ETANCHE, Fr. to dry up ; in sluices to draw off the waters, in order to examine the bottom. Etanche, Fr. This word is also used with respect to flood-gates: signifying that they do not let the water out. ETANCONNER, Fr. In mining, and in other works of fortification, to put up stays, ike. ETAN^ONS, Fr. stays, supporteri; large pieces of wood fixed vertically in the cavities of mines, for the purpose of sustaining the weight of earth that is laid upon the galleries. fiTANG, Fr. a pond; a lake; also a reservoir for water; hence probably our word tank. ETANT, Jr. standing; arbresen itunt, standing trees. ETA PE, Fr. subsistence, or a soldier's daily allowance; a storehouse. Etape also signifies halting day. ETA PIERS, Fr. military purveyors, who accompany the French armies, or are stationed in particular places to sup- ply the troops on their march. ET AT, Fr. state; condition; roll, or list of names, ccc. such as a muster-roll. Etat likewise means the pay list. It is also called, etat nominatif. ETAT-Major, Fr. staff'. Etat-major in the French service is a more compre- hensive term than staff appears to be, in our acceptation of the word. As we have in some degree adopted the term, it cannot be superfluous to give a short account of its origin, ccc. Among the French, according to the author of the Recueil Alphabclique de tons les termes proprts ci I'art de la guerre, etat-major signifies a specific number of officers who are distinguished from others belonging to the same corps. It did not follow, that every regiment was to have its staff, as the king had the power of appointing, or suppressing, staff officers at pleasure. The etat-major general de I'infanterie, or the general staff of the infantry, was •2D 2 ETA ( 204 ) E T E created under Francis I. in 1525. That of the light cavalry under Charles IX. in 1565. That of the dragoons under Louis XIV. in 1669. The etat-major of an infantry regi- ment was composed of the colonel, the major, the aid-major, quarter-master, the chaplain, the provost-marshal, the sur- geon, and the attendant commissary, who was called le commiasairc a la con- duit e. To these were added the lieute- nant of the provostsbip, the person who kept the regimental register, or the gref- fler, the drum-major, six archers, and the executioner. By this establishment it is presupposed, that a provostsbip was allowed in the regiment, which was not a general regulation, hut depended upon the king's pleasure. The 'etat-major, or staff of an old French regiment of cavalry, according to the Ortlonnancc, or military regula- tion, which was issued on the4thbf No- vember, in 1651, consisted of the mestre de camp, or colonel of the horse, the major and the aid-major. It is therein particularly stated, that the etat-major of a cavalry regiment shall not have a provostsbip, a chaplain, a surgeon, nor any other subordinate officer under that denomination. Every fortified town or place had like- wise its appropriate etat-n-iajor, consist- ing of a certain number of officers, who were subject to specific and distinct re- gulations. By an order dated the 1st of August, 1733, the officers belonging to the etat- major of a garrison town, or citadel, were strictly forbidden to absent them- selves-more than four days from their places of residence, without especial leave from the kin<:, not even for four days, unjess they obtained permission from the governor, or commandant, of the town, or citadel. See Staff-corps. Etat de la guerre, Fr. the necessary dispositions and arrangements agreed upon between a government, the com- mander in chief, and such officers as the latter may think proper to consult, in order to carry on a campaign with ad- vantage. Properly speaking, it is the plan which is to be followed relative to the nature and number of the troops that are to be employed. Faire Etat, Fr. to presume; to think; suppose. Je fais etat qxiil y a la vingt mille hommes, I presume there may be twenty thousand men in that place. Faire i lat a" une chose, to be certain of a thing to depend upon having it. /,( x ETA IS, Fr. the Dutch Provinces were formerly so called; as les etats de Hollande, the States of Holland. ETENDARD, Fr. standard. This word derives its name from the circum- stance of its application; being constant- ly stretched out, (ctendu,) or displayed. Etendard is more particularly applied to the standards of cavalry. It signifies, in a general sense, any mark under which men rally; also, j figuratively, to take a decided part, as lever t'eten- dard. ETENDRE unc armec, Fr. to extend the front, or advanced posts, of an army, for the purpose of appearing formidable to the enemy, or of outflanking him. This is a most ciitical manoeuvre, and requires the nicest judgment. The battle of Marengo would probably never have been lost by the Austrians, had not their general, Melas, weakened bis center, by the extension of his Hanks. This ill- judged movement gave the opening which was so dexterously seized upon by General Uessaix ; to whom the French were chiefly indebted for the victory. Etkndrf. unc tranchie, Fr. to prolong the parallels, or places of arnis,either on one side only, or to the right and left of a trench. Etendre an homme snr le carreau, Fr. to kill a man; literally to lay him flat upon the ground. ETEN'DUE, Fr. in geometry, extent, space, size, that is, the .ength, breadth, and depth, or thickness, of any body or surface whatsoet ei*. ETERCILLON, ou arcboutant, Fr. buttress; a piece of wood which is placed transverse, or horizontally in the galleries of a mine, in order to sustain the earth on both sides; but most espe- cially to keep the chamber well closed, and to support the corners of the gal- lery. See Etuesii.lux. ETERNITY, (ctcrnite, Fr.) infinite duration ; a gulph that lies beyond that bourn from which (to use the expression of our immortal poet) no traveller re- turns, but into which the soldier plunges with undaunted mind. I am aware that the insertion of this article will be liable to the pert observation of unthinking coxcombs, or to the gloomy censure of unprincipled deists. It is not addressed to either of these characters; and the following anecdote will rescue it from E T O ( 205 ) E T R the imputation of not being of a mili- tary cast. On the eve of the battle of Roucou near Liege, it was found expedient by the celebrated Marshal Saxe to give out in orders, that a body of Forlorn Hope should be ready to attack a particular battery which had been erected on a neighbouring height by the Dutch. The gentleman to whose turn of duty the forlorn hope fell, being sensible of the irregularities of his life, applied to Co- lonel Fenelon, a descendantof the Arch- bishop, and a person remarkable for piety and good order, to exchange du- ties; observing, that as he must be pre- pared for eternity, he could not have any objection to the proposal. The colonel cheerfully assented; the exchange of du- ties was allowed, and in the morning, Fenelon led the forlorn hope up to the battery, which was instantly carried by bis followers; having himself been kill- ed by the first discharge of the enemy's artillery. See Religion. Cheval ETIQUE, Fr. a raw bone horse. ETIQUETER, Fr. to write, or put a note, or title to; to ticket. ETIQUETTE, a French term, prima- rily denoting a ticket or title affixed to a bag or bundle of papers, expressing its contents. It is also used, when ap- plied to the Spanish and some other courts, to signify a particular account of what is to be done daily in the king's household. See Docket. Etiquette, from the French, a rule of conduct which is to be observed among the privileged orders of mankind, particularly at courts and at head-quar- ters ; hence military etiquette. ETOFFE bigarree, Fr. plaid ; such as is worn by the Scotch, and by Highland soldiers. ETOILE, Fr. a small and bright arti- ficial (ire-work which is sometimes at- tached to sky-rockets. When it explode? it is called etoile a pet. ETOILES, Fr. small star redoubts, which are constructed by means of an- gles rentrant and angles sortant, and have from five to eight salient points. Each one of their sides, or faces, may contain from 12 to 25 toises. This species of fortification has fallen into disuse, not only because etoiles do not possess the advantage of having their angle rentrant effectually flanked, but because they have been superseded by square re- doubts, which are sooner built, and are applicable to the same purposes of de- fence. ETOUPE, Fr .in pyrotechnv, a thread, or match, which is prepared in a parti- cular wav, in order to light fire-works; principally such as are destined not to take fire until a given lapse of time. ETOUPILLE; Fr. an inflammable match, composed of three threads of very fine cotton, which is well steeped in brandy mixed with the best priming gun- powder. ETRANGERS, Fr. strangers. Reglemens milituires relatifs uux EritANGERs^ui arrivent aux porles d'une ville de guerre, Fr. rules and regulations to be observed in all garrison towns with respect to strangers. It is customary in all garrison towns abroad, not to suffer a stranger to enter the place without being asked, at the outward gate, his name, the place he comes from, whither he is going, and at what inn, or private house, he intends to alight. He next is brought to the officer of the guard, who has him conducted before the governor or commandant, who suffers him to pro- ceed, if his papers are correct; if not, he is put under arrest. The inhabitants and inn-keepers are obliged to send in, within twenty-four hours* the names of their lodgers. It were to be wished that more circumspection could be observed in our own sea-ports on this head. ETRANGLER, Fr. to strangle. This word is used among artificers in France, and signifies to tighten, or bind fast, the head, or orifice, of a cartouch, or fuse. ETRAPADF, Fr. a sort of crane with a pulley. This machine was for- merly used among the French to pu- nish military delinquents; it was hence called Citrapdde. The unfortunate wretch had his hands tied behind his back, with ropes fastened to them; he was then hauled up, and suddenly let down within one foot of the ground ; so that by means of the jerk, and through the weight of his body, every limb must instantly be dislocated. This barbarous and inhuman mode of torturing the hu- man frame was repeated more than once, according to the degree of guilt with which the culprit stood accused or con- victed. This punishment was formerly in use at Rome, for the purpose of cor- recting disorderly conduct at the opera, &c. " ETRESILLONS, Fr. in mining, E V E ( 206' ) E V O Piece*; of timber which are laid cross- wise, or horizontally, in the galleries of mines in order to support the earth on each side, particularly to close up the chamber of a mine, ccc. ETRIER, Fr. stirrup; also an iron band. ETRILLE, Fr. a curry comb; also a spunging house. ETRIYIERES, uu courroics, Fr. stir- rup, leathers. ETUI mathimatique, Fr. a case for holding mathematical instruments. To EVACUATE, (ivacucr, Fr.) in military history, a term made use of in the articles of capitulation granted to the besieged at the time they surrender to the besiegers, and signifying to quit. EVACUATION, (evacuation, Fr.) the evacuation of a town, or post, in conse- quence of a treaty between the belli- gerent or neutral powers, in pursuance of superior orders, or from obvious ne- cessity. To EVADE, to escape; to shift off. S'EVADER, Fr. to go off clandes- tinely ; to retreat in the night, or under anv other cover. EVAGINATION, an unsheathing, or drawing out, from a sheath, or scabbard. EVASEMENT, JV. width, extent. Evasement d'une embrasure, Fr. that part of an embrasure that is facing the rampart. EVASION, (evasion, Fr.) clandestine retreat; an escape; also a shift or trick. A quality (never of an amiable sort) which, like chicanery, is current among politicians and lawyers, but is always be- neath the dignified and open character of a soldier. EVASIVE, crafty, deceitful. It is always spoken in a bad sense. EVEILLER, Fr. to awake; to rouse. The French say figuratively ezcil/cr le lion qui dort, to rouse, or to wake, the sleeping lion, i. e. to disturb, or provoke, a person who has another in his power. EVENS, Fr. in fortification, ventila- tors, or holes that are made in the prin- cipal gallery of a counter-mine, for the circulation of air. EVENT, Fr. vent. This word is par- ticularly applicable to the vent or cavity which is left in cannon, or other fire- arms, after they have been proved and found defective. The vent is sometimes round and sometimes Jong. Vents are frequently so exiguous, that they appear like lines of a small fibre, through which water will ooze and smoke evaporate. Ihese pieces, whether of ordnance, or of musketry, are of course rejected. EVERSION, Fr. the ruin, the over- throw of a state, occasioned by a long war, or by continual internal disturb- ances and seditions. EVIDENCE, a declaration made vivi voce of what any person knows of his own knowledge relative to the matter in question. Military men are obliged to attend and give evidence before courts- martial, without any expense to the pro- secutor or prisoner. Hem sat/ Evidence, the declaration of what one has heard from others. As in all other courts of British judicature, this species of evidence is not admissible in courts-martial. EVOCATI were a class of soldiers among the Romans, who, after having served their full time in the army, entered as volunteers to accompany some fa- vourite general. Hence they were like- wise called emeriti ami bentficiarii. EVOCATION, a religious ceremony which was always observed among the Romans at the commencement of a siege, wherein they solemnly called upon the g©ds and goddesses of the place to for- sake it, and come over to them. When any place surrendered, they always took it for granted that their prayer had been heard, and that the Dii Penates, or the household gods of the place, had come over to them. EVOLUTION, from the Latin evoivo, I roll out; I unravel. In the art of war, the motion made by a body of troops, when they aie obliged to change their form and disposition, in order to pre- serve a post, occupy another, to attack an enemy with moie advantage, or to be in a condition of defending themselves the beiter. That evolution is best, which, with a given number of men, may be ex- ecuted in the least space, and conse- quently in the hast time possible. Evolution of the. moderns is a change of position, which has always for its object either offence or defence. The essentials in the performance of an evo- lution are, order, directness, and the greatest possible rapidity. Evolutions may be divided into two classes, the simple and the compound ; simple evolutions are those which consist in simple movements, which do not alter the shape or figure of the battalion, but merely afford a more or less extended E X A ( 207 ) E X A front or depth; keep it more or less closed to its flank, or center, turn its as- pect to flank or rear, or break it into di- visions, sub-divisions, sections or files, in order that it may unfold itself, or defile and resume its proper front, or order of battle. All the various ways of defiling, forming line, opening to right and left, closing, or deploying, doubling the ranks or files, or changing front upon either of the flanks by conversion, are called sim- ple evolutions. Compound evolutions are those which change the shape and figure of batta- lions, break them into divisions or com- panies, separate the companies from the main body, and again replace, or rejoin them ; in a word, which afford the means of presenting a front at every di- rection. Compound evolutions are practised either by repeating the same simple evo- lution several times, or by going through several simple evolutions, which ulti- mately tend to the same object. The Evolutions of the ancients were formed and executed with uncommon good sense and ability. Considering the depth and size of the Grecian phalanx, it is astonishing how the different parts could be rendered susceptible of the most intricate and varied evolutions. The Roman legion, though more favourable to such changes and conversions, from being more loose and detached, did not execute them upon sounder, or better principles. ' Evolution (in geometry). The equal evolution of the periphery of a circle, or any other curve, is such a gradual ap- proach of the circumference to rectitude, as that all its parts meet together, and equally evolve, or unbend.: so that the same line becomes successively a less arch of a reciprocally greater circle, till at last they turn into a straight line. Evolution of pozecrs (in algebra), extracting of roots from any given power, being the reverse of involution. EVUIDER, Fr. to gutter; to groove; to cut in small hollows: a term used among locksmiths. EXAGON. See Hexagon. EXAMILIAN, a famous wall two leagues long, which one of the Grecian Emperors caused to be erected on the isthmus of Corinth. Amu rat II. ordered it to be demolished, but the Venetians had it erected again in 1463, in a fort- night's time. EXAMINER, one who scrutinizes* Examiner of the army accounts, a person in office, under whose inspection all claims made by the regimental agents fall ; to whose office they are transmitted of course, in virtue of a general delega- tion of that duty to him by the secretary at war. After his examination and re- port, the secretary at war, in many in- stances, orders partial issues of money by letter to the pay-master general. No final payment is made, except under the authority of a warrant countersigned by the secretary at war, and in most in- stances by three lords of the treasury. The regimental agents account finally to the secretary at war. EXAMPLE, (exemple, Fr.) any act, of word which disposes to imitation — The example of a superior officer has con- siderable influence over the mind of an inferior; but in no one instance does it appear more important than in the good, or bad, behaviour of a non-commissioned officer or corporal. These characters, therefore, should be particularly correct in their duties, tenacious of every prin- ciple of military honour, and remarkable for honesty. Old soldiers should like- wise direct their attention to the strict observance of rules and regulations, as young recruits always look up to them for example. EXAMINATION, a scrutiny, or in- vestigation of abilities, conduct, &c. All officers of artillery and engineers are ob- liged to undergo an examination in ma- thematiqs, fortification, and gunnery, prior to their having commissions. Sur- geons and assistant surgeons are exa- mined before the medical board. EXARCH, (exarque, Fr.) an officer formerly under the Roman emperors of Constantinople, who managed the af- fairs of Italy; a viceroy. The Exarchs of Ravenna possessed great powers; so much so, that Italy was balanced between them, the Lombards, and the Popes. EXAUCTORATIO, in the Roman military discipline, differed from the mis- sio, which was a full discharge, and took place after the soldiers had served in the army twenty years; whereas the e.rauc- toratio was only a partial discharge : they lost their pay indeed, but still kept under their colours or vexilla, though not under the aquila or eagle, which was the standard of the legion; whence, in- stead of legionarii, they were called sub- E X C ( 208 ) EXE tigriani, and were retained till they had either served their full time, or had lands assigned to them. The exuuctoratio took place after they had served seven- teen years. EXCAVATION, the act of cutting, or otherwise making hollows; also the cavity formed. In military matters, it is general I v applied to the place from which the earth, or other substance, has been taken Ivy mining. EXCELLENCY, a title anciently given to kings and emperors, but now chiefly confined to ambassadors, generals, and other persons who are not entitled to that of highness, and yet are to be elevated above the other inferior dig- nities. It is likewise applicable to persons in high command ; as his Excellency the Commander in Chief, &c. EXCHANGE, in a military sense, implies the removal of an officer from one regiment to another, or from full to half-pay, and vice versa. It is usual on these occasions for individuals belonging to the latter class to receive a pecuniary consideration. See Difference. Exchange of prisoners, the act of giv- ing up men that have been taken in war, upon stipulated conditions which are sub- scribed to by contending powers. Exchange, in a general sense, sig- nifies any contract or agreement where- by persons, or things, are exchanged for others. Exchange in money, the balance of the money of different nations, as the exchange between England and Ireland, which, notwithstanding the union, is in- variably against the latter. EXCHEQUER, the public office from which all monies are issued for the use of the army. With respect to the militia, it is enacted that the money paid for that particular service, shall be kept apart from all other money. Officers belonging to the exchequer arc not to take any fees for receiving, or is- suing, such money. To EXCITE," (exciter, Fr.) to urge one, or more persons to do certain acts, either by persuasion, or other means. EXCITATION, (excitation, Fr.) the act of exciting, &c. False Excitation, the act of urg- ing one or more persons to do certain acts, by illusive means, or false reasoning. EXCUBLE, in antiquity, the watches and guards kept in the day by the Roman soldiers. They differed from the vigilor, which were kept, in the night. EXCURSION, Fr. irruption, or incur- sion of one nation into another, for hos- tile purposes. EXECUTER, Fr. The French use this verb technically. They say, exicuttr et servir une piece. See the particular method of so doing, undcrTiRER. le ca- non, to fire a gun, or cannon. Executer, Fr. to execute, to put to death. EXECUTION. Military Execution, (execution militaire sur pays ennemi, Fr.) the plunder and waste of a country, whose inhabitants refuse to submit to the terms imposed upon them. Military Execution also means every kind of punishment inflicted on the army by the sentence of a court-martial ; which is of various kinds, such as tying up to three halberts, and receiving a number of lashes with a whip, composed of nine whip-cord lashes, and each lash of nine knots, from the drummer: or running the gantlope through the par rade at guard-mounting, drawn up in two lines for that purpose; when the provost marches through with twigs or switches, and every soldier takes as many as there are prisoners to be pu- nished : the prisoner then marches through the two lines, and each soldier gives him a hard stroke, the major ri- ding up and down to see that the men lay on properly. When a soldier is to be punished with death, a detachment of about 200 men from the regiment to which he belongs, form the parade, when a file of grenadiers shoots the prisoner to death. Everv nation has different modes of punishment. The cat with nine tails is to punish foot soldiers; dragoons and cavalry men are generally picketed. EXECUTORS, persons authorized by w ill to manage theafl'airs of one deceased. Paymasters, agents, or clerks, not ac- counting with the executors of officers or soldiers, forfeit their employment and 100/. See Mutiny Act, sect. Tl. EXEMPT, not subject; not liable to. Men of 45 years of age are exempt from serving in the miiitia. An aide-de-camp and brigade-major are exempt from all regimental duties while serving in these capacities. Officers on courts-martial are sometimes exempt from all other du- ties until the court is dissolved. EXEMPTION, the privilege to be free EXE < 209 ) EXE from some service, or appearance Thus officers and principals in the militia who have served during the war accord- ing to prescribed regulations, are ex- empted from being balloted for. Men who have enlisted for a limited period, on the expiration of the term may claim exemption from service. EXEMTS, Fr. so called, originally, from being exempted from certain ser- vices, or entitled to peculiar privileges. The exons of St. James's derive their appellation from exemts. In France they consisted of three classes, viz. Exemts du ban et arriere ban, persons exempted from being enrolled for that particular service were so called. They consisted of the domestic attendants be- longing to the palace, those attached to the princes and princesses of the blood, all persons actually serving his majestv, together with the sons of officers who were in the army. Exemts des garden du corps, exons belonging to the body guards. They were twelve in number, and held the rank of captains of cavalry, taking pre- cedence of all captains whose commis- missions were of a younger date to the brevet of the exempts. These brevet commissions were given away under the old government of Fiance. The exons purciiase their places at St. James's, but they do not rank with the army. Exemts des ATarcchaussies, certain persons employed to keep the public peace. Afareckaussie means, in a literal sense, marshalsey. But the functions of the exempts were of a nature peculiar to France. They held their situations under commissions bearing the great seal, which were forwarded to them bv the secretary at war. The privilege:, they enjoyed were, to be exempted from all taxes, &c. but they could not insii- tute any species of criminal information without the concurrence of the greffier, or sheriff. EXERCISE, in military affairs, is the practice of all those motions and actions, together with the whole management of arms, which a soldier is to be perfect in, to render him fit for service, and make him understand how to attack and de- fend. Exercise is the fir»t part of the military art; and the more it is consi- dered, the more essential it will appear. It disengages the human frame from the stiff rusticity of simple nature, and forms men and horses to all the evolu- tions of war. The honour, merit, ap- pearance, strength, and success of a corps depend wholly upon the attention which has been paid to the drill and ex- ercise of it, according to prescribed rules and regulations; while, on the other hand, we see the greatest armies, for want of being exercised, instantly disor- dered, and that disorder increasing in spite of command : the confusion over- sets the art of skilful masters, and the valour of the men Onlv serves to preci- pitate the defeat: for which reason it is the duty of every officer tc take care, that the recruits be drilled as soon as they join the 'corps. The greatest advantage derived from this species of exercise, is the expertness with which men become capable of load- ing and firing, and their learning an at- tention to act in conformity with those around them. It has always been la- mented, that men have been brought on service, without being informed of the uses of the different manoeuvres they have been practising ; and that having no ideas of any thing but the uniformity of the parade, they instantly fall into disorder and confusion when they lose the step, or see a deviation from the straight lines they have been accus- tomed to at exercise. It is a pity to see so much attention confined to show, and so little given to instruct the troops in what may be of use to them on ser- vice. Though the parade is the place to form the characters of soldiers, and to teach them uniformity, jet when cou- fined to that alone, it is too limited and mechanical for a true military genius. The great loss which our troops sus- tained in Germany, America, and the West Indies, daring a former war, from sickness, and not from the enemy, was chieflv owing to a neglect of exercise. An array whose numbers vanish after the first four months of a campaign, muv be very ready to give battle in their existing period; but the fact is, that al- though fighting is one part of a soldier's business, vet bearing fatigue, and being in health, is another, and full as essen- tial as the first. A campaign may pass without a battle; but no part of a canto paign can be gone through without fa- tigue, without marches, without an expor sure to bad weather; all of which have 2E EXE ( '210 ) EXE exercise for their foundation: and if soldiers are not trained and inured to these casualties, but sink under them, they become inadequate to bodily fatigue, and eventually turn out a burthen to their country. It is not from numbers, or from in- considerate valour, that we are to ex- pect victorv; in battle she commonly follows capacity, and a knowledge of arms. We do not see that the Romans made use of any other means to con- quer the world, than a continual practice of military exercises, an exact discipline in their camps, and a constant attention to cultivate the art of war. — Hence, both ancients and moderns agree, that there is no other way to form good soldiers, but by exercise and discipline; and it is by a continual practice and attention to this, that the Prussians once arrived at that point of perfection which has been so much admired in their evolutions, and manual exercise. Formerly, in the British service, every commander in chief, or officer command- ing a corps, adopted or invented such manoeuvres as he judged proper, except- ing in the instance of a few regulations for review: neither the manual exercise, nor quick and slow marching were pre- cisely defined by authority. — Conse- quently, when regiments from different parts of the kingdom were brigaded, they were unable to act in line till the general officer commanding had estab- lished some temporary system to be oh- served by all under his command. These inconveniences were, in some degree, obviated by the Rules and Regulations compiled by General Dun- das, on the system of the Prussian dis- cipline, as established by Frederick the Great. By his Majesty's orders first issued in 1792, this system is directed to be " strictly followed and adhered to with- out any deviation whatsoever ; and such orders before given, as are found to in- terfere with, or counteract their eflect and operation, are to be considered as cancelled and annulled." Infantry Exercise includes the use of the firelock and practice of the manoeu- vres for regiments of foot, according to the Regulations issued by authority. When a regiment of foot is drawn up, or paraded for exercise, the men are placed two, and sometimes three, deep, which latter is the natural formation of a battalion. The grenadiers are on the right, and the light infantry on the left. In order to have the manual exercise well performed, it is in a particular man- ner requisite, that the ranks and files be even, well dressed, and the file-leaders well covered: this must be very strictly attended to both by the major and his adjutant: all officers also on service in general, where men are drawn up under arms or without, must be careful, that the ranks and files are exactly even; and the soldiers must learn to dress themselves at once, without the neces- sity of being,, directed to do it. The beauty of all exercise and marching con- sists in seeing a soldier carry his arms well, keep his firelock steady and even in the hollow of his shoulder, the right hand banging down, and the whole body without constraint. The muskets, when shouldered, should be exactly dressed in rank and file; the men must keep their bodies upright and in full front, not hav- ing one shoulder too forward, or the other too backward. The distances be- tween the files must be equal, and not greater than from arm to arm, which gives the requisite room for the motions. The ranks are to be two paces distant from each other. Every motion must be done with lite; and all facings, wheel- ings, and marchings, performed with the greatest exactness. Hence, a regiment should never be under arms longer than two hours. See Firings, Manual and Manoeuvres. Cavalry Exercise is of two sorts, on horseback, and on foot. The squadrons for exercise are sometimes drawn up three deep, though frequently two deep; the tallest men and horses in the front, and so on. When a regiment is formed in squadrons, the distance of 21 feet, as a common interval, is always to be left between the ranks; and the files must keep boot-top to boot-top. The officers commanding squadrons must, above all things, be careful to form with great ce- lerity, and, during the whole time of ex- ercise, to preserve their several distances. In all wheelings, the flank which wheels must come about in full gallop. The men must keep a steady seat upon their horses, and have their stirrups at a fit length. Cavalry Sword Exercise. See Sword Exercise. EXH ( 211 ) EXP Artillery Exercise is the method of teaching the regiments of artillery the use and practice of all the various ma- chines of war, viz. Exercise of the light field pieces teaches the men to load, ram, and sponge the guns well ; to elevate them accord- ing to the distance, by the quadrant and screw; to judge of distances and eleva- tions without the quadrant; how to use the port-fire, match, and tubes for quick firing; how to fix the drag-ropes, and use them in advancing, retreating, and wheeling with the field-pieces; how to fix and unfix the trail of the carriage on the limbers, and how to fix and unfix the boxes containing the ammunition upon the limbers of the carriages. Exercise of the garrison and batter- ing artillery is to teach the men how to load, ram, and sponge; how to handle the hand-spikes in elevating and depress- ing the metal to given distances, and for ricochet; how to adjust the coins, and work the gun to its proper place; and how to point and fire with exact- ness, ike. Mortar Exercise is of two different sorts, viz. with powder and shells un- loaded, and with powder and shells loaded ; each of which is to teach the men their duty, and to make them handy in using the implements for loading, pointing, traversing, and firing, &c. See Practice. Howitzer Exercise differs but little from the mortar, except that it is liable to various elevations; whereas that of the mortar is fixed to an angle of 45°; but the men should be taught the method of ricochet-firing, and how to practise with grape shot; each method requiring a particular degree of elevation. See Practice. Exercises are also understood of what young gentlemen, or cadets, learn in the military academies and riding schools, such as fencing, dancing, riding, the ma- nual exercise, &c. The late establish- ments at Sandhurst and Farnham are cal- culated to render young officers perfectly competent to all the duties of military service, provided they have been pre- viously instructed in the first rudiments. Officers are there taught and exercised in the higher branches of tactics and ma- noeuvres. To EXHIBIT, to bring forward; to publish; to lay before others; as to ex- hibit charges against an officer. EXHORT- See Animate. EXHUMER, Fr. to dig out of the earth. This term is chiefly applicable to the taking of a dead body out of the earth, as Exhumer un corps mort. EXPATRIE, Fr. a person who has been forced to leave his native country. EXPATRIER, Fr. to force one to leave his country. S'Expatrier, Fr. to quit one's coun- try voluntarily. To become an emi- grant either from fear, or for political purposes. EXPEDIER, Fr. to dispatch; to for- ward ; as expedier un courier, to dis- patch a messenger. Expedier un acte, to draw up a deed. EXPEDITION, (expedition, Fr.) in a general sense, signifies haste, speed, rapi- dity. In a military sense, it is chiefly used to denote a voyage or march against an enemy, the success of which depends on rapid and unexpected movements. It is out of the nature of the thing itself to lay down fixed rules for the minute con- ducting of small expeditions; their first principles only can be with certainty fixed, and men will often disagree about preparations, and differ in their conduct, though they acknowledge the same prin- ciples. One of the principles of many small expeditions is surprize; and six battalions, without much accompaniment, may sometimes do that which twenty-four, and a great fleet, would not succeed in. There is no part of war so interesting to an insular soldier as an expedition ; nor can there be any part more worthy of attention. Expeditions hitherto have had no rules laid down for their conduct, and that part of war has never been reduced to a system. The slow rules of a great war will not do in expeditions; the blow must be struck with surprize, and inti- midation be produced in the invaded enemy, before succours can arrive. De- bate is out of season, and all slow pro- ceedings are ruin. Not to advance, is to recede ; and not to be on the road to conquest, is to be already conquered. There must be that glance, which sees certainly, though instantly; that rapidity, which executes on the surest rules, when it seems least to act on any. In all small expeditions, such as ex- peditions of surprize, or coups-de-main, the favourable sideof theproposed action must ever be viewed ; for if what may 2E2 EXP ( 212 ) EXT happen, what nuty arrive, what may fall out, is chiefly thought upon, it will, at the very best, greatly discourage, but, in general, end in total failure. Hence the very name of an expedition implies risk, hazard, precarious warfare, and a critical operation. An expedition is governed by live prin- cipal maxims. 1st, A secrecy, if possible, of prepa- ration, and a concealment of design, ckc. 2dly, That the means bear proportion to the end. Sdly, A knowledge of the state and situation of the country, where the scene of action is, or the place, or object, that is to be attacked. 4thly, A commander who has the particular turn of mind, which is most adapted to such particular sort of war- fare. Lastly, The plan of an expedition, great or small, is ever to be arranged as much as possible before setting out, and then any appearances that may vary a little from what might have been expect- ed, will not perplex. ExPEDiTioN-wmnf_y. See Money. EXPEDITION, Fr. See Expedi- tion. The French likewise use this word, to express any particular military quality which an officer, or soldier, may possess. As, cet officier est un homme a" 'expedition ; this officer is a man of enterprise, is courageous and daring. Expeditions, Fr. dispatches. EXPEDITIONS AIRE, Jh an officer formerly at the Pope's court, whose duty was to attend to the dispatches. The French also use this term as an adjective, viz. Arm'ee expcditioiinuire, an army col- lected together for an expedition. EXPERIMENTS, in a military sense, are the trials, or applications, of any kind of military machines, in order to ascertain their practical qualities and uses. EXPERT, Fr. a surveyor, or person skilled in the art of building, who va- lues the quality of materials belonging to a work, and fixes their prices, when no previous written agreement has taken place between the contracting parties. We also use the word expert in several cases; as, an expert in ascertaining the similitude of hand-writing, ckc. such as i6 employed at the Bank of England; an expert in deciphering diplomatic dis- patcfaes; secret correspondence, &c. EXPLOIT, (exploiter.) See Achieve- ment. EXPLOIT d'assignntion, Fr. a sum- mons ; a subpoena; such as is served for courts-martial, &cc. To EXPLODE, to burst, or blow up. EXPLORATURE, Fr. in a military sense, a person sent out to reconnoitre. In plain English, an authorized or rather pensioned spy. According to Mr. Sheri- dan, a genteel reporter. It was usual among the French, (and is probably so at this moment,) to give a certain rank with adequate allowances, to divers in- genious men, in order to afford them an introduction at the several courts, for the specific purpose of observing what passed, <5vc. The French are great adept* m this art. EXPLOSION, the discharge of a gun,, the blowing up of a mine, or the burst- ing of a shell. EXPONENT, in arithmetic, or, ex- ponent of a power, the number which expresses the degree of the power; or- which shews how often a given power is to be divided by its root, before it be brought down to unity. E X PON EN T I A L, ( exponent ief, Fr.) expounding ; laying open to view. EXPOSAN'T, Fr. the number, or quantity, which expresses the power to which a quantity is raised. EXPOSE, Fr. preamble; suggestion of a petition. Faux Expose, Fr. a false pretence. .S'EXPOSER, Fr, to expose one's-self to the tire of the enemy, and to all man- ner of danger. EXPOSITION de batiment, Fr. the particular manner in which a building is placed with respect to wind or sun; com- monly called aspect. EXPRESS, a messenger sent with di- rect and specific instructions. To send by Expkess, to send any thing, by extraordinary conveyance. To Express, (exprimer, Fr.) to shew, or make known in any manner. As to express by numbers, or figures. EXPRESSION, a technical term used in mathematics, signifying the solution, or manifestation, of any rule, &c. EXPUGN, ) the taking any EXPUGNATION, J place by assault. EXPUNCTUS, a Roman soldier who had been discharged, or degraded, and consequently struck off the muster-roll. EXTEND. Whenthenlesofaline.or 1 EXT ( 213 > EXT the divisions of a column are to occupy a greater space of ground, they are said to extend their front, or line. Ex- tended order is applicable to the light infantry. EXTENT, execution ; seizure. Hence to issue an extent. Officers, civil and military, who are public accountants, should never lose sight of the formi- dable powers with which government is invested. An extent goes to every spe- cies of property, and has precedence of ail other claims. It visits, in fact, not only the accountant himself, but his heirs and executors, and all succeeding genera- tions, until the quietus be obtained. See Accountant. Extent in aid, a seizure made by the crown when a public accountant be- comes a defaulter, and prays for relief against his debtors. To EXTENUATE, (extenuer, Fr.) to lessen; to degrade; to diminish in ho- nour. Also to palliate. EXTENUATION, (extenuation, Fr.) the act of representing things less ill than they are. Thus, partial excesses, or crimes, in a disturbed country, may admit of extenuation, but not of vindication. EXTERMINATION, Fr. a term used in transcendant geometry, signify- ing the art of extinguishing in an equa- tion an unknown quantity. EXTORTION, the act of obtaining money or property by violence, or unjust means; taking advantage of the igno- rance, or peculiar circumstances, of a purchaser, to demand more than a fair price for an article. All sutlers, or camp followers, who are guilty of extortion in the sale of necessaries, are punish- able by a general, or regimental, court- martial. EXTRACTION of the root (extrac- tion de racine, Fr.) the art of finding the root of any number, or quantity, what- soever. EXTRADOS, Fr. the exterior surface of a regular arch. EXTRADOSSE, Fr. an arch is said to be so, when the exterior surface is smooth, and the ends of the stones are cut even, so that the outside finishing is as smooth as the inside. EXTRAORDINAIRE des guerres, Fr. a fund which is collected for the ex- traordinary expenses of a war. Trisorier de /'Extraordinaire, Fr. the paymaster-general of an army. Procedure Extraordinaire, Fr. err- minal process. Proceder EXTRAORDINAIRE- MENT, Fr. to prosecute criminally. EXTRAORDINAR1ES of the army. The allowances to the troops beyond the gross pay in the pay-office come under the head of extraordinaries to the army ; such as the expenses for barracks, mar- ches, encampments, stalf, &c. EXTRAORDINARI1, among the Romans, were a body of men consisting of a third part of the foreign horse, and a fifth of the foot, which body was se- parated from the rest of the forces bor- rowed from the confederate states, with great caution and policy, to prevent any design that they might possibly enter- tain against the natural forces. A more choice body of men was drawn from amongst the extraordinarily under the name of ablecti. See Ablectt. EXTRAORDINARY, something out of the common course. Extraordinary couriers, persons sent with some information or order of great importance. Extraordinary guards, guards out of the common routine of duty. They are frequently given as a punishment for military offences. EXTREME -UNCTION, (extreme onction, Fr.) the holy oils which are ap- plied to the five senses of persons dying according to the forms of the Roman Ca- tholic religion. The chaplains of foreign corps attend dying officers and soldiers for this purpose. EXTREMES, (extremes, Fr.) in geo- metry, is when a line is divided so, that the whole line is to the greater segment, as that segment is to the less. It is de- monstrated that in every proportion, the product of the extremes is equal to the product of the mean. Conjoint Extremes, (extremes con- joints, Fr.) in a spherical rectangled tri- angle, two circular portions which touch each other, or which immediately follow the mean. Disjunctive Extremes, (extremes dis- joints, Fr.)two circular portions or parts, which, on the contrary, are distant from that taken as the mean. EXTREMITY, (extremit'e, Fr.) strait; utmost distress. When a besieged town is entirely destitute of provisions and of means of defence, it is said to be reduced to the last extremity. F A C ( 214 EYES center ! a word of command given when die battalion is advancing in ) f A C line, denoting, that the men are to look to the center, in which the colours are placed, and dress t>y them. Eyes right ! } Words of command de- EYEs/e/'r/ S noting the flank to which the soldier is to dress. In casting his eyes to either flank, care must he taken that the shoulders are kept square to the front. T^yes front ! a word of command given after the dressing in line is completed, on which the soldier is to look directly forward, which is the habitual position of the soldier. Ey E-bolts. See Bolts. T^A BRICK, the structure, orconstruc- •*- tion, of any thing, particularly a building, as a house, hall, church, &c. This word is also applied to imaginary things, as the fabrick of a constitution, Ac. FACADE, in military fortification. See Face. FACE, in fortification, is an appella- tion given to several parts of a fortress; as the Face of a bastion, the two sides, reach- ing from the flanks to the salient angle. These in a siege are commonly the first undermined, because they extend most outwards, and are the least flanked ; con- sequently the weakest. Face prolonged, ) that part of the line Face extended, $ of defence razanr, which is terminated by the curtain and the angle of the shoulder. Strictly taken, it is the line of defence razant, diminished by the face of the bastion. Face of a place, (face d' utie place, ou dtun ouvrage, Fr.) is the front compre- hended between the flanked angles or the two neighbouring bastions, composed of a curtain, two flanks, and two faces; and is sometimes called the tcnaille of the. place. Face of a gun is the superficies of the metal at the extremities of the muzzle of the piece. Face! (to the right, left, 4'C.)a word of command ou Which the soldiers indi- vidually turn to the side directed ; in performing which, the left heel should never quit the ground, the knees must be kept straight, and the body turned smoothly and gracefully. To the right, Face ! 2 motions. — 1st. Place the hollow of the right foot smart- ly against the left heel ; 2d. Raise the toes, and turn a quarter of the circle to the light on both heels. To the right about, Face ! 3 motions, — 1st, Place the ball of the right toe against the left heel; 3d, Raise the toes and turn half of a circle to the right about on both heels; 3d, Bring the right foot smartly back in a line with the left. To the left, Face ! 2 motions. — 1st, Place the right heel against the hollow of the left foot; 2r), Turn a quarter of the circle to the left on both heels. To the left about, Face ! 3 motions. — 1st. Place the right heel against the ball of the left foot; 2d, Raise the toes and turn half of a circle to the left about on both heels; 3d, Bring up the right foot smartly in a line with the left. Great precision must be observed in these facings ; otherwise the dressing will be lost in every movement. Face to face, (face en face, Fr.) when both parties are present. To Face the enemy, to meet him in front; to oppose him with confidence. In Face of the enemy, (en face de U ennemi, Fr.) within the limits of his offensive operations, under his line of fire. Faces of a square. The different sides of a battalion, ike. when formed into a square, are all denominated faces, viz. the front face, the right face, the left face, and the rear face. See Square. Face du bataitlon, Fr. See Front d' une armic. Face, ou pan de bastion, Fr. See Face of a bastion. FACINGS are the different move- ments of a battalion, or of any other body of men, to the right, to the left, or right and left about. All facings must be executed with a straight knee: and the body must be kept firm, and turn FAG ( 215 ) F A I steadily, without dropping forward or jerking. The plant of the foot, after facing about, must be sharp. Facings likewise signify the lappels, cuffs, and collar of a military uniform, and are generally different from the co- lour of the coat, or jacket. FACT, (fa't, Fr.) a thing done; an effect produced : reality, not supposition; action ; deed. The French use the word fait variously, viz. tout a fait, entirely, wholly; fait a fait, in proportion, or according to given dimensions; de fait, in reality; au fait, to the point. Guerre FACTICE, Fr. an imaginary contest. Batuille Factice, Fr. a sham fight. It is also called guerre simulee, guerre de conveuance. FACTION, Fr. the duty done by a private soldier when he patroles, goes the rounds, &c. but most especially when he stands sentry. The French usually say, entrer en faction, to come upon duty ; Ure en faction, to be upon duty: sortir de faction, to come off duty. FACTIONNAIRE, Fr. Soldat fac- tionnaire, a soldier that does every spe- cies of detail duty. The term fuctionnaire was likewise applicable to the duty done by officers, in the old French service. Premier fuc- tionnaire du regiment implied, that the officer so called was the fourth captain of a battalion; as the colonel, lieutenant- colonel, major, and the captain of gre- nadiers did not mount the ordinary guards. FAGOTS, in military history, are men hired to muster by officers whose companies are not complete; by which means they cheat the sovereign of so many men's pay, and deprive the coun- try of its regular establishment. See False return. Fagots. See Fascines. FAG OT ardent, Fr. a species of fasci ne which is made of dry sticks steeped in pitch. The fagot ardent, or burning fascine, is used in the defence of forti- fied places, and serves to annoy the be- siegers. Fagots de sappc, Fr. fascines instead of bags to fill up the spaces between Uie gabions; they are at most three feet long and eighteen inches in diameter. Fagots goudronncs, Fr. pitched sticks of wood, or branches, tied together, which are first set on fire, and then thrown into the ditches in order to sec what is going on. FAILLON, a kind of standard which was formerly made use of in the army for assembling the baggage. An old author observes: "Every regiment ought to have one of its colour, which conducts the baggage to the failton general." We presume the camp colours have been adopted in its stead. FAILURE, (irrcussite, Fr.) an unsuc- cessful attempt; as the failure of an ex- pedition. Cardinal de Retz maintained as a maxim, that every man ought to con- trive his projects and undertakings so as to derive some advantage, even from their failure. FAIRE, Fr. literally to make; to do; to frame; to fit. This word is used by the French in a variety of significations. We shall briefly state those that may be applicable to military intercourse. Fa i re son cours, Fr. to finish one's course. Faire parr, Fr. to communicate; to make known. Fa i re des homines, Fr. to raise men for military service. Fa i re un regiment, Fr. to raise a re- giment. Faire des recrues, Fr. to raise re- cruits; we sometimes say to make recruits. Fa i re de beaux homines, Fr. to raise a fine body of men. Faire son equipage,¥r. to equip one's- self. Faire tite h quelqu'un, Fr. to make head against a person; to oppose him with firmness. Faire gloire, Fr. to glory in any thing. Faire honneur, Fr. to do honour to any body, or thing. In the latter sense it signifies to act up to one's engagements, especially in pecuniary matters; as faire honneur a sa traite, to discharge one's note of hand, or bill. Faire unc grace, Fr. to do a favour, or kindness. Faire accueil,Vv. to receive politely. Faire des reprimandes, Fr. to repri- mand. Faire parade, Fr. to parade. Faire la loi, Fr. to give the law; to act with one's own will. Faire quartier, Fr. to give quarters. Faire diligence, Fr. to act with dis- patch. Faire beaucoup de chemin, Fr. to go a great way ; to get on at a great rate. FA I ( '-'16 ) F A L Fa i re aiguade, Fr. to take in fresh water. Applied only in tbe Mediter- ranean. Faire une faille militaircment, Fr. to act contrary to a tine military system. Faire semblimt de sc battrc, Fr. to be engaged in sham fighting; to pretend to go to blows. Faire la quaruntaine, Fr. to perform quarantine. Faire le c/iicn couchant a son colonel, Fr. to cringe, in an unmanly way, to one's colonel. TxiRtJicche de tout bois, Fr. to make any shift; to live, as soldiers frequently must, upon any thing. Faire F office, Fr. to perform divine service. Faire unechose, tambour battant, Fr. to art openly. Faire la garde, Fr. to be upon guard. Faire son coup, Fr. to succeed in an undertaking. Faire le fendant, Fr. to bully; to hector. Faire le fin, Fr. to act cunningly. Faire le mulude, Fr. to sham illness. Faire des amies, Fr. to fence. Faire un metier, Fr. to carry on a trade. The French say, faire le metier des armes, to belong to the army. We call metier, in this sense, profession, as the profession of arms. Perhaps the French may be more correct ; for al- though the real knowledge of this pro- fession embraces a great deal of learn- ing, it is nevertheless more mechanical than physic, divinity, or law. It com- prehends, in fact, like surgery, the exer- cise of the hand, as well as that of the mind. See Metier. Faire mine de, Fr. to feign; to affect to do something. V aire fonds sur, Fr. to depend upon. Faire des vivres, de Ceau el du bois, Fr. to take in fresh provisions, water, and wood. Fairl main basse, Fr. to fall upon with violence. Fure sentinelle, Fr. to stand sentry. Faire feu, Fr. to lire. FaIEE raison, Fr. to give satisfaction. Faire cent mil les par jour, Fr. to go *>ne hundred miles every clay. Faire foi et hommage, Fr. to do fealty. Fa ike caremr, Fr. to keep Jjcnt. FAinr fortune, Fr. to make one's for- tnne. Se Faire un devoir, Fr. to make a point ; to jnsist upon; S'en Faire un devoir, Fr. to make a point that something specific shall be done. Se Faire un Hat, Fr. to embrace, to chnse any particular line of life. .Se Faire soldat, Fr. to become a sol- dier ; to enlist. Se Faire valoir, Fr. See Vaeoir. Fai re ses etudes, Fr. to be educated ; to he taught the first rudiments of learning. Faire, Fr. to spread a report; to publish. On fait monter la pcrte des cn- nemis a taut ; they make the loss of the enemy amount to so many. Faire grand bruit, Fr. to make a great noise; excite much conversation, &c. La convention en Portugal, en 180S, a fait un grand bruit, the conven- tion in Portugal, in 1808, made a great noise. Faire. faux feu, Fr. to miss fire; to flash in the pan. Faire la ronde, Fr. to go the rounds. FAISCEAU cTarmes, Fr. a pile of arms; a sort of wooden rack, or machine, which is used for the different stands of arms belonging to a troop, or company. The stakes which support the colours are also called faisceaux. FAISEURS de plans, Fr. plan-ma- kers; schemers; speculators. It also signifies persons who are continually harassing ministers and official persons with plans of campaigns and civil insur- rections, txc. Au fait et au prendre, Fr. a figura- tive expression, signifying the being puts to the proof. FAITAGE, Fr. the covering of a building; roof-timber; ridge-lead. FAITE, Fr. top; rid^e ; pinnacle. FA IT1ERE, Fr. a gutter tile. FA ITS guerriers, Fr. warlike dced-s; feats of personal valour and discretion. FALACQUE, a bastinade given to the janizaries and other Turkish soldiers on the sole of the foot. FALAISE, Fr. any part of the sea- coast is so called by the French, when it is extremely steep, and broken into precipices. FALA1SER, Fr. to break upon. La mcr falaise, the sea breaks upon the shore. FA LAPSES, Fr. those borders of the sea which are formed of high steep rocks, mountains, or sand-hills. FALCADE, a term in the manege. A horse is said to make falcades when he throws himself upon his haunches two or three times, as in very quick cur*ets. F A L ( 217 ) F A L FALCHION, a short crooked sword. FALCON, or Faucon, an ancient name given to a piece of ordnance. See Cannon. FALCONET, an ancient name given to a If pounder. See Cannon. FALDSTOOL, a kind of stool placed at the south side of the altar at which the kings of England kneel at their co- ronation. FALERIQUE, Fr. a kind of dare composed of tire-works, which the an- cients shot against the towers of the besieged, in order to set thein on fire; the real faleriquc, however, was a beam loaded with fire-work, contained within iron, pointed on all sides, and which was thrown against the towers of the enemy, by means of the catapult a or balista. FALL, (chute, Fr.) death ; destruc- tion. A brave man always feels for the fall of a great man; even if he had been his enemy. Fall, the fall of a place after it has been besieged. See Surrender. To Fall. A town, or fortified place, is said to fall when it is so completely in- vested, that the garrison can no longer be subsisted, and must surrender. To Fall back, to recede from any situation in which you are placed. This phrase is frequently, mdeed always, made use of in the drill, or exercise of soldiers; particularly during the forma- tion of a line, when individuals, or whole divisions, are apt to overstep their ground aud get beyond their dressing point. Fall in! a word of command for men to form in ranks, as in parade, line, or division, &c. '. Wo fall in likewise means the minute arrangement of a battalion, company, guard or squad, by which every man is ordered to take his proper post. The long roll, a peculiar beat of the drum, is the usual signal for soldiers to assemble and fall in. To Fall into, to become the property of another, as, we fell in with a large convoy of the enemy, which, after a short resistance made by the escort, fell into our hands. To Fall into, to be within the power of a person; as to fall into the hands of an enemy. The French use the verb toniber in the same sense, viz. tomber entre tea mains de Vennemi. It also sig- nifies to get into a dangerous situation, as to fall into an ambush laid by the enemy. 'To Fall in with, a military technical phrase, signifying any sudden or un- Iooked for rencounter of an enemy. As, our light cavalry pat roles fell in zoith a party of foragers belonging to the ene- my's army. 'To Fall off] to desert; to fail; to re- lax in exertion. To Fa el out, to quit the rank, or file, in which you were first posted. Dirty soldiers on a parade are frequently or- dered to fall out, and remain in the rear of their companies. The phrase is ap- plicable in a variety of other instances. To Fall vpon, to attack abruptly. According to the celebrated General .Monk, it is very fit, that a general should often command his horse and dragoons to fall upon, an enemy's outermost horse quarters ; which mode, he says, is one of the easiest, readiest, and securest wavs to break an enemy's army. FA LOTS, Fr. small lanterns fixed upon the end of a stick or pole. Small lamps are likewise used, attached in the same manner, for the purpose of carry- ing them readily about to light a camp, or besieged town, as occasion may re- quire. FALSE alarm, ffausse ularme, Fr.) an alarm, or apprehension, which is either designedly or unintentionally created by noise, report, or signals, without being dangerous. False attach, (fausse attaque, Fr.) an approach which is made as a feint for the purpose of diverting your enemy from the real object of attack. False fires, any fire, or light, which is made use of for the purpose of deceiving an enemy. False fires, or lights, are fre- quently resorted to when an army finds it necessary to retreat from an advanced position. On this occasion, large fires are lighted in different parts of the camp, and round the lines, previous to the de- parture of the troops, which generally happens in the night. False intelligence. This consists prin- cioally of statements which are not founded in facts, or deduced from a positive concurrence of circumstances, whereby the general of an army may be enabled to act against an enemy with confidence; or in erroneous communica- tions given, by design, through the me- dium of a spy, or foolishly furnished by over-heated zeal and credulity. 2 F F A N ( 218 ) FAR False lights, in debarkations under cover of the night, may likewise he used as signals of deception, when it is found expedient to attract the attention of the invaded country towards one part ol the coast, or territory, whilst a real attack is meditated against another. Fai.sk muster, an incorrect statement of the effective number of men, or hoists, by which government is defrauded. By the Articles of War every officer, pay- master, or commissary, found guilty of false mustering, is ordered to be cashiered. Fai.se report. A false report in mili- tary matters may be truly said to be the groundwork of a false return and a false muster, and consequently the primary cause of imposition upon the public. The strictest attention should, therefore, be paid to the most trilling report which is made in a troop or com- pany respecting the presence or absence of men or horses, the slate of clothing, accoutrements or necessaries. This can onlv he done by the commanding officer of such troop or company having con- stantly the general good ol the service at heart, in preference to his own con- renience, or to that of others. Every Serjeant or corporal of a squad should be severely punished when detected in making a false report. False return, a wilful report ;of the actual state of a brigade, regiment, troop, or company, by which the commander in chief, or the War-office, is deceived, as to the effective force of such regiment, troop, or company. FAMINE, (famine, Fr.) scarcity of food ; dearth. The French say, prendre une ville par famine, to take a town by famine. They also say figuratively, prendre quelqu'un par famine, to take a person by famine; meaning thereby, to deprive him of the necessaries or grati- fications of life, in order to reduce him to a prescribed line of conduct. FAMOUS, (fameux, Fr.) renowned; celebrated. FANAL, Fr. a ship's lantern ; a light- bouse; any thing illuminated along the coast for the use of ships at sea. FANAM, a small Indian coin. FANAUX, Fr. lights at the top of a high tower, at the entrance of a sea- port. The appellation of fcu.v is given to those that light a camp in certain cases; either to deceive the enemy, or to discover his movements by night. FANFARE, Fr. a particular military tune. It in general is short, but very expressive, and executed on the trumpet. FANFARON, Fr. a bully; a man who affects a courage he is not possessed of, and who is inwardly conscious of being a coward. FANFARONNADE, ) Fr. the act F A NF A RON N ERIE, > of bullying. FAN ION, Fr. corrupted from the Italian word gonfarwtu, a particular standard which was carried in the front of the ordinary baggage belonging to a brigade in the old French service. It was made of serge, and resembled in colour the uniform, or livery, of the bri- gadier, or of the commandant of any particular corps. FANON, Fr. the diminutive of gon- fanone. A banner of less width than that worn by a baron. Also a horse's fetlock. FANONS, Fr. the dressings of broken limbs. FANTASSIN, Fr, a foot soldier. The word is derived from the Italian finite. See Infantry. FARA1LLON, Fr. alight-house. FARCY, (farcin, Fr.) a disease in horses; a leprosy. FA RIAL, Fr. a light-house, also a watch light. FARINE, Fr. meal; flour. Folle Fauine, Fr. mill dust. FARINIERE, Fr. meal or flour ware- house." FAROUCHE, Fr. stern;wild; savage- looking. FARRIER, in a general acceptation of the term, any person who shoes horses, or professes to cure their diseases. In a practical military sense, a man ap- pointed to do the duty of farriery in a troop of dragoons. Troop farriers are under the immediate superintendance and controul of a veterinary surgeon, to whom they must apply whenever a horse is ill or lame, that he may report the same to the officer commanding the troop. No farrier is to presume to do any thing without having first received directions from his superior. When the farrier goes round, after riding out, or exercise on horseback, he must carry his hammer, pincers, and some nails, to fasten any shoe that may be loose. When. horses at out-quarters fall par- ticularly ill, or contract an obstinate lameness, the case must be reported to FAR ( 219 ) F A U the head-quarters of the regiment ; and if the veterinary surgeon cannot pre- scribe for him at a distance, he must, if time and distance will permit, be per- sonally sent to examine the horse. No farrier must presume to make up any medicine, or any external application, contrary to the receipt given him by the veterinary surgeon. If any farrier, through carelessness or inattention, lames a horse belonging to another troop, he ought to be at all the expense in curing the horse so lamed. In some well-regulated dragoon corps this forms one of the standing regimental orders. Farriers are in every respect liable to be tried according to the Articles of War. They may be ordered to inflict punish- ments; and they must constantly recol- lect, that the circumstance of being a farrier is no extenuation for dirty ap- pearance, or excuse for drunkenness. The guilt of the latter vice, indeed, is aggravated by the responsibility of their situation. Farrier- Mo/or, a person who was formerly appointed by the colonel of a dragoon regiment, to superintend the farriers of troops, who are named by the several officers commanding them. He has since been superseded or replaced by a veterinary surgeon, who (as the farrier-major was formerly directed) is to have free access to every stable of the regiment whenever he chuses. It is his duty to go frequently into the canton- ments of the different troops, and exa- mine the horses' feet; and if he find a shoe contrary to the regimental pattern, or discover any thing amiss in the ma- nagement of the troop horses, he is to report it immediately to the officer com- manding the regiment. In the exercise of his duty he is to receive the utmost support from every officer and quarter- master; and any farrier that dares to act contrary to his instructions, should be punished. There ought, in fact, to be a chain of mutual support and co- operation from the veterinary surgeon up to the commanding officer of every cavalry regiment; each farrier looking to the veterinary surgeon for correct in- structions relative to the preservation of every horse's health horse, are exercised by the veterinary surgeon. FARRIERY, formerly the practice of physic, or surgery, on horses ; but the term is now applied to shoeing, &c. the scientific branch being called veterinary art. FA RS ANNE, Fr. horseman; knight. FASCINAGE, Fr. any bed, or floor, which is made of fascines. FASCINES, in fortification, are a kind of fagots, made of small branches of trees or brushwood, tied in 3, 4, 5, or 6 places, and are of various dimen- sions, according to the purposes intended. Those that are to be pitched over, for burning lodgements, galleries, or any other works of the enemy, should be 1 -t or two feet long. Those that are for making epaulements or chandeliers, or for raising works, or filling up ditches, are 10 feet long, and 1 or 1| feet in diameter. They are made in the fol- lowing manner; 6 small pickets are stuck into the ground, 2 and 2, forming little crosses, well fastened in the middle with willow bindings. On these trestles the branches are laid, and are bound round with withes at the distance of every two feet. Six men are employed in making a fascine: 2 cut the beughs, 2 gather them, and the remaining 2 bind them. These six men can make 12 fascines every hour. Each fascine requires five pickets to fasten it. FASTES, Fr. records; calendars; annals. FASTNESSES, strong places not ea- sily forced. FATHOM, in fortification, originally denoted that space which a man could reach when Loth his arms were extended; but now it means a measure of 6 feet or 2 yards, equivalent to the French word toise. Lettres de Faveur, Fr. letters of re- commendation. Jours ds Faveur, Fr. days of grace. FAUCHER, a scythe, a sword. FAUCH10N. See Falchion. FAUCON. See Falcon. Falcon on Falconneau, Fr. a small piece of ordnance. FAUCONET. See Falcoset. FAULUES, Fr. the places where charcoal is made. To Farrier, an old word signifying FAULX, Fr. an instrument nearly to practise physic, or chirurgy, on resembling a scythe. It is often used to horses. At present, the functions of a defend a breach, or to prevent an enemy farrier, as far as regards the cure of a from scaling the walls of a fortified ' 2 F 2 F E A ( 2*0 ) FEL place. This weapon was first resorted to with some success, when Louis the XlVth besieged Mons. On the sur- render of that town, the besiegers found large quantities of scythes in the gar- rison. FAUSSES attaques, Fr. false attacks. See Attack. FAUSSE-RRAYE, (fausse-braie, Fr.) in fortification, is a low rampart, en- circiing the body of the place; its height is about 3 feet above the level ground, and its parapet about three or four toises from that of the body of the place. These works have been entirely rejected by modern engineers, excepting M. Vauban, who makes them only before the curtains; and then they are called mine properly tenailles. Fausse equerre, Fr. an instrument in the shape of a square, or a rule, with two branches, which move round one point and describe two angles that are not straight. The stone-mason's rule is also so named. FAC5SE-/rt;jce, Fr. a wooden piece) of ordnance; what is vulgarly called a sham gun. TwasE-marche, Fr. a feigned march, FAUTEAU, Fr. a sort of battering ram, which was used in ancient times. FAUTEUR, Fr. a person who con- nives at seditious practices. FAUX, Ft. See Faulx. Fau X-6ourg, Fr. suburb. h"\vx-j'ui/ant, Fr. a shift; an evasion. TAXJ\-fou?Tfau, Fr. a pistol case. Dater Faux, Fr. to put a wrong date. Porter a Faux, Jr. to argue upon false grounds; to be ill supported. Faux brave, Fr. See Fanfauon. Faux feu, Fr. a Hash in the pan; signal made with scintillations of gun- powder. Faux soldats, Fr. See Fagot, or Pas- SEVOLANT. FEATHERS are ornamental marks worn by officers and soldiers in their caps or hats. The following distinctions •are made, and directed by authority to be observed, in the British service. In the royal artillery, both officers and men have white feathers. The cavalry and battalion corps scarlet and white; the grenadiers all white, and the light in- fantry all green. i/«cA7e- feather, a round feather taken from a cock or hen, in its natural State. — Hackle, according to Dr. John- son, signifies raw silk; any flimsy un- spuu Stuff. This feather may be properly called the regulation feather. It is worn by the subalterns of the army, and must be eight inches long. The orhcers of the foot guards wear it in their caps. It is sometimes imitated by being made of horse-hair. Fttish- feather, a straight smooth feather, ten inches long, which is worn by officers on the staff, flanging over their hats. Oslric/urr.MiiEV., a soft valuable fea- ther, well known in fashionable life. — In the year 1812, the Regent directed, that all general officers should wear, round the rims of their cocked hats, an ostrich feather, one yard thirty-fpjus inches long. This order has since been cancelled. II7tt7e-FEATHER, a term usually ap- plied to a coward; signifying that he turns his back, and has a white feather in his tail. FEDERATE. See Confederate. FEED, a certain proportion of corn and hay which is given to the cavalry. A Short Feed, a portion of hay or corn under the regulated quantity. Heavy horse Feed, a larger proportion of hay and corn which is given to the heavy dragoons than to the light horse. Light horse Feed, a smaller propor- tion of hay and corn which is given to the hussars and light cavalry than to the heavy dragoons. FEES are specific sums of money, which are occasionally claimed by per- sons in othce, and to the payment of which every British officer is subject. Fees are paid at the War-Office, for different commissions, and are charged against their respective owners by the army agents. See Office-fund. FEINT, (fcintc, Fr.) a mock attack, or assault, generally made to conceal the true one. FELLOES, in artillery, are the parts of a wheel which form its circumfe- rence, whose dimensions are as follow: for a 21-pounder, 5 inches thick, and 6.5 inches broad; for a 12-pounder, 4.5 inches thick, and (i inches broad; for a o-pounder 4 inches thick, and 5.5 inches broad, CvC made of dry elm. There are generally 6 in each wheel. See Wheel. FELLOW soldier, one who fights under the same commander; a comrade. Dr. Johnson very properly calls this term FEN ( 321 ) FEN an endearing appellation used by officers to their soldiers. The toils and perils, in fact, of a real military life, are so many, that an army fighting under the same banners may be truly called one family ; and every officer should look upon himself as the father, the guardian, and the protector of his men. FELTRE, a piece of defensive ar- mour. It was a kind of cuirass made of wool, well pressed, and dipped in vinegar, to impede the effect of cutting weapons. It was in use among the Ro- mans. FENCE, a guard, security, outwork, ike. To Fence, to practise with foils; to fight with swords; to secure any place by palisades, &c. FENCIBLE, any thing capable of defence. Such regiments as are raised for limited service, and for a limited time, are called fencible regiments. They rank junior to the line. « FENCING is the art or science of making a proper use of the sword, as well for attacking an enemy, as for de- fending one's self. Fencing is a genteel exercise, of which no military gentle- man should be ignorant. Fencing is either simple, or compound. Simple is that which is performed nim- bly, and off-hand, on the same line. In this the principal intention, in respect to the offensive part, should be to at- tack the enemy in the most unguarded quarter; and in the defensive, to parry or ward off the enemy's thrusts, or blows. Attitude, in Fencing, the head up- right, though the body hath a forward inclination on a longe; and all the weight resting on the left haunch when on guard. The feet, hand, body, aim and sword, must be to the line. Appel, in Fencing, is a sudden beat of your blade, on the contrary side to that you join your adversary on, and a quick disengagement to that side again. Beating, in Fencing, is when you parry with a sudden shrut beat, to get a quick risposte ; or when you beat with your foot, to try if you are firm on it, or on both feet. Battering, in Fencing, is to strike the feeble of your adversary's blade on I tion of dropping the point of your sword quarte side, also the thrust of a prime,, or a seconde, at the low quarte side. Darting, in Fencing, to defend a blow with some contraction of your arm, and to dart a thrust right forward. Feint forward, in Fencing, made by advancing your point a little from its line, and coming to it again. Guard, in Fencing, is any of the pa- rades you stand on. On Guard is being placed properly on your feet, and well covered with your weapon. Lurching, in Fencing, to make an opening, to invite your adversary to thrust at you, when you, being ready, may find a favourable risposte at him. Locking, inF encing, is to seize your adversary's sword-arm, by twining your left arm round it, after you close your parade, shell to shell, in order to disarm him. /-i , • i carte, 1 implies the put- Guardm \ .. > '• " c .l i i f tierce, ) ting 01 the body and sword in such a state of defence, as to prevent the antagonist from wounding you, by either of the thrusts so denomi- nated. These are the principal posi- tions on which to engage. The others, viz. prime, seconde, quinte, half-circle, &c. are termed parades, when used with the small sword. Hanging-guard, one of the broad- sword guards. See Broadsword. Thrusts are of various denominations, according to the direction of the point, and position of the wrist. The thrusts directed at the inside of the body are called prime, carte, and low-carte : those at the outside, are se- conde, tierce, carte over the arm, quinte and flanconade. In teaching, the thrusts are not ar- ranged according to the above order; it is usual to begin with carte (or quarte) and tierce, the names of which prove them to have been originally the 4th and 3d positions in the art; but which are now justly considered as the chief and most elegant. Parrying, iii Fencing, the action of warding off the blows aimed at each other. Flanconade, in Fencing, is the ac- the side opposite to that you join, ccc Back-guarte, is a parade of late in- vention, and is a round quarte over the arm. Wave, in Fencing, is a tierce on a under your adversary's hilt, in seizing with force the feeble of his blade; which binding, without quitting it, form the parade in octave, and then throw in your thrust. F E R ( 22? ) FEU Glissade, in Fencing, is performed by dexterously making your sword slip along your adversary's blade, and form- ing at the same time your extension,&c. FENDU, Fr. a word used among the French to signify long-legged, or well formed to sit on a horse. Homme bien fendu. FER, Fr. iron. Figuratively, this ■word is used for a sword, or dagger ; as ■manier lefer, to wear the sword, to follow the profession of arms. Battre le fer, to fence. For the various kinds of iron, as specified under Fer, see Belidor'sDif- tionnaire Portatif. See also Iron. Fer a glace pour les chevaux. See Frostnail. Fer a cheval, Fr. a horse-shoe. It further means, according to the Preach acceptation of the term, a work con- structed for the purpose of covering a gate, by having a guard-house within it, to prevent the town from being sur- prized. FEItDWIT, in ancient military his- tory, a term used to denote an exemp- tion from serving upon any military ex- pedition ; or, according to some, the being quit of manslaughter committed in the army. FERIR, sans coup, Fr. to obtain any thing without striking a blow. FERME, Fr. in carpentry, an as- semblage of timber which is put toge- ther to support the roof of a house. Maltresse Ferme, Fr. that assem- blage which bears upon the beams. Faire Ferme, Fr. to stand your ground ; not to give way. FERMER, Fr. to shut. ; to close. Fermer une ville de muraillcs, Fr. to wall a town. FERMEZ le bassinet ! Fr. Shut pans! a word of command in the platoon ex- ercise. FERRAILLER, Fr. to fence ; to tilt. FERRAILLEUR, Fr. a person who, without any provocation whatever, de- lights in lighting, and is always in quest of provocation. FERRANT marshal, Fr. a farrier. Chemin FERRE, Fr. firm stony way. FERRER tin cheval, Fr. to shoe a horse. Ferrer u glace, Fr. See Frost- nail. The French also say, figuratively, litre ferr'c u glace, to be master of a subject. Ferrer un cheval a cuir, Fr. to shoe a horse with leather, in order to prevent all noise. ^ FERRETE, Fr. the original term to express a sword. FERRIES, water conveyances, made use of to cross rivers, or branches of the sea. At the regular ones in Scotland, offi- cers may, at their option, hire the boat for themselves and parties only, or pass as passengers ; in either case paying no more than half the ordinary rate. See Mutiny Act, sect. 53. FERRURE, Fr. the shoeing of a horse. FERRY, (passage, Fr. ) the place where men, horses, carriages, are carried over a river, or branch of the sea. See Ferries. YilLRt'boat, (bac, Fr.) an open boat, or water conveyance, in which things are carried over a river, &c. FERRf-nftm, (pusseur, battelier, Fr.) the person who ferries over. To Ferry over, (passer dans tin bac, Fr.) to carry across in a ferry-boat. FERS, Fr. irons for culprits. Punition de Eras, Fr. the punishment of being put in irons. FERTE, Fr. which has the same meaning as fcniiet'e, was the original ap- pellation of a fortified place, and signi- fied a fortress. FERTI1 or FORTH. See Army. FETLOCK, (fanon, Fr.) a tuft of hair that grows behind the pastern joint of a horse. FEU, Fr. fire. Faire feu, to dis- charge any sort of fire-arms. Feu, Fr. fire, is also understood to mean any lighted combustible, which is kept up in the front of a camp, and at each post dining the night, to keep the soldiers alert, and to prevent them from, being surprized. Lights are likewise resorted to on va- rious other occasions. See Lights. Feu de joie, Fr. a bonfire. See Ruk- NING-FlRE. Feu de biilcbaudc, Fr. a fire of mus- ketry which was practised by order of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia. On recovering their firelocks, the men of the center rank turning round, deli- vered their pieces to those of the rear, and received their muskets in exchange; thus saving the time of loading. Feu rasant, Fr. a grazing fire, or a discharge of ordnance or musketry, so directed, that the shot shall run parallel with the ground they pass over, within 3 or 4 feet of the surface. FEU ( 223 ) F E V That is likewise cailedifeu rasant, or grazing fire, which is sent in parallel di- rections with the faces of the different works belonging to a fortification. Feu de canon, Fr. the discharge of heavy ordnance, or artillery. Feu de chemin convert, Fr. the mus- ketry shots which are fired by armed men that are posted in various parts of the covert-way. Feu par compagnie, Fr. the discharge of musketry by companies. Feu direct, Fr. a discharge of mus- ketry, or ordnance, against the face of a work, trench, or company. Feu Jichant, ou oblique, Fr. oblique firing. Feu dc mousqueterie, Fr. musket- firing. Feu de pe/oton, Fr. platoon-firing. Feu de rampart, Fr. a discharge of musketry, or ordnance, from the ram- parts of a fortified town, or place. Feu roulant, Fr. the continued alter- nate filing of a battalion from flanks to center, or from center to flanks. Feu de tranch'te, Fr. any discharge of cannon, or musketry, which takes place from the trench of a fortified town, or place, or from the besieging army's works against a fortified town, or place. Faire Feu violet, Fr. to make much ado about nothing. Feu de courtine, ou second flanc, Fr. a firing from that part of the curtain which is contained between the prolon- gation of the face of the bastion, and the angle of the flank. It is only applicable in fortifications where the line of defence is fichant. Feu if artifice, Fr. a fire-work. Faire long Feu, Fr. to hang fire, to £0 off slowly Coup de Feu, Fr. gunshot wound S'cxposer an Feu des ennemis, Fr. expose one's self to the fire of the enemy. Etre sous le Feu de Cennemi, Fr. to be under the fire of the enemy. Soutenir le Feu d'une pJace assiegie, Fr. to support the tire of a besieged place. Essui/er le Feu da canon, Fr. to en- dure, to undergo, the fire of ordnance. Entre deux Feux, IV. between two fires. Feu St. Elme, Fr. wild-fire ; i fire a horse. Feu d'enfer,Fr. hell fire. The French say, Cette attaque on fit unfeu (fenfer, a most tremendous fire was kept up at that attack. Feu is also used, as fire, flame, or blaze with us, to signify the agitated state of the public mind. Toute la ville est en feu, the whole town is in a flame. FEUILLE, Fr. exfoliation of a dis- eased bone. Feuille d'une epee, Fr. the blade of a sword. Feuille volante, Fr. a loose or fly sheet; an open cover. Feuille de route, Fr. a pass given to a soldier for the purpose of joining his corps, going on furlough, or of reaching any particular spot. Feuille de signalement, Fr. descrip- tion-roll, or pass. FEUKTRE, Fr. straw, such as grows with every sort of grain. FEUTRE, Fr. the stuffing of a saddle. FEUTRER une selle, Fr. to stuff a saddle. FEVER, (fitvre, Fr.) from the Latin febris. A disease, according to Dr. Johnson, as quoted from Locke, ia which the body is violently heated, and the pulse quickened, or in which heat and cold prevail by turns. It is some- times continual, sometimes intermittent. The following just observations have been furnished by a friend of the au- thor's, upon this important article. Phy- sicians put together in their synoptical tables of classification, so many diseases, diametrically different in their nature, and in the plan of cure they require, under the class/erers, that no general definition can be given which will apply to every particular species of fever. Many of the methodical arrangements are, without doubt, productions of great ingenuity ; but more of art than of na- ture appears in their composition. They are crowded with synonyms ; and with frivolous distinctions, tending to embar- rass and not to promote the progress of science, or of practice. The plan of the justly celebrated Dr. Brown of Edin- burgh may be mentioned as the most which are sometimes seen over marshy simple, comprehensive, and useful, in or to F I C ( «2* ) F I E dividing all diseases into sthenic and asthenic. Dr. Frank, of Vienna, is ex- cellent on fevers, in his work " De Cu- randis Hominum Aforbis," and indeed all the minor distinctions, in the cata- logue of fevers, may be referred to the three general heads of inflammatory, nervous, or putrid, as they assume either the continued, remittent, or intermittent form. The enumerations and descrip- tions alone, of the particular species, would Lie sufficient to fill a moderate volume. The dreadful devastation of human beings from fevers in camps and in ar- mies is seldom to be entirely prevented, though it may be sometimes mitigated by the salutary regulations of a judicious and humane general, in co-operation with a skilful physician. How is a soldier landing in North Holland, in St. Domingo, or on the pestilential shores of Syria and Egypt, continually exposed to the causes of fevers, to be screened from the action of those causes on his body ? Infections, contagions, marsh miasmata, rising under extremes of heat or cold, whether in Zealand, the Cam- pania di Roma, in the tropical climes, or other parts, bathe human skill, and in a few hours pull down the strongest men. The ague, the yellow fever, and the plague will appear; and all that human ingenuity has hitherto suggested in pre- vention, or in mitigation, of these dread- ful maladies amounts but to very little. This consideration should not, however, be offered, or admitted, in exculpation of any criminal ignorance or neglect on the part of a commander, naval, military, or medical. FEUX, Fr. fires which are frequently lighted up along the front of an encamp- ment, in order to impress the enemy with an idea that every thing is on the alert, and in a state of activity. Fetjx Greg£oss,Fr.SeeGnECTAN Fire. Fr.rx, ou Btgnaux, Fr. fires which serve as signal lights in various parts of a country. FIACRE, Fr. a hackney coach; so called because vehicles of this descrip- tion first put up at the sign, St. Fiacre. FICIIANT. See Line of Defence, Fortification. FICIIER, Fr. to stick in. This word is used in masonry, when mortar or any other cement is put between bricks or stones. FICIIES, Fr. small sticks, or pieces of iron which serve to mark out the height of angles, and the direction of an alignement; by means of which a for- tress or a trench may be traced, and the relative position of each troop or com- pany ascertained. FICHEUR, Fr. According to Beli- dor, the workman who puts mortar, or cement, in crevices, (Sec. ITDD, in gunnery, a little oakum put in the touch-hole of a gun, and covered with a piece of lead to keep the powder dry. FIEF de hauler t, Fr. a certain estate in France, the possession of which en- titled persons to wear a hauberk, which was the armour of a knight. Esquires could only wear a simple coat of mail, without the hood or hose. FIELD, the ground of battle. A battle, campaign, or the action of an army while it keeps the field. FiELD-irrf, a folding-bed used by offi- cers in their tents. FiELD-s<«/f, a weapon carried by the gunners, about the length of a halberr, with a spear at the end, having on each side ears screwed on like the lock of a matchlock ; where the gunners screw in lighted matches when they are upon command ; and then the field-staffs are said to be armed. r Colours,^ ( Officers, FlE LB— I Pieces, Staff, Works, > See r Camp co- lours. Officers. -. Cannon. I Lin/stock. | Field-for~ [^tijication. YiEi.vi-fort. See Fort. YiELD-marshal, a modern military rank in England, but superior to all others, (except the captain general,) having the chief command of the whole army in i he field. FIENTE, Fr. dung, or excrement from an animal of the brute creation. This word is pronounced fiante. ITER, Fr. to trust. 1-icr s>on honncur, to trust one's honour. Fier, Fr. proud; haughty; fierce. The French say : fair le fier, to affect much importance; to be very lofty. Fier de sa personnc, Fr. proud of his person, or outward appearance. C'est un militaire sans talens, ynais il est Ires fier de sa personne, he is an officer void of talents, but extremely proud or vain F I F ( 225 ) F I L of his person ; in plain English, an empty coxcomb. HERE alerte, Fr. a smart or warm alert. Courage Fiek, Fr. high courage. Demarche Fiere, Fr. high, exalted deportment. Fier is sometimes used as a substan- tive, and signifies the same asfierte, viz. se tenir stir son fier, to be very positive and obstinate. Fier a bras. See FanpARON. line noble FIERTE, Fr. a dignified pride; a nobleness of mind, such as every real soldier possesses, who is above all the low tricks and mean cabals of mankind in general. - Fierte, Fr. a shrine where relics are deposited in Roman Catholic coun- tries. This word is particularly applica- ble to the shrine of St. Romain, arch- bishop of Rouen, out of respsct to whose memory, a free pardon is given, once a year, (on the day of the Lord's Ascen- sion,) to some criminal who has been sentenced to die, and who is ordered to lift up the shrine of St. Romain. Hence the figurative phrase, of a man who has heen condemned, but pardoned : // a lev't la fiertt, he has lifted up or raised the shrine. FIFE, a military instrument of the wind kind, generally used as an accom- paniment to the drum. This instrument is of high antiquity, as appears from pictures and from sculpture, from the poets and historians; and chiefly (as in the Argonautic expedition, memorutrix pugna) for martial use. On our own authorities, the Fife ap- pears in the English army, till the time of James I. After that, it was disused; and so continued till the year 1747; when it was resumed, in the foot-guards, bv the Duke of Cumberland at the siege of Maestricht. He took it probably from a corps of German Swiss, with whom the fife is a favourite instrument. In the reign of Elizabeth, the fife is supposed by some to have been curved; from her great poet having the expres- sion, " the wry-necked fife". But this perhaps might aliude to the man who plays the fife. Yet, shrill and dis- sonant as the fife in common bands may be, it is not so with Handel. With Handel, (whose inspiration reached almost over every thing,) it inspires(as in the Dead March of Saul) to tenderness and woe : so as to respond to the " que- rula tibia" of the poet. Yet that, pro- bably, was more like our German flute. FIFER, (fifre, Fr.) In French this word likewise means fife. FTG, (fie, Fr.) a disease in horses; a tumour which is sometimes soft, and sometimes hard and callous. To Fig, to excite ; also to play a com- mon trick with a horse in order to shew him off; this is done by applying ginger under the tail. FIGHT. See Battle. Running-YiGUT, that in which the enemy is continually chased. To Fight it out, to continue a contest until the object in dispute be finally determined, one way or other. The French say, se battre a outrance; also vuider une querelle. l'TGHTIN G-men, such as are effec- tive, and able to bear arms. FIGURE, in fortification, the plan of any fortified place,or the interior polygon. Of these there are two sorts, regular, and irregular : a regular figure is that where the sides and angles are equal ; an irregular one, where they are unequal. FIL, -Fr. thread ; wire. Fil also signifies edge; hence passer au fil de I'epee, to put to the sword. Fil, the stream or current of a river. siller contre le Jilde Veau, to go against the stream. FILADIERE, Fr. a flat bottomed boat which is used on small rivers, par- ticularly the Garonne in France. TILANDRES, Fr. streaks like white thread in the wounds of horses. FILE, in the art of war, is an unli- mited term, comprehending any number of men drawn up in a direct line behind each other; as a rank on the other hand includes any number drawn up beside each other; whether, in either respect, they be in close or in open order. Or ra- ther, by file is meant the line of soldiers standing one behind another, which makes the depth of the battalion; and is thus distinguished from the rank, which is a line of soldiers drawn up side by side, forming the length of the bat- talion. A file is 2 or 3 deep; hence a battalion 01 regiment drawn up, consists of 2 or 3 ranks, and of as many files as there are men in a rank. The files of a battalion of foot were formerly 12 and (J deep; but now only 2 and sometimes Li, which latter is its natural formation. Those of the cavalry are generally but 2 deep. 2G F I L ( 226 ) F I L A File on horseback occupies in the ranks about 9 feet 8 inches; thus 3 file 8 feet. A file on foot occupies in the ranks '22 inches. Close Files in cavalry are at the dis- tance which was taken before dismount- ing, when each man's boot-top touches, but does not press, thatof his neighbour. LboK Files, in cavalry movements, nre C inches distant from boot-top to boot-top, being calculated for the gallop as well as the walk of a squadron. Open Files in cavalry are the full breadth of a horse from boot-top to boot- top. They contain the distance which is left, when from close files, the left files rein back todismount. Recruitsand horses must be frequently exercised at this distance. Flank File, the extreme file on the right or left of a squadron or troop, bat- talion or company, &c. Forming from File in cavalry move- ments, is when the front file halts, and the rest ride up at a very smart gallop, taking care to halt in time, and not to over-run the ground. If the formation is by doubling round the front file (for instance, when a formation is made to the rear of the march, or to the right, when marched from the right) the files must double round as close and as expeditiously as possible. In all formings from file, the leaders of ranks instantly cover each other, take the ordered front, and halt. In the covering of files on horseback, the same directions hold good as on loot. In addition, it must be scrupu- lously observed, that every man's horse stands exactly straight to the same front as that of a man before him. Both in the horse and foot drill, the men should be often practised in covering. The former are thereby taught to place their horses straight under them. Close Files of infantry are soldiers Standing in rank, contiguous to one ano- ther, upon any given depth of line or column. Whenever a regiment marches in front, every man should feel his next man which ever way he dresses; but he must not lean on him, nor must he move his arm from the body to feel him. So that close files mean nothing more than that soldiers in the ranks should touch lightly each other, without crowd- ing or pressing. Open Files are soldiers standing in Tank at given distances without touch- ing one another. The formation at opei) files is only practised as a preparatory drill for forming at close files, (which is the order for action,) in order that, every man may be taught to stand and move in a proper position, without get- ting a habit of leaning upon his neigh- bour. On this account every intelligent officer, who has the management of re- cruits, will form them sometimes at open files, and march in that order. Soldiers that have been regularly drilled, should likewise be occasionally practised in ad- vancing by open files. Double Files are formed by the left files in each rank stepping to the rear of the right files. Indian Files, a line of men advanc- ing or retreating from either of the flanks, from the center, or from any proportion of a line in succession to one another. They are sometimes called goose files; but the term is only fami- liarly, or rather vulgarly used among soldiers, and derives its appellation from a flock of geese generally following a leader, one by one. A foreign military writer, the Prince de Ligne, says, that men march forward in file, or en ordre mince, par un instinct moutonnier, mean- ing, that they follow each other like so many sheep, who move by instinct. The blood thirsty Murat used to say, tout peuple est moutonnier, the mass of peo- ple is gregarious. FiLt-leader is the soldier placed in the front of any file, or the man who is to cover all those that stand directly in the rear of him, and by whom they are to be guided in all their movements. File leaders must be particularly care- ful to preserve their proper distances from which ever hand they are to dress to, and the followers of each file must only be attentive to cover, and be regu- lated by their proper file leaders. In file the rear rank invariably dresses by, and is regulated by the front rank. To double the Files, is to put 2 files into 1, making the depth of the hutta- lion double to what it was, in number of men. Thus four deep are double files. File marching on foot. According to the printed regulations, all recruits must first face, and then be instructed to cover each other exactly in file, so that the head of the man immediately before, may conceal the heads of all the others in front. The principal points to be attended to arc, that the men move F I L ( 927 ) F I L with the lock step, that the front rank men cover exactly, and that the rear rank men keep closer! and dressed to the front rank. File marching may be practised to the front, to the rear, and to either flank ; in all which cases the men must be taught to cover well. When recruits are at drill, on the word march, the whole are to step oft' together, gaining at the very first step 30 inches, and so continuing each step without increasing the distance betwixt each recruit, every man locking or placing his advanced foot on the ground, before the spot from which the preceding man had taken up his. Marching by ranks in front, open files, is when any body of men advances by rank at open order, and dresses to some given object without touching one another. The flank man of the flank the soldiers dress to, must be a non-commis- sioned olficer, and he must take especial care not to incline to one hand or the other. His head must be kept quite straight to the front, his body must be erect, and he must advance without de- viating in the most trifling manner to the right or left. In order to execute this essential part of the drill with any degree of accuracy, two persons should be present, one in the front, and the other on the flank, to observe the dress- ing. Young officers should be ordered to attend, and sometimes should be exercised themselves in the presence of a superior officer; for upon them here- after will greatly depend the movement of the battalion in line or column. Marching by ranks in front, close files, is when any number of men ad- vances by ranks at close order, and dresses to some given object, each man lightly touching his next man, without crowding or pressing. The march in front at close files is much easier than that at open files, because every man feels his next man, which ever way the rank dresses, and into whatever direc- tion the line or columnjnoves. File a file, Fr. file after file, or in succession. File de pieux, Fr. a row of square piles or rails, which are placed on the sides of a river, &c. in order to keep up the banks, and to preserve the road. To FILE, is to advance to, or from, any given point by files; as to file to the fiont, to file to the rear, to file from the right or left flank, or to file from any given company. In some of which cases, the leading files must disengage themselves according to the directions given. To File off, ^ (dcfiler, Fr.) to wheel To defile, $ off by files from mov- ing in a spacious front, and march in length. When a regiment is marching in full front, or by divisions or platoons, and comes to a defile or narrow pass, it may file from the right or left as the ground requires, &c. To File papers, to string them on a thread or wire. The French say enfiler des papiers. FILER, Fr. to file, or march in suc- cession. Filer derriere, Fr. to follow the last file of a division. Faire Filer, Fr. to make troops, &c. file off, or march in regular order. Filer la corde, Fr. a figurative phrase among the French, signifying to go the way to the gallows. Filer doux, Fr. to give fair words; to be submissive; to concede. FILET, Fr. a term used in architec- ture, signifying fillet, listel, or a small line which runs alonga larger moulding. Filet, Fr. a snaffle-bridle. Filet de couverture, Fr. a small ridge of plaster which runs along the top of a roof, and keeps the tiles or slates together. FILEY, (in Yorkshire,) is deemed part of the East Riding, and is subject to the county lieutenant with respect to the raising of the militia. FILIERE, Fr. a narrow pass. Filiere, Fr. a wire-drawing iron. Fi lie re de grade, Fr. succession or rotation of rank. FILIERES, Fr. small veins or cre- vices through which the water runs and divides the solid masses of stone that are in quarries. FILINGS are movements to the front, rear, or flank by files. These move- ments must be executed with great quick- ness. The files in cavalry must go off, at a smart gallop, and continue so till all are in file, the rear rank men dressing well to their front rank; the front rank covering well, and keeping close to the croup. If the filings are to be made from a flank to the front or rear, th# whole must keep passaging up to the ground from which the first file went, before they go off; if to a flank, the 2 G 2 I F I N ( 228 ) F I R horses must be turned as soon as there is room. If the tilings are from a Hank to inarch along the limit or rear, past the other flank, every file must come off from its own ground as the next gets into file. General ami necessary Filings, ac- cording to the system published by au- thority, for the British cavalry, are: filings from either, or both thinks of the Squadron to front, flank or rear; filing from the center of the squadron to the front, or to the flank. Filing single men by ranks, or by front or rear rank men alternately, from either flank of the squadron. In the filings of the squadron, the serre-files take their places in the rear of the files, unless the ground will allow them to remain on the flanks of the rear flank; but their general and proper position is in the rear of the files. In cavalry filing, the greatest attention must be paid to keep the squad or troop as compact together as the nature of the movement will permit. It is a situation in which horses move free, and without Confinement, but in which the parts of a Squadron are apt to lengthen out, and take up much more ground than what they stand upon in line, and is therefore to l>r adopted only from necessity, in broken or embarrassed ground. When the word file has been given, and the heads of the horses have been turned ready to move off without loss of dis- tance, the leaders of files must go off short and quick in their ordered direc- tion. They are followed close by cadi nnan as it comes to his turn, so as to leave no unnecessary interval from one to another, and instantly to get off the ground. After being once in file, a dis- tance of a yard from head to tail may be taken, so as to trot or gallop the easier if required. Every alteration of pace ought to be made as much as pos- sible by the whole file at once; if this is not observed, a crowding and stop in the rear will always attend such al- teration. I IX, /V. cunning; sly; subtle. Fix mot, Fr. the real state of the case; the main point; the mind's view. TIN AGE, Fr. extent of a jurisdiction. FINANCE, Fr. duty ; tax. The 1 k nch say figuratively : Court de Finance, Fr. low in pocket, which is generally the case with military men. FINANCES, (finances, Fr.) coin in general, which constitutes the metallic currency of countries. Finances of an army, (finance* d'une armcc,) Fr. the pay and allowances which every army requires in offensive or defensive operations. To FIND, to supply ; to furnish ; as, parliament finds the army in money and victuals, by means of taxes levied on the people. To Find, (inner; declarer; decider en justice, Fr.) to determine by judicial verdict. To Find guilty, (condamner, Fr.) to pronounce an accused person guilty ot the crimes alleged. To Find a hill, (recevoir V accusation, Fr.) a law term signifying to establish grounds of accusation ; which is done bv a grand jurv in this country. In mi- litary matters a court of inquiry embra- ces the same object. T/(tTTNDING,a term used in Courts- Martial, signifying the proofs being l)i ought home to a culprit, so that sen- tence may be pronounced. FINISHED, completed ; brought to the ultimate point of the original inten- tion. 11 HE ! in the art of war, a word of command to soldiers of all denomina- tions to discharge their fire-arms, gre- nades, cannon, nortier 7 Fr. to burn powder in a cannon or mor- tar, for the purpose of cleansing it, or of destroying dampness ; also to scale a gun. FLAM BERG E, Fr. a word used, by way of ridicule, to signify the useless drawing, or flourishing, of a sword, viz. J'eus I' assurance dr. met t re flamberge au vent, 1 had the boldness to unsbeath my sword. FLAMME, Fr. in the old French marine establishment, was a mark of distinction which exclusively belonged to the king's ships, consisting of a long streamer. Fla.mme, ou pendant, Fr. bolting cloth, or ticking. It is a long streamer which generally hangs either from the yards or scuttle of a mast, and serves for ornament or to give signals. I LAMME, Fr. in farriery, a fleam. FLAMMECHE, IV. a spark of fire; a particle of kindled matter. FLANC, Fr. a flank. ' , f See Retired l lanc < convert, > t-, I LANK. , ± i . a n. iii h I bus, } < convert, > ( retire. } Flanc de bastion, Fr. See Flank of Lite bastion. Prendre en Flanc, Fr. to take in Hank. Pi iter le Flanc, Fr. to expose the flanks of a regiment, or wings of an army, &C. Eire pris en Flanc, Fr. to be at- tacked by an enemy in llank. FLANDRIN, Fr. a large slim lath- back fellow, unlit to be a soldier. FLANKS, in the art of war and in fortification, are of several denomina- tions, according to their uses, viz. Flam ks of an army, (lea Jlancs d'u-ne armee, Fr.) certain proportions of offen- sive, or defensive, forces which are ex- tended to the right and left of a main body, and ought to be posted in such a manner, that it would be certain ruin to the enemy were he to attempt any im- pression between them : — in a more con- fined sense, the troops which are sta- tioned on the right and left of each line of encampments. See Wings. Fla\k-JHcs are the two first men on the right and the two last men on tlte FLA ( 233 ) FLA left, telling downwards from the right, of a line, battalion, company, division, subdivision, or section. When a batta- lion is drawn up three deep, its flank files consist of three men, or. as the French call it, rile and demi-fiie. When four deep, the flank, files are termed double riles; so that a column formed from any of these alignements will have all its relative flank riles, be the depth of formation what it will. Inicard Flank in manoeuvring, the first rile on the left of a division, subdi- vision, or section, when ihe battalion stands at close, or open column, with the right in front. Outward Flank of a line or batta- lion, the extreme file on the right or left of a division, subdivision, or section, according to the given front, when the battalion is at close, or open, column, and which is the farthest wheeling point from line into column, or from column into line. It is likewise called the re- verse flank. TL\NK-company, a certain number of men drawn up on the right, or left, of a battalion. Thus the grenadiers compose the right, and the light infantry, the left flank company. When these are de- tached, the two extreme battalion com- panies become such. The grenadiers and light infantry are generally called flank companies, whe- ther actached, or not, to their several battalions. Flank iNG-/>ar/y, a select body of men on foot or on horseback, whose ob- ject is to harass and perplex the enemy, to get upon his wings, or by any ma- aiceuvre to hang upon the flank of an opposing force. Flank en potence is any part of the right or left wing formed at a right an- gle with the line. See Potence. Leading Flank. When the line breaks into column in order to attack an enemy, it is the flank which must almost always preserve the line of appui in all move- ments in front. The first battalion, di- yision, or company, of every column which conducts, is called the head or leading flank of that column. All the writhings and turnings to which it must unavoidably be subject, are followed by every other part of the body, and such bead becomes a flank, right or left, when formed into line. The commander must therefore be on which ever flank directs the operations of the line, and by which he proposes to attack, or to counteract the attempts of the enemy. Passing Flank, the flank of a squa- dron, troop, battalion, or company, which is next to the general when troops march bv. Both in cavalrv and in fan- try movements, at open order, a non- commissioned officer invariably steps up to fill the vacancy occasioned, on the passing flank, by the otticer going to the front of his squadron, troop or company, in order to salute the reviewing general. At closed ranks, when troops march, past, the passing flank must always have an officer. Flank in fortification, in general, is any part of a work that defends another work, along the outside of its parapet. Flank of a bastion, (Jianc d'une bas- tion, Fr.) in fortification, that part which joins the face to the curtain, comprehended between the angle of the curtain and that of the shoulder. It is the principal defence of the place. Its use is, to defend the curtain, the flank, and face of the opposite bastion, as well as the passage of the ditch; and to* batter the salient angles of the counter- scarp and glacis, whence the besieged generally ruin the flanks with their ar- tillery; for the flanks of a fortification are those parts which the besiegers en- deavour most to destroy, in order to take away the defence of the face of the opposite bastion. Oblique, ) t, < that part of the o J , 'I- Ilank, I K • e second, ) ( curtain from which the face of the opposite bastion may be discovered, and is the distance between the lines razant and fichant, which are rejected by' most engineers, as being liable to be ruined at the be- ginning of a siege, especially when made of sandy earth. The second parapet, which may be raised behind the former, is of no use; for it neither discovers nor defends the face of the opposite bastion : besides, it shortens the flank, which is the true defence; and the con- tinual fire of the besiegers' cannon will never suffer the garrison to raise a second parapet. This second ilank defends very obliquely the opposite face, and is to be used only in a place attacked by an army without artillery. Retired Flank, (jianc retire, Fr.)*, Low flank, (Jianc bus, Fr.) Covered Flank, (Jianc orillon, ou couvert, Fr.) the platform of the casemate, which lies hid in the bastion. These retired flanks 2 H FLA ( 231 ) FLA are a great defence to the opposite has- 1 flanks,) tlie French with redoubled ac- tion and passage of the ditch,, because the besiegers cannot see, nor easily dis- mount, their guns. Flank prolonged, (jlunc prolongi, Fr.) in fortilication, is the extending of the. Hank from the angle of the epaule- nient to the exterior side, when the an- gle of the flank is a right one. Concave Flank, (Jlanc concave, Fr.) is that which is made in the arc of a semi-circle bending outwards. Flanks of a frontier are the different salient points of a large extent of ter- ritory, between each of which it would be impolitic fur any invading army to ha/aid an advanced position. The iate celebrated General Lloyd (whose accu- racy of observation and solidity of con- clusion with respect to the old iron fron- tier of France have heen universally ac- knowledged) lias furnished military men with a full and succinct account of the relative positions upon it. He divides this long line (which begins at Basil in Switzerland, and runs in various di- rections from thence to Dunkirk in French Flanders) into three parts, and considers each of them separately. The first part goes from Basil to Landau, and covers Alsatia; it is near 130 miles in length. The second part goes from Landau to Sedan on the Moselle, covers Lorraine on the side of the Electorate of Treves, the Duchies of Deux-Ponts, Luxemburgh, and Liniburg; it is 190 miles in length. From Sedan down the Meuse to Charleniont in French Flan- ders, and thence to Dunkirk, goes the third part, and is about 150 mites ; so that the whole natural frontier of France is 470 miles. The greatest part, if not the whole, of which is in the shape of a horse shoe, and presents impregnable llauks. An anonymous writer, (See Better late than never,published in 1793,) after referring the reader to General Lloyd for a specilic account o\ the first and second linens o.f the French frontier, has made the following observations relative to the third and last, which runs from Sedan down the Meuse to Charleniont, from thence to Dunkirk, and is 150 miles in length. His words are — While the duke of Brunswick and the king of Prussia were ruining the most formidable armies in Europe by endeavouring to penetrate a few uiilesintoLorraineandChampaune through the first and second line, (with- out having previously secured the two tivity operated upon the third, ano finally subdued all Flanders. Those very difficulties, in fact, which presented themselves to oppose the progress hi the allied army into France, facilitated every excursion on her part, as the di- rection of the lineuliicli goes from Sedan to Landau is concavl loicurds that part of Germany. The remainder of this line (within which so many faults were committed, or rather could not be avoided, because the impression itself was founded in error) runs to Dunkirk. " Tt has been the scene of successive wars for nearly two centuries, the most expensive, bloody, and durable, of any recorded in the an- nals of mankind." This line, continues General Lloyd, is stronger by art than nature, having a prodigious number ol Strong fortresses and posts upon it; more- over it projects in many places, so that an enemy can enter no where, without having some of them in front and on his Hanks. Hence the impolicy of taking Valen- ciennes, or marching towards Quesnoy, without, having previously secured Dun- kirk, Lisle, eye. Flanks, in farriery, a wrench, or any other grief in the back of a horse. To Flank, in fortification, is to erect a battery which may play upon an ene- my's works on the right or left without being exposed to his line of fire. Any fortification, which has no defence buC right forward, is faulty ; and to make it complete, one part ought to flank the other. To Flank, in evolutions, to take such a position in action as either to assist your own troops, or to annoy those of your enemy, by attacking either of his thinks, without exposing yourself to all his fire. To Out-flank, a manoeuvre by which an army, battalion, troop, or com-, puny, outstretches another, and gets upon both, or either, of its flanks. To Out-flank, in an extensive ac- ceptation of the term, when applied to locality, means to possess any range of opposite parts, or territory, whence you might invade your neighbour. FLANKER, a fortification jutting out so as to command the side, or flank, of an enemy marching to the assault, or attack. Flankers, in cavalry manoeuvres, the FLA ( 235 ) FL E most active men and horses who are se- lected to do the duty of flankers. The men, of course, must be perfect masters of their horses. One complete file of each four must be a file of 'flankers; it does not signify which file, but if it can conveniently be done, the center file should be taken, as in that case neither the flank men, nor the telling off of the squadron or division will be affected. W hen you manoeuvre by whole squa- drons, six or eight flankers arc sufficient in general for the whole squadron. The word of command, when the flankers come out to the front, is, flank- ers forward ! Inflariking, a great deal depends upon the officer or serjeant; he mu c t be ex- tremely active, and not only attend to the movements of the division from which he is detached, but likewise to his flankers. As horses frequently refuse to quit the ranks and hang back obstinately, the men indiscriminately should be often called out of the ranks one by one, and practised as flankers. — Grenadiers and light infantry are also called flankers. To Flanker, (in French flanquer,) to fortify the walls of a city with bul- warks or countermines. FLANKING is the same in fortifica- tion as defending. Flanking party, any body of men detached from the main army to get upon the flanks of an enemy, so as to secure a line of march. See Flankers. Flanking angle, in fortification, that composed of the two lines of defence, and pointing towards the curtain. See Tenaille. Flanking line of defence. See line of defence. Flanking-point. See Point. FLANNEL, (. #ane//e,Fr.) a soft nappy stuff or wool. It is also called molleton by the French. Whenever the govern- ment of a country can afford any extra clothing for soldiers on service, particu- larly in cold countries, or even in lot climates, it is sound policy to make an allowance for flannel; indeed, it ought to form a principal part of the neces- saries of a soldier. FLANQUE, Fr. to be defended in such a manner that no attack can be successfully made against a work. 1 ANQUER, Fr. to flank. 1 1 AP, a disease in horses, by which the lips are swoln on both sides of the mouth. FLAQUIERE, Fr. part of a mule's harness. FLASH, the flame which issues from any piece of ordnance, or fire-arm, on its being fired. Flash in the pan, an explosion of gunpowder without any communication beyond the touch-hole. When a piece is loaded, and upon the trigger being drawn, nothing but the priming takes fire, that piece is said to flash in the pan. FLASK, a measure made of horn, used to carry powder in, with the mea- sure of the charge of the piece on the top of it. FLASQUES, Fr. in the artillery, are two cheeks of the carriage of a great gun. See Affut. Flasque, Fr. likewise means a gun- powder flask. FLAT, a level; an extended plane. YLAT-bottomed boats, in military af- fairs, are made to swim in shallow wa- ter, and to carry a great number of troops, artillery, ammunition, &c. They are constructed in the following man- ner : a 12-pounder, bow chace, an 18 ditto, stern chace ; 90 to 100 feet keel ; 12 to 24 ditto beam ; 1 mast, a large square main-sail; a jib-sail : they are rowed by 18 or 20 oars, and can each carry 400 men. The gun takes up one bow, and a bridge the other, over which the troops are to march. Those that carry horses have the fore parts of the boats made open. Y'LAT-bottomed, (fait a fond de cuve, Fr.) not having any keel; as flat-bottom- ed boats are built. The French call these boats prames. FLATTOIR, Fr. a flatting hammer. FLAW, (fente, Fr.) any crack or small opening in a gun, or its carriage, is so called. FLEAU, Fr. the beam, or balance, of a pair of scales. Fl£au de Porte, Fr. an iron, or a strong wooden bar, which falls across the inside of the gates of a town, when shut, so as to prevent their being broken open. Fleau, Fr. a scourge. The French use this word figuratively in most cases, as wc do, viz La guerre, la pestc, et la famine sont trois fleaux de Dieu, war, pestilence and famine, are three scourges of God. They also say, La calomnie est 2H3 F L E ( 236 ) FLO le llcau de la vert u, calumny is the scourge of virtue. FLECHE, Yr. an arrow. Fleche, IV. in geometry, B perpen- dicular line raised upon the center Oi th« chord of an arc or segment of a circle, ins: to fence. also to mark with a hot iron, as is prac- ticed upon criminals. La FLEUR de$ troupes, Fr. choice or picked nun : the dower of an army. FLEURET, Fr. a foil used in learn- and terminated by the circumference. Fleciie, in field fortification, a work of two face*, usually raised in the field, to cover the quarter guards of a camp or advanced post. Fleciie urdcnle, Fr. a particular kind of artificial firework, which is throw n into the works OI the enemy; literally a blazing arrow. Fleche quarr'ce, Fr. a quarrel of a cross-bow. Fleches de pont-levis, Fr. pieces of timber collected at the counterpoise oi a draw-bridge, to which are fixed two chains, that raise the apron of the bridge. Fleches d'urpenteur, Fr. piquets, or long equal poles which land-surveyors use to measure land. Fleciies pour le petard, Fr. sticks of iron iixed together by means of iron rings, the last of which is armed with strong iron points ; to this is iixed the petard, which is to burst upon the gates: these engines go upon wheels, and art pushed forward like flying bridges. FLECHIR, Fr. to submit; to truckle under, to buckle to. FLEECE, (taison, Fr.) Golden fleece, (toison d'ur, Fr.) See Orders. FLEET, (fiolte, Fr.) The French also use the word armee, to signify fleet or armament at sea, viz. le Vaisseau ainiral porte tous ses fanaux allumes la milt, pour niarquer la route uit restc de V armee, the admiral's ship has all its lights out, during the night, in order to mark, or shew, the course to the rest of the fleet. They also say, armcc nuvnlc, naval army. See Naval, 1 r. To FLESH, according to Dr. John- son, to initiate; from the sportsman's practice of feeding his hawks and dogs with the first game that they take; or training them to pursuit by giving them the flesh of animals. To Flesh a szcord, to draw blood by means of a sword. It is also used figu- ratively — Thus Junius, under the signa- ture of Atticus, says of the Duke of Grafton — His Grace had honourably Jleshcd his maiden szeord in the field oj opposition. FLETCHER. See Bowyer. FLETRIR, Fr. to brand; to disgrace; FL1 BUSTIERS, Fr. pirates in the \Y< st Indies: they cruise in bottoms called Jlibots. Hence Jlibudcr is to go out to plunder. FLIBOT, Fr. a fly boat; a pirate's boat. FLIGHT, used figuratively for the swift retreat of an army, or any party, from a victorious enemy. To put to Flight, to force your enemy to quit the field of battle. Flight is likewise applicable to mis- sile weapons, or shot, as a flight ot ar- rows, a flight of bombs, &c. ThK.m-slwt, (coup de fleche, Fr.) the motion of an arrow shot from a bow. FLINT, (euillou, Fr.) a hard semi- pellucid stone of the chrystal kind, well known to strike fire with steel. As va- rious accidents happen from the want of proper attention to the method of fixing and enclosing flints in firelocks, particu- larly among volunteers and raw troops, we think it right to warn every soldier against the use of paper for this purpose. Paper, being naturally absorbent, must necessarily receive, in the course of one or two discharges of the musket, several particles of gunpowder, and become in- flammable. To soldiers, (such as light troops and rifle-men who prime from a powder-horn,) this mode is peculiarly iiazardous. Instances, indeed, have oc- curred, in w hich the hand has been blown olT. We would recommend sheet lead, or leather. But sheet lead", such as may be got from every tea-dealer, is prefer- able to leather. Leather is clastic, and does not wrap round the flint so welt as lead, which collapses at every pressure; and in process of time leather will be- come dry, and of course susceptible of ignition. Captains of companies might easily afford their men a sullicient quan- tity of sheet lead, out of the allowance for emery, oil, and brickdusl. To FLOAT. A column is said to float when it loses its perpendicular line in march, and becomes unsteady in its movements. ThOAT-boal, (rade.au, Fr.) a raft upon which persons, or things, may be con- veyed by water. FLOATING-taHcnes, (batteries fiot- FLU ( 2S7 ) F O A iantes, Fr.) vessels used as batteries, to cover troops in landing on an enemj's coast. FLOGGING, the punishment in ge- neral use among the British foot soldiers. It is inflicted with a whip having several lashes ; generally nine. FLOODGATE, in fortified towns, is composed of 2 or 4 gates, so that the besieged by opening the gates may inun- date the environs, and keep the enemy out of gun-shot. FLOOR. See Platform. FLOTSON, goods that swim without any owner on the sea. FLOTTEMENT, Fr. an undulation or floating in the movements of a bat- talion whilst marching. See to Float. To FLOURISH, in a general musical acceptation of the term, is to play some prelude, or preparatory air, without any settled rule. A Flourish, (fanfare, Fr.) any vibration of sound that issues from a musical instrument. The trumpet Flour rsn, in drawing swords, is used regimen tally by corps of cavalry on their own ground, and is the sounding u.-ed in receiving a major- general. It is repeated twice for a lieu- tenant-general. Whenever his Majesty, the Commander in Chief, or any of the royal family appear before a body of cavalry, the trumpet flourish is always used. FLOWER, (elite, Fr.) a word in common military phraseology to signify the choicest troops of an army. The French say also lafteur des troupes. Flower de luce, > the original arms Fleur de lis, ] of France. They consist in three flowers fie lis or, in a field of azure. These arms were super- seded in 1789, by the cap of liberty, and the three-coloured flag, when the Bastile was taken and destroyed by the inhabitants of Paris. They were restored in 1815, through the unite*) efforts of the allied armies, against the Emperor Napoleon. FLUGEL-w«», a well drilled intelli- gent soldier advanced in front of the line, to give the time in the manual and platoon exercises. The word fiugel is derived from the German, and signifies a wing; the man having been originally posted in front of the right wing. FLUSHED, a term frequently applied when men have been successful, as, flushed with victory, &c. FLUTE, a wind instrument which is sometimes used in military bands. FLUTE, Fr. a rank : a flute. FLUX, (fur, Fr.) an extraordinary evacuation of the body, to which soldiers are frequently subject on service. To- wards the fall of the year this disorder is particularly prevalent, especially in camps. It is of a contagious nature, and the greatest care should be taken to prevent the healthy men in a regi- ment from frequenting the privies to which those infected by this cruel dis- order are permitted to resort. A sentry should always be posted in the vicinitv of every hospital for that specific purpose. FLY, the upper part of a tent or marquee, that from which the shell and walls may be detached. To FLY ( fuir ; s'enfuir ; se saaver, Fr.) to make a precipitate retreat; to run away. To Fly in a battle, (iourner le dos, Fr.) to turn tail and run away. To abandon the standard, or colours, of a regiment. To Fly one's country, (quitter sa patrie ; imigrer, Fr.) to abandon the country in which one was born, and to go into some other; to emigrate. This can seldom happen without the party incurring the imputation of cowardice, dishonour, or guilt. To Fly for refuge, (se refugier, Fr.) to seek some particular country, quarter, or place, where one may be out of the reach of persecution, or justice. To Fly the kingdom, (vuider, Fr.) to escape out of the limits of a regulated dominion. To Fly lack, as a horse does, (ruer, Fr.) to fall suddenly into a retrograde movement ; to discover manifest symp- toms of fear. To Fly- from one's colours, to aban- don the regiment with which one is act- ing, or a cause which one has espoused. FLYING-carop, (camp volant, Fr.) See Camp. Flying - S arm 2/- See army. £ bridge. See Bridge. FLYiNG-r^pori, (bruit qui court, Fr.) a vague and uncertain communication, which is made by one, or more, persons. TLYixG-colours, (emeignes deployies, Fr.) colours unfurled, and left to waver in the air. Hence to return, orcomeoff, with flying colours; to be victorious, to get the better. FOAL, (poulain, pontine, Fr.) the B O N ( 238 ) FOO offspring of a mare, or other beast of lllll lllt'l). FOCUS, in nuning. See Mink. J'UDDKlt, (t four-rage) i>ninrc, Fr.) hay, E. See Enemy. IOI, Fr. faith; credit; belief. The French say, nuvoir ni J'oi ni loi, to have neither religion nor probity. For alsosignifies testimony; evidence: Enfoi de auoi, in testimony whereof. FOIBLE d'une place, Fr. the weak side of a fortified place. iOIBLKsSE, Fr. See Weakness, Foiblesse d'une pluce de, guerre, Fr. those parts of a fortified town, or place, where they are most vulnerable. FOIL, in fencing, a long piece of steel of an elastic temper, mounted some- what like a sword, which is used in Fencing for exercise. It is without a point, or any sharpness, having a button at the extremity covered with leather. To Foil, to defeat. FOIN, Fr. hay. Foin d'arriere saison, Fr. after-math, or tatter-math. FOLLES (pieces) d\h tillerir, Fr. those pieces of ordnance, the bore of which is not exactly straight. To FOLLOW, (suivrc, Fr.) to go after any thing; to pursue; as to follow the enemy. To Follow vp, (poursnivre, FY.) to pursue with additional vigour sooae ad- vantage which has already been gained. As to follow up a victory, poursnivre. line victoire. There is not, perhaps, in mili- tary strategy, or in military tactics, a more difficult part to act than that of following up a victory. Every quality which constitutes a good general must be exerted on this occasion. FOLLOWEIIS of a camp, officers' servants, sutlers, &c. All followers of a camp aresubject to the Articles of War equally with the soldiery. FONCIEREMENT, JV. thoroughly; to the bottom. The French say rl est Jbnciercmcnt bun officier, he is a thorough good officer. FONCTIONS niilituircs, Fr. the re- lative duties and occupations to which military men are subject. Fom> (futjut, Fr. the sole or bottom of a gun-carriage. Dc FYjnd en comblc, Fr. utterly ; en- tirely. IJurince est ruinee de fond en comble, the army is ruined, or undone, to all intents and purposes. FOND de cule, Fr. hold of a ship. FONDELFE, Fr. an instrument used id the same manner as a sling to throw stones; it was likewise called hricoile, owing to the stones when round taking an oblique direction. FONDEMENS, Fr. foundation. FOND ERIE, Fr. forge; furnace; casting-house. See Foundry. FOND EUR cfartiUerie, Fr. the per- son who casts the pieces of ordnance. FONDUE, Fr. to fall upon; to rush upon. La cavaleric alia J'ondre sur Voile gauche dc I'ennemi, the cavalry, or horse, fell upon the left wing of the enemy. Foxdre. Fr. to draft; as, fondre lea regimens de Bul/cr et de Fielding duns ceu.v dc Montcassel, Obrien et Dillon, to draft the regiments of Butler and Fielding into those of Moutcassel, Obrien and Dillon. FONDRIERE, Fr. an opening in the surface of the earth occasioned by earthquakes, fire, rain ; or a marshy ground, the waters of which growing stagnant are dried up in summer time, and freeze in cold weather — A bog. ION OS destines pour le paicment da troupes, Fr. monies issued for the ser- vice of the army. FONTE des pieces d'artillerie, Fr. the metal used in the casting of cannon, which consists of three sorts well mixed together, viz. copper, tin, and brass. FOOLIIARD1NESS, courage without discretion ; inconsiderate rashness. FOOLHARDY, daring without judg- ment; inconsiderately bold; foolishly adventurous. FOOT, the lower part; the base. As the foot of the alps, le pied des Alpes. The Foot, the marching army of the e that goes on fool; the infantr ■y m :n is contradistinction to cavalry, whic called the Horse. YooT-boy, a low menial ; an attendant in livery. It is contrary to the Articles of War to put any soldier, or enlisted person, in livery ; the duty of a soldier F O O ( '239 ) F O R being always considered as superior to every badge of degradation. ¥ooT-soldier,ai\ armed man who serves on foot. Foot is also a longmeasure,consisting of 12 inches. Geometricians divide the foot into 10 digits, and the digits into 10 lines; but we divide the foot into 12 inches, and an inch into 12 lines, and a line into 12 points. A square Foot is the same measure, both in length and breadth, containing 12 X 12 — 144 squareor superficial inches. A cubic Foot is the same measure in all the three dimensions, length, breadth, and thickness; containing 12 x 12~ 144 X 12—1728 cubic inches. The foot is of different lengths in different countries. The Paiis royal foot exceeds the English by 9 lines; the ancient Roman foot of the Capitol consisted of 4 palmsiz 11-^- English inches; and the Rhineland or Leyden foot, by which the northern nations go, is to the Roman foot as 950 to 1000. The proportions of the principal feet of several nations are as follow. The English foot divided into 1000 parts, or into 12 inches, the other feet will be as follow : lO "> . • CO Places. 100 pari "5 12 - London foot 1000 — Amsterdam 942 _ 11 3 Antwerp - 946 11 2 Bologna - 1204 1 2 4 Berlin - 1010 1 — 2 Bremen - 964 — 11 6 Cologne - 954 — 11 4 Copenhagen 965 — 11 6 Dantzig - 914 — 11 O Dort ... 1184 1 2 2 Frankfort on the Main 948 — 11 4 The Greek 100? 1 — 1 Mantua - 1569 1 6 8 Mechlin - 999 — 11 — Middlebourg 991 — 11 9 Paris Royal 1068 1 — 9 Prague - 1026 1 — 3 Rhineland 1033 1 — 4 Riga - 1831 1 9 9 Roman ... 967 — 11 6 Old Roman 970 — 11 8 Scotch - 1005 1 — 5 Strasbourg 920 — 11 — Madrid - 899 — 10 7 Lisbon ... 1060 1 — 6 Turin - 1062 1 — 7 Venice - 116'J 1 1 9 On Foot. \\ hen any given number of armed men are called out for actual service, the aggregate body is said to be ok foot . To be on the same footing with another, is to be under the same cir- cumstances in point of service ; to have the same number of men, and the same pay, &c. To gain or lose ground foot by foot, is to do it regularly and resolutely ; de- fending every thing to the utmost extremity, or forcing it by dint of art or labour. Fool-bank, in fortification. See Ban- quette. FORAGE, ( /barrage, Fr.) in the art of war, implies hay, straw, and oats, for the subsistence of the army horses. This forage is dis ided into rations, one of which is a day's allowance for a horse, and contains 14lb. of hay, 101b. of oats, and 6 or 8lb. of straw. Dry Forage, (fourrage sec, Fr.) See Fodder. Green Forage, (fourrage vert, Fr.) See Green Fodder. When cavalry are stationed in barracks in Great Britain, the number of rations of forage to be issued to the horses of the officers, non-commissioned-officers, and soldiers, is not to exceed the Regu- lations, and is to be confined to those which are actuallyeffective in the barracks. YonAGZ-Master-GcneruI, in former times, an officer who was a principal dependant upon the Lord Marshal; to his charge was delivered the disposing of all manner of horse provisions. This situation has merged into that of quarter master-general. To Forage, ( fourrager, Fr.) to scour a country in order to get pro- vender and provisions for an army. It also signifies to pillage, pi//er,¥r. FORAGER, ( four 7-ageur,\h.) owe who forages. FORBAN, Fr. a pirate; a lawless wretch that plunders indiscriminatelv at sea. He is also called Ecumeur de mer. FORCAT, Fr. a galley slave. FORCE, an armament or warlike preparation. Forcc, in a military sense, any- body of troops collected together for warlike enterprize. In Force, (enforce, Fr.) to be col- ' lectcd together and prepared for combat. As the enemy were in force behind the mountains. FOR ( 240 ) FOR Effective Forces. All the efficient parts of an army that may he brought into action are called effective, and generally consist of artillery, cavalry, and infantry, with their necessary appen- dages, such as hospital stuff, wagon- train, ariihcers and pioneers: the latter, though thev cannot he considered as effective fighting men, constitute so fai a part of effective forces, that no army could maintain the field without them. Effective Forces of a country, all the disposahle strength, vigour and activity of any armed proportion of native or terri- torial population. The navy of Great Britain must he looked upon as the effective bulwark of Old England: to which the body of marines adds no in- considerable weight and importance, from tried courage and unquestionable fidelity. The superiority of our navy sufficiently proves its effective value. Distribution of the effective Forces of a country. Under this head may be considered, not only the effective forces which might engage an enemy, but like- vise those included in the several returns that are made from home or foreign stations to the War office, and out of which a grand total is formed to corre- spond with the estimates that are annually laid before the House of Commons, bv the Secretary at War. To Force is to take by storm; also to man the works of a garrison. To Force an enemy to give battle, to render the situation of an enemy so hazardous, that whether he attempt to quit his position, or endeavour to keep it, his capture or destruction must be equally inevitable. In either of which desperate cases, a bold and determined general will not wait to be attacked, but resolutely advance and give battle, espe- cially if circumstances should combine to deprive him of the means of an honourable capitulation. This can only be safely effected, by having previously disposed your own forces so as to defy any impression on his part, and by sub- sequent able manoeuvres to have it in your power to foil his attack. To Force a passage, to oblige your enemy to retire from his fastnesses, and thus open a way into the country which he had occupied. This may be done either by a coup cle main, or renewal of assaults. In either case, the advancing body should be well supported, and its flanks he secured with the most jealous .,it' ntion. FORCE d'une armic, Fr. the sinew* of an army. According to the French, and indeed according to the experience of all ages, argent, or money, constitutes the strength of every army. Hence point d'argent, point dc Suisse, no pay no soldier. Prendre une place de Force, a force ouverlc, Fr. to storm a fortified place. FORCER, Fr. to take by main force; to carry a fortified town or place, &c. Forcer, Fr. to take advantage of superior strength; to levy contributions, &C. Forcer une ligne, Fr. to act offen- sively against any line of defence; to break through it. Forcer une troupe, Fr. to act vigo- rously against armed troops; and by means of repeated attacks to get the better of them. FORCING an adversary's guard or blade, a term used in the science of broad-sword. " If at any time your antagonist ap- pears languid and weak on his guard, and barely covers his body on the side he is opposed ; by stepping well forward and striking the fort of your sword smartly on his blade, you may be enabled to deliver a cut without risk even at the part he intends to secure ; taking care to direct your blade in such a manner, that the plate or cross bar of your hilt shall prevent bis sword from coming forward." See Art of Defence on Foot. FORCEPS, an instrument used in chirurgery, to extract any thing out of wounds, or take hold of dead or corrupt flesh, for the purpose of amputation. It is made somewhat in the shape of a pair of tongs or pincers, with grappling ends. Every regimental surgeon, or assistant surgeon, is directed to have a pair among his set of instruments. FORD, the shallow part of a river where soldiers may pass over without? injuring their arms. FORE-HAND of a horse, (bout d9 devant d'un cheval, Fr.) That part of a horse which is before a rider. FORE-RANK, first rank; front. FOREIGN, not domestic; alien; ex*» traneous. Foreign service, in a general sensej means every service but our own. In a more confined acceptation of the term. F O R ( $41 ) FOR it signifies any service done out of the limits of Great Britain, Ireland, the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, &c. Foreign troops, in an English accep- tation, regiments or companies which J are composed of aliens. Before the late war, no foreigner could bear a commis- sion in the British service, or be enlisted as a soldier. Foreign corps. In the month of August, 1794, a department of foreign corps was instituted, intended to consist of 10 regiments, each of two battalions, which, if completed, would have amount- ed to 15,000 men. All the foreign corps attached to the British army, together with the German Legion, were disbanded in 1815 ; the officers being placed upon half-pay. Foreigners in the East India service, bounty to. When foreigners enlist, or are entertained, in the service of the East India Company, it is ordered, that they shall serve one year without boun- ty ; at the expiration of which time, if thev have behaved well, they may be enlisted for 3 or 5 years, and receive bounty accordingly. FORELAND, in fortification, called by the French, pas de sonris, relak, re- traite, berme or lisicrc, a confined space of ground between the rampart of a town or fortified place, and the moat. Whenever a fortification can be com- pleted without having recourse to this substitute for stone, (with which the rampart ought to be faced,) it certainly is advisable to go to the expense. For a bold enemy, who lias once made his way over the moat, will derive consider- able advantage from having this path to stand on. It is generally from 3 to 8 or 10 feet wide. This space serves to re- ceive the demolished parts of the ram- part, and prevents the ditch from being filled up. In Holland the foreland is planted with thickset, but it is generally faced with palisades. Foreland, "^ any point of land or Foreness, S which juts out into the sea, so called from nez, nose. North Foreland, a head-land, or promontory which juts out into the sea from the isle of Thanet. South Foreland, a head-land, or pro- montory, which juts out into the sea to- wards the south at Waliuer Castle, and forms a part of that extent of coast which outflanks Dover. The North aud South Foreland are' two flanking points to the Downs, having a convex surface of water, between Ramsgate and Wal- mer, towards the coast. FORET, Fr, a steel instrument used to bore the touch-hole of a piece of ord- nance. The same name is given to a very large instrument used by the miners when they want to establish furnaces, or chambers, &c. in a rock, or any stony substance. FORFANTE & FORFANTERIE, Fr. See Fanfaron. FORGE, in the train of artillery, is generally styled a travelling forge, and may not be improperly called a portable smith's shop : at this forge all manner of smith's work is made, and it can be used upon a march, as well as in camp. For- merly these forges were very ill-contriv- ed, with two wheels only, and wooden supporters to prop the forge for working when in the park. Of late years they are made with 4 wheels, which answers the purpose much better. The cavalry have portable forges as well as the artillery. See Cart. Forge for red hot balls is a place where the balls are made red-hot before they are fired off: it is built about 5 or 6 feet below the surface of the ground, of strong brick work, and an iron grate, upon which the balls are laid, with a very large fire under them. See Red- hot halls. Forge de campagne, Fr. a moveable forge which accompanies the artillery, or cavalry. FORKHEAD. See Barb. FORLORN-/to/;e, in the military art, signifies men detached from several re- giments, or otherwise appointed to make the first attack in the day of battle; or at a siege, to storm the counterscarp, mount the breach, &c. They are so called from the great danger they are unavoidably exposed to. To FORM, in a general acceptation of the term, is to assume, or produce, any shape or figure, extent or depth of line or column, by means of prescribed rules in military movements, or dispositions. To Form from file among cavalry. The front file halts at a given point; the rest, or remaining fi e 5 successively ride up at a very smart gallop, taking care to halt in time, and not to over-run the ground. If the formation is by doubling round the front file, (in a formation, for instance, to the rear of the march, or to the right whifti marched from the right,) 1 I' F O 11 ( 2V> ) FOR tlie files must double as close round as possible, and with the utmost expedition. In forming from lile, particular attention should be given, to make the men put their horses quite straight as they come in. They must keep their bodies square, dress by a slight cast of the eye towards the point of formation, and close and diess in an instant. To Form to the front, to move nim- blv up from file into ranks, and close to the leader, whether on foot or horse- back. To Form to the rear, to double round the leaders, who have themselves turned and faced. ZuFofiM to a proper flank, to turn Rnd close in to the leader. To Form to a reverse flank, to pass, turn, and successively close to the leaders. In all formations from file, the whole, till otherwise directed, dress to the hand to which the squadron or division forms. To Form by moving in front, and suc- cessively arriving in tine, is by divisions, or distinct bodies, to advance forward by word of command towards any given point of alignement. To Form line is to wheel to the right or left from open column of divisions, subdivisions, or sections, according to prescribed rules, so as to present one continued front or straight line; or to deploy from close column for the same end, or to file to the front. To Form rank entire is to extend the front of a battalion, or company, by reducing it to the least possible depth, from any existing number of ranks. To Form two deep is, from rank en- tire or from three deep, to produce a re- gular line of files. To Form three deep is to add the depth of one half file to two deep, and to produce the natural formation of a battalion in line. To Form Jour deep is to diminish the natural extent of a battalion formed in line, by adding one half-file tj its depth. To Form echelon is, from line, or open column, to wheel a given number ot paces forward or backward, so as to produce a diagonal or oblique direction m the different proportions of a line ; the outward Hank of each succeeding division, company or section, constantly preserving a perpendicular direction, at a regidated distance, from the inward flank of its leader, until it arrive at its. point of junction. To Form line by echelon is to advance in column towards an) given object by a diagonal movement, so as eventually to produce a regular continuity of front. her F( nil o.n, or DlAGON vi. movement. To Form close column is to march by files iii detached proportions of a line, till each proportion shall arrive in front,. or in rear ol any given bodv. To FORM open column is to wheel backwards or forwards, or to inarch out by tiles, so that the several proportions Of a line may stand in a perpendicular direction to one another, with intervals between them equal to the extent of their front. To Form circle is to march a batta- lion or company, standing in line, from its two Hanks ; the leading tiles bringing their right and left shoulders forward, so as to unite the whole in a circular continuity of tiles. To Form on is to advance forward, so as to connect yourself with any given object of formation, and to lengthen the. line. To Form on a front division is from close, or open column, or by the march in echelon, to arrive by a parallel move- ment at the right or left of any given di- vision, by which means a prolongation of the line is produced. To Form on a rear divisio?% is to face all the preceding divisions which are in column to the right, (the point of form- ing having been previously taken in that direction, as far as the prolongation of the head division will extend, and just beyond where the right of the battalion is to come,) and to uncover the rear one, so as to (liable it to advance forward to a given point on the left, and take up its place in the alignement . To Form on a central division. To execute this manoeuvre, the front and rear divisions must deploy, or open, so as to uncover the named division, and enable it to move up to a given point of aligne- ment. A forming point must be given to both tlanks in the prolongation of the head division. To FORM tine on a rear company of the open column standing in echelon, thaf company remains placed ; the others face about, wheel back on the pivot flanks of the column, as being those which afterwards first come into line. On the word march) they move forward, FOR ( 243 ) FOR And then halt, front, successively in the line of the rear company. To Form line on the rear company fa- ting to the rear of the open column stand- ing in echelon, the whole column must first countermarch, each company by files, and then proceed as in forming on < ing terminated at the angle. they were directed to a point about 20 toises from it, they would be much bet- ter, as then they might be defended by that length of the rampart, thougjl but very obliquely. The ditch ought to be from 8 to LO toises. Sometime.-, instead of half bastions at the angles, whole ones are replaced in the middle of the sides. The gorges of these bastions may be from 20 to 24 toises, when the sides are from 100 to 120 ; the thinks are perpendicular to the sides, from 10 to 12 toises lone ; and the capitals from 20 to '.' I. If the sides happen to be more or less, the parts of the bastions ace like- wise made more or less in proportion. The ditch round this tort may be 10 or 12 toises wide. The ramparts and parallels of these wojks are commonly made of turf, and the outside of the parapet is fraised : that is, a row of palisades is placed about the middle of the slope, in an horizontal manner, the points declining rather a little downwards, that the gre- nades or fire-works thrown upon them mav roll down into the ditch; and if the ditch be drv, a row of palisades should be placed in the middle, to pre < tois< s ; ) FOR having it- Hanks at the distance 01. 12 toises, and a tlitch measuring 5. Large bastions have the advantage oi small ones, lor this palpable reason ; the bastion being ronsulered the weakest part of the body of a place, is always attacked ; when there is room for troops, cannon and mortars, its natural weak- ness is greatly remedied. Gorge of a bastion is the interval be- tween the extremity of one flank and that of tin- next. Flat bastion. When a bastion upon a right line is so constructed, that its demi-gorges do not form an angle, it is culled a Hat bastion. Gorge of a flat bastion is a right line, which terminates the distance between two tlank*. Solid bastion, } a bastion is said to be Full bastion, ) solid or full, when the level grOund within is even with the rampart; that i^, when the inside is quite level, the parapet being only more elevated than the rest. Solid bastions have this advantage over others, that they afford earth enough to make a re- trenchment, in case tlic enemy lodge themselves on the top of the bastion, and the besieged are resolved to dispute ev< ry inch of ground. Hollow bastion,) is that where the Empty bastion, 5 level ground within is much lower than the rampart, or that part next to the parapet where the troops an- placed to defend tin bas- tion, 'i he disadvantage of these kinds ot' bastions i-- the earth being so low, that when an enemy is once lodged on the. rampart, there is no making a re- trenchment _ towards the center, but what will be under the lire of the be- siegers. Detached bastion is that which is se- parated, or cut off, from the body of the place, and diit'ers from a half moon, whose rampari and parapet are lower, and not so thick as those of the place, having trie same proportion with the . of tin; place. Coin;! r-guards ' flanks a;:; sometimes called detached bastions. . ( bastion is that whose salient angle or point is cut o.'f, i i ad of which if has a re-entei ... angle, or an angle in- wards, it is nsed, either when the angle would, witl I ■■:■. a contrivance, be t(,.i , . i . ;, .. ..:■. ,.r, or some Other impediment, prevents the bastion from being carried to its full extent. Composed bastion is when two sides of the interior polygon are very unequal: which also renders the gorges unequal : it may not improperly be called a forced bastion, being, as it were, forced into that form. Deformed bastion is when the irre- gularity of the lines and angles causes the bastion to appear deformed, or out of shape. Demi-bastion is composed of one face only, has but one flank, and a demi- g°i e - , , . . . . . , Double bastion is that which is raised on the plane of another bastion, but much higher; leaving 12 or 18 feet be- tween the parapet of the lower, and the foot of the higher; and is sometimes in the nature of a cavalier. Regular bastion is that which has its true proportion of faces, flanks, and gorges. Irregular bastion is that wherein the above equality of just proportion is ted. Bcrm is a little space, or path, of or 3 feet broad, between the ditch and the talus of the parapet; it is to prevent the earth from rolling into the ditch, and serves likewise to pass and repass. As it is in some degree advanl igeous to the em my, in getting footing, most of the o ■ ■ .i ngm< ers reject il . i7i is a work plac< d before the • angle of the ravelin to cover it : it consists of '2 faces, parallel to the rav« tin, • | pendicular to those of the lunette. They are generally made IfJ fathom broad at the ends, with a ditch of the same breadth, the covert-way <>, and the glacis 20 fathom. Breadh is an opening or gap made in a wall or rarripart, with either cannon or mines, suffi< iently wide for a body of troops to enter the works, and drive the besi( g d out of it. Practical breach is that where men may mount, and make a lodgment, and should be 15 or 20 f< et wide. ( 'apital of a work is an imaginary line which divides that work into two equal parts. Capital of a bastion, a line draw n from the angll of the polygon to the point of the bastion, or from the point of the bastion to the center of the gorge. These capitals are. from 35 to 40 toises in FOR ( 249 ) FOR length, from the point of the bastion to the place where the two demi-gorges meet ; being the difference between the exterior and the interior radii. Caponnihe is a passage made in a dry ditch from one work to another : when it is made from the curtain of the body of the place to the opposite ravelin, or from the front of a horn or crown-work, it has a parapet on each side, of 6 or 7 feet high, sloping in a glacis of 10 or 12 toises on the outside to the bottom of the ditch : the width within is from 20 to 2j feet, with a banquette on each side. There is a brick wall to support the earth within, which only reaches within If foot of th:- top, to prevent grazing shot from driving the splinters amongst the defendants. Caponnieres with two parapets may properly be called double ; as there are some made with one parapet only, in dry ditches of the ravelin, and in that of its redoubt, towards the salient angles, and to open towards the body of the place. Caponnieres, made from the body of the place to the outworks, are sometimes arched over, with loop-holes to fire into the ditch. The single ones in the ditch of the ravelin and redoubt are likewise made with arches open towards the place ; for, by making them in this manner, the guns which defend the ditch before them, can no other way be dis- mounted than by mines. Cascanes, in fortification, a kind of cellars made under the capital of a for- tification ; also subterraneous passages or galleries to discover the enemy's mines. Casemate, in fortification, is a work made under the rampart, like a cellar or cave, with loop-holes to place guns in it. Cavaliers are works raised generally within the body of the place, 10 or 12 feet higher than the rest of the works. Their most common situation is within the bastion, and they are made much in the same form. They are sometimes placed in their gorges, or on the middle of the curtain, and then are in the form of a horse-shoe, only flatter. The use of cavaliers is, to command all the adjacent works and country round them : they are seldom or never made but when there is a hill or rising ground whicli overlooks some of the works. Center, the middle point of any work. From the center of a plage are drawm the first lines to lay down the form of a fortification. Center of the bastion is that point where the two adjacent curtains pro- duced intersect each other. Citadel is a kind of fort, or small fortification, of 4, 5, or 6 sides ; some- times joined to towns, &c. Citadels are always built on the most advantageous ground. They are fortified towards the city, and towards the country; being divided from the former by an esplanade, or open place ; and serving in one case to overawe the inhabitants ; and in the other, not only to hinder the approach of an enemy, but to become a retreat to the garrison, should the town be taken. Coffers. See Coffer. Command is when a hill or rising ground overlooks any of the works of a fortification, and is within reach of can- non shot; such a hill is said to command that work. See Command. Complement of the curtain is that part of the interior side which forms the demi-gorge. Complement of the line of defence is that part of it which remains after the tenaille is taken away from it. Cordon is a round projection made of stone, in a semi-circular form, whose diameter is about 1 foot, and goes quite round the wall, and within 4- feet from the upper part. The cordon being placed on the top of the revetement of the escarp, is a. considerable obstacle to the besiegers, when they attempt to storm a place by applying scaling ladders to the escarp. Covert-nay is a space of five or six toises broad, extending round the coun- terscarp of the ditch, and covered by a parapet from six to seven feet and a half high, having a banquette. The superior part of this parapet forms a gentle slope, towards the country, which terminates at the distance of twenty to twenty - five toises ; this slope is called the glacis. Sometimes the covert-way is sunk 2 or 3 feet below the horizon of the field ; for, as such works are never made to discover the enemy in their trenches, m> this method of lowering the covert- way will give room for the lire of the lower curtain (in works that have one) to scour the esplanade ; and the expense of it should be the most material objection arainst it. " 2K F () R i 950 ) F O It < nter-forU arc, by some, railed buttresses. They arc solids of masonry, built behind walls, and joined to them at 18 foci distance from center to center, in order to strengthen them, especially when the\ sustain a rampart or terrace. CQunterguard is a wort placed before the bastions to coyer the opposite Hanks from being seen from the covert-way 1 . It is likewise made before the ravelins. Win p. counterguards are placed before pie collateral bastions, they are esteemed pf very greal use, as the enemy cannot batter them without having first secured the possession of the counter-guards. They were first invented by Pasino, in 157 {>, and greatly improved bv Speckle, in L589. Counterscarp is properly the exterior talus of the ditch, or that slope which terminates its breadth, and is the fur- ther side from the body of the place. It is so called from being opposite to the escarp. Cuown-zcork is a work not unlike a crown. ; it has 2 fronts and 2 branches. The fronts are composed of 9 half bas- tions, and 1 whole on< : thej are made before the curtain or the bastion, and generally serve to inclosi -ume buddings which cannot be brought within the body of the place', or to cover the town- gates, or else tO OCCUpy a Spot of ground which might be advantageous to an enemy. They are so expensive, that they are rarely adopted. The best use this work can possibly be put to, is to cover 2 joining curtains, when the sides of it will be parallel to the sides of the place, and it should be fortified with the same strength and in the same manner. The authors who have written on the subject, have never thought of this use- ful part; and we often see '.' horn-works put in practice to cover 2 curtains, where one en i un-w oik would do it much cheaper, and much better. The crown-work is adopted for the same purposes as the horn-woik. Crowned Jtorn-taork is a horn-work with a croon-wot I; before it. Curtain is that part of the body of the place, which joins the Hank of one bastion to that of another. The straight curtains have always been pre- ferred to the different designs which have been proposed, of which some have diminished the expense, and, at the same time, the strength of the place ; others have somewhat augmented the strength, but greatly diminished its area. Cuvette,} is a small ditch from 15 Cunette, S to 20 feet broad, (more or less,) made in the middle of a large dry ditch, serving as a retrenchment to de- fend the same, or otherwise to let water into it, when it can be had during a siege. When there is a cunette, there should be a caponniere to flank it. Defilement is the art of disposing all the works of a fortress in such a manner, that tiny may be commanded by the body of the place. It also includes the relative disposition of the works, and the ground within caniu.n shot, so thai the one may be discovered, and the Other not observed. Demi-gorge is the rectilinear distance On the curtain, produced from the angle of the flank, to the angle of the gorge, or the center of the bastion. I hun-liaie. See Uavkun. Descents,'m fortification, are the holes, vaults, and hollow places made by under- mining the ground. "Descents into the ditch, or foss, are boyaux or trenches effected by the means of saps in the ground of the counterscarp, under the covert-way. They are covered with madriers, or hurdles, well loaded with earth, to secure them against lire. In ditches that are full of water, the descent is made even with the surface of the water; and then the ditch is lined with fagots, fast bound, and covered with earth. In dry ditches the descent is carried down to the bottom ; after which, traverses are ma.de either as lodg- ments for the troops, or to cover the miner. When the ditch is full of water, the descent must be made over its sur- face; which is done by securing it with blinds or chandeliers, from being riladed, or by directing die course of the descent from the point of enfilade in the 1), st way you can. Detached bastion. See Bastion. Detached redoubt. See Redoubt. Ditch is a large deep trench made round each work, generally from 12 to '22 fathom broad, and from 15 to 16 feet deep. The earth dug out of it serves to raise the rampart and parapet. Almost every engineer has a particular depth and breadth for ditches; some are for narrow ones and deep, others for broad ones and shallow ; and it is most certain P OR ( 251 > FOR tli at ditches should be regulated accord- ing to the situation. In regard to wet and drv ditches, almost all authors have given it in favour of the latter; and we shall only add, that the best of all are those which can either be filled, or kept dry at pleasure. Wet ditches, which have stagnant wa- ters, are liable to great inconveniences. They are said to be well calculated to prevent sudden surprizes and assaults; but we are convinced of the contrary ; especially during a hard frost. Some again assert, that they stop all com- munication between ill-disposed persons in the garrison and the besiegers. Every man with the least experience must be of a different opinion. Wet ditches might certainly be so constructed, as to let the surface of the water remain 12 or 15 feet above the level of the adjacent country ; in which case they would serve as large reservoirs, and not only contribute to the defence of a fortified place, but enrich the grounds by being occasionally let out. The ad- ditional value which the neighbouring meadows would bear from these season- able overflowings, might in some degree compensate for the expense of the for- tification. During a siege, these waters, with proper management, must give con- siderable uneasiness to the enemy that invests the place. To answer this double purpose, the ditch must be separated into several large basons, which might be filled or emptied, as often as circumstances would require. Dry ditches, ditches that have no water in them. There are also some ditches which may be filled at will ; and others which cannot, except by extra- ordinary means. If they should be in- tended to answer the purpose of agricul- ture, aqueducts might be constructed, or the waters poured in through artificial channels. In which case the ditches would not require much depth. The glacis might be raised in such a manner as to serve to dam the body of water, and to afford a second glacis whence the besiegers might be considerably em- barrassed. Ditches that are lined, ditches whose counterscarp is supported and kept up by a stone or brick wall. Ditches that are not lined, ditches wfaoste counterscarp is supported In- earth covered with sods. These ditches are not so secure as the former, on ac- count of the breadth which must be given to the talus, and by which an enemy might easily surprize a place., So that ditches in fortification may be briefly distinguished under three separate heads, viz. D> i/ ditches, which, from the facility with which they may be repaired, and their capability of containing other works proper for their security, are, in most instances, preferable to any others. Wet ditches, that are always full of water, and consequently must have bridges of communication which are liable to be destroyed very frequently during a siege. Wet ditches are subject to many in- conveniences, are ill calculated to favour sallies, and have only the solitary ad- vantage of preventing a surprize. The third sort of ditch has all the advantages of the other two kinds ; if, as we have just observed, it can be so contrived, as to admit occasionally water into the different basons by means of aqueducts, and be drained, as circum- stances may require. Draw-bridge. See Bridge. Embrasures. See Embrasure. Envelope is any work that covers, surrounds, or envelopes either another work or a spot of ground, and therefore may be of any form or figure. The term is frequently applied to a counter- guard, though by this word, called also si/Ion, be most commonly meant an ele- vation of earth made in the ditch for defending it when it is rather too broad. Epaidement. See Epaulement. Epau/e, or the shoulder of the bastion, is the angle made by the union of the face and flank. Escarp is, properly speaking, any thing high and steep, and is used in fortification to express the outside of the rampart of any work next to the ditch. Exterior side of a fortification is the distance, or imaginary line drawn from one point of the bastion to that of the next. Faces of the bastion. See Bastion. Faces of any work, in fortification, are those parts where the rampart is made, which produce an angle pointing outwards. Face prolonged, that part of the line 2 K 2 FOR ( 252 ) FOR of defence lazant, which is terminated by the curtain, and the angle of the shoulder. Fascine. See Fascines. Fausse-brau is a low rampart going quite round the body of the place : its height is about 3 feet above the level ground, and its parapet is about 3 or 4 fathom distant from that of the body of the place. These works are made at a very great expense : their faces are very easily enfiladed, and their flank of course is seen in reverse: the enemy is under cover the minute he becomes master of them ; and a great quantity of shells which may be thrown into them, and must of necessity lodge there, will go near to make a breach, or at worst to drive every one out. Hence, they are liable to do more harm than good, and contribute no way to the defence of the place. Mr. Vauban only makes them before the curtains, and, as such, calls them tenailles. Flanks are, generally speaking, any parts of a work, which def< nd another work along the outsides of its parapets. Flank's of the bastion are the parts between the faces and the curtain. The flank of one bastion serves to defend the ditch before the curtain and face of the opposite bastion. Flanking is the same thing in fortifi- cation as defending. Retitrd Jlanks are those made behind the line which joins the extremity of the face and the curtain, towards the capital of the bastion. Concave ftanlts are those which are made in the arc of a circle. Direct, or grazing flank, is that which is perpendicular to the opposite face pro- duced, and oblique or tichant, when it makes an acute angle with that face. Second flank, \\hen the face of a bastion produced does not meet the cur- tain at its extremity, but in some other point, I lien the part of the curtain be- tween that point and the flank, is called the second flank. Modern engineers have rejected this method of fortifying. See Flank. Fliche, a work of two faces, which is often constructed before the glacis of a fortified place, when threatened with a siege, in order to keep the enemy as long at a distance as possible. Gallery is a passage made under ground, leading to the mines: galleries are from 4J to 5 feet high, and about 3| or 4 feet broad ; supported at top by wooden frames, with boards over them. Galleries, in the counterscarp of the ditches, or under the covert-way, are generally arched with brickwork or masonry, with loopholes in them for musketry to fire through into the ditches. There are some of this description in the new works round the dock-yard and common at Portsmouth. Genouilliers, the undermost part of a battery, or that part from the platform to the embrasures. Glacis is the part beyond the covert- way, to which it serves as a parapet, and terminates towards the field in an easy slope at about 20 fathoms distance. Sometimes double glacis are made paral- lel to the esplanade, and at the distance of 10 or 20 fathoms. Some authors think these works never answer the expense : however, M. Vau- ban was so sensible of their goodness, that he never failed to make them when tin ground suited ; because, when such works are defended by a skilful governor, they will afford the means of being valiantly supported. Gorge of a bastion is the interval between the extremity of one flank and that of the other. Gorge of any work, is that part next to the body of the place, where there is no rampart or parapet : that is, at the counterscarp of the ditch. Half-moon, (demi-lune, Fr.) is an out- work that has two faces which form a salient angle, the gorge of which re- sembles a crescent. It owes its original invention to the Dutch, who use it to cover the points of their bastions. This kind of fortification is, however, defec- tive, because it is weak on its flanks. Halt-moons are now called ravelins : which species of work is constructed in front of the curtain. See Kavelixs. Gorge of a half-moon is the part of it at the counterscarp, or the widest part of it, or the space contained between the two extremities of its faces, that are next to the body of the place. Head of a ?eork, its front next the enemy, and farthest from the place. Hurnuork is composed of a front and 2 branches : the front is made into 2 half bastions and a curtain: this work is of the nature of a crown-work, only smaller, and serves for the same pur- FOR ( 253 ) FOR poses. The use of horn-works in gene- ral is to take possession of some rising ground, advanced from the fortifica- tion ; the distance of which determines that of the horn-work; and they are placed either before the curtain, or before the bastions, according to cir- cumstances. Horse-shoe is a small round or oval work, with a parapet, generally made in a ditch, or in a marsh. Interior side of a fortification, an ima- ginary line drawn from the center of one bastion to that of the next, or rather the curtains produced till they meet. Loop-holes are either square, or oblong holes, made in the walls, to fire through with muskets. They are generally 8 or or 9 inches long, 6 or 7 inches wide within, and 2 or 3 without ; so that every man may fire from them direct in front, or oblique to right or left, according to circumstances. Lunettes are works made on both sides of a ravelin : one face of each is perpendicular, when produced to a face of the ravelin, at the distance of one half, or of one third part of the length of the same from the salient angle, and the other nearly so to a face of the adjacent bastion. There are likewise lunettes, whose faces are drawn perpendicular to those of the ravelin, within l-3d part from the salient angle; whose semi-gorges are only 20 fathoms. These kinds of works make a good de- fence, and are not very expensive : for as they are so near the ravelin, the com- munication with it is easy, and one can- not well be maintained till they are all three taken. Lunettes are also works made beyond the second ditch, opposite to the places of amis. They differ from the ravelins only in their situation. Lunettons are small lunettes. Merlon is that part of the breast- work of a battery, which is between the embrasures. Orillon is a part of the bastion near the shoulder, which serves to cover the retired flank from being seen obliquely. It is sometimes faced with stone, on the shoulder of a casemated bastion, to cover the cannon of the retired flank, and hin- der them from being dismounted by the enemy's cannon. Of all the works in a fortification, there is none more capable or* defending the passage of the ditch, and of destroy- ing the miner, wheresoever he may en- ter, than the orillon. Experience has shewn us of what vast advantage it is to have 2 or 3 reserve pieces of cannon, which command the ditch, and the face of the opposite bastion, in such a man- ner as to destroy the attempts of the miners, and see the breach in reverse. Hence the great advantages of a double flank, thus concealed, weigh so very much with us, and convince us so entirely of their usefulness, that we affirm no place to be well fortified without the orillon, and that the straight flank is fit for no- thing but field-works. The orillon is as old as the bastion, and was first made use of about the year 1480. We find it frequently mentioned in the works of Pasino and Speckle, first published in 1579. In the appendix, containing a true and short account of M. Vauban's manner of fortifying, taken from a French book, published by Abbe du Fay, with M. Vauban's approbation, with his new sys- tem of towers, is the following observa- tion relative to orillons. " We must take notice, that his oril- lon is square on the inside, for the con- veniency of the musketeers ; and that of his four flanks, (viz. that of the place, that of the orillon, that of the tenaille, and that of the caponniere,) the two last are the best, because they command without being commanded." — Treatise on Fortification, written originally in French, by Monsieur Ozanam, professor of mathematics at Paris, p. 193. Out-works. See Works. Palisades are stakes made of strong split wood about 9 feet long, fixed 3 deep in the ground, in rows about 6 inches asunder. They are placed in the covert- way, at 3 feet from, and parallel to the parapet of the glacis, to secure it from being surprized. Parapet is a part of the rampart of a work, 18 or 20 feet abroad, and raised 6 or 7 feet above the rest of the rampart. It serves to cover the troops placed there to defend the work against the fire of the enemy. Parallels. See Siege. Port-cullice is a falling gate or door, like a harrow, hung over the gates of fortified places, and let down to keep out the enemy. Place is commonly used in fortifica- tion instead of a fortified town. FOR ( 254 ) FOR Reptilar place, one whoso angles, sides, bastions, and other parts nre equal, Sec. Irregular place, one whose sides, an- cles, 8cc. are unequal, 8cc Place of arms is a part of the covert- way, opposite to the re-entering angle of the counterscarp, projecting outward in an angle. It is generally 20 fathoms from the re-entering angle of the ditch on both sides, and the faces are found by describing a radius of 25 fathoms. Place* of arms. See Sir.or. Pits; OP ponds, are little holes dug be- tween the higher and lower curtains, to liii'id water, in order to prevent the pass- ing from the tenailles to the Hanks. Profiles are representations of the ver- tical sections of a work, and serve to shew those dimensions which cannot be described in plans, and are yet ni eessary in the building of a fortification ; they may be very Well executed and construct- ed upon a scale of 30 feet to an Inch. By a profile are expressed the several heights, widths, and thicknesses, such as they would appear were the works cut down perpendicularly from the top to the bottom. Rampart is an elevation of earth raised along the faces of any work, 10 or 15 feet high, to cover the inner part of that Work against the fire of an enemy : its breadth differs according to the se- veral systems upon which it may be constructed : for De Ville makes them 12^ fathoms, M. Vauban 6, and others 10 fathoms. Rams-horns are low works made in the ditch, of a circular arc. They were first invented by M'. BelidorJ and serve instead of tenailles. Rare/in is a work placed before the curtain to cover it, and prevent the flanks from b( inn discovered side-ways : it consists of 2 faces meeting in an outward angle: Some ravelins are couitterguard- ed, which renders them as serviceable as either thecunettes, or tenaillons. (iorpe of a ravelin is the distance 1' - tween the two sides or faces towards the place. Gorge*, of all other out-works, are the intervals or spaces which lie between their several wings, or sines, towards the main ditch. Redans, in fortification, are indented works, consisting of lines or facings that form sallying, or re-entering angli s, Hank- ing one another, and are generally used ©nth' la river running through a garrisoned town. They are used before bastions. Sometimes the parapet of the COveit-Way is carried on in this manner. Redoubt is a work placed beyond the glacis, and is of various forms. Its pa- rapet, not being intended to resist can- non, is only 8 or <> feet thick, with ',' or :; banquettes. The length of the sides may be from 10 to 90 fathoms. Redoubt is also the name of a small work, made sometimes in a bastion, and sometimes in a ravelin, of the same form. Redoubt is likewise a square work without any bastions, placed at some distance from a fortification, to guard a pass, or to prevent an enemy bom ap- proaching that way. Detached redoubt is a kind of work much like a ravelin, with Hanks placed beyond the glacis. Jt is made to occupy some spot of ground which might be advantageous to the besiegers; likewise to oblige the enemy to open their tren- ches farther oil' than they would other- wise do. The distance of a redoubt from the covert-way should not exceed 120 toises, that the latter may thence be defended by musket-shot. J'ednuies e>i acmai/fcre, so called from tin ir similitude to a pot-hook ; the in- side line of the parapet being broken in such a manner, as to n -emble the teeth of a saw ; whereby this advantage is gained, that a great! r tire may be brought to bear upon the defile, than if only a simple face was opposed to it, and con- sequently the passage is rendered more difficult." Retrenchment is any work raised to cover a post, and fortify it. against an enemy ; such as fascines loaded with earth, gabions, sand-bags, &c. Pesetement is a strong wall built on the outside of the rampart and parapet, to support the earth, and prevent its rolling into the ditch. When the re- veterhent of a rampart goes quite up to the top, I i'ei t of the upper part is a ver- tical wail of :> feet thick, with a square stone at the top of it, projecting about 5 or (i inch; s, and a circular one below, or win re the slope begin-, of 8 or 10 inches diameter. '1 hey go quite round the ram- part, and the circular projection is called the cordon, Rideau is a small elevation of earth, extending lengthways on a plain, and jerving to 'cover a camp, or to give an advantage to a post. It is also come- FOR ( 255 ) FOR nient for the besiegers of a place, as it serves to secure the workmen in their approaches to the foot of the fortress. Rideau is also used sometimes for a trench, the earth of which is thrown up on its sides, to serve as a parapet for covering the men. Sap. See Siege. Si/Ion, a work raised in the middle of a ditch to defend it when too broad. This work has no particular construc- tion; but, as it runs, forms little bastions, half-moons, and redans, which are lower than the rampart of the place, but higher than the covert-way. It is not much used at present. Sillon means li- terally a furrow. Swallow' s-tail, an out-work, only dif- fering from a single tenaille, in that its sides are not parallel as those of the tenaille, but narrower towards the town than towards the country. Talus signifies a slope made either on the outside or inside of any work, to prevent the earth from rolling down. It is of various denominations, viz. Talus of the banquette is> that gentle slope from the top of the banquette to the horizontal line. Interior talus of the parapet, the slope from the top of the parapet to the ban- quette. Talus of the top of the parapet, that slope which lessens the height, of the pa- rapet towards the berm ; by which means the troops firing from the banquette can defend the covert-way. Exterior talus of the parapet, the slope of the parapet from the top to tlie berm. Interior talus of tlie ditch, the slope from the top of the ditch to the bottom, within. Exterior talus of the ditch, the slope from the top of the ditch to the bottom, without. Tenuities are low works made in the ditch before the curtains ; of which there are three sorts. The first are the facts of the bastion produced till they meet, but much lower ; the second have faces, flanks, and a curtain : and the third have only faces and flanks. Their height is about 2 or 3 feet higher than the level ground of the ravelin. Their use is to defend the bottom of the ditch by a grazing fire, as likewise the level ground of the ravelin, and especially the ditch before the redoubt within the ravelin, any which cannot be defended from other quarter so well as from them. Tenaillons are works made on each side of the ravelin, much like the lu- nettes ; with this difference, that one of the faces in a tenaillon is in the direc- tion of the ravelin ; whereas that of the lunette is perpendicular to it. Teri'e-plcine, in fortification, the hori- zontal superficies of the rampart, be- tween tlie interior talus and the ban- quette. It is on the terre-pleinc that the garrison pass and repass ; it is also the passage of the rounds. Tower-bastions are small towers made in the form of bastions ; first invented by M. Vauban, and used in his second and third methods ; with rooms or cel- lars underneath, to place men and artil- lery in them. As these towers are al- most a solid piece of masonry, they must be attended with much expense, though their resistance cannot be great ; for it has been found by experience, that the casemates are but of little use, because as soon as they have fired once or twice, the smoke will oblige the defenders to leave them, notwithstanding the smoke- holes. It may, therefore, be concluded, that the strength of these tower-bastions does by no means answer their expense ; and that, if small bastions were made instead of them, without casemates, they would be much better, and less expensive. Traditore signifies the concealed or hidden guns in a fortification, behind the reverse of the orillon. Traverses are parapets made across the covert-way, opposite to the salient angles of the works, and near the places of anas, to prevent enfilades ; they are 18 or 20 feet thick, and as high as the ridge of the glacis. There are also tra- verses made in the caponnieres, but then they are called tambours. Traverses- are likewise made within other works, when there are any hills or rising grounds from which the interior parts of these works may be observed. Traverses that are made to cover the en- trances of redoubts in the field, need not be above S or 10 feet thick. Trous-dc-loup, or wolf-holes, round holes made about 5 or G feet deep, with a stake in the middle : they are general- ly dag round a field redoubt, to obstruct the enemy's approach ; circular at top, and about -If feet diameter : pointed at E O It ( ::><5 ) FOR »he bottom like an inverted rone. Two or three rows of them are dug chequer- wise, about 6 paces from the edge of the ditch, viz. two rows of holes exactly op- posite to each other, and a third row m the middle, co\ ering the intervals. Wolf- holes are very useful ill preventing the approach of cavalry Wicket, a Miiall door in the gate of a fortified place at which a man on foot may go in, and which may be opened, though the gate itself be kept shut. Works. All the fortifications about a place are called the works of a place. Out-uorks. All detached works in a fortification are so called. See Dehors. Enceinte. By the enceinte of a place is meant not only the curtains, Hanks, and faces of the bastions, with the ram- part and its parapet, but also all the other works round it, as ditches, rave- lins, counterguards, horn-works, crown- works, Sec. There are three kinds of enceinte. The first, or simple enceinte, consists of a ram- part, a ditch, and an esplanade or glacis ; the second enceinte has, independently of these, a wall, which, when it is not very thick, is called eternise, with a chemin ctes rondes, covered by a small parapet for the watch or rounds to go about in at night ; and the third, or basse enceinte, is what was called fansse-braie. This last was much used by the Dutch ; but Vau- ban retained only so much of it as form- ed a tenaille with flanks opposite to the curtain. Zig-Zag. See Siegt. The principal maxims of fortification are these, viz. 1. That every part of the works be seen and defended by other parts, so that the enemy cannot lodge any where without being exposed to the fire of the place. 2. A fortress should command all places round it ; and therefore all the outworks should be lower than the body of the place. 3. The works farthest from the center should always be open to those that are nearer. 4. The defence of every part should always be within the reach of musket- shot, that is, from 120 to 150 fathoms, so as to be defended both by ordnance and small fire-arms : for if it be only defended by cannon, the enemy may dis- mount them by the superiority of their own, and then the defence will be de- bt roved at once ; whereas, when a work is likewise defended by small-arms, if the one be destroyed, the other will still subsist. 5. All the defences should be as nearly direct as possible ; for it has been found by experience, that the soldiers are too apt to fire directly before them, without troubling themselves whether they do execution or not. 6. A fortification should be equally strong on all sides ; otherwise the enemy will attack it in the weakest part, where- by its strength will become useless. 7. The more acute the angle at the center is, the stronger will be the place. 8. In great places, dry ditches are preferable to those filled with water, because sallies, retreats, succours, &C. are necessary ; but, in small fortresses, wet ditches that can be drained are the best, as standing in need of no sallies. The following maxims, in addition to those usually delivered by the writers on fortification, are extracted from a re- cent publication by James Glenie, Esq. 1. The flanked or salient angle of the bastion ought never to be less than about 71 degrees and a half, or greater than 120°. But in both Count Pagan's and Marshal \ auban's mean fortification, when the angle of the polygon approaches towards 180°, the flanked angle ap- proaches towards 113° T 48'', which is upwards of 23° greater than it ever ought to be. 2. In regular construction the face of the bastion ought not to exceed a fourth part of the exterior side, unless the circumstances of the ground, or situation, render it necessary to give it a greater length in some particular front, or fronts. 3. The perpendicular to the exterior side of a polygon of a given number of sides, ought to be of a different length from the perpendicular to the exterior side of any other figure or polygon of either a greater or smaller number of sides. For every figure or polygon has, in reality, a perpendicular of its own in proportion to its capability of resistance, and the difficulty of embracing it. 4. Consequently the magnitudes of the angle diminiie, the flanked angle, the angle of the epaule, the outward flank- ing angle, &c. in any figure or polygon of a given number of sides ought to be different from the magnitudes, of the angles of the same denominations in any FOR ( 257 ) FOR other figure or polygon of either a greater or smaller number of sides, 5. Neither the flanked angle ought to continue invariable whilst the angle di- minui varies, nor the angle diminue to continue invariable whilst the flanked angle varies, as in all polygons in Pa- gan's mean fortification, and in all above the pentagon in Vauban's. 6. The magnitude of the angle of the epaule, or shoulder, ought to vary with the number of the sides of the polygon, and not to remain constant or invariable, as Count Pagan makes it in every poly- gon, and Vauban in the hexagon, and all higher polygons. The magnitude of the flank ought also to vary with that of the angle of the polygon, and the number of its sides, and not to continue invaria- ble as it does by Count Pagan's construc- tion in all polygons, and by Delichius's and Vauban's in the hexagon, and all higher polygons. Lastly. The flanks ought not to be perpendicular to the faces of the bas- tions, or to the curtains, or to be on right lines drawn from the center of the poly- gon through the extremities of the demi- gorges. For not only the defences of the body of the place ought to be direct, but also the mutual or reciprocal de- fences of the outworks, as well as those they receive from the body of the place should be so. Field Fortification is the art of constructing all kinds of temporary works in the field, such as redoubts, field-forts, star-forts, triangular and square-forts, heads of bridges, and various sorts of lines, &c. An army intrenched, or for- tified in the field, produces in many re- spects, the same effect as a fortress ; for it covers a country, supplies the want of numbers, stops a superior enemy, or at least obliges him to engage at a disad- vantage. The knowledge of a field-engineer being founded on the principles of for- tification, it must be allowed, that the art of fortifying is as necessary to an army in the field, as in fortified places ; and though the maxims are nearlv the same in both, yet the manner of applying and executing them with judgment, is very different. A project of fortification is commonly the result of much reflexion ; but in the field it is quite otherwise : no re- gard is to be had to the solidity of the works ; every thing must be determined on the spot ; the works are to be traced out directly, and regulated by the time and number of workmen, depending on no other materials than what are at hand, and having no other tools than the spade, shovel, pick-axe, and hatchet. It is therefore in the field, more than any where else, that an engineer should be ready, and know how to seize all advantages at first sight, to be fertile in expedients, inexhaustible in inventions, and indefatigably active. Quantity and quality of the materials which are required in the construction of Jield fortification. 1. Every common fascine made use of in the construction of field works or fortification, should be 10 feet long and 1 foot thick. A fascine is raised by means of b pickets, which are driven obliquely into the earth, so that 2 toge- ther form the shape of a cross. These pickets are tied with willows, or birch twigs. It is upon supporters or tressels of this kind, that fascines are made, which are properly faggots bound toge- ther with rods, at intervals of 1 foot each in breadth. Six men are required to complete each fascine ; viz. 2 to cut the branches, 2 to gather them up, and 2 to bind the fascines. Six men may, with great ease, make 12 fascines in an hour. The smaller sort of willows, or birch twigs, are bust calculated for this work. The fascines are fastened to the parapet, which would otherwise crumble and fall down. A redoubt constructed en cr't- maillcre must, have fascines 8 feet long. 2. There must be five pickets for each fascine, and each picket must be 3 or 4 feet long, an inch and a half thick, and sharp at one end ; they serve to fasten the fascines to the parapet. 3. When wood cannot be procured for the fascines, the parapet must be covered or clothed with pieces of turf, 4 inches thick, and a foot and a half square ; these are fastened to the parapet with 4 small pickets 3 inches long. 4. The liaises, or pointed stakes, must be 8 feet long, i inches thick, and be sharp at the top. The beams upon which they are laid must be 12 feet long and o' inches thick. These beams are spread horizontally along the parapet, and (raises are fixed to them, with nails 7 inches long ; after which the beams are covered with earth. Two men will make 12 fraises in an hour. 5. The palisades, by which the ditch 2 L FOR ( 258 ) FOR ©r fosse" of a work is fortified, must be 9 or 10 feet Ions:, and inches thick ; they must, likewise, be sharpened at the end. If they cannot be procured of these dimensions, smaller ones must be used ; in which case a few large stakes must be mixed. 6. The pickets, which are fixed in wolf-holes, must be 6 feet long, -1 inches thick, and sharp at the top. 7. The beams belonging to a chcvaux de-frize, must be 12 feet long, and 6 inches broad. The spokes which are laid across, must be 7 feet long, 4 inches thick, ami placed at the distance of 6 inches from eacli other. These chevaux- dc-frize are made use of to block up the entrances into redoubts, to close passages or gates, and sometimes they serve to obstruct the fosse. 8. (Jabions are constructed of various sizes. Those which are intended for field- works must be 3 or 1 feet high, and con- tain 2 or 3 feet in diameter. These gabions are made by means of long stakes, 3 or 4 feet long, which are placed so as to form a circle, which is 2 or 3 feet in diameter. The pickets must be covered and bound in the same manner as hurdles are. Gabions are chiefly of use in embrasures. They are fixed close to each other, and are afterwards filled with earth. There are also gabions of one foot, with 12 inches diameter at the top, and 9 at the bottom. The bank of the parapet is lined with gabions of this construction, behind which troops may diagonal is the riverside; and where the river is from 3 to 500 toises broad, a horn, or crown-work should be made'. All the different sorts of heads of bridge* are to be esteemed as good works against a sudden onset only, and their use is almost momentary, as they sometimes serve but for a tew days only, and at most during a campaign. J) 9V,°. The faces of the bastions and the flanks are determined by the lines of defence, which are razant. From these data all the other lines and angles are easily found. This construction, for instance on a hexagon, of which the interior side is equal to 120 toises, gives the line of defence equal to about 120] toises, the llank to about '2 1\ toises, and the face of the bastion to about 24£ toises. It gives the angle: diminue, or interior flank- ing angle, equal to about lo° 37', the outward flanking angle to about 146° -tti', the Hanked angle to about 80° 4(i', and the angle of the epaule to about 114' 37'. It cannot be disputed but that large and extensive Hanks and demi-gorges are superior to short and Confined ones. The more extensive the Hank is, the better calculated will it prove for the disposition of a formidable train of artillery. From this conviction many writers, in their proposed systems of fortification, have added a second Hank, in order to aug- ment the line of defence ; but they did not foresee, that this second flank is not only incapable of covering the face of the opposed bastion, except in a very oblique and insecure direction, but that the right Hank, or the flank of the bastion, is thereby more exposed to the enemy's batteries"; which, it must be acknow- ledged on all sides, is a great fault. The prevailing system of the present day is to make the Hanks of the bastion as long as possible, without having re- course to a second Hank, unless it be absolutely necessary. Those gorges are likewise best which are most capacious, because they afford space and ground in the bastion for the construction of en- trenchments within, should the enemy have effected a practicable breach. All parts of a fortification which stand FOR ( 263 ) FOR exposed to the immediate attacks of a besieging enemy must be strong enough to bear the boldest attempts, and the most vigorous impressions. This is a self-evident maxim, because it must be manifest to the most common under- standing, that works are erected round a place for the specific purpose of pre- venting an enemy from getting posses- sion of it. It consequently follows, that flanked angles are extremely defective when they are too acute, since their points may be easily flanked and de- stroyed by the besieger's cannon. The Dutch construct at sixty degrees ; but according to ■Vauban's method, no work should be under seventy-five de- grees, unless circumstances and situa- tion should particularly require it. The flanked angle even in a square is not less than 61° 55'. A place to be in a state of defence, should be equally strong in all its rela- tive directions ; for the enemy would of course make the weak part his object of attack, and finally succeed in getting possession of the town. The body of the place must have a command towards the country, and no quarter in the out- ward vicinity of it must overlook, or command either the place itself, or its outworks, as has been the case for se- veral years (and during the whole of the last war), on the North-East side of Dover Castle. Those works which are nearest to the center of the place must have a greater elevation than the more distant ones. The first regular system of fortifica- tion which appeared and was adopted in Fiance, owed its origin to Errard of Bois- le-duc, whom we have just mentioned. His method, however, has been uni- formly rejected by able engineers ; and if we may give credit to the report of Ozanam, Errard himself never put his own system in practice. Next to Errard of Bois-le-Duc, came the Chevalier Antoine de Ville, who was engineer under Louis XIII. and pub- lished an excellent treatise upon fortifi- cation. His method is styled by most authors, the French method. Others call it the Compound Si/stem, or Sj/steme ti trait compose, because it united the Italian and Spanish methods. He was, indeed, by no means an advocate for new sys- tems ; for he generally observed, that any new method, or invention, was ex- tremely easy, so long as it was confined to the mere alteration of something in the measure, or in the disposition of those parts of fortification which havw been discussed by other authors. The Count de Pagan followed after, and had the good fortune to propose a system which entirely superseded the other two. We have already mentioned the principal features in his method. Marshal Vaubah, whose extensive ex- perience procured him a high reputation, and gave him a decided superiority over the general run of those who had written on fortification, likewise employed three methods, viz. the great, the mean, and the little. The great method, according to Vau- ban, contains on its exterior side from 200 to 230, or 240 toises. This extent is not uniformly the same throughout all the sides of a place, but is confined to that side which lies along the banks of a river, where he uniformly erects con- siderable outworks. Vauban made use of his second me- thod in fortifying Befort and Landau. ( )n account of the bad local situation of Befort, and the impossibility of fortify- ing it with common bastions that would not be exposed to an enfilade in almost every direction, in spite of the traverses or rec/iutes which might be made, he in- vented arched bastions that were bomb proof, which he called tours bastionces, or towers zvilh bastions. These arched bastions are covered by counter-guards, the height of whose parapet almost equals the elevation of the towers them- selves. Although strictly speaking, both these places are irregularly fortified, nevertheless a method of regular de- fence may be established from the con- struction of their works. Vauban's third system grows out of the second ; and for that reason it is called ordre renforce, the reinforced or- der, or method. It was adopted in the fortifications of Neuf-Brisach. Vauban left nothing untried to bring this system to perfection, and he had the ingenuity to execute his plan at a less expense than it would otherwise have been effected, by means of half revetements which he threw up in the outward works called the dehors. The reinforced order was first proposed by La Treille. Vauban's constructions have not es- caped the censure of some writers, who, however, were not sensible of their FOR ( 264 ) FOR greatest defect, which consists in his giving the same length of perpendicular to everv polygon above the pentagon. Among many other subordinate errors or mistakes, which a writer of the pre- sent day has committed in delivering the constructions of Vauban's methods, the following inconsistent and demonstrably impossible things, which the gentlemen cadets are officially directed to perforin in constructing them, may not be useless to the profession, or uninteresting to the army at large. In page 16, for instance, this writer takes the exterior side equal to 180 toises, and supposes it to be bisected by a perpendicular equal to 30 toises or a sixth part thereof, through the inner extremity of which he draws the lines of and at the same time directs them to make the flanked angles of any suitable number of degrees, as, for instance, of 98 degrees ; as if the lines of defence did not in every polygon determine positively the magnitude of each of the flanked angles. Now if 95° be equated to the 360° general expression 113° 7' 48'' we n 360° 360° shall get 45° 7'48" — — ~ or nrr.^yj j' w and consequently ?i not equal to an inte- ger or whole number, it is supposed to be and must be. To construct therefore with a perpen- dicular equal to a sixth part of the exte- rior side, and at the same time to make, as this writer directs, the flanked an- defence, taking on them the faces oflgles equal to 98* is altogether impossi- the bastions equal respectively to two ble. In other places he falls into similar sevenths of the exterior side. This is blunders. all very well. But in the very next sen- tence he directs them to make the flanked angles equal each to 110°. Now the truth is this, that there is no polygon in existence, that by Vauban's first method will give the flanked or salient angle of the bastion equal to 110°, which is de- monstrable in the following manner. Let n denote the number of the sides of any polygon whatsoever from the hexagon inclusive upwards, then the magnitude of the flanked or salient an The construction of Vauban's method is by means of right lines, not by angles, and the very attempt to introduce an angle into it, is an immediate and abso- lute departure from it. Vauban's system, however, (ingenious and unrivalled, as it certainly is), has not escaped the censure of some writers. It must nevertheless be acknowledged, that their remarks are either generally found- ed in envy, or that they proceed from ignorance. There are other systems of fortifica- within a second by 143° 7' 48 — u which expression cannot in any case whatever be equal to 110°. For if thev be equated we shall get 143° 7' 18" — ^ = 110° or 33° 7< 48" - 2£> which give n — £-5 evident, that 00- ,' 4b" 360° - But it IS gle of the bastion will by that method be generally and truly expressed to j tion which have been proposed by the , L . , u ,,„„,, 10 » 360°,) writers of other countries besides France. We shall give a brief detail of them, and leave the inquisitive to go more at length into the nature of their methods, by referring them to the different treatises. The Italians have furnished several authors who have written variously on the subject of fortification. The method proposed by Sardis has been generally esteemed the best. The Spaniards, in their methods of for- tifying, never adopt that which adds a second flank. The obtuse flanked angle is not looked upon by their best engineers as a defective system in fortification. Both the Italians and the Spaniards speak frequently of the reinforced order, which was originally invented to lessen the number of bastions in a great town or fortified place, and to render conse- quently the line of defence equal to the range of musketry. The reinforced order was invented by La Treille, an Italian writer. is not equal to 33° T 18 any integer or whole number whatsoever, and that of course there does not exist a polygon, which by Vauban's first me- thod can give the flanked angle equal to 110°. To construct then with a per- pendicular equal to a sixth part of the exterior side, and at the same time to make the. flanked angles, as he directs, equal to 110°, is utterly impossible. In page 34, he in like manner con- structs from an exterior side of 180 tioses with a perpendicular of 30 toises. FOR ( 205 ) FOR The Chevalier St. Julien, a very able engineer, has published a method, by trhich, he asserts, that works may be constructed not only at a less expense than others require, but in a manner that must render his defence or attack more formidable. He has likewise in- vented a new method for the defence of small places, which is preferable to the first, although it is not without faults. According to his system, the reach of the musket is taken from the center of the curtain. To this end he directs, that a covert lodgment, 7 feet high, and 10 toises wide, be constructed from that spot to the gorge of the half-moon, or ravelin. Cannon is disposed along the faces, and a gallery is erected for the musketry, which likewise serves as a passage to the ravelin. Francis Marchi, a gentleman of Bo- logna, in his folio edition, has furnished us with upwards of 160 different methods of constructing fortifications. The Dutch uniformly pursue the system published by Marollois. Bombelle has likewise established three sorts of fortification, the great royal, grand royal ; the mean, moyen royal; and the little royal, petit royal. Blondel has published a system of for- tification, which he divides into two principal heads ; the great, whose exte- rior side contains "200 toises ; and the little, where the side does not exceed 170 toises. His reason is, because he objects to the line of defence having more that 140 toises, which is the fur- thest reach of musketry, or less than 1'20 toises, to prevent an unnecessary increase of bastions. The invention has certainly great merit, but its adoption must prove expensive in all its practical branches. It must, moreover, be mani- fest, that the four long batteries which are supported by flanks of his construction, must serve as so many scaling ladders, or 'Steps, to the besiegers, the instant they have effected a breach by cannon shot, or by shells. In 1689 a work was published, enti- tuled : Nouvelle maniere de fortifier les places, tir'ee des m'tthodes du Chevalier de Ville, du Comte de Pagan, et de M. Vauban, avec des remarques sur Vordre renforcc, sur les desseins du Capituine Marchy, et sur ceux de M. Blondel, suivies de deux nouveaux desseins, which are described by James Glenie, Esq. page 79, in his Succinct Account. This work is full of strong reasoning, from the result of which the author has formed a new method, containing, indeed, nothing ori- ginal, but giving references to what has already appeared, and disposing the dif- ferent parts in so judicious a manner, as to shew how a place may be rendered stronger, and be subject at the same time to a less expense. This writer divides fortification into three parts, the great, the mean, and the little. There is a second and third method proposed anonymously, and containing mere simple designs. That method to which a modern author gives the pre- ference over the system of Neuf Bri- sach, contains kittle useful information, and contributes less to the real art of fortifying places. Donato Rosetti, a Canon belonging to Livournia, professor of mathematics in the academy at Piedmont, and mathe- matician to the Duke of Savoy, has written upon a method of constructing works in what he calls fortification a re- bows, or fortification in reverse ; so called not only because the re-entering angle of the counterscarp is opposite to the flanked angle ; but because, in his idea, it will be necessary to attack it from the reverse side of other works. His system is very simple, and does not require a sacrifice of much money, or stand in need of many men to defend the works : although he can, on his side, pour as much fire upon the enemy, as could be furnished by more complicated methods. Antonio de Herbart, major of artillery in the Duke of Wurtemburgh's service, in 1735, published a treatise on fortifi- cations with square angles, which he calls angular polygons. Monsieur de Alontalembert has lately endeavoured to bring arches, which are so much condemned by the Chevalier de Ville, into repute. He treats the sub- ject in a manner, and upon principles so similar to those proposed by Antonio de Herbart, that it is almost impossible to separate the two systems. M. de Mon- talembert asserts, that the science of fortification, as it is established and taught at present, can only be valued by the public on account of its illusion. He looks upon the use of bastions as the effect of prejudice; he rejects them wholly, and substitutes in their room a. front of angular tenailles, polygons with 2 M " FOR ( 260 ) FOR small i»ings, and angular polygons. The engineers of the present day assert with ( unfidence, that the chief security to be derived in works that are supported by bastions, must depend upon cross and reverse firing directed against the enemy's lodgments on the glacis. Lame half- moons are made, not only for the pur- Sose of covering the curtains and the anks of bastions, but principally to obtain a reverse firing, which effectually prevents the enemy from maintaining his ground on the glacis of a bastion, before he has taken the two collateral half-moons. See a particular exami- nation of this method, and a comparison of it with Yauban's, or the customary one, by Mr. Glenie. M. Minno, Baron of Coehorn, who was general of artillery in the Dutch service, lieutenant-general of infantry, director-general of all the fortified places belonging to the United Provinces, and governor Of Flanders and all the for- tresses that lay along the Scheldt, has been justly esteemed for his extensive knowledge in the art of fortifying places. He was contemporary with Vauban. This intelligent and sagacious officer being thoroughly convinced, that, however ex- pensively the rampart of a town may be constructed, it could not long sustain the shock of heavy ordnance, invented three different systems, by which he throws sc many obstacles in the way of a besieging enemy, that although the place be not in reality rendered impregnable, it is nevertheless so far secured as to make its conquest a business of consi- derable hazard and expense. We must however acknowledge, that the three methods which have been pointed out bj this Dutch general, can only suit places and grounds that are nearly on a level with the surface of the water; that i^ to say of 3, 4, or 5 feet ; which cir- cumstance plainly indicates, that his attention has been chiefly directed to the soil and ground of the United Provinces ; so that his instructions are peculiarly applicable to low and aquatic situations. There is much skill dis- covered in his manner of treating the subject, and considerable ingenuity in the treatise he has published, which certainly contains several improvements that are exclusively his own. It would be impossible to force a passage, or to penetrate into any of his works, without ■being exposed on all sides to the fire of the besieged, who are under cover, and from whose discharge of ordnance and musketry it is scarcely possible for an assailing enemy to secure himself. He published his work before he had much experience, and did not follow it iiv fortifying Bergen-op-zoom. Scheiter, a German writer, describe* two kinds of fortification, the great or the superior, and the small or the infe- rior species. It has been erroneously and unjustly stated, that the celebrated Vauban only copied after Scheiter, at Neuf Brisach. Every man of the least knowledge or penetration must see, that the whole system of that illustrious engineer dif- fers essentially from the author we have quoted. Mr. Belidor has also delivered three methods, all of which he applies to an octagon of '200 toises. In his first method the perpendicular to the exterior side is equal to 50 toises, the angle formed by the line of defence and exterior side is very nearly equal to 26° 33' .VI", the flanked angle to 81° 52' 12", and the outward flanking angle to 126° 52' 12". Tn this second method the perpendi- cular is equal to 55 toises, the angle formed by the line of defence, and exterior side is very nearly equal to 28° 48' 39", the flanked* angle to 77° 22' 42", and the outward flanking angle to 122° 22' 42". In his third method the perpendicular is equal to 40 toises, the angle formed by the line of defence, and exterior side is very nearly equal to 21° 48' 5", the flanked angle to 91° 93' 50", and the outward flanking angle to 136° 23' 50". The face of the bastion in the first and second of these methods is equal to 70 toises, and in the third to 55 toises. Scheiter also delivers three methods, which he distinguishes into great, mean and little, andin imitation ofCount Pagan, he makes the exterior side of the polygon in the great equal to 200 toises, in the mean to 180, and the little to 160. Simon Stevin, a Fleming, wrote a book on fortification ; in the second chapter of which he exemplifies his method of construction on a hexagon. He con- structs outwards, and supposes each side of the hexagon, from which he makes his construction, to be equal to 1000 feet. On each side and from each extremity thereof he sets off 130 feet. FOR ( 267 ) FOR At the points on each side, which these lengths of 180 feet reach to, he draws two right lines perpendicularly to it, and each of them equal to 140 feet for the lengths of the two flanks. From each of these flanks he takes on the side and towards each of its extremities 20 feet, which distances he bisects, and from the points of bisection draws the lines of defence through the outer extremities of the flanks, which produced form the faces of the bastions and the flanked angles. His lines of defence are rasant, and the angle diminue, or the angle which each of them makes with the in- terior side, is about 12° 9' 18". The following are the methods of Adam Tritach, a Polander. In both he makes the curtain equal to 36 rods or two toises each, or to 72 toises, and a face of the bastion equal to 24 such rods,or 48 toises. He constructs outwards, and places his flanks perpendicularly to the curtain. In his first method he makes the flank equal to as many rods of two toises each as the figure has sides, and two more up to the decagon inclusive, which by this rule will have its flank equal to 12 rods or 24 toises, which he makes the length of the flank also in every polygon of a greater number of sides than ten. By this method then the length of the flank in the square is equal to 6 rods or 12 toises ; in the pentagon to 7 rods or 14 toises ; in the hexagon to 8 rods or 16 toises ; in the heptagon to 9 rods or 18 toises ; in the octagon to 10 rods or 20 toises ; in the enneagon to 11 rods or 22 toises ; and in the decagon, and all higher polygons, to 12 rods or 24 toises. In his second method he supposes the flank in the square to be equal to 8 rods or 16 toises ; in the pentagon to be equal to 9 rods or 18 toises ; in the hexagon to 10 rods or 20 toises ; in the heptagon to 11 rods or 22 toises; and in the octagon, and all higher polygons, to 12 rods or 24 toises. Matthias Dogen, a Hollander, pub- lished a large volume on fortification. After enumerating various modes em- ployed by different writers for determin- ing the flanked or salient angle of the bastion, he selects three as the most ap- proved, at the time lie wrote on the subject, and delivers three methods of construction. In the first, he adds 15° to half the an- gle ot the figure or polygon for the flank- ed or salient angle of the bastion till it becomes equal to 90°, which it does in the dodecagon, and keeps it at 90° in ajl higher polygons. It is therefore ex- pressed in all regular figures up to the 1 80° dodecagon inclusive by 105° and ii in all higher polygons by 90°. The an- gle therefore formed with the rasant line of defence and either the curtain or the exterior side of the polygon is equal to, 37? 30' up to the dodecagon in- n elusive, and in all higher polygons is ,' 90° 360° ._„ 180° equal to z:45° 2 2 n u In his second method he takes two- thirds of the angle of the polygon for the flanked angle, or salient angle of the bastion, which in the octagon is equal to 90°, the angle that he assigns to all higher polygons. The angle therefore formed by his rasant line of defence with either the curtain, or the side of the ex- terior polygon, is in all regular figures up to the octagon inclusive equal to 30° — 60° ,— _, and in all higher polygons equal to 45 c 180° In his third method, he adds (like Fritach) 20° to half the angle of the po- lygon for the flanked, or salient angle of the bastion, in all regular figures up to the enneagon inclusive, in which it is equal to 90°, the magnitude he retains it at in all higher polygons. In this me- thod the angle formed by his rasant line of defence with either the curtain or the side of the exterior polygon, and the an- gle of the epaule, &c. are the same as in Fritach's. Like him he makes the cur- tain equal to 36 rods of two toises each, or 72 toises, and always places the flanks perpendicularly to it. He also makes, like Fritach, the face of the bastion equal to two thirds of the curtain, or to 24 rods of two toises each or equal to 48 toises. In the square he also, like him, makes each flank equal to 6 rods or 12 toises ; in the pentagon to 7 rods or 14 toises; in the hexagon to 8 rods or 16 toises ; in the heptagon to 9 rods or 18 toises; in the octagon to 10 rods or 20 toises ; in the enneagon to 11 rods or 22 toises ; and in the decagon and all higher polygons to 12 rods or 24 toises. Pierre Sardi, the Italian's method of construction on a hexagon, is this : — He supposes the side of the interior polygon 2M 2 F O \l ( '.'68 ) F O 11 to l>e equal to 800 geometrical feet. From the angles of this polygon or the central points of the bastions he sets off for each of the demi-gorges on the sides 150 of these feet ; and at the points, which the demi-gorges reach to on the sides, he erects the flanks perpendicu- larly to them, and each also equal to 150* such feet. From each Hank he sets olf on the curtain, which is equal to 500 such feet, an eighth part thereof, or 62* such feet ; and from the points, which these lengths reach t.o, he draws right Ifnes through the outer extremities of the Hanks, to meet right lines drawn from the center through the angles of the polygon, and thereby determines the flanked angles and faces of the bastions. By this construction we have 437| feet "to 150 feet as radius to the tangent of the angle dimintte, or the angle which his rasant line of defence makes either with the curtain or the side of theexte lior polygon. Hence the complement ot this angle to 00° is known, as well as the angle of the epaule, the flanked an- gles, :ht one. he keeps it so by describing ;. semi-circle on a right line joining the epaules of the bastion, thereby occa- sioning a second flank on the curtain, and two lines of defence, one rasant, and the other fichant, instead of a ra- sant defence only by allowing that angle to become obtuse. His flanks are on right lines, drawn from the center of the figure through the extremities of the demi- gorges. In his third method he allows the same lengths to the flanks and demi-gorges that he does in his second. But in order to have a greater second flank on the curtain, and to keep the flanked angle in every polygon under 90°, he makes the capital of the bastion equal to the gorge-line, or the line joining the inner extremities of its two flanks. The in- ward side, as in his first and second me- thods, is equal to 120 toises, and the flanks are on right lines, drawn from the center of the figure through the extremi- ties of the demi-gorges. Thus the demi- gorge, flank, capital, curtain, and length- ened curtain are given, by means of which all the other lines, and the angles are easily determined. In his fourth method, which is cer- tainly the best, he also makes the inward or interior side equal to 120 FOR ( 269 ) FOR toises, from the center of the figure to the middle of which he supposes a per- pendicular to be drawn, and to be divided into n+ 1 parts (n being the number of the sides), two of which he allows for each of the deini-gorges, and three for each of the capitals, from the outer extremities of which last, rasant lines of defence, drawn to the extre- mities of the demi-gorges or curtain, determine the lengths of the flanks, which are on right lines, drawn from the center of the figure, and the posi- tions and lengths of the faces of the bastions. Mr. MuIIer has also delivered four methods of construction. In the first he constructs inwards from an exterior side of 180 toises, and as the perpen- dicular is altogether undetermined, he says, it may be taken of any length, as the 6th, 5th, or 4th part of the side, according to the expense or importance of the place; but supposes it to be equal to a sixth, or to 31 toises, as in Vauban's mean fortification, in his first method. He makes the face of the bastion equal to * of the exterior side. From Vauban's, indeed, it differs in but lew particulars as to the body of the place. In 1751, Charles Bisset, who was an engineer extraordinary in the brigade of engineers that served with the Duke of Cumberland in the Netherlands, and was present durin«: the siege of Bergen- op-zoom by Marshal Lowendal, published a Treatise on the Theory and Construc- tion of Fortification, in which there are many sensible and judicious remarks. In it he delivers not less than nine methods, without describing particularly the lineal constructions of their different parts. The principal circumstances of construction, however, common to all, or most of them, arc the following. 1st. He makes the straight flank of the bastion, in each of them, perpendicular to the line of defence, in imitation of Count Pagan. 2dly. In each flank he makes both the convex and concave portion thereof an arch of 60', having for its chord half the straight flank. 3dly. He allows 15 toises only for the breadth of the great ditch at the salient angles, whether it be wet or dry. 4thly. He places the interior lines of the demi-gorges of the redoubts in the ravelins on right lines, joining the epaules of the bastion and " the salient angles of the counterscarp of the great ditch ;* or, to speak perhaps more correctly, on right lines drawn from the epaules through the extremities of the rounding or circular parts of the great ditch in front of the flanked angles. Sthly. He makes the face of the ravelin produced meet the face of the bastion 3 or 4 toises from the epaule or shoulder, except in the eighth method, in which he makes it meet the face at the distance of 10 toises from the shoulder. Lastly. In all these methods he pro- poses to give the wall of the rampart a slope equal to one third part of its perpendicular height, in order to save masonry and expense. In 1755 an anonymous writer pub- lished an essay or dissertation entituled " Essai sur la Fortification, ou Examen des Causes de la grande Sup'triorite de CAttaque sur lu Defense ; Des Moyens de determiner la Dis- position et la Construction des Ouvrages par les Operations de CAttaque ; Des C/iangemens que cctte Observation produiroit dans la Methode de fortifier ; Des Avantages qui en risulteroient pour la Defense." After observing, that all the operations to which the efforts of the besieged on one side, and the labours of the besiegers on the other, may be reduced, are, in the first place, to defend the country to a certain distance round the place, and to hinder the besiegers from approaching it, and constructing their batteries : se- condly, to defend the border of the ditch, and to prevent the besiegers from esta- blishing themselves there, or extending themselves along it; thirdly, to defend the passage of the same ditch, and to hinder the besiegers from attacking the body of the place; and, lastly, to defend the breach, and to prevent the besiegers from making a lodgement in it and ren- dering themselves masters of the town, he considers the attack of a place forti- fied according to the method of Marshal de Vauban, and proposes some improve- ments. An anonymous writer in the Sardinian service proposes two new methods of fortification, in a work entituled Science de la Guerre, which was published at Turin in 17 14. He discusses, a consi- derable length, the art of fortification in general, its utility, the different sciences F O R ( 270 ) FOR which must be acquired towards obtain- ing any degeee of perfection in that art, the various systems in it, regular and irregular, and the construction of palisades, gates, mines, casemates, ma- gazines, &c. &c. he concludes with this extraordinary sentence: " It is not my intention to propose any alteration in the general system, but merely to suggest, that the style be rendered more intelli- gible." It must be noticed, that this Italian writer in his preface frankly confesses his deficiency in the French language. We shall pass over what he says relative to the approbation which bis proposed systems, or rather his ex- planation of methods already known, has met with from scientific men. The construction which is proposed in this new method, is simple, and easily understood. The principal objects to be attended to are these ; that there be mines under all the works, and that a regular communication be kept up with the chambers, by means of subterraneous galleries, which must be resorted to in proportion as the enemy approaches. The above writer has added to Vau- ban's and Coehom's systems. We refer the reader to the publication itself, leaving the subject to the consideration of those professional men who have made the art of fortification their peculiar study; they must determine whether the theory of the proposed method be susceptible of practice, aad if so, whether it can be rendered so generally useful, as the author seems to promise it would. On a general view of the subject it must, however, be acknowledged, that a situation is not always found which will admit of the improvements and additions that might otherwise be made. There are some old places in which the figure of the fortifications erected for their defence is so strange and whim- sical, that the least correction of its errors must be attended with an enor- mous expense. A town may be irregularly fortified, and owe that irregularity either to the figure of the works only, by the angles not being equally distant from the center, (although every one may admit of a good bastion, and the lines be tolerably extensive ;) or by the figure and the angles differing, from some being too acute, and the others being rentrant ; or by the inequality of the figure and its sides; some being too long and others too short; or finally, by a disparity all together in the figure, in its sides and angles. If the three first kinds of irregularity are judiciously corrected, the correction of the fourth follows of course, as it is only the natural consequence of the others. Those irregularities may be occasioned by a neighbouring river, by the entrance into a creek or harbour, or by steep rocks beyond which it is im- possible to cany the works. It is a sound and general maxim in the art of fortifying, to reduce the irre- gular proportions of its lines, tkc. of defence, to as much regularity as the ground and situation will permit; for, by so doing, their strength becomes equally great throughout. If you should not be able to surmount the natural obstacles which may be thrown in your way, you must never deviate from the general rules that are laid down in re- gular fortification. These are, that all the parts be well flanked, that theangles of the bastions do not fall under 70°, that the line of defence be within musket-shot, or that outworks be estab- lished to bring it within that range; and, finally, that the means of resistance be distributed in as many equal propor- tions as the irregularity of the works will suffer. You must, however, be careful to avoid an error into which many have fallen. You must not weaken the col- lective means of defence, in order to strengthen any particular vulnerable quarter ; since you are sacrificing a great line of defence, to the security of a small part which might be strength- ened by outworks. The author of CEuvres Milit aires, in his 3d volume, page 45, has given ob- servations and maxims relative to irre- gular fortification. Baron d'Espagnac, in consequence of the remarks which are made by Marshal Saxe, in his Reveries, has, in his supple- ment to that work, amply discussed the subject of fortification, and descril>ed the different means of attack and defence. We refer the inquisitive officer to those works. Before we conclude these in- teresting remarks upon an art, which is certainly equal to any invention that has employed the skill and ingenuity of man, we must observe that in all periods, productions oq that head have been as FOR ( «i ) FOR numerous as the subject lias hitherto proved inexhaustible. It must, however be acknowledged, with some regret, that the tendency of the greater part, it" not of all, seems to be an indiscriminate and bold attack upon the works of the im- mortal Vauban, without any advertence to their real defects. That able, suc- cessful, and celebrated engineer had a great deal of practice, without possessing a sufficiency of science for improving radically the commonly received prin- ciples of the art he professed. These writers censure the methods of that great engineer by proposing something of their own, which only differs in appearance, and which they think proper to call a superior system. Assertions, and promises to afford new lights upon the science of fortification, have always, in fact, been profusely given by authors of this description. Their labours, how- ever, are only so far to be regarded and esteemed, in as much as their different systems tend to point out the necessary calculations which are required to shew the expense attending theirconstruction, and to prove the effects they might produce. The memoirs upon perpen- dicular fortification, written by M. M. engineer, will throw considerable light upon these observations. With respect to the knowledge of fortification, it must be manifest to every thinking man, that from a sovereign prince, or head of a country, down to the lowest infantry officer, the acquire- ment of it is more or less indispensably necessary. A prince, or chief magistrate of a country, should be well versed in the science of fortification, in order to examine the plans that are laid before hiin, and to determine upon the execu- tion of proposed projects. A minister should know it, in order to explain the nature of the plans when questioned by a superior power, to cal- culate the expenses which will attend the construction of works, and to dis- tinguish good ones from those which Hiight be useless and expensive. Every governor of a town, or fortified place, should be well acquainted with the subject, because it may fall to his peculiar share to construct works in cases of emergency, or to add to those already erected for the defence of the place entrusted to his care. He likewise ought, at all times, to be able to ascer- tain how far such a place is capable of holding out. Every director of fortification should be master of it, in order to discriminate between what is proper, or what is defective, and make his report accord- ingly. Every infantry officer, in a word, should be conversant in field fortifica- tion at least, if not acquainted with the general system. For without some knowledge of its branches, how will he, in cases of emergency, be capable of throwing up a temporary redoubt, of fortifying~a spot of ground which he is ordered to maintain, or of securing a common out-post ? For the dimensions of the principal angles and lines in the methods delivered by the above authors, see Glenie's Military Construction. Field Fortifications, (fortifications de campagne, Fr.) consist in the art of fortifying, constructing, attacking, and defending all sorts of temporary field works during a campaign. Although an engineer may be per- fectly master of the different methods by which a town can be strengthened and secured by permanent works, he should not remain satisfied with that acquisition, but carefully direct his atten- tion to the distribution of ground, for field fortification. He should be able to ascertain, with geometrical precision, all the relative divisions and correspond- ing points of any situation in which it might be judged expedient to construct that species of fortification which con- sists in entrenched lines, fortins or small forts, and in redoubts of various deno- minations. The shape or figure of these works is exactly similar to those of the permanent kind. Ditches, ramparts, and parapets, must be dug and thrown up, to secure the former, in the same manner as they are practised for the protection of the latter. They only differ in their measurement and propor- tions. Entrenched lines are made for the purpose of covering a camp from any sudden insult of the enemy, which should always,on this account, be pitched in the most advantageous manner. Con- tiguous to and facing that quarter where it is probable the attack will be made, a ditch must be dug, having three toises at least in width and two in depth. This must be defended by a parapet en redans, or be occasionally flanked with small F O It ( 2" ) F o n bastions, two toises thick, consisting of solid good earth well pressed together, co\ creel and supported with fascines, having likewise banquettes behind them Sufficiently high to conceal the soldiers' tents. II water could he conveyed, or drawn into the ditch from any adjacent rivulet, or river, the security would be preater. When the lines of entrench- ment are thrown up with an intention to maintain the ground any length of time, a covert-way must he made, which should be regularly fenced with palisades. There is another species of field for- tification, which is resorted to in order to keep up a communication between two places; in which case great care must be taken to prevent the lines from being enfiladed in any quarter; and if they should be exposed in that manner, no time ought to be lost in strengthening the weak points by constructing re- doubts, or small forts. The defence of these redoubts and forts must be en- trusted to small arms and musketry, but not to cannon; as the range of the latter is always too extensive to prevent an enemy's close approaches to the lines of communication from their field works, or forts. Necessary drains must be made to let out the water that collects, as it would otherwise destroy the works, drown the sentries, and cut off all com- munication with the main body. When a position is taken upon a steep rock, or eminence extremely difficult of access, the lines which surround it do not absolutely require ditches for their safety, as the parapet and banquette may probably be sufficient; but if any vulnerable or weak part be observed, every effort should be used to get at a spring, and to fill up an excavation in front of it, to prevent surprizes. An able engineer will be particularly careful, in drawing his plan of communication, to ascertain the exact points whereby they may be protected by an enfilade from one fort to another; so that if the enemy should make a lodgment any where, he will not be able to maintain his position, on account of his being flanked by other works. Field works, or small forts, are gene- rally constructed in places, the preser- vation of which is judged to be indis- pensably necessary. Such, for instance, are necks of land that stretch into a marsh, and are surrounded by it ; the passage of a road, (Ctcs dc pouts, or heads of bridges, and other objects of similar importance in offensive or de- fensive Operations. On these occasions the shape and size of the construction must depend upon the nature of the ground, the importance of the under- taking, and on the number of men by which the works are to be garrisoned. Many foils in field fortification are built in triangular forms; some are square, some starred, or en ttoile, some as redoubts, in the shape of demi-luncs. others in crown, or horn-work, and others again in the figures of tenailles, or queues d'hirondelle. When the object of defence is a wind- mill, a castle, or a small dwelling-house, the first step to be taken is to select a spot of ground upon which you are to build the field-work, so as to check and prevent the enemy's approaches. In order to do this elfectually, the shape and adjacent parts of the building must be closely attended to, and the work be thrown up without exposing it to a rear attack; but if the place to be defended, stand alone, and be not supported by any ditch or eminence on its flanks, or in its rear, you must then fortify it all round. The earth which is dug out of the ditch will serve to raise the rampart, or para- pet. Salient angles, distributed at equal distances in the shape of bastions, must be erected with good flanks to protect and cover the intienchment. If, on ac- count of the ground, the work should not be much raised, the parapet must be fraised, in order to prevent the enemy from attempting an easy assault. An engineer from Piedmont, who has proposed some new methods in field fortification, is decidedly against stone and masonry, in the construction of parapets and field works. His reason is self-evident; for, as he justly observes, the scattered pieces which must natu- rally be thrown about in all directions by the demolishing of the walls in the discharge of heavy cannon, would do more mischief than the cannon itself. It is frequently found necessary to fortify a bridge; the means adopted for this purpose must depend entirely upon the size and current of the river. If the stream should be broad and navigable, and so far from the fortress, that it can- not fie defended by the ordnance of the town or fortified place, in that case, a large retrenchment, resembling a place of arms, must be constructed, with strong FOR ( 273 ) FOR bastions to support and cover it, curtains and half-moons, a broad and deep ditch, and covert-way that must be well se- cured by palisades. This retrenchment, or place of arms, must be made suffi- ciently capacious to hold a garrison that would be capable of opposing the attack of a large detachment from the main army of the enemy. A half-moon must be constructed within the lines, with a ditch in front, to serve as a work behind which the garrison might retreat with its artillery, disputing every inch of ground, and by that means affording sufficient time to cut down the bridge. If the river should be narrow, yet wide enough to prevent any sudden ir- ruption into the country behind it, the bridges, that are across, must be fortified by works made of earth, which are to be covered by ditches dug in front. Half- moons, tenailles, crown and horn-works, and similar constructions, provided they be well fenced with palisades, will an- swer all the purposes required in such cases. The engineer, by the first glance of his 6ye, will be able to ascertain the situation of the country, and to fit his plans accordingly. Small lodgments, or wooden recesses, must be made as guard- houses, in which detached parties of men should be stationed to meet the first attacks of the enemy, and to keep him in check while the whole army passes over the river, or is drawn up in order of battle to dispute the passage. These intrenchments must invariably be well furnished with light artillery, for the purpose of annoying the approaching enemy. But the disposition and arrange- ment of these pieces must always he such as to admit of their being instantly removed, when the intrenchments are carried, under the cover of heavier ordnance, which is kept playing upon the enemy from the opposite side of the river. Much depends on the knowledge, contrivance, and judgment of an engi- neer, who acts with an army in the field. For, after all that has been said, it may v\ih truth be asserted, that there is really no good treatise on field fortifica- tion in existence. Almost every field work of consequence to suit the ground it occupies, must be more or less irre- gular. But no general rule for irregular constructions seems hitherto to have been given. Mr. Glenie has delivered one in his concise observations on military con- struction, which is exceedingly simple, and applicable also to regular construc- tions. To FORTIFY, (fortifier, Fr.) to put a town, or post, &c. in a state of de- fence, so as to bid defiance to any me- ditated attack, or insult. To Fortify inwards, (fortifier en dedans, Fr.) is to represent the bastion within the polygon proposed to be for- tified, and then that polygon is called the exterior polygon, and each of its sides the exterior side, terminating at the points of the two nearest bastions. To Fortify outwards, (fortifier en dehors, Fr.) is to represent the bastion without the polygon proposed to be for- tified, and then the polygon is called the interior polygon, and each of its sides the interior side, terminating in the centers of the two nearest bastions. FORTIN, FORTLETT, or FOR- TILAGE. See Field-Fort. Fortin, Fr. a species of field fortifi- cation, which is made of fascines and saucissons, for the purpose of securing a post, &c. FORTRESS, (fortercsse, Fr.) any strong place rendered so by art, or ori- ginally so by local advantages, or by means of both nature and art. Places which are strong by nature generally stand upon mountains, precipices, in the middle of a marsh, on the sea-coast, in a lake, or on the banks of some large river. Places which are strong by art owe their strength to the labour of man, whose ingenuity and perseverance sub- stitute ditches and rampartswhere moun- tains and rivers are wanting. FORTUNE, ( Fortune, Fr.) chance; luck ; good or bad contingencies in life. The French say, chacun est artisan desa fortune, every man is the carver of his own fortune. The Fortune of zvar, (fortune de la guerre, Fr.) the chances and vicissi- tudes of human contests. A soldier of Fortune, (soldal de for- tune, Fr.) a military man who has risen from the ranks by his own merit. FORVETU, Fr. literally an outside fellow ; a paltry mean creature finely dressed ; a character sometimes found among military pretenders. FORURE, Fr. a key-bole. FORWARD ! a word of command, which is given when a regiment, troop, or company has been interrupted in its regular muvement, and the match is 2N F O U ( 274 ) F O V Continued. On this occasion every suc- ceeding division must preserve its proper distance, and mark time until the word Forward is given. This frequently oc- curs in the passage of obstacles, and in the windings of roads, streets, &c. The Trench say, En avani ! A droitc, A gauche, En avunt ! Right "I shoulders Forward, a word or > of command, by which sol- Left } diers are directed to wheel to the right or left, without halting, when a corps is on its march. Whole regi- ments in open column may move round the different windings of a town or country without losing their relative dis- tances, provided each leading officer and Iiis covering serjeant pay the requisite attention to his preceding division, and at the wheeling point give the words, right (or left) shoulders fonourd . r with accuracy and firmness. FOSSE, Fr. any deep excavation in the earth, made so by art, or left by nature. A gulph or particularly deep part in a river. It also signifies a den. Da- niel a ite jet'c dans la fosse au.v lions, Daniel was cast into the den to be de- voured by lions. This word is always of the feminine gender. FOSSE, Fr. a ditch. This word is always of the masculine gender. See Fortification. Fosse sec, Fr. dry ditch. ) g Fosse plein d'eau, Fr. wet ditch. $ Fortification. Fosse de la contresiurpc, Fr. See Ditch of the counterscarp. Fosses revctus, Fr. ditches that are lined. Fosses non revctus, Fr. ditches that are not lined. FOSSEWAY, one of the great Ro- man roads in England, so called from the ditches on both sides. FOUCADE, FOUGADE, a small j nine. FOUDRE de guerre, Fr. this term is used among the French to signify a general who has gained many victories, and who has given repeated proofs of uncommon valour. FOUDROYElt, Fr. to play inces- santly against a fortified town or place, troop or company, with heavy ordnance or musketry. FOUET, Fr. This word is pronounced foil, and signifies a whip, such as drivers use in the exercise or guidance of their Worses, and hangmen for punishment. FOUETTER, Fr. to whip; to beitfr violently against any thing. La grele wov f.tte dans le camp, the hail beats violently in the camp. The French say,, figuratively, in a neutral sense, Le canon FO0ETTE tout le long de la court ine, the cannon plays all along the curtain. FOUGASS, in mining, a small mine,, from 6 to 8 feet under ground : it is generally placed under the glacis, or dry ditches. FOUGETTE, or Baguette a feu, Fr. Indian sky-rocket; a species of fire-work which is frequently used by the Indians who inhabit the western peninsula of the Ganges. The author of a late mili- tary production in Fiance makes the following observations relative to advan- tages which might be derived from this weapon against cavalry, and for the de- fence of fortified places or intrench- ments. He observes, that the fougette, in shape, resembles a sky-rocket, whose flight is gradually brought to run along an horizontal direction. By throwing several fougettes into parks of artillery, and upon the caissons, &c. considerable damage might be occasioned from the fire which would inevitably be commu- nicated to some part. A fougette forces itself immediately forward, cuts as it penetrates, by the formation of its sides, which are rilled with small spikes, be- comes combustible and on fire at all its points, and possesses within itself a thousand different means by which it can adhere to whatever object it is destined to set on fire or to destroy. This weapon would be more effectual, because it might be more variously applied, to de- fend the mouth of a harbour against an enemy's shipping, than red-hot balls can ever prove. Fougettes might be used on board ships of war, but there would certainly be some danger in the experi- ment ; although, in my humble opinion, a little experience might effectually re- move that difficulty ; in which case, ships might run along a coast, and easily destroy the wooden forts that are some* times erected upon it. They would in the first place occasion more havoc than red-hot balls; and in the next, they might be used whilst the vessel was in full sail, which cannot be done in the first instance. By means of their na» tural velocity, they would do more exe- cution, in a less space of time, than the most active piece of ordnance could ef- fect; and they would- require fewer F O U ( 275 ) F O U hands, as the only necessary operation would be to light and dart them for- ward. As a defensible weapon, it must naturally be allowed, that, where a small body of men is attacked, the fougette might be adopted with considerable ad- vantage. — The writer of this article, who, we find, is likewise the inventor of a fougette which has been submitted to the French government, continues to ar- gue much in favour of its adoption. If, adds he, our enemies should imitate the invention, we must then have recourse, especially in sea-fights, to those pieces of ordnance that are calculated to do more execution at a distance; and it will then be our business to contrive fougettes that shall reach their shipping, by means of a greater degree of force and velocity which might be given to them, than they would be capable of at- taining. See Rockets. FOUGON, Fr. the cook-room in a ship. FOUGUE, Fr. heat; impetuosity. FOUGUEUX, Fr. fiery; unruly. FOUILLE, Fr. trenching. Fouille de terre, Fr. any excavation that is made in the earth for the foun- dation of a building, or for a canal. Fouille couverte, Fr. the opening which is made through a solid piece of earth, in order to effect the passage of an aqueduct. FOUILLER, Fr. to search. In mili- tary movements, it signifies to detach small bodies of infantry round the flanks of a column that is marching through a wood, for the purpose of discovering an ambuscade, and of giving timely notice, that it may be avoided. The same pre- caution is necessary when a bodv of men advances towards, or enters, a village. Fouiller tin cheval, Fr. to over-ride a horse. Fouiller un bois, Fr. to scour a wood, &c. FOULE, Fr. commonalty of man- kind. Se tirer de la eoule, to distin- guish one's- self from the vulgar. Jambes FOULEES, Fr. in farriery, bad feet, made so from hard usage. FOULOIR, Fr. an instrument used by gunners to cleanse the inside of a piece as soon as it has been fired. The fouloir has a button at the other extre- mity of its shaft; it is used to ram down the powder. FOULURE, Fr. the s.urbating of a horse. FOUNDATION, that part of a build- ing which is under ground, or the mass of stone, brick, &c. which supports a. building, or upon which the walls of a> superstructure are raised : or it is the coffer, or bed, dug below the level of the ground, to raise a building upon ; in which sense, the foundation either goes to the whole area or extent of the building, as when there are to be vaults, galleries, casemates, or the like; or is drawn in cuts or trenches, as when only walls are to be raised. Sometimes the foundation is massive, and continued under the whole building, as in the antique arches and aqueducts; but it is more usually in spaces, or intervals; in which latter case, insulated pillars, bound together by arches, should be used. There are several things to be well considered in laying the foundation of a military building. We must first examine the bed of the earth upon which we are to build, and then the under-fillings or substruction. We are not to rest upon any seeming solidity, unless the whole mould through which we cut has like- wise been solid; and in such cases, allow l-6th part of the height of the building for the hollowing or under-digging, un- less there be cellars under-ground, in which case it may be something less. There are many ways to try the firmness of the ground ; but the following, in our opinion, is the best. Take an iron crow, or such a borer as well-diggers use, which, at once will point out the good- ness and tenacity of the ground. Engineers should use the utmost dili- gence in this point ; for, of all the errors that may happen in building, those are the most pernicious which are committed in the foundation, because they bring with them the ruin of the whole build- ing; nor can they be amended without very great difficulty. Foundatpoks are either natural, or artificial : natural, as when we build on a rock, or very solid earth ; in which case we need not seek for any other strengthening; for these, without dig- ging, or other artificial helps, are of them- selves excellent foundations, and most fit to uphold the greatest buildings. But if the ground be sandy or marshy, or have lately been dug, in such case re- course must be had to art. In the for- mer case, the engineer must adjust the depth of the foundation bv the heigrK, aN.2 F O U ( 276 ) FOU weight, &c. of the building : 1-Otli part I of the whole height is looked upon us a medium ; and as to the thickness, double that of the width of a wall i» a good rule. If you build upon mossy and loose earth, then you must dig until you find sound ground. This sound ground, fit to sup- port a building, is of divers kinds : in some places so hard, as scarcely to be cut with Iron; in other places very stiff; in others places blackish, which is ac- counted the weakest; in others like chalk, and in others sandy : but of all these, that is the best which requires most labour in cutting or digging, and when wet, does not dissolve into dirt. If the earth to be built upon is very soft, as in marshy grounds, or such that the aaturd) foundation cannot be trusted, then you must get good pieces of oak, ■whose length must be the breadth of the trench, or about 2 feet longer than the vail; these must be laid across the foun- dation about 2 feet asunder, and being well rammed down, lay long planks upon them ; which planks need not lie so broad as the pieces are long, but only about four inches on a side wider than the basis or foot of the wall is to be. But if the ground be so very bad, that this will not do, then you must provide good piles of oak, of such a length as wiil reach the good ground, and whose diameter must be about l-12th part of their length. These piles must be driven down by an engine for that purpose, and must be placed as close as one can stand by another; then lay planks upon them, and pin them fast. But if the ground be faulty in some parts, and firm in others, you mav turn arches over thos£ loose places, which will discharge them of their weight. You must not forget to place the piles under the inner, as well as the outer walls; for if these should sink, it would be a means to make the outer walls crack, and so ruin the whole building. Having thus far considered the bed of the earth on which the building is to be erected, we shall next consider the sub- struction, as it was called by the an- cients; hut our modern engineers call it the fou ml at inn. This is the ground- work of the whole edifice, which must sustain the walls, and may be termed artificial, as the other was natural; with regard to which, the following things are most necessary to be observed : 1. That the bottom be exactly level ; therefore lay a platform of good boards. 2. That the lowest ledge or row be all of stone, the broader the better, laid closely with- out mortar; which is a general caution for all parts of a building that are con- tinuous to board or timber, because lime and wood are utter enemies to one ano- ther, and, if unfit conliners any where, they arc more especially so in the foun- dation. Sr. That the breadth of the foundation lie at least double the breadth of the wall which is to be raised upon it : but even in this case, art should give way to discretion : and the foundation may be made either broader, or nar- rower, according as the ground and the ponderosity of the edifice require. 4. That the foundation be made to diminish as it rises, but yet so that there may be as much left on the one side as on the other; so that the middle of that above may be perpendicularly over the middle of that below, which should, in like manner, be observed in diminishing the walls above ground ; for by this means the building will become much stronger than it would be if the diminution were made by any other way. 5. That you should never build on the ruins of an old foundation, unless you are well assured of its depth, and that its strength is sufficient to bear the building. The stones in the foundation should be laid as they naturally lie in the quarry, for they have the most strength in their natural position. This should he observed in all parts of a building, because all stones have a cleaving grain; consequently, if the horizontal position of the stones in the quarry should be placed vertically in the building, the super-incumbent weight would be apt to cleave them, and so render the building ruinous. FOUNDER, a person who casts can- non, CCC l'( )UNDERING, a disorder in horses, which may be considered under two heads, viz. FouNDERfNG in the feet, which is an universal rheumatism, or defluxion of humours upon the sinews of a horse's feet ; so that in the course of time the hoofs become stiff and callous, and the horse has no sense or feeling of them. This disorder is generally brought on by hard riding. Sometimes it proceeds from sudden heats and colds; and frequently from the horse being watered when he is very hot. Too tight a shoe, or fie- F O U ( 277 ) FOU quent travelling upon hard flinty ground, will likewise produce this disorder. Foundering in the chest, a disorder which ruay be occasioned by crudities collected in the stomach, or by other in- firmities which obstruct the free action of the lungs. It is discovered by the horse not being able to bend his joints, and, when once laid, by not being able to rise again. A swelling in the legs is likewise symptomatic of it. FOUNDERY, } in military matters, FOUNDRY, i the art of casting ail kinds of ordnance, such as cannon, mor- tars, howitzers, ike. It likewise siguibes the place or work-house wherein these operations are performed. At present, all pieces of artillery are cast solid, and bored afterwards. Formerly guns were bored perpendicularly, but at present in a horizontal position: the boring instru- ment is fixed immovably, and forced into the gun or mortar by a mechanical power. The piece of artillery is turned round by a large wheel and horses; and at the same time the gun is bored, the outside is turned and polished, by ano- ther very curious machine for that pur- pose, invented by the very ingenious Messrs. Verbruggen, founders at Wool- wich. Guns were first founded in Eng- land in 1587. The iron ordnance are supplied principally by contract by the Carron Company, and other founders in the north of England and Scotland. The cannon for merchant-ships are sup- plied in the same way. FOUR, IV. literally, an oven ; a place of confinement in Paris, to which vaga- bonds and persons who could not give a satisfactory account of themselves, were committed; and when once shut up, had their names enregistered, and were en- listed for the service of the French government. A four, in this acceptation of the term, means a room arched over without having the least aperture to re- ceive day-light. There were several such places of confinement in Paris. They owed their invention to a Monsieur D'Argenson, and were supposed to add annually two thousand men at least to the king's regular army ; by which means the capital was relieved from a multitude of thieves, pick-pockets, &c. Four de campagne, Fr. a field oven. FOURBISSEUR, Fr. a sword-cutler. The French familiarly say of two per- sons who are extremely intimate, Ces gens sont tete a tete comme des four- bisseurs, meaning, that, like sword- cutlers, (who, when they work, sit closely opposite to each other,) they are putting their heads together. FOURBU, Fr. foundered; a term used in farriery. FOURBURE, Fr. the foundering of a horse. Les FOURCHES Caudines, the Cau- dine Forks, or passes, from the Latin, Furcae Caudinae, situated about four miles from Calatia (now Cajazza) and ten from Beneventum, memorable in history for the ignominious surrender of the Roman army under the two consuls T. Veturius and Sp. Postumius. The terms of the convention were, that the Romans should evacuate the Samnite territory, should recal their colonies, and that the army, in proof of their subjugation and submission, should pass under the yoke. The senate and the Roman people determined that the state was not bound by the capitulation, and directed that the two consuls and the principal officers of the army should be surrendered into the hands of the Sam- nites, to be treated as they should judge most expedient. The Samnites refused to receive them, and the war was re- newed. The phrase, Les Fourches Caudines, has, in the French language, passed into a proverb : it is used whenever a general, by the superior skill of his adversary, is decoyed into such a sicuation, that he cannot extricate himself, but with the loss of his military reputation and the destruction of the greater part of his army. It is even sometimes applied in common life, whenever an honest sim- pleton is the dupe of the treachery and art of a skilful and cunning knave. See Caudine Forks. FOURCHETTE du pied d'un cheval, Fr. the frush of a horse's foot. Fourchette a mousquet, Fr. a rest for a musket. Rests are sometimes used to relieve men who do duty on the ram- part of a town. FOURCIIIER, Fr. a cord untwisted in the middle, and (a stone being put thereinto) used as a sling. Chemin FOURCHU, Fr. a cross way. FOURGON, Fr. a sort of wagon. It likewise signifies a poker. FOURMILLER, Fr. to be full of; to swarm with. La France fourmille F O IT ( 273 ) foy m so/tints ; — France swarms with soldiers. FOURMILUERE de soldats, Fr. a throng or moh of soldiers. FOURNEAU.Fr. furnace; kiln; stove. FolrxeaI', Fr. This word generally signifies the chamber of a mine, but it also means a small mine; such as is prac- tised under a work that is not tenable. FOURNIMENT, Fr. a horn which holds about one pound of gunpowder to prime cannon. It is likewise used by cavalry and infantry soldiers, who hang it across their shoulder. The cannoneers keep it in a belt. FOURNTR, FV. to supply. FOURNH URE (tunc armie, ..yc. Fr. the necessary stores and provisions for an army. Fournitures des vivrcs, Fr. See Stores, ccc. FOURRAGE, Fr. forage. In the artillery, it is used generally to signify hay, straw, or any thing else of vegetable growth, which is used to ram into the bore of a cannon for the purpose of cleansing it. A/ler au Fourrage, Fr. to go a fo- raging. FOURRAGER, Fr. to forage, or look about for provender and provision. Fourrager likewise means, among the French, to ravage, desolate, pillage, and waste a country, for the purpose of throwing the inhabitants into disorder. The word is derived from foras agere, to seek for forage in the fields. Fourrager au sec, Fr. to seize upon the granaries, hay-stacks, ccc. Fourrager au vert, Fr. to mow the fields, ccc. for the purpose of obtaining stores and provisions. FOURRAGEURS, Fr. The French say also Fauchciirs, foragers, or men employed to procure forage, &c. for an arm v. FOURREAU depistolet, Fr. a holster. Faux Foi/rreau de pistoltt, Fr. a pistol bag. Fourreau d\plt, Fr. the scabbard of a sword. Pays FOURRE, Fr. a country thick Bet with hedges, &c. properly called a close country. Pais Fot rree, Fr. a peace suddenly patched up. Coups Focrres, Fr. blows given and received at the same time by two antag'oi.i. FOURRIER, Fr. a quarter-master belonging to a cavalry or infantry regi- ment. In France there were fourriers- majors of cavalry, who composed a part of the cavalry stalf. Fourrier d'urmee, Fr. a non-com- missioned officer who is attached to the quarter-master general of an army. Fourrier do campement, Fr. a quar- ter-master-serjeant, who is assisted by a private, and fixes the different racks for the stands of arms in the front of an encampment. FOURRIERE, Fr. a wood yard; also a pound. FOUTEAU, Fr. the beech tree. FOUTOIR, Fr. a battering ram; also, a rammer; or, a rammer-head for a piece of ordnance. FOUTOUER, Fr. an old word for Fouteur. The quick motion which was given to the ram, that battered the walls of a besieged town. FOYER, Fr. in geometry, a point in the axis of the parabola. Foyer, Fr. focus, or center of the chamber. See Mine. Foyer, Fr. hearth. This word is used figuratively to signify our houses, places of habitation, CvC. Hence combat tre pour scs propres foyers, to fight for one's own dwelling, for one's property, children, &c. Le Foyer d'une arquebuse, Fr. the fire-pan, or touch-hole, of an harquebuse. YOY-mc7ilie, Fr. a breach of trust, a base surrender of any thing. In ancient times, when a governor in trust, a ge- neral, or a commandant, surrendered shamefully, he was degraded in the fol- lowing manner: The delinquent was armed cap-a-pee; he next mounted on a scaffold ; and as soon as his sentence had been read to him, by which he was declared guilty of a breach of trust, traiterous, and disloyal, twelve priests began to sing the psalms of All Souls day. At the conclusion of each psalm, the priests paused, when the herald at arms stripped the criminal of one part of his armour, crying aloud, " This is the helmet, this is the shield of the traitor, Cv'c." When the last psalm was over, a basin of warm water was poured over his head, a rope tied under his arms, and he was let down from the scaffold. He next was laid on a hurdle, covered with a shroud, and carried to the church, where the priests concluded the cere- F R A ( 279 ) FRE rnony of the degradation, by singing the psalm, Deus laudem meant ne tacueris, which contains imprecations against traitors. When he had undergone this humiliating ceremony, he was dismissed the service. FRAGMENT de bombe, dc grenade, Fr. any piece of a shell or grenade that has burst. FRAIS, Fr. expenses. Frais de guerre, Fr. the general ex- penses to which a country is subjected for the support of an army in time of war. FRAISE, Fr. a drill. FRAISE, in fortification, a kind of stakes or palisades placed horizontally on the outward slope of a rampart made of earth, to prevent the work being taken by surprize. They are generally 7 or 8 feet long, and about five inches thick. When an army entrenches itself, the parapets of the retrenchments are often fraised in the parts exposed to an attack. To Fraise a battalion (/raiser un lataillon,¥r.) is to line or cover it every way with pikes, or bayonets, that it may withstand the shock of a body of horse. FRAISER, Fr. to plait, knead, or drill ; in a military sense to fraise, or fence. Fraiser un retranchcmcnt, Fr. to fraise an entrenchment by placing pali- sades horizontally towards the enemy. FRAISI, Fr. cinders. FRAMEA, a kind of javelin formerly used by the Germans. FRANC, Fr. open ; plain ; downright. The French say of a person who is al- ways easy with mankind, il est franc du collier. It also signifies brave, free, as a free horse, chevul franc du collier. Franc, Fr. a nominal French money of account, value lOrf. English ; 24 francs, *»r livres, are equal to 20s. English. Franc is also used as an adverb, and signifies freely, plainly, flatly. FRANC-a/7ew, Fr. in a general sense, free-hold ; free tenure ; allodial lands. Franc-sI/cu, Fr. free allegiance, a custom in force under the first kings of France. Every individual who was free, and had no chieftati over him, was at liberty to choose the prince and chief- tain under whom he wished to live. In- stances of the kind are recorded under the reign of Louis I. in 817. Une Franche dtfaite } Fr. a downright crasion. FRANCTIES, Fr. unattached : inde- pendent. Les compagnies franch.es, free companies, were bodies of men detached and separated from the rest of the French army, having each a chief or commandant FRANCHIR, Fr. to cross hardily. Fra nch i r un fosse, une palisade, un ravin, Fr. to get over a fosse, palisade, or ravine. Franchir des obstacles, Fr. to over- come difficulties with prudence and re- solution. FRANCISQUE, Fr. an offensive weapon used by foot-soldiers under the reign of Cotaire, besides the bow, lance, and javelin. It was made in the shape of a double hatchet, with a short han- dle. FRANC-taupin, Fr. A soldier who was employed in excavating the earth, in workiug at the trenches and mines, &c. &c. was so called. It comes from taupe, a mole. FRANQUE (la Langue), Fr. a lan- guage used in the Levant, commonly called Lingua Franca. FRATElt, an old term applied to military surgeons' mates, in the French army, from the Latin signifying brother. FRAY, a bsittle, combat, or duel. FRAYER le chemin a line breche, Fr. to be foremost in an assault; to be first in entering a breach. FREEBOOTER, (fiibnstier, Fr.) a robber; a plunderer; a marauder ; one who takes what he can get, by force or artifice. FREEDOM, liberty ; exemption from- servitude ; independence ; privileges ;: franchises ; immunities. England is, perhaps, the only country in which the soldier may be said to enjoy these envi- able blessings, more or less. FREIN, Fr, bit; horse-bit. The French say, Prendre lefrcin uux dens ; to run away, as a horse may. Frein, Fr. an iron hoop which is placed round a windmill, for the purpose of stopping it by means of a swipe. FRELUQUET, Fr. an inconsiderate light character ; a puppy. FRJiRE, Fr. brother. The French say Freres d'urmes, brethren in arms. Faux Frere, Fr. a false brother, one who betrays a society with which he is connected. FIIESTELEU, Fr. to play on the flagelet. !/• l'HET, to be in commotion : t» F R I ( 230 ) f r r be agitated. A horse is said to fret m hen , ways be in proportion to its weight only, be clnmips angrily upon the liit, and and not to the quantity of the surface, works himself into uncomfortable mo- tion. This frequently happens through the ignorance of the rider. FRETE, /•'/•. iron hoop or hand. FRETILLEK, Fr. to be impatient to proceed ; to keep the feet in perpetual motion, as a lively horse is apt to do, before he starts. FRETTES, Fr. iron ferrils fastened to the ends of sticks, beams, ckc. to se- cure them from impression. FRICTION, in mechanics, the rub- bing of the parts of engines and ma- chines against each other, by which a considerable part of their eftect is de- stroyed. It is hardly possible to lay down ge- neral rules for computing the quantity of friction, because it depends upon a multiplicity of circumstances, as the structure, firmness, elasticity, &c. of bodies rubbing against each other. Some authors make the friction upon a hori- zontal plane, equal to 1-Ud of the weight to be moved ; while others have found it to be considerably less. But however this may he, the doctrine of friction, as ascertained by the latest experiments, may be summed up in the following manner. 1. When one body rests on another upon a horizontal plane, it presses it with its whole weight, which being equally reacted upon, and consequently the whole effect of its gravity destroyed by the plane, it will be absolutely free to move in any horizontal direction by any the least power applied thereto, pro- vided both the touching surfaces be smooth. a. Hut since we find no such thing as perfect smoothness in the surfaces of bodies, arising from their porosity and peculiar texture, it is easy to under- stand, that when two such surfaces come together, the prominent parts of the one will, in some measure, fall into the con- cave parts of the other ; and therefore, when an horizontal motion is attempted in one, the fixed prominent parts of the other will give in me or less resistance to tin moving surface, by holding and re- taining its part-" ; and this is what we call friction. '3. Now since any body will require a force equal to its weight, to draw ic over a given obstacle, il follows that the fric- tion arising to the moving body will al- by which it bears upon the resisting plane or surface. Thus if a piece of wood 4 inches wide, and 1 thick, be laid upon another fixed piece of the same wood it will require the same weight to draw it along, whether it be laid on its broad or narrow side. 4. For, though there be 4 times the number of touching particles ou the broadside, (ceteris puribw,) vet each particle is pressed with only l-4th of the weight that those are on die narrow side, and since 1 times the number are mul- tiplied by one-fourth of the weight, it is plain the resistance is equal in both places, and so requires the same force to overcome it. 5. The reason why friction is in pro- portion to the weight of the moving body, is, because the power applied to move the body must raise it over the promi- nent parts of the surface on which it is drawn ; and this motion of the body, as it is not upright, will not require a pow- er equal to its whole weight; but being in the nature of the motion on an in- clined plane, it will only require a part of its own weight, which will vary with the various degrees of smoothness and asperity. 0. It is found by experiment, that a body will be drawn along by nearly 1-Sd of its weight ; and if the surfaces be hard and well polished, by less than 1-od part ; whereas, if the parts be soft or rugged, it will require a much greater weight. The ingenious Mr. Emerson, in his principles of Mechanics, has given us the following rules deduced from expe- riments; hut they require some variation under different circumstances, which must be left to the judgment of the artist. J. Wood and all metals, when greased, have nearlv the same friction ; and the smoother they are, the less friction they have; yet metals may be so far polished as to increase friction by the cohesion of their parts. Wood slides easier upon the ground in wet weather -than in dry, and easier than iron in dry weather ; but iron slides ea=ier than wood, in wet weather. Lead makes a great deal of resistance. Iron, or steel, running in brass, makes the least friction of any. In wood act- ing against woud, grease makes the mo- tion twice as easy, or rather 2-3ds easier. F R I ( 331 ) F It I V* heel-naves, greased or tarred, go 4 times easier than when wet. Metals oiled make the friction less than when polished, and twice as little as when unpolished. In general, the softer or rougher the bodies, the less or greater their friction. 2. As to particular cases : a cubic piece of soft wood of 8 pounds weight, moving upon a smooth plane of soft » wood, at the rate of 3 feet per second, — its friction is about l-3d of the weight of it ; but if it be rough, the friction is little less than l-half of the weight. Upon the same supposition, other soft wood upon soft wood very smooth, the friction is about l-4th of the weight. Soft wood upon hard, or hard wood upon soft, l-5th or l-half of the weight. Hard wood upon hard wood, l-?th or 1-8 th of the weight. Polished steel moving upon steel or pewter, 1-4 th of the weight ; moving on copper or lead, l-5th of the weight ; on brass, l-5th of the weight. Metals of the same sort have more friction than different sorts. The friction, catcris paribus, increases with the weight almost in the same pro- portion. The friction is also greater with a greater velocity, but not in pro- portion to it, except in very few cases. A greater surface also causes somewhat more friction, with the same weight and velocity; yet friction may sometimes be increased by having too little surface to move on ; as upon clay, &c. where the body sinks. 3. The friction arising from the bend- ing of ropes about machines, differs ac- cording to their stiffness, the temper of the weather, degree of flexibility, ccc. but, cateris paribus, the force or diffi- culty of bending a rope is as the square of the diameter of the rope, and its ten- sion, directly ; and the diameter of the cylinder or pulley it goes about, recipro- cally. A rope of 1 inch diameter, whose ten- sion, or weight drawing it, is 5 pounds, going over a pulley 3 inches diameter, requires a force of 1 pound to bend it. 4. The resistance of a plane moving through a fluid is as the square of the velocity; and putting vzz velocity in feet in a second, it is equal to the weight of a column of the fluid, whose base is the plane, and height—. And in a globe b-i it is but half so much. 5. As to the mechanic powers, the single lever makes no resisrancc b\ fric- tion ; but if, by the motion of the lever in lifting, the fulcrum, or place of sup- port, be changed further from the weight, the power will be increased thereby. 6. In any wheel of any machine, run- ning upon an axis, the friction on the axis is as the weight upon it, the di- ameter of the axis, and the angular velocity. This sort of friction is but small. 7. In the pulley, if />, q, be 2 weights, and q the greater; and a;——-, then a> is the weight upon the axis of the single pulley; and it is not increased by the acceleration of the weight q, but remains always the same. The friction of the pullies is very con- siderable when the sheaves rub against the blocks : and by the wearing of the holes and axles. The friction of the axis of the pulley is as the weight w, its angular velocity, the diameter of the axis directly, and the diameter of the pulley inversely. A power of 100 pounds, with the addition of 50 pounds, will only draw up 500 with a tackle of 5 ; and 15 pounds over a single pulley will diaw up only 14 pounds. 8. In the screw, there is a great deal of friction : those with sharp threads have more friction than those with square threads ; and endless screws have more than either. Screws with a square thread, raise a weight with more ease than those with a sharp thread. In the common screw the friction is so great, that it will sustain the weight in any position given, when the power is taken off; and therefore the friction is at least equal to the power. From whence it will follow, that in the screw, the power must be to the weight or re- sistance, at least as twice the perpendi- cular height of a thread to the circum- ference described by one revolution of the power ; if it be able to raise the weight, or only to sustain it. This fric- tion of the screw is of great use, as it serves to keep the weight in any given position. 9. In the wedge, the friction is at least equal to the power, as it retains any position it is driven into ; therefore in the wedge, the power must be to the 20 FRO ( 282 ) FRO weight at least as twice the base to the height, to overcome any resistance. 10. To find the friction of any engine, begin at the power, and consider the ve- locity and the weight at the first rubbing part; and estimate its quantity of fric- tion by some of the foregoing articles ; then proceed to the next rubbing part, and there do the same, and soon through the whole. And note, that something more is to be allowed for increase of friction by every new addition to the power. FRIMAS, JV. rime; hoarfrost. FRILL, an ornamental appendage to the shirt, which all officers and soldiers belonging to the British army generally exhibit whenever they appear in regi- mentals. A small aperture is usually made at the top to admit the hook and eye of the regimental coat. Detached frills for the privates are certainly pre- ferable to those which are fixed to the shirts, as two per week, at the regular times allotted for a change of linen, •would answer every purpose of cleanli- ness. FRISE, Fr. See Cheval de Frise. FRISER la corde, Fr. to be within a hair's breadth of the gallows. FRISRUTTER, an instrument made of iron, and used for the purpose of blocking up an haven, or a river. The following description of it is among Ge- neral Monk's observations on political and military affairs. The beams through which the upright bars pass must be twelve feet in length, and the upright bars that go through the beam must be of that length, so that \»hen one of these iron fiisrutters is let down into an haven, or river, the per- pendicular bars of this iron instrument shall be deep enough to reach, at high water, within five feet of the surface. FRITH, a strait of the sea, where the water, being confined, is rough ; as the Frith of Forth in Scotland. FROCK, the undress regimental coat is generally so called. FROG, the hollow part of a horse's hoof. When horses are shod, very par- ticular attention should be paid to their frogs, as lameness may be the conse- quence of too much pressure, or unskil- ful paring. FRONDE, Jr. a sling. This weapon was used in France by the Huguenots at Sancerre, as late as the year 1572, in •rder to suve their powder. There were two sorts, one which was used in throw- ing a stone from the arm, and the other that was fixed to a lever, and was so con- trived that a large quantity of stones might be thrown out of a machine, either from a camp into a besieged town, or from a town into the enemy's camp. This machine has been used since the invention of cannon. The fronde or sling was used by the Romans on three different occasions, viz. when they sent their light-armed men, called reliles, forward to skirmish before a general engagement; when they wished to drive the enemy from under the walls of a town which they were preparing to storm, and finally to harass and wound the men in the enemy's works. This weapon, in fact, together with the bow and arrow, may be numbered among the primitive arms of mankind. FRONDER, Fr. to blame, to find fault with. Fronder, Fr. to throw stones out of a sling. Fronder une enlreprise, une niei- nauvre, nu projet, Fr. a figurative ex- pression, which signifies, to render any project or plan abortive, and by such conduct to deprive the author of the merit which might be attached to its execution. FRONDEURS, Fr. slingers. These composed a part of the Roman militia. There were some in the French service under the reign of Philip I. FRONDEUR, Fr. an oppositionist; a real or affected patriot, who finds fault with the government of a country. Du- ring the minority of Louis the XVih, there \\ as a party in France distinguished by the name of Fronde, or opposition t© the court. FRONT, a word of command, signi- fying, that the men are to turn to their proper front; this movement is perform- ed at once by revolving on the left heel, without first planting the right foot, as in 'he facings. Front, (front, Fr.) the face as oppo- sed to the enemy ; also an extent of ground, &c. which faces something op- posite: as the front of a camp, the front of a line of action, the space in a forti- fication which is comprehended between the capitals of two bastions. Front of a regiment, the foremost rank of a battalion, squadron, or any other body of men. To front every way, is when the, men are facejJ. to a|| siijgs. FRO ( 283 ) FUE Front of a fortification. See Face. TROxr-give-point, a movement of the sword used by the cavalry. See Sword Exercise. iiear-FRONT is the disposition of a body of men in line, or column, so that the natural formation of the battalion is changed with regard to aspect, but not to shape. Those files, which in the first telling off were leaders, becomefollowers. It sometimes happens, that to save time a column is ordered suddenly to face about and retire; in this case the dif- ferent companies march rear front. In the conversion of a regiment, and during the various manoeuvres, the divisions, &c. frequently appear rear front. They are restored to their natural order by the countermarch. Thus a battalion standing in open column, the right in front, when faced about, stands rear front; when countermarched, it resumes its original or natural formation, and stands left in front with its proper lead- ing files. When a battalion retiring in line, fires by wings or alternate compa- nies, every retrograde movement is made rear front. Quatre homines de FRONT, Fr. four men i» front. Faire Front, Fr. to face. Front a Front, Fr. face-to-face. Front a"un bataillon, Fr. the front of a battalion, consisting of the leading man of each file. This term is variously used in the French service, as un bataillon qui fait front de tous cotes, et presente les amies par tout, a battalion which is fronted towards every quarter, and pre- sents arms in every direction. Un ba- taillon est sur son front, signifies, that a battalion is drawn up so that it presents its natural front in line. De Front, Fr. in front. The French say, attaquer Vennemi de front, to attack the enemy in front, or along his line of fire. Tie Front, Fr. a defile where only two persons can pass a-breast. Front d'une armee, Fr. the front of an army. Its extent from the right to left. It also signifies the whole line of communication which an army occupies, whether by divided camps, cantonments, &c. or by columns of troops posted in a country. Front d'attaque, Fr. that part against which an enemy directs his immediate operations. Front d\dtaque, Fr. in artillery, that part of a fortress against which an enemy opens his works, &c. Front de bandiere, Fr. the front rank of a battalion; the advanced line upon which a camp, &c. may be formed. Front convert, Fr. any space which, serves to cover a town or army against the immediate approaches of an enemy. Front decouvcrt, Fr. any space of ground in front of a fortified place or army, which is exposed to the immediate approaches of an enemy. Front h'eriss'e, Fr. any space of ground in front of a fortified place or army, which is defended by a rangeof ordnance, line of troops, &c. so as to render it in- accessible. FRONTAL, Fr. a frontlet. We also say frontal ; any thing tied round the head. Frontal, Fr. a rope with several knots : a kind of rack tied round a man's forehead, to make him confess something. FRONTEAU, Fr. a head-stall of a bridle. Fronteau de mire, Fr. a wedge of wood which is placed under a piece of ordnance to raise it to a proper point of elevation. FRONTIER, (frontitre, Fr.) the limit, confine or boundary of any king- dom. The frontier towns are generally guarded by troops of two or more nations. See Barrier Torons. FRONTISPIECE, ( frontispice, Fr.) the chief side of a building. FRONTON, Fr. in architecture, a pediment. FROSTNAIL, a nail with a promi- nent head, driven into the horse's shoes, that it may pierce the ice. FROSTN AILED, shod to be able to stand and move upon the ice. FROTTEMENT, Fr. friction ; rub- bing ; the collision of two objects com- ing in contact. FRUSII, a sort of tender horn which grows in the middle of the sole of a horse* FPtUSTUM, in mathematics, a piece cut off, and separated from a body. Thus the frustum of a pyramid, or cone, is a part, or piece of it cut off, usually by a plane parallel to the base. FUEL, the matter or aliment of fire; any thing capable of ignition. There is a certain and regulated al- lowance of coal* made by government', 20 2 F U N ( 23-1 ) FUR through the Barrack Ollice, to regiments tribution of individuals, in the shape of of cavalry and infantry stationed in Great Britain, At the Cape of Good Hope, and in our other colonics, the allowance of fuel is generally regulated by the general officer commanding in those quarters. FUGEL-mafi) an incorrect method of Sronouuciog fiugel-man. See Flugel Ian. FUGITIVE, one who runs from his post, station, or duty. Legion FULMINANTE, Fn. The Romans had a legion of tins name, com- posed ot Christian solders, who rendered essential services to the Emperor Marcius Aureliua, in his expedition against the Sarmatii, the Quades, and the Marco- man i. To FUMIGATE, in a general accep- tation of the term, to medicate or heal by vapours; to correct any infected building, or limited circumference of atmosphere, by smoke impregnated with antiputrescent particles of heat. Hos- pitals are strictly ordered to he attended to on this head; especially when any contagious disorder has prevailed. Rut in no instance ought this important pre- caution to be so scrupulously observed as when troops are embarked for any space of time. The subsequent regula- tions have been published by authority, under the following word : FUMIGATION, the act of fumi- gating or conveying smoke into any conlined place. 'Fhe frequent fumigation of every ship on which troops, or prisoners of war are embarked, is deemed highly material, in order to prevent mischief from confined air. The materials for fumigation may be brimstone with saw-dust, or the brimstone may be thrown over hot coaL; nitre, to which a little vitriolic acid i> added ; or common salt, with the same addition of vitriolic acid; gunpowder wetted ; or the heated loggerhead in the pitch pot. This operation should always be per- formed under the immediate eye of the medical officer on board, to prevent im- proper quantities of the articles beinji USfl FUND. See Stock Purse. Office Ft.M), a particular fund which is established at the War-Office for the purpose of supporting a certain number of clerks; that are paid out of the con- fees. FUNERALS. SccBurtals. FUNIN, Fr. the rigging of a ship. FUNNEL, any pipe, or passage of communication from one place to ano- ther. To FURBISH, (fourbir, Fr.) to polish; to burnish. FURBISHER, (fourbisscur, Fr.) one who burnishes, or polishes. To FURL, in regard to military flags, or colours, is opposed to their exposure; and is used to express the act of folding them, so as to be cased. FURLOUGH, a leave of absence. Every non-com missioned officer and soldier, who obtains leave of absence from his regiment, must be provided with a proper voucher to satisfy the com- manding officer of any place or party, that be has the sanction of his superiors to pass and repass within a given period. All soldiers found half a league from a camp or garrison, going towards an enemy's country, or quarters, without a pass, are deemed and treated as de- serters. FURNACE, in a general accepta- tion of the term, any vessel or utensil for maintaining a strong and ^searching lire, either of coal or wood. Furnace is sometimes, applied, but improperly so, to that used in the melt- ing of iron, and by some authors it is confounded with iron forges; although there is a considerable difference be- tween them. See Foundry. Furnace, in mining, signifies a hollow, or excavation which is made in the earth, and is charged with gunpowder, for the purpose of blowing up a rock, wall, or any part of a fortification. Mine Furnaces must be made under that part of the glacis belonging to the covert-way, which faces the quarter whence the besiegers will make their principal attacks, the instant they can be ascertained by the opening of the trenches. Several small ones must like- wise be sunk under the glacis of the outworks, in order to blow up the lodg- ments which the enemy may have made when he has carried the advanced posts. Mine furnaces are moreover extremely useful in the defence of the covert-way, especially to overthrow the saps and lodgments, together with the batteries that may have been erected by the be- FUR ( 285 ) FUR sieging army. For a scientific expla- nation of tliis article, see Foissac's late edition of Truiti, de la defense des places par le Marcchal Vauban, tom.'ii. pages 202, 224, 240. Heverberatory Furnaces, ( four- neaux a reverbere, Fr.) These furnaces were originally invented by the cele- brated Meunier, an engineer in the old French service. They are made wholly of iron, and can render 24 pounder balls red hot in fifteen minutes. In 1798, these furnaces were success- by the successive application of the additional pieces. The following circumstance is well worthy of attention : — Meunier, a dis- tinguished officer of French engineers charged with the construction of the forts which defend the roadsted of Cherbourg, not having fresh water at command, endeavoured to deprive the sea water of its salts, and thereby to render ir fit for the purposes of masonry; he effected the decomposition of water, at the very time that Monge succeeded fully used, on board a gun-boat, for the in its composition, and though they did defence of the Tagus, by Chevalier de j not enter into any correspondence upon Montpezat, an artillery officer in the ', this subject, each of these gentlemen Portugueze service. They are constructed in a peculiar manner, to accelerate combustion. Jt is well known, that ignition becomes vivid, in proportion as the current of air is rendered rapid ; and the way of obtaining such a current of air is, to keep the diameter of the air-pipe in accurate proportion with the mouth, or focus, of the furnace, and to take care that the pipe enters the furnace at a proper height : the works of modern chemists ought to be consulted upon these points, and particularly the writings of Lavoisier. One circumstance, how- ever, must be remembered, viz. that the current of air increases only as it passes up to a certain part of the pipe, beyond which it decreases, so that ignition may be forced to a degree, to make the cannon balls pass into fusion. This maximum is obtained from about sixteen feet pipes; by dividing the pipe into pieces of twelve or eighteen inches each, and by adding or removing these pieces, successively, the degree of heat may be somewhat regulated. It will require an hour to heat the first balls to redness, but when the fur- nace is once warm, if the fire be well kept up, as much heat will be imparted to the ball on the second heating in one quarter of an hour, as will enable it to set fire to any combustible body on which it may fall. The air-pipe is connected with the furnace almost im- mediately over the aperture by which the balls are introduced, and opposite to the focus; the furnace is composed of two oblong chambers which meet at nearly a right angle. Six or nine feet of air-pipe may be allowed on the first trial; it may be lengthened at discretion found the exact proportion of the diffe- rent gases of which water is composed : it may be well to notice that Meunier had, as a part of his apparatus, or re- cipient, the cylinder of an old cannon, in which he submitted the sea water to the heat of a reverberating furnace. After his experiment, he examined the cylinder and found it covered with what appeared as a layer or coating of varnish ; but of a nature which set all instru- ments at defiance, for none could make any impression upon it. He intended to have instituted further researches concerning this, and persuaded himself he should find a mode of covering, par- ticularly, the inner surfaces of all cannon whether made or making, with this species of varnish ; from which, con- siderable advantages would result, by artillery's being rendered both capable of longer duration, and considerably lighter than before; whereby ordnance of large calibre might easily be added to the field train, or considerable reduction might take place in the numbers of draft horses, and in the forage. Pre- mature death prevented this learned officer from following up his first expe- riments ; but it is beyond doubt, that since his discovery of this new pheno- menon, the touchholes or vents of pieces of ordnance might have been choaked so as to have been rendered wholly unserviceable; which is not the case in spiking or nailing. The terms of the original papers from which we have made this extract, do not convey any accurate idea of the principles upon which reverberating furnaces are constructed. In these, when the fuel is kindled, and the furnace well heated, a current of air flows FUS ( 256 ) FUS Strongly through the fuel; the rare- faction of t lie air in the fire place will solicit a considerable draught of air, which «ill keep the fuel inflamed to a great degree. But these furnaces owe their powers to another cause, not even hinted at in the preceding paper, viz. " T/ir heat being reflected from even/ fart of the furnaci upon the body sub- milted to it, becomes very intense. While we are ready to allow all the credit, that is due for the original ob- servations of the new metallic varnish, and for the suggestion of the uses to which it 11 iiu;l) L he applied in the im- provement of pieces of ordnance, and a means too of rendering them unser- viceable when required, we cannot pass over this article without paying a just tribute of respect to our distin- guished countryman Dr. Black, whose ingenuity lias been particularly dis- played in the construction of the fur- naces, and whose doctrine of heat re- mains to this day the subject of general admiration. FURNITURE, in a general sense, means all sorts of moveables made use of for the comfort or decoration of a house. In a military sense, it applies t© certain articles which are allowed in barracks, to which are added household utensils, according to the number of rooms. i/orse-FiRNiTURE, ornaments and embellishments which arc adopted by military men when they are mounted for service or parade, consisting chiefly of housings, saddle-cloth, the sixteenth part, or more, of the diameter. The composition which is used for fuses of this description, consists of 16 parts of saltpetre, 1\ of charcoal, and 4 of sulphur ; or of 16 parts of saltpetre, 6 of charcoal, 4 of sulphur, and 2 of priming gunpowder. The materials must be carefully pounded and well mixed together. Hollow rods of various FUS ( 489 ) FUS' lengths are used to charge these fuses. They must have cavity enough to admit the stick. Fuses are tied to long sticks, or rods, made of very light wood, such as hazel- tree, which must have been cut some time, and be perfectly dry. They must likewise be straight, and contain from 7 to 8 feet in length ; the thick end of the rod, in which two notches are made to fix it to the fuse, must be 7 or 8 lines in diameter, and at the small end 8 or 4 lines diameter. When the rod is rather heavy, it takes a more upright direc- tion than when it is light; but it does not require so many degrees of eleva- tion. It must be generally remarked, that as soon as a fuse is fixed to a grenade which is not intended for immediate use, you must melt some pitch and im- merse the head of the fuse, instantly dipping it into cold water, by which pre- caution the composition will remain un- altered ; unless the wood be rotten. FUSIL, Fr. a light musket. Fusil, Fr. steel which strikes fire out of a flint. Pierre a Fusil, Fr. a flint. Fusil, Fr. a tinder-box. Fusil, Fr. the piece of steel which covers the pan of a fire-arm. Fusil sur epuule ! Fr. a word of com- mand in the French manual exercise, Shoulder arms ! FUSILLER quelquun, Fr. to shoot some body. FUSILS a I'epee, Fr. fusils with long bayonets, shaped like a cut and thrust sword. These weapons have been pro- posed by the writer of Melanges Mili- taires. as being extremely useful in the rear rank of a battalion, or in detached bodies that are stationed for the defence ot baggage, &c. Something similar to this invention has been adopted by the dismounted light horse volunteers in London, who have temporary sword-hilts made to fit the sockets of their bayonets. FesiL mousquet, Fr. a sort of fusil which was invented by Marshal Vauhan, and which was so contrived, that in case the flint did not strike fire, the powder might be inflamed by means of a small match which was fixed to the breech. Fusils d, chevalets, Fr. fusils upon rests, which are recommended by Mar- shal Vauban to be used at the com- mencement of a siege, about 50 or 100 toises in front of the glacis, at the en- trances of narrow passes, &rc. FUSILEERS, in the British service, are soldiers armed like the rest of the infant rv, with this difference only, that their muskets are shorter and lighter than those of the battalion and the gre- nadiers. They wear caps which are somewhat less in point of height than common grenadier caps. There are three regiments in the English service ; the 7th regiment of foot, (or Royal Fu- sileers,) raised in 1685 ; the 21st regi- ment of foot, (or Royal N. British Fu- sileers,) raised in 1678; and the 23d, (or Royal Welch Fusileers,) raised in 1688. It is always presumed, that these corps, like the Guards, possess an esprit de corps, which is peculiar to themselves. As the fusileer regiments upon the British establishment are distinguished from other corps by some peculiarities, we shall briefly state what has occurred to us on the subject. In former times the officers of these regiments did not carry spontoons, but had fusils like the officers of flank companies throughout the line. At present they wear swords. It is necessary to remark, that there are not any ensigns in fusileer regiments ; their junior officers rank as second-lieu- tenants, taking precedence of all en- signs, and those of the 7th, or Royal Fusileers, have no second lieutenants ; so that they rank with the rest of the army according to the dates of their se- veral commissions, as lieutenants. On account of this difference, the first com- mission \n the fusileers was, by a regu- lation issued from the War-Office, in 17-73, rated 50/. higher than that of an ensign ; whilst the first commission in the 7th, having the pay of lieutenant at- tached to it, was rated at 550/. that of the other two, having only the pay of ensign annexed, was 450/. When the estimates of the British army were made out for the year 1755, the extra sum of 164/. 5s. per annum was charged against the 7th regiment. This surplus however was easily ex- plained when it came to be understood, that that regiment being a fusileer corps, had 20 lieutenants, instead of 1 1 lieu- tenants and 9 ensigns. The difference between these commissions amounted to 9s per diem, and the sum total to 164/. 5s. per annum. The 23d, or royal regiment i)!' Welch fusileers, wear helmets ; and 1 P GAB ( 290 ) GAG all officers belonging to fusileer corps have two epaulets. FUSILIERS, Fr. are men armed with fusils, or light muskets. — When pikes were in use among the French, each re- giment had only (our fusileers, exclusive of ten grenadiers who carried the fusil or musket. At present fusils, or muskets, are universally adopted in the European armies. Among the French, there was a distinct regiment of fusi leers, under the immediate command of the grand master of the ordnance. The length of a French fusil was directed to consist of three French feet eight inches from the touch- hole to the muzzle, and the caliber to have the diameter of a ball taking twenty to the pound. FUSKIBALAS, a machine used by the ancients in the defence of their walls, to throw stones and darts at the enemy. FUST1GATION, Fr. the act of whip- ping at a cart's tail, for theft. 1 -'US TIGIER, Fr. to punish, or chas- tise, with a whip. This is the sense given in the Dictionnaire de I'Acadcmie ; but we conceive that the word, coming from the Latin Fustis and Fustigo, strictly taken, means to beat with a staff, slick or cudgel. FUT, Fr. the stock of a musket; any piece of wood upon which portable tire- arms are mounted. FUYARD, Fr. a person that is apt to run away, a coward. Un corps Fuyard, Fr. a regiment that has been in the habit of running away. FUZE. See Fuse. G /"^ABION, in fortification, is a kind of ^-^ basket made of ozier twigs, of a cy- lindrical form, having different dimen- sions, according to the purpose for which it is userl. Some gabions are 5 or 6 feet high, and 3 feet in diameter ; these serve in sieges to carry on the approaches un- der cover, when they come pretty near the fortification. Those used in field- works are 3 or 4 feet high, and l Z\ or 3 feet diameter. There are also gabions about 1 foot high, 12 inches in diameter at top, and from !> to 10 at bottom, which are placed along the top of the parapet, to cover the troops in firing over it. They are filled with earth. In order to make them, some pickets, 3 or 4 feet long, are stuck into the ground, in form of a circle, and of a proper diameter, wattled together with small branches, in the manner of com- mon fences. Batteries are often made of gabions. See Battf.ry. Stii(f'cd-G\hiotiS, in fortification, are made in the same manner as the former : they are only filled with ail sorts of branches and small wood, and are 4 or 6 feet long: they serve to roll before the workmen in the trenches, to cover them in front against musket-shot. Gabion farci, Fr. a stuffed gabion. GABIONNADE, Fr. a term made use of when a retrenchment is suddenly thrown up and formed of gabions, for the purpose of covering the retreat of troops, who may be obliged to abandon a work, after having defended it to the last extremity. Every parapet that is made of gabions is generally called gabionnade. GABIONNER, Fr. to cover or secure with gabions. GADARA, a Turkish sabre, with a large blade, somewhat curved. GAFFLES, the steel lever with which the ancients bent their cross-bows. GAGE, Fr. the gauntlet. The glove that was thrown in defiance at the per- son one intended to fight, was formerly called gage de combat, or gage de ba- taille. GAGES, Fr. wages. Among the French this phrase signifies the fruits or compensations which were derived by individuals from appointments given by the crown, whether of a military, civil, or judicial nature, or for service done at sea or l>y land. GAGEURE, Fr. a bet; a wager. The French say figuratively— soulenir la gageure, to persist in an undertaking. Un GAGISTE, Ft. a person who receives wages, or is in the pay of ano- ther ; the same as stipendiaire. GAGNER, Fr. to come at; to reach. Gagner du terrein, ) Fr. to gain Gagner pays, S ground. Gagner le desaus, Fr. to get the better of. GAL ( 291 ) GAL Gagner bataille, Fr. to overcome an enemy, or gain a battle. Gagner une marche, Fr. to reach some particular point or position before the enemy, by means of a more active and skilful movement. GAIBON, Fr. See Gabion. To GAIN, to conquer; to get the better : as, They gained the duy, ccc. To Gain ground. See Ground. GAIN d'une bataille, Fr. the success- ful issue of an engagement; the act of conquering an enemy. GAINE, Fr. a sheath. Gaine de flam me,, Fr. a sort of linen sheath or cover, into which the staff of a flag or pendant is put. Gaine de pavilion, Fr. a cloth, oi- lmen band, which is sewed across the flag, and through which the different ribbons are interlaced. Gaines de girouettes, Fr. bands or pieces of linen, with which the vanes are tied to the staff. GAIT is the going, or pace of a horse. Hence horsemen say, this horse has a good gait, but the other has a broken gait; that is, one goes well, but the other does not. GAITERS, a sort of spatter-dashes, usually made of cloth, and are either long, as reaching to the knee, or short, as only reaching above the ancle; the latter are termed half-gaiters. GALElUIiN, Fr. a galley slave. In order to carry as many men as possible into the field, Bonaparte, in the year 1815, armed all the galley slaves, and threw them into such towns as were re- markable for their attachment to the cause -of the Boii'hons. Thus Calais was garrisoned by these miscreants. GALERIES capitales, Fr. are those galleries which lie under the capitals in works of fortification. Galerie de pour tour, Fr. a corridor, or gallery, which is constructed in the in- side or outside of a building. Galerie ti-ansvcrsale, Fr. is a gailery in fortification which cuts the capital in a perpendicular direction. Galerte meurtriere, ou de premiere enveloppe, Fr. a gallery which runs under the whole extent of the covert-way, and is frequently carried close to the coun- terscarp, in order to afford a circulation of air. Galerie d'enveloppc, Fr. a gallery which is constructed at the extremity of the glacis, and is commonly made parallel to the magistral or principal line of fortification. The enveloppe is the chief gallery in a fortress, or garrison town, and serves as a path of communi- cation or covered way to all the rest. It is of the utmost consequence to the be- sieged to secure this gallery from every approach of the enemy; and if any im- pression should be made, to repair the injury without delay. From this gallery the garrison always direct their attacks, whenever it is necessary to keep the as- sailants out of the covert-way. Galerie d'tcoute, Fr. a gallery in front of the enveloppe. Ecouter, which signifies to listen, sufficiently explains the purpose for which these galleries weve erected. Petites Galeries, ou rameaux, Fr. small galleries, branches, or arraignees, in fortification, which issue from the countermine, and at the extremities of which the furnace or chamber for the lodgment of gunpowder is constructed. There is not any established or fixed rule to direct the height to which small galleries, branches, or arraignees ought to be carried; in general they should have the least possible elevation. When galleries are built of mason- work, their height is from five to six feet, their breadth from three to four, and sometimes only three. Galeries de mines, Fr. Galleries in mining differ from countermines, in as much as they are supported by coffers resting upon frames, which are covered with earth three feet in depth ; that is, two feet and a half from one frame to another. These galleries are usually built three feet and a half high, and two and a half broad; and whenever there is a necessity to work in the rameau or ar- raignee, the galleries in that case are reduced to smaller proportions. Galerie magistrate, Fr. in mining, signifies any covered avenue or gallery, which is parallel to the magistral or prin- cipal line of the place, and exists under the whole or part of the front of the for- tifications. This gallery is usually as thick as the enemy's mason work against which the countermine is directed. By means of this work the besieged gene- rally endeavour to interrupt every at- tempt which the besiegers may make in the passage of the fosse or ditch. Galerie a passer unfosse, Fr. a gal- lery constructed for the purpose of crossing a ditch. It is a small passage 2JP2 GAL ( 292 ) G A L made of timber-work, having its beams or supports driven into the bottom of the ditch, and being covered at the top with boards that are again covered with earth, sufficiently strong to bear the miner, and to withstand the effects of artificial fire, or the weight of stones which the enemy might direct against them. This sort of gallery is sometimes called the traverse or cross-way. These naileries have been out of use for some years. The miner gets at the bodv of the place which is attacked, either through a subterraneous gallery that is practised under the ditch, when the nature of the ground will permit the attempt, or under cover of the epaule- ment, which covers the passage of the ditch. When the ditch is full of water, And the miner has made considerable progress in it, he instantly makes the best of his way to the breach, either hy swimming, or by supporting his body on a raft of timber; as soon as he lias reached the spot, he works into the earth among the ruins of the wall, and completes the object of the enteiprize. Galeries de communication, Fr. are subterraneous galleries, by means of which the garrison of a besieged town or place may, without being perceived by the enemy, communicate from the body of the place, or from the counter- scarp, with the different outworks. Galeries souterrainm des ancient, Fr. subterraneous galleries as originally invented by the ancients. The author of the Diction naire Militaire, in his last edition of that work, enters upon the ex- [ilanation of these galleries, by the fol- owing curious assertion. " I must," he observes, " in this place, assert with the Chevalier Folard, that it would be absurd to deny the superi- ority which the ancients possessed over us in the essential knowledge and requi- sites of war, and that they pushed the different branches of that science to as high a pitch of perfection as it was pos- sible to raise it. " The only inventions which the mo- derns can boast of, are those of fire- arms, mines and furnaces. Hut then on the other hand, we stand indebted to them for our lines of circuinvallation and of coutravallation, our approaches or trenches, which are effected from a camp to its different batteries, together with the construction of those batteries; •ur parallel entrenchments or places of arms, the descent into or the filling up of the ditch, our covered saps in mining, and our open galleries ; we owe to them, in fact, the original art of throwing up works, and of creating obstacles, by which we are enabled to secure our- selves, or by various stratagems to an- noy our enemies. The ancients were indeed superior to us in the means of defence. " The origin of subterraneous galleries or passages in mining, is totally unknown to us; a circumstance which proves their antiquity. Wc read in the History of Josephus, that the Jews frequently made use of them; so that neither the Greeks nor the Romans, who in many instances arrogate to themselves the ex- clusive glory of invention, were the authors of this discovery. u The method which was pursued by the ancients in their passages of mines, resembled the one that is invariably fol- lowed by the moderns. But the latter possess a considerable advantage over the former in this sort of attack and de- fence, which advantage consists wholly in the invention of gunpowder. " The ancients, it is well known, could only undermine in one way ; namely, under the terraces or cavaliers, or under the towers and battering tes- tudo-machines, (tortues bilihes,) and in order to do any execution, they were obliged, in the first place, to construct a spacious high subterraneous chamber to carry away and raise the earth, to sup- port the remainder by powerful props, and afterwards to fill the several cham- bers with dry wood and other com- bustible materials, which were set (ire to, in order to reduce them, together with the towers and various machines that were placed above, into one com- mon heap of ruins. But this attempt did not always succeed; for, owing to the magnitude of the undertaking and the time it required, the enemy might either trace the miners, cut off their communication with the main body of the place, or get into the chambers before they could be finished, or be pro- perly prepared for inflammation. " The ancients constructed their gal- leries on a larger scale than we adopt. They were wider, but less elevated ; whereas those that we use require less trouble; our chamber mines being more contracted, and having an advantage of access by means of the different branches. GAL ( 893 ) GAM One or two small chambers are sufficient with us to blow up the whole face of a bastion. But the ancients only sapped in proportion to the extent of wall which they were determined to demolish. This was a tedious operation ; for when the besieger had reached the foot of the wall, it became necessary to run a gal- lery along the whole extent of what he proposed to demolish. Subsequent to this, he had to operate upon the entire front, during which the besieged found time and opportunities to open subter- raneous passages, and to discover those which the assailants were practising against them. In the latter, indeed, they seldom failed. " The Romans were extremely partial to subterraneous galleries. By means of these secret passages they took Fidenae and Veiie; and Darius, king of Persia, by the same method, took Calcedon. That species of gallery which is run out under the soil of an encampment, and pushed forward into the very body of a town, has been known from time imme- morial. The Gauls were likewise very expert in their management of subter- raneous galleries. Caesar mentions the use of them in five or six places of his Commentaries." Galerie de pourtour, Fr. in architec- ture, a sort of gallery which is raised either in the inside, or on the outside, and surrounds the whole or part of a building. GALEA, ) a low built vessel for the GALIOT, S conveyance of troops and stores, having both sails and oars. GALION, Fr. a name which was for- merly given to French ships of war, that had three or four decks. The term, however, is in disuse, except among the Spaniards, who call vessels gallons, that sail to South America, for bullion, Santa Marguerita, Terra Firms, Carthagena, Porto-Bello, &c. GALIOTE a bombes, Fr. a bomb- ketch; a vessel built of very strong timber, with flat ribs and half decks. It is used for the carriage of mortars, that are placed upon a false deck which is made in the hold. To GALL, to harass; to keep in a state of uneasiness. A GALLING fire, an uninterrupted and destructive discharge of cannon or musketry which is kept up against an enemy. GALLERY, a passage of communi- cation to that part of a mine where the powder is lodged. See Galerie. GALLET, Fr. See Jalet. GALL1VATS are large row-boats, used in India. They are built like the grab, but of smaller dimensions, the largest rarely exceeding 70 tons; they have two masts, of which the tnizen is very slight; the main-mast bears only one sail, which is triangular, and very large, the peak of it, when hoisted, being much higher than the mast itself. In general the gallivats are covered with a spar deck, made, for lightness, of bam- boos split, and these carry only pettera- roes, which are fixed on swivels in the gunnel of the vessel ; but those of the largest size have a fixed deck, on which they mount six or eight pieces of can- non, from two to four pounders; they have forty or fifty stout oars, and may be rowed four miles an hour. See His- tory of Hindostan, vol. i. p. 408, 409. GALLOGLASSES, Fr. a corps of Irish cavalry so called under the French monarchy. GALLOPER, a piece of ordnance of small caliber. GALLOSHES, (galoches, Fr.) large shoes without straps or buckles, into which the common wearingshoesorboots may go, to preserve the feet from wet. Gallows. See Potence, Fr. GALLOWAY, (bidet, Fr.) a horse not more than fourteen hands high, called so, according to Dr. Johnson, be- cause it is much used in the north ; as coming originally from Galloway, a shire in Scotland. GALLOWGLASSES, shirts formerly worn by footmen under their coats of mail ; soldiers among the wild Irish, who serve on horseback. See Johnson. GALLOWSES, (britelles, Fr.) braces; straps used for the purpose of keeping up the breeches or pantaloons of men, and the petticoats of Highlanders and women. GALON, Fr. galloon; gold and silver lace. GAM A CHE, Fr. spatterdash. GAMBADOES, (gamaehes, guetres, Fr.) a sort of covering of leather or cloth, for the legs; spatterdashes. GAMBESON, Fr. a term which the French formerly applied to a coat of mail worn under the cuirass. It was likewise called cotte gambois'ce. It con- sisted of worsted, quilted between two pieces of stout linen. G A MBLING, every species of chance G A N ( 294 ) GAR play, such as hazard, &c. It is strictly forbidden in the British army. The Don-commissioned officers and private soldiers are severely punished when found guilty of this mischievous prac- tice; and in some services the officers are treated with equal severity. See Jeu de kasurd. GAM BO I SEE, Fr. See Gambhon. GAME. Officers or soldiers killing game without leave of the lord of the manor, are punishable by lines according to the 54th section of the Mutiny Act. GAMELLE, Fr. a wooden or earthen bowl used among the French soldiers for their messes. It generally contained the quantity of food which was allotted foi three, five, or seven men belonging to the same room. The porridge-pots for the navy were made of wood, and held a certain allowance. During the monarchy of France, subaltern officers and volun- teers were fiequently pum>hcd for slight offences by being sent to the gametic, and excluded their regular mess, and put upon short allowance, according to the nature of their transgression. GANGES, a considerable river of In- dia in Asia. It rises in the mountains which border on Little Thibet, in 82 de- grees of east longitude, and 32 degrees, 45 minutes, of north latitude. According to the ingenious author of the History of Indostan, it disembogues itself into that country, through a pass called the straits of Kupele, which are distant from Delhi about 30 leagues, in the longitude of 96, and in the latitude of 30° 2'. These straits are believed by the Indians, who look very little abroad, to be the sources of the Ganges; and a rock 15 miles distant from them, bear- ing some resemblance to the head of a cow, has joined, in the same part of the kingdom, two very important objects of their religion; the grand image of the animal which they almost venerate as a divinity, and the first appearance of that immense body of holv water, which is to wash away all their sins. Jeter le GANT, Fr. to challenge. Hence GANTLET, ) in ancient military GAUNTLET, \ history, a large kind GANTELET, S uf g'ove, made of iron, and the ringers covered with small I lates; it was formerly worn by cavaliers, or single knights of war, when armed at all points, but is now in disuse. Gantlet, or ganlelope, denotes a kind of military punishment, in which the criminal running between the ranks re- ceives a lash from each man. See Kun the gantlet. GAOLER, or JAILER, (geolier, Fr.) the keeper of a prison. Gaolers are obliged by act of par- liament to receive the subsistence of deserters while in custody, but they are not entitled to any fees. They are like- wise directed to receive into their cus- tody deserters on t heir route to their regiments; in default whereof they are subject to a penalty of 20 shillings. GAP, See Breach. GAR, the general term used by the Saxons, for a weapon of war. Se rendre GARANT, Fr. to become responsible. GARANTIR, Fr. See Warrant. GARCON-ilirtjo/-, Fr. an officer so called in the old French service. He was selected from among the lieutenants of a regiment, to assist the aid-majors in the general detail of duty. GARDE, Fr. watch; guard; pro- tection. Garde d'nne place, Fr. the garrison of a place. See Garrison. -De Garde, Fr. on guard. It also signifies in waiting. (Jarde de I'armee, Fr. the grand guard of an army. Guards in the old French service were usually divided into three sorts : Guard of Honour, Fatigue Guard, anil the General's Guard. That was called a guard of honour in which the officers and men were most exposed to danger; for the quintessence of mili- tary honour is to be often in peril, and either to fall courageously in the dis- charge of duty, or to return from the field after having exhibited proofs of valour, prudence, and perseverance. A fatigue guard belonged to a garrison or to a camp. A general's guard was mounted before the door or gate of the house in which the commanding officer resided. For a more specific account of guards in general, see Guard. Gardes if » corps, Fr. the body guards. Under the old government of France they consisted of a certain number of gentlemen or cavaliers whose immediate duty was to attend the King's person. They were divided into four companies, under as many captains, whose tour of duty came every quarter. They took rank above the gensdarmes and the King's light cavalry. GAR ( 295 ) GAR The first and most ancient of the four companies was called the Scotch company. In 1423, Charles VII. established this body of gentlemen, or cavaliers, for the purpose of shewing the great confidence which he placed in the Scots; who were not a little indebted for this mark of distinction to the service which their countryman, Lord Buchan, eldest son of the Duke of Albany, rendered the French in 1421 at the battle of Banje in Anjou, where the English army was completely routed. In order to preserve the re- membrance of their behaviour, and in token of their gratitude to the Scotch nation, the French king gave orders that whenever the roll-call took place in the Scotch company, each individual, instead of answering Me voila ! should say I am here ! or Here! During the French monarchy, there was a distinction made between the de- signation of the four troops or compa- nies of the horse guards, and those of the foot guards. In the former it was said compagnies de.s gardes and capitaine des gardes, whereas, in speaking of some titled to the baton de commandement in common with the four captains of the body guards. Peculiar privileges were attached to every officer belonging to this body. No stranger, not even a na- tive of Strasburg, Savoy, Alsace, or Piedmont, could hold a commission in the French guards. The age at which men were enlisted was above 18 anci under 50 years. The height 5 French feet 4 inches and upwards. The Serjeants were strictly forbidden to exercise any trade or business, and many of them got the Croix de St. Louis. Gardes Nationales, Fr. National Guards. They were originally formed out of the inhabitants of Paris, during the existence of the National Assembly in 1790. The command of them was given to the Marquis de la Fayette. At present, they constitute one of the strongest props of the Bourbon dynasty, and are extended over Fiance. Garde Bourgeoise, or Garde Urbane, Fr. a guard composed of the inhabi- tants of a town or place. A guard of this description was formed in France, upon the expulsion of Bonaparte, and of the companies which composed the; during the dissolution of his army of corps of French guards, it was said CoMPAGNiErti/.r Gardes, Capitaine aux Gardes, Lieutenant aux Gardes. the line. Gardes provinciaux, Fr. Provincial guards were persons appointed to super- Garde du consulat, Fr. the consular I intend, take charge of, and be respon- guard. The only guard of honour which J sible for the artillery belonging to Paris, existed in France, in 1802, before the assumption of the empire by Bonaparte. Garde du general, Fr. a general's guard. (jARDz-gaieral d'ur tiller ie, Fr. A king's officer uas so called under the old government of France, who had charge of all the ordnance and stores belonging to his majesty for the land service. He gave receipts for all ammunition, &c. and his bills were paid by the treasurer general of the artillery. Garde magasin d'uue arsenal de mu- rine, Fr. an officer in France appointed to take charge and to keep a register of Metz, Chalons, Lyons, Amiens, Nar- bonne, and Calais. GARDES-magasins, Fr. In the old French service there were two sorts of magazine guards : — one for the military stores, and the other for the artillery. The first was subject to the grand mas- ter, and the second was appointed by the secretary at war. Gardes particuliers des ?nagasins d'artillerie, Fr. officers appointed by the grand master of the ordnance for the specific purpose of attending to the am- munition, &C. Their pay was in pro- portion to the quantity of stores with all warlike stores, tkc. tor the service of ■ which they were entrusted. They en the navy Gardes-Jcux, Fr. wooden cases or boxes used to hold cartridges. Gardes-J'ous, Fr. the rails of a bridge. Gardes Francoises, Fr. the French Guards. In 1563, Charles IX. King of the French, raised a regiment for the immediate protection of the palace. The colonel of the Gardes Franchises was on duty throughout the year, and was en- joyed some particular privileges, and were lodged at the expense of govern- ment. Gardes de la porte, Fr. a company so called during the monarchy of France, and of so ancient a date, indeed, with respect to original institution, that it ap- pears to have been coeval with it. Men- tion is made of the Gardes de la porte in the oldest archives or records belong- GAR ( 296 ) GAR ing to the king's household, in which service they were employed, without being responsible to any particolar trea- surer, as other companies were. This company consisted of one cap- tain, four lieutenants, and fifty guards. The captain and officers received their commissions from the king. The first took an oath of fidelity to the king in person, and received the b&ton from his hands. The duty he did was purely dis- cretionary, and depended upon his own will. The lieutenants served hy detach- ment, and took their tour of duty every quarter. Their specific service consisted in guarding the principal gate belonging to the king's apartments. Their guard- house was within the palace, which they occupied from six o'clock in the morning until six in the evening; when they were relieved by the body guards. They de- livered the keys to a brigadier belonging to the Scotch garrison. Gardes Suisses, Fr. the Swiss guards. This body originally consisted of a cer- tain number of companies which were taken into the French service in con- sequence of the close alliance that sub- sisted between the Swiss Cantons and France; but they were not distinguished from other troops by the appellation of guards, until a considerable period had elapsed from their first establishment. The zeal, fidelity, and attachment, which they uniformly evinced whenever they were entrusted with this distinguished part of the service, induced the crown in 1616 to liestow upon them this ad- ditional name. The regiment was composed of twelve companies of two hundred effectives each. Some consisted of half companies complete in men. They were com- manded by the three following officers, subordinate to each other, and created in 1689, viz. One colonel general of the nation, one particular colonel of the re- giment, and one lieutenant-colonel. The Swiss guards received double the pay which was given to the French guards. It is somewhat remarkable, that one hundred and three years after the regu- lar establishment of the regiment under the three mentioned field officers, this brave body of men should have fallen victims to their attachment to the mo- narchy of France. On the 10th of Au- gust, 1792, they withstood the Parisian populace, aided by a desperate set of men from Marseilles, and defended the palace in the Louvre until almost every man was killed. During the resistance which the Swiss guards made, Louis the With with his family escaped, and took shelter in the National Assembly. Gardes (cent) Suisses du corps du Hoi, Fr. one hundred Swiss guards im- mediately attached to the king's person. They were a select body of men who took an oath of fidelity to the king, and were formed into a regular troop. Louis XIV. during several sieges which he per- sonally attended, gave directions, that the head of the trench should be guarded by a detachment of this troop; so that the hundred Swiss guards might properly be ranked a> military men, although their officers did not wear any uniform, and in the last periods of the monarchy of France, the principal duties of the hundred Swiss guards consisted in do- mestic and menial attendance. Garde qui monte, Fr. the new guard ( i-arde qui descend, Fr. die old guard. Gardes ordinaires, Fr. See Ordinary GUARDS. Garde de la tranche, Fr. guard for the trenches. Among the French, this guard usually consisted of four or six battalions. It was entrusted to three g< neral officers, viz. one lieutenant-ge- neral on the right, one major general on the left, and one brigadier general in the center. All general officers, whin on duty for the day in the trenches, re- mained the succeeding night, and never left them until they were regularly re- lieved by others of their own rank. When it came to the tour of any par- ticular battalion to mount the trench guard, it was the duty of the major of that battalion to examine the ground on which it was to be drawn up, to look at the piquets, and to see where the grenadiers were posted, in order to go through the relief with ace uracy and ex- pedition. The battalion was drawn up in front of the camp ; the grenadiers being sta- tioned on the right, next to them the piquet, and on its left flank the body of' the battalion. The latter was divided into different piquets, and formed in order of battle. So that instead of the several companies being posted together, the men were drafted out, and distri- buted in such a manner, that the whole battalion was separated into troops or companies, each consisting of forty-eight men, promiscuously thrown together. G A R ( 297 ) GAR The advantage which was derived from this disposition of the battalion, and from its having been previously told oft" according to each company's roster, is manifest; for when a second or third battalion piquet was wanted in the trenches, the different detachments were already formed without going into the small detail of companies. The officers in conformity to their roster were or- dered to march, and the piquet moved out without a moment's delay. Add to this, that whenever it was found necessary to make a sortie, the loss of men did not fall upon one com- pany, but was divided among the whole battalion. A general rendezvous or parade was fixed tor all the regiments who were to do duty in the trenches; thev assembled in that quarter, and were drawn up in line, with all the grenadiers on the right, and the whole of the piquets upon the iarae alignment. At the hour appointed the latter began to file oft', and each re- giment followed according to its seniority. The lieutenant-general, whose tour of command was in the trenches, placed himself at the head of those troops who were to attack from the right; the major- -general at the head of those belonging to the left, and the brigadier-general took the center ; the oldest regiment headed thr light, the next in seniority stood in front of the left, and the third preceded the center. As soon as the troops reached the tail of the trench, the men marched by Indian files, or rank entire, and each one took his post. Sentries were stationed, and the necessary detachments were made. The colours jvere planted upon the pa- rapet of the trench. At night the ad- jutants of corps went to head quarters, to receive instructions relative to tin- projected attack, and got the parole and countersign irom the general. The senior adjutant communicated his orders to the rest, who conveyed the same, first to their several colonels, and afterwards to the Serjeants of each regiment. When on duty in the trenches, soldiers must not, on any account, quit their fire-arms; and the instant the least noise is heard, it is their duty to throw them- ^elves upon the back of the trench, and there remain till the order is given to march. When an attack is directed to be made, the execution of it is always entrusted to the grenadiers. These are supported by the different piquet*, and the main body of the corps follow with the colours. When the chamade was beat by the besieged, with a view to capitulate, it; was a rule among the French, that the battalions which were posted in the trenches, might refuse to be relieved, and could remain at their station until the garrison marched out. When the capitulation was signed, it fell to the oldest regiment belonging to the besieging army to take possession of the gate that was delivered up, and that corps re- mained in the town until a governor was named, and a regular garrison appointed. Garde du cump, Fr. See Quarter^ Guard. Garde arancte, on Garde Folk, Fr. a small body of cavalry, consisting of 15 or 20 horsemen, under the command pf a lieutenant, whose station is beyond, but still in sight of the main guard. The particular duty of those men is to watch the motions of the enemy, for the greater security of the camp. During the famous crusade to the Holy Land, the Christians having taken the town of Damietta, and finding it impossible to make further progress, on account of the overflowings of the river Nile, effected a passage over, but neg- lected to retrench themselves according to the custom of those days. The con- sequence was, that the Arabs insulted them in their camp, and frequently mur- dered their sentries at their very tents. In order to prevent these incursions, ad- vanced guards of the description just mentioned were resorted to. Vedettes were posted round the camp, and from hence most probably was derived their origin. Many methods have been proposed by the military writers of all ages to secure advanced guards from surprize. Fro- chetta advises fires to be lighted during the night in one quarter, while the ren- dezvous and station of the guard are in another. His reason is thi3 : if the enemy should approach the quarter which is lighted up, the soldiers belonging to the advanced guard may readily discover him, without being themselves exposed to a direct attack. Onosander is of the same way of thinking. Silence on these occasions is indispensably requi- site. Xenophon, on the other hand, has proposed, that the station should be often changed, and th'sii the guard should con- GAR ( 208 ) GAR M~t ol different numbers. His object is to form a considerable ambuscade in trout of the spot where the guard lias dec n usually posted, so that when the enemy approaches towards it, he may lie suddenly surprized by a larger hot I v of men then he expected, and instead of carrying off the ordinary guard, be him- self eaten prisoner. GrARDE du pmif, Fi\ guard for the security of a bridge. The same author (Fiochctta) proposes, that one or two sentries be posted at each end of the bridge, it' it be of any length. His mo- tive is to prevent too heavy loads from being conveyed upon it, and to check bodies of cavalry who might be disposed to gallop or trot across it. If the bridge be constructed upon barges or boats, there must always be a certain number of wooden scoops to drain off the water as it rises, or gets through small aper- tures upon the surface. The command- ing officer of the guard must order fre- quent rounds to be made, both night and clay, lest the enemy should send divers to get under the boats and pierce their bottoms- Foresti, the historian, relates, that the V.mperor Henry III. having ordered se- veral barges to be constructed and sta- tioned in the Danube for the purpose of storming Posonio, his project was de- feated by tin- bold and desperate act of an individual* One Zormonde, a Hun- garian, basing provided himself with a wimbret, swam under the surface of the water, and got beneath the boats, which he bored in several plates, without the least suspicion or knowledge of the ma- riners. The lioats gradually tilled, and were finally sunk, which circumstance obliged the emperor to raise the siege. Garde des travailleurs, Fr. a parti- cular guard which is kept among the workmen and artificers during a siege. In France they had a particular roster among themselves; beginning from the eldest downwards, as well among the officers as among the men. Garde rekvie, Fr. the guard that is relieved, commonly called the old guard. < Iardes (lr la marine, Ft. Daring the existence of the old French government several young gentlemen received brevet commissions from the king, and wire permitted to serve on board ships of war. They were distributed among the fleet, and when they had acquired a knowledge o£ their profession, were promoted to the rank of officers. Their duty was nea* the admiral, when he commanded in persOn, and during his absence they were placed on board the different vessels, in older to assist the Several officers, parti- cularly in the discharge of their functions, at the batteries. GaRdes cites, Fr. frorp the Spanish gutirda tosta, signifying ships of war that Cruize along the coast to protect mer- chantmen, and to prevent the depreda- tions of pirates. Gardes c6tes (capitainerks), Fr. The maritime divisions, into which France w;is formerly divided, were so called. Each division was under the immedi- ate superintendence of a captain, named tdpitame gardes-ctrtes, who was assisted by a lieutenant and an ensign. Their duty was to watch the coast, and te» attend minutely to every thing that might a licet the safety of the division they had in charge. There were thirty-seven capitaineries- gardeS-C&tes in Normandy, four in Poi- tou, two in Guyenne, two in Languedoc, and six in French Flanders, Picardy, Boulogne, Calais, Sec. The establishment of sea-fencibles in Great Britain, which took place during the late war, most probably owes its origin to the gardeSrCotes. Garde Cgraride), according to the French, corps of cavalry, consisting of several troops that are detached in front of a camp, in order to keep the enemy in check while the army is preparing for battle. Garde dc piquet, Fr. piquet-guard. It is a guard of fatigue, like all others that are mounted in rotation. Garde (Thonneur, Fr. a guard given in time of war, to general officers and com- manders in chief. GaRDES de (a manche, Fr. two men belonging to the first company of the King of France's body guards, who upon certain occasions, stood on each side of his Majesty, dressed in a hdqtietck, and armul with a pcrtuisane. Garde dc paurtour, Fr. a guard or detachment which goes the rounds. Ik is nunc properly called Garde des rondes. GARDES-Wattcs, Fr. a militia composed of the tallest and best made men that; could bu selected from the legions, during the time of the Roman emperors. Gardes du corps, Fr. horsemen who composed the body-guard of the French kings, and who took rank of all the GAR ( 299 ) GAR in the sea-ports, person of the hi gendarmes or light-horse of his Majesty's household. They were first created in 1425, under Charles VII. At lirst there was but one company, which was entirely composed of Scotchmen. The gardes du corps were under the immediate com- mand of the king and of their own offi- cers. The life-guards in England are of the same description. Garde du pavilion amiral, Fr. a com- pany of gentlemen who, both at sea and were attached to the & h admiral of France. These are not to be confounded with the gardes de la murine, who are also a com- pany of gentlemen. Gardes de la private de V hotel du Roi, Fr. troops which formerly belonged to the king's household. This company was created under Philip III. in 1271, and Charles VI. was pleased to distin- guish it by thetitle of rreobt de Vh'otel du Roi, m 14<21. Gakdes de fatigue, Fr. See Ditacfie- mens non amies. Garde d'epie, Fr. sword-hilt or guard. Garde des reins, Fr. see Cclette. Corps de Garde du guet, Fr. watch- house, or rendezvous for the street pa- troles. Garde bois, Fr. a forest-keeper. Garde du co?ps, Fr. life-guard. Garde chasse, Fr. a game-keeper. Garde pluie, Fr. literally means a fence, or cover against rain. This ma- chine was originally invented by a Frenchman, who left his native country to avoid persecution or unmerited neglect, and submitted it to the Prussians, who adopted it for the use of their infantry. Other armies, however, either seem igno- rant of the invention, or do not think it worthy of imitation. Belair, the author of Elemens de Fortification, in his mili- tary dictionary, (which forms a small part of that interesting work,) observes, ployed exposes their arms to every change of weather ; and by means of this cover, both themselves and their ritles, or muskets, would be secured against rain." Attaquer la Garde, Fr. to make an attempt on the guard. Une forte Garde, Fr. a strong guard. Un piquet de Garde, Fr. a piquet guard. La Garde « pied, Fr. the foot guards. La Garde a cheval, Fr. the horse guards. La Garde Ecossaise, Fr. the Scotch guards. La Garde Irelandaise, Fr. the Irish guards. Faire montcr la Garde, Jr. to set the guard. Etre de Garde, Fr. to be upon guard. Monter la G a\wf., Fr. to mount guard. Desccndie la Garde, Fr. to come oft" guard. Relever, ou changer la Garde, Fr. to relieve guard. La Garde montante, Fr. the guard] that mounts, or the new guard. La Garde descendante, Fr. the guard that comes off, or the old guard. GARDENS, in our ancient military history, were of two different kinds, viz. Artillcry-G arvf.x, about the year 16.50, was a place of resort in London, where vast numbers of young people practised every kind of artillery exercise, insomuch, that it was famous through the whole world, and universally styled the great nursery, or academy of mili- tary discipline. See Artillery Com- pany. Military- Garden was likewise fa- mous, about the year 1650, in the city of London, for the great improvement of numbers of our nobility and other gen- tlemen of fashion, in every kind of mili- tarv exercise. The captains in chief of that " these machines might be ren- j those academies or gardens were Major- dered extremely useful in the defence ol fortresses, outposts, redoubts, or re- trenchments. Under the cover of them, the besieged, or the troops stationed in general Skippou, and Major Tillyer. GARDIENNERIE, Fr. the gunner's rooms. GARE a vous, Fr. (from Garer, to the posts attacked, would be able to | have a care,) a cautionary phrase used keep up a brisk and eftectual discharge of musketry during the heaviest fall of rain, and thereby silence, or consider- ably damp the fire of the enemy. The garde plain is capable of being much im- proved. Light corps ought to be parti- cularly anxious for its adoption, as the service on which they are generally em- m the French service. We formerly adopted the term take care, or have a care — at present we use the word atten- tion, which is usually pronounced 'tentiott. GARES, Fr. creeks made in narrow rivers, to facilitate the passage of boats. GARGOU1LLIS, Fr. the powder with which caiiuon is- chargetk 3Q2 GAR ( 300 ) GAR GARGOUSSF, Br. a CBrtouch, a cartridge. It is also written Ga gouge. (. fc&QOUSSlERE, *>. a poach for cart rid.es. GARLAND, a sort of chnplet made of Bowers, feathers, and sometimes of precious stones, worn on the head in the manner of a crown. The word is formed of the French goiriande, and that ot the barbarous Latin garlanda, or Italian ghirlanda. Both in ancient and modern rimes it has been customary to present garlands of (lowers to warriors who have distinguished themselves. Among the French the practice is still familiar. A beautiful young woman is generally se- lected for the purpose. GARNI, Fr. a term used in masonry. See B mplissage. GAKIS1R d'artillerie, Fr. to line with artillery. I a rempart garni dr. grouse arti/lcric, a rampart covered, or lined, v 'tii heavy ordnance. & Garni r, Fr. to seize. GARNISH -nails, diamond- headed nails, formerly used as ornaments to ar- tillery larriagi s. GARNISON, Fr. See Garuisox. Garnisom (hs Janissaires, Fr. The elite, or flower, of the Janissaries of Con- stantinople is frequently sent into garri- son on the frontiers of Turkey, or to places win re the loyalty of the inhabi- tants is doubted. The Janissaries do llOt indeed assist in the immediate de- fence of a besieged town or fortress, but they watch the motions of all suspected persons, and are subject to the orders of their officers, who usually command the garrison. GARNITURE. Sec Equipage, 8cc. G. u mitre de comble, Fr. Under this term are comprehended not only the laths, tiles, oi- slates, Ike. belonging to a roof, but alio the leads, Sec. GAROUS! Fr. a syncope of the word (iurt-a-Tous, take heed; turn aside: look to youcsely.es. GARRISON, a body of forces, dis- posed in a fortress or fortified town, to defend it against the enemy, or to beep tin- inhabitants in subjection; or even to be subsisted during the S\ inter season: hence garrison and winterrqUsrters are sometimes used indiscriminately for the Same thing; while at others they denote different things, in the latter case, a fcarrison is a place wherein forces are maintained to secure it, and where they Iceep regular guards, as a frontier town. a citadel, castle, tower, &c. The gar- rison should always be stronger than the townsmen. II inter-quarters, places where a num- ber of forces are laid up in the winter season, without keeping the regular guards^ Garrison - town, a strong place in, which troops are quartered, and do duty, for the security thereof, keeping strong guards at each post, and a main-guard in, or near the market-place. GARROT, Fr. an old word which signified the shooting of an arrow. Garrot also signified a boult for a i ross-bow. Garroi, Fr. withers of a horse ; aiso a wring or pinch in his withers. The French say figuratively of a man whose reputation is blemished, II est blessi, star le Garrot, he is hurt in the withers. Order of the GARTER, a military order of knighthood, the most noble and ancient of any lay-order in the world, instituted by King Edward 111. This famous order consists of 2(3 knights com-' panioos, generally princes and peers, whereof the King of England is the sovereign, or chief. They are a college or corporation, having a great and little seal. Their officers are a prelate, chancellor, register, king at arms, and usher of the black rod. They have also a dean and 12 canons, and petty canons, vergers, and 2o' pensioners, or poor knights. The prelate is the bead. This office is vested in the bishop of Winchester, and has ever been so. Next to the prelate is the chancellor ; which office is vested in the bishop of Salisbury, who keeps the seals, &c. The next is the register, who by his oath is to enter upon the registry, the scrutinies, elections, penalties, and other acts of the order, with fidelity. The fourth officer is Garter, and king at arms, being two distinct offices united in one person. Garti r carries the rod and sceptre at the feast of St. George, the protector of this order, when the sovereign is present. He notifies the election of new knights, attends the so- lemnity of their installation, carries the garter to the foreign princes, &c. He is the principal officer within the college of arms, and chief of the heralds. All these officers, except, the prelate, have \\-c-- and pensions. The college of the order is in the castle of Windsor, GAR ( 301 ) GAR v*ith the chapel of St. George, and the chapter-house, erected by the founder for that purpose. The habit and ensign of the order are, a garter, mantle, cap, George and collar. The 3 first were as- signed the knights companions by the founders ; and the George and collar by king Henry VIII. The garter challenges pre-eminence over all other parts of the dress, because from it the noble order is denominated ; that it is the first part of the habit presented to foreign princes, and absent knights, who, together with all other knights elect, are therewith first adorned ; and it is of such honour and grandeur, that by the bare investiture with this noble ensign, the knights are esteemed companions of the greatest military order in the world. It is worn on the left leg, between the knee and Calf, and is enamelled with this motto, Honi soit qui mal y pense ; that is, "Evil " be to him who evil thinks." The meaning of which is, that king Edward is, at the time of installation, buckled upon the left leg, by two of the senior companions, who receive it from the sovereign, to whom it is presented upon a velvet cushion by Garter king alarms, with the usual reverence, whilst the chancellor reads the following admoni- tion, enjoined by the statutes. — "To the honour of God omnipotent, and in me- morial of the blessed martyr St. George, tie about thy leg, for thy renown, this noble garter ; wear it as the symbol of the most illustrious order, never to be forgotten or laid aside ; that there by tin in mayst be admonished to be coura- geous, and having undertaken a just war, in which thou shalt be engaged, thou mayest stand firm, valiantly fight, and successfully conquer." The princely garter being thus buck- led on, and the words of its signification pronounced, the knight elect is brought before the sovereign, who puts about his neck, kneeling, a sky-coloured rib having laid claim to the kingdom of boa, whereon is appendant, wrought in France, retorted shame and defiance 'gold within the garter, the image of St. George on horseback, with his sword drawn, encountering the dragon. In the mean time the chancellor reads the fol- lowing admonition : " Wear this ribbon about thy neck, adorned with the image of the blessed martyr and soldier of Christ, St. George, by whose imitation provoked, thou mayest so overpass both prosperous and adverse adventures, that having stoutly vanquished thy enemies both of body and soul, thou mayest not only receive the praise of this transient combat, but be crowned with the palm of eternal victory." Then the knight elect kisses his so- vereign's hand, thanks his majesty for the great honour done him, rises up, and salutes all his companions severally, who return their congratulations. Since the institution of this order, there have been several emperors and kings, besides numerous sovereign princes, en rolled as companions thereof. Its origin is somewhat differently related. The common account is, that it was erected in honour of a garter of the countess of Salisbury which she dropped dancing with king Edward, and which that prince picked up; but our best an- tiquarians think it was instituted on ac- count of the victory over the French at Cressy, where the king ordered his gar- upon him that should dare to think amiss of the just enterprise he had undertaken, for recovering his lawful right to that crown ; and that the bravery of those knights whom he had elected into this order, was such as would enable him to maintain the quarrel against those that thought ill of it. The mantle is the chief of those vest- ments that are used upon all solemn oc- casions. The colour of the mantle is by the statutes directed to be blue. The length of the train of the mantle, only, distinguishes the sovereign from the knights companions. To the. collar of the mantle is fixed a pair of long strings, anciently wove with blue silk only, but now twisted round, and made of Venice .gold and silk, of the colour of the robe, with buttons and tassels at the end. The left shoulder of the mantle is adorn- ed with a large garter and device Honi soit, &c. Within this is the cross of the order, which was ordained, by king Charles I. to be worn at all limes. At length the star was introduced, being a sort of cross, irradiated with beams of silver. The collar is composed of pieces of gold in the shape of garters, the ground enamelled blue, and the motto gold. -The garter is of blue velvet bordered with fine gold wire, having commonly the letters of the motto of the same : it ter to be displayed as a signal of the battle. G A U ( 30'J ) G A Z r.ARUCIIE, Fr. a torturing wheel, upon which tin accused, having heavy belts or irons on his legs, is hoisted up, until lie confess. GASCON. Fr. a braggex, GASCONNADE, /•>•. a boast or vaunt of something very improbable. The term is originally derived i'rom the Gascons, ok people of Gascony in France, w lie i, it seems, have heeii par- ticularly distinguished lor extravagant Stories. ( . \sc oNXAur, Fr. a lie, a rhodomon- tadc, an imposition. GASCON NER, Fr. to gasconade, to repeat extravagant wild stories. — Thus one of the French generals may he said to have gasconaded, when he officially announced to the Convention of France, that alter a severe and bloody eng&ge- uii nt with the Au.strians, the whole amount of the loss in the French army, was a grenadier's little finger! G ANT A DOERS, IV. pioneers ; foot soldiers so called, because they dug up, destroyed, and cut down all that opposed the progress of an army. GASTKAl'llF'l FN, a machine used in ancient archery, which was so called because the bow was bent by the action of pushing with the belly. The iat;t- pulta served for the same purpose, hut it acted with greater force. GATE, in a military sense, is made of strong planks with iron bars to oppose an enemy. Gates are generally fixed in the middle of the curtain, trom which they are seen and defended by the two Hanks of the bastions. They should be. eovered with a good rauTui, that they may not he seen or enfiladed by the enemy. The palisades and barriers be- A Gat thf, Fr. to the left. Galchi, il'iotc riviere, d'un ruisseurr, Fr. The left of a riven- is ascertained by looking at its stream, or standing with your back to its source, and facing the quarter whence it disembogues itself. The bank on your left hand is called the left hank. G.uciir., Fr. This word is used among the French to signif\ the second I H '-t of honour in an army, or in regi- ments. GAUCIIIR, Fr. to turn aside; to shrink from. G a ecu in duns une affaire, Fr. to use shifts, to play fast and loose. Galciur le amp, Fr. to aim at one place and strike another. GAUGE. See Sta:. dahd. GAUGES, iii gunnery, are brass rings with handles, to rind the diameter of all kinds of shot with expedition. GAUEE, Fr. a switch ; it also signi- fies a pole. GALES, the name given by the Ro- mans to the inhabitants of the country that now forms the kingdom of France. The original inhabitants were descended from the Celtes or Gomerians, by whom the greatest part of Europe was peo- pled ; filename of Galli, or Gauls, being probably given them long alter their set- tlement in that country. GAUNTELOPE. > c n GAUNTLET. \ See Gavk " et - GAZETTE, or newspaper, a printed account of the transactions of almost all the countries in the known world. This name, w ith us, is confined to that paper of news which is published by authority. The word is derived from gazetta, a Venetian coin, which was the usual price fore the gates within the town are often of the first newspaper printed there, and of great use. The fewer ports there are ! which name was afterwards gives to the in a fortress, the more you are secured paper itself. against the enemy. At the opening of a j The first gazette in England was pub- gate, a party of horse is sent out to pa- I fished at Oxford, the court being there. irole in the country round the place, to discover ambuscades, or lurking parties of the enemy, and to see if the country be clear. OAVACIIE, JV. a word derived from the Spanish, signifying a pitiful fellow, a wretch, a scoiuidrel. GAVJTEAVj $T' a piece of wood that is made, to float in the water. This word is used in Pnnence, instead of Home, a buoy, which prevails iu every other part of the French coast-. GAUCHE, Fr. the left. iii a folio half sheet, November the 7th, ltit j. Un the removal of the court to London, the title was changed to the JsondoH Gazette. The Oxford Gazette was published on Tuesdays, the Eondou on Saturdays. And these bays conti- nued to be the days of publication ever since that paper has beon confined to> London. All commissions in the regular army, militia, fencible and volunteer corps must be gazetted. The dates specified in the Gazette usually agree in evcry-poinc GEN ( SOS GEN GENDARME, Fr. in the original signification of the term, a man in com 6 - plete armour. Iiis horse was also shield- ed by a breast-plate, head-piece, and covers for his sides. The Gendarmes were at first called Homines d'armes, (mea at arms,) and were esquires. Gendarme, Fr. a word frequently used by the French to signify a virago, a vixen, a termagant. Military men ar# sometimes tormented by animals of this description, under the sacred character of a wife, or assumed importance of a mistress, or female attendant. & GENDARMER, Fr. to bluster. GENDARMERIE, Fr. The gendaiw merie was a select body of cavalry that took precedence of every regiment of horse in the French service, and ranked immediately after the king's household. The reputation of the gendarmerie was so great, and its services so well esti- mated by the king of France, that when the Emperor Charles V. in 1552, sent a formal embassy to the court of Versailles to request a loan of money, and the as- sistance of the gendarmerie to enable him to repulse the Turks ; Francis I. returned the following answer: "With respect to the first object of your mis- sion, (addressing himself to the ambas- sador,) I am not a banker ; and with regard to the other, as my gendarmerie is the arm which supports my sceptre, I never expose it to danger, without per- sonally sharing its fatigue and glory. ' take a certain number of horsemen, who The uniform of the gendarmerie, as are called gebelus, and to support them well as of the light cavalry, under the at his own expense. He is directed to old French government, was scarlet with take as many with him as would annu- facings of the same colour. The coat ally cost three thousand aspres (each was formerly more or less laced with «spre being equal to two-pence farthing silver, according to the king's pleasure. .English) for subsistence. A short period before the revolution, it GELD, in the English old customs, a was only laced on the cutf. The waist- ijaxon word signifying money, or tribute, coat of butf leather, and the bandoalier It also denoted fine, or a compensation of .the same, silver laced; the hat was for some crime committed. Hence wer- edged with broad silver lace. Thehorse- geld, in the old Saxon laws, was used tor cloths and holster-caps were red, and the value of a man slain ; and oi'J'-gcld the arms of the captain embroidered on for that of a beast. the corners of the saddle cloths, and on GELDING, any animal castrated, the front of the holsters. In 17(32, a fntrticularlv a horse. considerable body of men was raised GELEE, IV. frost. by order of Louis XIV. The soldiers Gelef. blanche, Fr. hoar frost. who cuniposed it were called gendarmes. GELIBACH,asortofsuperintendanr, And in 1792 the number was consider- or chief, of the gebigis, or armourers, ably augmented, consisting of horse and among the Turks. He is only subordi- foor, and being indiscriminately called nate to the toppi bachi, or the graud gendarmes ; but their clothing was al- master of the Turkish urtillerv. ftered to deep blue. Their pay was with those of the original commissions. So that by referring to the Gazette, an officer may generally know the precise day on which he is entitled to receive subsistence from the agent, and to assume rank in the British army. Should an erroneous statement, however, get into the Gazette, or a commission be wrong- dated therein, a reference to the latter (i. e. commission) will always supersede any notification in the former. GAZONNER, Fr. to revete or cover with sods. GAZONS, in fortification, pieces of fresh earth or sods, covered with grass, and cut in the form of a wedge, about a foot long, and a half foot thick, to line the outsides of a work made of earth ; as ramparts, parapets, banquettes, Sec. The first bed of gazons is fixed with pegs of wood ; and the second bed is so laid as to bind the former, by being placed ■over its joints ; and so continued till the works are finished. Between those it is usual to sow all sorts of binding weeds or herbs, in order to strengthen the ram- part. GEAR, furniture, equipage, or capa- risons. GEAT, the hole through which the metal is conveyed to the mould in cast- ing ordnance. GEBEGIS, armourers among the Turks are so called. GEBELUS. Every Timariot in Tur- key, during a campaign, is obliged to GEN C 30 1 ) GEN greater than what the rest of the army enjoyed ; and while others were paid in paper currency] they received their sub- BBtance in hard rash (en argent son- ■nuut.) They possessed these j>ri\ 1 1 « ■_ • - on account of the proofs they were obliged to bring of superior claims to military honour, before they could be enlisted as gendarmes. It was neces- sary, in fact, that every individual amongst them should produce a certifi- cate of six or eight years service. GENDARMES de la garde, Fr. a select body of men so called during tlie old government of Franc*, and still pre- served in that country ; but their ser- vices are applied to different purposes. They consisted originally of a single company which was formed by Henry IV. when he ascended the throne. He dis- tinguished them from his other troops, by styling them homines (formes de ses urdonnances, men at amis under his own immediate orders. They were persons best qualified for every species of mili- tary duty, and were to constitute a royal •quadron, at whose head the king him- self might personally engage the »-i."iuy, as necessity should require. He gave this squadron to his son the Dauphin, who wn afterwards king of France, un- der the name aud title of Louis XIII. According to Dupain de Moutesson, the gendarmes de la garde were a body of horse, which formed part of the house- hold guard during the French monarchy. Tin-, body consisted of tv a hundred men, and was divided into two squadrons. Gendarmes Anglah, Fr. [n the es- tablishment of the old French army, ihe English gendarmes formed the second | the characters of the officers of his army, that he may employ them according to their talents. His conduct appears in establishing his magazines in the most convenient places ; in examining the country, that he may not engage his troops too far, while he is ignorant of the means of bringing them off; in sub- sisting them, and in knowing how to take the most advantageous posts, either for fighting, retreating or shunning a battle. His experience inspires his army first 'with confidence, and an assurance of victory \ and his quality, by creating r<- < > ENERAL, in a military sense, is an officer in chief, to whom the prince orgo- cernment of a country have judged proper to enstnist the command of their troops. II. holds tins important trust under va- rious titles, as captain-grin ial in England and Spain ; felat mareschulin Germany, or merichal in France. In the British service the king is con- stitutionally, and in his own proper right, captain-general. He has ten aides-de- camp ; each enjoying the brevet rank of full colonel in tlie army. Next to his majesty is the commander in chief, whom he sometimes honours with tlie title of captain-general. During the expedition to Holland, his Royal Highness the Duke of York was entrusted with this impor- tant charge. lite natural qualities of a General. These should be a martial genius, a so- lid judgment, a healthy robust constitu- tion, intrepidity and presence of mind on critical occasions, indefatigability in business, goodness of heart, liberality, and a reasonable age ; for if too young he may want experience and prudence ; and if too old, he may not have vivacity enough. His conduct must be uniform, his temper affable, but inflexible in maintaining the police and discipline of an army. Acquired qualities of a General. These should be secrecy, justice, sobrie- ty, tempi ranee, knowledge of the art of war from theory and practice, the art of commanding, and speaking with preci- sion and exactness ; great attention to preserve the lives and supply the wants of the soldiery, and a constant study of troop or company of the corps GeNDA&MES d' Anion, Fr. the eleventh troop. Gendarmes de Berry, Fr. the thir- teenth troop. Gendarmes BourgttigRoru, Fr. . the third troop. Gendarmes dc BixtagncA : r. the ninth troop. Gendarmes Dauphin, &. the seventh troop. Gendarmes Ecosuris, Fr. the troop. Gendarmes de Flandre, Fr. the fourth troop. spect, augments his authority. By his liberality he gets intelligence of the Gendarmes t/'Or/raMs,Fr. the fifteenth 'strength and designs of the enemy, and troop. Gendarmes dc la Heine, Fr. the fifth troop. by this means is enabled to take the most successful measures. He ought tu be fond of glory, to have an aversion t» G E N ( 305 ) GEN flattery, to render himself beloved, and to keep a strict discipline and regular subordination. ■ By the last General Regulations, it is particularly directed, that all general officers commanding brigades shall very minutely inspect the internal economy and discipline of the several regiments under their order. They are frequently to visit the hospitals and guards. On arriving in camp they are never to leave their brigades till the tents are pitched, and the guards posted; they must always encamp with their brigades, unless quar- ters can be procured for them immedi- ately in the vicinity of their camp. Ge- neral officers must not at any time change the quarter assigned them, without leave from head quarters. All general officers should make them- selves acquainted, as soon as possible, with the situation of the country near the camp, with the roads, passes, bridges, &c. leading to it ; and likewise with the out-posts, that in case they should be ordered suddenly to sustain, or defend any post, they may be able to inarch without waiting for guides, and be com- petent, from a topographical knowledge of the country, to form the best dispo- sition for the service. They should in- struct their aides-de-camp in these parti- culars, and always require their attend- ance when they visit the out-posts. All general officers, and others in con- siderable command, must make them- selves thoroughly acquainted with the nature of the country, the quality of the roads, every circuitous access through vallies or openings, the relative height of the neighbouring hills, and the course of rivers which are to be found within the space entrusted to their care. These important objects may be attained by maps, by acquired local information, and by unremitting activity and observation. And if it should ever be the fate of a country, intersected as Great Britain is, to act upon the defensive, a full and ac- curate possession of all its fastnesses, &c. must give each general officer a decided advantage over the commanding officer of an enemy, who cannot have examined the ground upon which he may be re- duced to tight, and must be embarrassed in every forward movement that he makes. Although guides may serve, and ought always to be used, in the common operations of marches, there are occa the principal officers must determine the movements of troops, and enable them to seize and improve every advantage that occurs as the enemy approaches. General officers on service abroad, or commanding districts at home, may ap- point their own aides-de-camp and bri- gade majors. The latter, however, are to be considered as officers attached to their several brigades, not personally to the officers commanding them. The former are their habitual attendants and domestic inmates. In the selection of aides-de-camp and brigade-majors, tco much attention cannot be given to their requisite qualifications ; and that general would not only commit an act of injus- tice against the interests of his country, but deserve the severest censure, and displeasure of his sovereign, who, through motives of private convenience, family connexion, or convivial recommendation, could so far forget his duty, as to prefer an unexperienced stripling to a charac- ter marked by a knowledge of the pro- fession, a zeal for the service, and an ir- reproachable conduct. In the day of battle the station of a general is with the Reserve, where he remains so situated, that he can see every thing which is going forward ; and by means of his own observation, or through the communication of his aides- de-camp, is enabled to send reinforce- ments, as the exigencies of the conilicl may require. The celebrated Marshal Saxe has made the following remarks on the necessary qualifications to form a good general. The most indispensable one, according to his idea, is valour, without which all the rest will prove nugatory. The next is a sound understanding, with some genius : for he must not only be coura- geous, but be extremely fertile in expe- dients ; the third is health, and a robust constitution. " His mind must be capable of prompt and vigorous resources ; he must have an aptitude, and a talent at discovering the designs of others, without betraying the slightest trace of his own intentions, lie must be seemingly communicative, in order to encourage others to unbosom, but remain tenaciously reserved in mat- ters that concern his own army ; he must, in a word, possess activity with judgment, be able to make a proper choice of his officers, and never deviate sions where the eye and intelligence of i from the strictest line of military justice. 2 R GEN ( 306 > GEN Old soldiers must not be rendered wretch- 1 mate success depends. These requisites id and unhappy, by unwarrantable po- are unquesti6nably manifold, and grow motions, nor must extraordinary talents lout of the diversity of situations, and lie kept back to the detriment of the j the chance medley of events that pro-" duce their necessity. " A general, to be in perfect posses- sion of them must, on the day of battle, be divested of every thought, and be in- accessible to every feeling, but what immediately regards the business of tli« dav ; he must reconnoitre with the service, on account ol mere rules and i emulations. Great abilities will justify exceptions; but ignorance and inactivity will not make up for years spent in the profession. u In his deportment, he must be af- fable, and always superior to peevish- ness, or ill-humour; he must not know,! promptitude of a skilful geographer, or at least seem to know, what a spirit j whose eye collects instantaneously all of resentment is ; and when lie is under i the relative portions of locality, and feels the necessity of inflicting military chas- tisement, he must see the guilty punished without compromise or foolish huma- nity ; and if the delinquent be among the n umber of his most intimate friends, he must be doubly severe towards the un- fortunate man. For it is better, in in- stances of correction, that one individual should be treated with rigour, (by order of the person over whom he may be sup- posed to hold some influence,) than that KD idea should go forth in the army, of public justice being sacrificed to private sentiments. " A modern general should always have before him the example of Mian- fins; he must divest himself of personal sensations, and not only be convinced himself, but convince Others, that he is the organ of military justice, and that what he does is irrevocably prescribed. With these qualifications, and by this line of conduct, he will secure the af- fections of his followers, instil into their minds all the impulses of deference and respect, lie will be feared, and conse- quently obeyed. " The resources of a general's mind are as various as the occasions for the exercise, of them are multiplied and che- quered ; he must be perfectly master of the art of knowing how to support an army under all circumstances and in all his ground as it were by instinct ; and in the disposition of his troops, he musC disco\er a perfect knowledge of his pro- fession, and make all his arrangements with accuracy and dispatch, liis order of battle must bo simple and uncoufused, and the execution of his plan as quick as if it merely consisted in uttering some few words of command, as ; the, first lute, will attack ! the second will support it ! or such a battalion will ad- Vance and support the line. " The general officers that act under such a chief, must be ignorant of their business indeed, if, upon the receipt ot these orders, they should be deficient in the immediate means of answering them, by a prompt and reads co-operation. So that the general has only to issue out directions according to the growth of circumstances, and to rest satisfied, that every division will act in conformity to his intentions ; but if, on the contrary, he should so far forget his situation as to become a drill Serjeant in the heat of action, he must find himself in the case of the fly in the fable, which perched upon a wheel, and foolishly imagined, that the motion of the carriage was in- fluenced by its situation. A general, therefore, ought on the day of battle to be thoroughly master of himself, and to have both his mind and his eye rivetted situations; how to apply its strength, on to the immediate scene of action. He be sparing of its energy and confidence ; I will by these means be enabled to see how to post all its different component every thing; his judgment will be un- parts, so as not to be forced to give, or embarrassed, and he will instantly dis- receive battle in opposition to settled | cover all the vulnerable points ot tha» plans. When once engaged, he must have enemy. The moment a favourable open- presence of mind enough to grasp all ing offers, by which the contest may be the relative points of disposition and ar- decided, it becomes his duty to head the rangement, to seize favourable moments ! nearest body of troops, and, without for impression, and to be thoroughly any regard to personal safety, to advance conversant in the infinite vicissitudes ' against his enemy's line. — [By a ready that occur during the heat of a battle ; I conception of this sort, joined to great on a ready possession of which its ulti- courage, General Desaix determined the GEN ( so? ) GEN issue of the battle of Marengo*] It is, however, impossible for any man to lay down rules, or to specify, with accuracy, all the different ways by which a victory may be obtained. Every thing depends upon variety of situations, casualty of events, and intermediate occurrences which no human foresight can positively ascertain, but which may be converted to good purposes by a quick eye, a ready conception and a prompt execution. " Prince Eugene was singularly gifted ■with these qualifications, particularly with that sublime possession of the mind which constitatfes the essence of a military character. " Many commanders in chief have been so limited in their ideas of warfare, that when events have brought the con- test to issue, and two rival armies have been drawn out for action, their whole attention has devolved upon a straight alignment, an equality of step, or a re- gular distance in intervals of columns. They have considered it sufficient to give answers to questions proposed by their aides-de-camp, to send orders in various directions, and to gallop themselves from one quarter to another, without steadily adhering to the fluctuations of the day, or calmly watching for an opportunity to strike a decisive blow. They endea- vour, in fact, to do every thing, and thereby do nothing. They appear like men, whose presence of mind deserts them the instant they are taken out of the beaten track, or are reduced to sup- ply unexpected calls by uncommon ex- ertions. And whence, (continues the same sensible writer,) do these contra- dictions arise ? from an ignorance of those high qualifications without which the mere routine of duty, methodical ar- rangement, and studied discipline, must fall to the ground, and defeat them- selves. Many officers spend their whole lives in putting a few regiments through a regular set of manoeuvres ; and having done so, they vainly imagine, that all the science of a real military man con- gists in that acquirement. When, in process of time, the command of a large army falls to their lot, they are mani- festly lost in the magnitude of the un- dertaking; and from not knowing how to act as they ought, they remain satis- fied with doing what they have partially learned. " Military knowledge, as far as it re- gards a general, or commander in chief, may be divided into two parts, one comprehending mere discipline and set- tled systems for putting a certain nuiu- bei of rules into practice; and the other originating in a sublimity of conception, which method may assist, but cannot give. " If a man be not born with faculties that are naturally adapted to the situa tion of a general, and if his talents do not fit the extraordinary casualties of war, he will never rise above mediocrity. " It is, in fact, in war as it is in paint- ing, or in music. Perfection in either art grows out of innate talents, but it never can be acquired without them. Study and perseverance may correct ideas, but no application, no assiduity, will give the life and energy of action ; those are the works of nature. " It has been my fate (observes the Marshal) to see several very excellent colonels become indifferent generals. I have known others, who have distin- guished themselves at sieges, and in the different evolutions of an army, lose their presence of mind, and appear igno- rant of their profession, the instant they were taken from that particular line, and be incapable of commanding a few squadrons of horse. Should a man of this cast be placed at the head of an army, he will confine himself to mere dispositions and manoeuvres ; to them he will look for safety; and if once thwarted, his defeat will be inevitable, because his mind is not capable of other resources. " In order to obviate, in the best pos- sible manner, the innumerable disasters which must arise from the uncertainty of war, and the greater uncertainty of the means that are adopted to cany it. on, some general rules ought to be laid down, not only for the government of the troops, but for th« instruction of those who have the command of them. The principles to be observed, are: that when the line or the columns advance, their distances should be scrupulously observed; that whenever a body of troops is ordered to charge, every pro- portion of the line should rush forward with intrepidity and vigour; that if open- ings are made in the first line, it becomes the duty of the second instantly to fill up the chasms. " These instructions issue from the dictates of plain nature, and do not re- quire the least elucidation in writing. 2R2 GEN ( 308 ) G E K They constitute the A, B, C, of soldier.-. Nothing can be more simple, or more intelligible ; so macfa so, that it would be ridiculous in a general to sacrifice essential objects in order to attend to such lnimiti.e. IJis functions in the (lav of battle arc confined to those occupa- tions of the mind, by which he is enabled to watch the countenance of the enemy, to observe his movements, and to see, with an eagle's, or a king of Prussia's eve, all the relative directions that his opponents take. It must be his business to create alarms and suspicions among the enemy's line in one quarter, whilst his real intention is to act against ano- ther; to puzzle and disconcert him in his plans ; to take advantage of the manifold openings, which his feints have produced, and when the contest is brought to issue, to be capable of plunging, with effect, upon the weakest part, and of carrying the sword of death when' its blow is sure to be mortal But to accomplish these important and indispensable points, his judgment must be clear, his mind collected, his heart firm, and his eyes incapable of bein^ diverted, even for a moment, by the trilling occurrences ot the day. " I am not, however, an advocate for pitched battles, especially at the com- mencement of a war. A skilful general might, I am persuaded, carry on a con- test between two rival nations during the whole of his life, without being once obliged to come to a decisive action. Nothing harasses, and eventually dis- tresses an enemy so much as this species of warfare. He must, in fact, be fre- quently attacked, and, by degrees, be broken and unnerved : so that in a short time he will not be able to shew himself. " It must not generally be inferred from this opinion, that when an oppor- tunity presents itself, whereby an enemy may be crushed at onco, the attack should not be made, or that advantage should not be taken of the errors he may commit ; all I mean to prove is, that war can be carried on without leaving any thing to chance; and in this consist the perfection and highest point of ability brJon<;ing to a ceneral. But when a battle is risked, the triumphant party ought well to know all the advan- fa>_-' - which may be derived from his victory. A wise general, indeed, will not remain satisfied with having made himself master of the mere field of battle. nes» of the ground. This, I am sorry to observe, is too often the custom; and, strange to say, that Custom is not without its advocates. " It is too much the practice of some governments, and as often the custom of generals, to follow the old proverb, which says, thai in order to gain your ends, i/on must make nome sacrifices, and i ■ en facilitate the retreat of your enemy. • Nothing can he more impolitic, or nun.-. absurd. An able surgeon might as well tamper with a mortification, and by en- deavouring to save an useless limb, run the hazard of destroying all the vital parts. " An enemy, on the contrary, ought to be vigorously pushed, harassed night and day, and pursued through every winding he can make. By a conduct of tins sort, the advancing army will drive him from all his holds and fastnesses, anil the conclusion of his brilliant retreat will ultimately turn out a complete and total overthrow. Ten thousand well trained and disciplined troops, that are sent forward from the main army, to hang upon tin; rear ot' a retiring enemy, will be able to destroy an army of an hundred thousand men, when that army has once been forced to make retrograde movements. A want of confidence in their generals, add< d to many other dis- heartening circumstances, will naturally possess the minds of the latter, while implicit faith and warm affection must influence the former. A first defeat well followed up, almost always terminates in a total rout, and finishes the contest. But some generals do not wish to brino; war to a speedy issue. Public misfor- tunes too frequently produce private emoluments, and the accumulation of the latter is too endearing to suffer itself to be superseded by the former." In order to substantiate what he thus advances with much good sense, the .Marshal cites the following particular instance, from among an infinity of others. " When the French army, at the bat- th of Ramillies, was retiring in good order over an eminence that was rather confined, and on both sides of which I here were deep ravines, the cavalry be- longing to the allies followed its track leisurely, without even appearing to wish to harass or attack its rear. The French continued their march with the same composure ; retreating upon more than twenty lines, on account of the narrow-* GEN ( 309 ) GEN " On this occasion, a squadron of English horse got close to two French battalions, and began to fire upon them. The two battalions, naturally presuming that they were going to be attacked, came to the right about, and fired a volley at the squadron. What was the consequence ? the whole of the French army took to its heels ; the cavalry went off full gallop, and all the infantry, in- stead of patiently retiring over the heights, threw itself into the ravines in such dreadful disorder, that the ground above was almost instantly abandoned, and not a French soldier was seen upon it. " Let. any military man consider this notorious event, and then praise, if he can, the regularity of a retreat, and the prudent foresight of those who, after an enemy has been vanquished in the field, relax in their exertions, and give him time to breathe. I do not, however,, pretend to maintain, that all the forces of a victorious army should be employed to follow up the pursuit; but I am de- cidedly of opinion, that large bodies should be detached for that pm-pose, and that the Hying enemy should be annoyed as long as the day lasts. This must be done in good order: and let it be re- membered, that when an enemy has once taken to his heels in real earnest, you may drive him before you by the mere noise of empty bladders. " If the officer who is detached in pursuit of an enemy, begins to manoeuvre according to prescribed rules and regula- tions, and to operate with slowness and precaution, he had better be recalled ; tor the sole purpose of his employment is to push on vigorously, to harass and distress the foe. Every species of evolu- tion will do on this occasion : if any can be defective the regular system might prove so. " I shall conclude these observations by saying, that all retreats depend wholly upon the talents and abilities of generals, who must themselves be governed by circumstances and situations ; but I will venture to assert, that no retreat can eventually succeed, unless it be made before an enemy who acts with extreme caution; for if the latter follow up his first blow, the vanquished army must soon be thrown into utter confusion." These are the sentiments of Marshal ""Saxe, as far as they relate to the quali- fications, which the general of an army should indispensably possess. And no ttian we are persuaded was better en- abled to form an opinion upon so impor- tant a subject : for as Baron Espagnac has justly observed in his Supplement aux Reveries de ce Mars, p. 166, he possessed uncommon courage, was fertile in ex- pedients and resources ; he knew how to distinguish and how to make use of the abilities of individuals ; was unshaken in his determinations ; and when the good of the service required chastise- ment or severity, was not iniluenced by private feelings, or hurried away by a sanguinary temper; he was uncommonly attentive to his men, watchful of their health, and provident to supply their wants ; sparing of their blood in the day of battle, and always inspiring them, by the liveliness of his mind, tempered by experience, with confidence and attach- ment to his measures. He knew the cast of each man's character, particu- larly so of his officers ; and whilst he directed the former with consummate knowledge and consequent success, he never lost sight of the merits of the latter when they co-operated with his designs. If the natural vivacity of his mind sometimes led him into temporary neglect — good sense, and a marked anxiety to be just, soon made amends for unintentional slights, by rendering the most important services to those whom he had apparently neglected. He was ingenious and subtle in all his ma- noeuvres before an enemy, skilful in his choice of camps, and equally intelligent in that of posts ; he was plain in his in- structions previous to an engagement, simple in his disposition of the order of battle ; and he was never known to lose an opportunity, through the want of prompt decision, whereby a contest might be ended by a bold and daring evolution. When it appeared necessary to give weight to his orders, and to turn the balance of fortune by personal ex- posure, no man became less fearful of his own destiny than Marshal Saxe. On these occasions he was daring to an ex- treme, heedless of danger, but full of judgment, and a calm presence of mind. Such, in our humble opinion, are the outlines of a real general : how well they were exemplified and filled up by the subject of this article, time and the con- current testimony of events have proved ; nor will it be considered superfluous, or too national, to add, that his Grace the Duke of Wellington is acknowledged to have possessed these rare qualities, parti- cularly at the battle of Waterloo. GEN ( »10 ) GEN The Office of a Genlral is to regu- late the march and encampment of the army ; in the day of battle to chusc out the most advantageous ground ; to make the disposition of the army, to post the artillery, and, where there is occasion, to send his orders by his aides-de-camp. At a BUBge, he is to cause the place to be invested, to regulate the approaches and attacks, to visit the works, and to send out detachments to secure the convoys, and foraging parties. General of (trt>!lfnj. See Ord- NAK< E. Genebals of horse are officers next under the general of the army. They have an absolute command over the horse belonging to an army, above the lieute- nant-generals. Generals of foot are officers next under the general of the army, having an absolute command oyer the foot ot the army. General officers. All officers above the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the line are so called. The Board which (sub- ject to his majesty and the commander in chief) determines every regulation re- specting the clothing of the army, is composed of general officers. All general officers belonging to the British army now receive an allowance, upon a mere certificate of existence, over and above whatever they may hold beside, (regiments executed,) viz. major-g( nerai, 11. 5s. — 1 eutenant-general, ll. 12s. Oil. — and full general 11. ltfs. per day. General. In the German armies, and among the sovereigns of the North, there are certain generals of cavalry, and others of infantry, who take rank of all lieutenant-generals. Those belonging to the infantry in the imperial service, and who are of this description, are called general field zcvgmeistcrs. In Russia they bear the titles of generals in chief; of which class there are four belonging to the armies of that empire, two for the infantry, and two for the cavalry. They are only subordinate to field-marshals; which title, or dignity, is the same in Russia as yvas formerly that of marshal of France. In the two imperial armies just men- tioned, it is usual for generals, lieutenant generals, and major generals, to take their routine of duty, and rise progres- sively in the infantry or cavalry corps, to which they were originally appointed, until they arrive at a chief command ; whereas in Trance (according to the old military system of that country-, and ac- cording to our own in England) a major general might be employed t«> take charge pf either infantry or cavalry, without any regard being paid to the particular line of Service lb whioh he yvas bred. General cfiez les Tyres, Fr. Turkish generals. Whutever opinion we may be disposed to entertain of the troops of the Ottoman Empire, (and we have had some experience of their manner of fighting, especially at St. Jean d'Acre which was preserved by a handful of British seamen and marines,) yve shall wave our own private sentiments on the subject, and givu the following curious account of their generals, as faithfully extracted out of a French work. The Turks, observes that author, have likewise good generals. They possess experience, because from their earliest infancy they become inured to arms ; because through the diiferent stages of acknowledged service,, they rise by de- grees; and because their empire being very extensive, it is necessary that they should over-run several provinces for its protection, and be almost constantly engaged in skirmishes or battles. These, at least, were the original principles, upon which the military code of that country was established. But abuses, the natural consequences of corruption, have since crept in amongst them ; for there have been persons suddenly raised from subordinate employments under the Porte, to the supreme command of armies. The primary cause of this abuse is to be found in the luxury and effemi- nacy of the grand signors ; who are become heedless to the Mahometan laws, and never go to war in person. The acknoyvledged valour of the Turkish generals may be attributed to the following causes : to a constitution which is naturally robust, to a practical knowledge o£ war, and to habitual mili- tary exercises. To these may be added the confidence with which they are in- spired by the recollection of former vic- tories; but they are influenced, above all, by the secret dictates of religion, yyhich holds out eternal happiness to those who- shall die in battle, and which teaches them to believe, that every Turk bears yvritten on his forehead, not only the hour of his departure from this earth, but the manner of his removal. A Turkish general possesses a power as absolute and uncontrouled as that, which was entrusted to the dictators of GEN I & the Roman republic. He has no com- petitor, or equal, in the charge he holds, no assistants or colleagues with whom Re is directed to consult, and to whose assent or dissent, in matters of* consul- tation, he is to pay the least regard. Not only the army under his command, but the whole country into which he marches, is subject to his orders, and bound implicitly to obey them. Punish- ments and rewards are equally within his distribution. If an authority so ab- solute as this be considered in the light of executive effect, nothing most un- questionably can so readily produce it ; for the tardiness of deliberation is su- perseded at once by a prompt decision : before which all sorts of objections, and every species of jealousy, subside. When a project is to be fulfilled, secrecy is the jaatural consequence of this arbitrary svstem, and rational plans are not inter- rupted by a difference of opinion, by prejudice or cabal. General de bataille, or ^ a particu- Genehal major, \ lar rank or appointment, whose functions correspond with those of a ci-devant marshal of Trance. This situation is entrusted to a general officer, and is only known among the armies of Russia, and some other northern powers. He takes pre- cedence, in the same manner that our major generals do, of all brigadier-gene- rals and colonels, and is subordinate to lieutenant generals. The rank of briga- dier general is only known in Russia, England, and Holland. It does not exist in Austria or Sweden. General des galeres, Fr. superin- tendant olhcer or general of the gallies. This was one of the most important ap- pointments belonging to the old govern- ment of France. The officer to whom it was entrusted commanded all the gallies and vessels which bore what the French call voiles latines (triangle rectangular sails) in the Mediterranean. He had a jurisdiction, a marine police, and an ar- senal for constructing ships under his own immediate command, without being in the least subordinate to the French admiralty board. When he went on board he was only inferior in rank to the admiral. The privileges which were attached to his situation, and the authority he pos- sessed with regard to every other marine or sea officer, were specifically mentioned in the king's regulations, and were dis- tinguished by the respect and compli- 1 ) GEN ments that were paid to the royal stan- dard, which this general bore, not only on board his own galley, but whenever he chose to hoist it in another. During the reign of Louis XIV. in 1669, the Duke de Vivonne, marshal of France, raised the reputation of the galley service to a considerable degree of eminence, by gaining several hard fought engagements. His son, the Duke de Mortomart, succeeded him in the ap- pointment ; and the chevalier d'Orleans, grand prior of France, was general of the gallies at his decease. General des vivres, Fr. a chief com- missary, or superinteiidant general of stores, whose particular functions were to provide ammunition, bread, and bis- cuit for the army. There were several subordinate commissaries who watched the distribution of these stores, and saw that the bakers gave bread of the quality they contracted for. It was likewise within the department of the superin- teiidant general to attend to the collec- tion of grain and flour, and to see that proper carriages and horses were always at hand to convey them to the several depots or magazines. The different camps were also supplied from the same source. See Mumtion.naire. General and staff officers are all officers as above described, whose au- thority extends beyond the immediate command of a particular regiment or company, and who have either separate districts at home, or commands on fo- reign service. Lieutenant General. This office is the first military dignity after that of a general. One part of the functions be- longing to lieutenant generals, is to as- sist the general with counsel : they ought therefore, if possible, to possess the same qualities with the general himself; and the more, as they often command armies in chief, or succeed thereto, on the death of the general. The number of lieutenant generals have been multiplied of late in Europe, in proportion as the armies have become numerous. They serve either in the field, or in sieges, according to the dates of their commissions. In battle the oldest commands the right wing of the army, the second the left wing, the third the center, the fourth the riglit wing of the second line, the fifth the left wing, the sixth the center, and so on. In sieges the lieutenant generals always command the right of the principal GEN ( BIS ) c; e N attack, and direct what tins judge proper for the advancement <>t' the siege, during the 24 limns tiny are in the trenches, except the attacks, which they are not tn make without an order from the general in chief. Lieutenant generals are entitled to two aides-de-camp. /,i( , «((;/ii/i/-(!i.M:i!AL of the ordnance. See Ohdnanci:. Lieutenant - General of artillery ought to be a very great mathematician, and an able engineer, to know all the powers of artillery, to understand the attack and defence of fortified places, in all its different branches; how to dispose bf the artillery, in the day of battle, to the best advantage ; to conduct its march and retreat ; as also to be well acquainted with all the numerous ap- paratus belonging to the train, labora- tory, &c. Mo/ot-General, the next officer to the lieutenant-general. His chief busi- ness is to receive orders from the general, or in his absence from the lieutenant- general of the day ; which he is to dis- tribute to the brigade-majors, with whom he is to regulate the guards, convoys, detachments, &.c. On him the whole fatigue and detail of duty of the army roll. It is the major-general of the day who is charged with the encampment ol the army, who places himself at the head of it when it marches ; who marks out the ground of the camp to the quarter-master-general, and who places the new guards for the safety of the camp. The day the army is to march, he dic- tates to the field-officers the order of the inarch, which he has received from the general, and on other days gives them the parole. In a fixed camp he is charged w ith the foraging, with reconnoitring the ground for it, posting the escorts, &c. In sieges, if there are two separate attacks, the second belongs to him ; but if there be only one, he takes either from the right or the left of the attack, that which the lieutenant-general has not chosen. When the army is under arms, he as- sists the lieutenant-general, whose orders he executes. If the army marches to an engagement, his post is at the head of the guards oi the army, until they are near enough to the enemy to rejoin their different corps; after which he retires to his own proper post ; for the major-generals are disposed in tin- older of battle as the lieutenants generals are, to whom, however they are subordinate, for the command of their divisions. The major-general has one aide-de-camp and one brigade-major. Brigadier General, in the British ser- vice, IS the next in rank to a major- general, being superior to all colonels, and having frequently a separate com- mand. Brigadier generals are not en- titled to aides-de-camp, but they have each one brigade-major. — Several briga- dier-generals have been made during the present war, in order to render the dis- tribution of line-officers more effectually beneficial to the common cause, by in- vesting them with commands superior to the militia and volunteer establishments. For further particulars on this head, see (Jtli edition of the Regimental Com- panion. General of a district, a general offi- cer who has the charge and superintend dance of a certain extent of country, in which troops are encamped, quartered, or cantoned. lie receives reports, &c. from the major-general, respecting the troops in his district; reviews and inspects them, likewise orders field days of the whole brigaded, or by separate corps, when and in what part he pleases; making the necessary reports to the War-office, com- mander in chief, Sec. Colonel General, an honorary title, or military rank, which is bestowed in foreign services. Thus the prince of peace in Spain was colonel-general of the Swiss guards. Brigade-major General. When Eng- land and Scotland were di\ided into dif- ferent districts, each district under the immediate command of a general officer, it was foHiid necessary, for the dispatch of business, to establish an office, which should be solely confined to brigade duties. The first brigade-major-general was appointed in 1797. At that period all orders relative to corps of officers, which were transmitted from the com- mander in chief to the generals of dis- tricts, passed through this channel of intermediate communication. No such appointment now exists. General's Guard. It was customary among the French, and we believe the practice still prevails, for the oldest re- giment to give one captain, one lieutenant, one ensign, two Serjeants, and fifty pri- vates, as a general's guard. Whenever the marshals of France were on service GEN ( 313 ) GEN under the immediate orders of the king, or of the princes belonging to the royal household, they always retained the rank of general. GkTskuAL d'armee, Fr. the commander in chief of an army. Battre la Gene rale, Fr. to beat the general. See Drum. General court-martial. See Courts- martial. Genera! formations of the battalion are from line into column, and from column into line ; to either flank, to the front of the march, to the rear of the march. General is also jused for a particular beat of the drum. See Drum. GENERALAT, Fr. the rank of a general officer. GENERALISSIMO, (g'e.niralissime, Fr.) the chief officer in command ; a supreme and absolute commander in the field. This word is generally used in most foreign languages. It was first in- vented by the absolute authority of Car- dinal Richelieu, when he went to com- mand the French army in Italy. GENERALSHIP," a term which is applied to the good or bad conduct of a general in warfare : — hence good or bad generalship. GENESIS, in geometry, the forma- tion of any plan,- or solid figure, by the motion of some line, or surface ; which line or surface is always called the de- scribed ; and that line according to which the motion is made, is called the dirigent. GENETTE, Fr. a particular sort of snaffle, which is used among the Turks ; it resembles a large ring, and serves to confine the horse's tongue. A /oGenette, Fr. with short stirrups. GENIE, Fr. the art of engineering. It consists in a knowledge of lines, so as to be able to trace out all that is re- quisite for the attack or defence of places, according to established rules in fortification. Marshal Vauban and the Marquis of Louvois have particularly distinguished themselves in this art. GENIUS, in a military sense, a na- tural talent or disposition to every kind of warlike employment, more than any other ; or the aptitude a man has re- ceived from nature to pcriorm well, and easily, that which others can do but indifferently, and with a great deal of pains. From the diversity of genius, the dif- ference of inclination arises in men, whom nature has had the precaution of leading to the employment for which she designs them, with more or less im- petuosity, in proportion to the greater or lesser number of obstacles they have to surmount, that they may render them- selves capable of answering this occasion. Thus the inclinations of men are so very different, because each follows the same mover, that is, the impulse of his ge- nius. This rs what renders one officer more pleasing, even though he trespasses against the rules of war ; while others are disagreeable notwithstanding their strict regularity. Vauvernagues, the French writer, who had himself been an officer, gives the following article relative to military ge- nius. " Ainsi la prevoyance, la fecondite, la celerite de l'esprit sur les objets mili- taires formeraient pas un grand capitaine, si la securite dans le peril, la vigueur du corps dans les opirutions laborieuses du metier, et enfin une activite infatigable n'accompagnaient les autres talens." — Page 26. Vol. I. For a more impressive description of genius — particularly with regard to music — see Dictionnaire Mu- sique par J. J. Rousseau. GENOUILLIERE, Fr. in fortifica- tion, that part of the parapet of a bat- tery which lies under the embrazure, and is within the battery. The genouilliere is about 21 or 3 French feet high from the platform to the opening of the em- brazure. It lies immediately under the arch of the fortification. Its thickness, which usually consists of fascines well put together, is of the same dimensions that merlons bear ; namely from 18 to 22 feet. The term genouilliere is de- rived from genou, signifying the knee, to the height of which it is generally raised. GENS, Fr. a word in much desultory use among the French, signifying, in a general acceptation of it, folks, people, servants, soldiers, &c. When followed by the preposition de, and i>v a substan- tive, which points out any particular pro- fession, trade, &c. it signifies ail those persons that belong to one na'.ion, one town, &c. or who are of one specific pro- fession or calling, as Gens d'aiincs. See Gendarmes. Gens d'urniaie, Fr. the establishment or corps of gendarmes is so called in France. 2S GEN ( 314 ) GEO on Gens dc guerre, Fr. military men. Gens de rner, Fr. sea-faring men. Gens dc terre, Fr. landmen. Gens de cheval, Fr. men serving horseback. Gens de pied, Fr. men serving on foot. Gfns de sac et de cordc, Fr. an op- probrious term which the French apply to men that deserve chastisement. In former times, the cord or rope, and the sack, were the common instruments and means of punishment. The rope served to hang up malefactors ; and the sack was used to contain their bodies when it was ordained that they should be thrown into a river. Gens de Viquipage, Fr. men belonging to the train of artillery. Gens d'epee, Fr. This term is used among the French to distinguish officers, gentlemen, &c. who wear swords, from those that do not, particularly so in op- position to gens de la robe, or lawyers. Les Gens d'eglise, Fr. churchmen. Les Gens de robe, Fr. lawyers, or gentlemen of the long robe. Mcs Gins, Fr. an affected phrase, which is used among the French, to signify their servants or attendants. It seems to have been an arrogant and foolish imitation of man peuple, my people. During the old monarchy of France, this term was much in vogue at Paris, and was afterwards adopted by almost all the petits-maUies, or coxcombs belonging to the church, state, and army. GENT, Fr. nation. It is only used in poetry, viz. La gent qui parte le Tur- ban, the Turkish Nation. Le droit des Gens, Fr. the rights of nations. GENTILSHOMMES de la garde, (commonly called Au bee de corbin, or the battle axe,) Fr. This company went through many alterations under the old monarchy of France. During the last years of that government, it consisted oi 200 guards under the command of a captain, a lieutenant, and an ensign. The captain had the power of giving away the subaltern commissions,and had more- over the entire management of the rest ; every vacancy being in his gitt. They marched in file, each holding his battle- axe before the king on days of public ceremony. These were chiefly at the coronation, and the marriage of the king, When the company was first raised, its particular duty was to attend the king's person, and to be constantly near him in the day of battle. Gentilhomme a drupcau, Habh dans chaque compagnie det gardes Franftues y Fr. Under the old French government, this person ranked as qffkier en second. He did duty in common with t i 1* - ensigns of the French guards, and took prece- de nee immediately under them. His name always stood upon the muster roll, but his appointment was merely hono- rary, as he did not receive any pay ; his tour of duty in mounting guards went with that of the ensigns ; he was obliged to be present at all iield days, and could not absent himself without leave. Gentilsiiommes pensionnaires, Fr. gentlemen pensioners. See Pension- ers. GENTLEMAN, a man raised above the vulgar by his character and good conduct ; also one who obtains the ap- pellation from his post or situation in life. Thus all subalterns in the army are called gentlemen. Gr.vj i.Y.Mw-dttnxlant, (gentilhomme a la suite, Fr.) a situation about the person of the heir apparent to the crown of Great Britain, which corresponds with that of a lord in waiting. GEOCENTKIC. This term is ap- plied to any thing which has the earth tor its surface. GEOD(ESIA, (giodesie, Fr.) that part of practical geometry, which contains the doctrine or art of measuring surfaces, anil finding the contents of all plain fi- gures. Among the French giodesie means likewise the di\isions of lands. See Survey inc. GEOGRAPHY is the doctrine or knowledge of the terrestrial globe; or the science that teaches and explains the state of the earth, and parts thereof that depend upon quantity ; or it is rather that part of mixed mathematics, which explains the state of the earth, and of its parts depending on quantity, viz. its figure, magnitude, place, and motion, with the celestial appearances, &.c. In consequence of this definition, geogra- phy should be divided into general and special, or universal and particular. By universal Geography is under- stood that part of the science which con- siders the whole earth in general, and or at the reception of the knights of the explains its properties without regard to Holy Ghost particular countries. This division is GEO ( 315 GEO again distinguished into three parts, ab- solute, relative, and comparative. The absolute part respects the body of the earth itself, its parts and peculiar pro- perties ; as its figure, magnitude, and motion ; its lands, seas, and rivers, &c. The relative part accounts for the ap- pearances and accidents that happen to it from celestial causes ; and lastly, the comparative contains an explanation of those properties which arise from comparing different parts of the earth together. Special or particular Geography is that division of the science which de- scribes the constitution and situation ot each single country by itself; and is two-fold, viz. chorographical, which de- scribes countries of a considerable ex- tent ; or topographical, which gives a view of some place, or small tract of land. Hence the object or subject of geography is the earth, especially its su perficies and exterior parts. The properties of Geography are of three kinds, viz. celestial, terrestrial, and human. The celestial properties are such as affect us by reason of the appa- rent motion of the sun and stars. These are 8 in number. 1. The elevation of the pole, or the distance of a place from the equator. 2. The obliquity of the diurnal mo- tion of the stars above the horizon of the place. 3. The time of the longest and short- est day. 4. The climate and zone. 5. Heat, cold, and the seasons of the year; with rain, snow, wind, and other meteors. 6. The rising, appearance, and conti- nuance of stars aoove the horizon. 7. The stars that pass though the zenith of a place. 8. The celerity of the motion with which, according to the Copernican hypothesis, every place constantly re- volves. The terrestrial properties are those ob- served in the face of the country, and are 10 in number. 1. The limits and bounds of each country. / figure ; % magnitude; t /mountains ; ^waters, viz. springs, rivers, lakes and bays ; . woods and deserts ; /r ': 8. 9. 10. of be 6. 7. f >Their< i < 7. The fruitfulness and barrenness of the country, with its various kinds of fruits. >. 1 ( minerals and fossils ; ). >The -Hiving creatures there ; )■ 3 ( longitude and latitude the place. The third kind of observations to made in every country is called human, because it chiefly regards the inhabitants of the place. It consists of 10 specific branches. 1. Their stature, shape, colour, and the length of their lives ; their origin, meat, and drink. 2. Their arts, and the profits which arise from them, with the merchandize they barter one with another. 3. Their virtues and vices, learning, capacities, and schools. 4. Their ceremonies at births, mar- riages, and funerals. 5. The language which the inhabitants use. political government, religion and church go- vernment, cities and famous places, remarkable histories and antiquities. 10. Their famous men, artificers, and inventions of the natives. These are the three kinds of occur- rences to be explained in special geo- graphy. The principles o/"Geography, or those from which arguments are drawn for the proving of propositions in that science, are, according to the best authors, of three sorts : 1. Geometrical, arithmetical, and tri- gonometrical propositions. 2. Astronomical precepts and theo- rems. 3. Experience, being that upon which the greatest part of geography, and chiefly the special, is founded. In proving geographical propositions, we are to observe, that several proper- ties, and chiefly the celestial, are con- finned by proper demonstrations ; being either grounded on experience and ob- ervation, or on the testimony of our senses : nor can they be proved by any other means. There are also several propositions proved, or rather exposed to view, by the terrestrial globe, or by geographical maps. Other propositions cannot be so well proved, yet are received as apparent 2S2 GEO ( 316 ) GEO truths Thus, though we suppose all f laces on the globe, and in maps, to be aid down in the same order as they are really on the earth ; nevertheless, in these matters, we rather follow the de- scriptions that are given by geographi- cal writers. Geography is very ancient, at least the special part thereof; for the ancients scarcely went beyond the description of countries. It was a constant custom among the Romans, after they had con- quered or subdued any province, to have a map or printed representation thereof carried in triumph, and exposed to the view of the spectators. Ilistori;*ns re- late, that the Roman senate, about 100 years before Christ, sent geographers into divers parts to make an exact survey and mensuration of the whole globe ; but they scarcely ever saw the twentieth part of it. When Bonaparte went to Egypt, he had this system in view. Before them, Necho, king of Egypt, ordered the Phoenicians to make a sur- vey of the whole coast of Africa, which they accomplished in 3 years. Darius caused the Ethiopic sea, and the mouth of the Indus, to be surveyed ; and Pliny relates, that Alexander, in his expedi- tion into Asia, took two geographers to measure and describe the roads ; and that from their itineraries, the writers of the following ages took many particu- lars. Indeed this may be observed, that whereas most other arts and sciences are sufferers by war, geography, artillery, mining, and fortification, alone have been improved thereby. Geography, how- ever, must have been exceedingly de- fective, as a great part of the globe was then unknown, particularly all America, the northern parts of Europe and Asia, with the Terra Australis, and Magella- nica ; and they were also ignorant of the earth's being capable to be sailed round, and of the ton id zone being ha- bitable, £\c. The honour of reducing geography to art and system was reserved for Pto- lemy ; who, by adding mathematical ad- vantages to the historical method in which it had been treated of before, has d< scribed the world in a much more in- telligible manner ; he lias delineated it under more certain pules, and by fixing the bounds of places from the longitude and latitude, has discovered other miSf takes, and has left us a method oi disco- vering his own. GEOLAGE, Fr. belonging to a gaol or prison. F?ais de Geoi age, Fr. prison fees or expi'iiM s. I Jl.OLE, Fr. a gaol ; a prison. GEOLIER des prisons mtli/aires, Fr. the superintendant or head jailer of mi- litary prisons. Under the old lrench government, this person had a right to visit all prisoners that were not confined in dungeons. He could order provision^, wood and coal to be conveyed to them ; but he had not the power of permitting women to visit, or to have any intt r- cmirse with the soldiers ; and when their period of imprisonment expired, he could not detain them on account of debts contracted for food, lodgings, orfees, &.e. Half of the prisoner's subsistence for one day, accordYflg to his rank, was given on his release. | GEOMETRICAL elevations, just di- mensions of ascent proportionate to a given scale, &c. See Outhography. GEOMETHE, Fr. a geometer. GEOMETRIE, Fr. geometry. GEOMETnir, composee, Fr. compound geometry, which consists in the know- ledge of curved lines, and of the different bodies produced by them. The imme- diate object or intent of compound geo- metry is confined to conic sections and to lines of that species. Geometuie sublime el transcendante, Fr These terms have been applied by the French to the new system of geometry, which was produced by Leibnitz, and In ev. ton, when they found out the method of calculating ad infinitum, GEOMETRY, (geometric, Fr.) is the only branch of abstract science that considers different sorts of dimensions, or treats of magnitudes, that are heteroge- neous, or of different kinds. The diver- sities, however, of dimension and magni- tude even in it are, in respect of kind, only three, which we derive our ideas of from body, and the exercise of our exter- nal senses. And as every object with which we are surrounded in lifi partakes of all the (luce, it has perhaps very fitly been called ymifxtrfta., or geometry, al- though one et the most extensive parts of it, viz. the doctrine of proportion or ratios knows no diversity of dimension or magnitude, in respect of kind. For all ratios are homogeneous magnitudes, and differ not in kind, but in degree. How would it otherwise be possible for the ratios of hues to be the same with or GEO ( 31T ) GEO ■equal to the ratios of surfaces and solids, as Euclid and almost all other v\ liters on geometry frequently demonstrate, since no equality or similitude, in point of magnitude, can exist between things of different kinds ? They never could other- wise stand to one another in the relations of greater, equal, or less. Neither could they ever be brought together by analogy without similitude and homogeneity. The similarity of nature and homogeneity indeed of ratios must always be the primary, fundamental, and leading idea in the doctrine of their measures. Were ratios, expressing the relations of lines, surfaces, and solids, to be heterogeneous like the magnitudes themselves, we never could reason from the relations of lines to those of surfaces, or from the relations of surfaces to those of solids. And "as magnitudes cannot possibly exist in any other relations to one another, in respect of quantity, than those of greater, equal, and less, Euclid, after calling such rela- tions ratios, founds his definition of pro- portionality amongst magnitudes on the application of this idea to their multi- ples ; and after defining ratios in these three ditferent relations defines analogy to be the similitude of ratios. And here it may not be improper to observe, that magnitude, taken in its general, abstract- ed, and metaphysical acceptation, may, with strict propriety, be defined to be whatever* admits of more or less, of increase or decrease, and quantity to be the degree of magnitude. In algebra and arith- metic all magnitudes are humogeneous, or of the same kind. Thus 0% o 3 , 4 , 6 5 , &c. are all of them magnitudes of the same kind with 6 and with each other ; and x z , x, 3 x*, x 5 , &c. are mag- nitudes of the same kind with x, and with each other. For otherwise they could no more be connected together by the signs of addition and subtraction, than a line with a surface, or a surface with a solid. And such equations as r, as Polybius imagines, on account of the subsistence which was paid them, and was called by that name. GESTES, Fr. (from the Latin ges- tuni. or res gestaj) brilliant actions, me- morable deeds and exploits performed by great generals. GESTION, Fr. administration. Rendre compte de sa GeptiOn, Fr. to give an account of one's charge, or trust. GESTURE, a motion of the body intended to signify some idea, or passion of the mind. All officers and soldiers who make use of any menacing gesture before a commanding or superior officer, or before a court-martial, are liable to be punished by the Articles of War. GEZE, Fr. a rentrant angle, which is made with slate or lead, and forms a irutter between two roots. It is like- wise called none, or pantile. GHERIAH, the capital and strongest part of Angria's dominions, which con- sisted of an extent of coast, from whence this piratical state was a perpetual source of uneasiness to the trading ships of all the European nations in India. It cost the English East India company 50,000/. annually to protect their own ships. Eight or ten grabs, and forty or fifty gallivats, crowded with men, generally composed Angria's principal fleet, des- tined to attack ships of force or burthen. The vessel no sooner came in sight of the port or bay where the fleet was ly- ing, than they slipped their cables and put to sea. If the wind blew, their con- struction enabled them to sail almost a - fast as the wind ; and if it was calm, the gallivats rowing towed the grabs: win n within cannon shot of the chace, tin \ generally assembled in her stern, and the grabs attacked her at a distance with their prow guns, firing first only at the masts, and taking aim when the three masts of (he vessel just opened all together to their view ; by which means the shot would probably strike one or Other of the thiee. As soon as the chace was dismasted, they came nearer, and battered heron all sides until she struck : and if the defence was obstinate, they sent a number of galli vats, with two or three hundred men in each, who boarded sword in hand from all quarters in the same instant . The English, trusting to the report of the natives, had, until the year 1756, believed Gheriah to be at least as strong as Gibraltar, and like that situated on a mountain, which was inaccessible from the sea. For this reason it was resolved to send vessels to reconnoitre it ; which service commodore James, (grandfather to the present Lord Radclitfe,) in the Protector, with two other ships, per- formed. He found the enemy's fleet 'at anchor in the harbour, notwithstanding which, he approached within cannon shot of the fort, and having attentively con- sidered it, returned at the end of De- cemher to Bombay, and described the place, such as it truly was, very strong indeed, but far from being inaccessible, or impregnable. This place was taken by the English troops, under the com- mand of colonel Olive. There were found in it 200 pieces of cannon, six brass mortars, and a great quantity of ammunition, and militaryand naval stores of all kinds; the money and effects of other kinds amounted to 120,000/. ster- ling. All this booty was divided amongst the captors, without, any reserve either for the nation, or the Company. In less than a month the English, with their allies the Morattoes, got possession of all the territories wrested from the latter by Angria's predecessors, and which they had for seventy years despaired of ever being ahle to recover. See History of Indostan, Book v, p. 408 to A 1 7. GIBECIERE, Fr. pouch; bag. GIBE LI N , Fr. The name of a pow- erful faction in Italy, which opposed it- self to that of the Gue/phs, the ances- tors of our present reigning family. — i his faction began about the middle of the 13th century, and was occasioned by a difference which existed between the Emperor Frederick II, and Pope Gregory IX. Do/ii-Gl BERN E, Fr. a common car- touch-box. G I N ( 321 ) G I R GIBRALTAR, a strong town of An- dalusia, in Spain. Gibraltar was form- erly thought to be impregnable ; but it Was taken by Sir George Rooke in 1704, and has remained in the hands of the English ever since. It has been several times attacked by the Spaniards, who have always been unsuccessful. Their last effort to recover it was made Sep- tember 13th, 1782, with floating batteries, in which were mounted 212 brass can- nons and mortars. The French united with the Spaniards on this memorable occasion ; and the brother to the present king of the French, (then Count d'Ar- to;s, and now Monsieur,) commanded the camp at St. Roche, whence the offen- sive operations were directed. General Elliott (whom the soldiers humorously called the Cock of the Rock, and who was afterwards created Lord Heathfield) had prepared a great number of red hot balls against the attack; and those so effectually destroyed the floating bat- teries, that the Spaniards were greatly annoyed, and relinquished the enter- prize. For particulars see Drinkwater's Siege of Gibraltar. GIN, in military mechanics, is a ma- chine for raising great weights; it is composed of 3 long legs, 2 of which are kept at a proper distance by means of 2 iron bars fixed on one of the legs by a staple passing through a hole at one end : the other end has a hook which enters into a staple fixed into the other leg, so as to be taken off, or put on at pleasure. At 3 feet from the bottom is a collar, upon which the cable is wound; and the 3 legs are joined together with an iron bolt, about which they move : to this bolt is also fixed an iron half-ring to hook on a windlass: when the gin is upright, so that the legs stand at a proper distance, one end of the cable is fastened to a gun, mortar, or other weight: and the other passes through the pullies and about the roller, which is turned round by means of hand- spikes passing through the holes in the ends of the roller; whilst a man holds the cable tight, the gun is raised to the height required, and the carriage is thus easily placed under it. GINCE, a place in India, situated 35 m. N.W. of Pondicherry. GINDI, expert horsemen among the Turks, who can ride, full gallop, stand- ing upright upon their saddles ; suddenly throw themselves off in order to surprize a pursuing enemy, and perform various other feats. GINJAULS, or GINGAULS, an In- dian name, signifying large muskets used with a rest, somewhat similar to those invented by Marshal Vauban, for the defence of forts. GIONULIS, a volunteer corps of cavalry among the Turks, who are com- manded by a colonel, appointed for that purpose, called Gionuli Agasi. They are under the immediate orders of the visirs, and are generally distinguished from the rest of the Turkish army, by their daring and intrepidity. GIRANDE, Fr. the chief cluster, or assemblage of an artificial firework, with which a shew or illumination is gene- rally concluded. The fire-works on St. Peter's day at Rome were terminated by a girande, or chest, containing no less a number than from 8 to 10,000 fusees, from which circumstance the name was adopted. The effect, however, is not more bril- liant than what has been produced in France by a smaller quantity of fusees containing larger proportions of compo- sition. A girande may be made by uniting several chests or clusters together, and securing, with a match of communica- tion, a regular inflammation. GIRANDOLE, Fr. literally a chan- delier ; a cluster of diamonds. Girandoles, Fr. circles ornamented with fusees. They are used in fire- works. See Soleils tournans. GIROUETTE, Fr. This word has been used by the French to signify a soft of ornament which was exclusively placed upon the houses of the ancient nobility. The author of the Nouve.au Dictionnaire Militaire makes the fol- lowing remarks upon the subject. " It is well known, that in ancient times, and even until the last century, noble- men only could adorn the tops of their dwellings and dove-houses with weather- cocks; but it is not generally known, that in order to be entitled to this pri- vilege, each nobleman must have been the foremost man in entering at the breach of a besieged place, and have planted his banner on the rampart." GIROUETTES, Fr. weathercocks, vanes. They are seldom or ever used on shore, except as weathercocks on the tops of church-steeples, &c. 8.'T G L A ( 322 ) G L I Girouette, in the singular number, also means, figuratively, light, incon- stant, not to be depended upon. As, ce jeunc officier est aussi girouette que de coulume, this young officer is as giddy as ever. GIRTH, a kind of saddle, buckled on under a horse's belly ; also a saddle that is buckled and complete for use. GIRTH-a;e6, that stuff' of which the girths of a saddle are made. GISARME, called also Gisaring, and by Fleta, Sisarmes; an ancient weapon of the staff kind. According to an old statute of William, king of Scot- land, it was a hand-bill, appropriated to the use of the lower order of people. Some deiive it from Guisarme, a kind of offensive long-handled and long- headed weapon; or, as the Spanish vis- arma, a staff" that has within it two long pikes. La Combe, Bailey, and Strutt differ in opinion ; and Grosse conceives it to be the same as black or brown bill. GISTES, Fr. pieces of wood which are used in the construction of plat- forms to batteries, and upon which the madriers or broad planks are placed. To GIVE a blow, to strike with the hand : it also signifies, in a figurative sense, to counteract or defeat an enemy. To Give in, to yield to superior strength or dexterity. GIVEN is a word often used in ma- thematics, and signifies something which is supposed to be known. GIVES, an old word signifying fetters, shackles. GLACIS, Terrein, ou Esplanade, Fr. a slope made of earth, and gene- rally covered with sod or grass, which runs from the covert way of a fortified place, towards the country. See Forti- fication. Glacis d'une corniche, Fr. an insen- sible slope which is made upon the cynwtium, (a member of architecture,) whereof one half is convex, and the other concave, of a cornish. GLADIATOR, (gladiatcur, Fr.J a sword-player, or prize-fighter. The old Romans were accustomed to make their slaves fight with one another at their public festivals, and the only weapon they used was a gladius or sword. — This barbarous practice was abolished by the emperor Theodoric in the year of Christ 500; Itut it prevailed among the ancient Britons, and in England, to a much later date. GLAIRE, a kind of halbert, so called by the Saxons. GLAIS ?iiilitaire, Fr. a military com- pliment which was paid to the remains of a deceased general. It consisted in a discharge of ordnance. In a civil sense, gluts means the chiming of bells at the death of a parish priest. GLAISE, Fr. clay, or potter's earth. GLhISKR, Fr. to do over with pot- ter's earth or clay. GLAIVE, Fr. a broad sword or fal- chion, anciently so called from the Latin word gladius. The word is seldom used, except figuratively, as, le glaive de la justice, the sword of justice. GLANDERS, a distemper in horses, proceeding, according to some French writers on veterinary subjects, from cor- rupt humours about the lungs and heart, arising neither from the blood nor phlegm, but from the one and the other, bile ; and therefore it is called dry. It is discovered by the horse growing lean on a sudden ; so that when you touch his Hanks with your hand, they will sound hollow, or like a drum. A horse afflicted with the glanders can neither eat nor cough, although he fre- quently tries, and feels excruciating pains inwardly, as if he had swallowed a bone ; and if all these signs appear at once, they are symptoms of approaching dissolution, and the animal ought to be instantly shot. E iglish farriers and horse doctors, or rather veterinary surgeons, describe the glanders to be such a loathsome, filthy disease, and so catching, that other horses, who may stand near a diseased one, are sure to be infected. They say it proceeds first from heats and colds, which begins with a thin rheum, and ascends up to the head, settles near the brain, and vents itself at the nose. This humour in time grows thicker and thicker, till it becomes of a yellowish colour like butter, and then the disease becomes very obstinate. GLANDERED, having the glanders. All glandeied horses in the army arc ordered to be shot. GLIB act, a very ancient act of par- liament, which directed, that the IrisW nobility and gentry who were of English or Norman extraction, should forfeit the privileges of their original country, if they did not shave the upper lip. This act took place when Ireland was first G L O ( 323 ) GOG conquered, and its object was to distin- guish the descendants of the invaders from the old Irish nobility that traced its origin to Milesius, who wore a long beard. GLOBE. See Geography. Globe of compression, (globe de com- pression, Fr.) a globe used in the attack and defence of places. When the cham- ber of a mine has been established and completed in earth of an homogeneous nature, the powder which is deposited in it, acts, on taking fire, throughout the circumference of the said chamber, and by so doing, dislodges a large quan- tity of earth, and throws it up to a given distance. A globe of this sort was used at the siege of Valenciennes, when that place surrendered to his Royal Highness the Duke of York. Globes, ou ballons d'urlifces, Fr. globes or balloons which are rilled with artificial fire. They are used to set fire to an enemy's town or works, &c. Globes de feu, Fr. a cartouch made of mashed paper, which is laid upon a wooden bowl, and made perfectly round. It is afterwards perforated in several places, and filled with inflammable com- position that is used in the making up of lances a feu. The instant it catches, a very bright and lively fire issues out of the several holes. GLOIRE, Fr. an artificial fire-work, which resembles a large sun, hence also called Soleil. It is made by means of an iron wheel containing four circles, each circle diminishing towards the cen- ter, and kept at equal distances from one another. Forty-eight jets de feu, or fire spouts, are tied to these circles; each jet is twenty French inches long, and there are twelve of ihem fixed to each of the four circles. The gloire or soleil is piaced in the middle of the principal fire-work. GLORIOLE, Fr. a species of vanity; which is always in pursuit of trifling objects. GLORIOSETTE, Fr. false glory, vanity, ostentation. Military GLORY, honour, reputa- tion, and fame, acquired by military achievements; — that precarious splendor which plays round the brows of a war- rior, and has been collected by hard ser- vice, extraordinary genius, and unble- mished integrity ; but which may desert the greatest hero through one unfortu- nate failure, occasioned by the fatality of human imperfection. GO. The verb to go is variously used in a mi! nary sense, as to march in a hostile rtr warlike manner. To Go off implies to depart from any post ; also to discharge itself as a fire- arm does. To Go on, to make an attack. To Go over, to revolt. To Go out, to go upon any expedi- tion, &c. To Go out is likewise frequently used to signify the act of fighting a duel, as he went out with a brother officer, and teas slightly uounded. GOA, a strong town on the Malabar coast, belonging to the Portugueze. The chief trade is in arrack. This fort was taken by the English April 2d, 1756. GOBERGE, Fr. the boarded bottom of a bedstead. GOBETER, Fr. to throw mortar with a trowel, and then spread it with the hand, in order to fill up the chasms of walls made with plaster and rubble. GOD, (Dieu, Fr.) the first and su- preme Being, through whom all other beings exist, and by whom they are go- verned. The name of God is variously used by the French, viz. Le bon Dieu, the consecrated host or sacrament which is administered to per- sons dangerously ill. This ceremony is observed in all Roman Catholic countries with great solemnity. Whilst it is passing persons remain uncovered, and the mi- litary with one knee bent rest upon their arms. Protestants cannot be too cir- cumspect on these occasions, particularly in Italy, Spain, and Portugal; as the slightest indication of disrespect or levity is seldom forgiven, or forgotten, by the adherents to this mode of faith. Dieu donni, a title which the French have attached to the name of a good king; intimating thereby, that the great- est blessing on earth is a virtuous first magistrate. The gift, however, is so rare, that, to use a familiar English phrase, we may not improperly call it a God-send. GODET, Fr. a bucket, such as is used for the purpose of emptying dams or sluices, &c. GOGGLES, glasses usually worn in warm countries, to defend the eyes from the heat of the sun, and the dust of the soil. In order to derive real be*- 2T2 G O N ( *H ) G O R nefit from these glasses, there should be apertures round the edges to, let in the nir. The term is rather vulgar, but in general acceptation, and comes from To goggle — To look asquint ; a derivation not thoroughly appropriate. GOITRE, Fr. hernia gutturis, great swelling under the throat. This disease is common in Switzerland, and in the Alps, owing to the snow water which is drunk in those quarters. GOLADAR or GOLDAR, an Indian term, signifying a store-keeper, or a store-house-keeper. GOLANDAUSE, Lid. an artillery- man belonging to the native artillery in India. It is sometimes written Golandaz and Golandaazee. GOLCONDAH, a province in India, comprehending the nabohships of Ar- cot, Canotil, Cudapa, Rajamandri, and Chicacole, &c. See History of Indostan, pages 158. 162. Golcondah, formerly a city, and the capital of the province. It stood at the foot of the rock and fortress of the same name - ; but the city has long since been deserted, and its inhabitants removed to Hyderabad ; nevertheless its name is still frequently used in Indostan, when in reality the city of Hyderabad is meant. GOLDEN Rock, a spot near Trit- chinopoly in India, which has been ren- dered immortal by the victory that was gained by the British tropps over the French and their allies in 17o3. Several passages in the first volume of the His- tory of Indostan cannot fail to be in- teresting and gratifying to every English reader. We shall refer him to pages 289, 290, 29 1, &c. for a detailed account. GOND, Fr. a hinge. GONDECAMA, Gondegama, a ri- ver in India, which makes the northern boundary of the province of Arcot ; Condavir extends between thus and the river Kristna. GONDOLA, (gondole,¥v.) This word may be taken in two senses, viz. to sig- nify a cup; or a small barge which is flat and long in its construction, and is only moved or worked by oars. Gon- dolas are much used upon the canals in Venice ; they are very remarkable for their shape, and the great swiftness with which they glide through the water. The middle sized ones are about thirty feet long, and are only four feet broad across the middle, gradually tapering towards each end, and rising in two sharp and narrow points to the ordinary height of a man. Upon the prow is fixed an iron of an uncommon length, which does not exceed half a finger's breadth in thickness; but which is four fingers broad, and is so disposed as to cut the air. The upper part of this iron, which is flatter than the rest, stretches out in the shape of a large hatchet, a full foot in length : so that when the gondola is on her way, it seems to menace every thing before it, and to force its passage. GONDOLEERS, (gondoliers,Tr.)the men who have the management of the gondolas at Venice. The equipment of a gondola seldom exceeds two persons, even on board of those barges that be- long to foreign ambassadors. It some- times happens that there are four, when persons of distinction go to their country houses. The gondoleers never sit down, but row the barge standing upright, and push forward. One man a.lways plies in the forepart of the gondola, and the other is at the poop. GONFALON, J an ensign or stand- GONFANON, } ard. GONG, the Persian word for a village. GONG WALLAS, militia in India so called; from gong a village, and wallas, a man. Gong, an instrument of martial mu- sic used among the Indians. GONORRHOEA, (gonorrhce, Fr.) a morbid running from venereal hurts. GORGE, (gorge, Fr.) the entrance into any piece of a fortification which consists of the distance or space be- tween the extremities of the two faces; as between the faces of a half moon, redoubt, or bastion. Gorge de montagne, Fr. a narrow pass, or passage, between hills, defiles, straits. Gorge de colonne, Fr. the gorge or gule of a column; a concave moulding in architecture. Coupe-GoRGF., Fr. literally a cut- throat. It is used in a military sense to signify any spot or position which affords an enemy so many advantages, that the troops who occupy it must either sur- render, or be cut to pieces. Dewi-GoRGE, Fr. half the distance between the two extreme points of the faces of a piece of fortification inwards. GOT ( 825 ) GOV Gorge a"un bastion, Fr. the space or distance between the extreme points of two flanks. Prendre un ouvrage par la Gorge, Fr. to get round a work and take it in reverse, without having made any direct approaches in front. Jambes GORGEES, Fr. swoln legs; as the legs of horses sometimes are. GORGERIN, Fr. in ancient times, that part of the armour which covered the neck of a man. Hence our word gorget. Gorgerin, Fr. in architecture, a small round member, accompanied with a square one, in the foot or bottom of the Doric chapter of a pillar, &c. ; a small boutell (with a fillet under it) in the chapter of a pillar, &c. It has been called Collar in. GORGET, a piece of ancient armour which defended the neck. — It was also called hallerce. The gorget, as now worn, is merely ornamental and hangs upon the breast of an officer. GORGONS, in military antiquity, a warlike female nation of Lybia, in Africa, who had frequent quarrels with another nation of the same sex, called Amazons. GOTHS, an ancient people of Gothia, an island in the Baltic sea, eighteen miles in length, situated by Denmark, and not far from Norway, subject to the crown of Sweden. They originally came out of Scythia, in the northern part of Europe. From Gothia, or Goth- land, they rambled into Germany, where an immense multitude of them, some say one hundred thousand, were slain before the year of Christ 314. But not long after, they brought into subjection and barbarism a great part of the christian world, and possessed them- selves of a part of Italy, now called Lombardy, whence they were called Lombards. The term Goths and Van- dals is now generally applied to all bodies of armed men, who, like the barbarians of old, overleap the bounda- ries of civilization, and give themselves up to blood, plunder, and devastation. Thus, during the paroxysm of the French Revolution, particularly under the iron reign of Robespierre, the French were called the Goths and Vandals of modern Europe, on account of their excesses. GOTHIC, (Gothique, Fr.) any thing built after the manner of the Goths. Various works and buildings that ap- pear to have been constructed without any particular regard to the rules of art are so called. AH the old cathedrals are in the Gothic taste. Monsieur de Fenelon has said, that Gothic architecture can support an im- mense vault upon the slightest pillars. The elevation of it is so wonderful, that although it seems ready to tumble, is perforated and full of windows in every part, and stands, as it were, suspended in air, it nevertheless lasts out centuries, and almost always proves more durable than the most regular buildings. Fronton GOTHIQUE, Fr. a gothic pediment. In modern architecture, all circular or triangular gable ends are so called, when they are sculptured, or three-leaved. GOUDRON, ou GOUDRAN, Fr. pitch and tar. GOUDRONS, Fr. small fascines or faggots which are well steeped in wax, pitch, and glue, and then are lighted for the purpose of setting fire to beams, planks, traverses, galleries, pontoons, &c. They are likewise used in various shapes and ways, to convey light into the ditches or upon the ramparts. GOVERNOR of a fortification is, or should Vie, a person of great military knowledge; and is a very considerable officer, representing the king, whose au- thority extends not only over the inha- bitants and garrison, but over all troops that may be therein winter quarters, can- tonments, or quarters of refreshment. Duty of a Governor in time of peace. He is to order the guards, the rounds, and the patroles ; to give the parole and countersign every night after the gates are shut; to visit the posts, to see that both officers and soldiers do their duty, and that every thing goes on regularly, and in good order. Duty of a Governor in lime of war. He should consider the place in such a manner as if the enemy were on the eve of besieging him, not omitting the least thing that may contribute to a long and obstinate defence: he should there- fore take particular care to keep the fortifications in good condition ; clearing the country round of all hedges, ditches, trees, hollow roads, caverns, and rising grounds, within the reach of cannon shot; not suffering any houses to be built within that distance, nor in general any thing to be done that may favour the approach of an enemy. GOV ( 326 ) G O U Tie should consider well with himself every minute circumstance that may be of advantage to him during the siege: he should thoroughly examine the seve- ral works, and canvass all the different stratagems that may be used, either to defend them, or to give way when overpowered, with an intent to return and dislodge the enemy, after he has got possession of them; in short, how to defend the place entrusted to Ins care, inch by inch, with the best ad- vantage. He should consider how, and in what manner, the works defend each other; whether their communications are safe, or liable to be interrupted by the bfsiegcrs; how to incommode the enemy when he is at a distance, or to dislodge him when near; whether the ground be proper for mines, and when they should be made; whether any part of the country may not be laid under water, by means of dikes or sluices; if there are any already made, how to keep them in constant repair, or to make new ones if they should be wanted; taking care to construct them so that the enemy may not have it in his power to destroy them either with his cannon or mortars. If the governor be not sufficiently skilled in the systems of attack and de- fence, he should frequently converse with the officers of engineers and artil- lery who understand them; examine the works together, see what may be done to render the defence of the place as long as the circumstances and nature of the works will admit of; and to make it familiar to himself, he should set down a project of defence on paper, and have it examined by the most skilful officers of artillery and engineers about him. This must be done in private, that spies or deserters may not discover the weak parts to the enemy. In short, nothing should be negiected on the part of the governor. He should see that the place be well supplied with ammunition, and whole- some provisions; that the hospitals are in good order, and provided with able physicians and surgeons, as likewise with every thing wholesome and neces- sary, that the sick and wounded may be well taken care of. The powder magazines, above all things, require his most special care : tor though they are built bomb-proof, yet when a great number of shells fall upon them, they seldom resist their shock ; for which reason they should be covered 8 or 10 feet thick with earth, and a layer of fascines, dung, and stroug planks laid over them. GOUGE, an instrument employed by divers artificers, being a sort of round hollow chissel, used in cutting holes, channels, grooves,&c. in wood, stone, &c. GOUJAT, Fr. a soldier's boy. It likewise signifies an ignorant good-for- nothing fellow. GOUJERES, according to Hantner, the French disease. From Gouje, Fr. a camp trull. GOUJON, Fr. gudgeon ; the pin which the truckles of a pulley run on. GOULET, Fr. the narrow entrance of an harbour. GOURDIN, Fr. a flat stick two fin- gers in breadth, which was used by the French to punish galley slaves. Also a cudgel. GOURGANDINE, Fr. a strumpet of the lowest species; a soldier's trull. GOURME, Fr. the strangles ; a dis- ease very common in young horses. GOUSSET, Fr. a gusset ; the piece of armour, or of a shirt, whereby the arm-pit was formerly covered; also a bracket in joiner's work. GOUTIERE, Ft. a gutter ; also a pipe from which water runs from the roofs of houses. Bonnets a quatre Goutieres, Fr. square or four-cornered caps, GOUTTES, Fr. small round orna- ments resembling drops of water, or beads, in architecture. GOUVERNA1L, Fr. a rudder. GOUVERNEMENT, Fr, anciently meant a certain specific allotment of provinces, towns, &c. under the super- intendance and government of one per- son who received his powers from the king, and had subordinate officers under him. There were twelve governments in France at the first institution of monarchy, called grands gouvernemens gtneraux, which were specifically noticed in all the general sittings of the king- dom. They were first formed by Hugues Capet, in 987. Previous to the revo- lution in 1789, they were subdivided into 39 general provincial governments with inferior officers, subject to their jurisdiction ; such as governors of towns, and commandants of fortified places. G R A ( 327 ) G 11 A Each governor-general was entitled to a guard of cavalry, a certain number of halbardiers and armed men on foot. GoUVERNEMENT d'lCTl VaisSCUU, Fr. the steerage of a vessel. GOUVERNEUR d'une place de guerre, Fr. the governor of a fortified town or place. See Governor of a fortification. GOUVIONS, Fr. iron bolts. They are much the same as goujons. GOWA, Indian term for a witness. GRABAT, Fr. a truckle bed GRABS, vessels peculiar to the Ma- labar coast. They have rarely more than two masts, although some have three; those of three are about 300 tons burthens; but the others are not more than 150 tons; they are built to draw very little water, being very broad in proportion to their length, narrowing from the middle to the end, where in- stead of bows they have a prow, pro- jecting like that of a Mediterranean gal- ley, and covered with a strong deck level with the main deck of the vessel, from which however, it is separated by a bulk head that terminates the forecastle. As this construction subjects the giab to pitch violently when sailing against a head sea, the deck of the prow is not inclosed with sides as the rest of the vessel is, but remains bare, that the water which dashes upon it may pass off without interruption. On the main deck, under the forecastle, are mounted two pieces of cannon, of nine or twelve pounders, which point forwards through the portholes, cut in the bulk head, and fire over the prow; the cannon of the broadside are from six to nine pounders. GRACE, Fr. pardon, forgiveness. Uan de Grace, Fr. the year of our Lord. FaireGu.ACE, Fr. to pardon, to forgive. Demander Grace, Fr. to ask for- giveness. Grace honoraire, Fr. any mark of distinction which is conferred upon mi- litary men by their sovereign. Grace pec uniaire, Fr. pecuniary re- compenses given to a military man for long service, or good conduct. GRADE, Fr. this word is applicable to the different ranks among officers, be- ginning from an ensign to the com- mander in chief of an army. Grades militaires, Fr. the different degrees by which military men rise in their profession. GRADINS, Fr. the various small as- cents, such as banquettes, &c. by which troops march from the bottom to the top of a fortified place, in order to line the parapet. Carte GRADUEE, Fr. a map on which the degrees of longitude and lati- tude are marked. GRAFT. See Ditch or Moat. GRAIN, Fr. a word used in the re- pairing of damaged cannon. Mettre un Grain a une piece, Fr. to till up the touch-hole of a piece of ord- nance ; the heating it in such a man- ner, that the metal which is poured in may assimilate and mix. When it be- comes cold, a fresh aperture is made or bored. Grain de vent, Fr. a squall of wind. Cathoiique a gros Grains, Fr. a re- laxed Roman Catholic, one that does not stick at trifles. This phrase is ap- plicable til every other sect or opinion, as well as to every profession, particu- larly the military. GRAINOIR, Fr. a term used in the French artillery, to signify a sort of sieve, in which there are small round holes for moist powder to be passed through, in order to make the grains perfectly round. GRAIS, Fr. large stones resembling our Scotch pebbles. They are used in France to pave the high roads, and the corners of streets. GRAISSE, Fr. fat; grease. The French say figuratively a Graisse d'ar- gent, by dint of money. GRAM, Ind. vetches ; a sort of pea, with which the horses are fed in India. GRAMEN, grass, in botany. Couronne GR AMINE, Fr. a grass, or gramineous crown, which was made among the Romans. See Obsidional. GRAN AD E. See Grenade. GRANADIER. See Grenadier. GRAND. This word is frequently used both in French and English as a word of title or distinction. Les grands, the great. Grand division. The battalion being told off by 2 companies to each division, is said to be told off in grand divisions; hence grand division firing is, when the battalion fires by 2 companies at the same time, and is commanded by one officer only. Grand motive d'arliileiic, Fr. grand master of the ordnance, &c. &c. &c. Grand soleit brillant, Fr. a sun ex- G R A (323 artificial fire-works. See ) G R A hibited in Gloire. Grand Visir. See Vizir. GRANITE, (granite, Fr.) a sort of haul marble, which is variegated by spots anil streaks, and is rather encrusted. It is very common in Egypt. There is a species of granite, that is of a white and violet colour; and another which is green mixed with white. The most or- dinary kind has grey and green spots scattered over a greyish white. Columns 40 feet high have been seen in Egypt, which consisted wholly of one piece of granite. The Egyptian pyra- mids are made out of that marble; such indeed is the quantity said to exist about the country, that some authors imagine the whole extent of its foundation to be a solid rock of granite. The French distinguish this sort of marble by calling it marbre granite and marbrc granitelle. In natural history it is generally called granita, being a distinct genus of stones composed of separate and very large concretions rudely compacted together, of great hardness, and capable of re- ceiving a very fine and beautiful polish. GRAPE shot. See Shot. Git ape de raisin, Fr. a piece of wood in which are placed musket balls; each bullet bein^ enclosed in a small case, and the whole together forming a ma- chine resembling a grape. This species of shot is discharged from ordnance. GRAPHOMETER, ( grap/iometre, Fr.) among surveyors, an instrument for taking angles, and generally called a semi-circle. In mathematics it serves to measure heights and elevations, to raise plans, &c. GUAPP1N, 1"V. grappling iron; small anchor. GRAPPLING. The French call it grapin, hcrisson, risson, or hurpeau ; it is a sort of small anchor, with 4 or 5 flukes or arms, commonly used to ride a boat. GRAPPLiNG-irons, in the art of war, are composed of 4, 5, or 6" branches, Lent round and pointed, with a ring at the root, to which is fastened a rope to hold by, when the grapple is thrown at any thing, in order to bring it near, so as to lay hold of it. Fire Grappling, an instrument which nearly resembles the above, only that it is fitted with strong barbs instead of flukes, and is fixed at the yard arms of a fire-ship, to grapple her adversary, and set her on fire. The French call this instrument grapin dc brulbt. GRATICULER, Fr. to divide with a pencil on a sheet of paper, any design or drawing into small eijual squares, in order to reduce the original sketch or picture, or to enlarge it by the same process. This word is derived from the Italian, graticola, a gridiron. GRATIFICATION, Fr. In a gene- ral acceptation of the term this word meant, among the French, certain re- wards which generals gave to the troops, alter a severe engagement, in testimony ol their valour and good conduct. These rewards were distributed according to rank, and were presented in the king's name. This custom was prevalent in the most ancient times. According to Vegetius, all monies distributed by the Romans, as military gratifications or rewards, were deposited in the ensign or standard-bearer's hands, to be occasion- ally given to the soldiers. Sometimes the generals gave directions that a cer- tain proportion should be sequestered or put apart. By degrees a fund was col- lected; and the temptations to desert lost their influence in the superior at- tachment which every soldier felt to his standard, whose bearer was the trustee ot his little property, and to whom he was consequently bound by one of the most powerful ties of the human heart— self-interest. By gratification was likewise meant the accumulation of a certain sum, which was deposited for the specific purpose of burying a deceased soldier. We have, indeed, several instances in our own service to prove the wisdom and expediency of a regimental sub- scription. In the Royal Artillery, gra- tifications, or voluntary subscriptions, for the relief and support of the wives of deceased officers, are conducted upon the most liberal plan; and in some other corps the serjeants and corporals pro- vide against the accidents of human na- ture in the same manner. Gratification signified, among the French, in a more extended sense of the word, a public reward given to a body of soldiers, on the recommenda- tion of a general, for some signal act of bravery in the day of battle. When this happened the soldiers had a cer- tain sum of money distributed amongst them, and the officers received annual pensions. G R E ( 359 ) G R E Gratification likewise means a i itself beyond the surface of the sea, and having behaved gal- eertain allowance in money, which is made to prisoners of war. Gratification annuelle, Fr. a cer- tain pecuniary allowance which was an- nually given during the French mo- narchy, to some deserving officer, in order to increase his pay, until an open- ing occurred hy which he might be ad- vanced. No such provision exists in the British service. On the contrary, every officer, rich or poor, has 10 per cent, taken from his pay, when the sub- sistence is first issued ! Gratification de campagne, Fr. field allowances. GRAT1FIER, Fr. to reward an offi- cer or soldier for lantlv. GRATOIR, Fr. an iron instrument which is used to clear out a shell before it is charged. GRATTER une fusee, Fr. to uncap or clear a fuse or shell for the purpose of explosion. GRAVEURS, Fr. persons employed and paid by the founders of cannon for repairing damaged pieces of artillery : some individual, however, was distin- guished by the name i»f graveur de I'ar- tillerie, engraver to the artillery, and was permitted by the Grand Master of the Ordnance to exhibit over his shop- door the arms of the Royal Artillery. GRAVIR, Fr. to get up a steep place ; to scale a wall, ccc. GREAT, (grand, Fr.) having any quality in a high degree, as a great offi- cer, a great man. The Great, (les Grands, Fr.) per- sons of elevated rank and situation. Great, (grand, Fr.) an epithet fre- quently used to signify large in bulk, or number, as a great army, &c. Import- ant, weighty, as a great victory, ccc. It also signifies extent, duration. Great, fortification, one of the di- visions of the first system of M. de Vauban. — It consists in a fortification whose exterior side is from 185 to 260 toises, or from 370 to 520 yards, and is seldom adopted but towards a river or a marsh. Great radius, the whole oblique radius. See Fortification. GREAVES, iron boots which were worn with ancient armour; also armour for the legs. GRECIAN fire, (feu Grcgeois, Fr.) a sort of artificial fire, which insinuates I seasoned 1 2U which burns with increased violence, when it mixes with that element. Its directions are contrary to the course of natural fire : for the flames will spread themselves downwards, to the right or left, agreeably to the movement that is given. It is composed or made up of napluha,sulphur,bitumen,gum and pitch; and it can only be extinguished by vine- gar mixed with urine and sand, or with undressed leather or green hides. Some writers assert, that it was invented by an engineer, (belonging to Heliopolis, a town in Syria,) whose name was Cal- linicus, and who used it with so much skill and effect during a naval engage- ment, that he destroyed a whole fleet belonging to the enemy, upon which were embarked 30,000 men. This com- bustible matter has retained the name of Grecian fire, because the Greeks first practised the invention. It is asserted, indeed, that the secret of making Grecian fire, which should be unextinguishable, has been long since lost ; we say unex- tinguishable, because the ancients did not know, as we do, how to repress or put out the flame. According to the author of (Euvres Militaires,a powerful composition, which could only be ex- tinguished by strong vinegar (a secret unknown to the ancients) might be made of the following combustible ma- terials; viz. pitch, rosin, tallow, cain- phire, turpentine, salt of nitre, liquid varnish, oil of sulphur, linseed, rock oil, flux, charcoal finely pulverized ; the whole of which being boiled together, and before it grows cold, mixed with quick lime, a consistence is formed that will be susceptible of the most subtile and destructive fire. GREFFE, Fr. a register-office. GREFFIER, Fr. clerk ; a person who registers the minutes of a court-martial. GRELE, Fr. hail. It is used figura- tively to signify a quantity of missile weapons, balls, &c; as, Grele de Flcches, shower of arrows. GRELUCHON, Fr. a little rash fel- low ; an inconsiderate puppy. GRENADES, ") in the art of war, GRAN \DES,or J- are hollow halls or GRFNADOES, ) shells, of iron or other metal, about 2{ inches diameter, which being filled with fine powder, are set on fire by means of a small fuse, driven into the fuse-hole, made of well beech wood, and formerly GRE ( 330 ) GRE thrown by the grenadiers into places where men stood thick, and particularly into the trenches and other lodgments made by the enemy. As soon as the composition within the fuse gets to the powder in the grenade, it bursts into many pieces, greatly to the injury of all who happen to In* in its way. Grenades were first made about the time shells were invented, (sceSn ell,) and first used in 1594. Grenades have unaccountably sunk into disuse ; but we are persuaded there is nothing more proper than to have grenades to throw into the midst of the enemy, who have jumped into the ditch. During the siege of Cassel, un- der the Count de la Lippe, in the cam- paign of 1762, a young engineer under- took to carry one of the outworks, with a much smaller detachment than had before attempted it without success. lie gained his object with ease, from the use of grenades; which is a proof, that they should not be neglected, either in the attack or defence of posts. Grenade, (grenade, Fr.) There is a sort of grenade which is thrown out of a mortar. It is sometimes used for the purpose of annoying the besieging enemy; in which case quantities are rolled down the rampart into the fosse, or ditch, upon the workmen or miners. A grenade resembles a bomb or shell, with this only difference, that the grenade has not any handles to it. There are some grenades, called gre- nades u main, hand-grenades, whose ca- liber is equal to that of a four-pounder. The charge is from five or six ounces of gunpowder, or thereabouts. They are extremely serviceable on many occa- sions; but particularly so to throw among the men that are working in the trenches; numbers of whom they must inevitably wound. The vent of a hand-grenade contains about six lines, or half a French inch. The following proportions belong to grenades, according to their several dia- meters. Grenades whose caliber is equal to that of a 33 pounder contain about 6 French inches or more diameter, 8 lines in thickness, and 16 pounds in weight. Grenades whose caliber is equal to that of a 21 pounder contain 5 French inches 5 lines diameter, 6 lines in thick- ness, and 12 pounds in weight. Grenades whose caliber is equal t* that Of a l(j pounder contain 1 French inches 9 lines diameter, 5 lines in thick- ness, and 8 pounds in weight. Those that weigh 6 pounds have 3 French inches 5 lines diameter, and are 5 lines thick. Those that weigh 5 pounds have 3 French inches 2-J lines diameter, and are 5 lines thick. Those that weigh 3 pounds have 2 French inches 8 lines diameter, and are 4\ lines thick. Those that weigh 2 pounds have 2 French inches 1 lines diameter, and are 4 lines thick. Those that weigh 1 pound have 1 French inch 10 lints diameter, and an 3 lines thick. Those that weigh three quart* is of a pound have 1 French inch 8 lines dia- meter, and are 3 lines thick. Those that weigh half a pound have 1 French inch 8 lines diameter, and ate 3 lines thick. Those that weigh a quarter of a pound have 1 French inch lines diameter, and are 2| lines thick. These proportions were formerly at- tended to in the old French service, with occasional deviations from the strict measurement of the lines ; as it was supposed to be of little consequence whether the grenades fitted the mortars exactly. It was, indeed, generally thought advisable to adapt their sizes so that they might lie thrown out with- out the least resistance or compression. Grenades were directed to be thicker at the breech than elsewhere, in propor- tion to their several diameters. Theodore D'Urtubie, in his Mgttliel de VArtilleur, gives the following suc- cinct account of grenades. That writer observes, "that besides bombs or shells, and howitzers, hollow vessels made of iron in globular shapes, which are called grenades, are frequently used ; gun- powder is poured in through the cavity, or vent, called in French lumiire, into which a fuse loaded with a composi- tion of combustible materials is intro- duced." There are two sorts of grenades. Those distinguished by the name of gre- nades de rernpart are rolled from the top of the parapet into the ditch ; they are equal in caliber to that of a 33 and a 16 pounder. The other species is called grenades a G R E ( 331 ) GRE main, These are thrown into the covert way, and the trenches, ike. their caliber is that of a 4-pounder, and they weigh 2 pounds. The ordinary thickness of grenades is 4 lines throughout. It will occur to our military readers, that by this account a considerable alter- ation has taken place in the casiing of grenades, as the intermediate differences have been consolidated; hand-grenades, instead of being thicker at the breech, ■are uniformly of the same consistency. It cannot, however be thought super- fluous to preserve the original dimen- sions. Gren Avz-roiihtntc, Fr. a species of hand-grenade from 16 to 20 pounds weight, which is thrown into fosses, ike. Grenades Tunjues, Fr. Turkish gre- nades; a sort of grenade which is made by the Turks. Their grenades are extremely defective, and do little execution. GRENADIER, } a foot soldier, GRANAD1ER, J armed with fire- lock, bayonet, and in some services with a hanger : grenadiers carry, besides their arms, a cartridge box that will hold 36 rounds. They are clothed differently from the rest of the battalion they belong to, by wearing a high cap, fronted with a plate, ©f brass, on which the king's arms is generally represented, ike. and a piece of fringed or tufted cloth upon their shoulders, called a wing : in some armies they have more pay than a common soldier. They are always the tallest and stoutest men, consequently the first upon all attacks. Every battalion of foot has generally a company of gre- nadiers belonging to it, which takes the right of the battalion. Grenadiers were first instituted in France in 1G67, by having 4 or 5 to each company ; but in the year 1670, they were formed into companies, and in 1685, were first known in the British service. Horse-G rek adieus, called by the French, grenadiers volans, or flying gie- nadiers, are such as are mounted on horseback, but fight both on foot and horseback. They were first established in France by Louis XIV. in 1676, and formed into squadrons. We had in Eng- land two troops of horse-grenadier guards, the first raised in the year 1693, the command of which was given to lieutenant-general Cholmondeley ; the second in 1701, which was commanded in Lord Forbes. Grenadier March, a beat on the drum which is practised with the grena- diers, or when the whole line advances to charge an enemy. Grenadiers auxifiaires, Fr. auxiliary grenadiers. During a siege, and when a place was closely invested, a certain number of grenadiers were chosen out of the battalions belonging to the trenches, for the purpose of making head against the besieged, whenever they might risk a sally, or insult the works. It is the peculiar duty of these men to stand ' forward on every occasion, to set fire to i the gabions attached to the batteries, j and to crush every attempt which might be made by the garrison to annoy the men that were posted in the trenches, &c. It was customary among the French : to increase the number of those grena- j diets who went first into danger and did the duty of the trenches. These were called grenadiers postiches, or extra gre- nadierg, ■ GRENADIERS postiches, Fr. a body of men composed of several battalions of militia, which, during the old French monarchy, were trained and exercised for the purpose of augmenting the corps of royal grenadiers — a sort of supple- mentary corps. Grenadiers royaiix, Fr. royal gre- nadiers. A body of troops under the old French government, which consisted of several battalions or regiments of militia, drawn out of the supplementary grenadiers, and all composed of grena- dier companies. Grenadiers, ou Gibernes, Fr. the bags or haversacks which hold the gre- nades. They are worn like powder- flasks. GRENAILLE, Fr. small shot. GRENIER, Fr. a granary ; a store- house. Grenier, Fr. Mettre en grenier, to stow any thing loosely. GRENOIR, Fr. a sieve through which gun-powder is passed, and formed into grains of different sizes. SeeGRANOiR. GRLVE, Fr. armour, or covers for the legs. See Greaves. Greve, Fr. sandy strand or shore also a paved side of a river. — Hence La Place de Greve in Paris, situated upon the banks of the Seine. During the old government of France, criminals were generally executed on this spot. It was here that the celebrated Madame de la Motte was exposed and marked upon the 2U2 GRU ( 332 ) G U A shoulder, for being an accomplice in the fraud practised by certain persons of high rank with a diamond necklace. GRIFFE, Fr. literally a claw, but in a military sense, as accepted by the French, an iron instrument made like a hook, and used by miners to pick out the small stones that are incorporated with cement, &c. GRILLAGE, ou GRILLE, Fr. a sort of wooden grating which is used in dykes to render the foundation more secure. This is done by placing pieces of timber over one another, called langrines and travertines, which see. GRISONS, a people in alliance with Switzerland. They inhabit the moun- tainous parts of the Alps in Italy, and at one time supported a well organized army, called the army of the Grisons, under General Macdonald. GROS, Fr. a body of soldiers. The French frequently say — Ungros decava- lerie, a body of cavalry; un gros d'in- funterie, a body of infantry. Le Gros d'une arm'ee, Fr. the main body of an army ; that part which re- mains after any detachments, tkc. have been marched away. GROs-Corps, Fr. a large body of armed men, consisting of horse, foot, and artillery, which are encamped, can- toned or in garrison together. Gros equipages d'une arm'ee, Fr. the heavy baggage, consisting of the train of artillery, &c. which belongs to an army. GROSS, (gros, Fr.) the whole, before any allowances or deductions are made: hence gross off-reckonings. GROUND, the field or place of action. GROWD-zoork, in military architec- ture. See Foundation. Ground arms! a word of command on which the soldiers lay down their arms upon the ground. This word of command has been ex- ploded since the introduction of the new- exercise. Soldiers are now ordered to ■pile arms. To take Ground. A battalion or company is said to take ground when it extends in any given direction. This term is likewise used in duelling, as — They took their ground at eight or ten paces from each other. GRUE, Fr. a crane; a fool. This word is used figuratively, among the French, to signify the attendance of a poor dependent, or of an idle parasite, on a great man, viz. Faire le pied de Grue, to dance attendance. Grue, Fr. a crane. It is frequently used in the embarkation and debark- ation of cannon, &c. It is also called gruau. GUARANTEE, any person or power who undertakes for the performance of any stipulations agreed on between two other powers or parties. GUARD, in the military art, is a duty performed by a body of men to secure an army or place from being surprized by an enemy. In garrison the guards are relieved every day ; hence it comes that every soldier mounts guard once every 3 or 4 days in time of peace, and much oftencr in time of war. See Honours. Guards also imply the troops kept to guard the king's person, and consist of both horse and foot. This term is now. applied to distinguish different corps in the British service, namely:— jLi/e-GuARDS, Hwse-GuARDS, and 2"W-Guards, which collectively are called Household troops. There are also Dragoon Guards, a sort of heavy cavalry ; and formerly there were the horse-grenadier guards. There is likewise a public building, called Horse Guards, close to Whitehall, in which are the several offices belong- ing to the military department, viz. The Commander in Chief's. The Secretary at War. The Quarter-Master-General, and The Adjutant-General. This edifice is so called from the guard being constantly composed of light or heavy horse. Horse-grenadier Guards were di- vided into two troops, called the 1st and 2d troops of horse-grenadier guards. The first troop was raised in the year 1693, and the command given to lieute- nant-general Cholmondeley; the second in 1702, and the command given to Lord Forbes. This corps was reduced in 1788, and the officers, &c. were allowed to retire upon full pay. Life Guards. In consequence of the reduction of the horse grenadier guards, two regiments have been raised for the specific purpose of guarding the metropolis, and of escorting his Majesty. They are called the First and Second Life Guards. Although the Life Guards generally G U A ( 333 ) G U A do duty about the metropolis, it must be recollected, that they were not raised for that specific purpose only. They are enlisted for general service, like the men of the line or Foot Guards, and no stipulation of any sort is made with them. During the late war, both regi- ments were, by general orders, in con- stant readiness to match at a moment's notice; having their tents, caiup-equi- page, and every article fit for service. With respeet to rank, in addition to what has already been said on that sub- ject, it is necessary to state, that the majors in the Life Guards rank as lieu— tenant-coionels, and by his Majesty's order, they can only exchange with lieu- tenant-colonels. The lieutenant-colonels rank as full colonels, and cannot ex- change with any one under that rank. For the like reason that rank would not be obtained by an exchange ; a major of the Life-Guards cannot exchange with a major in the line, nor a lieute- nant-colonel with one of the same rank. This corps distinguished itself at the memorable battle of Waterloo in 1815. See Rank. Royal Regiment of Horse Guards. See Blues. Yeomen of the Guards, first raised by Henry VII. in the year 1485 : they are a kind of foot guards to the king's per- son, and are generally called by a nick- name — the beef-eaters, a term derived from Buffet,Tr. a sideboard. They were anciently 250 men of the first rank under gentry, and of a larger stature than ordinary, each being required to be 6 feet high. At present there are but 100 on constant duty, and 70 more not on duty ; and when any one of the 100 dies, his place is supplied out of the 70. They go dressed after the manner of King Henry VHIth's time. Their first com- mander, or captain, was the Earl of Oxford. Foot Guards are regiments of foot appointed for the guard of his majesty, and his palace, and for general service. They were raised in the year 1660, when the command of the first was given to Thomas, Lord Wentworth ; that of the second to George Duke of Albemarle; and the third to George, Earl of Linlithgow. The second is always called the Coldstream, from a place named Coldstream, a small market town in Berwickshire, where the men were first raised. This regiment in point of standing is older than the first, having been raised sooner, and commanded by General Monk, from whom it originally took its name, viz. Monk's regiment or corps; and in compliment to whom, it was made one of the three Royal regi- ments hy Charles the second. The first regiment of French guards was raised in the reign of Charles IX. in the year 1563. Trench Guard only mounts in the time of a siege, and consists sometimes of 3, 4, or 6 battalions, according to the importance of the siege. This guard must oppose the besieged when they sally out, protect the workmen, &c. Prvvost Guard is always an officer's guard that attends the provost in his rounds, to prevent desertion, maraud- ing, rioting, &c. See Provost. Magazine - Guard. See Store- Keeper. Advanced Guard, a party of either horse or foot, or both, that marches before a more considerable body, to give notice of any approaching danger. These guards are either made stronger or weaker, according to the situation or danger that may be apprehended from the enemy, or the country through which an army is to be marched. Van Guard. See Advanced Guard. Artillery Guard is a detachment from the army to secure the artillery when in the field. Their corps de garde is in the front of the park of artillery, and their sentries are dispersed round the same. This is generally a 48-hours guard; and upon a march this guard marches in the front and rear of the artillery, and must be sure to leave nothing behind. If a gun or wagon breaks down, the officer that commands the guard is to leave a sufficient number of men to assist the gunners and ma- trasses in raising it. Artillery quarter -Guard is fre- quently a non-commissioned officer's guard from the royal regiment of artil- lery, whose corps de garde is always in the front of their encampment. Artillery rear-Gv &.RD consists of a corporal and 6 men, posted in the rear of the park. Advanced or Quarte?--Gv xrd, &c. (commonly called by the French Corps de Garde, which also means a guard or detachment, from which sentries are posted in different directions,) are sol- diers entrusted with the guard of a post, G U A ( S34 ) G U A tinder the command of one or more officers. This word also Minifies the place where the guard mounts. Couitter-Gv mkt>. See Four) iicatjon. Grand Guaud. A guard composed of three or four squadrons of horse, commanded by a held officer, posted about a mile, or a mile and a half from the camp An the right and left wings, towards the enemy, for the better secu- rity of the camp. Forage GvjkRQf a detachment sent out to secure the foragers, who are posted at all places, where either the enemy's party may come to disturb the foragers, or where they may he spread too near the enemy, so as to be in danger of being taken. This guard consists both of horse and foot, who must remain on their posts till the foragers are all come off the ground, Main Guard is that from which all other guard* are detached. Those who are to mount guard assemble at their respective private parades, and march thence to the general parade in good order, where, after the whole guard is drawn up, the small guards are detached to their respective posts : then the subalterns cast lots for their guards, who are all under the command of the captain of the main guard. This guard mounts in garrison at different hours, according to the pleasure of the governor. * Piquet Guard, a given number of horse and foot always in readiness in case of an alarm; the horses are gene- rally saddled all the time, and the riders booted. The foot draw up at the head of the battalion, frequently at the beating of the tat-too; but afterwards return to their tents, where they hold themselves in readiness to march upon any sudden alarm. This guard is to make resist- ance, in case of an attack, until the army can get ready. Baggage Guard is always an officer's guard, who has the care of the baggage on a march. The wagons should be numbered by companies, and follow one another regularly; vigilance and atten- tion in the passage of hollow-ways, woods, and thickets, must be strictly observed by this guard, and flankers should be thrown out. Ordinary Guards, such as are fixed during the campaign, or in garrison towns, and which are relieved daily. Extraordinary Guards, or detach- ments, such as are only commanded on particular occasions; either for the fur- ther security of the camp, to cover the foragers, or for convoys, escorts, or ex- peditions, Soldiers are sometimes ordered to take extraordinary guards, as a punish- ment for slight misconduct. Quarter Guard is a small guard, commanded by a subaltern othcer, post- ed in the front of each battalion, at 2, a smallguard under a corporal, which is taken out of each regiment of horse, and mounts on foot in front of each regiment, at the dis- tance of 20 feet from the streets oppo- site to the main street. To be upon Guard. See Mounting Guard. To relieve Guard. See Relieve. Turn out the Guard ! A phrase used when it is necessary for the guard to form for the purpose of receiving a general or commanding officer; on the approach of an armed party ; on the beat of drum, or sound of trumpet, or any alarm. Port Guard, a guard detached from the main guard. All officers on port or detached guards are to send a report, night and morning, to the captain of the main guard, and at all other times when any thing extraordinary occurs. Those who command at the ports arc to draw up the biidges, or shut the barriers, on the approach of any body of armed men, of which they are to give notice to the officer of the main guard, and not to suffer any of them to come into the garrison without leave from the governor or commander. OuI-Gvards. Under this head may not improperly be considered out-posts, advanced piquets, and detachments. In the last priuted Regulations it is oh- G U A ( 335 ) G U A served that the duties of outposts are so various as usually to require detailed instructions according to circumstances. The following directions are therein stated to be generally applicable, and must be strictly attended to by the British army, especially if there should be any occasion for it to act upon home service. The duty of out-posts, &c. is chiefly confined to light troops, who are occasionally assisted and relieved by the line. They are always, in that case, under the immediate direction of some general. But when circumstances ren- der it necessary, that this duty should be done from the line, the out-posts fall under the command of the general officers of the day, unless some parti- cular oflicer be put in orders for that specific command. All out-guards march oft" without trumpets sounding, or drums beating. They pay no compliments of any kind] neither do their sentries take any com- plimentary notice of officers passing near their posts. No guards are to pre- sume to stop any persons coming to camp with provisions, (unless they be particularly ordered so to do), and are on no account to exact or receive any thing for their free passage. Any officer, trumpeter, or other per- son, who comes from the enemy's camp, is to be secured by the first guard he arrives at, till the commander in chief's or the general's pleasure is known. When a deserter comes in from the enemy, the officer commanding the post, or guard, at which he arrives, is imme- diately to send him, under a proper escort, (without permitting him to be delayed or examined, or any questions asked him,) to the officer commanding the outposts, w ho, after inquiring whether he brings any intelligence immediately relating to his own post, will forward him to head-quarters. The sentries on the outposts are al- ways to be double. No officers, soldiers, or followers of the camp, are, on any account, to be suffered to pass the out- posts, without they are on duty, or pre- sent a regular pass from head quarters. The men on advanced piquets are to carry their provisions with them, ready cooked, when circumstances will per- mit. The cavalry to carry sufficient forage for the time they are to be out. It is the duty of officers on all guards to inspect every relief of sentries, both when they go on and come off their posts; to call the rolls frequently, and by every means in their power to keep the men under their command in the most perfect state of vigilance and pre- paration. Officers commanding outposts are to send guides, or orderly men, to the major of brigade of the day, or to the brigade-major of their own brigades, as circumstances require, in order to con- duct the new guards, and to carry such orders as may be necessary. When the army is on a march, the officers must apprize the brigade-majors of the situation of their posts, as soon as they arrive at them. All detach- ments of brigades, which are ordered to march immediately, are to be taken from the piquets, and replaced direct iy from the line. Whenever detachments consist of 200 men, or upwards, a surgeon or assistant- surgeon is to be sent from the corps of the officer who commands. On parti- cular duties, the attendance of a surgeon or assistant-surgeon may be requisite with smaller detachments. Detach- ments of cavalry, of 50 or upwards, will be attended by a farrier. As soon as an officer commanding an outpost, or advanced piquet, (whether of cavalry or infantry,) arrives on his ground, he must endeavour to make himself master of his situation, by care- fully examining, not »nly the space he actually occupies, but the heights within musket-shot; the roads and paths lead- ing to or near his post, ascertaining their breadth and practicability for cavalry and cannon. He should examine the hollow ways that cover the approach of an enemy : and, in short, consider all the points from which he is most likely to be attacked, either by cavalry or in- fantry. He will, by these means, be enabled to take measures to prevent the possibility of being surprized ; and should he be attacked during the night, from the previous knowledge he has obtained of the ground, he will at once forma just estimate of the nature of the attack, and make his arrangements for defence with promptitude and decision. In order to convey the same alacrity to his men, and to prepare the most unex- perienced for sudden and unexpected attacks, an officer upon an outpost will do well to put them upon the alert, by skilfully occasioning false alarms. But GUA these must not be often repeated, nor when practised be made known to his men as having proceeded from himself; since supineness and inactivity might by degrees be the consequence of such a discovery. An intelligent officer upon an outpost, even unprovided with entrenching tools, will materially strengthen his post, when the unobserver would remain inactive. A tree felled with judgment; brushwood cut to a certain distance; pointed stakes, about breast high, placed on the points most assailable by an enemy, may be attended with the greatest advantages, and can be effected with the common hatchets which the men carry to cut fire-wood. In short, every impediment which an officer, acting on the defensive, can thrown in an enemy's way, ought to be scrupulously attended to. Inde- pendently, therefore, of the means which he adopts for the immediate protection of his posts, he must look beyond that point; and as nothing checks the ardour of troops more than an unexpected ob- stacle, within an hundred yards, more or less, of the place attacked, he must, on his arrival at the outpost, throw up some temporary impediment at that dis- tance. Mounting Guards. It is indispen- sably necessary that every officer should know how to mount and come off guard. The following is the regulation to be observed on that head in the British service. All guards are to parade with shoul- dered arms, and unfixed bayonets, with- out any intervals between them, the ranks open, and the Serjeants with pikes carried. The officers with their swords drawn, and non-commissioned officers commanding guards, to be formed about forty paces in front of the center, in two ranks, facing the line, where they are to receive the old parole and such orders as may be given to them. The major or commanding officer will give the word of command— " Officers and non-commissioned offi- cers, outward face ! — Take post in front of your respective guards ! — Quick, March !" As soon as they have taken post, fronting their respective guards, the word of command will be given — " Officers and non-commissioned offi- cers — to vour guards — March ! — Halt ! —Front !'' ( 336 ) GUA " Officers and non-cemmissioned oftv* cers, inspect your guards !" The several officers and non-commis- sioned officers will then inspect their guards as quick as possible. When there is a captain's guard, each officer is to take a rank, followed by a serjeant. As soon as the inspection is over, the adjutant will go down the line, and re- ceive the report of each guard; the offi- cers return to their posts; and the major or commanding officer will then — " Order arms ! — Fix bayonets !■ — and Shoulder !" When the colours are brought on the parade, the troop is beat; and the drum- mers call on the right. The captain will face inwards, and the lieutenant and ensign will face to the right, and inarch, quick time, to the head of the grenadiers. The captain goes to the head of the right of his remaining men. The field officer than orders the grenadiers to close their ranks, and to march oft* in quick time, the lieutenant being three paces advanced in front of his men, and the ensign one. The co- lours will be received as usual; and the grenadiers, on their arrival on the let r. flank of the guards, will file at ordinary time, through the ranks ; the lieutenant, and the colours, in front of the front rank. The guards are to march off at ordinary time, and by divisions, taking care, that when they open their ranks, the front rank of each keeps its exact distance from the front rank preceding it. When there are more officers than one belonging to the same guard, the second in rank is to take post and to march past the commanding officer on the parade, at the head of the last divi- sion, instead of being in the rear of it. When there is an officer senior to the field officer of the day, on the parade, the guards are to inarch by and salute him ; the field otiicer of the day, in that case, inarching at their head. GuARn-nwms, (corps de garde, Fr.) places where guards are stationed for a jjiven time. Although the following ar- ticles should properly come under the heads of furniture and utensils, we do not think them entirely out of place under a more ostensible point of obser- vation. Cavalry and infantry GvARD-rooms are allowed a water-bucket, candlestick, tin can for beer, and drinking-horns; they are also allowed fire-irons and coal G U A ( 337 ) G U E tray, from the 1st of September to the 1st of May, when they are to be taken into store. N. B. The rooms of the quarter-mas- ters and Serjeants of cavalry, and the serjeant-major and quarter-master Ser- jeant of infantry, to be furnished with the necessary bedding and utensils in the same manner as is allowed to the soldier's rooms. For a more specific account, see the General Regulations. GvARD-house, (corps de garde, Fr.) a place covered in, and generally built at the gate of a fortified town, or close to the entrance of a barrack, for the convenience of soldiers who mount guard. This sort of building is also found in the principal squares of forti- fied towns. Guard in fencing implies a posture proper to defend the body from the sword of the antagonist. The word guard is seldom applied among small swordsmen to any position but those of carte and tierce; the other motions of defence are styled parades. See Fencing. Guards of the broad stcord. The positions of defence adopted with that weapon are generally termed guards, and may be comprized under the inside- guard, half-circle guard, hanging guard, half-hanging guard, medium guard, out- side guard, St. George's guard, and spa- droon guard. See Broad-sword. Prepare to Guard, in the cavalry sword exercise, is performed by bringing the extremity of the sword-hilt up to the pit of the stomach, with the back of the hand outwards; the blade of the sword to be carried perpendicularly, with the flat towards the face. From this posi- tion the guard is taken by darting the sword hand smartly forwards towards the left ear of the antagonist. Guard, in the cavalry sword exercise, is used to denote one particular position, which consists in holding the sabre nearly horizontal across the face, the point rather higher than the hilt, the sword- hand directed towards the left ear of the antagonist. Although this be pe- culiarly denominated guard, yet it is not to be considered as a position calculated to meet every sort of attack, or an eligi- ble position to charge an enemy ; but as the central point from which the requi- site change for attack or defence may be effected. The other position*** - defence in the cavalry exercise are styled Pro- tects; which see. GUARDSHIP, a King's ship to guard the coast. GUASTADOURS, Turkish pioneers. Armenians and Greeks are generally employed in the Turkish armies, to do the fatigue-work that is necessary for the formation of a camp, or for con- ducting a siege. GUDDA, an Indian term for a small fort erected upon a hill or eminence. GUDGE, an Indian measure 24 inches lonsr. GUELPHIC Order. The royal Hano- verian Guelphic Order was created in December, 1815, as a reward for mili- tary services. Major-Gen. Sir Benjamin Blomtielcl, of the Royal Artillery, was the first Englishman who received this honorary distinction. See Order. GUERDON, (guerdon, Fr.) a re- ward; a recompence. GUEIUTE, Fr. This is also called Echauguette, sentry box, small turret. In fortified towns there are several small turrets of this denomination, which are sometimes made of wood, and some- times built with stone. They are gene- rally fixed on the acute points of bas- tions, and sentinels are posted within them for the purpose of watching the ditch, and of preventing any surprize in that quarter. Those used upon the continent, par- ticularly in France, contain from 3 to 4 French feet diameter within, and are 7 or 8 feet high. Their general shape, or figure, is round, pentagonal, hexagonal, &c. There are apertures made on every side, through which the sentinel can ob- serve every thing that passes in the ditch. A path about 2 or 3 feet broad is cut through the parapet and the banquette, up to the entrance of the guerite. Wooden gucriles are generally used where the rampart is lined with turf only. The spots best adapted for gucrites are at the flanked angles of bastions, and at the angles of epaulements. Some- times, indeed, they are placed in the centre of the curtains. They must jut out at the point of the angle, and the ground floor should be upon a line with the cordon, which is a sort of fillet or trace that marks the separation of the rampart from the parapet. They mu»t 2X G U E ( 338 ) G U E likewise project far enough to afford the sentinel who is within, a full view ot the faces, the flanks and the curtains, and, if possible, a thorough command of all the ditches. Gagner la Guerite, Jr. a familiar phrase to express the escape of a person. Enftler la GufeitiTE, Jr. to avoid the pursuit of another. GUERRE, Fr. war; which see. The word guerre is indeed so fre- quently u»td among the French, that we shall not be thought too minute in spe- cifying some general terms under that head. The principal ones are: Guerre civile, Fr. See Civil War. Homme de Guerre, Fr. a military man. Nom de Guerre, Fr. a borrowed name : an alias. Petite Guerre, Fr. a harassing spe- cies of warfare ; a contest for plunder. Place de Guerre, Fr. a fortified town or place. Faire la Guerre a Vail, Fr. in a figurative sense, signifies to watch sted- fastly, and without taking the eye from a particular object. A la guerre comtnc a la Guerre, a familiar expression among the French, which implies that things must be taken as they come. La guerre nourrit la Guerre, Fr. figuratively means, that an army always subsists at the expense of the country in which it lies. GUERRE de secours, Fr. war of alli- ance or confederacy. This term is more especially applicable to that species of contest in which neighbouring princes or countries embark to defend those, with whom they are in alliance, against the aggression or exorbitant demands of a conqueror. If such a contest or war be entered into upon the faith of settled treaties, the parties are bound not only to supply the stipulated number of soldiers, but even to augment their quota, if necessity should require, and sometimes to march in person against the common enemy. If the object be to prevent any ad- jacent country from falling into the hands of a conqueror, who might after- wards molest the contracting party, the latter should observe many precautions before he withdraws from the contest; the principal one is to demand the pos- session of some strong places upon the frontiers, to prevent the inhabitants of the country that is attacked from making a separate peace. The general selected to command an auxiliary army must be endued with wisddm and foresight. He must be wise and intelligent in order to preserve discipline and good order among his- troops : and have foresight to provide for the wants of his army in a strange country, and to see that the men are not sent more into action than they ought, and that nothing is done in the prince's cabinet contrary to the interest of his employer. Guerre de montagne, Fr. a war which is chiefly carried ou in a moun- tainous part of the country. This spe- cies of warfare is extremely hazardous l as it cannot be pursued without a tho- rough knowledge of the country, and by means of able stratagems. Marshal Saxe, in his Reveries, lays it down as a rule, that no army or detachment must venture into passes or narrow ways, without having first secured the emi- nences round them : and if the enemy should defend the gorges or outlets, false attacks must be resorted to, in order to divert his attention from a real one which is made against a weak quar- ter. It frequently happens that bye- ways are found out, which have escaped the enemy's observation, and through which detached bodies may penetrate for the purpose of turning his flanks. In a guerre de montagnc, or mountain-con- test, it is essentially necessary, that the advancing body should keep a regular and safe communication with its rear, as well to secure a retreat if necessary, as to have a free intercourse with its convoys. Guerre de chicane, Fr. See War. Guerre Sainte, Fr. a romantic ex- pedition which was made by the Chris- tians against the infidels in Palestine, for the purpose of reconquering the Holy Land; whence it was called holy war, or guerre sainte. See Crusade. Foudre de Guerre, Fr. a figurative expression among the French, to mark the character of a man who has distin- guished himself in battle, and is acknow- ledged to possess a superior degree of valour. Flambeau de la Guerre, Fr. the torch of war. Any person who causes war to be carried on with violence and animo- sity is sojcjjilled. Aller d. la petite Guerre, Fr. to go G U E ( 539 ) out in detached parties for the direct purpose of plundering an enemy's coun- try. Faire bonne Guerre, Fr. to carry on hostilities with as much humanity as the laws of war will permit. Faire bonne Guerre a quelqu'un, Fr. to treat with a man decently, but vigo- rously, on matters that require explana- tion and final arrangement. Guerre et pitie ne s'accordent pas ensemble, a French proverb, signifying that war and commiseration seldom go hand in hand. Guerre juste, Fr. a just and neces- sary war, generally caused by the ag- gression of a rival nation. Hence the contest with France has been uniformly called by the British ministers une guerre juste, a just and necessary war on the part of England, because they maintain, that the French revolutionists in 1792 were the first aggressors; the French, on the other hand, assert the reverse. With respect to the late con- test, we can only say, that both countries •must severely feel the effects of national animosity and competition, before the full blessings of peace can be mutually enjoyed. Guerre injuste, Fr. an unjust war. Longue Guerre, Fr. a long war. Guerre itrangere, Fr. a foreign war. Guerre d'outr'e mer, Fr. a war be- yond the seas. Gens de Guerre, Fr. See Gens. Le metier de la Guerre, Fr. the pro- fession of arms. Hence it is figuratively said, les Francais sont uu fait du metier de la guerre de terre, et les Anglais sont au fait du metier de la guerre de mer. Frenchmen are at the top of the profes- sion of arms on land, and Englishmen are unrivalled at sea. The fate contest, particularly at Waterloo, has proved, that the inhabitants of the British empire are as unrivalled on shore, as their sea- faring brethren are upon the ocean. Les lois de la Guerre, Fr. the laws of war. Les droits de la Guerre, Fr. the rights of war. Ruse de Guerre, Fr. a warlike stra- tagem. En temps de Guerre, Fr. in time of war. Munitions de Guerre et de bouche, Fr. warlike stores and provisions. Priparatifs de Guerre, Fr. warlike preparations. G u E Guerre, Fr. a fortified le Guerre, Fr a warlike Place de place. Machine instrument or machine. Cornell de Guerre, Fr. a council of war. It likewise means a court-martial. Cest un grand homme de Guerre, Fr. he is a warlike character. Les inalheurs de la Guerre, Fr. the evils, or misfortunes, of war. Avoir Guerre, Fr. to commence hostilities. Avoir la Guerre, Fr. to be in a state of warfare. Les fruits de la Guerre, Fr. the fruits or consequences of war. Entreprendre la Guerre, Fr. to en- ter into a war. Declarer la Guerre, Fr. to declare war. Soutenir la Guerre, Fr. to maintain the war. Entrelenir la Guerre, Fr. to sup- port the war. Ces deux princes sont en Guerre, Fr. these two potentates are at war. Etre en Guerre ouverte, Fr. to be at open war. Faire la Guerre, Fr. to go upon ac- tive service. The French say, by way of interrogation, Monsieur a fait la guerre ? You have been upon service, sir? Se faire la Guerre, Fr. to make war with one another. Aller a la Guerre, Fr. to go to war. Allumer la Guerre dans un it at, Fr. to light up a war, or excite troubles in any state or country. Porter la] Guerre dans le caur d'un pays, Fr. to carry war into the heart of a country. Guerre entre les puissances igales, Fr. war between two powers which are nearly equal in point of strength, and do not act with auxiliary troops. Qui terre a, Guerre a, a French proverb, signifying, every man who has landed property is exposed to feuds and litigation. GUERR.ES du Roi, Fr. wars entered into by the old kings of France against their powerful vassals. Before the con- solidation of the French monarchy, as it remained until the revolution in 1789, &c. a distinction was made between what were called the King's forces, and those belonging to the state ; so that when- ever a difference occurred between the sovereign, and the powerful Seigneurs or Lords in the provinces, the contest was 2X2 G U E ( 510 ) G U E called guerre du Roi, or the King's war. On these occasions the latter could only force his immediate dependants to ac- company him ; so that frequently the forces of the insurgents were more nu- merous than those of the King. Louis, su rimmed Tjt Grot, was more than t!m i years in continual warfare, before he could subdue Bouchard de Montmorenci, whom three other great lords had joined. The war with the barons, amongst us, was of this description. GUERRIER, Fr. warrior. Un grand Guerkier, Fr. a great warrior. Lcs plusfamettx Guerriers, the most celebrated warriors. It is also osed as a substantive in the feminine gender, when speaking of an Amazon, as, la vaillante guerriere. Guerrier, Fr; as an adjective, is va- riously used, viz. warlike, any thing ap- pertaining to war. Actions Guerrieres, Fr. warlike ac- tions. Travaux Guerriers, Fr. works of a military or warlike nature. Exploits Guerriers, Fr, warlike ex- ploits. Courage Guerrier, Fr. a warlike disposition. Humeur Guerriere, Fr. a warlike spirit or temper. Nation Guerriere, Fr. a warlike nation. 11 a Pair Guerrier, Fr. he has a warlike look or appearance. 11 a la mine Guerriere, Fr. he has a warlike aspect. GUERRILLAS, Spanish buccaneers; also armed bodies of men who were very active against the French during the in- vasion of the peninsula. GUERROYER, Fr. to make war. GUERRQYEUR, Fr. a warrior. (HJET, Fr. This term was particu- larly attached to those persons belonging to the French body guards, that did duty over the king's person during the night. GtTET, JV. in a general military sense, signifies rounds, or those duties of a sol- dier, or patroling party, which are pre- scribed for the security of a town, &c. and to prevent surprizes. Guet de la mcr, Fr. the watch which the inhabitants belonging to parishes, towns, or fortified places, situated on the sea coast, were bound to keep for their security. On occasions of this sort, the signal of alarm was made during the day by smoke, and during the night by lighted combustibles. Fuire le Guet an /taut (lit beffroi, Fr. to be put u; on dutv, or stand watch at tin top of a church belfry. Asseoir le (jilt, Fr. to set the watch. Poser leGvzT, Fr. to pose the watch. Eire au Guet, Fr. to be upon the watch. Guet a pied, Fr. foot patrole. Guet a cheval, Fr. horse patrole. Cr sont lcs bourgeois qui font /< Guet, Fr. the inhabitants of the place go the rounds. Cri an ( rUET, Fr. the hue and cry. Lei iv j. i ricnt de passu , Fi . the patrole has just passed. Avoir I'ail au Guet, Fr. to be mi- nutely watchful and observing. It also signifies to he listening for the direct purpose of acquiring information. Maison de Guet, Fr. round-house. Mot dn Guet, Fr. watch-word. Donncr le mot o'cGult, Fr. to give the watch-word. Se. donner le mot de Guet, Fr. to understand one another. In familiar intercourse it means likewise to play booty together. GvMi-u-pens, Fr. ambush; any pre- meditated design to injure another in a clandestine manner. The French fre- quently use this expression ; as, Ce n'est point une rencontre ni un duel, e'est un GvET-a-peus, Fr. it is neither an accidental meeting nor a duel, it is a downright plot to murder him. Droit du Guet et garde, Fr. a right which was formerly enjoyed in Fiance, by some lords of the manor, and by which they were authorized to call upon their vassals to watch -and patrole for the security of their castles. GUETRE, Fr. See Gaiter. Tires vos Guetres, Fr. Go about your business ; a familiar phrase which is used among the French when a per- son is discarded, or turned away in a summary manner. It in some degree corresponds with our expression, To t he- rig fit about. 11 y a laissi ses Guetres, Fr. a figu- rative expression among French soldiers, signifying, that a person died in such a place. GUETRER,F;-. to put on gaiters. GUETTE, Fr. a name given by the French carpenters to a stake that is fixed sideways, and which serves for va- rious purposes. GUI ( S41 ) G U I GUETTER, Fr. a familiar phrase, gence, active, and attentive to the dili- signifying to watch the motions of any body, for the purpose of circumvention or surprize. Guetter likewise means to watch for a fit opportunity to get access to any person. II y a des sergens qui le Guettent, Fr. there are serjeants who watch him closely. Le soldat Guettoit son colonel pour lui presenter un placet, Fr, the soldier watched his colonel, in order to lay his petition before him. GUETTEUR de chemin, Fr. a foot- pad ; a fellow that lies lurking. Fort en GUEULE, Fr. hard-mouthed. The French use the term figuratively, as un hmnme fort en gueule, a hard- mouthed fellow, a noisy, vociferous man. N'avoir que de la Gueule, Fr. to be all talk. GUEUSE, Fr. a rough piece of iron, which has been melted, and has not gone through any further process, or pu- rification. GUICHET, Fr. the inside shutter of a window ; a wicket, a small door or out- let, which is made in the gates of forti- fied towns. It is generally four feet high and two broad ; so that a man must stoop to get through. In 1669, the high town of the city of Albuquerque in Spain escaped being surprized by means of one of these outlets. In garrison towns, the guichet is left open for the space of one quarter of an hour after the retreat, in order to give the inhabitants time to enter. Guichet d'une parte d'icluse, Fr. an opening which is made in the gate of a sluice, and which closes by means of a flood-gate. It serves to let in water when wanted. GUICHETIER, Fr. a turn-key. GUIDE, Fr. a rein. GUIDES, (guides, Fr.) are generally the country people in the neighbourhood where an army encamps; they are to give intelligence concerning the country, the roads by which to march, and the route by which the enemy may approach. Guides should be faithful, because in giving false intelligence, or guiding the troops wrong, they may greatly endanger the army. Several guides are requisite, as every corps that marches by night should have one at least. There is sometimes a captain or chief of the guides, who should be a man of intelli- gence and fidelity of his people. He should always have a sufficient number with him, and who are well acquainted with the country. In time of war, particularly in the seat of it, the guides invariably accom- pany head-quarters, and a certain num- ber is allotted not only to general offi- cers, but to all detachments made from the main body, either for the purpose of combating the advanced posts of an enemy, of protecting escorts, or secur- ing convoys. Guides, in an army, may be justly called its principal outsets. They are to a body of men what the eyes are to the human frame. They cannot, however, be too jealously watched. Corps des Guides, Fr. the corps of guides. This body was originally formed in France in the year 1756, and consisted of one captain, one 1st lieutenant, one 2d lieutenant, 2 Serjeants, 2 corporals, one anspessade, and 20 privates, called fusiliers-guides. — Twelve out of the twenty-five (which was the effective num- ber) were mounted. These consisted of one serjeant, one corporal, and ten fusi- liers. Their particular duty was to carry orders that required dispatch ; and on this account they were always attached to head-quarters. The twelve fusileers were mounted on small active horses, about four French feet, five or six inches high. They were supplied with a saddle, blue saddle cloth trimmed with white, holster-caps the same ; and they were armed with a fusil and cut-and-thrust bayonet, a pistol, sabre, with a cartouch- box, containing 20 rounds. They wore half-boots, or bottines. Each man car- ried, moreover, one field utensil out of the twelve belonging to the company. These utensils consisted of four hatchets, four shovels, and four pick-axes. The thirteen fusiliers guides on foot were armed with a fusil six inches shorter than the regular musket, with a blade bayonet, and a cartouch box holding twenty rounds of ball-cartridges. Their uni- form was a blue cc. t, waistcoat, and breeches, with flat white metal buttons. The hat was bordered with common white lace for the soldiers, and of a su- perior quality for the serjeants ; which latter had three silver brandenbourgs hanging from each shoulder. The cor- porals had three made of white worsted, and the anspessade two ditto. In 1802 G U I ( «* ) GUN a very fine body of highly dressed sol- diers, of a middle stature, was kept up by Bonaparte. They were called Corps dcs Guides. GUIDON, Fr. See Sight. Guidon, in ancient military history, the name of a sort of standard carried by the king's life-guards; it is broad at one extreme and almost pointed at the other, and slit or divided into two. Guidon also implies the officer who carries the standard. Guidons, in the French service, were exclusively attached to the Gendarme- rie ; and among them the word meant, as with us, not only the standard but likewise the officer who carried it. GUILLAUME, Fr. a tool somewhat like a plane, which is used by carpenters, and of which there are several sorts, ac- cording to the nature of the work. GUILLEDIN, Fr. a gelding, an am- bler, a nag. GUILLOTINE, Fr. a decapitating machine, which was supposed to have been invented by one Dr. Guillotine, during the paroxysm of the French re- volution in 1792, 1793, &c. and who was himself beheaded under it; but which is only an improvement on the maiden of Halifax in Yorkshire. The dilFerence consisted in the blade of the latter being parallel with the neck, and the former falling upon it in a diagonal direction ; that is, one literally chopped off, and the other cut or sliced away the head. Louis XVI. King of France, together with his Queen and sister were exe- cuted under the guillotine in 1793. It ceased to be used under the reign of Napoleon I. Guillotine ambulantc, Fr. a portable guillotine ; a term given to the use which was made of this formidable machine during the reign of Robespierre, when the French army was constantly fol- lowed by commissioners who had the power of life and death. GUILTY, justly chargeable with a crime ; not innocent. GUINDAS, Fr. All machines which by measure of a wheel and its axis serve to raise heavy loads are so called by the French. GUINDER, Fr. to draw up any weight. Hence the term guindage, which is applied to the movement of loads that are raised and let down. GUINEA, (guince, Fr.) a gold coin valued at 21 shillings, well known in Europe, and particularly so in Great Britain and Ireland; once in plentiful circulation, but of late years a very scarce commodity. It came first into circulation in the reign of Charles II. and was called a Guinea because it was coined out of gold brought from the coast of Guinea. Marching Guinea, a sum of money which is given to every soldier in the British militia when he first marches out of the county. This money is paid to the captains of companies by the agent of the regiment, who receives the same, upon their signatures, from the receiver general of the county or riding. Expiration Guinea, the sum of mo- ney which is paid to a militia-man when the period for which he was enlisted expires. This money ought more pro- perly to be called the renewal, as it is literally given for duties to be perform- ed; or rather for a continuation, instead of expiration of service. This is also paid by the captains of companies, who receive it from the several counties. GUINGUETTE, Fr. a public-house, such as is generally found in the skirts of towns. GUISARMIERS, Fr. a body of free archers, or bowmen, who took their name from an olVensive weapon called guisarme or jusarme, somewhat similar to the voulgoue, a sort of javelin which was used in hunting the wild boar. Its length was equal to that of the halbert, and it had a broad piece of sharp iron fixed to one end. GULLY, any hollow which has been made by running water. Ambuscades are frequently laid in such places. GULLYHOLE, the hole where the gutters empty themselves into the sub- terraneous sewer. GUN, a fire-arm,or weapon of offence, which forcibly discharges a bullet through a cylindrical barrel by means of gun- powder. The term is chiefly applied to cannon. Somnerus derives gun from mangon,a warlike machine which was used before the invention of guns. He establishes his derivation by taking away the first syllable. Curricle Guns are small pieces of ordnance, mounted upon carriages of two wheels, and drawn by two horses. The artillery*man is mounted on a box, and the whole can be moved forward into action with astonishing rapidity.— GUN ( s-is ) GUN The tumbrils belonging to curricle guns carry 60 rounds of ball cartridges. Great expectations were at one time formed of this piece of ordnance, but it is not used at present in the British service. Great Gun. See Cannon. Evening Gun ) is generally a 6 or Morning Gun S 12 pounder, which is fired every night about sun-set, and every morning at sun-rise, to give notice to the drums and trumpets of the army to beat and sound the retreat and the reveille. GvN-Jire, the time at which the morn- ing or evening gun is fired. Gun-boat, a boat which is generally made with a flat bottom, and used to form a kind of floating battery, to cover the landing of troops. GUNNEL, or} the lower part of any GUNWALE, y part where ordnance in planted. It likewise means that beam in a pontoon which supports the main waste. GUNNER, in the artillery, is the lowest rank of private men in the royal regiment of artillery. Master Gunnek, a person selected from the non-commissioned officers of artillery from length of service and good character. In most of the forts and garrisons of Great Britain master-gun- ners are stationed. Their duties are to take charge of the ordnance, ammuni- tion, and stores, and account regularly to the Board of Ordnance for all ex- penditures. The duties of the gunners on board His Majesty's ships are of a similar nature. Gunners in the navv are usually made from quarter-masters or foremast men. GUNNER-DRIVERS. See Dri- vers. Gunners. All gunners under the ord- nance are within the meaning of the Mutiny Act. See Section 72. GUNNERY, the art of determining the motions of bodies shot from cannon, mortars, howitzers, &c. See the article Projectile. The late ingenious Mr. Robins, hav- ing concluded from experiments that the force of fired gunpowder, at the in- stant of its explosion, is the same with that of an elastic fluid of a thousand times the density of common air, and that the elasticity of this fluid, like that of the air, is proportional to its density, proposes the following problem : The dimensions of any piece of ar- tillery, the weight of its ball, and the quantity of its charge being given ; to determine the velocity which the shot will acquire from the explosion, suppo- sing the elasticity or force of the pow- der, at the first instant of its firing, to be given. In the solution of this important problem, he assumes the two following principles: J. That the action of the powder on the shot ceases as soon as it is forced out of the piece. 2. That all the powder of the charge is fired, and con- verted into an elastic fluid, before the shot is sensibly moved from its place. These assumptions, and the conclu- sions ahov.e-mentioned, make the action of fired gunpowder to be entirely similar to that of air condensed a thousand times : and thence it will not be diffi- cult to determine the velocity of the shot arising from the explosion : for the force of the fired powder diminishing in proportion to its expansion, and ceasing when it is forced out of the piece; the total action of the powder may be re- presented by the area of a curve, the base of which represents the space through which the ball is accelerated, while the ordinates represent the force of the powder at every point of that space ; and these ordinates being in re- ciprocal proportion to their distance from the breech of the gun, because when the spaces occupied by the fired powder, are as 1, 2, 3, 4, &c. the ordi- nates representing it will be as 1, 1-half, 1-third, 1-fourth, &c. it appears that the curve will be a common parabola, and that the area intercepted between is an asymptote ; and that the two ordinates representing the force of the powder at the first explosion, and at the muzzle of the piece, will represent the total action of the powder on the shot ; but if the shot were urged through the same space by an uniform force equal to its gravity, the total action of this force would be represented by a rectangle, the base of which would be the base of the curve or intercepted portion of the asymptote •above-mentioned, and the height of which would represent the uniform force of gravity. Hence the square of the velocity of the shot resulting from gravity is given, being the velocity it would ac- quire from a height equal to the space through which the powder accelerates it; and the proportion between the hyper- G U N ( 311 ) GUN boia urn! the rectangle i given from the analogy between the hyperbolic pa and logarithms; therefore the velocity of the ball arising from tin: action of the fired gunpowder will be given. Mr. Robins has alsogiven us an inge- nious way of determining, by experi- ments, the velocity with which any shot moves at any distance of the piece from which it is discharged. This may be effected by means of a pendulum made of iron, having a broad part at bottom, covered with a thick piece of wood, which is fastened to the iron by screws ; then having a machine like a common artihV ry gin, on two of its poles towards their tops are screwed sockets, on which the pendulum is hung by means of a cross piece, winch be- comes its axis of suspension, and on which it should vibrate with great free- dom. Somewhat lower than the bottom of the pendulum there should be a brace, joining to which the pendulum is suspended; and to this brace there is fastened a contrivance made with two edges of steel, something in the manner of a drawing pen; the strength with which these edges press on each oilier, being diminished or increased at pleasure by means of a screw. To the bottom of the pendulum should be fastened a narrow ribbon, which, passing between the steel edges, may hang loosely down by means of an opening cut in the lower piece of steel. The instrument being thus fitted, if the weight of the pendulum, the re- spective distances of its center of gra- vity, and of its center of oscillation from the axis of suspension, be ascer- tained, it may thence be found what motion will be communicated to this pendulum by the percussion of a body of a known weight, moving with a known degree of velocity, and striking it into a given point; that is, if the pen- dulum be supposed to rest before the percussion, it will be known what vi- bration it should make inconsequence of such a blow; and if the pendulum, being at rest, is struck by a body of a known weight, and the vibration which the pendulum makes after the stroke is known, the velocity of the striking body may thence be determined. Now the extent of the vibration made by the pendulum may be increased by the ribbon : for if the pressure of the steel edges on the ribbon be regulated by the screw, so as to be free and easy, though with some minute resistance to hinder it fi m slipping itself; then set- ting the pendulum at restj let the part 6f the ribbon between the pendulum and the steel edges be drawn Straight* but not strained, and fixing a pin in the part of the ribbon contiguous to the edges, the pendulum, swinging back by means of the impulse of the ball, will draw out the ribbon to the just extent Of its vibration, which will be deter- mined by the interval on the ribbon between the edges and the space of the pin. The computation by which the velo- city of the shot is determined from the vibration of the pendulum, alter the stroke, is founded on this principle of mechanics : that if a body in motion strikes another at rest, and they are not separated after the stroke, but move on with one common motion, then that common motion is equal to the motion with which the first body moved before the stroke ; whence, if that common motion and the masses of the two bodies are known, the motion of the first body before the stroke is thence determined. On this principle it follows, that the velocity of a shot may be diminished in any given ratio, by its being made to im- pinge on a body of weight properly pro- portioned to it. It is to be observed, that the length to which the ribbon is drawn, is always near the chord of the arc described by the ascent; it being so placed as to differ insensibly from those chords which must frequently occur : and these chords are known to be in the proportion of the ve- locities of the pendulum acquired from the stroke. Hence it follows, that the proportion between the length of the ribbon, drawn out at different times, will be the same with that of the velocities of the impinging shots. Now from the computations delivered by Mr. Robins, it appears, that if the. velocity of the bullet was 1041 feet in one second of time, when the chord of the arc described by the assent of the pendulum, in consequence of the blow, was 17 i inches, the proportion of the velocity with which the bullets impinge, to the known velocity of 1041 feet in one second, will be determined. Mr. Robins is (till of late) the only author who has attempted to ascertain the velocity of a military projectile by G UN experiment ; yet his conclusions seem to be unsatisfactory. Perhaps he was too much attached to the forming of a system, and warped his experiments a little in favour of it. The resisting power he as- signs to the air is probably too great ; and 4is notion of the tripling of this power when the velocity of the projectile exceeds that of sound, seems to be rather an ingenious conceit than a well-ground- ed fact. However, experiment alone must decide these points. The great importance of the art of gunnery is the reason that we distin- guish it from the doctrine of projectiles in general ; for in truth it is no more than an application of those laws which all bodies observe when cast into the air, to such as are put in motion by the explosion of guns, or other engines of that sort : and it matters not whether we talk of projectiles in general, or of such only as belong to gunnery ; for, from the moment the force is impressed, all dis- tinction, with regard to the power which put the body first in motion is lost, and it can only be considered as a simple' projectile. Every body cast into the air moves under the influence of two distinct forces. By the one it is earned forward with an equal motion, and describes equal spaces in equal times, in the di- rection in which it was projected ; and by the other, which we call gravity, is drawn downwards in lines perpendicular to the surface of the earth, with a mo- tion continually accelerated, or whose velocity is always increasing. If either of these forces were destroyed, the body would move according to the direction of the other alone, so far as its motion was not hindered by the interposition of other bodies ; but as both continue to act, the course of the projectile must be determined by a power compounded of those two forces. Definitions of Gunnery. 1. The impetus at any point of the curve is the perpendicular height to which a pro- jectile could ascend, by the force, it has at that point ; or the perpendicular height from which a body must fall to acquire the velocity it has at that point. 2. The diameter to any point of the curve is a line drawn through that point perpendicularly to the horizon. 3. The points where the diameters cut GUN are called veitexes to these the curve diameters. 4. The axis is that diameter which cuts the curve in its highest or principal vertex, and is perpendicular to the tan- gent to that point or vertex. 5. The ordinates to any diameter are lines drawn parallel to the tangent at the point where that diameter cuts the curve, and intercepted between the diameter and curve. 6. The absciss is that part of the di- ameter which is intercepted between the ordinate and the curve. 7. The altitude of the curve is the per- pendicular height of the principal vertex above the horizon. 8. The amplitude, random, or range, is the distance between the point of pro- jection and the object aimed at. [). The elevation of the piece is the angle its axis (produced) makes with the horizon, and the axis itself is called the direction. 10. The horizontal distance to which a mortar, elevated to a given angle, and loaded with a given quantity of powder, throws a shell of a given weight, is called the range of that mortar, with that charge and elevation. 11. The inclination of a plane is the angle it makes with the horizon either above or below. 12. The directrix is the line of mo- tion, along which the describing line or surface is carried in the genesis of any plane or solid figure. Laws of motion in Gunnery. 1. Spaces equally run through with equal velocities, are to one another as the times in which they are run through, and conversely. 2. Spaces equally run through in th« same or equal times, are to one another as the velocities with which they are run through, and conversely. 3. Spaces run through are in the sainu proportion to one another, as their times multiplied into their velocities, and con- versel s . 4. A body urged by two distant forces in two different directions, will in any given time be found at the point where two lines meet that are drawn parallel to these directions, and through the points in which the body could have moved to the same time, had these forces acted separately. 5. The velocities of bodies, which by 2Y GUN ( 3-1G ) GUN the action of gravity began to fall from the rest, arc in the same proportion as tin times from the beginning of their falling o. The spaces run through by the de- scent of a body \y1ik li began to fall from rest, are as the squares of the times from the beginning of the fall. 7. The motion of a military projectile is in a cunc. GUN-POWDER, (poudre a canon, Fr.) a composition of saltpetre, sulphur, and charcoal, well mixed together, and granulated, which easily takes fire, and expands with amazing force, being one of the strongest propellants know n. Invention of Gin-powder is usually ascribed to one Bartholdus Schwartz, a German monk, who discovered it about the year 1320 ; it is said to have been first used in war by the Venetians against the Genoese in the year 1380. '1 heveJ says its inventor was one Constantine Anelzen, a monk of Friburg. Peter Mexia says it was first used by Alphonsus XI. king of Castile, in the year 12 12. Du- cange adds, that there is mention made of this powder in the registers of the chambers of accounts of France, so early as the year 1338; and our countryman, friar Bacon, expressly mentions the com- position in his treatise I)e Nul/itate Ma- gitf, published at Oxford in the year 1210. Some indeed are of opinion, that the Arabians or the latter Greeks were the first inventors of gun-powder about the middle ages of our era ; because its Arabic name is said to be expressive ot its explosive quality. Considerable im- provements have lately been made in the composition of gun-powder by the Chinese. Method of making Gin-powder. Take saltpetre, sulphur, and charcoal ; reduce these to a tine powder, and con- tinue to beat them for some time in a stone mortar with a wooden pestle, wet- ting the mixture occasionally with water, so as to form the whole into an uniform paste, which is afterwards reduced to grains, by passing it through a sieve; and in this form, being carefully dried, it becomes the common gun-powder. For greater quantities mills are used, by means of which more work may be per- formed in one day than a man can do in a hundred. See Mill. 'Ibis destructive ponder is composed of 75 parts nitre, 9 sulphur, and Id of charcoal in the 100. How to refine Saltpetre. Put into a copper', or any other vessel, 100 weight of rough nitre, with about 1-1 gallons of dean water, and let it boil gently for half an hour, and as it boils take oil' the scum ; then stir it about hi the copper, and before it settles, put it into your filtering bags, which must lie hung on a rack, with glazed earthen pans under them, in which sticks must be laid across for the crystals to adhere to : it □oust stand in the pans for 2 or 3 days to shoot : then take out the crystals and let them dry. The water that remains in the pans must be boiled again for an Hid strained into the pans as be- and the saltpetre will be quite clear and transparent : if not, it wants more refining; to effect which, proceed as usual, till it is well cleansed of all its earthy parts. Hoxc to pulverize Saltpetre. Take a copper kettle whose bottom must be spherical, and put into it 14lb. of re- fined saltpetre, with 2 quarts or 5 pints of clean water ; then put the kettle on a slow fire : and when the saltpetre is dissolved, if any impurities arise, skim them off; and keep constantly stirring it with 2 large spattles till all the water exhales ; and when done enough it will appear like white sand, and as fine as Hour ; but if it should boil ton fast, take the kettle oft" the fire, and set it on some wet sand, by which means the nitre will be prevented from sticking to the kettle. When you have pulverised a quantity of saltpetre, be careful to keep it in a dry- place. Different kinds of Gun-powder. It being proper that every one who makes use of gun-powder should know of what it is composed, we shall give a brief ac- count of its origin and use. Gun-pow- di r, for some tune after the invention of artillery, was of a composition much weaker than what we now use, or than that ancient one mentioned by Marcus Graecns: but this, it is presumed, was owing to the weakness of their first pieces, rather than to their ignorance of a better mixture; for the first pieces ot artillery were of a very clumsy, in- convenient make, being usually framed of several pieces of iron bars, fitted to- gether lengthways, and then hooped to- gether with iron rings ; and as they were first employed in throwing stone shot of l a prodigious weight, in imitation of the GUN ( 8«? ) GUN ancient machines, to which they sue- 1 equations, which is usually ascribed to ceeded, they were of an enormous bore. Cardan, about 43 years after this When Mahomet II. besieged Constanti nople in the year 1433, he battered the walls with stone bullets, and his pieces were some of. them of the caliber of 12001b. but they could not be tired more than 4 times in the 24 hours, and sometimes they burst by the first dis- charge. And Guicciardin, in the first book of Ids history, informs us, that so large a portion of time intervened be- tween the different chargings and dis- rhaigings of one of those pieces, that the besieged had sufficient time to at their leisure the breaches ma< their walls by the shock of such enor- mous stones. But as mathematical knowledge in- creased in Europe, that of mechanics gradually advanced, and enabled artists, by making brass cannon of a much smaller bore for iron bullets, and a much greater charge of strong powder in proportion to their calibres, to pro- duce a very material and important change in the construction and fabric of those original pieces. Accordingly, this historian, in the same book of his history, informs us, that about 114 years after the first use made of those unwieldly pieces by the Venetians, in the war which they carried on against the Genoese in the year 1380, the French were able to procure for the in- vasion of Italy a great number of brass cannon mounted on carriages drawn bv "horses ; and that these pieces could always keep pace with the army. In enumerating the advantages, which arose from this alteration, he observes, that they were pointed with incredible quickness and expedition in comparison of those formerly made use of in Italy, were fired at very small intervals of time, and could produce in a few hours an effect, which those others could not have produced in the space of many days. His ■words are, " Condotte alle muraglie erano piantate con prestezza incredibile, et interponandosi dalP un colpo all' altro piccolissimo intervallo di tempo, si spesso et con inipeto si gagliardo per- cuotevano, che quello che prima in Italia fare in molti giorni si soleva, da loro in pocchissime hore si faceva." And mathematical studies must have made considerable progress on the Con- tinent by that time, since Tartalea, the inventor of the method of solving cubic change took place, commenced author at Venice. This change in the formation of artil- lery has as yet undergone no material alteration, if we except the introduc- tion of carronades, which were first suggested by that very old and intelli- gent officer General Melville. Lighter pieces, indeed, are now employed, than those which were made use of at first. But they have suffered greater variations in respect of size than proportion. Mr. Glenie was the first person who gave the theory of projectiles in vacuo by plain geometry, or by means of the square and rhombus, with a method of reducing projections on inclined planes whether elevated or depressed below the horizontal plane, to those which are made on the horizon. See Glenie's History of Gunnery published in 1776. This author, in his said treatise, after stating in page 48 of it, the two follow- ing positions of Mr. Robins, namely, " that till the velocity of the projectile surpasses that of 118 feet in a second ; the resistance of the air may be esteem- ed to be in the duplicate of the velo- city ;" that " if the velocity be greater than that of 11 or 1200 feet in a second, the absolute quantity of the resistance will be nearly three times as great as it should be by a comparison with the smaller velocities;" says thathe is certain from some experiments, which he and two other gentlemen tried with a rifled piece properly fitted for experimental purposes, that the resistance of the air to a velocity somewhat less than that mentioned in the first of these proposi- tions is considerably greater than in the duplicate ratio of the velocity ; and that to a celerity somewhat greater than that stated in the second, the resist- ance is a good deal less than that which is treble the resistance in the said ratio. He observes, that some of Mr. Iiobins's own experiments seem necessary to make it so, since to a velocity no quicker than 200 feet in a second, he found the re- sistance to be somewhat greater than in that ratio, and expresses himself in the following words. " After -ascertaining the first, velocities of the bullets with as much accuracy as possible, I instituted a calculus from principles which had been lying by me for some time before, and found the resistance to approach 2 Y2 GUN ( 348 ) GUN nearer to that, which exceeds the resist- ance in the duplicate ratio of the ri lo- citv, hy that which is the ratio of the velocity than tn that, which is only in the duplicate ratio." In the years 178:3, 1784, 1785, a very extensive course ot' experiments was carried on at VVoolwich, by Dr. Button, in conjunction with several able officers "of the artillery and other gentlemen, at the expense of government, by direction of the late Duke of Richmond, then ina>ter general of the ordnance. The principal inferences derived from those experiments were the following : That the velociiycontinually incfeas* s as the gun is longer, though the increase in velocity he but very small in respect of the increase in length, the velocities being in a ratio somewhat less than that of the square roots of the length of the bores, but somewhat greater than of the cube roots of the same, and nearly in- deed in the middle ratio between the two. That the charge being the same, very little is gained in the range of a gun by a great increase of Its length, sinc( thi range or amplitude is nearly as t!, root df the length of the bore, and givfcs only about a seventh part more range with a gun of double length. That with the same gun and elevation, the time of the ball's Might is nearly as the range. That, no sensible difference is pro- duced in the range or velocity by vary- ing the weight of the gun, by the use of wads, by different degrees of ramming, or by firing the charge of powder in dif- ferent parts of it. That a great difference, however, in the velocity i-^ occasioned by a small variation in the windage; so much so, indeed, that vtith the usual windage of one twentieth of the caliber, no less than between one third and one fourth of the whole charge of the powder escapes and is entirely lost; and that as the windage is often greater, one half the powder is unnecessarily lost. That the resisting force of wood to balls fired into it is not constant, and that the depths penetrated by different velocities, or charges, are nearly as the logarithms of the charges, and not as the charges themselves, or, which comes to the same thing, as the squares of the velocities. That balls are greatly deflected from the directions they are projected in, sometimes indeed so much as 300 or 100 yards in a range of a mile, or almost a fourth part of the whole range, which is nearly a deflection of an angle of 15 degrees. Powder itself was not grained, but in the form of line meal, such as it was reduced to by grinding the materials to- gether: and it is doubtful, whether the nrsi graining of it was intended to in- •rease its strength, or only to render it more convenient for the filling it into small charges, and the loading of small arms, to which alone it was applied for many years, whilst meal powder was still made use of in cannon. But at last the additional strength, which th» grained powder was found to acquire from the free passage of the fire be- tween the grains, occasioned the meal- powder to be entirely laid aside. The coal for making gun-powder is either that of willow or hazle ; but the lightest kind of willow is found to be the best, well charred in the usual manner, and reduced to powder. Corned powder was in use in Germany as early as thft year 1568; but it was first generally used in England in the reign of Charles I. (j over n men /-pozeder, ) powder which, Ordnance-powder, y having under- gone the CUSO >mary proof established by the Board of Ordnance, is so called, aiid received into the king's magazines. It has been recommended by a French writer to preserve gun-powder at sea by means of boxes which should be lined with sheets of lead. M. De Gentien, a naval officer, tried the experiment by lodging a quantity of gun-powder, and parchment cartridges, in a quarter of the ship which was sheathed in this manner. After they had been stowed for a considerable time the gun-powder and cartridges were found to have suf- fered little from the moisture ; whilst the same quantity, when lodged in wooden cases, became nearly half rotted. Proof of Gun-powder, us practised by the board of' ordnance. They first take out of the several barrels of gun-powder a measure full, of about the size of a thimble, which is spread upon a sheet of line writing paper, and then fired : if the inflammation be very rapid, the smoke rise perpendicular, and if the paper be neither burnt nor spotted, it is then judged to be good powder. Then 2 drams of the same powder are H A B ( 349 HAB exactly weighed, and put into an eprou- vette;" which, if it raises a weight of 24 pounds to the height of 3| inches, it is received into the king's magazine as proof. Gun-powder prover. See Eprou- vette. GUN-ROOM, (Samte Barbe, ~ Fr.) the place where arms, &c. are deposited on board a ship. GUNSHOT, (portie de fusil, Fr.) the reach or range of a gun. The space through which a shot can be thrown. GussHOT-zoound, any wound received from the discharge of cannon or fire- arms. GUNSMITH, (armurier, Fr.) a man who makes fire-arms. GUNSTICK, (baguette, Fr.) the ram- mer or stick with which the charge is driven into the gun. GUNSTOCK, the wood to which the barrel of the gun is fixed. GUNSTONE, such materials, chiefly stone, as were formerly discharged from artillery. GUR, a house, or dwelling, in India. GURRATY, cantonments, seven coss (or English miles) and a half from Cal- cutta. GURRIES. Mud forts made in India are so called. These forts are some- times surrounded with ditches. GURRY; an Indian term to express a certain division of time, comprehend- ing 24 minutes; but the word among the Europeans is generally understood to mean an hour. GWALLER, a fort in India, south of Jumma, 28 coss, or English miles, from Agra. GYMNASIUM, a place in ancient Rome where athletic exercises were per- formed. GYMNASTIC, (gymnastiqut, Fr.) appertaining to athletic exercises, such as leaping, wrestling, drawing the cross- bow, fencing, &c. The Greeks, among whom the art originated, were accus- tomed to strip whenever they performed any part of it. GYMNASTIQUE Militaire, Fr. the art or method of exercising the body so as to render it supple and capable of much fatigue. GYN7ECOCRACY, ( gynicocratie, Fr.) a species of government over which a female may preside ; of this descrip- tion is the British government. Under the old French monarchy, women were totally excluded by the Salique Law. But meretricious influence made ample amends to the sex, during several reigns, and ultimately overturned the govern- ment. GYVE, to fetter ; to shackle. GYVES, fetters ; chains for the legs. H TTABEAS-CORPUS. Although this ■*■■*■ term is not, strictly speaking, a mili- tary one, yet as every British soldier unites in that character all the qualifica- tions of a British citizen, and is conse- quently entitled to all the benefits of our constitution, it cannot be deemed super- fluous to state, that habeas corpus, i. e. you may have or take the body, is a writ which a man indicted of some trespass, being laid in pnson for the' same, may have out of the King's Bench, thereby to remove himself tluther at his own costs. HABERGEON, a small coat of mail, or only slee\es and gorget of mail, formed of little iron rings or meshes linked together, to cover the neck and breast. HABILIMENTS of war, in our an- cient statutes, signify armour, harness, utensils, or other provisions, without which it is supposed there can be no ability to maintain a war. HABILLEMENT des trouj)€s,Fr. pro- perly means the regimental clothing, or the uniform of soldiers. The clothing of the French army was not reduced to any regular system before the reign of Louis XIV. The following observations relative to this important object are too appropriate, and suit all countries too \\t II, to be lert unnoticed. 1 he dress oi a soldiei should be plain, HAC ( 3nO ) iial nnd made up so ns to facilitate every ■novement of his person, to guard him against the inclemency of the weather, and to he remarkable for its collective uniformity of appearance. Next to these genera] requisites, the ease of each in- dividual should he consulted ; particu- larly with regard to the breeches, trow- serSj or pantaloons. Regimental surgeons will certainly agree with us, when we SAY, that in some instances men have suffered as much from an inattention to this pare of their dress, as from the most harassing service in the face of an enemy. The loins should invariably he covered, the stride he made easy, and the bend of the knee be left unem- "barrassed. Under the old French govern- ment, the whole infantry was clothed in white, with facings of various colours; but both the officers and the men were extremely plain in every part of their dress. At the Revolution, the national colour,white, was changed to blue. Not only the soldiers, but the wagon drivers, &c. had a particular dress to distinguish them from other people. HABIT, state of any thing; dress, accoutrement ; also the power in man of doing any thing acquired by frequent doing. Military Habtt. a certain rule of conduct by which military men are generally influenced ; also manners pecu- liar to soldiers. The French say Maters iu/datesques, military habits. UnHABlT d'ordunnance, ) regimental l/n Habit d'uniforme, Fr. J coat, or clothing. HACHE, Fr. a hatchet. Hache d'urmes, Fr. a hatchet or bat- tle-axe. In ancient times this weapon was fre- quently resorted to by whole armies when they engaged. At present it is only used on particular occasions, in sorties, &c. HACHEE, Fr. a term which was for- merly used among the French to express a certain punishment that military de- linquents were obliged to undergo. It consists of being loaded with a pack or saddle, which the guilty person was un- der the necessity of carrying a specified distance, and which entailed disgrace upon the bearer. HACHER, Fr. to cut to pieces. This word is very frequently used among the French in a military sense, viz. / 'n bataillon, ou un escadron scat fait HaCHER en puces, a battalion, or :i squadron has suffered itself to be cut to pieces'. Hacht.r « la plume, Fr. a drawing, or etching, to make lines that are perfectly equal and parallel to each other. Conlre-W veil i u, Fr. to draw lines in a diagonal direction for the purpose of making the shades deeper. I1AC1IEREAU, Fr. a small hatchet. 1IAC1IOIR, Fr. a chopping board, a knife, &c. IIaciioir dc cavalier, Fr. a chopping hoard or block; a knife. In the French service every troop of horse is furnished with this machine, in order to prepare or cut the straw for food. These chop- ping blocks or boards, &c. are always carried in separate carts, and follow the baggage. HACKERY, an Indian two-wheeled car, drawn by bullocks. 1IACQUETON. See Hatchet. IIACQUET - WAGEN, a four- wheeled wagon, which is used in the Prussian service to convey pontoons. The under-frame of this carriage is built like that of a chariot, by which means it can turn without difficulty. HA I DAM ACS. See Cossacks. HAIE, Fr. the disposition or distri- bution of troops in a straight line, either in one or more ranks. Haif mortc, Fr. a hedge, or boundary, made of dead branches of trees, &c. Haie vive, Fr. quickset. Any hedgfr which consists of trees or branches, that interweave with each other as they grow, and thereby form a very strong defence. This sort of hedge is prefer- able to palisades. HAIL-SHOT. See Grape-Suot. HAIR-CLOTH, a stuff made of hair. It is laid on the floor of powder-maga- zines and laboratories to prevent accidents of fire from the shoes of the men treading or rubbing upon nails, sand, or gravel. HAKEM, or HAKIM, a term used in India to signify the governor of a city, a judge, or a king. It sometimes means the government. HAKIN, an Indian word signifying power. HALBERD, f a weapon formerly HALBERT, \ carried by the Ser- jeants of foot and artillery. It is a sort of spear, the shaft of which is about 5 feet long, generally made of ash. Its HAL ( 551 ) HAL head is armed with a steel point, edged on both sides. Besides this point, which is in a line with the shaft, there is a cross piece of iron, flat and turned down at one end, but not very sharp, so that it serves equally to cut down or thrust with. This weapon has of late been exchanged for the half-pike. The halbert was first used by the Danes, afterwards by the Scotch, English, and Swiss, and, last of all, by the French. Old Halberd, a familiar term used in the British army to signify a person that has gone through the different gra- dations, and risen to the rank of a com- missioned officer. This character is, in many instances, a most estimable acqui- sition to the service ; but it can only be so, when the individual conducts him- self with decent respect towards his su- periors, and with humanity towards those who were once his equals. It too frequently happens, however, that men who have obtained promotion from the ranks, forget their original situation, and mistake tyranny and contempt for good order and discipline. HALEBARDE, ou arme Danoise, Fr. halbert. This weapon, as well as the pike, was first adopted by the French, in imitation of a similar one which was carried by the Swiss troops It was not known in that country before the reign of Louis XI. and when it fell into disuse among the rank and file, it was confined to the Serjeants of infantry. The length of a French halbert was six of their feet from one extremity to the other. The handle or shaft was a long stick, with a strong, sharp, iron ferrel at the end, and the upper part had a sharp flat blade, with a cross bar attached to it. HALECRET, a kind of corcelet of two pieces, one before and one behind ; it was lighter than the cuirass. — See Hallecret. HALER, Fr. to tow y to haul ; to drag along. HALF is frequently used in military terms. Thus, Half-Brigade, (demi-brigade, Fr.) half the number of men of which a whole brigade is composed. Half-Companies. The same as sub- divisions, and equal to two sections. Half-Distance signifies half the regular interval or space between troops drawn up in ranks, or standing in column. Half-Faced. Men are frequently half-faced to the right or left, in order to give an oblique direction to the line. In forming echelon, the Serjeant who stepg . out is half-faced. Half-Files, half the given number of any body of men drawn up two deep, Half-files are so called in cavalry, when the men rank off singly. Half-File leader, (chef de demi-file, Fr.) the foremost man of a rank entire. Half-Batta, an extra allowance which has been granted to the whole of the officers belonging to the Indian army, except in Bengal, when out of the Company's district in the province of Oude. In the upper provinces double, batta is allowed. All above full is paid by the Vizir, as the troops stationed in that quarter are considered as auxiliaries. The foil batta is an allowance granted to both officers and men whenever they are under canvass. See Batta. Half-Circle guard, one of the guards used with the broad-sword to parry an inside cut below the wrist, formed by dropping the point of the sword outward in a semicircular direc- tion, with the edge turned to the left, and raising the hand to the height of the face. Half-Circle parade, a parade of the small sword used against the thrust in low carte. Half-Hanger, or Half-Hanging- Guard, a position of defence in the art of the broad-sword ; differing from the hanging-guard, in the sword-hand not being raised so high, but held low enough to see your opponent over the hilt. See Broad-Sword. Half-Moon, or demi-lune, Fr. See Fortification. Half-Pay, a certain allowance which is made to officers who have been re- duced, in consequence of some general order that affects whole corps, supernu- merary companies or individuals. Half-Pay officers are, to all intents and purposes, out of the reach of mili- tary cognizance. They cannot be tried by martial law ; nor are they liable to be called upon either as members of a court-martial, or for the purposes of ac- tual service. Surgeons and assistant- surgeons, however, who have received their appointments subsequent to 1793, are exceptions to this rule. Half-Pike, (demi-pique, Fr.) a small pike, which was formerly carried by officers. Half-Sword, close fight, within half the length of a sword. HAL ( 45* ) HAM HALLEBARDIERS, Fr. men that ranicd balberts. In former times they were attached to the several regiments; hence Compagnies tThaBebardiers. HALLECKET, Fr. armour made of flat pieces of iron, which was worn by the French infantry under Francis the First, and as [ate as the year 1641. This was originally made of leather. It was also called corcelet, and afterwords cuirasse. HALT, (hulle,Tr.) is a discontinuance of the march of any body of men, armed or unarmed, under military direc- tions. It is frequently practise! 1 , for the purpose of easing troops during their progress through a count ry, or to render them fresh and active previous to any ■warlike undertaking. Frequent halts are made during the passage of obstacles, and in an inter- sected country, in order to obviate the inconvenience and danger which must attend a column, whose head is advanced too far to preserve the regular succession of all its component parts. Nothing, indeed, can be more pregnant with mis- chief than such a chasm ; for, if the enemy be in the neighbourhood, both front and rear are exposed. The best way in the passage of denies, Sec. is to proceed to a distance beyond it, which shall be sufficiently extensive to admit of the whole number; there to halt, and not to march forward until the rear has completely cleared the obstacle. Hat.t is likewise a word of command, in familiar use, when a regiment is on its march from one quarter to another. The men are permitted to refresh them- 1 selves half-way. It should be generally observed, that to prevent soldiers from | Straggling about, or getting among per- sons who might entice them to be dis- order! - a strict order ought to be given by the commanding officer of every bat- talion not to allow any division or de- tachment to halt in or near a town or village. A convenient midway spot should be chosen for the purpose, and when the men have piled their anus, (which may be done in line, or in co- lumn,) a few steady soldiers should be del ached to guard the ground, and to prevent others from straggling beyond certain limits. Among the French it was usual for the commanding officer of a battalion, division, or detachment, in hot weather, to send a Serjeant and a ft" Steadj grenadier* forward, in order to secure good water for the troops. This practice, in our opinion, ought to be avoided as much as possible ; for men are more exposed to sutler from drinking when overheated, than they would he by patiently enduring the. thirst until they reach the spot where the day's march is to terminate. For the different modes of halting in military mail' ; ;,! i.'i ■ .lations. II \j;i T., Fr. See Hali Faire Halt,e, Fr. to halt ; to repose.: IIALTElt-CAS T, in farriery, an ex- coriation or hurt in the pastern, which is occasioned bj the horse endeavouring to scrub the itching part of his body near die he,ad and neck, and thus entangling one of his hinder feet in the halter. The. consequence of which is, that he natu- rally struggles to get free, and sometimes receives very dangerous hurts in the hollow of his pastern. HALTING, in farriery, a limping, or going lame; an irregularity in the mo- tion of a horse, arising from a lameness in the shoulder, leg, or foot, which obliges him to tread tenderly. II alti HG-days. When troops are upon the march, and there is not any particular necessity for exertion or dispatch, two days in the week have been usually al- lotted for repose. These are Thursday and Sunday. Well regulated corps un- dergo an inspection of necessaries, 6>.c. on the former of these days, and art sometimes put through four or five of the prescribed manoeuvres. During the late war, troops were seldom allowed any halting days. HAMLET, a small village. Towkr-H a m LETS, a particular district in the county of Middlesex, which is under die command of the constable of the Tower, or lieutenant of the Tower- hamlets, for the service and preservation of that royal fort. In the 13th and 14th years of Charles the Second an act of parliament passed, by which the constable of the Tower, or. his lieutenant, had authority, from time to time, to appoint his deputy lieute- nants, and to give commissions to a proper number of officers to train and discipline the militia to be raised within and for the said division or hamlets, and to form the same into two regiments of eight companies each ; and in the 26th of his present Majesty, the above act, intituled An Act for ordering the forces in- the several eounties of (his kingdom, was HAM ( 353 ) HAN revived ; and the said constable or lieute- nant, in order to defray the necessary charges of trophies, and other incidental expenses of the militia of the same divi- sion or hamlets, were further authorized to continue to raise, in every year, the proportion of a fourth part of one month's assessment of trophy-money within the said division or hamlets, in such a man- ner as he hath been used to do, by virtue and in pursuance of the said act of the 13th and 14th years of the reign of Charles the Second. Whenever the lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets shall happen to be out of the kingdom, deputy lieutenants may be ap- pointed to act in his room ; and no com- missions are to be vacated by the death or removal of the lieutenant. The constable has the power of ap- pointing a treasurer of the trophy-money, who is to account for the same yearly ; and no trophy-money for a succeeding year is to be levied till the account of the former year has been allowed. Royal Tower Hamlets. The militia raised in the district of the Tower is so called, and is divided into two battalions, viz. first and second, officered in the same manner that other corps are be- longing to that establishment, and sub- ject to the same rules and regulations. HAMMER, a well-known instrument with an iron head, for driving nails, &c. Each artilleryman carries one in his belt, in order to clear the vent from any stoppage. Hammer, a piece of iron which stands in a perpendicular direction above the cover of the pan, being a part of the same, and-serviug to produce those sparks of tire that ultimately occasion the ex- plosion of the gunpowder. The Ger- mans call it, pfannen decke, the cover of the pan ; but this expression does not convey a distinct and clear idea of the use that is made of it. Nothing, how- ever, can be less appropriate than the term as used amongst us. We call the part which is struck against to produce sparks of fire the hammer; and the part which strikes, the cock ; whereas that part of the cack which holds the flint is, in fact, the hammer, and the other is without a proper name. The Germans call the cock hahn. It is not within our province to propose new terms ; we are therefore satisfied in having pointed out the contradiction. Hammer-Spuing, the spring on which the hammer of a gun-lock works. It is also called feather-spring. Hammer-C«/j, a piece of leather which serves to cover the hammer of the fire- lock, and to keep it dry. HAMMOCK, (hamuc, Fr.) a sort of bed made of cotton or canvass. Those used in America consist of a broad piece of canvass, which is suspended be- tween two branches of a tree, or between two stakes, and in which the savages are accustomed to sleep. Among sailors the hammock is about six feet long and three feet broad, drawn together at the two ends, and hung horizontally under the deck for the sailors to repose in. In time of battle, the hammocks are strongly fastened and laid above fhe rails on the quarter-deck and forecastle, to barricade, and to prevent the execution of small shot. HAMPE, Fr. a shaft ; a long staff' to which any thing else is attached ; as a sharp blade to form a halbert or pike. HANCES, the ends of elliptical arches; also falls of the fife-rails placed on bannisters on the poop and quarter-deck down to the gangway. HAND, a member of the body ; part of the arm, &c. Hand. Among the Mysoreans the print of a hand is reckoned a form equi- valent to an oath. See History of the Carnatic, Book V. p. 348. Hand, a measure of four inches, by which the height of a horse is computed. Thus horses are said to be so many hands high. The Trench say pied, foot, by which they measure horses. Hand is also used for the division of a horse into the fore and hind parts, The parts of the fore-hand are the head, neck, and fore-quarters ; and those of the hind-hand include all the other parts of his body. Hand is likewise used for the horse- man's hand. Thus spear-hand, or sword- hand, is the horseman's right hand, and bridle-hand is his left hand. Hand-Barrow, a machine made of light wood, of great use in fortification for carrying earth from one place to ano- ther ; or in a siege, for carrying shells or ■ shot along the trenches. Hanu-Breadth, a measure of three inches, or a space equal to the breadth of the hand, the palm. Hand-Canter, or gallop, (petit ga- lop, Fr.) a term generally used to ex- press the shortening or contracting of the 2Z II A N ( »S4 ) HAN pace of B horse in the gallop. How fir this term is appropriate must be left u> others to determine. Fashion seems to have gives it a currency, which cannot strictly be borne out, as the only three natural paces are a walk, a trot, and a gallop. To Hakp-Cuff, to bind the hands ol a person together by means of iron- locks, l ; o as to prevent aim from using them. This is the case with deserters. Hand-Gallop, a slow and easy gal- lop, in which the hand presses the bridle to hinder increase of speed. Haxd-Grv.nadf.s, small iron shells, from 2 to S inches diameter, tilled with powder* which being lighted by means ol a t'use, are thrown by the grenadiers amongst the enemy ; now out of use. See Grenades. Hand-Gun, a gun held in the hand. Hand-Mallet, a wooden hammer vvith a handle, to drive fuses, or pickets, &c. in making fascine or gabion batteries. Hand-Screw is composed of a toothed iron bar, which lias a claw at the lower end and a fork at the u;>|>< r : the bar is fixed in a stock of wood about 2| feet high, and b inches thick, moved bv a rack-work, so that this claw or fork being placed under a weight raises it as far as the bar can go. II \ mi-Speck, ) a sort of wooden le- Hand-Spike, S yer fab moving heavy things. Hand-Spike, in gunnery, a wooden lever o or o feet long, flattened at the lower end, and tapering towards the other, useful in moving gnns to their places after being fired and loaded again, or for moving other heavy weights. Hamd-to-Hand, close fight; the situa- tion of two persons closelv opposed to each other. Brtdfe-HAND, the hand which holds the bridle in riding-; the left hand. Light iii IIami. A horse is said to be light in hand when he presses lightly upon the bit. We also say, easy in hand. Heavy in Hand. A horse is heavy in hand, when he bears much upon the bit, so much so, as to occasion considerable uneasiness in the wrist and hand. Steady in Hand. A horse is said to be steady in hand when he is perfectly quiet and obedient to the rein, or an- swers to the pressure of the leg, both on the road and in the field, and during th« firing or' cannon and musketry : in a word, who is not discomposed, or ren- dered unruly by any noise or bustle, or by the appearance of any object what- soever. Tight in Hand, a term used in the management of a horse, particularly of one who may stumble, m which case th« rider keeps a tight rein. \l /iip-ll and, advantage over. / /yxr-ll.vM), the better of. HANDFUL, used figuratively, in a military sense, to denote a small quan- tity or number, as a handful of men. To HANDLE, to manage, to wield. II kNDLE anus.' a word of command (when the men are at ordered arms) by which the soldier is directed to bring his light hand briskly up to the muzzle of his firelock, with his fingers hi nt in- wards. This word of command is fre- quently used at the private inspection of companies, and always precedes — Eate arms. 'Ibis term was formerly used in the manual from the support to the earn/. It is, however, totally exploded, and contrary to the Regulations, except in the instance just mentioned. To HANG-FIRE. Fire-arms are said to hang-tire when the flame is not speedy in communicating from the pan to the charge. This (fleet may arise from the powder being damp or the touch-holt foul. '1 he French say, fak e long fete. To Hang upon, to hover, to impend. To Hang upon the rear of a retreating aic/jn/, to follow the movements of any body of men so closely as to be a per- petual annoyance to them. It requires both judgment and acti- vity in the commanding officer of a pur- suing army, to execute tins business without endangering his troops. For it might happen, that the retreating enemy seeing an opportunity to make a man* grade ilank movement from its front, would practise a feint in its rear, and suddenly appear upon the right or left of his pursuers, especially with cavalry. To prevent a surprise of this sort, con- stant vedettes and side pat roles must be detached, and the pursues must never attempt to follow through any consider- able length of defile, or to cross rivers,, without having secured the neighbouring eminences, and been well informed as to the nature of the stream, for some ex- tent, on his right and left. Without these precautions he might himself be taken in think and rear. To Ha NO upon thcjlanki of an enemy, HAN ( 555 ) H A R to harass and perplex him in a more de- sultory manner than what is generally practised when you press upon his rear. Hussars, light dragoons, mounted ri- flemen, and light infantry detachments are well calculated for this service. Light pieces of artillery are likewise ex- tremely useful ; but they should be cau- tiously resorted to, as ambuscades might be laid, and their removal would require too much time. A perfect knowledge of the country in which you fight, aided by intelligent guides and faithful scouts, will be one of the best safeguards in all ope- rations of this kind. HANGAR, Fr. a coach-house ; a shed for a wagon, or cart, to stand under. HANGER, a short curved sword. HANGIAR, Fr. This sword lias been sometimes written liuniare, which is in- correct. It signifies a Turkish poniard, which is worn by the Janissaries in their cross belts or scarfs. HANGING- GUARD, a defensive portion in the art of broad-sword : it is formed by raising the sword-hand high enough to view your antagonist under your wrist, and directing your point to- wards his ribs. See Broadsword. HANOVERIANS, troops belonging to the electorate of Hanover. HANSE, or HANS, (Hans Teuto- niques, Fr.) a body or company of mer- chants united together for the promotion of trade. Haxs towns, (villes Hanseatiques, Fr.) certain towns and places in Germany and the north of Europe, in which a commercial compact, or agreement, for the benefit of commerce was entered into by merchants of respectability. The four towns that first united for this pur- pose were Lubec, Brunswick, Dantzic, and Cologne, and on that account they bore the distinguishing title of mother- towns. After the original establishment of this company had taken place, several towns became anxious to belong to so respectable and useful a company. They were accordingly adopted, and obtained the denomination of god-daughters. The number of these associated places amounted to 81, and they were generally called the Hanseatic or Anseatic towns. In the year 1372, a treaty of alliance was entered into between Denmark and the Hans towns. Amsterdam and other Dutch cities were included, as may be seen in a copy of that treaty which has been preserved by Boxhoom. IIANTE, and not Hampe, Fr. a well finished pike, which was formerly used, with a banner at the end. HAQUE, a hand-siun. HAQUEBUT, orHAG-BUT, a short hand-gun which was formerly used both in France and England According to a statute of the 33d of Henry the Ylflth, it might not be under three quarters of a yard long, gun and stock included. This piece is supposed to have been so called from its butt end being hooked or bent like those now used; the stock of the hand-gun being nearly straight. Presi- dent Fauchet says, the haquebut was in his time called a harquehuss. De/ni-UAQUES, or Ha/f-llAG, guns formerly so called from their being less in size than the haquebut, or from having their butts less curved. HAQUELIN, a piece of armour. HAQUET, Fr. a dray; a species of wagon used in the artillery for the con- veyance of pontoons, &c. These wagons differ in their sizes and dimensions ac- cording to the nature of the service. HAQUETON, a piece of armour. HABANES, Fr. a militia in Hun- gary, part of which served on foot, and the other on horseback. Military HARANGUES, (luirangvrs militaires, Fr.) It was usual among the ancients for generals, &c. to harangue their soldiers previous to an engagement. This custom, however, is too old to be traced to its origin. Short harangues, if any are adopted, will always prove the best ; for that natural impulse by which the aggregate of mankind are driven into acts of peril and possible de- struction is of too subtile and too vola- tile a nature to bear suspense. HARASS, (harceler, Fr.) in a mili- tary sense, signifies to annoy, to perplex, and incessantly turmoil any body of men; to hang upon the rear and flanks of a retreating army, or to interrupt its ope- rations at a siege by repeated attacks. The troops best calculated for this duty are hussars, mounted riflemen, and light dragoons. The general most celebrated among ths ancients for this kind of war- fare was Sertorius. By means of the most subtile and ingenious manoeuvres, aided by a thorough knowledge of mili- tary tactics, he disconcerted all the plans, and finally defeated all the at- tempts which were made by Pompey and Metellus to subdue him. It has been shrewdly remarked by the commentator 2Z2 H A R ( So6 ) H A R on Polybius, dial bad there beer, one. Sertorins w ithin the walls of [isle, when that city was besieged in 1708, the whole combined force of the allies that was brought before it would have been ren- dered ineffectual. Thiswise and saga- cious officer was constantly upon the watch; no movement of the enemy escaped his notice ; and by being master of his designs, every measure which was attempted to be put into execution, was thwarted in its infancy. When he received intelligence, thai a convoy was on its way to the enemy, such was his activity, that no precau- tions could save it from his attack ; and however seemingly advantageous a tem- porary position might appear, every pos- sible peril or surprize crouded upon his mind, and the instant he judged it ne- cessary to decamp, such were his sagacity and shrewdness, that no foresight or in- formation of the enemy could circum- vent him on his march, lie was full of expedients, master of military feints, and indefatigable active. When pur- sued in his retreats, he had always the ingenuity to avoid his enemy by getting into inaccessible places, or by disposing of his troops in such a manner, as to render it extremely hazardous to those who might attempt to harass or perplex him. 1IARAUX. Danner k haraux, Fr. the art of carrying off troop-horses when they are at grass, or out foraging. HARBOUR, a port or haven for ship- ping. A dry Harbour, a port on the sea from which the tide regularly recedes, during stated periods, so as to leave it inaccessible to ships of burthen ; of this description are Dover, Calais, Ostend, &c. IIARCARRAHS, in India, messen- gers employed to carry letters, and otherwise entrusted with matters of con- sequence that require secrecy and punc- tuality. They are commonly Bramins, well acquainted with the neighbouring countries ; they are sent to gain intelli- gence, and are used as guides in the field. HARCELE en fiunc et en queue, Fr. harassed in flank, and rear. HARDACIUM. See Hourdeys. HARDES, Fr. See Necessaries. 1IARDI, Fr. in French architecture, an epithet which is frequently attached to those sorts of work* that, notwith- standing their apparent delicacy of con- struction, their great i Ktent and won- derful height, remain uninjured for a succession of rears. Gothic churches are of this description. HARRIDELLE, Fr. a jade, a sorry horse. 1 1 A K K, an old Saxon term for an army. HARMONY, (hurmonie, Fr.) a term used in architecture, as in music, to signify the union and concord of the different parts of a building. HARNACHER, Fr. to harness. HARNESS, (harnois, Fr.) armour, or defensive furniture of war, also the traces for horses of draught. The horse harness has of late been much improved in the field artillery service: it is now of a light description, with rope traces, and every double-draught carriage can be drawn by horses with the same harness, which was not the case formerly, as every na- ture of carriage for field ordnance had a different pattern harness, and caused great confusion in the movements of artillery upon foreign service. There is another description of harness used for carriages of battering ordnance upon a stronger principle, with chain traces, and these two patterns of harness are all that are in use in the artillery ser- vice. Men's Harness are made of rope with straps of leather to put over mens' shoulders, for the purpose of drawing carriages when horses cannot be pro- cured, or in situations where horses cannot conveniently be taken. The har- ness is made in sets for twelve men to each, and any number of sets can be added together, to attach as many men as the draught of the carriage requires. Men's harness is extremely useful upon expeditions, when landing artillery in an enemy's country, where horses ibr the carriages cannot be had. HARNOIS, Fr. See harness. Harnois duchevul, Fr. military equip- ment for a horse. Endosser Ic IIarxois, Fr. to turn sol- dier ; to go into the army. 1IARO, Fr. hue and cry. IIAROL, an Indian term, signifying the officer who commands the van of an army. It sometimes means the van- guard itself. HARPE, Fr. a species of draw- bridge, which was used among the an- cients, and which obtained the name of harp from its resemblance to that in- HAS ( S57 ) HAT strument. This bridge, which consisted of a wooden frame, and hung in a per- pendicular direction against the turrets that were used in those times to carry on the siege of a place, had, like the harp, a variety of ropes attached to it, and was let down upon the wall of a town by means of pullies. The instant it fell, the soldiers left the turret, and rushed across the temporary platform upon the rampart. HARQUEBUSS, a kind of fire-arm, of the length of a musket. It carried a ball of about 3 ounces. Not used at present. HARQUEBUSSIER, a soldier carry- ing a harquebuss. HARROW, to lay waste, to ravage, or destroy. HART, Fr. the band of a faggot; a halter. HART, or Stag-evil, is a sort of rheum, or defiuxion, that falls upon the jaws, and other parts of the fore-head of a horse, which hinders him from eating. HARVEST. This word is used, figu- ratively, to- signify the battles which are fought by contending armies. Thus Pope, in his Essay on Man, Ep. IV. p. 127. 'Tvvin'd with the wreath Parnassian lau- rels yield, Or rtap'd in iron harvests of the field. HASARD de la guerre, Fr. the chance of war. It also means the danger to which every military man is exposed in the exercise of his profession. Thus the French say, II a essiti/e de grands hasards — he has undergone great risk or danger. — 11 a etc nourri parmi les hasards — he was brought up from his cradle amidst dangers. HASP, a flat staple to catch the bolt of a lock. HASTAIRES, jFV\ soldiers armed with spears. See Hastati. H ASTATI, from the Latin word hasta, a spear ; so that they may literally be called spearmen. A body of Roman soldiers who were more advanced in age, and had acquired a greater reputation in arms than the Velites possessed, were distinguished by this appellation. They wore a complete suit of armour, and always carried a buckler, made convex, measuring two feet and a half in breadth and four in length. The longest con- tained about four feet nine inches, or a Roman palm. The buckler was made of two boards glued together. Thes* were covered, in the first instance, with a broad piece of linen, which was again covered over with sheep's skin. The edges both at top and bottom were fenced with iron, to enable ehem to meet the broad sword and sabre, and to prevent them from rotting when planted ou the ground. The convex part was further covered over with iron plates to resist the impression of hard blows, and to withstand the violent concussion of stones, &c. The hastati likewise wore a sword, which they carried girted to their right thigh, and which was called the Spanish sword. This weapon was calculated both to cut and thrust, the blade being very broad, thick, and pointed. They had each, moreover, two pikes, a brass helmet, and half boots. One of the pikes was thick, and the other of a mid- dling size. The pole or staff" of these pikes, whe- ther large or small, was nearly five cu- bits long. The iron, which was made something in. the shape of a fish-hook, and was fixed to the pole, contained the same length. It reached beyond the middle, and was so well nailed that no- thing could loosen it, without at the same time breaking the pole. This iron was one finger and a half thick, both at the bottom, and at the part, where it was joined to the wood. The hastati, or spearmen, wore upon their heads a red or black plume, con- sisting of three straight feathers, each measuring one cubit in height. These, added to their other accoutrements, made them appear uncommonly tall, and gave them a bold and formidable look. The lowest class of hastati, or spearmen, had their chests protected by a piece of brass, containing twelve fingers breadth every way. This plate was called a breast plate. All that were worth 1 0,000 drachms wore a coat of mail, instead of a breast-plate. Rennet, in his R. Ant. p. 190, gives a similar account of the hastati ; and adds, that the spears were afterwards laid aside as incommodious. Armcs cTHAST, Fr. long-hafted weapons. Haste, Fr. The piece of wood, or long pole, to which the standard is fixed in the royal gallery, was formerly so called in France. HATCHET, an instrument carried H A V ( 368 ) HAU bf pioneers; also ;i small light axe, with a bairil edge mi the left sid< , and a short handle, used by the men for cutting wood tu make fascines, gabions, pickets, 8cc. To take up the Hatchet, among the Indians, to declare war, to commence hostilities, iscc. HAUBANS, Fr. the shrouds of a ship. HAUBANER, Fr. ro make fast. HAUBERGEON, Jr. See HABER- GEON. HAUBERGIER, Fr. an individual who held a tenure by knight's service, and was subject to the feudal system which formerly existed in France, and by which he was obliged to accompany the lord of the manor in that capacity whenever the latter went to war. lie was called fief de haubert, and had the privilege of carrying a halbert. All vas- sals in ancient times served their lords- paramount as squires, haubergieis, lance- men, bow-men, 8cc. HAUBERK, a texture of steel ring- lets, or riii H E A HAUT-LE-PIED, Jr. a term used to distinguish such persons as were formerly employed in the French armies, without having any permanent appointment. Commhsaires hauts-le-picd were known in the artillery during the old monarchy of France. They were usually under the quarter-master general. Le Halt Rhin, Fr. the Upper Rhine. Lu Haute Sure, Fr. Upper Saxony. HAUTS-officiers, Fr. superior officers. With respect to an army composed of several regiments, the following fall un- der the description of hauts-ojfkiers, according to the old French system : ge- nerals, lieutenant-generals, colonels, and lieutenant-colonels. The hauts-officiers, or superior oihcers,in distinct corps, were majors, aid majors, captains, lieutenants, sub-lieutenants, and ensigns; or what we call commissioned officers. HAW KIM, an Indiana term, signify- ing a chief. HAYE, Fr. a military disposition in which soldiers stand aside one another on a straight line. Se mettre en haie is to stand rank entire. Faire uue double haie, to stand two deep. Border la haie is a disposition to which infantry has recourse when attacked by cavalry. HAZAREE, an Indian term signify- ing the commander of gun-men. Hazar, in its literal interpretation, signifies a thousand. HEAD, in gunnery, the fore part of the cheeks of a gun or howitz carriage. To Head, to lead on. Heau of a work, in fortification, is the front next to the enemy, and far- thest from the place ; as the front of a horn-work is the distance between the Hanked angles of the demi-bastions: the head of a double tenaille is the salient angle in the center, and the two other sides which form the re-entering angle. See Fort. Head of an uniu/, the person who holds the chief command. The King is called the head of the army in Great Britain and Ireland, and has an un- bounded exercise of prerogative with regard to its internal arrangements. Heau of an army or body of men is the front, whether drawn up in lines or on a march, in column, &c. Head of a double tenaille, the salient angle in the center, and the two other sides which form the re-entering angle. TT • • tlEftJJ-piece, armour tor the head : an helmet, such as the light dragoons wear. Head of a camp, the ground before which an army is drawn up. Head-quarters, the place where the officer commanding any army or inde- pendent body of troops takes up his re- sidence. To make Head, to oppose; to resist; to endeavour to thwart another by per- sonal exertions. HEADBOROUGH, a civil officer, whose functions are the same with re- spect to the militia, as those prescribed to constables and subordinate constables. HEADS, tiles which are laid at the eaves of an house. HEADSTALL, that part of the bridle which goes over the horse's head. HEAVE, a word of command which is used in the exercise of great guns, when they are to be run up. HEAUME, Fr. a word derived from the German, which formerly signified casque, or helmet. The heaume has been sometimes called among the French sa- lade, armet, and celate from the Latin word which means engraved, on account of the different figures which were re- presented upon it. The heaume covered the whole of the face, except the eyes, which were protected by small iron bars laid cross-ways. The heaume was not only worn by the chevaliers or knights when they went to war, but also at tilts and tournaments. It serves as an ornament or helmet in coats of arms and armorial bearings. Various appellations have been given to this piece of armour, such as habdle- ment de tite, covering for the head, casque, helmet ; and under Francis I. it was distinguished by the name of air- met. It does not resemble the morion, the salade or head-piece, the pot, or bourguignotte,bwganet, which were worn only in the infantry. The heaume, as we have observed above, covered the face. There was an opening opposite to the eyes which was guarded by small iron bars, or lattice-work, and was a kind of visor. The heaume, or helmet, is still preserved in heraldry, and is a distinguishing mark of nobility, la tour- naments the helmet was presented as a prize of honour to the most active cham- pion, because it was the principal piece of defensive armour; but a sword was given to the assailants, as that was an offensive weapon. Au Heaume ! Fr. a term formerly used the French, in the same II E L ( SCO ) II E M manner that they now use the expres i -a /!>; s / to arms ! !i : \ V1IER, Fr. an armourer, or 1 i.i tier. HEBDOMADIER, Fr. the person whose week 11 is to be on duty. HEGOMENE, Fr. a chief leader. HEIDI Ql 1.. Fr.an Hungaitea foot soldier. See Heyduc. St. HELEN \, an island in the At- lantic ocean, belonging to tin- English East India Company, to whom it was given by King Charles the Second, soon after it had been taken from the Dutch bj Admiral Munden in 1672. This^rock been selected as a place of security and detention for Bonaparte, who sur- rendered himself to the British in 181f>. HELEN, ( Hc/lnc, Ft.) a woman ce- lebrated in history for the fated influ- l of her charms over Paris, the son of Priam, Kinj oy ; and-the corfse^ quenl cause of its destruction. A French writer very justly remarks, that many a young officer is exposed in has outset in military life, to the fascinations of the Sex, and is liable to fall into the snares of women, whose sole object is to creati his and rivalry among gallant men, without feeling one spark of honest tion themselves — hence the rnanj lends and quarrels that so often deprive the country of brave and meritorious men. HELEPOUS, (heUpok, Fr.) in tin ancient art of war, a machine for bat- tering down the walls of a place be- sieged. The invention of it is ascribed to Demetrius the Poliorcete. Diodorus Siculus says, that each side of the hele- polis was 450 cubits broad, and 90 in height ; that it had 9 stages or floors, and was carried on 4 Strong solid wheels, 8 cubits in diameter; that it was armed with hutre battering rams, and had '2 roofs capable of supporting them ; that in the lower stages there were different sorts of engines for casting stones ; and in the middle, they had large catapultas for lancing arrows. HELICOMETRY, an art which teaches how to draw or measure spiral lines upon a plane, and shew their re- spective properties. HEElOiD parabola, a curve arising from the supposition of the axis of the Apollonian parabola being bent into the periphery of a circle, and is then a line passing through die extremities of the ordinnles, which converge toward* the center of the circle. HELIOSCOPE, a prospect-glass to view the sun. The glass is coloured in order to weaken the radiance of light. HELIX, (helix, IV.) a terra used in geometry. See Spiral. In mechanics, u signifies the motion of a screw. Helix, also a machine invented by \ rcbimedes, by means of which a loaded vessel could be easily put to s< a. HELLANODlCES,a< torditigtoPi*- ticus, judges who presided al ihet.n- cian games; they were also called notfietes. HELM, oi ) an ancient defensive ar- HELM ET, S nioiir, worn both in war and at tournaments, li covered both the head and face, only leaving an aperture in the front, secured by bars, which was called the visor. The Carians first in- vented the hos> of shields, and the crest (.1' helmets. In remembrance of this, a small shield and a crest were always buried with them. HELMET-CAP, > a cap, or-hat, the HELM BT-HAT, S crown of which is shaped like the dragoon helmet. HELOTS, slave-.; men in bondage; not having any constitution to secure. HE1.VE, or ) the wooden handle of HAFT, 3 a hatchet, hammer, or pick-axe. To II I'M in, to surround. HEMAGUM, an emperor of India. The word means August. HEMERESCOPI, in ancient history, men detached and posted upon different, heights, &c. to watch the movements of an army. According to Herodotus, they were first formed among the Persians. They, in some degree, correspond with our vedettes. HEMERODROMES, a French term taken from the Greeks, signifying sen- tries or guards, which were employed among the ancients to protect and watch ever fortified towns and places. As soon as the gates were opened they went out, and continued to patrole round the skirts of the town during the whole of tbe day. Frequently, indeed, they ad- vanced considerably into the country; in order to discover whether any hostile body of men was approaching in order to surprize the garrison. HEMICYCLE, (hemicyele, Fr.) half round, demi-circle. HEMISPHERE, (hemisphere, Fr.) H E R ( 361 ) HER the half of the globe, when it is sup- 'posed to be cut through its center in the plane of one of its greatest circles. HENDECAGON, a figure that has 11 sides and as many angles, each capa- ble of a regular bastion. HENDOO, the name by which the natives of India distinguish themselves from the inhabitants of other countries. HENNIR, IV. See Neigh. HENNISSEMENT, Fr. See Neigh- ixc. HEPTAGON, a figure consisting of 7 sides and as many angles. If the sides be all equal, it is called a regular heptagon. HEPTAGON AL numbers are a sort of polygonal numbers, wherein the dif- ference of the firms of the corresponding arithmetical progression is rz .5. One of the properties of these numbers is, that if they be multiplied by 40, and 9 be added to the product, the sum is a square number. HEPTARCHY, a government which consists of seven kings or sovereign princes. Such was the government under which England was ruled by the Saxon kings. HERALD, an officer at arms, whose duty is to declare war, to proclaim peace, or to be employed by the king in martial messages. The heralds in Eng- land are judges and examiners of gen- tlemen's coats of arms. They marshal all solemnities at the coronation of kings, funerals of princes,' &c. The origin of heralds is extremely ancient. It is reported that the Greek herald, Stentor, possessed such a powerful voice that it exceeded the united clamour of fifty men. There are three kings at arms in Eng- land, each bearing a name peculiar to himself, and six heralds. The first king at arms is that of Garter, created by Henry V. ; next that of Clarencieux, created by Edward IV. and that of Norroy, so called, from the exercis..- of his function North of the river Trent. The heralds extraordinary are those, of Windsor and Chester, created by Edward HI. those of Somerset by Henry VIII. and those of York and Lan- caster, created by the children of Ed- ward HI. Thomas Tonge was the first Rich- mond herald, in the time of Henry VI. HERALDS' College, a corporation in England which consists of kin^s at arms, heralds and pursuivants. The college, or office, is on Bennett-hill, St. Paul's. HERAUT, Fr. herald. During the old monarchy of France there were thirty heralds, each distinguished by the name of some particular province. The first of these, who was king at arms, bore the title of Monfjoj/ St. Denis; he had the privilege of wearing a royal coronet over the fleur-de-luce. On so- lemn occasions, the king and the heralds at arms appeared in their coats of arms made of violet-coloured crimson velvet, with three golden fieurs-de-luces before and behind, and as many on each sleeve where the name of the province stood, to which the herald belonged. They wore a black velvet cap orna- mented with golden strings, and half boots, when they appeared on peaceable occasion?, and with whole boots on war- like or martial ones. In solemn funerals they had a long robe of black velvet. The only difference between the king at arms and the heralds, with respect to dress, consisted in the richness of the embroidery ; that of the former being very expensive. The coats of arms which were peculiar to the heralds were called Plaques, those of the king's at arms were distinguished by the name of Tunics. They carried a stick called Cadaceus (such as Mercury is represented to have borne in ancient history.) But this stick was not ornamented by a crown with rleurs-de-luces, it was only covered with crimson velvet, having a lew fleurs-de- luces interspersed. There was likewise a herald, who?e particular functions were to carry the king's orders. He was entitled to a coat of arms upon violet-coloured velvet in- terspersed with fleurs-de-luces and gold embroidered llammes, or pendants, to- gether with the arms and collars both before and behind. He likewise wore the cross belonging to the order, which was attached to a black silk cord worn cross-ways. The author of the Dictiounaire Mili- taire derives the French term Hermit from the German Hirald, which signi- fies a man at arms, un Gendarme. Ver- stegan derives it from the Saxon. Other French writers derive it from an old Gallic word harou, or hara, which was used as a challenge, a notification of fresh hostilities, a ban or general assem- bling of the people, a loud and public proclamation of battles fought, and vic- 3 A HER ( 362 ) II E T mnrs obtained ; on which account he- ralds, according to Ducange, were for- merly called Clarigarvis as well as He- raldus. HERCOTECTONIQl E, Fr. a term in fortification signifying that branch (A' military architecture which specifically points out the best means of defence, and the surest method of providing stores. This word is derived from the Greek. HERE, a word used in regimental details of duty, when soldiers answer to their names at a roll-call. The French say Ici. HEItEFARE, an old term from the Saxon, signifying the same as warfare. HEREGELD, a term derived from the Saxon, signifying a tax which was formerly levied for maintaining an army. HERESILIA, ) a term derived from HERESLITA, $ the Saxon, signifying a soldier w ho abandons his colours, or quits the army without leave. HERETEG, ) a term derived from IIERETOG, 5 the Saxon, signifying the leader of an army, a duke, the same as dux in the Latin. HERETUM, a court in which the guards or military retinue that usually attended the old British nobility and bishops were accustomed to parade or draw up. HERGATE, a term derived from the Saxon, signifying a tribute which was paid in ancient times to the lord of the soil, to enable him to carry on a war. HERISSON, Fr. a turnpike which is made of one stout beam that is fenced by a quantity of iron spikes, and which is fixed upon a pivot, in the manner that our turnstiles are, so that it can turn in every direction. Herisson foudroyant, Fr. a sort of artificial firework which has several sharp points attached to it on the out- side, and is filled with inflammable com- position within. It is frequently used in breaches and intrenchments. HERM-HARPOCRATES, a demi- god, in the heathen mythology, that is represented, like Mercury, with wings at his feet, and with his linger on his mouth. This allegorical figure indicates to young officers, tliat they must in all things, and on all occasions, execute the orders of their superiors in com- mand with dispatch, zeal, and secrecy, and without betraying the least symp- toms of disgust or backwardness, be the orders ever so arduous or unpleasant. HERO, (hcroSyYr.) This name was given by the ancients to those men who became illustrious in war, and who were styled demi-gods, from a general notion that their actions entitled them to a place in heaven immediately after their decease. The heroes of antiquity were divided into two classes, the one of mor- tal genealogy, the other of heavenly de- scent ; being the offspring of some god or goddess who had had connexion with the human species. Modern authors make a distinction between a hero and a great man ; the former appellation being given to one who distinguishes himself by feats of hardihood in military enterprize, and the latter to a person eminent for his virtues and extraordinary talents in civil life. HEROINE, a term generally applied to a woman who has given exemplary proofs of courage and virtue. HERRISON. See HfeuissoN. HERSE, in fortification, a grated door, formed by strong pieces of wood, joined cross-ways like a lattice or har- row, and struck full of iron spikes. It is usually hung by a rope and fastened to a moulinet, which is cut in case of a surprize, or when the first gate is suddenly forced with a petard, to the end that it may fall and stop the pas- sage of a gate or other entrance of a fortress. These heises are also often laid in the roads, with the points upwards, instead of the chevaux-de-frize, to incommode the march of both horse and foot Common harrows are sometimes made use of in cases of emergency, with their points upwards. HERSILLOX, a strong beam, whose sides are struck full of spikes, which is thrown across the breach made by an enemv, to render it impassible. HESSIANS, troops belonging to tha Prince of Hesse-Cassel in Germany. They have been frequently hired by Great Britain, and are never known to serve except as auxiliaries to other pou ers, who pay a stipulated price for each man to the Landgrave of that part of Germany. HETERIENNES, Fr. See Meg- CHiltRIARQUE. HETMAN, Fr. sometimes called H I E ( 363 ) H I N Attaman, a word derived from the German, which signifies the chief of a troop. The chief general or grand general in Poland is called Hetman Wielki, and the second general Hetman Polny. The chief or general of the Cossacks is likewise invested with this title by the sovereigns of Russia. HEURTEQUINS, Fr. two pieces of iron resembling a knocker, which are placed upon the axis of the frame of a cannon. HEURTOIR de soutien, Fr. See HURTER. HEXAEDRON, (hexaedre, Fr.) a solid geometrical figure, consisting of six equal sides. HEXAGON, a figure of 6 sides and as many angles, capable of being forti- fied with 6 bastions. If the sides and angles be equal, it is called a regular hexagon. The side of a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle is equal to the radius of that circle ; hence a regular hexagon is inscribed in a circle, by setting the radius of C times upon the periphery: as 1 to 1.672, so is the square of the side of any regular hexagon to the area thereof, nearly. HEYDUC, originally a Hungarian soldier, who was armed with a long sabre and small hatchet. The French kings were accustomed to have men, who were dressed in their livery, placed at the gates of their palaces. These were called heyducs. At Vienna and Berlin, as well as at the subordinate courts in Germany, the princes and no- blemen have persons of this description, who are richly clothed, and constantly attend their carriages. HIDES (tanned) are always carried .along with an army, especially in the laboratory's stores, to protect powder or Shells from rain ; they are also used in batteries and in laboratories. HIE, Fr. a paving beetle, or rammer, called also Demoiseli r, Mot ton. HIEMENT, Fr. the noise which is made by pieces of wood that are agitated by the wind ; also that which proceeds from the exercise of the rammer, or from large weights which are lifted up. HIERARCHY, church government. "HIERNHUTT. Three missionaries are so called at the Cape of Good Hope. They have considerable influence over a large body of the Hottentots, whom they have in some degree civilized, and over whose minds they possess great power. The Hiernhutt missionaries are considered by the English as weil-mean- ing men, rendering the situation of some hundreds of that degraded race much more tolerable than it Can possibly be to the aggregate of their oppressed coun- trymen, who are under the lash and tyranny of the Dutch boors. Should a military corps be established in the colony to consist chiefly of Hottentots, the Hiernhutt missionaries may be made the means of attaching those people to the British government. HI E ROGLY PH ICS, ( hieroghjphes, Fr.) certain mysterious characters of creatures or letters used among the .Egyptians, by which they explained to one another the principles of their reli- gion and their maxims of philosophy, without divulging them to strangers. HIERONIC/E, a name given among the Romans to those who conquered in holy contests. HlEROGRAMMATES. See Hie- roglyphics. HIGHLANDER, according to John- son, any person from a mountainous country. Highlanders, a robust, warlike body of men from the north of Scotland. They wear a dress peculiar to them- selves, which is too generally known to require a minute description here. It may not, however, be superfluous to give the following regulation respecting their clothing when they serve abroad. Each serjeant, corporal, drummer, and private man, is, in that case, to have annually, a scarlet coat, a waistcoat of white serge, a bonnet, and four pair of hose ; six. yards of plaid once in two years, and a purse ever)' seven years. HIGHWAYS of the kingdom. As in every country where a military force has been kept on foot, the soldiers have constantly been employed upon public works, it has appeared singular, that the roads of Great Britain should not have experienced the same speedy and useful aid. HILT, the handle of a sword. HINDOOSTANEE, the prevailing language in India, a knowledge of which, together with that of the Persian and thi \rabic, is indispensably necessary, to every officer who serves in that country . HINGES are two iron bands, with ;* joint, nailed to the doors or lockers ol 3 A 2 H O L ( 364 ) II O M gun-carriages to fasten or to move them backwards ami forwards. HiNGUET, Fr. See GikS, Fr. pikeman, formerly so called. It also signifies the pike itself, particularly among the inhabitants of Picardy in * France. The Flemish people call it godenhoi. HOG-MANE. When the mane of a horse is cut short, it, is said to be bog- inaned, from its resemblance to the upper part of the neck of a pig or hog, whose bristles are short and upright. HOGSHEAD, a vessel capable of containing 03 gallons.. Hogsheads filled with earth, sand, &.c. are sometimes used in lieu of gabions to cover men. HOLD. See F IS1 > ESSES. lb Hold out, to maintain any place, ground, is:c. resolutely against an enemy. HOLLOW square, the form in which a body of foot is drawn up, with an empty space in the middle for the colours, drums, baggage, Sec. See Square. Hollow tower, a rounding made of the remainder of two brisures, to join the curtain to the orillon, where the small shot are played, that they may ■ not be so much exposed to the view of the enemy. Hollow way, any pass or road, both sides of which are commanded by heights. HOLSTERS, cases for a horseman's pistols, affixed to the pommel of the saddle. Order of llu HOLY GHOST, the principal military order in France, insti- tuted by Henry HI. in 1569. Ir con- sisted of loo knights, who wen t(. make proof of their nobilit) for three descents. The king was the grandmaster, or sove- reign, and as such, took an oath on his coronation-day, to maintain the dignity of the order. The knights wear a golden cross bung about their necks by a blue silk ribband, or collar: but before they received this order of the Holy Ghost, that of St. Michael was < onferred, as a neci 5sary degree; and for this reason their arms are surrounded with a double collar. IJOBIE-SERVICE consists in mili- tary operations and arrangements for the immediate' defence of our native country, should it be thre atened by invasion, or by domestic broils, or insurrections. [Ioue- Department, a place at White- hall, where every thing relating to the interior regulations of the country is trans- ailed. It is often called the Home Office. The Secretary of State for the Home Department has his signature affixed to commissions in the army, for which he receives a certain portion of the fees. HOMME d'anms, a military phrase among the French, signifying a gentle- man or cavalii r who belonged to one of the old companies, was armed cap-a- pee, and always fought on horseback. In ancient times, every man of this de- scription was accompanied by two horse- men independent of his servants. One of the mounted attendants was armed with a cross-bow, and the other with a common bow or battle-axe : so that one hundred homines d' mints composed a body of three hundred horse. It was a species of cavalry, which existed from the reign of Louis XI. until the reign of Henry 11. Charles VII. had begun to form the French nobility into regular corps of cavalry, dividing them into dif- ferent troops. Out of these he esta- blished a body of fifteen hundred homines d'armts, or armed bowmen, and he gave the troops or companies, according to their sizes, to the princes, and most experienced captains in his kingdom. H O N ( 305 ) HON For particulars we refer the curious to Le Geriure and Gaia, Trait'e des Asrm.es, L. 14, and to Fau.het, L. 2. C. 1. de son Traiti de la Milice tt des Amies. Hommes de ckeval, Fr. In all military descriptions which relate to cavalry, the French usually say, cinquante, cent, deux cents, deiuc mille, Sfc. homines de ckeval, fifty, one hundred, two hundred, two thousand horse, or cavalry. Etre Homme de chevul, a term in French equitation, signifying, that a man is completely master of his horse, or knows how to manage him thoroughly, and according to prescribed rules and regulations. Thus, II est suffisammeat homme de ckeval pour netre point em- varrassi de celui qu'il mohte, en comman- dant sa troupe. He is sufficiently master of his horse, or he is horseman enough, to be perfectly at ease on the one he rides in exercising his troop. Homme de corps, Fr. See Serf. Homme Jidtle, Fr. an individual who, according to the old feudal system, was attached to some lord, to whom his goods and chattels devolved, in case he died without heirs in the line direct. Homme feudal 'aire signifies the same. Hommes de pied, Fr, in all accounts of infantry, the French say cinquante homines de pied, See. fiftv foot or infantry. HOMOGRAPH, invented by Lieute- nant Spratt of the royal navy. This new, easy, and useful code of signals is to be performed with a white pocket handkerchief, to be held in dif- ferent positions of the body. For parti- culars see page 165, vol. 11, of Trans- actions of the Society for the Encourage- ment of Arts, Manufactures, and Com- merce, 1809. HONDEAAX or HI \ T) V YEAN N , an Indian term signifying commission oh bills of exchange. HONEY-COMB, (rayon de micl, Fr.) in a general acceptation of the term, cells of wax, in which the bee stores her honey. Hence Honey-comb, (fente, Fr.) in gun- nery, which is a cavity or lia\v resembling one of those cells. HONEY-COMBED, having a flaw. HONEY-Cwwfo in cannon, flaws in the metal, a fault in casting, which ren- ders it extremely dangerous in firing. The Board of Ordnance rejects all guns (on proof) having an honey-comb of l-9th of an inch deep, as being unfit for service. HONGRELINE, a kind of short waistcoat stiffened like jumps or stays, worn by the Hungarian ladies; its com- position to us is unknown. It was sup- posed to resist a pistol ball, or the point of. a sword. Marshal Saxe always wore one. There was another sort, of small chain-work. See Index to the Life of Gustavus Adolphus. HON I soit qui mal y pensc, Fr. Evil be to him who evil thinks. The motto of the most noble order of the Knights of the Garter. It appears in all the royal arms of Great Britain. See Order. HONNEUR, Fr. honour. Honneurs Militaires, Fr. military honours. It was directed by a general instruction in the French service, that whenever an officer saluted or paid a military honour to a general officer, he should make his troop or company in- variably face towards the enemy. The same practice prevails in our service. Honneurs funtbres, Fr. funeral ho- nours. See Burials, HONOUR, in a military sense, is an expression to which custom has given different meanings. Real Honour consists in the constant practice of virtue. Aris- totle calls it the recompense of virtue : the testimony of the excellence of a man who distinguishes himself by virtue. An Italian writer calls it a state of in- violable dignity, above all calumny and all suspicion. Honour gives many ad- vantages; it procures us the considera- tion of the public ; it advances our fortunes. The best recompense of an action is, undoubtedly, the satisfaction of having done it ; but nevertheless, the honour resulting to us from it is a real good, which should be dear to us. Honour, in a general acceptation, may be properly called susceptibility. As a term it is variously used in military life, and frequently misunderstood by young and inexperienced officers in their iirst outset. As a quality of the mind, it cannot be too much encouraged, or too much cultivated among officers of all ranks and descriptions. The possession of it is a guarantee for good conduct, a bond of fidelity, and a certain barrier against military corruption. Most men are excited to deeds of valour and enter- prize by a sense of honour, who would otherwise remain inactive," or only per- form the mere drudgery of service. This species of Honour is, in fact, the root of that Esprit de Corps which makes a whole body of officers tenacious of repu- II O N ( 360 ) H O N tntion, and solicitous to preserve it un- sullied, from the colonel down to the lowest drum boy. This term may likewise be considered as esteem, reputation, the glory which is attached by mankind to talents and virtues. No term, perhaps, has ever been so much misunderstood or misapplied as the word honour, especially among per- sons who assume importance from the adventitious circumstances of birth, or situation. It frequently happens that an individual having occasion to enter into pecuniary engagements, will not only give his honour, but sign his name to deeds for the punctual discharge of them, yet on the day of liquidation this phantom of honour not only forfeits his word, but cavils and disputes about his signature. We could exemplify our ob- servation by a variety of instance's in private and public life, were not the ex- istence of the fact too notorious to stand in need of exemplification, even, among military men ; who ought to be not only honourable, but honest men. Affair of Hosoi'R. We have already given a general outline of this term un- der Duelling. The propriety or im- propriety, as well as the legality or ille- gality of which mode of terminating hu- man differences is too well explained by the celebrated English lawyer John Selden to be omitted here. His words are under the head Duel ; we shall quote them under that of Affair of Honour. " A duel may still he granted in some cases by the law of England, arid only there. That the church allowed it an- ciently appears by this: In their public liturgies there were prayers appointed for the duellists to say, the judge used to bid them go to such a church and pray, &c. But whether this is lawful ? If yoa make any war lawful, I make no doubt but to convince you of it. War is lawful, because God is the only judge liet ween two that are supreme. Now if ,1 difference happen between two subjects, and it cannot be decided bv human tes- timony, why may they not put it to Commodores with broad pendants have the same respect as brigadier-ge- nerals ; which is, to have one ruffle. Rank and precedence between sea and land officers. — The admiral, or comman- der in chief, of his Majesty's fleet, is to rank with a field-marshal of the army. The admirals with their fla^s on the main-top- mast-head are to have rank with generals. Vice-admiral* are to have rank as lieutenant-generals. Rear-admirals are to have rank as major-generals. Commodores with broad pendants are to have rank as brigadier-generals. Captains commanding post ships, after three years from the date of their first commission for a post ship, are to have rank as colonels. All other captains commanding post ships, are to have rank as lieutenant- colonels. Captains of his Majesty's ships or vessels, not taking post, are to have rank as majors. Lieutenants of his Majesty's ships are to have rank as captains. The rank and precedence of sea offi- cers, in the classes above-mentioned, are 10 take place according to the seniority of their respective commissions. Post captains commanding ships or vessels that do not give post, rank only as majors during their commanding such vessels. No land officer is to command any of his Majesty's squadrons or ships, nor any sea officer to command at land : nor shall either have a right to demand military honours due to their respective ranks, unless they are upon actual ser- vice. All guards and sentinels are to pay the same compliments to the officers of the royal navy, as are directed to be paid to the officers of the army, accord- ing to their relative ranks. The compliments above directed are to be paid by the troops to officers in the service of any power in alliance with his Majesty according to their respective ranks. Turning out of the line. The line turns out without arms, whenever any part of the royal family, or the general commanding in chief, comes along the front of the camp. When the line turns out, the private men are to be drawn up in a line with the colours and standards; the corporals on the right and left of their respective companies, the piquet forms behind the colours, accoutred, but without arms. The officers and non-commissioned officers are to be drawn up with their respective companies. The field officers in their proper posts in battalion, two ensigns taking hold of the colours. When the commander in chief comes along the line, the camp colours on the flanks of the parade are to be struck, and planted opposite to the bells of arms, and the drums piled up behind the co- lours; the halberts are to be planted between, and on each side of the bells of arms, the hatches turned from thecolours. Honours of zear, in one sense, are stipulated terms which are granted to a vanquished enemy, and by which he is permitted to march out of a town, from a camp or line of entrenchments, with all the insignia of military etiquette. In another sense they signify the compli- ments which are paid to great person- ages, military characters, &c when they appear before any armed body of men ; or such as are given to the re- mains of a deceased officer. The parti* cular circumstances attending the latter are well known, and depend greatly upon the usages of different countries; those which regard our own service may be seen under Burials. With respect to the former, we think it necessary to ob- serve, that it is extremely difficult, and much beyond the limits of our under- taking, to describe them specifically; as much, indeed almost every thing, de- dends upon the disposition of the general who grants the capitulation. In some instances, the troops of a besieged gar- rison are permitted to march out with drums beating, colours flying, &c. others are only allowed to advance silently in HON ( S71 ) H O O front of their works, ground or pile their arms, face to the right and return within their line of entrenchments. Others again (as was the case with lord Oomwaliis, at York town, in Virginia) are permitted to march out, with drums beating, to a given spot, there pile their arms/ face to the right ahout, and march back to their works. In the instance quoted, the officers retained their side arms and baggage, with such horses as they had lawfully obtained by purchase, &c. A sloop of war was ailowed to proceed to New York with dispatches from the British general to Sir Henry Clinton, who was commander in chief of the forces acting against America; which vessel passed and repassed with- out being searched. This indulgence proved extremely fortunate to a small number of American loyalists, who were peaceably transported into the British lines, instead of being sacrificed to the fury of their countrymen in arms. When the town of Valenciennes sur- rendered to the commander in chief, Field Marshal his Royal Highness the Duke of York, the garrison under the orders of General Ferrand was per- mitted to march out by the gate of Cambray with the honours of war. It was however, specifically stated, that the troops should lay down their arms at a named spot, viz. at a house called le Briquet, where they were to leave their colours and field-pieces without da- maging them in the least. They were likewise directed to leave their troop- horses, artillery, provisions, and other military effects. Those belonging to the officers were restored to them, with their swords. It was further agreed, that the garrison should march out on the 1st of August, in the manner men- tioned ; and as the troops were prisoners of war, their route to return into France was to be communicated to them 24 hours previous to their departure, in order to receive their parole of honour. The officers and soldiers engaged not to serve during the whole course of the war against the armies of his Ma- jesty the emperor, and of his allies, without having been exchanged con- formably to the cartels, under pain of military punishment. General Ferrand had demanded, that the garrison should mnrch out from the place on the 6th day after the signature pf the Qapitujation, to repair to such part of the French republic as he should judge proper, with arms and baggage, horses, drums beating, matches lighted at both ends, colours flying, and with all the cannon they could carry away. These articles were refused by the Duke of York; and on the 28th of July, 1793, Valenciennes surrendered to the British arms, in trust for the Emperor of Ger- many. As soon as the capitulation was sign- ed, hostages were sent into the town, namely, a colonel, a major, and a cap- tain, who were exchanged against offi- cers of an equal rank of the garrison; which hostages were restored imme- diately after the execution of the articles of capitulation. When Mantua surrendered to Bona- parte, the veteran general Wurmsur, in consideration of his brave defence of the town, was allowed to leave the place with all the honours of war. Several emigrants, on this occasion, escaped in the covered wagons. Signatures upon Honou ft, instruments, such as declarations of officers, respect- ing the sale, purchase, or exchange of commissions; vouchers for allowances^ &c. that are guaranteed by the names of individuals, without oath. HONOURABLY acquitted, a term used in naval and military courts-martial. See observations respecting this usage, vol. i. Regimental Companion. HOOF, part of a horse's foot. HooF-boney, a round boney swelling growing on a horse's foot. Hoov-bound, a shrinking of the top of a horse's hoof. Hoov-cast, when the coffin or horn falls clear away from the hoof. Hoof - loosened, a loosening of the coffin (or hollow part of a horse's hoof) from the flesh. HOOK, (crochet, croc, Fr.) a bended iron to hang things upon. HOOKS, pieces of bent iron fixed to the transom plates of a fieid-carriage are so called. They serve to fix the drag-ropes for drawing it occasionRlly backward or forward. Hooks and Eyes, (agraffe, Fr.) small pieces of bent wire, by which garments are fastened together. Armour Hooks, small utensils, gene- rally made of brass, which serve to have arms laid upon. HOOKUM, an Indian word, signify* ing order or command. 3B2 II O R ( 8f< ) II O R HOOKUMNAUMAH, in India, sig- nifies instruction. liooi* of iron, a circular iron band. Several ports of hoops are used in the construction of artillery carriages, ;i> nave and axle-tree hoops fee. HOP1TAL, FV. hospital. Duringthe old French government, there existed 80 military hospitals under the immediate sanction of the king. These hospitals were subject to the war-minister. There were likewise other hospitals, which were under, the care of the mtendant of each province. They chiefly consisted in those erected on the frontiers and of gar- son towns. lloiMT.w. stir mcr, Fr. hospital-ship. A particular vessel which is always at- tached to a naval armament, and is pro- vided with the necessary accommodations for the sick and wounded belonging to tin: ships of war. HOPLTTAI, foot soldiers among the Greeks, who bore heavy armour, and engaged with broad shields and long spears. These took precedence of all other foot soldiers. — Potter's Greek Ant. vol. ii. c. 3. HOQUETON, Fr. a sort of garment, which was worn during (he old govern- ment of France by gentlemen belonging to the king's body guard, who were called gardes de la manche. It some- times signifies a Serjeant ; but the term is obsolete. HOQQQ.U, an instrument much used in India for smoking. The several parts of a hooqqu are, the chilum, or ash pit, for the lire and tobacco ; its sur posh, or cover; the ab nue or water tube, which supports the chilum, and connects it with the water in the hooqqu ; the moonhal, or mouth-piece ; the nue or flexible tube, which penetra-ting with the abnue, opens short above the water, whence the smoke is extracted and conveyed to the mouth ; the nue and ab nue, together form the nuechu, or snake; nothing remains now but the zen-undar, or cloth, placed under die hooqqu bottom, more for ornament than use, unless we may add the tuwa, Or plate, used for separating the gool (a ball of charcoal, prepared with rice and sugar, &c.) from the tobacco below. The man who has charge of the hooqqu is called the hooqqu burdar. HORD. (horde, Fr.) a crowd or as- semblage of people, who have not any fixed or certain habitation. The term wasori-'nuliy applied to u body of Tar- tars, who followed a ro\ ing life, encamped In different countries, and chiefly lived with their flocks. HORDEARIUM, the money which the Romans gave their cavalry for the sustenance qf their horses. HORDEUM, barley. In ancient Rome the horses were fed with barley ; and the soldiers were sometimes punished h\ being confined to that allowance. ' HORION, Fr. a term which for- merly signified a helmet, and which in the vulgar acceptation of it now, among tlie French, means a blow upon the head. HORIZON, (horizon, Fr.) a circle which divides the invisible from the vi- sible part of the globe. HORIZONTAL, parallel to the ho- rizon ; on a level. Houizom \i. superficies, the plain field lying upon a level, without any rising or falling. Houizontat. plane, that which is pa- rallel to the horizon of the place. In levelling, the chief object to be considered is, whether two points be in the horizontal plane; or whether they deviate ; and in what degree. Horizontal range, or level range of a piece qf ordnance, is the line it de- scribes, when directed parallel to the horizon. The following useful theorems come from the pen of the ingenious Dr. Halley :— 1. A shot being made on an inclined plane, having the horizontal distance of the object it strikes with the elevation, of the piece, and the angle at the gun between the object and the perpendi- cular, to find the greatest horizontal range of that piece loaded with the same charge of powder, that is, half the latus rectum of all the parabolas made with the same impetus. — Take half the angle contained between the object and the nadir, and the difference of the given angle of elevation from that half; sub- tract the versed sine of that difference. from the versed sine of the angle made by the object and zenith. The difl'e- rence of those versed sines will be to the sine of the angle last mentioned, as the horizontal distance of the object struck to the greatest range at 1">°. Q. Having the horizontal range of a gun, the horizontal distance and anglq of inclination of an object to the per- pendicular, to tiud the two elevations H O R ( 373 ) HOR necessary to strike that object. — Take half the angle contained between the object and nadir; this half is equal to half the sum of the two angles of ele- vation sought. Then say, as the hori- zontal range is to the horizontal distance of the object, so is the sine of the angle of inclination to a fourth proportional ; which fourth, being subtracted from the versed sine of the angle formed by the object and zenith, leaves the versed sine of half the difference of the angles of elevation, whose half sum was before obtained ; therefore, by adding and sub- tracting half the difference of the angles of elevation to and from the said half sum, the elevations themselves will be found. HORN, (come, cor, cornet, Fr.) See Bugle horn. IloEN-wor/r, ( ouvrage a come, Fr. ) See Fortification. IIORS de combat, a French military phrase, signifying that an individual or body of men are so completely beat by superior skill, &c. as not to be able to maintain the held of battle. Mettre Hoits de combat, Fr. to drive your opponent before you ; to press him ho closely, that he cannot make a stand against you — To put him out of the lists ©f contest. Hobs de port'ee, Fr. (in fencing) out of distance. Hors de mesure, Fr. (in fencing) out of measure. lions de la loi, Fr. See Outlawed. HORSE, in a military sense, a body of horse. See Cavalry. Field Officer's and Adjutant's Horse. Every field officer in the British army is directed to have one horse, at least, for the purpose of doing military duty. No allowance whatever is made for the pur- chase ; and should the animal die of any disorder, except the glanders, or be killed any where, or any how, except in action, no compensation whatever is allowed. We consider this case extremely ha'M indeed, particularly with regard to ad- jutants, who are not always blessed with riches. It ought to be considered that this purchase is not optional, but en- joined ; and an oificer might as well be ordered to return the bounty money, be- cause his recruit had died of some parti- cular disorder, as the horse not be allowed tor, except in the cases just specified. See War Office Regulations. llowsz-doctor, a person who under- stands the disorder of horses, and un- dertakes to cure them. The word is obsolete, having yielded to the more modern appellation of veterinary sur- geon. HoRSE-jt»V/cer, a small piece of iron which is used to extract pebbles, &c. that get between the horse's shoe and hoof. HoRSE-s/zoe. See Fortification. HonSE-s//»f, a circular or semi-circu- lar piece of iron, which, is fitted and nailed to the hoof of a horse. Horse-sAoc The frontiers of Spain towards France are so called, from their resemblance to one ; Gallicia and Arra- gon forming the two extremities. Associated-HonSE, a body of cavalry so called in the days of Cromwell. At the famous battle of Naseby, (fought on the 25th of June, 1045,) which decided the fate of Charles I. the associated horse were posted in the rear of the right wing of the republican army, and formed a part of the reserve. — There were troops of the association stationed in the rear of the left. Oliver Cromwell commanded the cavalry on the right of the whole, and the associated horse were under his immediate orders. Horse near-side protect, a guard used in the cavalry sword exercise. See Sword Exercise. Horse off-side protect. See Sword Exercise. Horse, a wooden machine, which sol- diers ride by way of punishment. See Ciieval de bois. Horse. See Portcullis. HORSE-GUARDS, a public build- ing situated in Parliament-street, West- minster, which is so called from a guard having been originally mounted there by the Horse-Guards, whose duty is now performed by the Life-Guards . The Commander in Chief's office, that of the Secretary at War, Adjutant General, Muster Master General, &c. are at the Horse-Guards ; to which place all official communications relating to the British army are transmitted. All applications, personal or otherwise, to the Commander in Chief, are likewise made there. Horse-Guards. See Blues. HoRSE-GuARDS-genm//, a term ap- plied to those officers who have obtained rank by an assiduous and persevering at- tention to the etiquette at the commander in chief's office, and who have never seen service. HORSE-LEECH, a great leech that H O S ( 3M ) H O S bites horses ; a farrier ; one who bleeds horses. HORSEMAN. See Cavalry. HORSEMANSHIP, (equitation, Fr.) the art of riding ; the art of managing a horse. HORSEHAM-sfowc is a kind of thin broad slate, of a greyish colour, for- merly much used, especially in Sussex, to cover churches and great houses, &c. HORSING. A mare is said to be horsing when she discovers an inclination to be covered. HOSE, hreeches, or stockings. It is generally taken in the latter sense when mentioned as part of a soldier's neces- saries. Oiw-Hose, men's breeches and stock- ings together, or leggings. Dragoons generally wear them when they appear in their -watering dress. HOSPITAL, a place appointed for the sick and wounded men, provided with physicians, surgeons, nurses, servants, medicines, beds, &c. HOSPITALS zcith military superin- tendents. — There are four general hospi- tals of this description, viz. at Plymouth, Deal, Oosport, and Portsmouth, and York Hospital at Chelsea. The Surgeons at Portsmouth and Deal have not any rank attached to the situa- tion, but they receive five shillings per day extra allowance in addition to their nett pay of ten shillings. At Plymouth a physician has charge of the hospital ; he receives twenty shillings per day, but has no extra allowance. York Hospital at Chelsea is attended by an assistant surgeon, being under the immediate di- rection of the surgeon general. The military superintendants have five shillings over and above their nett pay, according to the rank they hold in the army. At Gosport the military superintend- ant has one guinea allowed per week for lodging money, together with coals, can- dles, &c. A fifth military superintendant was appointed in 1800 to take charge of the temporary hospital at Colchester. See James's Regimental Companion. These are the principal permanent Hospitals in England, for a specific de- scription of whose regulations, &c. as well as for instructions relative to mili- tary hospitals in general, see the last directions which have been published by authority. We cannot, however, dismiss the subject entirely without ob- serving, that the cause of humanity, in the course of the late war, was espoused by the belligerent powers abroad, in a manner which reflects credit on the en- lightened age we live in. The follow- iii; two articles, were agreed upon by the Austrians and French. Hospitals ought to be considered as inviolable. Art. 1. The military hospitals shall be considered as so many inviolable azyla, where valour shall be respected, shall be assisted, and shall be free, whatever the army may be to which these hospitals belong, and upon what- ever ground they may be established. Art. 2. These hospitals shall be mark- ed out by writings placed on the adjacent roads, in order that the troops may not approach, and that in passing they may observe silence, and cease beating the drums, or sounding the trumpets. Camp HosprTALs are either general or regimental. The general hospitals are of two kinds, viz. F/'/Jng-HospiTALS, ) The first Stationary-Hoap jtals. \ attends the camp at some convenient distance, and the latter is fixed at one place. In the choice of both Dr. Pringle thinks it bet- ter to have them in towns than villages, as the former will afford larger wards, besides more of other conveniencies. These wards should be as airy as pos- sible. Regimenlal-llospnALS are frequently in barns, stables, granaries, and other out-houses; but above all, churches make the best hospitals from the be- ginning of June to October ; these hos- pitals are solely for the use of the regi- ments they belong to. Regimental surgeons are enjoined to take under their care any non-commis- sioned officers or soldiers of other regi- ments, (upon the commanding officer's authority for so doing being obtained,) who, from the absence of the corps to vvYiich they belong, from there being no general hospital in the neighbourhood, or from othei unavoidable circumstances, are under the necessity of applying to them for relief and assistance. It cannot be superfluous to remark in this place, that in the French service there was, and we believe there still is, a specific regulation, which directs, that all soldiers who have contracted a vene- real disorder should be received into one of the Royal or Public Hospitals, without exception or distinction. They HOS ( 375 ) II o s are attended to in a particular quarter or ward, without expense to themselves or to their corps. Particular care is taken not to mix their linen or clothes with others, and they are always cashed apart. No soldier, whose disorder has been pronounced incurable, was or is received into anv of the public hospi- tals. The physician, or surgeon only, gives the incurables a certificate of their state and condition. It is very desirable, that in every re- gimental hospital, there should be an apartment appropriated to convales- cents, whose diet and mode of living must remain under the direction of the surgeon, and who must themselves be, in every respect, subject to the hospital re- gulations. A trusty non-commissioned officer must be appointed to the super- intendance of the messing and conduct of this particular ward. Convalescents, oncoming out of the hospital, are not to be put on duty till the surgeon certifies to the adjutant, that they are perfectly recovered ; for which purpose the surgeon, or assistant surgeon, must make a particular inspec- tion of these men, at morning parade, to prevent any remaining longer ex- empted from duty, than the state of their health renders absolutely neces- sary. On a march, when circumstances will permit, the packs of such conva- lescents, as have not yet received certi- ficates of their being tit for duty, should be carried for them. Convalescents, when discharged from the hospital, should not be put imme- diately on public duties, but should be employed for a certain time, on regi- mental guards only, where they are not liable to be so much exposed to the weather, or to fatigue. ft is most positively ordered, that the surgeon, or assistant-surgeon, shall at- tend all parades and field days. No punishment is to be inflicted, but in the presence of the surgeon or assistant- surgeon. In cantonments and barracks, the quarters of the surgeon must be near the hospital; and the assistant surgeon's tent must be pitched in its vicinity when a regiment is in camp. The instructions for the economy and management of regimental hospi- tals, framed by the army medical board, having received the approbation of the Commander in Chief, are to be consi- dered as proceeding immediately from that quarter ; and all generals com- manding brigades and regiments are en- joined to give them full effect, and bv their authority to enforce the strictest observance of them, within their respec- tive commands. Chelsea Hospital. See Chelsea. Greenwich Hospital, a magnificent building, originally instituted by King Charles II. for decayed seamen and mariners. It stands upon the banks of the river Thames, has a delightful park annexed to it, with an astronomical ob- servatory. It is situate 5 miles East of London, in the county of Kent. Hospital at Hereford. Besides the national provisions for officers and sol- diers, there is, in the city of Hereford, an hospital of private endowment fop superannuated non-commissioned offi- cers and private soldiers, and ancient servants of good character. It was founded about the year 1614, by Sir Thomas Coningsby, of Hampton-court, . in the county of Hereford, on the site and out of the ruins of the convent of Black friars. Kilmainham Hospital. See Kil- MAINHAM. HosPiTAL-wa£e,in recruiting districts. According to the last printed regulations, it is directed that an hospital mate should be placed under the orders of each field officer, to examine the recruits when brought for inspection, and to give such medical assistance as may be in his power, to the several recruiting parties in the district he belongs to. HosPiTAL^erw, a name given to the malignant catarrhal fever, as being the most frequent in hospitals. HOSPODAR, a dignitary title, which is given to the Prince of Walachia, who is tributary to the Grand Signor, and from whom he receives the investiture. HOST, (arm'te, Fr.) an army ; any large body of men assembled together in arms. To Host, to encounter in battle. It also signifies to review a body of men j to muster. HOSTAGE, (otage, Fr.) in the art of war, a person given up to an enemy, as a security for the performance of the articles of a treaty. HOSTILE, inimical ; suitable to an enemv. HOSTILITIES, (hostility, Fr.) in a military sense, may imply a rupture between the inhabitants of the same country, town ? or place ; and the fir«t< II o u ( K6 ) H O U outrage tliat is committed by either party, as in general matters of warfare, is considered to be the lirst commence- ment of hostilities. Between nations, the first act of hostility presupposes a declaration of war. There are, how- ever, certain established laws and regu- lations by which acts of hostility are governed. Without the intervention of these restrictions, war would be con- ducted upon the most brutal and fero- cious principles. HOSTILITY denotes a state of war or enmity between two nations. During a truce all acts of hostility are to cease on both sides. HOSTING, an obsolete term, for- merly signifying the mustering of men in arms. HOTEL des Invalides, Fr. a spacious building which was erected by Louis XIV. in Paris, at the extremity of the Fauxbourg St. Germain, upon the river Seine, as a public monument of his charity and munificence. All disabled, infirm, and wounded officers and soldiers were received, lodged, and subsisted during the remainder of their lives, within its walls. IIOTTE, Fr. a sort of hand-basket, which is often made use of in the con- struction of batteries and other works, and serves to carry earth from one part to another. It is carried on theshoulders. HOTTENTOTS, the aborigines, or native inhabitants of a settlement which took place in 1300, at the Cape of Good Hope. They possessed the whole of the colony, containing a large tract of country to the eastward and northward of Cape Town, until they were subdued and reduced to a wretched state of sub- jection by the Dutch boors. HOUCKIEN, or Hackicn, Fr. the name given to a faction which rose in the Low Countries, and was opposed to that of Kabeljauzc. The latter term sig- nifies a fish which devours others, and Houckien means a hook, whence the faction in question used to say, that they could catch their enemies with the same ease that fish are caught. To HOUGH, to hamstring; to dis- able, by cutting the sinews of the ham. This has frequently been practised upon horses; particularly in Ireland. IIOUCLE, Fr. a surgeon's instru- ment wherewith the mouth of a wound is drawn and stitched together. JIOUGUINES, Fr. flat pieces of iron with which the ancient warriors covered their thighs, legs, and arms. IIOUILLE, I'V. sedge, or fen-grass; also a kind of mineral in the principality of Liege, which makes very good fires. HOULLIER, Fr. an obsolete French term, which meant what is now ex- pressed by Picoreur des armies, or a free-booter. HOUN, a gold coin of the Mysore country, value about four rupees. Blood HOUND, a particular species of the canine kind, which has been em- ployed to hunt down men, women, and children; particularly in the West-Indies. IIOU1TE, Fr. a small tuft or bunch of worsted, worn in the corners of three- cocked regimental hats. I10URDEYS, Fr. an old French term which signified, first, hurdles with which the tops of the walls belonging to a fortified town were covered, in order to shield them against the concussion of warlike machines; and secondly a ma- chine formerly used, which was called in Latin hordacivm. HOUSARDER, Fr. to fight with hussars, or after their method. HOUSE. See Housing. The House, a general term used in England to signify both Houses of Par- liament, from whose annual vote the army derives its existence, and by which it is paid. Lock-vp-llovst, (commonly called a sponging house, from the exorbitar.ee of its charges,) a place to which unfor- tunate debtors are taken before they are committed to prison. HOUSEHOLD troops. The Life- (■uards, Royal Regiment of Horse- Guards, and the three regiments of Foot- Guards are so styled. It is a peculiar privilege of these regiments, that no officer of the line, fencibles, or militia, can sit upon a court-martial which may be assembled for the trial of any person belonging to them. They have also a brevet rank, which gives them a step over the marching army. King's Household, in England, the domestic establishment of the King. — The French say, Afaison du lioi. HOUSING, or saddle- HOUSING, cloth, skin, or other ornaments added to saddles, by way of distinction; fre- quently embroidered with gold or silver, or edoe.d with gold or silver lace. HOUSSE, HOUSSEAUX, Fr. See Horse-c/o/A. H U I ( 377 ) H U R HOWITZ, a kind of mortar mounted •upon a field-carriage like a gun : the difference between a mortar and a howitz is, that the trunnions of the first are at the end, and of the other in the middle. The invention of howitzers is of much later date than mortars, as from them they had their origin. The construction of howitzers are as various and uncertain as those of mor- tars, excepting the chambers, which are all cylindric. They are distinguished by the diameter of the bore; for instance, a ten inch howitz is that, the diameter of which is ten inches; and so of the larger or smaller ones. Howitzers, in the British service, are of the nature of 10, 8, and 5± inch, heavy and light, also 4 two-fifth inch. The calibres of howitzers differ in most foreign countries. Carronades are general in the service, both for land and sea, of the natures of 68, 42, 32, 24, 18, and 12 pounders. The charge of powder for a carronade is one-twelfth part of the weight of the round shot. Howitz- battery is made the same as a gun-battery, only the embrazures are at least a foot wider on account of the shortness of the howitz. See Battery. Field Howitzer. The modern French use 6-inch howitzers in the field, which can throw a grenade at 6 degrees eleva- tion, to a distance of 600 toises. The 6 inch howitzer can likewise throw, to a smaller distance, a cartridge with 61 balls of seventeen lines diameter. In both instances the effects are extremely fatal. The cavalry, in particular, can be annoyed by the former in so galling a manner, as to be rendered almost useless. HUE AND CRY, an official gazette so called, which is published at the ex- piration of every third week in the year, and serves to advertise deserters from His Majesty's service. That part which immediately relates to deserters, is di- vided into several columns, viz. names, corps, age, size, coat, waistcoat, breeches, hair, complexion, eyes, marks and re- marks, trade, &c. parish born, county born, time, from what place, agent's names, agent's abode. HUGHLY WACCA, Ind. a news- paper or chronicle which is kept by the officers of the Moors' government. HUISSIER d'armes, Fr. tipstaff; an officer formerly so called in France, who was attached to the royal household. They were at first distinguished by th^ name of se?-gens d'armes, or Serjeants at arms. Some were directed to bear the mace before the king during the day, and obtained on that account the appellation ox huissiers d'armes ; in later times while the old monarchy subsisted, they were called huissiers de la cham- bre, or tipstaffs of the king's chamber. Others were kept within the king's bed- chamber during the night, and were sworn to expose their lives for the safety of his person, whence they obtained the name of archers de garde, which term was changed into gardes du corps, or body guards. Death HUNTERS, followers of an army, who, after the engagement, look for dead bodies, in order to strip them. They chiefly consist of soldiers' wives, &c. who, in general, have less feeling than their husbands. HUNGARIAN battalion, a body of men belonging to the Austrian army, whose dress consists in a white jacket, the buttons straight down to the waist, with blue coloured collar, cuffs and skirts, before and behind, like the rest of the Austrian infantry; with this dif- ference, that the latter have white breeches and long black gaiters, and the former wear light blue pantaloons and half-boots. HUNS, GOTHS, and VANDALS, barbarous tribes that inhabited the various provinces of Germany which had never been subdued by the Romans, or were scattered over those vast countries in the North of Europe,and North West of Asia, which are now occupied by the Danes, the Swedes, the Poles, the sub- jects of the Russian empire, and the Tartars. HURDLES, in fortification, are made of twigs of willow, or osiers, interwoven close together, sustained by long stakes. They are made in the figure of a long square; the length being 8 or 5 feet, and breadth 3 or 3|. The closer they are wattled together, the better. They serve to render batteries firm, or to con- solidate the passage over muddy ditches; or to cover traverses and lodgments for the defence of the workmen against the fire-works, or the stones that may be cast at them. Hurdle batteries. These are the invention of the late General Sir Wil- liam Congreve of the Royal Artillery, and are admirably adapted for tempo- 3C II u s ( 378 ) II Y D rary fortifications. They consist of hur- dles fixed in the ground in a triangular form, the intermediate space being filled with sand or earth, &c. and are con- structed in a few minutes, and in any figure. HURKARU, Lid. a gazette; as the Bengal Hurkaru. I1URTER, a (latted iron fixed against the body of an axle-tree, with straps to take oft" the friction of the naves of the wheels against the body. 11URTOIR, Fr. a piece of timber, about C inches square, placed before the wheels of a carriage, against the parapet of a battery, to prevent the wheels from doint; damage to the parapets. HURTLE. See, Skirmish. To Hurtle, (heurter, Fr.) to skir- mish; to jostle; also to move with violence or impetuosity ; as spears hurtle in the air. KUSB ul hookum, or HASSAB ul hookum, Iiul. a patent or order, under the seal of the vizier, with these initial WOrd$, which signify always to command. HUSH. Sec Money. Ill SSAR Dragoons, a term applied to such regiments of light dragoons in the British sen ice, as have been order- ed by their respective colonels to wear mustachios, furred cloaks and caps, &c. The four corps are tht: 7th, 10th, loth, and 18th. HUSSARDS, Fr. hussars. They were unless the enemy is accustomed to ttair method of engaging, it is very difficult for troops to preserve their order. When a retreat is necessary, their horses have so much lire, and are so indefatigable, their equipage so light, and themselves such excellent horsemen, that no other cavalry can come up with them; they leap over ditches, and swim over rivers with surprizing facility. They never encamp, consequently are not burlhened with any kind of camp equipage, saving a kettle and a hatchet to every G men. They always lie in the woods, out-houses, or villages, in the front of the army. The Empress Queen of Hungary and the King of Prussia exceeded every country in this description of troops. Broun Hussars, a corps of cavalry in the Prussian service, so called from being clothed in brown uniforms. Death's Head Hussars, a regiment of cavalry in the Prussian service, so called from "the emblems of death exhibited on their caps. This regiment first dis- tinguished itself in the Seven Years war under the late General Ziethcn, ar+1 continued to do so during the memo- rable campaigns against the French in 1793, 1800, 1813, and 1815 under Field Marshal Prince Bluchcr. They are also called Biack Hussars, the uniform being of that colour. Marshal Prince Blucher served many years in this regiment. HUT, (liutte, Fr.) The ancient mode first introduced into the French service of encamping was in little huts. In the in 1692, and owed their origin to Hie Hungarian cavalry whieh was subsi- dized by France before the reign of Louis XIII. Hussars are the national cavalry of Hungary and Croatia. Their regimentals consist in a rough furred cap, adorned with a cock's feather, (the officers either an eagle's or a heron's,) a doublet, with a pair of breeches, to which the stockings are fastened, and yellow or red boots ; besides, they occasionally wear a short upper waistcoat edged with fur, and 5 rows of round metal buttons, and in bad weather a cloak. Their arms are a sabre, carbine, and pistols. They are irregular troops: before the beginning of an attack, they lay themselves so Hat on the necks of their horses, that it is hardly possible to discover their force; but being come within pistol shot of the enemy, they raise themselves with such surprizing quickness, and begin to light with such vivacity on every side, that American war, hutted camps were not uncommon. Huts may be made of earth, or branches of trees, straw, &c. Se HUTTER, Fr. to make a hut. HURZOOR NOVETZ, Lid. a secre- tary who resides at an Indian court, and keeps copies of all firmauns, records, or letters. HYDER, the Arabic term for lion. This title is often given to men of rank in India. Hyder Alli, the usurper of the kingdom of Mysore ; he is known under the name of Hyder Naik: hissonTippoo succeeded him, and was killed at the storming of Seringapatam by the British forces under the command of Lieute- nant General, now Lord, Harris. Hyder Cooly, a term of subjection used in India, meaning literally the slave. HYDERABAD, HYDRABAD, a city in Asia, which arose from the de-: section of Golcondah. This term is ■ J A C ( 379 ) J A D often used in Indostan when Hyderabad is meant. Hyderabad became the prin- cipalspot of rendezvousto theMahrattas, whose country lies between Bombay and Golcondah. Its limits (to quote the words of the author of the History of the Carnatic) are not known with any decree of certainty to Europeans, and we are equally ignorant of the origin and history of the people. See AJahratta. HYDRAULICS, (hydrauliquc, Fr.) the science of that philosophy which treats of the motion of fluids, and the art of conveying water. H Y D ROGRA PHY, (hydrograph ie, Fr.) an art teaching how to make sea- charts, giving an account of its tides, bays, gulphs, creeks, rocks, sands, shoals, promontories, harbours, &c. HYDROMETER, (hydromltre, Fr.) an instrument to measure the extent or depth of water. Hydrometry, (hydromctrie, Fr.) the act of measuring the extent or depth of water. HYDROSTATICS, the science of the gravitation of fluids; weighing fluids. HYGROMETER, (hy'grometre, Fr.) an instrument to measure the degrees of moisture. HYGROSCOPE, (hygroscope, Fr.) an instrument to shew the moisture and dryness of the air, and to measuie and. estimate the quantity of either extreme. HYPERBOLA, the section of a cone made by a plane, so that the axis of the section shall incline to the opposite leg of the cone. HYPOTHENUSE, that line which subtends the right angle of a right angled triangle. I TACK. See Gin. ■** jACK-boots, boots formerly worn by cavalry, made of thick firm leather, hardened in a peculiar manner. They were sometimes lined with plates of iron. The only regiments in the British service who wear jack-boots at present are the Life-guards. Jack wambasium, a sort of coat ar- mour, formerly worn by horsemen, not of solid iron, but of many plates fast- ened together, which some persons, by tenure, were bound to find upon any in- vasion. JACKET, a short coat. See Cloth- ing. JACOB's stuff, a mathematical in- strument for taking heights and dis- tances; called also a cross staff. JACOBIN, (jacobin, Fr.) a white friar; a Dominican. A name given to those persons who, at the commence- ment of the French revolution, formed themselves into a club, (called the Jaco- bin Club,) which met at the church of St. Jacob in Paris. JACOBINISM, (jacobinisme, Fr.) the principles of a revolutionary system. JACOBITES, a name given to such persons as were attached to the ruined fortunes of James II. Hence als« the terms Pittites, Foxites, Burdettites, all signifying persons attached to and fol- lowing the principles of the leading denomination, name, or head of some particular party, or faction. JACOBITISM, attachment to the* Stuart family, or rather to King James. JACQUE, or JAQUE, a sort of close jacket, which was formerly worn by the francs-archers, or free archers and reached down to the knee. These jackets were stuffed underneath the linen or cloth with which they were made. They sometimes consisted of leather, lined with 20 or 30 pieces of old cloth, rather loosely put together. The ancient horsemen wore these jackets under their coats of mail, and they were called gobison. JACQUERIE, Fr. the name of a faction which formerly existed in France, while king John was a prisoner in Eng- land. JADE, Fr. a very hard stone of an olive colour, with which the handles of swords and sabres were made in Poland and Turkey. This ston« is said to pos- sess wonderful virtues for the removal bf the gravel, or nephritic cholic; in these cases it is simply applied to the loins. 3C 2 J A M ( 380 ) JAN JAFFNAPATAM, the town of Cey- lon is so called by the Indians. The port of Jaflier. JAGGENIIAUT, Ind. a Gentoo pagoda. JAGGIIIRDAR, Ind. the person in possession of ajaghire. JAGHIRE, an Indian term, signify- ing the assignment of the revenues of a district to a servant, or dependant of government, who is hence called a jagg- hirdar. Jaghires are either mushroot, which means conditional, or belashurt, which signifies unconditional. Jaghires are frequently given in India to persons as a reward and compensation for their military services. J ag HI BE Asham, Ind. land granted for the support of the troops. Jagiiire Zat, Ind. lands granted for private maintenance. JALET, Fr. a name given to certain round stones which are cast out of a bow called arbalite a jalet, or cross-bow. These stones are more generally called get let. JALONS, Fr. long poles with a wis)) of straw at the top. They are fixed at different places and in different roads to serve as signals of observation to ad- vancing columns, when the country is inclosed, &c. They are likewise used as camp-colours, to mark out the ground on days of exercise. JALONNEMENT eCune colonne, Fr. is the designation of certain points by which a column is governed on its march. JALONNEURS, Fr. are the men selected from a battalion to mark out the ground, or to take up relative points towards which the column may march. JALOUSER, Fr. an old term, sig- nifying to be jealous of another. The French say, un ojjicier de vrui vicrite me jalouse pas un autre ; an officer of Yeal merit is never jealous, or envious 'of another. JAM, Fr. which is sometimes written jamb, is a thick bed of stone by which the operations of the miners are sud- denly interrupted when they are pursu- ing the veins of ore. JAMB AGE, IV. door-posts; jambs. JAMBE, Fr. in masonry, a sort of hold or buttress, by which the wall of an edifice is supported and kept up. Jambk d'encoignure, Fr. a corner stone or beam, upon which two archi- traves rest, from two sides of an edifice. Jambe sous ]X)ittrr, Fr. basing stone, upon which one or more beams may stand. Guerre des Jamhes, a figurative ex- pression among the modern FVench, signifying rapid operations, or a war carried on by rapid movements in the field, instead of sieges. JAMBS, sometimes written jauntbi, the side-posts of a door. St. JAMES, Knig/tts of, a military order in Spain, first instituted in the year 1170, by Ferdinand II. king of Leon and Galicia. The greatest dignity belonging to this order is that of grand master, which has been united to the crown of Spain. The knights are obliged to make proof of their descent, from families that have been noble for four generations on both sides; they must also make it appear, that their said ancestors have neither been Jews, Sara- cens, nor heretics, nor have ever been called in question by the Inquisition. The novices are obliged to serve sis months in the gallies, and to live a month in a monastery. They observe the rules of St. Austin, making no vows but of poverty, obedience, and conjugal fidelity. JANIBAR, Ind. an advocate; a de- fender; it likewise signifies a partial person. J AN IZ A RIES, (Janissaires, Fr.) Th i§ word signifies new militia. The firsO establishment of this body of armed men> took place when the Sultan Amurat ob- tained such wonderful success in the in- roads that were made into Thrace, and- a part of Macedonia, by the Bachas Lala, Saim, and Auranos. Nor was the Sultan satisfied with this good fortune; lie pushed his successes into Europe, and took an immense number of prisoners of all ages, but principally children, Tliese were put under military tuition, with the view of hereafter converting them to some useful purpose for the. Ottoman state. JANIZAR AcASi,a name, or military title, which is attached to the person who has the chief command of the jani- zaries. It corresponds, in some degree, with the rank of colonel general of in- fantry in old France, when that body was under the command of the Duke of Epernon, and afterwards under the Duke of Orleans in 1720. This Aga takes precedence of all the infantry offi- cers belonging to the Ottoman empire. J A V ( 331 ) I c o The name is derived from Aga, which, in the Turkish language, signifies a stick. On public occasions the Aga always bears a stick in his hand ; so indeed do all the janizaries when they appear in any large town or place, as an emblem of service. This general was originally promoted to the rank of Aga out of the corps of janizaries. But as this was the occasion of much jealousy, and gave rise to va- rious cabals, which frequently rendered the Aga contemptible in the eyes of his followers, the Grand Signor at present appoints him from the Icoglans belong- ing to the seraglio. JAQUE de mailles, Fr. coat of mail. JARET, Ft: that deviation, in a straight line or curve, by which the equality of a circumference is broken, as in arches, &c. JARETTER, Fr. to deviate from njiy tr iven circle. " JASERANT or JAZERANT, a sort of ancient military vestment. The jazerant of double mail is often men- tioned in many old romances. But what was the specific distinction of a jazerant seems at present uncertain. JAVART, Fr. a swelling of a horse's pastern. JAVELIN, a spear of 5\ feet long, the haft of which was of wood, with a steel point. Every soldier in the Roman armies had seven of these, which were very light and slender. The Velites, or light armed troops, among the Romans, were armed with ja- velins. They were two cubits long and one inch thick. There were several sorts of javelins or darts used among the ancients; some of which were projected by the help of a short strap girt round their middle. There was likewise another species of javelin, the bottom of which was orna- mented with three feathers, in the same manner that arrows and darts are. These javelins have been used by the Poles and other nations, but principally by the Moors, who call them zagais. In the early days of France, the javelin was likewise adopted in imitation of the Gauls; but it disappeared with many other missile weapons, on the invention of fire-arms. JAVELINE, Fr. See Javelin. JAVELOT, Fr. javelin ; a term used amynu tue ancients to express every thing that was missile; it is derived from, the Latin, jaculum, a jaculundo. JAZERAN, Fr. an obsolete term which was formerly applied to an able veteran. IBRAHIM CA WN, hid. of the Gar- dee tribe, commander of the artillery in the Mahratta army. ICH DIEN, I serve. A motto be- longing to the badge of the arms of the Prince of Wales, which was first as- sumed by Edward surnamed the Black Prince, after the battle of Cressy, in 1346. Dieu et Mon Droit, in the badge of the King's arms, was used by Richard the First on a victory over the French in 1194. ICHNOGRAPIIY, ( ichnographie, Fr.) denotes the plan or representation of* the length and breadth of a fortification, the distinct parts of which are marked out, either on the ground itself, or on paper. By this we are at once ac- quainted with the value of the different) lines and angles which determine the exact breadth of fosses, the depth of ramparts and of parapets. So that, in fact, a plan upon the correct principles pf ichnography, represents a work as it would appear if it were levelled to its foundations, and shewed only the ex- panse of ground upon which it had been erected. But the science of ichnography does not represent either the elevation, or the different parts belonging to a for- tification. This properly comes under profile, which does not, however, in- clude length. See Plan. ICOGLAN, a page in the Grand Signor's service. These pages are al- ways chosen out of the best formed and best educated children among the Christian slaves. It has been a singular maxim of policy among the Turks to prefer Christian slaves, as confidential servants, to their own countrymen. Their motive originates in an idea, that the former, having lost all recollection of their native spot, and of the tender- ness which is innate between child and parent, would have no other interest aE heart but that of their employers; whereas freemen, in general, measure their attachment to their masters by the rule of self-accommodation and personal emolument. From these principles the Grand Signor has established a body of Icoglans, in order that they may b$ devoted to his service; and as a security J E S ( 382 ) JET for their affection he frequently raises individuals amongst them to the highest posts of trust and dignity in the empire. The rank of Spahilcr Agasi, or General of Cavalry, has been conferred upon them ; which appointment, next to that of Grand Vizier, of Mufti or of Bos- tangi, is the most considerable belonging to the Ottoman empire. JEANATES, soldiers posted round the outside tates of the palaces belong- ing to the Greek Emperors. JEE, Ind. a title of respect which is used in India, and signifies sir, master, worship. Jee Porr, Ind. a statement and de- cree. JEHAUNDER, Ind. a term used in India, signifying the possessor of the world. JEIIAUN GEER, Ind. a term used in India, signifying the conqueror of the world. Jehaun Shaw, Ind. king of the world. JEIIOULDAR, Ind. treasurer. JELOUDAR, Ind. belonging to the train or equipage. JEMADE, Ind. the Indian word for month. JEMIDAR or J EMM AD AR, Ind, a black officer who has the same rank as a lieutenant in the Company's service. The author of the History of the Car- natic calls Jemidars or Jemmadars cap- tains either of horse or foot. JENIZER-EFFENDI, an appoint- ment among the Turks, which in some degree resembles that of provost-mar- shal in European armies. The only functions which this officer is permitted to exercise are those of judge to the company. He sits on particular days for the purpose of hearing the complaints of the soldiers, and of settling their dif- ferences. If a case of peculiar difficulty should occur, he reports the same to the Aga, whose opinion and determination are final. JERSEY, an island on the coast of Normandy in France, which has belong- ed to the English ever since the Norman conquest. Although this island, as well as that of Guernsey, is still governed by the ancient Norman laws, it is never- theless subject to the Mutiny Act in liiaiiv particulars. JKRUMONA, Ind. mulct, fine, or penalty. JESUIT, (Jcsuite, Fr.) a learned or- der, of which Ignatius of Loyola, a Spanish officer, was the original founder. It was confirmed by Pope Paul III. A. D. 1510. Loyola was severely wounded at the siege of Pampeluna. The leading feature among the rules and regulations of the Jesuits, is im- plicit obedience to the orders of their superiors. The word Jesuit is a com- pound of Jesu itc, follow Jesus. This order was abolished by Pope Ganganelli in 1772, and was restored in 1816. JET, Fr. a term signifying the mo- tion of any body that is urged forward by main force; it likewise means the space which is gone over by any pro- pelled body ; and sometimes the instru- ment from which any thing is thrown or shot, as the cross-bow, &c. Jet des bombes, Fr. This word has been adopted instead of tir, which for- merly expressed the course that a shell took when it was thrown out of a mor- tar by the power of gunpowder. We sometimes use the word flight, to express the same action and progress. Jet, among the French, is likewise applied to the range taken by a fusee, as jet de la fusee, the flight of the fusee. In cannon founderies it is further used to express the different pipes or hollows through which the liquid metals are conveyed into their moulds. Un beau Jet, Fr. a fine cast. Jet, jai/ct, Fr. a sort of black, light, and brittle stone. JETH, Ind. the name of a month which, in some degree, coincides with our month of May. JETTEE, Fr. a pier. It usually con- sists of a projection, made with stone, brick, or wood, at the extreme ends of a harbour, for the purpose of resisting the impetuosity of the waves. JETTER, Fr. to pour metal into a mould, to cast ordnance; to throw; to impel, &c. The French say, figuratively, Un dictionnaire ne se jette pas en moule, a dictionary cannot be made all at one cast. Jetter des bombes, Fr. to throw bombs, or shells, for the purpose of de- stroying the walls, &c. of a fortified town ur place. Jetter du seconrs dans une forteressr, 4'C. Fr. to throw succours into a fort, cVc. Jetter, Fr. in surgery, to suppurate, to matter. Sa plate commence a jetter, his wound begins to run, or suppurate. J E U ( 383 ) 1MB JEU de hasard, Fr. game of chance, i livres were imprisoned four months, and It was our intention to have entered fully 'those who incurred the fine of 6000 into this subject, as far as it concerns the military system, under the head Hasard; but as the matter has been more particularly adverted to in a French author, we judge it best to quote from that authority, and to shew, that, cor- rupt as the old government of France most unquestionably was, the character of its army was not neglected. Every species of chance-play was strictly for- bidden in the French camps and garri- sons, and throughout their armies. The prohibitions on this head bear the most ancient dates. On the 24th of July, 1534, Francis I. issued an order, which was again confirmed by Henry II. on the 22d of May, 1557, that no comrade should, under any pretext whatever, obtain money from a brother-soldier by play. It was further ordained, that in case of foul play, the persons who should be discovered were, for the first offence, to be publicly flogged ; and for the second, to be punished in the like manner, to have their ears cut off, and to be banished for ten years. The de- linquents were committed to the charge and custody of the provost, who was authorized to confiscate every farthing that was played for. Dice and cards were rigorously forbidden under the same penalties, as well as all sorts of games which might create animosities and dissensions among individuals. On the 15th of January, 1691, Louis XIV. issued an order from the privy council, by which he expressly forbade not only the officers belonging to his army, but likewise all other persons of whatever sex or denomination, to play at Hoca, Pharaoh, Barbacole, Basset, and Pour et Contre. The penalties for every infraction or breach of this order were as follow : those persons who played were fined 1000 livres, or 40/. and the master or mistress of the house where games of the above description were al- lowed, stood fined in 6000 livres or 240/. for each offence. One third of these penalties was applied to his Majesty's use, one third to the relief of the poor of the place where the offence was com- mitted, and the other third was paid to the informer. It was further ordained, that in case the persons so discovered were unable to pay the fines, their per- sons should be taken into custody. Those subjected to the penalty of 1000 livres, without having the means to pay it, were imprisoned one year. The In- tendans, or Lords-Lieutenant of the Provinces and Armies, the Police Ma- gistrates, -and the Military Provosts, were all and severally directed to see this edict put into execution; and by a circular letter, which, in 1712, was written in the king's name, by M. Voison, to the different governors and lords- lieutenant of provinces, the prohibitions were extended to the lansquenet, or private soldier. On the 25th of August, 1698, Louis XIV. issued out an order, by which he rigorously forbade, under pain of death, every individual belonging to the French cavalry or infantry, (suttler and private soldier included,) to keep auy gaming table in camp or quarters. In conse- quence of these regulations, and with the view of introducing the strictest principles of honour and regularity in a profession which must he tarnished even by the breath of suspicion, on the 1st of July, 1727, Louis theXVth ordained, by the 43d article of war, that every soldier, horse or foot, who was convicted of cheating at play, should be punished with death. He further directed, that, in case any hazard table should be set up in a camp, or garrison, the com- manding officer or governor was to order the same to be broken forthwith, and to commit all persons concerned therein to prison. Jeu, Fr. in mechanics, the facility with which any thing moves in opening or closing. Thus, Cette porte a du jeu, this door opens or shuts easily. Jeux de main, Fr. manual play, or what are vulgarly called handicuffs. The French have always looked upon the exercise of mere manual strength to be so derogatory from the character of every well-bred gentleman, that they say, figuratively, Jeux de main, Jeux de vilain. JEVVAER KHANNA, Ind. the jewel office. IHTIMAMDAR, Ind. a person ap- pointed by the Hindoo magistrate, who has the superintending agency over se- veral towns. IJELAS, Ind. The general assembly of the court of justice in Bengal is so called. . . To IMBODY, in a military sense, I M P C 384 ) INC implies to assemble under arms, either for defence or offence. This term is particularly applied to the meeting of the British and Irish militia. To IMBRUE, to steep. Hence the figurative expression to imbrue one's bands in blood. S7MMISCER, Fr. to take a part in any particular affair. Littrally to mix in or with. The IMMORTALS, a name of re- proach which is given to such troops as never see an enemy, or go into real danger. The French affixed this term to their cavalry; calling them, by way of derision, Lcs lmmortels. This originated in the preference which was always given to the infantry; and which indeed be- longs to that arm considered as an effec- tive force. Marshal Saxe, in his Reve- ries, says, IJ 'infant crie Va pour fair e fa guerre, la cavalerie pour la voir. IMPERIAL, belonging to an empe- ror, or empire. Imperial, a leathern packing-case made to fit the top of a carriage for the purpose of holding wearing apparel, &c. it is sometimes used in armies. IMPERIALISTS, (Impiriaux, Fr.) This word is chiefly applied to the sub- jects of, or forces employed by, the bouse of Austria, when the king of Hun- gary was called Emperor of Germany. IMPERITIE, Fr. incapability; want of influence from want of capacity. IMPETUS, in mechanics, the force with which one body impels or strikes another. See Gunnery. Momentum. IMPOST, (impaste, Fr.) that part of a pillar in vaults or arches, on which the weight of the whole rests. IMPREGNABLE. Any fortress or work which resists the efforts of attack is said to he impregnable. To IMPRESS, to compel any body to serve. IMPRESS-Scrrice, a particular duty which is performed by persons belong- ing to the navy. Soldiers that behave ill, and from repeated misconduct are deemed incorrigible on shore, get fre- quently turned over to a press-gang. This does not, however, occur without some sort of concurrence on the part of the soldier, who is left to choose be- tween the execution or continuance of a severe military punishment, or to enter on board one of his Majesty's ships. LMrKEss-illcrtfy. All sums which are paid to men who have been compelled to serve are so called. IMPRESSION, the effect of an attack upon any place, or body of soldiers. IMPREST of Money, a term not strictly grammatical, but rendered fami- liar by its official adoption, signifying sums of money received from time to time, by persons in public employment, for the current services of the year. Of this nature are the imprests which the Barrack-Master General receives upon estimates signed by him, and delivered into the office of the Secretary at War. To IMPUGN, to attack, or assault. IMPRIMER. Fr. to paint any part of a building, more than once, with oil colours, for the purpose of ornament or preservation. IMPULSE, hostile impression. INACCESSIBLE, not to be approach- ed, in contradistinction to accessible. (NATTAQUABLE, Fr. not to be attacked. Monsieur A. T. Gaigne, in his Nouvcau Dictionnaire Milituire, gives the following explanation of this term : — An inherent right and title can- not be attacked or disputed; but a mili- lary post may always be assailed when there are some physical defects. INCAPABLE, a term of disgrace, which is frequently annexed to a military sentence; as, such an officer has been cashiered by the sentence of a general court-martial, and rendered incapable of ever serving his Majesty in either a civil or military capacity. INCH, a well known measure in length, being the 12th part of a foot, and equal to three barley-corns in length. Sec Measure. INCIDENCE (in geometry), the di- rection by which one body strikes upon another. Incidence (angle of), in projec- tiles, is the angle which the line of di- rection of the projectile makes with the surface of the obstacle on which it im- pinges. INCIDENTS, charges which are made by Army Agents in their accounts with the public. These consist of all expenses of a local nature. Under the Ordnance, they include travelling char- ges, postage and stationery, extra pay while travelling by order, pay of artifi- cers and labourers, allowance for a horse to a Commissary or Assistant-Commis- sary, when claiming no travelling charges, I N C ( ) I N D nsalso the poundage to the individuals in the field-train. — In the army at large, all expenses incurred by local, or temporary circumstances, are generally called con- tingencies. INCLINATION, (inclinaison, Fr.) in geometry, is the mutual leaning or tendency of two lines or planes towards each other, so as to make an angle. Inclination of' a right line to a plane, is an acute angle which that line makes with any line of the plane towards which it bears. To INCLINE, in a military sense, means to gain ground to the flank, as well as to the front. According to the last printed Regulations for the Cavalry, page 27, S. 10, inclining is of great use Hi the marching of the line in front, to correct any irregularities that may hap- pen. It is equivalent to the oblique marching of the infantry. It enables you to gain the enemy's flank without exposing your own, or without wheeling or altering the parallel front of the squa- dron. Right (or left) Incline, a word of command in cavalry movements, when each man makes a half-face on his horse's fore feet, by which means each will appear to be half a head behind his flank leader ; and the whole will look- to the hand to which they are to in- cline. It must be generally observed, that the leading officer on the flank, with a glance of his eye ascertaining his points, marches steadily upon them, at, whatever pace is ordered : every other man in the squadron moves in so many parallel lines, with respect to him, and preserves the same uniformity of front and files, as when he first turned his horse's head. At no time 'of the incline ought the former front of the squadron, or dis- tance of files to be altered. In the incline, the rear rank moves in the same manner, and is of course re- gulated by the front rank, which it takes care to conform to. Whenever a squadron inclines it must not pass an angle of 34° with respect to its former direction, unless it should be required to gain as much or more ground to the flank as to the front. The dis- tance of files at six inches allows the squadron to incline in perfect order, while its new direction does not go be- yond the angle specified. When more is required to be taken, the squadron must either wheel up, and march upon the flank point, or it will fall more or less into file, according to the degree of obliquity required, by moving each horse retired, half neck, or head to boot. INCLINED Plane. See Gunnery. INCLUSIVE, comprehended in the sum or number; thus when the abstracts were made out for 60 and Gl days, they generally ran from the 24th of one month to the 24th of the second month, inclu- ding the last 24th only. Since the new regulation, the muster, as also the ab- stract, is taken from the 25th of one month to the 24th of the following month, both days inclusive. INCOG, 1 . ', . , INCOGNITO, \ P nvatel . v > unknown. INCOMBUSTIBLE-c/o//*, a sort of linen cloth made from a stone in the form of calk. See Lapis. INCOMMENSURABLE, that can- not be measured, or be reduced to any proportion or equal measure with an- other. Incommensurables, ( incommensu- rable^, Fr.) a term used in arithmetic, to signify those numbers that have no com- mon divisor, as 3 and 5. . INCOMMODER I'ennemi, Fr. to get possession of a fort, eminence, &c. from which the enemy may be harassed, or which is necessary to his security: INCOMPETENT, incapable, unfit, unequal. INCOMPLETE, opposed to com- plete, which see. INCOMPOSITE-?*»?n6ers, (in arith- metic,) are those numbers made only by addition, or the collection of units, and. not hy multiplication ; so an unit only can measure it, as 2, 3,4, 5, ccc. called also prime numbers. To INCORPORATE, in a military sense, is to add a smaller body of forces to a larger, and to mix them together. Independent companies are said to be incorporated, when they are distributed among different regiments, regiments among brigades, ccc. &c. So that any lesser body may be incorporated in a greater. To INCRUST, ) ( incruster, Fr. ) INCRUSTATE, S to cover with an additional coat, adhering to the original matter. To replace a defective stone in a wall or building, by a good one. INCURSION, invasion without con- quest ; inroad ; ravage. INDEMNIFICATION, any rein>. 3D I N D ( SG6* ) I N D bursement or compensation which is given for loss or penalty. Military Indemnification, a regu- lated allowance which is made by the king for losses sustained by officers or soldiers on actual service. Certificates, stating the particular cir- cumstances and causes of the losses to be indemnified are to be signed by the offi- cers themselves, and by the commanding othcers of their regiments. And the ge- neral officers commanding in chief on the different; foreign stations, are to de- cide on the claims preferred in their respective districts of command upon the ground of this regulation, and to grant payment accordingly. INDEMNITY, a security or exemp- tion from penalty, loss, or punishment. It is sometimes connected with annesty. Thus Charles II. on his restoration, en- deavoured to conciliate the minds of his subjects, by promising amnesty and in- demnity to the different parties that had been directly active, indirectly instru- mental, or passively the means of his father's death. To INDENT, a word particularly made use of in India for the dispatch of military business. It is of the same im- port and meaning as to draw or value upon. It likewise means an order for military stores, arms, ccc. As an indent fur new supp'.es, &c. Indented line, in fortification, is a line running out and in, like the teeth of a saw, forming several angles, so that one side defends another. They are used on the banks of rivers, where they enter a town ; the parapet of the covert- way is also often indented. This is by the French engineers called redans. Small places are sometimes fortified with such a line, but the fault of such fortification is, that the besiegers from one battery may ruin both sides of the tcnaille of the front of a place, and make an assault without fear of being enfiladed, since the defences are ruined. Independent, in a military sense, is a term which distinguishes from the rest of the army, those companies that have been raised by individuals for rank, and are afterwards drafted into corps that may be short of their complement of men. Independent company, \ is one that Independent troop, $ is not in- corporated into any regiment. In dependent ( among metaphysicians) is when one thing does not depend upon another as its cause. IN DETER M 1 N ATE, (ind'etermini, Fr.) a term used among geometricians, to express any problem which is suscep- tible of an infinity of solutions that are different from each other. INDIAN camp. An Indian camp may be considered as one of the loosest assemblages of men, women and chil- dren, that can perhaps be imagined. Every common soldier in the army is accompanied by a wife, or concubine; the officers have several, and the gene- rals whole seraglios ; besides these, the army is encumbered by a number of at- tendants and servants, exceeding that of the fighting men ; and to supply the various wants of this enervated multi- tude, dealers, pedlars, and retailers of all sorts, follow the camp, to whom a separate quarter is allotted, in which they daily exhibit their different com- modities, in greater quantities, and with more regularity, than in any fair in Europe ; all of them sitting on the ground in a line, with their merchan- dises exposed before them, and shelter- ed from the sun by a mat supported by sticks. Indian Engineers, Mr. Orme, in his history of the Carnatic, affords an instance of the art of engineering being known, and cultivated by the native Indians. In page 2G5, he gives the fol- lowing account of a place called Ching- lapet, which had been fortified by an Indian engineer. Chinglapet is situated about 30 miles west of Cobelong, 40 south-west of Madras, and within half a mile of the northen bank of the river Palier. It was, and not without rea- son, esteemed by the natives, a very strong hold. Its outline, exclusive of some irregular projections at the gate- ways, is nearly a parallelogram, extend- ing 400 yards from north to south, and 320 from east to west. The eastern and half the northern side, is covered by a continued swamp of rice-fields, and the other half of the north, together with the whole of the west-side, is de- fended by a large lake. Inaccessible in these parts, it would have been impreg- nable, if the south side had been equally secure ; but there the ground is high, and gives advantages to an enemy. — The Indian engineer, whoever he was that erected the fort, seems to have ex- ceeded the common reach of his coun- I N D ( 387 ) I N D .try men in the knowledge of his art, not only by the choice of the spot, but also by proportioning the strength of the defences to the advantages and disad- vantages of the situation : for the for- tifications to the south are much the strongest, those opposite the rice-fields, something weaker ; and the part that is skirted by the lake is defended only by a slender wall : a deep ditch 60 feet wide, and faced with stone ; a fausse braye, and a stone wall 13 feet high, with round towers, on and between the angles, form the defences to the land : nor are these all, for parallel to the south, east, and north sides of these outward works are others of the same kind, repeated within them, and these joining to the slender wall which runs to the west along the lake, form a second enclosure of fortification. Indian Fortification. The entrance into an Indian fortification is through a large and complicated pile of buildings, projecting in the form of a parallelo- gram from the main rampart; and if the city has two walls, it projects beyond them both: this building consists of several continued terraces, which are of the same height as the main rampart, and communicate with it: the inward walls of these terraces form the sides of an intricate passage, about twenty feet broad, which leads by various short turnings at right angles, through the whole pile, to the principal gate, that stands in the main rampart. We have extracted this passage from the history of the Carnatic, as affording a general outline of Indian fortification. In the same place may be seen, (page 320), the following description of a battery, which was built by the English in 1753, and contributed to the preservation of Tritchinopoly, when the French attempt- ed to storm that place. This battery was called Dalton's bat- tery, from an officer of that name, who, when intrusted with the command of without descending into the interjacent area, and then mounting the Wall of the terrace with scaling ladders : the battery, however, communicated with the ram- part of the outward wall of the city, but being, as that was, only eighteen feet high, it was commanded by the terraces behind it, as well as by the rampart of the inner wall, hot!) of which were thirty feet high ; upon one of the inward cava- liers, south of the gateway, were planted, two pieces of cannon, to plunge into the battery, and scour the interval between the two walls, as far as the terraces of the gateway ; and two other pieces, mounted on the north-west angle of the inward rampart, commanded, in like manner, both the battery and the inter- val to the north of the terraces. Indian Guides. According to the ingenious author of the history of the Carnatic, these men are not to be de- pended upon. In page 217 he relates, that on the 1st of April, 1752, at night, Captain Dalton was ordered with 400 men to march, and, by taking a large circuit, to come in at the eastern extre- mity of the enemy's camp, which he was to enter, beat up, and set fire to. The English troops, from their long in- activity, knew so little of the ground about Tritchinopoly, that they were .obliged to trust to Indian guides : and these being ordered to conduct them out of the reach of the enemy's ad- vanced posts, fell into the other extreme and led them several miles out of their way, and through such had roads, that when the morning star appeared, they* found themselves between Elimiscram and the French rock, two miles from Chamdasheb's camp, and in the center of all their posts. Indian Princes and their Troops. Their military character may be col- lected from the following curious ac- count, which is given of a circumstance that occurred in the Tanjore country, when the English obtained a signal vic- the garrison had converted that part of tory over the French and Mysoreans, in the gate-way which projected beyond 1753. The presence of the nabob being the outward wall, into a solid battery, thought necessary to facilitate a ne^ocia- with embrasures; leaving the part be-|tion that was then judged expedient to tween the two walls as it stood, with I undertake, he prepared to march witlt its windings and terraces: an interval the English army; but on the evening was likewise left between the backside he intended to quit the city, his discon- of the battery and the terrace nearest to it, which lay parallel to each other ; so that an enemy who had gained the battery, could not get to the terrace, tented troops assembled in the outer court of the palace, and clamouring, declared that they would not suffer him to move, before he had paid their ar- 3D a I N D ( 388 ) I N D rears; in vain were arguments used to Convince this rabble, (more insolent be- cause they had never rendered any effectual service,) that his going to Tan- jore was the only measure from which they could hope tor a chance of receiv- ing their pay : they remained inflexible, nnd threatened violence; upon which Captain Dalton, whom we have already mentioned, sent a messenger to the camp, from whence the grenadier com- pany immediately marched into the city, where they were joined by 100 of the garrison of Tritchinopoly, and all together forcing their way into the palace, they got the nabob into his palanquin, and escorted him to the camp, surrounded by 200 Europeans with fixed bayonets; the malcontents not daring to offer him any outrage as he was passing, nor on the other hand, was any injury offered to them: for notwithstanding such pro- ceedings in more civilized nations rarely happen, and are justly esteemed mutiny nnd treason; yet in Indostan they are common accidents, and arise from such causes as render il difficult to ascertain whether the Prince or his army be most in fault. The nabob had certainly no money to pay his troops; so far from it, that the English had for two years furnished all the expenses of their own troops in the field ; but it is a maxim with every prince in India, let his wealth be ever so great, to keep his army in long arrears, for fear they should desert. This apprehension is perhaps not un- justly entertained of hirelings collected from every part of a despotic empire, and insensible of notions of attachment to the prince or cause they serve ; but from hence the soldiery, accustomed to excuses when dictated by no necessity, give no credit to those which are made to them, when there is a real impossi- bility of satisfying their demands ; and a practice, common to most of the prin- ces of Indostan, concurs not a little to increase this mistrust in all who serve them; for, on the one hand, the vain notions in which they have been edu- cated, inspire them with such a love of outward shew, and the enervating cli- jnate in which they are born renders them so incapable of resisting the im- pulses of fancy: and on the other hand, the frequent reverses of fortune in tlus empire, dictate so strongly the necessity ■of hoarding resources against the hour of calamity, that nothing is. more common than to sec a nabob purchasing a jewel or ornament of great price, at the very time that he is in the greatest distress for money to answer the necessities of the government. Hence, instead of being shocked at the clamours of their soldiery, they are accustomed to live in expectation of them, and it is a maxim in their conduct to hear them with pa- tience, unless the crowd proceed to vio- lence; but in order to prevent this, they take care to attach to their interest some principal officers, with such a number of the best troops, as may serve, on emergency, to cheek the tumult, which is rarely headed by a man of dis- tinction. But when his affairs grow desperate by the success of a superior enemy, the prince atones severely for his evasions, by a total defection of his army, or by suffering such outrages as the Nabob Mahomed-Ally would in all probability have been ex - posed to, had he not been rescued in the manner we have described. Indian Arrow-root, a plant; a sove- reign remedy for curing the bite of wasps, and expelling the poison of the manchtneel tree. The Indians apply this root to extract the venom of their arrows. Indian Reed, a kind of mineral earth. Military INDICATIONS, (indices militaires, Fr.) Marshal Saxe very judi- ciously observes, that there are indica- tions in war which every officer should attend to, and from which deductions and conclusions may be drawn with some degree of certainty. A previous knowledge of your enemy's national character and customs will contribute not a little towards the attainment of this object. Every country, indeed, has customs and usages which arc peculiar to itself. Among various indications that we might adduce, let us suppose tfiose leading ones, by which the inten- tions of an enemy may be discovered by the garrison of a besieged town. If, for example, towards the close of day, groups or loose parties of armed men should be discovered upon the neigh- bouring heights which overlook and command the town, you may remain assured, that some considerable attack is in agitation. Small detachments from the different corps arc sent forward for this purpose, and the besieging army is thereby apprised of the business, as tire heights are occupied in the evening by I N D ( 389 ) I N F ll'.e parties in question, io order that they may be thoroughly acquainted with the leading avenues, &c. When much firing is heard from an enemy's camp, and another army Hes encamped near, the latter may conclude, that an engagement will take place the following day; for it must he evident, that the soldiers are cleaning and trying their muskets. Marshal Saxe further remarks, that a considerable movement in an enemy's army may he discovered by any large quantity of dust, which is a sure indica- tion of it. The reflection of the sun upon the h'relocks of an army will like- wise lead to some knowledge of its po- sition. If the rays are collected and perpendicular, it is a certain indication, that the enemy is advancing towards you ; if they disappear at times and cast a broken radiance, you may conclude, that he is retreating. If the troops move from right to left, their line of march is towards the left: if from left to right, the line of march is towards the right. Should considerable clouds of dust be seen to rise from an enemy's camp, and it be ascertained that he is in want of forage, it may be fairly inferred, that the train of wagoners and purvey- ors, &c. are moving, and that the whole will follow shortly. If the enemy, observes the same wri- ter, has his camp-ovens on the right or left, and you are covered by a small rivulet, you may make a flank disposi- tion, and by that manoeuvre, suddenly return and detach ten or twelve thou- sand men to demolish his ovens; and whilst you are protected by the main body of the army which is ordered to suppqrt the first detachment, you may seize upon all Ins Sour, &c. There are innumerable stratagems of this sort which may be practised in war, and by means of which, a victory may be ob- tained without much bloodshed on your part, and at all events with considerable disadvantage to the enemy. £flsMNDIES, HV.sMNDIES. The French make use of two terms to describe these parts of the globe. They say links orient ales, or g> uncles hides; East-Indies; and hides occidentals, or, petites hides; West-Indies. Indies (East). These are divided into India within the river Ganges, and India beyond the river Ganges. The various provinces and kingdoms of both the divisions of India are described under their respective names. India within the river Ganges. — This division consists of a country, which is situated between the latitudes of 6 and 34 degrees north, and between 53 and 91 degrees of east longitude. A great part of this space is covered with the sea. India within the Ganges is bounded on the north by Ushec Tar- tary, and part of Thibet; by the Indian ocean on the south; by Great Thibet, India beyond the Ganges, and the bay of Bengal on the east; and by Persia and the Indian ocean on the west. The chief mountains are those of Caucasus, Naugracut, and ITilagate, which run almost the whole length of India from north to south. India bei/ond the Ganges. This di- vision consists of a country, which is situated between the latitudes of one and 30 degrees north, and between the longitudes of 89 and 109 degrees east. Great part of these limits is covered by the sea. It is bounded on the north by Thibet and China, by China and the Chinesian sea on the east; by the same sea and the straights of Malacca on the south, and by the bay of Bengal and part of India on the west. For the different establishments that constitute the Indian army, properly so called, we refer our readers to the Ori- ental Register, which is published an- nually. Indies (West), a number of large and small islands in the Atlantic ocean, near the continent of America. They were so called when they were first dis- covered by Christopher Columbus ia 1492, under the supposition that they were a part of the East-Indies. INDOSTAN. According to Mr. Orme, this word ought properly to mean India. See Hist, of the Carnatic, b. i. p. 1. INFAMOUS Behaviour, (infamie, conduit e infame, Fr.) a term peculiarly applicable to military life when it is af- fected by dishonourable conduct. Hence the expression which is used in our Articles of War, relative to scandalous, infamous behaviour ; on conviction of which, an officer is ordered to be cash- iered. Infamy may be attached to an officer or soldier in a variety of wavs; and some countries are more teuacious INF ( 390 ) INF than others on this head. Among Eu- ropean nations it has always been deemed infamous and disgraceful to abandon the field of action, or to desert the colours, except in cases of the great- est emergency. INFANTRY, (infanterie, Fr.) sol- iliers serving on foot, and composing the main strength and body of an army. Infanterie aventuriirc, Fr. a spe- cies of French infantry, which succeed- ed to the legions that were established under Francis I. in imitation of the Roman legions. This infantry was kept up as late as during the reign of Henry IV. when the whole of the foot establishments was reduced into regi- ments. Heavy armed Infantry, among the ancients, were such as wore a complete suit of armour, and engaged with broad shields and long spears. They were the flower and strength of the Grecian armies, and had the highest rank of military honour. Light-armed Infantry, amongst the ancients, were designed for skirmishes, and for fighting at a distance. Their weapons were arrows, darts or slings. Light Infantry have only been in use since the year 1656. They have no camp-equipage to carry, and their arms and accoutrements are much lighter than those of the common infantry, or bat- talion men. Wherever there is light cavalry, there should be light infantry to act in conjunction. Foreign Infantry (infanterie etran- gcre, Fr.) Foreign troops were taken into pay, in France, at a very early period. In the reign of Philip, sur- naraed le Bel, or handsome, treaties and agreements were severally entered into, for this purpose, with John Bail- ed, king of Scotland, Eric, king of Norway, Albert duke of Austria, and many other German princes, and with Humbert, duke of Viennois. Philip of Valois likewise made use of foreign troops; and under Louis XI. the Swiss were taken into French pay; since that period, and until the revolu- tion, which was accomplished on the 10th of August, 1792, several regiments were maintained under the different de- nominations of Swiss, German, Italian, Catalnnian, Scotch, and Irish corps, or brigades. After the French revolution the same system was more or less adopted hy the British government. Independent of foreign subsidies, it was judged expedient to admit foreigners of rank within those native limits, from which every stranger had been hitherto jealously excluded. With respect to our foreign corps, they proved themselves, during the late war, worthy of the confidence placed in them. The Turkish Infantry, (infanterie Turque, Fr.) is generally composed of regiments that are chosen or select. — This body is first divided into two parts called Capiculy and Scrratculy. Th« militia, which is named Capiculy, it subdivided into Janizaries, ylgemolans, Topeys, Gehcgys, and Sakkas. The Age- molans constitute the military school, in which young men, destined for the corps of Janizaries, are educated ; the Topeys are Turkish cannoniers, the Gebegys are armourers, and the Sakkas are water-carriers. The Serratculy infantry is composed of Azapes, Izarelys, Seimenys, Lag' umgys and Musellims. Count de Mas- silly, in his Etat militaire de P Empire Ottoman, gives the following account of these corps. The Porte being convinced, that the body of Janizaries was not sufficiently strong to garrison all the frontier places belonging to the Turkish empire, esta- blished in the different provinces new corps of infantry, whose duty was simi- lar to that of the janizaries, in camp and garrison. These corps were maintained at the expense of each Beglierbat or principality. Some writers have incon- siderately confounded this corps with that of the janizaries, meraly distin- guishing it by the name of Capiculy. It differs, however, very materially from them, being superior in the formation of its divisions, more celebrated for the valour of its troops, and in every re- spect better disciplined. This corps is not upon the same foot- ing as the militia called Capiculy. It is, in general, under the direction of the Bachas of the different provinces, the command of which is given to those persons who are either the particular friends of the Bachas, or have the means of bribing handsomely for the appointments. This militia does not; receive any pay, unless it be actively employed, and its subsistence in that INF ( 391 ) INF case is drawn from the provinces, much in the same manner as the British militia is from the different counties, at the monthly meetings. With regard to its institution, the principal object of it is to support the janizaries, and to re- place them, when vacancies occur. The number of the Azapes is not par- ticularly fixed. They consist chiefly of independent companies, which are dis- tributed among the different depart- ments of the Turkish empire. They are distinguished among their own peo- ple by the different names of the week, and they are divided into as many odas or companies. > These odas or companies are indis- criminately subject to the orders of two general officers, viz. the Azape-Agasi, who is commander in chief of theAzapes, and the Azape-Kiatiby, their commis- sary general, who keeps a register of their names and countries. They obey subordinate officers called Derys, Oda-Bascys and Baitactars. There are ten Derys attached to each company, who may be properly consi- dered as corporals, entrusted with the discipline of the soldiers. The Baitac- tars are the standard-bearers. Each standard belonging to an oda or com- pany consists of a horse's tail, which hangs from the end of a lance that is capped with a gilt ball. The officers are moreover directed to superintend the messes belonging to the different companies. It is usual for each azape to be a native of the province in which he serves, and he is generally clothed after the fashion of the country. At Buda the azapes were ordered to be dressed in the Hungarian manner, which con- sisted in a cloth cap bordered with skin, a sabre, an arquebuse or fusil ; which similarity of dress and accoutrement has frequently confounded the azapes with Hungarian Christians. The izarelys are chiefly employed in the frontier towtis, and have charge of the artillery in the room of the topeys or cannoniers. They are under the direction and command of an artillery officer, who is sent from Constantinople and is called Topey-Agasi. Their number is uncertain, and they are not subdivided, as their employment depends wholly upon the quality and quantity of artillery that are used. One man is attached to small field pieces, and two to those of larger caliber ; so that instead of being distributed by companies, they are ordered upon duty according to the nature and number of the ordnance. They have no other officer, besides the one already mentioned, attached to them, which officer is subordinate to the Bacha of the province, as their ser- vice does not require subaltern officers. The Bolukys-Bascys are officers merelv employed to bring orders from the ge- neral officers, but they cannot interfere in the direction or management of the artillery. The Seimenys are the least respectable body belonging to this national militia, being composed wholly of peasants, that are called out and enrolled, like the supplementary militia of Great Britain, in cases of extreme necessity. They are only, in fact, considered as a mass of people serving to increase the number of better disciplined troops, without having any credit for military skill or valour. They consist of Turks, Greeks, and even of Roman Catholics who enrol themselves in order to be exempted from the annual tax. Their only chief, or commanding officer, is the bacha of the province. The Seimenys belonging to Natolia are all Mahomedans. They are called Jajas, or Men on foot, and although they do nst receive any pay except whem em- bodied, they are nevertheless divided into Baitucs or Standards, which are similar to the Odas, and they obey their Seimeny-Boluk-Bascy, who commands sixty men that are attached to his stand- ard, and to the Baitactar, who escorts the standard, which is generally red, and of a moderate size. The Seimenys usually do duty in camp and garrison. For although the Turks place little confidence in Chris- tians, yet there have been instances wherein their services have been re- quired on very important occasions. At the Siege of Vienna they employed Christian troops, and increased their infantry by those means very consider- ably ; they even formed a reserve from troops of that description ; and their conduct was such, that they acquired a marked reputation by the obstinate re- sistance which they made at Colem- bergh. These troops, however, are in general ill-armed, having only rough polished I N I" ( 300 ) I N F sabres, and very indifferent arquebuses with locks, or bar) fusils of diligent sizes, and consequently of little use in tbe bands of such men. The Lagumgys are "hat we call miners. This body is chiefly composed of Armenians and Christians out of Greece or Bosnia, who being in the habit of mining, are extremely service- able in that line, and act under the im- mediate direction of some old oilicers called lagumgys-bascys, or chiefs of the miners. Some particular privileges are annexed to these appointments. The I\]usclli»is are Christian tributa- ries, whose duty is to march before the advanced guard of the army, to clear the roads and to construct bridges for the passage of the troops. On this ac- count they are called pioneers. The bachas of the different Turkish towns pay great attention to these mu- tellims or pioneers. They not only ex- empt them from all taxes, but even give them lands and freeholds. By a parti- cular privilege which is attached to this work in tbe best manner they can ; and when a town is besieged by the Turks, the musellims are employed in the trenches, from which duty they derive considerable profit; so much so, that the janizaries are extremely jealous of them on these occasions. They are, in a word, the most formidable body of infantry which the Turks possess; for the ground work of every species of attack or defence, and the management of all warlike machines, rest upon their exertions. The INFERNAL. Strada gives a very curious and interesting account of this machine, in his History of the Belgic War. The Infernal was tried by the Eng- lish at Dunkirk and St. Maloes, and by the Dutch and English under King William. It is likewise mentioned by Grose in his History of the English army. The powers of this dreadful machine were tried in the month of December, 1S00, when a conspiracy was formed corps, only live out of thirty are obliged to destroy Bonaparte, then first Consul to do duty or a march, and they are' of France. It failed as to its immediate then joined to the carpenters, which renders the service less fatiguing. Their tbject, but proved by its collateral ell'ects, that the invention is as destruc- number is not fixed. It depends indeed, itive as the most sanguine butcher of the more or less, upon the population of j human race could wish. See Machines the different provinces, and on the ex tent of land which may be disposed of in their favour. They are commanded by a bas-musel- lim, or principal person belonging to the exempts, whose only duty is to superintend the regular discharge of their functions. Those, however, belonging to Natolia are subject to the Beg or Sangiah, who superintends the distribution of their subsistence, ike. in the same manner that be does that of the cavalry which is attached to his department. The only weapon they carry is a hatchet; but the neighbouring villages, or the public magazines belonging to the artillery, are obliged to supply them with pick-axes and other tools that may be wanted in their profession. They are strictly forbidden the use of a sabre or fusil. Whenever the Turkish army is on its march, the musellims are obliged to go torward everv preceding day, in order to prepare the way for its progress. During a siege they are frequently at- tached to the garrison guns, which they Infernales. 'To INFEST, ( infest er, Fr.) This word is more strictly applicable to places than to things. To Iniest a place, (in fester ua lieu, Fr.) signifies to frequent any parti- cular spot for the evident purpose of doing damage, creating uneasiness, or committing depredations. Thus free- booters or thieves are said to infest places. 1NFINIMENT PETITS, Fr. in- finitely small. Modern calculators call. J .... by this name, every thing which is so exiguous that it cannot be compared to any other quantity, or which is smaller than any other assignable quantity. The new calculation which has been adopted among geometricians respecting quan- tities that are infinitely small, is called the calculation of infinitesimals. Infinitely INFINITE fractions (in arithmetic) are those whose numerator being one, are together equal to unit ; whence it is deduced that there are progressions infinitely farther than one kind of infmitv. INFIRMARY. See Hosfjtai.. 1 N G ( 393 ) I N G INFLEXIBLE, (inflexible, inzbran-' appear defective, or stand in need of lable, Fr.) not to be prevailed on, im movable. Every chief of an army, that is solicitous to preserve good order and discipline, must not suffer the least de- viations from established rules and re- gulations. He must he inflexible in what is just, and resolute in what is right. INFLEXION point of uny curve, (geometry,) is that point or place where the curve begins to bend back again a contrary wav. INFLUENCE, ( influence,? r.) ascen- dant power; power of directing or modi- fying. Influence of example. In a mili- tary sense, the influence of example is of the greatest consequence. We have already spoken generally on the neces- sity of good example, (see Example); we think it proper further to observe, that the influence which every action of a commanding officer bears, is of so much importance to the service, as to render it incumbent upon every superior person to consider its effects upon the mind and conduct of an inferior. INFORMERS, (denonciateurs, Fr.) persons who inform in a court of judica- ture, before a magistrate, or command- ing officer, &c. against such as trans- gress the law, &c. Soldiers who give repair. Ingenieur en chef, Fr. chief engi- neer. It was the business of this officer to superintend the construction of all sorts of military works, having several subordinate engineers under him to as- sist, and put his plans into execution. In order to make some distinction be- tween the man of skill and genius, and the mere pretender to knowledge in this great branch of military acquirements, it was usual to call all engineers that were acknowledged by govei nment, ingtnieurs ordinuh es du Hoi, engineers in ordinary to the king. The usual pay of the French engineers was, from vingt icus, or two pounds ten shillings, up to one hundred tews, or four pounds ten shillings per month, accord- ing to each individual's length of service, peculiar talents, or appointment. Per- sons were received as engineers by the superintendant of the board of ordnance, after having passed a mathematical ex- amination ; and the situation was the more eagerly sought after, inasmuch as it led to the highest military post ; as that of marshal of France, to which the celebrated Vauban was promoted. In 1755, the French engineers were formed into one corps, under the name information of false musters, or of pay I of the royal corps of artillery and en- illegally detained, are entitled to their i gineers ; the principal officers of which discharge. See Mutiny Act, sections I communicated with the secretary of war, 27 and 69. and received through him the king's INGENIER, (ingenieur, Fr. ) an 'orders obsolete^word. See Engineer. INGENIEUR par rapport a I'archi- tecture civile, Fr. an engineer, who may be properly called an adept in civil ar- chitecture. A person of this description was always employed among the French. He was a skilful and intelligent man, perfectly master of mechanics; by which means he could invent machines for the purpose of increasing propellents, so as either to draw or to raise heavy loads with facility, or to elevate or direct the course of waters. Ingenieur en architecture militaire, Fr. an engineer who is perfectly master of military architecture. Ingenieur Directeur,Tr. a respon- sible person in the old French service, whose duty was to superintend and take charge of a certain number of fortified towns or places, and to transmit a regu- lar account of the actual state of the works, and to represent whatever might No country has ever paid so much at- tention to the art of engineering, as France has under all her vicissitudes ; and this has arisen, not so much from a natural predilection to that peculiar study, as from a conviction of its utility, in all warlike operations ; but most es- pecially in sieges. This class of mili- tary men was, however, extremely neg- lected, until the reign of Louis XIV. Few ever saw, or were present at, above five or six sieges : being either wounded at the beginning, or during the opera- tions of a siege. They seldom indeed, witnessed the termination of it ; and from the want of engineers, the invest- ment of a town or fortified place became tedious, and many lives were unneces* sarily lost. Louis XIV. by his personal appearance and attention, gave fresh life to his army, and instilled into every part of it a spirit of subordination, which had been hitherto unknown. H« 3E I N G ( 8* ) I N N was actuated by a thorough conviction, that in every species of offensive and defensive operation, the use of artillery, under the guidance of scientific men, was essentially requisite. In no instance, however, does the skill of an able engi- neer appear so much to advantage as in the attack of a fortified place. This the kins witnessed himself, and on that ac- count, he considerably increased the number of engineers. Persons of the first birth and distinction became candi- dates for situations in that honourable body. Whenever there was a deficiency, du^ ring a siege, of subordinate engineers, or inge.nieurs en second, it was usual among the French to select lieutenants, Or sub-lieutenants from the different in- fantry corps to superintend the works, and to see that the workmen did then- duty. They received an additional pay of ten ecus, or one pound five shillings per month, in consideration of this ex- tra service ; and their being selected in this manner was a sure step to the rank and emoluments of an engineer. It has been very justly observed by a French writer, that every infantry of- ficer should be acquainted with field fortification at least; for a thousand instances occur, in which the imme- diate assistance of an engineer is re- quired, and to which, in actual service, it is impossible for the regularly bred officer of that establishment to pay per- sonal attention. We allude, among other cases, to the temporary defence of out-posts, to the laying and springing of fougasses, &c. Before the revolution, the frontier towns and other fortified places belong- ing to France, were under the direction of 850 engineers, called ingenieurs du Roi, who were subordinate to one di- Tector-general. Ail instructions relative to the fortifi- cations passed through the latter officer to the king. All engineers were subject to the or- ders that the commissary general thought proper to issue, with respect to the at- tack or defence of places, the construc- tion of works, &c. and they were fur- ther directed to see, that all the neces- sary implements for a siege were duly provided. They gave in a weekly re- port to the director general of the pro- gress and state of the works, and had authority to draw upon the treasurer for whatever sums were wanted to pay the contractors. Every engineer was parti- cularly enjoined to see, that the contrac- tors furnished good materials. lNcfeMF.ru giogruphe, Fr. an indi- vidual attached to a general officer, for the purpose of drawing out plans, geo- graphical charts, &c. hcF.MF.iiR ordinaire du Roi, Fr. engineer in ordinary to the king. This term was used in the old French govern- ment, to distinguish such men as were employed by authority, from common civil architects. INGREZ, bid. The English are so called by the natives of Bengal : they are frequently called Wttllaget, which signifies the country. INHIBITION. See Embargo. INHUMAN, (inhumain, Fr.) insen- sible to the common dictates of huma- nity. We have already said, that the, chief of an army must be inflexible and immovable with respect to good order and discipline ; but on this very ground, neither he nor his followers can be in- human. INIMICAL, hostile. INJURE, Fr. a particular phrase used by the French to signify contume- lious, or offensive language In many instances, especially among military men, words have occasioned the most serious quarrels. On this account young offi- cers should be particularly circumspect in their behaviour to one another. IN LISTING, the act of engaging sol- diers to serve either in the cavalry, in- fantry, or artillery. For the regulations respecting the inlisting soldiers, see Rl( RUITING. INMATES (in law) are such as for money dwell jointly in the same housu with another man, but in different rooms, passing in and out at the same door, and being able to maintain them- ' INN-HOLDERS, or INN-KEEP- ERS, persons who have a licence to enable them to sell spirituous liquors, beer, &c. and who are obliged, by the conditions specified in that licence, to provide victuals and beer for military men, under certain restrictions. See 39th and 40th Geo. III. Cap. 27. Art. XLI. XLIL XLIII. INNISKILLING, a town of Ulster, in Ireland. Its inhabitants distinguished themselves in favour of King William, against King James's party. I N S ( 395 ) INS INNISKILLINERS. The officers and soldiers of the 27th are so called from the regiment having been originally raised at Inniskilling. This gallant regi- ment has uniformly distinguished itself, particularly at the battle of Maida. Its present colonel is the Earl of Moira. INONDER, Fr. See Inundate. INORDINATE proportion (in num- bers) is as follows ; suppose 3 magni- tudes in one rank, and 3 others propor- tionate to them in another, then com- pare them in a different order ; as these three numbers 2 3 9 being in one rank, and these three other 8 2-4 36 in ano- ther rank proportional to the precedent in a different order, so that 2 shall be to 3 as 24 to 36, and 3 to 9 as 8 to 24 ; then cast away the mean terms in each rank, conclude the first 2 in the hrst rank is to the last 9, as 8 the first of the other rank to the last 36. INQUEST, (enqucte, Fr.) judicial inquiry or examination. In law, the inquest of jurors, or by jury, which is the most usual trial of all cases, both civil and criminal, in our realm ; in civil causes, after proof made on either side, so much as each party think good, if the doubt be in the fact, it is referred to the direction of twelve indifferent men, (or, at least, who are sworn to be so) ; and as they bring in their verdict, so judgment passes: for the judge saith, the jury find the fact thus; then is the law thus, and so we judge. INQUIRY, interrogation ; search by question. Examination, search. See Inquest. Board of Inquiry, a term used, in contradistinction to court-martial, to signify the meeting of a certain number of officers, (who are not sworn,) for the purpose of ascertaining facts that may hereafter become matter of investigation on oath. Of this description was the Board of Inquiry, 1808, on the conven- tion of Cintra. INROAD, incursion, sudden and de- sultory invasion. INSCONSED, in the military art. When any part of an army has fortified itself with a sconce, or small work, in order to defend some pass, &c. it is said to be insconsed. INSCRIBED, (in geometry). A figure is said to be inscribed in another, when all the angles of the figure inscribed touch either the angles, sides, or planes of the other figure. , INSIDE guard, a guard with tha broad sword, to secure the face and front of the body, from a cut made at the inside of the position above the wrist. See Broadsword. INSIGNIA, ensigns nr arms. INSPECTEUR, Fr. inspector. Mi- litary inspectors were originally insti- tuted among the French, after the peace of Aix la Chapelle, in 1663. Two per- sons at that epoch occupied this im- portant situation ; one being called in- spector-general of cavalry, and the other inspector-general of infantry. Louis XIV. under whom France assumed over the rest of Europe a preponderance of military character, increased the number of inspectors, and ordered them to be distributed in the different departments for the purpose of reviewing the troops every month, and of transmitting to him a regular statement of their effective force, &c. INSPECTING field officer of a dis- trict, a responsible character, selected from the line, who is nominated by the war -office, to superintend and to vouch for the faithful distribution of monies which are issued to officers acting on detachment, or on recruiting parties, within the limits of his station. INSPECTION, a strict examination, a close survey. It likewise signifies su- perintendance. In a military sense it admits of both interpretations, and may be considered under two specific heads, each of which branches out into a va- riety of general, regimental, and troop or company duties. A general Inspection is made annu- ally by the reviewing generals of dis- tricts. Every regiment, on this occa- sion, is minutely looked into, and a faithful account must be delivered by each commanding officer of the actual state of his regiment, together with all the casualties that have occurred during the current year. The interior economy of the corps is not only investigated to the bottom, but the discipline of the men is likewise examined. For a more particular explanation of the latter, see Review. Regimental Inspection is made once a month by the commanding officer.— The clothing, the necessaries, arms, and accoutrements belonging to the different companies are examined by the lieute- nant colonel or major of the corps.— Specific returns are made by the officers 1 3E 2 I N S ( 396 ) I N S commanding troops or companies, by whom the debts or credits 01 the men, which have been made up and accounted for on the 24th day in each month in infantry regiments, and on the 24th day in each second month in cavalry corps, are exhibited for examination at head quarters. This forms the groundwork or basis of the general inspection, at which the troop or company book, should always be produced The royal artillery are inspected on the 1st day in each month. Private Inspection of companies is the first step towards the other two, and ought to be made every Monday morn- ing, by each officer commanding a troop or company, or by his subaltern. Inspection of necessaries is an exa- mination of the different articles which every soldier is directed to have in good repair. Private Inspection of arms. Twenty minutes or more before the general pa- rade, every troop or company should be drawn up on its troop or private parade, and each man be narrowly inspected by an officer. INSPECTOR-gencral of cavalry, a general officer, whose particular duty is to inspect all cavalry regiments, to re- port the state of the horses, and to re- ceive specific accounts from the different corps of their actual state; he commu- nicates with the commander in chief, and whenever a cavalry regiment is or- dered to be disbanded, it must be looked at by the inspector general, before it is finally broken. iNSPECTOP.-geTimz/ of the recruiting service, an officer of rank through whom the field officers of districts, and colo- nels of regiments (when they personally manage the recruiting service of their own corps) transmit their several returns to the adjutant general's office. All recruiting parties which are sent to the great manufacturing towns in England and Wales, as also to Scotland and Ireland, must be previously authorised so to do by the inspector general. This department is^novv managed by a board, the situation of inspector general having been abolished when General White- locke was entrusted with the command of an army to South America in 1806. Inspector of clothing. Two field officers have lately been appointed as permanent inspectors of clothing. These inspectors, or the inspectors for the time being, are directed to view and I compare with the sealed patterns, the clothing of the several regiments of ca- valry and infantry, as soon as the same shall have been prepared by the respec- tive clothiers ; and if the said clothing appear to be conformable to the sealed patterns, they are authorized to grant two certificates of their view and ap- proval thereof; one of which certificates is to be delivered to the clothier, to be sent with the clothing to the head quar- ters of the corps, and the other to be lodged with the general clothing board, as the necessary voucher for passing the assignment of the allowance for the said clothing. All clothing must be viewed, and cer- tificates be signed by both inspectors, except in cases where the absence ot one of them shall be unavoidable ; in all which cases, the cause of such absence is to be stated by the other in- spector, in his certificate of the view ot the clothing. Inspectors of clothing are to follow all instructions which may be transmitted to them from the commander in chief, the secretary at war, or the clothing board. Inspector of health, a civil officer of professional knowledge and abilities, who is appointed by the Medical Board to visit the hospitals, military places of confinement, and ships allotted for the sick in the service. He likewise exa- mines into the state of transports be- fore troops are embarked. Inspectors of ordnance. There are in the ordnance service, several inspec- tors, viz. inspector of artillery, whose duty it is to approve and examine all guns and other pieces of ordnance for the artillery as well as the navy ; he likewise superintends the proving of ord- nance, and, in the event of any inven- tions being suggested, they are referred to him. The inspector of the Royal carriage department at Woolwich has a deputy inspector under him, with assistants, and constructs all carriages for the ar- tillery service as well as for the navy. This department has undergone many changes. The inspector of small arms at the Tower has the general superintendance of the manufacturing of muskets, car- bines, pistols, &c. for the British army; he is assisted by a deputy and others ; and the department is a very extensive and important establishment. There is also an inspector of gun- I N S ( S97") I N S powder, who has the superintendance of the manufacturing of it at the king's mills. All these officers are selected from the officers of the royal artillery, who, from their abilities, are considered best capa- ble of undertaking the employments. Inspector of hospitals, the next on the staft'to the surgeon general. Inspector of Regimental Colours. In the custody of this officer are deposited books containing drawings of the colours and appointments of all the regiments in his Majesty's service, together with royal warrants for bearing additional badges thereon ; together with books containing a national military record of all the battles and actions of the British army from 1803 to the present time, with paintings of the colours and trophies taken, the names of the officers killed and wounded, of those who receive medals for their gallantry, and of all the non-commissioned officers and pri- vates who may specially distinguish them- selves. The present inspector is Sir George Nayler, York herald and genealogist of the Bath. The office is at the College of Anns, London. Inspector of Telegraphs, a person acting under the authority of the admi- ralty, sanctioned by an act of parliament, for the purpose of seeing that the several telegraphs about the island are kept in condition. His pay is tiOOl. per annum. To INSTALL, (invester, Fr.) to ad- vance to any rank or office, by placing in the seat or stall proper for that con- dition. INSTALLATION, the act of in- vesting any one with a military order. INSTINCT moutonnier, Fr. that sort of impulse in the human mind which leads it to follow a leader, as sheep, or geese, do each other. See Indian Files. INSTRUCTION des prods criminels, Fr. a military form, or process, in cri- minal matters. Those officers who may be disposed to enter more largely into the subject of French military process, as conducted before the Revolution, may be satisfied by perusing Le Code MUitaire, ou deux- ieme volume du Service de V Infantcrie, page 123 ; and we refer all British offi- cers in general to Mr. Tytler's publica- tion on English military law. Field Instruction, (Instruction de campagne, Fr.) a most nesessary course of practical knowledge through which the cadets at Woolwich, and the stu- dents of Marlow and Iligh-W ycomb are constantly put, in order to make them perfectly acquainted with the nature of ground, and the diversity of position. They are also taught temporary fortifi- cation by throwing up small redoubts, &c. Letter of Instruction, see letter. Military INSTRUMENTS (instru- mens militaires, Fr.) By the sound of military instruments, the troops belong- ing to the several armies in Europe, &c. are directed in their various movements. The instruments which are peculiar to the cavalry of most nations are the trumpet and the cymbal. In France dragoon regiments in general adopted the drum in common with the infantry. A certain number of fifers are likewise allowed in foot regiments. Hautbovs and clarinets do not form any part of the music which is sanctioned and paid for by the public. Colonels of corps, however, frequently entertain a band either at their own expense, by a con- tribution of the captains of troops or companies, or out of what is calied the stock-purse. The principal military instruments which were used among the ancients, whether for cavalry or infantry, consisted of the trumpet, the cornet, and the buc- cina or French horn. Warlike Instruments used by the Turks. The Turks make use of wind and clashing instruments of different shapes and siSes ; all, except one wind- instrument, are better calculated for pomp and ceremony, than adapted to military service. The clashing instruments, which the French call instrumens a choc, consist of two sorts of drums, and an instru- ment which is made of two plates of metal. Their wind-instruments consist of a winding or crooked trumpet, and of a wooden fife. The big-drum, which they call daul, stands three feet high. It is carried by a mounted drummer, who makes use of a thick stick, with which he strikes the upper part, and a small one, with which he plays upon the under one ; these he applies alternately, with much ingenuity of hand, and great gravity of counte- nance. This is the only instrument which the Turks use in military exercise INS ( 398 ) I N S or manrruvres. The big drums are con- stant l\ beat when die enemy is near, and round all the nut-posts, in order to keep the sentinels upon the alert. On thi h occasions the dranam exclaim with a loud voice: Jegdar Allah! that is, God is good ! or as the French in- terpret it — Dieu Hon. The two small drums, or the kettle drums, serve ;is marks of distinction for the bacha's faroilj, and likewise as sig- nals when the troops are to march. Thev contribute greatly to the g< ueral harmony of a concert. The Turkish name for thein is Sadar Niagara. Tin' bachas, or bashaws, with three tads are entitled to three kettle drums, which are fixed on each side of the saddle, and are beat in the same manner that those in other services are. There is likewise another sort of Turkish instrument called till, which consists of two hollow brass plates, on whose convex side is fixed a ring, suffi- ciently large to contain the grasp ol three fingers. By clashing them season- ably together, an agreeable silvery sound is extracted. The bashaws with three tails are each entitled to two sets of these instruments. There are two sorts of wind-instru- ments used among the Turks ; thev differ very much both with regard to the man- ner in which they are played, and to the materials with which thev are made. The first is the trumpet, which is made of the same metal that ours are, bui are somewhat longer; thev are called fori, The man who blows this trumpet is al- ways mounted on horseback, and every bashaw with three tails is intitled to have seven. The second instrument is made of wood; it is a sort of pips or llule with five holes; the Turks call it tamular. The person who plays this instrument i^ on horseback, and every bashaw with three tails is intitled to five. The sounds which issue from these dif- ferent instruments would be extremely harsh to the ear, were they not in some decree harmonized by the great drum ; when the whole is played together, the effect is botli martial and pleasant. Surgical Instiumkms directed to be providt (I for the we of regimental hospi- tals. An amputating 6aw, with spare blade, 1 metacarpal saw, with ditto, 24 carved needles, 2 amputating knives, 1 catlin, 2 tenaculums, 1 bullet forceps, J pair of bone nippers, 2 screw tourni- quets, 4 field tourniquets with handle, 2 calico compresses, 2 trephines, with sliding keys, 1 trephine forceps, 1 ele- vator, 1 lanticular, a brush, key instru- ments for teeth, to fit trephine handle, 8 scalpels, 2 silver catheters, 1 trocar with spring and introductory canula, 1 ditto ditto, and eat'.ula for hydrocele, 1 piohang, 1 long silver probe, 1 large bougie. Swgieal [jJSTBUMEMTS directed to be provided for the field. An amputating saw, 1 metacarpal saw, 12 curved nee- dles, 1 amputating knife, 1 catlin, 1 screw tourniquet, 1 silver catheter, 1 elastic ditto, 2 trephines to fit one han- dle, 1 trephine forceps, 1 elevator, 2 scalpels, 1 bullet forceps, 1 trocar with spring and introductory canula, 1 trocar with spring canula for hydrocele, a brush, a tenaculum, thread lor ligatures. To INSULT, ( insult er, r'r.) in a mi- litary signification, is to attack boldly and in open day, without going through the slow operations of opening trenches, working by mines and saps, or having any recourse to those usual forms of war, by advancing gradually towards the object in view. An enemy is said to insult a coast, when he suddenly ap- pears upon it, and debarks with an im- mediate purpose to attack. The British lories under the command of .Sir Ralph Abercrombie, insulted the Dutch coast when they took possession of the llelder, in consequence of a hold descent. In attacking fortified places it is usual to insult the counterscarp, in order to avoid the destruction which would naturally follow, if the besieged had time enough allowed them to give effect to the dif- ferent mines that must necessarily have been prepared beneath it. The grena- diers are always employed on these oc- casions, accompanied by workmen and artificers to secure the post, after it has been taken by assault. Mcthe hors d 7 [NSULTE, Fr. to take such measures and precautions, either in a fortified town or camp, as to be able to resist an enemy's attack. INSURANCE of Jim, a mode of providing for a sum which might be lost on the death of a person, or of securing to a person's heirs a sum to be paid at his decease. Thus if a debt be due from A. to B. which A. will be able to discharge at a certain time if he should live so long : B., by paying a certain sum, I N T < 309 ) I N T may have the amount of the debt secured to him in case A. dies within that time. Also a person wishing to provide a cer- tain sum for his family at his decease, may secure that sum by insuring his life ; that is, by paying during his life small annual sums to the assurers. This busi- ness is carried on by companies, as in- dividuals cannot easily be found to give the security which such a contract re- quires. INSURANCE Company for Lives, a Company which, on due testimonials of the health of a person, secure to him the sum he requires to be paid at his death to his assigns. INSURGENTS, (insurgent, Fr.) all vassals in Hungary when assembled to- gether in consequence of the general proclamation by Ban and Arriere Ban, are so called. This, however, does not- happen except in cases of great emer- gency, when ' they are headed by the Prince Palatine of Hungary, and march to the defence of their frontiers. The Hungarians have sometimes indeed gone beyond them, in order to support their sovereign's right, and have acted offen- sively in the neighbouring countries. This term is also generally applied to any body of men that rise in open re- bellion against an established authority. Thus the Americans, when they first op- posed the British troops, were insur- gents, as they had formerly acknow- ledged the power that sent them over. The Spanish patriots, in 1808, were marked as insurgents by the French em- peror Napoleon ; but the nation had not acknowledged his authority. INTEGER, a term used in arithme- tic, signifying a whole number, in con- tradistinction to a fraction- Integral, (integral, Fr.) belonging to integer. As an integral penny, or penny freed from fractions. Ca/cul Integral, Fr. a calculation in arithmetic, so called by Leibnitz, and answering to the Inverse method of fluxions invented by Newton. Of this description are multiplication and divi- sion which reciprocally destroy each other, and are mutually proved. INTEGRITY of an army, the un- broken state of the several portions of armed men, which constitute an army. Integrity of an empire, the as- semblage of all its parts, without the slightest encroachment upon them. INTELLIGENCE, in a military sense, may be variously applied, and of course has different significations. No general can be said to be in any degree qualified for the important situation which he holds, unless, like an able minister of state, he be constantly pre- pared with the requisite means to obtain the best intelligence respecting the move- ments and the designs of the enemy he is to oppose. On the other hand, it is not possible to conceive a greater crime than that of affording intelligence to an enemy, and thereby bringing about the overthrow and destruction of a whole army. A French military writer (to whose work we have the satisfaction of being frequently indebted for much gene- ral and useful knowledge) makes the following observations respecting the latter species of intelligence which he classes under two specific heads. He justly remarks that to hold cor- respondence, or to be in intelligence with an enemy, (etre a" intelligence avec I'ennemi) is not only to betray your king, but likewise your country. Annies and fortified places are almost always surprized and taken by means of a secret intelligence, which the enemy keeps up with domestic traitors, acting in con- junction with commissioned spies and delegated hirelings. A garrison town may be taken by surprize, under the influence of secret intelligence, in two different ways. — The one is when the assailant, to whom the place has been surrendered, is not bound to join his forces to those troops by whom he has been admitted; the other, when it is necessary that an as- sault should be made by openly storming, by throwing shells, and by petards, or by stratagem. The first species of intelligence may be held with a governor who has in- fluence enough to direct the will and ac- tions of the garrison ; with a garrison \\ hich is indisposed towards the governor and the officers that command the troops ; with the inhabitants who have under- taken to defend a place where no gar- rison is stationed ; and, lastly, with the prevailing faction where there are two parties that govern in a free town. The other species of intelligence may be practised with a governor who either wants power or is afraid to tamper with the fidelity of the garrison ; with some particular oflicer, Serjeants, or soldiers ; with the bodv of inhabitants who think I N T ( 400 ) I N T differently from the armed force that overawes them, or with active and shrewd individuals, who have access to the ruling party and can skilfully corn- bine affected loyalty with secret dis- ail't ction. There is not, however, in human nature perhaps a more insidious, or a more dangerous ground to tread on than that of secret intelligence; nor are the faculties of the mind ever so much put to the test, as when it is neccssarv to listen to the report of an individual, who, whilst he is betraying one side, may he equally disposed to dupe the other. A wise general will consequently hear everything and say nothing; and a wise man, let his secret wishes be what they may, will warily consider, whether the person who insinuates to him even the possibility of a plot, does not at that instant endeavour to get into his confidence, for the sole purpose of acting contrary to his supposed views, and of betraying the man who has un- folded other schemes. It is certainly justifiable policy, either in the governor of a town, or in a general, to alfect to give into the views of any man or party of men whom he has cause to suspect, and whose ultimate object he is deter- mined to defeat. But he should be equally cautious, how he listens to the communications of spies, or informers. The veil of honesty is often assumed to cover a deep-laid scheme of villainy ; and apparent candour is the surest path to unguarded confidence, When villains voluntarily unfold themselves in such a manner as to convince an able and penetrating oificerj that their treachery can be depended upon, much blood may be spared by making a proper use of their intelligence. This axiom has pre- vailed in every civilized country, and should be well attended to by thinking men. For when a battle has been gained, it avails little to ask, whether be exposed to all the melancholy casual - ties of retaliation. False I m t.i. uc, ENCE. There is another kind of intelligence which may secure the greatest advantages to a general; it is that false intelligence which he finds means to convey, through subtle agents, to his antagonist, principally through such channels as are not likely to be suspected. The campaign in Spain in 1808 h:is afforded many melancholy proofs that our army was, in general, as scantily supplied with timely and authentic information as it was pro- fusely accommodated with false intelli- gence, can fully fabricated at the French head quarters, made plausible by details which gave them every appearance of truth, and propagated under the cloak of open-heartedness, or even of loqua- city, among the very persons best known to be most averse to the Emperor, and most likely to possess the will and the means of conveying it expeditiously to our camp : — For the purpose of obtain- ing themselves the first kind of intelli- gence, and of propagating the second, the i-YeDch have formed a corps of Guides composed of intelligent and shrewd offic< rs, well acquainted with every lan- guage in Europe ; who by good training and constant practice have acquired a wonderful skill for gulling their less crafty neighbours, that content them- selves with the old method of bribing ruffians, or of sending, on particular occasions, an officer of the general staff, seldom qualified for that sort of service. Eight days after Madrid had surren- dered, no authentic intelligence of the event had been received at Salamanca ; and when our retreat began on the 25th of December, it was believed, upon seem- ingly goid authority, that a French corps had since the eleventh began its march from Madrid towards Portugal, and that another corps was rapidly proceeding towards Oviedo in Asturia to cut us off the enemy owed lus success to force or from the sea. All of which proved false. treachery? No treachery, however, is admissable, or should be sanctioned by belligerent powers, which militates against those laws of nations that are founded upon the wise basis of humanity. Private assassinations, the use of poison, or the disregard of paroles of honour, must be generally reprobated; and what- ever general obtains his ends by any of these dark means, his name should be stamped with infamy, and he himself So much for our want of good intelli- gence, and the probable use which the enemy made of the false information that was conveyed to us. Intelligence communicated by Bal- loons. A very ingenious method has been proposed to Government whereby every species of information might be given by means of small balloons. These balloons are so constructed, that, in the course of a few minutes* I N T ( 401 ) INT various slips of paper, containing true or false intelligence, can be distributed over any extent of country. Information can also be given to persons immured in fortified towns, or islands, in the most expeditious manner. The experiment was made at Woolwich in 180(J, and approved by the committee of field officers. INTENDANT d'armee, Fr. under the old government of France, the in- tendants d'armee, or superintendents of the army, were principal inspectors of all sorts of stores, &c. that were ne- cessary for the troops. The French INTERMEDIATE, (intermedium, Fr.) any tiling that is, or lies between. See Intermediate Posts. INTERSECTION, the point where two lines cross each other. INTERVAL, (intervalle, Fr.) any space between ; a word variously ap- plied in military dispositions and ma- noeuvres, to denote any given distance or space. Interval between two battalions, the space which separates them when they are drawn up for action, or when they are encamped. This space is generally wide enough to admit the march ot general officers and governors of forti- another battalion, that is to say, it is fied towns, held continual intercourse with the intendants or supervisors, who directed every banch of the commis- sariat. When the intendant d'armee was not likewise intendant de province, he was directed to accompany the troops, to visit their line of encampment or can- tonment, and to require of all the sub- ordinate intendants, the regular propor- tion of stores and provisions, and to see that they were supplied according to contract and with punctuality. INTEREST, (intcrit, Fr.) power, credit, of promoting oneself, or others ; money paid for use. To make Interest, to endeavour to obtain any thing through the power or credit of others. The French say briguer; hence, cette place est fort briguec, there is great interest made for that place. To Interfere, to intermeddle ; to clash. To Interfere (sentre-tailler, Fr.) In farriery a horse is said to interfere wihen the side of one of his shoes strikes against one of his fetlocks, or one leg hits another, and strikes oft" the skin. INTERIOR, (intirkur, Fr.) inward ; internal. Interior flanking angle is formed by the curtain and line of defence. Interior radius, the part of an oblique radius extending from the cen- ter of the polygon to the center of the bastion. Interior side, the line of the curtain produced to the two oblique radii of the front; or a line drawn from the center of one bastion to that of the next. Lxtebiok slope. See Talus. equal to the extent of its front when in line. When troops are encamped for the pun^ose of investing a town or forti- fied place, the interval is much greater, and seldom or ever less. Interval between the line and the camp. This comprehends the space which lies between the camp and the line of entrenchments. It is generally from one hundred and eighty to two hundred toises in breadth : so that the different battalions and squadrons which are necessary for the security of the camp may have room to move in, while sufficient ground is left in the rear for troops to pass and repass as occasion may require. The same observation- holds good with respect to contraval- lation. INTERVALLE du camp a la ligne, Fr. See Interval between tlie line and the camp. INTERVERTISSER, Fr. to over- turn ; to cancel ; to render void. Intervertisser Vordre da jour, Fr. to cancel the order of the day. INTESTINE, (intestin, Fr.) in- ward, within, belonging to the inward parts. Intestine war, (guerre intestine, Fr.) a civil war, as it were, within the bowels of a state or kingdom. To INTRENCH, to secure against the attack of an enemy, by digging a ditch or trench, Sec. To Intrench upon, to invade, to make incroachments upon the property or territories of another. INTRENCHMENT, any work that fortifies a post against the attack of an enemy. The word is generally used to denote a ditch or trench with a pa- rapet. Iatrenchments are sometimes 3F I N T ( 402 ) INT made of fascines, with eartli thrown over them, of gabions, hogsheads or bags filled with' earth* to cover the nun from the enemy's fire. See Kktrknciiment. INTREPIDITY, (inlrepiditc,YY.) ;\\\ unqualified contempt of death, and in- - difference to fortune, as far as it regards personal safety; a fearlessness of heart, and a daring enterprize of mind. Ac- cording to Elochefoucault, intrepidity, especially with regard to military daring, implies firmness of character, great cora- Ji/lenit of mi nil, and extraordinary St 1 m^/A of soul. Buoyed up and supported by these qualities, (which are som< times natural and sometimes acquired,) men become superior to every emotion of alarm and are insensible to those per- turbations of the heart which the prospect of imminent danger almost always en- genders. Chevalier Folard defines it to be a settled contempt of death, a species of courage which so intoxicates the mind, as to make it leap ov< r the sober bounds of judgment and discretion: an enthusiastic impulse, which urges us forward, and renders danger impercep- tible ; or, if discovered, raises our sensa- tions beyond the least impression of it ar. This definition appears extremely just. Were we disposed to enter into in- stances of illustration, it would not be difhcult to find them among our own countrymen, especially among the illus- trious characters that have raised the British Navy to the highest pinnacle of human glory The mention of the battle of the Nile will, however, be sufficient for our purpose- The late Lord Nelson, whether on his own element, or destined to act on shore, seemed to possess this quality to the full extent of its de- finition. A general may be said to act with intrepidity, when, with forces inferior to those of his enemy, and under ail the disadvantages of ground, &.c. he hazards a general action, attacks his whole front, and finally defeats him. This hardiness and enterprize of character not only surprize an enemy, but likewise create emotions of wonder. If, on the con- trary, a general at the head of a small army should be known to act against another that is superior to him in every point, except talent and military skill, and if by means of these qualities, the former should, by able manoeuvres ■«and well concerted measures, render all the designs and attempts of the latter fruitless and abortive, (at a time and under circumstances, which might dis- hearten almost any other general,) it is then fair to conclude, that the conduct of such a general is the consequence of great military knowledge ; but it cannot, with propriety, be said to be the result oi intrepidity ; for it must be evident, that before any very dangerous step has- been takes, most of the obstacles have been previously removed, or rendered practicable. An officer who is not under the in- fluence of that species of intrepidity which we have described, when be has once got upon equal ground, or finds it iiee ( ssary to risk an action, w ill, without hesitation, advance against his enemy, depending wholly upon military skill and the superior disposition of his line of battle. Full of resources, and with great presence of mind, he will march forward and obtain a victory, not by dint of courage, or by the mere favour of fortune, but through judgment, military ingenuity, and great tactical knowledge. And yet it would be an injustice done to the character of such an officer, were it imagined, that he could act in this manner without possessing great intre- pidity. We are rather of opinion, that such a man must have the most un- daunted courage, with the additional advantage of consummate prudence, founded upon military knowledge. The intrepidity of his soul is calmed by the cooler judgment of his head; he is aware of difficulties, but is not dis- heartened by their appearance ; he is, on the contrary, encouraged to surmount them by that self-possession, and by that unshaken presence of mind, which enable him to execute what might seem im- practicable to others. Mere intrepidity is of a lively, impe- tuous nature, restless and impatient of restraint, which, though it may not de- generate into downright animal bruta- lity, is nevertheless very far from being strictly rational, or enlightened. If the person who acts under its immediate in- fluence be quick in his perceptions, his conduct is generally marked by some imprudent measure, some enterprize that bids defiance to reflection, and by some attempt that is as hastily executed as it has been inconsiderately planned. An intrepidity of this species is seldom I N V ( 40S ) I N V found in the first class of military cha- racters; sometimes indeed, but rarely, it has been accompanied by great pru- dence and foresight. In this number may be considered some ancient and modern heroes, such as Alexander the Great, Charies, King of Sweden, Henry IV. of France, and though last, not least, the brave and short-lived hero of Quebec — immortal Wolfe ! If instances be found in their histories where prudence and discretion have been overleaped by an intrepidity of soul that was too actively disposed on certain occasions, the effect was tempo- rary, and easy to be traced to a cause which was too powerfully engrafted upon their nature, to be always subject to controul. INTRIGUANT, Fr. a person who puts himself forward ; an intriguer in politics,&c. a confined politician. Hence the French say, ce n'est quun intriguant, he is a mere schemer. INTRIGUER, Fr. to embroil; to plot; to puzzle; as, intriguer son ennemi, to puzzle one's enemy. ^'INTRIGUER, Fr. to bustle about; to put one's self forward, &c. To INVADE, (envahir, Fr.) to make a forcible, or clandestine, entry into any thing belonging to another. In a military sense, to pass the regular line of frontier of any country, in order to take possession of the interior. INVADER, (envuhisseur, Fr.) the person who invades; the chief of any body of armed men that enter a foreign country. INVALID, (involute, Fr.) properly includes every soldier that has been wounded, or has suffered materially in his health, and, in consequence of his good conduct, has been recommended to a certain provision for life. Chelsea Hospital is the place allotted for the re- ception of such objects of public grati- tude and benevolence in this country. Before the building of the Hotel des In- valides at Paris, all soldiers of the above description, who belonged to the French army, were distributed among the fron- tier towns, and enjoyed a certain allow- ance for life. In England, those invalid soldiers who are reported not wholly incapable of bearing arms, are occasionally sent into garrison places, and do duty with the regular army. The motto over the Invalid House at Berlin, is remarkable for its fine sentiment; viz. Militi laso sed inviclo. Invalid- Battalion. See Veteran. INVASION, (invasion, Fr.) in war, the entrance or attack of an enemy on the dominions of another. INVENTORY of deceased officers' ef- fects, Sfc. In the British army when any commissioned officer happens to die, or is killed on service, it is directed by the Articles of War, that the major of the regiment, or the officer doing the major's duty in his absence, shall immediately secure all his effects or equipage then in camp or quarters ; and shall, before the next regimental court-martial, make an inventory thereof, and forthwith transmit the same to the office of the secretary at war, to the end that the executors of such officer may, after payment of his regimental debts and quarters, and the expenses attending his interment, receive the overplus, if any be, to his or their use. When any non-commissioned officer or private soldier happens to die, or is killed on service, the then commanding officer of the troop or company shall, in the presence of two other commis- sioned officers, take an account of what- ever effects he dies possessed of, above his regimental clothing, arms and accou- trements, and transmit the same to the office of the secretary at war. These effects are to be accounted for and paid to the representative of such deceased non-commissioned officer or soldier; and in case any of the officers, so authorized to take care of the effects of deceased officers and soldiers, should, before they have accounted to their representatives for the same, have occasion to leave the regiment by preferment, or otherwise, they are ordered, before they be per-* mitted to quit the same, to deposit in the hands of the commanding officer, or of the agent of the regiment, all the effects of such deceased non-commis- sioned officers and soldiers, in order that the same may be secured for, and paid to, their respective representatives. See Articles of War, Section XIX. To INVEST a place, ( invest ir une place, Fr.) A fortified town or place is said to be invested, when all the avenues leading to it have been seized upon by hostile troops, which are distributed and posted on the principal commands, to 2F2 I N U ( 404 ) J I prevent any succour from being received by the garrison, and to keep the ground until the rest of the army, with the artil- ]t rv, can arrive to form a regular siege. To invest a place is, in fact, to take pre- paratory measures for a blockade, or a close siege. For further particulars on this article, see Traite de I'Attaque ties Places, par Is Marie lud Vmiban, rivu, fyc. pur P. Foissae, chef dc brigade au Corps da Genie de la Rcpublique Francaise, vol. i. page 69 To Invest with authority, to empower. INVESTISSEMENT, (a French word, which is strictly military. The celebrated Vauban has erroneously used investiture, to signify the same thing ;) the act of investing any town or place in such a manner as to prevent the gar- rison or inhabitants from receiving suc- cours or provisions. INVESTITURE, Fr. See Investis- SEMENT, Fr. INVINCIBLE, not to be overcome, or conquered. Les INVINCIBLES, a French re- giment which accompanied Bonaparte when he invaded Egypt, and which had distinguished itself in several battles, during that general's campaigns in Italy. It was completely routed (leaving its famous standard in the field) on the 21st of March, 1801, and at last sur- rendered, with the rest of the army, to General, now Lord Hutchinson, who had succeeded Sir Ralph Abercrombie in the command of the British troops. To INUNDATE, in a military sense, is to overflow any part of a country, in order to prevent an enemy from advan- cing. Holland is particularly calculated for this species of defence. INUNDATION, the act of letting water into a country, so that it shall be overflowed, to prevent the approach of an enemy. In the Instruction addressee aur Or- ders d'infantcrie pour tracer et con- struire toutes sortes d'ouvrages de cam- pagne, SfC. par A. P. I. Belair, chef de brigade, may be found some very sen- sible observations on the means of making inundations to answer military purposes, see page 119, &c. chapitre huitieme, Mot/ens de faire des lnondations. We likewise refer our military readers to the Element de Fortification, published by the same author, pages 75, 82, 83, and 84. In page 294 of his Dicticmnaire Mi/tioirc, some excellent observations upon the same subject may be seen under the article Architecture hydraulique. INVULNEKABLES. During the American war, certain corps of loyalists were so called by the British. INVULNERABLES aux urmces. See MoNT-PAGNOTE. JOAR, hid. a general massacre of the v. omen and children, which is some- times performed by the Hindoos, when they find they cannot prevent the enemy from taking the town. When this dreadful and unnatural ceremony is to take place, a spot is selected, which is filled with wood, straw, oil, &c. the vic- tims are enclosed and the whole is set on fire. JOB, (corvee ; petite affaire, Fr. ) In a general acceptation of the term, any thing done within a limited period, for a given price. Something effected for the benefit of an individual at the expense of the public ; a matter of traffic. Riilitary Job, Civil and Ecclesiastical Jobb, <$-c. For a clear definition of these terms to their full extent and meaning, see the Debates in Parliament, Anno Domini 1808, anno quoque 1809. JOBBER, (agiotcur, faisear de place*, Fr.) a person who deals in commissions and places, or jobs in the funds, &c. JOBENT nails, a small sort of nails, commonly used to nail thin plates of iron to wood. To JOIN, a technical word used in the British service, generally signifying to effect the junction of one military body with another. In a more limited sense, it means the accession of an in- dividual voluntarily, or otherwise, to a corps or army. If an officer, on being ordered to join, omits to do so wilfully, he is liable to be tried by a general court-martial, or to be peremptorily sus- pended or dismissed by his Majesty, for being absent without leave. JOINT bolts. See Bolts. Joint, (joint, Fr.) with architects, the separation between die stones, which is filled with mortar, plaster, or cement. Joint, (in carpentry,) the several man- ners of assembling or fitting pieces of wood together. JOINTIVES, (lattesjointives, Fr.) a term used in masonry, signifying laths, which are joined together, or placed so J o u ( 405 ) IRE close, that the plaster may be conve- niently spread over. JOINTOYER, Fr. to finish a build- ing, by filling up all the chasms and crevices, between bricks or stones, with mortar or cement of a corresponding colour. JOTST, the secondary beam of a floor. To Joist, to fit in the smaller beams of a flooring. JOLS, Fr. Barges so called, are used in Denmark, and sometimes by the Russians. JONCTION de corps militaires, Fr. the junction or assemblage of several military corps, so as to form one bodj, and thereby constitute an army. JOODAY PERRAPUT, Lid. A term used in India to signify a slave taken in war. JOOMAN, Ind. Friday so called in India. JOUE! a word of command in the French service, answering to present ! Coucher en Joue, Fr. To aim with a musket, or other fire-arm, which is used as such — as, je I 'avals deja couch e en joue, I had already taken my aim at him. JOUER, Fr. In a military sense, to put into motion or state of action. — Hence faire jouer la mine — To spring a mine. The French also say familiarly, jouer des couteau:c — To fight sword in hand. It literally signifies to fighc with knives. JOUES d'une embrasure, Fr. the two sides of the epaulement in fortification, which form the opening of the embrasure from its utmost point of elevation to the gcnouiliere. JOVES, Fr. The two sides in the epaulement of a battery which form the embrazure, are so called. JOUR, Fr. the tour of duty which is done in the course of a day and night. Etre de Jour, Fr. to be officer of the day, or to command a body of troops at a siege, or otherwise, in the capacity of a general officer, &c. The usual time was 24 hours, at the expiration of which another officer undertook the duty, and was relieved by one of his own rank.— See Officer of the day. Ordre du Jouk, Fr. Orders. See General Orders. Jour de revue, Fr. field day. De Jour en Jour, Fr. day after day. JOURNAL Militaire, Fr. a public record or general orderly book, which was formerly kept in the French service, and in which every transaction that oc- curred during a siege was entered by the governor of the town, for the future inspection of a superior authority. Th« general officer who carried on the siegq of a place likewise kept a document of the sort, and minuted down every thing that happened under his command. So that the journal, which was kept in this manner, was a circumstantial detail of what occurred, day after day, during the attack and defence of a town. Journal, Fr. a sea term answering to our log book. Journal de I'armee, Fr. See Re- turns. JOURNALIZED, done according to daily practice, &c. Hence, journalized report, or an account of what has been tried, or effected, day after day. JOURNEE, a term used among the French, to express any particular engagement or battle, as la journie de Marengo, the battle of Marengo. We frequently adopt the word Day in the same sense : thus a hard fought Day sig- nifies a hard fought battle. JOUTE, Fr. a close fight between two individuals. It likewise means an engagement at sea. JOUTER, faire des joutes, Fr. to run atilt at one another with lances. JOUST. See Just. JOYEUSE, Fr. The sword of Char, lemagne was so called by the French : in which sense joyeuse probably meant lucky, fortunate. IRAN, Ind. Persia. IRELAND, (Irlande, Fr.) one of the British isles, situated between 51 and 56 degrees of N. latitude, and between 5 and 11 degrees of W. longitude IRENARCH, (irenarquc, Fr. ) an officer so called in the old Grecian em- pire, irenarcha, prefect us pads. His principal duty was to preserve public tranquillity, and his functions were nearly similar to those of the French prevott de inarechausses, or police magistrates. We read in the Justinian code of laws, that the irenarchs were sent into the different provinces, for the purpose of preserving peace and good order. They were therefore invested with authority to take cognizance of all crimes and misde- meanours, and to punish the delinquents. There was likewise aniVewa/'cAestablished in every town, to settle the disputes and differences which might arise between I S L ( 406 ) I s s the inhabitants, and to secure public tranquillity. This person was anciently railed pnefecttu nrlus. The office of irenarch was abolished under the Empe- rors Theoelosiua and Honorius, it having latterly been found more productive of evil than good. The word itself is de- rived from the Greek, and signifies Prince of Peace. IRISH, (Irlandois, Fr.) a people well known for their sufferings] and generally distinguished for their bravery, even in defence of the Bister kingdom to which they are subordinate, from having been conquered. Irish brigade, (In brigade Irlandaise, Fr.) a body of men who followed the fortunes of James II. and were formed into regiments under the monarchy of France, in whose service they uniformly distinguished themselves, particularly at the battle of Fontenoy, when the Bri- tish, having originally gained the day, were finally defeated by their intre- pidity. IRON Gun* See Giro* Iron hat, (chapelle de fer, Fr.) alight helmet which was formerly worn, with- out visor or gorget, like those since called bassinets, — probably a sort of iron cap attached to, and worn over a hood of mail. This iron hat is also called in French annrf, and was occasionally put on by knights, when they retired from the heat or melee of the battle, to rest themselves and take breath. The iron hat is mentioned by Froissart and Father Daniel. IRONS. See Priming Ikons. Irons, (J'ers, Fr.) fetters or instruments made of iron, with which a prisoner is shackled. To be put in Irons, (itre misaux fers, Fr.) to be handcuffed and confined in fetters. IRREGULAR Fortification. See Fortification. ISLANDER, (msulaires, Fr.) an in- habitant of an island. The French usu- ally called the British Fieri insulaires, haughty islanders ; from having been so repeatedly beaten by them, especially at sea. The Count d'Artok (now Mon- sieur) first made use of the expression during the siege ot' Gibraltar. I R KIT A RLE, soon excited to anger. [SLAUD, Jnd. a term to express slow music among the Indians. I M. I'. OF WIGHT. This place, as subject to the militia laws, differ- from the other counties in England in one material instance, viz. that the governor has the power of appointing the officers and deputy lieutenants, without trans- mitting their names to the secretary of State for hie Majesty's pleasure. Their qualifications, &c. are the same as those in Wales. The militia, however, when embodied, or assembled for annual ex- . is to be ill emed a part of the militia of the county of Southampton, and is to be raist il in the same manner* It is to continue in the island, unless it be otherwise ordered bj his Majesty. ISOCELE, (isocele, Fr.) in geometry, is a triangle that has two legs equal. 1SOLE, Fr. This word is used among the French, to express any body or thing which is detached from another. It is variously applied in fortification. Thus a pavilion or barrack which is not joined to any other wall or building is called isole, because it stands alone, and a person may walk entirely round it. A parapet is also said to be isolb, when there is an interval of four or five feet between the rampart and its wall ; which interval serves as a path for the rounds. We have adopted the word, and say isolated. ISOPERIMETRICAL .figures, — (figures isaperimctriques, Fr. ) a term den\ed from the Greek to express ail figures that have equal circumferences, or perimeters. [SSUE, event; consequence; the ul- timate result of any undertaking ; the termination of any contest. General Issue. In matters of litiga- tion with respect, to the militia, it is enacted by the 36th of the King, that 1 if any action shall be brought against I any person or persons, for any thing done in pursuance of that act, such ac- tion or suit shall be commenced within six months next after the fact com- mitted, and not afterwards, and shall be Laid in the county or place where the cause or complaint did arise, and not elsewhere ; and the defendant, or de- fendants, in every such action or suit, may plead the general issue, and give this act and the special matter in evi- dence at any trial to bo had thereupon : and if the jury shall find for the defen- dant, or defendants, in any such action or suit, or if the plaintiff or plaintiffs shall be non-suited, or discontinue his or their action or suit after the defen- dant or defendants shaAl have appeared ; I T I ( 407 ) JUM 'or if upon demurrer judgment shall be given against the plaintiff or plaintiffs, the defendant or defendants shall have treble costs, and have the like remedy for the same, as any defendant hath in other cases to recover costs by law. ISSUES, in army accompts, certain sums of money which are imprested into the hands of agents, &c. for the payment of the army. Owr-IssuES, more than the expendi- ture. [/Wit-Issues, less than the expendi- ture. Issues, in military finance, certain sums of money which are, at stated pe- riods, given to public accountants for public service ; and for the honest dis- tribution of which, every individual, so entrusted, is responsible to parliament. Regimental Issues, monies paid by regimental agents, acting under the au- thority of their respective colonels, for regimental purposes : the latter being accountable to the public for the proper distribution of all such monies, and the former being subject to specific rules and regulations which come from the secre- tary at war. ISSUES, Fr. outlets or passages from n fortified town, place, or camp. ISTHMUS, (isthme, Fr.) a neck of land which joins the peninsula to the Continent, and which separates two seas. ITCH, a cutaneous disease, extremely contagious, which overspreads the body with small pustules tilled with thin serum, and raised by a small animal. It is cured by sulphur. When troops are marched into different quarters, particularly about Scotland, the great- est attention should be paid to cleanli- ness ; as it is well known, that whole regiments have become infected by sleeping in places where itchy subjects have lain. This disorder is, however, easily cured. . ITINERARY, in a general sense, is the description which a traveller gives of the course of his journey. In military matters, it is an account of such obser- vations as relate to the movements, &c. of an army in the field . ITINERAIRES, Fr. itinerary move- ments or days of march ; a technical phrase among the French to denote the order and disposition which a body of men, or an army, is directed to observe in its march from one camp to another, or to any particular quarter of destina- tion. ITMAMDAR, Ind. a superintendant or lieutenant-governor in India. JUDGES are authorized to take ju- dicial notice of the Articles of War. Mutiny Act, Sect. 18. JUDGE-MARTIAL, or Advocate- General, the supreme judge in martial laws as to the jurisdiction and powers of military courts. It is incumbent upon this person, as well as upon his depu- ties, to be well acquainted with the laws of the land, that they may admonish the court or president when their pro- ceedings are tending to infringe the civil law. He is register of courts-martial and should take down the evidence in the very words of the witness. He is neither a judge nor a juror as to the charge. JuDGE-Advocate. See Judge-Mar- tial. Deputy-JvDGE-Advocate, a person acting under the judge-advocate with a fixed salary. There are also subordinate deputies. JUGE, Fr. a judge or provost marshal. This term was particularly applicable to the interior government of the Swiss guards that were in the service of France. Each regiment of that de- scriptionhad one judge or provost marshal per company, and one superior to the rest, who presided over the regiment. The inferior judge was called richter, and the grand or superior judge obster richter. The inferior judges had the examination of petty crimes and offences which they reported to the captain of the company. If the crimes were of a serious or heinous nature, the inferior judges drew up a specific statement of them, and laid the whole before the obster richter, who com- municated the circumstance to the colo- nel. Grounds for a general court-martial were generally established out of the latter report. JUGEMENS Militaires, Fr. the cog- nizance which is taken, and the senten- ces that are passed, for military offences. JUGES Militaires, Fr. See Juge. JUGG, bid. an Indian sacrifice. JUGGUT GROW, Ind. an Indian term which signifies guui'dian of man- kind. JUMBAUN, Ind. in Indian music, means shake. JUS ( 408 ) JUS jrMBOO DEEP, Lid. a word par- ticular! v" used to signify India; it is de- rived mom jumboo or jnmbook, a jackal, and deep, any Largs portion at land which is surrounded by the sea. The inhabitants of India were so called be- fore the introduction of the Tartar go- vernments. JUMMA KERCH, Ind. an account, stating; the receipt and expenditure of the revenue. J UN" CAN, Ind. a toll or duty on every thing that passes. JUNGLE, an Indian term for a wood, or woody country. It likewise means high grass, reeds, or thicket. JUNTA, a council consisting of the principal statesmen in Spain ; from which public orders, &c. have been is- sued ; as the Junta of Seville, under whose instructions the patriots acted in 1808. JURISDICTION, legal authority, ex- tent of power. Officers not being liable to be tried by garrison or regimental courts-martial, may appeal from the ju- risdiction of such courts ; as may non- commissioned officers and soldiers in cases where their pay is concerned. Ji ST, a sportive combat on horse- back, man against man, armed with lances ; called also Joust, Tilt, 'L'ourna- ment, c\-c JUSTICES. Military men are, in many instances, under the necessity of applying to justices in order to execute their several orders and instructions without infringing upon the civil autho- rities ; and justices on their sides are bound to aid and assist the military in conformity to established laws and re- gulations. As the functions of these gentlemen seem specifically pointed out in militia acts, and every thing relating to the army is comprised under the dif- ferent heads, we shall give the following brief abstract for the information of mili- tary men in general. Justices are directed to grant warrants for impressing carriages for the use of the regular arm v and militia, when any part of either of those establishments is on its march. Hey may grant warrants for the apprehending of deserters, and must pay jibs, to the person who brings a desert r, and has him sworn in before than. They may Lillet officers ami men upoa the diifereut public-houses, and when the militia is disembodied, they provide in the same maimer for that establish- ment, during the annual exercise. With regard to the militia, it is the peculiar province of each justice to order costs 1br making distress on qiuikers for rates for raising volunteers, and to grant war- rants in general for levying by distress the regulated rates under that head. They may likewise determine disputes respecting wages under '20\. bet w em masters and their servants who have been enrolled as militia-men, and may- order the same to be levied by distress. They may likewise order relief to be given to disabled militia-men, &c. and may commit militia-men for not paving the penalty they might have incurred for selling their arm?, and either com- mit the purchasers of them, or cause them to be vvliipped at the cart's tail, &c. At the quarter session after Christmas in evwry year, justices are to assess 51. per man on every place that does not return an annual state of its militia when disembodied ; and at Midsummer quarter session they are to order the overseers of the poor to certify the quota paid to the land tax by places not rated to the county rate, and which have not paid their assessments for not having raised their militia. Justices of the. peace, being military officers, cannot give warrants for quar- tering their own soldiers in England. See 37, 40, of the King, chap. '27. art. xxx. Military Justice, (Justice Militaire, Fr.) the summary trial and punishment; of offenders under martial law. ( 409 ) K K A L KABBADE or CABADE, Fr. a mi- litary dress which is worn by the modern Greeks. According to Tzetzes it derives its name from Cabades, a Persian king. Codinus, on the other hand, asserts, that theGreeks in Constan- tinople adopted it in imitation of the Assyrians. Others again maintain, that it owes its appellation to the resemblance which it bears to a Greek letter. Father Goar, the author, very justly ridicules this etymology. We are, however, au- thorized to say, that be the derivation of the word what it may, the dress itself consists of a short garment which was worn underneath another. It had not any folds, but sat close to the body, being buttoned with large buttons, and reaching down' to the calves of the legs. It was fringed round the edges, and was usually worn with a girdle; such is the description which Father Goar has given of the kabbade in his notes upon Codinus. He concludes by observing, that, in his opinion, it is what the Romans called sagian, and the modern Greeks after- wards corrupted into kabbade. KABEL JAUVV, a name formerly given to a faction in the low countries, which constantly opposed the Houckiens. KAJANA, Ltd. a collection of trea- sure under the immediate controul of a Jaghirdar, or military chief, in the Indian empire. This treasure, to use the words of the editor of the Asiatic Register, consists of specie and jewels, which are lodged in a secret depository within the walls of a strong fortress, often erected for the purpose, on one of the most in- accessible mountains in the dominions ol a Mahratta prince. KAK TOVVDA, Ind. fine mould beat strongly in between two walls, for the purpose of shooting arrows into, when the walls are taken away. KALAI, a term used among the Turks to signify fort or fortress; a species of defence which they particularly adopt when they construct their Palanchus. KALEE, Ind. an Hindoo deity, to whom human beings are sacrificed. KEC KALLAAT or KELAUT, Ind. a dress which is given to any person in- vested with a new office. KALMUCKS (Kalmouques, Fr.) This word is generally written Calmucs. They are wandering tribes of Tartars, who inhabit the parts north of the Caspian sea. These hordes frequently put them- selves under the protection of the court of Russia. A French writer describes the Kalmucs to be a sort of militia, which is established between Siberia and the Caspian sea. There are generally some regiments of them attached to the Rus- sian armies in common with the Cos- sacks. They are armed with a lance iron pointed, about six feet long, and carry a bow with a quiver upon their backs, containing ten arrows. They never serve on foot, and are only formidable by name. KALSA, Ind. the king, the head. KALSA CUTCHERRY, Ind. the room of business, where the king sits in person. RAM, (Earn, Fr.) an elective prince belonging to one family, who has full power over the small states of Tartary ; subject only to the Grand Signor. KAN, an officer in Persia, who is in- vested with the same powers that are entrusted to an European governor. KANAUTS, Ind. a term used in India, to express the walls of a canvass tent. KARRI-MESRAC, a sort of lance or javelin used by the Turks in Asia, and by the cavalry corps capiculy, seratculy. KATA, the Indian name for China. KATIK, an Indian month, which, in some measure, coincides with our month of October. KAULAUBHAIJE, the Indian term for message. KAYMETAN. See Seymeny-Bassy. KECHERKLECHI, guards attached to the person of the king of Persia; they are armed with a musket of an extraordinary size and caliber. They were raised and formed into a regular corps about the middle of the lastcentury. 3G KEN ( 410 ) KEY KEELS, the long boats in which the Saxons successfully invaded England. KEEP, support; maintenance. Keep, in ancient military history, B kind of strong tower which was built in the center of a castle or fort, to which the besieged retreated and made their last efforts of defence. Of this descrip- tion is the keep of Windsor Castle. King's Keep, a fort built l>\ King Ilenry II. in the interior part of Dover Castle. To Keep off] in a military sense, is either to deter your enemy from ap- proaching close to the lines or fortifica- tions by inducing him to suspect a superior force, an ambuscade, pr a mine, or by openly galling his advanced posts in such a manner as to beat him in detail. In- fantry may keep oil' cavalry by hot firing, or by a compact, intrepid direction of the bayonet. To Keep tip, in military movements, is to preserve that regular pace, by which a line or column, on a march, or in manoeuvring, advances towards any given point without any chasms or fluc- tuations. When a regiment marches by files, it is almost impossible for the rear to keep up. On this account, divisions, subdivisions, and even sections, are best calculated to preserve a regular depth and continuity of march. To Keep up likewise signifies to at- tend to the interior management and discipline of a corps, so as to prevent the. least deviation from established rules and regulations. Thus commanding offi- cers are said to keep up good order and discipline, who (whether absent or pre- sent) provide against the least insubor- dination, &c. To Keep up a heavy fire is to play with heavy ordnance against a fortified place or body of men, by a calm and well-directed succession of shot. In musketry firing, officers commanding battalion's, divisions, or platoons, should be very exact in giving the word in order to keep up the different firings. KEERAYj bid. expenses, charges. KENT. It is the peculiar duty of the county lieutenant, or of three deputy lieutenants belonging to this county, to issue orders to the chief constables of the several hundreds to send out pre- cepts to the churchwardens or overseers to return a list of men liable to serve. The churchwardens and overseers of the county of Kent are, by act of parliament, invested with the powers of constables, to put in force the militia acts. KENTASSI, a range of mountains in Thibet, in which are the sources of the Qanges. This river, formed from seve- ral sources, passes successively two great lakes, and flows to the west, until the opposition of a part of the Indian Caucasus turns it to the south, and having completed, in these various di- rections, acourse of two hundred leagues, it enters India by forcing its passage through the mountains of the frontier. KERANA, a long trumpet, similar in shape and size to the speaking trum- pet. The Persians use it whenever they wish to make any extraordinary noise, and they frequently blow it with haut- boys, kettle drums, and other instru- ments at sunset, and two hours after midnight. KEIIEEF, Lid. one of the two sea- sons into which the year is divided in India. KERIMCHARRY, Ind. an inferior officer under the zemindar, who col- lects from the villages, and keeps the accounts. K ERN. The Irish infantry were for- merly distinguished by this appellation. Each man was armed with a sword, and a dart or javelin which was tied to a small cord, so that, after he had thrown it at the enemy, he could in- stantly recover it, and use it in any way he thought proper. The javelin was called skene. Kr'RUI, Ind. a village or parish. KETTLE, a vessel used to boil com- position for fire-works. Kettxe-Dtuots. See Dra T MS. Kv.JThr.-dru in cart, a four wheel car- riage which is drawn by lour horses, and is used exclusively by the royal artillery. The ordnance Hag is planted on the fore part, and the drummer with two kettle drums is seated, as in a chair of state, on the back part. This cart is finely engraven and richly gilt. It has not been in the field since the year 1743, when the king was present, it is kept. in the tower. K EY, (cli, clef, Fr )in a general sense, is an instrument with winch locks are opened and shut. Kets, in artillery carriages, may ba considered under three specific heads, viz. Tore-loch Keys, which serve to pass through the lower end of bolts, in order to fasten them. KHO ( 411 ) K I N Spring Keys may be used in the same manner, but are differently made, for instead of being of one single piece, they are of two, like two springs laid one over the other. When they are put into eye-bolts, they are pinched together at the ends, and when they are in, they open again ; so that the motion of the carriage cannot disturb or shake them out. Spring keys are peculiarly useful in travelling carriages. Keys with chains and staples fixed on the side pieces of a carriage or mortar bed. They serve to fasten the cap square by passing through the eyes of the eye-bolts. Key stone, in architecture, is the middle stone of an arch, by which the sweep of an arch is bound together. Key is also used in a figurative sense, to signify any important outlet of a king- dom. Thus Luxemburgh is called the key of the German empire towards France ; Pampeluna and Barcelona are the , keys of Spain, with respect to France on the side of the Pyrenees. The French use the word in the same sense, Calais est une des clefs de la France, Calais is one of the keys of France. Dover may also be so called, with re- spect to England. Key also means a haven for ships to ride in. See Quay. Gold Key, (clefd'or, Fr.) a key which is worn by the lords of the bed-chamber in England, and in most European courts. Figuratively, a bribe or douceur in money, by which the avenues to some employ- ments under government have been se- cretly opened. KEYSERLICKS, or Imperialists. The Austrian troops are frequently called so. The term was indeed common among the British soldiers, when they did duty together, and invaded France in 1794. It is derived from kei/ser, which, in Ger- man, signifies emperor. KHAN, hid. signifies lord or chief- tain. This title is given by the king of Delhi, for which it is supposed, the per- son maintains '250 horse soldiers, which he commands and disciplines for the king's service. KHEET, Ind. a fortified city, which is four coss or English miles in length and breadth, and not so much as eight. KHODA, Ind. God. KHODADAUD SIRCAR, Ind. Tip- po Sultaun, the sovereign of the king- dom of Mysore, who fell in defence of his capital, Serungputtan, or Seringa- patam, when it was stormed, May the -1th, 1799, by the British forces under the command of lieutenant general, now Lord, Harris. KID. This appellation was formerly given to any person that was trepanned by kidnappers. * KIDNAPPER, a man who by im- proper means decoys the unwary into the king's service. KIEU, the Indian term for any bridge under which water flows. To KILL, (titer, Fr.) to deprive of life. A power arrogated by the strong Over the weak, without any other princi- ple to justify it than the usage of man- kind ; for who that cannot give life ought to have the power of taking it away ? To Kill according to laze, to take away life in consequence of judicial in- vestigation, and for a breach of some known rule. Under these circumstances the execution of the culprit usually takes place in open day-light. To Kill privately, and with malice prepense, to murder in the dark, or by secret means. Hence, to assassinate, which is derived from the word assassin ; a modern term, taken from a set of miscreants who formerly inhabited a part of Asia, and were under a petty prince called the Old Man of the Moun- tain. This man, according to Hume, had acquired such an ascendant over his fanatical subjects, that they paid the most implicit deference to his com- mands; esteemed assassination merito- rious when sanctioned by his mandate ; courted danger, and even certain death, in the execution of his order; and fan- cied, that when they sacrificed their lives for his sake, the highest joys of Paradise were the infallible reward of their de- voted obedience. The greatest monarchs stood in awe of this prince of the Assassins, (for that was the name of his people,) whence the word has passed into most European languages. — Vol. ii. Hume's History of England, p. 18. KILLA, Ind. a castle, fort, or fortress^ KILLADAR, Ind. the governor, or commandant of a fort. KILMAINHAM-flos/«7«/, a recep- tacle for invalid soldiers in Ireland, originally founded by Charles II. and governed by the same regulations that are in force at Chelsea. KIND, (genre, sortc, Fr.) natural state of any thing. 3G2 K I N ( 412 •) K N A In Kind, (en espece, en nature, Fr.) ns tlif tiling is. Thus in military distri- butions, rations are ordered to be sup- plied in kind, (en nature) and not paid for or compounded in money. KINDALAHS, a vagabond outcast set of people in India, originally be- longing to the Hindoo tribe. By such proscription and disgrace are these mi- serable creatures marked, tlnvt the people of other casts not only will not visit them, but if any one of them should ? resume to approach a person of the Jayr tribe, it is lawful for the latter lo put him to instant death. To KINDLE, in a military sense, is to excite mankind to arms. To kindle the flames of war is a familiar expression. The KING, a person in whom supreme or qualified authority is vested by the consent of a nation ; the chief magis- trate, and one of the three integral parts of the British constitution. In a military acceptation of the term, the King of Great Britain is, constitu- tionally, and in his own proper ri: but for large sky-rockets, saltpetre lib. mealed powder lib. and brimstone lib. ; for rockets of a middling size, saltpetre 3lb. sulphur 2lb. mealed powder lib. and charcoal lib. Colonel Congreve, of the royal artil- lery, has improved upon the rockets which have hitherto been used in India and elsewhere ; and has been remune- rated by the British government for his exertions. Quick-match, in artillery, is of 2 sorts, cotton and worsted: the first is gene- rally made of such cotton as is put in candles, of several sizes, from 1 to (3 threads thick, according to the pipes it is designed for. The ingredients are, cotton lib. 12oz. saltpetre lib. Soz. spi- rits of wine 2 quarts, water 2 quarts, isinglass 3 gills, and mealed powder 101b. It is then taken out. hot, and laid in a trough, where some mealed powder, moistened with spirits of wine, is thoroughly wrought into the cotton. This done, they are taken out sepa- rately, and drawn through mealed pow- der, and hung upon a line to dry. The composition for the second is, worsted lOoz. mealed powder lolb. spirits of •wine 3 pints, and white wine vinegar 3 pints. LABOURER, Fr. literally to remove earth with a plough, spade, &c. Figu- ratively, to belabour, which, according to Johnson, is to beat, thump, &c. The French use it in a military sense, to ex- press any direct and concentrated effort which is made to destroy a fortifica- tion. Labourer un rempart, Fr. to bring several pieces of ordnance, discharged from two oblique directions, to bear upon one center. Shells and hollow balls are generally used on these occasions, and the chief design is to second the opera- tions of the miner in some particular part whence the explosion is to take place. Labourer likewise applies to the work- ing of a bomb or shell, which excavates, ploughs up, and scatters the earth about wherever it bursts. Royal Military LABOURERS and Artificers. This corps consists of 12 companies, for general service, and are royal engineers. Its distribution is as follows : Staff'. 1 Adjutant and quarter master, 1 serjeant major. Establishment of our company. 1 Sub- lieutenant, l serjeant major, 5 Serjeants, 5 corporals, 30 carpenters, including 4 sawyers (top men), 20 masons, 18 bricklayers, including slaters, tilers and plasterers, 10 smiths, 10 miners, 4 wheelers, 4 collar makers, 9 ;OOper6, 2 painters, i drummers. This corps originally consisted of 10 companies, but was augmented on the oth of Sep- tember, 130<>, on the representation of the Earl of Moira, then master general of the ordnance. LAC AY or LAQUET, Fr. an old French militia, formerly so called. The name is found among the public documents which were kept by the treasurers belonging to the Dukts of Britanny in the fifteenth century. LACE, (passement, galon, fr.) a line of silk, or thread, intermixed with gold or silver; also a border or edging. The uniform of many regiments, in the old French service, was distinguishable only by the lace and buttons. LACERNA, a garment which was used by the ancients. It was made of woollen stuff, and was only worn by men; originally indeed by those alone that were of a military profession. It was usually thrown over the toga, and sometimes indeed over the tunica. It may not improperly be considered as the surtout or great coat of the ancients, with this difference, that there was a winter lacerna and a summer one. The lacerna was adopted by the Ro- mans towards the close of their republic. Even so late down as the days of Cicero, it was unknown amongst them, or if known, censured as a mark of dis- graceful effeminacy. During the civil wars that occurred in the triumvirate of Augustus, Lepidus, and Anthony, the lacerna became familiar to the people, and by degrees was adopted, as common apparel, by the senators and knights of Rome, until the reigns of Oratian, Va- lentinian, and Theodosius, who enjoined the senators not to wear it. The lacerna is the same as the chla- nn/s. and the k/rrhus. Un LAC HE, Fr. a familiar phrase among the French to signify a coward, Sec. LAC ( 419 ) LAC LACHER, Fr. to go off. Son pistolet, \ ou son fusil, vint a Metier; his pistol or his musket went off of itself. Lacher also signifies to say more than discretion or policy suggests. Lacher pied, Fr. to run away. Lacher uji prisonnier, Fr. to let a pri- soner escape, or go away unmolested. Lacher un coup, Fr. in speaking of fire amis, signifies to discharge a pistol or musket. II lui India un coup de pisto- let dans la tete, he lodged a bullet in his head. Le vaissvau lacha toute sa bordte a luportie de mousquet, the ship fired a whole broadside within musket shot. LACHETFj, Fr. an opprobrious term which is frequently used among the French, and is applied in all in- stances of cowardice, want of spirit, or dishonourable conduct. One of their writers emphatically observes, that in a military sense of the word it cannot be misunderstood, as the least imputation of cowardice or want of spirit, is suffi- cient to destroy the entire character and fame of every officer and soldier whom it may affect. As it is the direct oppo- site to courage, the person who enters the profession of arms, should weigh well within himself, whether he possess that indispensible quality, which is above all the temptations of pleasure or the effeminacy of life, and is only alive to the glorious impulse of military anima- tion. He only, in fact, is fit for arms, whose spirit is superior to every sordid view; who knows no personal fear, and who can encounter the greatest diffi- culties and dangers with an inward placi- dity of soul, and an outward indifference to life. In order to illustrate this article, we shall quote some instances of that species of cowardice, or ldcltt.it, which affects the military character. Euripidas, chief of the Eleans, hav- ing imprudently advanced too far into a long and narrow defile, and learning that Philip of Macedon was on his march to block up the passage through which he had entered, instead of manmliy waiting the issue of an engagement, abandoned his army in the most cowardly manner. It does not appear, says the Chevalier Folard, that Euripidas possessed those talents which are necessary to form a great general ; for instead of meanly stealing off by a bye road, and leaving his army to its fate, he would have re- gained at its head, and either have fought his way through, honourablj have capitulated, or have died com- bating with his men. Had Bonaparte fallen in this glorious manner at the battle of Waterloo, or have remained self-devoted surrounded by his troops as the Duke of Wellington did at the cri- tical moment, his former achievements would not have been eclipsed by flight and self-preservation. Base and inglorious as the conduct of Euripidas most unquestionably was, the behaviour of Perseus, king; of the Macedonians, exceeded it in cowardice and degradation. This infamous prince did not wait to be visited by misfortune, or to lose a battle ; he had, on the con- trary, obtained a signal victory over the Romans, and when Paulus iEmilius marched against him, the army he com- manded was not inferior to that of his opponent in discipline and valour, and had the advantage in point of numbers. Yet, strange to relate ! the engagement was no sooner begun, than he rode off full gallop, and repaired to the town of Pydnus, under the flimsy pretext of sa- crificing to the God Hercules ; as if Hercules, to use Plutarch's expression, was the Deity to whom the prayers and offerings of cowards were to be pre- ferred ! Mark Antony, on the other hand, after having acquired the reputation of a brave and distinguished general, sub- mitted to the allurements of sensual gratification, and buried all history in the meretricious embraces of an /Egyp- tian strumpet. We hadastrikinginstance, in the case of General Hoche, during the late war, of the superiority which a real military thirst for glory will always have over private indulgence. We might enumerate a variety of cases, in which the greatest heroes have fallen victims to human weakness ; and few, alas ! in which a sense of public duty, and a regard for the opinion of posterity have got the ascendancy. — History, however, saves us that trouble ; and we shall remain satisfied with hav- ing explained under the word Ldc/iete, what we conceive disgraceful in an officer or soldier, who sutlers personal fear, passion or interest, to get the better of public character. The French also say, la trahison est une lachetc, treason is infamous in its nature. The French make a distinction be- 3H2 LAD ( 420 ) LAI like a parallel carrying them : fween l>'tchete and poltronnerie. \'\\- flcr the influence of the latter a man \\ ill go into danger, whereas if subject to the former, he will not dare to. face it. So that polt ro» in i it- may be called a weak- ness, and Imlicli a vice. ' >ne renders the individual infamous, and the other only makes him contemptible and unfit for actions which require courage and perseverance. LACUNKTTE, Fr. a term in forti- fication ; a small fosse or ditch was formerly so called. The word Cunetfe has since been adopted. LAI) A\ EE, hid. a release or ac- quittance from any demand. &a/ing-LADl)ERS, (echelUs de sitge, Fr.) are used in scaling, when a place is to be taken by surprize. They are made several ways ; sometimes of flat stai es, mi as to move about their pins and shut ruler, for conveniently the French make them of several pieces, so as to be joined to- gether, and to be capable of any neces- sary length: sometimes they are made of single ropes knotted at proper dis- tances with iron hooks at each end, one to fasten them upon the wall above, and the other in the ground ; and sometimes they are made with two ropes and staves between them, to keep the ropes at a proper distance, and to tread upon. When they are used in the action of scaling walls, they ought to be rather too long than too short, and to be given in charge only to the stoutest of the de- tachment The soldiers should carry these ladders with the left arm passed through, the second step, taking care to hold them upright close to their sides, and very short below, to prevent any accident in leaping into the ditch. The first rank of each division, pro- Aided with ladders, should set out with the rest at the signal, inarching reso- lutely with their firelocks slung, to jump into the ditch : when they are ar- rived, they should apply their ladders against the parapet, observing to place them towards the salient angles rather than the middle of the curtain, because the enemy has less force there. ( are must be taken to place the ladders with- in a foot of each other, ami not to give them too much nor too little slope, so that they may not be overturned, or broken with the weight of the soldiers mounting upon them. The ladders being applied, they who have carried them, and they who come after should mount up, and rush upon the enemy sword in hand ; if he who goes first, happens to be overturned, tin- next should take care not to be thrown down by bis comrade; but on the contrary, immediately mount hini- self, so as not to give the enemy time to load his piece. As the soldiers who mount first, may be easily tumbled over, and their tall may cause the attack to fail, it would pe; haos he light to protect their breast-, with the lore paits ot < uirasscs ; because if they can penetrate, the rest may easily follow. The success of an attack by scaling is infallible, if they mount the 4 sides at once, and take care to shower a number of grenades among the enemy, especially when supported by some gre- nadiers and piquets, who divide tin; attention and share the fire of the enemy. The late ingenious General Sir Wm. Congreve, of the royal artillery, very much improved upon the construction of these ladders. As the heights of dif- ferent works vary, and the ladders when too long, afford purchase to the be- gged, he contrived a set of laddi rs having an iron staple at the lower part of each stem, so that if 1, 2, or 3, should be found insufficient to reach the top of the work, another may with facility be joined to the lowest, and that be pushed up until a sufficient length can be ob- tained. LADLES, in gunnery, are made of copper, to hold the powder for loading guns, with long handles of wood, when cartridges are not used. Ladles, in laboratory business, are very small, made of copper, with short handles of wood, used in supplying the fuses of shells, or any other composi- tion, to fill the cases of sky-rockets, &.c. There is another kind of ladle, which is used to carry red hot shot. It is made of iron, having a ring in the middle to hold the shot, from which 2 handles proceed from opposite sides of the ring. LAI Frtre, Fr. lay-brother. This term was originally given to an invalid soldier, whom the heads of religious houses and monasteries in France were obliged to receive and support during the remainder of his days. The monks generally agreed to take one ; LAN ( 421 ) LAN hut the number seldom exceeded two. To use a French writer's expression, these living remains of military glory led a melancholy life in the midst ot their fat and pampered masters. The)' were obliged to clean the courts in front of the monasteries, and to do all the drudgery within doors. Louis XIV. res- cued them from these disgraceful oc- cupations, by establishing the Hotel des Invalides, in Paris. LAIT dc chaux, Fr. lime mixed with water, making what we generally call white-wash. The French also say Lai- tance. LAITON, sometimes zcritten LET- TON, Fr, a metallic composition which is made of copper and the lapis cala- minaris. See Letton. LALA, Ind. lord ; sir ; master ; worship. LAMA, Ind. a chief priest, whose followers suppose him immortal. They imagine, that on the dissolution of his mortal frame, his spirit enters the body of. a new born-child. He is also mo- narch of Thibet. LAMBOURDE, Fr. a joist. LAMBREQUINS, Fr. small mantles or ribbons which were twisted round the hood or top of an helmet at the bot- tom of the crest, and kept the whole together. These ornaments fell into dis- use when the helmet was laid aside. In former times, when the cavaliers, or persons who wore them, wished to take breath, and to be relieved from the weight of the helmet, they untied the mantles, and let them float about their shoulders suspended from the hood only. Hence the appellation of valets as bang- ing behind. LAM PASS, (lampas, Fr.) a lump of flesh, about the bigness of a nut, in the roof of a horse's mouth. LAMPION a parapet, Fr. a lamp generally used on the parapet, or else- where, in a besieged place. It is a small iron vessel tilled with pitch and tar which the garrison light as necessity may require. The lampion is sometimes confounded with the ricliuud de rem- part v or chaffing dish, which is used upon the rampart on similar occasions. LANCE, (lance, Fr.) This offensive weapon was much used by the French in former times, particularly by that class of military gentlemen called che- valiers, and by the gendarmes. It has also been used by the English and other nations. Lances were made of ash, be- ing a wood of tough quality, and not so liable to break as other species. Be- fore the reign of Philip de Valois, the chevaliers and gendarmes fought on foot, armed with lances only, botb in battles and at sieges. On these occasions, they shortened their lances, which were then. said to be retuilltes, or cut again. A sort of banderole or streamer hung from each lance, and was attached to the bottom of the sharp iron or blade which was fixed to the pole. Lances were used in this mannner as far back as during the crusades. L.\KCE-serjeant. See Serjeant. Po/wA-LANCERS, a body of men armed with long lances, and mounted on swift horses. They were originally formed in Poland, and brought into constant practice by Bonaparte, parti- cularly at the battle of Waterloo, when they were annihilated by the superior physical strength and courage of the British Life-Guards. LANCE, Fr. This word formerly signified, among the French, a gendarme, who carried a pike or lance. Hence, une compagnie de cent lances, a com- pany consisting of one hundred gen- darmes. Lance fournie, Fr. an old expression signifying a knight or squire who was completely equipped, and had his com-; plement of archers, &c. Rompre la Lance, Fr. to break a lance. This was a phrase peculiar to any assaults which were given at tilts or tournaments, and signified to engage or come to close combat. The French say : rompre des lances pour quelqu'un, to de- fend another : — rompre line lance avec quelqu'un, to enter into any warm dis- pute, or controversy, with another. Mai de la Lance, Fr. a figurative, expression, to signify the right hand of a cavalier or horseman. Lance de drupe.au, Fr. the staff to which regimental colours are at- tached. Lancls levees, Fr. uplifted lances, indicated that the enemy was beaten, and that the chevaliers or gendarmes should close the day by giving a final blow to the disordered ranks. The use of the lance was discontinued in France souie time before the com pugnies d'ordon- nance, or independent companies, were reduced and formed into the gendarme- rie. Little or no use indeed was made LAN ( 422 ) LAN of them during the reign of Henry IV. But the Spaniards still retained that weapon as low down as the days of Louis XIII. Lance means likewise a rod which is fixed across the earthen mould of a shell, and which keeps it suspended in the air when it is cast. As soon as the bomb or shell is formed, this rod must be broken, and carefully taken out with instruments made for that purpose. Shells ought to be scrupulously examin- ed with respect to this article, as they could not he charged, were the lance or any part of it to remain within. Lance is also an instrument which con- veys the charge of a piece of ordnance and forces it home into the bore. See Rammer of a Gun. Lance dfeu, Fr. a squib. A species of artificial fire-work which is made in the shape of a fuse, and is used for va- rious purposes. According to the au- thor of (Euvres Militaires, torn. xi. p. 208, the composition of the lance a feu consists of three parts of the best re- fined saltpetre, two parts of flour of sul- Ehur, and two of antimony ; the whole eing pounded and mixed together. The chief use which is made of the lance d feu is to throw occasional light across the platform, whilst artificial fire- works are preparing. They likewise serve to set fire to fuses, as they can be taken hold of without danger. Lance a feu puant, Fr. stink-fire lances prepared in the same manner that stink-pots are, and particularly useful to miners. When a miner or sapper has so far penetrated towards the enemy as to hear the voices of persons in any place contiguous to his own excavation, he first of all bores a hole with his probe, then fires off several pistols through the aperture, and lastly forces in a lance a feu puant ; taking care to close up the hole, on his side, to prevent the smoke from returning towards himself. The exhalation and stinking hot vapour which issue from the lance, and remain on the side of the enemy, infect the air so much, that it is impossible to approach the quarter for three or four days. Sometimes, indeed, they have had such an instantaneous effect, that in order to save their lives, miners who would per- severe, have been dragged out by the legs in an apparent state of suffoca- tion. Lance defeu, Fr. a species of squib which is used by the garrison of a be- sieged town against a scaling party. Lxscz-gaie, l'r. an offensive weapon formerly so called in France. LANCE PES ATA, ANSPESADE, or Lance-Corporal, was originally a man at arms, or trooper, who, having broken his lance on the enemy, and lost his horse in fight, was entertained as a volunteer assistant to a captain of foot, receiving his pay as a trooper, until he could re- mount himself. At present he is only the assistant of the corporal, and receives the pay of a private soldier. Lancespc- sata is derived from the Italian, Lancia spezzata, a broken or spent lance. Lxxctl spezzate, Fr. a reduced officer. In former times it signified a dismount- ed gendarme who was appointed to an infantry corps, with some emolument attached to his situation. To Lance upon the enemy, to dart, or rush, precipitately upon any opposing force, by charging it in front, flank or rear. FANCIER and DEMI-LANCIER, anciently written Launcier, a horse- man in ancient times who was armed at all points from the head to the knee, like the gentlemen at arms. His offensive weapons were a lance, a case of short pistols, a battle axe, and a dagger. His horse was armed with a breast plate. LANCIERE, Fr. a mill sluice; or sluice. LANCIR, Fr. a mill dam. LANDE, Fr- a heath. It also signi- fies, figuratively, any long tedious pas- sages in a work. LAND FORCES, troops whose sys- tem is calculated for land service only, in contradistinction to seamen and ma- rines. All the land forces of Great Britain are liable to serve on board the king's ships. LANDING troops. See Debarka- tion. LANDRETUN, Fr. a sort of brown stone, with streaks, or veins, of red in- termixed. It is as hard as marble, but not so fine. It is so named from being found in a quarry about nine miles from Boulogne in Picardy, at a place called Landrctun, and is much used in buildings and fortifications. LANE, in a military sense, is where men are drawn up in two ranks facing one another, as in a street, for any great personage to pass through, or sometime*' for a soldier to run the gantelope. LAN ( 423 ) LAS LANGUAGE, (langage, Fr.) the tongue of one nation as distinct from others. Foreign LANGUAGES, (Ungues itrangtres, Fr.) languages different from our own. The knowledge of languages is per- haps one of the most important branches of military education. Its necessity was never felt so strongly as during the French revolution, and in the Spanish insurrection. Among the qualifications which an aide-de-camp should possess, a knowledge of some foreign language, particularly of the French, must appear indispensable. LANGUARD, Fr. a blab; one who cannot keep his own secret, nor that of another. A man unfit to be employed confidentially. LANGUE, Fr. a term peculiarly connected with the order of Malta. The eight nations of which this celebrated order consisted were distinguished by the appellation of Langne. There were three of this description in France, viz. la langue de France, la langue de Pro- vence, et la langue d'Auvergne ; two in Spain, viz. la langue d' Arragon, et la langue de Cast die ; and three indis- criminate ones, viz. la langue d'lta/ie, la langue d'Allemagne, et la langue d , Angleterre. The head of each langue was called Grand Prieur, or Grand Prior. Langue de terre, Fr. tongue of land. Coups de Langue, Fr. See Coups. Prendre Langue, Fr. to get intelli- gence. LANGUETTE, Fr. tongue of seve- ral things. Lingel or little tongue or thong of leather; also a slip of wood ; a small piece of metal which opens or shuts the vent of a hautboy or flute. LANSQUENETS, Fr. The German mercenaries which Charles VII. of France first added to his infantry, were so called. They continued in the French service until the reiy,n of Francis I. who consolidated all the foot establishments into a certain number of legions. LANS-PESATE, i a soldier thai LANCE-PESADE, \ does duty as a corpora], especially on guards and detachments ; a lance corporal ; the same as Lancepesata. LANTERN, ) Muscovy lanterns LANTHORN. 5 are used in maga- zines, as being much safer than others. The common dark lanterns are more ap- plicable to field service. LAN TERN E, Fr. a word used in the French navy to signify a wooden case or box in which cartridges are brought out of the powder-magazine for the pur- pose of serving the guns ; also a spoon or ladle, made of copper, and fixed to a long pole, which serves to convey gun- powder into a piece of ordnance. Lanterne a mitrailles, Fr. a round piece of concave wood, something like a box, which is filled with case shot, and is fired from a piece of ordnance when the enemy is near. Lanterne de moulin, Fr. trundle head of a mill. LAPIS amiunthus, a kind of stone, like alum, tozy like wool, which will not burn or consume ; called earth-flax, or Salamander's hair. To LAPSE, to fall in, or belong to. This expression is used in military mat- ters, to signify the reversion of any mi- litary property. Thus upon the sale or purchase of one commission at the re- gulated difference, another (where there are two) is said to lapse to government. Commissions lapse, or fall into the pa- tronage of government when vacancies happen by death, by officers being su- perseded, or where officers apply to sell who have only purchased a part of their commissions, and have not served long enough to be entitled to sell the whole; in which case they are only permitted to sell what they actually purchased, and the remainder is in the gift of go- vernment. LARDER de coups d'epce, Fr. to run through the body with a sword, in more places than one. LARDOIR, Fr. a piece of iron with which the end of a pile is shod. It is also called sabot. LARES, household gods, called also penates, among the ancient Romans. LARMIER, Fr. the brow or coping of a wall ; the eave or drip of a house. LARMIERS, Fr. the eye veins of a horse. LASCARS, or Laskars, the native seamen of India; the native gunners are sometimes so called. They are often employed to tend and serve the artillery on shore, and are attached to corps as pioneers, or tent-pitchers. Gun Lascars, men of colour, or se- L A T ( 424 ) LAV I oys who are attached to the guns in ndia, chiefly as drag-rope men. LASH, a blow given with a whip, or pliant, i thousand cat-o'-mne tails, Or any thing Hence to he sentenced to lashes. To LASH ffic guns very taught, (air guilletcr les cunons, Fr.) to brace the carriages of the guns,ccc. so as to prevent them from recoiling. LASHING, a term chiefly used among sailors, signifying to make last, or to tie any thing to the ship's sides, masts, &c. as pikes, muskets, boards, casks, &c. LASING RINGS, ) in artillery, LASHING RINGS, \ with hoops, fixed on the side-pieces of travelling car- riages, to lash the tarpaulin, as also to tie the spunge, rammer, and ladle. See Carriage. The LASO, a very long thong which the pion uses in South America. LATE, last in any place, character, or office : as, late master-general of the ordnance ; late of the 2?th foot. LATCH, an old English cross-bow. LATH, in building, a long, thin, and narrow slip of wood, nailed to the rafters of a roof or cieling, in order to fasten the covering. Laths are distinguished into three kinds, according to the dif- ferent sorts of wood of which they arc made, viz. heart of oak, sap-laths, deal laths, etc. LATHE, a division of some extent in a county, which generally contains three, four, or five hundreds. Lathe reeve, an officer during the Saxon government, who held a cci tain jurisdiction over that part of the coumy which was called a tithing. Lathe, the tool of a turner, by which he turns about his wood, ivory, &c. so as to shape it by the chissel. LATTIE, an Indian term for ware- house. LATITUDE, in geography, the dis- tance of any place from the equator, measured in degrees, minutes, seconds, &c. upon the meridian of that place ; and is either north or south, according as the place is situated either on the north or south side of the equator. LATRINES, Fr. privies or holes which are dug at the back of a camp for the convenience of soidiers. The pio- neers are generally employed to make them. The French say also ret raits. LATRO. This word, which in Latin signifies a thief, was also used among the Romans to mark out a soldier who served for pay. LATROCINARI, among the Ro- mans, to bear arms for pay or money. LAV Ell, LAVIS, J,-, a wash or su- perficial stain or colour; used in sketches, plans, and drawings ; the different inter- vals or spaces of which are slightly shaded or coloured. LAUGHINGSTOCK, a butt; an ob- ject of ridicule. Military affectation, without real science, frequently begets an animal of ibis kind. liAUNCEGAYS, according to Bai- ley, offensive weapons prohibited and disused. LAUREA, Lat. the bay-tree or laurel. LAUREATED, crowned with laurel. The ancient conquerors used to wear crowns of laurel, in token of victory. LAUREL, (laurier, Fr.) a shrub which is green, and never fades; on which account it is selected for the brows of heroes and conquerors, being emble- matic of their unfading reputation. lb de crowned with Laurel, a figura- tive expression, signifying that a man has achieved glorious actions, and is entitled to marks of public distinction. In ancient times, heroes and conquerors had their heads encircled with a wreath of laurel. The heads of kings and princes are generally so decorated upon coins, whether they have conquered or not. Laurel, (hieroglyphically) represents favour and preservation, because light- ning never blasts it as it does other trees; and upon that account it is dedi- cated to Jupiter and Apollo. LAUREOLA, the spurge or laurel wreath. LAURES, gold coins which were is- sued from the mint in 1619, representing the head of King James I. encircled with laurel. LAURETS, certain pieces of gold coined A. D. 1619, with the head of James I. laureated. The 20 shilling piece was marked with XX. the 10 shil- ling piece with X. the 5 shilling piece with V. LAURIGEROUS, wearing a garland of bays, as conquerors and poets are re- presented to have done. LAVURE, Fr. the grains, dust, or detached pieces of metal which fall in casting cannon. LAW ( *g« ) LEA LAW, in its general acceptation, a i Law of marque, or letters of marque, certain rule, directing and obliging a that by which persons take the goods or rational creature in moral actions ; for- bidding some things, and enjoining others. Common Law, a judicial process, against which every olhcer and man of honour should be particularly guarded as it is mora shipping of the party that has wronged them, as in time of war, whenever they can take them within their pre- cincts. LAWSUIT, a process in law; a liti- ;ation; to succeed in which eight things iv impossible for a liberal are required: — A good cause; a good and high spirited character to cope with counsel; a good attorney; a good judge; the quirks and quibbles of a set of men, I a good jury; good witnesses; a good whose livelihood depends upon the feuds and quarrels of their fellow creatures. On this account oliicers should be scru- pulously correct in all money trans- actions, for from them originate actions at common law, costs of suit, and generally imprisonment, &c. &c. Law, (loi, Fr.) The genuine and fun- damental principles upon which the go- vernment of an empire, a kingdom, or a republic, is founded, are comprehended under this term. Its subordinate branches consist of rules and regulations made for the maintenance of good order in a state, for an observance of mutual compacts between nations at war with each other, and for the due preservation of the ties of amity, that keep peace among man- kind. Laws of arms, certain acknowledged rules, regulations and precepts, which relate to war, and are observed by all civilized nations. Laws of arms are likewise certain pre- cepts shewing how to proclaim war, to attack the enemy, and to punish offenders in the camp; also restricting the con- tending parties from certain cruelties, &c. Military Law, a prompt and decisive rule of action by which justice is done to the public or to individuals, without passing through the tedious and equivo- cal channels of legal investigation. The persons who are subject to military law, and are amenable to trial by court- martial, are, in the terms of the mutiny act, all persons commissioned or in pay, as officers, non-commissioned officers, private soldiers, and all followers of an army. Half-pay officers are not subject to military law, whilst civil justice can be resorted to. Laws of Nations, such general rules as regard embassies ; the reception and entertainment of strangers, intercourse of merchants, exchange of prisoners, suspension of anus, &c. purse ; and above them all, good-luck. We sincerely hope, that military men, in order to escape from the fangs of these good things, will have the good sense never to enter into a law-suit. LAY. To Lay down implies to resign, as, the enemy laid down their arms ; he means to lay down his commission. — To Lay for is to attempt something by ambuscade. To Lay before, to submit for perusal and consideration ; as, to lay a memorial before the commander in chief. LAYE, Fr. a riding or lane through a forest. LAZARET, Fr. Those large houses are so called, which are built in the neighbourhood of some sea-ports belong- ing to the Levant, for the purpose of lodging the people that are ordered to perform quarantine. LAZARETTO, a pest house. LAZARUS, ^ a military order insti- LAZARO, $ tuted at Jerusalem by the Christians of the west, when they were masters of. the Holy Land, who received pilgrims under their care, and guarded them on the roads from the insults of the Mahometans. This order was instituted in the year 1119, arid confirmed by a bull of Pope Mexai IV. in 1255, who gave it the rule of St. Augustine. LEAD, a metal well known. It is employed for various mechanic uses ; as in thin sheets for covering buildings, for pipes, pumps, shot bullets, windows, for securing iron bars in hard stones, for sundry kinds of large vessels for evapo- ration, and many other purposes. LEADER. See Commander. File Leader, the front man of u battalion or company, standing two deep. LEADING Column, the first co- lumn that advances from the right, left, or center, of any army or battalion. Leading File, the first two men of :3 I LEA ( -136 ) LEG a battalion or company that marches from main, left, or center, by dies. Flank Leading File, the first man on the right, and the last man on the left of a battalion, company, or sec- tion. Center Leading Fife, the last man of the right center company, division^ or section; and the first man of the lefl center company, division, or si ction, are so called, when the line files from the center to the front or rear. At close order, the colours stand between rlicni. LEAGUE, in military history, a mea- sure of length, containing more or less geometrical paces, according to the dif- ferent usages and customs of countries. A league at sea, where it is ch icily used -, being a land-measure mostly pe- culiar to the French and Germans, con- tains 3000 geometrical paces, or three English miles. The French league sometimes con- tains the same measure, and, in some parts of France, it consists of 3500 paces: the mean or common league consists of '2 100 paces, and the little league of '2000. The Spanish leagues are larger than the Freneh, 17 Spanish leagues making a degree, or 90 French I. allies, or 09 and \ English statute miles. The German and Dutch leagues contain each four geographical mdes. The Persian leagues are pretty near ot the same extent with the Spanish; that is, they are equal to four Italian miles, which is pretty near to what Hi rodotus tails the length of the Persian parasang, which contained 30 stadia, 8 whereof, according to Strabo,make a mile. Leaci also d otes an alliance or confederacy between princes and states for their mutual aid, either in attacking some common enemy, or in defending tin msi lv< s. To LEA a . ■ ' •■/ ■//(•?•, Fr.) in a military , to be drawn up, or to have a I isition, close to some tenable object, i as an arm of the sea, a river, a strong town, a village, hilr, &c. Hence point d'appui — any thing which is leaned n. LEAVE, indulgence, license, liberty. Leave of absence, a permission which nted to officers', non-commissioned officers, and soldiers, to be absent from p or quarters for any specific pe- riod. / Leave, an indulgence which is annually granted on borne service, by the Commander in Chief, to a certain proportion of the army, to be absent from military duty. This generally oc- curs in the winter months, and ends on the 10th of March. Regimental Leave, (conge rigimen- taire, Fr.) a permission which is granted bv the Colonel or Officer commanding a regiment, and is more limited than a < M-neral Leave. Long Leave, a term peculiar to the British service, signifying that leave of absence which is granted during the winter mouths, when troops are in garrison, cantonments, or quarters. Short Leave, a leave of absence which is granted after the 10th day of March, at which period all officers are ordered to join their respective corps ; in order to prepare for the necessary field days, 8cc. LECtCRE, Fr. See Reading. LECTURES. Lectures are read at Woolwich to the officers of artillery, and engineers, and cadets, on chemist r\ : lectures upon topography and upon other essential parts of military science are- given at High Wycombe. LEEKUK, hid. secretary or writer. LEFT give point. See Swoud Exer- cise. Left protect. See Sword Exercise. To put on the LEG, among cavalry, is to press the inside of the foot and leg against the horse's think. It is always used in passaging to direct the horse which way to passage, and again on the opposite Hank to stop him after he has passaged to his place. ( \avalerie LEGERE, Fr. light horse. In cheval leger a lu main, Fr. Se« Hand. Troupes eegeres, Fr. light troops, or such as act in desultory warfare. Anne a la LEGERE, Fr. light armed. LEGION,in Roman antiquity, a body of foot, which consisted of ten cohorts, or 5000 men. The exact cumber contained in a legion was fixed by Romulus at 3000; though Plutarch assures us, that, after the reception of the Sabines into Home, he increased it to 6000. The common number afterwards, in the Iirst times of the free stale, was M500; but in the war with Hannibal, it rose to 5000; and alter that, it is probable that it sunk again to 4200, which was the number in the time of Polybius. LEG ( w ) LET In the age of Julius Cfesar we do not -find any legions exceeding the Polybian number of men ; and he himself ex- pressly speaks of two legions, that did jiot make above 7000 between them (Commeiitar. lib. 5.) The number of legions, kept in pay together, was rii "erent, according to the various times and occasions. During the free states, four legions were com- monly ritted up every year, and divided between the consuls : yet in cases of ne- cessity, we sometimes meet with no less than 16 or 18 in Livy. Augustus maintained a standing army of 23 or (as some will have it) of 25 legions ; but in aftertimes we seldom find so many. They borrowed their names from the orders in which they were raised, as prima, secunda, tertiu, &c. but because it usually happened, that there were several prima; secunda, &c. in several places, upon that account they took a sort of surname besides, either firooa the emperors who first constituted them, as Augusta, Claudiana, Gaibiana, Flavin, Ulpia, Trajana, Antoniana, or from the provinces which had been conquered chiefly by their valour, as Parthica, Scythica, Gallica, Arabica, &c. or from the names of the particular deities for whom their commanders had an espe- cial honour, as Minerva and Appolli- naris; or from the region where they had their quarters, as Cretensis, Cyre- naica, Britannica, &c. or sometimes upon account of the lesser accidents, as Adjutrix, Martia, Fulmiuatrix, Rapax, &c. The whole Roman infantry, which was divided into four sorts, Yelites, Hastati, Principes and Triarii, consisted of Ma- nipuli, Cohorts and Legions. So that legion was considered as the largest estab- lishment for foot soldiers. See Rennet's Antiquities of Rome, pages 190, 191. Legion, in a general acceptation of the term, signifies anv large body of men. In a more confined one, among the mo- derns, it applies to a specific number of horse or foot, who are distinguished by that name, and do duty with the rest ot the army. Such, for instance, was the British legion which served in America ; and of this description were the Polish and Belgic legions, that formed part ot the French annv. Legion of Honour, a French order created by Buonaparte, and still con- tinued by Louis XVIII. for the reward of meritorious and gallant individuals. LEGIONARY, any thing appertain- ing to a legion, or containing an inde- finite number. LEGUMES, Fr. vegetables, roots, grain, &c. Every species of subsistence, which, under the old government of France, w „.-. not provided for the troops by direct instructions from the war- olfice, and at the expense of the public, was called legumes. Subsistence of this sort, however, may more properly be called that diet which soldiers got for themselves in foreign countries during actual hostilities. LEMBARII, among the Romans, soldiers that did duty on board of ships, or in barges, either at sea, or on rivers. LEMMA, (lemme, Fr.) an assump- tion or preparatory proposition laid down by geometricians to clear the way for some following demonstration ; often prefixed to theorems, to render their de- monstration less . perplexed and intri- cate ; and to problems, in order to make their resolution more easy and short. LENGTH, (in horsemanship,) as, to passage a horse upon Ids own Length, is to make him go round in two treads, as a walk or trot, upon a spot of ground so narrow, that the haunches of the horse being in the center of the volt, his own length is much about the semi- dianieter of the volt, the horse still working between the two heels, yvithout putting out ins croup, or going at last faster or slower than at first. To LENGTHEN out, in a military sense, to extend, by increasing the dis- tances between the files, Sec. To Lengthen the step. See Step out. LESE Majeste, Fr. high treason. Li'.se Nation, Fr. treason against the nation or country. LESKAR, the camp of the Great Mogul. To LET in, to admit; as he let some of the enemy's advanced parties in, or into the cacnp, &c. To Let off, to discharge. To Let off a pistol or musket, to fire either of those fire arms. LETTER, in its general acceptation, a character such as forms the alphabet ; or anything written, such as an epistle, &c. Lett eh of mark, } a letter granted Letter of marque, S to one of the king's subjects under the privy seal, em- powering him to make reprisals for what 3 12 L E T ( 428 ) L E T u,,> formerly taken from him by the subjects of another state, contrary to the law of mart. See M \:;«.u i Letter of mark, a commission grant- ed by the lords of the admiralty, or bj the vice-admiral ofanj distant province, t<> the commander of a merchant ship. or privateer, to cruize against, and make prizes of the enemy's ships . ad vessels, either at sea, or in their harbours. Letter of service, a written order or authority issued In the secretary at war, empowering any officer or indivi- dual to raise a certain body of men to serve as soldiers, within a given time, and on special conditions. Letter of attorney, an instrument in writing, authorizing an attorney, or any confidential person, to take the affairs of another in trust. A letter or power of attorney is necessary to empower a per- son to receive the half-pay of an officer. 'i Ins paper did cost six shillings, hut now fifteen, and must be accompanied bj a certificate sworn to by the halt-pay offi- cer before some magistrate or justice of the peace. Letter of credit, a letter which is given from one merchant or banker to another, in favour of a third person, enabling the latter to take up money to a certain amount. Sometimes a letter oi' credit is given without any specific limitation. . Letter of licence, a deed signed and i! by the creditors of a man, by which he is allowed a given period to enable him to discharge his debts by in- stalments or by a certain proportion in the pound. Military Letter or dispatch. A let- ter of this description should be clear, and as brief as possible; containing in a few words all that is necessary to he known, without endangering the object of its communication, through a want of sufficient explanation. We have a re- markable instance in history of this spe- cies of writing. When Spinola, who was originally a Genoese merchant, appear- ed unwilling to undertake the siege of Breda, the king of Spain's laconic letter determined him. Marquis, Take Breda. I the King. Spinola did so: and, in recompense for that, and other brilliant services, he was afterwards abandoned by his mas- ter, and died of a broken heart. We also find, in the history of Cus- tavus Adolphus, two other instance - "i the same laconic style. General Kniphausen, being anxious- to preserve the pass and fortress of Schei- felbein, wrote to lieutenant - colonel Monro, who commanded the garrison, a short billet to this effect : Maintain the town as long as you can, but give not up the castle whilst a single man continues with you. This place, observes the historian, was not defensible for a longer time than twenty-four hours ; yet Monro, having the possession of it three days before MonteCUCttli's arrival, made B good appearance of resistance ; and when the imperial general had ranged his army round the walls, in order to give one united assault, and sent a trum- peter to propose a treaty, the brave Scot replied, with great plainness, thai the word treaty, by some chance, had hap- pened to be omitted in his instructions, and that he had only ponder and ball at the count de Montecuculi's service. Upon this, orders were given to commence a general storm ; but the Scottish troops behaved to admiration; and having laid the town in ashes, retired with great re- gularity into the castle. The Impe- rialists, perceiving the governor to be a man of resolution, broke up their en- campment, and quitted the siege. II. G. Ad. page 217. Letter of instruction, (depiche, Fr.) this is sometimes called a Military It tl> r or dispatch. Commanders in the British service labour under peculiar difficulties with respect to this article. So little discretionary power is vested in them when they are on foreign stations, that the most important objects are some- times neglected, or lost, from the dread of personal, or direct, responsibility. Circular Letters, (Icttres circulairet, Fr.) documents (which, in official lan- guage, and for the sake of abbreviation, are generally called circulars) that are sent to several persons upon the same subject. Letter-w/ch, certain pensioners be- longing to Chelsea 1 tospital are so called. LETTON, Fr. a metal composed of molten copper, called rosette, and of lapis ca/aniiii'iris, a yellow mineral, of which quantities may be found in the neighbourhood of Liege. Lettoh is used in cannon-foundries. The best practical mode of digesting and # LEV mixing the materials, is to put 11 or 12,000 weight of metal, 10,000 weight of rosette, or molten copper, 900 pounds of tin, and 600 pounds of letton. There are various opinions respecting the mix- ture of these several ingredients. LETTRE de cachef, Fr. an infamous state paper, which existed before the French revolution, differing in this es- sential point from an order of our privy council, that the former was sealed, and the person upon whom it was served, carried into confinement, without even seeing the authority by which he was hurried off in so peremptory a manner, or being tried afterwards for any spe- cific offence ; whereas the latter is an open warrant, which (except when pe- culiar circumstances occasion a suspen- sion of the Habeas Corpus act) has its object closely investigated before an English jurv. The French iettre de cachet was written by the king, countersigned by one of his principal secretaries of state, and sealed with the royal signet, Lettre de service, Fr. See Letter of' service. Lettre de passe, Fr. a paper signed by the kings of France, authorizing an officer to exchange from one regiment into another. Lettre de criancc, ou qui porte creance, Fr. a letter of credit. It likewise signi- fies the credentials which an ambassador presents from his sovereign to a foreign court. Letth.es en chifre,T?r. cyphers. Baron Espagnac in the continuation of his Essai sur V Operation de la Guerre,tom. i, page 2(39, gives the several instructions relative to this acquirement. Lettres de represailles, Fr. reprisals. See Letter of marque. Lettres de sante, patentes de sante, Fr. letters of health. Lettres de recision, Fr. a writ, or pa- per, to render a contract void. LEVANT, the countries bordering upon the Mediterranean are so called. LEVANTIN, Fr. a word generally used among the French to distinguish any person from the Levant. LEVANTINE nations, (nations Le- vantines, Fr.) nations belonging to the East, or to those countries which border on the Mediterranean. The French like- wise say, peuples Levuutins. LEVANTIS, Fr. the soldiers be- longing to the Turkish gallies are so called. ( 429 ) LEV LEVE, Fr. hollow mallet. LEVEE, Fr. bank, causey or cause- way, mole. Levee des troupes, Fr. See Levy. Levee en masse, Fr. a general rising of the people of any country, either for the purposes of self-defence, or to answer the intentions of its governing powers. Levee (Tune siege, Fr. the raising of a siege. See Siege. Levee, Fr. the concourse of those who crowd round a- man of power in a morning, or at noon. Hence Military Levee. LEVEL, an instrument to draw a line parallel to the horizon, whereby the dif- ference of ascent-or descent between se- veral places may be found, for convey- ing water, draining fens, &c. ^V-Level, that which shews the line of level by means of a bubble of air, in- closed with some liquor in a glass tube of an indeterminate length and thickness, whose two ends are hermetically sealed. When the bubble fixes itself at a certain mark, made exactly in the center of the tube, the plane or ruler wherein it is fixed is level : when it is not level, the bubble will rise to one end. This glass tube may be set in another of brass, having an aperture in the middle, whence the bubble of air may be observed. There is one of these instruments with sights, being an improvement upon the last-described, which, by the addition of more apparatus, becomes more commo- dious and exact : it consists of an air- level about 8 inches long, and 7 or 3 lines in diameter, set in a brass tube, with an aperture in the middle : the tubes are carried in a strong straight, ruler, a foot long, at whose ends are fixed two sights, exactly perpendicular to the tubes, and of an equal height, having a square hole, formed by two fil- let%of brass, crossing each other at right angles, in the middle whereof is drilled a very little hole, through which a point, on a level with the instrument, is de- scribed : the brass tube is fastened on the ruler by means of two screws, one whereof serves to raise or depress the tube at pleasure, for bringing it towards a level, The top of the ball and socket is riveted to a little ruler that springs, one end whereof is fastened with screws to the great ruler, and at the other end is a screw, serving to raise and depress the instrument when nearly level. Artillery jbol-Lv:VT.L is in form of a LEV ( 480 ) L E V square, having its two branched Of legs oi ui equal Length, at the angle of which is a small hole, whence hang a line and plummet, playing on a perpendicular line in the middle of a quadrant : it is divided into twice 45 degrees from the middle. Gtmjwr'a-LEVEL, for levelling pieces of artillery, consists of a triangular brass plate, about -1 inches, at the bottom of which is a portion of a circle divided into 4i> degrees ; which angle is sufficient for the highest elevations of cannons, mor- tars, and howitzers, and for giving shot and shells the greatest range : on the center of this segment of a circle is screwed a piece of brass, by means of which it may be fixed or screwed at pleasure ; the end of this piece of brass is made so as to serve for a plummet and index, in order to shew the different degrees of elevation of pieces of artille- ry. This Instrument has also a brass foot, to set upon cannon or mortars, so that when these pieces are horizontal, the instrument will be perpendicular. The foot of this instrument is to be placed on the piece to be elevated, in such a manner, as that the point of the plum- met may fall on the proper degree, &c. The most curious instrument, for the use of the artillerist, has been invented by the late General Sir William Con- greve, of the royal artillery ; having the following qualifications, viz. 1. It will find the inclination of any plane, whether above or below the horizon. 2. Bv ap- plying it either to the cylinder, or out- side of any piece of ordnance, angles of elevation or depression may be given to the 60th part, of a degree, with less trouble than the common gunner's qua- drant, which only gives to the 1th part of a degree. 3. It will give the line of direction for laying either guns or mor- tars to an object above or below the horizon. 4. It will find the center of metals of any piece of ordnance. 5. W ith it, a point may be found in the rear of a mortar-bed, in the vertical plane of the mortar's axis; consequently a longer line of sight is given for direct- ing them to the object than the usual way. 6. It answers all the purposes of a pair of calipers, with the advantage of knowing (to the 100th part of an inch) diameters, whether concave or con- vex, without the trouble of laying the claws upon a diagonal scale. 7. On the sides of the instrument are the following lines, via equal parts, solids, pi; and polygons, logarithms, tangents, ver- sed sines, sines and numbers, plotting scales, and diagonal scabs of inches for cutting fuses by. 8. In the lid of the instrument-case is a pendulum to vibrate half seconds. It is likewise of singular use in surveying: as, 1. It takes hori- zontal angles to the 60th part of a de- gree. 2. Vertical angles. ;>. Levels. l. Solves right-angled plane triangles. ."). Oblique-angled plane triangles. 6. .Answers all the purposes of a protractor, with the advantage of laying down angles exactly as taken in the held. iV . 13. Captain Jordane's ingenious instrument answers nearly the same purposes. S/mViV-Level. See ^>-Level. By the term level is also to be under- stood the line of direction in which any missive weapon is aimed. Level, an instrument whereby ma- sons adjust their Work. LE\ ELLER, (niveleur^ Ft.) a term not known in military phraseology, as far as it relates to rank and situation. In a general acceptation, one who de- stroys superiority ; one who endeavours to bring all to the same state of equality; a fool or a madman. See Levelling Si 51 EM. LEVELLING, the finding a line pa- rallel to the horizon at one or more sta- tions, and so to determine the height of one place in regard to another. Levelling starts, instruments used in levelling, that cany the marks to be observed, and at the same time measure the heights of those marks from the ground. These usually consist of two wooden square rulers that slide over one another, and are divided into feet, inches, &c. Levelling has two distinct applica- tions in the art of war ; in tin one case, it implies the reduction of an uneven surface to that of a plane, so that the works of a fortification may be oi a cor- respondent height or figure throughout. The other is the art of conveying water from one place to another ; in this pro- cess, it is found necessary to make an allowance between the true and appa- rent level, or in other words, for the figure of the earth, for the true level is not a straight line, but a curve which falls below the straight line about 8 inches in a mile, 4 times 8 in two miles, 9 time 8 in 5 miles, 16 times 8 in 4 LEV ( 431 ) L I A miles, always increasing with the square of the distance. Levelling system, (systtme des nive- leurs, Fr.) a term which since the com- mencement of the French revolution has been grossly misinterpreted, and cannot be found in any civilized country to answer any other purpose than that of delusion ; such was the proposed agra- rian system of the Romans ; and sucli the absurd suggestion of the sanguinary Marat in the height of the French mania. LEVER, a balance which rests upon a certain determinate point, called a ful- crum. Levek, in mechanics, a line, rod, or beam, moveable about, or upon, a hxed point called the prop or fulcrum, upon one end of which is the weight to be raised, at the other end is the power, applied to raise it ; as the hand, &c. Since the momentum of the weight and power are as the quantities of mat- ter in each, multiplied by their respec- tive celerities ; and the celerities are as the distances from the center of motion, and also as the spaces passed through in a perpendicular direction in the same time, it must follow that there will be airequilibrium between the weight and power, when they are to each other re- ciprocally as the distances from the cen- ter,— or as the celerities of the motions, or as the perpendicular ascent or descent in the same time ; and this universally in all mechanical powers whatsoever, and which is therefore the fundamental principle of all mechanics. According to N. Bailey, vol. II., the lever is one of the six powers ; the lever, differs from the common balance in this, that the center of motion is in the middle of a common balance ; but may be any where in the lever. Dr. Johnson calls it the second mechanical power, used to elevate or raise a great weight. Belidor in his Dictionnaire de I'Tagaiieur distinguishes the word levier by saying — Levier de la premiere esp'ece, Levier de la seconde es- pece, and Levier de la troisieme espe.ce. See Levier and Mechanical Powers. LEVET, a lesson on the trumpet. LEVEL R, Fr. a tax-gatherer. LEVIER, Fr. lever. As the French writers have been more explicit on this head than any of our lexicographers, we shall extract the following passages as conducive to general information. — The levier or lever is an instrument made of wood or iron, by means of which the heaviest weights may be raised with few hands. When the lever is made of iron, it is called pince or crow. The lever may be considered as the first of all ma- chines. Wheels, pullies, capstans, &c. act only by the power it possesses. The lever must be looked upon as a straight line, which has three principal points; namely, the one on which the load is placed, and which is to be raised; the appui, or rest, which is the center round which it turns, and which the French mechanics call orgueil; and lastly, the human arm, which is the power that puts the lever into motion. The different arrangements or dispositions which are given to these three points, or rather the unequal distances at which they are placed, occasion the force that is col- lectively displayed. Levier, Fr. in artillery, a wedge. Levier de pointage, Fr. a wedge to assist in pointing pieces of ordnance. Levier de support, Fr. a wedge bv which cannon is raised to a certain line of direction. To LEVY, has three distinct military acceptations, as to levy or raise an army; to levy or make war; and, to levy con- tributions. LEVY. The levying or raising troops, by enregistering the names of men capa- ble of bearing arms for the common de- fence and safety of a country, has from time immemorial been a leading princi- ple among men. There are indeed some people still ex- isting, who indiscriminately go to war; leaving for the immediate security of their huts, or habitations, only their old men, their wives and children. Among the Romans, however, and in some other civilized countries, it was a prevailing maxim never to employ ahove a certain proportion of matured popu- lation, and that proportion consisted uniformly of men who were expert at arms. National assemblies were called together, whenever the situation of the country required that the senate's de- cree should be published and put into effect. Levy likewise means inlisting money, as levy-monev. LEZARDES, Fr. chinks or crevices in walls ; occasioned generally by the foundation giving way. LIAIS, Fr. very hard free-stone. LIAISON, Fr.'m building, the bind- L I B ( 432 ) L I C ing or connecting stones or bricks to- gether so as to keep them firm and solid. Liaison a sec, Fr. stones, generally of a large size, placed upon one another without cement or mortar, as in ancient buildings, &c. Liaison de joint, Fr. the cement, or adhesion which is made with mortar, for the purpose of binding stones or bricks together. LIA1S0NNER,FV. to bind or fasten stones together. A LIAR, the most mischievous and, when known, the most contemptible reptile that crawls upon the earth. A creature that will say and unsay ; that will impugn the truth ; and assert any thing which his interest may direct, or his policy suggest. A thing, in short, with which no military character can accord, and to which may be applied the following adage : — You may shut your door against a thief, but you cannot u.gainst a liar. Liar, (on ship board,) he who is first caught in a lie on a Monday morning, who is proclaimed at the main-mast, liar, liar, liar ; whose punishment is to serve the under-swabber for a week, to keep clean the beak-heads and chains. Something of this sort should be adopted in the army; for it is well known, that deviations from the truth, too frequently disgrace the high character of a sol- dier. LIASSE, Fr. bundle of papers ; bundle string; such as returns, ike. LIBAGE, Fr. rough stones; shards. LIBERTY. See Freedom. LIBRARY, regimental, a collection of military books, charts, and plans, ne- cessary to be studied by every oliicer who wishes to be acquainted with his profession. They are placed in Ijoncs, which being set one upon the other, in a room or tent, and having their upper lid taken off, present the appearance of a book-case, and in a few minutes each box can be separated from the other, and the whole may be stowed away with the rest of the baggage. A day's pay from every oliicer yearly, and a small present on every promotion is sufficient for the establishment, and the junior oliicer in quarters might be librarian. None but military books should be ad- mitted, and the selection of them should be left to those above the rank of lieu- tenant. A library has been established in Gibraltar by subscription, and one at Woolwich in J80ti, when the Earl of Moira was master-general of the ord- nance. General Wolfe, having shewn some general orhcers how expert his men wen: at a new mode of attacking and retreat- ing upon hills, stepped up to one of them, and asked him what he thought of it? I think, said he, I see something here of the history of the Carduchi, who ha- rassed Xenophon, and hung upon his rear in his retreat over the mountains. You are right, said Wolfe, I hud it thence : but our friends here art sur- prized at what I have shewn them, be- cause they have read nothing. LICE, Fr. lists for combats. LICENCE, a grant of permission ; liberty; permission. Wine Licence, a licence granted to publicans in Gibraltar, the emoluments of which were formerly given to the go- vernor; but are now carried to the cre- dit of government. LICENCIEMENT des troupes, Fr. an order to go into winter quarters. At the end of a campaign this generally hap- pened in France, when troops could not any longer keep the field owing to the severity of the weather. In former times it was usual, during the continuance of a war, for the French army to retire into winter quarters, about the latter end of October. But since the revolu- tion, hostilities have been carried on at all seasons, and under the most dis- heartening pressure of the atmosphere. Licenciement des equipages desvivrrs, Fr. It was usual in the old French army, for an order to be issued by which the contractors and commissaries for the time l\eing were discharged at the close of a campaign. The director ge- neral of the stores always preserved this order, as it formed the only final voucher, upon which the contractors could re- ceive any demand against government. The greatest attention was paid to this important branch of military economv ; and if, at the conclusion of a campaign, it was found necessary to retain any part of the establishment for the immediate subsistence of the troops in u inter quar- ters, that part was minutely noticed in the order. LICENCIER, Fr. to discharge. LICOC, Fr. a halter, with which horses and other animals are fastened to L I E ( 438 ) LIE -any thing; and by which men are hanged according to law. LIDE, Fr. a warlike machine, which was formerly used to throw large stones against a fortified place, or upon an enemy. LIE, La Lie du peuple, Fr. See Dregs. To LIE, in a military acceptation of the term, to be in quarters, in canton- ments, or to be in camp : the 29th re- giment of foot, for instance, lies en- camped between Richmond and Wind- sor ; or it lies at Windsor. The light dragoons lie along the coast. To Lie in ambush, to be posted in 6uch a manner as to be able to surprize your enemy, should he presume to ad- vance, without having previously cleared the woods, hedges, &c. To Lie under cover, to be under the protection of a battery, or to be shel- tered by a wood, &c. To Lie in wait, to take a position un- observed by the enemy, and to remain under arms, in expectation of suddenly falling upon his flanks or rear. To Lie on their arms, (coucher sous urmes, Fr.) a term used to express the situation of a body of armed men, who remain prepared for action at all sea- sons. To give the Lie. See Dementi, Fr. LIEGE, Fr. cork. Liege, bound by some feudal tenure; whence Liege-man, or subject; it also signifies Sovereign, in which sense it is called Liege Lord. LIEN, Fr. a piece of wood which is used in the timber-work of a roof. Lien defer, Fr. a bar of iron, curved or otherwise, by which pieces of wood are bound together. LI ERNES de palee, Fr. flat pieces of wood which are fastened to the piles of a wooden bridge with iron pins. Liernes, Fr. slits, interlaces, or in- tertoises of timber. In LIEU, in the room, place, or stead of. Lieu has various significations in the French language, viz. Lieu, Fr. place ; quarter. It also signifies matter of immediate considera- tion ; as, prendre une chose en premier lieu. LIEUE, Fr. See League. LIEUTENANCY, (lieutenance,Yr.) the post, station, &c. of a lieutenant. LIEUTENANT. This word is ori- ginally derived from the Latin legatus, locum tenens, and comes immediately to us from the French lieu-tenant, sup- plying or holding the place of another. In a military sense it means the second person or officer in command : as lord lieutenant, one who represents the per- son of the prince, or others in autho- rity ; lieutenant-general, the next in command to a general; lieutenant-colo- nel, the next to a colonel ; captain-lieu- tenant, an intermediate rank ; and lieu- tenant the next to a captain, in every company of both foot and horse, and who rakes the command upon the death or absence of the superior officer. Fu- zileer corps, grenadiers, and light infan- try, have second lieutenants and no en- signs. Lieutenant, (Lieutenant, Fr.) a de- puty, one who acts under the authority of another. Lieutenant of' Engineers. See En- gineers. LiEUTENANT-Co/oneZ. See Colonel. LiEUTENANT-Genmi/. See Gene- ral. Lieutenant du Hoi, Fr. During the old monarchy in France there was a deputy governor in every fortified place, or strong town, who commanded in the absence of the governor, and was a check upon his conduct when present. This person was called Lieutenant du Roi. Lieutenant reduced, (Lieutenant reformi, Fr. ) he whose company or troop is broke or disbanded, but who continues on full or half pay, and still preserves the right of seniority and rank in the army. Lieutenant de la colonelle, Fr. the second officer (or what we formerly styled the captain lieutenant of the colonel's company) of every infantry regiment was so called in France. Lieutenans des Gardes Francoises et Suisses, Fr. lieutenants belonging to the French and Swiss guards. During the old monarchy in France they bore the rank' of lieutenant-colonel, and took precedence of all captains. Lieutenans provinciaux d'artillerie^ Fr. were certain officers belonging to the old French service, and immediately attached to the artillery, who bore the title or name of the particular province in which they were stationed. Lieutenant General, Fr. The title and rank of lieutenant general were of a 3K L I G ( 484 ) L I less con finer! nature in Franco under the old government of that country than it is with ns. High officers of justice were distinguished by the name ; and all go- vernors of provinces, as far as their ju- risdiction extended, together with the persons who acted under them, were cal- led Heutenans-giniraux. There were likewise persons who bore the titlt of lieutenant-general of the kingdom at large. hizvTEXAWT-Giniral d'artillerie, Fr. Lieutenant-general of the Ordnana . LlEUTENANT-Gt'Hl /'«/ (l(S aimers 7111- vales du Roi, Fr. an officer in the old j French service, belonging to the naval department. He took rank of all chefs d'escadre, or commodores, and issued orders through them to inferior officers. Lieutenants of counties. See Lord- Lieutenants. LIFE-GUARDS.— See Guards. LIGK hommc, Fr. a person on whom the lord of the manor had more ascen- dancy than over a common vassal. See Liege. LIGHT-BELLIED, (spoken of a horse,) is one that has flat, narrow, and contracted sides, which make his Hank turn up, like that of a grey-hound. LIGHT BOBS, a familiar term used . for the light infantry. LIGHT HORSE. All mounted sol- diers, that are lightly armed and ac- coutred for active and desultory service, may be considered under this term. Thus light dragoons, fencible cavalry, mounted yeomanry, &c. are, strictly speaking, light-horse. The Gity Light-horse is a particular body of men, consisting chiefly of rich merchants belonging to the city, who first formed themselves into a corps in 1770. Great attention was paid, during the late w r ar, to the discipline of these gentlemen. They were frequently ho- noured with his Majesty's presence; and if their capability of service be viewed through the influence they possess from immense wealth and credit, aided by an esprit de corps, which makes them sacri- fice private convenience for public duty, the city light-horse must be allowed no inconsiderable weifebt in the scale of me- tropoiitan defence. Thev are now called the Light-horse Volunteers. Colonel lien ies, who has commanded them many years, has received a pension for his assi- duitv and zeal. LIGHT INFANTRY, a body of active, strong men, selected from the aggregate of battalion companies, and made up of the: most promising recruits that arc occasionally enlisted. Too much attention cannot, be given to the organization of light troops on foot. They are very properly called the eyes of an army, and ought always to be Con- sidered as indispensably necessary. See \ oil M.I.URS. LIGHT TROOPS, (troupe* ligtres, Fr.) By light troops are generally meant all horse and foot which are accoutred for detached service. To LIGHTEN a ship, (alliger un Tiiisscan, Fr.) to take out any part of its cargo, or to diminish its ballast. This is frequently done, when ordnance, troops, or horses are embarked. To Lighten a horse, in horseman- ship, is to make a horse light in the fore hand, i.e. to make him freer and lighter in the fore band than behind. This is usually done by throwing him on his haunches, and by a proper management of the bit. EIGNE, Fr. See Line, also Forti- fication. Eigne d'eau, Fr.. a term used in aquatics. It is the hundred and for- tieth portion of an inch of water, and furnishes or supplies one hundred and four pints of water, Paris measure, in twenty-four hours. Ligne de chanvre, Fr. the piece of packthread which is used by masons and by carpenters, for the purpose of ascer- taining the depth and elevation' of walls, and of measuring wood. Ligne de plomb, Fr. a mason's, or carpenter's plummet. Ligne de sonde, Fr. the packthread, or cord to which the sounding lead is attached. Lignes en forme de cremaillere, Fr. indented lines, or lines resembling the teeth of a sate, or pot-hook : they are connected with one another like crotch- ets ; or united by small flanks com- prising fourteen or fifteen toises each. M. de Clairac has given a particular ac- count of their construction in his Jngt- nieur de Campagne. The effect, ob- serves that writer, which is produced by the concentrated lire that may be poured from these lines, is perhaps unexampled. One advantage is certain, that of being able to increase your efforts of defence, in proportion as the enemy advances; since it must be evideut, that, construct- L 1 M ( ) L I M ed as the flanks are, and enchasing one another, the execution becomes multi- plied in every quarter. It may more- over be stated, among other advantages, that as the salient points are double in number, and are flanked within half a distance of musket-shot, without stretch- ing far into the country, they must, of course, be less exposed to the enemy's approaches. From the figure of these lines the troops are enabled to keep up an uninterrupted and regular direct fire; and it is the only construction from which an equal discharge of ordnance, or musketry, may be served in every quar- ter at once. LIGNEUL, Fr. shoe-maker's thread. LILY-/irererf,wliite-livered ; cowardly. Boisterous and overbearing characters are almost always of this description. True courage, which generally shews itself by an open and manly suffusion of the face, is here replaced by sudden bursts of passion, that terminate in pale quivering lips, white countenance and trembling limbs ; all symptoms of a dastardly mind. Weoffer these remarks to military men, because it must be obvious, that a complete ascendancy over the inward workings of the mind, is the only sure way of succeeding. The great- est military characters have at times risked their reputation and station, by intemperate heat. Order of the Lily. See Order. Faire le LIMACON, Fr. to wind, twirl, or turn round about; this term is used to answer to our forming the ring, as the soldiers do when they cast them- selves into a ring. Limacon, Fr. a winding staircase. Limacon, Fr. See Vis d'Archimede. LIMACONNER, Fr. in a military sense, to form into a ring, as soldiers do when they form circle. LIMANDE, Fr. in the literal sense of the word, signifies a hurt or bret, a species of flat fish. Belidor applies the term to any piece of flat wood. LIMBER, a two wheel carriage fitted up with boxes, to contain the ammuni- tion applicable to each nature of ord- nance, to accompany them in the fieid. These limbers have a strong iron hook in the rear, to which the carriages, con- veying the guns or howitzers, are affixed when travelling, by means of an eye- bolt at the end of the trail of the car- riages. The hooking or unhooking the gun, or howitzer carriages, from the lim- bers is called in the artillery service, limbering up to retreat, or unlimbering for action. To Limber up, to make every thing ready in a gun-carriage, either for the purpose of retreating or advancing. For the manner in whioh this is done, in the exercise of a light 6 pounder without drag-rope-men, see Regimental Com- panion, 6th edition. LIMBO, any place of misery or re- straint. Thus, officers who undertake the profession of arms from mere inte- rest or ostentation, may be said to he in limbo, when their services are re- quired. According to the doctrine of Rome, limbo signifies a place between heaven and purgatory, to which human beings that have not been baptized are consigned for ever. LIME, (chaux, Fr.) in military ar- chitecture, is made of all kinds of stones, that will calcine ; that which is made of the hardest stone is the best, and the worst of all is that which is made of chalk. Different counties in England pro- duce different kinds of lime-stones. In Kent, abounding with chalk pits, the lime is very bad. There are some rocks near Portsmouth, that make exceeding good lime. The best lime in England is that made of the marble in the neigh- bourhood of Plymouth. Before the stones are thrown into the kiln, they are to be broken into small pieces ; otherwise the air contained in their ca- vities, being too much expanded by heat, makes them fly with so much vio- lence as to damage the kilns. Lime will not be sufficiently burnt in less than 60 hours. The signs of well burnt lime are, that its weight is to that of the stone in a sequialterate proportion ; that it be white, light, and sonorous ; that when slaked, it sticks to the sides of the vessel, sending forth a copious thick smoke, and requires a great deal of wa- ter to slake it. In some foreign countries they make f fire, (Hgne (lc feu, Fr.) in for- tification. This term admits of two dis- tinct acceptations ; first, when it is found necessary to give an idea of the manner in which a rampart, or an entrenchment overwhelms and crosses any space of ground by the disohArge of ordnance or musketry, lines must be drawn to ex- press the distances which have been tra- versed by the lhot,&C. These lines are called lines of fire, being an abbrevia- tion of those lines of direction which have been given to tin- shot. In order to convey a more just and accurate conception of this species of line ot lire, it is recommended to give a profile, which shall not only shew the Curves of the trajectories, bat likewise point out the intersections and impres- sions which nave been made by such fire upon a rampart, entrenchment, ground, or fortification of am description. In the second place all that extent of a rampart or entrenchment, whence the shot of ordnance or musketry is discharged, is understood to be a line ot' fire. If, for instance, it were to be said that a reverse or oblique direction was taken against a long extent of rampart or en- trenchment, by means of a jc ti e or any great work thrown up, so as to outflank Jiasf-LiNE. See Base. To Line one-self, to place one's per- son in such a position and attitude as perfectly to accord with any given points of alignment; as, to line with the pivot files. Line in fencing, that direction oppo- site to the enemy, wherein the shoulder, the right arm, and the sword, should always be found; and wherein are also to be placed the two feet at the dis- tance of 18 inches from each other. In which sense, a man is said to be in bis line, or to go out of his line, &c. Line of demur cat ion, a line which is drawn by the consent of parties to as- certain the limits and boundaries of certain lands and territories belonging to different powers. Dr. Johnson does not mention the term. LlK£ also denotes a French measure, containing 1-12 part of an inch. It is of late frequently made use of in cal- culations. To Line, from the French aligner, is to dress any given body of men, so that every individual part shall be so dis- posed as to form collectively a straight continuity of points from center to flanks. To Line men. Officers and non-com- missioned officers are said to line the men belonging to their several batta- lions, divisions, or companies, when they or take it in the rear, it might be con- arrive at their dressing points, and re- cluded, that those points would be sup- iceive the word dress from the com- plied with a long line of fire. Line qf penetration, any given extent of groun.l upon which an invading army advances into an enemy's country. The best system of defence on this occasion is that of skirmishing, ecc. Line of direction,( ligne de direction, Fr.) in mechanics, any straight line down which a heavy bodv descends. There are likewise lines of direction which re- late to powers; they are then straight lines by means of which a power draws or urges on a weight for the purpose of supporting or moving it. Line of march, any distance of ground over which armed bodies of men are directed to move in succession towards some ^nen object. Capital Line of the host ion, f/igne capitate du bastion, Fr.) a line which is drawn from the center anule of a bastion to its flanked angle. In regular fortification this line cuts the bastion in two equal parts. . mander of the whole. W hen a single battalion halts, it is dressed or lined on its right center com- pany and must, of course, be in a straight line. When several battalions dress from the center of each on its next colour, the general line will be straight, provided all the colours have halted regularly in a line. On these occasions every thing will depend upon the two center dressers of each bat- talion. To Line a coast. To line a coast well under the immediate pressure of invasion, requires not only great ability and exertion in the commanding officer of the particular district against which an insult may be offered, but it is more- over necessary, that every individual officer in the different corps should minutely attend to the particular spot on which he may be stationed. The English coast, especially where there are bays, is almost always iutersect<"d L I N ( 441 ) LIN by narrow passes through the rocks or sand-hills. On this account, when any body of men receive orders to line a specified extent of ground, the officers who are entrusted with the several parts of a battalion or brigade, should take care to make the most of their men, and to extend their files in such a manner, as not only to present an im- posing front from the crown of the hill, hut to be able, at a moment's warning, to carry their whole strength to prevent the enemy from getting upon the flanks by suddenly rushing up the gap. . Much coolness is required on these occasions. The French say Fraiser. To Line hedges, &c. to plant troops, artillery or small arms, along them under their cover, to fire upon an enemy that advances openly,or to defend them from the horse, &c. To LtNE a street or road is to draw up any number of men on each side of the street or road, and to face them in- wards. This is frequently practised on days of ceremony, when some distin- guished person is received with military honours on his way through places where troops are stationed. To Line, in fortification, is nothing more than to. environ a rampart, para- pet, or ditch, &c. with a wall of masonry or earth. . Lines, in fortification, bear several names and significations; such as, " defence fichant i defence rasunt Line of\ countervallation counter-approach defence prolonged Line Capital - - - - Full or close Lines, (lignes pleines, Fr.) Marshal Puysegur in his Art de la Guerre is a strong advocate for full or close lines, in his disposition of the order of battle, provided the ground will ad- mit it. He proposes, in fact, that the battalions of infantry and the squadrons of horse should form one continuity of line, without leaving the least interval between them. Warnery, in his treatise on cavalry, differs materially from the French tactician. See page 38 on this subject. Lines that are close and open, (lignes tunt pleines que vuides, Fr.) When troops are drawn up in order of battle with intervals between the battalions and squadrons, the line3 are said to be close and open. Lines of communication are trenches that unite one work to another, so that men may pass between them without being exposed to the enemy's fire : thence the whole intrenchment round any place is sometimes called a line of communication, because it leads to all the works. Inside Lines are a kind of ditches towards the place, to prevent sallies, &c. Outside Lines are a kind of ditches towards the field, to hinder relief, &c. Lines of intrenchment, (lignes re- tranchces,Yr.) All lines which are drawn in front of a camp, &c. to secure it from insult or surprize are so called. When- ever an army is not sufficiently strong to run the hazard of being attacked, the general who commands it must have the precaution to dig a ditch in front mea- suring three toi^es at lenst in breadth, and two in depth. He must likewise throw up a parapet with redans, or have it flanked at intermediate distances by small bastions two toises thick, made of strong close earth, and get it covered and supported by fascines, with a ban- quette behind, sufficiently high to cover the soldiers' tents. If water can be got into the ditch from a neighbouring stream or rivulet, an additional advantage will be derived from that accession. W T hen the lines are constructed for any space of time, it will then be proper to make a covert-way in the usual manner. Other lines are likewise constructed for the purpose of communicating with different quarters; great care must be taken lest any of them be exposed to the enemy's enfilade. To prevent this, they must be supported by redoubts, or by works belonging to the neighbouring forts; for the enemy might otherwise make good his ground within them, and use them as a trench. If an army is so weak as to be within lines, you must take care to have com- munications between the villages, and small parties of light horse patroling towards the enemy, and to have videttes and sentries posted so near one another, that you may have intelligence of all their transactions. LINGE et chaussure du soldat, Fr. necessaries belonging to a soldier. Dur- ing the monarchy of France, a so r , or SL LIN ( 442 ) L I S about oneEnglish halfpenny per day, was added to the pay of each serjeant, and about six deniers, or three English far- things to that of each corporal, anspe- sade or lance-corporal, grenadier, private soldier, and drummer, to enable them to keep up a certain list of necessaries. On any deficiency being discovered, it was in the power of the commanding officer of the regiment to reduce the Soldier's subsistence to four sols, or two pence English per day, until the full complement was made up. LINGERER, (Imigis, Fr.) one who pretends to he indisposed, in order to to avoid his tour of duty — a skulker. Hence the term malingerer, or a soldier who avoids duty in a disreputable manner. LINGOT, Fr. a slug; an oblong piece of lead; also an ingot. This species of shot is not considered as fair ammunition in war. It is generally used to shoot game and wild beasts. Count Lagarde was severely wounded in the shoulder with a shot of this de- scription, whilst he was gallantly exert- ing himself at Nismes, in 1815, to pro- tect the French Protestants against the fury of some bigoted Roman Catholics. To LINK together, to tie together. Cavalry horses are frequently linked to- gether when it is found necessary for the men to dismount. LINKS, are distinct reins, or thongs of leather, used by the cavalry to link their horses together, when they dis- count, that they may not disperse. Every tenth man is generally left to take care of them. LINS-Dins. See Li nth-pins. LINSTOCK, (houit-feu, Fr.) in gunnery, a short staff of wood, about three feet long, having at one end a piece of iron divided into two branches, each of which has a notch to hold a lighted match, and a screw to fasten it there; the other end being shod with iron to stick in the ground. LINTEAU on LITTEAU, Fr. a long piece of timber, of a triangular profile, or made in the shape of a trapeze. It serves to fasten together the palisades which are fixed in the covert-way, and is placed upon the berms of works in for- tification that are not lined. LiNTF.Af de J'er, Fr. a bar of iron which supports the haunses of a plat- band, and is proportioned to the weight it bears. LINTEL, (Hnte'au, Fr.) that part of the door frame that lies across the door posts over head. LIS, Fr. Lily ; the emblem of France, which was discarded at the Re- volution in 1789, and afterwards replaced by the bee and the eagle when Bona- parte assumed the sovereign power.— These were destroyed in 1814 on the lirst restoration of Louis the XVTIIth, and again resumed when Bonaparte took possession of the crown in 1815. The lily now prevails in consequence of the second restoration of Louis the XVIIlth, effected through the victory gained at Waterloo on the 18th day of June, 1815, by the British and Prussian armies, under the Duke of Wellington, and Prince Blue her. Lis, Fr. A warlike machine was for- merly so called : it consisted of a piece of wood, or stake, about the size of the human body, which was made smaller at the top than at the bottonij and re- sembled a lily not yet blown. Several of these were tied together with ozier or willow twigs, and were used for the se- curity of a camp. They were not unlike the palisades of the present day. Fteur de Lis, Fr. a flower borne in the ancient arms of France, and adopted by our kings until the late union with Ireland. The Electoral Cap, as emblematic of Hanover, and the sham- rock for Ireland, have been substituted in their stead. Fleur de Lis, during the French mo- narchy, signified also a mark of infamy, which was made with a hot iron, upon the back of a malefactor. LISSE, Fr. any smooth and unorna- mented piece in architecture. Lisse ou chapiteau, Fr. a piece of timber which surmounts any pile-work. Lisse, Fr. the railing of a bridge to prevent passengers from falling over. There are generally two rows of railing ; the first of which is called by the French Lisse d'appni, or railing to lean upon. LISS( >IRE, Fr. from lisser, to smooth. This word was particularly applied in France, toan operation whichgunpowder went through, in order to make coarse grains smooth and round. This was effected by tying several barrels together, and by means of a mill turning them round, so as to occasion considerable friction within. LIST, (liste, Fr.) a roll ; a catalogue. Annual Army List, an official roll or L I T ( 443 ) L O A catalogue which is published every year, containing the names and rank, &,c. ot all individuals holding military commis- sions or warrants under the king. The French call it Etat Militaire de l' Empire. Monthly Army List, an official roll which is published monthly, at a reduced price, containing the names of all the officers belonging to the artillery, guards, marching regiments, &c. Compassionate List, a roll upon which the names of widows and children of deceased officers are inscribed. To List soldiers, ) to retain and enrol To Inlist, 5 soldiers, either as volunteers, or by a kind of compulsion. LISTEL ou LISTEAU, Fr. a listel ; fillet. LISTING. Persons listed are to be carried within four days, but not sooner than twenty-four hours, after they have unlisted, before the next justice of peace of any county, riding, city, or place, or chief magistrate of any city or town corporate (not being an officer in the army); and if, before such justice or magistrate, they dissent from such listing, and return the listing money, and also 20 shillings in lieu of all charges ex- pended on them, they are to be dis- charged. See Attestation. LISTS, in a military sense, a place inclosed, in which combats are fought. To enter in the Lists, is to contend with a person. LIT de camp, Fr. a camp-bed, which takes to pieces, and is portable. The French frequently call it lit brise, or a bed taken to pieces. The Turks never use these beds : they always carry mat- tresses, which they spread upon sofas when they halt at night. Lit, Fr. a bed; lay; the natural posi- tion of a stone in the quarry. The part which is uppermost is called lit tendre, that at the bottom, lit dur. Lit de voussoir et de claveau, Fr. the bed or seat of the bending of a vault. Lit de pont de bois, Fr. the floor of a wooden bridge. Lit de canal, ou de reservoir, Fr. the bed or bottom of a canal or reservoir ; which is usually made of sand, clay, pavement, or of any cement and pebbles. LITERARY, (littiraire, Fr.) See Li- terary Regiment. LITTER, (litiere, Fr.) a sort of hur- dle bed, on which wounded officers or men are carried off the field. A kind of vehicular bed. LITTLE, (petit, Fr ) small ; mean ; self-interested ; having feelings unbe- coming an officer, or a gentleman. Little fortification. Thefirstdi vision of the first system of M. de Vauban is so called when the exterior side of a fortification does not exceed 175 toises, or 350 yards. It is used in the con- struction of citadels, small forts, horn and crown works. LI VER- Co mplaint, a disease to which British officers and soldiers are pecu- liarly exposed, especially in the East Indies, It is frequently brought on bjf an immoderate use of spirituous liquors, particularly in Europe. LIVERY. This word is only known in military matters by its prohibition. It is particularly specified in the Articlea of War, that if any officer shall presume to muster any person as a soldier, who is at other times accustomed to wear a livery, or who does not actually do his duty as a soldier, he shall be deemed guilty of having made a false muster, and shall suffer accordingly. See Sec- tion IV. Art. V. Livery, the state of being kept at a certain rate, as horses are in livery stables. Hence to be at livery. LIVRE, a French money of account consisting of 20 sols, about lOrf. Eng- lish; each sol containing 12 deniers. The livre is of two kinds, Tournois and Parasis. Livre Tournois contains 20 sols Tournois, and each sol 12 deniers Tour- nois. Livre Parisis, is 12 sols Parisis, being worth 12 deniers Parisis, or 15 deniers Tournois; so that a livre Parisis is worth 25 sols Tournois. The word Pa- risis is used in opposition to Tournois, because of the rate of money, which was one fourth higher at Paris than at Tours. LIVREE, Fr. board-wages. LIVRER butaille, Fr. to deliver, give or join battle. Livrer assuut, Fr. to storm. Livrer une ville au pillage, Fr. to give a town up to plunder. LIVRET, Fr. literally means a lit'le book ; any thing containing a series of words. Livret de commandemens, Fr. printed or written words of command, accord- ing to prescribed rules and regulations. LOAD, a word of command given, when men are to charge their guns, or ! muskets. 3L2 LOG ( 444 ) LOG LOAM, (ardille, Fr.) a sort of clay ; unctuous, tenacious earth ; marl. LOCAL, appertaining lu some par- titular spot, quarter Ot district j being in a particular place. Local Militia, a temporary armed lone which is embodied lor the internal defence of a country, and exercised within certain limits. LOCHABEH-AXEj a tremendous Scotch weapon, now used by none Iml the town gawd of Edinburgh ; one ot which is to be seen among the small armoury in the Tower of London. LOCKS, in gunnery, are of \arious sorts; common for lockers in travelling carriages or for boxes containing shut, powder "or cartridges. Also locks for tire arms, lu big that part of the EQltsket, by which lire is struck and the powder inflamed. LOCK-COYER, a piece of leather, or oil-cloth, which is used to secure the lock of a musket, or pistol, from rain and moisture. LOCK-STEP.' Tliis step was first hv- troduced into the British service by the late Lord Heathneld, when he com- manded the garrison at Gibraltar ; ami is the same that General Saldem (from whose works all our regulations have been almost literally selected) calls the deploy step. This step consists in the heel of one man behig brought nearly in contact with the joint of the great toe of another, so that when men step on together,- they constantly preserve the same distance. The lock or deploy step is always practised when a battalion marches in file, or close column ; and the great advantage to be derived from it is, that the last file gains ground at the sanie time that the front advances. It is ludicrously called goose-step. To Lock, to fasten one or more of the wheels ot' a carriage to prevent their going rouinl, in going down a hill, &c. To Lock up, to take the closest pos- sible order in line, or in file. The ex- pression is derived from the lock-step. Lock up! a word of command which is frequently used in the British service, to direct soldiers to take or preserve the closest possible order, especially in ji/e- thin flat pieces of iron, nailed on the sides of a field carriage, where the wheels touch it in turning, to prevent the wearing of the -wood in those places. Sec Carriaoi . LOCKSITT, in field foitilication, a small cut or trench made with a Spade, about a foot wide, to mart out the first ines of a work. To LODGE ARMS, a word of Command which is used on guards and picket-. W men hen a guard has closed its ranks, and the men are to place their arms in front of the guard-house or quarter-gliard, according to circum- stances, the commanding officer gives the right, Lodge" marching. LOCKER hbtges serve to fasten the co\er of the lockers in travelling car- stages. words poi-t arms, to the right, or about, (as the case may be) face. Arms. LODGING-MOM. V. When a re- giment is quartered in a town, and there are not sufficient accommodations to answer the. required number of billets, an allowance is made to the officers ac- cording to rank. The gross amount is changed in the paymaster's abstract. For particulars, see Military Finance. LODGINGS. Officers billeted in the suburbs of Edinburgh, pay for their lodging, hut no where else in Scotland. LjODGMENT, in military business. a work made by the besiegers in some part of a fortification, after the besieged nave been driven out, for the purpose of maintaining it, and to be covered from the enemy's fire. It also means posses- sion of an enemy's work. When a lodgment is to be effected on the glacis, covert-way, or in a breach, there must be a great provision made of fascines, sand bags, gabions, wool packs, &c. in the trenches ; and during the action, the pioneers (under the direction of an engineer) with fascines, sand bags, &c. should be making the lodgment, in order to form a covering, while the grenadiers are storming the covert-way, ivc. LOF, Fr. loof of a ship. Au Lof, Fr. loof up, commonly pro- nounced luff up. Etrt au Lor, fr. to have the weather gage, or the advantage of the wind. LOG, a round piece of wood which is attached to the watering bridle, or halter, of a horse when he is tied up in a stall. To Log, to fasten something cumber- some upon any thing; a punishment LOCKING plates, in artillery, are] which is inflicted in some dragoon Or LON ( 445 ) LON hussar regiments, Tor indisciplined and disorderly conduct. It consists of a heavy piece of wood which is fixed to the leg of a soldier, and which he is obliged to -wear under confinement in the barrack yard. LOGARITHMS, the indexes of the ratios of numbers one to another. LOGEMEXT, Fr. means generally any place occupied by military men, for the time being, whether they be quar- tered upon the inhabitants of a town, or be distributed in barracks. When applied to soldiers that have taken the field, it is comprehended under the several heads of huts, tents, &c. Logemfnt d'une attaque, Fr. See Lodgment in Fortifictiox. Se LOGER, Fr. to take up one's quarters. It likewise signifies to take a position in the neighbourhood of an enemy's camp ; or to make a lodgment in the outworks of a besieged place. LOGIS, Fr. quarters. Marquer les Log is, Fr. to mark the officers' rooms according to their respec- tive ranks. LONDON, (Londres, Fr.) the capital of the British empire, and the emporium of the world. London, City of, is exempt from the billeting of soldiers by the 31st section of the Mutiny Act. London Military District. The bounds or extent of a military command in and about the capital of Great Bri- tain. It is commanded at present by one general-, one lieutenant general, six major generals, three brigadier generals, with a proportionate staff: the whole being subject to the commander in chief. London Militia. Two regiments cal- led the East and West London Militia, were raised during the late war for the immediate security of the city and its environs. The officers are appointed by the lieutenants commissioned for the militia of the city. LONG-BOAT, the largest boat be- longing to a ship : it serves to bring goods, provisions, &c. to or from the ship, to land men, to weigh the anchor, &c. LONG-BOW. See Bow. LONG, Fr. long; great. Tout du Long de Vanhte, Fr. all the year round. Long a la guerre, Fr. an expression used in the French service, to express a circuitous march. It also signifies- to leave a considerable opening between the ranks, and is the same as /aire long bois. Prendre, le plus Long, Fr. to go the farthest way about, as I'annee Jut ob- ligee de prendre le plus >Lo kg pour eviter les defiles; the army was under the ne- cessity of going the furthest way about in order to avoid the defiles. Le Long de la cote, Fr. along the LONGANIMITY, (longanimiii, Fr.) forbearance ; patience of orfences. The word longanimit'e is particularly used among the French, to signify that noble forbearance which distinguishes the high- minded conduct of a truly great man, from the petulant and vindictive cha- racter of a little being. Officers, in high command, should constantly keep in view this heavenly quality. LONGE, Fr. a strap or thong of leather. LONGER, Fr. to skirt, to move by the side of any thing. Longer la riviere, Fr. to move up or down the river. It is frequently found necessary to attack an enemy's post in order to have a free passage on the river, pour Longer la riviere. Longer le bois, Fr. to march by the side of a wood. Longer Vennemi, Fr. to follow the movements of an enemy, so as to pre- vent his crossing a river ; or to march upon his flank, in front or rear, that yon may defeat his plans, or attack him with advantage. LONGIMETRY, (longimetrie, Fr.) the art of measuring lands and distances, whether the extent or space be acces- sible as in a road, or inaccessible, as in a river or bratich of the sea. LONGIS, Fr. a lingerer; a drowzy, slow-winded mortal, totally unfit for military affairs ; hence, perhaps, a lounger. LONGITUDE of the earth denotes its extent from west to east, according to the direction of the equator. Longitude of a place, in geography, its distance from some first meridian, or an arch of the equator intercepted be- tween the meridian of the place, and the first meridian. See Geography. Longitude of motion, according to some philosophers, is the distance which the center of any moving body runs through as it moves on in a right line. See Motion. L O O ( **6 ) LOR LONGPAN, Fr. the longest Bide pf I Loose files, (filet diliees, tparscs,Tr.) the timber-work of a roof. i fih j s are so called when the men d<> not LONGRINES, Fr. pieces of wood lightly touch one another as in dos& or branches, which are laid along (Ik- order. »\ii ni of a sluice, and make pait of its Loose order. See Order. grating. Loose rein, (rate flottante, Fr.) not LONG-cd/es, Fr. those sides are so tight; it is also called flowing rein. called, which belong to places that are To Loom:, to set sail, to depart by irregularly fortified, and contain, indis- criminately, eighty toiaes and upwards. In which cases they are usually strength- ened by a Hat bastion in the center, or by several Hat bastions, which are con- structed, according to tlie extent of the sides, at intermediate distances. LONGUEUR, fr, length; extension or duration of what is long. Epie de Longueur, Fr. a sword of a proper length to serve -as a weapon of defence. This term is used to distin- guish it from the short swords, which are worn for mere dress or parade. To LOOK, a word frequently used in i he British service, to express the good or bad appearance of a corps, &c. viz. such a regiment looks well, or ill, under arms. To Look at, to go down the front of a regiment, 8cc. without requiring that the troops should be put through the different evolutions. A general officer frequently looks at a regiment in this manner. Sometimes, indeed, the expres- sion bears a more extensive meaning: it is usual, for instance, to say — It would be ridiculous to think of looking at a strong place for the purpose of attacking it, without having sufficient force to carry it-, works. LOOP, it) a. ship-carriage, a ring made of iron, fastened one on the front of a fore axle-tree, and two on each side, through which the ropes or tackle pass, whereby the guns are moved backwards and forwards on board of ships. . Loop, a small iron ring or staple, by whirl) the barrel of a gun is affixed to the stock ; also, an ornamental part of a regimental hat. Loot- hole for ordnance (canonnicre, Fr.) an opening in the wall or battle- ment of a fortified place, through which cannon may he run. LooiW/o/e.*, (crcnaux, Fr.) in fortifi- cation, are small holes in the walls of a castle or fort, through which the garrison may lire. In field fortification loop- hole^ are frequently resorted to. LOOSE, (dtgage, Fr.) unconnected, not dose. « loosing the anchor. To LOOSEN, to separate, to detach, to make louse; as to loosen your tiles. In a military sense it implies to open ranks or files from (lose order. LOOT, Indian term for plunder, or pillage. LOOTICKS, Ind. a term in India to express a body of irregular horsemen, who plunder and lay waste the country, and harass the enemy on their march. They may be compared to the Hulans of Europe, and other liee-booters. LOOTYWALLOW , Ind. a term of the same import as Looticks. LOQUET, Fr. a latch. LOQUETAU, Fr. a little latch. LORD, (lord, Fr.) a nobleman ; a general name for a peer of the realm ; a baron. When persons of this class, or indeed of any other above that of esquire, hold commissions in the army, the rank is always specified before the title; as, Field Marshal his Royal High- ness the Duke of York, commander in chief, &c. Colonel the Earl of Euston. Lord lieutenants of counties, persons of weight and consequence who have the management of the militia, &c. They were first appointed in England, in the reign of Edward VI. 1549, in conse- quence of insurrections occasioned ill various parts of the country, by the suppression of monasteries and other proceedings of the reformation then vigorously carried on by the Protector Somerset. LORDANT, > according to Bailey, LOB DANE, 5 some derive this of Lord and Dane, because the Danes, when they held the government in Eng- land, enjoined the better sort of people to maintain a Dane in their houses, as a spy, and a curb upon them ; it is full as likely derived from Lourdaut, signi- fying a lazy lubber. House of LORDS, one of the three estates of the kingdom. LORICA squammosa of the ancients — chain and plate coat of mail ; it was also called Lorica hammata from the rings being hooked together. LOU LORMERIE, FV.bridle cutter's work. LORMIER, Fr. lorimer, bit maker. LORIMERS, } (larmiers, Fr.) a LORINERS, ) company of artifi- cers in London, who make bits for bri- dles, spurs, and such like iron ware belonging to horse furniture. LOSS of a river, that particular spot where a river disembogues itself and ceases to be called by its original name. A river is also said to lose itself when it runs under ground and disappears, as is the case of the Loire in Switzerland. LOT, a die, or any thing used in de- termining chances. As, to cast lots. To Lot for men, a phrase peculiar to military arrangements. When recruits join, they should be lotted for with the strictest impartiality. If some troops or companies should be less effective than others, they must be first completed to the strength of other troops or compa- nies, and then the whole must lot equally. LOUAGE, Fr. letting out; hiring; hire. Cheval tfeLouAGE, Fr. See Hackney. LOU ANGER, Fr. to praise or flatter for the direct purpose of turning the ob- ject into ridicule. LOUANGEUR, Fr. a person who praises or flatters in contempt. LOUCHET, Fr. a spade, or spade- like instrument half headed with iron ; such as i?> used in digging in fortifica- tions, &c. LOUIS, or Knights of St. Louis, the name of a military order in France, in- stituted by Louis XIV. in 1693. Their collars are of a flame-colour, and pass from left to right : the king is always grand master. LOUIS d'OR, a French coin first struck in the reign of Louis XIII. in 1640; but laid aside at the revolution. Its original value was 24 francs, 20 shil- lings English. A new Louis d'or of 20 francs is now current, and its value, at par, is 16s. 8d. English. To LOUNGE, to live idly ; to be in possession of more time than wit, or knowledge to employ it to advantage. A LOUNGER, an idler. LOUP, Fr. literally signifies a wolf. Trou de Loup, Fr. See Wolf-hole. Loup des anciens was an iron instru- ment, made in the shape of a tenaille, by means of which they grappled the batter- ing rams, and broke them in the middle. Voir le Loup, Fr. to see ; or to experi- ence vicissitudes. ( 447 ) L U M LOUVE, Fr. slings of a crane ; also :h is put into a stoi to make a hole in a an iron wedge which is put into a stone . LOUVER, Fr. stone. LOUVETAUX, Fr. iron wedges. LOUVOYER, Fr. to tack. LOW- WORM, a disease in horses like the shingles. LOXODROMY, (loxodromie, Fr.) the course of a ship, or the point it describes in sailing from any point towards another, excepting a cardinal point, making equal angles with every meridian. LOYAL, true to the king, or state. LOYALISTS. During the war with America several American loyalists served in the British army ; and at the conclusion of it many came over to this country, and received compensations for the losses they had sustained. The al- lowances made on this occasion were not, however, confined to those that had served : several families had their cases taken into consideration, and were pro- vided for by the British government. These compensations did not give any right to a military man to avail himself of the allowance on the score of half-pay. LOZENGE, (losange, Fr.) in geo- metry, a figure, the two opposite angles of which are acute, and the other two obtuse. LUCARNE, Fr. a dormer window. Lucarne bombte, Fr. a window made in a circular form. LUDDITES, a band of depredators about Nottingham, Chester, and York. The word Lluyd, in Welsh, signifies an army or camp ; Lluydda, in the same language, is to make war, and Ltui/dder is a soldier. As Cheshire borders upon Wales, it is not impossible but some Welchman may have given the name. On the other hand, we learn from history, that there was a daring and active cha- racter in Cromwell's army whose name was Ludd ; and we find by the trials at Chester, that one Walker had assumed the title of General Ludd. To LUFF, or to spring, to keep to the wind : the French say, faire vne aulofee. LUMBAGO, (douleur de reins, Fr.) an acute pain about the loins and small of the back, such as precede ague fits. Soldiers, particularly of the infantry, are much exposed to this complaint. LUMIERE, Fr. vent; touch-hole; aperture. L U N ( 443 > LYE To LUMP, (prendre i n gra», ™ />/or, Fr.) to take in the gross. ,We also say, to lump an account, that, is, to forego th« several items ot" expenditure. IAMPERS, (taitoiifiirs, on gabariqri, Fr.) men employed to load and unload slup-cnigors : quay-porters. Clara! sujet a la LUN E, Fr. a moon- eyed horse. " LUNETTE, Fr. See Fortification. Lunette de tod, Fr. a little dormer window. Lunette, Fr. the seat of a close stool. See Belidok. Lunette, Fr. any wall which is raised so as to interrupt the view t'rom a neigh- bouring building; generally within six or seven feet. Lunette, a sky-light, or any aperture from the top of a building. Lunette d'approche, Fr. a telescope. The French sometimes call them Lu- nettes de Galilee, from the perspective glass or telescope having been invented by Galileo. Lunette a facetted, Fr. a multiplying glass. Lunette polyedre, Fr. a magnifying glass. Lunette a puce, Fr. a microscope. Lunettes, in fortification,, are works made on both sides of the ravelin : one of their faces is perpendicular to half or two thirds of the faces of the ravelin ; and the other nearly so to those of the bastions. Lunettes are also works made be- yond the second ditch, opposite to the places of arms ; they differ from the ra- velins only in their situation. See For- TIFICATION. LUNETTONS are a smaller sort of lunettes. LUNGER-CONN A, a poor-house or hospital is so called in India. LUNT, the matchcord with which cannon, &c. are fired. LUMI.T., (lunules, Fr.) in geome- try, a half moon or crescent, which lsmade by the arcs of two intersecting circles. If you inscribe a triangle -rectangle within a half circle, the diameter of which be- comes the hypothenuse; and if upon each side that compresses the eight angle, as its diameter, you describe a half cir- cle, the space in shape of a half moon, closed in by the circumference of each of these two circles, and by a part of the circumference of the great half circle, will form the figure called the Lunula. LUTTE, Fr. struggle; an exereise of the body, which consists in a full ex- ertion of all its muscular powers, to overcome another body, that resists with equal force and pertinacity Metier tes choses de haute LuTTE, Fr. (o carry things by force, or with a high hand. LUTTER, Fr. to struggle with or against. LUXHEBAR, the Indian name for Thursday. LUZERNE, Fr. Spanish trefoil, called likewise in English lucern ; a species of hay, which is cultivated for the subsis- tence, of horses. It bears a violet coloured flower. LYCANIANS, (Lycuniens, Fr.) a militia that was formerly raised in Sela vonia, the troops of which resemble, the Pandours and Warasdins. It derives its name from being quartered in the neigh- bourhood of the lordship of Lyka. LYING, to be actually stationed or quartered in a given place. J«-Ly inc. This term is peculiarly ap- plicable to pickets. A picket is said to be an In-lying picket when it is confined within the immediate lines of entrench- ments belonging to a camp, or within the walls of a garrisoned town. (W-Lying picket, is that which does duty without the limits of the camp or garrisoned town ; that is, beyond the immediate sentries belonging to either. Those pickets are likewise called In-line and Out-line pickets. . , 0«/-l.YEUS, the same as faggots. The term ( )ut-l\ ers was, however, pe- culiarly understood among the Guards.; and consisted of a certain number of men from each company, who were per- mitted to work on condition that the whole of their pay was left in the hands of the captain, for the time they were so employed. This sum the ollicer ap- propriated to his own use, and was there- by enabled not only to increase his pay, but to keep a handsome table whenever he mounted guard. During the winter months, the money arising from Out- lyers amounted to a considerable sum. This was allowed as a sort of compen- sation for the expense the captain in- curred by the dinner he gave to his sub- alterns ; and for his contribution to the support of a regimental hospital. The custom is now abolished, as a table is kept by the king, and copiously paid for out of the civil list. < 449 ) M. MAC A/T hi astronomical tables, signifies •>-»J- j meridional or southern. M, in law, was formerly a brand or mark, with which a criminal convicted of murder, and having the benefit of clergy, was stigmatized, it being burnt on the brawn of the thumb. It has been proposed to stigmatize deserters by burning the letter D on their shoulder blades, and impressing the name of the regiments from which they deserted. This could be done in the usual way with gunpowder. M, in Latin numbers, stands for a 1000. M, with a clash above, (with the an- cients,) signifies a thousand thousand. MALEK, Ind. a certificate which is attested by the principal inhabitants of a town or village. MACE, a heavy blunt weapon, having a metal head ; a club. The mace was formerly much used by the cavalry of all nations, and likewise by ecclesiastics, who, 4n consequence of their tenures, frequently took the field, but were, by a canon of the church, forbidden to wield the sword. MACHEFER, Fr. dross of iron. MACHEMOURE, Fr. the crumbs of sea-biscuit. MACHER, fr. to chew ; to claw it off. Un cheval qui Mache sonfrein, Fr. a horse that champs his bit. MACHIAVILI AM ISM, (of Nicholas MAC the several machicoulises. Through th» intervals of the corbels, or supporting brackets, they may easily observe every thing that passes at the foot of the wall ; and if the besiegers should be hardy enough to penetrate as far, they may easily overwhelm them by throwing down large stones, melted lead, combus- tible materials, hand-gienades, or bombs. The besieged likewise let down large weights fastened to ropes or chains, by which they were retracted after they had taken effect. These brackets or supporters, which in ancient fortifica- tion were of a slight construction, might be made of solid materials. The mai» chicoulis, in fact, is susceptible of great improvement, and in many instances might be adopted in order to defend the lower parts of angular forts or turrets. MACHINALEMENT, Fr. See Me- chanically. Machines used in tear by the ancients, or zoarlike Machines, (Machines mili- taires des anciens, Fr.) Every species of instrument or machine, which was employed before tire invention of fire- arms, for the purpose of demolishing the fortifications of an enemy, or of ren- dering them accessible to the besieger, came under the denomination of machine. For a full and elaborate explanation of the different machines that were adopted Machiaval, a politician of Florence, in by the ancients, we refer our military Italy,) a political principle, not to stick at I •' any thing to compass a design ; to break through the most solemn obligations; to commit the greatest villanies, in order to remove any obstructions to great and ambitious designs; especially in rela- tion to government. So writes honest N. Bailey. MACHICOLATIONS, MACHI- COULIS, or Masse-coulis, Fr. in ancient, and sometimes in modern fortification, that upper part of the wall which is sustained by brackets or corbels, juts out, and overlooks the gate or ditch. When a place is besieged, detached garties of the garrison may be posted in Recueil A/phabttique, page 7.3. Infernal Machines, (Mac/tines In- fern'ales, Fr.) Although the first idea of these machines has been attributed to France, the invention, nevertheless, is by no means new. Frederic Jambelli, an Italian engineer, was the first that used them, when Alexander of Pa una besieged Antwerp. The Prince of Orange likewise had recourse to the destructive effects of an infernal machine, in order to bombard Havre-de-Grace, and to set it on fire. The Dutch and English, ia conjunction, attempted to destroy St. Malo by the same means. The first in- 3 31 M A C ( 450 ) M A C Stance, however, upon record, in which llu French made use or' this machine, was when Louis the XI\th ordered a Vessel carrying an enormous shell, lull of every species of combustible matter, to be dispatched to Algiers, for the pur- pose of demolishing its harbour. This probably suggested to other nations the adoption, of fire-ships, and other de- strucli\ e machines, \\ hichhave frequently been used against maritime places. The author ofCEuvres Milt/aircs, torn. xxii. page 932. speaking of the infernal machines, observes that if he were to be in a situation which required the use of so dreadful an explosion, especially to destroy a bridge, he would prefer having the machine made simply with different strong pieces of wood joined together, so as to be in the shape of an egg, or of a cone reversed. The whole must then be made compact with cords twisted round. This method, in his opinion, is not only the best, but can be executed in the most easyand expeditious manner. He tin tin r adds, that in order to burn and blow up wooden bridges, and even to destroy such as are con- structed upon arches, several sorts of barges or boats might be used, which should be filled with fire-works, bombs, petards, &c. It would likewise be ex- tremely easy to construct, these machines upon fioating rafters, carrying several thousand pounds weight of gunpowder, which might be confined within strong pieces of wood, put together in the man- ner already described. These machines should be piled one above the other, and long iron bars must be thrown across the iloats, or be fixed like masts, so that when the whole of the combustible materials is beneath the center of the bridge, the rafters may be stopped. Great care must be taken to dispose the matches in such a manner, that no fire may be communicated to the gunpowder befiire the machine reaches the exact spot which is to be destroyed. The infernal machine which was used at Boulogne in 1004, is described as follows : This machine appears to be as simple in its construction as it is calculated to be effectual in its operations. It is com- posed of two stout planks seventeen feet long, which form its sides, and are dis- tant from each other about seven feet. These planks are connected by trans- terse timbers, screwed to the planks, so as to keep the whole firm and compact and to prevent the danger of their being separated at sea. Of these transverse timbers two are at the fore extremity, and three behind. This may be called the frame or hull of the machine; the remainder of the work being either for the stowage of the combustible matter, or for the accommodation of the sea* men, who row the machine. Along the transverse timbers, at both extremities, are laid parallel to the sides live longi- tudinal bars of nearly the same strength as the transverse timbers, which form a kind of grate, on which the coffers, containing the combustible matter, are placed. The urate behind is double the size of the one before, on the principle of giving facility to the motion of the whole by making the machine lighter at the head. In the center, between the planks forming the sides from the inner extremity of the grate behind, to the outer extremity of the grate before, there is fixed a plank somewhat broader than the side planks, which is W'ell secured to them by three stout transverse tim- bers, which pass under this center plank to prevent its giving way to pressure. In this plank two triangular apertures ate cut tor the men who row, to dispose of the lower extremities whilst they ply the machine. Their seats, however, are so contrived, that each man's pTessttre is directly over that part of the plank which is supported by the transverse timbers. The seats lie nearer to the head than to the hind part of the machine, perhaps to be some counterpoise for the greater weight of the combustible matter behind. Near each seat are fastened by rings to the sides two oars, one on each side, and each man plies a pair. When the machine is worked to its destination, the men set die combustibles in a train for explosion, and abandon their posts. The whole is so regulated as to weight of the materials, that the machine tloats, or more probably moves under the sur- face of the water, so that little more than the heads of the men are seen. This secures the men and the machine from the fire of the enemy, and as the oars must consequently be plied under water, there is less danger of their being discovered by their noise on their ap- proach. See Turtle. Machine, in general, whatever hath force sufficient to raise or stop the mo- tion of a heavy body. M A C ( a -ol ) MAG Machines are either simple or com- pound. .Simple Machines, (muchines sbtiples, Fr.; are the balance, the lever, pally, wheel, wedge, and screw. See Me- chanical powejis. Compound Machines, (machines com- poses, Fr.) are formed by various com- binations, and serve for different pur- poses ; in all which the same general law takes place, viz. that the power and weight sustain each other, when they are in the inverse proportion of the velocities they would have in the direc- tions wherein they act, if they were put in motion. l?w/j/g-MAC.HiNE, an instrument used lor the purpose of boring cannon. There was a celebrated machine of this descrip- tion in the iron foundry in Hanover, valued at 2,000,000 crowns, which was carried away by the French in January, 1804. We presume it has been reclaimed by the representatives of the electorate of Hanover. Hydraulic Machine, (?mchine hy- filraulitjue, Fr.) a machine by means of which water is conveyed or raised. Machine for submarine navigation. See American Turtle. Machine pneumatique, Fr. pneuma- tic engine. It also signifies an air-pump. This useful instrument was invented in the 17th century, by Otho Guerick, a magistrate of the city of Magdeburgh, in the circle of Saxony. MACHIXER, Fr. to plot; to con- spire ; to enter into secret cabals. We also say to Machinate, MACIIIN LSTE,Fr. an engine-maker; one who assists the natural strength of man bv the inventions of art. MA CHR( )IS TICOS, an extensive wall, such as was built round Athens, &c. There were two large piers erected at each end, with arched galleries under, for a garrison of soldiers. MACON, Fr. mason ; it also signifies bricklayer. MACON NAGE, Fr. mason's work. MACON N ER, Fr. to build; to make; to construct any building with stone or brick. The French say, figuratively, viaconner,to perform in a bungling man- ner. MACONNERIE, Fr. masonry ; ma- son's work ; bricklayer's work. This wo^'d is applied not only to the work it- self, but also to the art with which it is done. Maconnerie de blocage, Fr. mason's, or bricklayer's, work which is done with mortar, mixed with small stones or gravel. Maconnerie en liaison, Fr. mason's, or bricklayer's, work which is done, with square stones, or stones laid across, one covering the other. Maconnerie en limssinage, Fr. ma- son's, or bricklayer's, work done with rough stones, or shards. Maconnerie de moilon, Fr. mason's, or bricklayer's, work which is done with stones that are squared, placed upon a level one with the other, and pointed at the outside. MADRAS, Fort St. George. A town and fort on the Coromandel coast, in the East Indies, belonging to th§ English. The town is called Madras by the inhabitants, but by the natives Chilipatam. It is divided into two towns, the one called the White, and the other the Black Town ; the former being inhabited by Europeans, and the latter by Gentoos. The diamond mines are only a week's journey from this place. The town is governed by a mayor and aldermen, with other officers. It is C3 miles north of Pondicherry, lat. 13° 5' N, long. 80° 3-4' E. It may not be irrele- vant to state, that the establishments be.r longing to Great Britain, in the kings- dom of Indostan, are divided into three governments, independent of each other, Bombay commands the factories on the western side of the peninsula, commonly called the Malabar coast; together with those in Persia : the establishments and possessions on the eastern or Coroman- del coast, are under the government of Madras ; and those in Bengal depend on Calcutta. MADRJERS, planks of wood, used for supporting the earth in mining, carry- ing on a sap, making coffers, caponiers, galleries, and various other purposes. MAGAS1N, Fr. a magazine. Pc^Y-Magasin, Fr. This was a sort of intermediate building, called entrepot, where stores, provisions, &c. to answer daily consumption were deposited. Magasin d'appr:)vision>if'?nenf, Fr. mar gazine of stores. M v. as in d'crfille?-ie, Fr. ^ a powder-- MagaSIN « pov.dre, Fr. \ magazine. Magasin d'a/tc/ier,Yv. a store-house, or magazine of stores, such as contrac- tors and commissaries build or hire for 3 M 2 MAG ( 45? ) M A G the purpose of keeping all the necessary materials. MagaSJNS geniraux de guerre, I'r. all sorts of buildings in which military stores are placed. MAGAZINE, a place in which stores are kept, or arms, ammunition, provi- sions, &c. Also a small rin box covered with black bather, which is fastened to the soldier's belt, for the purpose of car- rying an additional quantity of ammuni- tion. Powder-M acazixt, is that plac< ■where the powder is kept raver} largi quantities. Authors differ greatly both in regard to situation and construction : but all agree, that they ought to be arched and bomb-proof. In fortifica- tions they are frequently placed in tin rampart ; but of late they ha\ e been built in different parts of the town. The first powder magazines were made with Go- thic arches ; but M. Vauban, finding them too weak, constructed them in a semicircular form, whose dimensions an . GO feet long, within ; 25 broad ; the foundations are eight or nine feet thick, ami eight feel high from the foundation to the spriiiL of the arch ; the lioor is 3 feet from the ground, which keeps it from dampness. One of our engineers of great expe- rience some time since, had observed, that after the centers of semicircular arches are struck, they settle at the crown and rise up at the hances, even with a straight horizontal extrados, and still much more so in powder magazines, whose outside at top is formed like the roof of a house, by two inclined planes joining in an angle over the top of the arch, to Live a proper descent to the rain ; which effects are exactly what might be expected agreeable to the true theory of arches. Now, as this shrink- ing of the arches must be attended with very ill consequences, by breaking the texture of the cement, after it has been in some degree dried, and also by open- ing the joints of the voussoirs, at one end, so a remedy is provided for this in- convenience, with regard to bridges, by the arch of equilibration in Mr. Hutton's book on bridges ; but, as the ill effect is much greater in powder magazines, the us gentleman proposed to find an arch of equilibration for them also, and to construct it when the span is. 20 iect, the pitch or height 10, (which are the same dimensions as the semi- circle) the inclined exterior walls at top forming an angle of 113 degrees, and the height of their angular point above the top of the arch, equal to seven feet : this very curious question was answered in 1775* by the Rev. Mr. Wildbore, to be found in Mr. Hutton's Miscellanea Matht matka. Artillery-M. ag AZI19T,, in a siege. The magazine is made about 2.j or LiO yards behind the battery, towards the parallels, and at least 13 feet under ground, to bold the powder, loaded shells, portfires, &C. Its sides and roof must be well secured with boards, to prevent the earth fro in- falling in ; a door is made to it, and a double trench or passage is sunk from the magazine to the battery, one to go in and the other to come out at to pre- vent confusion. Sometimes traverses are made in the passages to prevent ricochet shot from plunging into them. Magazines in general, including pro- visions for the army, &c. ( Magasins des 7 mores, Sec. Fr.) Under this article may be included all the necessaries required for the subsistence and support of an ar* ray. Common sense dictates, that if an individual sent upon active business must be provided with all the means to support him during his journey, &:c. an assemblage of many individuals ought more especially to be well taken rare of. An able commissary general can alone be equal to the supply of these necessaries ; but he must, at the same time, be se- cohded by a wise administration. The French have been peculiarly marked for their foresight in this important branch of military economy. Before they enter a country, the necessary arrangements are always made for the certain supply of all the essential means by which an army is enabled to keep the field. For this purpose, a regular communication is kept up between the advanced posts and the reserve ; and provisions are not only secured in the front, but also in the rear of every effective force. During active hostilities, the French — who certainly surpass all other nations in their ways and means with respect to a commis- sariat — have recourse to requisitions ; so that before any army advances into a country, provisions, forage, &.c. are always in readiness. We wish the same precau- tions would be attended to, when British tioops are landed upon the continent. M A H ( 453 ) M A H .MAGNA CHARTA, the great char- ter of liberties granted to the people, of England in the"9th year of Henry the Thud, and continued by Edward the First. It is so called on account of the excellence of the laws therein contained; or, according to some writers, because another lesser Charter, called Charter de Foresta, was established with it; or because it contained more than any other charter, &c. or in regard of the remarkable solemnity in the denouncing excommunications against the infringers of it. MAGNANIMITY, ( magnanimiti, Fr.) greatness of mind ; bravery ; ele- vation of soul ; disinterestedness ; every thing opposite to meanness and selfish- ness. Vauvenargues has the following maxim on this head : — la magnanimiti ne doit comnte ci la prudence de scs mo- tifs, magnanimity or elevation of soul is not accountable to prudence for its motives. MAGNANIMOUS, (magnanime, Vr.) great in sentiment ; elevated in mind ; brave. MAGNITUDE, or quantity, any thing locally continued, or that has se- veral dimensions. Its origin is a point which though void of parts, yet its flux forms a line, the flux of that a surface, and of that, a body, &c. MAHEUTRE, an old French term signifying soldat de la ligne, a regular soldier, or soldier belonging to the army of the line, MAHOGANY, (acajou, Fr.) a wood that comes from the West-Indies ; the tree of which grows most abundantly in the Antilla Islands. In Nugent's Pocket Dictionary, it is called bois de la Chine. The mahogany wood is never worm-eat- en, and is applicable to many useful purposes in the artillery. The best ma- hogany comes from Honduras. MAHONNE, Fr. a species of galeas or double galley which the Turks use. The Venetian galeasses are larger and stronger built. MAHRATTAS, bid. descendants of a pastoral people who formerly inhabited one of the grand divisions of ancient Hindustan, described by the Hindu geo- graphers, and called in thePuranas, Ma- hurastra ; by which name its inhabitants are likewise designated. The ancient Maharastras, like the Tartar hordes, united the business of war and plunder with the occupation of shepherds ; and the modern Mahrattas, though in some respects more civilized, still inherit the warlike and predatory spirit of their an- cestors. This spirit, (we quote from the editor of the Asiatic Register,) directed by the talents of some distinguished chieftains, has, in the course of one hundred and sixty years, raised them from the obscurity of free-booters to be one of the most powerful nations of Asia. Were it not for a manifest disunion among the Mahratta princes, their col- lective military strength and resources would be extremely formidable. The efficient force of their combined armies amounts to 210,000 cavalry and 96,000 infantry ; of this force the whole of the infantry, and about three fourths of the cavalry, are kept in a constant state of readiness to march against the enemy. The infantry is chiefly officered by European adventurers; and in the service of Scindiah, the battalions are accoutred, formed and brigaded, nearly in the same maimer as the native regi- ments in the British Indian army. To the different bodies of infantry there are attached very large trains of artillery, well appointed and served ; and at the commencement of the late war, the pieces of ordnance attached to Scin- diah's brigades amounted to 464. The cavalry is divided into four dis- tinct classes, namely, the body guards- of the princes ; the troops furnished by the Silladars ; the volunteers, who rind their own horses, arms, and accoutre- ments ; and the Pindarees or marau- ders, who serve without pay, and subsist entirely by plunder. This last class, however, is composed of so licentious and ungovernable a rabble, that it is not^ now employed in the armies of the prin- cipal chieftains. The Mahrattas are accustomed, from their infancy, to the use and management of horses ; and hence arises that extraordinary dexterity in horsemanship, which their troopers often display. The Mahratta tribes were first formed into a nation between the years 1660 and 1670, by Levajee, a man of an en- terprizing and aspiring mind, who was a descendant of the Rajahs of Chittore, the most ancient of the Hindu princes in the Deccan. The father of this ce- lebrated chief was a general in the ser- vice of the Mussulman prince Ibrahim Adil Shah, sovereign of ijeejapur, from M A H ( 4.54 ) M A I whom be had obtained, in perpetual so- ; verciimtv, the principality of Satta.- in, {(.miIis a valuable jaghire in the Car- natic. The Empire of the Mahrattas com- prehends all the western provinces of the Derr;m whi<-h lie between the rivers Naitudda and Krisna; the province of Bum. in the interior; that of Cuttack on the eastern coast of the peninsula; ;uid the whole of the western Hindost;m, excepting Moultan, the Punjab, and Sirhind. These extensive territories are hounded on the north by the mountains of Lewalic, which separate them from Sirnaytr and Cashmir; on the north-east by Rohilcund and Oude ; on the east by the British provinces of Benares, Behar, Bengal, partofOrissa, the bay of Bengal, xnd the northern Sircars ; on the south by the dominions of the Subahdarof the Deccan, the rivers Krisna and Tumbu- others of thi same denomination. Our horse and foot- guards have tin r guidons, or second and third majoi >. Serj is a non-commis- sioned officer, of gr. at. merit and capa- city, subordinate to the adjutant, as the iattrr is to the major. Among the pri- vates the Serjeant major is generally called major, iji Prance, the first Bi r- jeanl of each company was called Ser- ,i ani-Majpr. DruntrMAJOR is not only the first drummer in the regiment, but has the >ame authority over his drummers as the i orporal has over his squad. He in- structs them in their different beats : is daily at orders with the Serjeants, to know the number of drummers tor duty. He marches at their head when they beat in a body. In the day of battle, or at exercise, he must be very attentive to the orders given him, that he may re- gulate his beats according to the move- incuts ordered. ///(-Major is he that plays the best on that instrument, and has the same authority over the titers as the druin- major has over the drummers. He teaches them their duty, and appoints them for guards, i\x. M.\juu-General. See General. MAJOR, Fr. The French considered tiiis term, in a military sense, under the following heads : — Major -general d'une armie, Fr. major-general generally so called, which see. M \jon-general de VInf anient Fran- coisc, Fr. major-general of the French infantry. TniE appointment was made under Francis I. in 1515. M.\joK-gaicrat des Dragons, Fr. a major-general of dragoons. His func- tions were similar to those exercised by the Marichal general des logis de la cava- lerie, and nearly the same; as those of major-general of infantry. Major de brigade, Fr. brigade-major. Major d'un regiment de eavuleric<, Fr. major of a regiment of cavalry, MAI Major d'un regiment d' infanterie, Fr. major of a regiment of infautry. Under the old government of France all majors of infantry regiments were styled sergent-majors, or serjeant-majors, in their commissions. They were not per- mitted to have any company of their own; because it was reasonably judged, that their own interest might render them more partial to that company, and the service be thereby injured. Major d'une place de guerre, Fr. town-major. Major des quatres compagnies des Gardes du Corps, Fr. a rank which was exclusively given to an officer belonging to the old French guards. This was an appointment of considerable trust under the old government of France. He was lieutenant in each of the companies, and had the right of seniority over all lieu- tenants younger than himself in date of commission. Major sur uu vaisseau de guerre, Fr. an officer on board a king's ship, whose duty is to see the guard regularly mounted, and the sentries posted. Etat-M.AJOR, Fr. a comprehensive French term in which is included every thing that can be conveyed under the word Staff, as applicable to the British •service. In the Manuel des Adjudans- Gineraux et leurs Adjoints, the particular duties of the etat-major are accurately explained. E[ enemies ; one of the feciales, chosen out of the college upon this occasion, and habited in the vest belonging to his order, together with his other ensigns and habiliments, set forward for the enemy's country. As soon as he reached the confines, he pronounced a formal declaration of the cause of his arrival, calling all the gods to witness, and im- precating the divine vengeauee on him- self and his country, if his reasons were not just. When he came to the chief city of the enemy, he again repeated the same declaration, with some addition, and withall desired satisfaction. If they delivered into his power the authors of M A N ( 463 ) M A N the injury, or gave hostages for security, he returned satisfied to Koine; it' other- wise, they desired time to consider; he went away for ten days, and then came again to hear their resolution; and this he did, in some cases, three times : but, it* nothing was done towards an accom- modation in about thirty days, he de- clared that the Romans would endeavour to assert their right by their arms. After this, the herald was obliged to return, and to make a true report of his em- bassy before the senate, assuring them of the legality of the war, which they were noyv consulting to undertake; and was then again dispatched to perform the last part of the ceremony, which was to throw a spear into, or towards the ene- my's country, in token of defiance, and as a summons to war, pronouncing at the same time a set form of w ords to the like purpose. Kennett's Roman Anti- quities, book iv. p. 229. MANIGIIOJMSj the two handles on the back of a piece of ordnance. See Cannon. MANIPLE. See Manipulus. MANIPULARIS, (mampulmre, Fr.) from Maniple, a handful or bottle of straw. The chief officer in a part of the Roman infantry called Manipulus, was so called. MANIPULE, Fr. See Manipulus. Manipule pyrotechnique, Fr. a cer- tain quantity of iron or brass petards, which may be thrown by the hand upon an enemy. These petards, and the me- thod of making them, are particularly described by Casimi in his work on ar- tillery. -See Petards. MANIPUlrUS,C»waBipafe,Fr.)^ small body of infantry, originally so called among the Romans during the reign ot Romulus. MANIVELLE, Fr. a handle; as the handle of a pump. Manivelles a tiers points, Fr. pump handles which set three suckers in mo- tion at the same time ; as is the case with the pumps on the Ponfc-Notre- Dame, at Paris. MANCEU V RE, (manauvre,¥r.) Ma- noeuvres of war consist chiefly in ha- bituating the soldier to a variety of evolutions, to accustom him to different movements, and to render his mind fa- miliar with the nature of every principle oi offensive or defensive operation. The regular manoeuvres which are ordered to be practised throughout the British army, at review, are nineteen : they are detailed in the Rules and Regula- tions for the Formations, Field Exer- cise, and Movements of his Majesty's Forces, with appropriate references to the several sections of that work, which elucidate the mode of performing them. The word manoeuvre is frequently used in the French artillery to express the method with which a piece of ord- nance or mortar is raised and placed upon its carriage by several hands, as- sisted by the crab or any other machine. In a general acceptation of the term, munauvre means that mechanical process by which any weight is lifted. To Manoeuvre is to manage ajiy body or armed force in such a manner as to derive sudden and unexpected ad- vantages before the enemy, from a su- perior talent in military movements. It consists in distributing equal motion to every part of a body of troops, to enable the whole to form, or change their posi- tion, in the most expeditious and ap- propriate method, to answer the pur- poses required of a battalion, brigade or line of cavalry, infantry, or artillery. It has always been lamented, that men have been brought on service without being acquainted with the uses of the different manoeuvres they have been practising; for, having no ideas of arry thing but tin: uniformity of the parade, they instantly fall into disorder and confusion when they lose the step, or see a deviation from the straight lines they have been accustomed to at exercise. It is a pity to see so much attention confined to show, and so little given to instruct the troops in what may be of use to them on real sen ice. No manoeuvre should be executed in the presence of an enemy, unless pro- tected by some division of the troops. Manuel vui:, Fr. a labourer; an able seaman. Grande Manoeuvre, de guerre,, Fr. this expression is peculiarly I reach, and may be said to signify the dispositions of war upon a large scale. According to Marshal Saxe these dispositions con- sist chieffy in drawing troops up in such a manner, that the cavalry and infantry may support each other; but he objects to that arrangement by which companies or platoons of infantry are intermixed with squadrons of horse; tor, as he justly observes, if the latter should be beaten, the foot soldiers m ust unavoidabl v MAN ( 464 ) MAN he thrown into confusion by the enemy's cavalry, Mid I'O cut to pieces. For fur- ther particulars ran this important article, see Saxe's Riverics, where lie treats of La Grande Manmuvrt de Guerre, and the Supplement to them by Baron d'Espa- gnac, page 69. Warlike Manoeuvres, (manoeuvres de guerre, Fr.) warlike maiir vies, or the different exercises, &c. \J which men are taught the military profession : these exercises, from the earliest periods of history, have been infinitely diver- sified. Vegetius, an ancient writer, re- marks, that the Romans, in order to enure their raw troops to the fatigues of war, had specific regulations drawn up, by which every recruit was regularly practised in martial exercises. These regulations were originally formed du- ring the existence of their republic, and were afterwards confirmed by the em- perors Augustus and Adrian. MANOEUVRES, Fr. to manoeuvre. This verb, in the French language, may be applied two ways; as, manauvrer lex voiles, to manage the sails and tackle of a vessel ; manauvrer des troupes, to make soldiers go through their different manoeuvres. Ces troupes ont bien ma- noeuvre, those soldiers have ably ma- noeuvred. MANCKUVRIER, Fr. any officer who is perfectly acquainted with the art of manoeuvring. Manceuvrier is also applied to a troop or company, and even to a whole army, whose evolutions are done with correctness. MANQUEMENT de parole, Fr. the breach of one's word. MANQUER, Fr. to miss; to be de- ficient in any thing ; as manquer d sa parole, to break one's parole. Une arme a feu Manque, Fr. a mus- ket misses fire, or mis-serves. Manquer de munitions, Fr. to be in want of stores and ammunition. Manquer de foi, Fr. to be guilty of a breach of faith. MANSARDE, Fr. the roof of a house, thf top of which is almost Hat and the sides nearly perpendicular; so called from Mansard the architect who invent- ed them." MANTEAU, Fr. This word, which literally signifies a cloak, is frequently used among the French to express the covering that hussars or light infantry troops carry for the double purpose ot shielding their bodies from the incle- mencies of the weather in out-posts, &c. and for spreading over their heads, by means of poles, when they occasionally halt, and take a position. Manteau d'armes, Fr. a piece of ticking made in the form of a cone, with which a stand of arms is secured against the rain. This case is sometime made with straw, or the branches ot trees. Manteau d'honneur,Fr. In the days of chivalry the manteau d'honneur, or robe of honour, was the greatest orna- ment that could l>e worn by a kmght, when he was not armed. It was ot a bright scarlet dye, very long, and lined with ermine. When any gentleman was knighted he received this robe of ho- nour from the king himself. Manteau de chemince, Fr. mantle tree; chimney-piece. Manteau de j'er, Fr. an iron tie, commonly called a tassel, which binds the arch and pier of a chimney together. Carder les Manteaux, Fr. a figura- tive expression used among the French to signify a bye-Stand er. — It is more im- mediately applicable to seconds in a duel. Among boxers the bottle holders may be said to do so. MANTELETS, in a military sense, are either single or double, composed ot great planks of wood, about 5 feet high, and 3 inches thick. The single ones are sometimes covered with tin, made musket-proof, which the pioneers gene- rally roll before them fixed upon wheels, to cover them from the enemy's fire in opening the trenches, or carrying on the sap, &c. The double ones form an an- gle, and stand square, making two fronts, which cover both the front and flank ot the sappers, (Sec. when at work : these have double planks, with earth rammed in between them: they are 5 feet high and 3 in breadth, and are sometimes covered with plates of iron. They may, with propriety, be called a moving para- pet, having a shaft to guide them by. MANTONET, Fr. a small piece of wood or iron, which is notched, for the purpose of hanging any thing upon it. The pegs in soidiers' rooms are some- times so called. MANUAL, in a general accepta- tion of the word, means any thing done by the hand. Manual exercise, a regulated method which officers and soldiers aie taught, MAR ( 465 ) MAR for the purpose of rendering them fa- miliar with the musket, and of adapt- ing their persons to military movements under arms. MANUBALISTE, Fr. from the La- tin manubalista, a cross bow. MANUBIAL, belonging to spoil ; taken in war. MANUFACTURES d'armes, Fr. places appropriated for the manufac- turing of arms. MANUTENTION, Fr. the act of keeping back, or holding in hand, by connivance or otherwise. MAP, in a military and geographical sense, is a plane figure, representing the surface of the earth, or a part thereof, according to the laws of perspective ; distinguishing the situation of cities, mountains, rivers, roads, &c. The French use the word carte for any particular map; and mappemonde for a general one. MARAIS, Fr a marsh. This species of soil affords great defence and security to any strong fort, which is surrounded by it. To MARAUD, to plunder. This word is, by respectable authority, sug- gested to have been derived from a pro- per name. We read, in Gustavus Adol- phus, that one Merode, a bold and en- terprizing Spanish partizan of some dis- tinction, was in the habit of making de- predations and incursions at the head of a party, which disregarded the common laws and regulations of war. He after- wards fell a victim to his own rashness. In confirmation of this opinion, Ilarte, in his History of the Life of Gustavus Adolphus, makes the following observa- tions: vide page 70, vol. ii. " According to strict orthography, we ought to write merodeurs, and not ma- rauders. The truth is, these partizans took their name from a Count de Me- hode, a brutal and licentious officer in these wars, who was killed in a drunken quarrel by John de Wert. From this man's practice, a plunderer and a ra- visher was surnamed merodista, by the Spanish and Italian soldiers, who served then under the emperor : whence came the French word Marauder, which the Marechal de Luxembourg al- ways spelt Marodeur. Reflexions Mi- litaires et Politiques de Santa Cruz. torn. iii. This word is, however, to be found in Gombauld, a French writer of high fashion in his time; who was near 30 years old before Gustavus ztas born ; whose chief patrons, (except Madame de Rambouillet,) Henry the Fourth, and Marie de' Medici, died before Gustavus zvas king ; and who was near sixty be- fore Gustavus went to war ! The word in Gombauld (as it is also in Moliere) is maraud (now more usu- ally maraudeur) to express the perpe- trator of the act; the man who goes u la maraude, viz. Voyant lu splendcur, non commune, Dont ce Maraud est revetu, Qui ne diroit que la Fortune Yeutfaire enrager la Vertu ! Hearing what wealth, wealth hardly heard ! This vile Marauder dares to steal, One almost thinks Chance thus has err'd, That Virtue's temper she might feel ! On the other hand, it is asserted by a correspondent, that the word has been long since traced to Maroud, which in Hebrew also expresses a man guilty of fraud and rapine. Thence it has passed, with deflections, not very violent in language, through the Greek and Latin. The word is not in Johnson, though it might have indulged him in his fine manner, as a moralist, and as an anti- gallican too, on the horrible enormity of a marauder ; for which we have no word but what we must borrow from the Frenchman, or the Jew ! MARAUDE, Fr. the act of maraud- ing. This word specifically means the theft or depredation which a soldier commits against ttie peasantry of the country, and for which offence he is punished with death in all foreign ser- \>ces. MARAUDING. This crime is provi- ded against by Sect. xiv. Article xviii. of the Articles of War. MARC, J«'r. a weight equal to eight ounces. In France, it is usual for sil- ver-smiths and jewellers, to take a marc at that standard ; but when articles nf greater bulk and grosser quality than those they deal in, are brought to the scale, the marc contains 16 ounces to the pound. All stores and ammunition were appreciated by this measure. A MARCH (line ?narche,Yv.) is the moving of a body of men from one SO M A R ( 466 ) M A R place to another. Care must be taken jii marching troops, that they are not liable to he flanked or intercepted ; for of all operations none is more difficult, because they must not only he directed to the ohjects they have in view, but ac- cording to the movements the enemy may have made. March! ( marche, Fr.) as a word of command, whenever it is given singly, invariably denotes that ordinary time is to be taken ; when the quick inarch is meant, that word will precede the other. The word march, marks the beginning of movements from the halt ; but it is not given when the body is in previous motion. It should be sharp, clear and distinct. In marching, every soldier must be well balanced on his limbs : his arms and hands, without stiffness, must be kept steady by his sides, and not suffered to vibrate, lie must not be allowed to stoop forward, still less to lean back. His body must be kept square to the front, and thrown rather more forward ia marching than when halted, that ii may accompany the movement of the leg and thigh: the ham must he stretch- ed, but without stiffening the knee : the toe a little pointed, and kept near the ground, so that the shoe-soles may not be visible to a person in front; the head to be kept well up, straight to the front, and the eyes not suffered to be cast down : the foot, without being drawn back, must he placed flat on the ground. Qw/c^-March, a movement by which troops advance at the rate of 108 steps in the minute, each of 30 inches, making 270 feet in a minute. Quick-M.KRCH, as a word of command, signifies, that the troops should move in quick time. SIow~March, a movement by which troops advance at the rate of 75 steps in the minute. In order to teach a recruit the just length of pace, accurate distances must be marked out on the ground, alung which he should be practised. ]\'hee!ing-M arch, or quickest time, is 120 steps of SO inches each, or 300 feet in the minute. This is the most rapid movement by which men under arms, or otherwise when formed, go from line into column, or come from column into line. The regulation prescribes 120 steps of 30 inches each, or 300 feet in the minute. This is applied chiefly to the purpose of wheeling, and is the rate at which all bodies accomplish their wheels, the out- ward tile stepping 33 inches, whether the wheel be from line into column, during the ma'rch in column, or from column into line. In this time also should divisions double and move up, when passing obstacles in line; or when in the column of march, the front of di- visions is increased or diminished. A quicker pace, called Double Quick Time, has lately been introduced ; which, we presume, is the Pas de charge among the French. A March, (la marche, Fr.) a certain tune or concoid of notes, which is adapt- ed to the movement of any particular body of troops, as the grenadiers march, the march of the Marsellois, la marche des Jani-ssuires, the march of the Jani- zaries. Marching to the front or rear. As this is confessedly one of the most diffi- cult operations in military movements, we shall extract from the Rules and Regulations, as published by authority, the first principles by which men are taught, to march together. " The person instructing a platoon will, before he puts it in motion to front or rear, indicate which flank is to direct, by giving the word Eyes Right ! or Eyes Left ! and then ^SLarch. Should the right be the directing flank, the commander of the platoon himself will fix on objects to march upon, iu a line truly perpendicular to the front of the platoon ; and when the left flank is or- dered to direct, he and his covering Ser- jeant will shift to the left of the front rank, and take such objects to march upon. " The conductor of the platoon, before the word march is given, will endeavour to remark some distant object on the ground, in his own front, and perpendi- cular to the directing flank, he will then observe some nearer and intermediate point in the same line, such as a stone, tuft, ckc. these he will move upon with accuracy, and as he approaches the nearest of these points, he must, from time to time, chusc fresh ones, in the ori- ginal direction, which he will by these means preserve, never having fewer than two such points to move upon. If no object in the true line can be ascertained, his own squareness of person must deter- mine the direction of the march. M A R ( 467 ) M A R " The same observations hold good in all movements to front or rear, or from either flank ; and the only way to exe- cute them with accuracy, is tor the leader to look out for small interme- diate points of inarch." March of a battalion in file, is to ad- vance from the right, left, or center of any given number of men, for the purposes of countermarching, or of closing, or opening an interval in line. Points of March, are two objects which ought always to be prepared for the direction of any considerable body, every leader of which who moves direct- ly forward in front, must take care to conduct it in a line perpendicular to that front. But should a leader either in file or front, have only one marked point of march ascertained to him, he will him- self instantly look out for his small in- termediate points. March in line, (marche en bataille, Fr.) According to the last printed Re- gulations, the march in line must be uni- formly steady, without floating, opening, wr closing. March in file, (marche par files, Fr.) Hlttst be close, firm, and without length- ening out. To March past, (marcher en revue, Fr.) is to advance in open or close co- lumn, in ordinary or quick time, with, a firm and steady step, erect person, the eye glanced towards the reviewing gene- ral. The ordered or cadenced March — (marche cadene'ee, Fr.) the prescribed movement in military tactics. It is ob- served in the Regulations printed by au- thority, (see page 78,) that all military movements are intended to be made with the greatest quickness consistent with or- dh r, regularity, and without hurry or fa- tigue to the troops. The uniformity of position, and I he cadence and length of step, produce that equality and freedom of march, on which every thing de- pends, and to which the soldier must be ran fully trained, nor suffered to join the battalion, until he be thoroughly perfect- ed in this most essential duty. Many different times of march must not be required of the soldier.— These three must suffice : Ordinary time, 75 steps in the mi- nute — Quick time, 108 in the minute — Wheeling or quickest time, 120 in the minute. In order to accustom soldiers to ac- curate movements, plummets, which vi- brate the required times of inarch in a minute, have been recommended : mus- ket-balls suspended by a string which is* not subject to stretch, and on which are marked the different required lengths, will answer the above purpose. The length of the plummet is to be measured from the point of suspension, to the cen- ter of the ball. The several lengths are : — steps in.hun. Ordinary time in a minute 75 24 96 Quick time- - - - - 108 12 3 Quickest or wheeling time 120 9 80 Double quick time, an increased pace, (beyond the wheeling one) with which soldiers advance in charging order, &c. Marching by files, is to march with the narrowest trout, except that of rank entire or Indian file, which bodies of men are susceptible of. The strictest observance of all the rules for marching is particularly neces- sary in marching by files, which is first to be taught at the ordinary time, or 75 steps in the minute, and afterwards in quick time or 108 steps in the minute. In file-marching, particularly at the drill, the whole of a company or squad, having been previously faced, are imme- diately to step off together, gaining at the very first step 30 inches. The first adoption of file-marching has been attributed to the Prussians, and the advocates for what is called the or- dre mince des Prussiens, the thin or nar- row order, have in contradistinction named the ordre profond, the deep order, or column, the French order. Accord- ing to a very ingenious and lively writer, who has had frequent occasions to see the practice of both orders, the ordre mince, or file-marching, may be very useful during a march, but the deep or- der or column ought only to be de- pended upon in manoeuvring before an enemy. To March according to time and mea- sure, (marcher en cadence, Fr.) Marshal Saxe, in page 23, art. 6, of the folio edi- tion of his Riveries, or Mbnoiies sur I 'Art de la Guerre, is of opinion, that marching to time and measure consti- tutes one of the essential requisites in war ; he calls it indeed the principal one to be observed by troops who are going into action. By marching according to time and measure, we understand that regular movement of a large body of 3 2 M A R ( 468 ) M A R men whose steps are cadenced and uni- formly the same, and which are kept so bv the artificial aid of music. The Marshal observes, that although military men will enter into much de- sultory conversation respecting the lac- tic (la tactique) of the ancii pits, they seldom or ever understand the real defi- nition of the word. It is, in fact, so much corrupted in modern times, that' what really conveyed no more than a re- gular principle in marching, has since been made to signify the exercise and evolutions of troops. All the world know how to beat a march, without comprehending the real object, and half the world imagine, thai the noise of a drum or fife is nothing more than mili- tary parade. It is ridiculous to suppose, that mar- tial sounds and military music were first invented for the sole purpose of con* founding each other on the day of battle. Let us indulge a better opinion of the good understanding of the ancients, particularly of the Romans, and endea- vour to prove, that regularity in march- ing (which depends wholly upon the cadenced step) is the ground work of military operations, and that nothing is more simple, because it corresponds with nature. This was, in fact, the military step which the Romans brought to so great a perfection, and which has since been so closely followed by the Prus- sians. It was upon this principle that marches were first devised, and that the drum was adopted to second the pur- pose. This is literally nothing more than a certain beat or tact, as the Marshal expresses it, and which is evidently de- rived from the Ivoman word factum, touch, and by means of which men may be taught to move in quick or slow time. As long as this principle can be followed up, the rear will never lag behind, soldiers will preserve the same step, and march with tli.' same loot; the. wheelings will be made uniformly together, without confusion, or delay : and the men will be les* fatigued than if they were suf-| fered to march or wheel at random. Every person of the least reflexion or observation, will be convinced of the truth of this last remark. Let one man, for instance, be ordered to dance two hours, w ithout the assistance of any sort of musical instrument, and let another, with the same bodily powers and activity, go through the same operation, during double the time, accompanied by music, and let it then be determined which of the two has been most fatigued. It will evidently appear, that the former has : for it is an unquestionable fact, that sounds of concord and harmony have a wonderful secret influence over the hu- man frame, and that they render the exercises and functions of the body ex- tn mely easy. It is well known, that when the camel drivers wish to make their camels get on, they never flog or strike them with sticks, hut sing, whistle, or repeat some humorous song. Should it be asked, what sort of music is best adapted to the human organs in military movements, it may safely be replied, all those simple tunes which can be played by the fife and drum. I shall perhaps be told, (observes the Marshal) that many men have no ear for music ; this I deny, as far as the observation re- gards marching, which is a movement so easy to the human frame, that it comes, as it were, naturally to man. 1 have often remarked, that when the long roll has beat, the men in repairing to their several parades, have insensibly preserved the regular step, without know- ing that, they did so: nature, in fact, and instinct go together. If marching ac- cording to time and measure be consi- dered in a mere superficial manner, the cadence step will undoubtedly appear of little importance ; but if it be considered as an essential requisite to quicken, or slacken, the movement of troops who are going into action, it must be found an important object. No evolution, in fact, can be well done at close order without its assistance. The military step of the Romans was the cadenced or a ieasured movement, and they were there- by enabled to march with ease upwards of '2 1 milts in 5 hours. This, however, would be looked upon as great exertion, if not fatigue, among modern troops, although it constituted a principal part of the Roman exercise. Ileuce some opinion may be formed of the attention which they paid to that species of train- ing, by which men were habituated to long marches; and this they accom- plished by means of the tact, or ca- denced movement. In order to prove the validity of our observations, let us, for a moment, ima- gine a thing that is scarcely possible to be accomplished by troops that do not march according to time and measure. M A R ( 469 ) M A R Let us, suppose, that two battalions, ad- 1 chief it does in pitched battles is mora vaacing to attack one another, should inarch up without floating, overlapping or breaking in the least ; under these cir- cumstances, which would obtain the superiority r the one that should impru- dently have commenced firing, or that which should have reserved its fire ? Every intelligent and able officer will instantly determine in favour of the latter; and his decision would unques- tionably be correct ; for the former, besides being disheartened by seeing men advance against them with a re- served fire, would necessarily be retarded in their inarch in order to prime and load ; and it must be evident to every man, that their antagonists would com- pletely overthrow them by advancing with a rapid and cadenced step. This was the plain and effectual me- thod of the Romans. It may, perhaps, be said, that their ignorance of the use of gunpowder alters the case with re- spect to our maimer of fighting. Let it, however, be recollected, that they fought with missile weapons, which did full as much mischief as our lire-arms can pro- duce. Gunpowder, in fact, is not so destructive as most people are apt to imagine. Few men are killed in regular fought actions, by the two armies enga- ging with musketry only. Marshal Saxe does not scruple to assert, that it is im- possible for a battalion of armed men to charge its enemy with vigour and effect, unless it preserve the cadenced step. For the ranks must unavoidably open during the march in line; and when the troops get within 50 or 60 paces of their opponents, the command- ing officers see chasms, cry out Serre ! or close in to the center; and in the hurry of so doing, one rank overlaps another, and the center itself becomes insensibly broken, standing eight and ten deep, while the wings are two, three, or four. To remedy this defect, the whole line is halted, and if the enemy be wise enough to advance in regular order during this operation, it is ten to one that he turns the flank of his opponent, and completely routs him. This was the case at the battle of Marengo, when the Austrian general most imprudently extended his wings, and left an opening in the center, through which the French general De- saix charged with his cavalry. With re- gard to the musketry-firing, it may be laid down as a certain fact, that the mis- imaginary than real. It has been ac- knowledged by the most experienced officers ; it is, indeed, positively asserted by Marshal Saxe, (page 19 of the folio edition) that the closest vollies have pro- duced little or no effect against a line of determined steady troops. I have seen, observes the Marshal, a whole volley of cool directed musketry, occasion the loss of no more than four men ; while the troops against which it has been poured, have calmly marched up, reserved their fire till they got in contact with the enemy, and then amply revenged the deaths of their comrades by discharging their pieces, and following up with the bayonet. It is at this stage of the battle, that a real carnage commences, and its execution rests wholly with the victorious party; and we need scarcely add, that its success must be attributed to that composed, steady movement, or cadenced step, which enabled the troops to act together, when they came to close action. — The military reader will be gratified by a perusal of two or three interesting anecdotes in pages 29, 30, 31, of the Reveries, fol. edit. MgM-MARCHES; Whenever marches are undertaken in the night, great pre- caution should be observed on the part of the commanding officer of the troops, to attach two or three faithful and in- telligent guides to each column or de- tachment; for it will very easily happen, that in moving a considerable detach- ment during the night, some troops or squadrons may lose themselves, espe- cially where there are cross roads, and difficult passes. The commanding officer at the head of the detachment must march slowly, provided the nature of his expedition will admit of it : and wherever he rinds any bye-roads on the inarch, he must post a few men there, to direct the suc- ceeding squadron; which squadron is to repeat the same caution, and so on throughout the whole. As it is almost impossible for squad- rons to keep constantly close together ; and as it almost always happens, that, in order to conceal a march from the enemy, no trumpet must be sounded, (which would otherwise serve for a di- rection in the night time) a good non- commissioned otiicer, with four or six men, must be appointed to the rear of every squadron, who are to divide them- M A It ( -iro ) M A R s, aftd form n chain LA the intTval, between it and the one suc< order to prevent any mistake of the mL Before the detachment marches off, the officer commanding mssl bt c to exhort the officer* leading troops 01 squadrons, strictly to observe all the above directions: he must also have several orderly nun to attend him ; and, it' possible, two Oi' three guides iii trout. The advanced guard must be r in- forced in the night time, mid march at a small distance from the main body, and whenever it shall happen unexpect- edly to meet the enemy, it must in- stantly charge with all possible vigour ; on which account-, and in order to be in continual readiness, it must always inarch with advanced arms. Page 39, Military Guide. Stcret Marches are made with a design to reconnoitre an enemy, sur- prize his camp, secure a post, or seize a place. r l hey are likewise undertaken to succour troops that may lie precariously situated, to relieve a besieged '.own, &c. It is in this service that a commander has occasion tor his utmost sagacity and penetration, to prevent, his being dis- covered, or betrayed, in Dvdcy to ensure success, the person who conducts the inarch, should have previously obtained good information relative to the different roads through which he is to pa^s, the disposition of the inhabitants, &c. He should also obtain correct intelligence respecting the situation of the enemy's outposts, JS.C. — Military Guide. To March for the direct purpose of Jigltting an em my. In order to effect this important operation with confi- dence and safety, every army that marches from a distant point towards the ground which is occupied by an enemy, endeavours, as much as possible, to preserve its regular front, and to ad- vance in order of battle. Whenever obstacles occur and the ground be- comes so confined, that the march in line cannot be preserved, the different squadrons and battalions must approach the enemy in such a disposition of columns as to be able to torni line in the quickest manner, and before the enemy could possibly attempt to make an impression on the advancing columns, by charging with his cavalry. Tha general officers who command '.oral Columns, in lending fhein forward, must attentively observe each other's movements, so that their heads, at least, be upon a line < and that when they r uh the ground where the whole are to deploy, this manoeuvre may be accomplished with dispatch and safety, and the order of battle be fully made, our of the reach of the enemy's horse. The general, or commander in chief, with his aides-de-camp, &.c. takes his ground m such a manner as to be able to see thi' effect of the first, tire, l'rom being thus conveniently situated, he will know what orders to send, whether to support that part of the line which has gained ground, or to replace any parti- cular one that may have given way. In order to accomplish this double pur- pose, he either makes use of the troops which ha- e been drawn up between the two lines, as circumstances may require, or detaches from the reserve, as he jtidgi s In m lor the service. The instant the line is formed, and the enemy appears in sight, every gene- ral officer must be found at the head of his division, actively employed either in leading on the troops entrusted to his skill and valour, or in speedily remedy- ing every symptom of disorder which may occur throughout the whole extent of his command. The disposition of an army (to quote the words of Mons. tie Fenquieres) which comes to close action, differs es- sentially {'rc\t\ that it assumes in a march, or previous movement. Were troops, indeed, to advance over a wide space of open and unembarrassed ground, the formation of them might be the same. But this is seldom or ever the case. The intervention of hills, woods, rivers, villages, and narrow passes or defiles, gives rise to so many obstacles, that a Large body of men, such as constitute^ an army, must necessarily be divided into many different corps, in order that the collective force may arrive, at a given time, within the lines of a new camp, or within sight of an enemy. t hi these occasions, the movements of an army are attended with considerable risk, especially if the enemy has himself taken the field; for by ably manoeuvring he may take advantage of the divided state of your army, and attack it piece- meal. The greatest precautions, how- ever, are observed in modern warfare, which were either unknown to, or neg- M A R ( 47 X ) MAR leeted, by our ancestors. Most of these have already been discussed, as tar as the limits of our undertaking would admit. The following additional obser- vations may not, perhaps, be thought wholly superfluous. In the first instance, it will be neces- sary for the quarter-master general, and tor the different oiticers who compose the staff, or etat-major, of the army, to render themselves perfectly masters ot the country through which the troops are to march. The corps of guides, especially if the march should be con- tinued during the night, must be well chosen on these occasions; and the dif- ferent captains that have the charge of them, are frequently to communicate with the principal othcers on the staff, to facilitate the several movements. Ah the general othcers must be in posst j s- sion of correct topographical sketcjits of the country; and their aides-de-camp, &c. must not only know how to deliver orders, but they must themselves be able to calculate (from a cursory view of the chart) time and distance. The science of locality has, indeed, become so mani- festly useful in all military operations, that the trench have tormed regular companies of topographers, who accom- pany their armies ; and it reflects credit upon the new institution, at Iligh-Wy- eombe, to see so much attention paid to this branch of necessary knowledge. Artificers and workmen, with appro- priate escorts, precede the several co- lumns, in order to clear the roads, and to remove obstacles that occur. Light troops and I arte detachments of cavalry, are pushed forward for the purpose of keeping the enemy in awe, and to send the earliest intelligence respecting his movements. Bridges are thrown across rivers with astonishing activity and dis- patch; every thing in a word, which relates to the movement of the army, is so well digested before-hand, and subsequently so well executed, that all the different corps co-operate, and readily succour each other, should the entim attack. The natural formation of the battalion is preserved, whether the gre- nadiers are disposed in front, or the light companies lead; and the several piquets come regularly up with the rear during the march, and are as rea- dily stationed in the front when their corps halt. When a forced march is undertaken for the specific purpose of rendering some design of an enemy abortive, it is the duty of the commissariat to have provisions ready at hand, during the transient halts which are made in this harassing and fatiguing euterprize. It is usual for great armies to march in three columns, lu conformity to the order of battle, which has been laid down by the general, or commander in chief, at the beginning of the campaign. Those battalions and squadrons which compose the right, take their line of march through that direction of the country : those which compose the left, preserve their relative time and distance in that quarter. The artillery and heavy baggage are generally disposed of in the center column. When an army marches directly for- ward to attack, or meet, an enetnv, the artillery is almost always distributed in the center : sometimes a brigade of that corps, with a body of select troops in front, precedes each column; but the heavy baggage invariably moves in the rear, under cover of the reserve. When an army marches through a woody or close country, the heads of the different columns are usually cover- ed by a strong detachment of grena- diers, preceded by squadrons of horse. Should the enemy be in your rear, when it is found expedient to make a move- ment, the hospital stores, ammunition, baggage, and artillery, escorted by some -quadrons of horse, must be sent for- AHrd, and the best disciplined troops, with a certain quautity of artillery, are ia that case to make up the rear-guard. If the enemy should hang upon your dank, (the right for instance,) the artil- lery, stores, and baggage, must lie con- ducted by the left ; should the enemy direct his operations from the left, the same movements must take place on the light. A small army may march in one column, having its artillery and baggage between the advanced and re.ir-guaids. Should it be brought to action, the dra- goons ami light cavalry belonging to the advanced guard will compose one wing, md the troops that are disposed of in r he rear, will form the other: the in- fantry will be distributed in the center with the artillery in its front. The French seem to have paid the greatest attention to the various details and incidental circumstances which at- M A R ( 472 ) U A H lend the march of any considerable body of troops. It was not, however, until the reign of Louis XIII. that any sort of regular system began to prevail. — There was certainly less necessity for such an arrangement, because the bug- gage was by no means so great, nor was the train of artillery half so extensive. — The only dangers, indeed, which were to be guarded against, when the enemy was near, seemed confined to the loss of baggage and artillery. These were, of course, provided against by every able general, who naturally observed the greatest secrecy with respect to his en- campment, and practised various stra- tagems to conceal his march from the enemy. Some very sensible observations, re- lative to the manner in which troops should be managed, previous to an en- gagement, may be found in the Reveries de, M. Martvhul de Saxe ; and con- siderable information may be derived from Les Reflexions de M. le Baron d'Espugnuc, on the best method of form- ing the infantry for battle. See Sup- {element mix Reveries, page 19. See ikewise (Euvres Militaires, torn. i. p. 1*24. General Observations on the March of Troops. — As the Regulations on this bead", as far as they relate to the British home service, must be known to every officer, we shall extract some desultory obser- vations from a French work, that, may be applicable to general service. When troops are ordered to march, four prin- cipal objects should be well considered, viz. locality, tune, possible ambuscades, and the ultimate end for which the march is undertaken. In order to secure these important points, some topographers (without whom no army can be said to be well constituted, or its staff" ably appointed) should be directed to give, in plans of the country, to shew where it is intersected, where hills with their j different incurvations appear, where the roads are narrow, where the ground is soft or marshy, and unfavourable to the passage of artillery, where intricate passes occur, where there are woods, hedges, rivers, or marshes, and finally, where the country becomes totally im- pervious. When these different objects have been well ascertained, and thoroughly digested at head quarters, the compo- nent parts of the army must be so distributed with respect to the batta- lions of infantry, squadrons of horse, artillery, and baggage, that the front of the leading column shall invariably cor- respond with the extent of the road, or defile, which is to be marched over. When troops are ordered to march through an inclosed country, the whole army is divided into a given number of columns, which successively follow each other, and are encamped, cantoned, or quartered separately. Sometimes the country is cleared, as much as circum- stances will admit, in order that the several columns may advance, while the artillery, under an escort of infantry on each side, and with cavalry distributed, upon both wings of the army, makes the best of its way through the main road. Small detachments, consisting of active, spirited young men, headed by intelli- gent and enterprizing officers, are sent forward to take possession of the diffe- rent defiles, woods, passes, and to post themselves close to an enemy's post, for the purpose of blocking it up until the whole of the army has marched by. The leading columns should always be composed of tried and steady soldiers; and tiie front of each should invariably consist of the best men in the army. The advanced and rear guards must be well supported by infantry, with the addition of some light field pieces. The order of battle is so arranged, that the heavy ordnance, the baggage, and the greatest part of the cavalry, which can be of little use on the wings, may be distributed in the center. When it is necessary to cross a river, the artillery must be planted directly op- posite to the post which the army in- tends to occupy. Considerable advan- tage will accrue should the river wind in such a manner as to form a rentrant an- gle in that particular spot, which advan- tage would be greatly increased by having a ford near. In proportion as the construction of the bridge advances, some steady troops must be marched forward, and a regular discharge of musketry must be kept up against the enemy on the opposite bank. The instant the bridge is finished, a corps of infantry, with some cavalry, some pieces of artillery, and a certain number of pioneers, to fortify the head of the bridge, must be ordered over. — Should there be the least ground te M A R ( 473 ) MAR suspect an attack upon the rear guard, the inside tete de pont must also be fortified. Proper precautions will have been taken to prevent any surprize during the construction of the bridge, and while the troops are crossing. Each side of the river, above and below the bridge, will on this account have been well recon- noitred, to ascertain that there are not any armed barges or floating rafts, with internals upon them, kept ready to blow up the bridge, when a considerable part of the army shall have passed the river. If the preservation of the bridge be con- sidered as an object, both ends must be fortified, and adequate guards stationed to defend them. Each corps that marches separately, such as the advanced and rear guards, and the main body, must be provided with shovels, pick-axes, and a sufficient number of pioneers and guides, to clear the roads, and to direct it on its march. For additional observations on the pas- sage of rivers, &c. see Natation. The following general rules in route marching have been laid down by the celebrated Montecuculli : — No officer or soldier is on any account to quit his post or rank. The battalion companies must never intermix with the squadrons, or troops, of cavalry. Squa- drons, or troops, of cavalry must always take care not to leave such wide inter- vals between them, as will expose them to be suddenly cut oft", or such contracted ones as might enable the enemy to throw them into confusion. In summer, troops should quit their ground, or quarters, at day-break. In winter, great care should be taken by the commissariat, to see that the troops are well supplied with fuel w hen- ever they halt. During very inclement weather, the march of troops should be greatly contracted. Some steady old soldiers must be stationed at the difterent cross roads, to {irevent the rear men from mistaking the ine of march. The leading columns, or those troops that precede them, must instantly fall upon any body of the enemy that may attempt to oppose their progress. Three things are always to be consi- dered, and well weighed, viz. whether there be much ground to apprehend a serious attack from the enemy; whether there be little ground to fear him ; or whether there be no ground at all ? In the latter case each corps of cavalry and infantry marches separately, and with its own baggage. All convoys, containing stores and ammunition, move with the artillery, accompanied by an officer from the ad- jutant, or quarter-master-general's de- partment, who has the direction of the march, as far as regards the convoy it- self; but cannot interfere with the artil- lery : the commanding officer of the lat- ter being presumed to know best, when and where his park should halt, &c. A very sensible observation on this head may be found in the Manuel des Adjudam Geniraux, by Paul Thiebault. On the evening preceding a march, each corps is specifically furnished with the neces- sary orders in writing. At the hour which is named in general orders tor the troops to commence their march, the quarter-master-general, and the captain of guides, repair to the ad- vanced guard. If the army has been encamped, the lines of intrenchment are levelled, or cleared in such a manner, that the troops may move with an extended front. As soon as the troops have marched off, the difterent guards belonging to the camp will be withdrawn. Pioneers must be sent forward to clear the roads, preceded by small detach- ments of light and select troops, together with estafettes, or mounted messengers, and vedettes, who are to reconnoitre in front, rear, and round the wings of the army. To these must be added appro- priate guards and escorts to accompany the artillery, and to protect the baggage. It will belong to this latter description of troops, to take possession of advan- tageous heights, to discover ambuscades, and to send a faithful detail of all they observe to head quarters. These com- munications will be made by the chief of the etat major who accompanies them. The advanced guard of the army will be composed of one half of the cavalry, the main body will consist of the infantry, attended by pioneers and detached corps of light artillery, which will be preceded by an iron instrument made in the shape Of a plough-share, for the purpose of tracing out the paths, which must be kept by the wagon train. In the rear of the main body must follow the heavv 3P MAR ( 474 ) M A R ordnance, the baggage-wagons belonging to the several regiments, and the train of artillery. The other half of the cavalry Will be disposed of in the rear-guard, in which the army stores and ammunition are to be escorted by a regiment of horse. If the army should be divided, and march in ditVeient columns by indirect roads, a rendezvous, or place of arms, must he marked out in writing, where the whole may conveniently meet on the line of march. The utmost attention must be paid to the selection of this spot, by the adjutant and quarter-master-ge- neral, lest it should be exposed to a sur- prize from the enemy ; on which ac- count, it is kept as secret as possible, lebt any intelligence should be given to him by deserters, or spies. The hour and the manner in which the several columns are to arrive, are specifically stated to the different leaders; and scouts, &.c. are sent round the country to dis- cover the enemy's movements. If there should be any reason to ap- prehend an attack, the various precau- tions must be increased in proportion to the alarm. An army must always march, if it possibly can, in that order from which it may easily and expeditiously deploy into line ; that is, it should invariably pre- serve the order of battle ; every column bearing a natural front towards the ene- my. Montecuculli further adds, that an army must invariably march the right or left in front, and not from its centre. Field pieces, with a sufficient quantity of ammunition, shovels, spades, and pick-axes always at hand, must be dis- posed along the most vulnerable part of the rendezvous ; these must be guarded by a body of cavalry and infantry, who are to be selected for that specific duty. Care is likewise taken to lodge the baggage-wagons, &c. in the most secure, and best defended spot. The first two lines of the army will consist of the mounted artillery in front, next to which will stand the different squadrons of horse that are posted in in- tervals between the infantry battalions : after these will follow the train of cais- sons, &c. in as many files as the road will admit; then the stores and baggage, and finally the reserve. W henever the leading columns have passed a» obstacle, the front men must be halttu till the rear have completely cleared it likewise; and when the whole enters on open country, the line must be formed, and the inarch be continued iu order of battle until a fresh obstacle oc- curs, when the troops must be prepared to pass the defile, the advanced guard leading, the main body following next, and the reserve bringing up the rear. When an army is thus advancing, the right or left flank (according tu circum- stances) of its line of march, must be covered by rivers, and banks, rising grounds, or eminences; and if these na- tural advantages do not present them- selves, artificial ones must he resorted to. These may consist of wagons, chevaux de Prize, or other temporary means of defence; the quantity, ike. must depend upon the nature of the country, and the number of troops that compose the co- lumns. It is, however, impossible to set down general rules for all cases; these must vary with the manifold circumstances that occur, and the different designs which are to be accomplished, or pursued. •When the movements of an army are to be concealed, the march must be un- dertaken at night, through woods, val- lies, and concealed ways; all frequented and inhabited places must be carefully avoided; no loud instruments must, on any account, be played ; and if fires are made, they must only be lighted on the eve of breaking up camp; in which case they must be left burning, for the purpose of deluding the enemy into a supposition, that the troops have not moved. Small parties of cavalry are sent for- ward to seize all stragglers or scouts from the enemy, or to take possession of the different passes. In order to avoid being discovered in the object of the march, a ditYerent road must be taken from the one which you really propose to march through; and a fit opportunity must af- terwards be embraced to get into the real track. Before you march out of a town, or fortified place, the utmost care must be observed to prevent your intended route from being conveyed to the enemy. On this account, the troops must be first marched out, and the gates immediately shut upon the rear, so that no stranger, Ike. may be able to slip out with the men. During a march of this nature, the troops must be provided with subsist- ence, stores and ammunition, to last M A R ( 475 ) M A R out until the object is attained. No exertion is made to reach a given point scout, or vedette, is sent forward, when an army, or any part of it, advances to take possession of a post or place, to succour a town, to surprize an enemy, in a close or woody country, by favour of the night, or in hazy weather, or on any occasion when orders have been given to oppose and fight every thing it meets. When an army marches for the direct purpose of forcing a passage, which is guarded by an enemy, a feint must be made in one quarter, whilst the real ob- ject is vigorously pursued in another. Sometimes you must appear suddenly disposed to make a retrograde move- ment, and then again as suddenly re- sume your progress; sometimes march beyond the spot you wish to occupy, in- sensibly drawing off the enemy's atten- tion; and whilst the whole army is thus pushing forward, and is closely watched by its opponents, (who hang upon the flanks, and hug its line of march,) let detached parties of cavalry and foot, that have lain in ambush, suddenly sur- prize the passage, and post themselves upon it. When it is found expedient to advance rapidly into a country for the purpose of surprizing an enemy, getting posses- sion of a town, or place, or avoiding su- perior forces, every species of baggage must be left behind ; even the common necessaries of the men, if circumstances require. The cavalry must be sent for- ward, and the infantry put in carts, car- riages, and chaises, or mounted behind the dragoons. If there be spare horses enough in the different troops, or any can be procured from the inhabitants of the country, they must be led in order to relieve those that are doubly mounted, in the manner practised by theTartars. — Marches of this description and urgency must be kept up night and day ; and it is on such occasions, that the value of a good staff, or etat-major, will have all its weight. It must be observed, as a general maxim, that whenever troops are retir- ing from a weak position, or to avoid the approach of a superior force, the retreat must be so managed, as not to bear the least resemblance of a flight. A forced March, (marche acceleree, Fr.) a movement of troops in which little or no relaxation is allowed, and every It is also called marche forcee. Rogue's March, a tune which is played by the trumpeters or fifers of a regiment (as the case may be) for the purpose of drumming out any person who has behaved disorderly, &c. in a camp or garrison. Thieves, strumpets, &c. are frequently marked in this manner ; being inarched down the front of a battalion, from right to left, and along the rear : after which they are conducted to the gate of the garrison, or entrance of the camp, where they re- ceive a kick in the posteriors from the youngest drummer, and are warned never to appear within the limits of either place, under pain of being severely punished. MARCHANDS, Fr. slop-sellers, pettv-sutlers. Men of this description always flock round and follow an army on its march. As they generally deal in articles which are wanted by the offi- cers and soldiers, it is the business of every general to see them properly treated, to ensure their safety, and to permit them, under certain regulations, to have access to the camp. They should, however, be warily watched in some instances, especially upon the eve of a retreat, or before any advanced opera- tion takes place. Spies frequently dis- guise themselves as pedlars, and under the mask of selling trifling articles, pry into the state of a camp, put indirect) questions to the soldiers, and tamper with those who may seem disposed to act in a traitorous manner. Yet as ar- mies cannot do without such men, they must be sanctioned; and it is the parti- cular duty of the provost-marshal, and of the wagon-master general, to watch and superintend their motions. MARCHE, Fr. a step. MARCHE-pa/ier, Fr. the stair-head; the broad-step of a stair-case. Marche acceleree, ou pas accitere, Fr. quick time. Marche ordinaire, ou pas ordinaire, Fr. ordinary time. Marche precipitee, ou pas precipiti, Fr. quickest time. Marche cadencee, ou pas cadence, Fr. march or step according to time and measure. It is likewise called the ca- dence step. Marche non-cadencee, Ou pas non- cadence, Fr. This step is likewise called SP2 M A R ( 47G ) a a r pas de route, and signifies that uncon- s trained movement which soldiers are permitted to adopt in marching over difficult ground, and in columns of route. Makche de fane, Fr. flank move- ment or march. Marche forcce, Fr. a forced march. Battre, sonner la Marche, Fr. to put troops into motion by the beat of drum or sound of trumpet, 6ic. Gagnerune Marche sur I'cnnemi, Fr. to gain ground, or time, upon an enemy ; which signifies to get in his front or upon his flanks, so as to harass or perplex him, or by any able manoeuvre to get the start of him. Dirobcr sa Marchk, Fr. to steal a march. Couvrir unc Marche, Fr. to conceal a march. Marche, Fr. this word is likewise used among the French, to express the course or progress of a ship, or as we say technically, the icay she makes : hence marche d'un vaisseau. MARCHER par lejlauc, Fr. to march from any given dank. Marcher en colonne avec distance entiere, Fr. to march in open column at open distance. Marcher en colonne a distance de section, ou en masse, Fr. to inarch in column, quarter distance, or in mass. Marcher en baluille, ou en colonne dtattaque, Fr. to advance in column, for the purpose of attacking an enemy, Marcher enbatui/le, en ordre dcployi, Fr. to advance in line or in deployed order. Marcher en retraite, Fr. to retreat. Marcher en batuille par le dernier rang, Fr. to march in line, rear front. Marcher au pas accclire, Fr. to march in quick time. Marcher le pas en arricre, Fr. to take the back-step. Marcher an pas ordinaire, Fr. to march in ordinary time. Marcher au pas precipite, Fr. to march in quickest time. Marcher per le Jlanc droit, ou gauche, Fr. to march by the right or left flank. Marcher en colonne, la droite, ou la gauche, en tite, Fr. to inarch in column, the right, or left in front. Marcher en colonne serr'ee, Fr. to march in close column. Marcher era colonne outerte, Fr. to march in open column. Marcher en terme devolutions, Fr. to march in line, ike. which see. Marcher en colonne reuvcrsee, Fr. to match by inverted column; that is, to make the army move left in front; the left being the leading flank. Lords MARCHERS, noblemen who anciently inhabited and secured the inarches of Wales and Scotland. MARCHES. The limits or bounds between England, Wales, and Scotland, have been so called. Marches also sig- nify any limits or boundaries. The French use the same word. MARCHES, Fr. the various modes of inarching which are adopted by a body of armed men in offensive, or defensive movements. Marches dHarmies, et ce que les sol- dats ont a /aire quand la generate est battue, Fr. column of route, or general order of march, which an army observes when it takes the field. See Camp. MARCHING licgiments, a term given to those corps who had not any per- manent quarters, but were liable to be sent not only from one end of Great Bri- tain to another, but to the most distant of her possessions abroad. Although the word marching is insensibly confounded with those of line and regulars, it was originally meant to convey something more than a mere liability to be ordered upon any service; for by inarching the regular troops from one town to another, the inhabitants, who from time imme- morial have been jealous of a standing army, lost their antipathy to real sol- diers, by the occasional absence of re- gular troops. At present, the guards, militia, and fencibles, may be consi- dered, more or less, as inarching regi- ments. The marines and volunteer corps 'nave stationary quarters. St. MARCOU, two rocks upon the coast of Normandy, lying in a bite or bay between Cape Darfleur and Point Perce, bearing south-east from La Hogue nine miles, from the mouth of the river Isigny, north, eight miles, and distant from the body of the French shore about four miles. The surface of each island, which is 18 or 20 feet above the level of the sea at high water, com- prises about an acre, and bear from each other W. by N. and E. by S. distant 200 yards. M A R ( 4rr ) M A R MARDIKERS or Topasscs, a mixed breed of Dutch, Portugueze, Indians, and other nations, incorporated with the Dutch at Batavia, in the East Indies. Mardikers, in all probability, derive their name from some original adven- turers, who left a place called Mar dike, about four miles from Dunkirk, and for- merly subject to, or forming part, of the Seventeen United Provinces. When the Dutch took possession of that territory which is named Batavia, these adven- turers were, perhaps, the leading party, and from their being called Mardikers, the natives in those quarters insensibly attached the term to all persons of European descent, or connection. All, in fact, who wear hats are distinguished among turbaned nations by the appella- tion of Topasses and Mardikers, and from that circumstance are confounded in the term, with respect to Batavia. MARECHAL, Fr. a dignity of the second class, in the order of Malta. It was formerly attached to the Tongue or Langue of Auvergne. Marechal de camp, Fr. a military rank which existed during the French monarchy, and was revived by Bona- parte. The person invested with it was a general officer, and ranked next to a lieutenant-general. It was his duty to see the army properly disposed of in camp, or quarters; to be present at all the movements that were made ; to be the first to mount bis charger, and the last to quit him. He commanded the left in all attacks. The appointment, under this distinction, was first created by Henry IV. in 1598. Marechal du camp, Fr. During the reign of the first kings of France, when duelling was permitted, an officer was appointed to superintend thecor.test. M arech a l- general des camps ct ar- mies du Roi, Fr. a post of high dignity and trust, which, during the French monarchy, was annexed to the rank of Marechal de France. Military writers differ with respect to the privileges, &c. which belonged to this appointment; it is, however, acknowledged, that the general officer who held it, was en- trusted with the whole management of a siege, being subordinate only to the constable, or to any other Marechal de France, who was his senior in appoint- ment. MARECHAL-giniral des logis de Var- mce, Fr. This appointment, which ex- isted during the old French government, and has since been replaced by the Chef de l'Etat-Major, corresponds with that of Quarter-Master-General in the British service. Marechal de. bataille, Fr. a military rank, which once existed in France, but was suppressed before the Revolution, or rather confined to the body guards. An officer belonging to that corps re- ceived it as an honorary title. Its ori- ginal functions, &c. with respect to general service, sunk in theappointmente of Marechal de camp, and Major-ge- neral. It was first created by Louis XIII. Marech \L-general des logis de la ca- valerie, Fr. This appointment took place under Charles IX. in 1594. He had the chief direction of every thing which related to the French cavalry. Marechal des logis dans la cavalerie, Fr. the quarter-master of a troop of horse was so called in the French ser- vice. In the old system every infantry regiment had one Marechal des logis; two were attached to each company of the gendarmes : each troop of light horse had likewise two; and every com- pany of musketeers had eight. Marechal des logis de Vartillerie, Fr. an appointment which existed in France before the Revolution, and which was in the gift of the Grand Master of the Ordnance. This officer always ac- companied the army on service, and was under the immediate orders of the com- manding officer of the artillery. Marechal des logis pour les vivres, Fr. a person attached to the quarter- master-general's department, to whom the purveyors belonging to an army are subordinate. MARECHALAT, Fr. marshalship. Marechal ferrant, Fr. a farrier. Za Marechale, Fr. a marshal's lady, i. e. wife, was so called in France. We have already mentioned la Colonelle, &c. This practice has, indeed, of late, obtained in England, but not in the un- limited manner which prevailed among the French. We use it merely to dis- tinguish two ladies of the same name and family, or neighbourhood, viz. Mrs. Johnson, and Mrs. Colonel Johnson ; meaning thereby that the latter is the wife, or widow, &c. of Colonel Johnson. MARECHAUSSEES de France, Fr. a species of military police, which has long existed in France. MARENGO, a plain and village in M A R ( 478 ) M A R Italy, about one league distant from Tortona. These spots have been ren- dered memorable in military history by the obstinate and decisive engagement which took place on the 14th of June, 1800, between the Imperialists Com- manded by General Field Marshal Melas, and the Republican French army under the direction and personal guid- ance of Bonaparte, then First consul. General DJsaix was killed on this oc- casion. MAUEE, Fr. tide. HauU-MxREE, Fr. high-water. Basse-M a h t f., Fr. low-water. Morte-Mi.K&E, Fr. neap-tide. ConLrc rent et Makee, Ft. against wind and tide; figuratively, against all opposition. Chasse-mAK&E, Fr. this term means literally a ripier, or man who brings fish from the sea coast to sell in the inland parts; but it has frequently been used to signify the cart or carriage itself on which he sits. According to the French construction of it, it may serve for several purposes, particularly for the speedy conveyance Of small bodies of troops. It consists of a four-wheel car- riage, of equal height with a common axletree, having a platform sufficiently elevated to suffer the fore-wheels to pass under it when on the lock, hi the center of this platform is an upright back, with a seat on each side, resem- bling the seat of an Irish car; so that about six soldiers might sit on each side, back to back. On the platform, and attached to the axle-tree, nearly at each corner, are four stout stumps or knee-hinges, that allow them to turn down flat on the platform, or to be fixed upright; when they serve, by a crutch which fits into a hole as a rest for rifles, or for a piece of horse light artillery; on the crutch being taken out it fits into the hole, after the manner of a swivel on board ship. MAIIGA SEERSIIA, Ltd. a month which partly agrees with October. MARGELLE, Fr. the brim of a well. Belidor calls it mardelle, but allows the propriety of using the word margelle. MARIN, Fr. a seaman; any thing appertaining to the sea. Maria is like- wise used to distinguish a sea- faring man, (hbntme de met) from Marinier, which literally means a sailor. La MARINE, Ft. The French navy is so called. Marine, Fr. this word signifies ge- nerally navy ; navigation; marine; sea- affairs; beach; sea-piece; te\mes de ma- rine, sea-terms. Marine implies, in general, the whole navy of a kingdom or state, com- prehending all the royal dock yards, and the officers, artificers, seamen, soldiers, &c. employed therein; as well as the shipping employed by the merchants, for military or commercial purposes; toge- ther with whatever relates to navigation, ship-building, sailors, and marines. The history of the marine affairs of any one state is a very comprehensive subject; much more that of all nations. Not only the preservation of that share of commerce we at present possess, but its future advancement, and even the very being of Britain, as an independent empire, and a free people, depend no less on the good condition and wise re- gulation of our affairs of the marine, than on the superiority of its naval power. The Delphic oracle being con- sulted by the Athenians, on the formi- dable armament and innumerable forces of Xerxes, returned for answer, " that " they must seek their safety in wooden " walls." To which we may affirm, that whenever this nation, in particular, has recourse to her floating bulwarks, for her security and defence, she will find wealth, strength, and glory, to be the happy infallible consequences. Gtns de Marine, Fr. seamen. Carte Marine, Fr. sea-chart. MARINGOUIN, Fr. a rauskito ; a gnat which is very troublesome in hot countries. MARINES, or MARINE FORCES, a body of soldiers raised for the sea- service, and trained to fight either in a naval engagement, or in an action on shore. Officers of the marines may sit on courts-martial with officers of the land forces. See Mutiny Act, Sect. 13. The great service which this useful corps has frequently rendered, entitles it to a fair record in every publication that treats on military matters. In the course of former wars, the marines have distinguished themselves by great perse- verance, strict attention to duty, and unquestionable valour. The facings of the marines are now royal blue, with lace; they were formerly white. MARK, a note, character, &c. set upon a thing. Hence the soldier's mark X which he makes in his captain's or MAR ( 479 ) MAR pay-serjeant's book, &c. when he can- not write. Mark also denotes money of account. The English mark is 13s. 4d.; among the Saxons it was equivalent to 7s. 6d.ofour money. It is also a money of account in Scotland, and formerly a silver coin, being equal to 13d. and one-third Eng- lish. To Mark time, to cease marching towards any particular point, direct, ob- lique, sideways, or retrograde ; yet still to keep the regular motion, so as not to lose the step. This is frequently prac- tised when a front file, or column, is opened too much, in order to afford the rear an opportunity of getting up ; and sometimes to let the head of a column disengage itself, or a body of troops file by,&c. The French say, marquer le pas. Gunpowder Marks. The different sorts of gunpowder are distinguished by the following marks on the heads of the barrels. All gunpowder for service is mixed in proportions according to its strength, so as to bring it as much as possible to a mean and uniform force. This sort of powder is marked with a blue L. G. and the figure \, or with F. G. and the figure 3, whose mean force is from 150 to 160 of the eprouvette. This is the powder used for practice, for experiments, and for service. The white L. G. or F. G. is a second sort of powder of this quality. It is sometimes stronger but not so uniform as the blue E.G. It is therefore generally used in filling shells, or such other things as do not require accuracy. The red L. G. F. G. denotes powder entirely made at the king's mills, with the coal burnt in cylinders, and is used at present only in particular cases, and in comparisons, and to mix with other sorts to bring them to a mean force. The figures 1, 2, or 3, denote that the powder is made lrom saltpetre obtained from damaged gunpowder; 4, 5, or 6, from saltpetre obtained from the grouph. See pages 123, 124, of the Little Bombardier. Mark to shoot at, a round or square piece of wood which is generally painted in red and white circles, and has a black spot in the center called the bull's eye. Soldiers should be frequently practised in shooting at a mark. Knights of St. Mark, an order of knighthood which formerly existed in the republic of Venice, under the pro- tection of St. Mark the Evangelist. To be Marked. Marshal Saxe, in his Reveries, proposes that every soldier should be marked in his right hand to prevent desertion. He recommends the composition which is used by the In- dians; and grounds the propriety of his plan upon the custom which prevailed among the Romans, who marked their soldiers with a hot iron. We mention this as a suggestion grounded upon good authority : but we by no means recom- mend it as an adoption which would be palatable to Englishmen. Tastes and palates, however, are seldom to be at- tended to in military matters. Mark in a horse, ( marque noire, germe dej'eve, Fr.) the evidence of a horse's age. MARKSMEN, men expert at hitting a mark. Light-armed Marksmen, men that are armed and accoutred for very active and desultory service. See Riflemen. Austrian Volunteer Marksmen, a corps formed in the hereditary dominions of the Emperor of Germany, and in- creased by recruits and volunteers from the Tyrol, &c. The success which uni- formly attended the French tirailleurs in all their actions, induced other nations to pay great attention to the formation of similar corps. MARKET, (marche, Fr.) a public time, and appointed place, ut buying and selling. MARKET-p/ace, (le marche, Fr.) the place where the market is held. MARKET-^rice, (courant du marche, Fr.) the price at which any thing is currently sold. MARLINS, in artillery, are tarred white skains, or long wreaths, or lines of untwisted hemp, dipped in pitch or tar, with which cables and other ropes are wrapped round, to prevent their fretting and rubbing in the blocks, cr pullies, through which they pass. The Vame serves in artillery upon ropes used for rigging gins, usually put up in small parcels called skains. MARLINSPIKE, a small piece of iron for fastening ropes together. MARMITE, Fr. porridge-pot, kettle; an utensil in which soldiers boil their victuals. MARNOIS, Fr. a barge of large di- mensions used upon the rivers Marue and Seine, from Brie and Champagne to Paris. MARON, Fr. a piece of brass or copper, about the size of a crown, on M A R ( 180 ) M A R which t lio hours for <;<>ing die rounds wore marked, in the old French service. Maron £ artifice, Fr. a species of fiie-woik, which is made with a piece of pasteboard in the shape of a parallelo- gram, one side of which is as rive to three ; so that fifteen squares, equal among themselves, may be made, three on one side, and rive on the other; these are folded into the form of a die or cuho, and filled with gunpowder. The effect produced by this firework is extiemelv beautiful. MARQUE, or Letters of Marque, in naval affairs, are letters of reprisal, granting the subjects of one prince or state liberty to make reprisals on those of another. ^See Letters of Marque. MARQUEE, a word corrupted from the French Marquise, signifying a tent or cover made of strong canvass or Rus- sia-duck, which is thrown over another tent, and serves to keep out rain. Its • primitive etymology may be traced to Marquis, or Marchio, whence March- ers, and Marches. The complete weight of a marquee is 1 cwt. 17lbs. ridge pole 7 feet : stand- ard 8 feet. M A RQUER le pas,Yv. See Mar k time. Marquer un camp, Fr. to prick out the lines of an encampment. MARQUIS, Marquess, Marchio, title of honour given by letters patent to a person who holds a middle rank between the dignity of a Duke and that of an Earl. This, word, like Margrave, is derived from the high Dutch, or from the French marche, a limit, as the guard of the frontiers was entrusted to a Mar- quis. The title itself is originally French, and was first known under Charlemagne. King Richard the Se- cond first introduced the dignity of Marquis among us, by creating Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, Marquis of Dublin; but it was a title without any office annexed to it. MARQUISE, Fr. See Marquee. Tendre une Marquise, Fr. to pitch a marquee. Marquise, Fr. This word likewise means a species of sky-rocket. See Fusee volante. MARRIAGE, It is generally under- stood in the British service, that no sol- dier can marry without the previous knowledge and consent of his captain, or commanding officer. There is not, however, any specific regulation on this bead. MARS, in the heathen mythology the God of War. The French frequently use the word in a figurative sense, viz. leg tra- vuux de Mars, the labours or exploits of Mars; le metier de Mars, the military profession. The MARSELLOIS, or Marseilles lli/uni, a national march adopted by the French during the course of their revo- lution, and regularly played in their ar- mies, when they went to battle. It was frequently accompanied, or rather suc- ceeded, by the " Ca Ira," a liftly tune ; the former being calculated for slow or ordinary lime, and the latter for quick movements. Both airs are now pro- scribed. MARSH, (mara'is, Fr.) u fen ; a bog; a swamp. Salt-M,\RSU, (marais-salunt, Fr. ) a marsh impregnated with saline particles from the sea. MARSHAL, > in its primitive sig- FVe/rf-MARSHAL, S nilication, means an officer who has the care and charge of horses; but it is now applied to officers who have very different employments. — In a military sense, it means the com- mander in chief of all the forces. It is likewise given as an honorary rank to general officers who have no immediate command. See General. Marshal of France, an officer of the greatest dignity in the French army. It was first established by Philip-August, in the year 1185. I-Voi^-Marshal, an executive offi- cer, whose duty is to see punishments put in force, when soldiers are condem- ned to death, or are to be otherwise chastised. Every army is provided with a provost-marshal-general, who has se- veral deputies under him. By the last General Regulations it has been or- dained, that in case the army should take the field in Great Britain, a deputy provost-marshal will be appointed to each district. The provost, under those circumstances, will frequently make the tour of the camp, and its environs, and will have instructions to seize such per- sons as are committing disorders. Jtfc/ge-MARSHAL. See Judge-Ao\o- CATE. MARSHY ground, (hs tnarais, ou terrc maricageusc, Fr.) As it may be frequently necessary to convey heavy ordnance, &c. over marshy ground, and sometimes indeed to erect batteries upon it, the following method has been recommended :— M A R ( 431 ) MAR In the first place, a firm and solid road iiiust be made, in order to convey, with safety, the different materials which may be wanted for the construction of the battery, and along which the men may securely drag the various pieces of ord- nance. This road must he ten feet high at least. If the marsh or bog should not be very deep, let a Led or platform, consist- ing of fasciites, and disposed according to the direction of the road, he con- structed between two rows of thick sau- cissons, that are secured and fixed in the earth with strong stakes. This platform must he two thirds as thick as the bog is deep, and contain 12 feet in breadth. Spread hurdles over the level surface of this platform, and then make another bed or covering with fascines, ten feet long, and disposed according to the breadth of the road, taking care to bind their ends, &c. well together by means ot stakes, which must be driven through the hurdles and the lower bed. Let this second surface be sufficiently covered with earth and straw, to secure the fas- cines, and to render the road solid and compact. If the road shouid appear unsafe after these precautions, it must be made wider and deeper. If the marsh or bog be very deep, you must construct several beds or surfaces of fascines, in the manner already men- tioned, taking care to make the top equal to the breadth of the road, and capable of supporting the weight of a wagon, or carriage. The ground for the epaulement belonging to the platforms, their recoil backwards, and the path to the magazines, must be rendered firm and solid after the same manner. On each side of this epaulement you must throw up a herm or path, measuring three feet in front, and as much on the sides. You will collect the earth, ccc. in the usual way, tor the construction of bat- teries on rocks, and mask your artificers in like manner. MARSILIANE, Fr. a sort of ship or vessel which is used by the Venetians in the gulph of Venice, and along the coast of jjalmatia. It has a square poop, is »ery broad on the forecastle, carries four masts, and is equal to seven hundred tons. MARTEAU d'tnwes, Fr. an offensive weapon, so called from its resemblance to a hammer. MARTEL, Fr. uneasiness, inquie- tude. MARTELLO-/oa>er, erroneously sup- posed to he derived from martel. See Mo RT EL LA; MARTIALIST, a warrior, a man at arms. MAHTlAL-law is the law of war, which entirely depends on the arbitrary power of the Prince, or of those to whom he has delegated it; for, though the king can make no laws in time of peace, without the consent of parliament, yet in time of war he, has an absolute power over the army ; he can place and promote, or displace and degrade officers at will, without being responsible to any constituted authority whatsoever. MARTINET, a word frequently mis- applied to signify a strict disciplinarian, who sometimes gives officers and soldiers unnecessary trouble. It is supposed to have taken its origin from an adjutant of that name, who was in high repute, as a drill officer, during the reign of Louis the XlVth. In a book, published some years back for the use of the militia of England, there is the following note on this head. Lewis the XIVth,"in 1662, employed Monsieur Martinet to regulate and dis- cipline his infantry, after the Dutch manner. He was first Lieutenant-Co- lonel, and afterwards Colonel of the Regiment du Hoi, or what we call the King's own regiment, which was then the pal ten). He was killed at the siege of Doesberg, in ,1672. — His name is become, among our military gentlemen, (or rather mould be military gentlemen,) a term of sneer and reproach, too often applied to such officers as shame the rest of their corps, by being more assi- duous and exact in the performance of their duties, than suits the levity of the young, or the indolence of the old. Martinet, Fr. a small discipline, or cat-o'-nine-tails, fixed to the end of a wooden handle, which schoolmasters use to punish refractory, or idle bovs. This affords us another path, and perhaps a surer one, than the surname already quoted, to find out the real origin of Martinet in a military sense, more es- pecially, as it is particularly indicative of the severity that is sometimes prac- tised by what is (ridiculously enough) called a tip-top adjutant. Martinet, Fr. according to the last published Military Dictionary in France 3Q M A S ( 482 ) MAS a huge hammer, which was used by the ancients to force open the gates of he- sieged towns. Vegetius mentions it in his writings. MARTINGAL, (martingale, Fr.) a thong of leather, fastened to one end of the girth under the belly of a horse, and at the other end to the mussroll, to keep him from rearing. MARTIOBARBULUS, a weapon used among the Romans. There was also a militia amongst them so called, consisting of twelve thousand men, who were singularly expert in throwing their arrows. MASH, a mixture for a horse, con- sisting generally of ground malt put into a pail with scalding water, and weli stirred about. Cold Mash, the same mixture given cold. MASHKAWAR, hid. monthly ac- counts. A MASK, in field fortification, (line masque, Fr.) It sometimes happens, that a ditch or fosse must be dug in an exposed situation; in this case it will be absolutely necessary for the artificers and workmen to get under cover, and to mask themselves in such a manner as to answer the double purpose of exe- cuting their immediate object, and of deceiving the enemy with respect to the real spot they occupy. For further particulars on this head, see pages 828, 829, 830, Vol. II. of the Aide-M'tmoire a Cusdge des Officiers (PArtillerie, &c. To Mask, (masquer, Fr.) to cover any particular post or situation, for the purpose of attack or defence. In am- buscade, a battery is said to be masked, when its outward appearance is such as not to create any suspicion, or mistrust, in a reconnoitring, or approaching ene- my. A town, or fortress, a battery, or the head of a bridge, may likewise be said to be masked, when a superior force sits down before it, and keeps the gar- rison in awe. This is frequently done, in order to render the advantages of such a place, or hold, ineffectual, while an army acts in its neighbourhood, or marches by. MASOLES, a militia belonging to Croatia, which is bound to match to the frontiers, whenever there appears the least sympton of hostile disposition on the part of the Turks. The private soldiers have lands allotted to them, which they cultivate for their own use, but they do not receive any pay from the public. The officers are paid. MASQUER un passage, Fr. to block up any road, or avenue, through which an army might attempt to march. MASSALGIES, Ind. persons em- ployed in India as porters, or messengers. Massalgies, Coolies, and Palankeen bear- ers, are allowed a certain batta when they travel. MASS, (in mathematics,) the matter of any body cohering with ir, i.e. mov- ing and gravitating along with it ; and is distinguished from its bulk, or volume, which is its expansion in length, breadth and thickness. Levy in Mass, (levee en masse, Fr.) the act of raising men by general re- quisition, or, in Great Britain, by Posse Comitatus, that is, calling out the effec- tive population of each county. MASSE, Fr. a species of stockpurse, which, during the French monarchy, was lodged in the hands of the regimental paymaster, for every serjeant, corporal, anspessade, drummer, and private sol- dier. Masse d'armes, Fr. a warlike wea- pon, which was formerly used. It con- sisted of a long pole with a large iron head. Masse, Jr. in architecture, the whole, or collective parts of a building. Masse de bois, Fr. a large wooden hammer, or mallet which is used in dri- ving down stakes, &c. Masse de carriere, Fr. the several beds or pieces of stone which lie one upon another in a quarry. MASSES, the great lights and sha- dows of a picture. MASSELOTE, a French term which is used in foundry, signifying that super- fluous metal which remains after a caimon or mortar has been cast, and which is sawed or filed off, to give the piece its proper form. MASSIF, Fr. a short stick or rod, used by artificers in making cartridges. MASSIVE, (massif, Fr.) heavy ; un- wieldly. This term is applied to any work whose dimensions are not well proportioned ; or where the walls are very thick, and the outlets small, &c. MASSOOLAS, Ind. the common boats of a very slight construction, which are used on the Coromandel coast. MASSUE, Fr. a club. MASTER at arms, in the marine, an officer appointed to teach the officer* MAS ( 483 ) MAT and crew of a ship of war the exercise of small arms; to confine prisoners, and plant sentinels over them, and to super- intend whatever relates to them during their confinement. Master gunner, in a ship of roar, an officer appointed to take charge of the artillery and ammunition aboard, and to teach the men the exercise of the great guns. Master of the horse, a great officer of the crown, who orders all matters relat- ing to the king's stables, races, breed of horses, &c. and commands the equerries, and all the other officers and men in the king's stables. His coaches, horses, and attendants, are the king's, and bear the king's arms and livery. Master of the Ordnance.' This offi- cer formerly ranked next to the Earl Marshal, when he was considered as an officer. The first master of the ord- nance was Rauf Bigod appointed in the first year of the reign of Richard III. during life. The clerk of the ordnance is mentioned in Rymer, as early as the 5th of Henry V. It does not appear that the English had any particular offi- cer presiding over their projectile ma- chines or artillery, before the invention of gunpowder and cannon. In France, they were under the direc- tion of an officer called the Grand muster of the cross botes. This office is of great antiquity in that kingdom, for we find it mentioned in the reign of St. Louis, who died in 1270. See Ordnance. M.A.siZR-general of the ordnance. See Ordnance. Baggage-MASXER and Inspector of roads, formerly an appointment in the British service, but now discontinued. Barrack-MASTER-General, an officer with the rank of a major-general in the British army, who was vested with con- siderable powers during the late war. These powers were formerly exercised by the board of ordnance, but they were transferred to the barrack-master-gene- ral by a warrant under the sign manual, and countersigned by the secretary at war on the 30th day of May, 1794. In 1795 the two warrants, whereby all mat- ters relative to the government of bar- racks had been partially entrusted to the board of ordnance and a barrack-master- general, were revoked, and the follow- ing rules, orders, powers, and directions were established in lieu thereof, in as much as regards the duties of the de- partment entrusted to the barrack-mas- ter-general to the British forces. Quarter-M ast En-General. See Quar- ter-Mas^/-- Genera/, in letter Q. Qw«r7er-M aster of the victuals. The person who had the chief care and ma- nagement of the provisions belonging to an army, was formerly so called. See Purveyor. Scout-MASTEti-General. A person formerly so called, under whose direction all the scouts and army messengers were placed. The appointment does not exist at present. MASTICH, (mastic, Fr.) a kind of mortar, or cement. MASTIGADOUR, (with horsemen,) a slabbering bit, a snaffle of iron, quite smooth, and of a piece, guarded with pater-nosters, and composed of three halfs of great made into demi-ovals of unequal bigness, the lesser being en- closed within the greater, which ought to be about half a foot high. A mastiga- dour is mounted with a head and two reins. MASULIT, a boat used in the East Indies, which is caulked with moss. Echec et MAT, Fr. check-mate. A certain point at the game of chess, when your adversary cannot make another move. Hence to be check-mated, to be so entirely out-manceuvred as not to have a single postion tenable,orainovementleft. MATADORS, Fr. a banditti, who formed themselves into armed bodies about the year 1714, in Catalonia. — Their object was to destroy every fellow citizen that would not acknowledge the claim of the Archduke of Austria to the crown of Spain. MATAFUNDA, an ancient machine out of which stones were cast by means of a sling. Some derive its name from funda and mactare, otherwise tnatare, i.e. a murdering sling. MATAMORE, Fr. a drawcansir ; a bully ; a wretch that has more impu- dence than courage. The French say figuratively, faire des pas de matamore, to step forward like a bully. MATCH, iJ.aia., learning, what ought to be learned by every one. It contains the knowledge of quantity, either continued or discrete; the former science being called geometry, the latter arithmetic. The one treats of magnitude capable of mensuration, the other of numbers in particulars, or numbers unlimited. The former is treated of in the common books of arithmetic, the latter is known by the name of algebra, or arithmetic universal. Under the latter head comes the doctrine of fluxions, by which alge- bra has been carried, in modern times, to the solution of a variety of problems inaccessible to the ancients. Geometry, being the science of measurement in general, treats of the measurement of plane and spherical surfaces, the lines of angles on each, as also the contents of solids. Both sciences are of unli- mited extent, and are the foundation of many other sciences, such as astronomy, navigation, castramctation, gunnery, for- tification, Ike. To a soldier both sciences are necessary, if he wishes to excel in his profession ; and it may not be useless to inform him, that some of the most dillicult problems in both sciences were performed in a camp. Descartes, who excelled in both, was a soldier. Mathematics are commonly distin- guished \nlo pure and speculative, which consider quantity abstractedly; and mix-, ed, which treat of magnitude as subsist- ing in material bodies, and consequently are interwoven every where with physical considerations. Mixed mathematics are very com- prehensive, since to them may be rcfered astronomy, optics, geography, hydrogra- phy, hydrostatics, mechanics, fortifica- tion, gunnery, projectiles, mining, engi- neering, and navigation. Fare mathematics have one peculiar advantage, that they occasion no differ- ence of opinion among wrangling dispu- tants, as in other branches of knowledge; and the reason is, because the definitions of the terms are premised, and every one that reads a proposition has the same idea of every part of it. Hence it is easy to put an end to all mathematical contro- versies, by shewing, that our adversary has not stuck to bis definitions, or has not laid down true premises, or else that he has drawn false conclusions from true principles ; and, in case we are able to do neither of these, we must acknowledge the truth of what he has proved. It is true, that in mixed mathematics, where we reason mathematically upon physical subjects, we cannot give such just definitions as the geometricians : we MAT ( 485 ) M A T must therefore rest content with de- scriptions; and they will be of the same use as definitions, provided we are con- sistent with ourselves, and always mean the same thing by those terms we have once explained. Dr. Barrow gives a most elegant de- scription of the excellence and usefulness of mathematical knowledge, in his in- augural oration, upon being appointed professor of mathematics at Cambridge. The mathematics, he observes, effec- tually exercise, not vainly delude, nor vexatiously torment studious minds with obscure subtleties; but plainly demon- strate every tiling within their reach, draw certain conclusions, instruct by profitable rule?, and unfold pleasant questions. These disciplines, likewise, enure and corroborate the mind to con- stant diligence in smdy ; they wholly deliver us from a credulous simplicity, most strongly fortify us against the vanity of scepticism, effectually restrain us from a rash presumption, most easily incline us to a due assent, and perfectly subject us to the government of right reason. While the mind is abstracted and elevated from sensible matter, it distinctly views pure forms, conceives 8he beauty of ideas, and investigates the harmony of proportions; the man- ners themselves are insensibly corrected and improved, the affections composed and rectified, the fancy calmed and settled, and the understanding raised and excited to nobler contemplations. MATIN AL, J'V. that rises by times; which every officer ought to do. MATINEE, Fr. forenoon; morning. Etoile MATINTERE, Fr. the morn- ing star. MATRAS, Fr. a dart anciently used, but not sufficiently pointed to occasion more than a bruise. MATRICE, Fr. the womb of a woman; it also signifies the mould in which anything is cast; also the die, as the die of a medal. Langue Matrice, Fr. mother-tongue. MATRON, a woman, (generally the wife of some well behaved and good soldier,) who is employed to assist ill the regimental hospital. She is under the direction of the surgeon, by whom she is originally appointed to the situation. — See Nurse. MATROSaESare properly assistants, being soldiers in the royal regiment of artillery, and next to the gunner; they assist in loading, firing, and spung- ing the great guns. They carry fire- locks, and march along with the guns and store wagons, both as a guard and to give their assistance on. every emer- gency. These men are now called gun- ners ; the term matross being obsolete in the service. MATTADOR. This word is taken from the Spanish, and signifies a great destroyer. It is sometimes written with one T. MATTE, Fr. was heretofore (in Paris) a rascally place, whereat common game- sters, cheaters, conycatchers, and cut- purses usually met: Enfans,ou svppots, dt la Matte, such well given youths. The Cercle, in the Rue de la Loi at Paris, was of this description, in 1802; to which many of our unguarded country- men had reason to lament their intro- duction. MATTER of Deed (in law) denotes something to be proved by witnesses, in contradistinction from Matter of Re- cord, which may be proved from some process, ike. appearing in any court of record. Matter of fact, not founded upon mere conjecture, or growing out of as- sumed premises; proof positive ; hence a mutter of fact-man (such as every sol- dier ought to be) is one who comes directly to the point, and never attempts to deviate from the truth. Matter of opinion, business or thing established upon assumed principles of theory. Matter qf regulation, business or thing whose basis is some established rule or regulation, as a clause in the Articles of War. Matter, in a military sense, espe- cially with regard to courts-martial, con- sists of the specific charges which are brought against a prisoner, and to which the president and members must strictly confine themselves. It has been very properly observed, in a small pamphlet upon martial law, that unacquainted with the serious consequences of a strict attention to the minutiae of form in cri- minal proceedings, general courts-martial have looked upon the first swearing in of the court, as a sufficient authority to warrant their proceeding on the trial of a variety of offences ; whereas, in propriety, the court should be sworn M A T ( 406 ) M E A afresh at the comniencement of every new prosecution: for though, as judges, (in the manner of a court of common law,) once swearing woukl he sufficient ; yet, as jurors, who are sworn on every different trial, though identically the same men, so are the members of general courts-martial to he considered when a new criminal and fresh Matter are brought before them. Lest, how- ever, an established, and therefore an undisputed practice should have acquired a force still difficult to be eradicated, we shall endeavour to point out those reasons which induce us to maintain this opinion. In the oath which is taken by each of the several members of a general court-martial, the words matter (see Sect. 16th, Art. 6th, Articles of War) and prisoner, are cautiously inserted. — These words, therefore, being absolutely confined to a single matter, and a single prisoner, and mutters and prisoners not being subjected to their jurisdiction, how is it possible that men, with pro- priety, can proceed upon a trial which they are not warranted by law to decide upon ? Were the obligation in the Arti- cles of War decisive as to the trial of all matters, and all persons, and in all cases; or were the court possessed of the authority of extending the meaning of the oath, once swearing would un- doubtedly be sufficient; but, as in every respect, the contrary is evident, as the very words of the oath express, (words which cannot be altered, but by the legislature,) that " they shall uell and " truly try and determine according to u their evidence, in the matter before * them, between their sovereign lord the. " king's majesty, and the prisoner to be " tried," how can it be otherwise than an unwarrantable irregularity in them, to proceed upon the trial of offenders, who, in the eye of the law, are not amenable to their authority ? For, if the first prisoner to be tried has a right to challenge an officer, who may be ap- pointed to sit on an investigation of his offence, as a member of a court of inquiry, or who may be liable to any exceptions, why shall not the second and third prisoner be entitled to the same merciful indulgence ? See Thoughts on Martial Law, pages 25, 26, 11, 28. New or fresh Matter, any thing which does not strictly and bona fide appertain to original charges, &c. Combustible Matter, and Matter of Composition. All solids and fluids are so called which are of an inflammable nature themselves, and can communicate fire to other substances. MATTOCK, an instrument some- what resembling a pick-axe, but having two broad sharp edges instead of points. MAI TRESS, a sort of quilted bed of horse-hair or of straw, used by ollicers on service, instead of the feather bed. The straw mattress differs from the paillasse in one particular only; the straw in the latter being loose, whereas that of the mattress is quilted in. MATTUCASHLASII, an ancient Scotch weapon, sometimes called arm- pit dagger, which was worn there ready to be used on coming to close quarters. This, with a broad sword and shield, completely armed the Highlander. — Since the use of fire-arms, this weapon has been laid aside. MAUG, Ind. the name of a month which partly agrees with our January and February. MAUL, a heavy beater or hammer, generally shod with iron, used in driving piles, cVc. MAURI, the ancient inhabitants of Mauritania. They were famous for their skill in throwing lances, and con- stituted a part of the Roman cavalry. MAWANY, hid. See Kitsbundy. MAXIMS, in fortification. See For- tification. MAXIMUM and MINIMUM, in higher geometry, the art of finding out the greatest and the smallest quantity ; that is, the greatest and the smallest proportion of a curve, which can repre- sent whatever quantity is required. MEAL, hot, ten pence is the present price to be paid by each soldier to the innkeeper. MEALED, pulverized, or reduced to powder. MEAN, contemptible; low in worth; ungenerous; spiritless. Every thing that an officer, or soldier ought not to be. The French use the word bas> crapuleux. Mean Fortification. See Fortifi- cation. MEANA, Ind. a machine or vehicle, resembling a palankeen, but only used for carrying one person. It is borne, by four men, and supported by means of a bamboo extended from the ends ; being generally seven feet long, and three wide, with Venetian blinds, which slide -and M E A ( 4»7 ) M E A act as doors. Persons in India some- times travel to a considerable distance in these vehicles; the number of" bearers being increased, and successively re- lieved. It is computed that they will easily go at the rate of four miles in the hour. MEANNESS, (basscsse, Fr.) lovvness of mind; sordidness; niggardness; bad qualities which ought to be incompatible with rank and high birth, but are not always so; notwithstanding the certain punishment they entail by loss of cha- racter or substance. MEANING, the sense; the thing understood ; as the meaning of a sweep- ing clause in the Articles of War. To MEASURE, (mesurer,I?r.)tQ take the dimensions of any substance or thing. To Measure a man, (figuratively,) to calculate the extent of his abilities ; to form a correct judgment of his under- standing. It may truly be said, that few persons know how to measure them- selves; especially when the brilliancy of command comes in dazzling contact with sober reason. To Measure one's self with another. See Mesurer, Fr. MEASURE, in geometry, any quan- tity assumed as one, to which the ratio of other homogeneous or similar quan- tities is expressed. Measure of an angle, the length of an arch described from the vertex to any place between its legs : hence angles are distinguished by the ratio of the arches between the legs to the peripheries. See Angle. Measure of a figure, a square, whose side is an inch, foot, yard, or other determinate measure. Hence square measures. Among geometricians it is usually a square rod, called deccmpeda, divided into 10 square feet, and those into square digits, and those again into 10 lines, &c. Measure of a line, any right line taken at pleasure, and considered as unity. Measure of a mass or quantity of matter, in mechanics, is its weight : it being apparent that all the matter which coheres with a body, gravitates with it; and it being found by experiment, that the gravities of homogeneous bodies are in proportion to their bulks: hence, while the mass continues the same, the abso- lute weight will.be the same, whatever figure it puts on; for, as to its specific weight, it varies as the quantity of its surface does. Measure of a number, in arithmetic, such a number as divides another with- out leaving a fraction: thus nine is a measure of '27. Measure of a solid is a cube, whose side is an inch, foot, yard, or other de- terminate length : in geometry, it is a cubic perch, divided into cubic feet, digits, &c. Hence cubic measure, or measure of capacity. Measure of velocity, in projectiles, and mechanics, the space passed over by a moving body in any given time. — The space therefore must be divided into as many equal parts, as the time is conceived to be divided into : the quan- tity of space answering to such portion of time, is the measure of the velocity. Measures then are various, according to the different kinds and dimensions of things measured. Hence arise lineal and longitudinal measures for lines or lengths; for square areas; and solid or cubic, for bodies and their capacities*, all which again are very different in different countries and ages, and even many of them for different commodi- ties. Hence also arise other divisions, of domestic and foreign, ancient and modern, dry and wet (or liquid) mea- sures, ccc. Long Measure. The English standard long measure, or that whereby the quan- tities of things are ordinarily estimated, is the yard, containing three English feet, equal to three Paris feet one inch and 3-12ths of an inch, or 7-9ths of a Paris ell. Its subdivisions are the foot, span, palm, inch, and barleycorn: its multipliers are the pace, fathom, pole, furlong, and mile. The English foot to the French royal, is as 107 to 114: and the French toise is equal to six feet English, nearly. Proportions of the long Measures of several nations to the English foot. The English standard foot being divided into 1000 equal parts, the other mea- sures wili have the proportions to it, which follow : The English foot from the standard at Guildhall - 1000 Paris royal foot in theChatelet 1063 Rhinland foot of Snellius - 1033 Greek foot - 1007 * 9 Roman foot on the monument of Cossutius - 967 M K A ( &« ) M E A 995f Roman foot of Villnlpandus, taken from tlie congius of Vespasian - 986 Venetian foot ... 1163 EU of Amsterdam - - 2268 Amsterdam foot - - - 942 Ell of Antwerp - - - 2283 Foot of Antwerp - - - 946 Ell of Leyden, in Holland - 2260 Canna of Naples - - 6880 Vara of Almeria, and Gibral- tar, in Spain ... 2760 Spanish foot - 1001 Toledo foot ... 809 Braccio of Florence - - 1913 Palm of Genoa - 815 Common Braccio of Sienna 1242 Braccio of Sienna for linen 1974 Palm of the architects at Rome, whereof 10 make the canna of the same architects - 732 Palm of the braccio for the mer- chants and weavers at Rome, from a marble in the Capitol, with this inscription, Co- RANTE LV POETO Large Pique of the Turks at Constantinople - 2200 Small Pique of the Turks at Constantinople, is to the larger as 31 to 32. Arish of Persia - - - 3197 Derah or cubit of the Egyptians 182 1 Dort foot, in Holland - - 1184 Middleburg foot - - - 991 Strasbourg foot - 920 Bremen foot - 964 Foot of Cologne - - - 9.54 Foot of Frankfort on the Main 943 Dantzick foot - 944 Foot of Copenhagen - - 965 Foot of Prague - 1526 Riga foot - - - 1831 ( Mantua - - 1585 \ Bononia - - J 204 Foot oil Mechlin - - 919 J Stockholm - - 963* (Lisbon - 1005 Trench standard Measure is the aune or ell, containing three Paris feet, seven inches, tight lines, or one yard 2-7ths English: the Paris foot royal exceeding the English by 68-1000 parts: this ell is divided two ways; namely, into halves, thirds, sixths, and twelfths: f>nd into quarters, half quarters, and sixteenths. This ell obtains in the greatest part of F'rance, excepting at Troves, Ares, and some parts of Picardy, •nd Burgundy, where the ell is no more than two feet, live inches, one line; and at St. Genoux, where it exceeds the Paris ell by eight lines: but at Marseilles, Montpellier, TllOlllouse in Provence and Guinne, it contains five Paris feet five inches, and six lines, or a Paris ell and an half: at Montpellier and the lower Languedoc, in Provence, Avignon, and even Dauphinc, ic is a Paris ell and two thirds. Standard Measure, in Holland, Flanders, Sweden, a good part of Ger- many, many of the Hans-Towns, Dant- zig, and Hamhourg, and at Geneva, Frankfort, iv'c. is likewise the ell, being different in all these parts : in Holland it contains one Paris foot, eleven lines and 4-7ths of the Paris ell : the Flanders ell contains 7-12ths of the Paris ell: the ell of Germany and Brabant, &c. is equal to that of Flanders. Italian Measure is the braccio, or fathom; which obtains in the states of Modena, Venice, Florence, Lucca, Milan, Mantua, Bologna, &c. At Venice it contains one Paris foot, eleven inches, three lines, or 8-loths of the Paris ell : at Bologna, Modena, and Mantua, the »ame as at Venice; at Lucca it contains half a Paris ell; at Florence, 40-100 of a Paris ell : at Milan the brace for silks is 4-9ihs of a Paris ell, and that for woollen cloths, the same as in Hol- land; at Bergama the brace is 5-9ths of a Paris ell. The usual measure tit Naples is the canna, containing one Paris ell 15-17ths. Spanish Measure is the vara, con- taining 17-24 of the Paris ell; but in Castile and Valentia, the measure is the pan, span, or palm ; which is used, with the canna, at Genoa. In Arragon, the vara is equal to a Paris ell and a half. Portugueze Measure is the covedw, containing 4-7ths of the Paris ell ; and the vara, of which 106 make 100 Paris ells. Piedmontcse Measure is the cove- do, containing 4-7ths of the Paris ell. In Sicily the measure is the canna, the same with that of Naples. Muscovite. Measures are the cubit, equal to one Paris foot, four inches, two lines; and the arcin, two whereof are equal to three cubits. Turkish and Levant Measures are the pique, containing 3-5ths of the Paris ell. The Chinese measure is the cobre, ten of which are equal to three Paris ells. In Persia, and gome parts of the M E A ( 489 ) M E A Indies, the gueze, of which there are two kinds; the royal gueze, or gueze mon- kelser, containing 4-5ths of the Paris ell; and the shorter gueze, only 2-3rls or* the former. At Goa and Ormus, the measure is the Portugueze vara. In Pegu, and other parts of the Indies, the cando, equal to the Venice ell. At Goa, and other parts, they use a larger cando, equal to 17 Dutch ells. In Siam they use the ken, short of three Paris feet by an inch; the ken contains two socks, the sock two keubs, the keub twelve nions or inches; the nion is equal to eight grains of rice, that is, about nine lines. At Camboia; the Piaster; in Japan the tatain; and the span on some of the coasts of Guinea. English square or superficial 'Mea- sures are raised from the yard of 36 inches multiplied into itself; and this producing 1296 square inches in the square yard, the divisions of this are square feet and inches, and the multi- pliers, poles, roods, and acres. Cubical Measures, or measures of capacity for liquors. English liquid measures were originally raised from troy weight, it being ordained that eight pounds troy of wheat, gathered from the middle of the ear, and well dried, should weigh a gallon of wine measure ; yet a new weight, viz. the avoirdupois weight, has been introduced, to which a second standard gallon is adjusted, ex- ceeding the former in the proportion of the avoirdupois weight to the troy weight. From this latter standard are raised two measures, the one for ale, the other for beer. The sealed gallon at Guildhall, which is the standard for wine, spirits, oil, tkc. is supposed to contain 231 cubic inches; yet, by actual experiment made in 1688, before the lord mayor and commis- sioners of excise, it only contains 224 cubic inches. It was however agreed to continue the common supposed contents of 231: hence, as 12 : 231:: 14X§: inches throughout, and eight inches deep, is to be accounted a legal Winchester bushel, according to the standard in his Majesty's Exchequer; consequently a corn gallon will contain 268.8 inches, as in the following table. inches 2688 gallons pecks 5376 21504 8 172032 61 4| bushels 32 quarters Measure of zoood for fring is the cord, being four feet high, as many broad, and eight long; it is divided into two half cords. Measure for horses is the hand, which, by statute, contains tour inches. French square Measures are regu- lated by 12 square lines in the inch square, 12 inches in the foot, 22 feet in the perch, and 100 perches in thearpent Quaere. French liquid Measures. At Paris, and in a great part of the kingdom, the smallest measure is the possu, which contains 6 cubic inches: 2 possus make the demiseptier ; 2 demiseptiers the cho- pine; 2 chopines a pint ; 2 pints a quart or pot ; 4 quarts the gallon, or septier of estimation ; 36 septiers the muid; which is subdivided into 2 demimuids, 4 quarter rnuids, and 8 half quarter muids. The queue in Orleans, Biois, &c. contains a Paris muid and a half. The tun used at Bayonne and Bour- deaux consists of 4 bariqnes, and is equal to 3 Paris muids; at Orleans to 2: so that the first run contains 86i pints, and the second 576. The demicjueue in Champagne, 96 quarts; the pipe in Anjou and Poictou, 2 bussards, equal to 2 demi-queues of Orleans, &c or a muid and a half of Paris. The millerolle 28U thecubicinchesinanalegallon; but,! used in Provence contains 66 Paris in effect, the ale quart contains 70± cubit I pints; and the poincon at Nanrv, in inches; on which principles the ale and Touraine, and the Blessois, equal to beer gallon will be 282 cubic inches. Dry Measure is different from both the ale and wine measure, being nearly a mean between both. According to an Act of Parliament, passed in 1697, every round bushel with a plain and even bottom, being 18| laif the Orleans tun. The poincon at Pans is the same with the demi- qutue. The French have lately formed an entire new system of weights and mea- sure-, as in the following table, from Nicholsons Philosophy. 3 It MEA ( 490 ) M E A d) '>4— **- 3 E -6 H»g z £ t u * m i) s '3 r— CO 3 o ^•o U F r ■ <5> f ■ owe o | «• = (/I - — w 3} 73 <«> C - 4) Q p cd 5 6 g 1) 3 3" r, 'i. < — | H Ex < < u 3 5 x 3 3 c" 6 cc - is O H- 3 1-H o O T-l 1 1 •2.2 S*3 -3 2 t/1 CO V . a CO < 4-> WD >!► I 6 y "3 .. cS i> a> —,5-3 5 « .2 o « o t- o as. 1 O O •tfjl 03 •& t- CO ^s* ,4 3 5 3 j: « 3 u-3 C3 ■ - -^ 1— 1 >-> 4—1 "5 o £3 CC u: C - J= >-. 53 4-> © . —< ti oOh 0^ ( .A t/) t—« ,-^A^^ ri^r^y ^ of h in prop e pv ure 3 SP 8 J t/1 o O .3! 2 >-• 3 QU, * ■»■>. Q S 3 rt C % 5 m 4-> ■r* — *-• rt f- "— - ' 3 u u 4) tfi _, E Q o O o c =: D- ^ 5! u B S O J « ■-" ? * .2 -S* Q »5s '2 ^ .a t •— Hi a- > © © c oil 2 4^ rtions res o 9 tb i meas unity o c o o c ^ CTtH — < — ( - 1j o o eg •_ a aj — 3 o'l H Propo measu specie cipal o.r ~ 0) C3 Q _3 "3 M E C ( 491 ) MEC Powder Measures, made of copper, holding from an ounce to 12 pounds, are very convenient in a siege, when guns or mcrtars are to be loaded with loose powder, especially in ricochet firing, &c. The French recommend measures that are made of block tin, such as are used for measuring out salt, viz. 1 ounce, 2, 3, 4, 8, which make the half pound; and lastly, of 16, which make the pound. These quantities answer every sort of ordnance. Diameters and Heights of ' Cylindric Powder Measures, holding from 1 to 15 Ounces. Ounces 1 2 3 4 5 ! 1 1-256 1583 1-811 1-994 2-148 2760 2-793 2-876 1 2-953 3-027 3-098 Diameters and Heights of Cylindric Powder Measures, holding from 1 to 15 Pounds. Pounds' 1 2 3 4 5 3-165 3988 4-565 5024 5-412 1 6890 7-039 7245 7 442 7-628 7*805 MzASVRE-angle, a brass instrument to measure angles, either salient or ren- trant, in order to ascertain, with preci- sion, the number of degreesand minutes for the purpose of delineating them on paper. Measure of an angle, (mesure d'un angle, Fr.) See Angle. MEASURING, } in military ma- MENSUHATION, \ thematics, the assuming any certain quantity, and ex- pressing the proportion of other similar quantities to the same; or the determi- ning, by a certain known measure, the precise extent, quantity, or capacity of any thing. Measuring, in general, constitutes the practical part of geometry; and from the various subjects which it embraces, it acquires various names, and constitutes various arts, viz. Longimetry, Alti- meiry, Levelling, Geodesia, or Sur- veying, Steriometry, Superficies, and Solids, Ike. which see. Measuring. See Chain. MECENE, Fr. Maecenas. The pro- per name of a Roman, who owes the remembrance of his worth to the genius ot a poet. It now signifies, generally, any patron of arts and sciences, civil as well as military ; but God only knows where such a being e\:i*ts ! MECHANICS, a mixed mathemati- cal science, which considers motion and moving powers, their nature and laws, with the effects thereof, in machines, &c. The word is derived from the Greek. That part which considers mo- tion arising from gravity, is sometimes called statics, in contradistinction from that part which considers the mecha- nical powers, and their application, pro- perly called mechanics : it is, in fine, the geometry of motion. MECHANICAL, > constructed by MECHANIC, l the law s of me- chanics; skilled in mechanics. Mechanical philosophy, that which explains the phenomena of nature, and the operations of corporeal things, on the principles of mechanics; namely, the motion, gravity, figure, arrangement, &c. of the parts which compose natural bodies. Mechanical powers. When two heavy bodies or weights are made by any contrivance to act in opposition, so as mutually to prevent each other from being put into motion by gravity, they are said to be in equilibrium. The same expression is used with respect to other forces, which mutually prevent each other from producing motion. The most simple of those instruments, 3 R2 MEE ( 492 ) M E M by means of which weights or forces are made to act in opposition to each other, are usually termed mechanical powers.' Their names are, the Lever, the Axis, or Axle, and Wheel, the Pulley Ot Tackle, the inclined Plane, the Wedge, and the Screw. Mechanical, in mathematics, de- notes a construction of some problem, by the assistance of instruments, as the duplicature of the cube, and quadrature of the circle, in contradistinction to that which is done in an accurate and geome- trical manner. MECHANICALLY, ( machinale- ment, Fr.) according to the laws of mechanics. To act Mechanically, (agir machi- nalcment, Fr.) to be extremely minute and methodical in all our actions. M EC I IAN I QUE, Fr. a science whose immediate object is the increase or ac- cumulation of force and motion, by means of machines and instruments. See Mechanics. . MECHE, Fr. See Match. Eventer la Meche, Fr. to discover a plot. MECHER, Fr. to vapour a cask with burning brimstone. MECOMPTE, Fr. inisreckoning. MEDECIN, Fr. physician. MEDIATOR. Any state or potentate, that interferes to adjust the quarrel be- tween any two or more powers, is called a mediator. MEDICINE-CHEST is composed of all sorts of medicines necessary for a campaign, together with such chirurgical instruments as are useful, fitted up in chests, and portable. The whole army is supplied with these at t lie expense of govei nment. Specific regulations have been issued by the Medical Board, respecting the quantity and quality of the different medicines. MEDIUM-C«//r small shut. MENl'lSi.RIE, Fr. joinery; the putting together different pieces of W.IO'I. !\1 r n r hi B I B d'assemh/'age, Fr. till sort of carpentry work which is put together; such as wainscot, ceiling, doors, eve. MEl'I.AT, Fr. a term applied parr ticularlv ri ;inv piece of wood which has more breadth than depth, as a pan- iiel-square, a platform, &C MER, Fr. the sea. Haute Mbb, Fr. the main; the deep. Fa ,'li'inc Mr.n, Fr. out at sea. Bras de Men, Fr. a hay; gulph; arm of the sea. MERCY, (mcrci, Fr.) willingness to save; clemency; power of acting at pleasure. The French say itre a la uierci ile I'cnnenu, to he at the mercy of the enemy. MEROE defer, Fr. the dross of iron. Made means, literally, excrement. The French say familiarly, hitler eontrc la merde, to struggle against uu excrement; i. e. to engage with a low fellow. MFR11AU, Iud. a deduction or abatement is so called in India. MERIT, desert, excellence, deserving honour or reward- Mep.ii-, Order of, a military distinc- tion given to o., ■ i $ or soldiers, foi some signed service : the badge of which is generally expressive of the service. — Such was the men .1, 01 order of merit, presented by the Emp< ror of Germany to the officers of the 15th light dragoons, for their unexampled bravery in the af- fair of Filters en CmcM, in 1794. See OllDE&S. MERKIN, a mop to dean cannon ; ;m v" thing rough or !n//.ied. MEKLE1", Fr. a battlement. MERi.l.A, handspike. M Fill. UN, Fr. the space of the pa- rapi ii) two embrasures. MFRODEURS. See Maiiaud. Ml'.lUvAIN. /V. ship timber. ML>AULE, Fr. an entry; a lol by ; a passage. MESIXTELLIGF.NCK, Fr. naisun- dersianding; also false information. MESIRE, Fr. disease of the liver. See Liv. MESSAGERIE, Fr. post-house; it also signifies a public coach, or land con- vex ancc, so called in France. During the old monarchy it was termed Metaagerif Roy ale ; during the revolution, Measa- gerie National? ; and during the reign of Bonaparte, Messaaerie Impiriale. It n sumed its old name of Massageric Roya/eni the restoration of Louis XVIII. MESS, (met, Fr.) a sort of ordinary where officers eat and drink together, at a regulated price. /;///. -Miss. The mess of the royal horse guards is so called. Guard-Mr.^s. The table which was kept by hif s Majesty for the officers of the life auo foot guards in St. James's palace. It is now abolished. To Mi tss, to feed, to cat. The French say : itre de plat. The principal mili- tary mess in Great Britain was an excep- tion to this rule, being kept and provi- ded for in the extraordinaries of the army, at the Horse Guards. This mess consisted of the field officers in wait- ing of the life and foot guards, officers on the king's life and king's foot guards; officer of the queen's guard, and tilt picket, and adjutant of the battalion of foot guards that mounts. The colonel of the foot guards was allowed to invite three visitors. There were likewise two breakfasts provided every morning, one for the guard coming on, and one for the guard going otf, together with a supper every night. The expense was about nine thousand pounds sterling per annum. Among other reductions, the abolition of this extravagant and un- meaning tahle, is not the least worthy of the plans of economy which have been adopted by government in 1816. MESSrJIifate, one who eats at the same tahle. The French sayi commensal. MES6ENGER, (messager, Fr.) one who carries an errand ; one who brings an account, or foretoken of any thing. MESSENGERS (of state) are officers under the direction of the secretaries of state, of whom there are 20 always in waiting, who are relieved monthly, and distributed in the following manner: four at court, five at each secretary's office, two at the third office for North Britain, three at the council office, and one at the lord chamberlain* office; who attend, and are always in readi- to be sent with dispatches, either domestic or foreign ; to apprehend per- sons accused or suspected of high trea- MET ( 495 ) M E T son, or other offences against the state, being empowered by warrant from the secretaries : for the sale keeping of which, their houses are made a sort of confinement or prison ; and for the maintenance of the prisoners they have a certain allowance from government, over and above what is required from the prisoner himself. The number has been increased since 1795. Military Messengers, a class supe- rior to orderly men, consisting of confi- dential persons that are sent to and from head quarters, &c. MESTRAL, Fr. from the Italian Ma'estrale, the north west wind. MESTKE de camp, Fr. the com- manding officer of a regiment of cavalry was so called in the old French service. He was distinguished by this appellation on account of there being a cuionel-ge- neral in the cavalrv. The duty of a Mestre de camp was principally confined to the following heads: — To see that the troops or companies were kept complete, that the arms were in good state and condition, the horses of a proper size, sound and well trained. He had like- wise the direction of the different guards, &c. Mestre de camp general, Fr. the next officer in rank, in the old French cavalry service, to the colonel-general This appointment was created under Henry it. in 1552. Mestre de camp general des dragons, Fr. an appointment which first took place under Louis XIV. in 1684. MESURER son ep'te uvec quelqiiun, Fr. to fight a duel, or single combat. Se Mesurer aver quelquun, Fr. to compare one-self, or to enter into com- petition with another; to struggle against him. This figurative phrase is taken in two senses, viz. to vie with a superior, or to contend against an inferior. In either case, the motive and the action must constitute the praise or blame. Thus an individual of unimpeached in- tegrity, &c. would be disgraced were he to measure himself with a common swindler, a low money scrivener, calling himself a solicitor, or a trafficking lam- pooner. MESURES d poudre, Fr. tin cases or vessels used in the artillery to mea- sure out gunpowder, according to the size of the caliber of each piece of ord- nance. See Powder Measures. 0»er-METAL, (in gunnery.)— When the mouth of a piece of ordnance, in disparting it, lies higher than the breech, it is then said to be laid over metal. Under-M.EiAL, (in gunnery) is when the mouth of a piece of ordnance lies lower than her breech. Right with Metal, (in gunnery.) When a piece of ordnance lies truly level, point biank, or right with the mark, she is said to lie right with her metal. Superficies of Metals, (in gunnery,) the surface, or outside of a gun. METATORES, among the ancient Romans, were officers whose duties cor- responded with those of the quarter- master-general's department in modern armies. METIER, Fr. means, literally, any calling or business. In a military sense, it is peculiarly applicable to those na- tions which keep up large standing ar- mies, and make war their principal ob- ject and pursuit. In speaking of military matters, it is common among the French to say — Guerre sur terre est notre metier ; Guerre sur mer est le metier des Anglais, — The land service is our peculiar business or calling. Late events, particularly in the Peninsula and at Waterloo, have proved that Englishmen, properly commanded, are as invincible by land, as they are known to.be by sea. Chevalier Folard gives the following definition relative to the question which is often discussed on the subject of war, namely, whether war be a trade or a science? (The English call it a pro- fession.) Folard, however, distinguishes it in this manner : — La Guerre est un metier pour les igaorans, et une science pour les habiles gens. War, in the ap- prehension, and under the management of ignorant persons, is certainly a mere trade or business; but among able men, it becomes an important branch of science. Faire Metier de sa loi/aute, Fr. to make a trade of one's loyalty. Metier de Marcchul /errant, Fr. See Farriery. MET1VES, Fr. harvest time. METIVIER, Fr. a reaper. METOPE, (metope, Fr.) N. Bai re- writes this word melopa, from theGreek fxiTonra,, a space or interval bet\ n every triglyph in the frize of the Done order, which, among the ancients used to be adorned with the heads of beasts, ba- sins, vases, and other instruments used in sacrificing; also the space between the mortice holes of rafters and planks. M I L ( 496 ) M I L METTLE, (bravoure, fnugve, Fr.) courage, spirit, vivacity ■• licnce a man of mettle, or one who has blood to his linger ends. METTLESOME, full of vivacity; full of spirit. METTRE a lu main, Fr. to grasp or take hold of any thing. At i.i ii;i f'epie a la main, Fr. to draw swords. lis mirent I'epee a la main, u figurative expression, signifying, they took their ground, and stood prepared to fight. Mettee les armes a la main de quel- qu'un, Fr. to teach a person the first rudiments of war, or lead him for the first time into action. Cent lui qui in a mis les amies a la main, lie first taught me how to light, or I fought the lirst campaign under his orders. M litre aux arrets, Fr. to put under arrest. Mettke sur pied, Fr. to arm, to equip, to put troops upon an established footing. MKURTRIERES, Fr. small loop holes, sulliciently large to admit the barrel of a rifle gun or musket, through which soldiers may fire, under cover, against an enemy. They likewise mean the cavities that are made in the walls of a fortified town or place. See Mur- dr esses. MIC HE. See Malingerer. La Saint MICHEL, Fr. Michaelmas. MICROMETER, (micrometre, Fr.) an instrument contrived to measure small spaces, as in the divisions of the worm of a screw. MIDI, Fr. the south; one of the four cardinal points. It is always looked for at the bottom of a map, and is opposite to the north. MILE, (millc, Fr.) the usual measure •f roads in England, 1?60 yards. Mile, in geography, is of different extent in different countries. The geo- metrical mile contains 1000 geometrical paces, or mille passus, from which miles are denominated. We shall here give a tabic of the miles in use among the principal nations ot Europe, in geometrical paces, 60,000 of which make a degree of the equator. Geometrical paces. Mile of Russia - - '760 Italy - - 1000 England - - 1200 Scotland and Ireland 1500 The old league of France - 1500 The small league of France The great ditto Mile of Poland Spain and Portugal Oermuny Sweden Denmark Hungary Holland' 2000 3000 3000 3428 4000 5000 5010 OIK Ml 3500 M I LEST< ).\ E, (colonne miUiuire, Fr.) a stone set to mark the miles. MILICE, Fr. soldiery, but more par- ticularly the militia or trained bands. Mil ices garde:; coles, Fr. a militia, somewhat similar to our sea-fenciblcs, which existed during the old French go- vernment, and whose services were con- fined to the coast. Every province, contiguous to the sea, was obliged to furnish a certain proportion of its male inhabitants, from 16 to 60 years old. This militia was exempted from the re- gulations which governed the laud mili- tia. It was under the admiralty. MILITAIRE, Fr. a term used among the French, to signify any individual who bears arms for his country, or be- longs to the profession : hence un lion militaire, a good and experienced officer or soldier. MILITANT, the state of warfare, or business of war. MILITAR, ) something belonging MILITARY, S to the soldiery or mi- litia, &c. MiLiTARY;/CTer, in a figurative sense, anoverweening fondness for the outward appendages of a soldier, familiarly called in England, the scarlet fever. MlLlTARY-/e»er, a kind of malignant fever, frequent in armies, by reason ot the had food, &c. of the soldiery. Ac- cording to Dr. Pringle, this fever is most prevalent at the latter end of Au- gust, when the days are hot, and the nights cold; especially in low countries. Military architecture, the same with fortification. See fortification. Military uat/s, the large Roman roads which Agrippa procured to be made through the empire in the reign of Augustus tor the marching of troops and conveying of carriages. They were paved from the gates of Rome to the utmost limits of the empire: most of the roads in Prance are of this descrip- tion. Military discipline. Next to the forming of troops, military discipline is the first object that presents itself to MIL ( 497 ) M I L our notice : it is the soul of all armies; and unless it be established amongst them with great prudence, and sup- ported with unshaken resolution, sol- diers become a contemptible rabble, and are more dangerous to the very state that maintains them, than even its declared enemies. See Discipline. Military execution, the ravaging or destroying of a country or town that refuses to pay the contribution laid upon the inhabitants. Also the punishment inflicted by the sentence of a court- martial. Military first principles consist in the bodily training of a soldier, to make him hardy, robust, and capable of pre- serving health, amidst fatigue, bad wea- ther, aud change of climate; to inarch at such a pace, and for such a length of time, and with such a burden, as without training he would not be able to do. MILITARY REGULATIONS, the rules and regulations by which the dis- cipline, formations, field exercise, and movements of the whole army are di- rected to be observed in one uniform system. MILITES adscriptitii, supernumerary men that followed the Roman armies, for the purpose of filling up any vacan- cies which might occur through death or sickness. No particular duties were exacted from them, except that of marching in front of the troops, in order to annoy theenemy with their cross-bows. Milites causurii, among the Ro- mans, soldiers who were discharged on account of sickness and inability to serve, or from some other cause. Milites consummuti, soldiers among the Romans, who had served their pre- scribed period. They were also called Emeriti. Milites mercenarii, auxiliary troops, or soldiers, who were hired by the Ro- mans in time of war. Hence men hired to fight are called mercenaries. Milites provinciates, troops which composed the Roman legions, and con- sisted wholly of Roman citizens. The auxiliary troops were originally drawn out of the Italian provinces, that were in alliance with Rome; and when they afterwards became Roman citizens, sol- diers were enlisted and paid from other countries. Thus, before Barbary fell under the Roman yoke, large levies were obtained from that quarter of the globe. Milites stationarii, bodies of armed men, among the Romans, who were distributed through the empire, in order to check disorders, prevent plunder/and to escort the guilty to the tribunals of justice. Milites subitarii, troops raised upon emergency, especially on the breaking out of unexpected hostilities. On these occasions, men of all ages were obliged to enrol themselves. Milites urbani, a class of Roman soldiers, or rather an armed portion of the inhabitants of Rome, which re- mained in the capital, without any par- ticular mark of distinction among them- selves, in order to protect it during the absence of the regular troops, on the sudden commencement of hostilities. During the reign of the emperors, these men became the janissaries of Rome; for they insensibly grew into so much importance, that they yielded in rank and consideration, as a body, to the Prastorian bands only. They had re- gular camps in the city, which were called castra urbuna. They were in high favour with the Emperors, and ge- nerally shared a large proportion of the legacies which were left by the former in their wills. The privates received half the pay and subsistence which were allowed the praetorian bands ; enjoyed exclusive privileges, and could only be commanded by the Prefect of Rome. The French, in imitation of the Ro- mans, have called the different bodies of armed men belonging to the several towns and districts, Troupes urbanes, urban troops. MILITIA, a force whose services, in general, do not exceed the boundaries of its native land, but which may volunteer beyond them. In this case, as far at least as regards the British militia, the extension of service must have the sanc- tion of parliament. The militia, among the Romans, was frequently called Agra- rian soldiers. With respect to the native spirit and perseverance of the national troops of this country, (by national troops we mean the militia as established by law,) it will not be thought superfluous to give the following account of their behaviour at the Norman conquest: — In page 74 of Entick's History and Sur- vey of London, Westminster, &c. it is recorded, that in 1066 the Danes, who had entered the Humber, and laid siege to York, were entirely routed by King Harold, and forced to return with great SS M I L ( 198 ) M I N loss to Denmark. It was otherwise with the Dake of Normandy ; for Harold; in opposing him, fell amongst the slain in the field of battle, and in the midst of the London and Middlesex militia, whi( b had the honour of being commanded bj himself in person, and his brother, anil received the Normans with such resolu- tion and courage* that they were at the point of retreating, had not William, whose crown now lay at stake, both performed the part of a leader bravely, ami restrained them with his presence and authority ; and, at last, an unfor- tunate dart was shot through 1 larold's left eye into his brain, by which he fell off his horse, and was slain under his own standard, with 67,97 l English soldiers, upon a Saturday, on the 1 ith of October, about seven miles from Hastings, in •Sussex. For the direction and command of the militia, the kins; constitutes lords- lieutenant of each county. The militia, when called out in time of war, are subject to the same regulations as to discipline and pay, that govern the in- fantry of the line, and are under the orders of the co mma nder in chief. In the time of Charles the Second, the militia were exercised four times a year, in their respective districts, and once a year in battalion. Some time after, the appointed time for their exer- cise and discipline was eight days in the ♦ourse of the vear, in companies, and four in camp. It was afterwards or- dered by Act of Parliament, that the militia should he exercised twice a year for the space of fourteen days each time. After the American war, no pro- vision was made for the training and disciplining the militia, for a consider- able time; and when government began to turn its attention to this important national concern, it was considered, on account of the effects produced by a long and expensive war, as proper to attend to the strictest economy. Ac- cording to this principle, only two-thirds of the militia were called out, for the purpose of discipline, in the course of the year. The militia having been in- creased from i>0 to 40,000 men, it ap- peared proper to government, that the whole should be exercised once a year, for twenty-tine days instead of twenty- eight ; by which regulation, a saving w a> made of seven days' pay of othcers and men. It was subsequently thought that it was not very advisable to attend par- ticularly to economy, in a matter of such importance to the nation, and it was on that account, that Mr. York, the secretary at war, on the 12th of February, 1603, made a motion to have the militia drawn out for twenty-cisrht days instead of twenty-one. The whole expense of training the militia was, at that period, 200,0001. and the additional charges would not exceed the sum of 18,0001. Supplementally Militia, an auxiliary body of men, which was raised in 1798, for the defence of Great Britain. See Act of the 20th of February, to enable the King to order out a certain propor- tion of the supplementary militia, and topnnide for the augmentation of the militia, by incorporating the supplemen- tary militia therewith. LoluI Militia, another species of auxiliary troops, established in 1809, for the purpose of rendering the male population of the several counties more effective than the volunteer system had proved to be. The county of Middle- sex, for reasons best known to the go- vernment, has been exempted from this requisition; Lord Castlereagh's bill is referred to for further explanation. — During the late war the militia proved a nursery to the line. MILL, (moulin, Fr.) properly denotes a machine for grinding coin, 8tc. but more generally all such machines whose action depends upon a circular motion. There are various kinds, though foreign to this work. G un-powder Mill, (moulin a poudrc, Fr.) is that used for pounding and beat- ing together the ingredients of which gunpowder is composed. These ingredients being duly propor- tioned, and put. into the mortars of the mills, which are hollow pieces of wood, each capable of holding 20 pounds of paste, are incorporated by means of the pestle and spindle. There are 24 mor- tars in each mill, where are made each day 480 pounds of gunpowder, cart being taken to sprinkle the ingredients in the mortars with water, from time to ti!ii :, lest they should take tire. The pestle is a piece oi wood 10 feet high, and \\ inches broad, armed at bottom with a round piece of metal. It weighs about 60 pounds. MIM BASH.Y, hid. a commander of one thousand horse. MIND, (esprit, a?ne, Fr.) the reason, or rational part of the soul. M I N ( 499 ) M I N Military MIND, (esprit, ginie mili- taire, Fr.) By this phrase we mean that uncommon constitution of mind, which is peculiar to great generals alone, which once animated the breasts of CAESAR and of Hannibal in ancient, and of Turenne, Montecoculi, Wel- lington, Blucher, and Bonaparte, in modern times. Great occasions may call it into action, experience may im- prove it; but, like the poet's fire, it is the boon of nature, the chosen gift of of the higher branches of his profession, an anxious imitation of the great models which antiquity and modern times afford, and, above all, the possession of that military imagination, of which the king of Prussia speaks in his instructions to his generals, and without which there can be no real excellence, or superiority, ^ou, who are conscious that you are thus endowed, may, with firm and as- sured step, approach the sanctuary ; view, with the eye of anticipated hope, God to the elect. An attention to mi- your niche in the Temple of Fame, say- nute details, when confined within just ing, with Correggio — Anche io son pittore. limits, may not only be laudable, but MINE, Fr. countenance, appearance, necessary. However, the verse of the | or look, disposition, &c. The French use Henriade, Tel brille au second rang qui s'eclipse an premier, applies with more force to the army than to any other pro- fession, or to any other human pursuit. He that is great on the parade, may be little in the field ; he that can draw on the sources of his memory, and cause to be performed with exactness, manoeu- vres which he has gotten bv heart like a school boy, may be entirely deficient in that quickness of intellect, and that vigour of mind, which can alone enable an officer to execute military movements, in the presence of an enemy, and under all the varying circumstances of actual warfare. The mere drill never formed a general. To be such, God, in the bounty of his providence, must have caused him to have been born a great man. On the contrary, the pursuits of little objects must narrow and shackle the mind. — Those habits which ensure mediocrity will, almost always, preclude excellence. The boy who can form a Latin verse is not therefore a poet. A special pleader is not a Somers, or a Clarendon ; nor is a good adjutant a great general. There is hardly any man so humbly gifted, that with sufficient application cannot become the former. To constitute the latter, requires the assemblage of some of- the noblest at- tributes of our nature : that power of mind, that grasp of thought, which seizes almost every thing, as if by intuition ; which thinks, decides and acts, in the same moment; which forms the best possible judgment in the shortest pos- sible time; which is not only cool and collected;, but is roused and excited by danger ; jmust all be united to adorn the character of a great general. Add to these qualities, great powers of discrimi- nation, a constant attention to the study tins term in a variety of ways. Bonne. Mine, Fr. a good countenance, well looking. — Avoir bonne mine, to have seeming good dispositions. Mauvaise Mine, Fr. a bad counte- nance, or ill-looking. — Avoir mauvaise mine, to have seeming bad dispositions. Fa ire bonne, on mauvaise Mine, Fr. to look pleasantly, or unpleasantly at another. La Mine guerrivre, Fr. a warlike look. La Mine d'homme de guerre, Fr. the look of a military man. MINE, (mine, Fr.) a subterraneous passage dug under the wall, or rampart, of a fortification, for the purpose of blowing it up by gunpowder. Counter-Mi se$ are those made by the besieged, whereas mines are gene- rally made by the besiegers. Both mines and counter-mines are made in the same manner, and for the like purposes, viz. to blow up their enemies and their works ; only the principal galleries and mines of the besieged are usually made before the town is besieged, and frequently at the same time the fortification is built, to save expense. Definitions of Mints. A mine is a subterraneous cavity made according to the rules of art, in which a certain quan- tity of powder is lodged, which by its explosion blows up the earth above it. It has been found by experiments, that the figure produced by the explosion is a paraboloid, and that the center of the powder, or charge, occupies phe focus. The place where the powder is lodged is called the chamber of the mine, or f'oui iieau. The passage leading to the powder is called the ga/ieij/. The line (Lawn from the center of the. chamber, perpendicular to the nearest 3S2 M I N ( 500 ) M 1 N surface of the ground, is called the line of least resistance. The pit, or hole, made by springing the mine, is called the excavation. The fire is communicated to the mine bv a pipe, or hose, made of coarse cloth, whose diameter is about \\ inch, called a saucisson, (for the filling of which near half a pound of powder is allowed to every foot,) extending from the chamber to the entrance of the gallery, to the end of which is fixed a match, that the miner who sets fire to it may have time to retire before it reaches the chamber. To prevent the powder from con- tracting any dampness, the saucisson is laid in a small trough, called an {turn .■', made of boards, three inches and a half broad, joined together lengthwise, with straw in it, and round the saucisson, with a wooden cover nailed upon it. Foyer, Fr. Focus, or center of the chamber. Some authors call the end of the saucisson that conies w ithin the work, and which is to be set fire to, the foyer, or focus ; but by most people, this is generally understood to be the center of the chamber. Galleries and chambers of Mines. Galleries made within the fortification, before the place is attacked, and from which several branches are carried to different places, are generally 4 or 4^ feet wide, and 5 or 5f feet high. The earth is supported from falling in by arches and walls, as they are to remain for a considerable time ; but when mines are made to be used in a short time, then the galleries are but 3 or 3\ feet wide, and five feet high, and the earth is supported by wooden frames, or props. The gallery being carried on to the place where the powder is to be lodged, the miners make the chamber. This is generally of a cubical form, large enough to hold the wooden box, which contain* the powder necessary for the charge : the box is lined with straw and sand- bags, to prevent the powder from con- tracting dampness. The chamber is sunk something lower than the gallery, if the soil permits ; but where water is to be apprehended, it must be made higher than the gallery; otherwise the besieged will let in the water, and spoil the mine. Quantities of powder to charge Mines. Before any calculation can be made of the proper charge for a mine, the den- sity and tenacity of the soil in which it is to be made must be ascertained, either by experiment, or otherwise, for, in soils or the same density, that which has the greatest tenacity, will require the greatest force to separate its parts. The density is determined by weighing a cubic foot (or any certain quantity) of the soil ; but the tenacity can only be determined by making a mine. The following table contains experiments in six different soils, which may be of some assistance to form a judgment of the nature of the sojl, when an actual expe- riment cannot be had. Nature of the Soil. Density. Tenacity. Weight of 1 cubic foot. Quantity of powder to raise lcub. fathom. 1. Loose earth or sand. 95 pds. 8 pds. 2. Common light soil 124 10 3. Loam or strong soil i2r m 4. Potter's clay, or stiff soil 135 13* 5. Clay, mixed with stones 160 16 6. Masonry 205 211 M I N All the requisites in mining may be determined by the following problems, which admit of four cases ; for any three of the articles below being given, the fourth may thence be found. 1. The nature of the soil. 2. The diameter of the excavation. 3. The line of least resistance. 4. The charge. Problem I. Given the nature of the soil, the diame- ter of the excavation, and the line of least resistance, to find the charge. RULES. 1. To the square of the diameter of the excavation, add the square of double the line of least resistance, and reserve the said sum. 2. Multiply the square root of the re- served sum by double the line of least resistance, and subtract the product from the same sum. 3. Multiply half the remainder by the line of least resistance, and 1.57 times the product, will give the solidity of the excavation. 4. The charge will then be determined from the nature of the soil, as in the fol- lowing example. Example I. It is required to make a mine in the second sort of soil, mentioned in the foregoing experiments, which shall have a line of least resistance of 10 feet, and the diameter of its exeavation 20 feet ; what will be the proper charge ? The nature of this soil, by the table, requires ten pounds of powder to 216 cubic feet. Calculation. 1. The diameter of the excavation is 20, and its square - 400 Double the line of least resistance is 20, and its square - 400 ( 501 ) M I N feet. lb. feet. lb. If 216 : 10 : : 1836.9 : 85 which is the charge required. Therefore the sum to be reserved is 2. The square root of 800 is 28.3 Double the line of least resist- ance is 20 - Which leaves the remainder IS 1 800 566 234 3. Half the remainder is Which multiplied by the line of least resistance 117 10 Gives the product 1170 Which multiplied by 1.57 Gives the solidity of the excava- tion w . . feet 1836.9 By Logarithms. 1. Diam. of excavation is = 20 1.301030 Diameter squared is 2.602060 400 Double the line of least resistance is n 20 and its square 400 The sum to be reserved is 2.903090 2. Square root of sum is 28.3 - 1.451545 Double the line of least resistance is=20 1.301030 800 Product to be subtracted is 2.752575 566 Remainder is - 2.369216 Line of least resist. =10 1.000000 10 pounds of powder 1.000000 To 216 cubic feet, compl. arith. - - 7.665546 To which add. the const. 9.894870 234 log. And the sum is the garithm charge quired lo- re- 1.929632=85lb. 'ROBLEM II. Given the nature of the soil, the line of least resistance, and the charge, to find the diameter of the excavation. Rules. 1. Find the solidity of the earth to be raised, by a proportion from the nature of the soil, and multiply it by 1.97. — Divide the product by the line of least resistance, and to the quotient add the square of the line of least resistance : reserve the sum. 2. Multiply the same root of the sum reserved by twice the line of least resist- ance, and add the product to the said sum, and from the result subtract three times the square of the hue of least re- sistance : so will the square root of the remainder be the diameter of the re- quired excavation. Example I. Let a mine be charged with 100 pounds of powder, in a soil which re- quires eleven pounds of powder to raise M I N ( 502 ) 216 cubic fret, and let its line of least resistance be ted fe< t : what will he the diameter of the excavation? B* the nature of the soil 1 lib. : 216 feet:: 1001b. : 1964 feet, which is the solidity of the earth to be raised. 1. Therefore multiply - - 1691 By - - - * - - 1.27 The product is 2491.38 the line sistance M of least I N re- 300.0 And there remains Half of which logar 2.626346 423.2 is 1.313273 20.57 feet, the diameter of the excavation required. line Which divided by the least resistance, 10, is - 219.428 To which add the square of the line of least resistance - 100.000 And the sum to be reserved is 349.423 2. The square root of 319.428 is 18.7, which multiplied by twice the line of least resist- ance, 20, gives - - 374. This added to the sum reserved gives - - - - From which subtract 8 times the square of least resistance 723.428 300. And there will remain - 423.428 The square root of which is, 20.5 feet, being the required diameter of the excavation. Jjy Logarithms. Numb. Cubic feet = 216 Powder 1 lib. co. ar. Charge =: 100 Line of least resist. 10, co. ar. Constant logarithm Logar. Numb. 2.334454 8.958607 2.000U00 9.000000 0.103804 2.396865 349.4 To which add the square of line of least resist- ance - 100.0 Sum to be reserved is 2.543323 349.4 Half of which logar. Twice line of least sistance, 20, 1.271661 re- 1,301030 Product to be added is 2.572691 373.8 The result is from which subtract thrice the square of 723.2 Loading and slopping of Minks. — The gallery and chamber being ready to be loaded, a strong box of wood is made of the size and tigure of the chamber, being about l-3d, or l-4th bigger than is required for containing the necessary quantity of powder : against the sides and bottom of the box is put some straw, and this straw is covered over with empty sand bags, to prevent the powder from contracting any dampness : a hole is made in the side next the gallery, near the bottom, for the saucisson to pass through, which is fixed to the middle of the bottom, by means of a wooden peg, to prevent its loosening from the powder: or to hinder the enemy (if he should reach the entrance) from being able to tear it out. This clone, the powder is brought in sand bags, and thrown loosely in the box, and covered also with straw and sand bags; upon this is- put the cover (if the box, pressed down very tight with strong props; and, to render them more secure, planks are also put above them, against the earth, and wedged in as fast as possible. This done, the vacant spaces between the props are filled up with stones and dung, and rammed in the strongest manner: the least neglect in this work will considerably alter the effect of the mine. Then the aoget is laid from the cham- ber to the entrance of the gallery, with some straw at the bottom ; and the sau- cisson laid in it, with straw over it : lastly, it must be shut with a wooden cover nailed upon it. Great care must, be taken, in stopping up the gallery, not to press too hard upon the auget, for fear of spoiling the saucisson, which may hinder the powder from taking fire, and so prevent the mine from springing. The gallery is stopped up with stones, earth, and dung, well rammed, six or seven feet further from the chamber than the length of the line of least re- sistance. Globe of compression in Mines, jrom Belidor. If you imagine a large globe M I N ( 503 ) M I N of earth homogeneous in all its parts, and a certain quantity of powder lodged in its center, so as to produce a proper effect without bursting the globe ; by setting fire to the powder, it is evident that the explosion will act all round, to overcome the obstacles which oppose its motion : and as the particles ol" the earth are porous, thev will compress each other in proportion as the flame increases? anci the capacity of the chamber increases likewise : but the particles of earth next to the chamber wiil communicate a part of their motion to those next to them, and those to their neighbours ; and this communication will thus continue in a decreasing proportion, till the whole force of explosion is entirely spent ; and the particles of earth beyond this term will remain in the same state as they were at hist. The particles ot earth that have been acted upon by the force of explosion will compose a globe, which Mr. Belidorcalls the globe of com- pression. Fougasses are a sort of small mines, frequently made before the weakest parts of a fortification, as the salient angles and faces, not defended by a cross lire. Treffie Mines are mines with two chambers only. T-Mines, so called from their great resemblance to that letter. They are double mines, having four lodgments. Double I-Mineb have eight lodg- ments, and four doors. Triple T-Mines have twelve lodg- ments, and six doors. Double Treffie Mines have four lodg- ments, and eight doors. 'Triple Treffie Mines have six lodg- ments, and twelve doors. Faire jouer line Mine, Fr. to spring a mine. Mine sans cervelle, Fr, literally signi- fies a mine without brains. Ibis ex- pression is used among miners to de- scribe any unthankful piece of ground, which has no consistency within itself, either at the top of the gallery, or on its •sides, and is rendered firm by various expedients. Eventtr fa Mine, Fr. to spring a mine. When used figuratively, tins expression signifies to discover a plot, or make it known. It likewise serves to express the failure of any expedition or under- taking. MIXER, Fr. to undermine. MINERS, (mineurs, Fr.) are gene- rally soldiers : most of the foreign regi- ments of artillery have each a company of miners, commanded by a captain and two lieutenaAts. When the miners are at work in the mines, they wear a kind of hood to keep the earth that falls, out of their eyes. In the English service the artilicers are ordered for that purpose. MINERVA, (Minerve, Fr.) accord- ing to the heathen mythology, the god- dess of wisdom, of war, and of the arts; she was also looked upon as the goddess of peace. She is generally represented with a helmet on her head, a shield on her arm, and a lance and an olive branch in her hand; several mathema- tical instruments, and the figure of an owl near her, as the emblem of wisdom. MINING, in military affairs, is the art of blowing up any part of a fortifi- cation, building, Sec. by gunpowder. — The art of mining requires a perfect knowledge both ot fortification and geo- metry ; and by these previous helps, the engineer may be qualified to ascertain correctly the nature of all manner of heights, depths, breadths, and thick- nesses; to judge perfectly of slopes and perpendiculars, whether they be such as are parallel to the horizon, or such as are visual ; together with the true levels of all kinds of earth. To which must be added, a consummate skill in the quality of rocks, earths, masonry, and sands ; the whole accompanied with a thorough knowledge of the strength of all sorts of gunpowder. Mining is become one of the most es- sential parts of the attack and defence of places: so much artillery is used, that nothing above ground can withstand its effects ; the most substantial ramparts and parapets can resist but a short time; the outworks, though numerous, serve only to retard, for a time, the surrender of the place. We are told in history, that mines wer* made long before the invention of gun- powder ; for the ancients made galleries or under-ground passages, much in the same way as the moderns, from without, under the walls of the places, which they cut off from the foundation, and sup- ported them with strong props: then they filled the intervals with all manner of combustibles, which being set on fire burnt their props, and the wall being no longer supported, fell, whereby a breach was made. M I N ( 504 ) M I N The besieged also made under-ground passages, from the town, under the be- sieger's machines, by which they bat- tered the walls, to destroy them; which proves that necessity has been the in- ventress of mines, as well as of other useful arts. The first mines, since the invention of gunpowder, were made in 1487, by the Genoese, at the attack of Sereza- nella, a town in Florence ; but these failing they were for some time neg- lected, till Peter Navarro, being then engineer to the Genoese, and afterwards to the Spaniards in 15013, against the French, at the siege of the castle del Ovo, at Naples, made a mine under the wall, and blew it up; in consequence of which, the castle was taken by storm. Mr. Valliers relates the same story, but differs in the name of the engineer : he says it was Francis George, an Ita- lian, who serving at Naples in quality of architect, proposed to Peter Navarro, the Spanish governor, to take this castle by mining. Names of Articles used in Mixing. Augct, a kind of small trough, made of strong inch boards, about 4 inches square, in which the sauoisson is laid in straw, to prevent the powder from con- tracting any dampness. Chamber, the place where the powder is lodged, being first put in cubical boxes made for that purpose. {■ Excavation, ) the pit or hole made by Entonnoir, $ a mine when sprung. Focus, the center of the chamber where the powder is lodged. Fougasse, a kind of small mine. Fourneau. See Chamber. Miners Tools are augers of several sorts, levers of different sorts, needles for working in rocks, rakes, spades, shovels, wheel-barrows, sledge-hammers, masons' hammers, pick-axes, picks, mat- tocks, chissels, plummets, rules, a miner's dial, &c. Line of least resistance is a line drawn from the center of the space containing the powder, perpendicular to the nearest surface. Gallery, the passage leading to the powder. Saucisson, a pipe or hose made of coarse cloth, whose diameter is about an inch, and rilled with gunpowder; then laid ia the trough or auget, which ex- tends from the chamber to the entrance of the gallery, that the miner who sets lire to it, may have time to retire before it reaches to the chamber. M1N1ERE, Fr. amine. MINION, a piece of ordnance, of which there arc two kinds, the large and ordinary ; the large minion has its bore 53-J inches diameter, and is 1000 pounds weight; its load is 31 pounds of powder ; its shot three inches in diameter, and 3£ pounds weight ; its length is eight feet, and its level range 1'25 paces. The or- dinary minion is three inches diameter in the bore, and weighs about 800 pounds weight : it is seven feet long, its load l i\ pounds of powder, its shot near three inches in diameter, and weighs three pounds four ounces, and shoots point blank 120 paces. There is not at present any piece of ordnance thus termed in the British service. MINISCULE, Fr. a small letter. MINISTER, according to Johnson, is one who acts not by any inherent au- thority of his own, but under another. Thus in England, all ministers act under a supreme authority, which is vested in the King, Lords, and Commons, to whom they are responsible. In military matters, there is not only a war minister, but a secretary at war, who likewise acts conjointly with the secretary of state. All dispatches and papers of con- sequence, relating to the army, must hist pass through the secretary of state, and the war minister, before they are laid before Parliament, or otherwise acted upon by the secretary at war. — The common arrangements of corps, directions with respect to marching, &c. are transmitted to the secretary at war, and to the quarter-master-general's office, without previously passing through the secretary of state, or war minister. Minister of War, or war minister, a department created during the revolu- tionary war in France, and filled by one of the principal secretaries of state. MINISTKE de la Guerre, Fr. minis- ter of the war department. The ap- pointment of minister and secretary at war, among the French, first took place in the reign of Henry the Second in 1549. MINUTE, a hasty sketch taken of any thing in writing. Hence minutes of a general, or regimental court-martial. Minutes of council in the military department, the notification of orders and regulations, which are directed to be observed by the army in India, is so called. These minutes receive the M I S ( 505 ) M I S ■sanction of the governor-general in coun- gil, and are the result of previous com- munications from the Hon. Court of Di- rectors in Europe. They answer to the French word resultat, which was pre- fixed to all orders and regulations that were occasionally issued by the military boards, or conseils de guerre, for the government of the army. The term jugement d'un conseil de guerre, corre- sponded with our minutes of a general, or regimental court-martial, and ex- pressed not only the minutes, but the sentence of the court. Minute, the 60th part of each de- gree of a circle ; and in computation of time, the tiOth part of an hour. Minute, in architecture, the GOth part of a measure, called a module. In the Doric order, where the module is half the diameter of the body of the column below, it is the 30th part of that measure. La MINUTE, Fr. the original of a sentence, or decree. MINUTER, Fr. to make a rough draught ; to propose ; to put down in small writing. MIOPE, Fr. short-sighted ; purblind. MIQUELETS, Fr. a banditti that infest the Pyrenean mountains, and arc- extremely obnoxious to travellers. The Miquelets are armed with pis- tols in their waist-belts, and an arquebuss, and a dagger at their side. These men are frequently employed by the Spa- niards in time of war ; but their service is confined to the mountains, which they climb with wonderful agility. MIQUELETTI, a small body of mountain fusileers, belonging to the Ne- apolitan army. MIRE, Fr. in the French artillery, a piece of wood, about four inches thick, one foot high, and two feet and a hall long, which is used in pointing cannon. Coins de Mire, Fr. wedges made of wood, which serve to raise, or depress, any piece of ordnance. They are like- wise used for the same purpose in mor- tars. MIRLITON, Fr. an old French Louis d'or. MIRZA, Ind Sir, Lord, Master. MIRZAS, princes of the blood royal in Mogul. MISAPPLICATION, application to a wrong purpose. By the Articles of War, every army agent who shall retain one shilling from an officer's pay or sub- sistence, or shall misapply the same, is liable to a fine of 1001. for every offence, and to be rendered incapable of acting in that capacity. To MISBEHAVE, in a military sense, to act in any manner unbecoming the character of an officer, or soldier. MISBEHAVIOUR before the enemy, want of proper conduct, or personal re- solution, when on duty, and in actual service. Every officer, who shall be con- victed of either, is, by the Articles of War, liable to be cashiered or punished with death. See Mutiny Act. MISCELLANEOUS, an item or charge in the estimates of the British army, so distinguished ; as Miscellaneous services; consisting of several heads of expenditure. MISCONDUCT, ill-behaviour, &c. MISCONSTRUCTION, wrong in- trepretation of words, or things. MISCREANT, ( mecreant, Fr. ) a wretch not to be trusted ; one who holds a false faith with respect to God and man. MISDEMEANOUR, offence • ill-be- haviour, liable to any punishment short of death. MISE, Fr. disbursement ; current. Mise en campagne, Fr. sums advanced at the beginning of a campaign for the outfit of an army. MISERICORDE, Fr. a short dagger, which the cavalry formerly used, for the purpose of dispatching an enemy who would not ask quarter, or mercy. MISINFORMATION, false intelli- gence, false accounts. To MISQUOTE, (citer afaux,¥r.)to quote falsely. Next to the treachery, the meanness and the wickedness of be- traying private conversation, the act of misquoting what a person may have said, (perhaps unthinkingly,) is most scandalous, and unbecoming the charac- ter of an officer and a gentleman. See Reporter. MISRAK, a Turkish sabre. See Spahis. MISSIDOMINTCI, afterwards railed among the French Juges des exempts, certain persons, or commissioners, who, under the reign of Louis-le-gros, king of France, watched the conduct and be- haviour of the dukes and counts, and reported accordingly. MISSILE, > any weapon which is ei- MISSI VE, I ther thrown by the hand, or which strikes at a distance from the moving power. 3T M I S ( 50G ) M I T VflSSlLB weapons, (amies de trait, fLc/ics, Fr.) Although the invention of gunpowder has rendered these instru- ments unnecessary in our days, it may not be uninteresting to ffn a short ac- count of those that wen- DSed by the an- cients, particularly by the Romans. W e shall extract it from an old book, called a Treatise on the Arms and Engines of War, published in 1<>78, and addressed to the Right Worshipful Sir Jonas Moore, Knight, surveyor general of the ordnance and armories of Great Britain. The dart, or pilum, was the weapon which the Romans gave to their rcltlcs, or skirmishers ; it was in length two cubits, and a finger's breadth in thick- ness : the head of it was of iron, a foot long ; but so thin and sharp pointed, that being once thrown, it bowed and became crooked; so that the enemy could not use it any more. They had likewise other javelots or ilarts, (jacn/um, a jaciendo) with three feathers at the lower end ; such as are used by the Poles, and many others, especially the Moors, who call them '.a guilts. ikticlis was the most ancient of darts, a cubit and a half long, with a double point, which was tied to the wrist with a leathern strap, or cord, to pull it back when the blow was given. jFganca was a veiy light javelot, or dart. Ancyle was a dart which gave the name of Ancilista, to those that used it. Ansalce were darts thrown by han- dles. Dolones were javelots, which had their name from the Greek word dolos, which signifies hurt. Geum was a javelot wholly of iron. Manobarbulus was a javelot, or dart, like the leaden pile, and the soldiers that used them were called Manobar- buli. Materis was a javelot not quite so long as a lance. The pile or pilum, was a kind of half pike, about five feet long. The Roman pile was but three feet long, with a head barbed, like a serpent's tongue, winch wi isdied nine ounces. Rompheu was the Thracian javelot. Hunu was a javelot with a very large broad head. Spuru was a very little dart, called so, a spurgendo, scattering ; being thrown in large quantities. Tragula was a javelot, or screw, with which they drew towards them the. enemy's buckler. Triphorum was a shaft three cubits long, which the French call mutcrus ; in English a quarrel, and was shot out by a cross-bow. The ancients had also other javelots or darts, which they vari- ously named according to their different figures, as sibinu, gtsa, sigimitum, urbinu, verbina, vtrutum, and zenabulum ; the latter was used by huntsmen, and gesa by the Gauls. ' MISSING, an expression used in mi- litary returns, especially in field reports, after an engagement, to account for the general loss of men. MISSION, (mission, Fr.) the state of being sent by authority. Military Mission, the state of being sent, with private instructions, to com- municate on military matters. This word (both in the French and English accepta- tion of it) was formerly confined to such persons as were sent to propagate reli- gious opinions (particularly those of the Roman Catholic faith ) under a licence given by the Pope : whence Church- Militant. It is now generally used to express any commission of trust. MISSIVE, Fr. " This word, as an ad- jective, is seldom used except with the word lettre. Hence lettre missive, a letter written for the express purpose of being sent to somebody. It is used as a substantive, in familiar language : it jnu icrit une longue missive. Missive is also used by us in the same manner; as the king's letters mis- sive, and missives for letters. Shake- speare calls messengers ?nissives. MISTRESS, (maltresse, Fr.) a kept woman, or concubine ; a creature, who. if permitted to dabble in civil, or mili- tary matters, will not fail to pollute all the sources of honour and integrity. See Scabbard. To MISTRUST, to have suspicions of: thus every wise statesman and ge- neral mistrusts the information which is given by foreigners, or persons em- ployed to procure intelligence; taking care to guard against treachery through other sources. MISUNDERSTANDING, quarrel, disagreement. MITCHELS, (in masonry,) Purbeck stones for paving, picked all of a size from 15 inches square, to 2 feet; being squared and hewn ready for paving. M I T ( sor ) MOB MITHRIDATES, (mithridate, Fr.) the name of an ancient king of" Pontus, who was taken prisoner by the Romans, and poisoned himself. Mithridate, (mithridate, Fr.) one of the capital medicines of the shops, con- sisting of a great number of ingredients, and has its name from Mithridates, being an antidote to poison. Several of the ingredients of which are viper's-flesh, gaarick, opium, squills, &c. The French say, figuratively, Vendeur de Mithridate, any person who deals in quack medi- cines ; they also apply the same term to any man who makes an ostentatious display of words, promises much, and does nothing. MITIGATION, (mitigation, Fr. ) abatement of any thing penal, harsh, or painful. Hence, mitigation of pu- nishment. MITON, Fr. a mitten or glove with- out fingers. MITONNER, Fr. to manage any person or thing, in order to derive advan- tages hereafter. MITOYEN, Fr. middle. Mar Mitoyen, Fr. partition wall. See Wall. L'espace Mitoyen, Fr. any given space which separates one body from another. MITRAILLE, Fr. small pieces of old iron, such as heads of nails, &c. with which pieces of ordnance are loaded ; commonly called grape-shot. Tirer a Mitraille, Fr. to fire with grape-shot. The term is frequently used by the French, to express the bribery which is practised in time of war by one nation upon another, for the purpose of fomenting civil insurrections. Hence, Tirer a mitraille d'or. MITRAILLADES, Fr. a discharge of grape shot from pieces of ordnance.— This was a new mode of punishment devised under the revolutionary govern- ment of France, and was principally practised during the reign of Robespierre, in the Commune of Lyons. Cannon, loaded with grape shot, w-ere fired on citizens, bound hand and foot ; and such as were only wounded by the shot, were afterwards put to death by the sword or sabre. MITER, ^ a mode of joining two MITRE, $ boards, or other pieces of wood together at right angles. MITRE, Fr. tiles which are placed over the tops of chimnies to prevent them from smoking. They are called mitre from their resemblance to that ornament. Mitre, (with artificers,) an angle that is just 45 degrees. MITTENS, coarse gloves for the win- ter ; such as are worn by soldiers. MITTIMUS, a warrant by which a justice commits an offender to prison. MIXTILIGNE, Fr. a term used in geometry to express such figures as are terminated partly by straight, and partly by curved lines. To be Mixed up with any thing, or any body. To be implicated with, or made a party to, any particular thing, or person. This term is generally used in a bad sense. Good and unsuspecting characters are frequently mixed up with bad ones, by an indiscreet association with them. See 6'Tmmiscer. MIXT mathematics are those arts and sciences which treat of the properties of quantity, applied to material beings, or sensible objects, i\s astronomy , geography , dialling, navigation, gauging, surveying, Sfc. MOAT, a wet, or dry ditch, dug round the walls of a town, or fortified place. When an enemy attacks a town, which has dry moats round it, the rampart must be approached by galleries under ground, which galleries are run beneath the moat ; when the place is attempted through wet moats, your approaches must be made by galleries above ground, that is to say, by galleries raised above the surface of the water. The brink of the moat next the rampart is called the scarp, and the opposite one the coun- terscarp. Dry- Moat, that which has no water. It should invariably be deeper than the one that is full of water. Flat-bottomed Moat, that which hath no sloping, its corners being somewhat rounded. Lined Moat, that whose scarp and counterscarp are cased with a wall of mason-work made sloping. To Moat, (motter, Fr.) to surround with canals by way of defence. MOB, the croud ; the mass of popu- lation, collected together in a tumultuous manner. The French say la populace, also la tourbe. Bailey calls a mob a giddy multitude, a tumultuous rabble. The Romans were accustomed to com- pare a mob to a wild beast, belluapopulus. A mob is, in fact, an enraeed bull, that 3T2 M O D ( 508 ) M O I runs headlong at every tiling and every body, without distinguishing between friend or foe; and would as soon toss into the air the man who has fed him, as he would mangle the savage butcher that has unmercifully goaded him into frenzy. Mob-/a?c, a peremptory decision, with- out sense or justice. Mr. Gibbon has somewhere said, that, tinder a democratical government, the citizens exercise the, powers of sovereign- ty ; and those powers will be first abused and afterwards lost, if they are committed to an unwieldy multitude. MOBILE, Fr. inducement; instiga- tion. This word is variously used by the French ; viz. Le Mobile, Fr. (in mechanics) the body that moves another, or is moved. " Le premier Mobile, Fr. What we call primum mobile, (in ancient astro- nomy,) a ninth heaven or sphere ima- gined to be above those of the planets ;ind fixed stars. We also mil primum mobile the chief incentive, the principal motive. Thus the primum mobile of a real soldier is a laudable ambition to serve his country ; and the primum mobile of war is money. Premier Mobile, Fr. the principal agent in any affair ; the head of a con- spiracy. The French say : Vinteri t est le premier jnobile de la plupart des homines : interest is the ruling motive of the great- est part of mankind ; also Vargent est le 7Dobilc unirersel : money is the uni- versal passion, or excitement, in human affairs. MOMLIAIRE,or MOBILIERE, Fr. household goods, furniture, or chattels. MODEL, (modele, Fr.) n mould : also a diminutive representation of any thing. Thus models of warlike instru- ments, fortifications, &c. &.c. are pre- served in the Royal Laboratory at Wool- wich, and in the Tower. Model, (with architects,) a kind of measure, which is the diameter of the bottom of a pillar in each order, by which the length &c. of it is measured, and which is commonly divided into GO equal parts, called minutes ; except in those of the Doric and Tuscan orders, where the model is but half the diame- ter. In the Composite, Corinthian, and Ionic orders, it is divided into 18 parts, the same as module. • Lnoderns. Modern Tactics, and Modern Art of War, that system of manoeuvre and evolution, which has been adopted since the invention of gunpowder and (ire- arms, in contradistinction to the ancient tactics and ancient art of war, the system which was pursued by the Greeks and Romans, &t\ before the invention ot gunpowder and hre-arms. MODI LIONS, (wodil/ons, Fr.) (in architecture,) are little inverted consoles, under the sotfit, or bottom of the drip, in the Ionic, Composite, and Corinthian, cornices, and ought to correspond with the middle of the columns. In the Co- rinthian, they are always moulded with carved work. In the Ionic, and Com- posite, they are more simple, having seldom any ornament, except one single leaf underneath. MODULE, (module, Fr.) (in architec- ture,) a certain measure ofbigness, taken at pleasure, lor regulating the proportions of columns, ami the symmetry, or distri- bution of the whole building MO( JN tONS, from the French magnort, signifying the stump of a limb, a sort ol armour for the shoulders. MOOO, a name given to a hatchet or tomahawk, by the natives of New Hol- land. MOGUL, the Emperor of India, from whom the nabobs originally receive then- appointments, as governors and super- intendents of provinces. Moo ll Tartars, a nation so called, that made considerable conquests in In- dia. MOHOCK, the name of a cruel na- tion of America, given to ruffians for- merly imagined to infest the streets of London. MOHUR, Ind. a gold coin, which sometimes varies in its value, but gene- rally goes for fifteen or sixteen rupees. MOIDORE, a Portuguese gold coin, in value 27 shillings sterling. MOIENNE, Fr. an old piece of ord- nance which is now called a four-poun- der, and which is ten feet long. M O I ( 509 ) MOM MOILON, Fr. the smallest rough stones, or shards, that are found in quar- ries. Those which consist of broken pieces of rock, are called meulieres or molieres. Moilon en coupe, Fr. unhewn stones which are used in the construction of arches. Moilon pique, Fr. stone out of the quarry, from which the crust is taken oft", and closely pointed with the ham- mer. Moilon d'appareil, Fr. a square piece of stone, which is dressed for the purpose of lining the outside of a wall. Ac- cording to Randle Cotgrave, moilon also signifies a kind of soft, or tender stone, that lies 10 or 12 feet thick above the hardest free-stone, in the quarries about Paris. MOINE, Fr. a half-sheet of paper, folded into two or four parts, with which is covered the train of gunpowder that serves to set fire to the saucisson. Moine de mine, Fr. See Soignee de Saucisson. MOINEAU, a French term for a lit- tle flat bastion, raised upon a re-enter- ing angle, before a curtain which is too long, between two other bastions. It is commonly joined to the curtain, but is sometimes separated by a fosse, and then called a detached bastion. It is not raised so high as the works of the place. Le MOIS Romain, or Roman month, considered as a tax, or contribution, which is collected from all the circles, amounts to eighty-three thousand, nine hundred and sixty-four German florins, when it is paid in specie, and to 2681 cavalry, and 12,795 foot soldiers, when the quota is given in effective forces. This tax grows out of an old custom, which originally prevailed when the Em- perors went to Rome to be crowned, and which served to defray their expenses thither. MOISES, Fr. (in carpentry,) half beams of timber which are used to fas- ten other pieces together. Moisks circulaires, Fr. half beams of timber which are used in the construc- tion of water-mills. MOISSON, Fr. harvest. This word is used in various senses by the French, particularly in two, of a poetical and figurative kind, viz. II a vu cinquante Moissons : he has lived fifty years; lite- rally, has seen fifty harvests. Moisson de lauriers, Fr. a succession of victories, &c. literally, a harvest of laurels. Moisson de gloire,~Fr. is taken in the same sense. MOISSONNER des lauriers, Fr. to reap laurels. Moissonner les homines, Fr. to kill off, &c. To mow down men. MOLE, Fr. a pier; a bank or causey, on the sea-side, or near a haven. MOLETTE, Fr. a rowel, or that ro- tary part of a spur which resembles a star, and has sharp points to it. MOLIERE, IV. a bog, or quagmire. Pierre de Moliere, Fr. a grindstone. MOLLESSE, Fr. in a figurative sense, signifies want of firmness, or resolution. Je crams la mol/esse de vos conseils, I mistrust the pliant tendency of your ad- vice, or counsel. MOLLETON, Fr. See Flannel. MOLLETTE, Vr. windgall. MOLLIR, Fr. literally means to wax soft. It is used figuratively among the French, to signify, in a military sense, the yielding, or giving way of armed men, viz. les troupes mollii nit, the troops give way. MOLTEN-Grease, (in horses,) a dis- temper which is a fermentation, or ebul- lition of pituitous and impure humours, that precipitate and disembogue into the tiuts, and sometimes kill horses. " MOMENT, or INSTANT, (moment ou instant, Fr.) (in mathematics,) an indivisible particle of time. A moment is to time, or duration, what a mathe- matical point is to space or measure- ment. For as a line may be traced by continual motion, so the continued lapse of many moments constitutes time. MOMENTUM, (in mechanics,) the same with impetus, o?-quaneity of motion in any moving body. Momentum, (in projectiles,) that power, or force incident to moving bo- dies, whereby they continually tend from their present places. The momentum of a moving body is equal to its weight multiplied by its velocity ; hence the momenta of different projectiles are to each other in the compound ratio of their weights and velocities. MONDE, Fr. in a military sense, means men or soldiers, viz. Ce capitaine navoit que la moitie dc son MONDE, that captain had only half his complement of men. On a perdu beaucoup de Monde, Fr. they have lost a considerable number of men. M O N ( 510 ) M O N 11 a un Monde d'ennemis sur les bras, Fr. lie is assailed by a multiplicity of foes. Ije nouveau Monde, Fr. This term is frequently used to denote America. — Hence I'ancien et le nouveau mondc means the two continents. MONEY -matters, a term in familiar use to express all pecuniary concerns. It cannot be too strongly recommended to every responsible military man to be scrupulously correct on this head. More than half the breaches of friendship and common acquaintance that occur in life, may be traced to irregularity in money matters : but in no intance are its effects so fatal, as when the soldier is wronged, or is induced to think so, by the omis- sions, &c. of officers or Serjeants. ikd-MONEY. All officers serving in Ireland, have an allowance of this de- scription. It amounts to 15s. 6d. per annum. For broken periods it is calcu- lated at three half-pence per diem. JBfer-MoNEY, an allowance of one penny per diem, given to private sol- diers in lieu of small beer. _BoM«(y-Mo.\EY. See Recruiting. Emery, Oil, and Brick-dusl-Moxv.\, a certain allowance which is made to sol- diers in the British service to enable them to keep their arms in good condi- tion ; in which are included brashes, pickers, turnscrews, and worms. The actual expenditure for these articles, certified upon honour by the colonel, or commanding officer, is allowed by go- vernment ; provided the amount does not, in any half year, exceed t lie rate ol Is. 4|d. per man for each effective rank and file. Gr«ss-MoNEV,a certain sum, so called, which was formerly stopped from the dragoons, for answering the expenses customarily borne by the regiments. Levy-MoxEY, the money which is paid for recruiting the army is so called. Lodging-Moy ey , a sum allowed to officers to provide lodgings, when they cannot be accommodated in barracks, or government houses. Marching-Moxi.Y, commonly called marching guinea, a specific sum, which is issued by the receiver-general of each county, when the militia is first embo- died for service; and which is accounted for, by the several captains of companies, to the individuals who compose them. It is called marching guinea, from that sum being paid to every man before he quits his county, and marches on general service. Marching or Bi/let-MonzY. According to an act of Parliament which was passed in 1793, on the motion of the late Mr. Windham, then Secretary at War, the publicans and other persons obliged to furnish quarters, have been relieved by a further allowance of 4d. each man per diem for the cavalry, and (id. each man do. for the infantry ; which makes the whole sum for each man's diet and small beer per diem lod. They are also, by a subsequent act, entitled an Act for the relief of Innkeepers, See. allowed i jd. for each horse's hay and straw, in addition to the former sixpence. By a Circular, dated War-Office, 21th May, 1816, to general officers commanding districts, in conformity with "An Acl for fixing the rates of subsistence to be paid to innkeepers and others on quartering sol- diers," the rate of i-'lowance for the Hot Meal, provided for non-commissioned officers or private soldiers on a march in South Britain, is fixed at the sum of one shilling per diem, until tiie 24th ultimo inclusive, and from and after that day at the sum of tenpence per diem ; and that the sum to be paid to innholdera and others, on whom any of the horses be- longing to His Majesty's forces shall be quartered, is fixed at one shilling and twopence per diem, until the 24th ultimo inclusive, and at tenpence per diem from and alter that date. PfiWSflge-MoNEY, an allowance which is made to officers in the British service, to enable them to pay the expenses of voyages to and from the East and West Indies. Regimental Monies, all sums issued to paymasters for the subsistence, &c. of the men belonging to a regiment, are so called ; for the regular distribution of which, colonels, or captains of compa- nies, are responsible. La comptabuite, among the French, corresponds with this explanation. Revenue-May r.r, an allowance which was formerly made to field officers in India. It was discontinued in 1797. Smart-MoNEY, the money which is paid by the person who has taken the king's shilling, in order to get released from an engagement entered into previ- ous to a regular enlistment. The sum is generally twenty shillings, which must be given before the oath is administered ; otherwise both parties would be crimi- nally implicated : one for deserting, and the other for conniving, aiding, and abet- ting. The custom of taking smart money M O N ( 511 ) M O N is certainly founded upon a just princi- ple, but that principle has been often perverted, and the most dishonest ad- vantages taken of ignorant young men. In the regulations for carrying on the recruiting service, the following order has been issued : "Art. XX. It being contrary to law, and highly injurious to the recruiting- service, to permit money to be taken by any non-commissioned olfirer or soldier, under the name of smart money, and in consequence thereof to discharge any man who has received enlisting-money, except such man shall ha\ e been carried before a magistrate within the four days prescribed by the Mutiny Act, and in his presence shall have declared his dis- sent to such enlisting ; recruiting offi- cers are therefore to report any non- commissioned oificer or private soldier guilty of this otfence, to the inspecting field officer of the district, who will forthwith cause such non-commissioned officer or soldier to be brought to trial for the same, by a detachment court- martial. Utensil-MoxEY, an annual allowance given to non-commissioned officers and privates, in Ireland, amounting to about lOd. each. Feather-Mowr , an item of disburse- ment which is charged by army clo- thiers, in their account of oft-reckonings against the colonels in the line, for the supply of feathers to the non-commis- sioned officers and the band belonging to their respective regiments and batta- lions ; and for which no allowance is granted by government. Money for the repair of arms, a spe- cific allowance which is made by govern- ment to every captain of a company, for the charge and repair of arms. Moiaited-Moy i:y , a term used to ex- press an additional allowance, which is made to the non-commissioned officers of the brigade of horse artillery ; it amounts to two pence per man, per diem. See Artillery Table in the Regimental Companion. MoNEY-fercrfer, or usurer, ( usurier, Fr.) a person who under the specious character of scrivener and attorney, lets out his own money, or that entrusted to him by others, for the purpose of making more interest than the law allows. This creature, (for no spider can spin a web so artfully to ensnare its prey,) has all the outward appearance of a frank, in- dustrious, and intelligent man ; but is generally at bottom, a downright swind- ler, and always a self-interested creature. Mox £.x-chunger, -\ ^ ■ , ^ ■. Money-^V (Cwoteur ^ Fr.) a M. , , > person who deals ONEY-/oooer, or l l ,11 e .,-/,' 1 in bills, etc. stock-broker. ■> M on ey- scrivener, one who raises money for others, and by whom many a gallant orhcer has been reduced to beggary. Dr. Johnson in an excellent quotation says : Suppose a young unex- perienced man in the hands of money- scriveners ; such fellows are like your wire-drawing mills ; if they get hold of a man's finger, they will pull in his whole body at last. Money -order~office, an office esta- blished in the General Post Olfice, Lom- bard street, for the benefit of such per- sons as may have occasion to remit mo- ney. A clerk regularly attends from nine in the morning till six o'clock in the evening, and guaranties the safe convey- ance of any sum, payable at sight, by the deputy post-masters in the country, Edinburgh or Dublin ; who will also receive any money, and give an order at sight on the money-order office in London. MONGER, a dealer ; a seller. This word is seldom used alone, being gene- rally coupled with something in which the person deals or tratficks. Commission-lSloKGER, one who traf- ficks in the sale, exchange, and purchase of commissions, and thereby makes a livelihood. By a clause in the Articles of War, and by an act of Parliament passed in 1800, no such person is now allowed to act in any way whatsoever. SeeBROKER. MONIES, in a military sense, are such sums as are issued for public ser- vice, and are more specifically distin- guished by the appellation of army esti- mates. It is usual for the secretary at war to move for the estimates of the army. MONKEY, a machine which is used to drive large piles of wood into the earth. MONNAIE obsidionale, Fr. a sort of base metal, made into current coin during a long siege. Of all expedients, this is perhaps the worst, as it usually creates feuds and quarrels between the garrison and the inhabitants. See Desordre. Monnaie, Fr. money ; any metallic MON ( 512 ) M O N currency, or representati\e coin. This word ^as formerly written tnonnoie. .MoNN.wr. /r Saint Denis, Fr. a sort of war-hoop, which was practised during the reigns of the fust kings of France. A French writer observes, that so many traditions and accounts have been given of its origin, and those so contradictory among themselves, that the least said is the best. This cry or war-hoop was adopted under Louis-/e-g?os, and was wholly laid aside under Henry IV. See Cm des Amies. MoNT-joif, according to Bailey, a name by which Frenchmen call heaps of stones laid together by pilgrims, in which they stick crosses when they are come within view of the end of their journey, and so those betwixt St. Denis •<\ap of stones piled up by a French army, in token of a victory gained near the spot, was also formerly called Mont-joie. MONTAGNAED, Fr. ahighlander; a mountaineer. MONT-Pognote, ou Poste des Invul- nerable*, Fr. an expression which is de- rived from Pagnote, a coward, a pol- troon. It signifies any eminence, or place, whence the operations of a siege, or the actual conflict of two armies, may be seen without personal danger to the curious observer. It is also a term of re- proach : C'est un general (juivoit le com- bat du Mont-Pagnote; he is one of those generals that look on whilst others right. — During the American war a particular body of men, who seemed to side with the British, were called Invulncrables. MONTAGNES, Fr. hills, mountains, &c. In a military sense the term is pe- culiarly applicable to that species of warfare which is canned on in a moun- tainous and intersected country. We have already given a general outline of this species of warfare under the head GuEiutn de montagne : nevertheless, the following observations may not appear superfluous, or irrelevant, in this place. The chevalier Folard has written largely, and with no inconsiderable degree of method, on that part of a war among M O N ( 513 ) M O N hilis, &c. where an army might run the risk of being surrounded, or shut up.' He observes, that a body of men may be drawn into snares by the well-concerted movements of an able and active enemy, most especially in a country which is in- tersected by rivers, and occasionally broken with hills and eminences. Al- though disasters of this sort are manifest proofs of a want of ability in the person who holds the chief command, they be- come infinitely more disgraceful when a feneral runs headlong into a snare, as luripidas did, without having sufficient courage to attempt a daring enterprize ; for it certainly remains with ourselves to determine, whether we chuse to move into an impracticable country ; and it equally rests with us to avoid stratagems and snares. All this, however, depends upon a knowledge of the country into which the war is carried ; and as it is impossible to be in possession of the requisite informa- tion without some extraneous means, every general ought to lay it down as a maxim, not to advance into a moun- tainous country, without having a good number of intelligent and faithful guides. These, in addition to some able topo- graphers, will prevent the possibility of being surprized, andmakehim thoroughly master of all the passes, Sec. It is not, however, sufficient to be in possession of the heights that imme- diately command a valley into which an army has moved; in proportion as you advance, you must be certain, that the enemy who retreats before, is not in- sensibly winding round a second range of hills, to get upon your flanks, or ulti- mately fall upon your rear. It moreover frequently happens, that some vallies have not any outlets, and, that others become so narrow, that an army is under the necessity of marching by single files, in order to reach a more open piece of ground, or to get at some important pass for the purpose of inter- cepting, or obstructing the march of an enemy. When it is found necessaiy to retreat, or to march over a country as Hannibal did over the Alps, it is of little conse- quence what steps or measures you take, with regard to those parts which you are abandoning ; but when you advance against an enemy, and are determined to dispute his march through a valley or hollow way, you must adopt every pre- caution to secure your rear and flanks, lest, as we have already observed, your antagonist should take advantage of th« various passes and intricate bye-ways, which are found in a mountainous country ; and it must always be remem- bered, that many coups de main, and daring enterprizes, may be undertaken by four or five hundred active partizans, which an army would find impracticable. An able general cannot have a better, or more favourable field to exercise his military genius in, than that which is af- forded by a mountainous country. All the chicanery and stratagem of war may be resorted to ; and however weak an army might be, yet such are the manifold re-? sources of this peculiar kind of contest, that there is scarcely any thing which may not be attempted, provided the offi- cer, who commands, has a thorough knowledge of the country, is fertile in expedients, and has a calm determined mind. Many instances might be ad- duced to illustrate these observations ; we shall be satisfied with stating, that the Prince of Conti, in the campaign of 1744, which he so ably conducted, owes a considerable part of his reputation to the scope afforded to his talents, by the locality of Piedmont This country, in- deed, as well as Switzerland, seems to have been cut out as the peculiar theatre of great military talents. But neither the Prince of Conti, nor Bonaparte, when First Consul of France, would have succeeded in the brilliant manner they most unquestionably have done, had not the science of topography se- conded the natural advantages of that mountainous part of Europe. MONTAMT, Fr. an upright post, beam, stone or bar, (in building.) Jottt^-MoNTANT, Fr. the mounting joint of a stone. Montant, Fr. the sum total of any account, or broken numbers. Montant, Fr. next for promotion. The French say : ce lieutenant est le pre- mier montant, that lieutenant is next for promotion. Montant, Ft. a motion in fencing, whereby the sword is lifted up, before a thrust is made. MONT£, Fr. This word is used by the French to express the equipment which a person has in horses, or the act of being well mounted on a particular 3U M O N C 514 ) M O Q hr-rse. Hence, il est bien Monte, ho i very good stable, or set of horses. Movie commit un St. George, literally mounted like St. George, or riding a \> MOT ( 5<21 ) MOT and divers metals, into the shape of knots, flowers, and other things, with that nicety of art, that they seem to be all but one stone, or rather the work of nature. MOT, Fr. parole, watchword. — This word bears the same import in French that it does in English. See Parole. Dormer le Mot, Fr. to give the parole, or watchword. Alter prendre le Mot, Fr. to go for the parole, or watchword. On V envoy a porter le Mot, Fr. he was sent with the parole or watchword. In the French service parole and coun- tersign are frequently comprehended under the word mot, viz. Le mot qiion avoit donni le jour du combat, etoit Saint Louis et Fans ; which, according to the English method of giving out orders, would have stood thus : — Parole St. Louis, countersign Paris. See Mots. Mot de guet, Fr. See Gvet. Mot de Kalliemtnt, Fr. a word given to any armed body of men, who either attack or are attacked, and which serves as a rallying point among them. MOTHiR at Moo/uc, in Indian for- tification, barricadoes, intrenchments, or breastworks, are so called. MOTION is defined to be the conti- nued and successive change of place. There are three general laws of motion : 1. That a body always perseveres in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a right line, till by some external force it be made to change its place : for as a body is passive in receiving its motion, and the direction of its motion, so it re- tains them without any change, till it be acted on by something external. — 2. The second general law of motion is, that the change of motion is propor- tional to the force impressed, and is pro- duced in the right line in which that force acts. 3. The third general law of motion is, that action and re-action are equal, with opposite directions, and are to be estimated always in the same right line. Motion, a word bearing the same signification in the British service, as terns does in the French. It is peculiarly applicable to the manual and platoon exercise ; as draw ramrod, which is done in two motions — Tirez la baguette en deux tems. Motion, in a military sense, is distinguished from movement, inas- much as the former applies specifically to something done by an individual, with an instrument of war, as handling the musket ; whereas the latter is gene- rally understood to mean the different changes, &c. which are made in evo- lutions, &c. Motion is the particulai adjunct of the manual, and movement that of evolution. The French make the same distinction with respect to Maniement. Motion, (mouvement, Fr.) generally so. called, a continual and successive change of place. Motions of an army, (mouvemens d'une arm'ce, Fr.) are the various changes which it undergoes in marching from one place to another ; these are more generally understood by the term movement. Motions of the firelock during the manual and platoon exercise. We have already said, that motion in this sense is expressed by tems among the French. These consist of those prescribed me- thods which have been explained under Manual. Motion compound (mouvement com- pose, Fr.) is the motion of one body im- pelled bv two different powers. Motion of projection, (mouvement de projection, Fr.) that by which bodies are impelled through the air, or through any other fluid. A shell which is forced out of a mortar by means of inflam- mable gunpowder has a motion of pro- jection. Motion of vibration, or vibrating mo- tion, (mouvement de vibration, Fr.) is the circular motion of a body, which is gene- rally round, or spherical. Motions of an enemy, (mouvemens d'un ennemi, Fr.) the different inarches, positions, &c. which an enemy takes, are so called. To watch the Motions of an enemy, (guetter un enncmi, Fr.) to keep a good look out by means of a regular commu- nication between head quarters, and the outposts of your army. On a large scale tht business of an army of observation is chiefly confined to this species of ser- vice. On a more limited one, the duty is frequently entrusted to partisans and light troops. Motion of a bomb or ball. The pro- gress which a bomb, or ball, makes through the air may be said to consist of three sorts of motion, after it has beek delivered out of the mortar, or emitted from a gun or musket. These are : — The violent. Motion, or first explo- sion, when the powder has worked its 3 X M O T ( 52-2 ) MOT effect upon the hall, so far as tlie borub, or ball, may be supposed to move in a right line. The mixed Motion, or yielding im- pulse, when the natural weight of the bomb, or ball, begins to overcome the force which was given by the gun- powder. The nutinul Motion, or exhaustion of the firsl impulse. This occurs when the bomb, or ball, is falling to the ground. To Motion a thing, to propose it in a military or civil meeting. MOTION, Fr. This word has been adopted by the French, to convey the same meaning that it does in English, namely, a proposition ; hence appyyer la motion dans nne assemblte; to support a motion in a public assembly or meeting. Deliverer sur la motion, to deliberate upon the motion. Retircr sa motion, to withdraw one's motion. Rcjetter la motion, to throw out the motion. Motions militaires, Fr. This term was formerly used among the French to signify the various evolutions which an army, or regiment might be put through. It has been succeeded by evolutions mi/itaires, which seems a more compre- hensive expression. MOTIVE, (motif, Fr.) that which determines the choice; that which in- cites the action. MOTIYER, Fr. to give reasons for any tiling; to state particulars. The French say : II ne motive jamais son avis, he never explains his motive when he gives advice. MOTOS, a piece of old linen, tozyed like wood, which is put into ulcers, and stops the flux of blood. ftl< )TS d'ordre et de ralliement, Fr. In a publication by Paul Thiebault, ad- jutant general on the French star!', the following explanation is given of paroles and countersigns, which may be consi- dered as the free translation of Mots, with this exception, that the mot de rallie- ment seems peculiarly used in the French sen ice. — Among us the parole and countersign only are practised, and their distinct import seems so little under- stood, that we shall not hesitate to give the whole article from the French. The Mors d'ordre et de ralliement consist of three distinct and separate words, which are chosen for the specific purpose of enabling the soldiers belong- ing to the same army, to be in perfect intelligence with one another, especially during the night. These three words are composed in the following manner, viz. Ix Mot d'or- dre, or what we call the parole, must be taken from the name of some deceased person, to which must be added that of some town or coimtry, for the counter- sign. The Mot de ralliement must consist of a substantive, which does not relate either to the name of a man, the name of a town, or the name of a country. These three words are given out every morning from head quarters, and are delivered, sealed up, to the officers of the dim-rent guards, and to tho.-e persons who are entrusted with the com- mand of an outpost, or have the charge of a patrole. The Mot d'ordre, or parole, must never be confided beyond officers and non-commissioned officers ; the mot de ralliement may in some cases be given to sentinels that are stationed at certain distances from the out-posts ; but those should invariably consist of old soldiers, whose fidelity and courage can be de- pended upon. The Mot d'ordre, or parole, as well as the mot de ralliement, is always given out from head quarters; nor ought any ge- neral or commanding officer to take upon himself to alter either, except under circumstances so peculiarly urgent, that the good of the service would justify the change. Among these circumstances may be considered, the desertion of a sentinel from the out-post, and the strong presumption, that the enemy has been made acquainted with the words, &c. Whenever this necessity occurs, all the commanding officers who have any communication with that quarter whence the parole was issued, should instantly be made acquainted with the alteration. With respect to the manner in which these words are to be delivered out, and the frequency of their circulation, the whole must depend upon circumstance*. When an army or body of troops lies at some distance from the enemy, they are usually forwarded at the different quar- ters, camps, or cantonments, for five, ten, or fifteen days together. When close to an enemy, they are given out, as we have already observed, every day. When there is no ground to apprehend a sur- prize or attack, one word will be sulfi* M O U ( 523 ) M O V cient for each day : but, in critical cases, the parole must be changed two or three times daring the night. If several corps are cantoned together, the mot'd'ordre, or parole, must be sent to the officer commanding in the cantonment. When the troops are encamped, it is generally sent to the commanding officer of each regiment, and seldom to the commandant of each brigade. • The Mot, or parole, must always be given out during the day, except in cases' of emergency; and it must never be de- livered to any person unless the indivi- dual, who is entrusted with it, be fully convinced, that he is authorized to re- ceive it. It ought indeed to be given per- sonally to him only to whom it is ad- dressed by name, MOTTE,.Fr.aclod; a lump of earth; turf. Any small eminence covered with moss, or grass : also a hillock : among tanners, peet. MOTTO, a sentence, either with, or without a badge, by which any regiment is particularly distinguished ; as, for ex- ample, the 3d regiment of foot, or Buffs, have a griffin embossed as their badge, and the motto, Veteri frondescit honore. The motto of the grenadiers is : Nee aspera ierrent. The various military orders have also different mottos. See Gakter, Bath, Thistle, &c. also Devise, Fr. MOU, Fr. soft; effeminate; inactive; not resolute. Un esprit Mou, Fr. a weak man. Cheval Mou, Fr. a washy horse. See Wash. MOUGHARD, Fr. a domestic spy, an informer. Among the French it more particularly means a person who is em- ployed to watch the motions of any marked man. Creatures of this infa- mous, although perhaps necessary, class, were constantly attached to the police of France. MOUCHE, Fr. a spy; an informer. Prendre la Mouche, Fr. to be easily nettled, or put out of humour. MOUCHES et MOUTONS, Fr. per- sons who act in the double capacity of a spy, or informer, by affecting to be of some particular party in order to betray it, and for that purpose are seemingly persecuted by their employers. Cheval MOUCHETE," JV. a flea-bit- ten horse. MOUCHQIR, Fr. a handkerchief. Montrer le Mouchoir bland, Fr. literally to hang out a white handker- chief; to make an offer of submis- sion. MOVEABLE Pivot. When the pivot flunk of any body of men describes in the wheel a smaller circle than the wheeling flank, the wheel is said to be made on a moveable pivot. Moveable Towers or Belfreys, ma- chines used by the ancients in the attack of towns and fortified places. They con- sisted of several stories ; the archers or cross-bow men being placed in the upper, and a large ram, with which a breach was attempted, in the bottom one's. MOVEMENT, (mouvement, Fr.)— Under this term are comprehended all the different evolutions, marches, coun- termarches and manoeuvres which are made in tactics for the purpose of re- treating from, or of approaching, to- wards an enemy. It also includes the various dispositions which take place in pitching a camp, or arranging a line of battle. The science of military move- ments forms one of the principal fea- tures in the character of a great com- mander. If he be full of resources in this important branch, he may often- times defeat an enemy without even coming to blows ; for to conceal one's movements requires great art and much ingenuity. See Stratagems in War. Movement. According to the Re- gulations, printed by authority, every inspecting general is directed to report minutely and comparatively on the per- formance of each battalion of the great leading points of movement. Counter Movements of defence are movements calculated to defeat any pre- meditated attack. According to the Regulations they may be briefly ex- plained, by observing, that if the flank of one body is thrown forward, that o.t the other may, by similar means, be thrown back. If one body prolongs its line to outflank, the other may by the same movement maintain its relative situation. Whatever change of position is' made by one body, the other may counteract it' by a similar change. If the wing of one body is refused, the wing of the other may be advanced to scire an advantage. Movements of previous formation are military dispositions which every general must have carefully digested, be- fore he advances upon a direct line of othnsive operations. A body of troops, which has a considerable march to make 3X2 M O V ( 524 ) MOV previous to the attack, must always ap- proach an enemy in one, or more co- lumns, at open or other distances, ac- cording to circumstances. — Some gene- ral knowledge of an enemy's situation, determines the manner in which he is to be approached, the composition of the columns, the Hank ot" each which leads, and their combination in forming. A nearer view determines a perseve- rance in the first direction, or a change in the Leading flanks, and direction of the columns, in order to form in the most speedy and advantageous maimer. Movements of attack are made by bodies of men advancing in line or co- lumn to attack an opposing enemy. — When a considerable body of troops is to act offensively, it must form in line, at latest, within 1200 or 1600 paces of a po>trd enemy, unless the ground parti- cularly favour, and cover from the lire of the artillery, the enfilade of which is what chiefly prevents bodies in column from approaching nearer; and that space, under the unceasing tire of their own artillery, troops in line will march ever in 18 minutes. Movements of attack, when they are made from a parallel position, must he either in line, or by tlank of the line in echelon, that flank being reinforced, and the other refused ; or from a new and advantageous position tahen up, and not provided against by the enemy. From an oblique position, the attackis directed against a comparatively weak point of the enemy. Attacks from the center are more liable to be enfiladed, and are sooner guarded against than from the flank. Movements of retreat are combina- tions of columns of inarch, covered by positions, and a strong rear guard. Troops are occasionally taken out of the retiring columns of march, to occupy positions and heights ; they remain till the rear has passed, and then become the rear guard ; this they continue to be, till they find other troops in like manner posted; these last, m their turn, become not only to disconcert an enemy, but likewise to enable the army, which adopts them, either to make a partial attack, or a gradual retreat. The attack may be formed from the center, or from either of the wings reinforced. — If suc- cess! ul, the divisions move up into line to improve the advantage: if repulsed, they are in a good situation to protect the retreat. In advancing, the several bodies move independent, act freely, and are ready to assist; in retiring, they fall gradually back on each other, and there- by <;ive mutual aid and support. Eche- lon movements, in fact, comprize within themselves all the essential principles of extension and compression, which Af<- found in close or open column, with the additional advantage of being better adapted to throw a considerable line into an oblique position, of presenting a narrow front, with the means of increas- ing it at pleasure, unexposed to the enemy's fire, and of diminishing it with the same facility and safety. Echelon Movements on an oblique line, are best calculated to outwing an enemy, or to preserve the points of appui of a wing; possessing this advan- tage, thai such movements may not be perceptible to the enemy, as it consists of short and independent lines, which. when seen at a distance, appear as if a full line. Echelon movements by half batta- lions or less, are made by their directing Hank, which is always the one advanced from, or wheeled to. Echelon move- ments by whole battalions, are governed by their advanced Serjeants. — Echelon movements by several battalions, are made in line, each by its own center, and the whole by the battalion next the directing flank. Movements that are wade in face of an enemy, (Mouvcmcns devant Cen- nemi, Fr ) There is no operation in war which requires so much nicety, pre- cision, and judgment as that of retreat- ing in the presence of an enemy. Every movement from the direct line of battle also the rear guard, and in this way are is more or less critical ; but when a re- the troops of columns in such situations giment is obliged to retire under the relieved. A rear guard will fall back by 'eye, and perhaps the fire, of a pursuing the retreat in line — the chtquered re-] foe, the utmost presence of mind is re- treat — the passage of lines — die echelon Iq wired in the officers who command, and changes of position Movements in echelon of the line. — Echelon, or diagonal movements, espe- cially of a great corps, are calculated the greatest steadiness in the men. In a situation of this sort, it becomes the peculiar duty of the major, to see that every change of manoeuvre, and every M O V ( 525 ) M O U movement, be made with promptitude and accuracy. For although he is sub- ordinate to others, and must, of course, follow superior directions, yet so much of the executive duty rests with him, that his character and abilities, as an officer, will be more conspicuous on these occasions than in any other. The movements of a corps which retreats, consist in retrograde inarches, in line, by alternate companies, in column, by wings, or in square. Eventuil, or fan Movement. This movement is performed on the march, and must be begun at a distance behind the line, proportionate to the body which is to oblique and form. It may be ap- plied to one battalion, but hardly to a more considerable body, which would find great difficulty in the execution. It gives a gradual increase of front during a progressive movement. With justness it can be made on a front division only, not on a central, or rear one: in propor- tion as the leading platoon shortens its step, will the one behind it, and succes- sively each other, come up into line with it. As soon as the colours of the bat- talion arrive, they become the leading point. Although it is an operation of more difficulty, yet if the leading divi- sion continues the ordinary, and the obliquing ones take the quick step, till they successively are up with it, a bat- talion column which is placed behind the flank of a line, may in this manner, during the march, aud when near to the enemy, gradually lengthen out that line. Vourff or Quick Movement. This movement is frequently resorted to when the head of a considerable open column in march arrives at, or near the point from which it is to take an oblique po- sition, facing to its then rear, and at which points its third, fourth, or any other napied battalion, is to be placed. The justness of the movement depends on the points in the new direction being taken up quickly, and with precision : on the previous determination that a certain battalion, or division of a batta lion, shall pass, or halt at the point of in tersection ; and that every part of the column which is behind that battalion shall throw itself into open column on in the change of position of a second line, and is performed by all those that are behind the division, which is to stop at the point where the old and new lines intersect. And at all times when the open column changes into a direction on which it is to form, and that the divi- sion which is to be placed at the point of entry can be determined, it much facili- tates the operation to make every thing behind that division gain, the new line as quick as possible, without waiting till the head of the column halts. Movement of troops in general. With regard to the geometrical precision re- quired in the movements of troops, on which so much stress has been laid by some confined writers, we submit the following extract of a letter which was written by Baron de Besenval, in the year 1786, in a communication to the Marechal de Segur, the French minister at war. " I have heard you say, that it ap- peared absolutely necessary to insist upon the greatest degree of precision in time of peace, in order to secure some portion of it in time of war. I cannot he of your opinion on this head. The effect of such a principle will be to tease and discourage the troops; and when, after a few campaigns, the loss of old soldiers replaced by raw recruits, has unavoidably made it necessary to relinquish the usual precision, and to manoeuvre without it, such a step will at first lessen them in their own opinion, which is a great evil; at last they will sink into a state of relaxation, and na- turally conclude, that they were ori- ginally tormented to no purpose. This impression must, of course, be highly injurious to the service; and in order to prevent its effects, it is well known, that the Great Frederick preferred the existence of an acknowledged evil, sooner than run the risk of a greater by innova- tion. When his brother, Prince Henry of Prussia, saw the gendarmerie manoeuvre before him, he only said: C'est tropf this is too much, or this is overdoing the thing." MOUFFETTES, Fr. foul air in mines. MOUFLE, Fr. several pullies which act together in raising burthens, or weights. The adjective moiiji't, ce, is the new line behind the point of inter- ? never used except in conjunction with section, ready to prolong, or to form the line whenever it comes to its turn. This movement will often take place Poulie, which see. Moufle also signifies the truckles for a pulley. MOU ( 556 ) M O U Moufle, Fr. a sort of stuffed glove. It is common among the French to say, It nefaut pas y uller sans moujles ; figu- ratively meaning, that no dangerous en- terprise ought to be undertaken without sufficient force to carry it into execution. MOUILLAGE, Fr. anchorage. MOUILLE, Fr. the lower floodgate of a sluice. MOUILLER, Fr. to anchor; to let go the anchor. MOULDS, vessels used in casting shot for guns, muskets, carbines, and pistols ; the first are of iron, used by the found- ers, and the others by the artillery in the field, and in garrison. Laboratory Moulds are made of wood, for tilling and driving all sorts of rockets, and cartridges, &c. Moulds of founders of large wo?-ks, such as statues, bells, guns, &c. are of wax, supported within side by what is called a core, and covered on the outside with a cap, or case. The liquid metal runs in the space which the wax occupied before it melted away, and ran off through a great num- ber of little canals, which cover the whole mould. Moulds of founders of tmti.ll works are frames filled with sand ; it is in these frames, which are likewise filled with sand, that their several works are fashioned, into which, when the two frames whereof the mould is composed are rejoined, the melted brass is run. MOULDINGS of a gun or mortar are all the eminent parts, as squares or rounds, which serve for ornaments : such ajs the breech-mouldings. The rings, &c. are also called mouldings. MOULE, Fr. See Mould. Moule de fusee vo/anfe, Fr. apiece of round wood used in (ire-works. MOULIN, Fr. a mill. Moulin d. bras portutif Fr. a species of hand-mill, which was invented in France by Le Sieur de Lavault, and which has been found extremely useful to troops on service. Ten of these mills may be conveniently placed on one wagon. MOULINET, Fr. a capstan, turn- stile, &c. Mouhnet a bras, Fr. a rack for a cross-bow. MOUND, in old military books, is a term used for a bank or rampart, or other defence, particularly that which is Hjade of earth. To MOUNT is a word variously made use of in military matters, as, To Mount cannon, to place any piece of ordnance on its frame, for the more easy carriage and management of it in firing. Hence to dismount is to take cannon from any serviceable positron. To Mount a breach, to run up in a quick and determined manner to any breach made in a wall, &c. To Mount guard, to do duty in a town or garrison, in a camp, or at out quarters. To Mount, to place on horseback, to furnish with horses; as, twelve thousand men have been well mounted, without any considerable expense to the country. A cavalry regiment may be said to be well or ill mounted ; in either of which cases, the commanding officer is gene- rally blameable or praise-worthy. To mount likewise signifies the act of getting on horseback, according to pre- scribed military rules ; as, to prepare to mount, is when the left hand files move their horses forward in the manner de- scribed under Unlink your horses. The whole then put their firelocks into the buckets, and buckle them on, doubling the strap twice round the barrel, come to the front of the horses, fasten the links, throw them over the horses' heads with the left hand round the horses' heads, take their swords, and buckle them tight into the belt, take the bit reins up, then take a lock of the mane, and put it into the left hand, the left foot into the stirrup, and the right hand on the cantle of the saddle, waiting for the word Mount: when they spring smartly up, and look to the right of the rear. At the next signal, they must throw the leg well over the cloak, and place themselves well in the saddle, with the right hand leaning on the off holster. The men must be careful not to check the horses with the bits in mounting. In mounting and dismounting, the files that move forward must take care to keep their horses straight, and at the prescribed distances from each other ; and when mounting, as soon as the gloves are on, belts right, &c. the left files must dress well to the right, putting the horses straight, and leaving distance enough for the right files to come in. To Mount a gun is either to put the gun into its carriage, or else, when in the carriage, to raise the mouth higher. MOUNTAINS, called Great 'and MOU ( 527 ) MOU Little St. Bernard, a part of the Alps, situated in the Glacieres of Switzerland, which has been rendered famous in modern history by the passage of the French army under Bonaparte, then First Consul. The Simplon, of which there exists a medal, as of the former, is also remarkable in the same way. MOVNTED-money. See Money. MOUNTEE, an alarm to mount, or go upon some warlike expedition. Half or small MOUNTINGS, the shirt, sjaoes, stock and hose, or stock- ings, which were formerly furnished by the colonels or commandants of corps every 7 year. This mode of distribution which engendered a multiplicity of abuses, has been abolished by his Royal Highness the Duke of York : in lieu of which a regulation has taken place, that (if honestly attended to) must be highly beneficial to the soldier. MOUNTING and Dismounting, when the horses are to be led away. It frequently happens, especially in re- treating or advancing, that it may be necessary to cover the defiling of a re- giment by dismounting a squadron or part of one, to flank the mo'uth of a defile. — This is generally effected by lining the hedges, &c. and keeping up a hot fire upon the enemy. It follows, of course, that the horses cannot be linked together, but they must be led away (in a retreat) to the most conve- nient spot in the defile for the men to mount again. In advancing they must be led to a spot where they will not impede the defiling of the regiment, but where they will be at hand for the dis- mounted parties to mount. Guard MOUNTING, (a la garde montante, Fr.) the hour at which any guard is mounted obtains this appella- tion, viz. The officers will assemble at guard mounting. MOUKGON, Fr. a man belonging to the gallies, who plunges into the sea Cfo'e/MouRNER. The chief mourner comes last : every thing in military fu- nerals being reversed. MOURNING is expressed among military men, in the British service, by a piece of black crape round the arm, and handle of the sword ; and in some instances by a cockade of the same. See Deuil, Fr. Mourning of the chine, (in horses) a disease which causes ulcers in the liver. iMOURRAILLES, Fr. barnacles for a horse's nose. MOURRE, Fr. the muzzle or chuff of beasts. MOUSER, an ironical term, which is sometimes used in the British militia to distinguish battalion men from the flank companies. It is indeed generally applied to them by the grenadiers and light bobs, meaning, that while the lat- ter are detached, the former remain in quarters, like cats, to watch the mice, &c. In the line, and among the guards, they are called buffers. MOUSQUET, Fr. musket. This word, which signifies an old weapon of offence that was formerly fired by means of a lighted match, has been variously used among the French, viz. gros mousquet, a heavy musket; un petit mousquet, a. short musket; un mousquet I'tger, a light musket. Muskets were first used by the French in the 15th century, Mousquet a fourchette, Fr. a mus- ket with a rest attached to it. Coup de Mousquet, Fr. See Coup d'urme a feu. Recevoir un coup de Mousquet, Fr. to receive a musket shot. Porter le Mousquet dans une com- pagnic d'infanterie, Fr. to stand in the ranks as a foot soldier. Mousquet Biscayen, Fr. a long heavy musket which is used in fortified places to annoy reconnoitring parties. MOUSQUETADE, Fr. a musketshot. This term is generally used to express a to pick up any thing that may have fallen] smart discharge of musketry : on a en- overboard MOURIR, Fr. to die. Mourir dHune belle ep'ce, a French phrase, which signifies to fall under the hands of an enemy of great skill and reputation. MOURNE, (mourne, Fr.) the round end of a staff; the part of a lance to which the steel is fixed, or where it is taken off. MOURNER, a person attending the funeral or interment of a fellovf creature. tendu une vive Mousquetade : they have heard a brisk discharge of mus- ketry. Essuyer une Mousquetade, Fr. to stand, or support a discharge of mus- ketry. MOUSQUETAIRES, Fr. Mus- keteers, under the old government, ori- ginally raised by Louis XIII. in 1622, out of the Carabineers. This corps con- sisted of two companies selected from the young men of noble extraction, each M O U ( si* ) M O U of 844 officers and privates. The first company's uniform was a scarlet coat, heed with the same, ami a scarlet waist- coat, gold buttons and button-holes, the coat edged with goH ; a hat laced with gold, with a white leather in it. The second company's was the same, with the exception of silver in the place of gold. The cloaks and great routs were blue, laced with silver, with white crosses sewed before and behind, and red streaks running into the corners, or ren- trant angles; — the streaks in the second company were yellow. The horsesof the first company, or Mousquetaires grig, were white or dapple-grey ; of tire second, or Mousquetaires noirs, black. The arms were, instead of the musket, a carbine, two pistols in the saddle-bow, and a sword, calculated for infantry and ca- valry duty. — The standard of the first company was a bomb falling upon a be- sieged town, with the motto, Quo ruit ad lethum : that of the second company was a bunch of arrows, with these words underneath, Alterius Jovis altera tela. The Mousquetaires never served on horse- back except when the king travelled. Several princes and almost all the general officers and marshals of France were in- debted to this establishment for the first elements of military science. The corps was indeed considered as a military school tor the French nobility. The English Roman catholic noblemen who wished to enter the Mousquetaires were obliged to prove certain degrees of nobi- lity before they were admitted : this was not the case in the Irish brigade. MOUSQUETON, Fr. a fire-arm lighter and shorter than the common firelock ; usually carried by dragoons. TheFrench guards, during the monarchy, had their mousquetons highly polished and ornamented with gold, &c. MOUSQUETERIE, Fr. musketry. Feu de Mousqueterie, Fr. musket- firing. MOUSSE, Fr. moss. This is used in flood-gates to prevent the water from oozing through. MOUSTACHE, Fr. This word was originally derived from the Greek, adopt- ed by the Italians, subsequently by the French, and then used by us It lite- rally means the hair which is allowed to grow upon the upper lip of a man ; and which is better known Smongst us by the familiar term whiskers. The French use it in a figuratire sense, viz. En/ever sur la moustache ; jusque sur la moustache dc quelqu'un, Fr. to seize or take possession of any tiling under the very nose, or in the presence of a person. Les ehnemis sont venus pour defendre cette place, on la leur a enlevie sur la moustache, the enemy drew near to defend the town, but it was taken under their very noses. MOUTH, (in geography) a placewhere a river disembogues or empties itself into the sea. Mouth of a cannon, (bouche d'un canon, Fr.) See Cannon; also touches a feu. Mouth of a river, (embouchure, Fr.) Mouth of a haven, (entree, Fr.) the entrance into a harbour. A fine Mouth, (in horsemanship.) A horse is said to have a fine vwuth that stops if the horseman does but bend his body backwards, and raise his hand without waiting for the check of the bridle : Such a mouth, according to Bailey, is also called sensible, light, and loyal. A fixed Mouth, } is when a horse A certain Mouth, S does not hack, or beat upon the hand. A false Mouth is when, though the parts of a horse's mouth look well, and are well formed, it is not at all sensible. A Mouth of a full appui, i. e. a mouth of a full rest upon the hand, is the mouth of a horse that has not the tender nice sense of some fine mouths ; but nevertheless lias a fixed and certain rest, suffers a hand that is a little hard, without hacking or beating upon the hand. Mouth qf fire. The entrance into the garrison of Gibraltar, by the grand battery and the old mole, is so called by the Spaniards, on account of the formi- dable appearance of the ordnance from the lines. MOUTHED. This word in horse- manship is applied in two senses, viz. Hard-MovrHtD. See Hard in Hand. iSo/if-MouTHED. See Easy in Hand. F'o«/-Mouthed. See Langue, Fr. MOUTON, Fr. a rammer used to drive large piles into the earth, &c. It is also called hie. Mouton, Fr. This term is used among the French to signify a person who is placed with another confined under suspicious circumstances, for the purpose of discovering his reul senti- ments MOY ( 529 ) M U F MOUTONNERIE, Fr. the act of watching or decoying another. This art is practised in France to great per- fection, particularly by persons attached to the police. It is aukwardly imitated in England, for it is seldom in the cha- racter of an Englishman to descend to treachery. MOUTONNIER, Fr. sheep-like ; gregarious. The notorious Marat used to say, during the effervescence of. the French revolution, Tout peuple. est mou- tonnier, the nation or people at large are always gregarious, and ready to fol- low a leader. Nation MOUTONNIERE, Fr. a na- tion which suffers itself to be gulled and led like sheep by designing men. Sable MOU V ANT, Fr. quicksand. MOUVhMENS de tete, Fr. motions of the head. For the English explana- tion of these motions, see Eyes. The French express them in the following manner : Tete a droite, eyes right. — Tete a gauche, eyes left. — Fixe! eyes front. Mouvemens, Fr. movements, com- motions, broils. Mouvemens des troupes sous les armes, Fr. By these are understood the dif- ferent changes of position, and the va- rious facings which soldiers go through under arms. Mouvemens de pied ferme, Fr. that exercise, consisting of the manual and facings, which a soldier performs, with- out quitting his original ground. The left foot on this occasion becomes a standing pivot. Mouvemens ouverts, Fr. movements, or evolutions, which are made at open order. Mouvemens serres,Yv. movements, or evolutions, which are made at close order. Mouvemens opposes, Fr. opposite movements, or evolutions. MOUVEMENT, Fr. See Move- ment. Mouvement, Fr. See motion for its general acceptation. MOYE, Fr. a crack in free-stone, &c. MOYLN, Fr. means ; power ; help. Moyen, Fr. the bastions which are constructed on the angles are called Royal Bastions Some engineers have distinguished those bastions by the name of Moyens Royaux, or medium royals, whose flanks contain from ninety to one hundred toises. MOYEN EAU, (in fortification,) a lit- tle flat bastion raised upon a re-entering angle before a courtin, which is too long, between two other bastions. MOYENNE, Fr. a piece of ordnance formerly so called. See Minion. Moyenne ville, Fr. a term given by the French to any town in which the garrison is equal to a third of the inha- bitants, and which is not deemed suffi- ciently important to bear the expense of a citadel; more especially so, be- cause it is not in the power of the inha- bitants to form seditious meeting'; with- out the knowledge of the soldiers who are quartered on them. MOYENS cotes, Fr. in fortification, are those sides which contain from, eighty to one hundred and eighty toises in ex- tent: these are always fortified with bastions on their angles. The moyens cotes are generally found along the ex- tent of irregular places; and each one of these is individually subdivided into small, mean, and great sides. Moyens sourds, Fr. underhand me- thods. MOYER, Fr. to saw free-stones. MOYEU, Fr. the stock of a wheel ; the nave. MOYLE, a mule. MUD-WALLS. The ancient fortifi- cations consisted chiefly of mud or clay, thrown up in any convenient form for defence against sudden inroads. MUET, Fr. See Mute. MUFFETEERS, a name given to such regiments of dragoons as have been or- dered to wear furred caps, particularly the 7th and 15th light dragoons. The name is so far appropriate, because the caps of these corps resemble the common muffs worn by the females in Great Britain, and by the effeminate males upon the continent. To MUFFLE, to wrap any thing up so as to deaden the sound, which might otherwise issue from the contact of two hard substances. When the French ef- fected their passage over the march Al- baredo, on their route to the plain of Marengo, they were so much exposed to the Austrians, that in order to get their artillery and ammunition over, without bein^ betrayed by the noise of the carriage wheels, and the clattering of the horses' shoes, both were muffled with bands of hay and straw, and dung was spread over the ground. In this manner they crossed that stupendous rock. Thirty men were put to the drag 3Y M U L ( ) M U N I -> of each piece, and as many were so much so, that on the dangerous symp- employed to draw up the caissons. toma of insurrection, which appeared MUl'FLED. Drums are muffled at I among the blacks after the success of military funerals or burials, and at mili- Toussaint in St. Domingo, a proposal tary executions, particularly when a sol- was made to government hy a rich plan- dier is shot for some capital crime, ter, to raise a mulatto corps, as an in- Mufiled spurs, spurs whose points termediate check upon the blacks — are blunted or covered. We say, figu- After six months suspense, the memorial ratively, to ride a free horse, or a gene- was rejected by the war minister, Henry ions person, with muffled. spurs, that is, iDuodas, afterwards Viscount Melville. not to push either beyond his strength or means. MUFLE, Fr. (in architecture) apiece of ornamental sculpture, which repre- Buta corps of men of colour was after- wards raised and sent to Ceylon, on very different principles. MULCT. A soldier is said to l>e sents the head of some animal, as that j mulct of his pay when put under fine or of a lion, &c. and serves as a water spout to a ledge or wave. MUFTI, (moufli, Fr.) the high priest of the Mahometans. MUGIIt, fr. to roar ; to make a stoppages for necessaries, or to make good some dilapidations committed hy him on the property of the people or government. MULE, (mulct, Fr.) an animal tie- great noise. Les soldats ne font que j aerated between a he-ass and a mare, mugtr dans les champs. The soldiers or between a she-ass and a horse; a do nothing but roar and bellow in the I sure-footed beast that is very serviceable fields in mountainous countries, and much MUGS, a banditti of plunderers from used in Spain; but like many useful an Indian nation MUGUETER une ville, Fr. to en- inen and women, extremely obstinate. MULETEER, (nmletier, Fr.) a mule deavour by all possible means and Btra- driver. A corps of these was attempted tagetus to surprize a fortified town or place. MUJD, Fr. a hogshead. Muid de bli, Fr. comb and a bushel of corn. to be raised, or rather got together, during the Spanish insurrection in 1808. MULIN, Fr. a narrow heel, and high coffin; such as all mules have. MULON de join, Fr. a hay-rick; MULAGIS, Turkish cavalry, consist- 1 hay-stack ; or great hay-cock. ing of a small number of chosen men, who are personally attached to the Bcg- lerbeg, or viceroy, in Turkey. The beg- lerbeg is head or chief of a militia, which is called after him, and is commanded by subordinate beglers. There are 24 MULTANGULAR is said of a figure, or body, which has many angles. MULTILATERAL, having many sides. MULTINOMIAL quantities, (multi- nonie, Fr.) (in algebra) are quantities beglers, or viceroys, under the Grand | composed of several names or mommies, Signor, who are extremely rich. joigned by the signs 4- or — ; thus m + n MULATTO, (mu/dlre,Yr.) in the In-' — n+p, and b — a — c + d—f, are mul- dies, denotes one begotten by a negro man on an Indian woman, or by an Indian man on a negro-woman. Those begotten of a Spanish woman and Indian man are called metis, and those begotten of a savage by a metis, are called jamlns. They also differ very much in colour, and in their hair. Generally speaking, especially in Europe, and in the West Indies, a mu- latto is one begotten by a white man ou a negro woman, fir by u negro man on a white woman. The word is Spanish, mulata. and formed of mula, a mule, be- ing begotten, as it were, of two different species. . Mulattoes abound in the West Indies; tinomials. MULTIPLE, one number containing another several times; as 9 is the mul- tiple of 3, 16 that of 4, and so on. MUNDICK, a kind of marcasite, or semi-metal, found in tin mines. MUNI, Fr. in possession of; as etant muni de scs passeports, being in posses- sion of his passports. MUMMELL, a strong hold, fortifi- cation, &c. MUNTONS, (in architecture) the short upright posts or bars which divide the several lights in a window-frame. MUNIR une place, Fr. to throw stores, ammunition, and provisions, into a place which is likely to be besieged. M U N ( 531 ) M U S MUNITION, an old word signifying a fortification or bulwark. MuMTio!f-$4i/)s, vessels employed to carry ammunition, to attend upon a fleet or" ships of war. MUNITION, Fr. This word is used among the French to express not only victuals and provisions, but also military stores and ammunition. Munitions de bouche, Fr. \ictuals or provision:-, (such as bread, salt, meat, vegetables, butter, wine, beer, brandy, &c. which may be procured for soldiers) are so called by the French. Corn, oats, hay, straw, and green forage, for cavalry, bear the same appellation. See Subsistence. Munitions de guerre, Fr. military stores, such as gunpowder, shot, balls, bullets, matches, 6ic. See Stores. M UN ITION N AIRE ou entrepreneur des vivres, Fr. military purveyor, or commissary of stores. Amaury Bour- guignon, from Niort, a town of Poitou, was the first Munitionnaire, and entre- preneur general, or purveyor-general, among the French. He was appointed in the reign of Henry III. in 1574. See Purveyor. Munitionnaire pour la marine, Fr. the head of the victualling office was so called among the French. There was a person ou board everv ship of war, called commis or clerk, who acted under his orders. The appointment of the latter was somewhat similar to that of a purser in the British navy. MUNSUB, hid. a title which gives the person invested with it, a right to have the command of seven thousand horse, with the permission of bearing amongst his ensigns that, of a Fish ; neither of which distinctions is ever granted, excepting to persons of the first note in the empire. MUNUS, a gift ; an offering. It was customary among the Romans, when a military funeral took place, for the friends of the deceased to throw his clothes and arms into the pile the instant the body was consigned to the flames ; this was looked upon as the last offering to his memory. Sometimes they threw gold and silver with the arms and ac- coutrements. When the remains of Julius Caesar were burned, all the sol- diers who attended threw their helmets, &c. into the burning pile. We, in some degree, follow this custom, by placing upon the pall the hat or cap, side-arms, &c. of the deceased ; but we are too wise to destroy the articles, although not sufficiently prudent (especially in populous towns) to burn the body. MUR, Fr. a wall. For its various significations, see Belidor. MURAGE, money appropriated to the repair of military works was an- ciently so called. MURAILLE, Fr. a wall ; a close and compact continuity of brick or stone. The charge en muraille, was always practised by the old king of Prussia. Major-general Warnery not only objects to a phalanx, except it be formed by battalions in circle upon Puysegur's prin- ciple, but also differs with Frederick, because he conceives that cavalry in phalanx without any interval, loses all the principles of velocity. Muraille de revetement, Fr. the wall which surrounds a fortified place is so called. Charger en Muraille, Fr. to charge or attack an enemy, in a firm, compact, and steady line. This is generally done on the wings of infantry, or by close squadrons of cavalry. Muraille de la C/tine,Tr. See Wall. MURAL-croz»7i, (couronne murale, Fr.) See Crown. MURATORES, individuals, among the Romans, who were employed during the games that were performed in the Circus. It was their business to see that the chariots started at given times, that they preserved their order or ranks, and kept their allotted distances. MURDRESSES, in ancient fortifica- tion, a sort of battlement with inter- stices, raised on the tops of towers to fire through. Vi/le MUREE, Fr. a walled town. MURRION. See Morion. MURTHERERS, or murthering pieces, small pieces of ordnance, having chambers, and made to load at the breech. They are mostly used at sea, in order to clear the decks when an enemy has boarded a vessel. MUSCULUS. Kennett, in his Ro- man Antiquities, page 237, says, " the Musculus is conceived to have been much of the same nature as the Testu- do ; but it seems to have been of a smaller size, and composed of stronger materials, being exposed a much longer time to the force of the enemy ; for in these Musculi, the pioneers were sent to the very walls, where they were t* 3 Y2 MUS ( 532 ) MUS continue, while with their dolabra? or pick-axes, and other instruments, they endeavoured to undermine the founda- tions. Caesar has described the Mus- cu/us at large in his second book of the civil wars. MUSELIERE, Fr. a barnacle for an utiruly horse's nose. MUSEUM, a study or library ; also a college or public place for the resort of learned men. The Museum in Paris, together with the adjacent gallery of pictures, is open to all the inhabitants of the town, or strangers that may be in it. The Museum in London is not so. The Museum, a magnificent building in the city of Oxford, founded by Elias Ashmole, Esq. MUSIC, a general term for the mu- sicians of a regimental band. MUSICIANS. It has been often asked, why the dress of musicians, drum- mers, and fifers, should be of so varied and motley a composition, making them appear more like harlequins and moun- tebanks, than military appendages ? — The following anecdote will explain the reason, as far at least as it regards the British service: — the musicians belong- ing to the guards formerly wore plain blue coats, so that the instant they came oft' duty, and frequently in the intervals between, they visited alehouses, &c. without changing their uniform, and thus added considerably to its wear and tear. It will be here remarked, that the clothing of the musicians falls wholly upon the colonels of regiments; no al- lowance being specifically made for that article by the public. It is probable, that some general ollicer undertook to prevent this abuse, by obtaining permis- sion from the king to clothe the musi- cians, &c. in so fantastical a maimer, that they would be ashamed to exhibit themselves at public-houses, &c. Phrygian Music. See Mood. Modes of Music. See Mood. La MUSIQUE, Fr. the regimental band. Directeur de la Musique, Fr. the leader of the band. MUSKET, ) the most serviceable MUSQUET, S and commodious fire- arm used by an army. It carries a ball of 09 t.,) 2 pounds. Its length is 3 feet 6 inches from the muzzle to the pan. The Spaniards were the tirst who armed part of their foot with muskets. At first they were made very heavy, and could not be fired without a rest : they had matchlocks, and did execution at a great distance. These kinds of mus- kets and rests were used in England so late as the beginning of the civil wars. Muskets were first used at the siege of Rhege, in the year 1521. Musket baskets. These are about a foot, or a foot and an half high, eight or ten inches diameter at bottom, and a foot at the top; so that, being filled with earth, there is room to lay a musket be- tween them at bottom, being set on low breast-works, or parapets, or upon such as are beaten down. Musket-sAo£, (coup de vwusquet, Fr.) MvsKEi-jiroiif', (qui est aTipreuxe du mousquet, Fr.) that which resists the force of a musket ball. MUSKETEERS, soldiers armed with muskets ; who, on a march, carried only their rests and ammunition, and had boys to bear their muskets after them.— They were very slow in loading, not only by reason of the unwieldiness of the pieces, and because they carried the pow- der and ball separate, but from the time required to prepare and adjust the match; so that their fire was not so brisk as ours is now. Afterwards a lighter kind of matchlock musket came in use ; and they carried their ammunition in ban- deliers, to which were hung several lit- tle cases of wood, covered with leather, each containing a charge of powder ; the balls they carried loose in a pouch, and a priming horn, hanging by their side. These arms were, about the be- ginning of the last century, universally laid aside in Europe, and the troops were armed with firelocks. MUSKETOONS, short thick muskets, whose bore is the 'o'olb part of their length : they carry five ounces of iron, or 7| of lead, with an equal quantity of powder. The term musketoon is also applied to a fire-arm resembling a horse pistol, of a very wide bore, and sometimes bell-mouthed. MUSOIR, Fr. the foremost or salient part of a sluice or dam. MUSROL, (muserole, Fr.) the nose- band of a horse's bridle. MUSSUCK, hid. a skin in which water is carried. MUSSULMAN, from the Arabic, signifying faithful in religion. A title which the Mahometans take to them- selves. MUSTACHES, whiskers, worn by the M U T ( 533 ) MUZ Germans, Russians, and other foreign troops; also by some regiments of light dragoons in the British service. MUSTER, from the Italian mostrare, or French montrer, to shew, to put forth, to display. In a military sense, a review of troops under arms, to see if they be complete, and in good order; to take an account of their numbers, the condition they are in, viewing their arms and accoutrements, &c. At a muster, every man must be properly clothed and ac- coutred, &c. and answer to his name. The French call it appel nominatif. To pass Muster, to be borne upon the establishment of a regiment, &c. We also say, figuratively, such a thing will not pass master, or will not be al- lowed. M uster - Master- General, Commis- sary General of the Musters, one who takes account of everv regiment, their number, horses, arms, &c. reviews them, sees that the horses are well mounted, and all the men well armed and ac- coutred, &c. MUSTER-ROLL, ( etat nominatif, Fr.) a specific list of the officers and men in every regiment, troop or company, which is delivered to the inspecting field officer, muster master, regimental or district paymaster, (as the case may be,) whereby they are paid, and their condi- tion is known. The names of the officers are inscribed according to their rank, those of the men in alphabetical suc- cession. Adjutants of regiments make out the muster-rolls, and when the list is called over every individual must an- swer to his name. Every muster-roll must be signed by the colonel, or com- manding officer, the paymaster and ad- jutant of each regiment, troop, or com- pany : it must likewise be sworn to by the muster-master or paymaster, (as the case may be,) before a justice of the peace previous to its being transmitted to government. MUSTI, one born of a mulatto father or mother, and a white father or mother. MUTA, Lat. Mews, Eng. Mue, Fr. an enclosure for birds; whence the royal stables at Charing Cross took that name, having been anciently full of Mews, where the King's hawks were kept. MUTILATED, in a military sense, signifies wounded in such a manner as to lose the use of a limb. A battalion is said to be mutilated, when its divi- sions, &c. stand unequal. MUTINE, or MUTINEER, a sol- dier guilty of mutiny. Se MUTINER, Fr. to mutiny; a term which is particularly applicable to soldiers who cabal together to the ul- timate subversion of good order and discipline. It is wisely observed by the French writer of this article, that how- ever just the ground of discontent may be, no time must be lost in instantly quelling the first symptoms of disobe- dience. The leaders, or primary in- stigators, must be summarily proceeded against, and not allowed to mix with their fellow soldiers until the cause has been thoroughly examined, and effectual measures have been adopted to obviate any mischievous consequence. In order to prevent soldiers from mutinying, their commanding and subordinate officers must, under all circumstances, be scru- pulously correct towards them ; and if the condition of things should be such, as to render it impossible to grant re- dress in the first instance, solemn pro- mises must be made, and those promises religiously attended to. It ought al- ways to be remembered, that the dread- ful example of a barrack or garrison being jn a state of mutiny, may be ex- tended to all the inhabitants of the town and adjacent villages. On this account no troops should be placed in barracks, or stationed in citadels, without the strictest attention having previously been given to the character of each in- dividual officer belonging to them : the latter must be resolutely just, without unnecessary harshness or severity. MUTINERIE, Fr. mutiny ; the act of mutinying. To MUTINY, in a military sense, to rise against authority. MunNY-y/c<, an act which passes every year in the House of Commons, to answer some specific military pur- poses; and by which the army is conti- nued on a peace or war establishment. For amendments in the Mutiny Act, passed in the 45 Geo. 3, see Regimental Companion. MUTOX, a spear or fish-gig used by the natives of new Holland. See Grant's Voyage. MUTULES, Fr. brackets, corbells, or shouldering pieces, or more properly compartments (in building): also a kind of square modilions in the Doric cornice. MUZZLE of a beast, (museau, mufle, Fr.) NAB ( 531 ) NAB Mvy7.lt. of a gun or mortar, (bouche d'ttn (iinon, ou d'un tnorticr, Fr.) the extremity at which the powder and ball are put in. Mrzzj.r. mouldings, the ornaments round the muzzle. MUZZLE-RING of a gun, that which encompasses and strengthens the muzzle or mouth of a cannon. MYRIAD denotes the number ten thousand. MYRIARCII, the captain or com- mander or' ten thousand men. MYRMIDONS, in antiquity, a peo- ple of Thessaly, of whom it is said in fabulous history, that they arose from pismires, upon a prayer put up to Jupiter, by iEacus, after his kingdom had been depopulated by a pestilence. In Homer, and in Virgil, the Myrmidons are Achilles's soldiers. When Achilles pretended to dictate to others, he was bid by Agamemnon to go and tyrannise over his own immediate dependants, his Myrmidons, and hence the word became a sort of reproach, and meant a slave under the absolute command of any tyrant. . MYRMILLONES, a sort of com- batants among the Romans, who had on the top of their casque or helmet, the representation of a rish ; and in their engagements with the Retiarii, if they were caught and wrapped in the net, it was not possible for them to escape. MYRTLE Bay, (in Corsica,) so called from the Italian Mortellu, a myrtle; whence Mortella towers; for a descrip- tion of which, see Mortella. MYSORE, an extensive country in the East indies, which borders on the Carnatic to the S. W. bounded on the east l>y the south part of the Carnatic, and the kingdom of Tritchinopoly. It extends west within thirty miles of the sea coast of Malabar. Seringapatam is the capital. MYSTIFICATION, Fr. the act of abusing the credulity of another with a view to render him ridiculous. MYSTTFIER, Fr. to trick, cajole or mislead, by specious words or actions. N. TVTABOB, Ind. a corruption from Na- ■*-' waub, the plural of Naib. Th< title means Deputed, but it is often as- sumed in India without a right to it. As the real signification and import of this word are not generally known, we shall extract a passage out of Mr.OnneV History of the Carnatic, that will place them in the clearest point of view: " Most of the countries which have been conquered by the Great Mogul in the Peninsula of India, are comprized under one vicerojalty called from its situation Decan, or South. From the word Soubah, signifying a province, the viceroy of this vast territory is called Souhadar, and by the Europeans impro- perly Soubah. Of the countries under his jurisdiction, some are entirely sub- jected to the throne of Delhi, and go- verned by Mahomedans, whom Euro- peans improperly call Moors; whilst others remain under the government ot their original Indian princes or ra- jahs, and are suffered to follow their ancient modes, on condition of paying tribute to the Great Mogul. The Moorish governors depending on the Soubah, assume, when treating with their inferiors, the title of Nabob, which (as we have already observed) signifies deputy: but this in the registers of the throne (of Delhi) is synonimous to Sou- hadar, and the greatest part of those who style themselves nabobs are ranked at Delhi under the title of Phous-dar, which is much inferior to that which they assume. The Europeans esta- blished in the territories of these pseudo-nabobs (if we may be allowed the expression) following the example of the natives with whom they have most intercourse, have agreed in giving them the title they so much affect. " A nabob ought to hold his commis- sion from Delhi ; and if at his death a successor has not been previously ap- pointed by the Great Mogul, the Sou- bah has the right of naming a person to administer the nabobship until the will of the sovereign is known ; but a nabob thus appointed by a Soubah is not N A S ( 535 ) NAG deemed authentically established until he is confirmed from Delhi. The Sou- bah receives t'rom the several nabobs the annual revenues of the crown, and remits tliem to the treasury of the em- pire. The nabobs are obliged to ac- company him in all military expeditions within the extent of his vieeroyalty, but not in any without that extent. These regulations were intended to place them in such a state of depend- ance on the Soubah, as should render them subservient to the interests of the empire, and at the same lime leave them in a state of independence, which would render it difficult for the Soubah to make use of their assistance to brave the throne. " Nabobs, however, have kept posses- sion of their governments in opposition both to the Soubah and the throne; and what is more extraordinary in the offices of a despotic state, both Soubahs and Nabobs have named their successors, who have often succeeded with as little opposition as if they had been the heirs apparent of an hereditary dominion." History of the Carnalic, Book I. p. 35, 36, 37. NABOBSHIP, the office of nabob. The Carnatic is one of the most con- siderable nabobships dependant on the Soubah of Decan. From its capital it is likewise named the province of Arcot; but its present limits are greatly infe- rior to those which bounded the ancient Carnatic bpfore it was conquered by the Great Mogul ; for we do not find, that the nabobs of Arcot have ever expended their authority beyond the river Gondegama to the north, the great chain of mountains to the west, and the borders of the kingdoms of Tritchi- nopoly, Tanjore, and Mysore, to the south. The sea bounds it to the east. For further particulars respecting nabobs, see pages 27 and 28 in the Disser- tation prefixed to the History of the Carnatic. NaCCAIRE, a kind of kettle drum, which was introduced from the east bv the crusaders. It is mentioned by Join- ville in the life of St. Louis, as having been used by the Saracens. NACELLE, Fr. a small boat that has neither mast nor sail. It called a ferry boat. NASCELLES, Fr. (in architecture) round rings in the juttings of pillars; is properly all the semi-oval members in profiles are so called. NADIR, in astronomy, is that point in the heavens which is directly under our feet, and is diametrically opposite to the zenith, or point over our heads. The word is pure Arabic, signifying the same thing. The zenith and the nadir are the two poles of the horizon, each 90° distant from it, and consequently each in the meridian. NAGARA, Ind. the drum made from a hollow cylinder of teek wood, and the ends covered with goatskin; it is suspended from the left shoulder to the right side, and beat with a stick made of teek wood. NAGER, Fr. to swim. Se snuver a la Nage, Fr. To save oneself by swimming. J] Art de Nager, Fr. the art of swimming. As this important branch of military and naval education has been little attended to in our island, we think it our duty, under this general head, to give the following extract out. of a French publication, referring the reader to a very interesting article, under the word Swimming, with which we have been furnished by a corre- spondent, who, to our personal know- ledge, has practically proved the validity of his arguments. The Greeks and the Romans, al- though they held military discipline and evolutions on shore in higher estima- tion than naval tactics, nevertheless taught their children, in their infancy, to swim. This art constituted one of the principal exercises among the latter in the field of Mars, or Campus Martius. No person, in fact, was said to be educated, or fit for any situation, unless he could swim. It were to be wished ("continues our French author), that modern specula- tists in natural philosophy, instead of devoting the whole of their time and attention to the idle and fantastic idea of governing the regions of the air, would enter seriously into the study of this important and necessary art. I do not, however, wish to be understood to mean by this reflection, that indis- criminate and hazardous bathing should be adopted by our youths. I am well aware of the dangers of such a sugges- tion. My object is to induce the go- vernment of the country to make a N A I ( 536 ) N A M suitable establishment for the instruc-! a piece of artillery, to render it unser tion of young men, and to provide able adepts in the art for that purpose. Innumerable instances might be brought forward to prove the utility of this art. When the island of Re was besieged and blockaded by the English in 1G27, Thoiras, who was governor of the place, dispatched three swimmers to make the Duke of Angouleme acquainted with the critical situation in which he stood. The distance across was upwards of six miles, or two French leagues. One of the swimmers was taken by the English; the second was drowned on his return ; but the third reached the Duke, com- municated the object of his mission, and brought back his answer. When Cyzicum (the ancient Dindymis, for- merly a large and strong place) was closely besieged by Mithridates, Lu- cullus (the Roman general) sent instruc- tions to the inhabitants by a swimmer, who faithfully executed his mission. See To Swim. NAGEUR, Fr. a swimmer. Nageurs deVArm'ce, Fr. swimmers attached to an army. Compagnies de Nageurs, Fr. troops or companies consisting of swimmers. NAGGUR, Ind. the principal drum in Asiatic armies, commonly allowed to persons of high dignity. NAIB, Ind. a deputy. The governor of a town under a nawaub or nabob is so called in India. NAIC, or NA1CK, Ind. a subaltern officer in the Sepoys. Drill Naic, or Naick, Ind. a subal- tern officer belonging to the native in- fantry in India, answering to our drili corporal. Every battalion of native in- fantry has two drill havildars or Ser- jeants, and two drill naicks, called non- effective, attached to it. NAIL, (clou, Fr.) an iron pin. Nails of various sorts are used in artillery. See Carriage. To Nail, spike, or cloy cannon, (en- clouer le canon, Fr.) to drive an iron spike into the touch-hole, by which means the cannon is rendered unservice- able for the present. When circum- stances make it necessary to abandon cannon, or when the enemy's artillery are seized, and it is not however possi viceable. There are various contri- vances to force the nail out, as also sundry machines invented for that pur- pose, but they have never been found of general use; so that the best method is to drill a new vent, or touch hole. One Gasper Yimeicalus was the first who invented the nailing of cannon. He was a native of Bremen, and made use of his invention first in nailing up the artillery of Sigisniund Malatesta. Bc'lidor, in his Dictionnaire Portatif, observes, that there is another method by which cannon may be rendered use- less, which is by forcing in a ball of a larger caliber than that of the piece of ordnance. NAIRES, Ind. the military tribe of the Malabar coast. Many affirm that they are the oldest nobility in the world. Their pride, on this supposition, is greater than that of the Rajpoots. In 1755, the king of Travancore, with the assistance of a French officer, called Launoy, dis- ciplined 10,000 Naiies in the method of European infantry. . Pays de ma NA1SSANCE, Fr. my native country. De haute Naissance, Fr. of what is called high birth; as Plantagenet, &c. De basse Naissance, Fr. of what is called low birth. Naissance de voute, Fr. those stones that are laid in the curve of an arch, which have no immediate dependance upon the center, or key stone. Naissance d'enduits, Fr. certain borders which are made round in case- ments, and which are only distinguished from the common plaster-work, by plaster of Paris. NAKARCONNA, hid. the place where all the drums and war music are kept. NAKOUDA, captain or pilot so called in India. NAME, (nom, Fr.) the discrimina- tive appellation of a thing or person; also character, reputation, as a good, a bad name. Christen-SAMF., (nom de bapteme, Fr.) the name given to a child in bap- tism of which a register is taken, and kept in the parish church. Su/vName, (nom de famil/e, Fr.) the name of the family ; the name which an individual bears over and above the ble to take them away, it is proper to nail them up, in order to render them useless; which is done by driving a j Christen name. large nail or iron spike into the vent of j False Name. See Guerre NAT ( 537 ) NAT NANA, Ind. the title which is given to the king of the Morattoes. It more properly signifies the acting head of the government, and general of the forces. NAPE of the neck, (nuque, Fr.) the hinder part of the neck, so called from soft short hair growing there like the nap of cloth. Previous to the exe- cution of a criminal by the guillo- tine, the nape of the necl: was always cleared, as the blade first falls on that part. This was also done when a person fell under the axe, as was the case with Charles I. Nape, ) a wooden instrument or de- Neap, ji vice to bear up the fore-part of a laden wain, or wagon. NAPIER'S Bones, certain number- ing rods for performing speedily several arithmetical operations, as multiplication by addition, and division by subtraction, invented by the Lord Napier, (Nepier, or Neper,) baron of Merchiston, in Scot- land. The Chinese have an invention of a similar tendency, consisting of balls, whence is derived the term tangible arithmetic. NAPPE defcu, Fr. See Jets de Feu. Nappe dUeau, Fr. a sheet of water, or level surface of that element. Nappe juune, Fr. figuratively, a field of corn when quite ripe. NARROW, of small breadth. Narrow Front. A battalion, &c. is said to assume a narrow front, when it goes from line into column, upon the principles of compression. To go Narrow (with horsemen.) A horse is said to go narrow, when he does not take ground enough, or that does not bear fair enough to one hand or the other. The Narrow, a channel which runs between the Margate sands and the Main. NASR-JUNG, Ind. victorious, or triumphant, in war. NATATION, (natation, Fr.) See Swimming. NATION, a people; also a country. As the English nation, the French na- tion. It is more generally used in the first sense; as, The nation at large seemed disposed to resist every attempt that the French might make to imadc the country. NATIONAL, (national, Fr.) that which belongs to a whole nation; as national character, national honour, &c. National guard, a body of men who first armed themselves in Paris, when the Revolution began to gain an ascen- dancy over the old established govern- ment. National, preference given to some particular country. National spirit, (esprit national, Fr.) under this term may be compre- hended all that is meant by the amor patritE of the ancients. Indeed, we scarcely conceive it possible, that any man can be so far weaned from his na- tive country, even by persecution and ill-usage, as not to feel a secret pleasure whenever the national character is raised by some extraordinary feats of valour and good sense. National troops, (troupes nationalcs, Fr.) are those born in our own domi- nions, in contradistinction to foreigners. NATIVE, in general, denotes a per- son born in a certain place, hut it refers more particularly to the proper resi- dence of the parents, and where the person has his education. Native Cavalry, a body of troops so called in fndia, in contradistinction to the king's regiments. Native Infantry, a body of troops under the immediate direction of the Presidency of Bengal, composed of the natives of India. NATURAL Fortification consists in those natural obstacles which are found in some countries, and which impede or prevent the approach of an enemy. Thus a place, the avenues to which are easily closed, or which is surrounded by impassable rivers or marshes, is de- fended by natural fortification. Natural day, space of 24 hours. Natural vf 7 "* one entire revolution of the sun, comprehending the space of 365 days, and almost 6 hours. Lett res de NATURALITE, Fr. a grant of naturalization. NATURALIZATION, (naturalisa- tion, Fr.) in Great Britain, is the admis- sion of an alien to the privilege of a na- tural subject by an act of parliament, or consent of the three estates. To NATURALIZE, (naturaliser, Fr.) to admit into the number of natural subjects. Also to receive a foreign ex- pression, or word, into the original stock of a language, as has been the case with most of our military terms, parti- cularly in artillery and fortification, &c. from the French. NATURE, Fr. in kind. Donner un 3Z N A V ( 538 ) N A V officter ses allouances en nature : to give an officer his allowances in kind. Nature, a term used in the British artillery to express the different calibers of gun; as the nature of 12, or 24 pounders. The French say, generally, calibre. NAVAB, Ind, See Nabob. NAVAL, Fr. This word is used to convey the same meaning among the French that it does with us, viz. armie navale, naval armament; combat naval, sea fight, or naval combat ; forces no- vates, naval forces. It is remarked in the Diction naire de I'Academie Francnise, that naval, when used in the masculine gender, is not susceptible of the plural number. A Naval. According to Shakespeare, this term signifies the same as fleet, or navy. Naval armament, the fitting out a fleet, with all kinds of provisions and military stores, for actual service. Naval camp, in military antiquities, a fortification, consisting of a ditch and parapet on the land side, or a wall built in the form of a semi-circle, and ex- tended from one point of the sea to the other. This was beautified with gates, and sometimes defended with towers, through which they issued forth to at- tack their enemies. Towards the sea, or within it, they fixed great pales of wood, like those in their artificial har- bours; before these the vessels of bur- then were placed in such order, that they might serve instead of a wall, and give protection to those without; in which manner Nicias is reported by Thucy- dides to have encamped himself. When their fortifications were thought strong enough to defend them from the assaults of enemies, the ancients frequently dragged their ships on shore. Around these ships the soldiers disposed their tents, as appears every where in Homer : but this seems only to have been prac- tised in winter, when their enemy's fleet was laid up, and could not assault them; or in long sieges, and when they lay in no danger from their enemies by sea, as in the Trojan war, where the defenders of Troy never once attempted to encounter the Grecians in a sea fight. Naval crown, in Roman antiquities, a crown conferred, among the Romans, on persons who distinguished themselves in sea engagements. A. Gellius says, in general, the naval crown was adorned with prows of ships. Lipsiu9 distin- guishes two kinds; the first he supposes plain, and given to the common soldiers; the other rostrated, a«d only given to geierals, or admirals, who had gained some important victory at sea. Naval officers are admirals, captains, lieutenants, masters, boatswains, mid- shipmen, gunners, &c. Naval engagement implies in ge- neral, either a sea-fight between single ships, or whole fleets of men of war, or galiies, Ike. NAVE, in gun carriages, that part of a wheel in which the arms of the axle- tree move, and in which the spokes are driven and supported. See Wheel. NAVF.-hoops are flat iron rings to bind the nave: there are generally three on each nave. N.\\i.-boxes were formerly made of brass; but experience has shewn that those of cast iron cause less friction, and are much cheaper: there are two, one at each end, to diminish the friction of the axle-tree against the nave. N AVER, jf'V. a barge full; a ship load. NAVEL gall, a bruise on the back of a horse, or pinch of the saddle behind. NAVES plicatiles, pontoons, which were anciently used by the Romans, and which were made of skins and hoops that took to pieces. NAUFRAGE, Fr. shipwreck. NAVIGATION, the theory and art of conducting a ship by sea, from one port to another, or of disposing and in- fluencing her machinery, by the force of the wind, so as to begin, and continue her motion at sea. This art may be considered under three heads. The first is that of piloting, which shews how the vessel is to be steered. The second is that of working, which prescribes cer- tain fixed laws by which the motions of a ship may be managed in the most ad- vantageous way. The third is that of masting, which furnishes rules and me- thods bv which the bulk, or body, of the ship may be constantly kept in a just equilibrium. These three arts united, constitute what is called the art of navi- gation. The Phoenician*, from whom the Carthaginians descended, are sup- posed to be the inventors of navigation. In modern times the British navy bears the palm of superiority, as to general use (especially for warlike purposes); but the French claim the merit of con- struction. Their method of masting is N A U ( 539 ) NEC singularly correct. P. Fournier, P. Deschalles, and Messrs. Bouguer, (father and son,) are the best French writers on navigation. Mr. Clarke, of Edinburgh, is equally eminent in our country; he first sug- gested the breaking of the line, as a mode of attack ; which was so gloriously executed by Lord Nelson, &C. NAVIRE de guerre, Fr. a man of war. Navire marckand, Fr. a merchant- man. It is likewise called zaisseau marchand. - NAULAGE, NAULIS, Fr. passage money or freight given for goods or persons carried by sea, or passage over a river. NAULISER, Fr. to freight or hire a vessel. NAUMACHLE.sea fights, owe their origin to the time of the first Punic war, when the Romans initiated their men in the knowledge of sea affairs. After the improvement of many years, they were designed as well for the gratifying the sight as for increasing their naval experience and discipline; and therefore composed one of the solemn shows, by which the magistrates or emperors, or any affectors of popu- larity, so often made their court to the people. It will be observed from this passage out of Kennett's Roman Anti- quities, page 269, that the necessity which Rome was under of fighting Car- thage upon her own element, first gave rise to naval manoeuvres. But the over- grown empire of the former, and the subsequent corruption of her people, soon converted these powerful auxilia- ries to the legions, by whom she had conquered the universe, into instruments of pleasure and debauchery. Lampri- dius, in the life of the Emperor Helioga- balus, relates that, in a representation of a naval fight, he filled the channel, where the vessels were to ride, with wine instead of water : a story scarcely cre- dible, though we have the highest con- ceptions of that wretch's prodigious luxury and extravagance. The frequent threats which a powerful neighbour of these islands has put forth, and the similitude which she affects to draw be- tween herself and Great Britain, to Rome and Carthage, may probably lead to great naval exertions. But if Eng- land be only true to herself, the nau- machiae of France will have little effect upon the natural bulwarks of the country. The events of 1815 have fully proved the correctness of this sentence. NAVRER, IV. to wound, to distress another most sorely. Avoir le caur navri, to be broken-hearted. NAVRURE, Fr. a severe wound ; a gnawing pain. NAUTICAL planisphere, a descrip- tion of the terrestrial globe upon a plane, for the use of mariners : but more usually called chart. NAVY implies, in general, any fleet, or assembly of ships. It is, however, more particularly understood of the vessels of war that belong to a kingdom or state. The term is also used to denote a collective body of officers and seamen. They are called the royal navy. Navy-board, together with its civil and military departments, consists of a lord high admiral, or lords commissioners for executing this office ; one first lord commissioner, and six other lords com- missioners, with a number of inferior officers, and clerks. Surveyor of the Navy, an officer who inquires into the state of all stores, and sees that the king's ships are regularly supplied with them. Treasurer or Paymaster of i'Ae Navy, an officer who receives money out of the exchequer to pay all charges of the royal navy, by order from the principal officers of it. It is particularly directed, by statute, that all monies received on this head shall be lodged in the Bank of England, and be drawn out for the im- mediate and open purposes of the navy only. NAWAUB, Ind. See Nabob. NEABUT, Ind a deputyship, or lieu- tenancy : from naib, a deputy. NEAP,scanty, deficient; as neap tidet. See Neep. NECESSARIES, in a military sense, are such articles as are ordered to be given to every soldier in the British service, at regulated prices. NECK of LAND. This term is probably meant to signify what Bailey describes under Land-Cape, which he calls a narrow point of land, that runs farther into the sea than the rest of the continent. The French call it langue de terre, which, literally taken, is a tongue of land, or narrow slip that runs to the extremest point of a pro- montory or isthmus. The French also use langue de terre to express any slip 3Z2 NEE ( 540 ) N E L of ground which runs through a wirier space. Hence, une lungue de t.trre la- bourable qui traverse la prairie, an ara- ble tongue or slip of land, which runs through 1 1 ie meadow. Whereas gorge, which is the literal translation of neck, is only used among the French to ex- press a narrow space or hollow, as gorge de montagne. See also gorge, in Fortification. Neck of a gun, that part which lies between the muzzle mouldings and the cornish ring. Neck of the cascable, that part which lies between the breech mouldings and the cascable. NscK-line, an old term in fortifica- tion, signifying the gorge. NECK-/;iPCf, (gorgcrin,Yr.) what was formerly used to cover the breast of an officer or soldier. It is now represented by a gorget, which is purely ornamental. XFXK-slia/). See Strap. Neck and Heels, a disgraceful and inhuman punishment, which, like that of the wooden horse, was formerly used in the British seivice: it was thus per- formed. The criminal sat down on the ground, when a firelock was put under his hams, and another over his neck, which were forcihlv brought almost to- gether by means of a couple of cartouch box straps. In this situation, with his chin between his knees, many a man has been kept till the blond has gushed out at his nose, mouth and ears; and ruptures have too often been the fatal consequences, and a worthy subject lost to the service, or rendered incapable of maintaining himself, when the exigencies of the state no lunger require his duty. This punishment, as well as those of pickettin^ and riding the Wooden horse, were indicted without even the forma- lity of a trial, or the sentence of a court martial. — Prah pudor ! Horizontal NEEDLE, that which re- gularly points out the North and South in the mariner's compass. Magnctical Needle (in navigation), a needle touched with a loadstone, and suspended on a pivot or center, on which, playing at liberty, it directs itself to certain points in and under the horizon. NEEP-tides are those tides, which fall out when the moon is in the middle of the sec.nd and last quarter, which are tour days before the full or change, and are called dead neep. NEESHUNGPAT, Ind. a violent as- sault without bloodshed. NEF, Fr. a ship. NEGATIVE, (ncgatif, Fr.) This term is sometimes used to express the result of measures or enterprizes, which, though not entirely successful, are not productive of serious or mischievous consequences. Hence Negative Success. Negative penalties, certain laws, whereby persons are excluded from ho- nours, dignities, ccc. without incurring any positive pains; as the laws against papists and nonjurors. Negative pregnant, (nigatif qui comprend un affu iiuilif, Fr.) a negative which implies an affirmative. Negative quantities (see Algebra), are quantities having the negative sign minus prefixed, as — a b is a negative quantity. Negative sign, (nigatif, Fr.) In algebra it is thus marked — , and is directly contrary to an affirmative one. NEGLECT, (negligence, Fr.) omis- sion, disregard, want of care. NEGLECT of DUTY. Total omis- sion or disregard of any prescribed ser- vice, or unofficer-like execution of it which is punishable at the discretion of a court-martial. To be NEGLECTED, to be over- looked in promotion, eS:c. To NEGOTIATE, (negocier,¥r.) to treat, whether of public affairs, or private matters. NEGOTIATOR, (negnciateur, Fr.) the person who treats. No officer can be properly called a consummate or perfect general, unless he possess those qualifications of the mind which will enable him to meet the subtlety of his foe in the cabinet, with as much success as he faced him in the field. NEGRE, NEGRESS E, Fr. See Negro. NEGRILLON, Fr. a little negro. NEGRO, (negre, Fr.) one born in Nigritia, in Africa; a black, a niger, a slave. NEIGES d'anian, Fr. last year's snow. The French say, figuratively, S'ensouciet cumme des neiges d'antan, to be perfectly indifferent about a thing. NELLI-COTA II, a fort situated about forty miles to the south of Tinivelly, in the East Indies. This fort has been rendered memorable by the intrepid manner in which it was carried by the English in 1755. NET ( 541 ) NET NERF, Fr. sinew. Nerf de bauf, Fr. a bull's pizzle, which, when dried, is used in chastising men. Donner des coups de nerf de bauf. to strike or lash with a hull's pizzle. NtRT-ferrure, Fr. in farriery, a blow or attaint which a horse has received spoil the back sinew of the fore or aft leg. Plein de Nerfs, Fr. full of nerves, i. e. very vigorous; not easily disheart- ened; firm, as a soldier ought to he. NERVER une selle, Fr. to make the tree of a saddle firm and compact, by putting pieces of wood, &c. under the bow. NERVES (in architecture) are the moulding of the projecting arches of vaults ; or such as arise from the branches of the ogives, and cross each other diagonally in Gothic vaults. NERVOUS, (nervcvx, Fr.) well- strung; strong; vigorous both in body and mind. Nervous, (affecti des nerves, Fr.) according to Dr. Johnson, (in medical cant,) having weak, diseased nerves. Many persons in a nervous state may put on an appearance of courage, but it soon subsides, and ends in pusilla- nimity. Passionate men are almost always nervous in this sense. NERVURES, Fr. carved work ; such as ornamental foliage, &c. also mould- ings. In the singular, nervure signifies tzcist, round edging. NESHAUNBURDAR, Ind. an en- sign. NESS, a point of land which runs into the sea, as Inverness, Sheerness, &c. NESTOR, a king of Pylos, famous for eloquence and prudence. He is said to have lived 300 years. Nestor and Hector are of direct opposite meanings. One signifies a man who weighs well every thing he is about to undertake, and the other an individual who never thinks at all. A perfect geueral ought to unite both characters. NET, Fr. Neat in English is what remains after all allowances are made. — Hence Net or Neat off-reckonings. See Off-Reckonings. fiET-produce, a term used to denote what any commodity has yielded, all tare and charges deducted. NETHERLANDS, that part of Lower Germany which lies next to the jea, and so called from being situated between France, Lorrain, Germany, and the Ocean. They were formerly divided into 17, provinces, four of which were dukedoms viz. Brabant, Limberg, Luxemburg, and Guelderland ; seven were earldoms, viz. Flanders, Artois, Hainault, Hol- land, Zealand, Namur, and Zutphen ; and five baronies, viz. West Friezland, Mechlin, Utrecht, Overysell, and Gro- ningen. These were originally governed by distinct lords or princes, but were all united under Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, who left them to his son Charles, sui named the Hardy ; who be- ing killed at Nancy, in 1747, the 17 provinces fell to his only daughter, Mary of Burgundy, who by marrying with Maximilian the First, carried them into the house of Austria. The kings of France pretended a right to Artois, Flanders, &c. In the reign of king Philip II. of Spain, William of Nassau, prince of Orange, and several other discontented noblemen, gave be- ginning to those disturbances which terminated in the loss of Holland, and the other countries known by the name of the United Provinces, occasioned by the dread of the Inquisition, the in- supportable rigour of the government of the duke of Alva, and the violent encroachments of the Spaniards upon the liberties and privileges of the coun- tries. The Netherlands, comprehending Hol- land, underwent material alterations during the progress of the French revo- lution. Brabant and Flanders, which belonged to the house of Austria, were annexed to the French Republic, and formed one of its departments. Hol- land, upon the expulsion of the Stadt- holder, was allowed to call itself an independent country in alliance with France, and was then distinguished by the name of the Batavian Republic ; but the constitution of either country was not long permitted to remain, and the whole Batavian republic was united under one kingdom; on the throne of which Louis Bonaparte was placed by his brother Napoleon. In consequence of the battle of Waterloo, and the re- establishment of Louis XVIII. on the throne of his ancestors, these extensive provinces, together with the parts which belonged to Austria, were thrown into one kingdom, and the Prince of Orange N E U ( 542 ) N E U or Stockholder assumed the character, and was invested with the powers of a Sovereign Prince. He is now called the King of the Netherlands. NETTOYER, Fr. to clean ; clear; scour, &c. Nettoyer les magasins, Fr. in ar- tillery, signifies to remove the different pieces of ordnance, for the purpose of having them carefully examined, &c. and to have the stores and ammunition so arranged as not to receive damage. This duty is generally performed by small parties of soldiers, under the com- mand of Serjeants, who are detached from the different guards of a garrison town. In the old French service, the commissaire d'artillcrie superintended the execution of this necessary duty, and the soldiers who were employed, got relieved from any further attendance as part of the guard, the instant their work was done. Nettoyer, ou enfder, Fr. to scour, or en fi lade. Nettoyer la courtine, Fr. to scour, or fire through, the whole extent of the curtain. Nettoyer le rempart, Fr. to scour the rampart. Nettover la tranchec, Fr. to scour or clean the trenches. This is effected by means of a vigorous sally which the garrison of a besieged place make upon the besiegers, when they beat in the guard, drive off the artificers and work- men, level the parapet, break up and choak the line of circumvallation, and spike or nail the cannon. NEUTRAL, (neutrc, Fr.) neither the one nor the other. NEUTRALITY, (neutrality, Fr.) the state or condition of one who is neuter, a middle condition between a friend and an enemy. In a military sense, remaining strictly indifferent, whilst other powers are at war, with- out assisting any party, with arms, am- munition, or men. When a country, calling itself neutral, furnishes a quota or contingent to any nation that is at war with another, it cannot be said to observe the strict laws of neu- trality. — Of all precarious and diffi- cult situations that perhaps is the most so, in which a weak nation is placed, when two powerful nations wage war on each side, and the exact laws of neutrality are expected to be observed by the intermediate country. History does not furnish a single instance of inviolable adherence to them under such critical circumstances. Bayle, speaking of neutrality, exclaims, Heureux les pacifiques quant ci I'autre monde, mais dans celui-ci ils sont miserables ! happy are the peaceable with respect to the next world, but they are miserable in this ! In trying to derive advantages from the dissensions and broils of others, they insensibly become the victims of both parties. The French writer hu- morously says, lis vcuUnt etre. mur- leaux, cela fait que. continnel/ement ih sont cnclumes a droit e et a gauche : they would lain be hammers, instead of which they become anvils, and get beaten both right and left. This happened to the Venetians in 1701, who endeavoured to remain neutral during the campaigns that took place between the French and the Imperialists. The observance of a strict neutrality is unquestionably a matter of extreme difficulty, and re- quires uncommon ability. Few princes possess those qualities of the head and heart that distinguished Hieron, king of Syracuse, who so dexterously managed his neutrality in the war between Rome and Carthage. His subjects were con- siderably benefited bv the conduct he observed, whilst his own reputation was not a little encreased by the sound po- licy which dictated it. There is not perhaps in human poli- tics, a rule of conduct which is so intri- cate, and of course so difficult to be ob- served, as that of neutrality. La loi des plus forts, or the law of the strongest, so often tramples down natural rights, that necessity drives those to the adoption of questionable measures, who would other- wise remain strictly neutral ; whilst others again, from being contiguous to contending armies, resort to various pre- tences, in order to remain in an armed condition for the purpose of taking ad- vantage at a critical moment. Of this description was the system of armed neutrality which Pope Leon X. is re- corded to have pursued. When Fran- cis I. king of France, was engaged in a war with the Swiss Cantons, respecting the Milanese, His Holiness resolved to remain neuter, or at least affected to be so, although he was strongly invited by both parties to take an active and open part. He drew his troops towards the frontiers of the Milanese, under a pretext of covering the ecclesiastical N I C ( 543 ) N I V states, but in reality for the purpose of being; at hand, when the two armies should come to a decisive engagement, of unexpectedly falling upon the victo- rious army, at the close of an obstinate and bloody battle, of driving it out of Italy, becoming master of Lombardy, and finally establishing himself as the arbiter of the country. But ail these imaginary triumphs of the Pope soon disappeared. His troops, which had already reached the frontiers of the Mi- lanese, no sooner learned, that the Swiss had been totally routed by the French, than they were panic-struck, and dis- persed in the greatest disorder; as if they were conscious of being engaged in a crooked and illegal cause. Ancient history affords us several ex- amples of this species of neutrality. — During the civil wars between the ad- herents of Vespasian and those of Otho and Vitellius, various means of dupli- city were resorted to. We likewise read of the same sort of conduct having been observed by the inhabitants of Corcyrus when they went to war with the Corin- thians; and modern history is full of similar instances of specious neutrality. For further particulars on this interest- ing subject, especially on the conduct to be observed by neuters in war, see from page 531 to 533, of the English trans- lation of Hugo Grotius, by William Evats, B. D. NEW, (neuf, nouveau, Fr.) as New Guard: Old Guard. See Guard. The French say, garde montante ; garde des- cendante. See Garde. 2$EW-rcckoning, > an account or com- Aftcr-reckoning, y putation which is jnade subsequent to one already furnished. NEWEL, in architecture, is the up- right post or compass round which the winding stairs turn. NEXT, as next for duty, the person who stands upon the roster in .imme- diate succession to another who is on duty. The French say le premier a prendre, or the next to take. NICHE, (niche, Fr.) a hollow space which is made in a wall for the purpose of placing any figure, or statue, in it. Thus to have a niche in the Temple of Fame, signifies, figuratively, to be re- corded for some glorious, or meritorious action. NICK-NAME, (sobriquet, Fr. ) a surname, which is used in ridicule or good humour, to distinguish an indivi- dual ; Dr. Johnson calls this nom de nique, from the French. Nick-names, among military men, are familiarly used in a collective sense. Thus the light-infantry are called Light Bobs, the grenadiers Tow Rows, and the battalion men Flat-Foots ; and in many instances whole corps have been parti- cularized in this manner. The 28th of Foot were familiarly called the Slashers; and a very respectable general officer in the British service used to be nick-nam- ed General No-Flint, from a circum- stance which occurred during the Ameri- can war, when he commanded a species of forlorn hope. During the campaigns of 1793 and 1794, in Flanders, &c. the 15th regiment of lijjht dragoons were called Young Eyes by the Guards, who received, or rather gave themselves the nick-name of Old Eyes. NIGHER, Ind. any fortified city, measuring at least eight coss, or eight English miles, in length and breadth. NlLOMETRE, an instrument used among the ancients to measure the height of the water in the overflowings of the Nile. NIQLTBS, Ind. men whose military functions among the Sepoys correspond with those of corporals in the king's service. NITHING, a coward, or poltroon. NITRE. See Saltpetre. NIVEAU, Fr. a level. Niveau de la campagne, Fr. the level surface of a country is so called, in con- tradistinction to the talus or slope of any rising ground. De Niveau, Fr. level; even. Niveau d'eau, Fr. a water level. — This instrument is extremely simple, and of great use to engineers in the construc- tion of works. Niveau de charpentier, Fr. a car- penter's rule, or level. Niveau depaveur,¥r. a pavior's level. Niveau a lunettes, Fr. an instrument which is used for the purpose of ascer- taining precisely any level point that is at a great distance. Niveau a pendule, Fr. that which marks the horizontal line by means of another line that is perpendicular to its plummet. Niveau d pinules, Fr. a level with two sights placed at parallel distances from the two extremities of its base, through which any point, that is even with the in »c: ui«cii r, may be surveyed. NOH ( 5-14 ) NOB Niveau d'air, Fr. that which marks the level line by means of a small bub- ble of water contained, with some spirit or liquid, in a glass cylinder, hermeti- cally sealed at both ends. Niveau de reflexion, Fr. that level which is made by means of a moderately expanded surface of watery shewing the downward representation of the same object that we see with our own eyes; 6o that the point, at which these two objects appear to meet, is upon a level with the surface of the water. NIVELER, Fr. to level. Niveler les eaux, Fr. to find the true level for conveying water. Niveler le lerrein, Fr. to find the true level of ground, and to ascertain the relative elevations of places. NIVELEUR, Fr. a leveller: it is likewise sometimes used to express a trifler; but it does not signify a leveller in the political sense in which we apply the English word in these days ; nor does it mean a Leveller belonging to a set of people in Oliver Cromwell's army, who were for having an equal share in the administration of the government between the nobility and the common- alty. NIVELLEMENT, Fr. the art of levelling. NIZAM, Ind. a title which is be- stowed by the Great Mogul on one of his principal viziers, on his bein^ ap- pointed to the command and adminis- tration of certain provinces. The word means, an adjuster, a regulator, an arranger, or manager, &c. Nizam ul Mouluc, Ind. the protector of the country. NIZAMUt, the office of Nizam. NOBILITY, (noblesse, Fr.) from the Latin, Nobilitas. This word has been variously defined. It is, however, gene- rally understood to signify Illustrious Descent, and Conspicuousness of Ances- tors, with a succession of arms conferred on some one (and from him to his family) by the Prince, by law, or by custom, as a reward for the good and virtuous ac- tions of him that performed them. The only true purchase of nobility must, therefore, consist of great and »ood ac- tions; which, in proportion as they dig- nified and ennobled the original owner, become objects of important trust with every descendant; who either reflects tbe* back by a laudable imitation, or shamefully abuses the tenure by disho- nourable practices. To be inertly descended from a noble family, is of little consequence in the eyes of true thinking men ; and still less so, when the heir discovers no other proofs of his nobility, than show and ostentation. Nobility likewise means a quality that dignifies, or renders a person noble : particularly that raises a person possess- ed of it above a peasant or a common- er. — The quality or decree of a noble- man : also the whole body of noblemen separated from the commonalty. NoiiiniY also means Name, Reputa- tion, Renown. NOBLES, 1 are the grandees of NOBLEMEN, ] any kingdom or na- tion, by whatsoever title they are dis- tinguished. Honorary distinctions have been very ancient. The Greeks distin- guished their people into three ranks, viz. Noblemen, Land-holders, or Farmers and Tradesmen. The first were indulged with great privileges, and wore the figure of a tirasshopper, as a badge of honour, in their hair. The Romans wore a half- moon upon their shoes. Among the Romans, those persons were called Nobles who preserved the statues of their ancestors in theii courts or cabinets. The faces of these statues were painted to resemble life. Bui it was necessary to be descended from the ancient magistrates, called Curules, to be entitled to have these statues. They were exhibited to the public on festival days; and when any of the family died, they were carried in solemn procession before the corps ; so that under these circumstances, an individual might be a Patrician without being actually of noble blood or extraction. That person was called Noble in France, who first received a letter pa- tent constituting him such, and who thus gave rise to the nobility of his de- scendants. — Those born of him bore the title of gentilhomme, or gentleman. Un ancien gentilhomme, or gentleman of some standing, was styled homme. de con- dition, or person of condition. Those gentlemen who were descended from illustrious houses were called, Men of quality, Gens de qualiti. In England those only are called Nobles or Noblemen, who have the title of Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount, NON ( 5*5 ) N O U Lord, or Baron; which titles either de- scend to individuals from family-right, are gratuitously conferred upon them by the Prince (who is called the fountain of honour), or are obtained at the price of gold. The hereditary tenure becomes equally solid in all these instances, though not equally estimable, unless the title be itself ennobled by some great and good actions of the possessor. By those, and those only, can a purchased or indeed any title be converted into sterling gold out of base metal. NOBLESSE Miliiairc, Fr. military nobility. Although most of our orders may be considered as appendages which confer a sort of military nobility, espe- cially that of the garter, which was in- stituted by king Edward III. on the 19th of January, 1344, yet we cannot be strictly said to have amongst us, that species of military nobility, or distinction, that was peculiarly known in France, &c. under the immediate title of No- blesse Milit aire. In order to reward mi- litary merit, an edict was issued by the French court, at Fontainebleau, in No- vember, 1750, and ea registered on the 25th of the same month by the parlia- ment of Paris, whereby a Noblesse Mili- iaire, or Military Nobility, was created ; the acquisition of which depended wholly upon martial character, but did not re- quire any letter patent for the purpose of ennobling the individual. NCEUD de I'artificier, Fr. a particu- lar knot which artificers, or fireworkers, make use of to bind fusees together. Nceud de eharrue, Fr. a particular knot or stress, which is used in the ar- tillery when ropes are passed under car- riages, for the purpose of raising any piece of ordnance that has been over- turned. Ncetjd d'epaule, Fr. shoulder-knot : it signifies also the same as aiguillette, a tagged point. NOM de guerre, Fr. See Guerre. NOMADES, a tribe of wandering Arabs belonging to Mesopotamia, (the ancient name of Diabekr,) a province in Asiatic Turkey : they live on plunder. NOMINAL, by name. Hence Nominal c«//, which corresponds with the French appel nominatif ; and, in a military sense, with our roll cull. NON-ACTIVITE, Fr. state of not being employed, or on service. NON-EFFECTIVE. This expres- sion is used as the privative or negatfve of effective. Hence non-effective state of a regiment ; non-effectives, &c. NOTAMMENT, Fr. for instance; that is, an exemplification of any thing asserted, as notummentmoi: for instance myself. NOTiE, a peculiar method among the Romans of writing expeditiously. The invention is given to Tyro, who was Ci- cero's bondman. This art consists in being able to take down correctly, every sentence that is spoken, let the enun- ciation be ever so rapid. We call it tuchygraphy, from the Greek compound, signifying szvij't and write. NOTIFICATION, the making any thing known. Hence, a war-office noti- fication, respecting the appointment of an officer, &c. Notification-Boo^, among army agents, a book in which a regular entry is made of officers recommended for commissions in the army; also of such as are appointed by a notification from the war-office. NOTORIETY, (notorize, Fr.) ac- cording to Dr. Johnson, public know- ledge; public exposure. Tins word, like notorious, is commonly used of things and persons known to their disadvantage. Thus a notorious thief; a notorious cow- ard. Notoriety, in the sense we take it, signifies an overweening desire to be talked of, without any regard to truth, or solid reputation. A thing wrapped up in itself, which is always running after notoriety. It is like a soap-ball blown out of a tobacco pipe at mid-day, reflecting from the sun a variety of splendid colours, and then bursting into nothingness from its want of inward consistency. NOUE, Fr. in building, that part where two roofs join together and form a rentrant angle. Noue corniire, Fr. that part where the sloping drains, at the tops of two houses, join together. NOURRICE, Fr. a nurse ; a female who attends the sick. This word is likewise used by the French to express the means of subsistence, cvc. which are supplied by the agricultural part of a kingdom. Hence, Une province est la nourrice d'une villc ; a town or city is fed by the country round it. La Sici/e est la nourrice dc Rome, Sicily is the 4 A N U M ( 546 ) NUT nurse if Rome; meaning thereby, that the latter was supplied with cum, &c. bv the former. NOURRIR, Fr. to feed. The French say familiarly, la soupe nourrit lesoldat; broth feeds the soldier. NOWARRA, Ind. an establishment of boats, which is kept at Dacca, for a defence against the Mugs and other plunderei s. NOYAU, Fr. a long piece of iron, which is placed in the middle of a can- non mould, in order that tiie liquid metal may he poured round it, and the piece obtain an equal thickness on all sides. Noyau, Fr. likewise means the whole of the vacant space or bore of a cannon, under which are comprehended the dia- meter of the mouth, the vacant cylinder, the breech, and the vent. - With respect to bombs, grenades, and hollow balls, that which is called noyau consists of a globular piece of earth, upon which the cox or of bombs, gre- nades, and hollow balls is cast. The metal is poured in between this cover and the noyau, after which the noyau, or core is broken, and the earth taken out. NOZLE, the nose ; the snout ; the end of any thing, as the no/le of a can- dlestick. NUCLEUS, (in architecture,) the cement which is put between a lay or bed of pebbles, &c. NUD de mur, Fr. the outside surface of a wall that covers those parts which project, or jut out. NUDDEE, Ind. the name of a ri- vulet. NULLA, Ind. This term likewise signifies a rivulet, and means the place which was once the bed of a river. NUMBER, (nombre, Fr.) in arith- metic, the assemblage, or collection of any quantities whatever. NUMERAIRE, Fr. specie; ready- money; coined gold, silver or copper which is in circulation at a certain stand- ard. A commodity once very plentiful in these kingdoms, but now extremely scarce. NUMEROS, Fr. round pieces made of brass, or other metal, which were numbered, and used in the old French service in the detail of guards. See M.VRON. NURSE, (nourrice, Fr. ) a person, generally a female, whose whole busi- ness is to attend the sick in the general or regimental hospital. She is under the immediate direction of the surgeon. According to the Regulations published by authority in 17°9, there is to be one decent, sober, woman nurse, who shall receive at the rate of one shilling per diem, whose duty will be to prepare the slops and comforts for the sick, and oc- casionally to assist in administering me- dicines, cooking the victuals, washing &c. and for every ten men confined to bed by fever, an additional nurse and orderly-man should be allowed. All the patients, who are able, are every morn- ing and evening to assist in cleaning and airing the hospital, carrying away dirt, &c. and by every means to assist the helpless. The additional allowance to the Ser- jeants, orderly-men, and nurse, in regi- ments of the line, to be made by the paymaster; and in regiments of militia and fencibles, the surgeons are to pay them out of their allowances. Nurse is also used, in a figurative sense, to signify one of those humble dependants upon a wealthy person, who contrives to get into his confidence, and acts in the double capacity of adviser and follower. Old generals have some- times their dry-nurses. NUT, one of the chief component parts of a screw, which is perforated to the dimensions of the cylinder of a rifie- barrel, in the internal cavity of which a groove is cut for the purpose of re- ceiving the thread. Nut, the worm of a screw ; also part of an anchor, cross-bow, &c. Also a small body with teeth which corresponds with the teeth of wheels. ( *47 ) o. OAT r^ This letter is generally used in the British service to signify Orders, viz. B. O. Brigade orders. C. O. Corps orders. D. O. District orders. Gl. O. General orders. A.G.O. After General orders. Gx.O. Garrison orders. R. O. Regimental orders. S. O. Station orders. OAK, (bois de chine, Fr.) The timher of this tree, which in its perfection is peculiar to Great Britain, is serviceable, and adapted to every purpose of rural, domestic, naval and military economy ; particularly for staves, laths, spokes of wheels, gun-carriages, &c. It is hard, tough, telerably flexible, and not very liable to splinter. Heart of Oak, a figurative term used by the British, particularly with respect to the firm and daring intrepidity of a seaman. OARS, a boat for the conveyance of passengers, having two men to row it ; hence the familiar phrase, a pair of oars, meaning a boat of the above description. Oars also signify the instruments where- with boats are rowed. OATH, a solemn asseveration made in the presence of a magistrate, and taken on the Evangelists, in Great Britain and its dependencies, whereby an indi- vidual binds himself to observe certain conditions, or swear to specific facts which he knows of his own knowledge. Soldiers from time immemorial have been accustomed to take oaths of fide- lity. These oaths were, however, ob- served with greater solemnity among the ancients than they are administered in modern armies, except upon very particular occasions. In the latter, in- deed, it seldom or ever happens, that oaths are taken by bodies of soldiers assembled for the purpose. — Oaths are taken by men newly enlisted, but those oaths are individually administered, and separately taken. The military oath, on the contrary, among the Romans, was of a more general and impressive O B E nature. Kennett in his Roman Anti- quities, page 188, gives the following account of it : — " The levies being finished, the tribunes of every legion chose out one whom they thought the fittest person, and gave him a solemn oath at large, the substance of which was, that he should oblige himself to obey the commander in all things to the utmost of his power, be ready to attend whenever they ordered his ap- pearance, and never to leave the army but by their consent. After he had ended, the whole legion,- passing one by one, every man, in short, swore to the same effect, crying, as he went bv r Idem in me. The stime by me." OATH of Allegiance. See Alle- giance. Oaths on general and regimental courts-martial. According to the amend- ments introduced into the last Mutiny Act, passed in 45 Geo.III.it is enacted, " That in all courts-martial ( other than general courts-martial), which shall be held by virtue of this act, or of any articles of war, established by his Ma- jesty, in pursuance thereof, every mem- ber assisting at such trial, before any proceedings be had thereupon, shall take the prescribed oaths upon the Holy Evangelists." N.B. Although the oath of supremacy, or any other oath, is not administered, on a religious principle, in the army, no officer in the navy can be made post without first having taken the former. OATS, a grain which constitutes a principal portion in the feed of horses: The distribution of this article ought to be narrowly watched by every officer commanding a troop; since it is noto- rious, that government is frequently charged for quantities which are not delivered, by which means the horse suffers, and the public are imposed upon. OBEDIENCE, (obiissance, Fr.) sub- mission to the orders of a superior. The first principle which ought to be incul- cated and impressed upon the mind uf 4A 2 o b i; ('648 ) OBL every officer and soldier is obedience to ail lawful commands. It is the main spring, the soul and essence, of military duty. Obedience of orders, an unequivo- cal performance of the several duties which are directed to he discharged by military men. Blucher in one of bis addresses to the Silesian army ad- vancing into France, justly says, bravery confers honour on the soldier; but obe- dience and discipline form his brightest Ornaments. — October $Q, 1814. OBEDIENCE, IV. This word is only used in French when speaking of reli- gious houses, or matters relating to the pope and his dominions, whence ainbus- sadeur d'obtdience ; pays d 'obedience. Fitter OBEISSANCE, Fr. to swear allegiance, fidelity, &c. Remettre dans /'Obeissance, Fr. to recal to duty. OBELISK, (obiUsque, Fr.) a lmge> solid piece of marble, or fine stone, four square, and all of one piece, growing smaller from the bottom, and ending in a point at the top, like a pyramid, set up for a monument, &c. Obelisks are sometimes made of different pieces of stone, &c. The French call ir also niguiile, or needle. To OBEY, (obeir, Fr.) in a military sense, is, without question or hesitation, to conform zealously to all orders and instructions which are legally issued. It sometimes happens, that individuals are called upon (by mistake, or from the exigency of the service) out of what is called the regular roster. In either case they must cheerfully obey, and after they have performed their duty, they may remonstrate. OBJECT, (objet, Fr.) in a military sense, signifies the same as point, with respect to mere movements and evolu- tions. Thus in marching forward in line, &c. the leader of a squad, com- pany, or battalion, must take two ob- jects at least, upon which be forms his perpendicular movement, and by which the whole body is regulated. In pro- portion as he advances, he takes care to select intermediate and distant objects or points, by which his march is governed. See Marching in. Line. Object, the matter of an art or sci- ence, or the thing about which it is em- ployed; the same as subject. OBLAT. Fr. a disabled soldier. In cathohc countries he had the benefit of. a monk's place given him in the abbey J also the maintenance itself. OBLATE, any rotund figure flatted at the poles. Hence the term oblate spheroid. OBLIQUATION, ) a deviation from OBLIQUITY, S the parallel or perpendicular line. OBLIQUE, or second Jlank. The face of a bastion discovered from a part of the curtain is so called. Oblique projection is that wherein the direction of the striking body is not perpendicular to the body struck, which makes an oblique angle with tl»e hori- zontal line. Oblique deployment. When the component parts of a column that is extending into line, deviate to the right or left, for the purpose of taking up an oblique position, its movements are called oblique deployments. Oblique fire or defence, that which is under too great an angle, as is ge- nerally the defence of the second flank, which can never be so good as a defence in front. Oblique percussion is that wl»erein the direction of the 6trikiug body is not perpendicular to the body struck, or is not in line with its center of gravity. Oblique position, a position taken in an oblique direction from the original line of formation. Oblique radius, a line extending; from the centre to the exterior side of • polygon. Oblique step, to the left, is made in ordinary time, and consists in carrying the left foot 19 inches in the diagonal line to the left, bringing the right foot 30 inches forward, so that the heel may be 13 inches before the left foot ; thus obtaining a general obliquity of about an angle of 25°. In obliquing to the right, the same is precisely done by the reverse feet; (be original squareness of the body to its proper front being pre- served iu both cases throughout. To Oblique, in a military sense, is to move forward to the right or left, by stepping sideways in either of those directions, according to the following words of command : — Right Oblique! When the squad is marching in front, and receives the word to the right oblique, each man, the first time he raises the right foot, will, in- stead of throwing it straight forward, carry it 19 inches in the diagonal direo- OBS ( 549 ) DBS tion, to the right, gaining thereby about 13 inches to the side, and about 13 inches to the front, without altering his personal squareness of position. The greatest attention is to be paid to the shoulders of every man in the squad, that all may remain parallel to the line on which they first were placed, and that the right shoulders do not fall to the rear, which they are very apt to do in obliquing to the i ight,and which immediately changes the direction of the front. — On the word forward, the incline ceases, and the whole march forward. In obliquing to the left, the same rules are to be observed, with the dif- ference of the left going to the left, and tire left shoulder being carefully kept up. Obliquing to the right is to be prac- tised sometimes with the eyes to the left ; and obliquing to the left, with the eyes to the right; as being absolutely necessary on many occasions; for if one of the battalions of a line in advancing be ordered to oblique to the right, or to the left, the eyes must still continue turned towards its center. Oblique movements, though they may be made hy a squad, or division, in quick time, must be executed by a larger body in ordinary time. To Oblique in file. When any body of men is ordered to oblique to the right or left by files, the center and rear rank men (supposing the line to stand three oeep) will continue looking to their leaders of the front rank. Each file is to consider itself as an entire rank, and to preserve the same front and position of the shoulders, during the oblique, as before it began. The Regulations, from which these passages are extracted, observe, that, as this is a very useful movement, recruits should be often practised in it. Pas Oblique, Fr. oblique step. Oblique a droite, Fr. right oblique. Oblique a gauche, Fr. left oblique. Feux Obliques d droite et at gauche, Fr. oblique firings to the right and left. Marcher OBLIQUEMENT, Fr. to oblique, or march in an oblique direction. OBLIVION. See Amnesty. OBLONG, (oblong, Fr.) any figure which contains more in length than in breadth. Oblong Square. See Square. OBSEDER, Fr. to besiege, to beset, to get possession of : also to tease by vexatious applications. OBSEQUIES, (obseques, Fr.) funeral rites ; funeral solemnities. OBSERVATION. See Armt of Observation. To be under Observation, to be carefully watched and looked after — etre vu de pris ; etre s-uivi de prcs. OBSERVATORY, (observatoire, Ffc.) a building, public or private, winch is erected and provided with all sorts of instruments proper for astronomical ob- servations, fee. The most noted obser- vatories in Europe are: — 1. That of Tycho Brahe, a nobleman of Denmark, at Uraineberg, in the island of Wern, between the coasts of Schoneu and Zealand, in the Baltic. c 2. The observatory at. Paris, which was erected by Louis XIV. This building stands in the Fauxbourg St. Germain, and is so constructed as to answer the four cardinal points of the world, east, west, north, and south. — The founda- tion is laid 30 feet below the ground, and the edifice carried as much above it. [t contains three stories in height, and lias a terrace at top, from which the whole horizon appears flat. The stair- case of this observatory deserves notice, from the singularity of its construction, being in the form of a screw, and so contrived, that from the bottom there is a full sight of the stars that pass the zenith of this place. 3. The royal observatory at Green- wich, which was founded by Charles the Second. 4. The observatory at Pekin, in China, which was erected by the late Emperor, at the intercession of the Je- suits. To OBSERVE, to watch closely, fee. Hence to observe the motions of an enemy, is to keep a good look out by means of intelligent and steady spies or scouts, and to be constantly in possession of his ditferent movements. No man can be said to have the talents of an able general, who neglects to observe his enemy in all directions; for if it be his intention to attack, you may thwart him by previous manoeuvres; and if you are liable to be attacked yourself, you may assume the best possible position, and prevent surprize, &c. OBSESSION, the act of besieging. OBSIDIONAL, belonging to a siege Obsidional Croun, (couronne ob:;i- dionale, Fr.) a crown so called among the ancient Romans, which was bestowed O B S ( 550 ) OBS upon a governor or general, who, bv liis skill and exertions, either held out, or caused the siege to he raised of any town belonging to the republic. It was made trout the grass which grew upon the spot, and was therefore called era- mincus, from the Latin word gramen, grass. Monnaie Obsidjonale, Ft. any sub- stitute for coin, which lias a value put upon it that is greater than its intrinsic worth; and a currency given, to answer the convenience of the inhabitants of a besieged place. On a employe le cuir a J aire des monnaie* obsidionales : the in- habitants made use of leather as a sub- stitute for coin. OBSTACLES, (obstacles, Fr.) in a military sense, are narrow passes, woods, bridges, or any other impediments, which present themselves when a bat- talion is inarching to front or rear. These are passed, bv the formation, march, and deployment, of the close column. Such parts as are not inter- rupted still move on in front; such parts as are interrupted, double by di- visions as ordered, behind an adjoining flank or Hanks, and in this manner bil- low in close column in their natural order. As the ground opens, they suc- cessively deploy, and again perfect the line. The columns are always behind the line, and march closed up. The formed part of the battalion, whether advancing or retiring, continues to move on at the ordinary pace, and in propor- tion as the obstacles increase or dimi- nish, will the formed or column parts of the line increase or diminish. The general attentions directed to be observed on these occasions are, that the columns formed shall be of sub-divisions, if the ground will admit. The first sub- division that is obliged to double, will be directed to which hand by the com- mander of the battalion; the others, as they successively double, will, in conse- quence, place themselves behind it, and behind each other, and the hand first doubled to, will be that which presents the opening most favourable to the sub- sequent march, and formation, and which the commanding officer will always hold in view, and order accordingly. The interrupted body will double to one or both flanks, according to' circumstances, and the order it receives. Obstacles that impede a flank will occasion a single column to be formed from the flank to- wards the center. Obstacles that im- pede the center, or a central part of a wing, will, if considerable, occasion two columns to be formed, from the center towards the llanks. The columns will follow a flank of such part of the line as is not impeded ; and either in doubling into column, or extending into line, the rear divisions will conform to the move- ments of their then leading one. No put less than the front of the column doubles or moves up, and when half or more of a battalion must be thrown into one column, it will be ordered by companies. Oustacles nhose fronts are parallel to the line. When such occur, the divi- sions impeded must all at once double behind such one, or two other divisioni as clear them of the obstacle. Obstacles whose first points continue to increase us the line alliances. In these cases the doubling is successive, begin- ing with that division which is first in- terrupted, and continuing as it becomes necessary, till the column can advance in clear ground. Obstacles passed, or diminished. — When obstacles are of such :i nature as to allow the complete extension at once into line : the whole column per- forms it by the commands and deploy- ments of the close column on the front division, which then makes part of the line. But when obstacles diminish by degrees only, then the divisions of the column must come up into line succes- sively as the ground opens, and the re- mainder of the column must, in dimi- nishing, shift towards the obstacle, in the same manner as it before shifted Iron) it in increasing. Obstacles that are passed in presence of an enema. Under these circum- stances, if the battalion, in advancing, should be obliged to fire, it halts in the situation it is then in, executes such firings as are ordered, and again advances. If the battalion, in retiring, is pressed by the enemy, the part in line will hult ! front .' the part in column will move on till the last division arrives in line, and will then halt, front. The firing that is ordered, will be executed; and when it is again proper to retire, the whole will face about, the part in line will march, and the columns will also be put in march when the line arrives at their head. ■ : Obstacles whose points of opening O B T ( 551 ) o c c are narrow, and continue so, more or less. In sucli cases, the interrupted division will be ordered to face either to one or both flanks, and closely to follow in file such parts of the battalion as are not broken : the filing will increase as the obstacles increase, but as they diminish, file after file will successively and quickly move up to their place, till the whole are again formed ; and during this ope- ration, the leading file will always re- main attached to the flank of the part in line. The same rules that direct the doubling in column, direct the doubling by files; when a subdivision files it will be from the flank only ; when a com- pany files, it may be from both flanks; and if a larger front than two companies is interrupted, it then doubles into column. Where the obstacles are of small extent, but frequently occurring, this mode is the readiest that can be applied in advancing, but in retiring it cannot be of use, rf the enemy be at hand to press upon the battalion; and therefore the passing by column is to be looked upon as the general method. — For further explanations on the impor- tant operations of passing obstacles, we refer our military readers to the Rules and Regulations, as published by au- thority. OBSTINACY, (opinidtretc, Fr.) in a moral sense, that state of mind which is sometimes erroneously called firmness. The obstinacy of a fool is frequently mis- taken for the perseverance of a wise man. The difference, however, is soon disco- vered by the contrary effects which they produce. OBSTINATE, in a military sense, determined, fixed in resolution. Hence, obstinate resistance. OBSTINATELY, perse veringly. The two armies fought so obstinately, that night only could separate the combatants. OBSTINEMENT, Fr. obstinately, stubbornly, inflexibly, with unshaken determination. S'OBSTINER, Fr. to persist in any thing. OBSTRUCTION, any difficulty or impediment, opposing the operations of an army, &c. OBTUSE, (obtus, Fr.) an angle which is greater than a right angle, or contains more than 90°. Obtuse angle, (angle obtus, Fr.) Any angle which contains more than 90° is so called, and is therefore named irre- gular. OBTUSANGULAR, having angles larger than right angles. OBUS, (huubilz, ou obusier, Fr.) ho- bits. A species of small mortar, re- sembling a mortar in every thing but the carriage, which is made in the form of that of a gun, only shorter. It has been frequently used at sieges; and is well calculated to sweep the covert-way, and to fire ricochet shots. They are usually loaded with cartouches. Beli- dor writes upon the subject at some length, in his Bombardier Francais, page 39. OC, an arrow which is used among the Turks. OCCASIO, L. among the Romans, an allegorical divinity; the goddess of time, who presides over the most fa- vourable moment for success in any enterprize. She is represented as stark naked, with a long lock of hair upon her forehead, and bald behind ; and also standing on a wheel, with wings on her feet, and is said to turn herself very swiftly round; by which is intimated, that we should lay hold of the present opportunity. Among modern nations, no people pay greater attention to the instruction which is conveyed by this allegory than the French do. It is com- mon amongst them to say : — L' Occasion est chauve. Occasion or opportunity is bald — alluding to the Roman allegory : and in the same figure, il faut prendre C Occasion par les cheveux. You must seize Time (by which is meant occasion or opportunity) by the forelock. OCCASION, Fr. has the same signi- fication, in military matters, that affair bears among the English. Une occasion bien chaude, Fr. a warm contest, battle, or engagement. — It further means, as with us, the source from which consequences ensue. Se servir de /'occasion, Fr. to take advantage, or make a proper use of time and opportunity. A French writer has judiciously observed, that to seize with dexterity occasions as they occur, is a certain proof of courage and ability, es- pecially in the general of an army. — Opportunity or occasion, according to Tacitus, is the mother of events. Oppor- tunos magnis conatibus transitus rerum. One complete and decisive victory leads us to a multiplicity of enterprizes and o c c ( ^ ) o c c I i .11 designs, all of which grow out of the first triumph. A full and decisive victory, by which the country is left entirely at the mercv of the conqueror, must necessarily throw the inhabitants into confusion, and open fresh avenues to conquest; for one op- portunity or occasion, well embraced and acted upon, becomes the source of mam others. There is not, perhaps, in human contingencies any thing which spreads itself so rapidly, or ought to be so little neglected. An enterprise which grows out of another, though it be in reality more arduous to get through than the one which produced it, becomes more easy in its execution : and yet, how many brave and skilful generals have existed, who could not make a proper use of opportunity ! In reading over their gallant exploits, one would be led to believe, that all their knowledge consisted in merely knowing how to light. We have seen them with unex- ampled intrepidity, doing every thing that man dares to do, in the held of battle : we have seen them make a de- cisive blow, and place victory within their grasp; and when they were in the actual possession of all they fought for, we have seen them suddenly relax, give their enemies time to breathe, and finally lose all the fruits of their victory. The courage and promptitude which they manifested in a decisive battle, were the effects of a transitory impulse, which was soon wasted and extinguished. Hannibal, so much celebrated for his bold enterprize against the Romans, was guilty of this error. After the bat- tle of Cannae it rested entirely with him- self to march to Home. He had only to follow up his first blow, to take ad- vantage of the consternation of the Ptomans, and t > pursue them to their capital. By so doing he would have made use of the glorious occasion which fortune had thrown into his hands by the first victory, and would net have been driven to the necessity of endea- vouring to obtain the original object of his enterprize, by fighting several battles that proved abortive of it. Adherbal, on this account, after having failed in his attempt to persuade Hannibal to pursue his first good fortune, and march to the gates of Rome, is recorded to have used the following expression : — Vinccrc scis, Hannibal; scd victoria uti ncscis. Hannibal, thou knowest how t» conquer; but thou dost not know how to make ui-e of a victory. Gustavus Adolphus made the same mistake. Had he, after having won the battle of Leipsick, hung upon the rear of the discoinliu d Imperialists, and pushed and hwaesed them to the gates of Vienna, there is little doubt of the con- sequences which must have ensued. The Emperor Ferdinand was as weak in effective forces at his capital, as the Romans were at Rome, and tiie same consternation prevailed among the inha- bitants. Had Gustavus profited by his first success, and converted the means, which so glorious an occasion offered, into prompt and vigorous pursuit, he would not indeed have reaped additional laurels in the plains of Outzen, where he fell at the head of his victorious Swedes, but he must have reached Vienna, and there have dictated his own terms. Carthalon, among the ancients, was, on the contrary, an instance of how much may be done by acting up to cir- cumstances, and by judiciously making use of fortune as occasion offers. He was not satisfied with having surprized the Roman fleet, taken off a consider- able number of ships, and burned others, but he instantly availed himself of his first good fortune, attempted another enterprise, and succeeded. We could enumerate various instances of both kinds, which have occurred dur- ing the late contest with the French, but it is not within our province. Future historians will undertake the task, and what might appear injudicious in us, will be esteemed in them as the dictates of impartial truth. That favourable opportunities and occasions have pre- sented themselves during the progress of the French revolution, whereby a happy issue might have been brought about, even by vigorous and well di- rected measures, no man in his senses will affect to controvert. Sed heu spes intines et irritus hominum labor ! OCCASIONAL, elle, Fr. This adjec- tive is used in a different sense among the French, to what it is with us, viz. cause occasionel/e ; any thing that occa- sions an event. OCCIDENT, Fr. the west. OCCUPE, Fr. to be taken possession of. Lcs environs furcnt occupis par deb OEC ( 553 ) OFF troupes ligires; the neighbouring places were taken possession of by the light troops. To OCCUPY is to take possession of any work or post, or to remain sta- tioned at any place. OCQUE, a Turkish weight equal to 21b. lloz. OCTAEDRE, Fr. one of the five regular bodies which is terminated by eight equilateral equal triangles. OCTAGON, (octogone, Fr.) a figure or polygon that has eight equal sides, which likewise form eight equal angles. The octagon, in fortification, is well calculated, in its ground, for the con- struction of large towns, or for such as have the advantage of neighbouring rivers, especially if the engineer can so place the bastions, that the entrance and outlet of the rivers may be in some of the curtains. By means of this dis- position, no person could come in, or go out of, the garrison without the governor's or commandant's permission, as the sentinels must have a full view from the flanks of the neighbouring bastions. OCTAVON, one, Fr. any male or female that is born of a quarteron and a white woman, or of a white man and a quarterone. OCTOEDRTCAL, having eight sides. OCTONS, Fr. a mathematical in- strument, which is used to take the measure of an angle, and contains 45°, or the eighth part of a circle. OCTOSTYLE, the face of a building containing eight columns. ODA. The different corps or compa- nies, into which the janizaries are di- vided, bear this appellation. The word itself means a room, and the companies are so calicd from messing separately. ODDS, inequality; excess of either compared with the other; as the enemy overpowered us by his numbers, and from many other circumstances, had the odds in his favour. ODEN, or ODIN, a deity so called in ancient times among the Swedes and Goths. He was their god of war, in the same manner that they acknowledged Thor to be their Jupiter, and Frigga their Venus. ODOMETER, (odomttre, Fr.) an in- strument by which you may ascertain how much ground you go over on foot, or in conveyance. (ECONOMY, good order; method; disposition; constitution; harmony; Hence Military (Economy, which signi- fies the inteiior management uf all that relates to an armed body of men, in contradistinction to the exterior duties of the field. OZconomy, (with architects,) that me- thod which has regard to the expenses and quality of the materials. OElL, Fr. in architecture, any round aperture, which is made in a building. Oeil de dome, Fr. an opening made at the top of an edifice. Oeil de beuf, Fr. a round window or aperture, which is made in a wall or roof. The black spot in the center of a target is likewise called ceil de bauj\ or bull's eye. Oeil de pont, Fr. the opening, or vacant soace, under the arch of a bridge. Oeil de volute, Fr. the small circle in the middle of the Ionic aid), which the architects call cathete, Fr. Coup d 'Oeil, Fr. See Coup. OEILLERE, Fr. a horse's eye-flap. OEUF5,(in architecture,) the ovals or ornaments of pillars; from the French ocuf, an egg. OEUVRE, Fr. in architecture. This word admits of various significations in the French language, and may be con- nected with different prepositions, all of which determine the signification, viz. Dans Oeuvre, Fr. within. Trcnte toises de long duns auvre, thirty toises in length within doors. Hors a'OEUVRE, Fr. without. Un escalier hois d'auvre, a stair-case, with- out doors. Sous Oeuvre, Fr. from the bottom. Reprcndre un mar sous auvre, to build up a wall from the foot or bottom. OIN, orOJNG, Fr. cart-grease, such as is used to the wheels of ordnance- carriages, &c. OFF, an adverb which is frequently conjoined with verbs; and, in a military sense, is used as follows: To kill Oft, a term well known in this country by its curious application during the French war, but rendered obsolete by the ridicule it engendered. To march Off, to quit the ground on which you are regularly drawn up, for the purpose of going upon detachment, relieving a guard, or doing any other military duty. To tell Off, to count the men com* 4B OFF ( 554 ) OFF posing a battalion or company, so as to have them readily and distinctly thrown into such proportions, as suit military movements or evolutions. On duty, although on service, not immediate! employed upon any of the active duties it requires. OiF-servire, not employed. Off the staff. This term applies to general jfficcrs, who, having been en- trusted with certain commands, art taken from ihem and put upon the shelf — or to o'hcers who have been em- ployed upon general service, and are ordered to return to regimental duty. OFFENCES. All acts that are con- trary to good order and discipline, omis- sions of duty, &c. may he called mili- tary offences. The principal ones art specified in the Articles of War. No officer or soldier can be tried twice for the same offence; unless in case of an appeal from a regimental to a general court martial ; and the appeal must then be grounded upon some pecuniary wrong; nor can any officer or soldier be tried for any offence committed more than three years before the date of the warrant for trial; except in rases when, the offenders were not amenable to jus- tice in that period, when they may be brought to trial any time within two years after the impediment ceased. All cases of high treason are exceptions to these limitations; Nullum tempus occur- rit Rcsi. OFFENSIVE War. Military acts of aggression constitute what is called an offensive war. Those who assail an op- posite or adverse army, or invade the dominions of another power, are said to wage an offensive war. Offensive Weapons are such as are fit for the purpose of carrying on an of- fensive war, as cannon, mortars, swords, pistols, muskets, &c. Offensive Fortification. See Ap- proaches, Sieges, cxc. OFFICE, a place or apartment for officers to attend in, for the discharge of their respective employments, civil, ecclesiastical, naval or military. The French general! v use the word bureau. Office and Board are sometimes synonimous terms; as, Transport Hoard or Office — Barrack Board or Office — Ordnance Board or Ofrice. Sometimes the term office is inapplicable to places where military business is transacted, viz. — Clothing Board— Board of Gene- ral Officers, &c. The word Comal is used by the French in the latter sense, the term Bureau, in almost all others. Alien Office, created by Mr. Pitt for the government and superintend- ance of foreigners in Great Britain. Ir. is a branch of the home depart- ment. For the rules, &c. to he ob- served by foreigners in Great Britain, civ ii, and military, see the Alien's Guide published by II. W.Brooke, Est), of the Alien office. The functions of this office are now absorbed into those of the under secietary of state for the home department. Auditor's Office, Somerset House. This department acts as a check be- tweeu all public accomptants and the treasury. All accounts are consequently forwarded from the respective public departments under which the expen- diture immediately takes place, to this office, for final examination and ap- proval. Powers of attorney, enabling agents to receive monies from public departments whose' expenditure passes the audit, must be first entered at this office, before any sums can be issued to ndividuals so authorized. Barrack-Ovvu z. The barrack de- partment is at present upon a very large and extensive footing. It was originally formed in May, 1793, at the commence- ment of the late war, and gradually in- creased until it was erected into an establishment completely distinct from all others, by a warrant from his Ma- jesty, dated the 24th of March, 1794. Since that period it has also been further enlarged, owing to the additional num- ber of temporary barracks and prisons, which were ordered in the autumn of 1796. The business of this office is con- ducted at No. 21, New Street, Spring Gardens. There was formerly a bar* rack-mastei -general at the head of this department, but the situation was abo- lished upon General Hewitt being ap- pointed Commander in Chief in India, when a Board was established. We cannot forbear mentioning in this place, that although most of the public accomptants are sworn, barrack masters sign and give in their returns, &c. on honour, only. Commander in Chiefs Office, Horse Guards. Commander in chief, 1 mili- tary and 1 private secretary, 3 assist- ants, 16 clerks^l officer keeper, 1 house- OFF ( 555 ) OFF keeper. From this office all instruc- tions for the military regulations of the army are issued, and all military ap- pointments are to pass through the me- dium of this department ; the business extends to every office in any manner connected with military concerns, all of which -are of course subordinate to it. The commander in chief is applied to in every material case, upon which there is no specific instruction, and decides thereupon. Adjutant General's Offtce. This office is an appendage, and consequently subordinate, to that of the commander in chief; it consists of two separate de- partments; one for the recruiting ser- vice, the business of which is transacted at No. 16, Great George Street, West- minster; the other branch is at the Horse Guards, where all descriptions of army returns, both home and foreign, arc invariably addressed and examined; applications for leave of absence are made to this office; the sentences of courts-martial are reported to, and cir- culated from, this department. The establishment of the office in time of war is as follows: Horse Guards Department. 1 Adjutant general, 1 deputy adjutant general, 1 assistant adjutant general, 1 first clerk, 1 second clerk, 11 cierks. Recruiting Department. 1 Assistant adjutant generals, 1 chief clerk, 5 clerks. Office of Inspectors of Army Clothing. This is a branch of the board of general officers, and is kept at No. 19, King Street, Westminster, under the imme- diate superintendancc of two officers of rank anrl experieiice, whose business is to see that the clothing corresponds in price and quality with the sealed pat- terns. Commissary General's, or Commissary in Chiefs Office, No. 35, Great George Street, Westminster, receives contracts for supplying the army with provi... . n s, forage, and barrack accommodations, (such as beds, paillasses, &c.) and every description of stores. The persons, with whom this office corresponds, are the contractors, paymasters of cavalry regi- ments, and barrack masters, through whom the business is principally trans- acted. The office consists of 1 com- missary general of stores, now called chief commissary, principal deputy com- missary, assistant commissaries, chief commissary of musters, deputy ditto, 2 messengers. Comptroller of Army AccountsOrFiCZ. The duties of this office are so multifa- rious, that they cannot be classed under any particular denomination. The offi- cers at the head of this department are, however, considered in the nature of counsel to the treasury upon all impor- tant matters relating to army expendi- ture, which are at all times referred to them. The " general disbursements," for military service, are under the im- mediate controul of this office, from which the assignments of off-reckon- ings are invariably regulated and issued. The business extends generally to the barrack department, commissariat, cloth- ing of the army, military extra'ordina- ries, &c. &c. Inspector General's Office. The bu- siness of this office was conducted at No. 16, Great George Street, Westmin- ster, of which General Whitelocke was at. the head. Upon his appointment as commander in chief to the memorable ex- pedition to South America, early in 1807, the office was attached to the adjutant general's department. Judge Marshal, and 'Advocate Gene- ral's Office. — The functions of this office are to receive detailed reports of all the courts-martial held at home, or on foreign stations, and are by this offi- cer occasionally laid before his Ma- jesty for his confirmation of the sen- tences. When courts-martial are held in London, the duty of this officer is to prosecute on the part of the crown. — The establishment is 1 judge marshal, 1 deputy ditto. Army iledical Board Office, No. 4, Berkely Street, Piccadilly. Under the superintendance of this board, the ap- pointments to the medical situations of the army take place after a previous examination of individual competency, and formal recommendation to the com- mander in chief. Instructions relating to particular duties, and the general economy of the establishment, are issued from the uffice ; which, however, is uih der the immediate controul of the com- mander in chief. 1 physician general, 1 surgeon general, 1 inspector general of army hospitals, 2 inspectors, at York hospital, Chelsea, 1 physician, and 1 surgeon. 4B2 O F F ( 550 ) OFF Ofhtf. of Commissioners of Military Inquiry. — This office was at No. 17, Buckingham street, Adelplii, and was instituted during the administration of tlie late Mr. Pitt, in 1805, for the purpose of investigating the army expenditure. Several reports have been published by this board, relating chiefly to the parti- cular duties of individuals belonging to the war-office and ordnance department, and the manner of conducting the ac- counts, &c. of those departments, me- dical board, ccc. Office of Ordnance, or Board of Ordnance. — This important and exten- sive branch of service comprises several departments, and may be properly called a mixed otlice, being conducted at the Tower, and in Pall Mall. The whole, together with the departments at Wool- wich and elsewhere, are subservient to the master-general and the board, with regard to civil and military matters. The accoiupts for the expenditure of this service are made up and forwarded by the respective individuals, to the surveyor general at the Tower, at whose office the -y are examined and passed. It belongs to the office of ordnance to supply all military stores for the army and navy, to defray the expense of the corps or artillery, corps of engi- neers, and other military corps attached to the ordnance service; and also the charge of repairing and building forti- fications, at home and abroad ; except- ing field works abroad, and excepting also those fortifications which com- manders in chief may deem it expedient to erect without previous instructions from home; in which two cases, the bills are paid by the Treasury, and placed to account in the extraordinaries of the army. All contingent expenses, attend- ing ordnance stores, as well as camp equipage for the artillery, and the arti- cle of tents for the privates of the whole army, are included in the payments of the ordnance. The hire of vessels for the transporta- tion of ordnance for foreign service, has, since the establishment of the transport board, been transferred to that office ; and the building of barracks belongs now to the barrack department, except when barracks are ordered to be built within a fortification. his civil capacity, the entire controul over the whole ordnance department; he can alone do any act, which can otherwise, if he does not interpose, be done by the board. He can order the issue of money, hut that order must be exe- cuted in the usual mode, by three board officers. The lieutenant-general, who is second in command over the artillery and engi- neers, is, in bis civil capacity, the first in rank among the members of the Board, which consist of the master-ge^ neral, lieutenant-general, surveyor-gene- ral, clerk of the ordnance, principal storekeeper, and clerk of the deliveries. There is also one civil secretary, with subordinate clerks, who has his office in Pail-Mall. During the absence of the master-general, or the vacancy of the office, the whole executive power de- volves on the board. It belongs to them, though they are subject to the interposi- tion of the master-general, to make con- tracts for stores, and for performance of services, and to direct the issue of stores and of money. The signatures of three members of the hoard, of whom the clerk of the ordnance must be one, are necessary for the payment of money. The principal store-keeper at the Tower, is also a board officer, and has the custody of the stores delivered in there: and the store-keepers at the out- ports and garrisons have, in like man- ner, the charge of the stores issued to tliem. In general, a store-keeper and his securities are considered as per- sonally liable to pay for any deficiency in their stores. At the appointment of every new store-keeper at the out-port it is the practice of office to take an ac- count (or a remain, as it is termed) of the stores left by the predecessor. The quantity, reported by the officer employ- ed in taking the remain, to be actually delivered over, is compared, by the led- ger-keeper, with the quantity which it appears, by ledgers or articles formed from the journals of receipts and issues, that the predecessor ought to have had in his possession : and in case a de- ficiency arises, which cannot be satis- factorily accounted for, it is ordered by the Board to be made good by the pre- decessor, or his representatives. Re- mains of stores are ordered to be taken, The master general, who, in his mill- in like manner, at all places at home, tary character, is commander in chief •ver the artillery and engineers, ha?, in ■i once in seven years, as also at the ex- piration of a war. In foreign parts, a OFF ( 557 ) OFF remain is taken only on the appoint- ment of a new store-keeper. — The store- keepers abroad send home annual ac- counts of their receipts and issues. When an expedition takes place, a com- missary is specially appointed to take the charge of ordnance stores, who is liable himself, or by his securities, to make good any deficiency in the same manner as a store-keeper. In the event of the capture of ordnance stores by the enemy, the commanding ollicer's certi- ficate of the quantity captured is the voucher, on the faith of which alone the board of ordnance are accustomed to give credit to the commissary. Whenever any business, either of re- ceipt or issue, is going forward, the clerk is ordered personally to attend, and he must be present at the opening of the store early in the morning. Fortifications are erected by the com- manding engineer, pursuant to an order from the master-general, for carrying a project into execution, according to an approved plan and estimate. The esti- mate is usually formed in the first place by the engineer, who is afterwards to execute the work ; and its accuracy is examined into by a committee of en- gineers at home, the expediency of the measure being submitted to the master- general. All fortifications, works, and repairs are carried on by measurement, and by contract, except where the sol- diers of the corps of royal military arti- ficers have been employed ; and even in such cases, the materials worked up by the soldiers are usually supplied by con- tract. It belongs to the store-keeper at the place where the fortifications are car- ried on, to make the payments. Money is imprested to him for this purpose on account, in consequence of a letter from the engineer to the board, in which he mentions the particular service. The store-keeper having been made debtor for the sums imprested, is afterwards discharged by producing vouchers for his disbursements, which consist of the receipt of the person receiving the money, together with the signature of either one, or two witnesses, who are usually persons in the ordnance service. The store-keeper's own affidavit of the payment is also required. In respect to the payment of those services, which are not under the direction of the engi- neer, but under that of the store- keeper, the clerk of the survey, and the clerk of the cheque of the place, who " are called the respective officers," a joint application is made by them to the board. In the case of the works, or services abroad, the payment is made by the means of bills drawn on the board of ordnance, by the storekeepers of the regular establishments, and by the com- missary and paymaster (who are usually the same person) attending the detach- ment of artillery, which is with his ma- jesty's forces. Those who draw are- made debtors for their drafts, and ac- count afterwards in the same manner, and are subject to the same checks as a storekeeper at home. It is further re- quired of every accountant abroad, who draws bills, that he should take an oath that he has made public advertisement* of his intention to draw the sum which he had in contemplation ; and that he has accepted the lowest proposal offered to him, and that he has not, either di- rectly or indirectly, received any fee, or gratuity, for drawing the bills. When any bill, drawn from abroad, is evidently improper, the acceptance is not refused ; but the bill is accepted on the credit of the drawer, in order, as it is obvious, to save the charges attending ics return. The drawer, on entering his office, having given security for the faithful discharge of it, it is assumed, that if a bill, ac- cepted on his credit, should be after- wards disallowed on account of the ser- vice being, on investigation, deemed im- proper, the money is to be recovered from him, or his securities. The sums voted for the ordnance con- sist of the three following heads : — 1st. The ordinary, which comprehends the provision for the ordinary establishment;, chil and military, for the year ensuing. 2dly. The extraordinary, which compre- hends every service known before-hand, of a temporary and contingent nature, being a provision for the ensuing year also ; and 3dly, the services unprovided for, consisting of services which either have been actually paid in the past year, as is generally the case, or which are supposed to have been paid, but which were not foreseen when the estimate for the past year was made up. Among these unforeseen expenses are included various exceedings, which have happened in the individual services voted in the O F F ( 558 ) O F F ^n-t year's ordnance estimates: to which arc .aided, such sums as may l)c neces- sary t>> make up the deficiency of the sum, directed to the ordmuice use for the naval service. The board meets three times a week at the office of Ordnance, in Pali-Mall, viz. on Monday, Wednesday, and Fri- day, all the year round, with the ex- ception of Christmas, (Jood Friday, and the two principal royal birthdays. Three the ordnance service who hold other others under government. There is no regular fond for super- annuated officers under this establish- ment; but the expense of that head of service is annually provided for by par- liament in the ordinary of the ordnance, under the heads of superannuated and disabled men, half pay of reduced offi- cers, widows' pensions, and allowances to officers for good services; the whole officers constitute a board: so that two of which amounted, in 1797, to 19,6101 out of the five principal officers (as the 1 13s. Sd. The greatest rate of allowance, members of the board are termed) may lately given to the civil servants, for the be absent, but there is not any monthly greatest length of service, has been two arrangement of duty, in rotation. Each thirds of the amount of the salary; a member attends as his particular duties rate which appears to be very generally seem to require, or arrangements for convenience permit. The master gene- ral or lieutenant-general seldom fails to adopted in other departments. The whole amount of the establish- ment of the otlice of ordnance, as it stood attend, except when absent on military ! at Christinas, 179b, was 51,6161. 10s. 2d. duty. — Some of the other officers take i besides certain allowances for house- alternate months of attendance; and rent, coals, and candles ; besides also a there is no one of them who is not fre- per centage on the remittance of money quent in his attendance' at the board, j to storekeepers of 25s. per cent, in some The board officers have no regular hours cases, 20s. and 10s. in others, but. in and places of attendance on the duties of their own individual office, but in- terfere at their option, and as far as each of them may judge necessary, in the regulations of their respective depart- ments of the Tower, where their chief clerks reside. The general hours of attendance of the clerks in the ordnance offices, are from ten to four, besides other hours, if necessary. They are promoted usually by rotation, entering, for the most part, as junior clerks, at 7()1. per annum. — All salaries of clerks in the ordnance of above lool. per annum, are subject to a deduction of Is. fid. in the pound. The land tax duty, to which the salaries of the clerks would otherwise be liable, is defrayed, by a particular order, at. the expense of the public : which order is said to have been made many years ago, in consideration of the lowness of the salaries. All fees are expressly prohibited, ex- cept those taken by the clerk of the ordnance, the principal storekeeper, and the clerk of deliveries already mentioned. Officers ef the ordnance are prohibited from holding a share in ordnance con- tracts or agencies, with the exception of agencies to any officer of artillery, or engineers. There are no sinecure places under the board of ordnance ; nor is it conceived, that there are any persons in general of 2d. in the pound. The additions consist, 1st. of new offi- cers in London, and also at Guernsey, Jersey, New Brunswick, and the West- India islands, and some other places. A sum exceeding 7001. appears to be on account of a new appointment of officers at the powder mills. — 2dlv, of an increase of the existing salaries, and of allowances, amounting to 5,5311. lis. '2d. making together 18,4981. Is. 2d. from which, however, is to be deducted, on account of diminutions in the esta- blishment since 1782, the sum of 4/2931. 2s. 6d. making the actual increase, on a comparison of the two establishments, to be 1 1,2011. lbs. 8d. The committee of the house of Com- mons, from whose report we have made these copious extracts, conclude by ob- serving, that the estimates for works abroad have been much oftener exceeded than those at home ; that the frauds are more numerous ; that the difficulties of prosecuting, there, are considered as greater ; that additional precautions to prevent impositions in the drawing of bills are necessary ; and that the taking of a periodical remain, as is done at home, is there omitted. The enormous frauds practised by so many servants, in various West-India islands, while the vouchers sent home continued to be fair and regular, create a reasonable OFF ( 559 ) OFF jealousy and suspicion, in respect to the "manner or" conducting this branch of the public service, in those possessions in general which are distant; and the money, asked for extraordinary services in those parts, should obviously, there- fore, be voted only after having given due consideration to the case in ques- tion, and after full explanation of the extent of the projected service. With respect to the establishment of the office of ordnance, and of the sala- ries and duties of its servants, it appears obvious, that from many tilings which have been stated, it is not so much on any general regulations, or instructions, however strict and prudently framed, that parliament must depend for the proper application of the money voted for ord- nance service, as on the disposition strictly to execute those orders ; on the proper choice of the inferior servants, and the careful superintendance of them; on the integrity, vigilance, and know- ledge of business of the principal officers of the board of ordnance; and more particularly of the master-general, in whose hands almost all the patronage, and ultimately all the power, are placed. A board, consisting of the master ge- neral, or, in his absence, of the lieute- nant-general and seven officers, regularly sit for the transaction of public busi- ness on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fri- days, at the office in Pall Mall, where the correspondence and arrangement of the general service of this branch take place. Applications, upon every de- scription of business connected with this department, are addressed to the civil secretary ; through whose medium the regimental requisitions for military ap- pointments are issued from the stores, and forwarded to the several stations. The office consists, at present, of the master-general, 1 lieutenant-general, 1 surveyor-general, 1 clerk of the ordnance, 1 principal storekeeper, 1 clerk of the deliveries, 1 treasurer, 1 secretary to the master-general, 1 secretary to the board, 1 under secretary to the master-general, 2 clerks under ditto, 2 clerks under the lieutenant-general. 1 chief clerk under the surveyor-general, 13 senior clerks on the establishment, 12 junior clerks on ditto, 15 assistant clerks. 1 chief clerk under the clerk of the ordnance, 10 se- nior clerks on the establishment, 10 junior clerks on ditto, 6 assistant clerks, 1 chief clerk under the storekeeper, 8 senior clerks on the establishment, 10 junior clerks on ditto, 3 assistant clerks. 1 chief clerk under the clerk of the deliveries, 6 senior clerks on the esta- blishment, 6 junior clerks on ditto, 7 assistant clerks. 1 chief clerk under the treasurer, 7 senior clerks on the es- tablishment, 7 junior clerks on ditto, G assistant clerks. 1 chief clerk under the civil secretary to the board, belonging to the minuting branch, o' senior clerks on tiie establishment, 6 junior clerks on ditto. 1 chief clerk belonging to tin* corresponding branch, 6 senior clerks on the establishment, 7 junior clerks on ditto. 1 master-general's messenger, with several other porters, doorkeepers and messengers, 1 messenger from Wool- wich to Westminster, 1 solicitor, 1 architect, 1 assistant ditto, 1 principal clerk of the works at the Tower, 1 as- sistant, 1 overseer under ditto, 1 super- intendant of shipping, 1 clerk to ditto, 1 assistant to ditto, 1 armourer at the Tower, 1 clerk of the cheque at ditto, 1 enginekeeper, 1 housekeeper at ditto. 1 housekeeper at the office in Pali-Mall. 1 clockmaker, 1 bargemaster, 1 super- intendant of ordnance tradesmen, 1 in- spector of small amis belonging to the small-gun department, 1 assistant, 1 superintendant, 1 master furbisher, 2 clerks to the inspector, 1 furbisher for Hampton-Court and St. James's, 2 ditto for Windsor. Subordinate and responsible to the office of ordnance : OFFrcERS belonging to the Royal Mi- litary Academy at Woolwich— One go- vernor, who is invariably the master-ge- neral, 1 lieutenant-governor, 1 inspector, 1 assistant inspector, 1 professor of for- tification, 1 professor of mathematics and first master, 1 second mathematical master, 1 third ditto, 1 French master, 1 first assistant for fortification, 1 fourth mathematical master, 1 fifth ditto, 1. second assistant for fortification, 1 sixth mathematical master, 1 first mathema- tical assistant, 1 second ditto, 1 third ditto, 1 drawing-master for ground, 1 ditto for figures, 1 ditto for landscapes, 1 dancing-master, 1 second French mas- ter, 1 fencing-master, 1 assistant draw- ing-master for ground, 1 ditto for figures, 1 first clerk, 1 second ditto, 1 first mo- deller, 1 second ditto. 1 inspector of ar- tillery, 1 assistant to ditto, 1 second as- sistant and draftsman, 1 first clerk, 1 second clerk, 1 assistant clerk, 1 proof- O F F ( 560 ) OFF Master, t searcher of ordnance, 1 instru- ment-keeper, 1 modeller, 1 inspector of the royal brass foundry, 1 master foun- der, 1 assistant ditto, I foreman to ditto, l clerk. OFFICERS h longing to the Roi/al La- boratory at Woolwich — One comptroller, 1 chief fire-master, 9 assistant fire-mas- ters, 1 chemist, 1 inspector of gunpow- der, 1 chief clerk, 5 clerks, 3 extra clerks, 1 surgeon, 1 assistant fire-master at Portsmouth, 1 clerk to ditto, 1 assis- tant fire-master at Plymouth, 1 clerk to ditto. Officers belonging to the Carriage. Department at. Woolwich — One inspec- tor, 1 first assistant, 1 second assistant, 1 constructor of carriages, 1 first senior constructor, 1 second ditto, 4 junior constructors, 3 ditto for the out-ports, 1 clerk of the cheque. 1 senior clerk be- longing to the inspector's otfice, 2 junior ditto, 2 senior clerks belonging to the clerk of the cheque's office, 2 junior ditto, 1 clerk ditto, master artificers, 1 superintendant of the royal military repository, 1 modeller, 1 clerk, 1 drafts- man to ditto. Officers belonging to the Royal Mi- litary Repository at II oohoich : 1 superintendant, 1 modeller, 1 clerk, 1 draftsman, 1 astronomical observer at Greenwich. Officers at Out ports and Stations be- longing to the Ordnance. Woolwich — One storekeeper, 1 clerk of survey, 1 clerk of the cheque, 4 clerks, 1 clerk of the works, I barrack-master, in the new barracks, 1 paymaster. Pur- jleet — One storekeeper, 1 clerk of sur- vey, 1 clerk of the cheque, 1 clerk of the works. Gravesend and Tilbury Fort — One storekeeper, 1 clerk of the cheque. Chatham — One storekeeper, 1 clerk of survey, 1 clerk of the cheque, 1 barrack- master. Upnpr Castle — One store- keeper, 1 clerk of the cheque. Shcer-- vess — One storekeeper, 1 clerk of survey, 1 ditto of the cheque. Dover — One storekeeper, 1 clerk of the cheque. Feversham — One storekeeper, 1 clerk of the cheque, 1 master worker. Waltham Abbey — One storekeeper, 1 clerk of the cheque, 1 master-worker, 1 keeper of the magazines at Barking Creek. Ports- mouth — One storekeeper, 1 clerk of sur- vey, i clerk of the cheque, 1 barrack master, 1 surgeon. On! assistant fire-master, 1 clerk. Prid- dy's Hard — One storekeeper, 1 clerk of the cheque. Tipner Point — One store- keeper, 1 clerk. Plymouth — One clerk of survey, 1 clerk of the cheque. Key- liam Point — One storekeeper, \ clerk of the cheque. Picquet Fold — One store- keeper at Hungerford, 1 Peudennis, I Scilly [stand, 1 Chester Castle and Liver- pool, 1 the Isle of .Man, 1 Carlisle, 1 Berwick, 1 Tinmouth Castle, 1 Hull, 1 Yarmouth, 1 Languara Fort and Har- wich, I Edinburgh Castle, 1 Stirling Castle, ! Fort William, 1 Fort George, 1 Scarborough Castle. Guernsey — One storekeeper, 1 clerk of the cheque. Jer- sey, one ditto, 1 ditto. Alderney — One storekeeper. Officers belonging to the Depots for small Arms. Shrewsbury 1 storekeeper. Chelmsford 1 ditto. Bury St. Edmund's 1 ditto. Horsham 1 ditto. Derby 1 ditto. Lincoln 1 ditto. Bristol 1 ditto. Officers belonging to the Inland De- pots — Uar/cy, 1 barrack-master. Can- terbury, 1 ditto. Weedcn Beck, in North- amptonshire, 1 storekeeper, 1 clerk of the cheque. Offn ERS belonging to the Royal Ma- nufactory of small Arms — Lcwishum, 1 storekeeper, 1 superintendant. Officers on Foreign Stations — Gib- raltar, 1 storekeeper, 1 clerk of the sur- vey, I ditto cheque, ,1 of works. Malta, 1 storekeeper, 1 clerk of survey, 4 clerks. Jamaica, 1 storekeeper, 1 clerk of the cheque. Antigua, 1 storekeeper, 1 clerk of the cheque. St. Christophers, 1 ditto, 1 ditto. Dominica, 1 ditto, 1 ditto. St. Vincent's, 1 ditto, 1 ditto. Barbadoes, 1 ditto, 1 ditto, 1 clerk. Grenada, 1 ditto, 1 ditto. Tobago, 1 ditto, 1 ditto. .SV. Lucia, 1 ditto, 1 ditto. Trinidad, 1 ditto, 1 ditto. Demururu, 1 ditto, 1 ditto. Surinam, 1 ditto, 1 ditto. Ba- hama Islands, 1 ditto, 1 ditto. Bermuda, 1 storekeeper. Quebec, 1 storekeeper, 1 clerk of the survey, 1 clerk of the cheque. Halifax, 1 storekeeper, 1 clerk of the cheque. New Brunswick, 1 ditto, 1 ditto. St. John's, Newfoundland, 1 ditto, ditto. Placental, 1 storekeeper. Curncoa, 1 storekeeper, 1 clerk of the cheque. Martinique — unknown. Officers belonging to the Ordnance in Ireland — One commanding officer of artillery, 1 ditto of royal engineers, 1 storekeeper, 1 clerk of survey, 1 clerk On hers of the Royal Laboratory of the cheque, 1 first clerh in the store- #■»'/ restorme Howes at Portsmouth — keepers department, 7 clerks ^ 1 first OFF ( 561 ) OFF clerk of the survey's department, 11 clerks ; 1 first clerk in the clerk of the cheaue's office, 6 clerks; 1 treasurer, 1 first clerk in the treasurer's office, 3 clerks. Officers belonging to the Laboratory and small Gun Department — One deputy fire-master of the royal laboratory, 1 superintendant of the small gun depart- ment, 1 master furbisher, 1 first clerk in the laboratory and armoury, 9 clerks ; 1 second assistant in the gun-carriage department, 1 clerk of works, 1 first clerk in the carriage-yard department, 2 clerks ; 1 clerk of works belonging to the engineer department, 1 first under ditto, 3 clerks ditto ; 1 storekeeper. Ballincolig Powder Mills — One super- intendant, 1 storekeeper, 1 clerk of the cheque, 2 clerks, 1 clerk of works. — Storekeepers, at Athlone 1, Bantry 1, Carrkkfergus 1, Churkmont 1, Charles Fort 1, Cork 1, Cove of Cork 1, Clon- mel t, Duncannon Fort 1, Enniskillen 1, Kinsale 1, Limerick 1, Londonderry 1. Officers belonging to the Military Branch of the Ordnance. — One colonel in chief, 1 colonel en second, 3 colonels commandant, 6 colonels, 12 lieutenant colonels, 27 captains, 28 second cap- tains, 55 first lieutenants, 1 inspector general of fortifications, 1 deputy ditto, 1 brigade-major, 1 adjutant and quarter- master. Officers belonging to the Corps oj Royal Military Surveyors, and Drafts- men in the Toioer. — One chief surveyor and draftsman, 1 assistant, 1 second as- sistant, 10 belonging to the first class of draftsmen, 21 of the second class, 10 of the third ditto, 8 cadets. Officers belonging to the Commis- sary's Department to the Field Train of Artillery in Great Britain. — One com- mandant, 3 commissaries, 8 assistant ditto, 1 paymaster. Office of Ordnance Inspector of Bar- racks. The inspector of ordnance bar- racks is charged with the general super- intendance and control of all barracks attached to that department in Great Britain, Ireland, and at the foreign sta are also examined, and certified, by the inspector of ordnance barracks, prior to their being submitted to the board. This office was created in 1806, and consists of 1 inspector, 2 assistants ditto, with subordinate clerks, 1 mes- senger. Ot fice of the Secretary to the Board- of Ordnance. This office is kept in Pail- Mall, and consists of 1 principal secre- tary, in whose name all advertisements for ordnance contracts, &c. are issued, and through whom all sealed proposals for furnishing stores, forage, &c. or ap- plications for arms, 8cc. must be trans- mitted, addressed, not nominally, but by official superscription, To the Secre- tary of the Honourable the Board of Ordnance, Pail-Mall; as is the case in other departments. This important situ- ation, and place of trust, is generally filled by a person thoroughly acquainted with all the details of office, and who has gradually risen from the most sub- ordinate appointment. He must, in fact, be a complete man of business, attached to no party, and swayed by no political bias whatsoever; principles, we humbly conceive, by which every honest and industrious servant of the public ought invariably to be governed. The secretary is .*i civil officer, as are likewise the subordinate clerks, and is supposed to be well acquainted with foreign languages, and foreign details, in order to prepare the necessary documents for the board, which are occasionally transmitted from foreign stations, and from the foreign artillery belonging to the establishment. His salary and allow- ances are, we presume, (as they ought to be,) worthy of so extensive* a depart- ment, and adequate to so much trust and labour. He is assisted by 1 chief clerk belonging to the minuting branch, 7 senior clerks, 7 junior ditto, 1 chief clerk belonging to the corresponding branch, 7 senior clerks, 7 junior ditto, and 1 messenger. OiiK t of Surveyor General of Ord- nance. See Surveyor. Army Pay-Oivicr.. From this office tions. He is the immediate channel of j the issues for the payment of every de communication between the master ge- scription of military service are made neral and board, and the several barrack masters. The various weekly, monthly, quarterly, and half yearly barrack re- turns are inspected in this office ; and the accounts of the expenditure of mo- ney, coals, candles, and other stores, Officers on hall-pay forward their affi- da\itsto this department, either them- selves, or through their agents; the office is situated between the Admiralr and Horse Guards. In consequence of the pay-office act, 4C O F F ( $62 ) OFF the paymaster-general has been deprived of anj profit that might accrue from the custody oi the public money. The paymaster-general has not any active controul over the public expendi- ture; it being bis duty to make pay- ments (ministerially and without dis- cretion) in pursuance of" the warrants directed to him by the secretary at war, or the treasury, or by both, as the case ma} be, or in payment of the drafts oi* the deputy paymasters abroad, tor the ordinan services of the army? The pay- office must therefore be looked upon as an oiuce of mere account ; and as affecting the public expenditure only, SO far as it performs its duty, as an office of account, with expedition and regularity. The materials and documents, which compose a considerable part of the ac- count of the paymaster-general, origi- nate from persons over whose conduct he has no controul. There is a regular succession in preparing them from the regimental paymaster to the agent, and from the agent to the secretary at war, who finally delivers them at the pay- office. For further particulars see Pay- Office Act. Muster Muster General's Office. In this office are collected nominative lists of all corps within the cognizance of the "army department." The particular services of each individual are here en- rolled, together with any circumstances of discharge, or transfer from one regi- ment to another. The office is in Whiti ball Yard, opposite the Admiralty, (!iaiing Cross. Money Order Office. See Money Order. Quarter Master GeneraTs Office at tin tiofse Guards. The duties attached to this office, are, the regulating the quarters of the army; attending to the various movements of troops, issuing routes, affixing stations to corps of all descriptions. Thequarter-master-general is presumed to be well acquainted with all the interior economy of an army, from the management of a company up to its several component parts: he goes hand in hand with the adjutant and commissary-general, and is very properly called the right arm of a commander in chief on service; for he should not only be well acquainted with strategy and tactics, hut also be fertile in expedients, and well versed in all the chicanery of war. The establishment consists of l quarter-master-general, 1 deputy ditto, 6 assistant ditto, 11 clerks, 1 office- keeper, 1 house-keeper, ;i messengers. Royal Marine Office, an office es- tablished for the convenience of the pay master of the Royal Marines. The person who is entrusted with the manage- ment of this office is called paymaster, and he acts in that capacity as agent to the whole corps of marines. The dis- tribution of public monies, for the use of the Royal Artillery, is governed nearly upon the same principles. Ship-Letter Offh E. During the con- tinuance of the British army in Holland, in 1708, a mail was made up, every Tuesday and Friday night, and for- warded to Yarmouth, where two packets taken from the (uxhaven station, were appointed to convey them to the llelder. \ gentleman (the deputy comptroller of the foreign office) was sent to the head quarters as army postmaster, and in like manner made up two mails per week, but they were sometimes detained for dispatches. On application from the Duke of York, the letters of soldiers (having the signa- ture of the commanding officer upon the superscription) were suffered to pass at the reduced charge of one penny : al- though that sum was not paid at the time of the letter being put into the post-office as the Act of Parliament on the subject requires. Storekeeper General's Office, Duke Street, Westminster. All stores, sup- plied under contracts with the chief commissary, are deposited iu this office, from which they are issued by the authority of the secretary at war to the troops; they consist of camp equipage, hospital stores, bedding, great coats, medicines, &c. &c. Transport Office. The transport office is a newly created board, and was instituted in July, 1794, at first for the superintendance of the transport sen ice only; but to that employment has since been added the management of the pri- soners of war in health, at home and abroad. The immediate duty of this office, so far as related to the transport service, used to be performed by the commis- sioners of the navy ; except in some in- stances, where the ordnance, or other departments hired the transports wanted for their immediate service. U is sub- OFF Ordinate to the secretary of state for the home department, and has 6 commis- si oners, and 1 secretary, whose office is in Dorset Court, Cannon Row, West- minster, and consists of 1 chief clerk, 1 assistant ditto, 3 extra ditto, 1 clerk of the minutes, 1 clerk for keeping ac- coupt of the appropriation and service of transports, 1 assistant ditto, 1 extra clerk. It is also subdivided into several departments. Volunteer and Local Militia Office is at No. 34, Great George Street, West- minster. The accompts, acceptance of bills, and correspondence relative to these branches of service, are here con- ducted under the immediate controul of the War-office. ]('«?•- Office, Horse Guards. The establishment of the war-office, at Christ- mas, 179(3, according to the last public document on that head, consisted of the secretary and deputy secretary at Mir, a first clerk, and three principal clerks, and eight persons or their assist- ants, placed at the head of different ■departments of the office. The following is the present establishment : 1 secre- tary at war, 1 deputy ditto, 1 chief exa- miner of army accounts, 1 first clerk, 34 senior clerks, 1 private secretary to the secretary at war, 1 first clerk for the department of accounts, 1 second ditto, J third ditto, 53 junior clerks, I first clerk for the depart inent of the volun- teers and local militia, 5 clerks, 10 ditto belonging to Mr. Stuart's department, 7 clerks of the foreign branch, 1 pay- master of wfdows' pensions, 1 deputy ditto, 1 office-keeper, 4 messengers, 18 assistant messengers, 1 librarian, 1 store- keeper. The duties of this office are the examination of army accounts, and corresponding thereupon. The secretary at war decides upon the propriety of admitting charges against the public, which have been incurred under peculiar circumstances not justifying their admis- sion without his authority. In other respects he acts ministerially. To this office is attached A Foreign Department, where the bu- siness of the foreign regiments, or mer- cenaries, in the service of England, is transacted. This office is in Duke Street, -^Vestminster; its establishment consists of 7 clerks, including 1 chief, 3 mes- sengers. ^rV ith respect to the nature of the ac- counts which come into the War-office, ( 56S ) OFF and the form of the examination which they undergo there, it has been stated to the House of Commons, that the first head consists of the annual ac- counts of the ordinary and accidental charges of established regiments ; the second may not inaccurately be defined regimental extraordinaries, or incidental expenses more properly belonging to established corps than to the army in general, which latter are known by the term, " Extraordinaries of the Army." All claims, made by the regimental agents, come under the inspection of the " Examiner of Army Accounts," to whose office they are transmitted of course, in virtue of a general delegation of that duty to him by the secretary at war : after his examination and report, the secretary at war, in many instances, orders partial issues of money by letter, to the paymaster general. Xo final payment is made, except under the au- thority of a warrant countersigned by the secretary at war, and, in most in- stances, by three lords of the treasury. The regimental agents account finally to the secretary at war. They are like- wise accountable to him, and to the commander in chief, for every species of mismanagement and misconduct with respect to the officers and soldiers, &c. The forms under which all payments, derived from the establishment, are con- ducted, consist of the following pa- pers : — 1. The establishment of a regiment. <2. The warrant from the War-office to make out debentures, with the state of charges annexed. 3. The debenture made up at the pay- office. 4. The final or clearing warrant. 5. The pay-office state. The War-office department has no concern in framing or executing the in- terior and local regulations of the militia forces. These are made, altered and amended by the lord-lieutenants of counties, after having been submitted to Parliament. Foreign Office. This office is in Downing-Street, under the immediate direction of one of the principal Secre- taries of State, who has the conduct and management of our affiiirs with foreign powers. Home Office, or Home Department, an office which is under the direction ot one of the three priucipal Secretaries of 4C52 OFF ( 564 ) OFF State All military commissions are made nut in the Home Department, and are countersigned by the Secretary of" State who is the head thereof. In cases where the public tranquillity is disturbed, the Secretary of State for the Home Department is in the habit of signifying; the King's pleasure to the Com- mander in Chief for sending troops to act in support of the civil power. The office is at Whitehall. Office /b;- the Entry and Distribution nf Commissions in the Line, signed by His Majesty, and far the Receipt of Fees thereon. This office is at the Horse Guards, and holds a communi- cation with the War-office, and the Commander in Chief's office, in all mat- ters relating to commissions and warrants signed bv the King. An Annual Official Army List, containing the names of all officers belonging to the British army, marines, and militia, is also issued from this office and published by authority. For the convenience of the army, a Monthly List is likewise given under the same sanction. Office of Secretary of State, Colony and War Department. — The office of secretary of state for the war department was first established on the 11th of July, 1794, the whole business of the war de- partment having, from the commence- ment of the war in 1793, down to that period, been transacted by the late Lord Melville, in addition to the ordinary busi- ness of the home department. The accumulation of affairs, occa- sioned by the war, had, however, as it is stated, rendered it necessary to add four clerks to the ordinary establishment, and to employ two others, belonging to particular branches, almost constantly and exclusively, and had in such manner overloaded every individual then existing in the office, that the necessity of a sepa- rate establishment, for managing the af- fairs of war exclusively, was soon felt, and produced the additional office ot secretary of state for the colony and war d< partment. The office, is in Downing- Street. Delays of Office. The disappoint- ments and embarrassments to which many individuals, but most especially military men, are exposed, through the tardy progress of official business, and which have obtained a sort of proverbial curse under this term, shew the necessity wf regulations being made out in the clearest manner ; and when made out, of their being speedily and faithfully complied with. If procrastination b« the thief of time, delays of office are secret abettors of ii. Insolence of OFFICE, a self-assumed importance, against which little minds are never proof, and rf which peal mindfc are almost always the unfortunate vic- tims. ('usual OFFICES are such as are given for life by patent, commission, &c. and which become vacant by the death of the incumbent: as that of the constable of the Tower, &c. The names of the persons belonging to the several appointments are annually printed in the Royal Calendar, com- monly called the Red Book. OFFiCES(with architects.) All thelodges and apartments which serve for the ne- cessary occasions of a palace or great house are generally so called. Offices, in a figurative sense, kind acts, services rendered, and voluntarily offered ; also unkind acts, and disservices done in the same manner. OFFICER, (officier, Fr.) This word has a double signification : it is applied to a person acting in a civil or military situation under government. Board Ol i icer, a person belonging to a Board, either in a civil or military ca- pacity, as in the Ordnance, &c. Officer. Amongst the ancients, the profession of arms was not a distinct and separate avocation, to which men devo- ted the whole of their application and their lives : the great generals of the Greeks and Romans were the ministers of the state, and the leaders of popular assemblies. Pericles was the most dis- tinguished orator of his time: Xenophon wag excellent as an historian, and in every branch of prose composition. All the great generals of the different Grecian states appear to have been men highly endowed ; strangers to no branch of lite- rature or learning then known. The first Scipio was the protector of genius, the patron of the arts, the friend of talents. Pompey was distinguished as a public speaker; Quintilian says of Ca'sar, that he was the only man who could have rivalled Cicero in eloquence, and that Tanta in eo vis est, id acumen, ea concitutio,ut uppareat ilium eodcrn animo- dixisse quo belluvit. It, therefore, does not appear to have been the opinion of those two, the greatest nations that have OFF ( 565 ) OFF «ver trodden the earth, that military pur- suits ought only to he followed by lesser and more ignoble minds ; that a man might be little in the other avocations of human life, and great in the field of bat- tle. The happy discovery had not yet been made, that an army was the sink of the state, a drain for the trash and refuse of its population of every descrip- tion ; the asylum of the idle, the ignorant and the profligate ; the temple of block- heads, where the chief priest might be the most contemptible of the human kind. Officer commanding a battalion. The duties imposed upon this officer, and the consequent responsibility which must result from them, induces us to give the following observations : However vigilant the commanding officer of a regiment may be, it too fre- quently happens, that the grossest irre- gularities prevail, which are out of Iris power to discover and, of course, to correct. It is, for instance, essentially necessary, that all the spare arms, appointments, &c. should be in a constant state of rea- diness, and that all the men should be completely armed and equipped, and, in every respect, fit for service. In regiments where the commanding officers do not frequently and strictly inspect the several companies, gross de- viations from the rules of real economy are too apparent. Yet, notwithstanding the inspection of a commanding officer, officers, having the charge of troops or companies, are enabled to conceal many deficiencies by causing, on the day ap- pointed for inspection, such men as are not fit to fall in, to be put on some duty, and the faulty arms and accoutrements to be exchanged, and to be given to these men during the night. To avoid the pos- sibility of this, and of similar practices, it would be advisable to make a rule throughout the British army, that one troop or company should, every day, be excused all species of duty. During this period, the books, spare arms, ac- coutrements, &c. should be brought into the barrack yard or front of the bell- tents in camp, the troop or company be turned out, and put through certain evolutions or manoeuvres by the senior officer, in the presence of the command- ing officer. By an arrangement of this jort, it would be in the power of every colonel or officer commanding, to see the whole of his regiment, in the most minute way on a given day, according to the number of troops or companies, to judge of the degree of attention which every captain, having the charge of a troop or company, had paid, either to its drill or interior economy, and thus as- certain the fitness of the whole for imme- diate service. Inspecting field Officer, an officer appointed by the commander in chief for the express purpose of attending to the exercise and discipline of the volun- teer associations. The allowance and pay of this officer are very ample in- deed. Inspecting field Officer of a district, an officer appointed by the commander in chief, and subordinate to the adjur taut general, for the express purpose of examining all recruits that appear within his district. He is allowed an adjutant and surgeon ; but his pay and allowances are not equal to those of the volunteer inspector. Recruiting Officer, (officier recru- teur, Fr.) an officer sent, with a party, into some town or village, for the pur- pose of enlisting men. He must com- municate with the inspecting field officers of recruits. Officers, in a military sense, are of several denominations and ranks, viz. Commissioned Officers in our service are those appointed by the king's com- mission ; such are all from the general to the cornet and ensign, both inclusive; and in the Blues, or Royal Horse Guards, the quarter-master bears the king's com- mission. Those persons are also called commissioned officers, that act under the signature of the lord-lieutenants of counties, or under that of the colonel or commandant of a regiment, as in the militia, volunteer and yeomanry corps. Warrant Officers, those who have no commissions, but only warrants from such boards, or persons, who are au- thorized by the king to grant them. Non-commissioned Officers are ser- jeant-majors, quarter-master Serjeants, Serjeants, drum and fife majors, who are appointed by the commanding officers of regiments, and by them may be re- duced without a court martial. But it is not in the power of any captain of a troop or company, or other subordinate officer, to reduce a serjeant without the OFF ( 566 ) OFF sentence of a general or regimental court martial. General Officers are those whose command is not limited to a single com- pany, troop, or regiment ; but extends to a body of forces, composed of several regiments : such are the general, lieute- nant general, major general, and, in some armies, brigadier general. General officers, having regiments, may be summoned to attend the board at the Horse Guards, either for the purpose of inspecting the patterns tor clothing, or of deciding upon any other point which concerns the interior eco- nomy of the service. They are sum- moned from the judge advocate's othce, to whom they must apply for leave ol absence in case of sickness. Their letter of excuse is transmitted by him to the adjutant general, who lays it before the board. Field Officers are such as command a whole regiment ; as the colonel, lieu- tenant-colonel, and major. Stuff' Officers are the quarter-mas- ter-general, and the adjutant-general, brigade officers and aides-de-camp, also the quarter-masters, adjutants, the phy- sicians, surgeons, and chaplains. Subaltern Officers are lieutenants, cornets, and ensigns ; and with n spect to the ijrand total of an army, all officers under the rank of major. Flag OFFICERS arc admirals who hoist flags at the mast heads. Sea Officers are, in general, all those who have any command in the navy. The following observations, which more specifically relate to guards, are so generally applicable to every other mi- litary situation on service, that we re- commend them to the serious attention of every officer : — It is the duty of all officers, to take notice of any negligence, or improp of conduct, in the men, whetht r on duty or off duty, although the person or per- sons offending should not belong to their particular regiments. They are imme- diately to report all neglects of duty to the officer commanding the guard ; and they are enjoined to confine, and to re- port to the commanding officer of the regiment to which they belong, any non- commissioned officers or soldiers, they may detect -in disorderly practices, or who appear out of their quarters, con- ducting themselves, either in point of behaviour or appearance, in a manner unbecoming soldiers. — Regulations and Orders. Brevet OFFICER, one who, in doing duty with other corps, takes rank ac- cording to the commission which he holds from the king, and which is supe- rior to the one for which he actually re- ceives pay, or by which he can do duty in his own. A captain for instance, in the sixty-second regiment of toot, who has the rank of brevet-major in the army, may, whin that corps does brigade duty, command every captain on service with him. The word brevet is taken from the French, and in the instance before us means rank without pay. During the old French monarchy, there wen various instances in which individuals held posts of honour during the long '-. pleasure, or during their own natural lives. Hence dues ft brevet, dukes by brevet ; or, to use an expression more fa- miliar to us, persons who received the patent letter of a dukedom during their natural lives. Brevet likewise signified a sum attached by order of the king to the sale of a commission, or place, for the benefit of a deceased person's wife, heirs, or creditors : this was called brevet de retemie. So that the word brevet, though limited to one sense amongst us, was applicable to rank and emolument among the French. Hence, breveter signified to give a person a commission, place, or employment; to invest him with honorary rank ; or to authorize him to receive a pension. Brevet de eapitaine signifies the commission, or rank of a captain. Officers and Commissioners of t/ir Royal Hospital at Chelsea : The cwil department consists of — The president of the council. First lord of the treasury- The two secretaries of state. The paymaster general of land forces. The secretary at war. The two comptrollers of army accounts. The governor and lieutenant governor. Salaries unknown. The mili/an/ department consists of governor, lieutenant governor, major, adjutant, treasurer, (who is the paymas- ter general for the time being,) deputy treasurer, 1 clerk, 2 chaplains, 1 secre- tary and registrar, 2 senior clerks, 2 junior ditto, 1 agent and paymaster to the out-pensioners, 1 magistrate to at- OFF ( 567 ) OFF test the invalids and out-pensioners, 1 physician, 1 comptroller, 1 steward, 1 surgeon, two surgeon's mates, 1 apothe- cary, 1 truss maker, 1 whitster, 1 ward- robe keeper, 1 compter of coal yard, 1 organist, 1 clerk of the works, 1 mastei lamp-lighter, 1 master butler, 1 mastei cook, 1 second cook, 2 under cooks, 1 scullery-man, 1 gardener, 1 master barber, 1 engine keeper, 1 clock keeper, 1 canal keeper and turncock, 1 sexton, 1 usherof the hall, 1 porter, 1 cellarman, 2 sweepers, 1 matron, 1 master mason, 1 master smith, 1 master painter, and 1 plumber. The names and appointments may be seen in the Royal Calendar, commonly called the Red Book. Field Officers belonging to the seve- ral regiments of militia in Ireland: — By an act passed on the 24th of March, 1801, the number of field offi- cers of this description has been in- creased by adding one additional lieu- tenant colonel, and one additional ma- jor, to such of the Irish regiments as consist of eight companies, or upwards, and one additional major to such of the said regiments as consist of seven com- panies, or under. The following coun- ties consist of eight companies and up- wards : — Antrim, Armagh, North Cork, South Cork, City of Cork, Donegal, City of Dublin, Gulway, Kerry, Kil- kenny, King's County, County of Lime- rick, Londonderry, Louth, Meath, Mo- naghan, 'Roscommon, Tipperary, Tyrone, Waterford and Wexford. The Carlow, Cavan, Clare, North Dozcnshire, South Downshire, County of Dublin, Ferma- nagh, Kildure, Leitrim, City of Limerick, Longford, North Mayo, South Mayo, Queen's County, S/igo, Westmeath, and IVicklow regiments, consist of seven companies, or are under seven com- panies. All such additional field officers, if qualified, in manner as field officers of the same rank in the militia of Ireland are now by law required to be, and not disapproved of by the lord lieutenant, or other chief governor or governors of Ireland, within fourteen days after such certificate shall have been laid before him or them, shall, to all intents and purposes, be deemed and taken as field officers of the respective regiments in the respective ranks to which their com- missions shall respe€tively appoint them; and shall have the same powers accord- ing to such commissions respectively, that other field officers in the militia now have, and shall have rank, and re- ceive pay according to such rank from the dates of their respective commis- sions, in manner and form as the field officers of the militia regiments of Ire- land are now entitled thereto. Officer in waiting. The officer next for duty is so called. He is always mentioned in orders, and ought to be ready for the service specified, at a mi- nute's warning. He must not, on this account, quit the camp, garrison, or cantonments. Officer of the day, an officer whose immediate duty is to attend to the inte- rior economy and good order of the corps to which he belongs, or of those with which he does mixed duty. The following regulations will explain the nature of that duty when troops are en- camped : The officers for daily duty in camp, independent of guards, will be a general or generals of the day, according to the circumstances and strength of the camp. In large camps, there will be a lieute- nant-general of the day, and a major- general of each wing, or one major-ge- neral of cavalry, and one of infantry ; and majors of brigade in the same pro- portion : a field officer per brigade, and a captain and subaltern of the day per regiment, and an adjutant and quarter- master of the day per brigade. The general of the day is to superin- tend the regularity and discipline of the camp, in every particular : he is to visit the guards of the camp and the outposts (unless the latter are put under the command of some particular officer) : he is to call out and inspect the inlying piquets, as often, and at such times, as he thinks proper : he is to receive all reports in camp, and make imme- diate communication of any extraordi- nary occurrences to the commander in chief. The captain of the day of each regi- ment superintends the cleanliness and regularity of the camp of the regiment : he attends the parading of all regimental guards, orders the roll to be called fre- quently, and at uncertain hours, and reports every thing extraordinary to the commanding officer. The subaltern of the day assists th$ O F J«' ( 568 ) O F F captain in his various duties, and reports to him any irregularity, which may come tn liis knowledge. The captain and subaltern of the rlav are each to visit the hospital at unci p- tain boars, the captain is to make au report of the state of the hospital to the commanding officer of the regiment. The regularity of the men's messing is an object or primary importance. — The captain or subaltern of the day must visit, and inspect the kettles, at the hour appointed for booking, and no kettle is to be taken from the kitchens till this inspection is made, and the sig- nal is given by the drum for the men to dine, which should be at. the same hour, throughout the camp. Indepen- dent of this regimental arrangement, the officers of companies must daily and hourly attend to the messing and every circumstance of the economy of their companies, in camp more particularly than in quarters. The adjutant of the day of the brigade is to assist the brigade-major in the va- rious details of it, and in the absence of the brigade-major is to receive and exe- cute all orders : it may frequently be .lecessary for him likewise to attend for orders, at head-quarters. It is the duty of the quarter master of the day of the brigade, to attend to the cleanliness of the camp; to take care that all broken glass and tilth of all kinds be removed, for which the quarter master of each re- giment is responsible, as far as the camp of his regiment is concerned. The officers on duty, and those in waiting as next for duty, who an al- ways to be mentioned in the orders of the day, are constantly to remain in camp, or within the cantonments. — No officer is, on any account, to sleep out of camp, or cantonments, without leave. Officers making written reports are to sign them, specifying their rank and the regiments to which they belong. All orders relating to the men are to be read to them by an officer per com- pany, at the next parade after such orders are given out. When there is a field officer of the day, it is his duty to visit all guards fre- quently during the day and night. In the morning, on the dismounting of the guards, he will collect the reports, and carry them to the coventor or comman- dant, together with any observations be may himself ha\ e made, in the com Ins duty in die preceding day. When there is no held officer of the" day, the reports will be collected, and deuverad io the governor, by ih< captain of the main guard Each regiment must have an alarm post assigned in it, to which if will repair in case of tire, or any other extraordinary alarm, either by "day or night. The officer of the day (and indeed the officer in waiting) formerly wore his sash, to distinguish him from the officers on guard, &c. At present no such dis- tinction can exist, as every military man, in commission, and regkneatally dressed, must invariably wear his sash. This re- gulation has been necessarily resulted to on account of the volunteer corps ; the privates of which, in several battalions or companies, are dressed like thetT officers. We still lament, that a rule should be wanting to render all armed establish- ments subject to one system, as far as relates to dress and discipline; we mean a rule of ostensible gradation, as in other sen ices. Murine Officfrs, all those who com- mand in that body of troops employed in the sea service, under the direction of the lords of the admiralty. WeU OFFICERED. 'A regiment is said to be well officered, when it has not only its full complement of officers and non-commissioned officers, but the several individuals entrusted with the management of it, are remarkable for good order and discipline. The French say bun commands. Civil- 7.™ -OFFICERS. Officers so called from acting in civil causes, under peculiar regulations of their own, un- connected with the common courts of justice. They are as follow : The Advocate is admitted into the Commons, after having regularly taken his degree of LL.D. He remains one year silent,attending the courts, and then is allowed to plead in all the different courts of Doctor's Commons. As soon as admitted, he must be appointed surro- gate to the judges ecclesiastical, and of the Admiralty Courts. This is a re- presentative of the judge in all legal acts ; and sometimes he sits for him in his absence. He ranks after king's Serjeants. The kings Advocate is a civil law ofti- OFF ( 569 ) OFF cer, appointed by the crown. He takes all causes when the crown is concerned, both in prisage and otherwise. Martial is an officer belonging to, acd attending the Admiralty Court, and ought always to be present. He receives all reports of sales, &c. he has all prisoners under his care, and has a considerable allowance out of all prizes condemned to the crown. This is a very lucrative place. In all naval courts-martial, he officially attends as the person who su- perintends the prisoner. Proctors are officers established to represent in judgment the parties who empower them, by a warrant under then- hands, called a proxy, to appear for them, to explain their lights, to manage and in- struct their cause, and to demand judg- ment. The proctor in civil is nearly the same as the attorney in the com- mon law. There are at present about 65, with the king's proctor. All causes in the Admiralty Courts, Doctor's Com- mons, are carried on by proctors. The officers or" the navy are all obliged to refer their causes to the king's proctor. The proctors are not more concerned for the army, . than the rest of their fellow citizens, excepting in joint cap- ture cases, disputes of division of prizes between che army and mivy /which some- times occur, and are determined after hearing by the judge of the Admiralty. All wills go through the hands of the proctors, before they pass the seal ; as also marriage licences are procured by them. RcgirfjYir is an officer attached to every court in Doctor's Commons. It is necessary to observe there are several courts held in the Commons, the prin- cipal, however, are the Court of Arches, the Admiralty, and Prerogative for wills, alone. The principal Registrar is in the Admiralty Court, and is generally a no- bleman of rank ; the emoluments and salary are considerable. The Registrar has under him two deputies, who also share a very great income arising from the sales of prizes, Sec. Surrogate. See Advocate. \\ e have given this article, (although not strictly a military one,) because the navy and army, especially in matters of prisage, may have occasion to know the several officers through whom their claims must pass. OFFICIAL. (Officiel, elk, Fr.) All -orders, reports, applications, memorials, &c. which pass through the regular channels of communication, are called official. iVon-OFFiciAi., matter which does not come within the routine of official duty or business. £x?r«-OFrrciAL, any thing done be- yond the limits of official duty. OFFICIER, Fr. officer; also a ser- vant and attendant in a house or pa- lace. Officier du genie, Fr. an engineer. Officier sur terre, Fr. a land officer, or any commissioned person in the land service. Officier de marine, Fr. a sea officer . Officier de la marine Anglaise, Fr. an officer belonging to the British navy. Officier de la marine Fruncaise, Fr. an officer belonging to the French navy. Officier sur met; Fr. a sea officer, or any commissioned person in the sea ser- vice. The term, however, is not confined to this class only, it likewise signifies the master, boatswain, pilot, &c. of a ship, in which case the latter are called officiers muriniers, in contradistinction to the former, who are styled ojjiciers de la ma- rine, or persons vvho have naval rank, and whose immediate business is to fight their ships. These consisted, in the old French service, of admirals, vice-admi- rals, lieutenant-generals, commodores, captains of ships, or post captains, maj( irs, captains of light frigates, captains of tire ships, captains of stores or ordnance ves- sels, port captains, to which may be added, capitames en second, together with the lieutenants and enseignes de vaissekn, vhether actually employed, and bearing rank, or being only en seamd. There were, besides, various employments and situations under the old French govern- ment, which entitled individuals to the appellation of officier. Those of a mi- litary or naval nature were generally, or specifically, as follows :— Officier de guerre, Fr. a commis- sioned officer. Officier duns les troupes, Fr. any person holding a military situation in the army. - Officier general, Fr. a general officer. Officier subaltane, Fr. a subaltern officer. Les hauts Officiers, Fr. commis- sioned officers. Les bus Officiers, Fr. non-commis- sioned officers. Officier de la gamison, Fr. an of- 4D OFF ( 570 ) OLD ficer belonging to the garrison of a town, or fortified place. Offu i er en garnison, Fr. any officer in garrison. Officiur au regiment des gardes, Fr. an officer belonging to the guards, fa- miliarly styled with us a Guardsman. Officief dans la marine, Fr. an officer in the marine service. Officii R marinier, Fr. See Of fi- lter sur nter. Officiers a la suite, Fr. During the existence of the old French monarchy a certain number of individuals were per- mitted to wear the uniform of a regi- ment, without being otherwise connected ■with it. These were divided into two classes, viz. Officiers a la suite d'un regiment,] Fr. officers nominally attached to a re- giment. Of this description were the gentlemen appointed by the German princes who were in alliance with France. Jt is mentioned, as a fact, that before the French Revolution took place, there were 42 lieutenant colonels a la suite du regiment Deux Fonts ; the prince of that name having been permitted to ex- tend this strange brevet to any number, provided the officers so distinguished, never went into the town where the re- giment lav, or interfered with regard to quarters, kc. The other class consisted of noblemen and gentlemen, who were appointed by the Court of Versailles, and received their brevets from the war minister, these were called officiers a la suite de toute Vartnee; or officers bearing brevet rank without being attached, even nomi- nally, to any specific corps. Sohs-Officif.r, Fr. a subaltern. OFF-RECKONINGS, (dicompte,Yr.) v. specific account so called, which exists between government and the colonels of British regiments, for the clothing of the men. This account is divided into two parts, viz. gross oil-reckonings, and net otf-reckonings. Gross Off-reckonings consist of all the pay of the non-commissioned officers and private men, above the subsistence. Net Off-reckonings are the produce of the gross off-reckonings, reserved for the clothing of the men, after the war- rant deductions of one shilling in the pound, and one day's pay of the whole regiment for Chelsea hospital, and also the deduction of two-pence in the pound fpr -the agent, have been made at the pay-office. The balance of the pay of the officers, over and above their sub- sistence, after the warrant deductions are made, and the respited pay, if there is any, is charged to the officer, is called, clearings; which are paid by the pay- master to the agent, who pays them to the officers, and there finds his two- pences. OFFING, (sea phrase,) a space in which a ship may ride, or sail, having the shore near her, and having another a good way without her, towards the sea. OFFltlR ton cpee a auelquun, Fr. to be ready to tight for another, or to engage in his quarrels. OFFUSQUER, Fr. literally means to darken, or conceal. Ce batiment est off'ustjue par les maisons voisincs, this building is darkened, or concealed from the eye, by the neighbouring houses. It likewise signifies, in a figurative sense, to be out-done, or out-matched. II $e sent offusquc, he feels himself outdone. OGEE, ] in pieces of ordnance, an OGIVE, \ ornamental moulding, in the shape of an S, taken from architec- ture, and used in guns, mortars, and howitzers. See Cannon'. Ogive, (ogive, Fr.) In gothic vaults, those arches are styled ogives, or ogees, which cross one another diagonally. The French likewise call them croisies d'ogives. OGNON, Fr. literally means an onion. The word is sometimes used in a fami- liar manner by the French to express persons standing in a row. Us itaieni tons en rang d'ognon, they all stood like onions in a row. OIL. Every soldier is supplied with a given quantity of oil and emery, for the purpose of cleaning his arms, ac- coutrements, &c. This is paid for by the captains of companies, who charge the actual expenditure every half year, under the head, " Emery, oil, crocus, &c." OISEAU, Fr. (in masonry,) a hod, or machine with two handles, which is used to carry mortar. See Volet. Also a sort of pallet, or flat board which is used by masons - ; especially in stucco work. Plan a vue J'Oiseau, Fr. any repre- sentation which is given from a bird's eye view of the object. A Vol d'OiSEAV, Fr. in a direct line. OLD, a term used to distinguish any thing not new, or of any specific dur^- O L Y ( 571 ) O N A tion. As an old regiment, or one of long standing, and out of the break. Old English March, a march of the foot which was formerly in high estima- tion, as well abroad as with us ; its cha- racteristic is dignity and gravity, in which respect it differs much from the French, which, according to Mersennus, is brisk and alert. Sir Roger Williams, a gallant low country soldier of Queen Elizabeth's time, had once a conversa- tion on this subject with Marshal Biron, a French general. The marshal observed that the English march, being beaten by the drum, was slow, heavy, and sluggish. " That may be true," answered Sir Roger ; " but slow as it is, it has tra- versed your master's country from one end to the other.'' The truth of this observation has been amply corroborated by the progress of the British arms in 1815. Old Guard, a guard which has done its specified tour of duty, and is to be relieved by another, called the New Guard. Old Guard, i words of preparative, New Guard, S or notice which are used in mounting and relieving military guards. The French call these guards, garde descendante and garde montante, or garde qui descende, and garde qui tnonte. OLIGARCHY, (oligarchie, Fr.) a government composed of a few indivi- duals, who have generally an interest distinct from that of the public at large : a mixed power more detestable than thafof despotism, or agrarian tyranny. OLISANT, a small horn which was formerly used by the paladins and knights-errant, when they challenged their enemies to fight, and set them at defiance. OLIVER and ROLAND, two famous heroes of romance, who are said to have lived in the time of Charlemagne. The maces which they carried have been thus described by Father Daniel : — One is a large ball of iron, fastened with three chains to a strong truncheon or staff, of about two feet long; the other is of mixed metal, in the form of a channelled melon, fastened also to a staff by a triple chain; these balls weighed eight pounds. At rhe end of both the staves are rings for holding cords or leathers to fasten them to the hand. Our familiar saying, " I'll give you a Roland fur an Oliver^'' eomts probably from these heroes. OLYMPIAD, (in chronology,') thfj space of four years ; for on the 5th the Olympic games were celebrated in honour of Jupiter Olympius, near Olympia. The Greeks began to use this epoch a little before the building of Rome. OLYMPIC Games were instituted by Hercules, A. M. 2856, in honour of Jupiter Olympius, at Olvmpia, a city of Elis, in Peloponnesus. They were cele- brated every four years, about the sum- mer solstice. The design of them was to accustom the young military men to running, leaping, and every other mili- tary exercise. OMBRE, scchera lombre, Fr. This term is in use among the French founders of artillery, when they put the clay or putty, which serves to form the cannon moulds, out to dry, without making any tire for the purpose. OMRA, or OMHRA, Ind. plural of ameer, a lord : they are persons of con- siderable consequence in the dominions of the Great Mogul. Some of them are commanders of 1000 horse, others 2000, and so on to 12,000: their pay being regulated according to the number of their horses. The governors and great officers of state are chosen out of this body. ON, (en, sur, de, Fr.) a word vari- ously used in the English language, and applicable to many circumstances of military arrangement. It precedes those words of command which direct the change, or formation of bodies of men upon points that are fixed. On duty, (en faction, Fr.) posted at some particular spot, and responsible for some military charge entrusted to one. On service, doing duty abroad, or being subject to the different movements of an army in the field, actually em- ployed. The French say en activite. On guard, (de gai-de, Fr.) subject to some particular distribution of armed men, for the defence, or security, of any place, person, or thing. On, a word of command in the corps of drivers, signifying the same as for~ ward, or move on. O. H. M. S. Initials (frequently writ- ten without any effect) upon the super- scriptions of letter, signifying On his Majesty's Service. ONAGER, ONAGRA, (onagre, Fr.) a warlike machine, which was used by the ancients to throw stones. It is men tioned by Yegetius, 4D2 OPE ( 37 ONDECAGON, a figure of eleven Bides and angles. ONGLET, Fr. a sharp -graver. Onglet, Fr. in geometry, that por- tion of cyHndrical, pyramidical, or uni- form body, which is cut so as to tra- verse it.- base obliquely. Assemblage en Onglet, Fr. more pro- perly en Anglet. The joining two pieces of board together, whose extremities are so sloped as to make a right angle. Also a part of the dam or turret of a sluice. ONSET, assault, storm, attack. OPEN. In military movements and dispositions this word is frequently used, but is seldom applicable to any operations in face of an enemy ; the ranks, Sec. on such occasions being generally compact and close. In formation, the word open is opposed to close, viz. open column, open distance, open order. It also con- stitutes part of a word of command ; as rear ranks lake open order ; in opposi- tion to rear ranks, take close order. • Open distance in column, (distances entieres en co/onne, Fr.) The intervals in these cases are always equal in depth to the extent in front of the different component parts of the column. Open funk in fortification, that part of the flank, which is covered by the Oi'llloil. See FoKTIMCATION. < HPE N 1 NG of trenches, the first break- nig of ground by the besiegers, in order to carry on their approaches towards the place. OPERATION, (operation, Fr.) the act of exerting, or exercising some power or faculty, upon which some effect fol- lows. Hence Military Operation. Line "/'Operation. All the forward movements of an army for the purpose of attacking an enemy, penetrating into a country, &c. may be properly called a line of operation. There is so intimate and so necessary a connection between tin- line and the line of communication, that no army can be in security, let its temporary successes be what they may. unless a strict and unremitting attention b given to their relative points of con- tinuity and correspondence. The line of operation in a siege is partial and ex- tremely limited, so is that of cominuni- 1 atioh ; but upon the large scale of war, th< se two lines are of considerable extent and importance. No man, in fact, can be called a good general, or even an officer, who carries his views so far for- 2 ) O P H ward as to venture upon a long line of operation, without, having previously secured his line of communication, by a perfect knowledge of the countries through which he is to move, and having his flank? so thorough!;, covered, that he may tail back, or retreat, according to circumstances. Military I >PERATIONS, (operations de guerre, Fr.) consist in the resolute ap- plication of pre-concerted measures, in secrecy, dispatch, regular movements, oc- casional encampments, and desultory combats, or pitched battles. OPHTHALMIA, (ophthalmic, Fr.) called Egyptian, from its having been first imported into this country by the British troops in 1801. In consequence of its general prevalence over all the con- tinent of Asia, it might with more pro- priety be called the Asiatic inflammation of the eyes. The wandering tribes Of Arabs, who inhabit the deserts between Egypt and Persia, and the natives of the latter country as well as those of India, are severely afflicted by it. In India it is called the native soi-e eyes, whi r* the inhabitants almost uniformly suffer from it at certain periods of the year. Its appearance and character are so peculiar that it can scarcely be con- founded with any but with one species of ophthalmia. The most distinguished peculiarities are a copious discharge of a thick matter from the membrane which lines the inner surface of the eye-lids, and afterwards covers the ball called the membrana conjunctiva, together with a great swelling of the parts situated ex- ternally to it. The conjunctiva is the original seat of disease, and when other parts become affected, as happens in most instances, it is in consequence of the inflammation being permitted to ex- tend itself from the want of proper treat- ment in the first instance, 'ihe species of inflammation to which the Egyptian, or Asiatic, bears so strong a resemblance, is the Gonorrhoea], but it nevertheless differs most materially from it, inasmuch as it is in the highest degree infectious, whereas the gonorrhoeal ophthalmia is not so. This difference then will Vie sufficient to enable any medical, or mi- •litary, officer to distinguish between the two diseases. Various causes have been assigned for the production of this dreadfully painful and destructive disease. Some have at- O P II ( 573 ) O P I tributed it to the effects of the strong glare of light reflected into the eyes from the sands in Egypt. Others believe it to have been produced by the nitrous parti- cles with which the air in Egypt is highly- impregnated. -The exposure to the heavy nightly dews too in Egypt has been men- tionedj as well as the state of the atmos- phere in that country, to account for its prevalence. The extensive manner in which the disease in question has propa- gated itself among all classes of society in this country, since the return of the Egyptian army, where no such causes us those enumerated exist, is sufficient to prove incontrovertibly that it is a disease sui generis, and consequently not to be produced, or propagated, except by the immediate application of the contagious principle One fact mentioned by Sir J. M'Gregor in his Medical Sketches, is of itself sufficient, without any other evi- dence, to establish this position, namely, that no individual of the Indian army, under Sir David Baird, ever suffered from ophthalmia during several weeks march from the Red Sea to cross the sandy deserts to join the British army in Egypt, until some of the sick were put into a military hospital, where there were ophthalmia patients, after which this part of the army suffered as much as the European. Hence then, if the action of the supposed causes of the Asiatic ophthalmia could have produced it, this army during its march ought to have suffered from it, but this did not happen until the men had been exposed to the operation of the contagious prin- ciple. A considerable difference of opinion prevails also among the faculty, as to the precise mode in which the disease propa- gates itself, some being of opinion that the absolute conveyance of the discharge from an infected eye to one which is sound is necessary -to produce the ophthalmia in question ; while others argue that this is not necessary, as, in common with other contagious disorders, the infectious principle is capable ot being communicated throusrh the me- dium of the atmosphere. The writer of this article is in the possession of facts to prove that the contact of the infec- tious matter is not necessary for the pro- pagation of the disease, and he has even known it communicated to persons who occupied a room previously appropriated to the use of infected persons, although the necessary precautions of washing the bedding, &c. had been taken. This fact then will in part explain the diffi- culty experienced in eradicating the dis- ease when it has been introduced into a regiment; and may, perhaps, in some measure also account for its dissemina- tion when it has been supposed that the men have infected each other tor the purpose of obtaining their discharge. As the precautions usually adopted in the army to prevent the spreading of the ophthalmia in question, are directed under the impression that it is commu- nicable solely by contact, it is not sur- prizing that it should continue to spread in a regiment, when the other mode of its propagation has been entirely over- looked, together with the measures ne- cessary for its prevention. These state- ments evidently shew the necessity of legislative interference to prevent this disease from eventually becoming as pre- valent among the general population as any of the most frequent disorders met with in this country. OPINIATRE, Fr. a term among the French, signifying obstinate; fool-hardy. They apply it to a governor of a town which is besieged by superior forces, and which cannot hold out. OPEN ION. In military proceedings which regard the interior government of an army, this word signifies decision, determination, judgment formed upon matters that have been laid before a court-martial, or court of inquiry. — Hence, the court-martial having duly weighed the whole matter before them, are of opinion that is not guilty of any part of the charge preferred against him. The phrase opinion of a court-martial, or board of inquiry, corresponds, in sub- stance and signification, with the term verdict in civil cases. Opinion. Officers on courts-martial give their opinion in rotation, beginning with the youngest in rank. Opinion, abstractly considered, may be defined an assent of the understanding. A war of Opinion, (guerre d'opinion, Fr.) This expression has grown into fa- miliar use, since the commencement of the French Revolution, and was never, perhaps, so strongly illustrated as by the perseverance or infatuation, call it which we please, of the French people. Th^y O P P ( 574 ) () 11 13 have shewn, that the influence of opinion is paramount to every consideration in life. Friend, parent, and relation, have given way to the superior calls of public duty, growing out of, and sanctioned by, public opinion. OPIUM, a juice, partly of the resi- nous, partly of the gummy kind. Ac- cording to Dr. Johnson's extract from Hill, it is brought from Natolia, Egypt, and the East Indies, produced from the white garden poppy, with which the fields of Asia Minor are in many places sown. The first effect of opium is making the person who takes it cheerful ; it removes melancholy, and dissipates the dread of danger. The Turks always take it when they are going to battle : it afterwards quiets the spirits, eases pain, and disposes to sleep. A remarkable instance, of the powerful influence of opium over the natives of the East is related by Mr. Orme, in his History of the Carnatic, page 270. OPPORTUNITY. In addition to what has been said respecting Occasion, which is nearly similar to opportunity in its import, we shall extract the follow- ing account of the latter, which was also honoured as a goddess among the pagans. Opportunity was represented by them as a naked woman, with a long lock of hair, but bald behind, to inti- mate, that opportunity, if not laid hold on when it offers, soon slips away ; also standing with one foot on a wheel, and the other in the air, holding a sail in one band, and a razor in the other : her feet likewise being winged, and the wheel in continual motion, to shew that oppor- tunity is always inconstant and in mo- tion. To OPPOSE, to act as an adversary against another, to resist, Sec. It like- wise signifies to place as an obstacle. OPPOSITION, (in geometry,) the relations of two things, between which a line may be drawn perpendicular to both. Opposition, (in England,) a certain set of parliamentary men, among whom there are, at times, military characters, whose almost uniform system is to op- pose the measures of government. These persons are also familiarly called the Outs, in contradistinction to the Ins, i. e. out of place, or in place. The French say, Le Parti del Opposition, or simply, V Opposition. Opposition, hostile resistance; as, the army did not experience any opposition in that quarter. To OPPRESS, (opprimer, Fr.) to overburthen, to crush by authority and violence. OPPRESSOR, (opprc.sseur, Fr.) Al- though the terms oppressor and tyrant may appear svnonhnous, there is, never- theless, a shade of difference between them. Oppressor means more immedi- ately that prince, general, or governing power, which levies contributions, and imposes taxes beyond the means of the wretched and degraded victims to supe- rior force; a tyrant takes life as well as property. OPPUGN. To oppugn, is to attack by force of arms. The term is not used. It also signifies to reject or con- fute an opinion ; and, in a bad sense, to resist conviction; as, to oppugn the known truth. OPTER, Fr. from the Latin opto, I chuse, I select in preference ; to de- termine upon, to express a particular wish. Thus, in the conference which Bonaparte had with Ferdinand VII. of Spain, in 1801, he concluded his conversation by saying : Prince ! Ilfaut opter entre la cession et la mort — Prince, you must chuse between the surrender of your dominions, or death. ORANGE, a term applied to those persons who adhered to the stadtholder. Hence, Orange party ; also a set of men in Ireland who are strongly attached to government. ORB, a hollow sphere. Orb, in tactics, is the disposing of a number of soldiers in a circular form of defence. The orb has been thought of consequence enough to employ the at- tention of the famous Marshal de Puy- sf grr, in his Art oj War, who prefers this position, to throw a body of infantry in a.i open country, to resist cavalry, or even a superior force of infantry ; be- cause it is regular, and equally strong, and gives an enemy no reason to expect better success by attacking one place, in preference to another. Caesar drew up his army in this form, when he fought against Labienus. The whole army of the Gauls was formed into an orb, under the command of Sabinus and Cotta, when fighting against the Romans. The orb was generally formed 6 deep.' ORBE, Fr. (in geometry,) a sphe- rical body which is terminated by two spherical superficies, one concave, and ORD ( 575 ) ORD or Judgment the other convex. Thus when a small 9phere is circumscribed by a larger one, and has the same center, the difference is an orbc. ORDEAL, (ordalie, Fr.) a method practised about the time of Edward the Confessor, of trying criminal persons, by fire or water. This mode of trial also prevailed in France. It was there called Jugement de Dieu, of God. Simple Ordeal was when the person accused carried in his hand a red hot iron of a pound weight. Double Ordeal was when he cairied a hot iron of two pounds weight. Triple Ordeal was when he carried a hot iron of three pounds weight. If the person accused pleaded not guilty, he might either put himself upon God and his country, as at this day, or upon God only, presuming that he would free the innocent. In which case he was obliged to go through one of the above trials. Ordeal was by fire, if the person were of free estate ; by water, if he were of servile condition. ORDER, the arrangement, or dispo- sition of things in their proper place ; custom, or manner, rule, or discipline ; as order of march, &c. Order of battle, the arrangement or disposition of the different component parts of an army, in one or more lines, according to the nature of the ground, for the purpose of engaging an enemy, by giving or receiving an attack, or in order to be reviewed, &c. When the line is drawn out for battle, each man, in the infantry, is supposed to cover 22 inches of ground in breadth, and one pace in depth. Parade Order. When a regiment of horse or foot, a troop, or company, is drawn up with the ranks open and officers in front, it is said to be in ■Tade order. Close Order. When a battalion or company is commanded to take close order, at the word march, the ranks (supposing the men to stand three deep) close within one pace, marching one and two paces, and then halting. So that close order, in ranks, comprehends an in- terval of one pace between each. Open Order. When a battalion, or company, is commanded to take open order, on the word march, the dressers front, and the center and rear ranks fall the pa- back one and two paces, each dressing by the right the instant it arrives on the ground. So that open order compre- hends an interval of two paces between each rank. Extended Order is preparatory to rank entire, and is frequently practised in light infantry manoeuvres. In order to execute this movement, the files of a battalion, or company, standing two deep, open from a given point, leaving just space enough for one man. Some- times, (and indeed almost always, when the ground will permit,) extended order is taken by facing the battalion, or com- pany, to the right, or left, and by march- ing to either flank, until the whole has gradually doubled its original front. — This mode is extremely simple, and con- sists in nothing more than open order of files from the right or left. The batta- lion or company, after it has obtained all its relative distances, and been halted, is fronted, and each rear rank man springs into the vacancy on the word of com- mand — Form rank entire. • Entire, when applied to rank, means a straight line composed of half files. — See Rank Entire. Extended Order may likewise be taken without facing to the right or left. This is effected by every file moving sideways to a given distance ; say one pace, or twenty-two inches, (which ex- tent of ground a man generally covers,) from the center file. The word of com- mand in this case would be, battalion, or company, side step to the right and left, march — halt. The center file stands fast. Loose Order, a certain extension of the files, in line, or column, in contra- distinction to close order ; which see. Watering Order. In} cavalry ar- rangements, the men are in their stable dresses ; horse-cloths on the horses, and snaffle bridles ; the horses are watered, walked and trotted for exercise. Order Arms! a word of command, on which the soldier brings the butt of his musket to the ground, the barrel being held perpendicular in a line with the right side. ORDERS, in a military sense, com- prehend all that is lawfully commanded by superior officers. Orders are issued out every day, whether in camp, garri- son, or on a march, by the cpminanding officer; which orders are afterwards ORD ( 57G ) ORD riven to every officer in writing by their respective Serjeants. y.>, an intermediate class, styled knights commanders, was added to the two classes that originally composed the or- der. See Theresa. Order of the crescent, (Ordre du croissant, Fi .) This order was first insti- tuted by Mahomet II. emperor of the Turks, who declared himself chief and head of it. It is given by the emperors to those only who have rilled important places of trust, or who have distinguish- ed themselves in battle. The insignia or marks consist of a gold crescent, with sinople or green enamel, encircled by precious stones or diamonds. The motto is Donee totum impleat orbem, Until it shall till the whole universe. The motto which is attached to the order of Malta, exhibits a modest and ingenious contrast to this ostentatious senteuce. The cross O R D ( 581 ) O R D is placed between the two horns of the crescent, with these words, Ne totum impleat orbem, Lest it should till the whole universe. Admiral Lord Nelson, Lord Hutchinson, Lord Keith, &c. received this order from the Grand Signor, in consequence of their naval and military exploits in Egypt. — There was also an order of this description in the early pe- riods of France. It was called I'ordre militaire du croissant et de Vitoile de Si- dle, the military order of the crescent and star of Sicily. Two princes be- longing to the House of Anjou, viz. Charles, brother to Louis, the ninth king of France, and Rene, duke of Anjou, count of Provence, and king of Sicily, each separately created an order of this description. The insignia or marks con- sisted of a gold chain, in which were in- terwoven stars and fleurs de luces, and from which was suspended a gold crescent, %vith this motto, Donee totum impleat, until it shall fill the whole. Order of the iron c?-oum, (Ordre de la couronne de fer, Fr.) This order of knishthood was instituted by the late French emperor Napoleon, on his coro- nation at Milan, as king of Italy. It consisted of five hundred knights, one hundred commanders, and sixty great officers. The honorary degrees were as follow : two hundred of the order of knighthood, and twenty-five places of commanders conferred upon an equal number of those French officers and soldiers, by whose courage and perse- verance, in a succession of battles, the kingdom of Italy was said to have been established. The motto was, Dieu me Va donni, gare a qui la touchera, God has given it unto me ; woe to him who shall touch it. This crown, which belonged to the an- cient kings of Lombardy, had been care- fully preserved in a small town called Monzaon the Lambro, ever since the dis- solution of the old kingdom of Lombardy, and during the different revolutions which occurred in Italy. According to Bus- ching, the ancient kings of Lombardy, and after them, the emperors of Ger- many, were usually crowned in this place. The iron crown was merely put over the head of the sovereign, as it was too small to be worn. The lower circle or hoop, inside, was iron, and was said to have been originally made out of one of the large nails taken from the cross, on which Jesus Christ was crucified. — The rest is solid gold, ornamented with diamonds and precious stones. Theo- delinde, one of the queens of Lombardy, built a church, dedicated to St. John, where this crown was deposited, toge- ther with her majesty's fan and hair- comb. The republican armies of France uni- formly spared this remnant of ancient royalty. To those readers who would wish to go more minutely into the his- tory of this article, we recommend the perusal of the several works which treat of Lombardy. Among the different au- thors may be found the following : Jor- nandes de Getarum s'rve Gothorum Ori- gine ; Paulas JVamej/ed, de Gestis La- nobardorum ; Hugo Grotius,fyc. Order of the genet, (Ordre de la ge- nette, Fr.) instituted in 728, by Charles Martel, grandfather of Charlemagne, to commemorate a glorious victory which he gained at Tours over a numerous army of Saracens that had made an ir- ruption into Spain. Genet is the name of a little animal, with fur superior to ermine, with which the Saracens lined their cloaks. The order is now out of date. Order of the holy phial, (Ordre de la saint e ampouille, Fr.) instituted in 590, in consequence of a miracle which took place at the baptism of Clovis, the first Christian king. Order of St. Matilda, instituted by Christian VII. of Denmark, in honour of the Princess Caroline Matilda, (sister to his Majesty George III. of Great Britain,) whom he married in 1766.— The ill-fated Count Struensee was one of the first persons invested with this order ! The circumstance of his subse- quent catastrophe is a melancholy in- stance of the difficulty of ascertaining what gradations of courtly promotion ought to be most rejoiced in. Architectural ORDERS are rules for the proportion that is to be observed in the erecting of pillars or columns, and for the form of certain parts belonging to them. And thence buildings are said to be of several Orders, when the pro- portion between the thickness of the columns and their height, and all things requisite thereto, are different. The prin- cipal Orders are five : the Doi'ic, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, and Composite. Vitruvius, Barbaro, and Scammozzi O It D ( 582 ) ORD have given various definitions of orders in architecture,; but they are too ob- scure to be inserted here. The Doric Order (Ordre Doriqae, Fr.) has its columns eight diameters in ing a cornice raised after the manner of an architrave for its entablature ; as is the case at the castle of Versailles over the Ionic, on the side of the garden. Rustic Order, (Ordre rustujuc, Fr.) height and should not have any orna-j is one adorned with rustic quoins,' bos- ment, either in its capital or base : the cage, &c. astragal and listel below the capital French Order, an order that is of new ^instituting part of the shank or hody I invention, the capitals of wlucli consist ot the- pillar. of attributes agreeing to the people, as The Ionic Order, (Ckdre Ionkjue,\jlcurs de lis, cocks' heads, Sec. The Tr.) at its first invention, had its co- J proportions of this order are Corinthian. luinns only eight models in height ; but! Such is that of M. Le Brttn, in the afterwards the ancients augmented the grand gallery of Versailles, and that of height of its pillars in order to make it more beautiful, and also added to it a base that was not used before ; so that then, with its capital and base, it con- tained nine diameters of its thickness taken below : the pedestal of it is two diameters and about two thirds in height, and the capital is chiefly composed of volutas or scrolls, and they are commonly channelled with '..'4 flutes*. Michml Angela, contrary to all other authors, gives the Tonic a single row of leaves at the bottom of the capital. The Corinthian Order ( Ordre Coriulhien, Fr. ) is the finest and richest of all. The length of its co- lumns, with its bases and capitals, is usually about nine and a half or ten diameters, and the capitals are adorned with two rows of leaves, and eight volutas or scrolls, which support the abacus. This order was . invented by Culimachus of Corinth. The Tuscan Order (Ordre Toscan, Fr.) is the most simple and most desti tute of ornaments, so that it is seldom made use of except in vaults, in some rustic edifices, vast piles of building, as amphitheatres, &.c. The Composite Order, or Roman Or der, (Ordre Romuin, Fr.) is one, the capitals of whose pillars are composed of two rows of leaves, like those of the Corinthian Order, and of the volutas or scrolls of the Ionic. These columns are commonly ten diameters in height, and wholly lii.e the Corinthian in all their dimensions and numbers, except the capitals, which have only four volutas that take up the whole space which is filled both by the volutas and stems of Stalks of the Corinthian Order. — To these some add the Attic and Gothic. The Attic Order is a small order of pilasters of the shortest proportion, hav M. lx Clerc. M. Le Clerc defines an order to be a column charged with an entablature, and supported on a pedestal. Gothic Order, (Ordre Gothhjnc, Fr.) This order deviates from the ornament* and proportions of the antique, the co- lumns of which are either too massive in manner of pillars, or too slender like poles ; its capitals out of all measure, and adorned with leaves of wild acan- thus, thistles, &,c. Caruatic Order (Ordre Carudujuc. Fr.) is that whose entablature is sup- ported with figures of women instead of columns. Persian Order (Ordre de Perse, Fr.) is that which has figures of Persian slaves to support the entablature, instead of columns. ORDERLY officer. See Officer of the day. Orderly serjeant, ) are appointed to Orderly men, \ attend general or other officers that are entitled to have them. Orderlies, non-commissioned offi- cers and private men who do orderly duty. Orderly Serjeants when they go for orders are sashed. Orderly corporals and orderly men wear their side arms, and carry a small osier switch or cane in their hands. In the dragoons, orderly men, on foot, have their sword-belts and bayonets; and on horseback, are dressed the same, only with gloves and boots, and (spurs, of course,) with the sword-belt and sword. They likewise have their pistols. When an orderly dragoon or foot soldier is sent from one quarter to another, the time of his setting out must be specified on the back of the letter which he carries ; the dragoon must take care to bring his horse ORD ( 583 ) ORD in cool, unless he has been sent on any pressing occasion. Orderlies m general. It is the duty of the serjeant-majors to see that the orderlies are properly dressed and ac- coutred, before they are inspected by the adjutant, who parades them every morning in front of the main guard, &c. When private soldiers are chosen for orderlies in mixed duty, the credit of the corps from which they are taken, requires that they should be the best set up, and the best behaved men be- longing to it. All orderlies, whether horse or foot, must return to quarters perfectly sober. Orderly non-commissioned officers, are those who are orderly, or on duty tor the week; who, on hearing the drum beat for orders, are to repair to the place appointed to receive them, and to take down in writing, in the orderly book, what is dictated by the adjutant or ser- jeant-major; they are then immediately to shew those orders to the officers of the company, and afterwards warn the men for duty. Orderly book. Every company has such a book in which the Serjeants write down both general and regimental or- ders, for the specific information ef the officers and men. This book is pro- vided and paid for by the captains of companies. Orderly drum. The drummer that beats orders, and gives notice of the hour for messing, &c. is so called. ORDINAIRE, Fr. The soldiers messing together is so called among the French. Hence our term Ordinary, when several persons dine at the same table, and each pays his bill or quota. Ordinaire du soldat, Fr. the two daily meals which soldiers are obliged to take at established hours, and at messes. L 'Ordinaire des guerres, Fr. the fund established for the payment of troops. Tr'tsorier de /'Ordinaire, Fr. the paymaster. ORDINAIRE, Fr. courier, post, mail. II y a trois ordinaires de dus, there are three mails due. Gentilhomme Ordinaire de chcz le Roi, Fr. a gentleman of the king's bed- chamber in ordinary. ORDINARY, what is usually done. Ordinary guards, the usual com- plement of men. doing duty at certain prescribed spots. See Guards. ORDNANCE, (Ordonnance, Fr.) a name given to all that concerns artillery, or engineering ; thus, the commander in chief was originally called master-general of the ordnance; and the next officer, lieutenant-general of the ordnance, in- stead of artillery. This post is of much greater antiquity in France than with us; for history informs us, that the first masters in chief of all the artillery were appointed in 1477, under Louis the Xlth; those appointed before that epoch were — Guillaume de Dourdan, master of the ordnance in the Louvre, under Philip IV. who was appointed in 1291. Guillaume Chatelain, master of the ordnance in Montagris, in 1291. Guillebert, master of the ordnance in the. Louvre, in 1294. Etienne Amigard, in 1297 ; Jean Ami- gard, in 1298, at the Louvre; Jean Gau- tier, in 1299; Etienne de la Chambre, in 1295; Pierre la Vache, in 1296; Be- noit Fabry, in 1307; Adam, in 1314; Lambert Amigard, in 1322 ; Jean du Lion, in 1394, who was, in 1358, called sovereign master of the artillery under king John, surnamed the Good. In 1397, John de Soisy was appointed master-general of artillery; and in 1599, Maximilian de Bethune, marquis de Rosny, duke de Sully, and marshal of France, was nominated first grand-master and captain general of artillery. In 1755, the functions of the grand-master of the artillery were united to those of the war-minister, and fell under the im- mediate authority of the king. The war- minister undertook the civil department of the ordnance, and M. De Valiere was the last general director. Board of Ordnance is of a very early, but uncertain date ; however, in the year 1548, we find Sir Philip Hoby styled master of the ordnance ; and in 1588, Ambrose Dudley, earl of War- wick, was master of the ordnance. In 1683, the care of the board of ordnance was committed to five principal officers, besides the master-general, then George lord Dartmouth, viz. a lieutenant-gene- ral, surveyor-general, clerk of the ord- nance, storekeeper, and a clerk of deli- veries. At present the board of ordnance consists of the same. This board re- gulates and orders every thing relating O R D ( 584 ) O R D to the artillery and garrisons. Monies are paid from the Ordnance by bill and debenture) and the payment is ordered three months after the commencement of the quarter in which the bill was issued. Master-General of the Ordnance is an officer of the greatest trust, honour, and dignity : his employment is one of the most laborious in war, and requires the greatest ability, application and ex- perience. This officer has the sole com- mand of the royal regiment of artillery, assisted by a lieutenant-general. By the great power invested in the master- general by the king, he alone constitutes a board. The master-general is also a component part of the administration, and belongs to the privy council, but is removable at the pleasure of the king. Honours due to the master-general of the Ordnance. The same respect shall be paid to him from the troops, as is paid to generals of horse and foot. He is, on all occasions, to have, the march beat to him ; and to be saluted by all officers, the colours excepted. Lieutenant-general of the Ordnance is an office of great trust, honour, and dignity; is the next in command under the master-general, and always an officer of the greatest abilities. This office is not of such early date as that of the master-general ; for in 1597, it was first established. Surveyor general of the Ordnance, (Intendant d'Artillene, Fr.) a situation of great trust and much labour, requiring the soundest judgment, the keenest cal- culation, and the most unimpeachable integrity. This situation, like that of the master-general, was formerly given to persons in civil capacities ; but it is now generally filled by a military man. See Surveyor. Clerk oj' the Ordnance, an officer whose business it is to record the names of all officers, and all orders and in- structions issued for the government of the department. Civil Secretary to the Ordnance. See Office of Ordnance. * ORDONNANCE, Fr. ordinance; order; prescription. Our word Ord- nance is taken from this, and signifies generally the whole department of the royal artillery. It also signifies cannon; ^reat guns. Ordinance was formerly used to express the same, but the word is now obsolete. Ordonnance, Fr. a warrant. — This word is variously used among the French, vi/. Ordonnance, Fr. the disposition, or arrangement, of troops for. battle. Coiiipagnics nrt irs of light dragoons who watch the coast. OWftl! OWRl! a war-cry among the Russians, signifying Kill ! kill ! OXFORD BLUES. See Horse ( il \I!DS. OXYCRAT, Fr. a certain portion of OXYGENE, the chemical base ol vital air, with which nitre is found to abound, and to which gunpowder owes its rapid and perfect combustion; King's or Queen's OWN, a term which has been attached to some parti- cular regiments ever since the Revolu- vinegar to five or six times its quantity I Hon in 168P. Thus the Fourth, which of water. This mixture is frequently landed with William ITT. is always called used 'in service, and in hot weather, to the Fourth or King's Own, and the allay the burning heat of any inflamed Second Regiment of Foot, the Queen's part. It is likew se employed to cool Own. cannon, during an engagement, in very hot flrin-r. T)AAT, bid. a promissory note. ■*- PACE, a term used to signify the relative distance in the formation of a battalion at close or open order. See Regulations. To Pace, as a horse does, (alter au pas, Fr.) There are four kinds of paces in the manege, the walk, trot, gallop, and amble, or canter. The last, more particularly, is called a pace, or easy motion, wherein the horse raises the two feet of the same side together. PACHA. The captain pacha, among the Turks, is the chief admiral and su- perintendant general of the marine. — lie generally commands in person. The sailors and soldiers of the military ma- rine were formerly called Lavuns or Lavantis; the soldiers are now called Galiondjis. The sailors are Turks from the maritime towns, or Greeks from the Archipelago: they are in constant pay. The soldiers, or Galiondjis, are all Mus- sulmans, and only receive pay when they are in actual service. We recommend to our military readers an important work, from which thev will derive considerable information respecting the Turks, entituled, Travels in the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and Persia, by Citizen < Hivier, member of the French National Institute. P UIIOLECK. See Ulan. PACK, necessaries which are carried by a foot-soldier. The dragoons call it l;ilt. 1 he French say harresac. PACKET-BOATS, small vessels that sail from the different sea-ports in Eng- land", and carry passengers, mails, ike. to and from our foreign possessions; and keep up a regular intercourse with foreign powers that are at peace with Great Britain. FADDY, hid. rice in the husk, whe- ther dry or green. Also a familiar term or nick-name, which is given to a native of Ireland ; as John Bull is applied to an Englishman, and Sawney to a Scotch- man. PADSIIA, Jnd. a king. PAGEANT, in ancient military his- tory, a triumphal car, chariot, arch, or other like pompous decoration, variously adorned with colours, flags, &c. carried about in public shows, processions, &C. PAGES, (mousses, on gareons, Fr.) Young lads of the description of English cabin boys, who learn navigation, and do the menial offices, on board a French ship. PAGOD, Ind. a general name given by the Portugueze to the temples in the cast. It also denotes a coin. PAGODA, Ind. the place of worship among the Hindoos. It is likewise an Indian coin equal to 20 shillings English. The English and Dutch coin pagodas. There are also silver pagodas struck at Marsingua, &c. with the figure of some monstrous idol. PAILS, made of wood, with iron hoops and handles, holding generally four gallons, and serving in the field to fetch water for the use of artillery works, &c. P A I ( 591 ) PAL PAILLASSES, Fr. straw beds, com- monly called potasses. These are fur- nished by the barrack department for the accommodation of British soldiers in barracks. PAILLASSON, Fr. a layer of straw quilted between two pieces of canvass, to keep off the sun, or noise from a chamber; also a rug, or mat to wipe the feet on. PAILLE, Fr. straw. Paille de couchage, Fr. long straw such as is used in paillasses, and is given out for the litter of horses, and the bed- ding of soldiers. Les soldats vo?it a la Paille, Fr. the soldiers are going to the forage yard or depot. This term is likewise used to signify the indulgence which is oc- casionally granted to soldiers for ex- ercise or necessary evacuations. Thus when a battalion has gone through its manual, &c. the commanding officer gives the word A la paille ! We use the term Pile arms ! Rompre la Paille avee quelqu'un, Fr. a figurative term, signifying to quarrel or fail out with any body, in an open and unreserved manner. Paille, Fr. likewise signifies any flaw in metals. Cette lame est fine, mais il y en a quelques pailles , this blade is finely tempered, but there are some flaws in it. La lame deson ipee se cassa a Vendroit oil il y aruit une paille. the blade of his sword broke where there was a flaw. PAILLER, Fr. (Falearius,) an an- cient body of French militia. The sol- diers belonging to it were probably so called, either from the circumstance of their wearing straw in their helmets, in order to know one another in action, or because they were accustomed to self fire to their enemy's habitations, &c. with bundles of straw, which they al- ways carried with them for that purpose. The inquisitive may be more fully satis- fied on this subject by referring to Du- cange"s Glossary. PAIN de munition, Fr. ammunition bread. This means, literally, bread that is furnished by government. Hence ammunition bread, or bread given to the soldiers, as gunpowder is, free of all expense to the individual. In the folio edition of Marshal Saxe's Reveries, page Id, we find the following important ob- servations on the subject of ammunition bread. He states that bread never should be given to soldiers on active service, but that they should be accus- tomed to eat biscuits, for the following reasons: — Biscuits will keep a consi- derable number of years, and every soldier can conveniently carry with him in his haversack a sufficient quantity for seven or eight days. Those officers who have served among the Venetians, will readily prove the justness of this remark. But there is a species of bis- cuit, or hard-baked bread, that never crumbles, (called soukari by the Rus- sians,) which is preferable to any thins of the kind. It is square, and about the thickness of a nut, and takes up less room than either bread or biscuic. Purveyors, who are interested in the business, maintain a different opinion. They tell you that bread is best for .troops. Every man of experience knows the contrary; for it is notorious, that ^contract, or ammunition bread, is not only made of unwholesome ingredients, but that it is seldom more than half baked; which, together with the water it contains, increases the weight, and con-, sequently enhances the value. PAINTING in oil, (peinture en liui/e, Fr.) The art of painting in oil was not known to the ancients, and was first discovered and put in practice, in the beginning of the 14th century, by a Flemish painter named Jo/in Van Eyck, or John de Bruges. Painting, before his time, was all performed in fresco, or water colours. PAINTING of Timber. The manner of colouring all sorts of timber-work, particularly of gun-carriages, wagons, &c. as well as wainscot, doors, windows, posts, rails, pales, gates, border boards for gardens, &C. which require cither beauty or preservation from the violence of rain, or injury of seasons, is so well known, that we shall not enter into any particulars on that head. The curious, however, may be gratified by referring to the Builder's Dictionary, published in 1733-4: a work which is still in uood repute. PAIR, 'Nomine Pair, Fr. equal. An epithet which is given to any number that can be divided into two equal parts, as numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, &c. PAIX, Fr. See Peace. PAL, Fr. See Quintaine. PALACE, (palais, Fr.) a royal house, PAL ( 591 ) PAL a house eminently splendid. Among other popular sentiments, which were used at the commencement of the French revolution to excite the lower orders against the nobility, &c. l.a guerre aux pulais, et la paix aux hameaux ! War against palaces, and peace to cottages ! was peculiarly happy, and became a sort of war-whoop in 1792, 1793, &c. It was suggested, and promulgated, by General Dumourier, when he commanded the re- volutionary army, and by his victory at .Temmappes, gave a fatal blow to the House of Bourbon. Un PALADIN, Tr. a knight-errant. The followers of Charlemagne were first so called; and we have since applied it to the generals who serve under Bona- parte. PALALALAN, Fr. the sound of the French march. PALANQUEEN, Ind. a kind of oblong covered couch, with a rattan- bottom, having a mattress covered with chintz, and a sort of bed chair to recline upon, with a pole in front and in rear, to be carried by eight Hindoo bearers; four of whom support it, (two behind and two before,) and are relieved by the other four, alternately, who run behind. Each of these bearers requires four rupees per month. A palanqueen costs about 200 rupees. Every officer in In- dia should have this article. Dr. John- son writes the word Palanquin. PALEAGAS, Ind. See Polygars. PALANQUE, IV. a kind of fortifi- cation so called in Hungary. It is made of stakes driven into the ground, inter- laced with twigs, and covered with earth, and serves to stop the progress of an advancing enemy. PAL/ESTRA, in Grecian antiquity, a puhlic building, where the youth ex- ercised themselves in the military art, wrestling, running, playing at quoits, &c. PALAS. See Click. PALATINATE, (palalinat, Fr.) the county or seat of a count palatine, or chief olKcer in the palace, or court of an emperor, or sovereign prince. PALATINE, (palaiin,¥r.) This post or dignity has various significations — In Germany, electors, princes, and counts are sometimes so called. Hence an elector palatine. In Hungary the vice- roy is termed palatine; and in Poland it is usual to distinguish the governor of a town by this title. Several great noble- men and lords were likewise called pala- tines under the first kings of France. Some counties in England are also dis- tinguished by this word, as county pa- latine of Cheshire, &c. &c. PALE, in carpentry, a little pointed stake of wood, used in making inciosures, separations, &c. PA LEE, Fr. the row of piles upon which a wooden bridge is constructed, is so called. PALESTRE, Fr. a wrestling-place, or exercising ground. It comes from the Latin, and was originally derived from the Greek. PALFRY, (pahfroi, Fr.) Before car- riages were invented, the horses on which ladies rode for pleasure were called palfries. The French also say, palcfrot, cheval de parade. PALIER, ou repos, Fr. the landing in a staircase. Demi Palier, Fr. a landing in a staircase, whose breadth is equal to the length of the step. Palier de communication, Fr. the space upon the top of a staircase which separates two apartments, and has a communication with each. PALIS, Fr. the rows of small pointed stakes, which serve for any species of inclosure, are so called. The term pa- lisade is derived from it. PALISSADER, Fr. to surround any spot with stakes, or palisades. PALISSADES de camp, Fr. several pieccsof wood, soarrangedand tied toge- ther, that they may with great dispatch be fixed in the ground which is marked out for the encampment of an army. pALisSADES^/errees, Fr. palisades that are shod with iron. They are used in shallow streams and marshes, to prevent small craft from plying, or persons from crossing them on foot. PALKEE, Ind. See Palanqueen. PALL, (drap mortuaire, Fr.) a cover- ing thrown over the dead. It is always used in military burials; and is hired at the expense of the captains of troops, or companies, in the British service. PALLAS, a name, in heathen my- thology, given to Minerva, who was looked upon as the goddess of war. PALLIER, ^ in building, is some- PAILLIER, S times used for a land- ing place, in a stair-case; or a step, P A M ( 593 ) PAN « hich being broader than the rest, serves to rest upon. PALLIFICATION, in architecture, is the piling of the ground work ; or strengthening it with piles, or timber driven into the ground ; which is prac- tised when they build upon a moist or marshy s v i I . PALONNIER, (palonneau, Fr.) the spring-tree bar of a coach. PALPLANCHES, Fr. planks, or boards made out of all kinds of wood, and sometimes out of red fir, particu- larly in those places where that tree is common. They are usually six inches thick, one foot, broad, and of a length that corresponds with the nature of the soil into which they are to be driven. They are cut sharp at the bottom, in order to make them go into the ground with greater ease. PALTRY. Dr. Johnson brings this word from the French pottron, a cow- ard, a scoundrel, and paltrocco the Ita- lian for a low whore ; worthless, con- temptible, mean. A Paltry undertaking, any thing unworthy of the means employed against it, as a paltry expedition, a paltry at- tack, a paltry siege, paltry foes. We also say a paltry fellow, a low-minded drudge, that will say and unsay any thing for hire. P A LU D A M ENTUM, Ch lamys, among the ancients, a garment worn in time of war, by the principal men of Rome, especially the generals, who were called for that reason paludali. The sol- diers, having only short coats, called a sugum, were denominated sagati. The paludamentum was open on the sides, coming down no lower than the navel, and had short sleeves. It was either of a white, purple, or red colour, and sometimes black. Kennett, in his Roman Antiquities, page 313, says, the old paludamentum of the generals was all scarlet, only bordered with purple; and the chlamydes of the emperors were all purple, commonly beautified with a gol- den, or embroidered border. Some writers have erroneously confounded this word with the lorica hamata, which was a long cloak. PALVFSATE, Fr. a target fence, under which soldiers are screened when they make approaches, or enter 'a breach. PAMPHLET, a small book ; pro- perly a book sold unbound, and only stitched. Dr. Johnson derives it from the French par un filet, i. e. kept toge- ther by a thread. Military Pamphlet, a pamphlet writ- ten upon military subjects. PAMPHLETEER, a scribbler of small books; almost always a venal and con- temptible wretch. Swift says — with great injustice, I have been pelted by pamphleteers. Indeed there are few per- sons exempt from this mode of paltry attack, especially if they should have firmness enough to pursue solid learning and useful knowledge, without being di- verted from their task, by petty malevo- lence, and mean jealousy. PAN, (pan, Fr.) the side of a rect- angle, or irregular figure; also the flat front, or face of any building; a pane, piece, or pannel of a wall, of wainscot, of a window, ckc. Pan likewise means the distance which is comprized between the angle of the epaule and the flanked angle in for- tification. See Face of a Bastion. Pan de devant, Fr. the foreside. Pan de mur, Fr. the pannel of a wall ; also any proportion of a decayed wall which is to be replaced, or built U P- .,- Pan de bois, Fr. in building, the piece of timber which sustains a gutter between the roofs of two fronts, or houses. Pan, a name well known among the shepherds of antiquity, and frequently used by modern writers in their rural fictions. In military history, it signifies a man who was lieutenant-general to Bacchus in his Indian expedition. He is recorded to have been the first author of a general shout, which the Grecians practised in the beginning of their onset in battle. See Panic Pan, that part of the lock of a mus- ket, pistol, &c. which holds the priming powder. PAX-tiles. See Tiles. PANACHE, 1 Fr. a plume, or PANNACHE, \ bunch of feathers. Panaches Jlottuns, Fr. nodding plumes. Panache likewise signifies, in archi- tecture, the triangular part of an arch that contributes towards the support of a turret, or elevation, which is raised above the dome of any particular edi- fice. 4 P A N ( 594 ) PAN So called from being PA NC ARTE, Fr. an ancient exer- cise, or tournament, which was perform- ed in the Human amphitheatre, when strong athletic men were opposed to all sorts of enraged animals. Pancakil, Fr. a paper containing the particular rates of tolls, or customs, due to the king, publicly stuck up. PANCERNES, a body of Polish ca- valry, which is divided into hussars and panccmes. These troops constitute, almost wholly within themselves, the strength of that country. PANDEMONIUM", according to Bailey, with the authority of Milton, the great hall or council chamber of devils. Figuratively, any place where men meet to do evil. PANDOURS, Sclavonians who inha- bit the banks of the Drave, a consider- able river of Germany, which rises in the Tyrol, and empties itself into the Danube, near Eft'eck, in Hungary 5 and those of the Save, a river of Germany, which rises in Carniola, and falls into the Danube at Belgrade. They wear a long coat, have four or live pistols placed in a belt round their waists, and they are armed with a sabre and a poniard. They always act as irregulars, when em- ployed on service. They derive their name from a village called Paudut, in Lower Hungary. The Pandours were originally a corps of infantry named Ruitza; and their chief occupation, or duty, was to clear the high roads of thieves, &C. They first made their ap- pearance in Germany, under the com- mand of Baron Trenck, in 1711. PANICK, Panick fear, ( terrcur panique, Fr.) sudden consternation which seizes upon men's fancies without any visible cause; a needless, or ill grounded fright. The reason why these terrors are attributed to Pan, was, as some say, because when Osiris was bound by Ty- pho, trie appearance of Pan and the sa- tyrs threw him into a fright ; or because he frightened all the giants that waged war against Jupiter; or as others say, because when Pan was Bacchus's lieu- tenant-general, in his Indian expedition, and was on the point of being encompass- ed in a valley, with an army of enemies, far superior to them in number, he ad- vised the god to order his men to give a general shout, which so surprized the opposite army, that they immediately fled from their camp. And hence it came to pass, that all sudden fears im- pressed upon men's spirits without any just reason, were, by the Greeks and Ro- mans, called panic iejrors. (See Polva:- nus Stratag. book 1.) The custom of shouting seems to have been used by almost ail nations, barbarous as well as civilized ; and is mentioned by all writers who treat of martial affairs. Homer has several elegant descriptions of ir, parti- cularly one in the fourth Iliad, where he likens the military noise to torrents rolling with impetuous force from moun- tains into the adjacent vallies. We have likewise had our war-whoops, and still have our shouts. PAN1ER a mine, Fr. See Bouriu- QUET. PANTERS, Fr. baskets. Figurativar ly, un punier perce, a leaky vessel, or one who cannot keep a secret. A dan- gerous man in society ; and in military concerns, one who ought to be particu- larly guarded against, where discretion and confidence are necessary. PANNADER, Fr. to prance, curvet, or bound as a horse does. PANNADES, Fr. the prancings, cur- vettings, and bouudings of a lusty horse. PANNE, Fr. literally means shag, plush, lYc. and is properly a sea term, signifying to lie to, mettre en panne. It is likewise used in a military sense, to express the steady posture of troops who are drawn up for battle, and wait an enemy's attack. La troupe est restee en panne, the squadron remained im- movable. Panne, Fr. the beam that supports the rafters of the roof. PANNEAU, Fr. trap, snare. Donncr dans le Panneau, Fr. to be ensnared, entrapped, or outwitted. Panneau de selle, Fr. the pannel of a saddle. Panneau likewise signifies any plank of oak. PANNELS, in artillery, are the car- riages which carry mortars and their beds upon a march. PANNEL, (in joinery,) is a tympa- num, or square piece of thin wood, some- times carved, framed, or grooved in a larger piece between two montants, or upright pieces, and two traverses, or cross pieces. Pannel, (in masonry,) is one of the faces of a hewn stone. PAN ( 595 ) PAR Pannels, or panes, of glass are com- partments, or pieces of glass. PANNIER, (in architecture,) a piece of carved work, in the form of a basket, full of flowers or fruit, serving in archi- tecture to finish some ornament. PANNERESSE, Fr. a flat stone, or square piece of wood, which has more breadth than depth in its superficies. PANNONCEAU, Fr. an ancient term, which was used to signify ensign, or banner. PANOPLY, complete armour, or har- ness. PANSEMENT, Fr. the act of dress- ing a wound, or rubbing and dressing a horse. PANSER, Fr. See to Dress. Panser, Fr. in farriery, signifies to rub down, and otherwise to take care of a horse. PANTHEON, (in architecture,) a temple of a circular form, dedicated to all the gods. The name has been adopt- ed among modern nations from the pan- theon of ancient Rome, built by Agrippa in his third consulate, and dedicated to Jupiter Ultro, or Jupiter the Avenger. There is a chapel in the Escurial in Spain, called the pantheon, of marble and jasper inlaid : the whole inside is of black marble, excepting theluthern, and some ornaments of jasper and red mar- ble. The pantheon at Paris, during the progress of the French revolution, was appropriated to national purposes; the names and busts of the most distin- guished statesmen and generals being preserved therein as marks of public gra- titude, and objects of public emulation. There is a building in London that bears the name of pantheon, but that is all. It is private property, and the only pub- lic use to which it has been appropriated, has been that of operatical speculation, masquerades, or frivolous entertain- ments. PANTINS, Fr. men on foot. PANTOGRAPH E, Fr. a mathema- tical instrument, which serves to copy all sorts of drawings. The French have paid great attention to the improvement of this instrument, of which a minute de- scription may be found in Cours de Ma- thcumtiques, by Pere Deschalles. But the Sieur Panglois brought it to such perfection in 1750, that it is become universally used. PANTOMETER, (pantomilrc, Fr.) an instrument used to take all sorts of angles, distances, and elevations. It was invented by the ancients, but has been greatly improved since. Se PAONNER, Fr. to make an out- ward display of one's self; to be vain- glorious ; to be more attentive to the body than the mind. See Gloriole. PANTON, (in farriery,) a shoe con- trived to cover a narrow and hoof- bound heel. PAPER-money, (papier-monnaie, Fr.) a substitute for coin, represented by legal notes of hand which are issued from the Bank of England. PAPIER de cartouche, Fr. paper used for cartridges. Papier gris, on Papier brouillard, Fr. whited-brown paper. Papiers et emeignemens, Fr. All the papers and manuscripts which are found on board a ship are so called. PAQUEBOT, Fr. a modern French term, derived from packet-boat, which see. PARABOLA, (parabole, Fr.) in geo- metry, a figure arising from the section of the cone, when cut by a plane paral- lel to one of its sides. From the same points of a cone, there- fore, only one parabola can be drawn ; all the other sections, within these paral- lels, being ellipses, and all without, hy- perbolas. Properties of the Parabola. The square of an ordinate is equal to the rectangle of the abscissa, and four times the distance of the focus from the ver- tex. The perpendicular on the tangent, from the focus, is a mean proportional between the distance from the vertex to the focus, and the distance of the focus from the point of contact. All lines within the parabola, which are drawn parallel to the axis, are called diameters. The parameter of any diameter is a right line, of such a nature, that the pro- duct under the same, and the abscista, are equal to the square of the semi-or- dinate. The squares of all ordinates to the same diameter, are to one another as their abscissas. Cartesian Parabola is a curve of the second order, expressed by the equa- tion xy — ax 3 -\- bx 1 + ex + d. con- taining four infinite legs, being the 66th 4 G 2 P A R ( 596 ) PAR order, ac- and species of lines of the third cording to Sir Isaac Newton ; and is marie use of by Descartes, in the third bouk of his geometry, for finding the roots of equations of six dimensions by its intersections with a circle. Diverging Parabola, a name given by Sir Isaac Newton to five different lines of the third order, expressed by the equation y\f — ax 3 4- bx z -f ex + d. PARABOLA IN, Fr. a name for- merly given to the boldest gladiator. It is now applied to every person who runs the hazard of his own life, particularly in visiting hospitals, for the relief of another. PARABOLIC pyramidoid is a solid figure generated by supposing all the squares of theordinates applicates in the parabola, so placed as that the axis shall pass through all their centers at right angles, in which case the aggregate of the planes will be arithmetically propor- tional ; whose solidity is gained by mul- tiplying the base by half the altitude. PARABOLIC spindle is a solid made by the revolution of a semi-parabola about one of its ordinates, and is equal to JL. of its circumscribing cylinder. Parabolic space is the avea contained between the curve of the parabola and a whole ordinate. Parabolic enneus, a solid mentioned by Dr. VVallis, which is thus formed; multiply all the D B's into DCs, or, ■which is all one, upon the base AFB erect a prism, whose altitude shall be A S, and this shall be the parabolic cu- neus, which is equal in solidity to the parabolical pyrumidoid. PARADE originally consisted of a square court before cathedrals, sur- rounded by piazzas or porticoes for per- sons to walk under, being supported with pillars. It is now used, in a military sense, to signify any place where troops assemble, in corps, troops or compa- nies. To Par a nr.. This word is frequently used as an active verb, with respect to military matters,viz. To parade the guard, &c. It has likewise been adopted in the united kingdom to express the act of calling out a person in an affair of honour, lhe Irish familiarly say — I shall parade the gentleman, to-morrow morning, in the t ka nix Park. A Parade officer, (officier de parade, Fr.)an officer who attends to the minu- tiaj of regimental duty, but who is not remarkable for military science. See Officer. Parade, IV. The French make use of this term in various ways. Parade, Fr. show, ostentation. Lit de Parade, Ft. bed of state. Cheval de Parade, Fr. a horse finely caparisoned, and kept for show. Parade, Fr. in fencing, the act of parrying a thrust, or blow. Parade, Jr. the place or ground where soldiers parade. Se mettre en Parade, Fr. to take one's ground. Fan c la Parade, Fr. to do parade duty. Monter la Parade, Fr. to take part in the regular line of parade. Manquer sa Parade, Fr. in fencing, to miss one's parry. Etre liors de Parade, Fr. to parry wide, or stand exposed. PARADIS, Fr. that part of a har- bour in which vessels may ride with the greatest safety. PARADOS, an elevation of earth which is effected behind fortified places, to secure them from any sudden attack that may be made in reverse. Parapet and parados come from terms signifying, in the front, or in the rear, of any tiling. FAR A LLELEPIPED, (parallelepi- pe.de, Fr.) one of the regular bodies of solids, comprehended under six rectan- gular and parallel surfaces, the opposite ones whereof are equal. PARALLELISM, (parallelisme, Fr.) the situation or quality by which any thing is denominated parallel ; that, whereby two things, viz. lines, or rays, become equi-distaut from one another. Parallelism of a march. In order to preserve the parallelism of a march in the movement of troops, each batta- lion must be kept perpendicular to the direction it marches upon, the whole of the several battalions in one straight line, and their several marching directions parallel to each other. Parallelism and distance to be ob- served in the formation and movement of any considerable body of troops. In the Rules and Regulations, it is laid down as a general maxim, that no considerable body should ever be formed without a proportion of it being placed in reserve, or in second line, and more or less ac- PAR ( 597- ) PAR cording to circumstances. The move- ments of such second line will always correspond with those of the first, and it will always preserve its parallelism and distance. Movements Parallel with a line oj fire. Movements are said to he parallel with a line of fire, when one or more lines march, either in the rear of troops engaged with an enemy, or in face of an enemy, who is advancing to attack. The greatest accuracy and order are re- quired on both occasions, particularly on the latter ; for if the second line, which is the line of support, does not preserve its perpendicular direction with respect to every leading point, and its relative parallelism and distance with the line engaged, according to circum- stances, it will not only run the risk of becoming useless itself, but will, in all probability, endanger the line it covers, should any sudden necessity occur for a change of position. •» PA R A LLELOG R A M, ( parallelo- gramme, Fr.) a plain figure bounded by Four right lines, whereof the opposite are parallel one to the other. It like- wise means an instrument composed of five rulers of brass or wood, with sliding sockets, to be set to any proportion, for the enlarging, or diminishing any map or draught, in huilding, surveying, &c. PARALLELOGRAMMIC protrac- tor, a semi-circle of brass with four ru- lers, in the shape of a parallelogram made to move to any angle ; one of which rulers is an index, which shews on a semi-circle, the quantity of any inward, or outward angie. PARALLELS, (paralliles, Fr.) at a siege, the trenches, or lines made parallel to the defence of the place besieged. There are usually three in an attack ; the first, about 300 toises, or 600 yards, from the covert-way; the 2d and 3d, nearer to the glacis. The deep trenches, 15 or 18 feet wide, that join the several attacks together, are also called parallels, or places of arms. They serve to place the guard of the trenches in readi- ness to support the workmen when at- tacked. See Boyau, or Line of commu- nication. Tirer une PARALLELE, Fr. verba- tim, to draw a parallel. To make a di- rect communication between one trench and another. PARALLELET planes are those planes which have all the perpendiculars drawn betwixt them equal to each other ; that is, when they are equally distant every where. Parallelet ruler, an instrument of wood, brass, &c. consisting of two parallel rules which open and shut pa- rallel to one another. This instrument is particularly useful in mathematics. PARALYSER, Fr. to paralyse; a term frequently used by the French since the revolution, to express the bad effects of a factious spirit, Ike. Vn seul factieux quelquefois parali/se tout une administration ; one factious man will sometimes render the designs of a whole administration abortive. PARAMETER, (paramitre, Fr.) See Gunnehy and Projectiles. PARAPET, in fortification, an ele- vation of earth, designed for covering the soldiers from the enemy's cannon, or small shot : its thickness is from 18 to 20 feet ; its height 6 on the inside, and 4 or 5 on that side next the country ; it is raised on the rampart, and has a slope called the superior talus, or glacis of the parapet, on which the troops lay their arms to fire over. The slope renders it easy for the soldiers to fire into the ditch. It has a banquette or two on the inside for the troops who defend it, to mount upon, in order to discover the country, the ditch, and counterscarp, and to fire as they find occasion. Parapet 'of the covert-way is what covers that way from the sight of the enemy; which renders it the most dan- gerous place for the besiegers, because of the neighbourhood of the faces, flanks, and curtains of the place. Parapet comes from the double Ita- lian word para — petto. PARAPETS en forme de cremaillere, Fr. parapets which are so constructed within, in the form of a saw, that one of the faces of the redans, or teeth, is per- pendicular, and the other parallel, to the capital. The Chevalier Clairac, in his Ingcnieur de Campagne, has given a par- ticular account of these parapets : but the merit of invention does not entirely rest with him, since the Marquis de la Fond, director of the fortified places upon the coast of French Flanders, and M. de Verville, chief engineer at Rocroi, have likewise mentioned them. PARASANG, (parasange, Fr.) an ancient Persian measure, containing usu- PAR ( 598 ) PAR ally thirty, sometimes forty, and some- j outside of a stone, or wall; also the times fifty stadia, or furlongs. ! facings of an uniform co;t. PARASITE, (parasite, Fr.) one that Parement di minuiscrie, Fr. all that frequents rich tables, and earns In-, wel- appears on the outside of a piece of car- come by flattery. A creature some- pentry, or joiner's work, &C. times found in military life, but always considered as unworthy of the character of an officer. PARASTATA, (parastatts, Fr.) in architecture, an impost, or kind of cent a, or pilaster, built for the support of an arch. According to some writers, pilas- ters which stand alone, not adjoining to the wall. M. D'Azi/cr makes parastata the same as impost ; but Evelyn the same as pi/aster. PARC, Fr. See Park. Parc d'artillerie, Fr. See Park of artillery. Le commissaire du Parc, Fr. the com- missary belonging to the park. Le Parc des munitions et des vivres, Fr. the park of stores and provisions. Parc de t'hSpital, Fr. See Hospital. Parc des vivres, on quartier dts vivres, Fr. park of provisions. PARCOURIR, Fr. in a military sense, to run over the ground during an action. This word is particularly appli- cable to those movements which are made by general officers, officers com- manding brigades, tkc. for the purpose of encouraging their soldiers in the heat of an engagement. Parcourir de rang en rang, Fr. to run up and down the ranks, or from rank to rank. PARDON, forgiveness, remission. In military matters this word must be un- derstood in two senses, viz. in a limited one, when it affects a culprit who has been sentenced by a general court-mar- tial, to receive bodily punishment; and in a more extensive one, when the pu- nishment is the consequence of a regi- mental decision. In the former case, the king only, through the commander in chief, can pardon, or remit the pu- nishment ; in the latter, the colonel, or commanding officer, has a discretionary power. Pardon des injures, Fr. See For- giveness. PAREMENS, Fr. ranges of broad freestone in a building ; the large stones that border the sides of a road, or street; also the large sticks of a faggot. PAREMENT, Fr. the front, or facing of any thing, all that appears on the Parement de pare, Fr. See Pare- MENS. Chawbrc de Parement, Fr. the pre- sence-chamber. Lit de Parement, JV. a bed of state. Murailte a deux Paremens dc pierrc de tuillc, Fr. a wall having two courses of, or being covered on both sides with freestone. RARER, Fr. to keep off; to parry; to ward off. The French say as we do, II est impossible de se purer d'un ennemi convert, it is impossible to be upon one's guard against a secret enemy. Parer a toutes feintes, Fr. to parry to all feints. Parer un coup, Fr. to ward oft a blow ; also to parry in fencing, as purer une botte, parer tine estocade, to parry a thrust; parer et porter en mime temps, to parry and thrust at the same time: it also means to weather ; as parer le cap, to weather or double the cape. Parer, Fr. in riding, to stop. Che- ral qui pare bien, a horse that stops well. Parer le pied d'un cheval, Fr. to parc the hoof of a horse before he is shod. Parer sur ses hunches, Fr. to be well upon his haunches. This term is appli- cable to the movements of a horse. PARESSE, Fr. laziness; sluggish- ness. PARESSEUX, Fr. lazy; idle; unfit to have the charge of any military ope- ration. PARGETTING, (in building,) is used for the plastering of walls ; sometimes it signifies the plaster itself. It is a corruption of the Latin word spurgcre, to spread, to sprinkle, &c. PARING, that which is pared off any thing. Cheese Parings, a phrase adopted by a late secretary at war, to express paltry savings. See Prodigality. PARIS, (Puris, Fr.) the capital of France. PARISH, according to Johnson, the particular charge of a secular priest. Our realm was first divided into parishes by Honorius, Archbishop of Canterbury, PAR ( 599 ) PAR in 636. The several parishes are obliged to furnish a certain number of men for the militia, &c. PARiSH-6«xine.M. Although this phrase is generally understood to mean every species of conversation which may re- late to military matters, and is conse- quently discountenanced at regimental messes, we are nevertheless of opinion, that, in strictness, it ought only to com- prehend the details of any particular re- giment. It must be obvious to every thinking man, that however ill-placed a discussion of the private concerns of a regiment at table may be, especially in the presence of strangers, a total exclu- sion of military subjects is equally to he condemned ; for on what topics can offi- cers converse with more satisfaction at a military mess, than on those which relate to the higher branches of their profession ? PARK of Artillery should always be placed, if possible, within a short dis- tance of water carriage; and have the most ready communication with every part of the line of the army. Its form must depend on its situation. Ten feet are usually allowed in front for one car- riage and its interval, and near 50 feet from the hind wheels of the front row to the fore wheels of the second ; this interval should allow sufficient room for putting the horses to the carriages, and for a free passage along the line. In parks not on immediate service, it is customary to range the guns with their muzzles to the front ; hut where the guns are likely to be wanted at a short notice, appearances must not be studied, and the gun-carriages must be parked with their shafts to the front, ready to receive horses to them. A quarter guard is placed in front of the park, and the non-commissioned officers and gun- ners' tents on the flanks, at about 20 paces distance; and 40 paces to the rear, the subaltern officers; at 10 more to the rear, the captains, and 10 more the commanding officer. The mess tent is 15 in the rear of the officers. At a convenient distance, in the rear of the whole, are the horses picketed in one or more lines, with the drivers on their flanks. The horses are sometimes pick- eted in lines perpendicular to the front, and on the flanks of the carriages, be- tween the men and the carriages. — Bom- bardier. Pake of provisions, a place in a camp, in the rear of every regiment, which is taken up by the sutlers who follow the army with all sorts of provisions, and sell them to the soldiers. PARLEMENTER, Fr. to parley. The French familiarly say, Ville qui par- Lemente est a demi rendue ; a town whose governor parleys may he said to be halt given up. PARLER, Fr. to speak, to talk. Parler a chcial, Fr. to talk arro- gantly. Pa n ler a volte, Fr. to talk at random. PARLEY, oral treaty; talk; confer- ence; discussion by word of mouth. To Parley, in military matters, to enter into conference with your enemy. This is done by means of a flag of truce. See Truce. To beat a Parley is to give a signal for holding such a conference, by beat of drum, or sound of trumpet. See Chamade. PARLIAMENT, (parlemeut, Fr.) the assembly of the king, and tiie three estates of the realm; namely, the lords spiritual, the lords temporal, and com- mons; which assembly, or court is, of all others, the highest, and of greatest authority. This authority was, in fact, so great, that when Charles I. was sup- posed to have infringed upon the rights of Englishmen, parliament rose in opposi- tion to him, asserted that power, raised its own army, and, after having met him in the field, brought him hefore the tribunal of the country, and sentenced him to death. PAROL Fr. a machine made in the shape of a table, which is nailed upon planks four inches thick and ten feet long, to six feet in breadth, with its side, or edge, six inches thick, toward* the country, into which are driven, ho- rizontally, long stakes with sharp points. This machine is used in sieges, being placed upon rollers so as to have it run up and fixed upon the parapet, for the purpose of resisting a scaling party. Paroi, Fr. a farrier's buttress. Paroi, Fr. a wall; a partition. Paroi blanchie, Fr. a whited wall. PAROLE, in a military sense, the promise made by a prisoner of war, when he has leave to go any where, of returning at a time appointed, or not to take up arms, if not exchanged. Parole. An apology almost appear* P A R ( 600 ) P A R to be necessary for giving an article un- der this head in an English dictionary, addressed to English olticers ; for it i> impossible that any individual of so re- spectable u profession; could throw such a stain upou himself, his country, and his service, as to forfeit his parole, or word of honour, after it has once been given. Surely it must be inscribed on all their hearts, that the word and honour of an officer are sacred, and that once pledged, they cannot be recalled. Governments are concerned in incul- cating these principles, because they tend to soften the honors of war, and to fortify that sense of rectitude and truth, which, though it is the duty of the man, is still the fringe and orna- ment of the real soldier's character. A breach of parole in European armies, amongst civilized nations, has always been held to be infamous. A person who has once been guilty of it, has no right to be treated as an officer, or to expect quarter, should he again fall into the hands of the enemy. Parole means also a word given out every day in orders by the com- manding orhcer, both in camp and gar- rison, for the purpose of knowing friends from enemies. To Pa hole an office?-, (mcttre un ojjicier SUV sa parole, Fr.) to take the word and honour of an officer, who has been taken prisoner, or may otherwise be in a state of arrest, that he will not exceed certain limits, and be always forth-coming when called for. Pakole d'ordre, Fr. a pass-word given in camp or garrison. Pauole sur parole, Fr. a military phrase among the French, meaning the mutual word which is given by two per- sons who come to a parley, though op- posed to one another in the war, where- by they promise not to attack, or take any advantage during the intercourse. JFair^PAROLT, Fr. to equal. PARPAIN, IV. a pillar, buttress, or supporter, of stone-work, serving to bear up a beam, or summero in a wall. ParpaIN fFechtffre, Fr. the winding wall of a building, into which the stone, wooden, or iron steps of a staircase run. Tt is called icfuffre, or chi/pered, because the different steps arc first measured, and marked along this wall. PARQUER, Fr. this word, which signifies to lodge and place any thing in a convenient and safe manner, is fre- quently used by the French, both in an active and passive sense. Perhaps it may not be improper, at least in mili- tary matters, to adopt it with the same latitude amongst us, viz. On Parqua VartilUrie, ou Vurtillc- riej'ut parquet en tel endroit, Fr. They parked the artillery in such a quarter, or the artillery was parked in such a quarter. Les gens d'artilleric se parquerent, ou furcni parquis, du cole de la riviere, Vr. the tram of artillery parked itself on the banks of the river, or was parked upon the banks of the river. Uar tiller ie parquuit en tel lieu, Fr. the artillery parked on such ground. PARQUET, Fr. the bar of a court of judicature; the inclosure within which the members of a court-martial fit. Parquet, Fr. an inlaid floor. Parquet viilituire, Fr. an inclosure in the theatres abroad, between the or- chestra and the pit, to which the orlicers of a garrison town have access, for a moderate price of admission. PARQUETER, Fr. to inlay a room or place. PARRAJN, Fr. means, literally, a godfather. In a military sense, it for- merly signified a second, or witness, who attended at single combats to see fair play. Les combattuns se trouvlrenl dans le. lieu du combat, c/iacun avec son par- ruin ; the combatants met upon the ground, each attended by bis second or witness. Parrain, Fr. in military orders, the person who introduces, or presents a newly elected knight. The term is also used to signify the comrade who is se- lected by a soldier, condemned to be shot, to bind the handkerchief over his eyes. " PARRYING, the action of warding off the push, or blow, aimed at one by another. PART, Fr. a part; share; concern. Ftre a la Pari, Fr. a marine term among the French, signifying, to share in the prizes which are made against an enemy. PARTAGE, Point de PARTAGE, Fr. in hydraulics, the highest pitch to which water can rise, and from which it may be made to run one way, or the other. Eire en Pautace, Fr. to be dividing; PAR ( 601 ) PAR a term in law, and of courts-martial, &c. Les juges, ou les membres, sont en partage, the judges, or the members, are dividing. Faire Partage du butin, Fr. to divide the plunder, or to take one's share of it. PARTEM ENT, Fr. in navigation, the course which a ship holds towards the east, or west, with respect to the meridian whence it sailed ; or the dif- ference of longitude between the meri- dian under which a vessel actually is, and the one it was under, when the last observation was taken. PARTHENLE, a word derived from the Greek, signifying virginity. In mi- litary history, it refers to a particular circumstance which occurred among the ancients. The Spartans, having been at war with the Messenians for twenty years, and having by those means very much depopulated their country, and apprehending that if this war continued, it might eventually strip Sparta of all its male inhabitants, they sent some of their young men from the army into the city, with licence to be familiar with «s many unmarried women as they would ; and the children begotten by them in this manner were called Par- theniae, on account of the uncertainty who were their fathers. At the end of the war these children were deemed bastards, and were denied the bearing of any office in the government, &c. This unjust exclusion enraged them so much, that they conspired with the slaves to destroy all the nobility ; but on the discovery of their plot, they were driven out of the city. After which, being beaded by Phalantus, a bold and enter- prizing son of chance, they travelled into Magna Graecia, in Italy, and built Tarentum. — Bailey. PARTI, Fr. a particular detachment or body of troops, horse or foot, which is destined for some specific expedition. Hence partisan. See Party. P.\RJi-bleu, Fr. any party of armed men who infest a country, and have no regular permission to act offensively. Prendre le Parti, Fr. to take a part. Prendre son Parti, Fr. to come to a determination. Prendre son Parti dans les troupes, Fr. to enlist; or, to use a familiar phrase, to go for a soldier. Tirer Parti, Fr. to take advantage. Ne point prendre de Parti, Fr. to remain neuter, or not to take any part. Esprit de Parti, Fr, party spirit. Se declarer d'un Parti, Fr. openly to avow some particular party. The French say, figuratively, II faut Stre, toujours du parti de la v'eriti. ; we should always side with truth. Parti likewise signifies profession or employment, viz. Le parti de I'epee, le parti des amies ; the military profession. Prendre Parti dans I'epee, Fr. to embrace a military life. Tirer Parti, Fr. to reap or derive advantage from any thing. Tirer Parti de ses talens, Fr. to make the most of one's natural, or acquired abilities. Parti, Fr. expedient; means. Parti, Fr. contracting; farming the public revenues. 11 s'est enricfd dans les partis ; he has grown rich by con- tracts. Quel Parti prendre? A phrase ex- pressive of indecision, signifying, how am I to act, or which side shall I take? This term having been used by an officer in command during the French revolu- tion, a blunt soldier exclaimed, Decides, ou allez vous pendre ! See Undecided. PARTIALITY, unequal state of the judgment, and favour of one above the other, without just reason. If any mem- ber of a general court-martial expresses a previous judgment, in partiality either to the prisoner or prosecutor, before he is sworn, it is to be deemed a good cause of challenge; and he should not be allowed to sit in judgment on the case. PARTIE Secrette, Fr. a secret and confidential service which is entrusted to one, or more individuals. Partie secrete de I'armie, Fr. that important branch of military service, which is entrusted to able and active officers, for the purpose of obtaining intelligence. Partie civile, Fr. in criminal matters, the person who accuses is so called ; the prosecutor. Partie publique, Fr. the attorney- general, or those acting in bis room. Prendre son juge a Partie, Fr. to accuse a judge of prevarication. Four jiii de toutes Parties, Fr. in full of all demands. PARTIR, Fr. to come out, to go out. La bombe part du mortier ; the bomb is shot from the mortar. Le Parti r d'un cheval, Fr. the mo- tion of a horse when lie is pushed for- ward . 4H PAR ( 602 ) PARTIES Off-reckonings. It is con- ceived that this was a compensation to discharged men, in lieu of clothing; f>s. 8d. per month for a serjeant, and 2s. 9d. ditto for a rank and file. PARTISAN, Fr, partisan, adherent, or favourer of a party; a stickler. Partisan, Fr. any person who con- tracts with government. Partisan has been applied to a hal- berd or pike, and to a marshal's staff. See Baton. Partisan, in the art of war, a per- son dexterous in commanding a party ; who, knowing the country well, is em- ployed in getting intelligence, or sur- prizing the enemy's convoys, &c. The word also means an officer sent out upon a parry, with the command of a body of light troops, generally under the appellation of the partisan's corps. It is necessary that this corps should be composed of infantry, light horse, and hussars, and occasionally with light, or portable artillery. PARTISAN-party, a small body of in- fantry, commanded by a partisan, to make an incursion upon an enemy, to lurk about his camp, to disturb his fora<;eis, and to intercept his convoys. PARTRIDGES, very large bombards which were formerly used. Froissart descrihes a very singular one which was used at the siege of Oudenarde, and was in;trle by the people of Ghent, under the direction of D'Arteville. Bomb and bombard come from the Greek bombos, expressing the noise! made by them in firing. Some of the large bombards were jocularly called bourgeois from their constant residence in one place, their weight rendering them inconvenient to move. PARTY, in a military sense, a small number or detachment of men, horse or footj sent upon any kind of duty; as into an enemy's country, to pillage, to take prisoners, and oblige the country to come under contribution. Parties are often sent out to view the roads and ways, get intelligence, seek forage, re- connoitre, or amuse the enemy upon a march ; they are also frequently sent upon fhe flanks of an army, or regiment, to discover the enemy, if near, and pre- vent surprize or ambuscade. Recruiting Parties, a certain num- ber of men, under an officer or non- commissioned officer, detached-from their respective battalions, for the purpose of PAS See Recruiting Dis- cnlisting men. I'RICT. Watering Party. See Watering. Firing Party, those who are selected to fire over the grave of any one interred with military honours. For the specific number of which the party is to consist, &c. see Burials. Working Parties. These consist of small detachments of men, under the immediate command and superintend* ance of officers, who are employed on fatigues which are not purely of a mi- litary nature. They are generally called fatigue duties, being different from those of parade, or of exercise in the field. They principally consist in digging canals, repairing roads, working on fortifications, except such as may be constructed in the field, or upon actual service. An addition is made to their pay, as a re- ward for their labour, and a compensa- tion for their extraordinary wear of ne- cessaries; half of which should always be paid into the hands of the captains, and commanding oilicers of companies, for this latter purpose. It has been ju- diciously observed, in a note to the treatise on Military Finance, that British troops might in time of peace be em- ployed much oftener than they are on works of this nature, with equal advan- tage to the public and to themselves. This remark becomes more forcibly apposite since the adoption of canals through the country. Vakty -spirit, (esprit de parti, Fr.) a blind devotion which an individual pays to some particular set of men; almost always losing sight of the general good. Party-spirit may be truly called the curse of the British army, and if it could hurt the navy, the curse of that also. Lord Bolinghroke has said, that party-spirit would, some time or other, prove fatal to Great Britain ! Party-/w7-j/, (juris miparlis, Fr.) a jury consisting of half foreigners and half natives. La PARURVjdupiedd'un cheval, Fr. the horny substance which has been cut from the hoof of a horse in order to shoe him; also paring in general. PAS, Fr. pace; a measure in forti- fication. The French divide their pas, or pace, into two kinds — pas comniun, or ordinary pace, and pas geo»ictriuu€, or geometrical pace. The ordinary pace consists of two feet and a half; and the geometrical pace contains double that PAS ( 003 ) PAS extent, being five royal feet, or five pieds I Avoir le Pas, Fr. to have the pre- de roi. The itinerary distance which,' cedency. Pas de souris, Fr. degrees or steps which are made in different parts of the circumference of the counterscarp. — They serve to keep up a communication between works when the ditch is dry, and are generally made in the rentrant angles of the counterscarp, and in the rentrant angles of the outworks. There are likewise steps or degrees of this sort at some distance from the glacis. Pas, Fr. any strait or channel of water between two separate lands. Pas de Calais, Fr. the straits between Calais and Dover. Pas likewise signifies any narrow pass. Le pas des Tliermopylcs ; the straits of Thermopylae. Defendre le Pas, Fr to defend the pass or strait. Franchir le Pas, Fr. to determine upon a thing after some hesitation. Pas, Fr. in mechanics, a stay in the vice or spindle of a press, or of other instruments of the kind, by means of which large weights may be gradually raised up, or be kept close together. Pas geomctrique, Fr. in French mea- surement, a length of five feet. Pas commun, Fr. two French feet and a half. Pas, Fr. in carpentry, small no'ches or jags in the timber-work of a roof which are made to receive the ends of the rafters. Pas de porte, ou seuil, Fr. the outside step of a door, iii contradistinction to seuil, or threshold. Aller a Pas mesures, Fr. to proceed with caution. PASHA, (Pacha, Fr.) This word ought to be written and pronounced Bashaw (Pacha, Fr.) It is a title or mark of distinction which is annexed to the situation of grand-vizier in the Ottoman empire. There are bashaws of a subordinate class, who are governors of provinces, and who formerly assumed the title of king; being nevertheless tribu- tary to the grand sultan. There are like- wise degrees of distinction among these subordinate bashaws. PASS, (passage chemin, Fr.) in a military sense, a strait and narrow pas- sage, which renders the entrance into a country extremely difficult. Pass, a voucher for the absence of a non-commissioned officer or soldier. 4 112 the Italians call a mile, consists of one thousand geometrical paces; and three miles make a French league. Un Pas de clerc,Tr. literally, a clerk's pace; figuratively, any error or mistake which is made through ignorance, or im- prudence. Plaindre ses Pas, Fr. to be lazy or indolent; to make much ado about no- thing. Passer le Pas, Fr. to die; also to do something which it is impossible to forego. Pas de cole, Fr. side-step. This step is not to be found in the exercise esta- blished by authority in 1755. Monsieur de Bombelles mentions the pas de cbt'e in his Evolutions Militaires. We do not agree with the author of a Plan of Dis- cipline composed for the use of the Mi- litia of the county of Norfolk, when he says that Mons. de Bombelles meant the oblique step. Pas d'dne, Fr. a sharp hit, or upset in the mouth of a bit ; also a sword- guard which covers the whole hand, or basket hilt; hence une garde d pas d'ane. Pas oblique, Fr. oblique step. Pas ordinaire, Fr. ordinary time. Pas ordinaire direct, Fr. front step, in ordinary time. Pas precipiti, Fr. double quick time. Pas de charge, Fr. charging time. Pas cadence, Fr. cadenced step. Pas de course, Fr. the quickest step that is taken in military movements; as in charging bayonets, &c. Pas intermediai?'e,Fv. in cavalry move- ments, an easy trot; corresponding with the ordinary step in infantry manoeuvres. Pas de salut, Fr. the step used in marching by, or saluting. Doubter le Pas, Fr. to double a step, or pace ; to go faster. Forcer le Pas, Fr. to make a forced march. Pas alonge, Fr. a lengthened step. Alouger le Pas, Fr. to step out. Diminuer le Pas, Fr. to step short. H&ter le Pas, Fr. to step out; to quicken one's pace. Marcher a grands Pas, Fr. to move rapidly. Marcher H petits Pas, Fr. to step short, or move leisurely. Retourner sur scs Pas, Fr. to go Lack. PAS C 604 ) PAS Pass, Passado, in fencing, a push or I the act of soliciting charity out of the our adversary. ' usual way of persons begging, or who thrust upon y Pass, (passade, Fr.) in fencing, a leap or advance upon the enemy. To Pass, to march by open order of columns, for the purpose of saluting a reviewing general. To Pass a defile, a bridge, fyc. to advance with a narrow front for the purpose of crossing a river, or getting through narrow ground. Pass of arms, in ancient chivalry, a bridge, road, &c. which the knights un- dertook to defend, and which was not to be passed without fighting the person who kept it. He, who was disposed to dispute the pass, touched one of the armories of the other knight who held the pass, that were hung on pales, co- lumns, &c. erected for the purpose; and this was a challenge which the other was obliged to accept. The vanquished gave the conqueror such a prize as was agreed on. A PASs-billet, a written or printed paper which is signed by an individual, who has the authority to do so, for the purpose of enabling the bearer to pass and repass unmolested. ¥\ss-parole, a command, or word which is given out at the head of an army, and thence passed from mouth, to i.'iouth, till it reaches the rear. Pass-/>o/£, a letter of licence which is given by a prince or governor, granting safe conduct to travel, enter, and go out of his territories without molesta- tion : this is properly given to friends and neutral persons; and the safe cou- duct to enemies. VkSS-word, a secret parole or counter- sign which is given out to enable persons to go through military stations, &c. Pass, All's Well, a term used by a British sentry after he has challenged a person that comes near his post, and has received from him the proper pa- role, watchword, or countersign. See Pounds. PASSADE, Fr. See Pass. Passade, in the manege, is a horse's walking, or trotting in such a manner, that he raises the outward hind leg and the inward fore leg together; and, set- ting these two on the ground, raises the •ther two alternately, never gaining above a foot of ground at a time. Demandcr la Passade, Fr. This term jj. used among the French to express per have not been accustomed to ask alms. Donner la passade a un pauvre soldat ; to give alms to a poor soldier. 11 y avoit sur le chemin beaucoup de soldats qui demandoient la passade ; there were many soldiers on the road who asked charity. PASSAGE, (passage,Tr.) This word, as to its general import, does not require explanation. It is familiar to every body. In a military sense it may be va- riously understood for passages made over rivers, or through defiles, which should always be secured when an army is on its march. Dragoons, or light ca- valry, are generally employed upon this service; being, by the celerity of their motions, better calculated to get the start of an enemy. Passes through mountainous countries, and passages over rivers, may likewise be secured by means of light field pieces and flying artillery. The latter are particularly calculated for defiles. Entrenching tools, &c. must be carried with them. Passage, Fr. a term which relates to the reception of a knight, in the Order of Malta. Passage of bridges or defiles when a battalion or line stands on narrow ground. A battalion, standing in narrow ground, may sometimes be ordered to march in file for the purpose of forming open column, and passing a defile either before, or behind that flank, before, or behind the other flank, or before, or be- hind any central point of that line. Passage of the traverse, an opening out in the parapet of the covert-way, close to the traverses, that there may be a ready communication with all parts of the covert-way. Passage, in the manege, an action wherein the horse raises a hind and a fore leg together; then setting these two on the ground, he raises the other two; and thus alternately, never gaining above a foot of ground at a time. PASSAGEll, Fr. to passage. See Passage in the manege. Passager un cheval, Fr. to make a horse passage. It is likewise used as a neutral verb, viz. tin cheval passage, a horse passages. PASSANDEAU, Fr. on ancienb piece of ordnance, which carried an eight PAS < 605 ) PAS vpound ball, and weighed three thousand five hundred pounds. Chemiri PASSANT, Jr. a thorough- fare. PASSAVANT, Fr. a pass. This term is not used in a military sense, hut re- lates chiefly to commercial matters. PASSE, Fr. See Pass. Un Passe droit, Fr. the act of getting over another by undue promotion. Thus a person who steps over another without having gone through the regular routine of service, is said to have had un passe droit. PASSE-iliur, Fr. This is the same as coulevrine, and signifies a piece of ar- tillery which is longer than common ordnance. There was a remarkable one at Nancy, which was upwards of 22 French feet iii length, and carried an 18-pound shot. The passe-mur, or cou- levrine, has been laid aside some time, because it was found not to carry so far as ordinary cannon. The one above- mentioned is still to be seen at Dunkirk. Passe- Vogue, Fr. Any extraordinary effort that is made in rowing, is so called. PAsSE-par-tout, Fr. a large saw, the teeth of which are irregularly made for the purpose of cutting forest trees asun- der. P\ssv-par-tout, Fr. a master key. The French say figuratively, I'argent est un bon passe-par-tout, money gets admission any where. PASSE-Paro/e, Fr. This expression is used among the French in an absolute sense, and signifies to give the parole, order, or countersign. When troops are on service, or upon duty, they have fre- quent occasion to adopt it, especially during the rounds. Avance, passe-parole. Advance, and give the parole, or coun- tersign. Passe- Volant, Fr. any man that is not really in the service, and who stands to be mustered for the purpose of com- pleting the supposed number of effec- tives in a regiment, or on board a ship of war. Thev are likewise called soldats pretes, borrowed soldiers. Passe- Fb/an^ is also called faux soldat. PASSE-Fb/ans likewise mean those wooden pieces of ordnance which are made to resemble real artillery, and fill up the vacant places in a ship. These were first adopted by the French, in consequence of a regulation which was made by M. de FontcUartrain, when he became minister of the marine depart- ment. He gave orders that no vessels, except such as carried 16 guns, should sail to and from America. In order to comply, at least in outward appearance, with this regulation, the merchants had recourse to passe-volam, or wooden sub- stitutes. More advantages than one are indeed derived from this invention, which has been adopted in every civi- lised country. PASsz-chevauT) Fr. ferry for horses, or horse boat. To be PASSED over, to lose the ad- vantage of any particular standing in the army, and to have a person junior in rank put over one. PASSER, Fr. to pass. This word has various significations both in French and English, but chiefly in the former language. Passer en revue, Fr. to muster. Passer a compte, Fr. to allow in reckoning. Passer au jil de Vipee, Fr. to put to the sword; to kill man, woman, and child. Passer par les baguettes, Fr. to run the gauntlet. Passer a la revue, Fr. to pass mus- ter; or to be eligible as a recruit, or soldier. Passer par les armes, Fr. to be shot at the head, or in front of a regiment drawn up in battle array. Passer par les courroies, Fr. to be belted, or to be punished by running the gauntlet when every soldier strikes with his cross-belt, canteen or stirrup strap; also to be strapped or leathered. Passer par les verges, ou par les ba- guettes, Fr. to be flogged, or whipped up and down two ranks of soldiers faced inwards; each soldier having his musket grounded, and giving the cul- prit a lash upon his naked shoulders as he passes. Passer a la montre, Fr. to pass mus- ter. Passer par la main du bourreau, Fr. to be flogged, or otherwise punished, by the public hangman. Passer la riviere, passer la ligne, Fr. to cross the river, to cross the line. Passer un homme a un officier, Fr. to allow an officer the pay and subsistence of a private soldier for the maintenance of a servant. The terra is also used to express the receipt of any public allow- ance for sinecure places. P A T Pas>ER Mr It ventre a une arm'ce,Yv. to defeat an army; to overthrow it. Passer, Fr. to go; as, patter, dans rinde, to go to the Indies. The PASSES, particular pass: or roads, by which persons, especially. armed bodies of men, may go from one country into another. Of this descrip- tion are the passes through the Pyre- nees, which separate Spain from France. They are live in number, viz. First pass at Bayonne, an episcopal city of Gas- cony, in France, which is always passa- ble, leading to Fontarabia, in the Bay of Biscay. Second passatPerpignan,a town of Roussillon, in France, which is also passable at all times, leading through Bellegarde to Figueras, in Catalonia. Third pass, passable from May to Octo- ber, leading to Pampeluna, the capital of Navarre in Spain. Fourth pass, passa- ble for muleteers only, leading through Verdun, a strong town of Armagnac, in France, to Jacca, or Xacca, and Saia- gossa, in Arragon. Fifth pass, very difficult and little used, leading through Venasque, into Catalonia. It may, how- ever, be said, that there are only two military passes of material consequence to both countries, viz. Perpignan in France, on the side of the Mediterra- nean sea, leading to Figueras, Rosas and Barcelona, and Pampei.uxa, which is covered by Fontarabia, from Bayonne, on the Atlantic. PASSES-6a//es, Fr. boards, or ma- chines made of iron, or brass, used in disparting cannon, and fitted to every species of calibre. PASSEUR, Fr. a ferryman. PASSION, (passion, Fr.) a quality that affects the senses; any effect caused by external agency. PASTERN of a horse, (paturon de cheval, rale de chela/, Fr.) the hollow of a beast's heel; that part of a horse's foot, under the fetlock, to the heel ; also, a shackle for a horse. PAT ACHE, Fr. This word some- times means an advice boat ; but it more generally signifies an armed tender, or a revenue cutter. A PATACOON, a Spanish coin, in value 4s. 8d. English. PATATES, Fr. potatoes. They are also called pommes de terre, or earth ap- ples ; which term is used in Germany, Holland and Flanders. PATAUGER, Fr. This word lite- rally means to walk in muddy water. ( <30<5 ) PAT An army is said to do so when its route is through hollow swamps and marshy grounds. PATCH, a small piece of greased leather, &C which is put round the ball of a rille before it is driven down, in order to (ill up the interstices of the grooves, which, without this piecaution, would occasion too great a windage. PATE, Fr. in fortification, a sort of horse-shoe, that is, a platform, or terre- pleine, irregularly built, vet generally constructed in an oval form. It is sur- rounded by a parapet, without any thing to Hank it, and having no other defence than what is front or fore right. Fates are usually erected in marshy grounds to cover the gate of a fortified town, or place. Pate, Fr. in mining, the end of a board which is nailed to the timber work that forms a sort of floor in excavations, and by which one floor is attached to another. Pate de grenades, Fr. an earthen pot filled with gun-powder and grenades, with iron spikes upon them. PATERERO, a small cannon ma- naged by a swivel. PATH, way ; road ; track. Toamg Path, a path which is made on the side of a river, and which is car- ried under the arch or side arches of a bridge, for the convenience of dragging barges or vessels along. Mine PATIBULAIRE, Fr. a hang- ing downcast look, unlike that of a soldier. PATIENCE, the power or faculty of suffering: indurance; the power of ex- pecting long, without rage or discontent; the power of supporting faults or in- juries without revenge; long suffering. In military life, patience is an essential requisite. Without patience half the toils of war would be insupportable; with patience there are scarcely any hardships but what coolness, courage, and ability may overcome. It is one of the greatest virtues, indeed, in an officer or soldier patiently to support, not only the rigour of discipline, but the keen and vexatious circumstances of disap- pointment. Rousseau says, la patience est amere, mais son fruit est doux. PATIN, Fr. in hydraulic architecture, flat pieces of wood which are laid upon pile-work, and on which platforms ar« made, in order to establish a foundation in the water. PAT ( 607 ) P A T PATOMAT, Ind. a two mast vessel : each mast carries one sail of four un- equal sides. It likewise means a mes- senger. PATRICIAN, from the Latin Patri- cius, one descended from a noble family, The term was used among, the Romans, to distinguish the higher class of the in- habitants of Rome from the lower, who were called plebeians. See Kennett's Roman Antiquities, pages 97, 98, &c. Order of St. PATRICK, instituted by King George III. Feb. 5, 1733. The installation of the first knights was in the cathedral of St. Patrick, Dublin, on the 17th of March following, being the festival of that saint. It consists of the sovereign and fifteen other knights companions. The lord-lieutenant ot Ireland for the time being officiates as grand master of the order. The arch- bishop of Armagh is the prelate, the archbishop of Dublin, the chaiicellor,and the dean of St. Patrick, the register of the order. The knights of the order are always installed in the above-mentioned cathedral. Their robes are splendid, and the badge is three crowns united to- gether on a cross, with the motto round, Quis separabit, 1783, fastened by an Irish harp to the crown imperial; a star of eight points fastens it on the coat. This is the only order belonging to lie- land, and is one of the most magnificent in all Europe. PATRIOT, a sincere lover of his country; a term generally used, little understood, and seldom practised. PATRIOTISM, (patriotism, Fr.) A French writer observes, that patriotism is a virtue which many men affect to pos- sess, without having one single attribute that forms its character. Real patriotism confines the whole of its views through life, whether civil or military, to glorious and good actions, but it never descends to cruelty or injustice. Macchiatelian, or modern Patriotism, that sort of patriotism, which, under the mask of public spirit, frequently conceals the most selfish private views, and sticks at nothing, spiritual or temporal, to at- tain its object. PATROL, any party or round of soldiers, to the number of five or six, with a serjeant to command them. — These men are detached from the main guard, piquet, or quarter-guard, accord- ing to circumstances, to walk round the streets of a garrison town, &c. for the purpose of taking up disorderly persons, or such as cannot give an account of themselves. It is their duty to see, that the soldiers and inhabitants of the place repair to their quarters and dwelling- houses, (in conformity to specific direc- tions which are given out to that effect) and that ale-houses and sutlers' booths are shut up at a seasonable hour. They are likewise to take up every person they meet without a light, and that can- not give the watchword or countersign when he is challenged. All such per- sons must be conducted to the guard- house, and a report be made of them to the commandant or governor of the place, by the town-major. Patroles are formed out of the in- fantry as well as the cavalry. When a weak place is besieged, and there is rea- son to apprehend an assault, strong pa- troles are ordered to do duty; those on foot keep agood lookout from the ram- parts, and those that are mounted take care of the outworks. PATRON, one who countenances, supports, or protects. Kennett, in his Roman Antiquities, page 97, has the following passage, on the origin of the word : — Romulus, as soon as his city was to- lerably well filled with inhabitants, made a distinction of the people according to honour and quality ; giving the better sort the name of patres or patricii, and the rest the common title of plebeii. — To bind the two degrees more firmly together, he recommended to the patri- cians some of the plebeians to protect and countenance ; the former being styled patroni, and the latter clientes.— (Vide Diom/s. lib. 2. Liv. lib. 1, Plu- tarch in Romulo.) PATRON de la barque, Fr. a familiar phrase among the French, signifying the person who has the lead in any parti- cular society, club, or company. Patron, Fr. This word also means any person of inferior condition ; hence Gare a vous, patron; Rangez vouz, pa- tron. Take care, fellow ; Make way, fellow. Patron, Fr. among the French, the captain of a trading vessel is so named. There were likewise sea-faring men called officiers mariniers, who served on board the French ships of war, and who were entrusted with the manage- ment of sloops and barges. These were generally called patrons. P A U ( 608 ) P A V PATRONNE, gulerc patronne, Fr. | seems at a loss to determine whether The galley which was second in rank at Marseilles was so called. PATROUILLK, Fr. See Patron. PATROUILLEURS des deux cotes, Fr. flankers, or patroles detached on each side of a column, battalion, &c. to prevent surprizes. PATTE| Fr. a term used in mining. ■\Vljen a well or excavation is made in loose or crumbling earth, ana 1 it becomes necessary to frame it in, the rafters must be laid horizontally to support the boards in proportion as the workmen gain depth. The ends of the rafters that are first laid, run ten or twelve inches be- yond the borders of the well, for the purpose of sustaining the platform. — These supports are called orcilles; con- sequently, that every subsequent frame may be supported, the second is attach- ed or made firm to the first, by means of the ends of boards which are nailed together. In this manner the third is joined to the second, and the fourth to the third. These ends are called pattes, or handles. Patte d'oie, Fr. a term used in mining to describe three small branches which are practised, or run out, at the extremity of a gallery. They are so called from their resemblance to the foot of a goose. Patte d'oie de pave, Fr. a curb stone, or any extremity of pavement which runs sloping towards the gutter. PATTERN, (echantilhm. Fr.) a part shewn as a sample for the rest. A Pattkrn regiment, a phrase of distinction, which is applied to a corps of officers and soldiers, who are remark- able for their observance of good order, and discipline. PATURE, Fr. See Forage. PATUREUR, Fr. forager, one who goes on a foraging party. PATUREURS, Fr. men who take their horses to grass, or go for green forage. PAU, Fr. When the Mogul-Tartars conquered the northern part of China, in the year 1232, they are said to have invariably used at the several sieges, a battering or propellant machine of this name. There were two sons: one served to throw large stones, and was called chc-pau, or stone-puu; and the other ho-pau, or fire-pau, Father Gaubil, the Jesuit and missionary in China, these pans were real pieces of ordnance, similar to those used in Europe, or merely stone mortars : yet he appears satisfied, that the Chinese knew the use of gunpowder 1300 years before it was discovered in Europe. They had at first pieces of hollow wood in the shape of cannon, out of which they shot stones. Father Gaubil says, " I have read in several authors, that the Chinese made use of gunpowder from time im- memorial ; and as the faculty of inven- tion has never been called in question with respect to the Chinese, it is not improbable, that the Europeans should have taken advantage of their discovery, and acted upon it." PAVAIS, or pavueke, or tallevas, a large shield, or rather a portable mantlet capable of covering a man from head to foot; and probably of sufficient thick- ness to resist the missive weapons of old times. PAV ACHE, coverings or large shields supported by props; they were also used at sea to defend the sides of the vessels, like the present netting of our ships of war. This defence was called a pavisade. The pavais were rectangular at the top, the sides consequently parallel, hut the angles were rounded off at the bottom. PA VISORS, men who carried the Pavais as a weapon of defence. In the list of the army that accompanied king Edward III. to Calais, we find many Pavisors ; these were probably men trained to the use of the pavais, which must have required dexterity as well as courage. PAVALUNGE, Ind. the name of a year. PAUDSHAU, Ind. king. PAVE, Fr. Under this word are comprehended not only the pavement and road upon which we tread, but also the materials which compose and strengthen it, such as flint, gravel, pounded stone, &c. Etre sur le Pave, Fr. a figurative ex- pression, signifying, to be out of em- ployment. Pave de gris, Fr. a pavement which is made of large free-stones of a given dimension, with which the high roads, lie. are paved in France, and in other countries upon the continent. Pave fendu, Fr. a pavement made P A V ( 609 ) P A V rf free-stone, of half the given dimen- sion, for high-ways, and such as is used in small courts and stables. Pav£ d'ichantillon, Fr. a pavement made in the ordinary way, without re- gard being had to the size or dimension of the stones. Pave de pierre, Fr. a pavement made of stone cut into square even pieces, or of a losange figure, which are cemented by mortar, or kept together by iron cramps. PAVECHEUR, or PAVESIER, Fr. an old militia which was formerly so called, from the men who composed it being armed with pavois, or large shields. PAVEMENT, a lay of stone or other matter, serving to cover and strengthen the ground of divers places. Pavement of a terrace is that which serves for the covering of a platform, whether it be over a vault or on a wooden floor. Pavements over vaults, are usually made of stones squared and bedded in lead. Those on wood, are either stones with beds for bridges, tiles for ceilings in rooms, or lays of mortar made of cement and lime with flints or bricks, laid flat, as is still practised by the eastern and southern people, on the tops of their houses. Random Pavement, pavement made of all sorts of materials taken out of a quarry. PAVESADE, ) Fr. a sort of sail- PAVOISADE, \ cloth or tarpauliug, PAVTSADE, j which is hung round a galley during action, to cover the slaves that row on the benches. PAVESADES, Fr. large portable hurdles, hehind which the archers and bowmen were formerly posted. Accord- ing to Froissart, these hurdles were used long before the reign of Philip Augustus, king of France. Father Daniel, the Jesuit, in his Histoire de la Milice Fran- caise, describes them as hearing the ligure of a shield ; but the chevalier Folard, in his Comment aire sur Po/j/be, informs us, that they were mantlets which were disposed in parallel or oblique lines, from the camp to the nearest works belonging to the corps de place ; behind which the soldiers and artificers, &c. could, in safety, make a small fosse or ditch that was sufficiently deep to pre- serve them straight and firm. Hurdles constructed in this manner were used during the operations of a regular siege; but when it was found expedient to in- sult a place, those of less dimension were adopted. Father Daniel describes the relranchement portatif, which was used many centuries before the days of Philip Augustus, under the latter head. PAVILION, in military affairs. See Tent. Pavilion, in architecture, a building which generally stands alone, and is of a square figure under one roof. It is also an advanced part in the middle of a facade; and when it flanks the corner of a building, it is called an angular pavi- lion, pavilion angulaire ; also the main part of a building. Pavillon, (among sailors) the flag of a general officer in the fleet. It also signifies the national flag which is dis- played at the mast head of a vessel, shewing the rank of the person who commands on board. PAVILLON, Fr. pavilion, tent, &c. It also signifies that particular quarter in a barrack which is occupied by the officers. Pavilion, Fr. flag, standard, or co- lours. Pavillon, Fr. the flag ship. Baisser le Pavillon, Fr. to strike, to yield; to lower the colours, as the ships of all nations are accustomed to do when they meet a British man of war. Vaisseau Pavillon, Fr. flag ship. Pavillon, Fr. This word likewise signifies the sweil or broad part of a speaking trumpet. Pavillon d'amiral, Fr. an admiral's flag. Pavillon marchand, Fr. the flag carried by a merchantman. Pavillon Anatais, Fr. the British flag. Pavillon Francois, Fr. the French flag. PAVING, the laying a floor with stones, bricks, or tiles. Paving with Riegate stones. This kind of pavement is good for chimney fire hearths, ovens, stoves, (Sec. See Fire Stone. Paving with nun-hie is of all other the most beautiful. There are several sorts, as white, black, and grey. Paving with rough or rag stone This is the cheapest of all pavements. See Ston e. Paving with statute bricks. Pave- 4 I PAY ( 610 ) P A Y r3(j n r 6"\ Inches \\\( Tiles) ?f T 8re K 16 > e \ • will pav( mcnts made of bricks whose dimensions of the mould, according to the statute, ought to be 9 inches in length, \\ in breadth, and \\ in thickness. Paving with square tiles. These tiles are of several sizes, viz. 6, 8, 10, and 12 inches square. In order to know bow many of these sort of tiles will jiave an)' floor Inches re Note, that<[ 16 \ l "* 8 • 9 ]> will pave a square yard. PAVIOR, (puveur, Fr.) the person who cuts or lays stones for a pave- ment. PAULETTE, Fr. a certain tax or pecuniary consideration, which all per- sons, who held public situations under the old government of France, were ob- liged to pay at the commencement of every year to the king. This enabled them to sell or dispose of their appoint- ments, and to leave the amount to their heirs, if they happened to die in the course of the year. It is so called from Paulet, the name of the person who hist suggested the measure. PAULS, Ind. tents. Sepoy-P avls, lnd. the tents of the sepoys distinguished from those of the native officers. PA VOIS, Fr. a large shield, similar to the clypeus, or broad shield of the Greeks and Romans. PAUSE, a stop, cessation, or inter- mission. It is essentially necessary for all officers to accustom themselves to a most minute observance of the several pauses which are prescribed during the firings. PAY, or pay of the army, (solde, Fr.) is the stipend or salary allowed for each individual serving in the army: (irst established by government in the year 1660. Full Pay, the pecuniary allowance which is made to officers and non-com- missioned officers, without any deduc- tion whatsoever. Since the abolition of arrears, which took place in 1797, com- missioned and warrant officers, &c. (those belonging to the guards excepted) receive their full pay, or daily subsist- ence. The private soldiers arc subject to temporary deductions, for the pur- pose of appropriating part of their pay and allowances to the expense of their messes, including vegetables, &c. and to a stoppage, not exceeding Is. 6d. per week, for necessaries; which stoppage is to be accounted for monthly, as stated in the Regulations of 1st September, 1795, and the remainder being Is. 6d. must be paid weekly to each soldier, subject to the accustomed deduction for washing, and for articles to clean his clothing and appointments. The full pay of the British army is given in advance on the 25th of every month (in the artillery on the 1st), and accounted for to government by the several district and regimental pay- masters through army agents appointed for that purpose. — Non-commissioned officers and private soldiers, serving as marines, are not liable to any deduction whatsoever from their full pay, on ac- count of provisions. — SeeW'ar rant, dated 6th of February, 1799. It will be fur- ther observed, that although the army is now paid its full pay, in consequence of the abolition of the distinction be- tween subsistence and arrears, that pay is nevertheless subject to the usual de- ductions on account of poundage, hos- pital, and agency. — See Warrant, dated 25th of January, 1798. This will ex- plain the mutilated appearance of the different rates of pay. Thus, a captain of infantry, who is nominally supposed to receive 10s. per diem, gets only 9s. 5d. the 7d. going for the above de- ductions. The full pay of the sub- altern officers has been very judiciously increased, but that of the captains, &c. remains as it was in the reign of Queen Anne. — For the several rates of full pay, &c. See Military Finance. Pay of the army in India. The pay- ments are made at Bengal, in Sonaut rupees at 2s. 6d. Madras, in pagodas at 8s. Bombay rupees at 2s. 6d. [N. B. 80 cash — 1 fanam ; 40 fa- namsrzl pagoda.] For further par- ticulars see Arrangement of the Army in India, published by Stockdale in 1796. Half-P ay, (demi-solde, demi-paye, Fr.) a compensation or retaining fee which is given to officers who have retired from the service through age, inability, &c. or who have been placed upon that list in consequence of a general reduc- tion of the forces, or a partial drafting, &c. of the particular corps to which they belong. The half-pay becomes due on the 25th of June, and on the 25th of December, in each year, but it is seldom PAY C 6H ) PAY issued until- three months after the ex- piration of* "each of those periods. The only public deduction from the half-pay is the poundage, two and a half per cent. Irish Half-Pa y. This half-pay, when paid in Irish currency, is less than the British. Every officer upon the Irish establishment, when reduced to half- pay, must swear to, and sign the follow- ing certificate : — ■ County of > of foot, came $ this day before me, and made oath, that he is no otherwise pro- vided for by any commission or employ- ment, civil or military, in his majesty's service, than by half-pay on the esta- blishment of Ireland, and is on no other establishment of half-pay. Officer's ) Sworn before me this Name. S Day of N.B. To be sworn in January, April, July, and October, in every year. It is at present equalized ; but if officers receive it in Ireland, they will be subject to the course of exchange. By special commission from the secre- tary at war, they may receive it in England. Vacant-P ay. When an officer sells out of the British army, and takes what are called commissions in succession as part of the purchase-monev, he becomes entitled to pay and interest on the same for six months, or until thev have been disposed of, within that, period. This pay or allowance is called Vacant pay ; and it is necessary for the person who holds such commissions, to write a letter to the agent of the regiment, directing him to apply to the secretary at war for the same. The form of this letter may be seen iu the Regimental Com- panion. N.B. The increase of the subaltern's subsistence by warrant, does not affect the vacant pay. Staff^-P ay, (solde, ou alhuance de Vital major, Fr.) the pay and allowances which are made to officers serving on the staff of an army, or in any particular dis- trict. Colonial-P ay , a certain allowance which is made to troops serving in the colonies, particularly in Jamaica. A Command Pay, a term used in the ordnance department, to express a pecu- niary allowance which is frequently made to engineers, who are ordered abroad with expeditions, or to command on fo- reign stations. This is over and above their subsistence, or extra pay. A com- mand pay is 10s. per diem. Extra Pay, an allowance which is given to an officer over and above his regular rate. Field-duty-P ay, an allowance which is given to the artillery, over and above the common pay. Army PAY-qffice. See Office. Navy Pay -office. See Office. Pay-BMs. These bills are distin- guished according to the nature of the service for which they are given. Every captain of a troop or company receives a regular weekly account from his Ser- jeant, of money to be advanced for the effectives of such troop or company ; and on the 24th day in each month he makes out a monthly one for the pay- master, who makes out a general ab- stract for the agent. The paymaster- general's estimate is likewise called the pay-bill. PAY-Lists. The monthly account', which are transmitted by the several re- gimental and district paymasters to their agents on the 25th of each month, are so termed. Pay-RoIIs, the same as Pay- Lists. Pay -Serjeant. See Serjeant. PAY-MASTER, (gu artier -malt re, tresorier, Fr.) is he who is intrusted with the money, and has the charge of paying the regiment. He has no other commis- sion in the line. His pay is 15s. per day, half-pay 7s. 6d. When a person is recommended by the colonel of a regiment to be pay- master, the following form is neces- sary : — A. B. situation in life, 2 sureties, and 4 referees. District Paymaster, an officer ap- pointed for the better management of the interior concerns of the army, when the regiments, ike. are on home service. Paymaster- Genera I of the forces. See Office. Paymaster of Marines. We have already mentioned, under the article Marine, that there is one paymaster appointed to superintend the distribu- tion of all monies which are issued for the corp « of marines. Deputy Paymaster of Marines. The deputy paymaster, at each division, is to pass his accounts with the paymaster at the end of everv month, and to deliver a general account of all monies received 4l2 PEA ( 012 ) PEA mid paid within that time, accompanied bv vouchers, except in such instances where the nature of the disbursements will only allow of quarterly vouchers. Commissary and Paymaster, a situa- tion of trust under the hoard of ord- nance, for the regular distribution ol stores, money, &a to the artillery on service. PAYE, Fr. the pay of the troops; the money which every captain ol ;i troop or company receives, at the close of the month, tor the non-commissioned officers and privates under his command ; — we call it monthly distribution. PAYER-Grj«£, Ind. the lower pass. Gaut is the general term for pass. PAY EUR, Fr. a term used in the French armies to signify paymaster. r.\\v.\:R-gcrie.ral, Fr. paymaster-ge- neral. PAYS, Fr. country, locality, ground. Pays, Fr. This word is variously applied by the French in a figurative sense : purler, on juger, a vue de pays, to speak, or decide at random. Gagner Pays, vuider le pays, Fr. to leave a country ; to go voluntarily into exile. Gagner jwys likewise means to gain ground. Avancer pays may be used in the same sense. Baltre Pays, Fr. to speak wide of the subject. Tirer Pays, Fr. a familiar phrase among the French, signifying to escape. Pays conrjuis, Fr. This term was ap- plied by the French to those countries and tracts of territory which had been ceded to France by treaty; as Lorraine: or had been conquered by force of arms; as Ypres, Tournay, Gaud, Bruges, Os- tend, and several other towns, from the reign of Louis XIII. Pays coupes, Fr. confined, inclosed, or intersected countries. Pays reeonquis, Fr. Those provinces which were formerly in the possession of the English, such as Britanny, Nor- mandy, Calais, eve. eve. and were after- wards retaken by the French, have been so called. Pays somme, Fr. a low piece of land or ground ; but which has, nevertheless, no water. PAYSANS, Fr. peasants. . PEACE has been represented allego- rica'Jy ;i, ;I beautiful female, holding in her hand a wand or rod towards the earth, over a hideous serpent, and keep- ing her other hand over her face, as un- willing to behold strife or war. By some painters she has been represented hold- ing in one hand an olive branch, and leading a lamb and a wolf yoked by their necks, in the other; others again have delineated her with an olive branch in her right hand, and a cornucopia, or horn of plenty, in her left. A very celebrated temple was erected for the goddess of peace at Rome, which was furnished with most of the lich vases and curiosities taken out of the temple of the Jews at Jerusalem. In this tem- ple she was represented as a fine lady, endowed with a great deal of sweetness and good-nature, crowned with laurel interwoven, holding a caduceus, or Mercury's snaky start", in one hand, and a nosegay of roses and ears of corn, in the other. The temple of Peace, built by Ves- pasian, was oOO feet long, and ^00 broad. Josephus savs, that all the rari- ties which men travel through the world to see, were deposited in this temple. Peace, (pair, trunquillitc, Fr.) rest, silence, quietness; the direct opposite to war; and when the latter prevails, the ultimate object of every contest. Peace establishment signifies the re- duced number of effective men in the British army, according to tlie various formations of corps. Thus one regi- ment may be 1200 strong in time of war, and only oOO in time of peace ; whence arises the distinction between war and peace establishments. The standing army of Great Britain, accord- ing to law, consists of that force only which is kept up in time of peace, and which is confined to a specific number of regiments. Every regiment, beyond the regulated number, during a war, is liable to be reduced ; and all within it are said to be out of the break. PEACE, Fr. atoll; a turnpike. PEAGER, Fr. a turnpike-man ; also a publican. P EASANTS, persons who till the ground, and are otherwise employed in agricultural occupations. Many advan- tages may be derived to an army by a proper attention being given to this class of men. They can, in general, afford excellent information respecting the si- tuation, soil, and resources of a country ; and they make excellent guides, pro- vided you can secure their fidelity by paying them well, and by taking proper hostages. Peasants are very useful in PEC ( 613 ) P E D apprehending deserters, especially when an army is in the neighbourhood from which recruits may have been drawn. — They are likewise of the greatest utility in fatigue duties; in the formation of lines, Sec. PECTORAL, (pectoral, Fr.) a breast plate. This word is derived from the Latin, pectorale. Among the Romans the poorer soldiers, who were rated un- der a thousand drachms, instead of the lorica, or brigantine, (a leather coat of mail,) wore a pectorale, or breast plate of thin brass, about 12 fingers square. Some modern troops, such as the cui- rassiers, &c. wear pectorals for the di- rect purposes of defence and bodily pro- tection ; but, in general, small ornamen- tal piates with clasps have been sub- stituted. To PECULATE, to rob the public. PECULATION, (ptculut, Fr.) the crime of pilferingany thing, either sacred, or public, particularly public money, by a person who has the management, or custody thereof. This crime is punish- able in the heirs of the original delin- quent. Under peculation may be con- sidered not only the monies which are embezzled, or misapplied, by commis- sioned, non-commissioned, and warrant officers, but the public stores, provisions, arms, and ammunition, &c. which may be sold for private emolument. The articles of war are very specific on this head, (see Sect. XIII.) and the occasional examples which have been made by go- vernment, of a crime that cannot be too scrupulously watched, or too heavily punished, ought to deter individuals from sacrificing public integrity to pri- vate views. They ought to remember, .that, like the sword of Damocles, an exchequer writ hangs over the head of every man whose accounts have not been finally audited and passed, and that it may fall on the next generation, al- though he may escape himself, unless he or his descendants get their quietus. PECUNIA, money; a deity in the heathen mythology; and (though not a goddess personified among them) the most powerful ascendant the moderns know. The Romans held that she pre- sided over riches, and that she had a son named Argcntiaus, whom they adored in the hopes of growing rich. Pecukia. The Roman officers and soldiers were accustomed to leave their pecuniary savings where the eagles were lodged, conceiving that spot to be the most secure, because it was held to be the most sacred among soldiers. From this conception, Vegetius has drawn the following conclusion: — Miles deinde qui sumptus suos scit apudsigna depositos, de deserendo nil cogitat, viagis ditigit signa, pro Mis in acie fortius dimicat. The soldier, of course, who has lodged his property, or savings, with the standards, never thinks of deserting : but is, on the contrary, more attached to those stand- ards, and fights for them in battle with increased strength and intrepidity. The standard bearer had always the charge of these pecuniary deposits; but as this standard-bearer, to use the words of a French author, was not always proof against corruption, these sacred deposit* sometimes shared the fate of other pledges which were equally sacred, or ought, at least, to be so. Modern agents and paymasters may learn, from this article, that if a soldier is honestly done by, his courage and fidelity will always equal, nay, frequently exceed, the duties of his profession. We cannot help ad- verting, in this place, to a practice which, however governed by principles of light snd honesty, has always proved injurious to the British soldier : — we mean the practice of giving men, who are going upon service, a regulated sum in lieu of necessaries, &c. which may be due. The consequence has invaria- bly proved to be this, the soldier has laid out his money in liquor, (as was the case before the Walcheren expedition,) and if he escaped, he has returned pen- nyless and shirtless, and of course com- menced his home duties by being in debt. This money should have been placed to account. PECUNIUS, a deity of the ancient Prussians in honour of whom they kept a fire lighted with oak perpetually burn- ing. A priest constantly attended, and if the fire happened to go out by his neglect, he was instantly put to death. When it thundered, they imagined that their grand priest conversed with their god, and for that reason they fell pro- strate on the earth, praying for season- able weather. PEOEA, Ind. a foot soldier. PEDEKERO, PATTARERO, a Por- tugueze term, signifying a small sort of cannon, which is particularly used on the quarter deck of ships, to fire, or throw forth stones, or broken iron, upoa P E D ( 014 ) PEL boaming parties. This word lias been I Continued Pedestal is one which adopted both by the French and Eng- j supports a row of columns without any lish. PEDIMENT, (in architecture,) a kind of low pinnacle, serving to crown an ordnance, or finish a frontispiece, and is placed as an ornament over gates, doors, windows, niches, altars, &c. It is generally of a triangular form ; but sometimes makes an arch of a circle. The French use the word fronton. The parts of a pediment are the tym- panum and the cornice. The most beautiful form of pediment, according to D'Aviler, is where its height is ahout l-5th of the length of its base. It has been observed by Salmasius, on Solin, that Cdsar was the first who ob- tained leave to roof his house with a ridge, or descent, after the manner used in those times to cover temples. A pointed pediment may crown three arches; but a circular pediment can only crown agreeably. break, or interruption. Pedestals of statues are such as serve to support statues, or figures. PEDOMETER, (pidometrc, Fr.) a mathematical instrument, composed of various wheels with teeth, which by means of a chain fastened to a man's foot, or to the wheel of a chariot, advance a notch each step, or each revolution of the wheel, and the number being marked at the edge of each wheel, the paces may be numbered, and the distance from one place to another be exactly mea- sured. PEER, Tnd. Monday. Peer, in building. See Pier. PEliRS, (pairs, Fr.) equals; persons of the same rank and condition as our- selves. When this word is applied to the privileged Orders, it signilies some- thing more than mere equals. Hence, in French, pairs is a word that is used It has been remarked, that the placing | with more propriety than egaux of two pediments over one another, as is To be tried by our Peers, (etre juge the case in the old Louvre, at Paris, islpar nos egaux, Fr.) to have a jury com- perfectly absurd and ridiculous, though 1 posed of persons of our own rank and done by an architect of reputation. I condition. This principle is partly ad- PEDESTAL, (pitdestal, Fr.) in ar-j hered to in our military courts of inquiry, chitecture, the lowest part of an order i with respect to officers; but not so of columns; being that which sustains the column, and serves it as a foot, or stand. The pedestal which the Greeks call stylobates and stereobulcs, consists of three principal parts, viz. a square trunk, or die, which makes the body ; a cornice, the head ; and a base, the foot of the pedestal. The pedestal is properly an appen- dage to a column, not an essential part of it ; though M. Le Clerc thinks it is essential to a complete order. There are as many kinds of pedestals, as there are orders of columns, viz. five. The Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite. The persons who have chiefly written upon this branch of archi- tecture, are our own countryman, Sir Henry Wootton, Jacobo Baroccis, the Ita- lian, Vignola, M. Perrault, Vitruvius, Palladia, Sca)»o:?i, Serlis, Le Clerc, D'Aviier, Philander, &c. Square Pedestal is one whose height and width are equal. Double Pedestal is that which sup- ports two columns, and has more breadth than height. in regard to privates. During the old Prussian government, it was strictly observed in the latter instance. Our troop and company courts-martial are also comformable to it. PEGS, (chcvilles, Fr.) pointed pieces of wood, used to fasten the cords of a tent. PEIADAK, Lid. a guard to accom- pany a prisoner at large. PEISA, Lid. cash. PEISHWAH, a minister, or supreme magistrate in the Mahratta empire, to whom the civil authorities of the state are delegated. PELE-MELE, Fr. a French adverb, from which is derived the English term Pellmell, signifying, confusedly, in dis- order, in heaps, &c. PELICAN, Fr. an ancient piece of artillery which carried a six pound weight of ball, and weighed two thousand four hundred pounds. •*' PELLE de bois simple, Fr. a wooden shovel. La Pelle au eul, Fr. literally, the spade, or pick-axe at the posteriors. A figurative expression used by the French PEN ( 615 ) PEN e whic when an army runs away. L'armee esl revenue la pelle au cul, the army re- turned in complete disgiace. PELLETS, small globular substances madt of paste or bread ; mock duels have sometimes been fought with these harmless instruments of fraud. PELLICOIDES, (in geometry,) a fi- resembles a hatchet. PELOTE a feu, Fr. Pelote literally means the bottom of a pincushion, a ball, &c. It is here used to signify a species of combustible ball, which serves to throw light in a fosse, or elsewhere. The composition is pitch one part, sul- phur three parts, to one pound of salt- petre. The whole is well mixed toge- ther, and incorporated with tow, from which the pelotesare made. The words peloton and platoon, are formed from pelote, signifying any thing collected, or put together, as a worsted ball, &c. may be. PELOTON, Fr. platoon. Rompre le Peloton, Fr. A platoon being genet ally considered as a subdivi- sion, rompre le peloton signifies to break into sections. Former le Peloton, Fr. to double up or form subdivision. Peloton de modele, Fr. a platoon, or company set up as a model to others. PELOTONNE, Fr. formed into a platoon. PELOTONNER, Fr. to gather to- gether, to get into groups. Se Pelotonner, Fr. to form into a platoon. PELTA, in antiquity, a kind of buck- ler, small, light, and more manageable than the Parma which was used by the Amazons, according to Virgil ; and re- sembled the moon in its first quarter, according to Servius. Pelta. This small shield, or buckler, was also used by the Macedonians, Cre- tans, Africans, and ancient Spaniards. Those who carried shields of this de- cription were called Peltati. PEN, (plume, Fr.) an instrument well known for writing; The strongest and most effective weapon in the hands of a man of sense, and the weakest and most impotent in those of a fool. Pen and ink men, a phrase used in the army, to mark those persons who are employed in civil capacities ; such as military secretaries, commissaries, &c. The French say, gens de plume. To Pen, to write down what is deli- vered by word of mouth. Thus Frede- rick of Prussia had several secretaries who penned out what he said, or spoke, To Pen, to coop; to shut up. As, the garrison, in Flushing, was penned up by the navy on one side, and by the army on the other. PENAL, (penal, Fr.) any decree, or law which subjects individuals, &c. to penalties. Hence code penal; les lois ■pennies: the penal code; the penal laws. Of late years the British service has been considerably relieved from the in- conveniencies and injuries which it suf- fered in consequence of an unnatural exclusion of a great proportion of the native strength of the country, on ac- count of religious notions, and we trust that a general emancipation will, sooner or later, put these islands upon a footing with other enlightened nations. PENALTY, in a military sense, sig- nifies forfeiture for non-performance, likewise punishment for embezzlement, &c. An officer found guilty of em- bezzling his Majesty's stores is cashiered, and forfeits one hundred pounds : any person who harbours, conceals, or assists a deserter from his Majesty's service, forfeits five pounds for each offence. La PENDAISON, Fr. the punish- ment which is inflicted on an individual for some atrocious crime, by keeping his body suspended from a rope tightened round his neck until he expires. In plain English, the act of hanging. PENDENTIVE, (pendentif, Fr.) in architecture, the whole body of a vault suspended out of the perpendicular of the walls and bearing against the arc- boutant. D'dviler and Belidor describe it as a portion of a vault between the arches of a dome, usually inscribed with sculpture; and Felibien takes it for the plain of a vault, contained between the double arches, the forming arches and the ogives. The pendtntives are usually of brick, or soft stone, but care is to be taken that the couches, or beds of masonry, be always laid level, and in right line, proceeding from the sweep, whence the rise was taken ; the joints, too, must be made as small as possible, to save the necessity of rilling them up with wood, or of using much mortar. PENDULUM, in mechanics, any heavy body suspended in such a manner that it may vibrate backwards and for- wards, about some fixed point, by the force of gravity. PEN ( <3t6 ) P E N A pendulum is any body suspended upon, and moving about, a point as a center. The nature of a pendulum con- sists in the following particulars : I. The times of the vibrations of a pendu- lum, in very small arches, are all equal. 2. The velocity of the bob in the lowest point, will be nearly as the length of the cord of the arch which it describes in the descent. 3. The limes of vibra- tions in different pendulums are the square roots of the times of their vibra- tions. 4. The time of one vibration is to the time of descent, through halt the length of the pendulum, as the circum- ference of a circle is to its diameter. 5. Whence the length of a pendulum, vibrating seconds in this latitude, will be found to be 39 inches and 2-10ths ; and of one half second pendulum 9.8 inches. 6. An uniform homogeneous body, as a rod, staff, ike. which is l-3d part longer than a pendulum, will vibrate in the same time with it. From these properties of the pendu- lum we may discern its use as an uni- versal chronometer, or regulator of time. By this instrument, also, we can mea- sure the distance of a ship, of a battery, &c. by measuring the interval of time between the fire and report of the gun ; also the distance of a cloud, by counting the seconds or half seconds, between the lightning and the thunder. Thus, sup- pose between the lightning and thunder we count ten seconds; then, because sound passes through 1142 feet in one second, we get the distance of the cloud = H420 feet. Again, the height of any room or other object, may be measured by a pendulum vibrating from the top thereof. Thus, suppose a pen- dulum from the height of R room, or other object, vibrates once in three se- conds; then say, as 1 is to the square of 3, viz. 9, so is 39.2 to 352.8 feet, the height required. Lastly, by the pendu- lum we discover the different force of gravity on divers parts of the earth's surface, and thence the true figure of the earth. Pendulum. Pendulums for military purposes are best made with a musket ball, and a piece of silk, or other small line. Their length must be measured from the center of the ball to the end of the loop on which they are to swing. In a cylinder, or other uniform prism or rod, the center of oscillation, whence they must be measured, is at the dis- tance of one-third from the bottom, or two thirds below the center of motion. Pendulums length in latitude of Lou- don, to swing Seconds — — 391-8th i Seconds — — 98 246 I Seconds — Length of Pendulum to vibrate Seconds at every Fifth Degree of Latitudt Degrees of Latitude. Length of Pendulum. Degrees of Latitude. Length of Pendulum. o aj a; 3 SI Length of Pendulum. Inches. Inches. Inches. 390'27 35 39 084 65 39168 5 39029 40 39097 70 39177 10 39032 45 39- 1 1 1 75 39-185 15 39036 50 39126 80 39191 20 39044 55 39*142 85 39 195 25 39057 CO 39158 90 39-197 30 39070 Rule — To find the length of a pendu- lum to make any number of vibrations, and, vice versa. Call the pendulum, making sixty vibrations, the standard length : then say, as the square of the given number of vibrations is to the square of 60; so is the length of the standard lo the length sought. If the length of the pendulum be given, and the number of vibrations it makes in a minute be required; say, as the given length is to the standard length, so is PEN (6 the square of 60, its vibrations in a mi- nute, to the square of the number re- quired; the square root of which will be the number of vibrations made in a minute. PENE, Fr. the bolt of a lock. PENETRATION, line of penetra- tion. When an army advances against another, or into a country, its first movements constitute a line of' pene- tration. PENINSULA, (Peninsuk, Tresqttile, Fr. ) any space of ground, which has water on all sides, except one ; and which is joined to the continent by a slip of land called an isthmus. Thus Spain, from its situation, is generally called, by way of distinction, the Pe- ninsula. PENNANT, PENNON, a small fia^ or colour. PENNETON, Fr. the bit or nil) of a kev. Gentlemen PENSIONERS, (gentih- homnres pensionnaires, Ff.) a band of gentlemen, who guard the king's person in his own house, and for that end wait in the presence chamber. They were first instituted by Henry VII. They are usually forty in number. Their officers are, a captain, lieutenants, standard bearer and clerk of the cheque. Their ordinary -arms are gilt pole axes. Their pension is 100/. per annum. PENSION, (pension, Fr.) a salary.— An allowance given for present or past services, revocable at the will of the donor, in some instances, and, in others, extended to families. Military Pension's, (pensions ?nili- taires, Fr.) annual allowances or pen- sions which are given to officers for mili- tary services,. and which are frequently continued to their widows and children. With us, these pensions are sometimes accompanied by other mail.s of public gratitude : in which cases they are voted by parliament, or given by h "lies cor- porate. Pensions for Officers Widows. — Regi- mental, not Hrevet : Widow of a general officer, perann. 120 Colonel of a regiment not a general officer . 90 Lieutenant colonel 80 Major 70 Captain 50 First lieutenant 40 Second do. cornet and ensign . . 3(3 w ) PEN Paymaster, previous to the 21th Au- gust loll 40 Ditto, subsequent to ditto ... 50 Adjutant and surgeon .... 40 Quarter-roaster and assist, surgeon . 36 XT' \ etennary surgeon 30 STAFF. Widow of a commissary general . 120 Deputy commissary general ... 60 Do. alter having been 3 years upon full-pay 70 Assistant commissary general . . 50 Deputy ditto, 40 Director and inspector of hospitals . 70 Deputy inspector- of .hospitals . . 50 Physician ( after having served abroad as such) 50 Do. (not having served abroad) . 40 Purveyor, district paymaster, and surgeon 40 Deputy purveyor 30 Apothecary 36 Hospital assistant (after having serv- ed abroad as such) 30 Chaplain general -. 90 Chaplain to the forces .... 50 N . B. — The above pensions are pay- able every four months, viz. April, Au- gust, and December, at the Pay Office, Whitehall, except those that relate to the Commissariat Department, which are payable every three months, at the office of the Commissary in Chief, No. 35, Great George Street, Westminster. The widows of all commissioned offi- cers belonging to the British service, are. entitled to receive a certain annual al- lowance, according to the several ranks of their husbands. Instructions to this end are signed by the king, and lodged with the paymaster general. The widows of warrant-officers are not included in the regulation. It has sometimes, how- ever, happened, that the king has granted a pension of 16/. a year to the widow of a quarter-master of dragoons, who is a warrant officer, when His Majesty has ; ;t Mich widow a proper object of his bounM . Pensions to Officc?-s having lost (or having sustained an injury equal to losing) an tj/i or a limb on service. L ield Marshal ; General, or ') To be spe- Ltw-General, commanding '• ciaily con- in chief at the time . ) sidered. Lieutenant General 400 Major general; or Brigadier general \ commanding a brigade ; and f _ commissary general at the head i of department. J 4 k PEN Colonel Lieutenant colonel .... • adjutant general .... ♦Quarter-master general . •Deputy adjutant general if chief of the department .... ♦Deputy quarter master general, if ditto Commissary general not at the head of a department . . . Deputy do. at the head of a de- partment Inspector of hospitals . . . Major commanding .... Major "Deputy adjutant general . . "Deputy quartermaster general Deputy inspector of hospitals . Deputy commissary general not at the head of a department . Captain "Assistant adjutant general . •Assist, quarter master general *Deputy ditto "Secretary to coinm. of forces . *Aide>de-camp "Major of brigade Assistant commissary general . •Judge advocate Chaplain Paymaster Physician Staff surgeon Regimental surgeon .... Purveyor _ Lieutenant Adjutant Deputy assist, comnnss. gene Cornet Ensign ( 618 ) PEN V300 s •100 anciently in use among the Greeks, being three feet nine inches long and one foot broad, with which they built their public buildings. PENTAEDROUS, having five sides. PENTAGON, in fortification, a fi- gure bounded by five sides, or polygons, which form so many angles, capable of being fortified with an equal number of bastions. It also denotes a fort with five bastions. l'ENTAGRAPII, (peniagraphe, Fr.) an instrument whereby designs, &c. may be copied in any proportion, without the person who uses it being skilled in 2ial ) 70 Second lieutenant .... Regimental quarter master . . Assistant surgeon .... Apothecary Hospital assistant .... Veterinary surgeon .... Deputy purveyor The officers marked thus * to have the allowance according t<* their army rank, if they prefer it. Xole — From the date of the battle of Waterloo, 18th June, 1815, the above pensions increase with the rank. The payments are made half yearly, at the Pay Office, Whitehall. PENST1 )('K, a flood-gate, placed in the water of a mill-pond. PEN T AC APSULAK, having five ca- vities. i LNTADORON, a kind of bricks draw ni2. PENTANGLE, a figure having five PENTANGULAR. See Pentagon PENTAPOL1S, in geography, a country consisting of five cities. This name was given, particularly, to the valley wherein stood the five infamous cities destroyed by fire and brimstone in Abraham's time. The most cele- brated Pentapolis was the Pentapolis Cyrenaica in Egypt, whose cities were Berenice, Arsinoe, Ptolemais, Cyrene, and Apollonia. PENT AH' AST, (pentapaste, Fr.) an engine that has five pullies. PENTATHLON, the five exercises performed in the Grecian games, viz. leaping, running, quoiting, darting, and icre&tling. PENTE, Fr. slope; declivity. PENTHOUSE, a shed hanging for- ward, in a sloping direction, from the main wall of a place. PEN TILE, a tile formed to cover the sloping part of the roof; they are often called, collectively, pantiles; are thirteen inches long, with a button to hang on the laths ; they are hollow and circular. Pentile likewise signifies any shed or covering upon which tiles are laid. PENTURE, Fr. the hinge of a door. PEN CLE, Fr. a long cloak for rainy weather. PEONS, Ind. foot soldiers. People of colour, so called in the Spanish is- lands ; a set of vagabonds who casually visit the islands from the continent, and who are ready to join in any disorder that affords a prospect of plunder. "The majority of the slaves in Trinidad, &c. consist of these people. These men are chiefly employed to assist in collecting the revenues. Most persons in India PER ( 619 ) PER keep servants, who wear a belt with the master's name : these are likewise called Peons, o»Puns. Peon also means an allowance which is paid in money to the troops at Ma- dras only. It is called Peon and Oil Money. PEOPLE of Colour, blacks, and mu- lattoes, &c. so called. They form part of the British territorial army, and are distributed, in corps, among our West India islands. PEPINIERE, Fr. nursery. Thus the collieries in Northumberland and Durham are called the nurseries lor Bri- tish seamen. PEPLEGMENOX, an order of bat- tle which was used among the Greeks, and consisted in a centre being so formed by the two wings of an army, as to stand advanced against an opposing enemy. PEQUIN, a sort of half-military, half-civil character. PERAMBULATOR. See Pedome- ter. PERCER, Fr. to pierce. This word has various significations in the French language. It also means to make one's way, or to rise from the lowest, to the highest station. Hence, II a perci tout le regiment; toute I'armee: he rose or made his way through the whole regi- ment, the whole army. Percer I'ennemi, Fr. to cut through the enemy. See To Cut. PERCH, a measure of five yards and a half; a pole. PERCUSSION, the impression which a body makes in falling or striking upon another, or the shock of two moving • bodies. It is either direct, or oblique. Direct Percussion is where the im- pulse is given in the direction of a right line perpendicular to the point of con- tact. Oblique Percussion, when it is given in the direction of a line oblique to the point of contact. Center of Percussion, that point wherein the, shock of the percutient bodies is the greatest. PERCUTIENT, striking against or upon. PERDREAUX, Fr. a quantity of gre- nades, which are cast out of a mortar with one shell. PERDU, a word adopted from the French, signifying to lie flat and closely in wait. It likewise means the forlorn hope. A corps Perdu, Fr. desperately. A coup Perdu, Fr. at random. Coup Perdu, Fr. random shot. Clour a tcte Perdue, Fr. nails driven into wood, so as not to shew the head, commonly called sunk nails. PEREMPTORY, whatever is abso- lute and final, not to be altered, renewed or restrained. Peremptory execution, that which takes place immediately. PERE, Ind. See Peer. PERFIDIOUS, (perfide,Tr.) treacher- ous, false to trust, guilty of violated faith. PERFIDIOUSLY,treacherously,faise- ly, without faith. PERFIDY, want of faith, treacherv. PERFORATED 6^eW,ashieldhav"ir.g a pistol projecting from its center, and » small grated aperture above for taking aim. PERGUNNA, Ind. a district. PRRILr-eminent ou imminent, Fr. emi- nent or imminent danger. The French sometimes use the \\'(W» eminent and imminent in the same sense, viz. to sig- nify great or ready to come upon us, hanging over us. PERIMETER, (pirimttre, Fr.) in geometry, the extent that bounds any figure or body. The perimeters of figares or surfaces, are lines ; those of bodies are surfaces. In circular figures, &c. we use circumference or. periphery instead of perimeter. PERIOD. This word is frequently used in military accounts, to express the intermediate time for which money has been issued to oificers or soldiers. Broken Period, a term used in the returns and financial statements of the British army, when the regular distribu- tion of pay is interrupted, or the effec- tive force is lessened by the absence of one or more individuals, or by any other cause. A correct and faithful statement of broken periods is essentially' necessary in every well regulated regiment, as not only the service, but the public purse may be materially injured by the neglect, or embezzlement, of individuals. Intermediate Period, any space of time allowed between the departure of a person from one place or commission, and his entrance into another. PERIPHERY, the circumference, as of a circle. PERIR, Fr. This word is used t.« 4K2 P E R ( 620 ) PER express the calamitous situation of an army, which has been frequently de- feated, or otht -rways injured and broken down. Hence les combats on! /oil pair une portie inline to despise both their offers and their submissions, turned his back upon them, and came down from his tribunal; then the legionaries, throwing themselves at his feet, conjured him rather to inflict such punishments upon them as their insolence deserved, than to disband them in so shameful a manner. He continued, however, indexible for a considerable time; but at length, pretending to be overcome by the importunities of his friends, he ascended the tribunal once more, and, addressing himself to them, told them, that the revolt surprised him tlie more, because it came from a legion, which he had always distinguished above thi .est; that, nevertheless, he could not prevail upon himself to punish those whom he had once so tenderly loved ; that, on his return from Africa, he would give them the rewards lie had promised, and lands too for their sub- sistence : but that he would not by any means suffer them to attend him in the expedition he was now undertaking, in order to convince them, that he could conquer without them. This speech made so deep an impression on their minds, that, with tears in their eyes, they begged he would rather decimate them, than debar them from sharing with him the glory of his victories. We will follow you as volunteers, they all cried out with one voice, if you refuse to admit us in (he number of your legions. These words, which were manifestly spoken from a true sense of their crime, and a sincere repentance, touched Caesar: he could no longer dissemble; but stiling them again fellow soldiers, he not only freely forgave them, but de- clared, that they should share with him both the glory and advantages of all his victories. See Appian, liert. Liv. Dio. PERTE, Fr. loss. 1m Perte dune bataille, Fr. the loss of a battle. Pure Perte, Fr. pure loss, i.e. down- right loss .1 Pkrtf. de vue, Fr. almost out ol sighl ; as far as the eye can reach. A Perte d'haleine, Fr. out of breath. PEltTLTS, Fr. a narrow pass. Sec Detroit. Pertuis, Fr. a narrow passage which is made in the shallow parts of a river, for the facility of navigation. This pas- sage is sometimes confined with flood- gates, in order to raise or lower the waters according to circumstances. PF.HTUTSANE, Fr. a halbert which has a longer and broader iron at the end than the common halberts have.— PET ( C13 ) PET Pertuisanes were formerly given, in the French service, to the infantry, in order to enable them to withstand the shock of cavalry. They were laid aside in 1670, and confined to the invalids, who continued, and, perhaps, still continue, to use them in France, during the mo- narchy. PERUST, Ind. a small weight, or measure, equal to four koodups or puis. PERWANNA, Ind. an order, war- rant, or letter, signed by a nawaub or nabob. PESANTEUR, Fr. gravity. The French also use the word gruvii'c. Pesanteur absolve d'un co?-ps, Fr. absolute gravity. Pesanteur relative (Fun corps, Fr. relative gravity. Pesanteur specijique, Fr. specific gra- vity. PESATE, or Pesado, or Posade, Fr. in horsemanship, is when a horse in lifting or raising his fore-quarters, keeps his hind-legs upon the ground without stirring, so that he marks no time with his haunches, till his fore-legs reach the ground. This motion affords the true means of fixing his head and hi.-diatmches, to make him ply and bend his fore-thighs, and to hinder him from stamping and clattering with his feet. PESER,, Fr. to weigh ; to consider. Tout PESE, Fr. all things consi- dered. PESHWA,arPAISHWA, Ind. prime minister, the acting head of the Morat- toe states. PESON, Fr. See Steelyard. PESSAIRES pour les Hcmies, Fr. trusses ; such as are worn for ruptures. See Truss. PESSIERE, Fr. a dam that is raised for the purpose of confining a sufficient quantity of water in a reservoir, by which any machine may be worked, or kept in motion. The overflowing of the river may run over this dam, without doing any injury to it. PESTLE, an instrument used in the fabrication of gunpowder. See Gun- powder Mill. PETARD, or PETARDO, a machine in the shape of a cone cut in two, made of cast or wrought iron ; its depth and breadth must be in proportion to its thickness. There are four handles to this machine, with which it is firmly fixed to a plank, by means of iron hoops or bands; there is also a strong, iron hook in the plank, for the purpose of fixing it to the spot against which the petard is to act. The business of the petard is to burst open gates, barriers, and even walls, by being loaded with ball and gunpowder, and after it has been fixed to a plank, by lighting the tonchhole. Its invention is ascribed to the French Huguenots in 1 .">?!), who, by means of petards, took Cahors, in the same year. Petards are of four different sizes : the first contains l'2lbs. 13ozs. second lOibs. llozs. third lib. lOozs. fourth lib. The blind fuse composition for them is of mealed powder, Fib. wood ashes 3ozs. PETARDE, Fr. a word chiefly ap- plicable to war-horses, when they kick, wince, aiuHa^L^. PEIAHDEAUX, Fr. pieces of wood covered with wool and pitch, which are used to stop the holes that are made in the sides of a ship by cannon-balls, dur- ing an engagement. PETARDER, Fr. to fire petards. PETARD I ER, Fr. the man who loads, fixes, and fires the petard. It iikewise signifies, among the French, the man who makes or throws a petard. Petardier, Fr. also means an artil- lery officer, who is ordered to blow up the gates of a fortified place. PETAUX, Bibaux, Tuffes,¥r. accord- ing to Montrelet and Froissard, two French writers, these were foot soldiers armed with large pikes, who lived on plun- der. A. T. Gaigne, author of the Nou- vcau Dictionnaire Militaire, published in 1801, says, that the name of pctuux was formerly given to those peasants who were enlisted by force. PETEL, Ind. the head of a village. PETER, Fr. in a military sense, to explode, to make a loud noise. PETEROLLES, Fr. squibs, such as children make and use in the streets for their diversion. PET1LLER, Fr. to sparkle: to shine with a vivid light. Hence, petiller d'es- prit, to be full of wit. VETlTE-guerre, Fr. See Guerre, for its definition. I'ETiTL-guerre, or a war of posts, is carried on by a light, party, commanded by an expert partisan, and which should consist of 10U0 or '2000 men, separated from the army, to secure the camp, or to cover a inarch ; to reconnoitre the enemy or the country ; to seize their posts, con- voys, and escorts; to plant ambuscades, PET ( 624 ) P £ T nml to put in practice every stratagem for surprising or disturbing the enemy ; which is called carrying on the petite- guerre. The genius of these days; and the operations of tiie last war, have placed the service of such a corps in a most respectable light, as it is more fa- tiguing, more dangerous, and more de- sultory than any other. To form a corps capable of carrying on the petite-guerre to advantage, prudence requires] that it should consist of 1000 men at least, without which a partizan cannot expect to support the fatigues of a campaign, and seize the most important occasions that every where offer, and ■which a too great inferiority must make him fotego. It is no less important, that this corps should be composed of infantry and ca- valry ; and as it is incontestible that the cavalry would be the most active in car- rying on the petite-guefre, it were to be wished, that they were likewise the strongest, so as to have 600 cavalry and ■M><> infantry in a corps of 1000 men, making four companies of infantry, and twelve troops of cavalry. Each com- pany of infantry to consist of 1 captain, 1 first and ° second lieutenants, 1 Ser- jeants, and (ki men, including 4 corporals, 4 lance-corporals, and '1 drummers. Each troop of cavalry to consist of one captain^ 1 first and l second lieutenant, a quarter-master, two Serjeants, and 48 horsemen ; including 4 corporals, a trum- peter, and farrier. The commanding officer should have the naming of the officers of this corps, or at least the liberty to reject such as he is convinced are not qualified for the service. To support the honour of this corps, upon a solid and respectable footing, the strictest subordination must extend from the chief to all the offi< and the most rigid discipline, vigilance, patience, bravery, and love of glory , ought to pervade the whole corps. Of this description, we presume, was the Portuguese legion, which acted so much to tin' credit of it-; leader, Sir Robert W il: on, in the Peninst ' . PETITION. See Memorial. 1 RARIA. k u ■■ gok. PE1 RE. See Nitre, Saltpetre. PETRI (i'ani froide, Fr. eflfemii cowardly ; literally, petrified or rendered callous by the mere touch of cold wa- ter ; incapable of bearing the least hard- ship. PETRINAL, PETRONKJ., or POl- TRINAL, JV. a species of fire-arm be- tween the arquebuse and the pistol, which was us., , i among the French, dup- ing the reign of Francis I. There is mention made of it in an account of the siege of Rouen, which was undertakes by Henry IV. in 1599. It was shorter than the musket but of a heavier calibre, and not unlike our blunderbuss; being slung in a cross belt, so as to rest upon the i best of the person who discharged it. From this circumstance it obtained the name of" Poitrinal. PETRONEL. See Pistol. PETTAH, Inil. a town adjoining to a fort, which is in general surrounded by a fence of bamboos, a wall, and a ditch. I'KTTK'OAT, the loose piece of gar- ment, which hangs from the waist of a Highlander; also a material part of fe- male drapery. Pi wit o a i-interest, a figurative ex- pression, in common usage among the civil, as well as the military, servants of government. The influence of woman, (if tradition be correct,) is coeval with the first origin of man, and the primary cause of his fust fall. From that pe- riod down to the present day, female ascendancy has never ceased to prevail. Sometimes, indeed, it has been the me- dium of much good ; at others, of incal- culable mischief to mankind : but at no time has it ever been wholly inactive. Ei en in those countries, and under those laws, particularly under the salique law, where, one would imagine, the interpo- sition of woman could have little or no weight, the secret spring of the most important movements may be traced to this mistress of the human heart ; nor is even the seraglio a stranger to its in- fluence. How many brave men, because they have either not been known, or if known, have not proved agreeable to the mistress of a king, or of a minister, or to the dirty pander of them both, have been doomed in obscurity ; whilst an unfledged stripling, perhaps, has stepped into the situation which nature and ta- lents had destined for the former. This is, indeed, a melancholy perversion of the uiiouwl influence which the fairest part of creation ought to hu\e in human affairs; but it must be acknowledged} on the other hand, that there have been women, and probably there may still bo some, who have employed their powers P H A for purposes the most refined, and the most honourahle. With such women, petticoat-interest becomes a blessing to community. PEUPLER, Fr. literally means to people. This expression is used in a military sense by Belair, author of Ele- ment de Fortification, in the following manner : — It faut peupler la surface d'un glacis de pierriers, the surface of a glacis ought to be well covered with pedereros. Peupler, Fr. in carpentry, to fill up vacant spaces with pieces of wood, which are placed at equal distances from one another. PETITION, request, entreaty, sup- plication, prayer. Every subject, civil or military, be- longing to the British empire and its dependencies, has an inherent and un- alienable right to state his grievances by way of petition. This is done in various modes. Sometimes by a personal tender of the petition to his Majesty at a levee ; sometimes through a third person ; and at others, through the medium of Parlia- ment. Any member of the Commons may move to have the special case of an individual taken into consideration ; and every officer, non-commissioned officer, and private soldier may have recourse to Parliament ; but this is seldom or ever done, until the commander in chief, for reasons best known to himself, has re- fused to lay a memorial before the king. A petition to the king, in military mat- ters, is however an extreme case ; and should be well weighed before it is sub- mitted. PHALANX, a word taken from the Greek. In antiquity, a square, compact battalion, formed of infantry, set close with their shields joined, and pikes turned across. It consisted of 8000 men, and Livy savs, it was invented by the Macedonians ; and hence called the Macedonian phalanx. Phalanx, (phalange, Fr.) According to Mauvillon, in his Essai snr I'injluence de la poudre a canon dans /'art dc la guerre modeme, the phalanx, among the Greeks, consisted of heavy armed troops, called the Hoplites, who stood in the center. A complete phalanx consisted of 16,^0 1 men drawn up in sixteen ranks, and each rank containing 1024 files.. This phalanx, in order of battle, occupied S072 fe> t in front, and 48 in depth, consisting ol 10,000 odd hundred men. Mauvillon ( 625 ) p ft A describes the ancient phalanx as having been executed in three different ways : the Macedonian phalanx, by the leading file coining to the right about, and re- maining stationary. The other files moved behind him by the right, and as soon as they had marched a given num- ber of paces, in order to arrive at a proper distance, they stood in their ori- ginal order, after having faced about. The second kind of phalanx was called the Lacedaemonian, and was thought preferable to the first ; because the pha- lanx, instead of tiling to the rear, marched forwards to the direction where it was to face. The leading file in facing, marched by those that were in his rear; and they, as their turn came, also faced and fol- lowed their leading files. When the head file had thus gone over twice the depth of ground that was occupied by the phalanx, it halted. The serre-file came to the right about, and the whole stood in their proper direction. The third evolution, which was called the Cretan, Persian, or Choreus, was performed in this manner : the leading tile faced to the right and counter- marched : each succeeding file did the same, turning upon their own ground ; and when they had marched over the depth of ground which was occupied by the phalanx, and stood where the serre- files had been stationed, the whole halted, and the evolution was thus completed. This was reckoned the best mode, be- cause, in addition to ail the advantages of the Lacedaemonian, it was executed in half the time that was necessary to the other two. PHALAUICA, a javelin, or long dart, of a particular construction, which was formerly used by the inhabitants of Saguntum, when they so valiantly stood the siege of it. Saguntum was the an- cient site of Murviedro, an old town of Valencia, in Spain, which was taken by Lord Peterborough in 1700. TLe pha- larica was very thick, and had a sharp, piece of iron, four feet long, attached to it. It was used either as a weapon of close attack and defence, or as a fire- arm ; being, in th< j latter case, wrapped up in tow and pitch, and when set fire to, cast out of the balista against the enemy's wooden towers and other ma- chines, for the purpose of consuming them. They were sent with so much force, that they pierced through armed! bodies of men, and rendered all attempts 4L P H I ( 626 ) P I c to extinguish the flames useless and im- a ailing. It is -also mentioned by Vir- Si a> a pike or dart to be thrown by the hand. i HALERA, a collar which was worn by the Romans as a mark of distinction. It was different from the torques ; the latter being round, and close to the neck, and of massive gold ; whereas, the tor- mer was flat, hung upon the breast, and was merely adorned with a lew gold nobs. The phaleia was indiscriminately given to all officers w ho had distinguished themselves in action. According to Persius, phalera also signified the trap- pings and ornaments of a horse. PHAF/1 ON, (phaeton, Fr ) The alle- gorical history of this young god con- tains one of those instructive lessons, which ought always to be present to the mind of every man, who either aspires to I y day, about his person. This was the case in ancient times, when the breachcan answered both purposes. The philebeg is a modern invention, and is the garment v\ Inch some, who have endeavoured to establish the antiquity of Truis, confound with the Breachcan Filleadh. PHIRMAUND, Ind. This word is sometimes written Firmaun, and signi- fies a royal commission, mandate, or al- lowain »'. PHOUSDAR, Ind. the same as Foimdar, the superintendant of a large district. It more immediately signifies the commander of a large body of forces. PIACHE, fr. piazza, covered arched walks, such as in Covent-garden, the Royal-Exchange, &c. ; a portico. PIAFFED R, (from Fiaffcr, Fr. to carry it proudly, to strut it,) a proud stately horse full of fire, that is trained rule a country, or is ambitious to com- to passage upon a straight line, and is mand an army : nor is the fable without an army a moral applicable to most public cha- racters. PHAROS, (pha>e,Yr.) a light-house or pile raised near a port, where a lire is kept burning in the night to direct vessels near at hand. The Pharos of Alexandria, built at the mouth of the Nile, was anciently very famous; whence the name was derived to all the rest. — Ozanam says, Pharos anciently denoted a streight, as the Pharos or Pharo of Messina. PIIARSALLA, so called from Phar- salus, anciently a townln Thessalv, now Turkey in Europe, which lies a little to the south of Laiissa. This spot was rend .red memorable in history by the battle that was fought between Pompey and Ca'sar, when they contended for the empire of the world. PHATUK, bid. a gaol or prison. It likewise means a gate. FIIAGUN, Ind. a month which in some dugree agrees with February and March. PHILEBEG, or Kilt, from the Gae- lic, Filleadh beg, which signifk s a little plaid. This part of the Highland dress corresponds with the lower part of a belted plaid, and is frequently worn as an undress by Highland officers and sol- diers. The philebeg, or kilt, may be considered a* a very good substitute for the belted plaid, as it is not, at present, thought necessary for the Highlander to carry his clothing for the night, as well as very snowy. PIARA, a Spanish term, signifying a drove of 10 mules led by 2 men. A PIC, Fr. perpendicularly. PIC-houau, Fr. a mattock, pickaxe, an instrument used by pioneers, artifi- cers, Sue. PICE, Ind. a copper coin, used in most parts of India, but differing greatly in value. PICAROON, a pillager, one who plunders. To PICK, to select; to chuse. To Pick a hole in one's coat, a prover- bial phrase, signifying to find fault with another. PICK, PICK-AXE, PICKER, a sharp . pointed iron tool, used in trenching, &c. to loosen the ground. To Pick oft', or Pick out, to aim at some particular individual in a body of troops; thus riflemen and tirailleurs are selected for the purpose of picking off officers at the commencement of an en- gagement, or during a reconnoissance, &c. PICKER, horse-Ficx.ER, an iron in- strument used by farriers and grooms to clear a horse's foot of any adhesion. Picker likewise means a small pointed piece of brass or iron wire, which every soldier carries to clear the touch-hole of his musket. The brass pickers are the best, because they are not liable to snap or break off. PICKET, (piquet, Fr.) an out-guard posted before an army, to give notice P I c ( 607 ) P I E of an enemy approaching. In parks of artillery, there is always a certain num- ber of artillery and driver horses read) harnessed and equipped for the shortest notice ; these are called picket horses, les chevaux de piquet. See Guard. Picket, a kind of punishment so called, where a soldier stands with one foot upon a sharp pointed stake : the rime of his standing is limited according to the offence. This has been for some time discontinued. Pickets, in fortification, stakes sharp at one end, and sometimes shod with iron, used in laying out the ground about three feet long ; but, when used for pinning the fascines of a battery, the) are from 3 to 5 feet long. Pickets, in artillery, are about 5 or 6 feet long, shod with iron, to pin the park lines, and to lay out the boundaries of the park. Pickets, in the camp, are also stakes of about 6 or 8 inches long, to fasten the tent cords, in pitching the tents; also, of about 4 or 5 feet long, driven into the ground near the tents of the horsemen, to tie their horses to. Picket ropes, commonly called breast lines : these are ropes which are twisted at given intervals round the several picket stakes, and serve to confine the horses within a proper space of ground. They are called breast lines, because the pickets or stakes should always be long enough to adhere firmly to the soil, when driven in, and to stand breast high. When the pickets are too short, unruly horses, or any horses indeed not ac- customed to stand at picket, will either drag them up, or throw their legs over the breast lines, and get entangled. Heavy cavalry ought to have pickets of 6 feet; the common stakes are from 4 to 5 feet. PICOR£E, Fr* an obsolete French term, signifying a party of soldiers who go out in search of plunder. PICGRER, Fr. to go out in search of plunder. PICOREUR, Fr. a marauder. PICQUEERING, PICKERING, PICKERQONING, a little flying skir- mish, which soldiers make, when de- tached for pillage, or before a main bat- tle begins. PICTS, a people which in ancient times inhabited a part of Scotland, and, together with the Scots, made frequent incursions into England. Their depre- dations were checked by the Romans, when the emperor Severus landed an army in Britain, and delivered the poor natives from their mise.able tyranny. An excellent historian calls this act of the Roman emperor, the greatest ho- nour of his reign. See Rise and Pro- gress of the Roman Empire, in Kennett's Antiquities, p. 1Q. Picts Wall, in antiquity, a celebrated piece of Roman work, begun by the emperor Adrian, on the northern bounds of England, to prevent the incursions of the Picts and Scots. At first it was only made of turf, strengthened with pallisadoes, till the emperor Severus, coming in person, into Britain, built it with solid stone, reaching eighty miles from the Irish to the German sea, or from Carlisle to Newcastle upon Tyne, with watch towers garrisoned at the distance of one mile from each other. It was ruined several times by the Picts, and as often repaired by the Romans. At last, Oetins, a Roman general, re- built it of brick ; and the Picts ruining it in the year following, it was no longer regarded but as a boundary betwixt the two nations. It was eight feet thick, and twelve high from the ground; it ran on the north side of the rivers Tyne and Irrhing up and clown several hills. The remains of it are, to this day, to be seen in Cumberland and Northumber- land. PIE, hid. the smallest current coin in India. IW-PTECE. See Time. Piece, (piece, Fr.) This word is va- riously used, in a military sense, by the French and English. PIECES of ordnance are all sorts of great guns and mortars. Battering Pieces are the large guns which serve at sieves to make breaches, such as the 24-pounder, and the culve- rin, which carries an 18lb. ball. Gar /7io«-PiECE. are mostly heavy 12, 18, 21, 36, and 42-pounders, be- sides \\ all guns. JYeM-PiECES are twelve pounders, de mi-culverins, six-pounders, sakers, mi- nions, and three-pounders, which move with an army, and are parked behind the second line when it encamps, but are advanced in front, in the intervals of battalions, &c. and on the flanks in the dav of battle. 4L2 P I E ( G28 ) P I E Regimental Pieces are light six-poun- ders; each regiment has generally two of these pieces. Pircr. is likewise used to express a soldier's musket. PlECE, Fr. a word generally used in architecture to express all the different apartments belonging to a building, such ns the saloon, hall, parlour, chamber, cabinet. Piece de churpente, Fr. any piece of shaped wood which belongs t<> a frame of timber. Muiti-esses Pieces, Fr. literally the master pieces, those of the largest di- mensions, as beams, rafters. Piece de bois, Fr. a piece of wood which is cut and shaped according to the Parisian measure, \\/. six feet long, 11 inches broad, and (3 thick. Piece a pommette, Fr. a small plea- sant rowel in the mouth of a bit. La grande Piece, Fr. a broad piece of armour which is placed between the bottom of the helmet and the pouldron. La hunte Piece, Fr. the pouldron, or upper part of 'the helmet. Gens de toutcs Pieces, Fr. men of all descriptions, tag-rag, &c. Un homme arm'c de toutes Pieces, Fr. a man armed at all points, or cap-a-pie. Pieces d'honneur, Fr. the insignia or marks of honour; these consist of the crown, sceptre, and sword. Une Piece d'artilkrie, tine Piece de canon, Fr. These terms are used by the French to signify cannon in ge- neral. Pieces de batterie, Fr See Batter- ing Pieces. Pieces de campagne. Fr. Sue Field Pieces. Pieces de xingt-quutrc, Fr. twenty- four pounders. Pieces de trente-six, Fr. thirty-six pounders. When pieces are not speci- fically named, the term is used in the same general sense by the English, as, one hundred pieces of cannon, or artil- lery, (•< ut pieces d'artillerie; but when the calibre is mentioned, vie substitute the word pounder for piece : as, une piece de vingt-quutre, a lour and twenty pounder. Di/nonter les Pieces, Fr. to dismount cannon. .'oner les Pieces, Fr. to bpike ion. frakhir les Pieces, Fr. tospunge, or clean out cannon. Pi fce de canon brisc, Fr. The French formerly made use of cannon that could be taken to pieces, and so rendered more portable. This species of ordnance was distinguished as above. Piece vcrsee en punier, ou en cage, Fr. A piece of ordnance is said to be in this situation, when it is so completely over- turned, as to have the win-els of its car- riage in the air. Various methods have; been proposed by able engineers to raise cannon that have been overturned. See Sain/ Re mi, Manuel de VArtilleur; and a late publication, intituled, Aide Mimoire a V usage tics Officiers d'ArtiL- /eric 3C ) P I L Piles of shot or shells, are generally piled up in the kini;' magazines. in three different manners: the base is either triangular, square, or a rectangle; and thence the piles are called trian- gular, square, and oblong. RULES for finding the Number in am/ PILE. Triangular Pile. Multiply the base by the base -f 1, this product by the base"-f 2, and divide by G. Square Pn r.. Multiply the bottom row by the bottom row -j- l, and this product by- :in<:lr>, by the vi eight thev sustain. As to their sight and situation, our country- man, Sir Henry Wootton, tells us, that pilsaters must not be too tall and slender, lest they resemble pillars, nor too dwarfish and gross, lest they imitate piles or piers of bridges. lie also says, that smoothness does not so natur; become them as a rustic superfici< - : for thev aim more at state and strength than elegance ; that in private buildings thev ought not to be narrower than one third; 'nor broader than two thirds of the vacuity or inter-space, between pi- laster and pilaster. But as for those that stand at the corners, thev may have a little more latitude allowed them, in proportion to the strength of the angles. I'u.ASTin-^'/cA-.v, called also buttress- bricks, are made of the same length, breadth and thickness, with the great bricks, six and nine. The only thin base, added to twice the breadth -f- 1, and divide by 6. Incomplete Piles. Incomplete piles being only frus- tums, wanting a similar small pile on the top, compute first the whole pile as if complete, and also the small pile wanting at top: and then subtract the one number from the other. Bombar- dier. Pile de boulets, Fr. See Pile of shot or shells. Pile, a mass of body or building. The French say edifice. Pile, the head of an arrow. The French call it pointe. Pi le de pan/, Fr. a mass or bodv of strong mason-work, whose plan is gene- rally an hexagonal parallelogram, which divides, and sustains the arches of a stone bridge, or the scaffolding of a wooden one. Piles, in architecture, are great stakes, rammed into the earth to make a foundation to build upon in marshy ground. Amsterdam and Venice, as well as many other cities, are wholly built upon piles. Dovetail-Pii.ES, piles which may be mortised into one another, by a dove- tail joint. PiLE-mmns are a kind of worms found in the piles of the sea-dykes in Holland. Thev have heads covered with two hard shells, with which they bore into the wood. PlLE-engine, a very curious machine invented by Mr. Vauloue, tor driving the pile.' of Westminster Bridge. See par- ticulars under pile-engine, in the Encv- clopiedia Britanniea. Co PlEE arms, to place three muskets, with or without, fixed bayonets, in such a relative position, that the butts shall remain (inn upon the ground, and the muzzles be close together in an oblique direction. Thismethodhas been adopted to prevent the injury which was for- merly done to musketry, when the prac- tice of grounding the firelock prevailed. Every recruit should be taught how t.. pile arms before he is dismissed the drill. P I L ( 633 ) P I L PILIER, Fr. a pillar; post. Pilif.h boutant, Fr. a buttress. Piliers de manege, Yy. riding posts; also posts which divide the stalls. PILLAGE, (pillage, Fr.) the act of plundering. To Pillage, (piller, Fr.) to spoil, to waste, to plunder. Pillage, in architecture, is a kind of irregular column, round and insu- lated, deviating from the proportions of a just column. PILLAGER, a plunderer; one who gets a thing by violent, or illegal means. PILLAR, in a figurative sense, sup- port. A well-disciplined army may be called the pillar of the state; an ill dis- ciplined one, the reverse. A butting Pillar is a buttress, or body of masonry, raised for the purpose of propping or sustaining the shooting of a vault, arch, or other work. The French say colonne arc-boutnnt. A square Pillar is a massive work of masonry, called also a pier or peer, or piedroit, serving to support arches, &c. PILLARS and ARCHES. It was customary among the ancients, particu- larly among the Romans, to erect public buildings, such as arches and pillars, for the reward and encouragement of noble enterprizes. These marks were conferred upon such eminent persons as had either won a victory of extraor- dinary consequence abroad, or had res- cued the Commonwealth from any con- siderable danger at home. The greatest actions of the heroes they stood to honour, were curiously expressed on th'e sides, and the whole procession of a triumph was sometimes cut out. The arches built by Romulus were only of brick ; those of Camillus of plain square stone, ,, but thoseof Cffisar, 1 !,usus, Titus, Trajan, Gordian, &c. were all entirely marble. As to their figure, they were at first semicircular, whence probably they took their names. Afterwards they were built four square, with a spacious arched gate in the middle, and little ones on each side. Upon the vaulted part (A the middle gatehung little winged images, representing victory, with crtwns in their hands, which when they were let down, they put upon the conqueror's head as he passed under the triumph. — Fabricii Roma, cap. 15. The columns or pillars were converted to the same design as the arches, For th« honourable memorial of some noble victory or exploit, after they had been a long time in use for the chief orna- ments of the sepulchres of great men, as may be gathered from Homer, Iliad 16. The pillars of the emperors Trajan and Antoninus have been extremelj admired for their beauty and curious work. We find them thus particularly described in page 53, of Kennett's Ro- man Antiquities. The former was set up in the middle of Trajan's forum, being composed of 24 great stones of marble, but so cu- riously cemented, as to seem one entire natural stone. The height was 144 feet, according to Eutropius, (Hist. lib. 8.) though Martian (lib. iii. cap. 13.) seems to make them but 128. It is ascended by 185 winding stairs, and had 40 little windows for the admission of light. The v. hole pillar is incrusted with marble, in winch are expressed all the n;;ble acts of the emperor, and particularly the Decian war. One may see all over it the several figures of forts, bulwarks, bridges, ships, 8cc. and all manner of arms, as shields, helmets, targets, swords, spears, daggers, belts, &c. together with the several offices and employments of the soldiers ; some digging trenches, some measuring out a place for the tents, and others malting a triumphal procession, (Fabricius, cap. 7.) Put the noblest ornament of this pillar, was the statue of Trajan on the top, of a gigantic bigness, being no less than 20 feet high. He was represented in a coat of armour proper to the gene- ral, holding in his left hand a sceptre, in his right a hollow globe of gold, in which his own ashes were deposited after his death, (Cassalius, par. I. C. 2.) The column or pillar of Antoninus was raised in imitation of this, which it exceeded only in one respect, that it was lid feet high; (Martian, lib. vi. cap. 13.) for the work was much inferior to the former, as being undertaken in the declining age of the empire. The sculp- ture and the other ornaments were of the same nature as those of the first ; and on the top stood a colossus of the emperor, naked, as appears from some of his coins. — See Martian idem. Both these columns are still standing at Rome, the former almost entire. But 4M P I L ( 634 ) P I L Pope Sixtus I. instead of the two statues of the emperors, set up St. Peter's on the column of Trajan, and St. Paul's on that of Antoninus. — Casal. Part I. C. 11. Among the columns and pillars, we must not pass by (to use Mr. Kennett's words) the Miluarium aureum, a gilded pillar in the forum, erected by Augustus Cajsar, at which all the highways ol Italy met, and were concluded. (Martian, lib.iii. cap. 18.) From this they counted their miles, at the end of every mile setting up a stone ; whence came the phrase Primus ab urbe lapis, and the like. This pi" is still to be seen, Hilar, as Mr. Lascelles informs us. Pompeys Pillar, so famous in history, is also still to be seen in Egypt, not- withstanding the incursions of the French, and the subsequent victory of the English in that country. It is made entirely of granite, and measures from the earth (as it stands) to the pinnacle, ninety feet. Had Bonaparte conquered the country, he would probably have imitated what Paulus ZEmilius did at Delphi, and ordered his statue to be placed upon it. The pillar at Delphi was square, and of white marble, and on it was to have been placed a golden statue of Perseus. When the hitter was conquered, yEmilius observed, that the Conquered ought to give way to the con- queror. Perhaps the gratitude of the Ottoman court will, some day, pay a fair tribute to the memory of Sir Ralph Abercrombie. Pille, Fr. a great mortar or trough of stone, or wood, &c. It is also written Pile. PILLORY, (pilori, Fr.) an instru- ment of exposure, well known in mo- dern times, and not much feared, con- sidering the frequency of those crimes for which it was originally invented : viz. perjury, embezzlement of naval or mili- tary stores, &c. PlLON, Fr. a weapon, the use of which has been recommended by Mar- shal Saxe, in his plan for forming several battalions four deep. The two lirst ranks are to be armed with muskets, the third and fourth with large half pikes or pilous, having their muskets slung across their shoulders. The authority of Marshal Saxe is cer- tainly too respectable to be hastily called JO question: we are nevertheless of opinion, that a weapon which is eight or nine feet long, must be extremely cumbersome aud unwieldy, not only in long inarches, but likewise in the heat of battle. We may also ask, in conformity to that general's own sentiments, how any soldier (who must have his musket slung across his shoulders, whilst he uses the pilon)can act in broken and nar- row passes ? PlLON, Fr. a drumstick. Pilons de moulin, Fr. large solid pieces of wood which are used in pow- der mills, for the purpose of pounding into dust the different materials of which gunpowder is composed, or for bruising any other ingredients. Pilou also sig- nifies a pestle. PILOT, (pdote, Fr.) the person who coil' huts a ship; a steersman. PILOTAGE, Fr. pile-work. This is essentially useful in marshy grounds, &c. — See Piles, in architecture. Pilotage, the duty or money paid for piloting. ITLOTER, Fr. to drive in pUes; to strengthen with piles. PILOTING, the art of conducting ships into roads or harbours, or over bars and sands. PILOTIS, Fr. a pile; a large stake. PILOTS, Fr. large wooden piles which are variously used in bridges, in piers, jettees, &c. Pilots de clefs, Fr. piles which serve to sustain the key-stones of wooden quays. Pilots de dormans, Fr. piles which support the sleepers in wooden quays. Pilots de remplage, oude compression, Fr. those piles which are distributed along a given space of marshy or bad ground, upon which a foundation is to be made : they are so called to distin- guish them from other piles, and lite- rally signify piles to fill up, or to bind together. Pilots de bordage, Fr. piles, which are driven either in front of, or completely round, the grating of the mason-work ol a bridge, or of any other structure, the foundation of which is laid in marshy or bad ground. Pilots de gurde % Fr. large piles or stakes of wood which are driven in along- side the quays or basins of harbours, to shield the mason-work from the pressure or shock of vessels that come in, or ar* moored. P I N ( 635 ) P I N PILUM, a species of javelin which was used by the Romans. They darted these weapons with so much force, that according to tradition, two men have been pierced through, together with their shields or bucklers. The head of See Miner's Tools. Pixces, Fr. crows; instruments which are used by miners. The French distinguish them in the following man- ner: — l J ince simple; Pince a talon; Pince a pied de bic/te; and pince a main> an arrow was likewise so called by the Romans. PIMBECHE, Fr. an impertinent or silly woman. In military life, any officer's lady who meddles with regi- mental details. — See White Serjeant. PIMONTELLE de Milan, a piece of ordnance which belonged to the Spanish army, commanded by the Marquis Pi- montelli, and which was taken by the French. It was a 70-pounder. PIMP, (pinge, Fr.) one who pro- cures gratifications for the lust of others; a procurer, a pander. PIN, an iron nail or bolt, with a round head, and generally with a hole at the end to receive a key : there are many sorts, as axle-tree pins, or bolts, bolster-pins, pole-pins, swing-tree pins, &c. There are likewise musket pins, which are small pieces of iron or wire that fasten the barrel to the stock. Soldiers are very apt to take out these "pins in order to make their pieces ring : but they should not, on any account, be per- mitted to do so. Axle-Pim, Linch-Piy, (aisse, Fr.) a piece of iron which locks the wheel to the axle. Breech-Pin, the screw or plug of a musket barrel, the tang part of which is let into the stock, and has a screw, called the breech-nail, which secures it, by going through to the trigger plate. Bridle-Psas are the screws which steady the bridle to the lock plate. Hammer-Pin is the screw which the hammer acts upon. Seer-Pm, the screw which steadies the seer to its action, and goes through the bridle to the lock plate. Seer spring-Pm, the screw which con- fines the seer spring to the lock plate. Tumbler-Pm, the screw which fastens the cock to the tumbler. A Thorough-Pin, (in horses,) a disease, which consists of a swelling in the hock. Pince, Fr. pincers, nippers. Avoir bonne Pikce, Fr. to take bribes. Pince, Fr. an iron crow with which an artilleryman points and guides a can- non. It is called levier de fer, iron lever. Pince, Fr. a pavior's twibill. Pince, Fr. the toe of a horse's foot. The French say figuratively, un general ou un juge qui a bonne pince, a general or judge who takes bribes. To PINCE, to squeeze the flesh, to gall, to fret ; as a saddle does when it pinches a horse's back. PINDAREES, Lid. plunderers and marauders who accompany a Mahratta army. PINDARONS or Marauders, Ind. armed men in the East Indies, who serve without pay, and subsist entirely by plunder. To PINION, to bind the hands or arms of a person so as to prevent his having the free use of them. PINION, (pinion, Fr.) in mechanics, is an arbor or spindle, in the body where- of are several indentures or notches, which catch the teeth of a wheel that serves to turn it round ; or a pinion is a lesser wheel which plays in the teeth of a larger. PINK, a sort of heavy, narrow- stemed ship, masted and ribbed like other ships, except that she is built with a narrow stern, the bends and libs com- passing, so that her sides bulge out very much. To PrfrK, to pierce in small holes. Among swordsmen, to wound an ad- versary with che point of the sword; as, I pinked him in the body. PINNACLE, (pinacle, Fr.) in archi- tecture, is the top or roof of a house which terminates in a point. The pedi- ment is said to have taken its rise from the pinnacle. PINNACE, (pinnasse, Fr.) a boat belonging to a ship of war. According PINCERS, an instrument by which i to Dr. Johnson, it seems formerly to nails are drawn, or anything is gnped, which is required to be held hard" PINCES, Fr. a horse's gatherers or Jfcre-teeth. have signified rather a small sloop or bark attending a larger ship. PINNING (with bricklayers) is the fastening of tiles or slates together with 4 M 2 o the covering The Paris pint con ( of a P I heai* of oak for house. PINTE,JV.pint. tains two pounds of water of sixteen ounces each. PINTLE, in artillery, a long iron bolt fixed upon the middle of the limber- bolster, to go through the hole made in the trail-transom of a fi<:ld carriage, when it is to be transported from one place to another. YixTLK-plute is a flat iron through which the pintle passes, and nailed to both sides of the bolster, with eight dia- mond headed nail*. PiNTLE-ri|>e. It assists in the direction of the ramrod. Small Tri(i»pct-Pivz, that next to the upper trumpet-pipe, and on which th# upper swivel rests that receives the gun sling. Tail Pipe, a small brass pipe fixed at the swell of the musket, which receives the ramrod. It has a spring fixed in it to -cure the ramrod. Trumpet Pipe, a small brass pipe near the. muzzle of the firelock, tlu'ough which the ramrod is let down to secure it. It is called the trumpet pipe from its resemblance to the mouth et a trum- have no pipes to ramrod being re- which runs paral- pet. The Prussians their muskets; the ceived into a cylinder lei with the barrel. Old Vipr.-Clay, a familiar expression used, in British regiments, to signify a man of routine; an old adjutant, or any officer who adheres minutely, per- haps ridiculously so, to mere military forms and dress. Vii'V-Clai/ and l\'/iiling, a composi- tion which soldiers use for the purpose of keeping their cross-belts, &c. clean. Every soldier belonging to the infantry of the line, and to the fencible infantry P I Q ( 637 ) P I B serving at home, is stopped 4s. 4d. per annum to supply himself with pipe-clay and whiting. PIPE, Fr. deceived, cozened, over- wrought, gulled; and hence — Ca?-tes-PiPkr.s, and Dcs Pipes, false cards and dice. La PIPEE du soir, Fr. the edge of the evening, when the weather freshens, or grows cool. PIPES, (in building,) canals or con- duits for the conveyance of water, &c. Pipes for water are usually of lead, iron, earth, or wood ; those of wood are commonly oak or alder. Iron Pipes are cast in forges. Their length is about 2 feet and a half, several of which are placed together by means of four screws at each end, with leather or old hat between them, to stop tire water. Earthen Pipes are made by potters. Their length is commonly two feet and a half. They are fitted into one another, one end being always wider than the other. Wooden Pipes are trees bored with large iron augers of different sizes, be- ginning with a less, and then proceeding with a larger successively. Leaden Pipes are of two sorts, the one soldered, the other not soldered. The French use the following words : — A conduit -pipe, tityau, oint or axis. The French say, figura- tively, Qui H de i 'urgent ades pirouettes, money makes every thing go on. PIROUETTEK, Fr. literally means to turn upon one leg; to whirl ahout. Thus, in many of our military evolutions, divisions and companies may be said to whirl, or to pirouette round their dif- ferent pivots. PISSE-chaudc, Fr. the venereal flux, or contagious running, commonly called a clap, which brings on a painful scald- ing of the urine. PISSING of blood in a horse. This may be occasioned by riding him beyond his strength, by some vein breaking in the body, or by some stone or gravel fretting upon his kidnies. PISTE, Fr. the track or tread a horse- man makes upon the ground he goes over ; also the print of a foot. PISTOL, a species of small fire arms, of which their are various sorts and sizes, viz. Highland Pistol. The old Highland pistol appears singular enough in the pre- sent day. Some, that have been pre- served, exhibit marks of excellent work- manship. The stock is metal, and the butt end so shaped, that when fired oft", the pistol can be used as a very serious weapon at close quarters. The High- land pistol, though never used by any of the British regiments, is still worn by every person who wishes to be considered as fully dressed and accoutred in the ancient garb. It is suspended from the left side of the waistbelt. Horse-PisTOL, so called from being used on horseback, and of a large size. Management of the Pistol on horse- back for military purposes. Every re- cruit, when he joins the horse-drill, should be made perfectly acquainted with the handling of his pistol according to rule, and of tiring correctly at a mark. To this end, he must be taught to draw, load, fire, and return his pistol, by word of command, viz. 1st, The right glove is to be taken oft", and the goat-skin thrown back. Draw your right Pistol. This is done at two motions ; 1st. The man must seize the handle of" the pistol with his right hand, the back towards the body. 2d, Draw it out of the holster with a brisk motion, dropping the butt of the pistol on the right holster, aud keeping the muzzle upwards. Load your Pistol. The pistol is ts be dropped smartly into the left hand; open the pan, prime, cast about, and load ; as soon as loaded, seize the pistol by the butt, and come to the same po- sition as in the second motion in draw- ing ; the bridle hand must be kept as steady as possible. In loading the pis- tol, the barrel is to be kept to the front. Return your Pistol. This is done in two motions : 1st, turn the muzzle into the holster, with the back of the hand towards the body, and press home the pistol. 2d, Quit the right hand briskly. Cock your Pistol. Drop the pistol into the left hand, cocking with the thumb of the right, and as soon as done come to the second position, viz. muzzle upwards. To the Right Present. Come smartly to a present, looking well along the bar- rel to the object you are presenting at, and turning your body as much as is necessary to aim well, but taking care not to displace your bridle hand. Fire ! Pull briskly at the word, and as soon as fired go on with the loading motions; when loaded, come to the position as in the first direction, viz. muzzle upwards. Cock your Pistol, as already ex- plained. To the Left Present. This requires particular attention, as the men will be apt to bring their right shoulders too forward, and by that means displace their bodies and the bridle hand. Fire ! — as already explained. Cock your Pistol. To the Front Pre- sent. You must raise yourself in your stirrups, in order to take a proper aim ; you must then look well along the pistol, and wait for the fire. Fire ! As soon as you have fired, you must drop into your seat, and go on with the loading motions, as before di- rected. Return your Pistol, — as already ex- plained. Draw your left Pistol. See Druxt your right Pistol. Poc ket-P i stol, a small pistol, which may be conveniently carried in the pocket. P1STOLADE, Ft: the shot of a pis- tol ; the blow given by a discharged pistol. P I T ( 639 ) P I V PISTOLE, Fr. a pistol ; also a great (horseman's) dag. Pistole de sancerre, Fr. a sling. PISTOLET, Fr. a pistol. It derives its name from Pistota, an episcopal town of Tuscany, in Italy ; about 30 miles N W. of Florence, where the first pistols were made ; in the same manner that bayonet takes its appellation from Bayonne, an episcopal city of Gascony, in Fiance ; or, as some pretend, from Bayon, a town of Lorrain in France; and as others again assert, from Bayona, a town of Gaiicia in Spain, seated on a small gulph of the Atlantic Ocean. The Reitres, who were armed with them, were called pistoliers, pistoleers, as mus- ket-bearers were named mousquetaires, musketeers. Pistolet d'arcon, Fr. a pistol attached to the bow of a saddle, commonly called a horse-pistol, with a holster to it. PISTOLIER, Fr. This word is used among the French to signify an expert marksman with a pistol. PISTON, (piston, Fr.) is a part or member of several machines, as pumps, &c. Piston of a pump is a short cylinder of metal, fitted exactly to the cavity of the barrel or body, and which, being worked up and down alternately in it, raises the water, and when raised presses it again, so as to cause it to force up a valve, with which it is furnished, and to escape through the nose of the pump. Canon a Piston, Fr. a certain bitt which gives the tongue liberty without a port. PITANS, Ind. Accordingto Mr.Orme, in his history of the Carnatic, the Pitans are supposed to be the descendants of the northern Indians, who were early converted to Mahomedanism. They have been reckoned the best troops, and, of course, the most dangerous enemies of the throne of Delhi. They are natu- rally fierce. Pitan Nabobs, certain chiefs in India so called, viz. ol'Cudapah, Canoul, and Savanore. PITAUX, Fr. This word is some- times written Petaux, and was formerly used to distinguish those peasants that were pressed into the service, from sol- diers who were regularly enlisted. To PITCH, (asseoir, Fr.) To Pitch a camp, (asseoir un camp, Fr.) to take a position, and to encamp troops upon it according to the princi- ples of castrametation. To Pitch a tent, to place a certain, regulated quantity of canvass upon poles, so as to afford a temporary cover against the inclemencies of the weather, for one or more officers or private, soldiers. In order that the men may become expert in pitching and striking tents, they ought to be practised whilst in camp to do either. PITCH, in architecture, is the angle, and gable end, of the roof of a building. PITCHANDAH, Ind. a fortified pa- goda, on the north bank of the Cobroon, one mile east of Seringhain. It was taken possession of, and immediately abandoned by the English army, in July, 1751. — See pages 178, 179, of Onne's History of the Carnatic. True-PITCHED. A roof is said to be true-pitched, if the length of each rafter be three-fourths of a building. High or sharp-P itched. If the rafters are longer than three-fourths of a build- ing, the roof is said to be high or sharp- pitched. Low or flat-PncuzD. When the rafters are shorter than three-fourths of a building, the roof is said to be low or flat-pitched. Pitched Battle, (bataille rangee, Fr.) a battle, in consequence of preconcerted measures, when two hostile armies are drawn up in regular array, and upon the issue of which some important object depends, as was the case at the battle of Wagram, in 1809. PITCHING, the same as paving. PITONS d'ajfiit, Fr. iron pins which are used to keep the plate-bands of the carnage of a gun tight and compact. PIVOT, (pivot, Fr.) in a military sense, that officer, Serjeant, corporal, or soldier, upon whom the different wheel- ings are made in military evolutions. — There are two sorts of pivots distin- guished according to the position of the troops who are governed by them, via. standing pivot and moveable pivot. When a battalion, for instance, stands in open column of companies, the right in front, the last man upon the left of the front rank of each company, is called the in- ner, or standing pivot; and the first man upon the right ditto, is called the outer, or wheeling flank. So much de- pends upon the accurate position of the different pivots, that no movement can P I V ( < ' w > P L A be thoroughly correct unless the inn t Scrupulous attention be pwd to them. — Officers in particular ought to recollect, iuiiat i> bo sensibly pointed out in the General link's tod Regulations,) thai when they are posted upon the Ranks, tht-v become essentially necessary to the preservation of that perpendicular and paral li li-ui of a march, without which direction, the best digested martcetivres must be ultimately rendered useless. — They must constantly bear in mind, thai it belongs to the mounted field offici rs to watch the aggregate, and that they t hem s el ves, being incorporated pants of the different divisions, are to move suc- cessively forward, with no other object in view than the perpendicular point be- fore them. For rf they once turn to the right or left, or become anxious about the mm em< i.ts of others, instead of being the means of insensibly correcting any errors that mi>j,ht casually occur, tin \ will deviate themselves, and at every step increase the irregularity. On this account, the instant an officer has wheeled his division, he must resume his perpendicular position, look st» dfastly on his leading pivot, preserve his relative distance, and keep his person perfectly square, He ought likewise to be parti- cularly correct in stepping off when the wheel is completed. Moveable PrvoT, one which during the wheel of its di\ ision advances in a circular direction, instead of turning on the spot where it originally stood. '1 Ims when divisions, &c. are successively wheeled, without being first halted, the pivot upon which they wheel is said to be moveable. In the drill, single ranks are firequ 1 1 ' 1 % wheeled on a moveable pivot, in which case, both Hanks are moveable, and de- scribe concentring circles round a point which is a tew paces from what would otherwise be the standing flank ; and eyes are all turned towards the directing pivot man, whether he is on the outward Hank, or on the Hank wheeled to. i'lvoT-J/anks, the flanks upon which anothei that Hank, upon which the wheel is made, must consider himself as the pivot. Platoon Pivots, the men upon whom a battalion marches in columns of pla- toons, is wheeled up into line, or back- ward into column, when the line has liein formed according to a given front. PlVOT, (pivot, Fr.) the tainpin of a gdte or great door; a piece of iron or brass, made ("or the most part like a top, round and hroad at one end, and sharp at the other, whereby it enters into the erapaudine, or sole, in which the pivot plays, ami serves as well to bear up the gate un whose bottom it is placed) as to facilitate it> motion. It is also made, sometimes two-fold in the upper part, and nailed upon both sides of the c/iar- donnereau; and sometimes like a spindle, sharp at both cuds, the upper sticking in the chardmnerau, or bar of the door. Pivot also signifies the principal stay, support, or pillar, of a kingdom. Whence likewise the military term pivot, upon which tin: movements of columns, &c. are made, and by which they are sup- ported. l'l \ (TITER un /litis, Fr. to hang a door in; pivots. PIZE, Fr. earthen, or made of mud, &c. whence murailUi de pizc, earthen walls. PLACAGE, Fr. in fortification, a kind of revctement, which is made of thick plastic- earth, laid along the talus ot such parapets as have no mason work, and which is covered with turf. PLACARD, } or, as it is in the ori- PLACART, S ginal Dutch language, placaat, a term used abroad for a pro- clamation, edict, fee. put up in all public places, by the authority of government J whereby their subjects are ordered to do, or forbear, Something expressed therein. See Manifesto. Pi.acaiu), Fr. any bill or public paper, that is posted up. It likewise means a libel. To Pi A CARD, (plucurder, Fr.) to stick up for public observation; also to libel a line is formed from column. When the right of the battalion is in front, the pivot flanks are on the left of its several companies, platoons, &c. and vice versfi, win ii the left is in front. 1'ivoT-Jlaal; officer, the officer who is on the first Hank. In all wheelings dur- ing the march in column t he office* on Placard, in architecture, the deco- ration of the door of an apartment, con- -i-ting of a chanibnuilc, crowned with its lii/.e, or gorge, and its corniche some- times supported with consoles. PLACARDED, (placardc, Fr.) stuck up. PLACCAR, Fr. a lock. Huis qui se P L A ( 611 ) P L A ferment a doubles placcars, doors which are shut with double locks. To PLACE, to appoint; as to place an officer in the 17th toot. It also sig- nifies to post or distribute ; as, to place a sentinel ; to place a piquet. This word is confined to a particular situation, but it is not used as a general word amongst us. The French say, Placer un jeune liomme, to provide for a young man : Placer dans Varmee, to provide for in the army ; literally to place him. Place, Fr. Every species of fortified place is so called. Place, Fr. The French say, when any number of men have fallen in action, 11 est demeurc tel nombre d' homines sur la place ; such a number of men remained, or were left, on the spot. Place, emplacement, Fr. any spot or site which suits the plans of an architect to build upon. Place, in fortification, signifies, in general terms, a fortified town, a fortress. Hence we say, it is a strong place. Place of arms, (place d'armes, Fr.) This term has various significations, al- though it uniformly means a place which is calculated for the rendezvous of men in arms, &c. 1st. When an army takes the field, every strong hold or fortress which sup- ports its operations by affording a safe retreat to its depots, heavy artillery, ma- gazines, hospitals, &c. is called a place of arms. 2dly. In offensive fortifications, those lines are called places of arms, or paral- lels, which unite the different means of attack, secure the regular approaches, &c. and contain bodies of troops who either do duty in the trenches, protect the workmen, or are destined to make an impression upon the enemy's out- works. There are demi-places of arms between the places of arms. These are more or less numerous in proportion to the re- sistance made by the besieged. Place, Fr. This word is frequently used by the French, in a military sense, to signify ration, viz. Vne Place de louche, Fr. one ration of provisions. Deux Places de fourrage, Fr. two rations of forage. Places of arms belonging to the co- vert way. These are divided into two Sorts, viz, salient and rentrant places of arms, There are likewise places of arms composed of traverses, which are prac- tised or made in the dry ditches of mi- litary towns, in a perpendicular direc- tion to the faces of the half moons and the tenaillons. Place of arms in a fortified tozai, (place d'armcs d'une ville de guerre, Fr.) The place of arms is always in the middle of the town, generally in the market place, if it be central. The ground must be sufficiently spacious for the parade of the garrison, or at least for the greatest part of it ; for it is there that the several guards are paraded, and tlfe troops some- times exercised ; especially when the bar- racks are too confined, or when it is not thought expedient to march them beyond the gates for that purpose. Place of arms of an attack, or of a trench, are deep trenches 15 or 18 feet wide, joining the several attacks toge- ther : they serve for a rendezvous and station to the guard of the trenches, to be at hand to support the workmen when attacked. It is customary to make 3 places of arms, when the ground will permit : the first, and most distant from the place, is about 300 toises, or 600 yards, from the glacis of the covert- way ; the second is within 140 toises, or 280 yards ; and the third at the foot of the glacis. See Parallels. Place of arms of a camp was, strictly speaking, the bell tents, at the head of each company where the arms were for- merly lodged ; likewise a place chosen at the head of the camp, for the army to form in line of battle, for a review, or the like. Place of arms of the covert way is a part of it, opposite to the re-entering angle of the counterscarp, projecting outwards in an angle. Place marecageuse, Fr. a marshy place. A place of this description may be easily fortified, and at little expense; nor does it require many troops for de- fence. Among other advantages, that of not being exposed to an enemy's mines, is by no means the least considerable. On the other hand, piles must be sunk in almost every direction ; and should it be invested, it is almost impossible to succour it. Add to these inconveniences, the danger to which the garrison must be constantly exposed of being visited by some contagious disorder; as was the case in Holland, particularly at Wal- cheren, that grave or British valour. Place ilevee dans un plat pays, Fr. 4N P L A ( G42 ) P L A places that arc put in a state of defence in a llat open country. These places are almost always secured by regular forti- fications : the soil is good, and there is always plenty of earth adapted to every species of military work : there is abundance of water; and should an enemy attempt to carry them by in- sulting the works, entrenchments may be easily thrown up to check him. Add to this, that it would require two or three armies, at least, to cut off the various supplies which can be procured from the country round. On the other hand, the goodness and abundance of the soil are equally beneficial to the besieging army. For the troops are thereby enabled to throw up entrenchments, to build re- doubts, erect batteries, and by thus securing their approaches, to annoy the besieged at all hours, and in all ways. Place situie stir It penchunt d'uiie montagne, Fr. a place situated or built upon the declivity of a hill. It is very difficult to fortify a spot, of this sort. — Whatever is erected upon it, must be commanded by the higher ground, and the body of the place be, of course, ex- posed to every attack. Placf. siluee dans tine vallee, Fr. a town, fortress, or hold, that, is built in a valley. Places so situated must be in constant jeopardy, as by getting posses- sion of the heights, the enemy can al- ways command them. Place siluee stir les bords (Tune grunde riviere, Fr. a place, &c. built upon the banks or borders of a large river. Places constructed in a situation of this sort, are preferable to all others, provided they have a free and uninterrupted communi- cation with the principal quarter from which stores, provisions, and ammuni- tion may be drawn. They may be re- gularly fortified towards the interior of the country, and it will require little or no artificial means to secure them on the side of the river. Place de guci-re, Fr. any town or place that is regularly, or irregularly, fortified. Place basse, Fr. in fortification : the lower flanks, according to certain sys- tems, are so called. Place forte, Fr. a strong hold, or place, which presents at all points so many difficult obstacles against a be- sieging army, that it cannot be carried (except by surprize) unless the regular means of reducing it be resorted to. Places contreminees, Fr. All for- tresses, \c. are called places contreminiet, or coun/eruiiiittl, which, independently of their open and visible means of defence, &c. have subterraneous fortifications that are alongside the revetements of the works, under the glacis, or beneath the neighbouring ground, to interrupt the approaches, and destroy the works of a besieging army. Place haute, Fr. According to the systems of some engineers (which have not been followed of late years) the place haute, or high place, is that which stands the highest of three platforms that were constructed in the shape of an amphitheatre along the flanks of the bastions. It stands on a level with the terrepleme of the bastion. The cannon which is destined to play against a be- sieging enemy is placed upon it. Pagan, Blondel, and others, who have copied from these systems, did so from an idea, that considerable advantages might be derived from a powerful and concen- trated discharge of artillery and musketry . Not conceiving that it was possible to construct casemated flanks free of smoke, they built three or four open flanks, one above the other. But they were BOOn rendered useless and untenable by the shells that fell, and the fragments that flew about in consequence of the demo- lition of the mason work. Casemated ramparts, on the contrary, have been known to stand proof against the heaviest discharge of bombs, &c. to take up little room, and to afford ample space for a wide range of artillery, that is kept under cover. PhACE-bassc, Fr. See Casemate. Place d'ar-mes, Fr. any spot of ground upon which troops may be drawn up for the purpose of being marched off. Places en premiere ligne, Fr. those parts of a country which are most expo- sed, and most likely to be attacked by an enemy. Places en seconde ligne, Fr. those parts or places which lie between the center of a country and its borders. Those indeed which are again closer to the center, are called les troisiimes places de ligne. Places d 'urines du chemin cuuvert, Fr. salient and rentrant spaces which flank the branches belonging to the covert way, and in which men are posted for their defence. We call it also place of arirtt without, or that space of ground which PLA ( 643 ) PLA is allowed to the covert way, in order to have cannon planted on it, for the pur- ine of annoying the enemy in his ap- proaches, and of forcing him to retire. Places non-revetues, Fr. All fortified towns or places are so called, when the ramparts that surround them are only lined with placage or simple turf. In this case, the ramparts, so lined or co- vered, ought to be fraised and palisadoed about the berme or foot path, to prevent surprizes. Hedges made of good quick- set, well interwoven with other wood, and carefully attended to, will save the expense of palisadoes, which in marshy soils soon lot, and require to be re- placed. Places revetues, Fr. All fortified towns or places are so called, whose ram- parts are lined or covered with brick or stone. It frequently happens, that the revetement does not reach the terre- pleine of the rampart, especially when the parapets are thick and solid ; in which case the revetement is more easily covered by the glacis. Parapets are no longer lined. To be PLACED. This expression is frequently used in naval and military matters, to signify the appointment or reduction of officers. Hence to be placed upon full or half pay. It is more generally applicable to the latter case. PLACER, Fr. to fix, to settle. This word is used among the French, to ex- press the act of providing for a person by appointing him to a desirable situation, viz. place?' un jeune liornme dans un regi- ment ; to get a young man a commission in a regiment. Un cheval bien Place, Fr. A horse is said, among the I- reach, to be well placed, when his forehead runs perpen- dicularly down between the nostrils. PLACET, Fr. a memorial, 'a peti- tion. PLAFOND, Fr. platfound, in archi- tecture, is the ceiling of a room, whether it be flat or arched ; lined with plaster or joiners work, and frequently enriched with paintings or ornaments in sculp- ture. Plafond, or platfound, is also more particularly used for the bottom of the pvojecture of the larmier of the cornice, called also the soffit. PLAFONNER, Fr. to ceil or adorn the upper part of a room, &c. PLAGE, Fr. flat shore, or extent of coast, where there are no creeks, &c. for vessels to ride in. Belted PLAID, the ancient garb of the Scotch Highlanders, and still worn by some of our Highland regiments. The belted plaid consists of twelve yards of tartan, which are plaited, bound round the waist by a leathern belt, the upper part being attached to the left shoulder. In the regulations relative to the clothing and half mounting of the Bri- tish infantry, it is directed, that in a Highland corps serving in Europe, in North America, or at the Cape of Good Hope, each serjeant, corporal, drummer, and private man, shall have six yards of plaid once in two years ; and a purse every seven years. PLAIE, Fr. a wound. Plaie d 'urgent, Fr. an irregularity in money matters. The French say figu- ratively : Plaie d'argent ?i'est pas plaie mortelle, pecuniary w ounds are not mor- tal. We are, however, decidedly of opinion, that half the feuds and miseries in human life, particularly among military men, arise from pecuniary irregularities. See MoNEY-?MaWers. PLAIN-ri/e. See Tile. Plain scale is a thin ruler, either of wood or brass, whereon are graduated the lines of chords, sines and tangents, leagues, rhombs, and is extremely useful in most parts of mathematics. Plain table, an instrument used in surveying land. The table itself is a parallelogram of wood 14% inches long, and about 11 inches broad. PLAINE, Fr. scutcheon of a lock; apron of a cannon. Plaine cumpagne, Fr. the open field. Hence, la batuiile s'est donn'ce en pluine cumpagne ; the battle was fought in the open field. PLAN, gi^oinid plot, or ichnogi'uphy, in fortification, is the representation of the first or fundamental trace of a work, shewing the length of its lines, the quan- tity of its angles, the breadth of the ditches, thickness of the rampart, para- pets, and the distance of one part from another; so that a plan represents a work, such as it would appear if cut equal with the level of the horizon, or cut off at the foundation : but it marks neither the heights nor depths of the several parts of the works : that is pro- perly profile, which expresses only the heights, breadths, and depths, without 4N? PLA ( 644 ) PLA taking notice of the lengths. As archi- tects, before they lay toe foundation of their edifice, make their design on paper, by which means they find out their faults, so an engineer, before he traces his works on the ground, should make plans of his designs upon paper, that he may do nothing without serious deliber- ation. Exact plans are very useful for gene- rals or governors, in either attacking or defending a place, in chusing a camp, determining attacks, conducting the ap- proaches, or in examining the strength and weakness of a place ; especially such plans as represent a place with the country about it, shewing the rivers, fountains, marshes, ditches, vallies, mountains, woods, houses, churches, de- files, roads, and other particulars, which appertain to it. Plan of comparison, a geometrical sketch of any fortress and adjacent country, within cannon shot, in which the different levels of every principal point are expressed. PLAN, Fr. See Plan. Lever le Plan de (juelque place de guerre, Fr. to draw the plan of a forti- fied town or place. .Plan relevS, ou plan en relief, Fr. a plan or representation of all the out- works, and inside buildings, belonging to a fortified town or place. Plan, Fr. plane, in geometry, a level surface without thickness, which has neither depth nor curvity. PLANCHER, Fr. a boarded floor. It also signifies a ceiling of boards, and sometimes a floor or bed of plaster. — The French say, figuratively, plancher de ruches, the earth. PLANCHES, Fr. boards, planks. Planchks d'e?it?'evoux, Fr. boards or planks that are laid between the joists, or posts of a building. PLANCHETTE, Fr. a small board or copper-plate, which is used in prac- tical geometry. Lever a la Plaxchette, Fr. to give an exact representation of any space of ground, with its appurtenances, on cop- per, or on a piece of paper which is pasted upon wood. In order to do this, a person must be well versed in practical geometry, Planchette, Fr. a woman's stirrup ; also the plate or the bottom of the stirrup, upon which the foot rests. PLANCJUEYER, Fr. to board or floor. PLANCONS, in hydraulic architec- ture, small round stakes of oak, from 12 to 15 feet long, having four inches dia- meter at top, and being pointed below. Geometrical PLANE in perspective, (plan en perspective, Fr.) a plain surface parallel to the horizon, placed lower than the eye. Horizontal Plane in perspective, (plan horizontal en perspective, Fr.) a plane which lies parallel to the horizon, and on which the eye is supposed to be placed. Vertical Plane in perspective, (plan vertical, ou plan a vue d'oiseuu, Fr.) a plain surface which passes through the eye, and is perpendicular to the geome- trical plane. Inclined Plane, (plan incline, Fr.) in mechanics, an inclined surface, which makes an oblique angle with an hori- zontal plane. To Plane, (planer, Fr.) to smooth with a plane. Plane, (plaine ou plan, Fr. ) in joinery, a sharp-edged iron instrument, by which the surface of boards is smoothed. PLA N ET-struck, or sfirczc-running, as some horsemen call it, is a distemper in horses, being a deprivation of feeling or motion, not stirring any of the mem- bers, but that they remain in the same form as when the beast was first seized with it. This disease frequently proceeds from extreme heat or cold. If it proceeds from heat it may be known by the hot- ness of the horse's breadth, and the fre- quent fetching of his wind ; but if from cold, by a stuffing and poze in his head. PLANIMETRY, ( planimUrie, Fr.) that part of geometry which considers lines and plain figures, without any re- ference to heights, or depths, in opposi- tion to stenometry, or the mensuration of solids. PLANISPHERE, (planisphere, Fr.) a representation of the globe or sphere on paper, for geometrical and astrono- mical purposes. 7b PLANK, to line or lay any thing with planks, as the sides and decks of vessels, or platforms for cannon, &o. To PLANT, in a military sense, to place, to fix; as to plant a standard. — It likewise signifies to arrange different pieces of ordnance for the purpose of doing execution against an enemy or his works. Hence to plant a battery. P L A ( 645 ) P L A Johnson applies it to the act of directing a cannon properly. The French use the word generally as we do, except in the last mentioned sense. They say mettre le canon en batterie. In others the terra bears the same signification, with occa- sional deviations when they apply it figuratively, viz. Planter le piquet c/tez quelquun, Fr. to quarter one-self upon any body. Planter la quclqu'un, Fr. to leave a person abruptly, or, as we familiarly say, to leave another in the lurch. Planter quelque chose au nez de quelquun, Fr. to reproach a person with any thing, or, as we familiarly say, to throw it in his teeth. Plante, Fr. to be fixed ; to be sta- tionary ; to be erect; as, Un soldat bien plant e sur ses pieds ; a soldier that is well set up. Planter un bdtiment, Fr. to lay- the first stones, or the foundations of a build- ins:. PLANTEMALIN, Fr. a caltrop. PLAQUE, Fr. the shell of a sword. See Placage. Plaques de plomb, Fr. sheets of lead. These are used for various purposes. In the artillery, to cover the vent of a- can- non ; and on board ships of war, to stop the holes that are made by cannon shot. PLAQUER, Fr. to lay one plank over another ; to cover any space with earth, or turf, &c. PLAQUET, an additional plate which was occasionally put upon the breast- piece of old armour ; also a coin in Flanders equal to three-pence halfpenny English. PLASM. See Mould. PLASTER, a piece of greased leather or rag used by rifle*iien, &c.-to make the ball fit the bore of the piece. Plaster, or Plaistkr, a composition of slaked lime, sometimes with hair, sometimes with sand, Sec. for pargeting or covering over the nakedness of a building ; used by bricklayers m build- ing walls, &c. Plaster of Paris is a fossile stone, of the nature of a lime stone, serving to many purposes in building. It is also used in sculpture, in moulding, and making of statues, basso relievos, and other decorations in architecture. This plaster is found in quarries about Paris, whence it derives its name. The finest is that of Montmartre. Crude Plaster of Paris is the native, as it comes out of the quarry, in which state it is used as shards in the founda- tion of buildings. Burnt Plaster is the native calcined, like lime in a kiln or furnace, pulverized or diluted with water or other liquid in working it. It is used, in this state, as mortar or cement in building. When well sifted and reduced to an impalpable powder, it is used in making figures in sculpture. PLASTICE, or PLASTIC-«rt, a branch of sculpture, being the art of forming figures of men and other ani- mals, in plaster, clay, stucco, &c. The Plastic Art is now chiefly used among us in fret-work ceilings ; but the Italians apply it to the mantlings of chimnies with great figures. PLASTRON, a piece of leather stuff- ed, used by fencing masters, to receive thereon the pushes made at them by their pupils ; also plaster. Plastron, Fr. a breast plate, or half cuirass. In the old French service the gendarmes, the heavy cavalry, the light horse, &c. were obliged to wear breast plates on all occasions at reviews, &c. The hussars were an exception to this order, which took place on the 23th of May, 1733. In the original order, dated the 1st of February, 1703, it was parti- cularly specified, that in order to be ac- customed to their weight, the above- mentioned corps should wear half cui- rasses in time of peace. The captains of troops were obliged to keep the half cuirasses belonging to their men in con- stant repair. PLAT, ate, Fr. flat, level, low. The flat side of any thing ; as, plat de sabre. Plat de la langue, Fr. mere talk, such as courtiers use. Plat pays, Fr. a flat or low country. It is generally used among the French to signify that extent, or space of a coun- try, on which scattered houses and vil- lages are built, in contradistinction to towns and fortified places. It is like- wise used in opposition to a mountainous country : Les soldats de la garnison vi- rulent aux depens da plat pays ; the sol- diers of the garrison lived upon the ad- jacent villages or country. Punir d coup de Plat de sabre, Fr. to punish a man by striking him with the flat side of a sabre blade. The French likewise say, des coups de plat d'epee ; blows given with the flat side of a P L A ( 6-16 ) P L A sword. — This mode of punishing is fre- quently adopted in foreign services, par- bcularly among the Germans. M. de St. Germain, minister of the war depart- ment under Loois XVI. attempted to introduce it in France, but it was re- sisted by the army at large. Hall re a Plate couture, Fr. to gain a complete and decisive victory, or to beat an enemy so as to kill, or take, al- most every man he had to oppose.— Hence, ( ne armee battue a plate con ture ; an army completely routed and undone. Plat de I'ajuipage d'un vaisscuu, IV. a dish or mess, consisting of seven rations or portions put together, and served out for the subsistence of seven men, on board French ships of war. Etre ??iis an Plat des malades mr met; Fr. to be put upon the sick lisl on board a king's ship; or to receive such rations as arc ordered to be served out to the sick. Mnison Plate, Fr. a house which has neither towers nor moat ; opposed to chateau or castle, which usually has. Plat, Fr. a term in carpentry. See Poser mr le plat ; also Poser de champ or cant. V\.AT-hand, in architecture, accord- ing to M. Ferruult, is any flat square moulding, having less prefecture than height. Such are the faces or fascia of an architrave, and the plat-bands of the modillions of a cornice. PLAT-bord, bord-PL at, Fr. in a ship, is the edge of the deck, from the main- mast to the fore-castle, upon which the great ordnance is placed ; also the center board of the deck of a ship. It likewise generally signifies all the ma- terials or pieces which constitute the up- per part of the deck of a vessel or boat. PLATAIN, Fr. flat-coast ; a spot near the sea which is well calculated for a descent. Krf/-PLATE, a piece of thick brass '• r into the butt end of the stock, fas- tened with two screws at the. toe and heel, in ©rder to secure the wood from injury. jmggfcr-PLATfi, a piece of brass which is let into the stock under the guard or handle, and contints the action of the trigger. PLATEAU, IV. a flat piece of wood, h is sometimes used to place mor- tal.- fui. is.-.- This word also signifies the moulding which goes round a piece of ordnance, in three different place9, to render its diminution towards the muzzle less abrupt to the eye. Plateau, Fr. the bottom piece of wood on which any thing is laid for the purpose of being weighed in large scales. Platj u , Fr. in the artillery, an ele- vated piece of ground, made level for cannon to be mounted on; a platform. Pi. v 1 r..w d'imc montagne, Er. the level surface of any hill or mountain. See T I I'./.E. PLATEAUX, Fr. flat and thin stones; flakes of stones. PLATEBANDES, Fr. cap-squares; a particular part of a piece of ordnance, which, though of a llat form or figure, rises beyond the rest of the metal, and is always cast before the moulding. There are three sorts of platebandes upon a regular piece of ordnance, viz. cap-square and moulding at the breech : cap-square and moulding of the first reinforce ; cap- square and moulding of the second rein- force. Platebandes d'uft'uts, Fr. iron cap- squares, which serve to keep the trun- nions fast between the cheeks of a piece of ordnance. Platebande de pave, Fr. curb stones, or stones of a larger size than the ordi- nary ones, which serve to line roads. PLATE-/onge is a woven strap, four fathoms Long, three fingers broad, and one thick, used in the manege for raising a horse's legs, and sometimes for taking him down, in order to facilitate the operations of the veterinary surgeon or farrier. PLATEE, Fr. the mass of a founda- tion, which comprehends the whole ex- tent of a building. PLATEFORME de pilotage, Fr. a platform made upon piles. When the pilework, in a piece of marshy ground, I &c. has been completed, planks are placed upon it and secured together by iron pins; so that if it be necessary to establish a post or erect a battery, there may be foundation enough for the pur- pose. Fort-Rouge, at the entrance of. Calais harbour, has been constructed in this manner ; and it has been found sufficiently strong to withstand the ex- plosion oi the catamaran. Plat f.form f. de eomble, Fr. flat pieces of wood laid together by overthwart rafters, so as to form two rows of beams, one of which supports the timber work of a roof, and which li<. on the top of th* PLA ( 647 ) PLA wall. When these platforms are nar- row, as is the case in walls of moderate dimensions, they are called sablieres. Plateforme de fondation, Fr. flat pieces of wood which are fastened upon pilework by means of iron pins, in order to build upon them ; or which are laid upon beam-ends in the bottom of a re- servoir, for the purpose of constructing an inside wall. PLATES, or prise-plates, in artillery, two plates of iron on the cheeks of a gun-carriage, from the cope square to the center, through which the prise-bolts go, and on which the handspikes rest, when used in raising the breech of the gun, &c. Breast-PL ates, the two plates on the face of the carriage, on the other cheek. £;e«s£-PLATES, the clasps with orna- mented heads, by which the cross-belts in the army are attached.' 7>«/h-Plates, the two plates on the cheeks at the train of the carnage. D/i/idge-FLA.TES, the six plates on the wheel of a gun-carriage, where the fel- lies are joined together. PLATFOND, a French word, used for ceiling or roof of a chamber or other room. The same as soffit. PLATFORM, (plateforme, Fr.) The upper part of every brick or stone build- ing which is arched and has more doors than one, is so called. Hence the plat- form of a tower, or of a redoubt. All pieces of ordnance that are planted on a rampart, or are disposed along the lines of a besieging army, &c. have their plat- forms. Platform, in gunnery, is a bed of wood on a battery, upon which the guns -stand : each consisting of 18 planks of oak or elm, a foot broad, 2| inches thick, and from 8 to 15 feet long, nailed or pinned on 4, 5, or 6 beams, from 4 to 7 inches square, called sleepers. — They must be made higher behind than before by b' or 9 inches, to prevent too great a recoil, and to advance the gun easily when loaded. They are from 18 to 20 feet long, 8 feet before, and 14 or 15 feet behind, and the direction left to the officers of the royal regiment of ar- tillery. Platforms are usually made of wood, and sometimes of stone. Platforms for mortars are made quite level. Traversing Platform. See Traver- sing. Platform, (plateforme, Fr.) in ar- chitecture, a kind of terrace walk, whence a full view may be taken in a garden. It is also used for a floor on the top of a building, whence a prospect may be taken of the adjacent country, as may be seen in Spain, Italy, and even in some of the southern provinces of France. PLAITNA, a metal used For touch- holes, and preferred, for that purpose, to gold. The platina or gold touch-hole has the advantage over the common one, of being less liable to become enlarged, because it is enabled to resist the che- mical effect of the nitrous acid, produced by the cumbustion of the powder, which is not able to decompose either of these metals, so readily as iron, or any of the grosser species. PLATINE de lumiere, Fr. the same as plaque de plomb, as far as it regards cannon. With respect to muskets and other fire-arms, it means that part of the hammer which covers the pan. Platine, (according to the author of the Noaveau Dictionnaire Mi/itaire, published in 1801,) when applied gene- rally, signifies the whole of a lock be- longing to a musket or fire-arm. PLATOON, in military affairs, was formerly a small body of men, in a bat- talion of foot, &c. that fired alternately. A battalion was then generally divided into 16 platoons, exclusive of the gre- nadiers, which formed 2 or 4 platoons, more or less, as occasion required. At present the battalion is generally divided into wings, grand divisions, divisions, (or companies,) subdivisions, and sec- tions ; and the word platoon is seldom used, except to denote a number (from 10 to 20) of recruits assembled for the purpose of instruction ; in which case it may be considered synonimous with company. PLATRAS, Fr. rubbish, such as ashes, pieces of broken bricks, mortar, ike. It is used by refiners, for the pur- pose of distilling saltpetre into proper vessels. They likewise extract saltpetre out of this rubbish, after having pounded it well together, and pressed it through a wash. PLATRE, Fr. plaster; parget; point; plaster made of lime for building, &c. Battre quelqiiun comme platre, to beat a person to mummy. PLATRE, Fr. literally plastered; patched up. P L E ( 6j48 ) P L O PLATRER, Fr. to plaster ; to patch ; to daub over. PLAT-vein, in a horse, is a vein on the inside of each fore thigh, a little below the elbow; some call it the basilic vein. The bleeding of this vein may be stopped, when cut, by filling the orifice with the wool of a rabbit or hare, and afterwards sewing up the skin in two parts, upon which a little matter will collect; but by greasing the wound, it will be healed in a few days. PLATS de balance, Fr. the two dishes, or plates, of a pair of scales. PLAY is occasionally applied to mi- litary action ; as the cannon play upon the enemy, &c. To Play, to have the different instru- ments of a band sounded. Hence the band is ordered to play ; a privilege which in many regiments is confined to the commanding officer, particularly at parades. Play, game; practice of gaming; contest at a game. Also, gambling, or risking money. Foul Pt ay, a method of playing, by which undue advantage is taken ; as bv cogging, securing, iS:c. See Jeu de ho- ard. I'LAY-debt, commonly called a debt of honour, debt contracted bv gaming, and which must be discharged at the expense of every other obligation ; fashionable honour being considered, in this case, as paramount to common honesty! PLEBEIAN, from the Latin plebcius, any person of the situation or condition of the common people. The term is chiefly used in speaking of the ancient Romans, who were divided into senators, knights, and plebeians, or common people. PLEDGE, in a military sense, any thing given as warrant or security. Offi- cers who undertake commands, &c. tacitly give a pledge to their sovereign, and to their country, for the necessary talent and qualifications required; and no pledge should be admitted without a forfeit. PLEDGET, the same as bolster, com- press, in surge'ry, a kind of flat tent, which is laid over a wound to imbibe the superfluous humours that ooze out, and to keep it clean. PLEIN d'un mur, Fr. the main part or body of a wall. Cour PLENIERE, Fr, an open court, to which every body has access. In the ancient times of France, when the Grand JMonarqut signified his intentions of being present at a solemn assembly of his nobles, &c. or having magnificent tournaments, public notice was given that a cour p/tiiil >r, or open court, would be held. This was done, in order to allow sufficient time for foreign princes to appear in person. PLESION, a particular formation of troops in close column, which was in- vented by Dumenil Durand, a French military « riter, of whom Guibert speaks. PLEUVOIR, Fr. to rain ; to pour. — The French say, figuratively, (when there is a heavy discharge of musketry directed against any particular quarter,) ili/pleut des mousqueludcs ; les coups de mousquet y pleuvcnt ; musket-shots pour upon that quarter ; musket-shots rain or come down in torrents. PLIER, Fr. to give way. Une alle qui Plie, Fr. in a military sense, the wing of an army which gives way. When this occurs, it behoves a wise and executive general to send im- mediate support, for the whole army is endangered by the least impression on that quarter. The French say figura- tively of a general who drives every- thing before him, Tout plie devant lui, every thing gives way before him. Plies also signifies to step out of the ranks, or to deform the alignement. — Hence plier le pied, to step out in a dis- orderly manner. PLINTH, the square member which serves as a foundation to the base of a pillar ; so called from the Greek ttXivS^, a brick. It is used as the foundation of columns, seeming to have been ori- ginally intended to prevent the bottom of the primitive wooden pillars from rotting. Plinth of a statue, a base or stand, either flat, round, or square, serving to support a statue. Plinth of a -wall, a term used by bricklayers for two or three rows of bricks, which advance out from the wall ; or it is used generally to signify every flat, high moulding, serving in a front wall to mark the floors, or to sustain the eaves of a wall, and the larmier or drip of a chimney. Vitruvius calls the Tus- can abacus, plinth, on account of the resemblance it bears to a brick : it is. also called orlo. PLOMB, Fr. lead; a plummet, or PLO ( 649 ) P L U small piece of lead, which is attached to | Plong£e da rempart, Fr. The slope some packthread, so that it may be sus-jof the upper part of the parapet, be- longing to the rampart, is so called. The slope is likewise named talus supcrieur, or upper talus. PLONGEONS, Fr. artificial fire- works, which are shot into water, and rise again without being extinguished. Plongeons, Fr. plungers or divers. Men of this description ought always to accompany an army, for the purpose of swimming under bridges of boats, &c. and making apertures in their bottoms. PLONGER, Fr. literally to plunge : a term used to signify all discharges which are made by cannon, musketry, from any height, such as the rampart, &c. into the fosse, or upon the adjacent country. PLUG, or breech patent, called, also, chambered plug. In a book entitled Scloppetaria, there is, in page 115, the following observation relative to this article: "Patent breeches, or cham- bered plugs, are acknowledged to re- quire less powder, and to be less liable to stop up, than the plugs commonly used. The excavation of the breech should be made to contain, as nearly as possible, the exact quantity of pow- der intended to be used. This exca- vation having been thus made to con- tain the charge of powder, in order to prevent the grains from being bruised by the force of the ramrod in driving down the ball, the upper part should be bored away, or countersunk, so as to be capable of receiving about a quarter part of the lower hemisphere of the ball." PLUIE de feu, Fr. literally a shower or rain of fire. It signifies a certain quantity of artificial fireworks, whose discharge falls in regular sparks, with- out ever deviating into a serpentine di- rection. PLUMASSIER, a word taken from the French, signifying a dealer or chap- man in feathers. PLUM/E, the iron plates of which the pieces of ancient armour were com- posed, for the defence of the chest, arms, thighs, and legs. They were so called from their resemblance to the feathers of a bird. Hence the cuirasses themselves, or coverings for the thighs, &c. were called plumatae. PLUMB, PLUMMET, a leaden or other weight, let down at the end of a string or piece of catgut to regulate any work in a line perpendicular to the bo- 40 pended in a perpendicular direction. It is used by miners. The packthread by which it hangs is called fuuet, or whip- cord. Plomb also comprehends, in its sig- nification, all sorts of shot, except can- non-shot, used in fire-arms. The French say, la ville a tteforcee de capituler,faute de plomb, (i. e. balles de mousquet) et de poudre, the town was forced or obliged to capitulate through the want of shot and gunpowder. A Plumb, Fr. the perpendicular po- sition of any body or substance. Une murail/e est a plomb, a wall is in a stiaii^ht perpendicular direction. Donuer d Plomb, Fr. to fall verti- cally, as the rays of the sun do in certain latitudes. Etre a Plomb, Fr. to stand upright. Marcher a Plomb, Fr. to march with a firm, steady pace. This word is sometimes used as a sub- stantive, viz. perdre son aplomb, to lose one's balance. Manquer cC aplomb, Fr. to be unsteady. PLOMBANT, Fr. plumbing or try- ing the straightness of a work by a plumb-ride. PLOMB de sonde, Fr. sounding-line. Plomb a chas, Fr. an instrument made of copper or brass. See Plumb- Rule. Plomb de Mine, ) r, , . , , . Mine dt Plomb, \ Fr ' black lead " Plomb noir, Fr. common or ordinary lead. The French say,' figuratively, Cet ofjicitr a du plomb dans la tete, that offi- cer is a deliberate, cool man. Plomb, Fr. bullets; shot. Le plomb vole, the bullets fly about. The French say, Craindre ni plomb, ni fer, not to fear either gun or sword. PLOMBAGINE, Fr. lead and silver ore intermixed. PLOMBATURE, Fr. solder of lead or tin. PLOMBEAU, Fr. a plummet, or any weight of lead ; whence Le poids a plorn- beau, the Roman beam, or stelleer. Plombeau a"une epte, Fr. the pom- mel of a sword. PLOMBEE, Fr. a pellet of lead. PLONG&E, Fr. a term used in artil- lery to express the action of a bomb, ike. which from the highest point of the curve it describes, takes a downward di- rection to strike its object. P L U ( 630 ) PLU nzon, or to sound the depth of any thing. It is of great use to the artillerist, as well as to the engineer. Plumb rule. Plumb line, (plumb (Fouvrier, Fr.) an instrument used by carpenters, masons, &c. to draw per- pendiculars, in order to judge whether walls be upright, planes horizontal, and the like. It consists df a small piece of lead, or other metal, fastened to the end of a thread or cord, which descends along a plate of iron or brass, and when it is raised perpendicular on another, it becomes a level. Pilots, at sea, likewise ascertain their soundings by it. In the forming of re- cruits it is particularly advantageous; as may be seen in the following extract from the Rules and Regulations. Plummets which vibrate the required times of march in a minute, are of great utility, andean alone prevent, or correct uncertainly of movement ; they must be in the possession of, and be constantly referred to hv each instructor of a squad. The several lengths of plummets, swing- ing the times of the different marches in a minute, are as follow : — Steps In.Hund. in Ordinary time - Quick time Quickest, or wheel- } ing time - S A musket ball, suspended which is not subject to stretch, (and must of course be kept constantly dry,) and on which are marked the different required lengths, will answer the above purpose, may be easily procured, and should be frequently compared with an accurate standard in the adjutant's or serjeant-major's possession, The length .of the plummet is to be measured from the point of suspension to the center of the ball. Accurate distances of steps must also be marked out on the ground, along which the soldier should he practised to inarch, and thereby acquire the just length of pace. Plumb line also signifies, among ar- tificers, a perpendicular, which is so called, because it is usually described by means of a plummet. PLUMBAT^E, leaden balls which were shot out of cross-bows by the Ro- man soldiers. PLUME, feathers worn by soldiers in the hat or helmet. a minute. 75 24 96 108 12 03 120 9 30 ended by a string Pi t me, Fr. See Pen. Coup dc Plume, Fr. stroke of the pen. PLUMET, Fr. plume, feather. An ornament which is worn by military men in their hats. It succeeded the panache, or bunch of feathers, that formerly adorned the helmets. PLUMP, an old word, now corrupted to clump, signifying a cluster; any num- ber joined in one mass; as certain plumps of Scottish horsemen. PLUNDER, hostile pillage, or spoils taken in war. To PLUNGE, to rush rapidly down; as the artillery plunged from the heights. PLUS, in algebra, commonly denotes majus, more: its character is + . Thus 5 + 7 is read 5 plug 7, and is equal to 12. PLUSH, a kind of stulV, with a sort of velvet nap or shag on one side, consist- ing of a woof of a single woollen thread, and a double warp; the one of two wool- len threads twisted, the other goat's or earners hair; though there are plushes entirely of worsted, others of hair, and others again of silk, cotton, &c. White plush breeches have been often worn by English dragoons. They resist moisture, and are easily cleaned. Blue plush pan- taloons are worn by the Royal Artillery Drivers. PLUTEUS, a defensive machine, which was used by the ancient Romans. It was composed of wicker hurdles laid for a roof on the top of posts, which the soldiers, who went under it for shelter, bore up with their hands. Kennett, in page 238, of his Roman Antiquities, observes, that some will have them, as well as the vinea;, to have been contrived with a double roof; the first and lower roof of planks, and the upper roof of hurdles, to break the force of any blow, without disordering the machine. The plutei, however, were of a different figure from the vineae, being shaped like an arched sort of wagon ; sortie having three wheels, so conveniently placed, that the machine would move either wav, with equal ease. They were put much to the same use as the musculi. Father Daniel, the Jesuit, in his history of the French militia, makes mention of this machine. He quotes a passage out of a poem, intituled the Siege of Paris, by Abbon, the Monk; the meaning of which is, that the Normans brought up a large quantity of machines, that were called plutei by the Romans, and that P O I ( 651 ) P O I seven or eight soldiers could be put under cover beneath them. He further adds, that these machines were covered with bull hides. The moderns have imitated these plutei by adopting mantelets. The Che- valier Folard mentions having seen one at the siege of Philippeville, of a triangu- lar figure, made of cork, interlaced be- tween two boards, and supported by three wheels that turned upon a pivot. PNEUMATICS, (pneumatique, Fr.) the doctrine of the air, or the laws whereby it is condensed, rarefied, gravi- tated, &c. Pneumatic Engine denotes the air pump. PODESTAT, Fr. a magistrate in a free town or citv; particularly in Italy. POELE, or POILE, Fr. a stove. " PCENiE Militares, Lat. military pu- nishments. POETRY, (poesie, Fr.) See Mar- tial Songs. POGE, Fr. starboard ; the right side of a ship. POIDS, Fr. weight. FoiDsde Marc,¥r. avoirdupois weight. Poids Komain, Fr. troy weight. Poids a peser Veau, Fr. waterpoise. Eire de PorDS, Ft. to weigh. Avec Poids et mesure, Fr. with care and circumspection. POIGNARD, Fr. dagger, poniard. Coup de Poignard, Fr. a stab. POIGNARDER, Fr. to stab. POIGNEE, Fr. handful. Poignee d'hommes, a handful of men ; a small number. Poignee, Fr. handle of a sword. La Poignee, Fr. the handle. POIL, Fr. hair about the body. The French make a distinction between the hair which covers animals and the bodies of human creatures, and that which grows upon the head of the human spe- cies. They say, cheveux de la lite, and pail du corps. They also apply the word crins to the hair of a horse, particularly to the mane and tail. Monter un cheval a Poil, Fr. to ride a horse without a saddle. Un brave a trois Poils, Fr. a figura- tive expression to describe a bully, or gasconading fellow. POINCON, Fr. a puncheon ; bodkin. It is likewise an instrument which is used in the making of artificial fire- works, being called poincon a arret, from a piece of iron running cross-ways near the point, to prevent it from en- tering too far. Poincon, ou Aiguille, Fr. an upright piece of wood, whereat all the smaller rafters meet in a point. Poincon also signifies the tree or spindle of a machine* upon which it turns in a vertical direc- tion, as is the case in a crane. Poincon d'une tour, Fr. the ball, or middle of the top, of a round tower; that part whereon a weathercock is usually planted. POING, Fr. the fist. Coup rfePoiNG, Fr. a blow given with the fist. POINSON, from the French poincon, a little sharp pointed iron, fixed in a wooden handle, which the horseman holds in the right hand, to prick a leap- ing horse in the croupe, to make him yerk out behind. POINT, a steel instrument, of various uses in several arts.. Engravers, etchers, wood-cutters, stone-cutters, &c. use points to trace their designs on copper, wood, or stone. Point. This term is frequently used in a military sense, as point of intersec- tion, intermediate point, fyc. — The seve- ral applications of which may seen in the General Rules and Regulations. Point, particular place to which any thing is directed. Hence, to concentrate all your forces, and to bring them to bear upon one point. Point, in geometry, according to Euclid, is a quantity which has no parts, being indivisible; and according to others, that which terminates itself on every side, and which has no boundaries distinct from itself. This is a mathe- matical point, and is only conceived by the imagination ; yet herein all magni- tude begins and ends, its flux generating a line, that of a line a surface, &c. A line can only cut another in a point. Point, or points of distance, in per- spective, is a point, or points, (for there are sometimes two of them,) placed at equal distances from the point of sight. Accidental Points, or Contingent Points, in perspective, are certain points wherein such objects as may be thrown negligently, and without order, under the plan, do tend to terminate. — For this reason they are not drawn to the point of sight, nor the points of distance, but meet accidentally, or at random, in the horizon. Point of the Front, in perspective, 4 02 P O I ( 652 ) P O I is when we have the object directly be- fore us, and not more on one side than the other, in which case it only shews the foreside ; and it it be below the ho- rizon, a little of the top too, but nothing of the side, unless the object be poly- gonous. Third Potnt, a point taken at dis- cretion in the line of distance, wherein all the diagonals, drawn from the divi- sions of the geometrical plane, concur. Objective Point, a point on a geome- trical plane, whose representation is re- quired on the perspective plane. Point of concourse, in optics, is that wherein converging rays meet; more commonly called the focus. Point of dispersion, is that wherein the rays begin to diverge, usually called the virtual focus. Covering Point, a point which, in changes of position, materially concerns the movement of one line with another. When a change of position is made on a flank or central point of the Hist line, the movement of its covering point, of the second line, determines the new re- lative situation of that second line. Point of Honour. See Honour. Point of Appui, the point upon which a line of troops is formed. When the right stands in front, and the column is marching to form, the Hist hailed com- pany, division, &c. is the point of ap- pui; and when the right is in front, the distant point of formation is the left. Point of Intersection, (point d'inter- section, Fr.) the point where two lines intersect each other. Intermediate Point, (point intermc- diai/e, Ft.) In marching forward that is called an intermediate point which lies between the spot marched from, and the spot towards which you are ad- vancing. In forming line, the center point between the right and left is the intermediate point. It is of the utmost consequence to every body of troops, advancing or retreating, but especially in advancing towards the enemy, to find an intermediate point between two given, and perhaps, inaccessible objects. The line of march is preserved by these means in its perpendicular direction, and tvery column may be enabled to ascer- tain its relative point of entry in the same line. Point of alignment, (point d'aligne- ment, Fr.) the point which troops form upon, and dress by. Point of formation, a point taken, upon which troops are formed in mili- tary order. Point of view, specific survey of a thing, intellectual or otherwise. Military Point of view, a survey of things or objects with reference to mili- tary operations only. PoiNT of viezc, in architecture, is a point at a certain distance from a build- ing or other object, wherein the eye has the most advantageous view or prospect, of the same. This point is usually at a distance equal to the height of the building. A vague or indeterminate point has a different effect from the point of view, in that, in looking at a building from an indeterminate point, the eye can only form an idea of the magnitude of its mass, by comparing it with other build- ings adjacent to it. Perpendicular Point, the point upon which troops inarch in a straight forward direction. Relative Points, the points by which the parallelism of a march is preserved. Point of passing, the ground on which one or more bodies of armed men march by a reviewing general. Point to salute at, the spot on which the reviewing general stands. This, how- ever, is not to be understood literally, as every infantry officer, when he ar- rives within six paces of the general, recovers his sword and drops it, keep- ing it in that situation until he shall have passed him a prescribed number of paces. The cavalry salute within the breadth of the horse's neck, the instant the object is uncovered. Point of war, a loud and impressive beat of the drum, the perfect execution of which requires great skill and ac- tivity. The point of war is beat when a battalion charges. VoiKT-b/ank, in gunnery, denotes the shot of a piece levelled horizontally, without either mounting or sinking the muzzle. In shooting thus, the bullet is supposed to go in a direct line, and not to move in a curve, as bombs and highly elevated random shots do. We say supposed to go in adirecr. line, because it is certain that a shot cannot fly any part of its range in a right line strictly taken ; but the greater the velocity, the nearer it approaches to a right line ; or the less crooked its range. The French point blank, or but en blanc. is what the P O I ( 653 ) P O I British artillery call tlie line of metal elevation; which, in most guns, is be- tween one and two degrees. Point of light, (point de vue, Fr.) ^ Point of the eye, (point d'oril, Fr.) S called also principal point, and perspec- tive point, is a point in perspective, in the axis of the eye, or in the central ray where the same is intersected by the horizon. It is called the point of the eye, or ocular point, because directly op- posed to the eye of the person, who is to view the piece or object. Sirfe-PoiNT, the point of oblique view, or of the side, is when we see the object aside of us, and only as it were aslant, or with the corner of one eye, the eye, however, being all the while opposite to the point of light; in which case, we view the object laterally or sideways, and it presents to us two faces. Point du jour, Fr. break of day; dawn. De Point en blanc, Fr. point-blank. A Point, Fr. in time. A Point nomine, Fr. seasonably. De Point en point, Fr. thoroughly; completely. Point de niveau, Fr. in levelling, the extremities or ends of an horizontal line seen by the eye. Point de partage, Fr. the highest pitch to which water may be raised, so as to let it flow one way or the other. Point physique, Fr. that object which is least visible, or of which the eye is least sensible, marked by a pen, or dot- ted by the point of a compass. PO'INTAL, Fr. any piece of timber, or upright, which serves to support beams, or rafters that have given way ; or which can be used to sustain any other object. POINTE de terre, Fr. a point of land, a cape. La Pointe, Fr. the point of the sword. Pointe d'un bastion, Fr. the exterior angle of a bastion. La Pointe de Vaile droite d'une armie, Fr. the head of the right wing of an army. POINTER, Fr. to point : as pointer un canon, to point a cannon. The French also say, affuter un canon. Pointer une troupe ennemie, Fr. to fall unexpectedly upon a body of the enemy, and to throw it into disorder by a sudden attack with the bayonet, pike, or sword. POINTEUR, Fr. the mau who points a gun. POINTEURS, Fr. levellers; officers in the old French artillery, who were subordinate to the extraordinary com- missaries; but who were never employed except upon field service. POINTING of a gun or mortar is the placing either the one or the other, so as to hit the object, or to come as near it as possible. POINTS, Fr. holes, as Points des itriers, stirrup holes. Poi nts of command, all the particulars of a military injunction or order. Cardinal Points, (points cardinaux, Fr.) the North, South, East, and West. A tent cannot be properly pitched, un- less these four points are minutely at- tended to. The weather-cords derive all their stay by being correctly carried to those points. Points d'appui, Fr. basis, support. The general signification of this term ex- presses the different advantageous posts, such as castles, fortified villages, &c. which the general of an army takes pos- session of in order to secure his natural position. In a more limited sense, they mean those points which are taken up in movements and evolutions. See Point of appui. Vertical Points, (points verticaux, Fr.) two points in the globe, one of which is directly over our heads, and the other under our feet. They are called in astronomy, the zenith and the nadir. CollateralPo! nts, (points collateraux, Fr.) two points in the globe where the sun rises and sets, called East and West, which the French likewise name orient and Occident, or levant and cou- chant. POIRE a poudre, Fr. a powder-horn. It is sometimes called Poire, from its resemblance to a pear. To POISON a piece, (enclouer une piece, Fr.) in gunnery, to clog or nail it up. POISSARDES, Fr. fish-women; Bil- lingsgate sluts. These creatures were extremely active during the height of the French Revolution; particularly in Paris, where they were ironically called Les dames de la Halle. In 17S9, these ladies paid a visit to the King and Queen of France, at the court of Versailles, accompanied by some of the French guards, &c. and obliged POL ( 654 ) POL their Majesties to conn to Paris. The famous Marquis de la Fayette was at fixed in the front part or' an oflicer's the head if this motley crew. l'< HSSON tteau de vie, Fr. a quartern of brandy; a spirit formerly exported to other nations by France, but since her revolution, chiefly consumed by her soldiery. POITRAIL, (poitrail, Fr.) the tea* ton-piece, or master beam in timber-build- ings, by which a front wall is supported. POI PREL, Fr. armour for the breast of a horse, [t is generally written trail, and signifies the breast or chest of a horse, as well as the armour for its defence. Also, in harness, the breast leather. POIIRIXAL, Pectoral, in old ar- mour, breast-plate for horses, which was formed of plates of metal rivetted together that covered the breast and shoulders of the horse; it was usually adorned with foliage, or other orna- ments, engraved or embossed. Perhaps it might be better for the service, if, in- stead of loading our war-horses with enormous saddles and thick stinking sheep-skins, to the great annoyance and peril of the beast and his rider, this de- fensive armour were again adopted. POIX, Fr. pitch. l'oix resine, Fr. rosin. POLACRE, Fr. a lappelled coat. Pol ACRE, or Polaque, Fr. a Levan- tine vessel, which carries a smack-sail on the raizen mast, and square sails on the main-mast and bow-sprit. POLAIRE, Fr. polar. POLE, in a four-wheeled carriage, is fastened to the middle of the hind axle- tree, and passes between the fore axle- tree, and its bolster, fastened with the pole-pin, so as to move about it; keep- ing the fore and hind carriages together. Pole, (pole, Fr.) one of the two points upon which the globe turns: — One is called Arctic, and the other Ant- arctic pole; i. e. the Northern and the Southern. POLEMICAL, (polemiqve, Fr.) con- troversial; disputative; in military mat- ters, of or belonging to war or fighting; POLES, in castranx tatioo,Iong round pieces of wood, by which a marquee or tent is supported. There are three sorts, vi,:. Rw/ge-PoLE, a long round piece of wood, which runs along the top of an officer's tent or marquee, and i» sup- ported by two other poles, viz. Front-l'oiv., a strong pole which is tent or marquee, and is kept in a per- pendicular position, bv means of two strong cords, called weather cords, that run obliquely from each other, across two other cords from the rear pole, and are kept fast to the earth by wooden pegs. Hear-PoLE, a strong pole which is fixed in the hack-part of au officer's marquee or tent, and is kept in the same relative position as has been de- scribed above. Kre-PoLES, or Rods, artificial fire- works. They aregeuerally.ofthe length of ten or twelve feet, and of the thickness of two inches at most. One of the ends of the fire-pole is hollowed out with three or four flutes to the length of two or three feet. Into one of these flutes are fixed rockets or squibs. Paper crackers are fixed in the others. After holes have been bored through the body of the pole, in order that the rockets may have communication with the crackers, they must be neatly wrapped in paper, the more effectually to deceive the spectators. Picket Poles, round pieces of wood, shod with iron, and driven firmly into the earth, to fasten cavalry by, when at picket. The poles for the heavy horse should lit; longer than those which are commonly used. See Pickets. POLE AXE, an axe fixed to the end of a long pole. Of this weapon there is a great variety, especially among the ancients. Many of these, as the author of a Treatise on Ancient Armour ob- serves, have very little resemblance to a modern axe in any of their parts. This may be seen in the weapons still carried by the gentlemen pensioners, and still called axes. The Welch ghmc has been sometimes reckoned among the pole- axes. POLICE, Fr. In a military sense, among the French, this terms compre- hends the inspectors, the treasurers, the paymasters, the commissaries, the pro- vost marshal, eve. POLICE, (police, Fr.) the regulation and government of a city, or country, so far as regards the inhabitants. This word is also used to express general, or particular regulations for the interior government of troops in quarters, in- spection and examination of guides, spies, &c. POL ( 655 ) POL Police soldiers. Under this denomi- nation may he comprehended what is called the gendarmerie and marechaussee in France, and theSbirri, or thief-takers, in Italy. Police iTassurance, Fr. a policy of insurance, See Insurance. POLICY in var. — See Stratagem. POLISSON, Fr. a blackguard. Se buttre en Polissox, Fr. to fight without system or order, literally, like a blackboard. POLITICAL, relating to policy, or civil government. POLITICS, (politujue, Fr.) a part of ethics which consists in the governing of states, for the maintenance of the public safety, order, and good morals. Politics of a Soldier and a Sailor. These are comprized within a narrow compass: to fight for his country, let the administration of affairs be what it may, or let the governing power be what it will. Like the late Lord Nelson, and old Admiral Blake in Cromwell's time, every Englishman knows his duty, when- ever the honour or the security of his native land requires exertion. FOLK, or PULK, a Polish term, signifying a regiment, from which is derived Polkownick, Colonel. POLKOWNICK. According to the last published Military Dictionary in France, the colonel of a Polish regiment is so called. I'OLLAM, Ind. a measure equal to twenty ounces : forty make a viz in weight in Madias. POLL-Mowey, commonly called poll- tax, ur capitation. A tax imposeil by parliament on each person, or head, ac- cording to some known mark of dis- tinction ; thus, by Stat. 18 Car. II. Poltron de caur, Fr. a bully; a man of words, but not of deeds; a dog in forehead, but in heart a deer. POLTRON ISER, Fr. to play the coward's part. POLTROON, a coward, a dastard, who has no courage to perform any thing noble. The etymology of poltron, or poltroon, as it is usually pronounced, is curious. Both in ancient and modern times, fiequent instances have occurred of men, who had been forcibly enlisted, having rendered themselves unfit for service by cutting off" their thumbs or fingers. When this happened among the Romans, they were called pollice trunci. The French (as they do in most of their words that are derived from the Latin) contract these two, and by an elision make poltron or poltroon, from which we have adopted the term. Another, and, in our opinion, a more correct derivation, comes from the Ita- lian poll rone, which takes its derivation from poltro, a colt; because of that animal's readiness to run away ; or pol- tro, a bed, as pusillanimous people take a pleasure in lying in bed. This last word is derived from the high Dutch polster, winch signifies a bolster or cushion. This contemptible character is little calculated for a military life, as the slightest imputation of cowardice is sufficient to render an individual un- worthy of serving among reul soldiers. Poltroon and coward stand, in fact, fore- most in the black catalogue of military incapacities. Every young man, there- fore, ought well to weigh, examine, and digest the necessary qualifications for a profession, which, above all others, ex- acts a daring spirit, and an unqualified contempt of death. It is possible, how- every duke was assessed 100/. marquis 'ever, that the very man who might have 80/. baronet 30/. knight 20/. esquire j forgot himself in one action, and be- 10/. and every single private person 12d. haved disgracefully, should make ample Tins was only a revived tax, as appears by former acts of parliament, particu- larly that anno 1380, when it was im- Jiosed upon women from the age of twelve, and men from fourteen. amends by his future conduct. We have a strong instance of this sort in the life of Themistocles, as related by Plu- tarch : — " The brave Leonidas defended the pass of Thermopylae with three hun- POLSONNETS,Fr. two buttons with jdred men, till they were all cut off ex- hooks at their ends, passing through the|cept one man, who escaped to Sparta, branch, and holding the water chain of where he was treated as a coward, and a bitt. POLTRON, Fr. See Poltroon. Poltron de tete, Fr. The French use this phrase to signify a person, who, though physically brave, is politically tiinid ; and indecisive. nobody would keep company or con- verse with him ; but he soon after made glorious amends at the battle of Platea, where he distinguished himself in an ex- traordinary manner." ,. According to Tacitus, the old Ger- POL V 656 ) P O M mans were in llie habit of smothering cowardly, and even sluggish soldiers. They «cre buried alive in mud, and covered over with a hurdle. Hence, perhaps, the general term of dirty or stinking coward POLiGARCIlY, (poligarcfiie, Fr.) a government composed of many chiefs or leaders. POLYGARS, Ind. chiefs of moun- tainous and woody districts in the Penin- sula, who pay only a temporary homage. POLYGON, (potygme, Fr.) is a figure of more than four sides, and is either regular or irregular, exterior or interior. Regular Polygon is that whose an- gles and sides are equal. It has an angle of the center, and an angle of the polygon. The center of a regular poly- gon is the center of a circle which cir- cumscribes the polygon; that is, whose circumference passes through all the angles of the figure. Irregular Polygon is that whose sides and angles are unequal. Exterior Polygon, the outlines of all the works drawn from one utmost angle to another. Interior Polygon, the main bodv of the place, or works, excluding the out- works. POLYEDRE, Fr. See Polyedron. Lunettes Polyedres, Fr. magnifying glasses. POLYEDRICAL, } having many POLY ED ROUS, J sides. POLYEDRON, a solid figure or body consisting of many sides. POLIGRAPI1Y, (poligraphie, Fr.) the art of writing in various unusual manners, or ciphers; also of deciphering the same. POLYGLOT, (polyglot tc, Fr.) that which is written in several languages. Hence the name of the public school in Vienna for the education of youth. POLYNOMIAL, (polynome, Fr.) an algebraical term, signifying a quantity made up of any others by means of the sign + and the sign — . POLYORCETE, Fr. a term used among the French to distinguish great warriors. It literally siguifies the takers of strong towns. Thus, Marshals Saxe and Lowendahl, les grunds Polyorcites of the 17th century. POLYSPASTON, or what the French call poulie multipliie, a windlass which consists of several pullies. It is also named corbcau d'A/chinude. Deme- trius Poliorcetes made use of this engine at the siege of Rhodes. Diogne- tus, the architect, who cunt- after him, improved it considerably; and Collias, who had returned to Rhodes from Arado, brought it to the greatest perfection in those days. It had sufficient power to raise large turrets, and even whole gal- lies into the air. POLYTECIINIQUE, ^ a word Eco/e Polyteciinique, 5 derived from the Greek, and used by the French to distinguish an establishment in which all sciences are taught. The military school, which existed during the French monarchy, is comprised in this institu- tion. — See Military School. POM A DA, an exercise of vaulting the wooden horse, by laying one hand over the pommel of the saddle. POMERIUM, in ancient architecture, that space of ground which lay between the walls of a fortified town and the inhabitants' houses. The term is still used among modern architects, particu- larly by the Italians, as Peter Cataneo, and Alghisi, to describe the breadth of the terre pleine of the rampart, its in- ward talus, and the vacant space which is usually left between this talus and the houses of the town. POMMEL, (jwmmcau, Fr.) a piece of brass or other substance, at top, and in the middle of the saddle bow, to which are fastened the holsters, stirrup leathers, &c. Also, the knob at the extremity of the handle that balances the blade of the sword. POMMES, Fr. round pieces of wood which are variously used for ornament, &c. Pomme de pavilion et d'enscigne, Fr. the piece of wood which is fixed at the top of the colour staff, &c. POMPE, Fr. See Pump. Pompe a feu, Fr. a steam engine. Pompk de mcr, Fr. a sea pump, or a pump used on board ship. Pompe aspiranle, Fr. See common, or sucking pump. Pompe soulevante,erpulsive,ou a etrier, Fr. See Forcing-PvMP. Pompe refoulante on de compression, Fr. See Forcing Pump. Pompe /nixie, Fr. a pump constructed upon the mixed plan of the sucking and the forcing pump. Pompe a roue et a chaine, Fr. a chain pump. It is also called a chapelet. PON ( 657 ) PON POMPER, Fr. to pump. POMPES, Fr. armour called pieces for the knee; also bones. PON ANT, Fr. the west. In the French sea service, ponant signifies that part of the ocean which is separated from the seas in the Levant by the • Straits of Gibraltar. Of/icier Ponantin, Fr. an officer who seives upon the ocean. Armie Ponantine, Fr. the army of the west. PONCEAU, Fr. a small bridge of one arch, such as is thrown across a canal or rivulet. PONCER, Fr. to rub pounce upon any thing. Pokcer, Fr. This word also signifies to impress any drawing, plan, or figure, upon a sheet of paper, by means of a needle and some charcoal, or coloured dust; which is effected by pricking through the different features, lines, &c. of the upper sketch or drawing, at small intermediate distances, and then forcing the charcoal, which is wrapped up in a piece of fine linen, through the dif- ferent holes, upon the blank paper un- derneath. PONIARD, a little pointed dagger, yery sharp edged. PONT, Fr. a bridge ; a deck. Pont (Tor, Fr. a figurative expression which the French use, when they suffer an enemy whom they have defeated, to retire without molestation. Hence, faire un pont (For a son ennemi, to suffer your enemy to escape. Pont flottant, Fr. — See Floating bridge. Poxr-levis, Fr. — See Draw bridge. ¥oKT-tourncint,Yi\i\ moveable bridge. It is of the nature of a draw-bridge, with this difference, that it turns upon a pivot, and goes entirely round. Pont de bois, Fr. a wooden bridge. Pont de joncs, Fr. a bridge made up of large trusses of rushes or willows that grow in marshy spots, or upon the banks of a river. These are bound to- gether, and with planks thrown upon them, serve to afford a passage over fosses, &c. Pont de sortie, Fr. a sally-bridge. Pont dormant, Fr. a wooden bridge, tvhich is generally laid upon the fosse of a fortified town, for the purpose of main- taining a constant communication be- tween the main body of the place and the. outworks and country round. These bridges are not thrown entirely across the fosses, but terminate within twelve or fifteen feet of the revetement; the space from thence is supplied by draw- bridge«. When the pont dormant is very long, a swing bridge is constructed in the center of it. When the ditches are wet, anil so constantly supplied with water, that the depth is generally the same, bridges of boats may be used instead of pouts dormans. And in cases of attack, floating bridges may be sub- stituted in lieu of both. Pont u bascule, Fr. a bridge which is supported by an axle-tree that runs through its center, and is lifted up on each side as occasion requires. Pont a coulisse, Fr. Coulisse lite- rally signifies a scene, such as is used in theatres, which can be shifted at will. We may, therefore, not impro- perly call it a sliding or shifting bridge. This bridge is used for the purpose of conveying troops, on foot, across a fosse or a river of moderate breadth. It must be very light and portable; con- structed with boards, and measuring about six feet in breadth. The planks are numbered, so that the instant it is found necessary to effect a passage, they may be put together by means of running grooves. When the planks are thus arranged, the pontoneers, to whom these matters are always entrusted, throw two thick beams across" - ? he fosse or river, so as to be parallel to each other, and about five feet asunder, to allow the floor or platform half a foot on each side. Small iron wheels or casters are fixed underneath the two sides of the floor or platform, in such a manner, that the whole may be in- stantly slided into the deep grooves that have been previously made in the trans- verse beams. This construction is ex- tremely simple, and very practicable in war. The sliding bridges may also be used to advantage, in crossing rivers of large dimensions. In these cases there must be two of the kind, and they are united in the middle by means of two piles, or strong stakes of wood, driven into the bed of the river, and upon which the transverse beams can rest from each side. It is here neces- sary to observe, that in a war of posts, and in a broken and mountainous coun- try, an ingenious and active officer may, at the head of a body of pontoneers, be of the greatest service to a general, 4P PON ( 058 ) PON and even sometimes determine the issue of a battle. When the Austrian and French armies first met, near the me- morable village of Marengo, a large de- tachment of" Bonaparte's army would have been drowned in the Scrivia, had it not been for the presence of mind and the activity of the officer who com- manded a body of pontoneers. The republican troops, having been thrown into disorder, were flying in all direc- tions; and as the Scrivia had been con- siderably swollen by the rain which fell the preceding night, they would have been cut off. Fonts a coulisse, or sliding bridges, with the assistance of some boats, were hastily established, and they not only escaped the pursuit of the victorious Austrians, but added to the strength of the French army, which had also given way. For the particu- lars of this transaction see Berthier's Report. Font a roulettes, Fr. a bridge on rol- lers or on casters — See Pont A Coulisse. Pont « quatre branches, Fr. a bridge which consists of four abut- ments, and is constructed in such a manner as to unite, at one given point, the navigation of four different canals, by means of an arch that has four open- ings for the passage of barges and boats. A bridge of this description was erected in 1750, when the junction was made of the Calais and Ardres canals on the new road which leads from Calais to St. Omers. Pont d'aqueduc, Fr. a bridge, over which a canal flows; as the Font du Card in Languedoc. Pont de buteauv, Fr. a bridge of boats. When a river is either too broad, too deep, or too rapid, to allow stone or pile-work to.be used, a number of boats or barges must be moored and lashed together, at given distances, over the whole breadth of the river: and when this has been done, a solid floor or platform is constructed on them for the passage of cannons, wagons, &c. Pont a Jleur d'eau, Fr. a bridge which lies upon the surface of the water. It is generally made for the purpose of keeping up a communication with the different works in a fortified place, when the ditches are rilled with water. The floor is level with the water. The bridge is raised upon wooden trestles. Pont de communication, Fr. a bridge, which serves to keep up a regular com- munication between the different quar- ters or cantonments of an army, which is divided by a river, or by several strong currents. Several bridges of this de- scription are built in time of war, in order to receive and to throw in supplies as they may be required. Pont de. fascines, Fr. a bridge made of hurdles or fascines. It is generally six toises in breadth, and is used at sieges when the fosses are tilled with water. When the besiegers have re- solved to storm a breach, the approach to which is interrupted by water, they throw one, two, or three beds of fas- cines across, fastened together and kept steady by means of wooden piles. Stones and earth are next thrown upon the fascines, to keep them steady in the water. An epaulement is theu made towards the side of the revete- ment of the place, and the bridge is finally constructed with thick planks. The epaulement serves to (protect the workmen or artificers from the fire of the besieged. Pont de pontons, Fr. See Pontoon- bridge. Pont de cordes, Fr. a bridge of ropes, or a bridge constructed with ropes. A French writer says, " I have not been able to discover, in any work, not even in the Dictionnaire Ruisonnc des Sciences, a description of this bridge; yet it is well known, that by the means of this construction, (which owes its origin to two Catalonian priests, and to which we are indebted for the knowledge of a passage over the Legra,) the Count d'Harcourt gain- ed a victory over the Spaniards in the plain of Lorens, on the 22d of June, 1745. These bridges are made with strong ropes twisted and interwoven together; and they are extremely useful in passing deep ravines and hollow ways. Ionts de trunchies, Fr. This term is used among the French to signify those parts of a trench which have been left unfinished through the flight or de- struction of the artificers employed upon it; or because they have been too much wounded to continue at their work. In these cases, the persons who have the management of the sap, de- tach men from the quarters where they may be least wanted, in order to com- plete the undertaking. Pont suspend u, Fr. a hanging bridge. This sort of bridge is generally made PON ( 659 ) POO for the purpose of securing a commu- nication between two countries, which are otherwise separated by precipices or steep rocks. The bridge is supported by a quantity of strong chains, which are fastened at each of the two extre- mities. An undertaking of this kind must seem, at first sight, impracticable; but it has frequently succeeded in Eu- rope, as may be seen in Piedmont and Savoy. In the latter country, indeed, there is a hanging bridge, which is built of stone on iron chains. See Hanging Bridge. Pont volant, Fr. a flying bridge. This sort of bridge has a helm to it, by which the ferryman can guide it from one side of a river to the other. The one at Cologne, in Lower Germany, is large enough for four or five hundred men to cross at a time. See Flying Uridge. PoNt-levis a bascule, Fr. a draw- bridge, swung in such a manner, that the frame (half of which is concealed within what is called cage de la bascule, or hold of the swipe,) and the other half (which is properly the tablier du pout, or frame itself,) covers all the exterior side of the gate, or entrance into the place. PoNTS-/e?«s en zig-zags, Fr. draw- bridges constructed in a zig-zag manner, before the gates of fortified towns or places, to prevent the enemy from en- filading the entrance. Tite de Pont. See Tete. PONTAGE, PONTON AGE, Fr. mo- ney paid towards the maintenance and repairing of bridges. PONTE, Fr. covered in, as a vessel is, which has a deck. PONTLEVIS, in horsemanship, is a disorderly resisting action of a horse, in disobedience to his rider, in which he rears up several times successively, and rises so high up on his hind legs, that he is in danger of coming over. PONTON, Fr. in the artillery, a sort of boat which has a flat bottom, and is of a rectangular form ; the whole of which is made of wood, covered with large sheets of copper, closelv nailed together. The boats are con- veyed, when an army moves, by means of carriages, called liaquets, and serve to form temporary bridges for the passage of troops, and conveyance of cannon. Ponton, Fr. a lighter. PONTONIER, Fr. a lighterman. PONTON or PONTOON, a kind of flat-bottomed boat, whose carcass of wood is lined, within and without, with tin, serving to lay bridges over rivers for the artillery and army to march across. The French pontoons, and those of most other powers, are made of cop- per on the outside : though they cost, more at first, yet they last much longer than those of tin ; and, when worn out, the copper sells nearly for as much as it cost at first ; but when ours are rendered useless, they sell for nothing. Our pon- toons are 21 feet 6 inches long at top, and 17 feet 2 inches at bottom, 4 feet 9 inches broad, and depth within 2 feet 3 inches. The common pontoons will support a weight of 4 or 5000 pounds. General Congreve's wooden pontoons are 26 feet long at top, 23 at bottom, 2 feet 8 inches deep, and 2 feet 3 inches wide. PoNTooN-rar/vage is made with two wheels only, and two long side-pieces, whose fore-ends are supported by a lim- ber. It serves to carry the pontoon- boards, cross timbers, anchors, and every other thing necessary for making a bridge. Po,NTO0N-£m/ge is made of pon- toons, slipped into the water, and placed about five or six feet asunder; each fas- tened with an anchor, when the river has a strong current, or to a strong rope that goes across the river, running through the rings of the pontoons. Each boat has an anchor, cable, baulks, and chesses. The baulks are about 5 or 6 inches square, and 22 feet 8 inches long. The chesses are hoards joined together by wooden bars, about three feet broad, and 12 feet long. The baulks are laid across the pontoons at some distance from one another, and the chesses upon them joined close. 1 Gang board 22 feet long, 1 foot wide, Q\ inches thick. POOLBUNDY, Ind. a dam to pre- vent inundations. POONA, Ind. a day fixed for the zemindars to bring in their balances for the year. POONEA, Ind. the Indian name of a month. POOR or PORE, Ind. when it ter- minates a word, means city ; as Vizia- pore, ckc. POOSE, Ind. the name of a month following Ughun : it in some degree ac- cords with December and January. 4P2 P O R ( 600 ) POR PQOSHTAY Bundce, [nd. embank- ments of rivers. It likewise means bridges thrown over rivers. POOSKUT, Ind. a small weight, measuring eight koonchys, or sixty-four Landfills; one kooachy being equal to eight hand fu Is. POPQN rouge, Fr. a red tuft, made of leathers or worsted, which is worn in the caps or hats of some particular corps: especially in those of grenadiers, flic. POPULAR, (populaire, Fr.) belong- ing to the people; also in request among the common people. A Popular general, a chief who, l>% his success in war, and good conduci towards his fellow soldiers, is beloved and esteemed by them. POPULARITY, (popularity, Fr.)gra- ciousness among the people. POPULATION, Populacy, (popula- tion, Fr.) the state of a country with respect to numbers of people. Til I RC, Fr. See Coin de Ma- nauvre Militaire : also V PORCH, (pqrche, Fr.) in architec- ture, a kind of vestibule, supported by columns, much used at the entrance of ancient churches. In the ancient architecture, Porch was a vestibule, or disposition, of insu- lated columns, usually crowned with a pediment, forming a covert-place before the principal door of either a temple or palace. When they had four columns in front, they were called tetrastyles ; when six, hexasti/les ; when eight, oc- tastylet; when ten, deca$tyles ; and so on. POREK, Fr. See Scchcr a I'Ombrc. PORIME, | in geometry, is a theo- PORXMA, S rem, or proposition, so easy to be demonstrated, that it is al- most self-evident, as that a chord is all of it within the circle. Aporime, on the contrary, is that which is so difficult as to be almost impossible to be demon- strated. As were formerly the lunes of Hippocrates. PORLSl'ICK method, in mathematics, is that which determines when, by what means, and in how many different wavs, any problem may be resolved. PORPHYRY, (porphyre, Fr.) a pre- cious kind of marble, of a brownish red colour, frequently interspersed with white stains, anciently brought from Egypt, and exceeding all other in hard- ness. The French have found out a method of cutting porphyry with an iron saw, without teeth, and a kind of tree-stone, pulverized, and water. The authors of this invention, according to the Builder's Dictionary, pretend they could perform the whole contour of a column hereby, had they matter to work on. PORT, pori'ce, Fr. the tonnage of a vessel. Port de V urme, Fr. the carriage of the firelock. Firmer lei Ports, Fr. to lay a ge- neral embargo upon shipping. During the French monarchy, this practice fre- quently occurred for the purpose of seeiirniL able-bodied seamen. PORT, a piece of iron, which belongs to the bit of a horse's bridle, and acts upon the inside of the mouth. It is also called upset. A restive horse is kept in subjection, more or less, ac- cording to the' size of the port within, and the length of the branches which are outside. Port, (port, Fr.) a harbour; a safe station for ships. The French also use the word havrc to signify port. PORTABLE Mantlets, large shields, ral ed pavoises, which were used by the ancients in the attack of fortified places. Portable arms, or weapons, (urine* porlalives, Fr.) such as muskets, car- bines, swords, pikes, &c. which may be can ied by an individual. PORTAL, in architecture, signifies the face or frontispiece of a church, viewed on the side wherein the great door is; also, the great door or gate of a palace, &c. Portal, (porlail, Fr.) the front or facade of a large building, where the principal gate stands. Portal, in architecture, a little square corner of a room, cut off from the rest of the room by a wainscot; frequent in ancient buildings. It is also used for a little gate, where there are two gates of different sizes. It likewise sometimes signifies a kind of arch of joiner's work before a door. Portal also means, generally, gates, openings, &c. According to Mr, Addi- son, as quoted by Dr. Johnson, the portal consists of a composite order, unknown to the ancients. Tirer u bout PORTANT, Fr. to fire at an object which lies as far off as a cannon, or musket, can carry. Tirer a bout Portam, Fr. to fire and POR ( 661 ) P O R to kill at so short a distance, that the muzzle of the piece may be said to rest upon the object Hied at. To POR'i', to carry. Port eras/ a word of command which was adopted during the late war, and is universally practised in the British army. It consists in bringing the firelock dia- gonally across the chest from the Cany. This position of the musket affords a great facility to the person who inspects the touch-hole, &c. In dismissing guards, preparing to charge, &c. soldiers are ordered to Port arms. — The French, as we. have already observed, do not practise this method. Their word of command, Haut les amies, corresponds with our Recover. PORT-CLUSE, PORT-cullis, (porte- coulisse, Fr.) in fortification, is an assem- blage of several large pieces of wood, joined across one another like a harrow, and each pointed with iron at the bot- tom. They are sometimes hung over the gateway of old fortified towns, ready to let down in case of a surprize, when the gates could not be shut. PoRj-fne, in artillery, a composition put in a paper case, to tire guns and mortars, instead of a lint-stock and match. See Laboratory Works. PORTE, Fr. a gate. Portes d'une villc, the gates of a fortified town. Porte. This word is used, both in French and English, to signify the court, or residence of the Emperor of the Turks, and to distinguish it from that of the Grand Signor. The French say, la Porte Ottomane, the Porte, or Ottoman court. Porte brisce, Fr. a folding door. Porte a deux battans, Fr. a door with two folds, or a folding door. Porte vitree, Fr. a glass door ; such as is sometimes made to an officer's tent or marquee, on home service. Porte de devant, Fr. a street, or front door. Porte de dcrricre, Fr. a back door. It also signifies, figuratively, a subter- fuge. PoRTE-rr«?/o?f, Fr. a pencil-case. PoRTE-dieu, Fr. the priest that car- ries the host to sick people in Roman literally, the god- Catholic countries : bearer. Porte a deux venteaux, Fr. a flood- gate, which has two folds, and is used, in dams, or sluices, with buttresses. Porte a 5 vajincs, Fr. This is some- times called porte a pelles, and is used in square sluices. But as dams or sluices are frequently constructed with double gates, that which stands above the cur- rent of the water is called porte de icte, and that below it, porte demoville. For particulars on this head, see the Second part of Belidor's Architecture hya)ruu- lique. PoRTE-arquebuse, Fr. the king's gun- bearer. PuRTt-baguette, Fr. the pipe of a musket or pistol, into which the ramrod runs. It also signifies the cylinder of a Prussian musket, which is parallel with its barrel. PoRTE-drapeau, } Fr. the person who Port E-enseigne, $ carries the colours. Porte d'ccluse, Fr. a flood-gate. The two folding parts are joined together, and form an angle in the center. PoRiz-epte, Fr. a sword-bearer. It likewise means a sword-belt. Por lE-etendard, Fr. the standard- bearer. PoRJE-feu, Fr. a machine made of wood or copper, by which fire is com- municated to gunpowder in a shell, fuse, or piece of ordnance. It is sometimes made of paste-board. Where there is any ground to apprehend that a cannon will burst, the priming, made of a cer- tain composition, is put into the paste- board case, by which means the can- noneer has time to retire before any ac- cident can happen. PoiiTE-feu, Fr. is likewise used among artificers, to signify all sorts of fusees or matches, by which fire is communi- cated to many quarters at once. — They last according to the nature of the composition with which they are made up. PoRTE-feu brise, Fr. in artificial fire- works, a species of cartridge which is bent into a curve by means of a sloping piece of wood. Port E-gargousse, ou lanterne de gar- gousse, Fr. a wooden case, in wjhich cartridges are conveyed to load ord- nance pieces. There are two to each piece. Por.TE-7««sse de la maison du roi, Fr. mace-bearer, or tip-staff, belonging to the king's household ; a situation which was held during the French monarchy, and signified the same as huissier d'urmes, which see. Port E-mousqueton, Fr. a swivel. VoR.jE-oriJlamme, Fr. In the ancient P O R ( 66* ) POR French armies, the officer who held the first pest of dignity was so called. See Oriilamme. Pout z-pipe, Fr. a pipe-bearer among the Turks. Porte d'ttne place de guerre, Fr. the gate of a fortified place. This gate is always made in the center of the cur- tain, in order to be well protected on the Hanks and faces. See Portes. Pokte respect, Fr. a figurative expres- sion which is attached to an armed body, whose appearance impresses ter- ror, or inspires awe. Porte de secours, Fr. The gate in a citadel, which has an outlet towards the country, is so called. By means of tliit gate, the garrison can always receive succours or reinforcements, in cases of civil insurrection, or under circumstances of surprize. Poin E-voi.v, Fr. a speaking trumpet. A la PORTEE, Jr. within the reach or ran»e. Hence a la port'te d'un canon, within the reach or range of a cannon ; within gun-shot. Porte e du fusil, Fr. By this expres- sion the French generally understand the distance which a musket-shot goes to its ultimate destination. It is sup- posed to vary from l^O to 150 toises. Portee des pieces, Fr. the flight or reach of cannon. Portee a toute voice, Fr. the flight of a cannon shot, when it makes an angle of 45 degress with the horizon, or level of the country. In this manner it com- pletes the greatest possible range. Portee de. but en btanc, Fr. the for- ward direction and flight, which a ball describes from the mouth of the piece to its ultimate object. Portee, Fr. in carpentry, that por« tion of a beam or rafter which lies upon the wall for support. Eire a la Port ee du fusil, Fr. to be within musket shot. Etre hors de. la Portee du canon, Fr. to be out of the range of a gun, or out of gunshot. PORTEGUE, a gold chain of great value. We have taken this word from an old book published in 1731, called the " English Expositor improved." Had it been our original intention to have given the etymology of words, we should have been at a loss to explain portegue ; unless it be derived from porter, to carry, to bear, and gueux, a scoun- drel. Indeed so many rich scoundrels are decorated with gold chains, instead of being done justice by with a halter, that we are disposed to adopt the ety- mology. PORTER, Fr. to carry. It is a ma- rine term; as porter toutes ses voiles,-— to carry all her sails. It is likewise used as a word of command, viz. Portez vos amies ! Porter, Fr. This word is also ap- plied among the French, (and our word carry frequently corresponds with the various significations,) to the different directions or motions which belong to all fire-arms and missile weapons. They likewise say, in speaking of a gun-shot wound, that it is dangerous, because the ball (a port'c sur t'os) has reached or hit the bone. Porter une botte^Yr. to make a thrust or pass. Porter* Fr. to carry, a term used in the French manege, tor directing or pushing on a horse at pleasure, whether forwards, upon turns, Ike. PORTEREAU, Fr. a little or less gate adjoining unto a greater, for a pa- lace, or house of state; also a floodgate, or kind of sluice, whereby the course of a river is diverted into a gut, on the one side thereof, cut out for the turning of some mill. PORTES d'une tille de guerre, Fr. openings which cross the ramparts of a fortified town or place, and are generally arched over. These openings are usually ) made in the middle of the curtain, be- tween two bastions. They are from nine to ten feet broad, and from thirteen to fourteen feet high. The gates are mostly decorated with trophies of war: and in some instances a very superfluous magnificence is exhibited. Gausses Portes, Fr. false gates, or imaginary inlets. These are almost al- ways made in the reverse, or behind the oriilon, in order to conceal and render easy any projected sallies against the besieging parties; or for the purpose of suddenly falling upon the advanced posts of an enemv. PORTEURS d'eau, Fr. water car- riers. In India, they are called beusties. Amongst the Turks, the sakkas, or water-carriers, are taken from the lowest rank of soldiers belonging to the Capi- culy infantry. The number of these men depends upon the nature of the servica on which the Turks are employed. They are under the orders of the offtcsrs POR ( 663 > P o s who command companies; and although their situation is not only the most de- grading, but the most laborious in the army, they may, nevertheless, become soldiers. Their dress consists of brown leather; and, from the continual fatigue which they undergo, their appearance is wretched in the extreme. The Turks have more, men of this de- scription in their service, than are found in any other; not even India excepted. For, independent of the state of their climate, and the consequent necessity of having water brought from distant parts of the country, they use large quantities in ablution ; every Turk takes care to wash himself from head to foot before he says his daily prayers. PORT-Jire, a composition of meal- powder, sulphur, and saltpetre, driven into a case of paper, to serve instead of a match to fire guns. PORTFOLIO, in a general acceptation of the term amongst us, is a species of large leathern case, made like a pocket book, and calculated to carry papers of any size. Among the French it not only signifies the same thing, but likewise a box made of paste-board, in which are contained the several papers that relate to any particular department. The ad- jutants, quarter-masters, &c. belonging to the staff, should be provided with portfolios for the purpose or keeping their reports, &c. in regular order. PoRi-glaive, from the French porteur and glaive ; one who carries the sword before a prince or magistrate. PoRi-holes, in a ship, are the embra- sures or holes in the sides of a ship, through which the muzzles of cannon are run. PoiiT-nails, nails used in nailing of hinges to the ports of ships. Po\n-ropes, in a ship, such ropes as serve to haul up and let down the ports on the port-holes. PORTICO, (portique, Fr.) is a kind of gallery built on the ground; or a piazza supported by arches; as in Co- vent Garden. Although the word portico be derived from the Latin porta, a gate or door, yet it is applied to any disposition of columns which form a gallery ; without any immediate relation to gates or doors. PORTIERES, Fr. two pieces or folds of wood which are placed in the embra- sures of a battery, and which close the instant the piece has been fired. They serve to cover the cannoneers from the aim of the enemy, and to resist the dis- charge of musketry. They are, how- ever, seldom or ever used, except when the batteries stand close to the counter- scarp. PORTION, part; any component number of men, as a portion of the army. PORTLAND-srone, a stone much used in building, and much softer and whiter than Purbeck. PORTMANTEAU, (valise, Fr.) a cloak bag to carry necessaries in a jour- ney. It is generally made of leather or carpeting stuff. PORTMOTE, a court held in port towns, as swainmote is in the forest. PORTULAN, Fr. a book or chart which gives a description of the situa- tion, &c. of sea-ports. POSAGE, Fr. the laying stone, tim- ber, &c. POSCA. See Oxycrat. La FOSE d'une pierre, Fr. the position or manner in which a stone is laid to remain. POSER, Fr. to lay down. It is used as a word of command in the French artillery, &c. viz. posez vos liviers ; lay down your levers. Poser une senlinelle, Fr. to post a sentry. Poser un corps-de-gardc, Fr. to post or establish a guard in any quarter. Poser les amies, Fr. to lay down arms. Poser les armesa terre,Pr. to ground arms. Poser, Fr. in masonry, to lay, as to lay a stone, or to place it where it is in- tended it should remain. The French say diposer, to take it out of its place. Poser a sec, Fr. to build, or raise walls without mortar. In this manner were constructed most of the ancient edifices, as is also the grand facade of the Louvre towards St. Germain, a 1'Auxer- rois, at Paris. Poser a cru, Fr. to place a pillar or stay, without any particular foundation^ in order to sustain something. Poser dec ant, ou de champ, Fr. to lay a brick on iis thinnest side. Poser une piece de. bois sur son fort % Fr. to lay a piece of wood upon its nar- rower face. Poser de plat, Fr. to lay any thing flat. Poser en decharge, Fr. to lay a piece P o s ( 66i ) P o s of worn! or timber sideways or obliquely, in order to prop or support any thing. POSES, Fr. the sentinels that are posted. PoSES, grandes Poxes, Fr. a French military term, signifying the extraordi- nary sentinels or guards, winch, after retreat heating, are posted in a fortified town or place, for the safety of certain specific quarters. The corporals who post the sentinels are directed to in- struct them not to suffer any person to go Upon the ramparts, unless he belongs to the night patroles or rounds, &c. These extraordinary guards are relieved at daybreak. Priming POSITION, the position in which the musket is held at the time of putting the powder into the pan. Position (position, Fr.) This word is variously used in a military sense, both by the French and English. It is appli- cable to locality; as the army took an excellent position, or drew up on very advantageous ground, and in a very advantageous manner. Frederick the Great of Prussia has laid it down as a maxim, that no army should take up a position in rear of a forest, since it is thereby prevented from observing the movements of the enemy, and from counteracting his plans. Position of the soldier without arms. The equal squareness of the shoulders and body to the front, is the first and great principle of the position of die soldier: the heels must be in a line, and closed; the knees straight, without stiffness; the toes turned out, so that the feet may form an angle of about CO degrees; the arms hang near the body, but not stiff: the flat of the hand, and little finger, touching the thigh, and the thumbs as far back as the seams of the breeches; the elbows and shoulders arc to be kept back; the belly rather drawn in, and the breast advanced, but without constraint; the body to be upright, but inclining rather forwards, so that the weight of it may bear chiefly on the fore part of the feet ; the head to be erect, and neither turned to the right nor to the left ; the eyes alone will be glanced to the right. See page 3, Rules and Regu- lations. Position of the soldier with arms. The body of the soldier being in the position above described, the firelock is to be placed in his left hand against the •houlder; his wrist to be a little turned out; the thumb alone to appear in front; the fore fingers to be under the butt; and the left elbow to be rather bent in- ward, so as not to be separated from the body, or to be more backward or forward than the right one. The fire- lock must rest full on the hand, not fffl the end of the fingers; and be carried in such a manner as not to raise* advance, or keep back, one shoulder more than the other; the butt must therefore be forward, and as low as can be permitted without constraint; the fore part a very little before the front of the thigh; and the hind part of it pressed by the Wrist against the thigh; it must be kept steady and firm before the hollow of the shoulder; should it be drawn back, or carried too high, the one shoulder would be advanced, and the other kept back, and the upper part of the body would be distorted, and not square with respect to the limbs. Position in marching. In marching, the soldier must maintain, as much as possible, the position of the body as di- rected in Sect. I. page 3, of the General Rules and Regulations. See likewise March. Change of Position, the positive of relative movement of a body of troops on any given point. See Part IV. Ge- neral Rules and Regulations, Page 303. New Positions that a regiment or line can take with respect to the old one, are, Parallel Positions, or nearly so to the old one. Intersecting Positions by themselves, or their prolongation, some part of the old line, or its prolongation. Netc parallel Positions being neces- sarily to the front, or rear of the old one, the regiment will, according to circum- stances, take them up by the diagonal march ; the flank march of divisions after wheeling into column; or the movement in open column to the new line, and its subsequent formation in it. New intersecting Positions, which themselves cut the regiment, will, in ca- valry movements, be taken up by the diagonal march ; or the flank inarch ranks by three's of divisions. All other new positions, which, in themselves, or their prolongation, will in general be taken up by the march in open column, and its subsequent formations, when it arrives at the line ; some 6uch positions will, however, allow of, and require P o s ( 665 ) P o s being made by the echelon inarch, or by the flank march of divisions. In general, the regiment will break to the hand which is nearest to the new position, be conducted to its nearest point in the new line, and form on it as directed. Position of the officer. See Sword. Position du soldat sans armes, Fr. position of the soldier without arms. Position du soldat avec les amies, Fr. position of the soldier with arms. Position de Vexlension, Fr. in fencing, position of extension. POSSE, a low word, signifying armed power, called out on any particular emergency; as the posse comitatus, who in England are called out by the respective lord-lieutenants of counties. POSSEDER, Fr. to possess, to be in possession of. POSSESSION. To take possession is the act of occupying any post, camp, fortress, &c. which might facilitate the operation of an army, or which pre- viously belonged to the enemy. POST, (poste, Fr.) The following ob- servations, respecting the various means which ought to be resorted to by every officer whose design or instructions are to attack a post, may be found, with much additional matter, in p. 11, voLii. of Guide de I'Officier, published at Paris in 1805, under the immediate inspection of M. Mellinet, adjudant commandant et sous inspecteur aux revues-, from the original work written by M. Cessac La- cute, one of Bonaparte's favourite ge- nerals in Italy. " The means are," to quote our au- thor's own words; " 1st, good topogra- phical charts; 2d, examination and iden- tification of things and circumstances, made with the greatest accuracy; 3d, the reports and intelligence brought by spies ; 4th, the information given by runaways or persons coming over; 5th, the statements or declarations furnished by prisoners of war ; 6th, the conclu- sions to be drawn from secret intelli- gence; 7th, the information and local knowledge which may be extracted from peasants, merchants, tradesmen, and even pedlars, smugglers, huntsmen, &c. 8th, the information which may be gathered by listening to the communi- cations of such soldiers as may have ac- quired any knowledge of the country by an accidental residence in it, or by de- tention ; 9th, finally, the precise obser- vations which the officer makes himself, and the consequent knowledge which lie thereby obtains." As the information which is given" by spies constitutes one of the most import- ant branches of military precaution, we think it right to quote from the same author the following reference to works on that head : Dictionnaire des batuilles, in which various modes are pointed out to ascer- tain the truth of each communication from what has occurred ; among others, the description of the battle of An^lona, between the Romans and the Persians. In the History of Bayard, recourse may be had to the account of the siege of Padua ; particularly to the conduct which Bayard observed towards Captain Manfron, and all that relates to the sur- prize of Lignago. In the History of France, the action of the Spurs, and the battle of Steinkirk. See Memoirs of Feuquitres, vol. i. p. 86 ; also the word Espion in the Encyclopidie Methodiuue, and Number 418 of Guide de VOfficier, and for further particulars our own article under Spies. Post, in war, a military station; any spot of ground, fortified or not, where a body of men can be in a condition of resisting the enemy. Advanced Post, a spot of ground, seized by a party to secure their front, and the posts behind them. Post of honour. The advanced guard is a post of honour; the right of the two lines is a post of honour, and is al- ways given to the eldest regiment : the left is the next post, and is given to the next eldest, and so on. The center of the lines is the post the least honourable, and is given to the youngest regiments. The station of a sentinel before the co- lours, and the door of the commanding ollicer, is a post of honour. Advantageous Post. Every situation is so called which an enemy occupies in such a manner, that not only mere force of arms, but great military skill, and many stratagems are required to dis- lodge him. We have various instances in history of how much may be done on both sides, when one army has taken up an advantageous post, and another finds it necessary to drive an adversary from it. This subject has been amply dis- cussed in a French work, entitled, Strataglmes de Guerre, page 7 1, &c. Post of commanding officers on a march. On a march there is no par- 4Q P o s ( 666 ) V o s ticular post for a commanding officer, lie ought to range on the front, flank, and rear of his regiment. His eye should lie everywhere; and all straggling should be prevented by the activity of the offi- cers. See Narrative of General Moore's Campaign in Spam, page 204, published by James Moore, in 18,09. Posts of ercrcisc in the rear, the re- lative stations which officers take in the rear, when the ranks of a battalion are open for the purpose of going through the manual and platoon exercises. It is likewise a cautionary word of com- mand, viz. The officers will take post in the rear. To Post. In the disposition of troops, to place the officers, music, drummers, lifers, and pioneers, according to their several ranks and appointments, either for inspection, or exercise in the field. To Post, to station ; to place as a sentry, &c. To Post up, (affchcr, Fr.) to hold up to public censure, or ridicule. Sec Pla- card. 'To be Posted, in military tactics, to be formed ready for action. Thus when troops are brought up in column, and or- dered to deploy, it frequently happens, that some part of the line is refused, in order to flank an enemy, or to cover a weak position; in which case, the part that is aligned is said to be posted. 'To be Posted, in a familiar sense, signifies to be publicly announced as an infamous or degraded character. Hence to post a man as a coward, is to stick his name up in a coffee-house or elsewhere, and to accuse him of a want of spirit, &c. The French use the phrase afjicher in the same sense. They likewise say, figuratively, afjicher sa honte ; to publish or post up one's own disgrace; meaning thereby, that some persons are so totally Tecardless of decency and decorum, as to express sentiments which are unbe- coming the character of an officer, or a gentleman. POSTAGE of Letters. Non-com- missioned officers and private soldiers are privileged to send or receive letters, from any part of the kingdom, on pay- ment of one penny only for the postage. POSTE, Fr. a word generally used in the plural number to signify small shot, viz. St>?i fusil it ait charge de douze ou quiiize postes ; his gun or musket was loaded with twelve or fifteen shot. Posie. IV. This word is always used in the masculine gender when it relates D ... to war, or to any specific situation ; as poste UVahci, an advanced post. — 1'oste avantageux, an advantageous post. — Mauvais poste, an unfavourable post. Poste arantagcux, Fr. See Advan- tageous Post. Poste jaloux, Fr. A military post is so called when it is likely to be surprized, from its situation. Poste d'alarmc, Fr. alarm-post. See Alarm. Poste des invulnirables, Fr. See Mont pagnote. Posti;, Fr. station; place. Etre a son poste, to be at his post or station. This word is always of the masculine gender. Poste, Fr. 1 In the feminine gen- La Poste, Fr. J der, post; post-office ; post-boy. Poste d'un, deux, ou t?-ois sous, Fr. the penny, two-penny, or three-penny post. It is also generally called, La petite poste. A sa Poste, Fr. at a prescribed time. Vendue a Poste, Fr. to sell on condi- tion, that the articles delivered be paid for at a time agreed upon ; as is the case with public stores. POSTER, Fr. to place or post, as poster des gardes, to place or post sen- tries, or out-guards. POSTES, Fr. machines which are made of o^.:er branches, standing six feet in length upon three in breadth; about six inches thick, and covered on each side by two pieces of thick strong paste- board. Each machine is made fast to a large stake, which is fenced with ironi and driven deep into the earth. There are two openings or loop-holes in each post, through which sentries may fire upon the enemy, when he approaches towards a post which has been establish- ed on the high road, for the purpose of attempting a surprize or coup de main. This machine was invented by General Sernepont, then Governor of Boulogne sur nier, and it was used by the Duke de Guise, with great success, when he be- sieged and took Calais, in 1558. Postes de cumpagne, Fr. field-works. Every construction or group of building9 that will admit of being defended, and is consequently tenable, is called a poste de campagne, or field-work. Of this de- scription are churches, houses, country- houses, farm-houses, villages, redoubts, &c. in which a sufficient number of met* P o s ( cor ) POT may be stationed for the purpose of holding out against an enemy, until suc- cours can arrive. Chevalier Folard has written upon this subject ; and since him, F. Gaudi, with comments and illus- trations hy A. P. J. Belair, chief of bri- gade in the Republican French army. We recommend the latter production, which appeared in 1793, to the perusal of every British officer. The work is entituled Instruction adressee aux Ai- ders d 'Infant erie pour tracer e.t con- struire ioutes sortes d'ouvrages de cam- pagne. See likewise Aide Memoir e pour les Officiers d'Artillerie. We think it due to the exertions of an officer in our own service to mention a late work, en- tituled Duties of an Officer in the Field, &c. by Baron Gross, of the Dutch bri- gade. This gentleman seems to have availed himself of what has appeared in foreign treatises, and to have added some very sensible remarks of his own. M. Malorti de Martemont, French Pro- fessor at Woolwich, has also written upon the subject. Officers should never lose sight of the many advantages which may be derived from a knowledge of field fortification, and a competent skill to choose a good position, and a tenable post. There is scarcely any building, especially in an intersected country, and in a war of posts, which may not be rendered highly serviceable to one side, and detrimental to the other. Acre, though dignified by the name of a town, when considered in a military point of view, was nothing more than a post: yet by the gallant de- fence which was i$»ade there, against Bonaparte and his whole army, Sir Sid- ney Smith and a few brave seamen and marines not only covered themselves with glory, but were the primary causes of the final rescue of Egypt out of the bands of the French. History is full of instances of valour, and of consequent success, on this head. The defence which Charles the Xlith of Sweden made, in his own dwelling, when he had only eight men to stand by him, is, per- haps, unexampled : that also of Marshal Saxe, in 1705, is equally memorable. Petits Postes separcs, Fr. small de- tached posts. Postes intermediates, Fr. interme- diate posts, or men so stationed between different corps, that, in cases of urgency, they may, with ease, advance to the sup- port of that which is more immediately threatened by the enemy. POSTERN, more frequently called a sally-port, is a small door in the flank of a bastion, or other part of a garrison, to march in and out unperceived by an enemy, either to relieve the works, or make sallies. POSTICHE, Fr. any thing fictitious put in room of something that has been real and natural. In military matters, among the French, it serves to distin- guish supernumerary or auxiliary sol- diers that are taken from one or more companies, to strengthen any particular body of men. POSTIELON, Fr. an express-boat which is kept in French sea-ports for the purpose of carrying and bringing in- telligence. POSTS, (in building,) large pieces of timber placed upright in houses, tkc. Principal Posts are the corner posts of a house, and the posts framed into breast-summers, or pieces of wood in the outward parts of a timber building, be- tween the principal prick posts, for strengthening the carcass of a house. Posts are preserved from rotting by burning the ends of such as are to be set into the ground. POSTURE, state; situation; condi- tion; as the posture of affairs. POT, (pot, Fr.) a vessel used in the making of artificial fireworks, &c. Pot, an utensil of first necessity, either for culinary or private domestic pur- poses. Stink-Por, a vessel filled with com- bustible matter, used in boarding ships. The consequences of its explosion are sometimes fatal, and always dangerous. _F«Ye-PoT, (pot-u-feu, Fr.) in artillery, a machine made of potter's earth or clay, with two handles, in which a gre- nade with battle gunpowder is confined, and which is thrown against an enemy after the match has been lighted. Pot a aigrette, Fr. an artificial fire- work, the center of which contains a certain quantity of powder, which, upon being inflamed, communicates itself to several other branches, and exhibits the appearance of an aigrette, or cluster of rays, such as issue from diamonds ar- ranged in a particular manner. The aigrette takes its name from a bird so called, whose feathers serve to make up an ornament for the head. It was given ■iQti P () T as a partirul ( 668 ) POT in diamonds, as a particular mark of distinction, by the Grand Signor, to Lord Nelson, after his glorious conduct in the battle of the Nile. General Lord Hutchinson and Sir Sidney Smith have deservedly received the same marks of distinction. Pot a brai, Fr. an iron pot in which pitch or tar is melted. Pot de chambre, Fr. literally means a chamber-pot ; when applied to a town or village with respect to its situation, signifies, that it is situated in a deep plain, closely and completely surrounded by commanding heights. Pot d'une juste volantc, Fr. the car- cass of a. fusee. Pot en lite, Fr. a head-piece made of iron, which is proof against musket- shot. This head-piece is sometimes placed in the crown of the hat, and is otherwise used by sappers. Pot a dcu.v TFNCE, Fr. Troops are ranged en potence by breaking a straight line, and throwing a certain proportion of it, either forward or backward, from the right or left, according to circumstances, for the purpose of securing that line. An army may be posted en potence by means of a village, a river, or a wood. The disposition en potence is frequent- ly necessary in narrow and intersected ground. The derivation of the word may be variously explained, viz. — From potence, a gibbet ; potences, crutches or supports. Potence likewise means a piece of wood which is thrown across two uprights; also a cross tahle, as table en potence; and a measure to ascertain the height of a horse or man. .DomW<-Potence, Fr. two sides of a square, of more or less extent, thrown opposite to each other from another side. Thus, in narrow grounds, the two flank companies may be tiled from the batta- 'ion, and facing inwards, constitute to- gether the double potence. Triple Potence, Fr. if the term can be used, signifies three sides of a square, and is, in fact, the double potence taken collectively. Quadruple Potence, Fr, the complete square. Baton de Potence, Fr. the staff from which a ring to be run at hangs. Potence, Fr. an upright piece of tim- ber which is used to strengthen another that is too long, or to support one that is split. POTENTATE, (polcntat,Yr.) a sove- reign prince, whose power is rendered formidable by the various means of au- thority which are vested in him. POTERNE, Fr. a postern gate, a sally port. Poterne, Fr. likewise signifies a se- cret gate. Gates of this description are made behind the orillons at the extre- mity of the curtain, in the angle of the flank, and in the middle of those cur- tains where there are no gates. The sewers generally run under the poterncs. POU ( 669 ) POU Belidor, in his Art of Engineering, re- commends small arched magazines to be constructed on the right and left of the paths that lead to these gates. POTESTAS, or Imperium, a com- mand among the Romans, which came direct from the people, and without which authority no genera! could carry on the war. Of this description was the command given to Fabius, and af- terwards divided by the people between him and Minucius. See Presumption. POUCH, (gibernc,Fr.) a case of black stout leather with a flap over it, which is generally ornamented by a brass crown, &c. for the battalion-men ; a fuse for the grenadiers ; and a bugle-horn for the light infantry. The pouch hangs from a cross belt, over the left shoulder, and is worn in that manner, by the in- fantry, for the purpose of carrying their ammunition. The pouches in use among the cavalry are smaller, which the French call demie gibcrne. Povcn-fiap, the outside covering of the pouch. It is made of the stoutest blackened calf-skin, and ought always to he substantial enough to turn the se- verest weather. POUCE, Fr. an inch, or the twelfth part of a French foot; which is likewise divided into twelve parts, called lines. The superficial square inch contains 144 of these lines, and the cubic inch has 1728. Pouce de pied cube, Fr. cubic foot inch is a parallelopiped whose base is a square foot, and whose height is one inch, and which is consequently worth 144 cubic inches. Pouce de pied quarri, Fr. square foot inch is a rectangle, whose base has one inch upon one toise of elevation, and which contains 11 square inches. Pouce de solive, Fr. a parallelopiped, whose base is one inch square, and which has one toise in height. Thus an inch of timber, or a wooden peg, is the same thing. Pouce (Feuu, Fr. a term used among diggers of wells, or searchers of springs. It consists of an opening of one inch diameter, which, according to M. Ma- riotte, must give fourteen pints of water, Paris measure, in a minute, 810 pints in an hour, and 20,160 pints in twenty- four hours. See Belidor's article on this head, in the first part of his Architecture Hydraulique, vol. i. p. 135. POUDRE a canon, Fr. See Gun- powder. The reader is referred, for further particulars respecting the inven- tion of this powder, to Dictionnaire de Mathematique de M. Saverien, under Artillerie ; and, for its composition and manufacture, to the second part of Be- lidor's Bombardier Francois. See Trait a sitr l' Influence de la Poudre a Canon ; Also, Traiti des Feuv d 'Artifice de ill. Frezier, new tuition, printed, at Paris in 1747. Poudre muette, poudre sourde, Fr. a species of gunpowder which is free from noise or detonation. Poudre fulminante, Fr. a species of gunpowder which makes a greater noise than the common sort. This powder is composed of three parts saltpetre, two parts salt of tartar, and one part sul- phur. Poudre a gros grains, Fr. gunpowder which is used for artillery pieces. It is likewise called poudre a canon. Poudre a mousquet, Fr. gunpowder used for muskets, and other fire-arms. POUDRIER, Fr. a gunpowder ma- ker. Tt also signifies an hour-glass. POVERTY, (pauvrete, Fr.) indigence, necessity, want of riches; which, by some fools, is reckoned a crime, although it be too frequently the concomitant of merit. Poverty also means mental defect ; want of understanding. Poverty, a goddess adored by the Pagans, and familiar to Christians. She was reverenced, as a deity, by the hea- thens, because they feared her, and was- very justly considered as the mother of industry and the fine arts. Among mili- tary men, poverty is seldom felt whilst the active duties of the profession are exe cuted with zeal and good sense; and the individuals entrusted with them are not only paid with punctuality, but are se- cured in their honest hopes of promo- tion. Economy is the basis on which every soldier should build his views of personal comfort and independence ; and if he attends to the perpetual calls of ser- vice, he will not fail to realize them. For a life of real service affords no scope to extravagance ; and when a good soldier becomes unequal to the hardships it im- poses, the nation should provide for him. Budge of Poverty. The military cockade is sometimes so called ; and not without a wounding application to its wearer, especially if he have nothing but his pay to subsist upon. POUF, Ind_ a word used among tb* P o u ( 670 ) POU Africans and blacks to describe the ex- plosion tit" fire-arms. POULAIN, /■'/•. See Horse colt. l-oll. DAVIS. a sort of sail-cloth. POULDRONS, Fr. part of the an- cient armour which was contrived to de- fend tin; shoulders. POULEVRIN, Fr. fine grains of gun- powder which have been pounded, and serve for priming. POULIE, Fr. pulley. A machine which has only one pulley is called mo- nopaste ; that which has two, dispaste ; that which has three, trispaste; that which has four, tetruspuste ; that which has five, pent/tspaste; and that which lias several, poli/spaste. Poulie moujl'ee, Fr. a pulley which sets conjointly with one or more pub- lics. A POUND sterling, a money in ac- count value f J0s. PotJND-note, a thin piece of printed paper, which is issued from the Bank of England, and is ordered to be taken at the current rate of twenty shillings, making one pound sterling. Pound-7m»&, nails which arc four- square in the shank, much used in Nor- folk, Suffolk, and Essex, though scarcely elsewhere, except for paling. POUNDAGE, a rate in the pound sterling, which is allowed for collecting money. Army agents, &c. are entitled to poundage, which consists in a certain deduction from the pay of officers, non- commissioned officers, and soldiers. — Agents are not allowed any poundage, on the pav of the privates in the mi- litia. The French say vingtieme, or the twentieth part. POUNDER, a great gun or piece of ordnance, denominated according to the weight of the ball it carries, as a G, 12, 24 pounder. POUPPE, Fr. the poop, or hinder part of a ship. POURBONDIR, Fr. to manage or prance a horse, to make him leap, £cc. POURIE, Ind. a wooden sandal, which is used in India during the wet season. POURSUITE, Fr. pursuit. POURSUIVANS formes, Fr. See Pursuivants at arms. POURSUIVRE, Fr. to pursue. Poursuivre tepee dans les rents, Fr. to pursue with unrelenting activity. POURTOUR, Fr. the length or ex- leia ot a thing round any given space ; It also signifies the circumference of any round body, as of a dome, a co- lumn, &c. which, in geometry, is called jit riphery. PoLnroun likewise means the extent of a building, or the proportions of any body whatsoever. pbURVOIR, Fr. to provide, to lay in store, 8c< . POL'R VOYEURS des vivres, Fr. pur- veyors. POUSSE-ioZfe, Fr. a small cylin- drical instrument, made of iron, which is used to ram down a ball in a ritle barrel. POUSSE E, Fr. the effort or straining which anarch or vault makes to drive its piedroits or piers out of the upright di- rection which has been given to them, and which are kept firm by props or counterforts. The flatter an arch is, th« more violent will be its effort to push out the piers. POUSSER, Fr. to push, to press upon, to drive before you, viz. Pousser mix ennemis ; to advance rapidly against the enemy. Pousser nn cheval, Fr. to make a horse go lull speed. Pousser les Jrontieres a"un etat, IV. to break through the frontiers of a neighbouring state, and to continue the incursion ; so that it may literally be- said, that the frontiers are pushed for- ward. Pousser ses conqueles, Fr. to extend one's concpiests. Pousser ses succes, Fr. to follow up a successful undertaking. ■ POUSSIERE, Fr. dust; the earth you tread on : it also signifies the dust which remains after the formation of gunpowder into grains ; also the dust, or ashes, of the human body. Mcfrdre la Poussiere, Fr. literally to bite the dust. II a fait mot'dre la poussiere a son ennemi, Fr. he has made his enemy bite the dust, or he has de- stroyed his enemy. POUTRE, Fr. a filley, or young mare. Povtrt, Fr. beam ; the largest piece of timber in a building, and which serves to support the principal rafters of a roof. They are of various lengths and sizes ; and always lie cross the building or the walls. Poltrf. urm'ee, Fr. a beam which has iron cramps, &c. in order to enable it to support any extraordinary weight. P o w ( en ) POX PofTRE feuillee, Fr. a beam, with notches or gaps in it, for the purpose 6f receiving the ends of the joists, or girders. Poutre qudrtderonnie, Fr. a beam, on whose angular sides, or edges, a wave, or any other moulding, may have been car- ried, for the purpose of doing away a withered or defective part. POUTRELLE, Fr. a small beam. POWDER, commonly called gun- powder, (poudre a canon, Fr ) POWD£R-//om, a horn flask, in which powder is kept for priming guns. Light infantry have frequently a powder horn for carrying spare powder. YawDER-magazine, a bomb-proof arch- ed building, to hold the powder in for- tified places, &c. containing several rows of barrels laid one over another. See Magazine. PowDER-car£, a two-wheeled carriage, covered with an angular roof of boards To prevent the powder from getting damp, a tarred canvass is put over the roof; and on each side are lockers to hold shot in proportion to the quantity of powder, which is generally four barrels. Powder-wm//, a building in which the materials are beat, mixed together, and grained : they are placed near rivers, and as far from any house as can be, for fear of accidents. See Mill. POWDERINGS, in architecture, a term sometimes used for devices, in fill- ing up vacant spaces in carved work. POWER, a natural faculty of doing or suffering any thing. Mr. Locke, in his Essay on the Human Understanding, considers power under two heads. One he calls active, and the other passive power. Power. This word sometimes signi- fies host, army. Power of Attorney, an authority given to a third person to act between one or more parties. When an officer is not on the spot to receive his half-pay, it is usual for him to empower some army agent to act for him, either in Great Britain or Ireland, according to circumstances. General officers, when they obtain regiments, grant powers of attorney to their agents; but they are, to all intents and purposes, respon- sible to the public for the trust so de- legated. To be i?i the Power of any body, in a figurative sense, to have committed your- self in such a manner ; as to be under the necessity of keeping upon good terms with a person who might injure you by a disclosure of your secrets. To be in the Power of an enemy, to have taken up, injudiciously, such a po- sition as to expose you to a defeat when- ever the enemy may think proper to at- tack you. Powers of lines and quantities are their squares,' cubes, &c. or other multi- plications of the parts into the whole, or of one part into another. CW'-POX, a disorder incident to cows, from which much benefit has been pro- mised to the human race, by introduc- ing what is called vaccine matter into the habit, and thereby preventing the fatal effects of the small-pox. See Vaccina- tion. Small Pox, a disease to which most infants, adults, &c. are exposed ; and which has been rendered less malignant by inoculation. When recruits join a regiment, they should be examined re- specting this disease ; and no time should be lost in inoculating them. Great Pox, commonly called the French disease. Few men are more likely to catch this cruel disorder than soldiers ; and in no case ought the at- tention of the regimental surgeon to be more imperiously engaged than in the speedy cure of it. In the navy, where the disease is often prevalent, the sur- geons are entitled to receive a certain sum of money, which is stopped out of the pay of their venereal patients, for extraordinary trouble and attendance. No specific regulation exists in the ar- my. Sometimes, indeed, the captains of companies have assumed a discre- tionary power with respect to their men, and the latter have submitted to the charge. One great evil has, however, grown out of both practices, namely, the men, to avoid the stoppage, have applied to country quacks, and very fre- quently taken nostrums of their own. Every officer of a company, who has the welfare of his soldiers at heart, should examine their linen at the weekly in- spections, as the disorder generally ma- nifests itself, particularly in its first stages, in stains upon the shirt. It is generally believed, that the ve- nereal malady was first brought into Europe in 1492, by the followers of Christopher Columbus, after his disco- very of America. These people gave it to their countrywomen in Spain ; the P K A - ■ P Px } :• : r. .. __:.: :: c:::: .; :: - ege :: t latter place in 1495 ; and from France it was rapidly spread orer the : Europe ; so that its original nurse W&t of the Atlantic, seems to' have been a camp. POZZUOLaX A. an earth of a red- which is used in Ilalv IB Lr- ■:•:' and mixed wij ; :;. "-- - nCAJ word frequa - .. ■ of the shells 1, to -.ine the length . - — The his pr. -. when a mortar-h* -td in a siege, to know what quantity of to throw tit. .to the works at a given distance, and to cut the of a just length, that the shell st as soon as it toucher id. PfcAdrcE- Book. See Book. - I RACT1SE, in a military M to g _ the manual and platoon ew ;ue various ina- hle acromph.hnn.nl of any object the purpose of be- =noe, " a practicable breach." coming thotoushiy roaster of military .CTKE. ->r Gan-pr. e, to practise the ting, as soon as the weather permits, nineteen manoeuvres. Prt te- ■ -rise of the i- ts - - -rd, in imitation of the French, to i purpose ot" sbfcwii;; . ntiemen - ; be act of effecting ore. any military operation, viz. to pra. a mine beneath the cove: I ac PK-FFECTrR-t, Lot. During the time of the Romans, there were certain conqi- ties in Italy, which E - emed by Roman magis- ans and regulations they oliged to obey. These magistrates were called : In imitation of the Romans, the modem Frenc: -ed wha :imrd prefectures - - . cton, a lieutenancy, or ry academy at .wich, and the private me: ■aatro; ij;.::. . ..-. :^. >> . .. ".-..- - . - . - - -•• . acats are us*d to and the cent- r two points, one at the b: taeaHBdr . -■ • an rwr%H w .::. chalk, ■hI blt:-.:;. the f na it hn ted I • . ' ' ■ • ~ _:: . : _ • cat 2 - the retj lired r.~ ration, which, a - d at, accordine id the distance the ta. . from the piece. When the piece has rxom captainship, or place - list or sparks of nre tha- .ent, a d . province, or place of main in the bore, and loaded; then I Set also Lexiru* MUUcre. center ime is found, as before; and [T S, Lmt. See Pei the shot wen: irorvm. Lat. an officer the right or to the left, the elevation and anx>i._ mans, whose rank and si- ... Let : . :.:.:: r . -. _ - -: . or less, accor- dmg as there is a . r less number of recruits. In the mean time, others ■ ieldrneces. Jfartcr-Pt ., .5 generally exe- :.:t: .:. ",t :. :■».-..; :.:-_. .e: :. .. ..e «.•: 1500 or SS0OO yards is measured in aa Roman praetorian bands, who had charge open spot of ground, from the place of the emperor's person : and who, from where the mortars stand, and a flag fixed at about SCO or 500 yards : this bans tuatkci correspond with those of a Marc- dud dt camp in the French sen ice, and a quarter-master general in the British. Pe i - Clastis, Lat. the comma n- a naval armament among the Romans. His command lasted one Pa i - Prftorii, Lat. the pre- r chief officer in command, in the _• . ■ . • -..■---.. .ft t ; with sand, so that they may lie at an of 45 degrees; then tbey are with a smaM quantity of pow- deratutr- s increased afterwards » ounce c -*-r- .:i i :"... the imscribed situation, gradually the most important stations. PR Lcr. Af xpulsion ■usul wasj called among the Romans. H . rower both for civil and mili- Adam Littleton* See also Lexicon M'dtLen. PR LANA C ASTRA, Ll I . P R A ( 673 ) PRE PRJETORIAXI MILITARES, Lai. the general's body guard. They origi- nally" consisted of a cohort, and were first' established as a guard by Scipio Afriranus. Les ckemim ne sortt pas P&aticables. the roads are not passable. Le gut nest pas Praiicable dans re moment-ci, the river is not fordable at this moment; verbatim, the ford ia not PR.ETORIAN BANDS, aselecthody practicable at this moment. of troops among the Romans, which gra- dually obtained so much ascendancy, PRATIQUE, FV.practi: - term likewise signifies, among the French, that thev elected emperors at will, and \ commerce, intercourse, trarnc, 6cc dethroned them at pleasure. The;, be- Azotr Pratique «rrec des imulaires, came enervated at last, and the power j Fr. to trade, or have intercourse with thev had possessed was absorbed by the [ the inhabitants of islands, legions, or regular soldier-, who, as Um Puatique iclair'ee, Fr. a pr Junius somewhere says, came from the{ undertaken and put into execution upon distant provinces and gave away the j solid princip. - empire. These bands, indeed, were ori- ginally chosen on account of their merit, | (as all life and body-guards ought to be,/ and when rirst instituted, always accom- panied the commander in chief, or the general, into action. The consular guard and the legion of honour, established by the late Emperor Napoleon, were, in some degree, imita- tions of these bands ; and the janissaries Of Constantinople have sometimes fol- lowed their example, in disposing ot the Grand Signor's title. PR.ETORIUM, Lot. (pr'doire, Fr.) the Roman general's tent or pavilion. It also signifies what we call head-quarters. PRAfRIE, Fr. meadow or neld. PRAME, Fr. This word is some- times written Praam : it is a sort of flat- bottomed boat or barge which is used on the canals in France, &c. Pramk, in military history, a kind of floating battery, being a flat-bottomed vessel, which draws little water, mounts several guns, and is very useful in cover- ing the disembarkation of troops. — They are generally made use ot in transporting the troops over the lakes in America. These vessels are well calculated for the defence of large havens and seaports. Belair, in his Elimens de Fortification, page 397. strongly recommends the use of prames in cases of inundation. :v See the improvements proposed by him hi page 310, where hespeaks of" Battaus insubmersibir Di PRATICA, Ital. free intercourse: L'ne Pratique cxevgle, Fr. a plan ill-digested, and executed without dis- cernment or ability. Donner Pratique a un zaisseau, Fr. to allow a vessel to enter into port and unload. This expression is used in the Mediterranean under circumstances of quarantine, and comes from Prat Pratique?, Fr. I. term signifies the same as mal-prac or secret intelligence with aa enemy, viz. etenir des Pratiques commandant tfune place, Fr. to hold com- munication, or keep up a secret corre- spondence with the commandant of a fortified p: PRATIQUER des intelligences, Fr. to collect ; to gather useful information. 11 arait Pratique «k « des intelligences qui lui ont donnt le moyen de la surprendre, Fr. he had g information, bv hold:._- se ret :.:-..- gence with the inhabitants, as to be able to surprize the place. Pratiquer. Fr. in architecture, to contrive, to make, to render convenient. Pratiquer, Fr. to practise. Pra- tiquer me hamme, to try a man ; to put bis abilities to the test. It like- nines to gain over, to suborn. PR 6, Fr. meadow or field. PREACHAT, Fr. payment made be- fore hand : or anterior to any circum- stance alluded to. BREAD, Fr. a yard, a green. PRECEDENCE, priority. Pri rank, or precedence in military life, arises from the date of an e a U3 admitted to pratique. Persons who, having performed quarantine, are per- commission, or the corps in which he mitted to land in Italv, and mix with serves. the inhabitants. PRECEDENT. Any act whi< bran be PRATICABLE. Fr. See Practi- interpreted into an example for ft* I cable. This word is in general use times, is called a precedent. F anion" the French, viz. high crucial situations are extre: 4R PRE ( 674 ) PRE scrupulous with respect to precedents, especially in military matters. PRECEINTES, Fr. Long pieces of timber, which bind together the outside of a ship from head to stern. PRECEPT, a writ, or official docu- ment, which is issued to a department, or column, the covering Serjeants are placed behind the second file from the pivot officers, that the officers may the more correctly see and cover each other in column. PRKDAL, or \ a war carried PREDATOY, War, \ on by plunder persons in office, directing them to make' and rapine ; such as the French repub up the several branches and items of public expenditure that have been in- curred under their management. Of this description was the precept sent out by the commissioners of Military Inquiry. PRECIITTER,' Fr. to precipitate; to urge or hasten on ; to do any thing prematurely. This word appears to be used by the French in almost all the senses to which we attach it, especially in military matters. PRfeciPiTra sa retrhite, Fr. literally signifies, to precipitate one's retreat. It may be taken in a good or bad sense, to signify the act of Hying away blindly or rashly, without judgment or discretion; or of urging your retreat under circum- stances of imperious necessity, yet with proper caution and foresight. .So that to precipitate, both in French and Eng- lish, signifies, /aire ties promptement, on trop promptement ; to do any thing very promptly, or too promptly. PRECIS, Ft: minute, abstract; ana- lytical view of any thing. PnfeciS- Writer) a person employed in the foreign department to make abstracts from public dispatches, &o\ for the in- formation of the secretary of state. PRECISION, exact limitation, scru- pulous observance of certain given rules. Precision of march. On the leading platoon officer of the column much of the precision of march depends; he must lead at an equal steady pace ; he must lead on two objects either given to him, or which he himself takes up on every alteration of position ; this demands his utmost attention ; nor must he allow it to be diverted by looking at his platoon, the care of whose regularity depends on the other officers and non-commissioned officers belonging to it. The second pla- toon officer must also be shewn, and be made acquainted with the points on which the first leads ; he is always to keep the first officer and those points in a line ; and those two officers, together with the placed mounted officers, thus become a direction for the other pivot officers to cover. In inarching in open lie carried on against the continental powers, levying enormous contributions on all the conquered towns or states. PREDESTINARIANj a person who believes in predestination. Every Turk may be considered as a predestinarian. A Turkish soldier is taught to believe, that if he fall in battle he will instantly go to heaven. This is a comfortable idea even for a Christian soldier. How far it ought to be encouraged, doctors and able casuists must decide. PREFECT, (prifet, Fr ) a governor or commander of any place or body ot men. Among the Romans, this was a title of great importance, both in civil and military situations. During the ex- istence of the republic the Prafectus Legionis had a considerable command. The two Ala?, or great divisions of th<» allies, had each a Prefect appointed them by the Roman Consul, who go- verned in the same manner as the Le- gionary Tribunes. See Kennett's Roman Antiquities ; and for a more minute ac- count of the term prtefectus, as under- stood by the Romans, the reader is re- ferred to Lexicon Militant ; Authore Ca- rolo Aquino, Societatis Jesu. There was likewise, during the time of the Roman Emperors, an officer called the Praifect of the Pretorian Band, or body guards. The French -adopted the word in their new constitution at the Revolution. PREFERMENT, the state of being advanced to a higher post. PREFETS du Palais de la cour det premiers Kois Francais, Fr. Thesepersons- were formerly called comtes du palais et prefets du pretoire. They had once the sole direction of the government; ma- naging all state affairs, as well with re- spect flu the exterior as to the interior relations of peace or war. A Prifet du Palais was also called Major-dome ; un- der which title Charles Martel is men- tioned by several old writers. It was afterwards changed into Senichal ; in which capacity we find Thibuud, Count of Blois, who is sometimes styled Major- domc, and at others Stncchal. PRE ( 675 ) PRE PREJUDICE, (prcjuge, Fr.) prepos- session, judgment formed beforehand without examination. PRELIMINARY, (prUiminaire, Fr.) previous, introductory, &c. Prelimi- nary, as a substantive, signifies an intro- ductory measure, a previous arrange- ment. Hence the " preliminaries of peace." PRENABLE, Fr. that may be taken. There is no place but what may be taken by famine. PRENDRE, a French military term. It is variously used, and accords gene- rally with our word to take, viz. Prendre une ville d'assaut ; par fa- mine, &c. Fr. to take a town by assault; by famine, &c. Prendre a droite, on a gauche, Fr. to go to the right, or left. Prendre a travers, Fr. to run across. Prendre les decants, Fr. to antici- pate, to get the start of any body. Prendre le pas, Fr. to take prece- dence. Prendre la droite, Fr. to take the right. Prendre terre, Fr. to land. Prendre le large, Fr. a. term used fi- guratively to signify the act of running away. Prendre la clef des champs, Fr. lite- rally, to take the key of the country, or to run over it; also to run away. Prendre soji elan, Fr. to dart forth, to spring forward. Prendre le mors aux dents, Fr. to take head, as a horse does when he runs away; also to undertake a thing warmly. Prendre un rat, Fr. a figurative ex- pression used among the French when a musket or pistol misses fire, viz. Ilvoulut tirer, mais son pistolet prit un rat, that is, he would have fired, but his pistol only flashed in the pan. Hence Rater, which see. Prendre da temps, Fr. to take time in executing a thing. Prendre son temps, Fr. to do a thing with perfect convenience to one's self. Prendre la parole, Fr. to speak first. Prendre sa revanche, Fr. to make up for any past loss or disadvantage. — We familiarly say, to take one's revenge. Prendre a partie, Fr. an expression peculiar to the French, in judicial mat- ters, which signifies to attack a judge, for having prevaricated and taken the part of one side against another, without any regard to justice. It likewise means to impute misconduct or criminality, and to make a person responsible for it. ■Se Prendre de vin, Fr. to get drunk. Excess of drinking was so little known before the revolution, among French of- ficers and soldiers, that the greatest dis- grace was affixed to the habit. It is re- corded, that when Marshal Richelieu had determined to storm a place in the Mediterranean, he gave out the follow- ing order — " Any soldier who shall ap- pear the least intoxicated, shall be ex- cluded from the honour and glory of mounting the assault to-morrow morn- ing." Every man was at his post, and not a single instance of intoxication oc- curred. Such was the esprit de corps and the amour propre which prevailed in all ranks, that the dread of corporal pu- nishment had less effect than the being deprived of an opportunity to shew courage and resolution. Prendre lungue, Fr. a figurative ex- pression among the French, which sig- nifies to get intelligence by secret means. Thus, a spy that is sent into an enemy's camp, may be said to go thither in order to hear what passes, and to pick up in- formation. Vaisseuu PPlENEUR, Fr. a term pe- culiarly applicable to a ship that has taken a prize. PRENOM, Fr. any name which stands before a surname. PREPARATIFS de guerre, Fr. war- like preparations. He is a wise man, and, of course, a wise king, who keeps the following maxim constantly in his mind: — si vis pacem, para bellum, if you wish to secure peace, be always ready to go to war. The Turks are, perhaps, the only people who adhere to this Roman adage. Their troops are always ready for action ; or as a French writer says, — Le biscuit est pret, de sorte qu'ils nont a.ua se mettre en route; the biscuit is at hand, so that they have nothing to do but to move, or begin their route. PREPARATIVE, having the power of preparing, qualifying, or fitting. This \vord is used, in a military sense, to give notice of any thing about to be done. Hence Preparative, a beat of the drum, by which officers are warned to step out of the ranks when the firings are to com- mence. 4R2 PRE ( 676 ) PRE When the Preparative is heat, for the firings, the officers in the front rank step ou( nimbly two paces from the vacan- cies between the divisions, platoons,com- paniesj or Bub-divisions, face to the left without word of command, and look, to right of companies, &C When the Pre- parative has ceased, they severally com- mence the firing. When the general is beat, they fall hack into the front rank. To PREPARE, to take previous mea- sures. Prepare for action, a word of com- mand used in the British artillery. PREPARATORY, antecedently ne- cessary ; giving that knowledge in any art or science which is necessary to qua- lify individuals for a superior class or branch. Hence preparatory schools. Preparatory academics. The junior department of the Royal Military College is preparatory to the senior. The first elements of military science are taught in the former, and officers get qualified in the higher branches of the profession when they enter the latter. PRESENCE of 77iind, ready concep- tion of expedients, producing prompti- tude of action under difficult and alarm- ing circumstances. Archduke Charles, in 1796, when the Austrians were pre- cipitately retreating, dismounted, and placing himself at the head of the gre- nadiers, exclaimed, " There is the ene- my," pointing to the French, "you have mistaken the road — there shall be no retreat where T am." — And he beat the Trench, under the electrical communi- cation of this feeling. Presence of. mind. Then: is a very remarkable instance of that species of presence of mind which gives a sudden turn to public opinion, and, as it were, electrifies the human mind. When a dangerous mutiny broke out among the Roman legions, on a proposed expedi- tion against the Germans, Caesar sud- denly exclaimed, " Let the whole army return ignominionsly home, if it think proper, the tenth legion and myself will remain and combat for the republic." Having, as Plutarch observes, excited his troops to fresh ardour, he led them against the Germans; and being in- formed that the enemy had been warned by their soothsayers not to engage before the next moon, he took an immediate Occasion to force them to battle, in which he, as usual, obtained a victory. On a subsequent occasion, this great man discovered a promptitude of con- ception and a presence of mind which have never been surpassed in ancient or modern history. Having led his army against the Ner- vii, the most uncivilized, and the most fierce of all the nations bordering upon the Roman territory, he met a resist- ance, which, as it was not expected, somewhat shook the firmness of his troops. The Nervii, by a sudden onset, at fust, routed his cavalry ; but perceiv- ing tin danger to which his army was exposed, CaBsar himself snatched up a buckler, and forcing his way through his own men, he, with the assistance of his tenth legion, changed the fortune of the day, and cut the enemy almost en- tirely off. For, as Plutarch states, out of 60,000 soldiers, not above 500 sur- vived the battle. Presence of a corps, the hostile ap- pearance of a body of soldiers for the direct purposes of war. Kn PRESENCE, Fr. in sight; as in sight of the enemy. A It P 1 ' ES E N T, a term used w nan officer takes his Serjeant's report, and makes the necessary inquiry respecting the state of his troop or company. To Present, (presenter, Fr.) This word is used in various senses. Thos6 which are more immediately applicable to military usage are as follow : — To Present, to offer openly; to ex- hibit ; to give in ceremony ; as to pre- sent the colours. To Present arms, to bring the fire- lock to a certain prescribed position, for the purpose of paying a military compli- ment. See Manual. To Present, to level ; to aim ; to bring the firelock to a prescribed posi- tion, for the purpose of discharging its contents. — See Platoon Exercise, under Manual. The French use the term Present in almost all the senses that we do. There is an exception in the phrase Present, Fire, instead of which they say, Joue, Feu. The word Joue, which sig- nifies cheek, being expressive of the par- ticular position of the musket when the soldier takes aim. It corresponds with Present in this particular case. PRESENTER, l'r. among workmen, to lay or place a piece of wood, bar of iron, or any other article, in order to fit it to the spot where it is to remain. Presenter let urines, Fr. to present arms, to bring the firelock to any posi- PRE ( G77 ) PRE tion that may be prescribed in military exercise. In the firings it signifies make reach/, viz. Presenter les amies, make ready ; Joue, ready ; Feu, tire. In the manual and other exercises of the piece, it corresponds with our term. Presenter la baionnette, Fr. to charge bayonets. PRESIDENCY. The seats of govern- ment are so distinguished in India. — There are four presidencies, viz. Bom- bay, Calcutta, Fort St. David, and Ma- dras. President of a court-martial, the principal member in a military court, whether of inquiry into grounds for ac- cusation, or for direct prosecution on charges exhibited against a military of- fender. The president of a court-martial re- sembles, in some degree, the chief judge of a civil court. It is his duty to take minutes of all that is deposed upon oath during the proceedings^ and to sum them up at the conclusion ; putting the question, Guilty or Not Guilty ? to the youngest member, and so up to himself, as casting vote. In a general court- martial, the judge advocate, or his de- puty, always attends for the purpose of recording the proceedings. His autho- rity, however, does not appear to be suf- liciently defined, for in some instances he is not allowed to interfere with the president or members, unless applied to, and in others he assumes, or has, a right to explain the law. The commander in chief, for the time being, is, by virtue of his appointment, perpetual president of the supreme board of the royal military college in Great Britain. And the resident governor, or, in his absence, the lieutenant-governor of that establishment, is perpetual president of the collegiate board. PRESTESSE, Fr. quick-perception ; prestesse d'esprit, presence of mind. PRESTIGE, Fr. magic ; illusion ; fascination. Thus, at the battle of Wa- terloo, Bonaparte was said by the French to have lost su prestige, i. e. that he was not invincible. PRESQU'ILE, Fr. See Peninsula. PRESS-money, money given to the soldier when taken or pressed into the sen-ice : but as the entrance into the British service is a voluntary act, it is now more properly called bounty or en- listing monev. Portable printing Press. A machine of this sort ought always to accompany each brigade at least, of an army, if not. every regiment, for the purpose of dis- tributing general orders with expedition. The French always use printing ma- chines on these occasions. PREss-gawg, a body of armed sailors, who, under the authority of the Impress Act, parade the streets, and seize per- sons for the service of the navy. To Press, in horsemanship, is to push a horse forwards by assisting him with the calves of your legs, or by spurring him into speed. PRESTANCE, Fr. appearance, de- meanour, port of body. Hence pres- tance militaire, military look, gait and deportment. Belle Pp.estance, Fr. a handsome ap- pearance ; a dignified look, &c. PRESTATION de serment, Fr. the taking an oath. PRESUMPTION and VANITY, (presomption et vanite, Fr.) Under the latter word Bailey very justly includes emptiness, unprofitableness, vain-glory, and pride ; and of all follies, bordering upon vice and crime, it is, perhaps, the most dangerous in a military character. We lament that the limits of this publi- cation will not allow us room to illustrate the truth of this observation, by tran- scribing out of Plutarch, in the life of Fabius Maximus, whatisgiven respecting the conduct of Minucius, who was his colleague, and who fought conjointly with him against Hannibal. PRET, Fr. the subsistence or daily pay which is given to soldiers. The French say, Payer le Pret, to pay subsistence. Recevoir le Pret, to receive subsist- ence. Toucher le Pret, to touch subsistence. Pret also signifies a loan of money. PRETENDER, (pretendant, Fr.) one who pretends to any thing, whether it be his own or the property of another. Hence the Pretender, who thought tho Crown of England his own, on the ground of hereditary right ; but whose lineal claim was set aside by the Parlia- ment of Great Britain, in favour of a collateral Protestant branch. PRETER, Fr, in military tactics, to expose, as Preter son jlanc a Vennemi, to ex- pose one's flank to the enemy ; to march P K E ( 678 ) P It E in «o unguarded a manner, or to take up one's ground so disadvantageous^ as to stand in continuaJ danger of being out-flanked. The French likewise say, figuratively, prefer le Jlanc, to put one's self in the power of another. Preter le collet a quelquuti, Fr. to fight body to body ; or at close quarters. iScPreteu an collet, Fr. See lb Take to. PRETEXT, (prelcxte, Fr.) a colour- able excuse, pretence, shew. Persons employed on secret service should have various pretexts at hand. PRETOR, (prcteur, Fr.) among the Romans, the governor of a province, who had served the office of Pre tor, or chief minister of justice in ancient Rome. The provinces so governed were called pretorian. PRETORIAN, (pritorien, ne, Fr.) appertaining to a Pretor; as Pretorian Band, the general's guard among the an- cient Romans. PRETORIUM, (pritoire, Fr.) the hall or court wherein the Pretor lived and administered justice. It also denoted the tent of a Roman general, in which councils of war were held. The place where the Pretorian guards were quar- tered or lodged, was likewise called Pre- torium. PREUX, JY. brave ; courageous. — This word is used both as a substantive and an adjective, viz. Un ancicn preux. Un preux et hardi chevalier. To PREVARICATE, (privariqver, Fr.) to shuffle and cut, to play fast and loose, to make a shew of doing a thing, and to act quite contrary. PREVARICATION, in a general sense, deceit, double dealing ; imposi- tion upon the understanding. PREVENTR I'ennemi, Fr. to get the start of an enemy, or to anticipate his movements. PREVENTION, Fr. prejudice, pre- possession ; anticipation ; hindrance. PREVOT, Fr. provost. Prevot d'une armce, Fr. provost- marshal belonging to an army. Prevot de Vartillerie, Fr. an offi- cer under the old government of France, who only exercised the duties of his situation during actual service, and who always came in rear of the baggage — There were some cases in which the. power of life, and death was absolutely vested in him; and in others, he was obliged to refer the sentence to the high bailiff belonging to the royal arsenal in Paris, as a last resort. Prevot general de la connetablie, gendarmerie, et marechaussie de France, camps et armies du roi, Fr. provost-ge- neial belonging to the jurisdiction of the high constable of France, &c. This place or commission is of very ancient date, having first taken place during the se- cond race of French kings, and being as old as that of conn'cfable, or constable, of Fiance ; with this only exception, that the appellation of marichaussee was add- ed after the suppression of the conneta- blie in 1G07. The company, which im- mediately was attached to the provost- general, and which was the colonel's, or la colonelle, took precedence over all others of the same description. This superior officer was, in his own right, provost-general throughout the king's camps and armies in war time. An in- dependent company always attended the provost, in order to execute his instruc- tions, as well as those of the most ancient Marshal of France, who represented the constable since the suppression of that title. There was also a guard at the marshal's head-quarters, which was con- stantly mounted by a given number of cavalry, and which was subject to the orders of the provost-general. The pro- vost-general was always present when- ever a council was assembled by the Marshal of France, to settle disputes and differences which might arise be- tween persons of distinction, noblemen, or private gentlemen; and to determine generally upon points of honour. The sentence or opinion of this tribunal was final and decisive. Prevot general de monnaies, Fr. provost-general, or what we call master of the mint. Under the old monarchy of France, this person was vested with the same powers that were annexed to the title of Prevot des Marcchaussecs, and had a seat at the council of the Mar- shals of France. Prevot general de Vile de France, Fr. provost-general of the Isle of France, (so called from an insular spot formed by the Seine in the center of Paris.)— This officer had under his command a body of horse, divided into eight bri- gades, which were distributed about the neighbourhood of Paris, to secure the, P R I ( 679 ) P R I country round from the depredations of the capital. He had, like the other pre- vents, a separate tribunal of his own. It were devoutly to be wished that, among our manifold imitations of the Germans, we could condescend so far to imitate the French, as either to employ some of our useless cavalry in and about the skirts of London, or to form some spe- cific body of men, whose duty should be to patrole within the bills of mortality at least. Tn time of peace this plan might easily be adopted ; and we could point out a corps which might be ren- dered very serviceable. But we think such an establishment ought to be car- ried on on a large and liberal scale. The community would be benefited by it ; and if public money is to be expended, in time of peace or in time of war, how can it be more rationally employed than for the safety of those who contribute towards the public purse ? Pr£vots generau.v des martchaussees, Fr. provosts-general of the different mar- ehalsies of France. PRICES of commissions. See Regu- lation. To PRICK, or Pinch, (in horseman- ship,) is an aid ; but to bear hard with the spur is correction. To Prick out, an expression used among engineers, &c signifying to mark out the ground where a camp, &c. is to be formed. To Prick out the line of circumvalla- tion. This is done by the chief engineer and quarter-master-general whenever an army entrenches itself before a town, or takes possession of any given lot of ground, and begins to hut. VRicK-posts, (among builders,) are such as are framed into the breast sum- mers, between the principal parts, for strengthening the carcass of the house. PRICKING, amongmariners, to make a point on the plan or chart, near about where the ship then is, or is to be at such a time, in order to find the course they are to steer. PRICKER, a brass wire used for clearing the touch-hole of a musket, &c. A light horseman was formerly so called. PRIEST'S CAP, (bonnet de pretre, Fr.) See Fortification, and Bonnet. PRIME, a word of command used in the platoon exercise. See Manual. Prime and load, a word of command used in the exercise of a battalion, com- pany, or squad. See Manual. Prime parade, in fencing, is formed by dropping the point of your sword to the right, bending your elbow, and draw- ing the back of your sword hand to within a foot of your forehead, in a line with your left temple, so that your blade shall carry the thrust of your antagonist clear of the inside, or left, of your posi- tion. Prime thrust, a thrust applicable af- ter forming the above parade, and deli- vered at the inside of the antagonist. — To obtain an opening for this thrust, it is sometimes necessary to step out of the line to the right as you parry, or else to oppose the sword of your antagonist with your left hand. The first method is most eligible. Hanging Guard, with the Prime broadsword, a position in which the hand is brought somewhat to the left, in order to secure that side of the face and body. See Broadsword. PRIME numbers, in arithmetic, are those made only by addition, or the col- lection of units, and not by multiplica- tion ; so that an unit only can measure it : as 2, 3, 4, 5, &c. Some call it a sim- ple, and others an uncompound number. PRIME figure, in geometry, is that which cannot be divided into any other figures more simple than itself; as a tri- angle into planes, a pyramid into solids ; for all planes are made of the first, and all bodies or solids are compounded of the second. PRIMING, in gunnery, the train of powder that is laid, from the opening of the vent, along the gutter or channel, on the upper part of the breech of the gun, which, when fired, conveys the name to the vent, by which it is further communicated to the charge, in order to discharge the piece. This operation is only used on ship-board, at the proof, and sometimes in garrison ; for on all other occasions, tubes are used for that purpose. Priming, or prime of a gun, is the gunpowder put in the pan or touch-hole of a piece, to give it fire thereby. PRiMiNG-case, a small tin case, about the size and shape of a cartridge, for the purpose of keeping a certain quan- tity of gunpowder, tor priming, con- stantly ready and dry. It is to be hoped, that this rational and economical in- vention, which has been seen by the Commander in Chief, will be universally adopted. P R I ( C80 See Ptutoon Ex ) P R I Priming position, rrcisf, under Mam ai.. Priming aire, in gunnery, :i sort of iron needle, employed to penetrate the vent or touch-hole of a piece of ord- nance, when it is loaded, in order to dis- cover Whether tlie powder contained therein he thoroughly dry, and fit for immediate service ; as likewise to search the vent and penetrate the cartridge, when the guns are not loaded with loose powder. PRIMIPILARTI.PimiOPILARH, or PRIMIPILA &ES, (Primipilaire, Fr.) among the Romans, were such as had formerly borne the office of Primipilus of a legion. The banner was entrusted To his care. Among other privileges ■which the Primipilarii enjoyed, they be- came heirs to what little property was left by the soldiers who died in the cam- paign. See Lexicon Mililare. PRIMIPILUS, the centurion belong- ing to the first cohort of a legion. He had charge of the Roman eagl< . PRIMITIVES, J'V. Primitive colours are distinguished by this term among the French. They are the yellow, the red, and the blue ; white and black being the extremes. PRINCIPAL, (chef, Fr.) the person who has the chief management of any thing — as principal of the riding depart- ment at Woolwich, &c. PR1NCIPES, (princes, Fr.) Roman soldiers. They consisted of the strong- est and most active men in the infantry, and were armed like the Ilastati, with this difference, that the former had half pikes instead of whole ones. PRINCIPAL, in the militia, a per- son who has been regularly ballotted for, and is chosen to serve for a limited period. The act directs that every such person shall be enrolled (in a roll to be prepared at a subdivision assembled for that purpose) to serve as a private militia-man for a limited period. Rut every person, so chosen by ballot, may produce for his substitute a man of the same county or riding, or of some ad- joining county or riding, able and tit for .service, who shall not have more than one child born in wedlock, and who shall be approved by any two or more deputy lieutenants. The necessities of the times have rendered it expedient to deviate from the strict letter of the law with respect to substitutes. Any able bodied man, Welch, English, Scotch, or Irish, Protestant, or Roman Catholic- „ may serve for a principal who has been regularly chosen mid ballotted for.— That part of the oath, which confined the services of the individual to an ex- clusive acknowledgement of the estab- lished religion df Great Britain, is bow wholly omitted. The oath runs: — "I A. B. do sincerely promise and swear, that 1 will be faithful and bear true alle- giance to his Majesty Jvi i m: Georae, and 1 do swear f am a Protestant, Sue." By means of this omission, (which is done by courtesy, and ought to be sanctioned by law,) persons of all persuasions may join their country's standard. Princi- pals in the militia, who have served five years, may claim their discharge; but substitutes are obliged to continue as long as the militia remains embodied, receiving one guinea at the expiration of the term for which they originally enlisted. Principal Secretary of Slate. See Sfcretary or State. PRINCIPLE,accordingtothe schools, is that from which any thing is done or known. Principle also denotes the founda- tions of arts and sciences. Military Principles, the basis or ground-work upon which every military movement is made, and by which every operation is conducted. PRIS, Fr. This word is variously- used by the French, in a figurative and proverbial sense. C'est autunt de pris sur Vennemi is an expression signifying that some advantage, at least, has been gained. Une villc Prise, Fr. a town which has been taken. Prise des dehors d'une place, Fr. the taking possession of an enemy's out- works. PRISAGE, that share which belongs to the king or admiral out of such mer- chandises, &c. as are lawfully taken at sea. See Civil Law Officers. PRISE de possession d'une place con-* qiuse par les armes, Fr. the taking pos- session of a place which has been con- quered by force of arms. When a town surrenders under these circumstances, the walls of the place and a bell belong- ing to each parish, become the property of the conqueror. The bells are intends ed to replace the damage which mar have been done to the ordnance in car- rying on the siege ; but the inhabitants P R I ( 681 ) P R I tire always at liberty to redeem them, by paving down a stipulated sum of money. See Raciiat ties Cloches-. Prise de corps, Fr. arrest. Prise sur sol, Fr. The French say, donner prise sur soi, to let another take the advantage of one. Ignorant, pre- sumptuous, and unexperienced officers, are much exposed to this fatal error. Letcher Pkise, Fr. to lose one's hold. This expression is used, when a general of an army, from his forces being either not sufficiently strong, or from having himself omitted to take the best advantage of ground, &,c. is obliged to give way. Whenever this happens, it may be said, with much truth, that such a general ought not to be entrusted with the command of an army. The circumstances must be very peculiar in- deed, which could exculpate him in the judgment of military men. Avoir Prise sur quelqiiun, Fr. to be able to attach any thing to an individual derogatory from his character; or, in any vvav affecting his interest. PRISES, Jr. See Prizes. Prises sur I'enncmi, Fr. Every thing taken from the enemy is so called. PRISM, (prisme, Fr.) in geometry, a solid contained under several planes, which has commonly for base, a triangle, a quadrilateral, or a polygon, the solid content of which consists of as many parallelograms as there are sides to its base, and which is crowned by a plane that is equal and parallel to the base. It is called light prism, prisme droit, when it is contained under rectangular parallelograms ; oblique prism, prisme oblique, when it is inclined towards its base ; triangular prism, prisme triangu- laire, when its base is a triangle ; quadri- lateral prism, or parallelepiped, prisme quadrilutere, ou puraKelepipt.de, when its base is a parallelogram, or a right angle. In short, a prism of five, six, or seven sides, &c. when its base is a polygon con- sisting of five, six, and seven sides, &c. PRISMOID (in geometry) is a solid figure bounded by several planes, whose bases are right angled parallelograms, parallel, and alike situated. Also a body approaching to the form of a prism. PRISONERS of war, (prisonniers dc guerre, Fr.) those of the enemy who are Pain des Prisonniers, Fr. the bread. which each state furnishes by contract for the support of prisoners of war. PRIVATE, a term used in the British service to express a common soldier. Thus, though a corporal constitute one of the rank and file, he is not a private ; but every man under him is so called. Private is likewise a word frequently placed at the corner of a letter to dis- tinguish it from a mere official docu- ment; or rather, to confine the commu- nication to the perusal of one person onlv. Private, and Confidential, a term frequently used in private communica- tion among men in office, or attached to public situations. Private conversation, confidential communication with one or more per- sons; any thing said which is not to be made public. Hence, to repeat private conversation has, at all times, and by all civilized persons, been reckoned a gross breach and violation, not only of good manners, but of every principle of recti- tude and honour. PRIVATEER, a ship fitted out by one or more private persons, with a licence from the prince, or state, to take or make prize of an enemy's ship, or goods. PRIVATION, absence ; removal, or destruction of any thing, or quality ; lack, want. Among other necessary and indispensable qualities which officers and soldiers should possess in actual warfare, the being capable of enduring privations of almost every kind, is per- haps the most estimable. PRIVILEGE is any kind of right, or advantage, which is attached to a person or employment, exclusive of others. PRIVILEGES of the Guards. Among the different privileges which prevail in the British army, we ought to notice, that the Life Guards receive their pro- motions direct from the king, without passing through the Commander in Chief, as all other corps do. The appointment of colonel in the life guards gives the honorary title of Gold slick, and the field officer of the day is the Silver Stick, through whom all reports, &Q. are conveyed to the King. The foot- guards enjoy the privilege of ranking, taken before, in, or after a battle, siege, j from the ensign, one step higher than &c. they are deprived of their liberty the line. A lieutenant, far instance, at large, until exchanged, or sent on ' ranks as captain, and can purchase as parole. | 4 S P R 1 ( ea- ) P R O fcuoh into any marching regiment with- out having waited the regulated period ; and a captain, having the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel, may leap over all the majors of the line, by getting ap- pointed to a marching regiment. The promotions of the Guards, among them- selves, are, however, extremely blow; vet, strange to say, the only indem- nification they have must be at the expense of the line. Pbivileges des regimens, Fr. certain privileges attached to regiments. Privilege of franking letters, an exclusive right which is given to peers of Great Britain and Ireland, to send and to receive by their signatures, a prescribed number of letters free of the charges of postage, (we believe ten in the first, and fourteen in the second instance); also a temporary right enjoyed by members of parliament to do the same ; both classes being subjected to a given weight, of twp ounces. Certain persons in official situa- tions have the same privilege, with this exception, that they are not confined to weight. Letters of private soldiers and seamen, superscribed by their com- manding officers, are also included in this privilege. Privileged orders, certain classes of men and women, who have rank and precedence in community, with exemp- tions from particular laws, See. and who are sometimes the ornament, but very often the disgrace of the stations they hold. The offspring of these crea- • tures — we mean of the latter description — frequently get promoted at the expense of unprotected merit, in all countries. With us it has happened, though rarely, that comets and ensigns might lie in- active in the womb, and gradually rise into unfledged heroes from the cradle. The salutary rules and regulations, how- ever, of his' Royal Highness the Duke of York, the commander in chief — and to him this praise is due — have put a stop to so disgraceful a practice. PRIVY' council, (conscil prive, Fr.) n council of state held by the king in person, with his counsellors, or by his orders, to concert matters for public service. Privy seal, a seal which the king uses previously to such grants, &c. as are afterwards to pass the great seal ; as also in matters of less consequence, as payments of money, Sec. which do not pass the great seaL Lord Privy teal, the fifth great officer of the crown. He is a lord by office, and a member of the privy council. PRIX iles emplois, ou charges mililaires, Fr. the price or commissions, or military employments. PRIZE-agenf, a person appointed for the distribution of such shares of money, as may become due to officers of the na\ v, or army. lie is authorized to act by means of a licence granted from the treasury, for which he pays five shillings stamp duty. Vwi-n.-jighter. See Gladiator. Piu/.i -money. Officers and soldiers of the line doing duty on board ships of war, are entitled to prize-money as ma- rines. PRIZE-moreey, share of (part de prise, Fr.) the proportion which is paid to the several individuals belonging to the navy or army, who, on the capture or surrender of a place, Sec. become enti- tled to the produce of what is seized upon, according to the laws of war. PROA,JFr. A sailing vessel is so called in India. PROBABILITY, (probability Fr.) lil lihood; appearance of truth; evi- dence arising from the preponderation of argument. It is less than moral cer- tainty . Calculation of Probabilities, (calcid den probability, Fr.) a calculation upon which the mind depends for the issue of an event. A treatise has been written upon the subject, cut killed L'Essai sur les Probability, par M. Desparcieux. PRO BAT, the proof of wills .and testaments of persons deceased, in the spiritual court, either in common form by the oath of the executor, or with witnesses. PROBE 1 - scissors, scissars used to open wounds, of which the blade thrust into the orifice has a button at the end. To Probe, to search; to try by an instrument. We say, figuratively, to probe any thing to the bottom ; to get at the real and unsophisticated state of a business. PROBLEM, (problcmc, Fr.) in geo- metry, is a proposition wherein some operation or construction is required, or it is a proposition which refers to prac- tice, or which proposes something to be done ; as to divide a line, to construct an angle, to draw a circle into three points, not in a right line, &c. A pro- blem consists of tliree points. 1st, The PRO ( 683 ) PRO Proposition, which contains what is to be done. 2d, The Resolution or solu- tion, wherein the detail or several steps, whereby the thing required is to be ef- fected, are severally made or rehearsed. 3d, The Demonstration, which clearly shews, that every thing required or pre- scribed in the resolution, having been done, the result must inevitably be such as was looked for in the proposition. There are two sorts of problems, viz. Problem determinate, (probicme de- termine, Fr.) is that wherein all that ap- pertains to its resolution or solution, is determined, nothing consequently re- mains but a resolution, or solution. Problem indeterminate, (probicme in- determine, Fr.) is that, on the contrary, wherein every thing appertaining to the solution is not expressed. The solution of these kinds of problems may be done in various ways. PROCEDURE militaire, Fr. military process. It consists of the investigation of all crimes and offences committed by soldiers which come under the cogni- zance of a military tribunal ; in contra- distinction to the authority which is vested in the civil magistrates. PROCES, Fr. See Lawsuit. Pkoces verbale, Fr. a recital of facts taken down from word of mouth. To PROCLAIM, (pr detainer, Fr.) to promulgate or denounce by a solemn or legal publication. Hence, to proclaim peace, which is used in contradistinction to the term to declare, which denounces war. Both the French and English say, declarer la guerre, to declare war ; pro- clamer la pair, to proclaim peace. PROCLAMATION, an instrument which is published by the king, with the advice of his privy council, whereby the country at large is advertised of some- thing, and whereby the people are some- times required to do, or not to do, cer- tain things. A proclamation has all the efficacy of law, because it is supposed to be in concord with the law already in being. Proclamation of Peace, a declara- tion of the king's will openly published by the herald at arms in the most public places of London and Westminster. PROCONSUL, among the Romans, a magistrate who was sent to govern a province with consular authority. PROCRASTINATION, delay; dila- toriness ; an evil of the greatest magni- tude in military operations. PROCTOR. See Prizes. PROCURATION. See Power of Attorney. PRODIGALITY, (prodigalite, Fr.) extravagance; profusion; waste; exces- sive liberality. PRODITION. See Treachery. PRODUCE, } (produit, Fr.) effect, PRODUCT, S fruit. In arithmetic, it is the quantity which grows out of the multiplication of two or more numbers or lines, one by another: 5 for instance multiplied by -1 will give the produce 20; and the produce of two lines, mul- tiplied one by the other, is called the rectangle of these lines. PROFESSION, business or calling; as the profession of arms : also declara- tion, opinion, promise. PROFESSOR, an instructor; a pro* fessed teacher. Professor of fortification, one who teaches the science of fortification. PROFESSIONAL jealousy, (jalousie de metier, Fr.) the envy borne by one person to another of the same profession. PROFILE, in drawing, side-ways, or side view. A picture in profile repre- sents a head or face set sideways. Profile, (profit, Fr.) in architecture, the draft of a building, fortification, &c. wherein are expressed the several heights, widths, and thicknesses, such as they would appear were the building cut down perpendicularly from the roof to the foundation. It serves to shew those dimensions which cannot be represented in plans, but are yet necessary in the building of a fortification: they are best constructed on a scale of 30 feet to an inch. It is also called Section, Ortho- graphical Section, and by Vitruvius, Sciagraphy. It is sometimes used in opposition to Tchnography. PROFILER, Fr. the act of profiling, or designing with rule and compass. To PROFIT, (prqfiter, Fr.) to gain advantage ; as, the English profited by the sudden panic which their appearance along the enemy's coast produced. PROFITER, IV. to take advantage of. PROFLIGACY, the act of bein 5 abandoned or shameless. PROFLIGATE, abandoned ; lost to virtue and decency ; shameless. PROFONDEUR, Fr. See Depth. PROGRAM, (programme, Fr.) a word derived from the Greek, signifying any public edict, notice, or declaration. •IS 2 PRO ( <5f! 1 ) PRO Any pnper which is stuck up for public information. The French make use <>i' ord on occasions of national cere- mony. PROGRESS, (progris, Fr.) a pro- ceeding or going forward in any under- taking; alsO a journey taken by a prince or nobleman. In a military sense, it signifies a series of conquests or advan- tages ruined over an enemy. PROGRESSION, (progression, Fr.) in mathematics, is either arithmetical or geometrical. Continued arithmetic pro- portion is where the terms do increase and decrease by equal differences, and is called arithmetic progression. Geome- tric, or continued geometric progression, is when the terms do increase, or de- crease, by equal ratio. Belidor adds a third, and calls it harmonic progression, progression harmonique, referring to the word Progression in the Dictionnaire de Mathtmattque de M. Saoerieh. PRO.I ECTED,mmathematics,dra'wn upon a plane. PROJECTILES, (projectiles, Fr.) are such bodies as being put in motion by any great force, are then cast oil, or let go from the place where they re- ceived their quantity of motion; as a shell or shot from a piece of artillery, a stone thrown from a sling, or an arrow from a bow, &c. This line is commonly taken for a parabola, and the ranges are computed from the properties of that curve. The assumption would he just in case the ball, in its motion, nut with no resistance: but, the resistance of the air to swift motions being very great, the curve described by the shot is neither a parabola, nor near it: and by reason ot the resistance, the angle which gives the gr< ateet amplitude is not 45 degrees, as commonly supposed, but something less, probably Kit. Hence (lie sublime ma- I unities are absolutely necessary in the investigation of the track ot' a shell or -hot in the air, known by the name of >inlitnry projectiles. PROJECTION, (projection, Fr.) in mechanics, the action of giving a pro- jectile its motion. It is also used to signify a scheme, plan or delineation. PROJECTURE, Fr. in architecture, i .'nines the out-jetting, prominency, or I abossment, which the mouldings, and i in i' tix mbers have, beyond the naked wall, column, Sec. and is always in pro- portion to its height. PR< M ETy Fr.v rough draft ; a sketch or plan of fortification, with its relative works. Among engineers, it is any work which may be deemed necessary to be made for the security of a place, inside, or out. These projects are exhibited by neans of plans and profiles which are washed over with yellow colour, in order to shew that they are works recom- mended for construction. It likewise signifies, in diplomacy, a plan or state- ment ot' terms and conditions, which one country makes to another, tor a final adjustment of differences. Contre-PB.OJTT, Fr. a rescript or an- swer to terms proposed. PROLATE, in geometry, an epithet applied to a spheroid produced by the revolution of a semi-ellipsis about its larger diameter. To Prolono, (prolunger, Fr.) to lengthen out, to extend. PROD JNGATION, (prolongation, Fr.) an extension of leave of absence, or a continuation of service. Militia- men, after Inning served their live years, are entitled to a fresh guinea, for prolongation of service. When a truce between two armies is prolonged, it is called prolongation d'uue trive, the pro- longation or extension of a truce. Prolongation of the Line. This is done by paralb 1 movements at the right or left of any given number of men on a front division. PROLONGS, Fr. a long thick rope which is used to drag artillery ; hence called a drag-rope. PROMENADE, Fr. walk ; walking. PROMENER, Fr. to walk, or move on leisurely. 1'uomkner un c/icval, Fr. to walk a horse up and down. PROMENOIR, Fr. a walk. PROMONTORY, (promontoire, Fr.) an elevated piece of land, or a high rock which lianas oxer the sea. PROMOTK )N, ( promotion, Fr.) This word signifies, in military matters, the elevation of an individual to some ap- pointment of greater rank and trust than the one he holds. See Standing. Undue Promotion, an individual exaltation to rank without a legitimate' claim to preferment. PROMOUVOIR, Fr. to promote. PROMPTITUDE, (promptitude, Fr.) readiness; quickness; a most neces- sary qualification in every officer who has the charge or command of an en- terprise. ProcntsUuaUon and indetv PRO ( 685 ) PRO sion are the mortal enemies of promp- titude. PROMU, Fr. promoted. PRONONC'E, Fr. decided; marked. Un caractae PitONONcfe, Fr. a de- cided character; what every command- ing officer should possess. PROOF, in arithmetic, an operation Searcher with one point is introduced, about which point a mixture of wax and fallow is put, to take the impression of the holes ; and if any are found of l-9th of an inch deep, or of any considerable length, the gun is rejected as unservice- able to government. * Reliever, an iron ring fixed to a han- whereby the truth and justness of a cal- die, by means of a socket, so as to be at right angles : it serves to disengage the first searcher, when any of the points are retained in a hole, and cannot other- culation are examined and ascertained. Proof of artillery and small arms is a trial whether they will stand the quantity of powder allotted for that purpose. Government allows 11 bullets of lead in the pound for the proof of muskets, and 29 in two pounds for service ; 1 7 in the pound for the proof of carabines, and 20 for service ; 28 in the pound for the proof of pistols, and 34 for ser- vice. When guns of a new metal, or of lighter construction, are proved, they are then, besides the common proof, fired 2 or 300 times as quick as they can be, loaded with the common charge given in actual service. Our light 6 pounders have been fired 300 times, in three hours, 27 minutes, loaded with lib. 4oz. without receiving any damage. Proof of powder is the trial of its goodness and strength. There have been different inventions proposed and put in practice heretofore, for the proof of powder. See Gunpowder, also Eprou- vette. Proof of cannon \% made to ascer- tain their being well cast, their having no cavities in their metal, and, in a word, their being fit to resist the effort of their charge of powder. In making this proof, the piece is laid upon the ground, supported only by a piece of wood in the middle, of about five or six inches thick, to raise the muzzle a little ; and then the piece is fired against a so- lid butt of earth. Tools to Prove cannon are as follow, viz. Searcher, an iron socket with branches, from four to eight in number, bending outwards a little, with small points at their ends : to this socket is fixed a wooden handle, from eight to twelve ftjet long, and 1\ inch in diame- ter. This searcher is introduced into the gun after each firing, and turned gently round to discover the cavities within : if any are found, they are wise be got out. When guns are re- jected by the proof-masters, they order them to be mailed x which the con- tractors generally alter to W P, and after such alteration, dispose of them to foreign powers for Woolwich proof. A most curious instrument for finding the principal defects in pieces of artil- lery, has been invented by lieutenant- general Desaguliers, of the royal regi- ment of artillery. This instrument, grounded on the truest mechanical prin- ciples, is no sooner introduced into the hollow cylinder of the gun, than it dis- covers its defects, and more particularly that of the piece not being truly bored ; which is a very important one, and to which most of the disasters happening to pieces of artillery, are in a great aiea- ture to be imputed ; for when a gun is not properly bored, the most expert artillerist will not be able to make a good shot. Proof of mortars and howitzers is made to ascertain their being well cast, and of strength to resist the eifort of their charge. For this purpose the mor- tar, or howitzer, is placed upon the ground, with some part of its trunnions or breech sunk below the surface, and resting on wooden billets, at an eleva- tion pi" about 70 degrees. The mirror is generally the only in- strument to discover the delects in mor- tars and howitzers. Im order to use it, the sun must shine ; the breech must be placed towards the sun, and the glass over-against the mouth of the piece : it illuminates the bore and chamber suffi- ciently to discover the Haws in it. Proof armour, armour hardened so as to resist the force of an arrow, a sword, or other weapons in use before the discovery of gunpowder; and some- times of shot itself. Proof charge, the quantity of gun- marked on the outside with chalk ; and powder which is used in trying the seve- then the ral pieces of ordnance. PRO ( 686 ) PRO PROPER, in military matters, stands as a reduplicative, serving to mack out a thing more expressly and formally, \i/. PEOPER front of a battalion, the given usual continuity of line, which is to the formation of a hattalion, and which remains unaltered by the coun- termarch, or wheelings, of its divisions ; or, if altered, is restored by the same operation. PROPER right, the right of a battalion, company, or subdivision, when it is drawn up according to its natural formation. Proper pivot Jlank, in column, is that which, when wheeled up to, preserves the divisions of the line in its natural order, and to their proper front. The other may be called the reverse flank. In column, divisions cover and dress to the proper pivot flank : to the left when the right is in front ; and to the right when the left is in front. PROPHET, (pr ophite, Fr.) The French say, as we say also, nul nest pro- phtte en son pays, no man is a prophet in his own country ; that is, every person is more respected and better thought of in a foreign country than in his own. PROPLASM. See Mould. PROPORTION, (proportion, Fr.) comparative relation of one thing to another The quality of the different members of each part of the works of architecture, as well as of fortification, and the relative harmony, of all the part-, put together. Proportion", (in mathematics,) the equality or resemblance of two or more ratios. As these ratios may be of three different kinds, arithmetical, geometrical, or harmonic ; so there are three different sorts of proportions comprehended under these three epithets. Proportion, (in the ordnance,) an in- strument by which stores were formerly issued, and which was prepared in the office of the clerk of the deliveries, and signed by three board officers. Since the year 1795, the orders for the issues have been given by the board in the first instance. PROPORTIONAL, (proportionnel, Fr.) having a settled comparative rela- tion, as a quantity has in lines or num- bers which have a certain degree of any quality compared with each other. PROPOS, Fr. loose observations; vague expressions. Des Propos, Fr. insinuations; liber- ties taken by a person when he speaks of another. A Propos, Fr. belonging to ; having a connection with. The French say familiarly, (jucrc/lcr a propos dc bottes, to quarrel about nothing. This phrase has probably arisen from the disputes which frequently take place respecting the hits given in fencing; botlc signify- ing a thrust with a foil. To PROPOSE, to offer for consider- ation. PROPOSER tine personnc pour une charge, Fr. to recommend a person for a situation. PROPOSITION, (proposition, Fr.) in geometry, the declaration of a truth which is proved by demonstration. Such are the propositions in Euclid's Elements. Propositions are divided into problems and Theorems. PROPREFECT, among the Romans, the prefect's lieutenant, whom he com- missioned to do any part of his duty in his place. PROPRETE des sole/at s, Fr. clean- liness required in soldiers. PROPRETOR, the same in his re- lative capacity as proconsul, among the Romans, lie was a magistrate who, after having discharged the office of pretor at home, was sent into a province to act in the same capai it v. PR( >QU ESTOR, among the Romans, the questor's lieutenant, who discharged his office in his stead. To PROSECUTE, to carry on.— Hence to prosecute the war. PROSECUTOR, (accusateur, Fr.) the person who exhibits charges against a delinquent. When the king is concerned, the advocate-general assumes that cha- racter, in military matters. PROSPECTIVE, appertaining to viewing. PROSTILE, (in architecture,) a range of columns in the front of a tern- pie. PROTECTOR, (protectew, Ir.) a person who patronizes another, or has his interest at heart. The word pro- tecteur corresponds with our term pa- tron. The word sometimes denotes the Regent of a kingdom . Oliver Cromwell assumed the title on the death of Charles I. PROTECTORES DOMESTICI,— body guards which were instituted about V R O ( 63T ) PRO the decline of the Roman empire : they did duty both on horseback and on foot. , , Un PROTEGE, Fr. an individual who is patronized by another To PROTEST, to object; to oppose; to declare illegal. An officer has a right to enter his protest on the minutes of a board ot inquiry, or on those of a court-martial. PROTESTANT, a person belonging to the Church of England, or who has rejected the mysteiies, and supposed errors, of the church of Rome, yet be- lieves in the Trinity. The appellation of Protestant was given in Germany to all who adhered to the doctrine published bv Luther, in opposition to the Roman Catholic religion. Protestant religion, the established religion of Great Britain. PROTHYRUM, (in architecture,) a porch at the outward door of a house. PROTHYRIS. According to Vignola, a particular sort of a key of an arch, which consists of a roll of water leaves between two riglets, and two fillets crowned with a Doric cymatium; its figure resembling that of a modilliou. It also means, in ancient architecture, a quoin, or corner of a wall ; and some- times a cross beam and overthwart rafter. PROTOCOL, (protocole, Fr.) a regis- ter ; the original entry or writing of any thing. — Protocole, in French, also sig- nifies any particular form in which princes or noblemen are addressed. PROTOCOLISER, Fr. to take down ; to enregister. PROTOSPATHAIRE, the principal officer in the guards that did duty over the Emperor at Constantinople. The guards themselves were called Spathaires, on account of the long swords with which they were constantly armed. PROVEDITOR, (prov'cdtteur, Fr.) The Venetians had two appointments of this description before the revolution occasioned by the French. — One gave the supreme command of the armies on shore, the other that of the fleets. Of these proveditors, there were three who had the direction of matters rela- ting to policy throughout the Signory. PROVEDiTOR-generaZ of the sea, an officer in Italy, whose authority extended over the fleet, when the captain-general was absent. He had particularly the disposal of the cash. PROVENU, Fr. product; amount, &c. PROVERS, or TRYERS. There was formerly in the army, particularly in Queen Anne's time, a set of officers in most corps, who were called Provcrs, or Try'ers; these, upon a young officer joining the regiment, constantly and without a cause picked a quarrel with him ; when if the young man acquitted himself with honour, and escaped with life, he passed the rest of his time quietly enough ; but if the unhappy youth, just come from school and unacquainted with the nice punctilios of honour, did not in a proper manner resent the injury, or declined the combat, he led so miserable a life, that he was obliged to quit the army. This practice, even among civi- lians, still prevails in certain Irish counties, especially on the arrival of a fresh regiment. — The author from whom we have quoted this passage, concludes thus: — The duties of the service are surely the most certain trials of an offi- cer; there if he does not behave as he ought, he will be cashiered for cowardice — but the other is a most uncertain method of trying a man's courage, be- cause there have been many instance* of officers refusing the duel, who have marched intrepidly to the attack of a battery, where these Provers would have trembled to have followed them. PROVIANT- Master-General, in old time, the official denomination of what we now call commissary general, or commissary in chief. PROVINCIALS, certain bodies of troops which were raised in America, during the contest with the natives,, for- the royal cause. To PROVISION, properly, to victual; to furnish with provisions. This word i* of very modern adoption and evidently grows out of the French term approvi- sionner. PROVISIONS are properly those articles of food and sustenance which soldiers receive from the public, and which are paid for by deductions from their pay. PROVISIONAL, (provisional, Fr.) temporarily established. PROVISIONAL Cavalry, a kind of militia cavalry, first raised by act of parliament in 1797 ; each county or dis- trict being divided into classes of ten householders in each. The person on whom the ballot fell was constrained to P R U ( 688 ) P S I find a man and horse, &C. Like the militia they were commanded by officers having commissions from the lord lieu- tenant of the county. PROVISION ALLY, (provisoirement, Fr.) by way of provision, or temporary arrangement. This word is frequently used, both in French and English, to distinguish the exercise of temporary functions from that of permanent ap- pointments. PROVOCATOR, (provoqueur, Fr.) a challenger. Among the Romans there \\;i^ a particular gladiator of this appel- lation, lie was armed with a sword, shield, head-piece, and cuissarts, made of iron. PROVOQUER, Fr. to provoke; to draw on. Pkovoquer an combat, Fr. to provoke or challenge to hattle. Phovoqueb a sebattre, Fr. to provoke any body to fight. rROVOST-Marshal, of an army, is an office! appointed to secure deserters, and all other criminals ; lie is often to go round the army, hinder the soldiers from pillaging, indict offenders, execute the sentence pronounced, anil regulate the weights and measures used in the army, when in the field, lie is attended by a lieutenant's guard, has a clerk, and an executioner. PROW, (proue, Fr.) the foremost part «f a ship. PROWESS, valour,' bravery in the '.Prytanee dictory qualities of the human mind by their amalgamation with uncommon skill. The French very wisely say, Ix General d'une prudence cpnsommee sail risguer sa reputation, a general of consummate prudence knows how to risk his repu- tation. Worldly Prudence, (prudence mon- daine, Fr.) This quality seldom governs a high and adventurous mind, and is generally prevalent in that class of selfish beings whose views are confined to them- selves, and who never think of posterity either as christians or heroes. PRUDERY, over-much nicety in conduct. Official Prudery, affected delicacy in matters of business; sometimes arising from ignorance and pride. To PRY, to peep narrowly , to inspect, officiously, curiously or impertinently ; as many assiduous and low-minded re- porters do in civil and military life, in order to acquire credit among persons of rank or situation, whose minds are equally grovi ling and debased. I'KVLIDES, a military dance which was practised anions the Greeks. PRYTANEE, Fr. from the Latin Prytaneum, and originally from an insti- tution at Athens for the support of those persons who had deserved well of their country. The name of the Ecole Mili- taire was altered by Napoleon, when he was first consul of France, to that of field, military gallantry. This institution it situated in the Rue" To PROWL, to wander about for j St. Jacques, in the Fauxbourg St. Mar- prey ; to maraud. i eel. The grand building, which may be PRUCE, an old word for Prussia, seen in the maps of Paris, serves as bar- llence shields of Pruce, or shields made j racks for the flying artillery. •f Prussian leather PRUDENCE, (prudence, Fr.) Wis- dom (applied to practice, as a moral quality) is within the scope of every in- dividual, civil or military ; and as the latter character is hourly exposed to temptations, Juvenal's maxim, nullum nuaien abest si nil Prudentia, cannot be too strongly inculcated; in contradistinc- tion to Churchill's sweeping declaration, — give me all the world can span, I would not be that thing, that prudent man. Rut the prudence which is required in a The Prytance, as an establishment for the education of military characters, is remarkable for the liberality of its regu- lations with respect to religious tenets. Protestant as well as Catholic boys, ike. are received and educated there without being molested on the score of religion. P'SENT, an abbreviation of the word present. It is used in platoon firings. PSEUDO-DIPTERE, in ancient ar- chitecture, a teniplehaving eight columns in front, and a single row of columns all round. PSILOI, light armed men among the public and political character, embraces [Greeks, who fought with arrows and so much, that to be a prudent, and at darts, or stones and slings, but were un- the same time, a successful general or fit for close fight. They were, in honour politician, it is necessary to possess, and and dignity, inferior to the heavy armed. to be able to unite, aljiiost all the contra- 1 Next to these were the Peltastai, a PUG ( 689 ) P U L middle sort of foot soldiers between the Hoplitai and the Psiloi, being armed with spe-trs, but far inferior in size to those of the heavy armed; their name is taken from their narrow shields, called Pelta-. Potter's Greek Antiquities, vol. ii. c. 3. PTEROPHORES, heralds or mes- sengers among the Romans who brought tidings of a declaration of war, of a battle having been lost, or of some check sustained by the army. They generally wore feathers at the end of their pikes. PTISAN, (ptisanne, Fr.) a medical drink, made of barley decocted with raisins and stick-liquorice. It is much recommended in fevers, and particularly during the progress of a certain disorder which is very common among young officers and soldiers. Linseed tea is also very beneficial in the latter case. PUBLIC, (public, Fr.) the general body of mankind, or of a state or nation; the people. PUBLICANS, persons who keep ale- houses, &c. for the accommodation of travellers. Troops upon the march, or in quarters, may be billeted on them, under certain regulations. PUCKA, Ind. a putrid fever, gene- rally fatal in twenty-four hours. PUCKALLIES, Ind. leather bags for carrying water. They are placed on the backs of oxen. The word is also used for water-carriers. PUDLAYS, pieces of stuff to serve as levers or handspikes. PUFF, an inflated account of oneself, or of another person, whose good-will or money is aimed at by such unmanly means. Hence paid-for paragraphs and puffs in newspapers. To Puff, to swell or blow up with praise. To swell or elate with pride. PUFFER, a creature that doles out senseless encomiums, sometimes without knowing why or wherefore, but generally from motives of self-interest. PUGILISM, (pugilat, Fr.) the art of boxing, which was held in high repute among the Greeks, and was constantly practised by them. Except in England, this art is not known among modern nations. With us it has had its parlia- mentary advocates. PUGIO, a dagger which was used by the Romans ; a species of that weapon, called the hand-seax, was worn by the Saxons, with which they massacred the English on Salisbury Plain in 470. PUHUR Din, Ind. watches kept in the day ; of which there are four ; a similar number is kept in the night, called Puhur rat. PUISAGE, Fr. the drawing up water. PUISANT, Fr. a well built of dry stones, or made in a wall to serve as a reservoir for water. PU1SART, Fr. a reservoir or drain well, where water that has been raised by means of a machine, is again taken up by fresh pumps and carried higher. Thus at the machine of Marli near Paris, there are two reservoirs on the declivity of the hill. Puisarts de sources, Fr. certain drain wells which are sunk at intermediate dis- tances in order to discover springs, all of which communicate together by means of drains that convey their waters to one reservoir, whence they flow into an aqueduct. PUISER, Fr. to draw up. Puiser a la sowce, figuratively, to go to the foun- tain head of any thing. PUISOIR, Fr. a copper vessel which is used in making saltpetre. PUISSANCE, Fr. in algebra and geometry, powers of lines and quantities. PUTTS, Fr. a well. Puits perdu, Fr. a well with a loose sandy bottom through which the water passes. Pi its de mineur, Fr. a perpendicular opening, about four feet square, which is made in the earth for miners to let themselves down, as deep as may be judged expedient, in order to push the subterraneous galleries beneath the co- vert way, or under any other works con- structed by the besieged or besieger. PULK, a tribe, a particular body of men. This word is chiefly used in Rus- sia ; as a Pulk of Cossacks. PULLEY, in military mechanics. — See Mechanics. PULVTNATA, a frieze, a swelling or bulging out like a pillow. PULSE, (poux, Fr.) the motion of an artery as the blood is driven through it by the heart, and as it is perceived by the touch. To feel one's Pulse, (later le Poux a quelqu'un, Fr.) to try or know one's mind artfully. PULVERIN, Fr. priming powder. PULVIS fulminans, the same as poudre J'ulminunl, thundering powder, a mixture of three parts of saltpetre, two of tartar, and one of brimstone ; all 4T PUN ( 690 ) P U N limlv powdered. A small part, even a single dram of this being put into a shovel over a gentle tire, till it melts by degrees and changes colour, will go off or explode as loud as a musket. But it will not do any injury, because its force tends chiefly downwind. PULWAR, bid. a light boat for dis- patches- PUAIICE-s/ohc, a spungy, light, crumbling stone which is cast out of mount /Etna, and other burning moun- tains. It is used in graving, polishing, &c. PUMMEL.— See Pommel. PUMP, (pompc, Fr.) in hydraulics, a machine funned for the purpose of rais- ing water. Pumps are distinguished into different kinds, according to the manner in which they severally act. The common pump, sometimes called the sucking pump, which acts by the pres- sure of the air, and whereby water i> raised out of a lower into a higher place, not exceeding '61 French feet, or 3'2 English. Hand-PvMv, (pompc a bringuebale, Fr.) a pump that is less than the common pump, and generally used on board a ship. Head-VvMP, (pompc. hors du bord, Fr.) a pump which is put over the side of* a ship to throw off. water. Hood of a Pump, the lid or cover which is laid upon a chain-pump. The French call it, Capot pour recouvrir la roue d'une pompe a chapelet. Pvuv-dale, the wooden handle of a pump. Pomp gear, (garniture de pompc, Fr.) the necessary apparatus of a pump. Forcing Pump, a pump which acts by mere impulse and protrusion, and raises water to any height at pleasure. Ctcscbes's Pump, a remarkably fine pump which acts both by suction and expulsion. PUNCH, (poincon, Fr.) an instru- ment for making holes. Every Serjeant of a company, at least, and indeed every corporal of a squad, should be provided with a punch, as there is frequent occa- sion to fit on the cross-belts, &c. Punch, azccll-set, well-knit horse, that is, short-backed and thick-shouldered, with a broad neck, and well lined with flesh. PUNCHEON, (poincon, Fr.) a com- mon name for all the iron instruments used by stone-cutters, sculptors, lock- smiths, &c for cutting or piercing their different articles. Puncheon is also a piece of timber raised upright, under the ridge of a building, whi rein the little forces, &c. are joined. Puncheon like- wise means the arbour or principal part of a machine on which it turns vertically, as that of a crane, *xx. PUNCHINS, in architecture, are short pieces of timber placed upright between two posts to support some con- siderable weight. PI NCTIIIO, B small nicety of be- haviour; a nice point ot exactness, as punctilio of honour, for which men fre- quently fight with more desperation than they would for their country. PUNCTO, the point in fencing. PUNCTUALITY, (ponctitalite, Fr.) exactitude in performing any thing in time and place. A very respectable friend of the author's, who has seen most parts of the world, and served in the foot-guards, in America, has, from experience, imbibed so strong a sense of the propriety and necessity of punctua- lity, that his familiar phrase is, better never than late ; being the reverse of our common term, better late than never. It is needless to add, that among naval and military men, this sentence ought to. be proverbial. PUNIC, (punique, Fr.) from punicus, of Pnmi, the Carthaginians, who were reckoned a perfidious people. Pvsic-faith, (la foi punique, Fr.) falsehood, treachery, perjury. The mo- dern French, during the late war, thought proper to attach this term to honest old England; and, in order to prove the absurdity and injustice of the application, (especially towards their prisoners) ex- emplified, in every act, the adage them- selves. PUNISHMENT, in the army, in general, signifies the execution of a sen- tence pronounced by a court-martial upon any delinquent; but in particular it means" that kind of punishment which is often used by inflicting a certain num- ber of lashes upon a reduced non-com- missioned officer, or private man. There are various methods in different coun- tries which have been adopted for the punishment of officers and soldiers, with- out ultimately depriving the public of their sen ices. Those in the British are PUN ( 691 ) PUR simple, and in general very summary; especially with regard to officers. In some foreign services it is usual to send an officer from his regiment to do duty in a garrison town, during which period he loses all the advantages of promotion. Hence etre envoyt en garnison, to be sent into garrison, implies a species ot military chastisement. Perhaps the method adopted in our navy, of putting an officer at the bottom of the list of his own rank, might be beneficial in the army. PUNITIONS corporelles, Fr. corporal punishments. In the old French service, military punishments or chastisements, which were not of a capital nature, were of two kinds. The picket was for the cavalry, and the gauntelope, or passing through the rods, for the infantry. The rods, or baguettes, (which properly mean small sticks, or switches,) were generally osier or willow twigs. Previous to the execution of the sentence, a corporal, with two privates of the company to which the culprit belonged, were sent to get the rods. These they brought in a bun- dle to the guard-house, or to any place of security which was near the spot where the punishment was to be inflicted. The criminal, under an escort of two Serjeants and four grenadiers, with fixed bayonets, went for the bundle, and as he passed through the interval of the line which was faced inwards, each sol- dier drew out one twig. The grenadiers at the head of the line took off their slings, which they used instead of rods. When the culprit reached the end of the line, he undressed himself naked to the waist. The right and left openings of the double line, faced inwards, were closed by the grenadiers that hadescorted the prisoner, viz. two with one Serjeant at the head of the right, and two with ditto °.t the head of the left. It some- times happened, that a Serjeant or cor- poral marched backward in ordinary time ; keeping the point of his pike di- rected at the chest of the man who re- ceived the lashes. The culprit was, how- ever, generally allowed to make the most of his legs. Whilst he was receiving his punishment, the drummers of the regi- ment, who were equally divided and stationed behind the grenadiers that had formed the escort, beat the charge. If a French soldier was convicted of theft, or any flagrant dishonourable practice that injured the military character, he not only underwent this punishment, but he was conducted, in the most ignomi- nious manner, to the outward gate of a frontiertown; there expelled the country, and cautioned never to be found within its limits under pain of suffering death. The nicety of military honour and repu- tation, among French soldiers, used to be proverbial. They never survived a blow, even among themselves, nor would a private soldier exist under the disgrace of having been struck by an officer. When a girl of the town, or a noto- rious prostitute, was taken up, and or- dered to be punished in a camp or gar- rison, she went through the same pro- cess ; the drums beating the mariounetes, a sort of rogue's march, during the exe- cution of the sentence. In the life of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, it is observed, that he was re- marked for being strict to his officers and mild to the private men. It was a prin- ciple with him, that even a common soldier should rarely, if ever, receive corporal punishment; fully persuaded, that such a disgrace cast a damp after- wards upon his vivacity, and agreed not well with the notions which an high spi- rit ought to entertain of honour. It was his idea that a man of bravery would sooner forgive a sentence of death, in- flicted upon him by a court-martial, than pass by the scandal of corporal chastise- ment. His general rule, therefore, was to degrade, or banish. — Essay on the Military State of Europe in the former part of the 17th century ; vol. i. page 6, Life of Gustavus Adolphus. PURBECK-sforte is a hard greyish stone, almost like Sussex-Petties, which is used for pavements. PURCHASE. Although the sale and purchase of commissions are counte- nanced by government, and the prices of those commissions are regulated by the King's authority, yet there are va- rious ways through which young men of fortune and connexions may get over the heads of veteran officers. Not- withstanding the -avowed existence of this deplorable system, it must be ac- knowledged, that its abuses have, in some degree, been provided against by a spe- cific regulation, which says, that the names of the officers who intend to purchase, shall be regularly transmitted, upon the back of each regimental return, ■4T2 P U R ( 009 ) P Y C every mx months at least, to the Com- mander in Chief, in order that the same may i»' laid before his Majesty. Purchase and sale are terms unknown in the navy. We should be happy to have it in our power to say, that in the course of time, the word purchase will be erased from the vocabulary of mili- tary terms ; as far, at least, as it re- gards the British service. PUltEAU, ou ichuntillon, Fr. the whole outside, or all that appears of a slate or tile which is laid for use. PURLINS, (in building,) those pieces of timber which lie across the rafters on the inside, to keep them from sinking in the middle of their length. Highland PURSE, from the Gaelic Sporan, and sometimes called Check- purse, is a part of the Highland dress, which claims great antiquity. Some- thing similar to it is to be found in the early history of those nations that in- habit the temperate regions. The purse which is at present worn by our Highland regiments, consists of goat skin, and the tassels hanging from them are of the long hairs or bristl. 3, The Highlanders seem formerly to have displayed great ingenuity in making their purses, both with regard to the pockets, and to the different heads of animals with which they decorated the fronts. Purse, (with the Grand Signor,) a gift, or gratiiication of live hundred crowns. Purse of money, (in theLevant,) about one hundred and twelve pounds sterling. It is so called, because all the Grand Signor's money is kept in leather purses, or bags of this value, in the seraglio. Pu RSE-proud fellow, (gros richard, Fr.) a term in common use among the gene- rality of mankind, but seldom known in military bfe; a creature whose only value is his weight of gold. PURSE VAN T, PURSUIVANT, from the French poursuivant, a sort of serjeant at arms, who is ready to go upon any special occasion, or to carry any special message. His general ofhee is to apprehend a person who has been guilty of an offence. PURSIN ESS, { (poussc, Fr.) adis- PUR&n F.NESS, 5 ease in horses; a shortness of breath. PURSUIT, (poursuite, Fr.) the act of following with hostile intention. PURVEYOR, a person employed in the quarter-master or commissary-gene- ral's department. Likewise one belong- ing to a military hospital, whose duty it is to provide food and necessaries for the sick. Purveyor of oats to the army, a person who is employed as agent by the contractors for the supply of oats to the army. By a war-office order, dated the l.";th August, 1801, all contractors are to have an agent, of this description, in every market town, with his name, and the words u Purveyor of oats lo the U7 nit/" painted over his door. To PUSH, (pousser, Fr.) to make a thrust. To Pusu back, to force an enemy to retreat. A Push, (tin coup, Fr.) as a push of the bayonet, uu coup de la ba'idnnette. PU SILLAN IMO US, cowardly, want- ing spirit. To PUT a horse, in horsemanship, signifies to break or manage him. To Pur a horse upon Ins haunches, to force him to bend them in galloping in the manege, or upon a stop. To Pur a horse to the walk, trot, or gallop, is to make him walk, trot, or gallop. The French say, Mettre, as Mettre un clteval au galop. To Put in march, (mettre en marclw, Fr.) to move bodies of troops. To Put to death, to kill. To Put up, to pass unrevenged; as to put up an injury, &c. To Put in the tompions, (mettre les tappes au canon, IV.) to stop the mouth of a cannon. PUTLOGS (in carpentry) are short piece* of timber, about seven feet long, used by masons in building scaffolds to work upon. The putlogs are those pieces that lie at right angles to the wall, or horizontal to the building, with one of their legs resting on the ledges of the poles, which are those pieces that lie parallel to the side of the wall of the building. PUTTING -Stone, a great stone, which formerly was laid at the gate of a laird in Scotland, and by which he tried the bodily strength of each man in his clan. PYCNOSTYLE, ) in ancient ar- PYCHNOSTYLE, \ chitecture, is a building where the columns stand very close one to another ; one diameter and PYR ( 60S ) PYR ahalf of the column being allowed for the inteicolumniations. Pycnostyle is the smallest of all the intercolumniations mentioned by Vitruvius. Pye-Balu Horse is one that has white spots upon a coat of another co- lour. Thus there are pye-bald bays, pye- bakl sorrels, and pye-bald blacks, and so of the rest. PYRE, Ind. a person employed as a guard at night. PYL1NG, (in building,) the ground for foundation. PYRAMID, (pyramide, Fr.) This word is originally derived from the Greek, and takes its name from a resemblance to the spiral ascendancy of tire. It is the same as obelisk. Pyramid, in geometry, a solid ter- minating at top in a point, and formed by three, four, five, and six triangles or more, that is, by as many triangles as there are sides at the basis of the pyra- mid. If the base have only three sides, its surface is composed of three trian- gles, and it is called a triangular pyra- mid ; if it have four, its surface contains four triangles, and is called a quadrila- teral triangle; when its top isnot inclined more on one side than another, it is called a straight pyramid, pyramide droit e ; and when it inclines towards its base, an oblique pyramid, pyramide oblique. Pyramid, (in architecture,) a solid massy edifice, which from a square, tri- angular, or other base, rises in gradual diminution to a vertex or point. PYRAMIDAL numbers, (in arithme- tic,) the sums of polygonal numbers, collected after the same maimer as the polygon numbers themselves are extract- ed from arithmetical progressions. Pyramidal, > appertaining to, like Pyramidical, J to a pyramid. Pyramide tronquee, Fr. a pyramid whose top has been taken off in cutting the pyramid into two parts by a plane parallel to its base; in which case the part that corresponds with tiie base, is called pyramide tronquee. PYRAMIDOID, from the Greek, is what is sometimes called a parabolic spindle, and is a solid figure formed by the revolution of a parabola round its base, or greatest ordinate. The PYRAMIDS of Egypt are enor- mous piles of building, within three leagues of Grand Cairo, and are called one of the seven wonders of the world. The pyramids of Giza, the largest of which was originally built by Cheops, are supposed to have been erected about 14 years after the building of Solomon's temple, about 2661 years ago. The pyramids are known by various names, viz. Pyramids of Giza, (five in number,) which are those already mentioned, and near which the French established a camp in 1799. Pyramids of Saccara, (three in num- ber.) These stand in the plain of Mum- mies, and are about 600 feet high. Dashour Pyramids, (six in number,) stand in the same plain, and appear somewhat lower. The French General Friant, in 1799, pursued Murad Bey across this plain, leaving the pyramids on his left. The Southern, or Great Pyramid. — This pyramid has been called by Bruce, the traveller, the false pyramid. It stands in the plain of Mummies, and appears to be about 600 feet high. Pyramids, in ruins. Two pyramids of smaller size, which stand near the Fioume Mountains, close to Joseph's canal. Battle of the Pyramids, so called from having taken place, July 21, 1799, close to the large pyramids in the plain of Mummies, at Waardam, within a few miles of Grand Cairo. PYRENNEAN Mountains, or Py- rennccs from the French Pyrennees, a ridge of mountains which divide France from Spain. Except the Alps, they are the most celebrated in Europe. They extend about 212 miles in length. The safety of Spain, when in a state of hos- tility with France, depends greatly, if not. wholly, upon the possession of the principal passes in the Pyrennees. See Passes. PYROBOLY, the art of gunnerv, &c. PYROBOLTST, (pyroboliste, Fr.) a maker of fire-balls, &c. PYROETS, in horsemanship, are mo- tion-, either of one tread or pist, or of two treads or pists. Pyroets of one tread, or what the French call de la tete a, la queue, from the head to the tail, are entire and very narrow turns made by a horse upon one tread, and almost at one time, so that his head is placed where his tail was, without putting out his haunches. Pyroets of two pists, are turns of two treads upon a small compass of Q U A ( 694 ) Q U A •round, almost of the length of the horse. PYROTECHNIC, of or appertaining to pvrotechnv. PYROTECHNY, (pyrotechnic Fr.) in military matters, the doctrine of arti- ficial fireworks, and lire-arms, teaching the structure and service, hoth of those used in war, for the attacking of forti- fications, &c. as cannons, bombs, grena- does, gunpowder, wildfire, &c. and those made for diversion, as serpents, St. Cathe- rine's wheel, rockets, &c. PYRRHICA, a dance invented by King Pyrrhus. It was performed by the soldiers striking their shields together, and in cadence, so as to resemble the noise and action of a battle. This amusement was practised by the Greeks and Romans ; on which occasions the men and women were armed with wood- en swords. PYXIS nautica, (bousso/e, Fr.) a ma- riner's compass. It was invented by Goja of Amalphis, in the year 1300. Q. QUACK, a boastful pretender to arts which he does not understand. This word is often applied to artful practitioners in physic, but it generally signifies any vain pretender. The French use the word charlatan. To Quack, to chatter boastingly ; to brag loudly ; to talk ostentatiously. QUADRA (in building) is any square border, or frame, encompassing a basso relievo, pannel, painting, or other work QUADRANGLE, ) a square fi QUADRANGULAR, J gure having four right angles. To the class of qua drangles belong the square, parallelo- gram, trapezium, rhombus and rhom- boids. QUADRANT, (in gunnery,) an in- strument made^f brass, or wood, divided into degrees, and each degree into ten parts, to lay guns or mortars to any angle of elevation. The common sort is that whose radii project the quadrant about twelve inches, and whose plummet suspends in its centre, by means of a fine piece of silk ; so that, when the long end is introduced into the piece, the plummet shews its elevation. The best sort has a spiral level fixed to a brass radius; so that, when the long end is introduced into the piece, this radius is turned about its center till it i> level : then its end shews the angle of elevation, or the inclination from the horizon ; whereas the first shews that angle from the vertical. — See Level. QUADRANTAL triangle is a sphe- rical triangle, one of whose sides, at least, is a quadrant and one right angle. QUADRATE, or to quadrate a gun, is to see it duly placed on its carriage, and that the wheels be of an equal height. Quadrate, a square having four equal and parallel sides. QUADRATIC equations are such as retain, on the unknown side, the square of the root, or the number sought. QUADRATRIX, (quadratrice, Fr.) in geometry, is a mechanical line by the means of which we can find right lines equal to the circumference of a circle or other curve, and the several parts belonging to it. This line was discovered by Dinostratm. QUADRATURE, (quadrature; Fr.) a square, or the squaring of any thing. The French pronounce this word ca- drature. Quadrature of the circle, in mathe- matics. See Mensuration. QUADREL, (in building,) a sort of artificial stone perfectly square, whence its name, made of chalky, white, pli- able earth, and dried in the sun for % considerable time. QUADRILATERAL, (quadri/aterc, Fr.) having four sides. Quadrilateral figure, (quadrila- tere, Fr.) is a figure whose sides are four right lines, and those making four angles, as parallelogram , trapezium, rectangle or long square, rhombus and rhomboid. QUADRILLE, Fr. This word is pronounced cadrille. Small parties of horse, richly caparisoned, &.c. which used formerly to ride, &c. in tourna- ments, and at public festivals. The quadrilles were distinguished from one another by the shape, or colour of the QUA ( 695 ) QUA coat which the riders wore. This word is derived from the Italian Quudriglia, or Squudriglia, being a diminutive of Squadra, a company of soldiers drawn up in a square. Quadrille, Fr. a troop of horse for a tournament, or carousal. According to Richelet, Quadrille also signifies a troop of soldiers not less than 25 in number. QUADRIPARTITION, a dividing by four. * QUADRIREME, among the an- cients, a ship of war, which, besides its sails, had four banks of oars on each side. QUADRIVIAL, having four roads or ways meeting in a point. QUjESTORES provinciates, Lat. offi- cers in high trust among the Romans, who always accompanied the consuls and the praetors into the different pro- duces. Their immediate business on these occasions, was to supply the troops with provisions and money. Qu.kstores urbtmi, Lat. These were also officers of high trust, among the ancient Romans, who not only received foreign tributes and domestic imposts, but also took charge of the Roman Eagles, which were lodged in the public treasury. Whenever the consuls under- took a military expedition, the standards were delivered to them by the Quastores vrbani. Foreign ambassadors were like- wise provided with appropriate places of residence, under their direction, and afterwards personally introduced to the Roman senate. Qu.estores candidati, Lat. During the reign of certain Roman emperors the Quicstores candiduti, who were officers that always attended their persons, stood proxies for, or delivered the sentiments of the consul, when the latter did not chuse to attend the senate. QUvESTORIUM, the Exchequer, among the ancient Romans ; also the tent, pavilion, or head quarters of the quccstor. It was there likewise that the military chest belonging to the army was deposited. QUAI, Fr. See Quay. QUAICHE, or CAICHE, Fr. a decked vessel, a ketch. QUALIFICATION, thatwhichmakes any person, or thing, fit for any thing. It is a term particularly used with re- spect to the militia of the three united kingdoms; the lords lieutenant, deputy lieutenants, and officers belonging to that establishment being directed, under a specific penalty, to give in their several qualifications, as far as they relate to property (landed or personal, as the case may be) within a prescribed period. For particulars see Military Finance. Qualifications required to constitute an efficient soldier, are — bodily strength, activity, hardihood, active courage, passive courage, dexterity or skill, steadi- ness, discipline, watchfulness, clean- liness, good conduct, (in which is in- cluded sobriety,) enthusiasm, and con- tempt of death. To QUALIFY, to fit for any thing ; to furnish with qualifications ; to make capable of any employment or privilege: as to give an individual, in any parti- cular country, town, or place, a certain possession in land or tenements to en- able him to hold a company, or to be a field officer, in a militia corps. In a general acceptation of the term, To qualify does not mean to give proofs of mental ability. To Qualify, to abate, to soften, to diminish. QUALIFIED Oath for the British Army, an oath in which the words, I am a Protestant, SfC. are omitted. On the 9th of May, 1794, the following ex- emption was made in favour of such foreigners or persons, formerly of the Irish Brigade in France, who might enter into the British service, viz. " Provided also, that no such person as aforesaid shall be liable to any pain or penalty for having enlisted as a sol- dier in any such regiments as aforesaid, (namely, corps of emigrants and the Irish Brigade,) by reason of his having professed the Popish religion, not having declared the same at the time of his enlisting. QUALITIES necessai-y in a Military Body, (qualitis nccessaires dans la com- position d'wie armie, Fr.) The most rare and valuable qualities in a military body have been so well described by the late General Sir John Moore, in his orders dated the 97th December, 1808, from Benevente, that we shall wave all comment, and briefly quote the words of that brave and honest soldier. "These," he observes, " are not bravery alone, but patience and constancy under QUA ( 606 ) QUA fatigue and hardship, obedience to com- mand, firmness and resolution in every si- tuation in which soldiers may be placed." — Narrative, !> there? Who goes there? Qui est lu f > Who is there? Terms used by the French sentries when they challenge. They correspond with our word, Who comes there? Etre sur le Qui vivc, Fr. to be upon the alert. Qui irop embrasse mal etreint, Fr. the man who undertakes too much, cal- culates badly. It literally signifies, he who embraces too much, binds or con- nects loosely. This proverb is much used among the French, and compre- hends a serious lesson to those would-be great generals and officers, who falsely imagine, that military reputation con- sists in rank only. A QUIZ. This cant word is fre- quently used as a substantive to describe a strange out of the way character. It is a term of ridicule. Q U I ( 703 ) QUO To Quiz, a cant word much in use among fashionable bucks or blades, as certain creatures are called. It signifies to turn another into ridicule, by some allusion to his dress or manners, some ironical word or quaint expression. In other terms, to take unwarrantable li- berties with the natural defects or harmless habits of unoffending indivi- duals. This absurd and childish prac- tice (which grows out of ignorance, is supported by privileged assumption, and ought to be discouraged by every sensible man) has sometimes found its way into the British army. We need scarcely add, that it has frequently been the cause of the most serious quarrels, and is always contrary to good order and discipline. Commanding offi- cers should, on all occasions, exert their authority, whenever there appears the least tendency to this unmanly, un- officer-like, and uugentleman-like cus- tom. It ought constantly to be remem- bered, that the influence of evil is much stronger upon the commonalty of man- kind, than that of good. If an officer suffer himself to be quizzed by a brother officer, he will, by degrees, become ri- diculous to the soldiers ; and if he resent it, as he ought to do prima limine, bv a manly explanation with the weak fool who attempts to be witty, without pos- sessing one spark of real wit, it is"ftiore than probable, that much ill blood will be engendered between them. The Articles of War have, in some degr-ee, provided against this evil. In Sect. VII. Art. I. it is there specifically stated, That no officer, non-commissioned offi- cer, or soldier, shall use any reproachful or provoking speeches or gestures to another, upon pain, if an officer, of being put in arrest, (or if a non-commis- sioned officer, or a soldier, of being im- prisoned,) and of asking pardon of the party offended, in the presence of his commanding officer. The French use the word mi/stifier. A QUIZZER, a creature who, with- out possessing any real wit or humour, affects to turn others into ridicule, by an insolent affectation of the talent. The thing, which is generally found among fashionable young men, (to use a very common, yet a very apposite ex- pression,) has more money than wit, plumes itself upon birth or connexion, and endeavours to make up by noise, turbulence, and privileged contradic- tion, what it wants in real knowledge and solid understanding. It is some- times seen at a military mess, and about the purlieus of St. James's; and in fashionable coffee-houses. QUOIL, a round of a cable when the turns are laid one upon another; or a rope or cable laid up round, one turn over another, so that they may run out free and smooth without kenks, that is, without twistings or doublings. QUOIN, (coin, Fr.) a wedge used to lay under the breech of a gun, to raise or depress the metal. QUOINS, in architecture, stones set in the corners of brick or stone walls. Rustic Quoins are those which stand out beyond the brick-work; their edges being chamfered off. Canticle Quoins, short, three edged quoins, to put between casks. QUOIT, the ancient discus — ah Olympic game, still practised in some parts of England. It consists in throw- ing a large iron ring to a considerable distance, at a peg, driven into the ground. QUOTA, share or contribution. Thus every county furnishing a certain num- ber of men for the militia, &c. is said to give its quota. QUOTE, Fr. part; proportion. QUOTIENT, in arithmetic, the num- ber resulting from the division of a greater number by a smaller, and which shews how often the smaller, or the di- visor, is contained in the greater or di- vidend. ( "ui ) R. 11 A C -nAKBETTINO, in carpentry, is the ■*•*■ planing or cutting or' channels or grooves in hoards. RABINET, formerly a name given to a small sort of ordnance between a falconet anil a base, about one inch and n half diameter in the bore, five feet six inches long, and 300 pounds in weight, loaded with six ounces of powder, and carrying a shot one inch and three- eighths in diameter. RABOT, Fr. in masonry, a plas- terer's beater. The word rable is also used for the same thing. Rabot, Fr. in carpentry, a joiner's plane. Rabot, J'V. a species of rough free- stone, which is used for paving certain places, and to line the borders of paved roads. Rabot, Fr. a whipsaw. RACCOMMODER, IV. literally, to mend, piece, patch, or botch. It signi- fies, figuratively, to reconcile, to make friends again. Se Raccommoder, FV. to be recon- ciled. The French say, proverbially, l r n mauvais raccommodement taut mie.u.v qiiuii boti proces ; a bad or indiffeient reconciliation is better than a good or successful lawsuit. This proverb is par- ticularly applicable to military men. who, from their high notions of honour, are apt to differ, and subsequently to become the dupes of cunnin" and designing law vers. RACCORDEMENT, Fr. This word is derived from raccordir, which, in Trench architecture, signifies to join two pieces of building on one surface, or to unite an old building with a new one. RACCORDER, Fr. to make a le- velling. RACE, (race, IV.) a generation, a particular breed. Mauvaise Race, Fr. a bad breed. This term is frequently applied to the branches of several families, not one of which can discover a single good qua- lity, or be betrayed, even by accident, into one solitary virtue. It is also said •f soldier*, when they luive been enlist- R A C ed from some particular count}', town, or village, v\ here the inhabitants are of a perverse and otherwise bad disposi- tion. The French say, II n'est pas de race djairc tine lacheti, ; he is not of a breed to act cowardly, or do a dirty action. Cfiasser de Race, Fr. to follow the footsteps of one's ancestors ; alluding to the breed of vvell-scehted dogs. To Race it, a new term among mili- tary men, signifying to make every pos- sible exertion, by forced marches, ike. to get to some particular point or posi- tion. Thus, in the retreat to Corunna, in 1808, General Moore and his army may be truly said to have raced it, or to have made all the speed they could to get to Corunna before the French ; who, on their side, made similar ex- ertions, to prevent his arrival at that port. RACHAT du pain, Fr. a certain pe- cuniary allowance which was made in the old French service, to the officers of each company, for the surplus rations of ammunition bread that were left in the purveyor's hands. Rackat des cloches, Fr. the ransom which is paid by the inhabitants of a be- sieged place, after it has been taken, for the redemption of the church bells. See Prises d'u?ie place assi'egee. RACHE, FV. dregs of pitch and tar; scurf or scabs on the head. RAC1IETER, FV. in masonry, to join, as is the case in the sloping part of a cellar, when it regains the vault. Soldat RAC11EUX, J-V. a soldier with . a scald head. RACINAL, Fr. in hydraulics, the piece of wood in which is fixed the cra- paudine or sole, that receives the pivot or iron bar of a flood-gate. RACINAUX, FV. large pieces of wood, such as the ends of beams, that are fixed upon poles, and upon which planks and platforms are laid, in order to support the inside walls of reservoirs ; also pieces of timber that have more breadth than thickness, which are nailed to the tops of piles, and upon which % platform rests. RAD ( 705 ) R A F Racinaux de comble, Fr. wooden j RADOTAGE, Fr. dotage, or the act corbels or brackets, which support, upon of talking irrationally. cartridges of timber, the top of an old house. Racinaux d'icurie, Fr. the small posts upon which the manger is sup- ported in the stall of a stable. Racinaux de grue, Fr. pieces of wood laid cross-ways, which make the ground-work of a crane, and in which are assembled the tree and buttresses : when they are flat, they are called girders, or joists. RACIN*E, Fr. See Root. RACK, a wooden frame, made to hold hay or fodder for cattle. J?-w-R,ack, a place fitted up for the purpose of enabling troops to lodge their arms securely. RACLOIR, Fr. a scraper; it is used in the artillery to clean out mortars. RACOLER, Fr. to entice men to enlist. RACOLEUR, Fr. a crimp, a bringer of recruits, one who entices others to enlist. Men of this description are to he found in all countries where military establishments prevail. RADE, Fr. road for ships to ride in ; road for anchoring. RADEAU, Fr. a raft of timber.— Rafts are frequently used in sieges, for the purpose of crossing ditches, &c. Chevalier Folard enters largely into the nature of these rafts, particularly in his 4th volume, page 07. See Raft. RADIER, Fr. the lower part or bed in dams or sluices, which is between the two side walls, over which the water runs, and which is made of the same materials that constitute the dams them- selves. ^t«nf-R,ADiERs, on faux radiers, Fr. a succession of beds marie only of fas- cine-work, covered over with stones with- out mortar. RADIOMETER, (rmliomitre, Fr.) This instrument is sometimes called Jacob's staff, baton de. Jacob. It is used by some to take the sun's altitude, and by others to ascertain elevations at sea. RADIUS, the semi-diameter of a cir- cle. In fortification, the radius is dis- tinguished into exterior, interior, ob/ii/ue, and right radius. The three former are noticed each under its initial letter. The latter is a perpendicular line drawn from the center of. a polygon to the exterior side. RADOTER, Fr. to talk irrationally. RADOTEUR, Fr. a dotard ; a per- son whose intellects are impaired by age or sickness. RADOUB, Fr. literally a piecing, mending, or botching up of any thing. This word is chiefly used as a sea term, and signifies all the jobs done by carpenters and caulkers for the repair of a ship. RADOUBER, Fr. to repair a ship, by caulking her ; also to stop up the vents or fissures in the flood-^ate or bed of a dam or sluice. RAFFINAGE, Fr. a term used by the French to express the operation through which saltpetre passes after it has been boiled once. The literal meaning is refinement ; the act of cleans- ing any thing from recrementitious matter. RAFFINOIR, Fr. a wooden cask, or copper vessel, in which saltpetre is deposited after it has been boiled once. It usually remains thirty minutes, after which it is let out through a cock fixed for that purpose at the bottom of the vessel. RAFFUTE, Fr. new stocked, as a musket may be ; fitted with a new staff", as a pike ; or a new carriage, as a gun. RAFFUTER, Fr. to fit or furnish with a new stock. RAFRAICHIR, Fr. to cool ; to spunge; as rafraichir le canon, to spunge a canon. Rafraichir une place, Fr. to suc- cour a place by sending in fresh troops and provisions. Rafraichir destroupes, Fr. to allow troops to repose ; likewise to supply them with fresh provisions. RAFRAICHISSEMENS, Fr. This word literally signifies refreshments. It is used in a military sense among the French, for cantonments or quarters of repose, after troops have been much on service. See Quarter. Rafraichisse- mens also means fresh stores and provi- sions for the army. RAFT, or species of floating bridge, (radcau, Fr.) a machine which is rea- dily constructed, and is used for the passage of troops over rivers, or ground that may be overflowed. It consists of a certain number of planks that are fastened together, and form a sort of fla* 4X R A F ( 706 ) R A I deck or barge, upon which men and light artillery may be embarked. Hafts are also used by miners, when the fosses are full, that they may he able to carry on their works at the foot ot the reveteujcnt belonging to the Lasti.m which they have directions to blow in). M. Philiipes made use or' rafts with considerable advantage in 17;:'>, when lie enabled the Marquis du Chatelel to pass the river [ser, after he had been forced to evacuate Ingelfingen, at the head of 1100 men. When Hannibal resolved to cross the Rhone, (a large liver in France, which rises in Mount F'ourche, on the confines of Switzerland, and falls by several mouths into the Mediterranean,) and found it expedient to take his elephants with him, he con- structed a quantity of double rafts, and effected his purpose. Hafts are preferable to boats or barges, on account of the ease with which they may be put together. The Swedes, who call these rafts praams, make use of them on every occasion, and thev unite the several pieces by means of a frame. Chevalier Folard does not hesitate to give a preference to the rafts, over bridges constructed on boats. Yet the French author, from whose work we have extracted this article, expresses his doubt by saying that a bridge of boats seems to him to be better calculated to resist the current of a rapid river, than any raft can possibly be. "Neverthe- less," continues the same author, " the opinion of such a man as Chevalier Folard is unquestionably great; and the example of Charles XII. of Sweden, who excelled in every sort of movement which was connected with the passage of rivers, &c. is still more powerful." RAFTERS, (sqliveaux, chevrons, Fr.) in building, are pieces of timber, which stand by pairs upon the reason, or rais- ing piece, meet in an angle at the top, and help to form the roof of a building. Principal K afters should be near as thick at the bottom as the beam, and should diminish in their length one-fifth or one-sixth of their breadth; the ring posts shouid be as thick as the principal rafters, and their breadth according to the bigness of those that are intended to be let into them; the middle part being left something broader than the thick- pess. RAG ATS d'eau, Fr. a great flood; inundation ; ravage '.."waters. RAGE-PUTES, Fr. Indian soldiers, who, during the days of the Emperor Tamerlane, were supposed to be invin- cible. According to P. Catrou, a French writer, the Raspoutes and Ragrputes mean the same people. RAGREER, Fr. to new front; it also signifies to put. the finishing hand to any piece of building, or to carpentry work, &c. The term Jaire un ragritr wait is likewise used to signify the same thing. RAJAH, Jnd. This word means king. The Rajahs are generally tributary to the Mogul, but are suffered to follow their own modes of government. RAJAPOOTES, Ind. a tribe of Hin- doos, but of various denominations. They are soldiers by profession, and the most warlike of the Hindoos. They rank next to the Bramins. See Orme's His- tory of the Carnatic, pages 6, and 40. EAIE, IV. properly means a seam, furrow, streak. RAILLON, Fr. an arrow with a forked or barbed head ; a broad arrow. lur dejliche « Raillox, Fr. a forked or barbed head of an arrow. RAIN de foret, Fr. the purlieus or skirts of a forest. R A INURE, Fr. a groove. RAIS, Fr. a spoke of a wheel. To RAISE troops. See Levy. To Raise a plan of a fortress is to measure with cords and geometrical in- struments, the length of the lines and the capacity of the angles, that by knowing the length, breadth, and thick- ness of all the different parts of a for- tification, it may be represented upoa paper, so as to find out its advantages and disadvantagi s. Raise. To raise a horse upon curvets, upon caprioles, upon pesades, is to make him work ar those several mo- tions. We sometimes say, Raise the fore-hand of your horse. Raise is likewise used for placing a horse's head right, and making him carry well ; hindering him from carry- ing low, or arming himself; which is extremely dangerous, especially if the horse be hard mouthed, and not strongly bitted. RAISER, in building, a board set ou edge, under the i'oreside of a step, stair, &c, UAL ( ?07 ) R A M RAISING pieces, iiii architecture, pieces that lie under the beams, on brick or timber, by the side of the house. Raising, one of the three actions of a horse's legs, the other two being the Slav and the tread ; which see. RAISON, Fr. This word is used by the French, in a mathematical sense, to express the relation which one number has to another, and, in general, that which exists between one quantity and another. The term is distinguished into raison arithm'dique, or arithme- tical reasoning; and raison giomitriquer, or geometrical reasoning. French car- penters likewise use the term, to shew that pieces of wood, &c. are properly laid, viz. Des pieces de buis en leur rai- son. RAIZ pit, Raiz terre, Fr. even with the ground. Raiz de chaussie, Fr. the level ground, the ground floor. RAKE. A horse rakes when, being shoulder-splait, or having strained his fore-quarters, he goes so lame, that he drags one of his fore legs in a semi- circle, which is more visible when he trots than when he paces. To Rake a horse, to draw his ordure with one hand out of his fundament when he is costive, or cannot dung; in doing this the hand must be an- ointed with sallad-oil, butter, or hog's grease. RALLIEMENT, Fr. rallying point. It is sometimes written r aliment. Mot de Rallifment, Fr. a word or countersign, which is given to out- posts, and to sentries that are stationed beyond the lines. Foint de Ralliement, Fr. the rally- ing point; any spot particularly marked out, to which troops are directed to repair in cases of discomfiture or surprize. RALLION. See Ratllon. RALLONGE, Fr. stretched, length- ened, pulled out ; whence Cercle Rallongee, Fr. a certain in- strument with which masons round and fashion pillars. RALLONGEMENT d'arestier, Fr. See Reculement. RALLUMER, Fr. to light up again, to rekindle, to renew. RALLY, one of the bugle horn soundings. To Rally, (rallier, Fr.) to bring , troops back to order that have been dispersed. RALLYING, in war, re-establish- ing, or forming together again, - oopa broken and put to flight. To RAM, to drive with violence, as with a battering ram. To Ram down, to force any thing downwards, or to fill with any thing driven hard together, as in the charge of fire-arms. Ram down cartridge, a word of com- mand which is used in the platoon ex- ercise. See Manual. Battering Ram, in antiquity, a mili- tary engine used to batter and beat down the walls of places besieged. The battering ram was of two sorts; the one rude and plain, the other com- pound. The former seems to have been no more than a great beam, which the soldiers bore on their arms and shoul- ders, and with one end of it, by main- force, assailed the walls. The com- pound ram is thus described by Jose- phus : it is a vast beam, like the mast of a ship, strengthened at one end with a head of iron, something resembling that of a ram, whence it took its name. This was hung by the middle with ropes to another beam, which lay across two posts, and hanging thus equally balanced, it was by a great number of men drawn backwards and pushed for- wards, striking the wall with its iron head. Plutarch informs us, that Mark An- tony, in the Parthian war, made use of a ram 80 feet long : and Vitruvius tells us, that they were sometimes IOC, and 120 feet long : to this perhaps the force and strength of the engine was in a great measure owing. The ram aC one time was managed by a whole century of soldiers; and they, being exhausted, were seconded by another century; so that it played continually and without intermission. The momentum of a battering ram, 28 inches in diameter, 180 feet long, with a head of cast iron of one ton and a half, the whole ram, with its iron hoops, &c. weighing 41,112 pounds, and moving by the united strength of 1000 men, will' be only equal to that of, a ball of 36 pounds, when shot poinS blank from a cannon. According to Pliny, Epeus, the sen of Endymion, and brother of Paon, was the original inventor of this engine; 4X2 Ii A M ( 708 ) r a m whereupon, perhaps, Virgil takes an oc- casion tp report him the builder of the Trojan horse. J{ VMADAN, Fr. a month so called among the Turks, during which period they observe fast days. 11 A MASSE, Fr. a sort of sledge, in which travellers are conveyed from the tops of mountains that are covered w ilh snow. LI AM ASS ER, Fr. to collect, to get together. On a ramasse tout cc gu'on u pu trouver de so/Juts ; they got as many soldiers together as they could. RA MASSE, Fr. gathered together, collected. This word is likewise used to distinguish men that are hastily raised and embodied, from soldiers who have been regularly disciplined, viz. — Ce ne sotot pas des troupes reglces, ce font des gens ramaues ; they are not regular troops, but persons hastily got together. Ramasse, Ft. strong, vigorous. Un honiiin ratnassi ; a strong athletic num. Ramasse, in this sense, agrees with the Enuiish word tight-built, thick-set, &c. RAM A/A X; See Ramadan. RAMBADE, Fr, wale of a galley. RAMBERGE, Fr. an advice boar. RAME, Fr. an oar. It is likewise called slviron. Bulle Ramef, Fr. cross-bar shot. RAMEAUX de la mine, Fr. branches belonging to a mine. See < > ai.i.iuv. RAMINCUE, from the French Ra- niiugue, a restive sort of a horse, that resists or cleaves to the spin > ; or ra- ther defends himself with malice against the spurs, sometimes doubles the reins, and frequently jerks, to favour his dis- obedience. HAMMER, an instrument used for diiving down stones or piles into the ground, in military works; or for beat- ing the earth, in order to render it more aohd for a foundation. Rammer, or Ramrob of a gun, (Rc- t'ou/oir, Fr;) the ramrod or gun-stick; a rod used in charging a gun, to drive home the powder and shot, as also the wad, which keeps the shot from rolling out. The rammer of a piece of artillery is a cylinder of wood, whose diameter and length are each equal to the diameter of the shot, with a handle fixed to it, at the end of Which is ano- ther cylinder, covered with lamb skin, so as to fit the gun exactly, and called ■a iponge : it is used to clean the piece before and after it is fired. The ramrod qf a musket is one entiie piece of iron. The ramrod was formerly called scourer. RAMNENSIS, one of the three mounted cent in ia- or centuries which were formed by Romulus. They re- tained the appellation of the three first tribes, consisting of the Ramnusians, the Tatians, and the Luceres. RAM PA li'l', (rempart, rumpier, Fr.) an elevated piece of ground) or a great massy bank of earth raised about a place to resist the enemy's great shot, and cover the buildings. A parapet is raised upon this bank or elevation which looks towards the country. ]t is generally about three fathoms high, and ten or twelve thick; but this de- pends upon the quantity of earth which may be taken out of the ditch, and cannot be otherwise disposed of. A rampart with half moons has advan- tages from being low, because the mus- kets of the besieged can better reach the bottom of the ditch; but care must be taken that it is not commanded by the covert-way. A rampart ought to be sloped on both sides; that is, the mass of earth which composes the lam- part, ought always to be larger at bot- tom than at top; more or less so, ac- cording to the nature of the earth : it should be broad enough to allow the passing of wagons and cannon, inde- pendent of the parapet which is raised on it. As the earth, of which the ram- part is composed, is taken from the outside of it, (because by so doing the rampart and the fosse are made at the same time,) it follows, that their several proportions must depend upon one another ; for since the rampart is made of a certain size, the fosse must be dug deep enough to supply earth for the rampart, the parapet, and the espla- nade. Sentinels are regularly distri- i buted round the ramparts, and pieces of heavy ordnance are planted, at given distances, for the protection of the place. RAMFE, ou pente extraitement douce qiiontfaH It long des talus drs / imparts, Fr. a slope, or declivity, which is ex- tremely gradual along the talus or slopes of ramparts. These slopes contain two i toises in breadth, and are cut upon the j interior talus. They are made, accord- ling to circumstances and the exigencies jof the place, sometimes within the ! angle of the rampart, opposite to the R A N 700 ) R A N entrance into the bastion, when tlie latter is full; sometimes along the flanks, or at the flanked angle when the bastion is empty. Pieces of ordnance, ammu- nition, ecc. are conveyed up these slopes to the embrasures of the ramparts. Rampe d'escalier, Fr. the flight of a staircase; also a balustrade, &c. Rampe par ressaut, Fr. the flight or ascent of a staircase, which is broken or interrupted by a winding quarter, or by railing. RAM PER,, Fr. to incline or bend according to any given slope, RAMPS, (rumpcs,Fr.) in fortification, are sloping communications, or ways of very gentle ascent, leading from the inward area, or lower part of a work, to the rampart or higher part of it. Return RAMROD. See Platoon Exercise under Manual. RAMS-HORNS, in fortification, are a kind of low works made in the ditch, of a circular arc; they were invented by M. Belidor, and serve instead of te- uailles. one another, that is called un rang de pilots; a row of piles. Rang d'un escadron ou d'un batail- lun, Fr. rank in a squadron of horse, or battalion of infantry. Any straight line which is formed by soldiers stand- ing on the side of each other, is so called. Rang, Fr. the relative rank which is observed in military corps with re- gard to precedence, tour of duty, &c. In some instances rang and grade mean the same thing. Be Ra??g, Fr. a-breast, side by side. Paroitre sur les Rangs, Fr. to enter the lists. Eire sur les Rangs, Fr. to be num- bered amongst any particular set of men. Mcttre eat Rang, Fr. to class with, to associate. Vaisseau de premier Rang, Fr. a first rate ship of war. Vaisseau du second, ou troisiemel&AXG, Fr. a second or third rate. Placer par Rang de taille, Fr. to RANCHES, Fr. pegs of wood which j siz are stuck into the ladder belonging to i Doubler les Rangs, Fr. to form rank a crane, and run through it. They are I entire, or to throw two ranks into one, used for the purpose of getting up to the top of the machine. RANC1HR, Fr. a sort of long lad- der with smali steps, which is placed upright for the purpose of going clown into quarries, and, with a rest, to get up to any engine, crane, Ike. RANC'ON, Fr. ransom. It was likewise "the name oflju old French weapon, consisting of a^fiig stake with a sharp iron point at the end, arwl two blades, or wings, bent backwards, and extremely keen. RAN CONNER, Fr. to ransom. RANC'UME, Fr. grudge, rancour, spite, standing hate. RANCUN I ER, -Fr. rancourous, spite- ful ; every thing that a brave and honour- able man, especially an oflicer, ought not to be. RANDOM 5/(0/, in artillery, when the piece is elevated at an angle of 45 degrees upon a level plane. See Range. Random, done by chance, roving with- out a direction, as a random shot. RANG, Fr. rank. Rang de pave, Fr. a line or row of pavement, of one size, which runs along a gutter. Rang, Fr. a row. When piles are driven into the ground in a line close to and thereby diminish the depth of anj given number of men, by extending their front. Hence to double up, or extend the front of any leading line. RANGE, in gunnery, the distance from the battery to the point where the shot or shell touches the ground. Point-blank Range. When, the piece lies in a horizontal direction, and upon a level plane, without any elevation or depression, the shot is said to take a point blank range. See Point-blank. RANGE, Fr. drawn out or placed in regular order. RANGE E, Fr. a series of things placed upon the same line. Bataille Rangee, Fr. a pitched or set battle, in which two armies are drawn up opposite to one another. RANGER, Fr. to place in a certain line or order. Rancer, Fr. to place under. The French say, Ranger sous sa domination, ike. to place a town or province under one's own government, or to make it subservient to one's own laws. Ranger en ordre de bataille, Fr. to place in order of battle; to dispose troops for action. Ranger la cole, Fr, to sail along the coast. RAN ( 710 ) It A N RANGEZ t-ottz, Fr. a term in general use among the French when any number tit" persons are ordered to clear the way, by drawing up on one side or the other of a street or road. RANGING, in war, disposing the troops in proper order for an engage- ment, manoeuvres, or march, &c. RANK, range of subordination; de- gree of dignity; the relative situations which officers hold with respect to each other, or to military things in general. Hence regimental tank, local rank, rank in the army, &c. By an order from the King, the officers belonging to the Life Guard-) are entitled to the rani; of lieutenant colonel, when they obtain or purchase a majority, provided they have been seven years in the service. Their commis- sions in this case run major and lieute- nant colonel : but if an officer should not have completed either of those periods, he obtains the rank of major only, until its completion. A lieute- nant colonel receives the rank of full colonel if lie has been seven years major, or twenty-one years in the British service. Cornets in the Lite Guards rank as sub-lieutenants in their own corps, and as first lieutenants in the army. The English Fuzileers enjoy the same privilege. Sub-lieutenants in the Welsh Fuzileers rank only as second lieutenants in the army. Marines do the same. W ith respect to rank in general, the following are the rules (as published by authority) by which the relative rank of the officers of His Majesty's regular forces, militia, fencibles, yeomanry, ca- valry, and volunteer corps, is to be de- termined. Officers of the regular forces com- mand the officers of equal degree be- longing Co the other services; with the exception after-mentioned. Olficers of the militia, fencibles, yeo- manry cavalry, and volunteer corps, rank together according to the dates of their respective commissions. Notwithstanding the regulation con- tained in the two preceding articles, such officers of Fencibles as have com- missions dated on or before the 27th of July, 1798, continue to rank with the officers of the regular forces of equal degree, according to the dates of their respective commissions: unless when acting in conjunction also with officers of the militia; in which case, if the commission of the fencible officer be of" a junior date to that of the militia officer, of the same degree, the regular officer of equal rank, although his com- mission be of a junior date to that of the fencible officer, commands both. It will further be observed, that all commands in the regular forces fall to the eldest ollicers in the same circum- stances, whether of cavalry or infantry, entire or in parties. In case two com- missions of the same date interfere, a retrospect is to be bad to former com- missions. Should it happen, as it pos- sibly may, that the original commissions interfere, the seniority of the corps, we presume, must determine the prece- dency of command; and if the officers belong to one corps, it must be decided by lot. In page 49 of the Articles of War it is laid down, that the eldest officer is to command when any troops of the Horse Guard", and the regiment of Horse Guards, shall do duty together; or when any of the Life Guards, Horse or Foot Guards, shall do duty with any other corps. The regiments of Life Guards, doing duty unmixed, are to be considered as one corps; and the officers are to take rank according to the dates of their commissions. The same holds good with respect to the Foot Guards. Regular officers, with whom militia officers take rank as youngest, command officers of equal degree in the Fencibles, Yeomanry Cavalry, and Volunteer Corps, who are to rank together according to the dares of their commissions. Rank is sometimes given to persons holding civil situations in the navy and army, in order to secure to them the privileges and advantages, particularly in cases' of capture, which military com- missioned officers enjoy. Thus pay- masters in the army, and surgeons in the navy, rank as captains youngest of the line. The surgeons in the navy obtained this privilege in '1798. We are not aware, that the surgeons in the armv enjoy the same; nor do we under- stand that the pursers in the navy have any rank. We humbly conceive that the same principle which actuated go- vernment in favour of navy surgeons, ought to prevail in these instances. To Rank zitith, to hold the same re- lative situation with regard to others. — Thus post captains of three years btaud- R A N ( 711 ) RAN ing in the royal navy rank with colonels in the army; and lieutenants in the Guards rank with captains in the line or regulars. Officers in the militia rank generally with the regular forces as junior of their respective commissions. An ensign in the Guards ranks no higher than an ensign in the regulars. To Rank with, in a figurative sense, to be in equal estimation, to hear the same character for skill and valour, &c. Brevet Rank, rank without pay, no- minal distinction, which sometimes en- titles the holder of it to command in mixed service. The brevet rank in the militia is confined to the colonels and adjutants of the several corps in that establishment. The former receive the brevet rank of colonels in the army whilst actually embodied for service, and command all lieutenant colonels in the line when they do duty together. Adjutants in the militia may have the brevet rank of captain provided they have served five years as lieutenants in the militia, or in other forces on the British establishment. In the line, an adjutant who has the rank of captain, may command as such when there is no superior officer on the parade, or for duty. This is not the case in the militia. Brigade majors rank with captains provided they have that rank in the army, independent of their staff appoint- ment. But aides-de-camp do notposgess any rank in that capacity with regard to the army. The latter constitute a part of the general's family, and are paid out of his allowance; they are in fact the mere carriers of his orders in the field, and his domestic inmates at home, ccc. The former belong to the brigade, and are a necessary part of its effective force. It has been judiciously ordained, that both the one and the other should be regular officers. It were, however, to be wished, in imitation of our military neighbour and rival, that none but ex- perienced officers should be selected for aides-de-camp. There is likewise a sort of brevet rank which exists in the several regi- ments belonging to the British service, and is confined to the rank and file, or corporals and private soldiers. Thus a lance Serjeant is a corporal who does the duty of serjeaut, without the pay or emoluments of the latter; and a lance porporal is a private soldier, who does the duty of corporal. So that lance, which comes from lansquenet, and ought therefore to be written lans-serjeant, &c. is the abbreviation of that word, which signifies a private soldier, and is derived from the German ; and when put before serjeant or corporal, points out that a corpora! or private, soldier has the brevet rank of one of those situations. A captain of a company may appoint or reduce lonce-serjeanij or corporals, according to his judgment. Rank and Precedence in the Army and Navy, are- as follow: Engineers Rank. Chief, as colonel ; director, as lieutenant-colonel; sub-di- rector, as major; engineer in ordinary, as captain; engineer extraordinary, as captain lieutenant; sub-engineer, as lieutenant; practitioner-engineer, as en- sign. Navy Rank. Admiral, or comman- der in chief of his Majesty's fleet, has the rank of a field marshal; admirals, with their flags on the main-top-mast- head, rank with generals of horse and foot; vice-admirals, with lieutenant- generals; rear-admirals, as major-gene- rals; commodores, with broad pendants, as brigadier-generals; captains of post ships, after three years from the date of their first commission, as colonels; other captains, as commanding post ships, as lieutenant colonels; captains not taking post, as majors ; lieutenants, as captains. Court Rank. The rank or precedence which the British guards enjoy over the line of the marching army, is so called, by the author of an ingenious pamphlet, entituled, Prevailing Ahuses in the Bri- tish Army. See Privileges. Nominal Rank, a rank continued to a person who lias been in the service; and sometimes assumed by individuals who have "never been in the service at all. Rank in the army, a rank which opens to the individual possessing it, all the avenues to military promotion from an ensigncy in the line up to that of a full general, but by which he is not entitled to any certain additional pay. Rank is a straight line made by the ■ soldiers of a battalion, or squadron, drawn up side by side; this order was established for the marches and for re- gulating the different bodies of troops and officers which compose an army. Doubling of the Ranks is the placing RAP ( 712 ) R A S two ranks in One, which is frequently dune in tha manoeuvres of a regiment. Rank, and File. iNlen carrying the firelock, and standing in the ranks, are called rank and file. Thus corporals are included in the return which is made under that head. Ranks and Files are the horizontal and vertical lines of soldiers when drawn up for service, cvc RANSOM, (runcon, Fr.) a stipulated price given for the release of a prisoner of war. The ransom of prisoners of war, according to Grose, was one of the principal sources of emolument to mili- tary men of ancient days, similar to the prize money of the present time to the otlicers and seamen of the royal navy, many baling thereby raised large for- tunes; Sir Walter Manny, in the reign of King Edward III. is said to have gamed 8000/. by prisoners of war in one cam- paign ; an enormous sum for those days. Instead of ransom, the usual mode of liberating prisoners is now by ex- change of man for man and officer for officer, of the same rank reciprocally, when there are such to exchange, other- wise it is arranged by a cartel; and there are resident commissioners from the powers at war to see it duly put in execution. In England the care of the prisoners is under the management of the Transport Board. In France, during the late revolution, the unfortunate pri- soners were left to provide for them- selves. RAPE, Fr. a rasp; a file. RAPE, a division of a county, as the county of Sussex, for instance, which is divided into six rapes. RAPIDES, Fr. Falls in a river are so called; as the falls in the river St. Laurence, &c. RAPIER, (rapiere, Fr.) formerly signified a long, old-fashioned broad- sword, such as those worn by the Scotch regiments; but now is understood only to mean a small sword, in contradis- tinction to a broad sword. RAPINE, Fr. rapine, plunder. RAPPAREILLER, Fr. to set sail again. RAPPELER, Fr. to call back or to assemble. This is done by a particular beat of drum, when soldiers are directed to repair to their colours. RAPPORT, Fr. report. Rapport, Fr. in mathematics, a t«rm frequently used among the French. It bears the same import as raison, and signifies the relation which two quan- tities have one with another. Thin the rapport or relation between twelve and six is the same as between six and three. Rapport commercial, Fr. balance of trade. J'tlres de Rapport, Fr. inlaid work. RAPPORTEUR, Fr. judge advocate at a court-martial. — He is also called Con/ in issa ire Rapporteur. Rapporteur, in geometry, an in- strument mane in the figure of a half circle, and divided into one hundred and eighty degrees. It is used for the purpose of ascertaining the openings in angles, and to take plans upon paper. Rapporteur signifies also a reporter, a tale-bearer. RAREFACTION, the extension of the parts of a body, by which it is made to take up more room than it did before. It is essentially connected with gun- nery ; for in proportion to the rapid combustion and consequent rarefaction of air, produced by the ignition of gun- powder confined in the chamber of a gun, so will be the force of expulsion with which the charge is propelled. HAS, Fr. Every barge, or vessel, &c. which is without any deck or up- ward covering, is called by the French bateau, or batiment ras. RASADE, Fr. a bumper. SeeTo\sr. RASANTE, Fr. See Eigne rusante. RASA NT, ^ In fortification, rasant RAZANT, ^ flank, or line, is that part of the curtain or flank whence the shot projected raze or glance along the surface of the opposite bastion. To RASE (from the French raser, to rase, or glance upon the ground) is to gallop near the ground, as our English horses do, particularly race or blood horses. RASE, Fr. pitch and tar mixed with tow for the purpose of caulking a ship. Table RaSE, Fr. any plain piece of copper, steel, stone or wood upon which no marks have been made, or letters, &c. engraven. Rase campagne, Fr. an open country, which is extremely flat, and has not either wood or rivers in it; such as Sa- lisbury plain. Hence les deux armies sc battirent en rase campagne, the two armies fought against each other in the open ground. RASER une place, Fr. to demolish RAT ( 713 ) RAT the fortifications of a town or place, This is often done by mutual compact between contending powers; but more frequently on the principle of retalia- tion, or by the effect of bombardment. Hence, Raser les fortifications a coups de canon, to batter or demolish the fortifi- cations by cannon shot, or by the dis- charge of ordnance. RASLE, Fr. This word is used in some parts of France to signify rafter, and means the same as chevron. RASPOUTE, Fr. Father Catrou, the Jesuit, in his history of the Moguls, con- founds this word with Rage-puge. Ifhey probably both mean the tame as R\iju- poot, which see. RASSEMBLER, Fr. to collect to- gether. Rassembler des troupes, Fr. to call troops or forces together. Rassembler les debris (Tune armie, Fr. to collect together the broken parts, or scattered remnants of an army. It is likewise used with the personal pro- noun, viz. Tous les soldats disperses se rassemblerenf aulour du drapeau, all the soldiers or troops that had been dispersed gathered together round the standard, or colours. Rassembler les forces d'un cheval, Fr.. to put a horse well upon his haunches. RASSIEGER, Fr. to besiege again. RASSIS, Fr. stale; as pain rassis, stale bread. Rassis, Fr. putting fresh nails in a horse's shoe. RASSURER, Fr. to restore confi- dence; to encourage; to invigorate. — Quelques soldats commencaient a s'ebran- ler, quand I'exemple de leur capitaine les rassura, some soldiers began to give way, when the example of their captain in- spired them with fresh confidence. RAT, (rat,Yr.) an animal well known in most countries. Rats are sometimes used in military operations, particularly in enterprises for the purpose of setting fire to maga- zines of gunpowder. On these occa- sions a lighted match is tied to the tail of the animal. Marshal Vauban re- commends, therefore, that the walls of powder magazines should be made very thick, and the passages, for light, wind- ing, and so narrow as not to admit him. R&T-tuils, a venemous disease in horses, not unlike the scratches. RA.y-tails, as well as scratches, some- times proceed from the want ot' rubbing and dressing, and sometimes from the horse being too we.l kept, without ex- ercise. Large horses are most subject to this disease. K.\i-tail. A horse is so called whea he has no hair upon his tail. Rat, Fr. is used in a figurative sense, viz. Vne arme a feu a pris un rat, a musket has missed fire. Rat, Fr. a sort of floating platform made of planks which are tied together upon two or three masts. It is used in caulking ships, &c. R-AT-island, a place near Scilly, over- run with rats. To Rat, a figurative term signifying to desert or abandon any particular party, or side of a question. The term itself comes from the well-known circum- stance of rats running away from de- cayed and falling houses. Trou de Rat, Fr. literally a rat-hole; a trap or snare laid for an enemy. RATAN, a cane used by Serjeants of companies, &c. in drilling the men, and with which, in other countries, the non- commissioned officers, and privates, are corrected for slight offences. RATE, price, rank, (taux, taxe, rang, voice, Fr.) price fixed on any thing, al- lowance settled, degree, &c. Rate of pay, a certain settled al- lowance by which the pay of the army is regulated. Abated Rate, a deduction from the tax on property, (a tax that once bore so cruelly upon the British army,) which was made in favour of the subalterns of regiments, leaving on an average about 7^ per cent, to be paid on their nett re- ceipt. RATELEE du butin, Fr. the share of the booty. RATELIER, Fr. a rack used in ar- mouries, &c. for the purpose of keeping fire arms arranged in proper order. Ratelier, Fr. a rack in a stable to put hay, &c. also a row of pegs or pina to hang any thing upon. RATER, Fr. to snap, to flash in the pan, to miss fire. Son pistolet a rate, his pistol has missed fire. Rater likewise means, figuratively, to be unsuccessful in an application. — 11 a rate sa charge, he did not get the commission. RATES of subsistence. See Pay. RATH, an old word signifying a hill. It is used by Spenser, RATIFICATION, (ratification, Fr. 4 Y RAT ( 714 ) RAY the act of ratifying or confirming. Thus all treaties which are made between con- tracting parties, whether sovereigns or generals possessing full powers to exe- cute, can never be valid until the ratifi- cation of each treaty has been recipro- cally exchanged. To RATIFY, (rotifer, Fr.) to con- firm; to render binding. RATION, a certain allowance which is given in bread, &c. or forage, when troops are on service, — for an otlicer or eoldier. Complete Ration of the small Species. Flour, or bread \\ lb. Beef .... l Or pork \ Peas --.-•-{ P' 11 *- Butter, or cheese - - 1 oz. Rice - - - - 1 oz. When the small species are not issued, \\ lb. of Hour or bread, with \\ lb. of beef, or 10 oz. of pork, forms a com- plete ration: or 3lbs. of beef; or 2lbs. of cheese; or half a pound of rice, form a complete ration. The deductions to be taken for pro- visions from the pay of officers, non- commissioned officers, or men, are the nine for all ranks, and in all corps, under the like circumstances of service, when serving out of Great Britain, on stations where provisions are supplied by the public: also, when embarked in transports or other vessels (except when serving as marines) ; also, when pri- soners of war are maintained at the «xpense of Great Britain; also when in general hospitals, whether at home or abroad, a deduction of sixpence per day is made. A deduction of three-pence halfpenny is made from the pay of every non- commissioned officer and private in Ja- maica, in New South Wales, and Gibral- tar. Non-commissioned officers and soldiers serving as marines shall not be liable to any deduction from their full pay on account of provisions. Ration for a horse on home service in 1796 : — 14 lbs. of hay, 10 lbs. of oats, 4 lbs. of straw; for which a stoppage is made of six-pence. The French use the same term, viz. Ration defoin, a ration of hay. Double ration, double ration. Demi ro.tion, a naif ration. Ration d'un fantassin, Fr. the ra- tion or allowance which is giveu to a toot soldier. Ratton de cavaleric, Fr. the allo^fc auce given to each cavalry soldier. Ration defourrage, Fr. a ration of forage. Rations des oficiers du regiment des gardes Francoises, Fr. rations allowed in a regiment of French guards. RATISSOIRS, Fr. graters used by the men employed in making saltpetre. RATTLING in the sheath, a term used of a horse, when he makes a noise in the skinny part of his yard. RATURE, Fr. an erasure; a scratch. Rature ecriere, Fr. an erasure made with the pen. To RAVAGE, (ravager, Fr.) to do all the mischief one can in a country by force of arms, or other ways. Ravages of roar, the spoil, plunder, or waste, made by contending armies in the theatre of war. RAVALEMENT,Fr.aslightstrengtlK ening made in mason-work, or carpentry, either with plaster or wood. RAVALER, Fr. to plaster a wall, &c. RAVELIN, Fr. See Fortifica- tion. RAVELINS, in fortification, are works raised on the counterscarp before- the curtain of the place, and serve to cover the gates of a town, and tha bridges. They consist of two faces, forming a salient angle, and are de- fended by the faces of the neighbouring bastions. They are the most in use of all out-works, and are by the soldiers most commonly called half moons, or demi-lunes. They should be lower than, the works of the place, that they may be under the fire of the besieged. Their parapets, as those of all out-works, should be cannon proof; that is, about 18 feet thick. RAVIN, Fr. a hollow road ; a broken passj &c. RAVINE, in field fortification, * deep hollow, usually formed by a great flood, or long continued running of wa- ter; frequently turned to advantage ia the field. RAVITAILLER une place, Fr. to throw stores, ammunition, and provi- sions into a fortified place. Principal RAY, in perspective, i» the perpendicular distance between the, eye and the vertical plane, or table, as some call it. RAYE, Fr. rifled. Canon Ray£, Fr. rifle-barrel. RAYJERE, Fr, a loop-hole; a lo$g R E A ( 715 ) R E A **nd narrow cleft in the wall of a prison, dungeon, or tower, whereby light and air are partially let into the rooms. Les Rayeres d'un moulin (Teau, Fr. the arms or starts of a wheel of a water- mill. RAYON, Fr. in geometry, radius. Rayon, Fr. the spoke or staff of a wheel. Rayon exterieur, Fr. in fortification, a line which is drawn from the center of the place to the flanked angle of a bastion. Rayon int'crieur, Fr. a line drawn from the center of the place to the cen- ter of the bastion. RAW, in a military sense, unsea- soned, unripe in skill, wanting know- ledge in military tactics, &c. Raw troops, unexperienced soldiers ; men who have been little accustomed to the use of arms. This term is gene- rally used in opposition to veteran troops. A cool and wise general will always know how to make the most of that part of his army which is composed of raw troops; and a rash, intemperate one will equally miss the proper application of the spirit and manhood, which igno- rance of danger, and confidence of suc- cess, almost always give. Some of the most brilliant actions, and some of the greatest victories have been achieved and won by means of that daring impe- tuosity, which hurries raw troops into the thickest of an enemy. A thousand instances might be adduced from an- cient and modern history, to prove the correctness of this remark. It may, perhaps, be sufficient for our purpose, to refer the curious reader to the bold and unexampled charge which was made against the French troops in Germany, by Elliot's new raised light horse. The laurels of EmsdorlYare still the glory of the 15th regiment of dragoons, and every man who has the honour of belonging to this distinguished' corp6, looks back, with a spirit of exaited emulation, at the re- corded valour of their raw and unex- perienced predecessors. RAZED. Any works or fortifica- tions when demolished, are said to be razed. RAZE, Fr. razed; ruined; cut close to the ground. RAZEFORTS, Fr. forts-razing; bul- wark-overthrowing. REACTION, (reaction, Fr.) the ac- tion of one body which acts upon ano- ther, whence it receives its action. For instance, when a billiard ball is driven in a certain direction, and hits against the cushion, that circumstance produces the action; and as it does not remain there, but rebounds of itself into ano- ther direction, the circumstance of so doing produces what is called reaction. The power of reaction is invariably equal to that of its action ; and there is no such thing in nature as action without reaction. READINESS, a state of alertness ; a uromptitude for action. To hold one's self in Readiness, to be prepared, in consequence of some previous order, to march at a moment's notice. READY, a word of command in platoon firing, being a contraction of Make ready. See Manual. Ready, prepared; prompt, or in- clined to. To make Ready, to prepare. In the platoon exercise, as well as in all other firings by battalions or companies, &c. to take the first posture or position for firing. REAFAN, the royal banner or flag of the Danes ; so called from a raven em- broidered upon it by King Ladbroke's daughter. REALE, } Fr. The largest or Galire Reale, S principal galley used in catholic countries, is so called. The first galley belonging to the Pope is called reale, because it takes precedence of all vessels, in the service of the dif- ferent Roman catholic powers. REAR, in a general acceptation, any thing situated or placed behind another. The term is variously used in military matters. Rear of an army signifies, in general, the hiudermost part of an army, bat- talion, regiment, squadron, or company, &c. Generally the third component part of a large body of forces, which consists of an advanced guard, a main body and a rear guard. Rear guard, a certain proportion of an army or regiment, which acts, in va- rious capacities, according to circum- stances, and the extent of military operations. The rear guard of an army is^ often the reserve, &c. The rear guard of a regiment is usually appointed for the purpose of picking up stragglers, &c. The ojd grand guards of the camp always form the rear-guard of the aimv. 4Y3 It E A ( 716 ) R E C and are to see that every thing comes safe to the new camp. See Guard. Rear line, of an army encamped, is s 1200 feet at least from the center line; both of which run parallel to the front line, as also to the rescue. Rear rank When a regiment, troop, or company, is drawn up two or three deep, the last line of men is called the rear raok. Rear ranks, all the ranks of a line, regiment, troop, or company, which are ranged in order behind the front rank. When troops are drawn up three deep, the second rank is called center rank. Rear rank take open order, a word of command which is given in the ma- nual and other parade exercises. It :s likewise used in marching by the general at a review, or on guard mounting, &c. See Open Order. Rear half-files are the three hinder- most ranks of the battalion, when it is drawn up six deep. VLkkk front. When a battalion, troop, Or company, is faced about, and stands in that position, it is then said to be rear front. It sometimes happens, that through oversight, forgetfulness, or ig- norance and confusion, troops are so clubbed, that, on the deployment of a column, the different troops and com- panies not only lose their stations in the line of original formation, but the rear rank men stand where the front-rank- men ought to be; in the latter case, they appear rear-front. This error can be easily remedied, by counter-march- ing the several troops or companies. Rear rank lengthening out a line. It is observed in Part the IVth, of the Rules and Regulations, that although a single battalion may, by opening its companies and d\es,J'rom 3 deep form 2 deep, by introducing its rear rank into the other two, yet a considerable line posted, which is to be lengthened out to one or both flanks by its rear rank, must, to greater advantage, perform such operation, by each company wheel- ing the subdivisions of its rear rank- backward, and facing to the hand they are to march to; the last rank of each company closes up to its first; the sub- divisions of each battalion move up to open distances from their respective head ones, and from each other ; offi- cers from the rear are appointed to command, them; those of each, or of every two battalions, being considered as a battalion, they march on in co- lumn, and prolong the line. By this mode of lengthening out the .line, the two front ranks remain undisturbed* and they protect the movement which is made unseen behind thtni REARWARD, the last troop or company. REASON, or R USING piece, in building, that part upon which the raf- ters rest. REARPENTAGE, IV. a second land survey. REATTELER, Fr. to put to again. Eire en REATU, Fr. to be impeached of a crime. REBEEWAR, Ind. Sunday. REBEL, (rebelle, Fr.) any one guilty of rebellion. Se Rebeller, Fr. to rebel. REBELLION, a traitorous taking up of arms against the king by his own natural subjects, or of those who are bound to bear faithful allegiance to him and to his government ; hence called open rebellion. REBOUND, the act of flying back in consequence of motion impressed and resisted by a greater power. A REBOURS, Fr. in reverse. Fortification a Rebours, Fr. a forti- fication thrown up in reverse. REBRIDER, Fr. to bridle again. Le REBUT, Fr. the refuse, the scum, &c. Le Rebut du peuplc, Fr. the refuse, the dregs of the people. REBUTANT, Fr. repulsing; repel- ling ; — Hence Air Rebutant, Fr. a repulsing or repelling look. RECEIPT, a voucher, given or taken for any thing received or given. Sol- diers, who cannot write, subscribe their marks; in which cases the pay-serjeants, or some trusty persons, witness the signature. Captains of troops and com- panies should be particularly minute on this head, as illiterate minds are natu- rally full of suspicion; and, in many instances, soldiers have been found un- principled enough to deny their marks. Sec Vouchers. Receipts of officers, soldiers, and seamen ; for the purchase of stock, bank bills, or promissory notes legally stamped, or for releases on stamped deeds, are duty free. Acknowledg- R E C ( TIT ) R E C ttients in letters of the receipt of any notes, bills, or securities for money, are not liable to duty. To RECEIVE, in a military sense, to wait the approach of a friend or foe. To Receive an enemy, to make the best disposition possible of troops, for the purpose of meeting the attack of an enemy that is advancing against them. To Receive a general or reviewing officer, to be drawn up according to re- gulations which are Jaid down, for the purpose of paying the compliments that are due to the rank of a superior, or commanding officer. For the method in which a general is to be received by all cavalry corps and infantry regiments, on the British establishment, see Cavalry Regulations. RECELEMENT aVun deserteur, Fr. the act of secreting or concealing a de- serter. RECEPER, Fr. See Resceper. RECEPTACLE, Fr. a sort of basin into which several conduits of aqueducts, or conduit pipes, are collected for the purpose of being distributed through other channels. This work is also called conserve, Fr. conservatory. RECEPTION d'un officicr dansun corps, Fr. a ceremony which was per- formed in the old French service, when an officer first joined. This was done by beat of drum in front of the com- pany. The officer, being dressed, ac- coutred, and armed, according to regu- lation, faced towards his men, and as soon as the drums had ceased, took oft" his hat to his commanding officer, who did the same to him, addressing the company in the following terms: — De par le Roi. Soldats, vous recon- naitrez ill.... pour voire capitaine, ou pour lieutenant de la compugnie, etvous lui obeirez en tout ce quil vous ordon- nera pour le service du Roi en cettc qua- lite. From the king ! or pursuant to the king's will.— Soldiers, you will acknow- ledge M....-to be captain, or lieute- nant, of the company, and you will obey whatever orders or commands he may issue, in that capacity, for the good of the king's service. When a colonel or major was received at the head of a corps, the word Soldats, soldiers, was altered into Messieurs, gen- tlemen; the latter term including both officers and men. On this occasion, the corps of captains and subalterns formed a circle ; round them stood the Serjeants drawn up in the same manner, and beyond the Serjeants, the drummers, &c. The different circles being concen- trical to each other. The field officer, who was to be admitted or to take com- mand, stood in the center of the whole, surrounded by the principal officers of the regiment. RECETTE, Fr. a trough, which persons employed in preparing saltpetre, &c. place beneath tubs filled with broken rubbish, ashes, &c. for the purpose of receiving the liquid that is filtered through. RECHANGE, Fr. reserved; kept for occasional need; in store; hence des armes de rechange, arms kept in store. RECHARGE, a renewal of the charge or attack. Recharge d'une arme a feu, Fr. a se- cond charge or loading of a fire-arm im- mediately after the first has been fired. In proportion as these charges increase, the quantity of powder is lessened ; and when the piece has been fired ten or twelve times successively, it must be cooled or refreshed. RECHAUD, Fr. a chaffing dish, or pan used for various purposes, particu- larly during a siege. They are filled with burning materials, and hung in different parts of the wall, so as to throw light into the ditches, and to pre- vent surprizes. RECHERCHE de couverture, Fr. the repair which takes place when fresh tiles or slates are put upon a roof, and the plaster work, &c. is restored. Recherche de pave, Fr. the repair- ing of a pavement, or paved road, by putting fresh stones where the old ones are broken. RECHERCHER, Fr. to seek after; to court; hence recherchcr l' alliance d'un prince, ou d'une nation par des voies honnetes, ct non par la corruption ; to seek or court the alliance of a prince, or of a nation, in a fair and open man- ner, without having recourse to the base tricks of corruption. RECHUTE, Fr. literally means a second fall; but in fortification it sig- nifies a greater elevation of the rampart in those spots where it is likely to be commanded. RECIDIVE, Fr. the act of doing any thing wrong a second time» REC ( 718 ) REC RECIDIVER, Fr. to relapse, or commit a crime or fault twice. It EC IF, Fr. uote or voucher given for a deposit. RECIPERE fcrrum, Lat. to receive the weapon or sword. This expression signified, among the ancient Romans, the sentence of death which was pro- nounced, by the people, against a van- quished gladiator. The instant he fell under it, he voluntarily exposed his chest to have the dagger plunged into him. RECIPIANGLE, Fr. recipient an- gle. A geometrical instrument, which is much used among the French, for taking the quantities of anglei, espe- cially in drawing plans of fortification. It consists of two moveable rules made in the shape of a square rule. The center of one of its hands is marked by a semi-circle, which is divided into 180 degrees. RECIPIENDAIRE, Fr. one who offers himself for any office or appoint- ment. Reciprocal figures, in geometry, are such as have the antecedents and consequents of the ratio in both figures. Reciprocal proportion is when, in four numbers, the fourth is lesser than the second, by as much as the third is greater than the first, and vice versa. RECKONING, computation, calcu- lation; accounts of debtor and cre- ditor; also money charged by an host. Short Reckonings. According to Sully, minister of Henry the Fourth of France, short reckonings are account* with the man, and not with his execu- tors. This wise legislator (who reco- vered the finances of his country by an honest application of private rules to public regulations) always considered, that it was much easier to obtain an account of one thousand pounds than of one million; and that in the event of defalcation, securities were more ac- cessible after twelve months than after twelve years. No nation ever stood more in need of the rigid exercise of these sound principles than poor Old England ! RECOGNISCING, an old term, used by some English military writers, signifying reconnoitring, which see. RECOIL, (recul, Fr.) a falling back. The retrograde motion made by any piece of fire arms »n being discharged, which is occasioned by the rarified air pressing on all sides, in order to expand itself with freedom. This term is gene- rally applicable to fire-arms, especially to pieces of ordnance, which are always subject to a recoil, according to the sizes and the charge they contain, &c. Guns, whose vents are a little forward in the chase, recoil most. To lessen the recoil of a gun, the platforms are generally made sloping towards the embrasures of the battery. To Recoil, (reculer, Fr.) to fall hack, to run back in consequence oft resistance or repercussion. The following particulars are extracted from the Little Bombardier. Recoil of Field Guns on Travelling Carriages, on Elm Planks, 1 Shot, 2 Shot, Case Shot, Nature. Charge. at 1° 30' at 1° 30' at 3° 45' Elevation. Elevation. Elevation. lbs. oz. Feet. Feet. Feet. 12 Pr. Med. 4 12 25 81 , 6 Pr. Heavy 2 7 11 7 1 * 2 6 Pr. Light 1 3 12 21 10 3 Pis. Heavy 1 3 5 H Recoil of Land Service Iron Mortars, on Iron Beds. Ft 13-Tnch, with a charge of 6lbs — 4 10-Inch, 3lbs.— 2 10 S-IhcIj, — .,..,. Hb.9oz.3 10 In. 2| RECOLLECTION, a mode of think- ing, whereby those ideas sought after by the mind, are brought again to view. A retentive memory and a cool col- lected presence of mind are necessary qualities iu every goad officer ; and UEC ( 719 ) R E C military men should often exercise the faculty of thinking, in order to become instantly familiar with what they have formerly studied, and occasionally prac- tised. For memory, like every thing else, acquires strength, and is increased, by cultivation. Memoria, ut in cateris rebus, colendo augetur. Necessary RECOLLECTIONS for the exercise of a battalion, as laid down in the Rules and Regulations. It appears, that the front of any di- yision or body is, in ordinary paces of ' 30 inches, nearly 3-4ths of the number of files of which it is composed. — That the circumference of the quarter eircle which it describes, is in wheeling paces of 33 inches, the same as the number of files of which it is com- posed. — That the number of files being once ascertained in each division, the officer commanding it must, on all occa- sions, recollect the number of paces that are equal to his front; also the number of wheeling paces which the flank man must take to complete the quarter circle; also the spare time, which he has to regulate the halt, march, of his divi- sion after wheeling. The field officers and adjutants must always recollect the number of paces the front of the battalion and its divi- sions occupy, in order to take up ground exactly in all formations. RECOLLEMENT, Fr. a re-examina- tion of witnesses (especially when they have not deposed fully, or plainly enough) before they are confronted with those they have accused. Recoller des tcmoins, Fr. to re-ex- amine witnesses. To RECOMMEND. When a young gentleman wishes to enter into the JBritish army, his first object is to get well recommended for that purpose. It is a regulation, that none under the rank of field officer in the regulars can recommend a person so circumstanced. He must state, that from his own per- sonal knowledge, he believes the young candidate to be perfectly qualified to hold a. commission in his Majesty's ser- vice. The person who recommends is responsible to the Commander in Chief for the character and situation of the candidate. RECOMMENDATION, in a mili- tary sense, a certificate, stating an indi- vidual to be properly, qualified for a situation in the army. This certificate must be signed by a field officer in the regulars, addressed to the command- ing officer of the regiment, by whom it is forwarded to the Commander in Chief, who lays the name of the person recom- mended before the King. Book of Recommendation, a book of entry which is kept in public offices, and by army agents, for the insertion of the names of such officers, or candidates for commissions, as have been recommended to the Commander in Chief for his Ma- jesty's approbation. RECOMPENSES milit aires,! r. See Military Rewards. RECONNAISSANCE, Fr. the act of reconnoitring* RECONNAITRE une place, Fr. to reconnoitre a fortified town or place. RECONNOITRE, (reconnoitre, Fr.) to view, to examine. Parties ordered to reconnoitre are to observe the country and the enemy ; to remark the routes, conveniences, and in- conveniences of the first; the position, march, or forces of the second. In either case, they should have an expert; geographer, capable of taking plans readily; he should be the best mounted of the whole, that in case the enemy happen to scatter the escort, he may save his works and ideas. All parties that go for reconnoitring only should be but few in number. In general the number should not exceed 12 or 20 men. An officer, be his rank what it will, cannot decline going with so few under his command: the honour is amply made up by the importance of the expedition ; which is frequently of the most interesting consequence, and the most proper to recommend the prudence, bravery, and address, of any officer that has the good fortune to suc- ceed. It is previously necessary, that the officer ordered on this duty should be well acquainted with the country, the roads, and the distance of the enemy. His party must consist of men of ap- proved fidelity, part of whom should be disguised. This detachment must march off" in the night. The men must have strict orders neither to smoke to- bacco, make a noise, nor speak. The officer must be provided with two guides, who are to be strictly interrogated, but are to remain ignorant of the route in contemplation. A detachment of this kind should be furnished with subsistence. REC ( H* ) REC for two or three days. The horses arejnutely expressin to be ted every two or three leagues, for it is absolutely necessary, that they should be always fresh and fit for duty every variation or change that happens in the road ; if narrow or hollow, the depth of the hol- low; if broken or impassable ; leading The orficer will take care never to halt,' through or near any road or cover, and but at a distance from any road, and ] how far it may continue through or close also take every precaution to prevent his to that cover. If the ground on both or being surprized, whilst his horses are feeding, &c. RECONNOITRING, (la reconnais- sance, Fr.) orders and instructions to be j through the neighbouring fields. observed in. We have been favoured by particularly attentive to mark one side of the road will admit of shun- ning the above inconveniency, by quit- ting the road, and making openings To be a very ingenious and intelligent corre- spondent, with the following directions, which were digested by the late Major- general Roy, and issued as instructions to be followed by officers and engineers in examining, describing, representing and reporting, any country, district, or particular spot of ground. First, As the encampments, marches, and every possible movement, proper for an army to make in the field, en- tirely depend on a just and thorough knowledge of the country, the greatest care and exactness should be observed in examining minutely the face of that country, and, from time to time, to make proper memorandums of every variety of the ground ; whether the face of the ground be flat and level, or interrupted with hollows and deep tales, always mentioning the nature of the soil in either, whether dry or wet, clay or sand, rocky, stony, or smooth, in tillage or in grass; if inclosed, the nature of the fences, and largeness of the enclosures; where woody, the na- ture of the wood, whether thick and impassable, copse, or grown timber, and open ; the extent of the wood; or if cut by few or many roads. If there are any bogs or morasses, to be particularly exact in expressing the nature of either, both as to their size and extent, from north to south, and from east to west; if deep and impass- able, or capable of being traversed, with very little labour, by foot or horse. Where there are meadows, to observe the above direction in describing them. In all places, where the country is cut by valleys or hollows, to be as ex- plicit as possible in conveying a perfect idea of the bottom and banks of the said valley. Second, carefully to follow the line of the principal roads, in the several bend- ingsand turnings, marking the breadth; and at every half mile's distance, mi- every lane, cross-road, or communication, that either crosses the great road, or may lead from the right to the left of it ; mentioning the distance where they run off" in right or left, with what place or places they communicate, and how far they go. When you come to a farm- house, small village, or country town, to be particular and exact in describing the situation and extent of either, by mentioning the number of houses and barns, and how supplied with water. Third, All rivers or waters, great or small, to be examined with the greatest attention and exactness ; marking every where their breadth and depth, in floods and ordinary water, nature of their bottom, height of their banks, nature of the soil on both sides, and the access to the banks, if easy or difficult. The above directions to be strictly observed in mentioning and inserting every ford across any river or rivulet ; and all bridges to be particularly de- scribed, whether stone, brick, or timber, number of arches, with the width of each; thickness of the parapet; if the communications to the bridge are free, and on commanding ground, and the nature of the command. Fourth, If the surface of the country be mountainous, or only broken by gentle heights : to describe and mi- nutely express the nature of the moun- tains, as to their ascent and height, in what direction they run, and how far; where broken, or cut by hollows and waters ; where covered by woods or waters, or any other obstructions. If the country be cut with rising grounds, to be very particular in ob- serving the same mode in describing them. Fifth, In reconnoitring, never to trust any thing to memory, but con- stantly to sketch and mark memoran- dums with method, and regularly in tra- velling the road, and from time to time, REC ( 721 ) REC Wt stated distances, to collect, digest, en- large, and vary these memorandums and sketches before quitting the ground, so that every thing may he as correct, ex- plicit, and expressive as possible. Great and many are the inconveniences that continually arise from not duly attend- ing to this precaution, and trusting too much to one's own memory ; which should therefore be avoided. Sixth, At first setting out, if possible, to measure a long base, and intersect the most convenient objects, and, as fre- quently as the nature of the ground will permit, to make proper measurements and cheques to the series of triangles in their proper position. In an inclosed country, the only exact and useful method to lay down such, is to trace the roads with the greatest exactness and accuracy; always remem- bering, that in military maps, nothing should ever be represented at guess or random ; and that the space of one quarter of a mile truly laid down, is far more useful, than an imperfect and loose representation of an entire country. Seventh, When ordered to survey a ground for an encampment, the survey should at least contain three miles dia- meter; in which ought to be expressed, with the greatest minuteness, every par- ticular above-mentioned, the advantages and disadvantages of water; if easy to be come at, if plenty and good, in rivers, rivulets, springs, and ponds of water; if elear and soft, or muddy or hard. Eighth, To be particularly attentive to the produce of each part of a coun- try, and how inhabited; if abounding in grass or hay, or only for pasture; if chiefly in corn, and what quantities of hay and straw are generally thought to be in the country; of all which particu- lars you may be easily informed after some acquaintance with a judicious countryman. Ninth, Every representation must be laid down to a particular fixed scale: when it is necessary to represent a spot ot ground proper for an encampment or any particular manoeuvre for the troops, the best scale is one of 500 yard* to an inch, which is sufficient to shew every part in its just proportion, and to express distinctly the nature of the sur- face. General sketches of a country may be laid down to a scale of two inches .to a mile ; and when the sketch is finished, the miles must be constantly marked along the roads with red figures. We cannot quit this important article without endeavouring to impress upon the mind and understanding of every officer in the British service, from the commander in chief of an army, to the head of a detached party, the necessity or taking the most minute information, respecting the state and condition of an enemy, before he is marched against or attacked. The act of reconnoitring re- quires not only great presence of mind, a knowledge of ground, and an accurate combination of circumstances, but also a daring and unshaken soul. — Previous to the assault of a place, it is, above all, indispensably necessary, that the different parts of its fortifications should be scru- pulously examined. The depth of its ditches, and the height of its walls, must be ascertained; for although a breach may have been effected, it does not therefore follow that the assault is prac- ticable. Had these particulars been at- tended to in India, we should not have had to lament the untimely fate of so many brave and gallant countrymen, who fell before Bhurtpore; nor should we have to lament the melancholy issue of our attack upon Walcheren, had an extended system of reconnoitring been adopted. It is not our province to enter at large into the operations of our generals; but it is certainly our duty to point out, to the best of our ability, the means which can be adopted to forward the business of war, at the least expense of human blood and industry. RECONQUER, (reconquer ir, Fr.) to regain ; to retake by force of arms. RECON QUEST, ( reconquete, Fr. ) any thing regained by force; hence pays reconquis, a reconquered country. RECOUPEMENT, Fr. a large recess made in a wall or building. RECOUPES, Fr. shards ; waste or rubble of stones. Poudre de Recoupes, Fr. pounded rubble which is mixed with mortar to resemble the stone. To RECOVER arms, a position of the firelock when the piece is held with the lock equal to the left shoulder, and the sling to the front. The steadiness of soldiers is frequently proved by bring- ing them to the recover, after the word present. To bring to the Recover. See .Re* cover Arms. II E C ( 724 ) BEC RECOUSSE, Fr. rescue; help. The French make use of this expressiou, when soldiers, contrary to haw and the rules ot" war, have seized upon the cat- tle, grain, &c. and are carrying their booty away ; in which case, an alarm is given, and the civil powers dispatch per- sons after the plunderers to rescue the property which has been thus taken by ■violence. The party sent on this busi- ness is said to be gone a la recousse. — Hence aller a la recousse, to go out for the express purpose of rescuing stolen goods out of the hands of the ma- rauders. Droit de Recousse, Fr. a right which is vested in every individual, to rescue or get back what has been unjustly taken from him. RECOUVREMENT, Fr. a sort of hem or border which is made to a fork in order to fit it to something else. RECRUITING, a term prefixed to certain corps and districts, which are specifically established for the recruiting service. The Recruiting corps, professedly so called, and having place in the Army List, consisted of Ogle's, Loft's, Brad- ikaw's, Nugcnt's, Sir Vere Hunt's, Mac- donald's, and Armstrong's. There for- merly were several others during the Course of the late war, viz. the Hon. George Hanger's, Steele's, French's lew, &c. Recruiting Districts. These wpre established in 1802, and consist of eighteen divisions, whose head-quarters are at specified towns and places in Great Britain. The object is to pro- duce an uniform system for the better recruiting of his Majesty's forces in (rreat Britain and Ireland. An inspecting field officer is stationed ju each district for the purpose of com- manding them. These inspecting field-officers are au- thorised to give an intermediate approval of the recruits\vhom they may judge fit for service, except in cases where regi- ments are so quartered as to render it, in point of distance, equally convenient for the recruits to be sent at once to the head-quarters of the regiment to which they belong, for final approval, and spe- cial authority shall have been given for that purpose. cruit, together with a surgeon, for that of examining his state of health, ccc. RECRUITS, (recrucs, Fr.) men raised for military purposes on the first forma- tion of a corps, or to supply the places of such as are disabled, or have lost their lives in the service. The recruits made for the regular army of this country are generally en- listed for life. l\Ef ru it- horses are the horse* brought up for completing the regiment* of horse and dragoons, &c. RECRUTER, Fr. to recruit. RECUUTEUR, Fr. a person dulji authorized to enlist men. This word is used in contradistinction to racoleur, a, crimp, which see. RECTANGLE, ) „ RECTANGULAR, S ANCLE - RECTILIGNE, Fr. right-lined. RECTILINEAR, ) after the man- reclilinear, or »} RECTIL1NEOUS, $ ner, or consist- ing of. right lines. This term is applied to figures whose perimeter consists of right lines. KECUIT, Fr. a term used in the French foundries of artillery, signifying the mating or hardening of a caution- mould. RECUL du canun, Fr. the recoil of a piece of ordnance. See Recoil. RECULADE, Fr. the act of recoil- ing, or falling back. KECULER, Fr. to fail back. Thi» expression is used by the French in a figurative sense, viz. Riculer pour mieux sauter, Fr. to fall hack or retreat, in order to return and advance with more energy. Reculsb les bornes d'un pays, Fr. a figurative phrase, signifying to enlarge or extend the. boundaries of a country. Reculer. Fr. to give way; to yield. The French say of a brave man, who has often faced the enemy, and stood his groundy-7/ n'a jamais recult, he has never given wav. On ne I'u jamais vu reader, nu one has ever seen him giv# wav. 'A RECULONS, Fr. backward.— Hence travailler a reculons, to work or gel on by going backward, as rope-ma- kers do. RECUSANTS, a name generally given to such persons as dissent from An adjutant is attached to each in- the Established Church. Of this de- spectmg field-officer, for the purpose of ascertaining the height, &c. of each re- scription are Roman Catholics, vulgarly called Papists; Presbyterians, com- RED ( 723 ) RED monly called Round-heads; Methodists, generally styled Field-preachers; Ana- baptists, Quakers, &c. &c. These per- sons, if English or Scotch, cannot hold a situation above that of a troop or company, in the British army, foreigners may. REDANS, in field fortification, are indented works, lines, or faces, forming sallying and re-entering angles, flanking one another; generally constructed on the sides of a river which runs through a garrison town. They were used before bastions were invented, and are by some thought preferable to them. They are likewise called ouvruges a scie, from their resemblance to a saw. RED-COAT, a familiar term for a British soldier. REDDITION d'une place, Fr. the surrender of a besieged place. RED Hot Shot, (boulets rouges, Fr.) shot made red hot, and in that state thrown out of cannon, against the ves- sels or magazines of an enemy. REDENTS, Fr. This term is used to express the several projections which, in the building of a wall upon a sloping ground, are made towards the recess, iu order to keep it upon a level by inter- mediate spaces; also, in foundations, the different recesses which are caused by the unevenness or inequality of the ground, or by a steep declivity. Redents also signify the teeth or in- dentures of any machine or instrument that enter into one another. REDIGER, Fr. to draw out. Redjger des memoires, Fr. to draw out memorials. REDINGOTE, Fr. a corruption of the English word riding-cuut, which is familiarly used among the French; lite- rally, a great coat. , REDINTEGRATION, the act of restoring any single substance, horn a damaged mixed body, to its former nature and properties. Thus General Congreve, of the Royal Artillery, by the redintegration of nitre from damaged gunpowder, has effected a vast saving to government in that article. REDOUBT, (redout,, Fr.) in forti- rapet and ditch. Both the one and the other serve for detached guards to in- terrupt the enemy's works; and are sometimes made on the angles of the trenches for covering the workmen against the sallies of the garrison. The length of their sides may be about 20 toises : their parapets must have two or three banquettes, and be about nine or ten feet thick. They are sometimes (in a siege) called places of arms. Redoubt is also the name of a small work made in a ravelin, of various forms. See Fortification. Redoubt, castle or donjon, a place more particularly intrenched, and sepa- rated from the rest by a ditch. There is generally in each of them a high tower, whence the country round the place may be discovered. Detached Redoubt is a work made at some distance from the covert-way, much in the same manner as a ravelin with flanks. See Arrow. Field Redoubt, a temporary defence or fortification, which is thrown up in a war of posts, or under sudden emer- gencies. Field redoubts are highly use- ful. By them Peter the Great, of Rus- sia, gained the battle of Pultowa, which was fought on the 8th of July, 1709. REDOUTER, Fr. to be alarmed at. Redouter les armes iCun ennemi, to be alarmed at the strength of an enemy. REDOUTES en crimaillire differ from all the rest, because the inside line of the parapet is broken in such a man- ner as to resemble a pot-hook, or the teeth of a saw ; whereby this advantage is gained, that a greater fire can he brought to bear upon the defile, than if only a simple face was opposed to it, and consequently the passage is rendered more difficult. Redoutes de terre, Fr. redoubts that are hastily thrown up, and are made with earth, for the purpose of securing entrenchments, cireumvallations, pas- sage of rivers, ike. R BOOUTIS de moronnerie, Yv. redoubts made of mason-work. These are gene- rally constructed in places where an enemy liiinht derive advantage from fication, a square work raised without .1 establishing himself; they are likewise the glacis of tlie place, about nutsket- shot from the town; having loop-holts for the small arms to fire through, and being surrounded by a ditch. Some- times they are of earth, having only ■ defence in front, encompassed by a ua- I'uilt upon the salient angles of the glacis. Redoutes casematces, Fr. casemared redoubts. These aie arched over aud lire bomb proof. Those constructed for the defence of Gibraltar, aud for the 4Z3 RED ( 724 ) R E D security of Dover Castle, are of this iK scription. Redoutes a machicoulis, Fr. redoubts made of brick or stone-work, which are several stories high. The highest storv juts out about one foot beyond the wall that surrounds, or fronts, the redoubt. REDRESSER, Fr. in a military sense, to recover. To make straight again, viz. Redressez vos amies! Fr. Recover arm* Redressez la ligne! Fr. redress or re- form the line. Redresser les torts, Fr. In the days of ancient chivalry, this expression signified to redress the wrongs of the oppressed. The knights, on these oc- casions, underwent the greatest hard- ships and faced the most imminent dangers. To REDRILL, to drill again. To put a soldier through the first elements of military training. To REDUCE, to make a thing less than it was; as, to reduce a regiment, leaving the officers on half-pay. To Reduce a place is to oblige the governor to surrender it to the besiegers, by capitulation. To Reduce the circle, to restore or bring back a battalion or company, which has been formed in circle, to its original position in line. To Reduce the square, to restore or bring back a battalion or battalions, which have been formed in a hollow or oblong square, to their natural situation in line or column. 'In Part IV. of In- fantry Regulations, Seer. 189, the fol- lowing method is hud down, whereby the square is to be reduced. On the word. Form close column, the hies that faced outwards will come to their proper front, and the files that moved into the intervals will face about. At the word Quick JMurch, the grenadiers take one pace forward, and the two rear com- panies take one and two paces forward, and then face about ; the files from the intervals take their proper places; offi- cers, Serjeants, &c. will quit the inte- rior, move to their several stations, and the companies that composed the flank faces will be completed; the companies will close inwards by sub-divisions one pace. To be REDUCED, in a military sense, to be taken off the establishment, to cease to receive pay as soldiers. — When a regiment is reduced, the offi- cers are generally put upon half-pay. — i Sometimes the corps are reduced, and the officers remain upon full pay. This happens at the close of a war, when the standing army of the country is confined to a certain number of battalions. — Hence is derived the expression in and out of the break. In the break is the liability of being reduced; out of the break is the certainty of being kept upon the establishment. To be Reduced to the ra?iks, to be taken from a superior appointment in a regiment, and to be ordered to the duty of a common soldier. This sometimes happens by ways of punishment, when a serjeant or corporal misbehaves him- self. A serjeant, however, cannot at pre- sent be reduced, except by the sentence of a regimental court-martial. For- merly this necessary class of men was at the mercy of every flippant officer that happened to have the command of a company, without the knowledge or- abilities to manage its interior economy. The army is indebted to the late Mar- quis Town send, for his manly exertions in favour of non-commissioned officers. According to the Regulations, printed officially, April 9th, 1800, if a serjeant be reduced to the ranks, his clothing is to be given in for the use of his succes- sor; and he himself is to receive pri- vate's clothing, equally worn (or as nearly as may be) with the clothing he" has i:iven in. REDUCT. See Redoubt. Redict, in building, a quirk or little place taken out of a larger, to make it more uniform and regular; or for some conveniences, as for small cabinets on the sides of chimnies, alcoves, &c. REDUCTION des troupes, Fr. a re- duction of the armed force of a country. We make use of the same term. REDUCTION, in arithmetic, is the converting monies, weights and measures into the same value in other denomi- nations, as pounds into shillings and pence, fvc. REDUIRE, Fr. in drawing, to copy, to reduce a plan or picture. This ope- ration differs from that of chalking out. The French use the expression in various senses, viz. Rediire en grand, Fr. to copy an original drawing by giving it larger di- mensions. Reuuire en petit, Fr. to copy as R E F ( 725 ) REF original drawing by giving it smaller di- mensions, which is, literally, to reduce it. RfeDUiRE un plan au petit pied, Fr. to make a copy of a drawing, in which every part is faithfully represented, though on a small scale. Reduire un butaillon, Fr. to reduce a battalion, or to diminish its quota of men. Reduire en poudre, Ft. to reduce to ashes,. REDUIT, Fr. literally means a nook, or bye-place ; in a military sense, it sig- nifies a sort of citadel, which is extremely inconvenient to the inhabitants of the town, because it takes up more ground than those that are regularly built, and is, at the same time, uncomfortable to the troops, because they must be very much crowded. This word is explained by an English lexicographer, in the fol- lowing manner : Redact or Reduit, an advantageous piece of ground, intrenched and separated from the rest of the place, camp, &c. for an army, garrison, &c. to retire to in case of surprize. Reduits are sometimes made for the purpose of securing different posts in a town inde- pendent of its citadel. These have been proposed by the celebrated Vauban. Reduit, in architecture, a recess. REED, an arrow ; also a musical in- strument which has lately been intro- duced into this country, and is used in some military bands. REEDIFIER, Fr. to rebuild. RE-ENTERING angle, in fortifica- tion, is that which turns its point towards the center of the place. See Fortifi- cation. RE-EVACUATION, (ri-ivacuation, Fr.) the act of evacuating a place more than once. As the re-evacuation of Bilboa, in Spain, by the French army, in 1803. REFAIT. Bois refait et remis a Vequerre, an expression used among French carpenters, and by tlie artificers belonging to the train, to signify any piece of wood which has been planed, and made perfectly square and level. — The ingenious compiler of the Diction- nuire Mi/itaire has observed, under this term, that although this, as well as many other words, which have been inserted, cannot strictly be called mi- litary, yet they are not to be deemed entirely superfluous, when it is consi- dered, that wood is necessarily used in the artillery, &c. We must offer the same apology for having given place to manv expressions and words which may not be thought rigorously technical in military matters. REFEND, Fr. in architecture, a partition wall, vu. Mur de Refend. REFENDRE, Fr. in carpentry, to cut up large pieces of wood with a saw, in order to mate rafters, &c. Refexdre, Fr. among locksmiths, to shorten a piece of red hot iron, with th» trenching knife and mallet. Ti-efekdre, Fr. among masons, to split or divide slate into thin sheets, be- fore it is made square or even. Refendre, Fr. among paviors, to divide large stones into two pieces, in order to pave courts, stables, &c. with the split pieces. REFEREE, (reftre, Fr.) a person referred to. Every candidate for a vacant regimental paymastership in the British service, must have four referees from whom the War-office obtains the neces- sary information respecting the responsi- bility of himself and his sureties. REFLUX, Fr. the ebb tide. REFONDRE, Fr. to put damaged pieces of ordnance in the foundry, for the purpose of rnelting them dovvs ; to new cast. REFONTE, Fr. the melting down again or new casting. To REFORM, (reformer, Fr.) ge- nerally speaking, (in military affairs,) is to reduce a body of men, either by dis- banding the whole, or only breaking a part and retaining the rest. REFORM, (rtforme, Fr.) reforming, reformation ; reduction ; a disbanding some part of an army. To Reform, in a military sense, is, after some manoeuvre or evolution, to bring a line to its natural order, by aligning it on some given point. Thi* frequently occurs in the passage of lines, &c. viz. when a line of several battalions has passed another that remains posted, by retreating through by tiles, it may be reformed in the following manner : To Reform by a flank battalion, on a central battalion, in un oblique position. When by a flank battalion, the line that has passed is fronted in column, and the several pivots are dressed cor- rectly before wheeling up into line. To effect this, the commander of the head battalion will instantly place the pivots of his three first platoons in a true di- rectionj and order the officers of his othct R E t ( ?2 occupied, tuid horn which he R E F ( 737 ) R E G jmay be flanked. When a first line has passed through a second, and it is found necessary to refuse a wing, the several platoons of that line must pass according to the wing which is to be refused. If the left, for instance, is to be posted, and the right to be refused, the platoons .may pass from their left; the column will thereby have its left in front, will be more readily directed on the point of appui, and the preservation of distances will be facilitated, as they will then be taken from the front. If the right is to be posted, the platoons may pass from their right. It may happen, where the passing line is to post one flank and refuse the pther, that the officers will have their distances to take from behind ; the ori- ginal remedy for this inconvenience has been shewn (page 346, Part IV.) ; ano- ther also may be applied, which is to halt the whole, at any time after passing, and to countermarch each platoon, which will then cause the future forma- tion to be taken from the front of the column. A retiring line may also infuse, a wing, by forming in line very soon after pass- ing, and then taking up an oblique po- sition to the rear, by the echellon march, or some other of the modes already pre- scribed. See Rules and Regulations, from page 357 to page 360, Part IV. See also pages 287 and 297 of Saldern's Elements of Tactics, translated by J. Landmann. Frederic, simiamed the Great, king of Prussia, who had attentively studied the tactics of the ancients, first adopted the method of refusing a wing in the forming of an attack. This method has been since successfully followed by the best modern generals. It answers to a partial reserve of a force which is always ready at command ; and in point of se- curity, it is the reverse of what the French mean by prefer une aile, to ex- pose a wing, or post it in a precarious manner. The French, during the whole of the action which was fought in Egypt, on the 21st of March 1301, refused their right wing. Notwithstanding this precau- tion, they were defeated by the British. REFUSER, Fr. For its application in a military sense, see To Refuse. Refuser, Fr. This word is used among the French as a sea-phrase, viz. le misteau a re/me, the ship has missed the wind. REGAIN, Fr. in carpentry and ma* sonry, means die surplus of a piece of stone or wood when it proves too broad or too long for any particular use, and must of course be taken oft". It like- wise signifies after-grass or math. REGALER, ou aplanir, Fr. in archi- tecture, to level, to lay or make even. REGALEURS, Fr. persons employ- ed in levelling ground. REGARD, in old times an addi- tional douceur which was paid to the troops over and above their daily sti- pend. This was a kind of perquisite to the commanding officer, or chief con- tractor with the Crown, for every bodj of men, to enable them to keep a table for their officers, and to provide for the different contingent expenses : the amount differed according to the nature of the service or country in which the troops were to be employed. These Regards were sometimes and often doubled. REGATTA, (regate, Fr.) a rowing- match ; a procession by water. This word is taken from the Italian, signify- ing a species of water tournament, or exliibition, which took place on the grand canal at Venice. The conqueror, on these occasions, received a prize from the senate. REGENCY, (regence, Fr.) the go- vernment of a state or kingdom, during the minority or absence of a prince, bj one or more subjects; also a post of dignity with which one or more per- sons are invested under visitations of disease or incapacity in the lawful sove- reign. Regency also means certain persons who are at the head of different states in Europe. switch. government, adminis* augmented,, REGET, Fr. REGIE, Fr. tration. REGIMENT, (regiment, Fr.) a terra applied to any body of troops, which, if cavalry, consists of one or more squa- drons, commanJed by z colonel: and, if infantry, of one or more battalions, each commanded in the same manner. The squadror-s in cavalry regiments are divided, sometimes into six, and some- times into nine troops. The battalions of British infantry are generally divided into ten companies, two of which are called the flanks ; one on the right con- sisting of grenadiers, and another on the left formed of light troops. There is REG ( 7 ™ ) REG not, ho w e v er , any established rule on this head : as both cavalry and infant rv regimen^ differ according to the exi- gencies of service in time of war, or the principles of economy in time of peace. We are humbly of opinion, that every regiment of foot should consist of 2400 men, making three battalions of 800 each. The ( rerman regiments frequent- ly consist of WOO men; and the regi- ment of Picardy in the old French ser- vice had 6000. The French made a distinction between the commanding officer of. i regiment of cavalry, and the commanding officer of a regiment of infantry. The former was styled Mes- tre de Camp, the latter Colonel, as with ■us. W ith respect to the derivation of the word, it appears, that the best etymo- logy is from the French word regie, management, which comes from the Latin regere, to govern. Hence a re- giment is said to be governed by a colo- nel. M. Beneton, a celebrated French etymologist, differs from this explana- tion. He traces it from the French ■regime, which signifies system, regimen, administration, and which is again de- rived from the Latin regimen, bearing the same import. Regiments were first formed in France in the year 1558, and in England in the year 1660. Dromedary Regiment, a corps raised by the French during their stay in Egypt. Uhe men were mounted upon dromeda- ries. To quote the words of Mr. Mo- rier, in his account of a campaign with the Ottoman army in 1800, the drome- daries composing this troop are made to go through a number of evolutions, and when attacked they are formed into a hollow square : they kneel, and by means of a cord which is thrown round one of the knees, they are prevented from getting up, and thus they afford a breast-work for the soldier. — The same author observes in a note, page 59, that the most convenient and only way of travelling in Egypt is upon dromedaries. The traveller need not encumber himself With food for his animal, as a very scanty allowance of beans suffices for many days' journey. Travellers ride upon convenient saddles ; and the ani- mal is so docile, that he is guided only by touching him with a small stick on the side that lie is to turn. Some have a png through each nostril, which serves as a bit to a bridle fastened to then*. They walk very fast; and their trot is swift, but very inconvenient. Cape Ki.gime.nt, a corps which was raised during the late war for the spe- cific purpose of doing duty at the Cape. It was originally suggested by Colonel King. See IIorrr.N Kris. Ma/aj/ Kegimem, a corps raised for the specific purpose of doing duty in the island of Ceylon. Literary Regiment, ( Regiment Lit te- nure, IV.) a corps formed of the student* of Salamanca during the Spanish strug- gle for independence in 1808. Regiment, a figurative term signify- ing an association of particular persons, who are under the influence of particu- lar principles, for the execution of par- ticular purposes. Standing Regiment, (regiment entre~ tenu sur pie, Fr.) one out of the break. REGIMENTAL, any thing belong- ing to a regiment. U r.o i ,m i \ta i.-s/«//; See Staff. Reg i mental courts - martial. Coo RTS-martial. Regimental land. Regimental booh. Regimental parade. Regimental orders. Reg i m en r a l leave, tatre, Fr.) permission granted by commanding officer of a battalion. Reg i m i \ i a i. necessaries. By the M u- tiny Act, it is declared, that any person buying, detaining, or exchanging any articles called regimental necessaries, or who shall cause the colour of the clothes to be changed, shall forfeit 51. Soldiers selling or exchanging them, are liable to military punishment, &c. Regimental , receipts for forage on, service, vouchers which must be pro- duced by the contractors of an army to authorize them to have their claims dis- charged by the commissary-general or his deputies. REGIMENTALS, the uniform clothing of the army ; as a hat, coat, waistcoat, breeches, stocks, shoes, boots, gaiters, &c. REGIR, Fr. to rule; to govern; to manage. Thus Frederick the Great of Prussia says in his Poem on the Art of War: Dans des honncurs obscurs vous nc vieil- lirez pas; Soldai ! vous appreudrci a ukgijl des Solduls. Se» See Band. See Book. See Parade. See Orders. (conge regimen- the REG ( 7 See 29 ) R E I REGISTRAR in the Commons, Phizes. REGLE, Fr. rule; order; method. Etre en R£gle, Fr. to be regular; to conduct one's self according to order. REGLE, Fr. exact, punctual. Vent RfeGLfe, Fr. a trade wind. RliGLEMENT, Fr. regulation. REGLET, Fr. in architecture, a flat narrow moulding which separates the various parts of pannels, &c. The Reg- let, or flat moulding, differs from the v lintel or fillet, in as much as its profile is every where like a ruler. REGLOIR, Fr. a ruler. REGLURE, Fr. ruling, lines made by a ruler. REGRATTER, Fr. in architecture, to scrape the outside of a building. Among engravers, this word signifies to re-touch a plate. REGULAR, in geometry. A regular body is a solid, whose surface is com- posed of regular and equal figures, and whose solid angles are all equal. Such as the tetrahedron, hexahedron, octa- hedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron. These are the only regular bodies that can be found. Regular figures, in geometry, are those whose sides, and consequently their angles, are all equal to one ano- ther ; whence all regular multilateral planes are called Regular polygons. The area of such figures is speedily found, by multiplying a perpendicular let fall from the center of the inscribed circle to any side, by half that side ; and then that product by the number of the sides of the polygon. Regular attacks, in a siege, are such as are made iii form ; that is, by regular approaches. See Attacks. Regular, when applied to the army, signifies well disciplined, and fit for any service. Hence regular troops, or re- gulars. REGULARS, (troupes regtilieres, Fr.) those troops whose conditions of enrol- ment are not limited to time or place, in contradistinction to fencible, militia, or volunteer corps ; called also The Line. To REGULATE, to adjust by rule or method. REGULATING battalion. See Pa- rallelism of a March. R EGULATIQN,the act of regulating, or adjusting by rule or method. Regulation, a term generally used in tlie British army to signify the regulated price at which any commission, or sale- able warrant, is permitted to be dis- posed of. These prices have been fixed by the King. For particulars, see Mili- tary Finance. To buy or sell at the Regulation, to give or receive for a commission the exact sum that has been settled by the King's authority. Cavalry Regulations, a book pub- lished by Authority, so called. It con- tains specific instructions for the for- mations and movements of the British cavalry ; which are, by his Majesty's commands, to be strictly observed and practised by the cavalry corps in general, in the British service, "till further orders. The Commander in Chief has further di- rected, that every officer of cavalry shall be provided with a copy of these Regu- lations, and the commanding officers of corps are to take care that this order be duly observed. Infantry Regulations, a book pub- lished by authority, so called. This ingenious system of tactics has been translated and compiled from the best foreign authorities, and has been adapted to the British service by General Sir David Dundas, to whose indefatigable industry and perseverance not only the government of the country, but the army at large, stand considerably in- debted. General Regulations and Orders, a collection of certain general rules pub- lished by authority, which are to be considered as the ground-work of those instructions that generals commanding districts, and officers in the command of brigades and regiments, forts and gar- risons, may find it necessary to issue to the troops under their respective com- mands. Military Regulations, certain laws by which armies are governed, and the routine of service is preserved. REHABILITATION, Fr. the act of restoring a person to his former rights or privileges, &c. ; reinstatement. RE-IMBODY is to embody again any regiment or corps that lias been disbanded. Thus, the militia is disbanded, and par- tially re-imbodied for 'J8 days in every year, during peace. REINCEAU, } Fr. in architecture, RINCEAU, $ foliage, such as is used for ornament in frizes, pannels, &c. REINFORCE, that part of a gun next to the breech, which is inadt 5 A R E J ( 730 ) R E L Ptronjer than the rest of the piece, in order to resist the force of the powder. There are generally two in each piece, called the first and second reinforce: the second is something smaller than the first, upon the supposition, that when the powder is inflamed, and oc- cupies a greater space, its force is dimi- nished ; which is not the case. See Cannon. RElNFORCE-ring. There are three in each gun, called the first, second, and third : they are flat mouldings, like flat iron hoops, placed at the breech end of the first and second reinforce, projecting from the rest of the metal by about one quarter of an inch. REINFORCEMENT to the army, an addition of fresh troops to Strengthen an army, in order to enable it to go on ■with an enterprize, &c. REJdlNDER. Tn military courts- martial the prisoner is entitled to a re- joinder ; that is, when the prosecutor makes a reply to the defendant, the latter may answer again. REINS, Fr. the loins, lower part of the back. Reins de vtmtc, Fr. mason work of rubble and plaster, which fills up the extrados of an arch up to its crowning. Reins ridden, Fr. those parts of an arch which are not filled up, in order to render the weight less. REINS, two long slips of leather fas- tened on each side of a curb or snaffle, whu b the rider holds in his hand to keep his horse in subjection. Also two straps or i opes of a cavesson, made fast to the girths, or pommel, of a saddle in order to bend, or supple, the neck of a horse. False Rein is a lathe of leather passed sometimes through the arch of the ban- quet, to bend the horse's neck. To REINSTATE, to place an officer or non-commissioned officer in the same rank and situation from which he had been removed. To REJOIN, to meet again; to re- turn ; as, He left his regiment when it broke up camp, but rejoined it before the army marched into the enemy's country. REjQTNTOYER, Ft*, in architec tine, to put fresh mortar or cement into the chasms or holes which have been Occasioned by wear and tear in an old wall. , KEJOUISSANCES publiques, Fr. public rejoicings or thanksgivings. Che- valier I'olard makes a curious and in- teresting comment relative to this sub- ject, in one of his notes upon Polvbius. He therein asserts, that the Te JDeurn, or thanksgiving to God, was as much practised among the heathens as it is among the moderns. REISTRE, Fr. a German horseman ; also the large cloak which he wears. B EITRE, Fr. a term derived from the German, signifying a cuirassier or mounted soldier ; a dragoon. It is used among the French to express derision and contempt. They say, for instance, de qum s'avise ce zicu.r Retire de devenir amourevx a soixante et quatorze am? What can induce this old dotard to fall in love at seventy-tour? REITRES, a body of horse, of which the elite of the German cavalry was for- merly composed. This corps was of in- finite use to France during the regency of Catharine of Medicis. The king of Navarre had upwards of 35,000 of these troops in support of the Calvinists. During the reign of Henry III. they were incorporated with the carabineers of France. RELAIS, Fr. a term used in fortifi- cation to signify a space, containing some feet in breadth, which is between the foot of the rampart and the scarpe of the fosse. It serves as a convenient receptacle for the earth that occasionally crumbles off. Chevaux de Rel \ is, Fr. horses kept in prescribed places on the high way, for the dispatch and convenience of such persons as ride express, &c. A Relais, Fr. at rest ; not used. Far Rex A IS, Fr. by turns; one do- tng something whilst another rests. RELATION on REGIT, Fr. any ac- count or description which is given of » war, or battle, or warlike feat, &c. RELAXATION, ( relachement, Fr. ) remission of attention or application. Relaxation of discipline, (reluche- ment de la discipline militaire, Fr.) Plu- tarch, in his lite of Caius Marios, very properly says, " The soldiers are more fond of the commander who will assist them in their work, than of him who en- courages them in idleness." RELAY, horses on the road to re- lieve others. - lihhw-liorses, in the artillery, are spare horses that march with the artillery and baggage, ready to relieve others, or R E L ( 731 ) R E L to assist in getting up a hill, or through bad roads, &c. RELAYER, Fr. to relieve ; to lessen the labour of any particular set of men bv occasionally sending fresh workmen. " RELEASE The commanding offi- cer alone has the prerogative of releas- ing a prisoner from confinement, after he has once been duly given in charge to the guard, with his crime or crimes stated in writing ; or of remitting after he has been adjudged to suifer military punishment; except in cases of a general court-martial, when the king alone can remit or mitigate. RELEGUE, Fr. a retirement, or pen- sion, which was formerly given to a ve- teran gendarme in the French service. RELEYEE, Fr. the afternoon. RELEVER, Fr. to relieve. Hence, Relever une sentinelle, Fr. to relieve a sentry, by posting another soldier in his room. Relever 1agarde,Yr. to relieve guard. Relevf.k, Fr. This word is also used by the French to hold, or to have a right to. Thus, Le roi ne relive que de Dieu seul ; the king holds of God alone. Relever les vieur fosses, Fr. to cleanse or scour the old ditches. Relever la ti-anchee, Fr. to relieve the troops that have been doing duty in the trenches. RELIEF, Fr. an order, given by the minister at war, to authorize an officer to receive the arrears of pay which had accumulated during his absence from the regiment. Relief, Fr. in architecture, means the same as the term does when used in English. RELIEN, Fr. the broken grains of gunpowder which have not passed through the sieve. To RELIEVE the guard, to put fresh men upon guard, which is generally done every 24 hours. To Relieve the trenches, to relieve the guard of the trenches, by appointing those for that duty, who have not been there before, or whose turn is next. To Relieve the sentries, to put fresh men upon that duty from the guard, which is generally done every two hours, by a corporal who attends the relief, to see the proper orders are delivered to the soldier who relieves. RELIEVER, an iron ring fixed to a handle by means of a socket, so as to be at right angles to it ; it serves to dis- engage the searcher of a gun, when one of its points is retained in a hole, and cannot be got out otherwise. See Searcher. RELIEVO, (relief, Fr.) in architec- ture is the projecture of any ornament. D'Aviler observes, that this ought al- ways to be proportioned to the magnitude of the building it adorns, and the dis- tance at which it is viewed. RELIGION. Vauvenarguessays very properly, in one of his maxims, (viz. 538.) Le plus sage et le plus courageux de tous les homines, M. de Turenne, a respecti, la religion ; el une infinite d'hommes obscurs se p/acent au rang des ginies et des ames fortes, seulernent a cause qu'ils la mi- prisent. The author of a small volume entituled : " Cautions and Advices to Officers of the Army, particularly Subalterns," makes the following observations upon this important and vital subject. " I have in the course of my advice generally persuaded you from vices upon a principle oi' morality only ; but I would fain arm you with a more sovereign, a more infallible antidote against them, and that antidote is religion ; whose yoke is easy, and the burden light. Do not think that I am going to turn preacher, that is neither my province nor my in- tention ; but as I was never yet ashamed of being known for a christian, I would recommend a religious life, not the rigi- dity of a Carthusian, or a Methodist, as the means of making you a better man ; and of instigating you to the discharge of your duty as a soldier, upon the prin- ciple of conscience. I would have you brave from a sense of duty, and not from vanity, or interest ; your pay will not be less here, for expecting a reward here- after ; nor will your actions be less illus- trious, by rising on the basis of virtuei It will be well worth your while to raise your ambition to this noble height. I could never yet be induced to believe, that the duties of a soldier were incom- patible with those of a christian. On the contrary, I am sure religious men must make the best soldiers. Religion alone can furnish them with the only true, the only real courage. Heligion alone will cause them to have no dread, anxiety or fears for futurity, and consequently will make their behaviour in action, more regular and uniform, than the poor aban- doned wretch whose bad life then stares him in the face, and whose behaviour oA'i s REL ( m ) K E M there sufficiently indicates the disturb- ano in his breast. With wbal serenity of eounti nance he faces danger, who has bo reflexion, but thai of having done bis to God and man, to the utmost of his Trail abilities : for ii is sin alone arms death with terrors ; innocence dare? pro- voke it, and even charge through hell : for death can only take from pious chrislians a life they must sum ndrr to nature, its power only reaches the body, and its dominion expires with our hist brenth. — With what dread, what anxiety and fear- must he be possessed at such a time, whose mind is distracted with hor- rors accumulated for the ills he has com- mitted : terrible must be his situation indeed! For you may as soon strike fire out of ice, as valour out of crimes. Keep therefore yourself clear of sin : you will fight with a good heart, if a good con- science follows you to the engagement, and will < ither come oil' a conqueror, or fall a hero ; but if crimes draw upon the soul, whilst muskets and artillery play upon the body, fortitude will not Long stand by you. Courage without a good conscience trembles at hell, and leaves a man dUpifited when he most needs ^ipport : for who will charge an enemy through smoke and fire, that fears the next moment to plunge into everlasting torments? If therefore yoa hive the place appoint- ed by the general, where all the troops that compose the army are to meet at the time appointed, in case of an alann. — This place should be fixed upon, accord- ing to the situation of the ground, and the sort of troops quartered in the village. In an open country it is easj to fix upon a place of rendezvous, be- cause the general has whatever ground he thinks necessary. In towns or vil- lages the largest streets, or market- places, are very fit ; but let the place be where it will, the troops must assem- ble with ease, and be ready for the prompt execution of orders. RENDRE, Fr. to surrender a for- tified place upon terms of capitulation. Rendre I'epee, lea amies, Fr. to deliver up sword and arms, or to submit to the discretion and humanity of an opponent. .Se Rendre sails coup firir, Fr. to give up, or become prisoner of war without striking a blow. &lkxDKEflS(m posle, Fr. to repair to one's station ; to join. REN ( TU ) REP RENDUj Fr. surrendered, given op. Soldal Rendu, Fr. Thra term is used in express the difference between a soldier who deserts to the enemy, and one who lays down liis arms. In the former instance he is called D& serteur : in the latter, soldat rendu. It is sometimes used as a substantive, viz. ■ii» rendu, a man who has surrendered. UFA !•'.«; \I)F, ) n deserter; am one REN EQ ADO, S who goes over to tin' rut my. 2b if I A EW, (renonveler, Fr.) to re- peal; to begin afresh. Hence, To renew hostilities. RENEWAL, the act of renewing; as, The renewal of hostilities. RENFLEMENT de cotonne, Fr. the bellv or Swelling of a pillar. RENFONCExMENT, Fr. any hol- low space. In fortification it more im- mediately signifies the opening or pas- sage which has been made in the glacis of the covert way, tor the purpose of rendering the communication with the traverses more commodious to the troops. RENFORCER, Fr. to reinforce; to strengthen ; to Fortify. RENFORMIS, "fr. the repairing of an old wall in proportion to its de- cay. RENFORMIR, RENFORMER, Fr. in building, &c to repair an old wall by putting in fresh stones, or shards, where they are wanted, and by stop- ping up the holes. It also signifies to make a wall, which is thicker in one part than another, equally strong through- out. RENFORT, Fr. reinforcement. Ren fort, Fr. a certain part of a Cannon so called. See Rein i orce. Renfort, Fr. the joining of several pieces of wood together, for the pur- pose of strengthening any particular work. RENIVELER, Fr. to measure again, or lay even with a level ; to sound again with a plummet. RENN-^/azze, the standard of a troop of horse, RENOMMEE, Fr. Fame (an alle- gorical figure, which has been so beau- tifully described by Virgil, with her hundred mouths) not only publishes to the world at large, all great and good actions, but also (sooner or later) flives an ample detail of all the bad and mischievous deeds by which vic- tories are ultimately disgraced ; and of all the crimes and vices by which the heroes of the day are dishonoured. The testimony she bears in both instances is so far indisputable, that she is beyond the reach of flattery or corruption, and consequently discloses every thing she sees or heirs. RENOWN, or Reputation, (rcnom, on reputation, l'r.) the character ac- rju ed by means of great and good ac- tions. RENVOI, Fr. sending back; any thing returned. Chevaux de Renvoi, Fr. returned, or cast horses, REPAIR of arms, (reparations d'ar- mures, I r.) the keeping in constant good order the different lire-arms belonging to a troop, or company ; such as muskets, pistols, 8cc. REPAIRE, Fr. a mark which is made on a wall, in order to draw a straight line, or to stop a measurement at a given distance, or for the purpose of fixing certain points in levelling. REUANDRE, Fr. to spread; to give out. REPANDU, Fr. This word is applied to a person who is generally known, and who mixes much in society. REPARATIONS dans un regiment, Fr. repair of arms, necessaries, camp equipage, &c. REPARATION dhonneur, Fr. a re- paration of honour. Under the word Injure, in the Nouvean Dictionnaire Milituire, by A. T. Gaigne, we have found an elaborate article respecting the notice which ought to be taken when injuries have been received, and insults offered. This article concludes with the following observation, which combats the prevailing practice of duel- ling. " In my opinion, true grandeur of soul is more shewn (par line repara- tion pubHijitc) by an avowal of one's wrong, and an open apology to the party aggrieved, than by an appeal to the sword in private combat. This rule of conduct is conformable to all the prin- ciples of honour and honesty; whilst a deviation from it is contrary to all human and divine institutions : so much so, that the very persons who lose sight of them, run into dark and retired spots for the purpose of gratifying a spirit of re- venge." This language is certainly cor- rect; but how far it will be followed, even by those who feel the justness of REP ( 7S5 ) REP it, daily experience must determine. For our own ideas on the subject, see Ho- nour. REPARER une injure, Fr. to apolo- gise to another for an injury done, or an insult offered. REPART, to put a horse on, or make him part a second time. REPARTIR, Fr. to divide ; to se- parate ; to detach. REPARTITION des troupes, Fr. dis- tribution of troops in different quarters. Repartition also signifies division, as in manoeuvring. To REPEAT, (repiter, Fr.) to say or dn the same thing over again. To Repeat signals, (repiter les sig- 7iaitx, Fr.) to do over again any sign or token which is given for the execution, or the communication of a thing. Hence, the repeating signals in a fleet, &c. See Signal. To Repeat private conversation. See Private. REPERTORY. See Magazine. To REPLACE, to put back ; to put in the room of. The French say in the latter sense, remplacer, etre rem- pluc'e. To be REPLACED, to be put back to an original situation, as to be replaced upon the halt-pay establishment of a regiment, after having been brought to full pay: also to be superseded by the appointment of another. REPLATRER, Fr. to plaster over again. REPLIER, Se replier, Fr. to fall back ; to retreat. In military move- ments, to take a rear direction towards any particular part of the line, viz. Se replier sur la droite, to fall back upon the right. Report of the Military Commissioners appointed by Act of Parliament, a re- port which was made for the informa- tion of his Majesty, the parliament and the nation at large, on the several estab- lishments belonging to the British army, Sec. with a specific statement of all monies that have been issued for th* different services. These commissioners sat throughout the year, and their reports were laid upon the table of the House of Commons for the perusal and exami- nation of the members. They were ap- pointed by Mr. Pitt in 1805, and wen* abolished in 1813. Report, specific statement of per- sons and things. Although this word may, in some sense, be considered the same as Retwn, yet it so far differs in military matters, that it is less compre- hensive, and relates more immediately to persons and occurrences than to things. General officers report to the Com- mander in Chief only. The Commander in Chief's guard re- ports to himself' by one of his aides-de- camp. Reports of cavalry are given in to the senior generals of cavalry ; and re- ports of infantry, to the senior general officers of infantry. On a march the field officer of the picket reports to the general of the day who leads the co- lumn; and in camp to the next superior officer to himself. A provost marshal gives in his return ef prisoners, and re- ports to the general of the day. Deputy judge advocates, acting in districts, or garrisons, &c. send in the minutes of courts-martial, and report to the judge advocate general, without going through any general officers. Regimental Replier is also used in an active j surgeons report to their commanding sense ; as, Replier la premiere ligne d'une officers; and surgeons in districts, &c. to arm'ce sur ses reserves, to throw back the first lines of an army upon its reserved corps REPLY, (r'eplique, Fr.) answer; re- turn to an answer. After the prisoner's defence before a court-martial, the pro- secutor or informant may reply, but without noticing any matter foreign to the crime or crimes expressed in the charge. REPOLON is a demi-volt ; croupe is closed at five times. REPORT, sound; loud noise; that made by the discharge of a musket or cannon. the as the medical board. The Life Guards report, through the Gold Stick, to the King "direct, from whom they receive the parole. The Foot Guards report, through the field officer of the day, to the King direct. All other troops belonging to the British service (the Marines excepted, who report to the Admiralty), report through their several commanding offi- cers, &c. to the adjutant general and secretary at war, and to the Commander in Chief. Special Report. A special report is REP ( 736 ) REP Bnid to be made when the name of an officer is transmitted by his commander to the general of a district, independent of the regular returns ; and some spe- cific instance of good or bad conduct is laid before him. It must be gene- rally remembered that even officer oa his arrival from abroad with a regi- ment, or detachment of troops, must report himself to the governor, or com- manding officer of the sea-port at which he arrives; and every officer who takes his passage lor foreign service must do the same previous to his dc parture. The senior officer in each recruitim quarter reports weekly to the tield officer of the district, the number and strengtl of the parties therein. The field officers commanding recruiting parties in dis- tricts, report to the inspector general, to whom all returns and reports are to be transmitted by them, and not direct from the recruiting officers!. Reports are made daily, weekly, every fortnight, or monthly, according to cir- cumstances. The various subordinate reports con- sist of Report of a rear guard. Report of a barrack guard. Report of a quarter guard. Report of the sick, commonly called $ick Report. Report of a main guard, and its de- pendencies Sto. &c. In the column of remarks which must accompany eacli of these reports, it is •necessary, for the person who signs, to specify all casualties and extraordinary occurrences according to the particular nature of each report. The different hours at which the grand rounds, visit- ing rounds, and patroles went, must like- v\ise be put down. Report of military operations, a state- ment of what has passed during cam- paigns, or on any particular expedition. REPOS, Fr. rest ; ease. It is used by the French as a word of command. Repos ! Fr. Stand at ease ! Quartiers dc Repos, Fr. Those places are so called where troops re- main for some days to refresh them- selves. They correspond with our halt- ing days. Repos, ou palier d'esculier, Fr. land- ing place in a staircase. In large flights, where there are several landing places, the latter must have the breadth of two steps at least. Those that are upon the winding part of the staircase must be square. Repos, Fr. in hydraulic architecture, the upright in a floodgate which remains stationary. Repos also signifies certain round pieces of wood, which are covered with brass, that bear the same name, upon which the floodgate turns with more facility. S:,idat REPOS £ tier ramie, Fr. a soldier standing at ease with ordered arms. In REPOSE, (en repos, Fr.) This term, which is manifestly taken from the French, applies to troops, that are allowed to be stationary for any given period, during an active campaign, either through sickness, or from some Other cause. Thus the 5th regiment being in repose, it was judged expedient to order the '28th to advance by forced marches. REPOSER, luisscr Tteposer, Fr. to permit the garrison of a place, which has been closely and vigorously be- sieged, to relax from the severity of their former discipline. The same is said of troops, who, after having exe- cuted all the plans, orders, and mea- sures laid down for the conquest of any town, &c. are allowed to be in re- pose. REPOSEZ-rwws sur vos amies! Fr. Order arms ! REPOSITORY^ a place, or reper- tory, in which any thing is preserved. Thus the Royal Repository, at Wool- wich, contains models of every sort of warlike stores, weapons, and fortilica- tion ; whether invented by officers of the army, or civilians, as well of other nations as of Great Britain and Ire- land; receipts being given to preserve the title to the inventor. The Royal Repository is indebted to the inge- nuity of General Congreve, for some of its most useful ana important in- struments of escalade, fortification and gunnery. It is under the immediate controul of one superintendant, and consists of 1 modeller, 1 clerk, and \ draftsman. REPOSOTRES d'un escalier, Fr. the jests or landing places of a half-pace stair; every fifth or sixth step being, much broader than the rest. REP ( 737 ) REP REPOSTE is the vindictive motion of a horse that answers the spur with a kick of his foot. REPOUS, Fr. a sort of small plaster which comes from old mason-work, and is made into mortar with brick dust, the following general order, which must ever do him honour as a gentleman, a soldier, and a christian. " H.Q. Tourney, 7 June, 1791. " His Royal Highness the Duke of York thinks it incumbent on him to lime, &c. for the purpose of laying it I announce to the British and Hanove- to drive back, upon moist soil. REPOUSSER, Fr to repel. REPOUSSOIR, Fr. an iron driver used by carpenters to force out wooden pegs, &c. achissel. Repoussojr, Fr. a small stick which artificers and fireworkers use in making tire pots and other works. REPREXDRE, Fr. to retake. Reprendre courage, haleine pour marcher de nouveau a lennemi, Fr. to re- sume courage, or take breath in order to march afresh against an enemy. Reprendre un mur, Fr. to repair a wall at the top. Reprendre un butiment sous ccuvre, Fr. to repair a building at its base, or to underpin it. REPRESAILLER, Fr. in a military sense, to retaliate, or to subject the prisoners who may tall into our hands, to the same treatment which is expe- rienced by our own troops. When an enemy violates, or breaks through the rights of nations, and the established rules of war, the vengeance which is taken by his opponent is called by the French reprisailles, retaliation. Great Britain is, perhaps, the only country in the world, in which the minds of the inhabitants are impressed with those natural principles of humanity, that make them rise superior to the dictates of private revenge. During the cam- aigns in Flanders, when His Royal lighness the Duke of York commanded the British army, there were several instances in which the clemency of the English character was eminently con- spicuous. But on no occasion has it ever appeared in so bright and unques- tionable a light, as when Robespierre, from a barbarous and mistaken policy, prevailed upon the members of the French Convention to issue a decree, that no quarter should be given to the British and Hanoverian prisoners. This decree, which was forwarded to the army under General Pichegru, was no sooner known at the British head quar- ters, than his Royal Highness the Com- mander in Chief immediately gave out nan troops under his command, that the .National Convention of France, pursuing that gradation of crimes and horrors which has distinguished the periods of its government, as the most calamitous of any that has yet occurred in the history of the world, has passed a decree, that their soldiers shall give no quarter to the British and Hanoverian troops. " His Royal Highness anticipates the indignation and horror which will natu- rally arise in the minds of the brave troops whom he addresses, upon re- ceiving this information. " His Royal Highness desires, how- ever, to remind them, that mercy to the vanquished is the brightest gem in a soldier's character, and he exhorts them not to suffer their resentment to lead them to any precipitate act of cruelty on their part, which may sully the reputation they have acquired in the world. " His Royal Highness believes, that it will be difficult for brave men to conceive, that any set of men, who are themselves exempt from sharing the dangers of war, should be so base and cowardly, as to seek to aggravate the calamities of it upon the unfortunate people who are subject to their orders ; it was, indeed, reserved to the present time, to produce to the world the proof of the possibility of the existence of such atrocity and infamy; the pretence for issuing this decree, even if founded in truth, could justify it only to minds similar to those of the members of the National Convention, that is, in fact, too absurd to be noticed, and still less to be refuted. The French must them- selves see through the flimsy artifice of a pretended assassination, by which Robespierre had succeeded in procuring that military guard which has at once established him the successor of the unfortunate Louis, by whatever name he may choose to dignity his future reign. " In all the wars, which from the earliest times have existed between the English and French nations, thev have 5 B R E P ( 7S8 ) II E Q l..n accustomed to consider each other in the fight of* generous, as well as brave enemies; while the Hanoverians, I,,, a century the allies of" the former, have shared in this reciprocal esteem, humanity and kindness, which have at all times taken place the instant that opposition had ceased; and the same cloak has frequently been seen cover- ing the wounded enemies, while indis- criminately conveying to the hospitals of the conqueror. "The British and Hanoverian armies toll not believe, that the French nation, even under their present infatuation, ran so far forget their character as sol- diers, as to pay any attention to a de- cree, as injurious to themselves as it is disgraceful to the persons who passed it. " On this confidence his Royal High- ness trusts, that the soldiers of both nations will confine their sentiments ot resentment and abhorrence to the Na- tional Convent ion alone, persuaded that they will be joined in them by every Frenchman who possesses one spark of honour, or one principle of a soldier : and His Royal Highness is confident, that it will only be on finding, contrary to every expectation, that the French army has relinquished every title to the fair character of soldiers and of men, by submitting to, and obeying so atro- cious an order, that the brave troops under his command will think them- selves justified, and indeed under the necessity, of themselves adopting a species of warfare, for which they will stand acquitted to their own consei to their country, and to the world. In such an event, the Trench army alone will be answerable for the tenfold ven- geance which will fall upon themselw s, their wives, their children, and their un- fortunate country, already groaningunder every calamity which the accumulated < rimes of unprincipled ambition and avarice can heap upon their devoted victims. " His Royal Highness desires, that this order may be read and explained bo the troops at their successive roll callings." REPKRSAILLES, Fr. reprisals. Droit de Rbprz6aim.ES, Fr. letters ol marque^ such as are given to priva- i . 8cc. ( REPRIMAND, (riprmande, Fr.) a slighter kind of punishment sometimes inflicted on officers and non-commis- sioned officers. It consists in reproving or reprimanding them at the head ot their respective regiments, troop, or company, as the case may be. A repri- mand issonietitnesiuserted in the orderly books. REPRISE, J'V. renewal: often re- peated. Les troupes se son/ battues, ft plusieurs reprises, avec ach&tnement, the troops engaged again at repeated inter- vals, with rancour, or redoubled fury. Reprise, a lesson repeated, or a manege recommenced; as, to give breath to ahorse upon the lour corners of the \olt, with only one reprise; that is, all ■with one breath. REPRISES (Formes, Fr. the taking up arms again for the purpose of going into action. REPRISES d' hostility, Fr. renewal of hostilities. A dir-crses REPRISES, Fr. at different times. REPROOF, (reprehension, Fr.) cen- sure; blame to the face: Military re- proof may however be conveyed through the orderly books, as in the following instance. " The misbehaviour of the troops in the column which inarched by \ alderas to this place exceeds what the commander in chief could have be- lieved of British soldiers. It is dis- graceful to the officers, as it strongly marks their negligt nee and inattention." — General Orders, Head Quarters Bcna- oente, 27 Dec. 1808. REPUBLIC, (rqmbliquc, Fr.) a go- vernment where democracy has the as- cendancy. REPUTATION, (reputation, Fr.) credit ; honour. REQUETE d'armes, Fr. a public challenge. REQUISITION, ( requisition, Fr.) a lerm peculiarly used b\ the French dur- ing the course of their re\olution, and applicable to most nations in ite general import. It signifies the act of exacting eitin r men, or things, for the public ser- \ ice. Jmnes gens de la REQUISITION, Fr. young men required or called upon to serve in the army. REQUISITION!^ MRP, Fr. a per- son liable to be put in a state of requi- sition. This term has been adopted by one English writer, who says requisilion- ary ; but we do not recommend such frequent recourse to Gallicisms. See Siege of Genua. RES ( 739 J RES RESAPER, RESAPPER, Fr. to underdrop, or underset a wall; to re- pair it at the foot, or after it has been undermined. RESEPAGE, Fr. the act of sawing, or cutting a second line. RESEPER, Fr. to saw or cut again ; to take off with a hatchet, or saw, the head or top of a stake or pile, which cannot be driven deeper into the earth, in order to make it level with the rest of the pile work. Belidor writes the word Resc'eper. Il£SERV r E, (corps de reserve, Fr.) any select body of troops posted by a general out of the first line of action, to answer some specific or critical purpose, in the day of battle. The French like- wise call that body a corps de reserve, which is composed of the staff of the army, and moves with the commander in chief, from whom it receives the pa- role or word ; but in every other respect it is governed by its own general. In British operations, even forward ones, the reserve, instead of forming a select corps of support, and being, of course, behind the wings, or center of an army, is frequently in front. This is not the case among the French, &c, Ariny of Reserve. By an act passed on the (ith day of July, 1803, the King of Great Britain was enabled to raise and assemble in England, an additional military force, for the better defence and security of the United Kingdom, and for the more vigorous prosecution of the war. The number of men to be raised for the formation of this new army, to be styled the Army of Reserve, was as follows : for England and Wales 34,000, for Scotland 6,000, and for Ireland 10,000 ; in all 50,000. RESERVOIR, (reservoir, Fr.) a place where water is collected and re- served for the purpose of having it occa- sionally conveyed through pipes, &;c. or to be spouted up. The Reservoir is a building, or large basin, usually made of wood lined with lead, in which water is kept to supply the occasions or calls of the house. A Reservoir is also sometimes a large basin of strong masonry, the bot- tom being either covered with clay, or paved, where the water is reserved to feed jets d'eau, or fountains. Of this de- scription is the 7-eservoir on the top of Marti, near Paris, called Troud'Enfcr, the Hole or Mouth of Hell ; whose sur- face, according to D'Aviler, contains 50 acres, and its depth such as under that superficies to contain 100,000 cubic fathoms of water. RESIGN, to sell out; to give up the situation which one fills either by com- mission or warrant. In which case the individual must state his reasons by respectfully applying, through his com- manding officer, for permission to retire from the service, and wait his Majesty's pleasure thereon. In commissions of the militia, and in cases of warrants given by the colonels of regiments, &c. the memorial must be made out to the latter, who will take the necessary steps. But in no instance whatever can an officer, commissioned or otherwise, pre- sume to quit the service, without having previously obtained permission for so doing. RESIGNATION, (resignation, de- mission, Fr.) in a military sense, the act of giving up any thing, post, or situa- tion, voluntarily. The French say, don- ner sa demission, to resign, or give in one's resignation . Recevoir sa demission, to be dismissed, or to be forced to resign. Although it is in the power of an officer to send, or to give in his resignation, (which must always be done through his commanding officer,) he is not released from the service, or its in- cumbent duties, until his Majesty's ap- probation has been notified to him through the Commander in Chief. This holds good in the militia. RESINE, Fr. rosin. To RESIST, (r'esister, Fr.) to with- stand ; not to yield or give up. RESISTANCE, (resistance, Fr.) the act of opposing, resisting, or withstand- ing. RESOLUTION, in algebra, the so- lution of a problem. Resolution, in mathematics, a me- thod invented, whereby the truth, or falsehood of a proposition, or the im- possibility, is discovered in an order contrary to that of synthesis or compo- sition. Resolution, (resolution, Fr.) fixed determination, settled thought, con- stancy, firmness, steadiness, high daring, srreat courage. The difference between resolution and obstinacy consists in this — resolution is always accompanied by reason, honour, 5B2 RES C 7-10 ) RES nnil perseverance; obstinacy, on the contrary, is seldom guided by any thing but passion, and is generally of a changeable, vacillating character, under the specious appearance of firmness and Stability. Resolution is the virtue of a wise man ; obstinacy the vice of a fool. RESPECT, Fr. respect; regard; awe. The French say of a fortified place, cette place de guerre tient I'ennemi en respect, that town or fortified place keeps the enemy in awe, or checks his opera- tions. RESOM, h,d. feasor dues. A RESPITE, a term used in mili- tary accounts, signifying a certain sum of money which is directed to be with- holden from the issue of pay, in order to make up the several stoppages in re- gimental distributions, for a more spe- cific explanation, see Regimental Com- panion, vol. i. page 467, oth edition. To ]> i spite, to suspend, to delay; froih the French Repiter. To be RESPITE!) on the muster roll, to be suspended from pay, &w. during which period all advantages of promo- tion, pay, 8cc. are stopped. It is ori- ginally derived from respite, which sig- nifies delay, forbearance, &c. Thus in ( larcndon's History of the Civil Wars we read, that an act passed for the satisfac- tion of the officers of the King's army, by which they were promised payment in November following; till which time they were to respite it, and be con- tented; that the common soldiers and inferior officers should be satisfied upon their being disbanded. At present, to respite means to deprive an individual gf all the advantages attached to his situation ; in which sense it much the same as to suspend. W hen an officer has exceeded his leave of absence, and has not sent a satisfactory account of himself to his commanding officer, the latter reports him, in an especial manner, to the ge- neral of the district, by whom he is returned absent without leave. It some- times happens, that the colonel, or com- manding officer, gives directions to have him noted on the muster-roll of the regiment ; in which case, he is said to be respited or deprived of pay. This is the first step towards suspension from iank and pay, which ultimately ternii- uute-s in a total exclusion from the ser- signifies vice, by the offending party being per- emptorily superseded. The name of ilu' person is Laid before Ins Majesty, who directs the Commander in Chief to strike it off the list of the army. The money which is respited upon the muster-roll is accounted for by the muster-master-general, and placed to the credit, of the public by the paynias- ter-gi mral. UESPONSIBLE, answerable, ac- countable. Thus all commanding offi- cers of regiments, as well as comman- ders in chief, 8cc. down to the corporal of a squad of recruits, are, more or less, responsible for the trust reposed in them. But in no instances are individuals more responsible than in those where the dis- tribution of the public monies is entrust- ed to the wisdom and honesty of boards, or the heads of boards. RES P( >NSI BIL1TY , (responsabiliti, Fr.) the state of being answerable. All public officers, civil or military, are in a state of responsibility with respect to national concerns. RESPONSIONJ, Fr. a term used by the French, in military orders, signify- ing the same as charge or redevance, charge or service. Thus each com- mandery pays a certain sum, called Somme de Responsion, to its order, in proportion to its value. RESSAC, Fr. the breaking of a wave upon the shore, together with its reflux into the sea. RESSAUT, Fr. jutty; projection. Ressaut d'escalitr, Fr. the winding or turning off of a balustrade. Ressaut, in architecture, is the ef- fect of a body which either projects or sinks, that is, which stands more out or in than another, so as to be out of tin* ne, or level of it. RESSERRER, Fr. to hem in; to confine. Une garnison fort rcsserrie, a garrison narrowly watt lied by a besieg- ing army, and kept within its walls. RESSORT, fr. spring; elasticity. This word is used in various senses by the French, viz. Dernier ReSSORT, Fr. last shift. — When applied to trials or courts-martial, it signifies a sentence, a decision from which there is no appeal ; as Juge/nent en dernier ressort. Grand Rlssort, Fr. main spring. N'agir que par Ressort, Fr. to do nothing of one's own free will ; to RES be acted ( 741 upon by ) II E T be influenced, to others. Manquer de Ressort, Fr. to want energy, vigour, &c. Un caractire qui a du Ressort, Fr. a firm, determined character. Cela nest pas de mon Ressort, Fr. that is not within my province. RESSOURCE, Fr. resource, shift, refuge. Un homme de Ressources, Fr. a man that has resources within himself. Un homme plein de Ressources, Fr. a man full of resources, full of expedients. REST, an instrument in the shape of a fork, which was formerly used to support the old heavy musket, when the men were ordered to present and fire. Sometimes these rests were armed with a contrivance called a swine's feather, which was a sort of sword blade, or tuck, that issued from the staffof the rest, at the head ; this being placed before the musketeers when loading, served, like the stakes placed before the archers and the lancers, to keep oft* the cavalry : these preceded the use of the bayonet ; the in- vention of which originated in the sol- diers sticking the handles of their dag- gers in the muzzles of their pieces, when they had discharged all their am- munition. The muskets, having a rest, were used with the matchlock. Rest, the third motion of the fire- lock in presenting arms. The French present in two motions. Perhaps our method is the best, if we consider it as a mere motion of parade ; but certainly not so for service. To Rest arms, to bring the firelock to the same position as in present arms. To Rest upon r-eversed urms. At mi- litary funerals the arms are reversed. The soldiers belonging to the firing party rest upon the butt ends of their firelocks, while the funeral service is performed, leaning with their cheeks, so as to look towards the corpse. Rest upon your firelocks reversed! is the word of command now ordered to be used at military funerals. RESTANT, Fr. the remainder; what is left. Poste Restante, Fr. a term used among the French to signify that letters, &c. are to remain in the post-office un- til called or sent for. This term is always written at the foot of the super- scription of a letter. RESTAURATION, Fr. the entire repair which is made to a building that has fallen into decay through time, or from bad construction, so that it is not only restored to its original state, but considerably embellished. RESTE, Fr. remainder, viz. le reste dcs troupes, the remainder of the troops. Etre en Reste, Fr. to be in arrears. R ESTER, Fr. to remain behind. RESTIVE, RESTY. A resty horse is a malicious, unruly horse, that shrugs himself short, and will only go where he pleases. RETABLIR, Fr. to restore, or to bring back. Hence, retallir la disci- pline,' to restore to good order or dis- cipline. It is wisely observed by a French writer, that the maintenance of good order, among troops, is far more easy than the restoration of it from a state of relaxation and indiscipline. RETAPER, Fr. to cock up a hat. RETENTIR, Fr. to resound; to re-echo ; to repeat. RETENTISSEMENT, Fr. the act of resounding, &c. RETENUE, Fr. stoppage; any thing kept back. Retenue, Fr. This word is applied to any piece of wood which is so fixed in a wall, or elsewhere, as not to be moved one way or another. Hence Avoir sa retenue, to be iinmoveably fixed. RETIARIUS, (Rctiaire, Fr.) a kind of gladiator who fought in the amphi- theatre during the time of the Romans. He is thus described by Kennett, in his Roman Antiquities, page 274. The Retiarius was dressed in a short coat, having a fuscina or trident in his left hand, and a net, from which he de- rives his name, in his right. With this he endeavoured to entangle his adver- sary, that he might then with his trident easily dispatch him : on his head he wore only a hat tied under his chin with a broad ribbon. RETICENCE, Fr. the suppression, or voluntary omission of any thing which ought to be disclosed. RETIRADE, or coupure, Fr. in for- tification, a retrenchment, which is gene- rally made with two faces, forming a rentrant angle, and is thrown up in the body of a work For the purpose of receiv- ing troops, who may dispute the ground inch by inch. When the first means of resistance have been destroyed; others R E T ( 74CJ ) RET are substituted by cutting a ditch, rmd lining it \\ ith ;i parapet. The retiradt sometimes consists of nothing inure than rows of fascines filled with earth, stuffed gabions, barrels, or sand-bags, with or without a ditch, and < it 1 kl fenced with palisadoes, or left without them. Whenever it becomes absolutely ne- cessary, to quit the head or side of a work, the whole of it must, on no ac- count, be abandoned. On the contrary, whilst some determined troops keep the enemy in cheek, others must H)e actively employed in throwing up n .tirades, which may Hank each other, and in cutting a ditch in front. It is particularly incum- bent upon the engineer officer to assist works of this sort, and every officer and soldier should zealously co-operate with him. A slight knowledge of field fortifi- cation will, on these occasions, give a decided advantage. The body of a rcti- rude should be raised as high aspossible, and several fougasses should be laid be- neath it, for the purpose of blowing up the ground on which the enemy may have established himself. Retiuades, OS practised by the ancients. These were walls hastily run up behind breaches that were made by the batter- ing rams. The able commentator upon Polybius observes, that in no instance did the skill of the great men of antiquity appear in so conspicuous a light, as in the various chicanes to which they re- sorted for the preservation of a town. Their ingenuity and resolution increased in proportion as the danger approached. Instead of offering to capitulate, as the moderns generally do, when a practica- ble breach has been opened by a besieg- ing enemy, the ancients, in that emer- gency, collected all their vigour, had re- course to various stratagems, and waited behind their retirades or temporary re- treats, to give the enemy a warm and ob- stinate reception. Caesar, in his Com- mentaries, has given a minute descrip- tion of the manner in which these reti- rades were constructed; and we find them mentioned by Josephus in his His- tory of the War of the Jews against the Romans. The intermediate periods, since the days of the Greeks and Romans, and before the modern era, furnished various examples on this head. In 1219, Genghis Khan set all his battering rams to work, for the purpose of effecting a breach in the walls of Ottrar; but, to his great sur- prize, he no sooner entered the town, than he found a fresh line of entrench- on uts that had been thrown up in the \ii\ heart of the city. He saw every street cut asunder with temporary ditches, and every house presented fresh obstacles: so much so, that he experi- enced more difficulty in subduing the inhabitants after he had forced the walls, than had occurred in practising the breach. When the Emperor Charles V. laid siege to Metz, in 1552, the Duke 4e Guise, who was governor of the town, instantly adopted the necessary precau- tions to defend it to the last. He built a new wall behind the one against which the principal attack was directed; and when the breach was made, the besiegers found themselves obstinately opposed afresh, within a short space of the ground thej had carried. In consequence of this unexpected check, the enemy's troops grew disheartened; and their want of confidence soon convinced the emperor, that the place could not be taken. The. siege was unexpectedly raised, and the preservation of the town was entirely owing to the wise precautions that had been adopted by the Duke de Guise. In 17-12, Marshal Broglio, being closely besieged in the city of Prague, threw up retrenchments within the walls, and pre- pared to make a most vigorous resistance. An occasion, however, presented itself, of which he took advantage, that ren- dered any further precautions useless. He made a vigorous sortie, and forced the enemy to raise the siege. To RETIRE, (retirer, Fr.) to leave a situation, local or otherwise. To Retire under the protection of a fortified place, is.c. (retirer sous une place fartifile, Fr.) to take up a position undei some strong town or fortress, for the pur- pose of being entrenched. We also say to Retire under the guns of a town or place. To Retire from the service, (se re- tirer du service, Fr.) to quit a military situation or place of trust. See to Re- sign. To Retire upon full pay, to leave any particular regiment, department or office, with the full pay or subsistence which is attached to the actual exercise of its duties or functions. Iii cases of military retirement, the allowances do- RET ( 743 ) R E T not come within the meaning of full pay or suhsistence. Officers who Retire in the East India service. The India Company have re- solved, that an officer, (in his military capacity,) after twenty years actual ser- vice in India, coming to Europe on leave, will he allowed to retire on the pay of his rank, provided he signifies his intention of so doing within twenty months after his arrival. Officers on leave who are desirous of retiring, and who declare their intention to that etfect, within twelve months from their arrival, will be permitted to retire on the pay ot the rank they may he entitled to at that period. An officer having completed '22 vears actual residence in India, will be allowed to retire on the full pay of his rank, directly on his leaving India. RETIRED List, a list on the Ord- nance and Marine establishment upon which superannuated, or deserving of- ficers whose health or circumstances jus- tify a retirement, are placed. Also a list of such officers as have retired from the army in general upon full pay. Faireli EITHER, Fr. to* force back; to drive away. RETOMBEE, Fr. the declivity of an arch. Porte qui RETOMBE, Fr. a pulley door. RETORS, Fr. twisted. The French say, figuratively, homme retors, a shrewd man. RFTORSOTR, Fr. a card wheel. RETOURNER, Fr. among stone- cutters, to turn a stone, one side of which has been dressed, in order to shape or smooth the opposite one. Se Retoirner d'eqnerre, Fr. to raise a perpendicular upon the length or ex- tremity of a real or supposed line. RETOURS de la mine, Fr. returns of a mine. See Gallery. Retours de la tranch'te, Fr. returns of a trench. In fortification, the several windings and oblique deviations of a trench, which are drawn, in some mea- sure, parallel to the sides of the place at- tacked, in order to avoid being enfi- laded, or having the shot of the enemy scour along the length of the line. On account of these different returns, a con- siderable interval is opened between the head and the tail of the trench, which (were the lines direct) would not be at any great distance from each other. Retoors d'eqnerre, Fr. coins or cor- ners at riu;ht angles. RETRAITE, Fr. See To Retreat. Retraite, Fr. in architecture, the di- minution or lessening of the outward, or visible part of a wall, above its base, or course of hard stones, by which it ap- pears to draw inwards from its founda- tion. Retraite dans les montagnes, Fr. the act of falling back or retreating among the mountains. This was practised with peculiar judgment and success by the Tyrolese in their contest with the French troops under the Duke of Dantzic, who, confi- dent in their numbers, ventured through the passes of the mountains. The de- fenders had recourse to the following ar- rangements : — The largest trees were cut down, and fastened with ropes to the other trees which stood on the brink of the precipice; rocks, rubbish, and huge pieces of timber, were laid on these trees. As soon as the enemy approached, the ropes were cut, and trees, rocks, rub- bish, and what they dragged with them in their fall, tumbled with a horrible crash upon the heads of the invading corps: this occurred in 1809. Faire Retraite, Fr. to retire; to fall back. Battre la Retraite, Fr. to beat the tap-too; also to sound the retreat. Se battre en Retraite, Fr.to maintain a running fight; also to fight in retreating. Retraite, Fr. an allowance which is given by the French government to officers, when they retire from the ac- tive duties of their profession, to afford them means of support. Retraite, Fr. See Relais. RETR AITS or Pricks. In farriery, if a prick with a nail be neglected, it may occasion a very dangerous sore, and fester so into the flesh, that the foot can- not be saved without extreme difficulty. When a farrier, in shoeing a horse, per- ceives that he shrinks at every blow upon the nail, it. should be immediately pulled out, and if the blood follow, there is no danger; he must, however, be cau- tious not to drive another nail into the same place. When a horse halts immediately aft* 3, he has been shod, you may reasonably conclude, that some of the nails press the vein, or touch him in the quick. In order to ascertain where the pain really lies, take up his lame foot ami R E T ( 741 ) It E T knock with your shoeing hammer on the sound foot (for some skittish horses will lilt up the toot win n you touch it, al- though it he not pricked) that you may be the better enabled to judge whether the horse be pricked when you touch the lame toot; then lift up the sound foot, and knock gently upon the top of the clenches on the lame toot; then lift up the others, and if you perceive that he shrinks in when you strike any of the nails, von may conclude, that he is pricked in that place. RETRANCHE, Fr. entrenched. RF/FK A N( 1HEMKN S, Fr. See Re- TRKNCUMENTS. RetRAKCHEMEJJS part iculii res qu'on fait sur la tete des breches d'une place as&Ugee, Fr. particular retrenchments, which are made in front of breaches that have been effected in the walls of a be- sieged town. It is always necessary, that retrench- ments of this description should have the figures of rentrant angles, in order that they may not only flank the breaches, but be capable of defending themselves. A besieging enemy seldom or ever at- tempts a breach at the Hanked angle of a bastion, because it must be seen by the two flanks of the neighbouring bastions, and be perpetually exposed to the lire of the casemates of the town. Neverthe- less, should the breach be actually ef- fected, retrenchments might be thrown up in the same manner that horn-works are constructed K for the purpose of flank- ing it. H the breach should be made in the face of the bastion, (which usually hap- pens, because that quarter can be seen by the garrison from one side only,) re- trenchments in the shape of rentrant angles must be constructed. .Breaches are seldom attempted at the angle of the epaulement, because that part of the bastion is the most solid and compact, and the most exposed to the tire I mm the curtain, to that of the oppo- site flank, and to the reverse discharge, «>r fire from the rear. Add to this, that the storming party would be galled in flank and rear, not only from the simple bastion, but likewise from the case- ■ii' s. If, however, a breach should be • d in that quarter, it would be nee. ssary to throw up retrenchments of a salient and rentrant nature. in constructing these different re- trenchments it unist be an invariable rule, to get as near as possible to the parapets of the bastions and to their ruins, in order to batter those in Hank and rear, who should attempt to scale, and at the same time to be out of the n ach of the besieger's ordnance. When the head of the breach is so much laid open, that the besiegers' can- non can scour all above it, small mines must be prepared beneath, and a re- trenchment be instantly thrown up in the boclv of the bastion. RETRANCHEMENTi Fr. a bye- room; partition. Retranchement, Fr. This word is not only used among carpenters, to sig- nify the cutting down any large piece of timber, or other article, in order to re- duce it to a given proportion, but it also means the taking off projections, &c. from streets and high-ways to make them passable and even. RETRANCHER, Fr. to entrench. Retranchek an camp, Fr. to throw up works before and round a camp, in order to strengthen it, and to keep the enemy in check. Se Retrajvcher, Fr. a figurative ex- pression among the French signifying to curtail expenses. — They say: 11 vaut mieux se retrancher que de scndeltcr. To RETREAT, to make a retrograde movement. An army or body of men are said to retreat when they turn their backs upon the enemy, or are retiring from the ground they occupied : hence, every march in withdrawing from the enemy is called a retreat. Retreat is also a beat of the drum, at the tiring of the evening gun; at which the drum-major, with all the drums of the battalion, except such as are upon duty, beats from the camp colours on the right to those on the left, on the parade of encampment: the drums of all the guards beat also; the trumpets at the same time sounding at the head of their respective troops. This is to warn the soldiers to forbear firing, and the senti- nels to challenge till the break of day, when the reveille is beat. The Retreat is likewise called setting the watch. When the Retreat is ordered to be beat, four rank and file, with a corporal, should accompany the fifes and drums, distri- buted in the following manner: the cor- poral in the rear covering the drum-ma- jor, who marches in front, and one pri- vate upon each flank, front and rear. To be in full Retreat, (etreen pleine RET ( 745 ) RET retraite, Fr, ) to retire before a con- quering enemy, &c. Chequered Retreat, (retraite en echi- quier, Fr.} It is so called from the seve- ral component parts of a line or batta- lion, which alternately retreat and face about in the presence of an enemy, exhi- biting the figure of the chequered squares upon a chess board. RETRENCHMENT, (retranche- ment, Fr.) in the art of war, is any work raised to cover a post, and fortify it against an enemy; such as fascines load- ed with earth, gabions, barrels, &c. filled with earth, sand-bags, and generally all things that can cover the men, and stop the enemy; but it is more applicable to a ditch bordered with a parapet; and a post thus fortified, is called a retrenched post, or strong post. Retrenchments are either general or particular. General Retrenchments are a kind of new defence made in a place besieged, to cover the defendants, when the enemy becomes master of a lodgment on the fortification, that they may be in a condi- tion of disputing the ground inch by inch, and of putting a stop to the enemy's pro- gress, in expectation of relief. Thus it the besiegers attack a tenaille of the place — which they judge the weakest, either by its being ill flanked, or com- manded by some neighbouring ground — then the besiegers make a great retrench- ment, inclosing all that part which they judge in most danger. These should be fortified with bastions and demi-bastions, surrounded by a good ditch counter- mined, and higher than the works of the place, that they may command the old works, and put the besiegers to infinite trouble in covering themselves. Particular RETRENCHMENTS, or Retrenchments within a bastion, ( re- tranchemens dans un bastion, Fr.) Re- trenchments of this description must reach from one flank to another, or from one casemate to another. It is only in full bastions that retrenchments can be thrown up to advantage. In empty bas- tions you can only have recourse to re- tirades, or temporary barricadoes above the ramparts. The assailants may easily carry them by means of hand grenades, for these retrenchments never flank each other. It is necessary to raise a parapet about five or six feet thick before every retrenchment. It must be live feet high, and the ditches as broad and as deep as they can bo made. There must also be small mines run out in various direction?, for the purpose of blowing up the as- sailants, should they attempt to force the retrenchments. RETROGRADE, going backward. To Retrograde, to move backward ; to the rear. RETROUSSIS, Fr. turnbacks in an uniform. RETURNS, in a military sense, are of various sorts, but all tending to ex- plain the state of the army, regiment, troop, or company ; namely, how many are capable of doing duty, on duty, sick in quarters, barracks, infirmary, or hos- pital ; prisoners, absent with or without leave ; total effective ; wanting to com- plete to the establishment, &c. The royal artillery make their returns to the master general and the Board of Ordnance. Returns may be generally stated un- der the following heads. General Return. Regimental Return. Return for forage, lodging money, fuel, &c. Return to be given in to head-quar- ters after an action by the several regi- ments that have been engaged. Killed, Severely wounded, Dangerously wounded, Badly wounded, Slightly wounded, Taken prisoners, Missing, Deserted, ^Gone over to the enemy. Names of officers killed, wounded, missing, and gone over to the enemy. False Return, a return which is not borne out by the real existence of the thing or person stated. An officer ought to be so tenacious of bis honour and character in this respect, that he should not put it in the power of his own conscience to accuse him, or even of his Maker to convict him, of a false Return. lie should always remem- ber, that every false return is a robbery committed against the public. In Section V. of the Articles of War, page 14, it is expressed that every officer who shall knowingly make a false return to the King, to the commander in chief of the forces, or to any his superior offi- cer authorised to call for such returns, shall, upon being convicted thereof before a general court-martial, be cashiered. Number of officers, Ser- jeants, and rank and file RET ( 716 ) REV Whoever shall he convicted ofhaing d< signedly, «>r throagb neglect, omitted sending Buch returns, shall be punished according to the nature of the offence, bv the judgment of a general court- martial. Return, in building, is a side, or part that falls away from the foreside of any straight work. RETURNS of a mine are the turnings and windings of the gallery leading to the mine. See Gallery. Returns of a trench, the various turnings and windings which form the lines of the trench, and are, as near as they can be, made parallel to the place attacked, to avoid being enfiladed. — These returns, when followed, make a long way from the end of the trench to the head, which going the straight way is very short : but then the men are ex- posed ; yet, upon a sally, the courageous never consider the danger, but getting over the trench with such as will follow them, take the shortcut way to repulse the enemy, and cut off their retreat, if possible. To RETURN, in a military sense, to insert the names of such officers, &c. as are present or absent on the stated pe- riods for the identification of their being with their regiments, or detachment, or absent with or without leave. Return bayonet. This term is some- times used, but it is not technically cor- rect, as the proper word of command is Unfix bayonet. Return pistol. See Pistol. Return ramrod. See Manual. Return swords See S\voiu>. To be RETURNED, to have one's name inserted in the regular monthly, fourteen days, or weekly state of a re- giment, according to circumstances ; as Jo br returned absent wilhou,t leave; to be reported to the Commander in Chief, or to any superior officer, as being absent from the duty of the corps; either from having exceeded the leave given, or from having left quarters without the neces- sary permission. When an officer has been returned absent without leave, or has never joined his regiment, the pay- master is directed to withhold his pay or subsistence. In such cases an applica- tion must be made to the Adjutant-Ge- neral, through whose office all permis- sions or leaves of absence must pass, before the respite can be removed. To be returned upon the surgeon's list as unfit for duty, See. from illness, &c. Returned next for purchase. When vacancies occur in regiments upon foreign or domestic stations, the names of such officers as intend to purchase must be inserted in the muster-rolls : they are then said to be returned next 'for purchase. This serves as a government to the seve- ral agents, and prevents the introduction ot' persons into a corps with which they have not done duty, to the disparage- ment of those who have always followed the colours. Every officer that is re- turned next for purchase, must take care to apprise his agent, that the money will be lodged for that purpose. RE VEIL, ou Diane, Fr. See Reveille.. REVEIL-wiar/w, double canon, brisr- mur, Fr. an ancient piece of ordnance which is no longer in use; it carried a ninety-six pound shot. REVEILLE, is the beat of a drum, about break of day, to advertise the army that it is day-light, and that the sentinels are to forbear challenging. REVENGE, an impulse in the human mind which excites it to acts that are scarcely ever excusable. Dryden writes thus : Exalted Socrates, divinely brave! Injur'd he fell, and dying he forgave, Too noble lor revenge ; which still we find The weakest frailty of a feeble mind. It ought never to be forgotten, espe- cially by high-minded men, such as real officers are, that the secret and vindic- tive malice of weak or wicked persons can only be conquered by the dignified silence of wise and good men. REVERIES, (reveries, Fr. ) loose musings ; irregular thoughts ; desultory reflexions. The celebrated Marshal Saxe lias given this title to a collection of mi- litary ideas, whioji, in many instances, have proved the most correct principles in war. EEVERS, Fr. behind, in rear, at the back of any thing. Eire vu de Revers, Fr. to be over- looked by a reverse commanding ground. Wheu a work, for instance, is com- manded by some adjacent eminence, or has been so badly disposed, that the enemy can see its terre-pleine, or ram- part, that work may be said to be over- looked, etre vu de revers. The same term is applicable to a trench, when the fire of the besieged can reach the troops that are stationed within it. This was the case at Dover Castle, which, until the year 1796, was overlooked by a REV ( 747 ) REV commanding piece of ground on the north-east. A battery is now erected on the spot ; but God only knows how long the Castle itself may be allowed to stand, considering the impolicy of its excavations. Revers de la tranchee, Fr. literally means the back part of the trench. It is the ground which corresponds with that proportion of the border of the trench that lies directly opposite to the parapet. One or two banquettes are generally thrown up in this quarter, in order that the trench guard may make a stand upon the reverse when it hap- pens to be attacked by a sortie of the enemy. Revers de torillon, Fr. that part of the orillon in a bastion, which looks in- wards, or towards the main body of a fortified place. Sally-ports are generally constructed in this quarter. Revers, Fr. This word also signifies a backstroke. Hence, Abattre la tete d'un revers, to give a blow on the head with a bark stroke. Revers, Fr. facings of an uniform. Revers de fortune, Fr. reverse of for- tune ; disappointments, &c. Prendre des Revers, Fr. to take up a position so as to be able to fire obliquely into the rear of an enemy. REVERSE, a contrary ; an oppo- site; as the reverse or outward wheeling flank ; which is opposite to the one wheeled to or upon. See Pivot. Reverse, in movements of artillery, denotes that each gun, wagon, or car, goes about upon its own ground to the hand ordered, and produces a change in the relative position of the carnages. Reverse likewise signifies on the back, or behind : so we say, a reverse command- ing ground, a reverse battery, &c. REVERSED, upside down; as arms reversed. Reversed arms. Arms are said to be reversed when the butts of the pieces are slung or held upwards. REVETEME>)S passages, Fr. tem- porary revetements. These worts sel- iloin last more than three years. REVETEMENT, (revetement, Fr.) in fortification, a strong wall, built on i he outside of the rampart and parapet, to support the earth, and prevent its rolling into the ditch. -Dcwm-Revetement, Fr. a revetement which is made trom the outward slope of the fosse to the cordon or terrepleine of the rampart. Revetement de saucisson, Fr. a re- vetement which is hastily thrown up during a siege by means of saucissons, especially when breaches have been ef- fected or practised in the outward works. Revetements of this sort are also formed of pointed fascines, &c. REVETIR, Fr. literally to clothe or cover. This term is used, in fortification, to signify the mason-work which is made in the construction of fortified places, when no expense is spared, in order to render them more capable of resisting the force of cannon, and of lasting longer. Revetir de gasons, Fr. to lay turf upon the different parts of fortified works, such as the glacis, &c. Revetir, Fr. in carpentry, to fill up with small beams or posts the wooden partition or front of any thing. In joineiy, to wainscot a wall, &c, Revetir, Fr. This word is also used to signify sanctioned, acknowledged, au- thorised*. Thus in the last edition of the Dictionnaire de FAcademie Fran- chise, the Editor says, Les Editions aronees seront revet ues de ma signature. Revetir, Fr. to throw up revete- ments. The French also apply this term in the same general sense that we use the word invest, as applicable to com- mission, power, authority. Hence, re- vetir d'une co?nmission ; d'un pouvoir ; d'un ordre important ; to invest or entrust any person with a commission, with cer- tain powers, or with any important charge or order. REVETUS, Fr. literally, clad, or co- cered over. Ouvrages REVETUS, Fr. in fortifi- cation, works that are constructed with stone or brick. Ouvrages tjoh-Revetus, Fr. in forti- fication, works that are made of earth, &c. and are not lined or covered with stone or brick. REVIEW, (revue, Fr.) in the military acceptation of the term, an inspection of the appearance, and regular disposition of a body of troops, assembled for that purpose. REYTRER, Fr. a marine term, sig- nifying to tack about. xb REVISE, (reviser, Fr.) to review ; tore-examine; tore-consider. This term is frequently used in military matters, 5C'2 R E V | i!8 ) n 1: \v ially iii those which relate to the pro< ■ dings ofa general or regimental court-martial. Ii sometimes happens, that the members are directed to re-as- assemble for the purpose of revising part, or the whole mass, of the evidence that has been brought before them, and of maturely weighing afresh the substance of the proofs upon which they have formed their opinion and judgment. Great delicacy and discretion are re- quired in those who have authority to order a. revision of this sort. A court- martial is, perhaps, the most independent court on earth. Interest, prejudice, or partiality, has no business within its precincts. An honest regard to truth, a sense of the necessity of good order and discipline, and a stubborn adherence to tacts, constitute the code of military laws and statutes. Quirks, quibbles, and eva- sions are as foreign to the genuine spirit, of martial jurisdiction, as candour, man- liness, and resolute perseverance, in ut- tering what he knows to be the fact, are familiar to the real soldier. The King has the power of ordering the members ofa general court-martial to revise their sentence; but he cannot oblige them to alter it. The same authority, subject to the same limitations, is vested in the commanding officers of regiments, with respect to regimental courts-martial. REVOCABLE, (revocable, Fr.) that may be recalled. Commissions in the line, granted during the reign of one K ing and commissions in the militia, granted during the life of a lord lieutenant of a county, or deputy, are not revocable at the death of the grantor. REVOLT, (r&mlte, Fr.) mutiny; in- surrection. REVOLTER, one who rises against lawful authority ; a deserter, Sec. & REVOLTER, Fr: to revolt; to rise in open rebellion. The French also Bay, rivolter, to raise a rebellion. REVOLTES, Fr. rebels. REVOLUTION, (revolution, Fr.) a change in government, as the French Revolution. With us it denotes that particular change; which was produced by the admission ofWilliam and Mary. I In most memorable revolutions which have occurred within the last three hun- dred years are: — In England in lo"b8 ; Poland 1704$ 1709, and 1775, when it was divided by Frederic the Great of Prussia, Maria "Theresa, Queen of Hun- gary, and Catherine. Empress of all the Russias. Turkey in 1730 ; Persia in 17 18, and 17.').'> ; Russia in 16G8, 17 1<». and 1762; Sweden in 177'i; America in 1775 ; and last, not least in the uncertain wheel of fortune, France in 17:;;;, 1789, 179'.', 1793, 179.">, 1802, 1804, and 1809, when Bonaparte, as emperor, absorbed them all in his own person and family. Here, however, the wheel went round again, and we have lived to see this wonderful man first exiled to the island of Elba in 1814, then emerging from his obscurity, and assuming the chief com* inand of the French armies in 1815, finally reduced to the necessity of surv< n- dering himself a prisoner of war to the Captain ofa British ship, and now closely watched in the island of St. Helena ! Jardin Je Revolution, Fr. revolu- tion garden ; a name which was given to the garden belonging to the Palais 1 toy a I ; and which was called MaisOQ Egalite, or Equality-House, during the paroxysm of the French Revolution. This garden is situated in Paris, and formerly belonged to the Duke of Or- leans ; to whose son, the present duke, it has been restored by Louis XVII I. Place de Revolution, Fr. revolution square, or place; a name given to the spot of ground on which the Bastile stood, Ke volition, (revolution, Fr. ) in geometry, the motion of any figure what- soever round a fixed line, which is called the axis of the figure ; thus a triangle rectangle, which revolves round one of its sides, as an axis, produces a cone by its revolution. REVOLUTIONNALRE, Fr. a friend to revolution. Revoli iionn \mn, Fr. an adjective of two genders; any thing belonging to the revolution. Hence — Armie RfevoLW.TioNNA.iaE, Fr. a re- volutionary army; such as appeared in France during the bloody reign of Robes- pierre, when the troops were regularly accompanied by travelling guillotines — des guillotines ambulantes. REVOLUTIONS Eli, Fr. to revo- lutionize ; to propagate principles in a country which arc subversive of its ex- isting government. RE I SSITE, Fr, issue : it also signi- fies success. REVUE, Fr. See Review. REWARD, (rccowpcnse,Yv.) a recom- pense given for good performed. Military Rewards, (recompenses mi- lltaires, Fr.) The original instances of REW ( ?w ) R E W military rewards are to be found in the Grecian and Roman histories. The an- cients did not, however, at first recom- pense military merit in any other way than by erecting statues to its memory, or presenting their chiefs with triumphal crowns. The warriors of that age were more eager to deserve public applause by extraordinary feats of valour, by temperance and moral virtue, than to become rich at the expense of the state. They thirsted after glory ; hut it was after that species of glory which was not in the least tarnished by the alloy ot modern considerations. The services which individuals ren- dered were distinguished by the kind ot statue that was erected, and its accom- panying decorations ; or by the mate- rials and particular formation of the crowns that were presented. In process of time, the state or civil government of a country felt the pro- priety and justice of securing to its de- fenders something more substantial than mere show and unprofitable trophies. It was considered, that men who had ex- posed their lives, and had been wounded, or were grown infirm through age, S^c. ought to be above want ; and not only to have those comforts which through their exertions millions were enjoying, but to be placed in an independent and honour- able situation. The most celebrated ot their warriors were consequently pro- vided for at the public expense, and they had regular claims made over to them, which were answered at the treasury. Triumphal honours were likewise reckoned among the military rewards which the ancients voted to their best generals. Fabius Maximus, Paulus Emi- lius, Camillus, and the Scipios, were satisfied with the recompense for their services. With respect to old infirm tive, such as statues, &c. The latter descended to their posterity, and gave their families a certain rank in the re- public. 2d)y. By pensions or allowances; and 3dly. By a grant of lands which ex- ceeded the lots given to private soldiers. The French, who got possession of the country which was formerly occupied by the Gauls, had, at first, no other method of recompensing their generals than by giving them a certain proportion of land. This grant did not exceed their natural lives, and sometimes it was limited to the time they remained in the service. These usages insensibly changed, and by degrees it became customary for the children of such men as had received grants of national territory, to continue to enjoy them ; upon condition, how- ever, that the actual possessors of such lands should be liable to military ser- vice. Hence the origin of fiefs in France, and the consequent appellation of Milke da Fieffes, or militia com- posed of men who held their lands on condition of bearing arms when called upon. The French armies were, for many years, constituted in this manner : and the custom of rendering military service in consideration of land tenure, only ceased under Charles \ II. By degrees those lands, which had been" originally bestowed upon men of military "merit, descended to their chil- dren, and were insensibly lost in the aggregate lots of inheritable property. Other means were consequently to be resorted to by the state, in order to sa- tisfy the just claims of deserving officers and soldiers. The French, therefore, returned to the ancient custom of the Romans, and rewarded those, who dis- tinguished themselves in war, by hono- rary marks of distinction. Under the first race of French kings soldiers, who were invalided, they were may be found several instances oi men provided for by receiving, each a lot of j of low condition having, by their valour, ground, which they cultivated and im- proved. Lands, thus appropriated, formed part of the republican or na- tional domains, or were divided amongst them in the conquered countries. The Roman officer was rewarded for his services, or for particular acts of bravery, in three ways : 1st, By marks of honour or distinction, which consisted of two sorts, viz. Of that which was merely ornamental to their own persons, or limited to the investiture for life ; and of that which may be called rememorctr obtained the rank and title of Count, and even those of Duke. These dig- nities, of themselves, entitled the bearers to places of high command in the armies. The title of Knight, most especially of Knight Banneret, gave very high rank during the reign of Philip Augustus; and in the reigns of one or two of his predecessors, it was bestowed upon indi- viduals who behaved in a distinguished manner in the field. This species of reward did not cost the public any thing. It was bestowed REW ( 750 ) REW upon the individual by the general of the I formed any particular feat, or act of army, and consisted in nothing more than a salute given by the latter on the field of battle, by which he became Knight Banneret, and was perfectly sa- tisfied with the honour it conferred. bravery. They were likewise promoted from the ranks, and made Serjeants or corporals. Honorary rewards and compensations for service were not confined to indivi- This mode of rewarding individuals dual officers and soldiers. Whole corps for great actions, or long services) con- were frequently distinguished in the tinned until men enlisted themselves for same manner. When several corps money, and the army was regularly paid, acted together, and one amongst them according to the several ranks of those who composed it. At this period, how- ever, it became expedient to have re- course to the second method which was gave signal proofs of gallantry and pood conduct, that one frequently took pre- cedence of the others in rank, or was selected by the sovereign to be his per- adopfed by the Romans to compensate sonal guard. Sometimes, indeed, the individuals for services rendered to the state. The royal treasury was either subjected to the annual claims of indivi- duals, or to the payment of a specific sum, for having distinguished themselves underarms. Notwithstanding this, ho- norary rewards continued to be given : and knighthood, conferred in the field by the kiss or salute of a general, which the French style accolade, was practised until the 16th centurv. It was usual, even during that centurv, to reward a soldier, who did a brave action, by some mark of distinction, that was given on the spot ; by a crown made of grass or other verdure, which was placed upon his head by his com- rades, or by a gold ring, which his com- manding officer put upon his finger in the presence of the whole troop, or company, to which he belonged. It sometimes happened, as in the reign of Francis the First, that this mark of distinction was given by the general of the army. Several brave men have been distin- guished with titles of nobility and ar- morial bearings, which were conferred by princes, in consequence of some sin- gular feat, or exploit. There have been instances recorded in the French his- tory of extraordinary actions having been rewarded upon the spot by kini Homme Ribai'd, ) Fr. a licen- Une Femme Ribaude, \ tious man; a licentious woman. RIBAUDEQUIN, fr. a warlike ma- chine or instrument, which the French anciently used. It was made in the form of a bow, containing twelve or fif- teen feet in its curve, and was fixed upon the wali of a fortified town for the purpose of casting out a prodigious jave- lin, which sometimes killed several men at once. According to Monstrelet, a French writer, ri.baudequi?i or ribauderin, signi- fied a sort of garment which was worn by the soldiers when they took the field. A fire-arm containing one pound of bails or shot was also formerly so called. See Nouveau Dictionnaire Militaire. R I C ( 752 ) R I C RIBAl'DAILLE, Fr. a term of re- proach which was formerly attached to the character of a poltroon, or cowardly ■oldier. When Philip of Valois went to war with Edward King <>t* England, he took into pay twelve thousand Genoese archers, and placed them in the front. During their march, these men had neg- lected to secure their bows against the inclemency of the weather, and when they came into action, they found them entirely useless, and were obliged to re- ceive several British flights of arrows, without being able to return a single one against them ; insomuch, that they were forced to give way. Philip, imagining he was betrayed by these mercenary troops, exclaimed to the French, Et tut, tuez cette ribaudailh qui nous empiche la voie ! Quick! kill this dastardly gang, that only stop the way ! RIBBI M r 7tails, nails which are used for fastening the ribbing to keep the ribs of ships in their place in building. Ribbing nails are also very useful for fastening timbers that are to be put up for a time, and taken down again for further service. K 1BLER, Fr. to ramble, &c. was for- merly the verb ; riblerie, the act of rambling, 8cc. the substantive. Both rerms are now obsolete, except among the lower orders. Rl BLEURS, Fr. vagabonds, debauch- ed fellows that run about the streets, or spend their nights in disorderly houses. Soldiers who give themselves up to pil- lage, &c. in war time, are likewise called rib/curs, by way of reproach. RICHES, (richesses, Fr.) wealth in land or money. Embarras 'des RICHESSES, Fr. the care, trouble, and vexation, which are the unavoidable consequences of over- grown fortunes in civil or military life; the uneasiness of wealth. RICOCHER, Fr. to ricochet, to bat- ter or fire at a place with ricochet shots. The author of a very valuable work, en- titled Essai General de Fortification, et d' ' Attaquc et Defense des Places, observes, in a note to page 89, vol. i. that in strict analogy, we should say ricocheter ; but use, which is above all rules, has made ricocher a technical term, whenever we speak nf the ricochets of cannon-shot. I neface RICOCHEE, Fr. the face of a fortification, which is fired at with ricochet shots. RICOCHET literally means abound, a leap, such as a flat piece of stone or slate makes when it is thrown obliquely along the surface of a pool ; as is done by boys when they play at duck and drake. Ricochet, (ricochet, Fr.) in gunnery, is when guns, howitzers, or mortars, are loaded with small charges, and elevated from five to twelve degrees, so that, when fired over the parapet, the shot or shell rolls along the opposite rampart. It is called ricochet-firing, and the but- teries are likewise called ricochet-batte- ries. The method of firing out of mor- tars was first tried in 17'23, at the military school of Strasburgh, and with success. At the battle of Rosbach, in 1757, the King of Prussia had several G-inch mor- tars made with trunnions, and mounted on travelling carriages, which fired ob- liquely on the enemy's lines, and amongst their horse, loaded with eight ounces of powder, and at an elevation of one de- gree fifteen minutes, which did great execution ; for the shells rolling along the lines, with burning fuzes, made the stoutest of the enemy not wait for Their bursting. Ricochet firing is not confined to any particular charge or elevation ; each must vary according to the distance and difference of level of the object to be fired at; and particularly of the spot on which it is intended the shot shall make the first bound. The smaller the angle, under which a shot is made to ricochet, the longer it will preserve its force and have efteci, as it will sink so much the less in the ground on which it bounds; and whose tenacity will, of course, pre- sent so much less resistance to its pro- gress. In the ricochet of a fortification of any kind, the angle of elevation should seldom be less than 10°, to throw the shot over a parapet a little higher than the level of the battery. If the works should be of an extraordinary height, the piece must be removed to such a situation, and have such charge, that it can attain its object at this ele- vation, or at least under that of 13° or 14°, otherwise the shot will not ricochet, and the carriages will suffer very much. The first gun in a ricochet battery should be so placed, as to sweep the whole length of the rampart of the enemy's work, at 3 or 4 feet from the parapet, and the rest should form as small an angle with the parapet as possible. For this purpose the guns should be pointed II I D ( 753 ) R T D about 4 fathoms from the face of the work toward the interior. In the ricochet of ordnance in the field, the objects to be fired at being principally infantry and cavalry, the guns should seidoin he elevated above three degrees; as with greater angles the hall would be apt to bound too high, and defeat the object intended. For ricochet practice, see the different pieces of ordnance, as gun, mortar, and howitzer. See also the Bombardier and Pocket Gunner, page 185. Batlre en Ricochet, Fr. to put a sufficient quantity of gunpowder in a piece of ordnance to carry the hall, with effect, into the works that are enfiladed. This sort of filing is generally practised along the whole extent of a face or flank. The celebrated Marshal Vauban first invented the mode of filing ricochet- shots. He tried the experiment at the siege of Ath, in 1679. Battre un rempart a Ricochet, Fr. to batter a rampart with ricochet shots. We cannot forbear mentioning under this ftrticle (and we trust no presump- tuous motive will be attributed to us for so doing) an anecdote which, at least, shews the necessity of a work of this description. An officer of rank visiting Woolwich for the purpose of seeing the Royal Arsenal and Laboratory, &c. ; after having been shewn the different sizes of cannon-balls, very gravelv asked, which were the ricochet ones ? This also happened during the American war, when a general officer observed, that a particular position would be safe, for he knew the Americans had no ricochet shot ! So much for military reading ! Faire. dcs RICOCHETS, Fr. to make ducks and drakes; to throw at random, as spendthrifts usually do. To RIDE, (monter a cheval, Fr.) to go on horseback. To Ride short, (monter a cheval a la genette, Fr.) to use short stirrups. To Ride long, to use long stirrups. RIDEAU is a rising ground, or emi- nence, commanding a plain, sometimes almost parallel to the works of a place. It is a great disadvantage to have rideaus near a fortification, which terminate on the counterscarp, especially when the enemy fire from afar: they not only command the place, but facilitate the enemy's approaches. RIDER, in artillery carriages, a piece of wood, which has more height than breadth; the length being equal to that of the body of the axle-tree, upon which the side-pieces rest in a four wheel car- riage, such as the ammunition-wagon, block-carriage, and sling-wagon. Rough-RiDER. See Rough. A Rider, a figurative phrase, signify- ing an idle individual, who, through in- terest, or upon a trafficking principle, receives a certain proportion of the pay, or allowances, of another who does the duties of some official situation, and is held responsible for the trust reposed in him; in which case he is said to be sad- dled, and the drone is his rider. RIDES, hin»es for doors. RIDGE, in building, the highest part of the roof, or covering, of a house. RlDGE-/;o/e. See Pole. RIDGELING, the male of any beast that has been half-cut. RIDGES of a horse's mouth are wrinkles in the roof, running from one side of the jaw to the other, with fur- rows between them. RIDING, a division in Yorkshire. The militia regiments, and those of the line, which bear the name of the several counties, are distinguished in Yorkshire by the word riding, which, according to Dr. Jolmson,is a corruption of trithing; but according to others, is taken from radings, districts or governments. Rudt in Celtic signifies ruler, or provincial minister. A counsellor of state was of old called Raadt : the council was styled The Raadst. Thence whoever had the capital influence in council was said to rule the Raadst; or, in the present pro- nunciation, to rule the roast. The latter interpretation differs from Johnson, who says roast perhaps comes from roist, a tumult. The provincial corps, which are particularly known by the addition of Riding, consist of the 1st and 2d West Riding, the East Riding and the North Riding regiments. These regi- ments are likewise distinguished from, each other, in the North, by an allusion to their facings: hence Green Cuffs, which are the 1st and 2d West Riding regiments; the Beverley Buffs, which are the East; and the Black Cuffs, which are the north Yorkshire Riding. RiTHXG- Master, in the cavalry, an officer whose duty is to instruct the officers and soldiers in the management of their horses. Ri di KQ-house- establishment belonging to the ordnance. This establishment was 5D R I F ( 754 ) R I F first formed in consequence of the or- gaiuzation of a coi ■; if horse-artillery, under the Duke of Richmond, when Master General. It continued as a mixed department, with the Royal Ar- tillery, until the year, 1809, when, by dii eel ion of the Eai 1 of Chatham, it was made into a distinct establishment. All the Horse-Artillery and Corps of Royal Artillery Drivers are taught horseman- ship under an officer appointed for that purpose. The Riding House is at Woolwich ; and the strictest attention is daily given to the exercise of those duties for which it was originally formed. Of its utility there cannot exist a doubt; and on the manner in which it is conducted, we have every reason to believe no invidious comments can be justly made. Rr di ng the wooden horse. This was a punishment much in use, of old, in dif- ferent services. The wooden horse was formed of planks nailed together, so as to make a sharp ridge, or angle, about eight or nine feet long; this ridge repre- sented the back of the horse; it was supported by four posts or legs, about six or seven feet long, placed on a stand made moveable by trucks : to complete the resemblance, a head and tail were fixed to the machine. When a soldier or soldiers, who were chiefly from the infantry, were sentenced or ordered to ride this horse, they were placed on the back with their hands tied behind them, and frequently muskets were fixed to their legs, to prevent the horse, as was humourously observed, from kicking off. RTFLART, Fr. a large plane. To RIFLE, to plunder; to rob. Rifle, the thread, ray, or line, made in a rifled barrel. RIFLED gun,") (nrquebuse rai/ee, Ruled piece, ?• Fr.) a lire-arm which Rifled barrel,) has lines, or exigu- •us canals, within its barrel, that run in a vermicular direction, and are more or less numerous, or more indented, ac- cording to the fancy of the artificer. — With respect to the word itself, it does not appear to bear any other analogy to our common acceptation of the verb, than what may be vulgarly applied to the common practices of riflemen. It is, on the contrary, more immediately con- nected in sense and signification, with an old obsolete word, to ray ; to streak : which comes from the French rayer.— The rifled barrel possesses many advan- tages over the common one; which ad- vantages are attributed to the threads or rays with which it is indented. These threads are sometimes cut in such a manner, that the line which commences on the right side of the breech, termi- nates on the left at the muzzle; by which means the ball acquires a rotary movement, revolving once and a halt round its own axis before it quits the piece, and then boring through the air with a spiral motion. It is well known, that cannon balls, and shot out of com- mon barrels, are impelled in a different manner. The rifled barrels which were used during the war in America, contained from 10 to 16 rays or threads; some had as few as 4. Some persons have thought, that those of 16 rays were the best, from a supposition that by the air col- lapsing in the several grooves, the ball obtained more velocity. Mr. Robins, however, seems to differ in opinion, par- ticularly with respect to the depth of the grooves. He observes, page 339 and 340, in his Tract on Gunnery, that what- ever tends to diminish the friction of these pieces, tends at the same time to render them more complete; and con- sequently it is a deduction from hence, that the less the rifles are indented, the better they are; provided they are just sufficient to keep the bullet from turn- ing round the piece. It likewise fol- lows, that the bullet ought to be no larger than to be just pressed by the rifles, for the easier the bullet moves in the piece, supposing it not to shift its position, the more violent and accurate will its flight be. It is necessary, that the sweep of the rifles should be in each part exactly parallel to each other. See Robins on Gunnery, page 828. Parades, a gunsmith at Aix-la-Cha- pelle, who was reputed to be very inge- nious in the construction of rifled bar- rels, used to compress his barrels in the center. RIFLEMEN", marksmen, armed with rijles. They formed the most formida- ble enemies during the war in America, being posted along the American ranks, and behind hedges, &c. for the purpose of picking off the British officers; many of whom fell by the rifle in our contest with that country. They have proved equally fatal in the hands of the French during the late war, and they have been R I G ( 755 ) R I O wisely added to our establishment. Con- siderable improvements are daily made; and we shall hope to see not only addi- tional corps of riflemen, but light in- fantry battalions, like the chasseurs of the French, form a considerable portion of the British army. This has been called a murderous practice, and some persons have questioned how far it ought to be admitted in civilized war- fare; but is not war itself a murderous practice? Mounted Riflemen, a corps of rifle- men formerly in the British service, dressed like hussars, and mounted on horseback ; of which description was the German corps raised by Baron Ferdi- nand Hompesch. RIFLOIR, Fr. a sort of file. Bloody RIFTS in the palate of a horse, a disease which is cured by wash- ing the sore place with vinegar and salt, till it be raw, then rubbing it with ho- ney and the powder of jet. RIG, a horse that has had one of his stones cut out, and yet has a colt. RIGHT, in geometry, something that lies equally, without inclining or bend- ing one way or the other. Right angled is understood of a fi- gure, when its sides are at right-angles, or stand perpendicularly one upon ano- ther. Right, that which is ordered; that which justly belongs to one. To the Right about, (demi tour a droite, Fr.) Make a half face to the right, ship the right foot back, so that the ball of the right toe is in contact with the heel of the left foot; slightly holding with the right hand the cartouch box, and on the word face, come to the right about, that is, let )>our front be where your rear was. To be sent to the Right about, a figu- rative expression in the British service, signifying to be cashiered, to be dismiss- ed. RIGHTS, C droits, Fr.) certain, unal en- able claims and privileges, which every individual, civil as well as military, pos- sesses in a well regulated community. Al- though there is not any specific mention made of these rights in the Articles of War, (which constitute the military code of Great Britain,) yet they are mani- festly known to exist, from the circum- stance of a mode being pointed out, whereby an officer or soldier who thinks himself wronged may find redress. RIGOL. See Circle. RIGOLE, Fr. a trench; gutter. RING, circle, an orbicular line. Ring of an anchor, that part of aa anchor to which the cable is fastened. Ring in a horse, a callous substance growing in the hollow of the pastern above the coronet. RiNG-fcowe in a horse is a hard, cal- lous, or brawny swelling, growing on one of the tendons, between the coronet and pastern joint, and sticks very fast to the pastern; so that if it be not removed in time, it will cause incurable lameness. To Ring, to make a sharp reverberat- ing noise. Ring ramrod! a word of command sometimes used at private inspections, to try the bottom of the barrel of a musket. RINGS, in artillery, are of various uses; such as the lashing rings in tra- velling carriages, to lash the sponge, rammer, and ladle, as well as the tar- paulin that covers the guns; the rings fastened to the hreeching-holts in ship- carriages; and the shaft-rings to fasten the harness of the shaft-horse by means of a pin. Rings of a gun, circles of metal, of which there are five, viz. Base-ring, reinforce-ring, trunnion- ring, cornice-ring, and muzzle-ring. See Muller's Artillery, page 30, for a fuH ex- planation of the several rings. RINGLEADER, the head of any particular body of men acting in a riot- ous or mutinous manner. RINGORO, Fr. a strong iron bar used in forges. It likewise means a thick pole with an iron fenel. RINGRAVE, Fr. pantaloon bree- ches. RIOT and Tumult, sedition, civil in- surrection, disturbance, &c. ; a breach of the peace committed by an assembled multitude. It frequently happens, upon breaking out of riots, or other distur- bances, at a distance from the abode of any magistrate, that the otficers com- manding troops have expressed doubts how far, and under what circumstances, they should be justified in proceeding to suppress such riots and disturbances, without the directions of a magistrate, or such other peace otficers as are speci- fied in the Riot Act. In consequence of these doubt?, an opinion was taken upon the follow- ing case, which was laid before the At- 5D 2 11 I o ( 756 ) R I S tornev General, on the 1st of April, 1801, by order <>f his Royal Highness the Duke of York, then commander in chief. ('use. — Your opinion is requested whether in case of- any sudden riot, or disturbance, a constable, or other peace officer, being under the degree of those described in the it Act, can call upon the military to suppress such riot, or disturbance; or how far, in the absence of any constable, or other peace officer at all, the military would be justified in proceeding to suppress any riot which might break out? Opinion. — I understand the distur- bances here meant to be such as to amount to the legal description of riots. The word disturbance has no legal and appropriate meaning, beyond a mere breach of the peace, which is not, how- ever, the sense in which the word is used in this case; the case plainly im- porting- a breach of the peace by an as- sembled multitude. In case of any such sudden riot and disturbance as above supposed, any of his Majesty's subjects, without the presence of a peace officer of any description, may arm themselves, and, of course, may use ordinary means of force to suppress such riot and dis- turbance. — This was laid down in my Lord Chief Justice Popham's Reports, 121, and Keyling 7(i, as having been re- solved by all the judges in the 39th of Queen Elizabeth to be good law, and has certainly been recognized in Haw- kins, and other writers oil the crown law, and by various judges at different periods since. And what his Majesty's subjects may do, they also ought to do for the suppression of public tumult, when an exigency may require that such means be resorted to; whatever any other class of his Majesty's subjects may allowably do in this particular, the military may unquestionably do also; by the common law, every description of peace officers may and ought to do, not only all that in him lies towards the suppressing riots, but may, and ought to command all other persons to assist therein. However, it is by all means advisa- ble to procure a justice of the peace to attend, and for the military to act under his immediate orders, when such at- tendance and the sanction of such orders can be obtained ; as it not only pre- vents any disposition to unnecessary violence on the part of those who act in repelling the tumult, but it induces also, from the known authority of such ma- gistrates, a more ready submission on the part of the rioters, to the measures used for that purpose; but still, in cases of great and sudden emergency, the military, as well as all other individuals, may act without their presence or with- out the presence of any other peace officer whatsoever. (Signed) Edward Law. (Now Lord Ellenborouiih, Lord Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench.) Lincoln's Inn, \st April, 1801. RIOT-«(7, an act of parliament pro- hibiting riotous or tumultuous assem- blies. This being read by a magistrate or peace officer to the mob, if they do not in a given time disperse, or if they commit any act of violence on the pro- perty or persons of others, the soldiery may fire on them, and reduce them by force of arms to quiet, and obedience to the laws. RIOTERS, disturbers of the public peace; persons acting in open violation of good order; raising, or creating sedi- tion, &c. Soldiers are not to fire on rioters until the Riot-act has been read by a magistrate, or peace-officer ; unless martial law is proclaimed ; or in extra- ordinary enses. See Riot. RIPOSTE, Fr. a parry and thrust; it likewise signifies, in a figurative sense, a keen reply, a close retort. RIPOSTER, or RISPOSTER, Fr. in fencing, to parry and thrust. RISBAN, Ft. in fortification, a fiat piece of ground upon which a fort is constructed for the defence and security of a port or harbour. It likewise means the port itself. The famous Risban of Dunkirk was built entirely of brick and stone; having within its walls excellent barracks, a large cistern well supplied with water, magazines for stores, pro- visions, and ammunition. A ready com- munication was kept up with the town by means of the jettee, which corre- sponded with the wooden bridge that joined the entrance into the fort. The rampart was capable of receiving forty- six piece* of ordnance, which were dis- poser! in three different alignments, or tiers, owing to the triangular figure of the fort; so that a fire could be kept up on all sides. Risban, Fr. a fort, or castle, which is built in the sea, at some distance R I V ( 757 ) R I V from the dry shore, upon a sand-bank ; on which account it is called Rispan, a corruption of Richepan ; alluding to the great expense which unavoidably at- tends the construction of a work of this sort. Fort Rouge, at Calais, is of this description. RISBERME, Jr. a sort of glacis, which sometimes projects out, and rises by degrees. It is used in jetties made of fascine work, the sides of which, towards the sea, are constructed or laid down in the form of a Risberme, in order to withstand the violence of the waves. To RISE, to break into commotions; to make insurrections. To Rise, in a military sense, to make hostile attack; as, the soldiers rose against their officers. To Rise, to obtain promotion. To Rise from the ranks, to obtain promotion by degrees, after having been in the ranks as a private soldier; a cir- cumstance which lias happened to some of the best generals in the world. Rise, increase of price; as the rise of commissions in the army upon the prospect of peace. RISEE, Fr. ridicule; laughing-stock. This word often signifies the object of laughter, or ridicule. Ce Martinet fut la risie, de toute I'arinie ; that Martinet was the laughing-stock of the whole army. RISK, (risque, hasard, Fr.) Everv person who undertakes a military ope- ration, especially of command and re- sponsibility, ought well to weigh the powers of his own mind; to calculate the chances against him; and to know how to risk his reputation in them. RrsK is the touch-stone of human courage; and without, resolution to en- counter it, there can be no honour. RISSALA, or RUSSAULA, Ind. an independent corps of cavalry. RISSALDAR, Ind. the commander of an independent corps of cavalry. RIVAGE, Fr. shore; bank. Rivage eleve, Fr. strand; beach. RIVAL, one who is in quest of the same thing which another pursues; a competitor. Rival powers. Nations are so called when their relative situation and re- sources in men and money, &c. enable them to oppose each other; as Great Britain and France. RIVALISER, Fr. to vie with ano- ther; to rival him. Rivaliser de cou- rage, de celerite, Fr. to vie in courage, in swiftness. RIVALITE, Fr. See Emulation. RIVE, Fr. the sea-shore side or coast, the bank or side of a river. Rive de Genes, Fr. that line of coast which runs along the country of Genoa. La Rive d'un boh, Fr. the skirt, edge, or side of a wood. RIVER un clou. Fr. a figurative phrase, signifying to make a reply in point; literally to hit the nail upon the head. River, (riviere, Fr.) a land current of water larger than a brook. — Vessels used upon navigable rivers may be im- pressed in cases of emergency by a warrant from any justice of the peace. See M.VTiTsY-Act, Sect. 46. Fordable River, a river which may be passed without the assistance of any floating machines. In order to sound the ford, and to ascertain the state of it, men on horseback are first ordered to cross. By that means it will be known whether any obstacles have been thrown in the way by the enemy; for nothing is more easily effected. The passage of a ford may be rendered impracticable by throwing whole trees in, by tables or platforms covered with nails, and by stakes. The two latter impediments are the most dangerous. — But stakes are not easily fixed, and are conse- quently seldom used. When fords are embarrassed by them, it requires some time and trouble to clear the river; and it is equally difficult to get rid of the inconvenience that arises when wells have been sunk. Whenever there is reason to apprehend such obstacles, it is always best to reach the ford at dusk. When the Prince of Conde, in 1567, resolved to cross the river Seine, the royalists, who were on the opposite side, endeavoured to prevent his pas- sage by throwing quantities of madriers, or thick planks that were nailed toge- ther, iron hoops and water-cats into the ford. The Huguenots or Protestants, however, were not diverted from their purpose. Aubigne, a French writer, says, that on that occasion they placed 400 arquebusiers upon the bank to pro- tect the men that raked the ford. This was certainly a singular method to clear a ford, nor could it be done R I V ( 75S ) ii a a Without much difficulty, and a consi- derable device of danger. The Cheva- lier Folard lias proposed a much safer, add a much easier way, by means ol grappling hooks tied to long ropes, which might be thrown into the ford. Vtt even in this case, observes that writer, the object could not be accom- plished if the river were broad, unless the persons employed in the under- taking be under the cover of so heavy a discharge of ordnance and musketry, that the enemy would not be able to interrupt them, even from an intrenched position on the opposite bank. ' With respect to caltrops, the removal of them, when properly distributed at the bottom of a ford, must be attended with great dilliculty ; for they uiust ren- der the passage absolutely impractica- ble, unless they were to sink very deep into the mud and sand, and thus become useless. The men that fust enter are, in this case, the only persons incom- moded; the rest may follow without much hazard. It sometimes happens, that the bot- tom of a stream, or rivulet, is firm and gravelly; when this occurs, the greatest precautions must be taken to escape the effects of caltrops. For this pur- pose, a good stock of hurdles must be provided. The soldiers will hand them to one another, force them into the water, and then cover them with stones. When one or two fords in a river are •o situated, that several battalions can- not cross them upon one front, it is then highly prudent to throw a bridge over, either above or below the ford ; for a swell may intervene, and render it otherwise impassable ; add to which, you have the advantage of getting a greater number of troops over at once. In order to effect a passage for his army over the river Segre, C&'sar gave directions that ditches, thirty feet broad, should be dug in such parts of the banks as might with ease receive the water out of the stream, and render it fordable. Having accomplished this ob- ject, he found no difficulty in reaching Petreius, who, being in the daily fear of wanting provisions and forage for his men, was on the eve of quitting his position and marching forward. The passage of the Granicus by Alex- ander the Great is likewise mentioned in history, as an instance of bold enter- prize. But however celebrated that act may be in ancient records, we shall not he thought partial to the modems when we state, that the passage of the river Itolowitz, by Charles XII. of Sweden, was equally bold and well managed. RIVERAINS, Fr. persons who in- habit the banks of rivers. By a regula- tion, which was in force during the French monarchy, all persons so situ- ated, were obliged to leave a space 18 feet broad at least, between their houses or huts, and the bank, for the conveni- ence of navigation. A set of men, called Balheurs, were paid to see this regula- tion strictly complied with. RIVET, a fastening pin clenched at both ends, so as to hold an intermediate substance with more firmness. Rivet, in farriery, is that extremity of the nail that rests, or leans upon the horn when you shoe a horse. RIVETTl\G-/j/a/e9, in gun-ear- riuges, small square thin plates of iron, through which the ends of the bolt* pass, and are rivetted upon them. RIVIERE, Fr. This word is used by the French, in one particular in- stance, to signify coast or shore — As la Riviax de Genes; the coast of Genoa. RlX-dollar, (risdale, Fr.) a dollar worth 4s. fid. RIZAMEDAR, Ind. an officer com- manding a small body of horse. RO, Ind. in Indian music means quick. ROAD, (chemin, Fr.) For the manner in which roads should be reconnoitred for military purposes, see Reconnoi- tring ; also page 231 of the Littlb Bombardier. Military Road, a road calculated for the passage of troops, and the conve- nience of artillery, &c. Of this descrip- tion is the road directed to be cut, by Act of Parliament, from Sussex into Kent. These roads are made of a cer- tain breadth, and through a country susceptible of defence. ROAN. A roan horse is one of a bay sorrel, or black colour, with grey or white spots, interspersed very thick. When this party-coloured coat is ac- companied with a black head, and black extremities, he is called a roan, with a blackmoor's head ; and if the same mix- ture be predominant upon a deep sor- rel, it is called claret roan. ROARER, a horse that makes a ROC ( 759 ) ROC noise similar to that of a broken- winded one, and who is generally a crib-biter. ROBBER, one that plunders by force, or steals by secret means. Pablic-RoKBER, one who betrays the trust reposed in him, either in a mili- tary or civil capacity, aud enriches himself unlawfully, at the expense of the nation. This term is intrinsically the same as public defaulter. A public robber is the more infamous, because he not only betrays his trust, but pilfers from the hard earned pittance of every individual in the nation. The common highwayman is less criminal. ROBIN ET, an ancient machine of war, which, like the Mute-griffon, threw both stones and darts. ROC, Fr. a rock. Roc de lance, Fr. in tournaments ; the wooden part of a lance is so called. ROCAILLE, Fr. a term of orna- mental architecture, signifying the col- lection of shells, pebbles, and petrifac- tions, ike. which are used in grottos. ROCHE, Fr. By this word the French mean the hardest and the most difficult stone to be cut that is found. Such as flint, and other stones that can be broken into scales. Roche a feu, Fr. a solid composition, which gradually consumes when it has been lighted, but which emits a very broad and lively flame, and is not ex- tinguished by water. ROCHE vive, Fr. such a rock as is all of stone, without any bed or mix- ture of earth. ROCHER, Fr. a large rock; de- rived from roc, and generally bearing the same import. ROCK, (rue, Fr.) stone which is ex- tremely hard, and is difficult to he worked, the broken pieces of which are used to throw at the foot of a jetty, in order to strengthen it against the vio- lence of the waves. This species of stone does not decay by being exposed either to air or water. The Rock, a term familiarly used among military men, to signify the Rock of Gibraltar. ROCKET as used in India. See FotTGETTE. ROCKETS. See Laboratory. Signal Rockets are seldom more than one pound weight. They are used in the navy for signals, and are fired perpendicularly. Indian Rockets are used by the native troops in India. These rockets are made of iron, and are lashed to a bamboo cane. The weight is seldom more than two pounds, or less than one. They were used with very destructive effect against the British during the siege of Seringapatam in 1799. See Fougette. Congreve's Rockets, so called from the name of the inventor, are of a pe- culiar internal structure and composi- tion, by which the action of this prin- ciple of projectile force is so greatly increased, as not only to triple the flight of small rockets so formed, but also to allow of the construction of rockets of such dimensions as, on the ordinary principles of combination, would not even rise from the ground, and of such powers of flight and bur- then as have hitherto been considered altogether impracticable. On the basis of this increase of power, Mr. Congreve has succeeded in making war rockets for various naval and military purposes, and of various de- scriptions and calibres, either for ex- plosion or conflagration, and armed both with shells and case-shot; the 32 pr. rocket carcass, which is the nature hitherto chiefly used for bombardment, will range 3000 yards with the same quantity of combustible matter as that contained in the 10 inch spherical car- cass, and 2500 yards with the same quantity as that of the 13 inch spheri- cal carcass. The 12 pr. rocket case shot, which is so portable that it may be used with the facility of musketry, has a range nearly double that of field artillery, carrying as many bullets as the 6 pr. spherical case: and here it ought to be observed, that the projectile force of the rocket is peculiarly well calculated for the conveyance of case shot to great distances, because as it proceeds its velocity is accelerated instead of being retarded, as happens with every other projectile, while the average velocity of the shell is greater than that of the rocket only in the ratio of 9 to 8; in- dependent of which, the case shot conveyed by the rocket admits of any desired increase of velocity in its range by the bursting powder, which cannot be obtained in any other description of case. Of this description of rocket case shot, one hundred infantry soldiers will ROC ( 760') ROC carry into action, in any situation where musketry can act, 300 rounds, and 10 frames, from eacli of which four rounds nun he fired in a minute. And of the same description of case shot for the u~. of cavalry, four horses will carry ninety-six rounds and four frames, from which may he tired sixteen rounds in a minute — each horse not having more than the ordinary burthen of a dragoon horse. Can any other species of am- munition give sucli powers and facili- ties ? The carcass rockets were first used at Boulogne in 1805, in consequence of a demonstration of their powers made at Woolwich by Mr. Congreve, in the presence of Mr. Pitt, and several other Cabinet Ministers, in the month of September. Sir Sidney Smith was ap- pointed to command this expedition, but from the lateness of the season, it being the end of November, before the preparations were completed, nothing was done that year. In 1U0G, however, Mr. Congreve renewed his proposition for the attack of Boulogne by rockets, and it was ordered, in consequence of Lord Moira, then master general of the ordnance, and Lord Ilowick, then first lord of the Admiralty, having attended an experiment at Woowich, and having satisfied themselves by their own obser- vation of the powers of the weapon. The attack was accordingly made under the command of Commodore Owen, late in October, 180G; having been put off during the summer months in conse- quence of the negociation for peace at that time pending. From this delay, however, instead of being carried on upon the great scale at first intended, it became a mere desultory attack, in which not more than 200 rockets were fired. The town, however, was set on fire by the first discharge, and continued burning for nearly two days : it is also believed that some of the shipping were burnt, but the greater part of the rockets certainly went over the basin into the town. Since this period the rockets have been used in almost every expedition, and the importance of their effect in the ever memorable battle of Leipzig is in the recollection of all Europe. The use of this weapon is now extended to cavalry, as well as infantry and artillery. The great general point of excellence of the rocket system is the facility with which all the natures of this weapon may be conveyed and applied. Its peculiar applicability to naval bombardment hinges on this property, that there is no re-action, no recoil in the firing of the largest rockets; so that by this means carcasses, equal to those projected from the largest mortars, may be thrown from the smallest boats. And its peculiar fitness for land service, is, that it is a description of extremely powerful ammunition without ordnance, so that the burthen of mortars and guns is dispensed with, and all that is to be carried is actual available missile matter, capable of the range, and of many of the most important effects, of the heaviest artillery. There has been much misapprehension as to the expense of the rocket system; and it is therefore proper to explain, that, in fact, it is the cheapest of all ammunition depending on the projectile force of gunpowder; for the proof of which it will be only necessary briefly to state, that the 32-pr. carcass rocket costs only U. lis. 0{d. complete in every respect for service; whereas its equivalent, the 10-inch splu-rical car- cass, with the charge of powder neces- sary to convey it 3000 yards, which power is contained in the rocket, costs 1/. 2s. Id. independent of any charge for the morlar, mortar bed, platforms, difference qf transport, Ike. tkc. attach- ing to the spherical carcass and not to the rocket, which actually requires no apparatus whatever to use it in a bom- bardment, and has therefore no charge attaching to it, beyond the first cost, but that of transport; and a vessel of 300 tons will carry 5000 of them at least. We have indeed seen a calcula- tion, by which it appears, that in every 10-inch carcass, so thrown, there is an actual saving of 3/.' In fact, when our previous observation is carried in mind, that " the rocket system is a system of ammunition withoutordnance,"it cannot fail to strike every one reading the above statement, that, in all its applications, the rocket must be the cheapest possi- ble arm. Rocket Light Ball, also invented by Mr. Congreve, is a species of light ball thrown into the air by means of one of his rockets, where having reached the summit of the rocket's ascent, it is detached from it by an explosion, and remains suspended in the air by a small ROC ( 761 ) R O I parachute to which it is connected by a chain, Thus, in lieu of the transient and momentary gleam obtained by the common light ball, a permanent arid brilliant light is obtained and suspended in the air for five minutes at least, so as to afford time and light sufficient to observe the motions of an enemy by night either on shore, or at sea, where it is particularly useful in chasing, or for giving more distant and extensive night signals. It is to be observed that nothing of this Kind can be obtained by the projectile force of either guns or mortars — because the explosion would infallibly destroy any construction that could he made to produce the suspen- sion in the air. Floating Rocket Carcass. This is another of Mr. Congreve's applications of his rocket, and of the parachute, for the purpose of conveying combustible matter to distances far beyond the range of any known projectile force: at the same time that it is cheap, simple and portable. The floating carcass, like the light ball, is thrown into the air, attached to a rocket, from which, being liberated at its greatest altitude, and suspended by a small parachute, it is driven for- ward by the wind, and will in a moderate breeze afford ranges at least double those of the common carcass, and may, there- fore, for naval purposes, from a block- ading squadron, be thrown in great quantities with a fair wind against any fleet or arsenal, without the smallest risk, or without approaching within range either of guns or mortars : thus, during the blockade of the Russian fleet at Baltic Port, it might have been con- tinually used, at all events, with great prospect of success, and certainly where other . means of annoyance whatever exist. ROD. See Measuring. Rod, a switch carried by a horse- man, in his right hand, partly to repre- sent a sword, and partly to conduct the horse, and second the effects of the hand and heels. Rod, a measure of length, containing by statute, sixteen feet and a half English. Rod of iron. — To govern or command with a rod of iron. — A figurative ex- pression, signifying to treat those over whom we have command or rule, with unqualified severity; to act as tyrants. RODS, or rammers, instruments either of iron or wood, to drive home the charges of muskets, carabines, and pis- tols. Rods, sticks fastened to sky-rockets, to make them rise in a straight line. RODOMONT, Fr. a bully ; an un- military character. Faire le Rodomont, Fr. to bully; to talk loudly, without possessing the real spirit of a man, or soldier. RODOMONTADE, Fr. rodomon- tade ; the act of bullying, vain boasting, or arrogating to ourselves qualities which we do not possess. A French writer has very justly observed, that there can- not be a greater defect in the character of an officer than an over-weening dis- play of real or fictitious talents. The word is derived from one Rodomond, the hero, or principal character in an old romance, who makes himself con- spicuously ridiculous in this way. ROGNURES, Fr. shreds; scrapings; parings. ROGUES's-mo/c^.. See March. ROHILLAL, lnd. a tribe of Afghans no other means of annoyance could have inhabiting the country north of the been applied. The rocket containing this carcass is not larger than the32-pounder rocket carcass; and the whole expense added to the rocket does not exceed 5s. : nor are the approaches of the carcass itself necessarily visible by night, as it may be arranged not to inflame till some time after it has settled. It is evidently, therefore, capable of becoming a very harassing weapon, with a great chance of doing as much mischief as any other carcass amongst large fleets and flotillas, by lodging unperceived in the rigging, or lighting, in exten- sive arsenals, in situations where no Ganges, as far as the Suba of Oude to the eastward. ROI, Fr. king. Roi a" amies, Fr. See King at Arms. Le Roi i?avisera, Fr. the King will consider. By these words written on a bill presented to the King by the Parlia- ment, is understood his absolute denial of that bill in civil terms, and it is there- by wholly made null and void. Le Roi le veid, Fr. the King is willing, A term in which the royal assent is signified by the clerk of the Parliament to the public bills ; giving authority to 5E ROL ( w ) ROL ihosr, which before were of no force or virtue. l)e par le Ror, Fr. by the king's order. ROKER, fad. cash. KOLE, Fr. a muster-roll, state, or return. The word rule is used among the French, indiscriminately, to signify, either the effective force of an army, or the actual quantity of stores and ammu- nition which the magazines contain. To Roll in duty, an old term which is seldom used at present, although ex- tremely appropriate, and which corre- sponds with the French term router. It signifies to take one's turn upon duty, and to be subject to a fixed roster ac- cording to rank and precedence. When officers of the same rank take their turns upon duty, pursuant to some established roster, as captains with captains, and subalterns with subalterns, and com- mand according to the seniority of their commissions, they are said to roll in duty. To Roll, to continue one uniform beat of the drum, without variation, for a certain length of time. When a line is advancing in full front, or in echelon, for any considerable distance, the music of one regulating battalion may, at intervals, be permitted to phi v for a few seconds at a time, and the drums of the other battalions may be allowed occasionally to roll; drums like- wise roll when troops are advancing to the charge. Limg-Rott, a beat of drum by which troops are assembled at any particular spot of rendezvous, or parade. Muster-RoLL, a return, given bv paymasters, on which are written the names of both officers and soldiers of the regiment, troop, or company, with their country, age, and service. $<7«arf-liur.r., a list containing the names of each particular squad. Every non-commissioned officer and corporal, who is entrusted with the care and ma- nagement of a squad, must have a roll of this kind. Stzc-lioi.i , a list containing the names of all the men belonging to a troop, or company, with the height, or stature of each specifically marked. Every Ser- jeant keeps a regular size roll, and every captain of a troop, or company, ought to have one likewise. RoLL-ca//, the culling over the names ol the several men who compose any part of a military body. This neces- sary duty is done by serjeauts of com- panies, morning and evening, in every well regulated corps. Hence morning roll-cull, and evening roll-call. On cri- tical occasions, and in services that re- quire promptitude and exertion, fre- quent roll-calls should be made. ROLLER, a small wheel placed at the foot of the hammer of a gun, or pistol lock, in order to lessen the fric- tion of it against the hammer, or feather spring. Roller, a stuffed bandage from 4 to 6 inches broad, which serves to keep the cloth upon a horse's back. It is fastened by means of leathern straps with buckles, and is made of woollen stuff, or Russia duck, to correspond with the winter or summer clothing. There are also very broad rollers used for the purpose of confining the carcass of a horse that may be running to belly. Roller likewise means a long piece of wood which was formerly rounded and made taper to suit the regulated size of a military tail. Rolleu, in surgery, a long and broad ligature, usually made of linen cloth, tor binding, surrounding, and contain- ing the parts of the human body, and keeping them in their proper situation, thereby disposing them to a state of health and redintegration. ROLLERS are round pieces of wood of about nine inches diameter, and four feet long, used in moving pieces of artil- lery from one place to another. Rollers, ) with carpenters, masons, Rolls, j &c. are plain cylinders of wood, seven or eight inches in di- ameter, and three or four feet in length, used for removing beams, large stones, or other weights of a similar kind. These rollers are placed successively under the fore part of the massives or heavy bodies that are to be removed ; which at the same time are pushed for- ward by means of levers, &c. applied behind. Endless Rollers are rollers used to remove blocks of marble, or other loads of excessive weight. ROLLING, in mechanics, is a kind of circular motion, in which the moveable turns round its own axis or center, and continually applies new parts of it* R O M ( 763 ) RON surface to the body upon which it moves. The motion of rolling is op- posed to that of sliding, in which the same surface is continually applied to the plane along which it moves. The friction of a body in rolling, or the resistance made to it by the rough- ness of the plane upon which it moves, is found to be much less than the fric- tion in sliding. ROMAINE, Fr. a steelyard, or ba- lance for weighing things of various weights by one single weight, as from one single pound to 112 pounds, ROMANS. Before the establishment of the mess at the Horse Guards, which was formerly paid out of the King's privy purse, and is now charged in the extra- ordinaries of the army, the captain of the guard at St. James's kept a table for the subalterns attached to that duty. In order to enable the captains to sup- port these expenses, a certain number of men were allowed to work in the me- tropolis, on condition that they left their pay in the hands of their officers : these men were called Romans, ROMAN Catholics, a name given to all such Christians as acknowledge the Pope's supremacy. The English and Irish Roman Catholics were formerly subjected to very severe restrictions on account of their religious opinions. The penal code has, however, been gradually relaxed in their favour during the pre- sent reign. Roman order, in architecture. This order is the same as the Composite. It was invented by the Romans, in the reign of Augustus, and placed above all others, to shew that the Romans were lords over other nations. It is made up of the Ionic and Corinthian orders. ROMPRE, Fr. to break; to divide, &c. Rompre un bataillon, Fr. in military evolutions, to break a battalion into a given number of parts for the purpose of defiling, &c. Rompre en colonnc, Fr. to break into column. Rompre la ligne, Fr. to break the line; to advance against a force drawn up in battle array, so as to force through its continuity of line, and thereby occa- sion the greatest confusion. Admiral Sir George Rodney first practised this manoeuvre at sea, and defeated the French fled under Count de Grasse, on the 12th of April, 1778; Lord Howe did the same on the 1st of June, 1793, and after him Lord Nelson at the battle of the Nile, and at Trafalgar. No general, however, availed himself of the supe- riority of this manoeuvre in land engage- ments, so much as the late Emperor of the French. Rompre un cheval, Fr. to break a horse ; to supple him, &c. Rompre xif, Fr. to break alive upon the wheel. During the French mo- narchy, soldiers conspiring against their sovereign, or concealing a conspiracy, were broken alive upon the wheel. Chemin ROMPU, Fr. a cragged broken road. Rompu aux affaires militaires, Fr. well versed in military economy. RONDACHE, Fr. a sort of shield which the French formerly used, and which is still carried by the Spaniards. RONDEL, in fortification, a round tower, sometimes erected at the foot of a bastion. RONDES, Fr. See Rounds. RoNDE-wq/or, Fr. town-major's round; so called from the town-major visiting the different quarters of a garrison dur- ing the night. This round, in some de- gree, corresponds with our Grand Round. See Round. Rondes roulantes, Fr. rounds that are made by officers, Serjeants, or cor- porals, over a certain part of the ram- parts. These agree with our visiting rounds. Ronde d'officier, Fr. officer's round. Chemin dcs Rondes, Fr. a path marked out for the convenience of the rounds. Ronde de gouverneur, Fr. the go- vernor's round. The French method of ascertaining the nature of the several rounds is by challenging in the same manner that we do, viz. Qui va la? Who goes there? This must be said sufficiently loud for the main guard to hear. He is instantly answered — Ronde de Gouverneur, Go- vernor's rounds ; Ronde-Major, Major's rounds, or grand rounds, and so on, ac- cording to the nature of the rounds. The sentry who stands posted near the guard-house, after having cried out De- meurez-la, stop there, or, as we say, Stop round, cries out again, Caporat hors de la garde, Corporal from the guard. The corporal of the guard wick 5E 2 It () o ( 761 ) ROP his sword drawn, according to the French custom, repeats, Qui va la f Who comes there? He is answered Romlc, round. He then says, Avance qui a t'ordre, Let him advance who has the parole, or countersign; or, as we say, Advance one, and give the countersign. Ronde des ojjiciers de piquet, Fr, piquet rounds. Ronde pesante, Fr. a garrison trick which was formerly played on cadets in the French service, to try their tempers. It was a burlesque on the regular rounds, and was performed in the following manner : The cadet, accompanied by an officer, went the romids with a sack on his back. He was challenged, Qui vire f — Ronde. — Quelle ronde? — Ronde pc- sunle, — Avance qui a Vordrc. — Accor- dingly, the cadet advanced, and the sen- try putastoneinto the sack, saying Passe, lourdaut — Pass, sluggard. The sentries, as it will be readily supposed, were numerous on the occasion, being offi- cers, and the cadet had 50 or 60 pounds of stones to carry home. The natural levity of the French character, and its apparent childishness in familiar inter- course, may account for this extraordi- nary mixture of grave and humourous conduct. Rondes chez les Turcs, Fr. See Turkish Rounds. RONDELLE, Fr. a small round shield, which was formerly used by light armed infantry. It likewise means a part of the carriage of a gun. RONDELIERS, Fr. Soldiers who were armed with rondelles, or small wooden shields, covered with leather, were anciently so called. ROOF, in architecture, is the upper part of any building. The roof contains the timber work and its covering of slate or tile, or what- soever serves it as a cover, although carpenters usually mean by rooj\ the timber-work only. Roofs are variously formed ; being sometimes pointed ; in which case the most beautiful proportion is, to have its profde an equilateral triangle. .ROOLET, Fr. a watchword among the French clergy, during the civil wars ot France, signifying a collection of the pensions of those eminent persons, who had undertaken to protect them. ROOM, space, extent of space, great or small ; any part of a building for the accommodation of individuals; as barrack room, orderly room ; viz. the orderly room at St. James's, mess room, guard room, officers' rooms, soldiers' rooms, and store room, for the duty of the regiment. ROOMS, in a military sense, are those parts of a building or barrack which, by specific instructions, the dif- ferent barrack masters must provide and furnish, for the accommodation of the King's troops in Great Britain or elsewhere. The schedule, as published by authority, describes the number of rooms allowed in barracks for the com- missioned, warrant, and non-commis- sioned officers, and private men. ROPE, a cord; a string; a halter; a cable; a haulser. Rope, cord, or strap, is a great strap tied round a pillar, to which a horse is fastened, when horsemen begin toquicken and supple him, and teach him to fly fiom the shambrier, and not to gallop false. In maneges that have no pillar, a man stands in the center of the ground, holding the end of the rope. Rope of sand, a phrase in familiar use, to signify disunion, want of adhe- sion and continuity.— Thus the colonel and the captains of a regiment disagree- ing may be called a rope of sand. ROPES are of various length and thickness, according to the uses they are made for; such as drags for the gin, for the sling-cart and wagon, &c. Ropes of tzco pillars are the ropes, or reins of a cavesson, used to a horse that works between two pillars. Drag-RoFES, in the artillery, by which the soldiers pull the guns back- ward or forward, both at practice and in an engagement, are of the following dimensions, viz. — For a 24-pounder, 54 feet long, with the loop-holes for the pegs included, and 5j; inches in circum- ference; for 18 and 12-pounders, 48 feet long, and 4 inches in circum- ference; for 6 and 3-pounders, 39 feet long, and 1| inch in circumference. For 13 and 10-inch howitzers, 45 feet long, and 6^ inches in circumference; for 8-inch howitzers, 48 feet long, and 4 inches in circumference ; for all other howitzers, 35 feet long, and 2 inches in circumference. Picket Ropes. See Picket. Hea (/-Ropes, ropes affixed to the heads of horses for any particular purpose. ROT ( 705 ) ROU 7fee/-RoPES, ropes affixed to the hind legs of horses for some direct purpose. ROQUE, Tr. a blockhouse, or strong hold built upon a rock. ROSACE ou ROSASSE, Fr. in ar- chitecture. See Rose. ROSE, in architecture, &c. is an or- nament cut so as to resemble a rose. The rose is chiefly used in friezes, cornices, vaults of churches, and parti- cularly in the middle of each face of the Corinthian abacus. It is also used in the spaces between the niodilions under the plafonds of cornices. RosE-buds. See Nails. ROSETTE, an ornamental bunch of black riband, or cut leather, which was worn both by officers and soldiers in the British service, on the upper part of their cues, when those appendages were deemed necessary. Rosettes, two small bunches of ribands that are attached to the loops by which the gorget of an officer is sus- pended upon his chest. The colour of the riband must correspond with the facing of the uniform. The French use the same word. ROSETTE, Fr. molten copper, such as is used in the allay or mixture of metals for cannon and mortal's. ROSIN. See Resin. ROSSE, Fr. a jade; a sorry horse. ROSTER, in military affairs, is a plan, or table, by which the duty of offi- cers, entire battalions, and squadrons, is regulated. ROSTRAL Crown, (couronne rostrale, Fr.) a crown which was bestowed upon that Roman soldier who should first leap on board an enemy's ship. We wonder some honourable marks of distinction are not given to British sailors for feats of valour. Medals are bestowed upon the non-commissioned officers and sol- diers in the army. ROSTRUM, a Latin word which lite- rally means the beak or bill of a bird, and figuratively the prow of a vessel. There was in a public place in ancient Rome, a tribunal ornamented with va- rious prows of ships, which the Romans had taken from the Antiati. The ora- tors, who harangued the people in public, mounted this Rostrum. Hence the Roman phrase; to speak from above the rostra or prows. ROTATION, in geometry, is the circumvolution of a surface round aw immoveable line called the axis of ro- tation. ROTULE, Fr. the knee-ball. ROU AGE, Fr. the wheel-work of a carriage, ike. Bois de Rouage, Fr. timber to make- wheels with. ROU ANNE, Fr. a concave iron in- strument, which is used for the purpose of enlarging the hollow of a pump. It likewise signifies a mark. Belidor writes the word boinette, and says it is a small tool with which carpenters and coopers mark wood. ROUANNER, Fr. to bore; also to mark casks. ROUE, Fr. a libertine; one whose principles of morality are considerably relaxed, but who is not sufficiently vitiated in his manners to be excluded from society. The French make a familiar use of the term, particularly among officers, and do not affix any de- gree of stigma to it. They say, on the contrary, Cest un aimable roue; he is an agreeable, gay fellow. ROUE, Fr. See Wheel. Muitresse Rou e, Fr. great wheel. Roue de feu, Fr. an artificial fire- work. See Sole r L tourna?it. ROUELLE, or wheel spur. See Spur. ROUER de coups, Fr. to beat un- mercifully. ROUET, Fr. a small solid wheel, made of steel, formerly fixed to the pans of blunderbusses and pistols, for the purpose of firing them oft'. Arquebuses et Pisto/ets oRouet, Fr. blunderbusses and pistols to which a small wheel was attached. These fire- arms are now very little known ; some, however, are still to be found in arsenals; being kept there merely for curiosity. Rouet, Fr. a circular assemblage of four or more platforms, of oak, to form the foundation of a well, &c. upon which is placed the first lay of dry rub- ble, stone, or bricks. Rouet de poulie, Fr. sheave of a pulley. Rouet de moulin, Fr. the cog wheel of a mill. It is called rouet dentele. Rouet de serrure, Fr. scutcheon of a lock. Rouet d'arquebuse, Fr. lock of an arquebuse. ROUGES, loulets Rouges, Fr. red- hot-balls. R O U ( 766 ) KOI/ TIOI 1 OH Riilcr, a person who is in- dispensably necessary in every cavalry regiment, lie is a sort of non-commis- liooed officer, and should always asso- ciate with the serjeants in preference to the private men. Rough Riders are the assistants of the riding master, and one should al- ways he appointed to eacli troop. '1 lie necessary qualifications, for every rough rider, (independently of a thorough knowledge of horsemanship,)are activity, seal, and good conduct. No Rough Rider ought to be an offi- cer's servant, as his situation puts him ahove the level of common men. Rough Riders are generally paid five guineas a year as a compensation for their trouble; they likewise receive 10s. od. from every officer who learns to ride, and from every officer who has a horse broke at the riding school. This money is divided equally amongst them. Every Rough Rider must provide himself with a proper jacket for the riding school business, according to the pattern fixed upon in the regiment. When it is found absolutely necessary to employ non-commissioned officers as Rough Riders, they must do as much troop duty as they can. To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as td adapt them to military purposes. 'To Rough it, a cant phrase used among military men, signifying to face every sort of hardship. To Rouca-ride a person, to take ad- vantage of the zeal or good-nature of another for one's own convenience or advantage, without any reciprocal feeling. This word agrees with our school-boy term to fug. Rough casting. See Plastering. Rough mortar, a mortar chiefly used in the county of Kent. It is made of a sort of sand, which, when mixed with lime, makes it look as red as blood. Powder of cinders is thrown into the mixture, which changes it to a bluish colour, w ith which they rough cast their houses. ROULE, Fr. in navigation, course at sea. ROULEAU, Fr. a cylindrical piece of wood with iron ferrels at both ends, and with mortises fitted to the end of the lever. Roulf.au de cartouche, Fr. a cylm* drical solid piece of wood used in making cartridges. ROULEAUX, Fr. round bundles of fascines tied together. They serve to cover men, when the works are pushed close to a besieged town, or to mask the bead of a work. Rouleaux sans Jin, Fr. called also tours tcrriacs, are wooden rollers, put together with cross-quarters of timber ; they are used for the conveyance of heavy burthens, ike. ROULEMEN8, Fr. the several rolls or ruffles beat upon a drum, as prepa- ratives for exercise, &c. ROULER, Fr. to be subject to a fixed roster according to rank and pre- cedence. See To Roll. Roui.er, Fr. to be in motion; to be stirring. The French say, figura- tively, U argent route, money is stirring, or in plentiful circulation. They also say, speaking of any particular point, tout route fa-dessus, that is the main point, or all turns upon that. ROULIER, Fr. a wagoner, a carman. Chevul Rouher, Fr. a large carl- horse. ROULIS, Fr. large round stakes of wood. - ROUND, from the French ronde. In military matters, a visitation ; a per- sonal attendance through a certain cir- cuit of ground to see that all is well. A round consists, in the ordinary way, of a detachment from the main guard, of an officer or a non-commissioned officer and (3 men, who go round the rampart of a garrison, to listen if any thing be stirring without the place, and to see that the sentinels be diligent upon their duty, and all in order. In strict garri- sons the rounds go every half hour. The sentinels are to challenge at a dis- tance, and to port their arms as the round passes. All guards turn out, challenge, exchange the parole, and pre- sent arms. Rounds are ordinary and extraordi- nary. The ordinarv rounds are three : the Tow n- majors Round, the Grand Round, and the Visiting Round. Grand Rounds, the rounds which are gone by general officers, governors, commandants, or field officers. When there are no officers of the day on picket, the officer of the main guard in garrison may go the grand rounds. ROU ( 767 ) ROU Visiting Rounds, rounds gone by captains, subalterns, and the town-ma- jors of garrisons. The Grand Rounds generally go at midnight; the Visiting Rounds at inter- mediate periods, between sun-set and the reveille. The Grand Rounds receive the parole, and all other rounds ghe it to the guard. There are also a species of bastard rounds, (if we may be permitted the expression,) which arc gone by a corporal and a file of men; and which are in rea- lity nothing more than apatrole. When challenged, they answer, Pat. Rounds, i. e. Patrole Rounds. The governor of a garrison can order the rounds to go as often as he may judge expedient. Extraordinary rounds are resorted to when any particular event or occurrence is expected, and in cases of tumult, &c. The going the rounds, though gene- rally considered among the inferior duties of military discipline, ought to be most scrupulously attended to; and we are sorry to have the opinion of many good officers with us, when we assert, that a specific regulation is wanted upon this head. It will be observed, that we call the duty when done by the town-major, &c. round, not rounds, as is erroneously practised. Turkish Rounds. The Turks are in the habit of going the rounds like other nations, for the purpose of ascertaining whether sentries are alert and vigilant on their posts. They call the rounds vol. They start from the guard-house, and the person who goes with them has no other weapon of defence than a stick in his hand. He is accompanied by a corporal who carries a lanthern. He observes whether at his approach the sentry instantly cries out, Jcgder Allah, which signifies Good God. If any sentry should be found asleep, or be backward in crying out Jcgder Allah, he is put into prison, and there severely bastina- doed. The Turks never give a parole or countersign, in camp or in garrison. The design of rounds is not only to visit the guards, and keep the sentinels alert, but likewise to discover what passes in the outworks, and beyond them. Round- Major, (ronde-major, Fr.) the round which the town-major goes in a fortified place. The officers of the guard receive him with two musketeers, and give him the word once, when he goes that round. When the governor of a town goes his round, the officers turn out the guard without arms, and send four musketeers to receive him at ten paces distance, and give him the word as often as he chuses to demand it. All other rounds, without exception, are obliged to give the word to the corporal of the guard. ROUNB-Parades. See Parades. Rou nd- Robin, a compact of honour which officers enter into, (when they have cause of complaint against their supe- rior -officer,) to state their grievances, and to endeavour to obtain redress, without subjecting one individual more than another to the odium of being a leader, or chief mover. The term is a corruption of ruban rond, which sig- nifies a round ribbond. It was usual among French officers, when they signed a remonstrance, to write their names in a circular form, so that it was im- possible to ascertain who signed first. Hence to sign a round robin against any person, is for a specific number of men to sign, one and all, a remon- strance against him. Colonels of regi- ments have been sometimes treated in this manner. Great judgment, operating upon motives grounded in strong facts, should always influence on these nice occasions. For it is possible, that on a serious investigation of the motives, ccc. the round robin may be construed into, and proved to be, a conspiracy. ROUND. A general discharge of cannon or fire-arms is so called. The French use the word salve on this oc- casion ; ronde being confined to the act of visiting posts, &c. ROU N D, or Volt, a circular tread. To Round a horse, or to make him round, is a general expression for all sqrts of manege upon rounds; so that to round a horse upon a trot, gallop, or otherwise, is to make him carry his shoulders and his haunches compactly or roundly, upon a greater or smaller circle, without traversing or bearing to a side. To round your horse the better, make use of a cord or strap, held in the center, till he has acquired the habit of rounding, and not making points. Rov a D-iotvers, buildings constructed It o u ( 768 ) ROW in ancient times at small distances from one another, with portions of wall be- tween, for the defence of a town. To Round off] to give a compact circular form to any thing. Thus, in the Requisition of territory, the acces- sion of any particular portion of land or country in a given direction, is said to round the possessor off on that side. It' Russia, for instance, had made her- self mistress of Sweden, and incorpo- rated that kingdom in her own vast empire, such au act would have round- fit her off on the strongest part of Europe. ROUNDELLE, or lionduchc, a spe- cies of shield which was used by our Norman ancestors. ROUPIE, Fr. rupee. An Indian coin, equal to two shillings and three pence British. ROURA, hid. a term used to ex- press Lord, Sir, Master, Worship. ROUSE, one of the bugle-horn soundings for duty. It is derived from the German word which signifies To turn out. ROUSSEN, a strong, well-knit, well-stowed horse, which commonly goes into France from Germany and Holland. ROUT, (dcroute, Fr.) confusion of an army or body of men defeated or dispersed. To Rout, to put to the Rout; to defeat, to throw into confusion, tkc. ROUTE, (route, Fr.) a term used in military matters to express the destina- tion of one or more bodies of armed men. The destination of the troops originates in the Cabinet; their specific movements are planned by the quarter- master-general, who makes minutes thereof for the Secretary at War, the latter giving the stamp of office, and sending them into circulation : to him falls the task of accounting to parlia- ment for the expenses of military move- ments in Great Britain. ,1/«)t//c Route, Fr. route of march. The French use this term is contradis- tinction to marche jnanauvre, march in manoeuvring. Pas de Route, Fr. stepping at ease, or marching with the least possible re- straint. See Pas. Feuille de Route, Fr. a military pn>^. ROUTIER, Fr. a ruttier. The French say figuratively, Cest un vieux routier, he is an old stager. KOUT1ERS, )Fr. Routier sig- BRABAN90NS,>mfies, literally, a COTEREAUX, ) ruttier, or a man constantly plying upon the road. Rou- liert, according to the author of the A'ouveau Dictionrwire j\lilitaire, were formerly a gang of adventurers or ban- ditti in Brabant; who by degrees form- ed themselves into armed troops and companies, and were hired by those who paid them best. These Braban- cous were called Cotereaux and Rou- tiers, because they were constantly lurking about the skirts and heights, &c. of places, and in the highways. ROUTINE, Fr. This word has been adopted by us in the same sense that it is familiarly used by the French. It signifies capacity, or the faculty of ar- ranging; a certain method in business, civil or military, which is rather ac- quired by habit and practice than by regular study and rule. We say fami- liarly, the routine of business. Routine also signifies general cus- tom or usage, as the routine of any par- ticular service. Thus the routine qf the old Portugueze army was to have field officers, captains, and subalterns, who, out of their respective military duties, were liable to serve in menial capacities. We have a particular in- stance of this case in what occurred* when the famous Count de la Lippe was dining with the Marquis of Pom- balle, then Prime Minister, at Lisbon. The Count had passed the troops in review, and when he dined at the Mar- quis's was not a li tie surprized to see a person in livery, whom he perfectly recollected to have reviewed at the head of a company of soldiers. After the servants had withdrawn, he ex- pressed his surprize on this head. Pom- balle calmly replied, " O, this is the routine of our army ! You might have seen my valet, who is a lieutenant- colonel in the army." This anecdote is the best proof we can furnish of the then degraded state of the Portugueze army. ROUVERIN, Fr. brittle iron, such as easily breaks when it is committed to the forge. Cheval ROUVIEUX, Fr. a horse that has the poll-evil, or dry mange. ROWANNA, or Rovinda, Ind. a ROY ( 769 passport or certificate from the collec- tor of the customs. ROWEL, the pointed wheel of a horseman's spur. Rowel, in surgery, a sort of issue which is made in man or horse, by drawing a skein of silk or thread through the nape of the neck. ROW ELLIN G of horses, an ope- ration performed by a farrier or vete- rinary surgeon, or even by a groom, when a small slit is made through the skin, three or four inches below the part aggrieved, in order to let out some foul humour. ROXANA, Ind. an Indian term ex- pressive of great magnificence; resplen- dence. ROY, Ind. a Hindoo priest. ROYAL, (royal, Fr.) belonging to a king; kingly. Royal assent, the assent of the King to an Act which has passed both Houses of Parliament. The term Royal is likewise applied, by way of distinction, to corps and es- tablishments, viz. Royal Train of Ar- tillery, Royal Artillery Drivers, Royal Wagon Train, Royal Marines, &c. Royal arm//, an army marching with heavy cannon, capable, of besieg- ing a strong fortification, ccc. Royal standard. See Standard. Royal parapet, in fortification, a %ank about three toises broad, and six feet high, placed upon the brink of the rampart, towards the enemy : its use is to cover those who defend the ram- part. Royal Academy. See Academy. Royal Arsenal. See Arsenal. Royal word, the word of a sovereign. Royal Military School at Paris. See School. ROYALS, in artillery, small mortars, which carry a shell 5^ inches in dia- meter. They are mounted on beds the same as other mortars. The ROYALS. This term is applied to the First Regiment of Foot, which is likewise sometimes called Itoyal Scotch Royals. It is supposed to be the oldest regular corps in Europe. The men ori- ginally went out of Scotland, and en- tered into the French service. They afterwards returned to England in 1033, during the reign of Charles the First, and were styled, The First, or Royal Regiment of Foot. ROYALISE, ic, Fr. brought over to ) R U D the royal cause ; attached to the kingly dignity. ROYALISER, Fr. An expression which has been made use of since the commencement of the French Revolu- tion : it signifies to wean the mind from revolutionary principles; to attach it to legitimate sovereignty. ROYALISME, Fr. an attachment to the royal cause. The French used to say, figuratively, Us sentent le royal- isme, they are attached to the royal cause. A ROYALIST, (Royaliste, Fr.) one who is of the King's or Queen's party, and who maintains his or her interest. ROZEENDAR, Ind. a person hold- ing a yearly pension. ROZENADAR, Ind. one who re- ceives an allowance daily. ROZENAMA, Ind. a day-book. RUADE, Fr. a horse's jerking with his heels. To RUB down, to clean or curry a horse. RUBBLE, any loose materials, such as broken bricks, stones, &c. which are thrown into a confined space, for the purpose of resisting water, &c. RUBBY, Ind. a division of the year containing the months of Chaite or 3d mouth, from the 11th of March to the 10th of April. Bysac or 4th month, from the 11th April, to the 11th of May. Icet or 5th month; Assam or 6th month, from the 12th of June to the 13lh of July. Sohan or 7th month, in some manner, agrees with July and August. Buudoon, or the same as Icet, from the 11th of May to the 12th of June. The other half of the year is called Dereef. RUBICAN colour of a horse is a bay sorrel or black, with a light grey, or white upon the flank; but so that the grey or white is not predominant in those parts. RUDENTURE, in architecture, the figure of a rope or staff", sometimes plain, sometimes cut carved, with which the third part of theflutings of columns are filled up. According to M. Le Clerc, ruden- tures are sometimes cut in the flutings, to strengthen, their sides, and render them less lianfe to be broken. RUDIMENTS, the first principles, the elements of any particular science. Hence — Rudiments of rear, the first prin- 5 F K U L ( ??<* ) n r m clples of war; as the drill, manual, and platoon exercises, manoeuvres, &c. &c. It IK, Fr. street. Rve passant e, Fr. thoroughfare. Ki i (/c traverse, Fr. cross-street. RUERj Fr. to fling; to jerk. Ruer rfe grands coups, Fr, to strike hard, or with violence. & RuBtt sur, Fr. to rush upon, as avail v do in a charge. RUFFLE, (roulement, Fr.) a term used among the drummers of a British • • • c i ■ regiment, to signify a sort oi vibrating Bound, wliicl) is made upon a drum, and is less loud than the roll. To beat a RcFPLE, to make a low vibrating noise upon the drum. It is generally practised in paying a military compliment to a general officer, and at military funerals. A lieutenant-general is entitled to three ruffles. A major-general to two ruffles. A brigadier-general to one ruffle. RUG, (couverture velue, Fr.) a coarse nappy coverlet. Each set of bedding which is provided for regimental hos- pitals has one rug. RUGINE, Fr. an instrument with which a surgeon scales bones. RUILLEE, Fr. among titers and slaters, a covering of plaster which is used to keep slates or tiles even with the walls, tSrc. RUJLLER, Fr. to establish marks for the purpose of rendering surfaces and places correct. RUINE, Fr. literally signifies ruin. It is used by the French in a warlike sense. liattre tn Ruine, Fr. to defeat an enemy in such a manner as to destroy nil his means of talking the field again. RUINER un pays, Fr. to Jay waste a country. RUINES, Fr. ruins. RUINURE, Fr. a jag, or notch made with a hatchet in the sides of joists, or rafters, in order to keep together brick or mortar pannels in a wooden front or partition, or to maintain the spaces between two joists or posts in a flooring. RULE, in a general sense, govern- ment, sway, empire. — In, a more con- fined one, canon, precept, direction, lb nee, Rules and Regulations for the Government of the arm v. To Rule over, to govern; to command. Rule, a simple instrument, com- monly made of hard wood, thin, narrow and straight, used in drawing lines, measuring distances, &c. There are different sorts of rules, all of which are necessary in many branches of mi- litary architecture, viz. A Mason's Rule is 12 or 15 feet long, and is applied under the level for regulating the courses, and for making the pied roitfl equal. A Carpenter's Rule is an instru- ment generally made of boxwood, 21 inches long, and one and a half broad; each inch being subdivided into eight parts. On the same side with these divisions, is usually Gunter's line of num- • bers. On the other side are the lines of timber and broad measure. A StonC'Cut/er's Rule is commonly four feet long, and divided into feet and inches. Rule called Cogglesball's sliding rule, a rule used in the mensuration of arti- ficer's work. Rule of Three, i commonly Rule of Proportion, S called the Golden Rule, is a rule which teaches how to find a fourth proportional num- ber to three others given. RULES and Articles. Under this term may be considered the military code of the British army. They com- prehend 24 sections, divided into sepa- rate articles, and contain the substance of the Mutiny Act, which passes annu- ally for the government of all the King's forces. For rules relating to courts-martial, in cases where the Life Guards and Horse Guards, likewise where the Foot Guards are concerned, see Articles of War. Rules and Regulations. Two books so entituled, which have been indus- triously and ably compiled by General Sir David Dundas, from Saldein, &c. and which are published by authority, for the discipline of the British army. One book specifically relates to the formations, field exercises and move- ments of the infantry; the other to those of the cavalry; and both are ordered to be strictly observed and prac- tised, without any deviation therefrom. RUMB dc vent, Fr. point of the compass. RuMii or rum, Fr. the hold of a ship. RUMOUR, a desultory, loose report of what may, or may not be. RUP ( 771 ) R U S To spread false Rvmqvrs, to circu- late things without the foundation of reality. Reports, &c. are sometimes circulated by means of spies, deserters, &c. for the purpose of covering some particular design, or intended operation. Rumours of this kind should be cau- tiously listened to by the commanding officer of the army through which they are spread. It sometimes happens, that individuals, through wantonness, or from some other motive, create alarms among their own people by anticipating some looked for, or dreaded event. This offence is not only punishable by the civil law, but, being contrary to good order and discipline, is rigidly so in every army. To RUN the gantlope, to undergo a punishment which has been allotted for considerable offences in some foreign countries. When a soldier lias been sentenced to run the gantlope, the regi- ment is drawn out in two ranks facing inwards; each soldier having a switch in each hand, lashes the criminal as he runs along, naked from the waist up- wards. While he runs, the drums beat at each end of the ranks. Sometimes he runs 3, 5, or 7 times, according to the nature of the offence. The major is on horseback, and takes care that each soldier does his duty. This punish- ment is not known in the British ser- vice. RUN. To run a horse is to put him to his utmost speed, and to keep him on a quick resolute gallop, as long as he is able to hold it. Galloping and running are not synonimous terms, though vulgarily thought so; for run- ning implies a degree of velocity, which the mere action of galloping does not reach. RUNNING-j?re. See Fire. A Running sentinel. See Senti- nel. RUPEE, a silver coin which varies in its value according to the part of India in which it is current. Rupees struck by the English are generally worth two shillings and three-pence. Sicca-Rui'EE, a coin in India some- what higher than the sonaut rupee. Sonaul-Ru fee, lad. a coin in India. When the pay of an oflicer belonging to the Company's service is issued in England, the sonaut rupee is valued at two shillings and sixpence. The army in Bengal, &c. is always paid in sonaut rupees, which makes a difference of 4 percent, between the sicca rupees in which coin the civilians are paid. RUPTARII, Routers and Ryters, sti- pendiary foreign troops who were paid out of the privy purse by our ancient kings, or suffered to live upon free quarters. They were known by the various names of Ruptarii, Routers and Ryters : the last term comes from the German signifying a horseman or knight. They were also called Brabancons, or persons from Brabant, now Belgium, Provencales, Coterelli and Flemings, and were really a set of freebooters of all nations, ready to embrace any side for hire. RUPTURE, a disease which dis- qualifies a man from being admitted as a soldier; but as some men are ca- pable of producing and reducing a rupture with great ease, they should not be discharged in slight cases, as by the use of a truss they may be enabled to do duty for a long time. See Truss. Rupture. This word signifies the commencement of hostilities between any two or more powers. Rupture, incording, or burstenness, in a horse, is when the rim or thin film, or caul, which h 'ds up his entrails, is broken or overstrained, or stretched, so that the guts fall down. The signs which indicate a rupture in a horse, are his forsaking his meat, and standing shoring and leaning on the side where he is hurt. RUSE, Fr. cunning, trick, ingenuity. It is applied to military matters, and signifies stratagem. RUSER, Fr. to make use of strata- gems. II est permis de ruscr a la guerre, it is lawful to make use of strata-tms in war. RUSES de guerre, Fr. stratagems of war. See Stratagems. RUSSOOT, Ind. a tribe of Hindoos, whose particular duty is the care of horses. RUSSUMDAR, Ind. a person de- riving a particular perquisite. RUSTRE, IV. According to the author of the Nouveau Dictionaaire Mitituire, a lance which the stneieuts used in prize-fighting was so called. We have carefully examined our Latin au- thorities for its derivation, but the only word that seems to approach its mean- ing is, RUTRUM, which Adam Littleton 5F2 SAB ( 7?2 ) SAB thus interprets; an instrument where- with Band or such like is digged out. A mattock, a spade, a shovel, a pick- axe, a hoe; also an instrument where- with .sand is mingled and beaten with lime, to make mortar with. Also a strickle. In the Lexicon Militate, authore Carolo a Aquino, S.J. RutTUtn was an- ciently written Rution, a riundo, sen diruendo. Idem instrumentum apud Liv. lib. J3, Bell. Punic, recensitur inter arma militix nautica;. See vol. ii, under Rus. RUTTIER, a direction of the road or course at sea. RYAL, a Spanish coin, worth six- pence three farthings English money. RYET, or Ryot, Ind. a general name given in India to the lower order of people, particularly the cultivators of the ground. Ryet, or ryot lands, Ind. lands fann- ed out, and cultivated by the tenant. S. m an iron bar like the letter, used for ^5 fastenings in walls. SABBATH, the seventh day; set Apart from works of labour to be em- ployed in piety. See Divine Service. S .\BLE, I'r. sand. SABLIERE, Fr. a piece of timber in which rafters are inserted ; the grooved wood of a partition. Sabliere ilc planclicr, Fr. a piece of timber about eight or nine inches thick, commonly called the summer, that compasses the top or upper part of a room. Sablieres also signify panne! squares which are nailed to the sides of a beam, into which the joists are mortised. Sabi.iere, Fr. a sand-pit; also a gravel-pit v SABLIERES,/"/-. See Plateformes. SABLONIERl£, Fr. a sand-pit. SABORD, Fr. a port hole. SABOT, ou Soulier, Fr. a piece of sharp iron with which the ends of large piles are shod. Sabot, Fr. a wooden shoe; horse's hoof; also a top. The French say figuratively : ilormir comme un sabot, to sleep like a top. This was the case with one of our generals during the contest in America, when his camp was surprized by the insurgents, and be was found fast asleep in the arms of a strumpet. SABRE, (sabre, Fr.) a kind of sword, or cimetar, with a very broad and heavy blade, thick at the back, and a little falcated, or crooked towards the point: it is generally worn by the heavy cavalry and dragoons. The grenadiers, belong- ing to the whole of the French rn- fautry, are likewise armed with sabres. The blade is not so long as that or a small sword, but it is nearlv twice as broad. French hussars wear the curved ones somewhat longer than those of the grenadiers. The time will, perhaps, arrive when it may be thought advan- tageous to the service to arm the British grenadiers with this useful and formid- able weapon. Sabre (coup de plat de.) Undertheold French monarchy, it was usual to punish dragoons for small offences, by giving them a certain number of blows with the flat side of a sword or sabre. A coup de Sabre likewise signifies any strike or blow, which is made with a sword or sabre. SABRE-fwsc/if, from the German sable, sabre, and tasche, pocket. An appoint- ment or part of accoutrement which has been adopted amongst us for the imaginary use and convenience of dra- goon officers. It consists of a pocket which is suspended from the sword-belt on the left side, by three slings to cor- respond with the belt. It is usually of an oblong shape scolloped at the bot- tom with a device in the center, and a broad lace round the edge. The colour of it always corresponds with that of the uniform. The sabre-tasche worn in the 10th regiment of light dra- goons, commanded by his Royal High- ness the Prince Regent, is of royal blue cloth, with an imperial crown and SAC ( 773 ) SAC feathers, tlie motto Ich dien, I serve ; and the badge G. R. reversed. It is edged with white silver lace; the pocket under the flap of red leather, with red slings stitched with silver, waistbelt or' the same, with silver buckles. SABRER, Fr. to cut to pieces. SaBRER une affaire, Fr. to huddle up an affair; to cut matters short; to quash all minute inquiry ; as is fre- quently the case in some unaccountable enterprizes and expeditions. SABREUSE, Fr. a term used in the French armies to signify a bold and in- trepid woman. Of this description was the young female who exhibited herself on the 10th of August, 1792; when the Marsellois attacked the Swiss guards and besieged Louis the XVIth. in his palace. SAC d'une ville, Fr. the storming of a town. Mettre une ville a Sac, Fr. to give a town up to the plunder of the sol- diers. Sac, Fr. a bag. Sac a poudre, Fr. a bag of gunpowder. These bags are frequently used in war, for the purpose of intimidating an enemy, and setting tire to places. They are of different sizes and dimensions ; some to be thrown by the hand, and others out of a mortar. A French work, entituled Le Bombardier Francais, gives a full account of both. Sac a tcrre, Fr. a sand-bag, or a bag filled with earth. Sac a amorce, Fr. a small leathern bag, which is used for the purpose of carrying gunpowder to the different batteries, to prime the pieces. Sac « htine, Fr. a bag made of, or stuffed with wool and other soft mate- rials. It is larger than a sand-bag. — Every army should be provided with a certain quantity of these bags, in order to supply the want of soil on critical occasions. Un Havre Sac, Fr. a knapsack. See Havresack. Cul de Sac, Fr. a street or passage that has no outlet. Un Sac a vin, Fr. a drunkard. SACCADE, Fr. in the manege, a violent check or jerk, which the horse- man gives his horse by drawing both the reins very suddenly. This is prac- tised when the horse bears too heavy on the hand ; but it ought to be done with great caution, as the frequency of it must eventually spoil the horse's mouth. SACCAGER, IV. to sack, ransack, plunder ; to break and destroy. SACHET, Fr. a pouch. It likewise signifies a bag in the diminutive sense; a satchel. Sachets de mitrailles, Fr. small bags filled with grape-shot, which are after- wards fired from cannon, or thrown out of mortars. Sachets de balles de plotnb, Fr. bags of bullets. SACKS. See Bags. SACKERS, they who sack a town. SACR AMENTUM, the oath which was taken by the Roman soldiers, when they were enrolled., This oath was pronounced at the head of the legion, in an audible voice, by a soldier who was chosen by the tribune for that pur- pose. He thereby pledged himself be- fore the gods, to expose his life for the good and safety of the republic, to obey his superior officers, and never to absent himself without leave. The aggregate of the le«ion assented to the oath with- out going through the formal declaration of it. Another oath was then tendered, which related to the tribune only, and which was taken indiscriminately by every person that had access to the camp. Every individual bound himself by oath, not to take away any thing, and to carry to the tribune every article that might fall into his hands during the campaign. SACRE ou Sacret, Fr. a name for- merly given to pieces of ordnance that carried balls of 4 to 5lb. weight. Each piece weighed from two thousand five hundred, to two thousand eight hun- dred rounds. The same as Saker. Saint SACREMENT, Fr. holy sa- crament, or consecrated host. Accord- ing to Bailey, a sign of an holy thing containing a divine mystery, with some promise annexed to it ; an outward vi- sible sign of an inward spiritual grace. In the acceptation of the French term, and in conformity to the tenets of the Roman Catholic religion, the holy sa- crament, or consecrated host, is the symbol containing the real body and blood of Christ, and taken in remem- brance of his crucifixion. As a sense of religion (to use the words of Colonel Macdonald, the trans- lator of the Tactics and Discipline of the French army ) is the very best foundation of discipline in any country, SAC ( 774 ) S A D we shall, in this place, transcribe the article which describes the military ho- BOura that arc paid to the holy sacra- ment, or consecrated host, in France ; leaving to casuists the solution of those points which have occasioned the dif- ference between the Protestant Lord's Supper, and the Roman Catholic's be- lief in the doctrine of transubstantiation. In page 414, vol. ii. we find the fol- lowing particulars : " If a body of men are halted in line, at any time when the consecrated host appi oaches towards them, the command- ing officer will order anus to be present- ed, lie will then order, Kneel, (Genoa a hrn .') on which the drums will beat Ant champs, To the field. " If the corps is marching, the com- manding officer will halt and wheel it into line, so as to make front to the consecrated host. He will then order arms to be presented, and the corps to kneel ; on receiving the word, Kneel, ( Gi nou a tcrrc! ) the thre*e ranks are to assume the position directed to be taken by the front rank when firing. " Should the body of men consist of a regiment or battalion, all the officers, not only captains of companies, but the officers also in the supernumerary rank, must salute with their swords; the bearers of the colours must salute with the colours, at the same time that the troops present arms ; and they are to kneel also along with the general body, "All non-commissioned officers, whe ther covering Serjeants, or belonging to the supernumerary ranks, and likewise those attached to the guards of the colours, are to present arms, and kneel at the same time that the genaral body kneels. " The colonel will take post at the distance of six paces in front of the cen- ter of his regiment, and each lieutenant- colonel at the distance of six paces in front of the center of his battalion ; they will face towards the consecrated host, after giving the word Kneel, (Genou a tcrrc!) they must salute with their swords, and kneel afterwards, if they are on foot. 'The adjutant-major and adjutants stationed in the rear of the wings they respectively belong to, are to salute and kneel, at the same time that the battalion kneels to which they are at- tached. " When the consecrated host is pass- ing, the officers, non-commissioned offi- cers, and soldiers, are to bow then- heads. " The consecrated host having passed, the commander of the troops will di- rect the drums to cease beating, and he will order Attention, (Gave a vans.') the officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers, will raise their heads. The commander of the troops will imme- diately order \\\-c,( Debout ! ) upon this word of command, the officer*, non-com- missioned officers, and soldiers are to rise up. The non-commissioned officers and soldiers are to resume the position of presented arms. The officers and bearers of the colours will keep, the former, the points of their swords, and the latter, the point of the spear of the colours, lowered, or in the saluting posi- tion, until the commandant gives the words Shoulder arms, (Furttz vosarmes!) When the corps has risen from the kneeling attitude, the commandant will order arms to be shouldered." SACRILEGE, ou profanation, Fr. sacrilege, or profanation. In the old French service this crime was reckoned capital. By an order which was issued on the 1st of July, 1717, it was decreed, that every soldier who should be found guilty of having robbed a church in time of peace ; or who, in war time, should be proved to have taken away church pro- _ perty, such as chalices, &c. from any consecrated place within the kingdom, y'or belonging to the enemy's country, was to be hanged or strangled to death ; and if the theft was accompanied by an act of profanation, such as drinking out of the chalices, and using irreverend ex- pressions, &c. the culprit, or culprits were coudemned to be burned alixe. SADDLE, (sellc, Fr.) a seat upon a horse's back contrived for the safety and conveniency of the rider. The saddles in the British service are reck- oned better, both in quality and for ser- vice, than those of any other nation. The Hungarian saddle has been lately adopted in some dragoon regiments. It is observed in an old work called the Sportsman's Dictionary, from which w« have frequently quoted terms in horse- manship, that a horseman who would sit a horse well, ought always to sit on his twist, and never on his buttocks, which should not touch the saddle ; and what- ever disorder the horse may commit, SAD ( 775 ) SAG the rider should never move above the saddle. The late Lord Pembroke, in his me- thod of breaking horses for the army, has some very excellent observations on this head, page 10 ; particularly with respect to a good seat on horseback. The ancient Romans are supposed not to have made use of saddles or stirrups. According to the Greek historian Zona- ras, saddles and stirrups did not come into use before the time of Constantine the Great, A.C. 340. The saddles now chiefly in use are : The running Saddle; which is a small one with round skirts. The Burford Saddle ; which has the seat and the skirts both plain. The pad Saddle ; of which there are two sorts, some made with burs before the seat, and others with bolsters under the thighs. The French pad Saddle, of which the burs come wholly round the seat. The portmanteau Saddle ; that has a cantle behind the seat, to keep the port- manteau from the back of the rider. A war Saddle; which has a cantle and a bolster behind and before; also a fair bolster. The pack Saddle, a saddle upon which loads may be carried. The several parts of a saddle are too well known to require any minute de- scription in this place. They consist chiefly of the bars, buckle, civet, crupper, buckle and strap, girth, girth-web, c\c. Saddle recommended by Marshal Saxe, for the use of cavalry regiments. " The bow is to be made of iron, strong and well tempered, and fixed upon a pair of cloth or leathern pannels, stuffed with either wool or hair; to the end of which must be fastened the crupper; over these must be placed a black sheep- skin, or one of any other animal, which will serve at once for housing, and as a covering for the pannels; this skin is to be brought across the horse's chest, and will have a graceful effect; underneath it also must go a surcingle, which, in that position, can never gall either the horse or his rider, who, at the same time, will have a very close and easy seat. The stirrups are to be the same as those used in the riding school, fastened at the bow of the saddle, and capable of being shortened or lengthened at pleasure. SADBLE-6ac/cerf, horses that have their backs low with a raised head and neck. S.\T>DLE-cloth, (housse, Fr.) See Fur- niture. SADDLZ-gall, a hurt upon a horse's back caused by the saddle. This is fre- quently cured by bathing the part with urine or warm wine, and sometimes, when the sore is large, with the second water, strewing over it the powder of an old rope or flax, and eating away the proud flesh with vitriol. Saddle horses let to hire may be im- pressed by warrant of a justice in cases of emergency. See Mutiny Act, sec- tion 46. To be SADDLED, a figurative term signifying the necessity, which an indi- vidual, who receives a salary condi- tionally, is under of paying a given sum to another person: in plain English, to be burthened or loaded with him. SAFE conduct, (sauf conduit, Fr.) a security under the broad seal, which is given by the King, or by some other per- son in authority, to any individual, for his quiet coming into, or passing out of, the realm. It is also given by governors of fortified places, commanding officers, &c. SAFE-guard, defence; security; a pro- tection granted by a prince or general, for some of the enemy's lands, houses, persons, &c. to preserve them from being insulted or plundered. See Guard. Safe-w«h, (homme sitr, Fr.) a person in whose discretion and prudence the greatest confidence may be placed ; be- fore whom anything may be spoken in private intercourse, without the hazard of repetition, and who is the direct con- trast to the wretch that Juvenal has so well described in the following line: Scire, volens secreta domus, atque inde ti- meri ! A wretch of this description always owes his elevation in life to a possession of some dirty secret or other belonging to a prince or nobleman. SAFYNAMA, Ind. a certificate or writing, specifying any matter of dis- pute, which it is found necessary to have settled or cleared up. SAGACITY, (sagacite, Fr.) quickness of scent; acuteness of discovery. Saga- city, according to Locke, finds out the intermediate ideas, to discover what connection there is in each link of the chain, whereby the extremes are held together. A singular instance of saga- city is mentioned in the great Duke of Marlborough, when he was sent on a S A I ( 77fi ) S A I particular mission to the King of Sweden, commonly called the Madman. On be- ing introduced to His Majesty, the duke observed that a pair of compasses were laid on a map, and that their legs pointed towards Petersburg!}. lie instantly concluded, that the intentions of th< king were directed againsl Russia; which was the case. Weak and self-sufficient men frequently mistake low cunning for sagacity. The difference is, however, easily discovered by any man of real in- tellect and understanding. SAGITTA, in architecture, an arrow, which the Italians call saclta, and with us the key piece of an arch. SAGITTAL, belonging to an arrow. SAGITTARIUS, or SAGITTARY. See Archer, Bowman. SAGO, lnd. a tree of the palm spe- cies. A flour is made from this tree, which, formed into bread and fresh baked, eats like hot rolls; when it grows stale it becomes hard, and requires to be soaked in water before it can be used. Three of these trees are found sufficient to give sustenance for one man during a whole year; and an acre properly plant- ed, will supply food for one hundred for that period. SAGUM, a woollen garment, which was formerly worn by the Roman sol- diers when they took the field. It is said that the Gauls adopted the use of it. SAH, lnd. a banker. SAHEB, lnd. master, sir. SAHOOKER, lnd. a merchant. SAICK, (sa'ique, Fr.) a ship used among the Greeks. It has only one mast, which, together with its topmast, is extremely high, and on account of (he quantity of timber it takes, it never sails well except with a leading wind. SAIGNEE du fiKse, Fr. the act of drawing oh" the water which is in the ditch or fosse of a town or fortified place. When this has been executed, clays or hurdles covered with earth, or bridges made with reeds, must be thrown upon the mud, to establish a firm loot- ing. Saign£e du saucisson, Fr. the act of cutting off a part of a linen saucisson, which is filled with gunpowder, for the purpose of introducing the moine or cylindrical tube, in order to set lire to a mine. SAIGNER zinc piece, Fr. an expres- sion used iu artillery, when a piece of ordnance, that is mounted on a carriage, has its breech carried away by the viru- lence of the explosion. This some- times happens when the discharge is made directly downwards, or from top to bottom. Saigner unc riviere, Fr. to turn the current of a river, by partially drawing 'ill some of its water. We also use tho word Saigner as an English word in mi- litary matters; hence saigner a mote, to empty or take water out of it by con- veyances under ground, that it may be passed over, alter having laid hurdle-, &c. over the mud. Saigner du nez, Fr. literally to bleed at the nose. This is said by the French of a piece of ordnance which is fixed in such a manner, as to cany away its breech. This happens when the cylin- der becomes crooked or bent, from the piece having been fired repeatedly, with- out being cooled or refreshed. SAILLANT, Fr. salient. See Salient Angle. This word, as well as Suiltic, signifies generally any part of a build- ing that does not run up perpendicu- larly from its base, but projects or slopes out. SAILLIE, ou prefecture, Fr. See Projecture. Saili.ie de maixon, Fr. any out-jut- ting room belonging to a house, or part thereof. SAILOR, a name indiscriminately given to all persons when they go on board a ship, with the intention of fol- lowing a sea-life, and in the course of time, of becoming able-bodied seamen. Dr. Johnson, for what reason we know not, calls a sailor a person acquainted with navigation, whereas this knowledge implies a seaman. SAINT George's guard, a guard of the broad sword or sabre, used in warding oft' blows directed against the bead. See Broadsword. SAISIE des appointemens den offi- cii m, Fr. the sequestration of officers' pay and emoluments. If, in conse- quence of any part of their pay being retained by the captain of a troop or company, the soldiers belonging to the old French service indemnified them- selves by raising contributions, and the fact was made known to the war-office, the pay, &c. of such captain, or cap- tains, was directed to be stopped in the hands of the treasurer-general belong- ing to that department; and the com- missaries of war were ordered to make SAL ( m ) SAL good the several exactions, and to re- port the names of all such officers to the King, that they might be instantly cashiered. This regulation was issued on the 7th of February, 1661. SAISIR, Fr. to seize* to take sudden possession of any thing. SAKER, originally, signifies a hawk; pieces of artillery being often deno- minated from birds of prey. The saker carried a shot of five pounds and a quarter weight : the diameter of the bore was three inches and 9-16ths; the length eight or nine feet. See Can- kon. SALADE, Fr. This word literally means salad. It likewise signifies a head piece. The French use it frequently in a figurative sense, viz. Donner une Salade a quelqu'un, Fr. to give any one a good dressing. Regiment de Salade, Fr. a term of ridicule which the French frequently ap- plied to small new made corps; such as our independent companies, which were levied for rank only. The men belonging to these corps were also vulgarly called mangeurs de salade, salad-eaters. SALAMANDRES et serpens, Fr. In the Nouveau Dictionnaire Militaire, published at Paris, in 1801, by A. T. Gaigne, this article is thus described : Brittle vessels, made of earthen compo- sition, are filled with these venomous animals, care having been previously taken to let in the air by small apertures. When a storming party is on the point of ascending the breach, these vessels are suddenly thrown down by the be- sieged, and being broken, the enraged and hungry inmates are scattered among the soldiers, to their no small surprize and discomfiture. In order to render them innocuous, the assailing party should have salt in their havresacks, by the application of which upon the ser- pent's back, he is immediately benum- bed, and is ultimately destroyed. SALE, state of being venal; price. Sale of commissions. The sale and purchase of commissions, though not unknown in other services, is of general usage in the British : the navy, the ma- rines, and the royal artillery excepted. Commissions in the British army are sold for various purposes ; sometimes to idemnify individuals for their original purchase; sometimes as rewards for gal- lant and meritorious actions; sometimes as a provision for the widows or children of deceased officers ; and sometimes for the relief of an indigent gentleman, or lad}\ Such multiplied channels for the disposing of an article, which is always called for in a country abounding in young men of fortune and expectations, must naturally produce all the specula- tive commerce of bargain and sale ; and as London is the grand emporium of every species of traffic, official or other- wise, it is not wonderful that a most lucrative system of brokerage should branch out of, or rather be spuriously connected with, the regular agency of regiments : Nor can it be prevented, so long as the partial agency of corps is suffered to continue. In Vol. I. 6th. edition, of the Regimental Companion, a necessary caution is thrown out for the benefit of young purchasers. We wish it were within the limits of this undertaking to enter at large into the subject, and to couple our observations with what was proved in the House of Commons in 1809. SALAMALEE, a Turkish salutation; a very low bow. SALIAN priests, twelve persons, among the Romans, whose particular duty was to take care of the Ancilium, or sacred shield, which was believed to have been sent by the gods to Numa Pompilius. These priests were attended by a certain number of maids, who were called the Salian virgins. It is further said, in tradition, that when the shield fell from Heaven, a voice was heard t« say, " Rome shall be mistress of the world, as long as she remains possessed of this shield." At the commencement of the month of March, in every suc- ceeding year, three festival days were instituted, during which period no bu- siness could be transacted of any sort, nor any functions of a civil nature be performed. The author of the Nouveau Dictionnaire JMilitaire (from which we have chiefly extracted this article) ob- serves, that many writers have men- tioned ancilium as a javelin. "But I have satisfied myself," continues the same author, " by a reference to many old established authorities, that the an- cilium was a shield which was worn by a particular sort of militia called Anci- listse, that threw javelins." SALIENT angle, in fortification, that whose points turn from the center of the place. See Fortification. 5G S A L ( SALLE t/'iiniitx, Fr. a fencing school. Salle tfarmea dans un magasin, ou ursenaL, Fr. an armoury; a particular place ( as in the Tower, or at Wool- wich) where arms of all descriptions, lor offensive- or defensive purposes, are kept in store. SALLESEE, Ind. arbitration. SALLIS, Ind. an arbitrator. SALLY. See Siege. SALLY -ports, or postern-gates as tliev are sometimes called, are those under-ground passages which lead from the inner to the outward works; such as from the higher Hank to the lower, to the tenailles, or the communication from the middle of the curtain to the ravelin. — \N hen they are constructed for the pas 778 k ) S A L sage of i only, thev are made with steps at the entrance and outlet. They are about six feet wide, and eight feet and a half high. There is also a gutter or shore made under the sally-ports that are in the middle of the curtains, in order that the water, whirl) runs down the streets, may pass into the ditch ; hut this can only he done when thev are wet ditches. When sally-ports serve to carry puns through them for the outworks, instead of making them with steps, they must have a gradual slope, and he eight feet wide. SALMANAZER, Ind. the salutation of victory. SALON, ) in architecture, from SALOON, J the French Salon, is a very lofty spacious hall, vaulted at top, and sometimes comprehending two sto- ries, or ranges of w indows, as is the case at Blenheim House. The saloon is a grand room in the middle of a building, or at the head of a gallery, &c. The faces or sides ought all to have a symmetry with each other; and as it usually takes up the height of two stories, ii- ceiling, according to d'A viler, should be with a moderate sweep. Saloons are frequently built square, and sometimes octagonal, or in other forms. The bottom of the plafond of a saloon "iiiiht to be arched, as is the case in some ot the Italian palaces. SALOOTER, Jnrf. a farrier. SALOOTEREE, Ind. the business of a farrier. SALPETRE, Fr. See Saltpetre. Fain peter le Salpetre, Fr. to fire repeated discharges of cannon, or mus- vctry. The French say familiarly. Vet offieier est un talp&tre, that officer is all fire and gunpowder. SALPETMERE, Fr. a particular spot in an arsenal where there are pits, 6vc- for the purpose of making saltpetre : also a place of confinement in Paris. SALPETRIERS, Fr. men employed in making saltpetre. SALTPETRE, a salt,out of which, by means of a chemical preparation, a fixed alkali and a volatile acid may be ex- tracted. These constitute the principal ingredients, or properties, that distinguish saltpetre from other salts. This salt is collected from the surfaces of the earth, out of cellars, vaults, stables, and other places, above and under ground, which are covered in, and are impregnated with animal and vegetable particles, and to which the air has no access. Saltpetre is used in the composition of gunpowder after its third concoction or boiling. SALTING boxes,'m artillery, are boxes of about four inches high, and two inches and a half in diameter, for holding mealed powder, to sprinkle the fuzes of shells, that they may take fire from the blast of the powder in the chamber ; but it has been found, that the fuze takes tire with- out this operation, so that these boxes are now laid aside. SALVE, Fr. a volley : it generally means a discharge of heavy ordnance and other fire-arms in concert. SALUER dc la mousqueterie, Fr. to fire a volley, or a discharge of musketry only. Salueb du canon, Fr. to salute by a discharge of ordnance. Salukr de la voix, Fr. to huzza; to cry out, as I 'ive le Roi ! God save the King! Vice la RepubliqueJ Long live the Republic ! This manner of saluting generally appertains to the mob of a country, which lavishes its applause upon every man who happens to succeed. It has, however, been customary, in England, France, and other countries, for whole battalions of soldiers to salute a vive voir, or by exclamation, in which case they generally take off their hats, and give three huzzas. Saluer du pavilion, Fr. to salute with the colours. Saluer & boulct, Fr. to salute with ball. S \LUT, J>. the salute. Salutc/m sponton, Fr. the spontoon salute. SAL ( 779 ) SAM S ylut de I'cpee, Fr. the sword salute. Salut de mer, Fr, the deference and respect which are shewn at sea by ships of inferior force, to those of superior rate. This is done by lowering the flag. The British flag stands paramount to all others, and is always saluted by foreign ships at sea. SALUTATORES, courtiers, saluters, or persons who pay homage or obeisance to others. The following article is from a publication (viz. Dictionnuire Mili- taire) which made its appearance in 1801, and has been extant in France during all the stages of her Revolution. " It has been customary (says its au- thor), from time immemorial, to cast a ridicule upon every species of attendance on persons in superior stations, without any reflexion being made, that such an intercourse must eventually be produc- tive of considerable advantages to all parties. The custom itself has existed from the earliest times; and I am confi- dent, that the very persons who, but a little while back, condemned the prac- tice, are at this very moment sedulous in their attentions to some man in power; and they are so, not through accidental circumstances, but from their own re- flexions, and from mental acquiescence. The Roman soldiers did not scruple to follow the example of courtiers. When they were encamped, they went every morning in a body to pay their respects to their centurion. The centurion waited upon the tribune: and, after that, the tribune, together with other courtiers, went to the general's tent. The only ob- jection (observes our author) which I can make to this ceremony, is in the visit of the soldiers to their centurions. Yet these haughty citizens of Rome (who looked upon kings as their inferiors) car- ried the system of paying homage to a much greater extent. They spent a cer- tain portion of the forenoon in waiting upon those of their fellow citizens, whose votes, or good will, could contribute to their attainment of any place, or situ- ation, in the Republic. Some, out of respect and deference, remained in hum- ble attendance in the anti-chamber; others stood in the vestibule, and when their patrons came forth, (in order to go through the same ceremony themselves elsewhere,) these saluters, or courtiers, very submissively crouded round their litters, and accompanied them to the spot where they alighted, paying fresh reve- rence as the concluding homage of the morning. — This attendance became at last a heavy tax upon the several classes of dependent citizens; for they felt se- verely the consequences of the slightest neglect to their superiors. The mere empty parade of a court must be con- temptible in the eyes of all thinking men; but there is certainly a middle track which may always be adopted. Where- as the Romans (with all their pride and apparent independence) went into two opposite extremes. They affected to despise kings, and yet almost every one amongst them condescended to play the part of a menial, and dependent servant;" and so have the French, even in the coarsest epochs of their revolution. SALUTE, a discharge of artillery, or small arms, or of both, in honour of some person ; also the ceremony of presenting arms. The colours salute royal persons, and generals commanding in chief; which is done by lowering the point, within one inch of the ground. In the field, when a regiment is to be reviewed by the King, or his general, the drums beat a march as he passes along the line, and the officers salute, pointing their swords downwards. The ensigns do so likewise, by lowering their colours, when his Majesty, or any of the royal family, are present. When the word of com- mand, Shoulder arms ! is given, the officers recover their swords, and the ensigns raise the colours together. llot/al Salute. This consists in the discharge of twenty-one pieces of ord- nance, and is given on the approach of his Majesty at review days; and on so- lemn occasions, wherein their Majesties appear. The other salutes are, — 19 pieces to the commander in chief; 17 to a gene- ral; 15 to a lieutenant-general; 13 to a major-general; 11 to a brigadier-general. These salutes are answered by one gun less from the body saluted, where troops, &c. approach one another. To be SALUTED, to have the usual compliments paid, which are prescribed by the rules of the service. It also sig- nifies to be hostilely opposed; as, the enemy was saluted with our guns as they rushed up the hill. SAMATA. SeeCriuASS. SA.MBUCUS, (sambuque, Fr.) an an- cient musical instrument of the wind kind, resembling a flute. It probably derives its name from sumbucus, the elder tree; being made of that wood. Sambicus was also the name of an 5C2 S A N ( 780 ) S A N ■ni ient engine of war used by Marcel- !ii^ in besieging Syracuse. Plutarch re- lates that two ships were required to parry it. A minute description of this engine may he seen in Polybius. SAMPIT, an instrument or weapon which is used by the inhabitants of the island of Borneo. They sometimes con- vert it intoasort of cross-bow, from which they shoot poisoned arrows; at others, into a javelin: and frequently into a bayonet, which they fix at the end of a firelock. SAMPODAR, Ltd. a treasurer, or cashkeeper. SAND, (sable, Fr.) a fine hard gra- velly earth of great use in building, and in other works. There are three sorts of sand, which are distinguished by being called after the place out of which they arc drawn, viz. pit-sand, river-sand, and sea-sand. Sand is used in building, as one of the ingredients in mortar. Pit-sand, for this use, is preferable to any other; and of pit-sand the whitest is always the worst. O/'Ru'ct-Sand, that which is found in the falls of water is reckoned the best. because it is most purged. River sand serves for rough-casting. Fit-SAav, as being fat and tough, is most used in building walls and vaults. iSca-Sand is the worst that can be used. All sand is good in its kind, if, when squeezed and handled, it crackles, and, being put on paper, &c. it does not stain, or make it foul. All sand is bad which mixed with water makes it dirty, or which has been long exposed to the air; for it will retain much earth and rotten humour. For this reason, some masons wash their band before they use it. De Torine observes, that the sand of Pozzuolo is the best in the world, espe- cially for maritime buildings. Some distinguish sand into male, and female. The male sand is of a deeper colour than another sort of sand, in the same bank or bed, called female sand. Founders make use of fossile sand. It is properly a yellow fat earth, with which they make their moulds for the casting of small work, whence they call it east- tng in sand. Plumbers use sand in moulding several of their works, particu- larly large sheets. Sand Bads. See Bags. v N\(i, Pr. Wood. This word is used among the French in many senses. They say, figuratively, Se battre au premier sung, to light (as duellists do) until blood is drawn on one side or the other; Alettrc un pays a feu et a sang, to commit every species of enormity in a country by de- stroying the human race, and burning their habitations : Sfifaire la guerre <) feu et a sang, to carry on the war with fire and sword ; or without the least regard to humanity. Sxxt.j'roid, Fr. a certain state of the mind, in which it is not rullled or agi- tated. It also signifies cold blood. If: nee, II Vatuide sangfroid, he killed him in cold blood, or without emotion. We use the word sangfroid to signify coolness, presence of mind. SANGIAC, a Turkish dignity, which entitles the person, who is invested with it, to have a horse's tail carried before him. The Sangiac is governor of a pro- vi ice, and next in authority to the Beg- ierbcys, who are viceroys in that coun- try, and give the name of Beglerbat, or Beglerbey, to a militia which they sup- port at their own expense. Sangiac also means a standard which is used by the Turks. SANGLANT, Fr. bloody. Combat sang/ant, a bloody contest. The French also say, Injure, offense sangluntc, an out- rageous injury, or offence. SANGLE, Fr. a girth. SANGLER, Fr. to gird. SANGUINARY, ( sunguinaire, Fr.) one who loves blood, and delights in deeds of sanguinary devastation and spoil. A sanguinary chief may have his name mentioned in history, and be marked for extraordinary feats in war, but the tradition will only serve to hand him down to posterity as an object of horror and detestation. The true hero is he who gains a victory at the least expense of blood ; for every wretch may be a butcher of his own species. SANS-C«/o«e, Fr. a revolutionary term which was first given by the French to the most indigent class of the people, and which Robespierre, and other furi- ous demagogues, endeavoured to convert into an honourable title. It means, literally, a man without, breeches. SA^-culotterie, Fr. the class consist- in" of what are called Sans- Culottes. S\*.^-ai/ottides, Fr. a name given, for some time, ro the five complementary days which were added to the twelve months that formed the revolutionary year of the French Republic. SAP ( ?81 ) SAP SAP, (sape, Fr.) a gallery sunk under ground, through the center of which the soldiers may secretly advance towards some of the enemy's works, hy covering or shielding themselves against the fire of the place with stuffed gabions, and a mantelet, which see. The sap is different from the trench, inasmuch as the latter is openly effect- ed, and because the sap is less broad; but when a sap is widened to the dimen- sions of a trench it then assumes that name. There are several sorts of saps : the are conducted, see Sap, 2d edit. Bom- bardier. FlyingSxp, (sape volante, Fr.) When a flying sap is undertaken, it is not ne- cessary to fill up the gabions ; these are merely conducted upon the plan or scale which the sap embraces. Flying saps are resorted to according to circumstan- ces, during the night, and when the danger of being attacked is not imme- diate. Half Sap, (demie-sape, Fr.) a trench which is sunk by degrees near some fortified place, and during the single, which has only a single parapet : j execution of which, the workmen are tluTdouble, having one on each side ; covered by gabions, sand bags, and and the flying, made with gabions, &c. mantelets. The difference between In all saps, traverses are left to cover i working at a demi or half sap, and at the men. a trench, consists in the one being done Double Sap, (sape double, Fr.) k that i in open day, and to a considerable ex- which has two sides, and where the men tent, whereas the other is accomplished work between two parapets. The dou- (under circumstances of peculiar caution, ble sap is undertaken in cases ot immi- nent danger. By way of precaution, a picket or stake, which rises from 18 to 20 inches above the top, must be fixed in each gabion, for the purpose of keep- ing it firm and upright, when the gabion is filled. A berm or small path, about seven inches wide, must also be left at the foot of the gabion. When the ga- bions have been filled up with earth, a fascine must be laid on the borders or edges of it, and another above, through which the picket or stake is forced, so as to stand some inches higher than the gabion. After this, the whole is to be covered with earth, in order to form a parapet, which is sloped towards the point of attack. A trench, properly so called, is always from 3 French, or 4 feet English, deep, and 10 to 12 French, or 11 to 13 feet English, broad. Every species of work, which leads by way of communication upon these dimensions to a fortified place, is called a trench : that which fronts the place, is called the parallel, or place of arms, belonging to the trench, and is used for the lodgment or distribution of troops. The articles which are indispensably necessary to form or work a sap, consist of gabions, sand-bags, iron pitch-forks, poles with iron hooks, stakes, pick -axes, spades, mallets, mantelets. The chief of a brigade in a sapping party or detach- ment, or the leading sapper, should be particularly careful to prevent every ap- pearance of intoxication among thework- men. For the manner in which saps and on a very confined scale. Single Sap, (sape simple, Fr.) that which has a single parapet, on account of the work being on one side only. Covered Sap, (sape couverte, Fr.) The covered sap consists of a gallery that is sunk into the earth, by means of which soldiers may secretly approach the work they have orders to surprize. SAPE, Fr. The French say : — etre commande pour la sape, to be in orders for the sap ; etre de jour, oiler d la sape, to be officer of the day, to be on duty for the sap; pousser, continuer la sape, to forward, to get on with, or continue, the sap; commander la sape, to give or- ders for the opening, or commencement, of a sap. Sappe not only signifies the opening which is made, but also the act of sap- ping. Richelet, Boyer, and others, write the word with one p, Trevoux and Belidor with two ; but the mere spelling of a word seems not to have been much attended to, even by the best French writers. SAPEUR, Fr. a sapper. See Sap, in the 2d edition of the Bombardier, or Pocket Gunner. SAPIN, Fr. fir; deal. Ais de Sapin, Fr. deal boards. Sapin rouge, Fr. red fir. II sent le Sapin, Fr. he has a church- yard countenance ; literally, he smells of the coffin. SAPPER, Fr. to demolish a wall peacemeal with hammers, mattocks, and pick-axes, or to destroy a buttress; S A 11 ( 782 ) S A S taking care to prop it underneath with si :t\ ~. &c. which are afterwards set fire to at the bottom, to make the whole (all down: also to blow up a rock, by means of a mine. SAPPERS, (sapeurs, Fr.) are sol- diers belonging to the artificers or en- gineers, whose business it is to work at the saps, and Tor which they have an extraordinary pay. A brigade of sap- pert generally consists of eight men, di- vided equally into two parties. Whilst one of these parties is advancing the Bap, the other is furnishing the gabions, fascines, and other necessary imple- ments ; they relieve each other alter- nately. >.\ RAT. The breaking up or ending of the rains, is so called in India. SARCASM, (sarcame, Fr.) a taunt; a gibe; keen reproach. A French au- thor has observed, that although a sar- casm, or well pointed satirical remark, may sometimes cause a smile, the per- son who makes it, is always obnoxious to society. Instances of this species of wit are innumerable, particularly among the French. In 1668, M, D'Humiircs, an officer in the French army, was unexpectedly raised to the dignity of Marshal, in con- sequence of an application which had been made in his favour, by Marshal Turenne, whose better judgment had yielded to the personal charms and fine wit of tlie Marchioness 1)' ILumieres. The vary day on which the promotion took place, Louis XIV. asked the Chevalier De Grammont, if he knew the person whom he had just made a Marshal of France? IV, Sire, answered the Che- valier, it is Madame D' Humieret. Tin commander in chief of an armv, whose natural turn of mind, and ac- quired talents, rendered him more (it to shine in a ball-room, than at the head of an army, had ordered a marauder to be hanged. The captain of his com- pany used all his interest to obtain a pardon ; he represented to the General that this unfortunate man was the bravest soldier in his company ; but he did so in vain ; no argument or re- monstrance could soften the General. H hat a weak fool have I been! exclaimed the Captain ; instead of pleading for my poor comrade on the score of bravery, I ' to have extoUed his dancing, and by so doing, [ should have secured his pardon from the General. During the French campaigns in Flanders, in 1672, an officer of rank. having been worsted, had made a most precipitate retreat. Some time after, several English horses were exhibited before Louis XIV. and said to be most excellent hunters, or fast runners : Sire, observed a nobleman present, I know a much swifter goer than any of these English race horses; I mean the .Mar- quis of * * *; alluding to the general who had run away. SARDER, bid. a chief ; a leader. SAKISSA, a weapon of offence, which was first used by the Macedo- nians, and afterwards by the Grecians. It was longer than the modern pike, measuring from 12 to 14 feet in length. The soldiers that carried this weapon were in complete armour, and when they went into action, they wore a shield on their left arms, and fought with the sarissa ; to the end of which was at- tached a sharp cutting blade made of iron. The President Fauchet states, that the inhabitants of Flanders used this offensive weapon, which they called godenhoc. He further adds, that by means of this long pike, the Counts of Artois and Saint Pol were completely routed and overt urned in a deep ditch or ravine, close to Courtray, in 1311. SARK, a small island on the coast of Normandy, in France, subject to Great Britain. The Mutiny Act extends to that island in various instances. See Mutiny Act, sect. 78. SARRAU, Fr. a frock made of coarse linen or Russia duck, such as is generally worn by peasants, wagoners, carmen, &c. It more particularly sig- nifies a loose coat, with a cuff and cape of a different colour. Of this de- scription are the coats and frocks of our artillery drivers, and other camp fol- lowers. SARRASINE, Fr. a herse; portcul- lis. SARRE, Fr. a small piece of artil- lery anciently in use. SAS, Fr. a space of ground with wa- ter in it, confined by means of sluices, into which barges and boats are ad- mitted, in order to facilitate their pas- sage over mountains, whence they go down by means of fresh sases which they enter. Of this description is the Sat de Gand, which connects the navi- gation of the canals in Flanders with those of Brabant : literally a lock. SAT ( ran ) S A U Sas, Fr. sieve; searce. The French say figuratively : Passer uu gros sas, to look over any thing in a loose, cursory wav. SASCE, Ind. the moon. SASH, a mark of distinction, which, in the British service, is generally made of crimson silk for the officers, and with crimson mixed with white cotton for the Serjeants. It is worn round the waist in most regiments ; in some few, par- ticularly in the Highland corps, it is thrown across the shoulder. Sashes were originally invented for the convenience and ease of .wounded officers, &c. By means of which, (in case any of them were so badly wounded, as to render them incapable of remaining at their posts,) they might be carried off with the assistance of two men. They are now reduced to a very small size, and of course unfit for the original purpose. Both the sash and gorget, indeed, must be considered as mere marks of distinc- tion, to point out officers on duty. In some instances they were worn together : in others the gorget is laid aside, and the sash only worn. The British ca- valry tie the sash on the right, the in- fantry on the left side. According to Bailey, this word should be written Shush, from the Italian word Sessa. SATELLITE, (satellite, Fr.) a per- son who attends on another, either for his safety, or to be ready to execute his pleasure. SATELLITES, Fr. certain armed men, of whom mention is made in the his- tory of Philip Augustus, king of France. The word satellite itself, which we fre- quently find in ancient historians, signi- fies a guard or attendant about the per- son of a Prince. It is derived from the Latin word satelles, which comes from the Syriac term for a companion. The satellites of Philip Augustus were men selected from the militia of the country, who fought on foot and horseback. The servants or batmen who attended the military knights, when they went into action, were likewise called satellites, and fought in their defence, mounted, or on foot. SATISFACTION. When an officer or other person goes out to fight with one whom he has offended, or by whom he has been offended, he is said to give or take satisfaction. Hence to demand satisfaction is tantamount to challenge, to call to account, &c. SATRAPA, (satrape, Fr.) the chief governor of a province in Persia, and iti other parts of India. These men are commonly very rich, extremely haughty, much addicted to pleasure, and gene- rally inhuman. The French frequently apply the term satrape,- by way of irony, to the understrappers of a government. . SATRAPY, the jurisdiction or go- vernment of a Satrapu. SAUCISSE, | in mining, is a long SAUCISSON, S pipe or bag, made of cloth well pitched, or sometimes of leather, of It inch diameter, filled with powder, going from the chamber of the mine to the entrance of the gallery. It is generally placed in a wooden pipe, called an auget, to prevent its growing damp. It serves to give fire to mines, caissons, bomb-chests, &c. Saucisson is likewise a kind of fas- cine, longer than the common ones : it serves to raise batteries, and to repair breaches. Saucissons are also used ia making epaulements, in stopping pas- sages, and in making traverses over a wet ditch, &c. Saucisson de brulot, Fr. a machine made use of to set fire to the different compartments in a fire-ship. Saucisson d'artifice, Fr. saucissons used in artificial fire-works. Saucissons volans, Fr. flying saucis- sons ; a species of sky rocket. SAULLE, Fr. a willow, or sallow tree. Chevul SAURE, Fr. a sorrel horse. SAUSSAIE, Fr. a willow plot. SAUT, Ind. an hour. Saut, Fr. This word is used in hy- draulics to signify a considerable fall of water, such as the fall of Niagara, &c. Saut, Fr. This word is often used among the French, to signify that a soldier has suddenly risen from the ranks to the situation of lieutenant or captain ; we also say, in the same sense, to leap over; hence to leap over the heads of older officers. SAUTER, Fr. to leap; to jump; also to rise without passing through the intermediate situations. Sauter a Vabordage, Fr. to leap upon the deck, or any part of an ene- my's ship, for the purpose of boarding her. Sauter, Fr. The French also say, Faire sauter tin bastion, to blow up a bastion, or to cause it to blow up; fair sauter la cervelle a quelqiCun, to S A W ( 784 ) S B I blow a parson's brains out, or to fire a pistol at his head. s w n ii « /« gorge, Fr. a figurative expression among the French, which nihilities to rush upon an enemy with r;iL r <' and fury. Sautbb mi fosse, Fr. to leap a ditch or fosse. Salter en sc/lc, Fr. to y;et on horse- back ; to spring into the saddle. 8AUTEREAU, Fr. a small piece of loose wood in a mortoise, which causes the cord of certain instruments to go off by means of a feather, which is placed in its tongue or languet. Also the jack of a spinnet or virginal. Saltereau, Fr. a piece of artillery *vliich is not reinforced at the breech, commonly called a grasshopper. SAUTERELLE, Fr. an instrument used by stone-cutters and carpenters, to trace and form angles, &c. It con- sists of two wooden rulers of equal breadth and length, kept together at one of their extremities, by means of a turning joint or hinge; so that it opens and shuts like a compass. Sauteur, Fr. a leaper. It also sig- nifies a horse that makes regular volts in a manege. The French say figura- tively : cest un habile sauteur, he is an ingenious, or clever leaper; alluding to a person who boasts of being able to do, or having done, more than he really can, or could : i. e. a Rhodian leaper. SAUVE-conduite, Fr. a pass. This word among the French signifies not only safe-conduct, but also a letter of licence; such as creditors frequently give to individuals who have failed in business, &c. Sa\j\ L-gai'de, Fr. safe-guard; protec- tion. Accorder des Saw z-gardes, Fr. to grant protections. Fnvoyer tine ga?'de en S.\wv.-ga?-de, Fr. to send out a party for the purpose of escorting persons, or of protecting any particular quarter. Savvf. qui petit! Fr. let those escape that can ! This expression is familiar to the French in moments of defeat and great disorder. SAUVER, Fr. to save. SAW, (scie, Fr.) an indented instru- ment which serves to cut or divide into pieces various solid matters, as wood, stone, marble, &c. Each pioneer is provided with one. J '//-Saw, a large two handed saw,, used to saw timber in pits. The ii/iip-Swv is also two-handed, and used in sawing such large pieces of stulV as a hand-saw is not capable ot lining with any facility. The hand-SAW is made for a single man's use. Of these there are various kinds. The t en on-S aw is a very thin saw, and has a back to keep it from bending. The cowpass-SAW is very small, and its teeth are not usually set ; the use of it is to cut a round, or any other com- pass kerf; for which purpose the end is made broad, and the back thin, that it may have a compass to turn in. SAWING, (sciage, Fr.) the applica- tion of the saw in dividing of timber, &c. into boards. There are mills for sawing of wood, worked both by wind and water. These mills consist of parallel saws, which rise and fall perpendicularly, by means of one of the grand principles of motion. M. Felibien, in his principles of architecture, makes mention of a kind of mill invented by one Missien, in- spector of the marble quarries in the Pyrenees, by means of which, stones are sawed even in the rock itself, out ot which they are taken. SAWN, Ltd. the name of an Indian month, which corresponds with July. SAYON, Fr. a kind of coarse habit in which soldiers were formerly clothed among the French. SBlltRE, Fr. from the Italian, sbirro, an archer ; a name given to a particular class of Serjeants or archers in Italy, and principally to those in Rome, where a large body is maintained for the public service. Before the Revolution, the ma- rechaussees of France were, in different provinces, called archers; which indi- cates an analogy between the duties ot the sbirri and those of the old mare- chaussee, or police of that country, with this difference, that the latter was one of the oldest corps of, French militia, whereas the former, or the sbirri, are more like a body of banditti, than men attached to the regular distribution of justice. The sbirri have a sort of uni- form. — They march, or rather patrole, with a large cocked hat, armed with a fusil, pistols, and invariably with a poniard. They are under the immediate command, and subject to the orders, oi S C A ( 785 ) S C A the different intendants or governors of provinces, and in small towns under those of the magistrates, who are usually called podeste, or vicarii, somewhat like our country justices. The sbirri are employed, like our Bow- street officers, in taking up thieves and assassins, whom they are authorized to lodge in the different prisons, and at whose execution they must personally attend. These men are, in general, despised, and not much feared by the people ; they are often accused of being in connivance with the leaders of the various gangs of robbers and assassins that infest Italy, particularly the Apen- nine mountains. When M. De Crequi was sent ambas- sador from France to the court of Rome in 1G62, the sbirri joined the Corsican guards, and insulted that nobleman. The French treated them with contempt, and called them sbirri, or thief-takers : the latter said they were not sbirri, but soldiers ! Upon which a Frenchman drew his sword, and slightly wounded one of the set. The Abbe Regnier, and the Imperial Cardinal, (i. e. the one in the interest of the house of Austria) en- couraged the sbirri and the Corsicans to revenge this insult ; and a dreadful mas- : e Louis XIV 7 . who was then all powerful, diers are sometimes scabbarded under the sanction of the captains of compa- nies, for slight offences committed among themselves. A court-martial is held in the Serjeant's room or tent, to ascertain the culprit's guilt ; it having been previously left to him to abide by the judgment of his comrades, in this manner, or be tried by a regimental court-martal. ScABKAiiD-button, a brass button, or hook, by which the scabbard is attached to the frog of the belt. The word scabbard has been some- times used, in a figurative sense, to dis- tinguish those persons who have obtained rauk and promotion in the army, with- out having seen much hard service, from those who have fought their way through all the obstacles of superior interest, &c. Hence the favourite expressien of a de- ceased English general — Some rise by the scabbard, and some by the sword ! Which means more than we are at liberty to illustrate, but which may be easily ap- plied to cases in point. However, these avenues to promotion are not peculiar to England. Petticoat interest has reigned in France, notwithstanding the salique law, and will reign again. SCABBED heels in horses, a distem- sacre ensued. In consequence of which, i per called also the /rush. SCALADE insisted upon the most public atonement i lade, a furious being made, by causing the sbirri to be severely punished, and the Corsican guard to be broken and dismissed. In addition to which, he forced the court of Rome to erect a pyramid in a conspi- cuous part of the city, and to inscribe upon it, in large letters, the crime and the punishment. Several writers assert, and, indeed, appear to give good testi- mony in behalf of their assertion, that the sbirri and the Corsican guards had been designedly provoked and insulted by the French ambassador's suit. SCAB, or Itch, a distemper in horses, proceeding from their being over heated, or from a corrupt state of their blood. SCABBARD, (fourre.au, Fr.) a case commonly made of black leather, with a ferrel at the end, in which a sword, sabre, Sec. may be sheathed. Bayonet Scabbard, a leathern sheath made in a triangular form to correspond with the shape of the bayonet. To Scabbard, to punish with the scabbard of a bayonet. Infantry sol- lioin the French Esca- attack upon a wall or rampart, contrary to form, and without any regularity. This is frequently dona by means of ladders, to insult the wall by open force. SCALE, (echelle, Fr.) a right line divided into equal parts, representing miles, fathoms, paces, feet, inches, &c. used in making plans upon paper; giving each line its true length, &c. See also Balance, Escalade, 8cc. SCALES, a sort of armour consisting of brass plates laid like scales one over the other, to defend the glandular parts and the side-face of a dragoon. These scales are attached to the helmet, and can be buttoned up in front. SCALENE, a term used in geo- metry, to express a triangle whose three sides and three angles are unequal to one another. SCALING-Wders. See Ladders. SCALLOP, any segment of a circle. To SCALP, to deprive the scull of its integuments ; a barbarous custom, in practise among the Indian warriors, of 5H S C A ( 78G ) S C H talune off the tops of the scalps of the en, mies skulls with their hair on. They rve i In in ;is trophies of their vic- -. ami me rewarded bv their chiefs, according to tin- number they bring in. In America it is vulgarly called tculping. SCALPEL, Fr. a surgical instrument Used in dissection. To SCAMPER, (cscampcr, Fr.) to run a\\ ay precipitately. S< \IT. -<>,//. This expression, which is in familiar usage among civilized na- tions, under different modes of descrip- tion, is of very ancient origin. We read in chapter the 16th of Leviticus, that in the yearly feast of the expiations among the Jews ; it was customary to have a goat, over whom certain cere- monies were performed in atonement tor the sins of the Israelites; which was done in the following manner: The high priest laid both his hands upon the head of the live goat, and confessed over him all the iniquities of the children of Israel : and all their transgressions in all their lives, putting them on the head of the goat, and then sent him away by the hand of a fit man into the wilderness! There is also a fable in PIr.edrus, where the fox contrives to leave a foolish goat in a scrape, after having made the most of his ingenuity. Hence, Scape- gmil with us signifies figuratively to be the passive instrument, or sufferer, for ano- ther's folly or delinquency in civil, inili- tarv, or political life. The French use the term Hone anissmrc, alluding to tin- goat 's mission into the wilderness; they also -av Houc a Israel. To SCARF, to fright; to frighten: to strike with sudden fear. Hence Be * RE< ROW, SCARF. SeeS.iMi. SCARIFICATION, an operation wherein several incisions are made in the skin. Sedentary persons, and free livers, such as are frequently to be found in the army, particularly among dra- OOns, may receive considerable benefit by having recourse to this operation, under circumstances of repletion, or ex- travasation of blood and lymph; 6< ARW1CATOR, (scarificateur, Fr.) an instrument used in cupping, 8cc. It is made in the form of a box, with twelve or more lancets, all perfectly in I • same plane ; which being, as it were, cocked by means of a spring, are all discharged at the same time, by [lulling a kind of bigger, and the points of the lancets are at once equally driven into the skin. SCARLETj the prevailing national colour for the dress of the British. The artillery and cavalry are clothed chiefly in blue ; rifle corps in dark green ; and the cavalry for the Fast India service in light blue, SCARPE. See Escaupe. SCA'lX'Al-imiut/i is a bitt-mouth, differing from a cannon-month in this — that the cannon is round, and the other more oval. The scatch-inouth is staid upon the branch by a coperon which surrounds the banquet, whereas the cannon is staid upon it by a fonceau only. SCEAU, Fr. a seal. Sceau also sig- nifies an inviolable secret, as It scant de la confession, the secret of confession. Gi ' IT | r f *\ sPrll Faire'un SCELLEMENT, Fr. Sec SCELLER. SCELLER, Fr. in building, to cramp iron hooks into a wall, to fasten them with molten lead or plaster. SC EN OG It API! Y, (scawgraphie, Fr.) the representation of a building, town, &c. as it appears in prospective or from without, with all its dimensions and shadows. SCHEDULE, an inventory, a list ; also something referred to by numbers or letters; as the oaths of the recruit and magistrate, marked A. and B. at the end of the Mutiny Act. SCHOLIUM, (scholie, Fr.) with ma- thematicians, a remark by the bye, as after the demonstrating of a proposition, it is pointed out how it might be done some other way ; some advice is given, or precaution afforded, to prevent mis- takes, or some particular use or applica- tion thereof. Scholium also signifies a note, anno- tation, or remark, made on some pas- sage, proposition, ivc. a brief exposition, a short comment. SCHOOL, (icole, Fr.) a house of dis- cipline and instruction ; a place of lite- rary education ; an university. It is a more general and comprehensive term than college or academy. The French have made a great distinction on this head with respect to their military insti- tutions. Thus the great receptacle for military genius was called L'Ecole Mtli- tairc de Paris, the military school of S C H ( 7sr ) SCH Paris ; whereas the subordinate places of instruction, and the preparatory houses, were termed colleges, viz. Colleges de Sore/e, Brienne, Tivon, Rebais, Beau- mont, Pont-le-voy, Vendome, Eniat, Pont-a-Mousson, Tournon. Royal Military School. See Col- lege. The Royal Military School of Paris, (Ecole Royule Mililuire de Paris, Fr.) This celebrated establishment, which so many years supplied France with supe- rior talents and abilities, and to which Bonaparte was indebted tor the ground work of that military knowledge which so long astonished and confounded Europe, owes its origin to Henry IV. who lirst erected a public building in Anjou, for the free education of the children of poor noblemen; it was called the college of La Fleche, wherein one hundred young boys of the above de- scription were supported, &c. at the king's expense. They were there taught Latin and the liberal arts by the Jesuits; whose learning and aptitude at teaching others to learn, have been so deservedly admired in every quarter of the globe. This order, however, having been banished out of France in 1770, by- Louis XV, the direction of the college was entrusted to the secular priests, and the number of students was increased to 350. On this occasion it was distin- guished by a particular mark of royal favour, and was called the Royal College. In addition to this provincial esta- blishment, Louis XV. instituted the Royal Military School in the neighbour- hood of Paris, where 250 voung lads annual pension of 200 livres, (about 81. sterling) which was paid them with- out deduction, until they obtained the. rank of captain ; provided they had a certificate of good behaviour from the staff or etat major of their corps. They received moreover, when they quitted the school, a small kitt of linwn, a hat, sword, and an uniform coat. They were replaced in the military school by an equal number of youths who came from the college of La Fleche, for that purpose, at the age of 13 or 11 Both these establishments underwent a considerable alteration during the ad- ministration of the Count de St. Ger- main, in April, 177b. This minister persuaded Louis XVI. that great public benefit might be derived from increasing the number of these colleges, and ad- mitting youths from every class of his subjects. When these alterations took place in the Royal Military School, all the young men that were 18 years old were incorporated with the regiments of gentlemen cadets. These enjoyed all the advantages which their predecessors had possessed; with this exception, that they did not wear the uniform of their corps, nor the cross. Those lads that had not reached the period in question, were placed in different corps, and several remained in the military school who were afterwards provided for on another footing. The number of young men was gradually increased, not only by fresh arrivals from La Fleche, but by the admission of several others, for whom a yearly pension was paid by their parents. The latter were not, however, received a regular education under the entitled to any advantage or indulgence most able masters; particularly in those beyond what was generally allowed branches which contributed to military knowledge. During their vacations, and at periods of intermission from classical pursuits, they were attended and in- structed by experienced officers. They generally remained until the age of 18, and were, after that, distributed among the different regiments with appropriate commissions. They were then distin- guished by being permitted to wear a cross, which was tied to a crimson piece of ribbon, and hung from a button-hole in their coat. The cross, on one side, represented the figure of the Virgin Mary ; and on the other, there was a trophy adorned with three rleurs de lis. They had likewise an On the 28th of March, 1776, the king gave directions, that ten colleges hould be established, over the gates of each of which was written — College Royal Mililuire ; Royal Military Col- lege. These colleges were under the immediate care and instruction of the Benedictine monks, and other religious persons. The secretary of state held the same jurisdiction over these colleges, that he possessed over La Fleche, and the mili- tary schorl at Paris. Louis XVT. exclusively of the 600 students who were placed in the different colleges pursuant to the new regulations, restored the ancient foundation of La 5H2 S C -H ( 788 ) S C H could be admitted. The students con- sisted of oue company, whose number never exceeded 50. They had the rank and whose parents had rendered some of sub-lieutenant, and received a monthly service to the state in the civil, military, i subsistence, amounting to forty French or ecclesiastical line. They were edu- livres, a little more than 1/. 13s. Eng- Fleche, which had originally been estab- lished by Henry IX. for the benefit of km poor boys, who were of noble blood, cated according to the bent of their talents and disposition, and fitted to any of those professions; provisions and regulations having been made in the college of La r leche for these purposes, that differed from the general system pursued in the other military colleges. The French had likewise a marine school, (ecole de murine,) which was kept at the expense of government, and wjs regularly attended to in one of the departments. There was also a ship, distinguished by the name of school, (ecole,) which was regularly manned and equipped for the instruction of young marines. There were several schools of artil- lery, (ecoles d'artitlerie,) distributed in different parts of the kingdom, and supported at the public expense. The five principal ones were at La Flic, Metz, Grenoble, Strasburgh, and Per- pignan. 1 hey were under the direction of an inspector general, who had the rank of a lieutenant-general in the army. Each school was superintended by three commandants, and was composed of ordinary and extraordinary commissaries belonging to the artillery, of officers who had the immediate direction of the levelling and pointing pieces of ord- nance, and of volunteer cadets. These schools were open throughout the year; advantage being taken of oc- casional line weather during the winter mouths to practise and exercise the cadets. 'I hey were divided into schools of theory, ecoles de th'eorie, and into schools of practice, ecoles de pratique. The theoretical establishments were for the immediate instruction of all officers belonging to the engineer and artillery departments. The practical schools were open in- discriminately to all officers and sol- diers. There was also a particular school for the information of those persons who directed their attention to mining and sapping; this school was called L'ecole d> i Sapeurs, the miners' school. There "was likewise a school established at La Fere, to which none but artillery olhcers lish. The school at Mezieres, which was established before the additional one at La Fere, for the exclusive use and ad- vantage of the artillery, was calculated to receive 30 officers ; and those wno went from La Fbre had the rank of second lieutenants, with 60 livres, some- thing more than 2/. sterling, as monthly subsistence. . On the 26th of July, 1783, an order appeared, by which the king directed, that the young gentlemen who, by a former regulation could only be admitted into the royal colleges between the ages of eight and eleven, should be received from the age of seven to that of ten. Orphans alone could be admitted a* late as the full completion of twelve years. The parents of such children as had been approved of by his Majesty, were, without delay, to send in proofs and certificates of their nobility; in failure whereof, one year after their no- mination, they were deprived of the situation which had been destined for them. TSo family could solicit a letter of admission for more than one child at a time; and when it was granted, no application could be made in favour of another child until the first had com- pleted his education, and was provided tor in a regiment, or elsewhere. The wisdom of this regulation is ma- nifest. It was calculated to prevent every species of partiality and undue influence, and it kept the door open for many a meritorious youth, that might otherwise be deprived of the advantages of this useful institution. It will naturally strike every observer, from these several establishments, which were all supported by government, and warmly patronized by the different reign- ing monarchs in France, that military science constituted one of the chief chief objects of French policy ; and it is bare justice to say, that their en- couragement was not fruitlessly be- stowed. The only public military esta- blishments in this country (which may be said to have sound theory and prao- S C I ( 789 ) SCO tice for their groundworks) are the Royal Academy at Woolwich, the institution at Sandhurst, near Windsor, and the Academy in Portsmouth. The Turks have a military school, called the School for the Agemolans, or young men at- tached to the corps of Janizaries. This institution was created by Amurat, for the purpose of enuring a certain number of persons to every possible hardship ot military service. Fencing School, (tcole (Tarmes, Fr.) Every French regiment, when in bar- racks, or otherwise conveniently quar- tered, has a room allotted for the exercise of the small sword, the spadroon, &c. Some active clever serjeant or soldier is authorised to teach his comrades, and to derive what benefit he can from giving lessons abroad. We need scarcely add, that some internal regulation of the kind would be highly advantageous to British officers. School- Master-Serjeant. See Ser- jeant. Bois de SCIAGE, Fr. wood that is proper to be sawed in planks, or to be made fit for any use in carpentry. SCIAGRAPHY, (sciagraphe, Fr.) the profile or section of a building to shew the inside thereof. SCIE, Fr. a saw. SCIENCE, any art or species of knowledge; as military science, &c. Science of war, (science de la guerre, Fr.) According to the author of the Nowoeau Dictionnai7e Militaire, the science of war, or the knowledge of military tactics upon an extensive scale, is, perhaps, the most comprehensive operation of the human mind, and de- mands the full exercise of all its powers. To be equal to the multifarious branches of this unbounded art, the strictest at- tention must be given to military disci- pline. The best authors, both ancient and modern, must be resorted to for information, and when the mind has been well stocked with the sound princi- ples of theory, practice and experience must follow, in order to confirm what has been carefully selected from the first authorities, and maturely digested. Courage, zeal, prudence, and discretion, must likewise be the constant compa- nions of those persons who would dis- tinguish themselves in war; and it ought never to be forgotten, that a scrupulous adherence to morality, a rigid observance of every social duty, and a manly sub- jugation of the many passions by which different men are differently agitated, must constitute the character of a real warrior. These are the qualifications by which the science of war is distin- guished from every other pursuit in life ; and without these qualifications, a con- queror can neither be called a hero, nor an able general, but only a lucky soldier. We have, indeed, our military colleges and institutions, and so had the Grecians and the Persians, not only for the in- struction of the privates, but also for the education and formation of those indivi- duals who were destined to be officers. These colleges and institutions were under the superintendance of persons, who had established their reputation by a knowledge, not only of the theoretical, but also of the practical branches of their profession. Nobody could be ad- mitted in the capacity of master or pro- fessor, unless he had previously under- gone several examinations respecting the science of war, both as to offensive and defensive operations. These professors were called tacticians. SCIMITAR, (Cirneterre, Fr.) a short sword with a convex edge more or less incurvated. SCIRITES et Squirites, a body of cavalry which formerly made part of the Macedonian army. The men who chiefly composed it came from a small town in the neighbourhood of Lacedae- mon, which was called Sciros. SCITIE or SETIE, Fr. a small decked barge with Levant sails. SCIURE, Fr. saw dust. SCLOPPETARIA, from Scloppetum, Lat. a musket or gun, the title given to a modern work on the nature and use of a rifled barrel gun, to which we refer the military reader for some interesting par- ticulars respecting that weapon. SCONCE, in fortification, a fort; '4 bulwark. SCOPETIN, Fr. a person armed with a scopette. SCOPETTE, Fr. a fire arm, re- sembling, in shape and make, a small blunderbuss, which was formerly used by the gens d'annes under Henry the I Vth and Lewis the Xlllth of France. It carried from four to five hundred paces. SCORIA, (scorie, Fr.) dross ; ment of metals. recrc- SCO ( 790 ) s c o SCORPION, (scorpion, Fr.) a sort of lorn: thick javelin or arrow, which w;i- used among the ancients. For ;i specific description, see Yegctius and Justus Lipsius. The Cretans are Bup> posed to have invented the scorpion. SCOT,a north-countryman beyond the Tweed. Scot, from the French icot, shot, pay- ment. Scot and lot, parish payments. SCOTCH, a slight cut; a shallow incision. NN ben placed before the sub- stantive man, a native of Scotland, hence Scotchman. Scotch Brigade, (Brigade Ecossaise, Fr.) a brigade which was tunned in Hol- land alter the abdication of James II. consisting chiefly of the adherents and followers of the Stuart family, who emigrated from Scotland to Holland in the same manner thai several individuals did from England and Ireland to France. The Scotch brigade in Holland became partly absorbed in the revolutions of 1794, and partly followed the expelled Stallholder, commonly called the Prince of Orange, whose descendant is now King of the Netherlands. SCOTFREF., without scot or mulct; not liable to pay any thing. SCOTIA, (scot ie, Fr.) in architecture, a semi-circular cavity or channel be- tween the tores in the bases of columns; or between the thorus and the astragal, and sometimes it is put under the drip in the cornice of the Doric order. The scotia has an effect just opposite to the quarter-round. English workmen fre- quently call it the casement. Perruult calls it a hollow obscure moulding be- tween the tores of the base of a column. In the Corinthian base there are two scotia, the upper of which is the smaller. According to Felibien, cavettois a fourth part of the scotia; Belidor and others call it trochilus, from the Greek tro- chj/los, a pully, which it resembles as to form. Scotia is also commonly called a rundle. SCOTLAND, once a kingdom of Europe, comprehending the north part of the island of Great Britain, and hence called North Britain. It was united to England in the reign of Queen Anne; so that both countries with the frincipality of Wales, form one nation, reland has been added to them, during the present reign. Scotland has the sea on all sides, ex- cept the south, on which it is separated from England. Il is about 330 miles long, and 190 broad. Exclusive of the main land, there are about ;500 islands in its vicinity, There are some laws respecting mili- tary matters winch are peculiar to Scot- land. Officers and soldiers, for instance, can only be quartered there, as they might have been quartered by the laws in force in Scotland at the time of the I mon. No officer or soldier, however, is obliged to pay for his lodging, wheu he is regularly hilletted, except in the suburbs of Edinburgh. Carriages are to be furnished there in like manner as by the laws in force at the Union. Vt hen any troops, or parties upon command, have occasion in their march to pass regular ferries in Scotland, it is lawful for the commanding officer either to pass over with his party as passengers, or to lure the ferry boat entirely for himself and his party, debarring others for that time, in his option. When he takes passage for himself and party as passengers, he is only to pay for himself, and for each person, officer, or soldier, under his command, half of the ordinary rate payable by single persons at any SUCQ ferry J and when he hires the ferry- boat for himself and party, be is to pay halt of the ordinary rate for such boat or boats ; and in such places where there are no regular ferries, but that all passengers hire boats at the rates they can agree for, officers with or without parties must agree for boats at the rate other persons do in like cases. To SCOUR, (butt re a toufe volte, Fr.) This term is frequently used- to express the act of firing a quick and heavy discharge of ordnance or mus- ketry, for the purpose of dislodging an enemy. Hence, to scour the rampart, or the covert way. It likewise signifies to clear, to drive away, viz. to scour the sea-, icumcr les mers; to scour the Streets, balayer les rues ; to scour the trenches, netloyer. la t rune hie : also to run about in a loose desultory manner, as, to scour the country. To Scour a line is to flank it so as to see directly along it, that a musket- ball entering at one end, may fly to the other, leaving no place of security. See NlTTOYER. SCR ( T91 ) S C IT SCOURER. The ramrod was so called in old times. It formerly made a part in the exercise of the lirelock, as, Draw forth your scourer ; Return your scourer. SCOUTMASTER, an ancient officer, whose duties are variously described by Grosse, page 9.22, vol. ii, in his History of the English Army, and who had the management and direction of a certain number of horsemen that were sent out to discover the enemy and lo watch his movements. SCOUTS, from the Saxon word sent out or forth. Scouts are generally horsemen sent out before, and on the wings of an army, at the distance of a mile or two, to dis- cover the enemy, and give the general an account of what they see. SCRAMASAXES. According to the author of the Nouveau Dictionnaire Militaire, the Scramasaxes was an of- fensive weapon, made in the shape of a sword, but not so long. Gregoire de Tours observes, in the 21st chapter of the fourth book of his history, that Fredegonde caused Sigisbert, king of Austrasia, to be assassinated by two drunken valets, who were armed with this weapon. SCREW, one of the mechanical powers, which is defined a right cylin- der cut into a furrowed spiral.. Wilkins calls it a kind of wedge, that is multi- plied or continued by a helical revolution about a cylinder, receiving its motion, not from any stroke, but from a vectis at one end of it. Mule Screw, a crew which works in a vermicular direction through another: it might properly be called an entering screw. Female Screw, a screw into which a smaller one is worked. Screws, in gunnery, are fastened to the cascable of light guns and howitzers, by means of an iron bolt, which goes through a socket fixed upon the center transom, to elevate or depress the piece with, instead of wedges. Screw of direction, (vis dc point age, Fr.) The screw of direction, used in the artillery, is formed of a brass hori- zontal roller placed 'between the two cheeks of the carriage. The trunnions ot the roller move upon two vertical iron pivots, which are gfixed against the intejior sides of the cheeks. By means of this screw, the direction of pieces is either raised, or lowered, with a re- gular movement, and in the smallest space. The screw of direction, or vis de point age, is equally used for howitzers, as well as for heavy pieces of ordnance. It has been invented by the French, and serves in lieu of the coins a cremai/l'ere, or indented coins. Lock Screws, small screws which are attached to the lock of a musket. SCROWLS or SCROLLS, in archi- tecture. See Volt i E SCULL, in ancient armour, a head piece, without visor orbever, resembling a bowl or basin, such as was worn by our cavalry forty or fifty years back. Scull, (petit bateau, Fr.) a small boat, which one man rows with two oars. SCULLCAP.— See Helmet. SCULLER, (bateau a un ra/neur, Fr.) a small boat with one man or boy to row it. SCULPTURE is the art of cutting or carving in wood, stone, or other matter, to form various figures or repre- sentations. Sculpture also means the fashioning of wax, earth, plaster, &c. to serve as models or moulds, for the cast- ing of metals in. SCUPPER-n««7s, nailswhich are used in fastening leather and canvass to wood, and consequently require a broad head, that neither may work loose. SCURVY, (scorbut, Fr.) a disease to which soldiers and seamen are pecu- liarly exposed, from eating salted meat and drinking bad water, &c. &c. SCUTAGE, shield money, derived from the Latin Scutum. A tax granted to Henry III. to defray his expenses to the Holy Land. SCUTAGIO habendo, an ancient writ to tenants who held bv a knight's service, to attend the king to the wars. SCUTE, or Cunot, Fr. any small boat which is used in navigation for the ac- commodation of a ship; a skill". SCUTIFER, or Shield-bearer, a per- son who carried a shield to cover his master whilst he shot at an enemy with hi-; bow and arrow. As this must have been a service of danger, the office of Scutifer, or Shield-bearer, was always called honourable. SCUTUM, the Latin word for a buckler or a shield, with which the Ro- SEA ( 792 ) SEA jnnn soldiers were formerly armed. It than seven years at sea. He is rated also signified a target. The scutum dit- A. I}, on board the ships of war. There- fered from the clypeus, in as much that is also another description of men rated the former was oval and the latter round, oh board ships of war, that is between a That which was used amongtheGrecians landsman and able-bodied, and an able- was sometimes round, at others square, bodied seamen, called an ordinary sea- aud not unfrequentlv oval. The scutum, man, who is paid more than the lands- or buckler, which the Lacedaemonians man, but not so much as the able-bodied used, was so large, that the dead and seaman. wounded were carried on it. SliA-boat, commonly called Life- boat, a floating vessel of a particular construction, made tor the preservation of persons. Sr.A-jight, (combat naval, Fr.) a con- SEAMS, SEYMS, in horses, are cer- tain clefts in their quarters, caused by the dryness of the foot, or by being ridden upon hard ground. SEANCE, Fr. place; seat; session. Let qutUrt S£amces des touts de judi- test at sea, in which the ships of two | cature, Fr. See Term hostile fleets come to action, and take, burn, sink, or otherwise destroy one another. To record the many sea-fights in which this country has been engaged, particularly with Trance, Spain, and Hol- land, would occupy volumes. It will be sufficient for us to state, that, although the majority of our military operations have not been equal to the valour of our troops, our naval contests have never failed to answer the most sanguine ex- pectations of the country- And yet a nation, once as warlike as our own upon the ocean, was ultimately stripped of its proud ascendancy by the over-weening ambition of her rival. In the second naval action which the Romans had with the Carthaginians during the first Punic war, there were, on both sides, upwards of 290,000 men engaged ; how trifling are modern sea-fights compared to such engagements! SEAL, (sceau, Fr.) the print of a coat of arms, or some other device, made in wax, and set to any deed or writing; also the piece of metal on which the arms, or cypher, is engraven. Privy Seal, (seel secret du roi, Fr.) the King's seal, which is first set to such grants as pass the great seal of England. The Lord Privy Seal, a great oflicer who keeps the King's privy seal, and i>, by office, next in dignity to the lord pre- sident of the council. [''lying Seal, (sceau volant, Fr.) an impression made with sealing-wax upon the outside cover of a letter, under w Inch fresh wax may be put to close the enve- lop. This frequently happens in letters of introduction, &c. SEAMAN, )a sailor capa- Able-bodied Seaman, y ble of taking huh helm and lead, having served more To SEARCH a wound, (sonder une pluie, Fr.) to probe it. To Search a country, to examine mi- nutely all the inlets and outlets, woods, rivers, Sec. of a country through which an army is to advance. All columns ought to be preceded by an advanced guard; but, in a country near the enemy, in order to ensure the safety of it, a very strong and respectable one should be formed, particularly if there is any reason to ima- gine the enemy are ambuscaded, or mean to attack or harass you, so as to prevent the completion of the object of your movement. Mons. le Cointe Drum- mOnd de Melford, a most able tactician, has, in a treatise of cavalry published by him, given a plan for the distribu- tion of an advanced guard, shewing also how to search the country through which the column has to pass. SEARCHER, an instrument used by founders to discover any flaws in the bore of cannon, &c. See Proof. To SEASON, in a military sense, to accustom; to enure. Soldiers are fre- quently sent to Gibraltar in order to be seasoned lor a hot climate. SEASONED troops, troops that have been accustomed to climate, and are not so liable to become the victims of any endemical disorder, as raw men must unavoidably be. The French use the word acclirnater, to get accustomed to a change of climate. Hence troupes acclmaties, troops that have been sea- soned. SEASONING of timber is the pre- paring ol timber for use, which is done in the following manner: the timber having been felled, &c. it must be laid up very dry in an airy place, yet free from extreme heat, from cold, and rain; SEC ( 793 ) SEC and that it may not cleave, but dry equally, it ought to be daubed over with cow-dung. It must not stand upright, but lie along, one piece upon another, interposing some short blocks between them, to preserve them from a certain mouldiness, which they usually contract while they sweat, and that often produces a kind of fungus, especially if there are any sappy parts remaining. Water seasoning, among wheelwrights, is particularly attended to. As for the elm, though the tree be felled never so green, for sudden use, if it be plunged four or five times in water, especially salt, which is best, it acquires an admira- ble seasoning, and may be immediately used. Timber is also seasoned by burying it in the earth, covering it with wheat, or scorching it by fire; especially if it be intended for piles, &c. SEAT of war, the country in which *var is actively carried on. SECANT, (secante, Fr.) a line which cuts another, or divides it into two parts. Secant of an arch, in trigonometry, is a right line drawn from the center of the circle to the extremity of the tangent. Secant of an angle. Supposing an angle to be terminated by a base that is perpendicular to one of the sides, and that the smallest side of the angle be taken for the radius, or whole sinus, the greatest of the two sides of that angle will be its secant. SECOND, (second, Fr.) the next in order to the first; the ordinal of two; the next in dignity, place, or station. The French use the word second, in military matters, somewhat diiferent from the English, viz. Compagnie en Second, Fr. This lite- rally means second company, but ac- cording to the old French regulations it signifies a company which consists of half the number of men that other com- panies are composed of. This was, how- ever, applied to the cavalry only. Capitaine en Second, ou riform'c, Fr. an officer whose company has been reduced, but -who does duty in an other, and is destined to till up the first vacancy. We have borrowed the expression, and say, To be seconded. To be seconded. This word is generally pronounced secouned. When an officer is seconded, he remains upon full pay, his rank goes on, and he may purchase the .next vacant step, without being obliged to memorial, in the manner that a half-pay officer must. Should the latter have taken a difference, he will find much difficulty in getting upon full pay, and he can only- avail himself of his standing in the army when the last object is accomplished. So that a seconded officer stands in a mora favourable light. He is, besides, likely to be appointed to the vacant coin- mission of the regiment in which he is seconded. Second, both in English and French, also signifies a witness in a duel; whence Prendre pour son Second, Fr. to take for a second. Les Seconds de cote et d 'autre se sont tuts, Fr. both the seconds weie killed, or the seconds on each side killed one ano- ther. It was very usual among the French for the seconds to make common cause with their principals, and to fight upon the decease of the former. — The practice is out of date. Seconds in duels are considered by the Law of Eng- land as principals to all intents and pur- poses, and liable to prosecution and in- dictment for murder as the case may be^ To Second, (seconder, Fr.) to aid or assist; to support. Second covert way, that beyond the second ditch. See Fortification. Second ditch, that made on the out- side of the glacis, when the ground is low, and there is plenty of water. Second fane, Fr. See Flank Oblique in Fortification. Le Second, Fr. the second beat of the drum, when troops are to move. — See La GfeNERALE. SECONDE, Fr. a thrust in fencing, which is delivered at the outside of the body beneath the arm, with the nails downward. SECOURABLE, Fr. that may be ro lieved, or have succours thrown in. The French say of a fortihed place, which is invested at all points, or so blockaded, that there is neither egress nor ingress, quelle nest pus secourable, that it cannot be relieved, or have succours thrown in. SECOURIR une place, Fr. to throw succours into a besieged town or place. It sometimes siirnih.es to force an invest- 1_ ing, or attacking, army to raise the siege. bFCiJl lis, Fr. See buccotR. Passer du Secocrs, Fr. to do without the aid or assistance of another, SECRECY, a quality of the mind, by which men are enabled to keep to them- selves anything reposed in trust, or de* 5 1 S E C ( 791 ) SEC i nded for exe< ution, In the !il volume of Polybius, page L34, the following sensible observations occur on this h< ad: •• Among tin- many precautions to which a commander ^ ! 1 ■ > li i ( 1 attend, that Of observing lecrecv is the principal: tiiat neither the joy which springs from an un- expected prospect of success, nor yet the dread of a miscarriage; that neither friendship not affection mayprevail upon him, to communicate his design to any persons, except those alone with- out whose assistance it cannot be carried into execution: and not even to these, till the time, in which their sen ices are severally required, obliges him to dis- close it. Nor is it necessary only, that the tongue be silent, but much more, that the mind also make not any discovery. For it has often happened, that men who have carefully restrained themselves from speaking, have sometimes, by their countenance alone, and sometimes by their actions, very clearly manifested their designs." !n military economy, this quality is peculiarly requisite. It signifies fidelity to a secret; taciturnity inviolate j (lose silence. Officers, in particular, should be well aware of the importance of it, as the divulging of what litis been confi- dentially entrusted to them, especially on expeditions, might render the whole project abortive. The slightest devi- ation from it is very justly considered as a breach of honour, as scandalous con- duct, unbecoming an officer and a gen- tleman. In official matters, the person. so offending, is liable to the severest punishment and penalty! 'J he following authentic anecdote can- not be uninteresting to a military reader, with respect to the morality of the thing A lieutenant in the Prussian service having ingratiated himself into the confi- dence of the late King of Prussia, (when he was crowned Prince of Prussia,) Frederick the Great sent for him, and accosted him in the following manner: •' Sir, I am very happy my nephew has so discreet a choice, as that of se- fou for his friend ; but there is a matter in which you may oblige me tially; and that is, to make me ac- quainted with the particulars of his oon- duct. This will gratify me much, and 1 will take care of your promotion." The lieutenant bowed very respect- fully, and nobly replied, " I am sensible to your majesty's mark of approbation ; hut it would he dishonourable, and, ot coarse, it is impossible for me to betray the prince's scents." He was then Re- tiring, when old Frederick, in an altered of voice, exclaimed, " Mr. Lieutenant! as you do not know how to oblige me, 1 will now teach .mi to obey me. To Spandau !'' The young officer was immediately d, and confined in a prison ot that name, which is in the neighbourhood ol Berlin. We lament, that so great a man should have tarnished the splendour of his character, by descending into the low temper of a prying courtii r. An ancient philosopher has very justly considered secrecy as one of the most holy and sacred of mysteries. Myste- ries were originally certain feast.-, which were celebrated in honour ot the goddess Ceres ; and as the greatx St secrecy pre- vailed on those occasions, the word mys- tery has been applied to everything hid- den, or concealed. The greatest generals have always been persuaded that those counsels and decisions are the best, which are so managed as never to reach the enemy. Demetrius, son of Antigonus the Great, once asked his father, on what day he meant to >:ive the enemy battle: "Art thou afraid of not hearing the trumpet sound ?" was the king's reply. A general officer having once put an indiscreet question to Peter the Third of \rragon, that monarch hastily ex- claimed : " If I knew that my shirt were privy to the slightest thought which passes in my imagination, I would burn it." The commander in chief of an army was on his inarch for the execution of a most important enterprise. One of his otficers anxiously sought to know the ul- timate object. The general, instead of answering him, put the following ques- tion : '' Were 1 to tell you, would you mention it to anybody?" The officer basing solemnly declared he would not, the general calmly r< plied: " I also know bow to keep a secret, as well as you." This wise answer checked the indiscre- tion of the offic< r. In the history of Athens, there is a remarkable instance of this virtue re- I of* a woman named Lionna, who, been taken up as one of the conspirators against the reigning tyrant, S'E C ( 795 ) SEC refused to betray her accomplices. She was put to the torture ; and after having undergone the most excruciating pain, began to doubt her own resolution and Strength of mind, and in order to render it impossible for her to break the secret, she cut out her own tongue. After the expulsion of the tyrants, the Athenians, in grateful remembrance of so heroic an action, erected a statute to her memory, in the shape of a lioness without a tongue, with the following sentence in- scribed upon its base : " Virtue has tri- umphed over the sex." Which sen- tence, however honourable to one dis- tinguished female, is a tacit lesson to mankind with regard to the caution which ousiht to be observed in all com- munications, on business, with women. Commanders in Chief, and all officers, civil or military, cannot be too much guarded in this respect. See Syren SECRET, (secret, Fr.) Under this word may be considered the caution and circumspection which every good general should observe during a cam- paign ; the feints he may think proper to make for the purpose of covering a projected attack; and the various strata- gems to which he may resort to keep his own intentions concealed, and to get at those of others. Secret, kept hidden, not revealed. Hence secret expedition, secret enter- prize, &c. Secret articles of a treaty are the correlative words to patent articles. SECRET, Fr. The French use this word in the same sense that we. do, which signifies, figuratively, a certain skill or aptitude jn one general, to dis- cover and penetrate into the latent de- signs of another, who may be opposed to him. This also holds good in politics. Hence, Le plus grand secret de Fart mili- tate et de la pu/itii/ue, est de savoir bien etudier, ct bien patt-lrtr, les actions et les desseins de sun adversaire ; the greatest secret in war, as well as in politics, con- sists in being able to ttudy with correct- ness, and to penetrate with certainty, not only the actions, but also the designs of an adversary. La partie Secrette d'une urm'ee, Fr. that particular branch of correspondence and communication in an army, by which secret intelligence is obtained respecting the movements and operations of an enemy, \ the clerks of the peaci , or their deputies, to be annu- ally laid before both houses of Parlia- ment. This clause, we believe, has lati ly been disp< nsed with, as well as a foregoing one, winch enacts that the clerk >>t the peace of every county, riding, and plate, shall enter the qualifi- cations transmitted to him upon a roll, and shall cause to he inserted in the London Gazette, the dates of the com- missions, and names and rank ot the offi- cers, together with the names of tht offi- cers in whose room they are appointed ; in like manner as commissions in the army are published from the War-office. The expense ot" such insertion in the Gaz< tte, for each commission, is likewise directed to be charged to the treasurer of the county, riding, or place, for par- ticulars, see the last edition of the Regi- ni'-iit >i > ompanion. 2bSE< RETE, to hide; to keep pri- vate ; to harbour; to conceal, &c. By articles of War it is provided, that it any person shall harbour, conceal, or assist any deserter from his Majesty's service, knowing him to be such, the person, so offending, shall forfeit, for every such offence, the sum of five pounds. Faire SECTE a part, Fr. to maintain singular opinions respecting military or civil things. SECTION, (section, Fr.) from the Latin word sectio, which is derived from seco, to cut, a part of a thing divided, or the division itself. Such particularly are the subdivisions of a chapter, called also paragraphs and articles. Sometimes we find the term section divided into articles; as in the Articles of War. The Rules and Regulations for the discipline of the British army are divided into parts, and each part subdivided into heads or sec- tions of explanation. So that when an officer readi the higher tactics under Battalion and Line, and wants any spe- cific explanation, he must refer to the section. The Drill, or instruction of the recruit, is explained in forty sections which constitute the 1st part. The in- structions and various operations of the Company are explained in 265 sections, which form the 2d part. The several operations, &c. which be- long to a battalion when it acts singly, or in line with others, are explained in 108 sections, which form the 3d part. And the principal circumstances relative to the movements of a considerable line, are explained in 3'2 sections, which con- stitute the 4th part, or the line. All of which have been compiled and arranged, with much skill and accuracy, by Gene- ral Sir David Dundas. Section, a certain proportion of a battalion or company, when it is told off for military movements and evolutions. It is stated in the Rules and Regulations, that a section should never be less than five files. This rule, however, is not ab- solute, as we find in another part of the Regulations, that a section may consist of four tiles. This relates to the infan- try ; the cavalry is not told off into sec- tions, but into ranks by threes. The French use tin word section for the same purpose ; but their sections are stronger than our's. We generally divide a com- pany into two sub-divisions, and each subdivision into two sections; and tor the convenience of marching through narrow ground, these sections are fre- quently reduced to three, or even two, files in front. The French form their SEC ( 797 ) SEC •ompanies into platoons, and divide their platoons into two sections, so that their sections are equal to our subdivisions. Section, in mathematics, signifies the cutting of one plane by another ; or a solid by a plane. Section of a building, in architecture, is understood of the profile and delinea- tion of its heights and depths, raised on a plane, as if the fabric were cut asunder to discover the inside. Conic Section, (section conique, Fr.) is the figure made by the solid body ot a cone being supposed to be, cut by a plane. These sections are generally dis- tinguished by four separate names, viz. circle, ellipsis, hyperbola, and puiubola. SECTOR, (secteur, Fr.) a mathema- tical instrument of great use in finding the proportion between quantities of the same kind ; as between lines and lines, surfaces and surfaces, &c. for which rea- son the French call it the compass of proportion. The great advantage of the sector, above common scales, &c. is, that it is adapted to all radii, and all scales. The sector is founded on the fourth proposi- tion of the sixth book of Euclid. The sector consists of two equal legs, or rules of brass, &c riveted together, but so as to move easily on the rivet; on the faces of the instrument are placed ■ several lines ; the principal of which are, the line of equal parts, line of chords, line of sines, line of tangents, line of secants, line of polygons, and line of rhumbs. Sector of a circle, (secteur de cercle, Fr.) a portion comprehended between two radii, or semidiameters, and the arc of the circle, making an angle at the center; and an arch or part of the cir- cumference. Sector of a sphere, ( secteur -d'une sphere, Fr.) is the conic solid, whose vertex ends in the center of the sphere, and its base is a segment of the same sphere. SECULAR, (seculune, Fr.) belonging to the space of one hundred years. Secular games, among the Romans, solemn feasts, celebrated at the end oi every age, or one hundred years. SECUNDAIxS, in mathematics, an infinite series or rank of numbers, which begin from nothing, and proceed as the squares of numbers in arithmetical pro- portion ; as, 0, 2, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, &c. SECUNDARY, an officer next under the chief officer. To SECURE, in a military sense, to preserve, to keep, to make certain ; as to secure a place, to secure a conquest. In the management of the firelock, it signifies to bring it to a certain position, by which the locks are secured against rain. Hence Secure arms! a word of command which is given to troops who are under arms in wet weather. To bring your firelock to the secure, 1st. throw your right hand briskly up, and place it. under the cock, keeping the piece steady in tha same position. 2d. Quit the butt with the left hand, and seize the firelock with it at the swell, bringing the elbow close down upon the lock ; the right hand kept fast in this motion, and the piece still upright. 3d. Quit the right hand, and bring it down vour right side, throwing the fire- lock nimbly down to the secure ; the left hand in a line with the waist-belt. In order to shoulder from the secure, you must, 1st. bring the firelock up to a per- pendicular line, seizing it with the right hand under the cock. 2d. Quit the left hand, and place it strong upon the butt. 3d. Quit the right hand, and bring it smartly down the right side. Secure arms now forms a part of the new manual. Government SECURITIES. Under this term may be comprehended the fol- lowing negociable and convertible pro- perty : Exchequer bills are issued by govern- ment under acts of parliament, in anti- cipation of the revenue of the current vear. They bear an interest per diem, specified in the body of each bill. This interest has varied. Exchequer bills are usually either of 100/. 200/. 500/. or 1000/. value each ; payable to bearer, and requiring neither assignment nor endorsement. They are usually paid off about one year after their issue ; of this, due notice is given in the Gazette and newspapers. Upon these occasions, the owners of them, or their bankers and agents, attend at the Exchequer office where th^y receive the interest and the principal, either in cash, or new bills, at their ow n option. Exchequer bills are most eligible securities, on account of the certainty and expedition with which they can be converted into cash ; and seem particularly worthy the notice of military officers, who art desirous of ds- SEC ( 7!>B ) SEE poi-itin v.^i nt, or of some pi rson holding his power of attorney, in order that they ma\ be cashed or reneWed. India bonds are no( government se- curities, but scarcely 1( ss negociable than exchequer bills. They are granted by the I ;«nny, bear a netl interest of .' ' i • nt. and r< paid in March and September at the India House. They are never due, but are always taken as cash by the India. ( i impanj in payment of duties, merchan- dize, &c. Naty bills are bills of exchange drawn at 90 days date, on the treasun r of t li< navy. The) bear an interest at the rate of 5/. percent, per annum, which is ex- pressed in the bill, and forms part of the total sum paid at maturity of the bill. Victualling bills. See AV/r-y bills. Treasury bills, bills of exchapge drawn on the lords of the treasury at various dates. They arc frequently drav n from gn station?, by military <>r naval commanders, ambassadors, envoys, con- suls, tlu head of the commissariat. They are usually accepted l>\ the secretary of the treasury Bills 071 the par/master general, hills of exchange drawn by officers, or others, for public services of a military nature, on the paymaster general of the force^g, at various dat; s, and usually accepted by the accomptai I generai, or cashier, at the Pay Office, Horse Guards. The above four different descriptions medied ; as it must he obvious to every man of common sense, that the mere admission of a claim does not constitute property, or afford those facilities of ne- gotiation which are the main springs of commerce. Ni< i urn is to be given for places of public trust. In consequence of some aotorioue defalcations, particularly in the Ordnance treasury department, and in the Marine Pay-office, a bill has been brought into Parliament, to render it im- possible lor any individual to receive, or hold in trust) public monies, without having given full security for the faithful discharge of his duty. We have often urged the necessity for .such a bill, espe- cially in the Regimental Companion, I (Is of ten years ago. SECDT( IRES, or »V quutores, a certain class of gladiators, among the ancient Romans, w bo, being armed with a helmet, a shield, and a sword, or a leaden mace, encountered the Retiarii. The latter stood always upon the defensive, and only watched an opportunity to throw a net ovi r their antagonist, in order to destroy him with a pitchfork ; which was the only weapon the Retiarii used. SEDENTAIRE, Er. stationary. Troupes S£dentaIRES, /•'?•. stationary troops. Thus the national guards in France, who do duty in the several garri- son towns, are called gardes national sedenlaires, in contradiction to colonms mobiles, or moveable columns. The lat- ter are sometimes ('ailed troupes en acti- vate, troops on service. SEDITION, ( sedition, revolt e, emeute, Tr.) mutiny, strife, popular tumult, up- roar. Solon, the celebrated lawgiver, made a rule which rendered all persons infa- mous who stood neuter in a sedition. of hills are all discountable, and seldom This good and wise man thought, indeed, declined (when within 65 days of ma- that no individual ought to be insensible Unity) by the Rank of England, to any amount. Ordnance debentures are securities of a very diffi r< ..\ d< gcription. They are not negociable or discountable. They are 3 .in fact, nothing more than official ac- knowledgements of a debt payable at some remote time, when it may suit the a 'rangement of the Ordnance board. No- illy sent to the holders of de- when they may attend for pay- ment, but instances have occurred when such attendances have been fruitless. This, however, we presume, will be re- with regard to his country, nor value him- ()n providing for his own security, by refusing to share the distresses of the public; but. in the defence of a just cause, he judged that a good citizen should bravely run all hazards, rather than remain an inactive spectator. 2b SEE, in a military sense, to have practical knowledge of a thing; as to see. service. The French use the word servir alone. To See a regiment, to pass a regiment in review, as a general officer does. SEELIMG. A horse is said to secl t S E I ( 799 ) S E L when, upon his eye-brows, there grows white hairs, mixed with those or' his natural colour, about the breadth of a farthing, which is a sure mark of old age. To have SEEN a shot fired, a figura- tive expression in the British service, signifying to have been in action ; also to have been in fire. SEER, a piece of iron which the trigger acts upon in the lock. This word is sometimes written cear, but we think it is more properly derived from the French serrer } to close, to hold fast, to keep firm. Seer, hid. a weight nearly equal to a pound. SEESAR, Ind. the dewy season. SEEARISH, Ind. a recommenda- tion. SEEPEEYA, hid. a triangle to which culprits are tied to be flogged. SEFFY, hid. a dynasty of Persia. SEGBANS, horsemen among the Turks, who have care of the baggage belonging to cavalry regiments. SEGMENT, (segment, Fr.) generally signifies a piece cut off from something. Segment of a circle, (segment d'un carle, Fr.) in geometry, is a figure ter- minated by a right line, less than the dia- meter and circumference ; on it is a figure contained between a chord and an arch of the same circle. Segment of a sphere, (segment dc sphere, Fr.) in mathematics : this is also called section of a sphere, and consists of a portion of it cut off by a plane, in any part except the center, so that the base of such segment must alwavs be a circle, and its surface a part of that of the sphere ; the whole segment being either greater or less than an hemisphere. SEJA, hid. a fenced terrace. SEILLURE, sillage, can, hoiiage, ou ouiuche,Fr. terms used among the rrench to express the way a ship makes ; it cor- responds with our naval word wake. SE JOUR, IV. a halting day; such as is usually marked out by the secretary at war, when troops are on their march in the interior of a country ; or by the ge- neral of an army, when they are in the field. In a naval sense, it signifies the time that a ship remains in port. SEIN, Fr. in the midst. The French say figuratively, porter la guerre dans le sein d'un rot/aume ; to carry war .into the heart of a kingdom. An sein de ses sol- dats, in the midst of his soldiers ; au sein de su famille, in the midst of his family. SETNG Manuel, Fr. sign manual. SEL, Fr. salt. Before the revolution of 1789, the French troops were allowed a specific quantity of salt, which was re- gularly accounted for at the back of the muster-rolls. Sel, Fr. The salt used in the artillery is lixivia), and of a fixed quality. It is extracted from saltpetre, and must be thoroughly washed, as no saltpetre can be good which has the least saline, or greasy particle about it. SELENDERS are chops, or mangy sores, in the bending of a horse's hough, as the malendersare in the knees. To SEEECT, to choose in preference to others rejected. SELECTION, the act of choosing in preference to others rejected ; hence se- lection of officers to act upon the staff, &c. in which case merit only ought to be the guiding principle. SELF,(soi-»«eW, Fr.)one's own person. Self -confident. See Vanity. Self- sufficient. See Vanity. SELFISHNESS, a narrow, mean, and unmanly regard for one's own interest only; a quality incompatible with the fine feelings and the high notions of an officer. SELICTAR, a Turkish sabre. SELION, (sillon, Fr.) a ridge of land which lies between two furrows. To SELL, to dispose of for a price. To Sell out, a term generally used when an officer is permitted to retire from the service ; selling or disposing of his commission or commissions. It is the correlative word to buy in. Officers who have purchased or bought, are usually allowed to sell. But much de- pends upon the interest or good luck ot' the individual, with respect to the ad- vantages which are derived from this traffic. It sometimes happens, that an officer, who has only perhaps bought one- commission, and has risen to the top of the regiment, is permitted to get the ag- gregate value of all the steps : and he is fortunate indeed, if the step he pur- chased was the first, and consequently the cheapest. During the administra- tion of his Royal Highness the Duke of York, a great check has been put to the enormous abuses which were formerly practised. To Sell«£ the Regulation, to receive the regulated price oi a commission. A commission is sometimes allowed to ba sold at the regulation for the benefit ef as ; ' S E M ( 800 ) SEN individual whose children have fallen in t!ii- service; audit sometimes happens, thai individuals are obliged to quit the army without being able to take advan- tage of the market. SELLA impcratoria vel CMtretuii, a chair of state, made of carved ivory, which the Roman generals used in the field, and which was afterwards con- verted into the Imperial throne. SELLANDER, a dry scab in a horse's hoof, or pastern. SELLE, l'r. a saddle. See Boute- SELLB. Selle rase, Fr. a saddle without a bow. Seli.f a (tram, Fr. a bow-saddle. /•'()/ de Selle, Fr. See Tree of a Saddle. SELLERIE, Fr. a place appropriated for horse harness. SFLEETTE, Fr. a stool; also a pad, or saddle, for a cart-horse. Likewise a »tool on which the prisoner sits, in foreign countries, during his trial. SeLLETTE, Fr. in mechanics, apiece of wood placed near the top of the pin ot an engine, or machine, upon which two hold-fasts are fixed that sustain the cross beam which carries the puilies. SEMBLABLES, Fr. in geometry, similar, alike, equal. This term is ap- plied to any two figures, the sides of one of which correspond with the sides of the other, and are always in the same ratio. So that semblable, or alike, only means, in this sense, equal. Two circles, though unequal in their sizes, may still be alike ; that is, their several parts may agree according to a certain ratio. SEMELLE, Fr. lee-board. Semelle, Fr. a sort of beam upon which certain parts of a roof are kept together, in order to prevent them from widening out. Semelle d'etuie, Fr. a piece of tim- ber, which is laid heneath the foot of a prop, &.c. Si melle, Fr. in artillery, the end of a thick plank, which is laid between the two cheeks of a gun-carriage, and upon which the cannon rests. Lea SE-ftlELLES, Fr. the axle-trees belonging to the carriage of a gun. The French also call them lea aissieux. SEMESTRE, Fr. This word lite- rally signifies a term of six months ; but it is generally understood to express any tvrui of have of absence which is granted to officers, or soldiers. With respect to the latter, it means furlough. SEMESTRIER, Fr. This term comes from the word Semestre, and siguilics the person who lias leave of absence, or who goes on furlough. SEMICIRCLE, part of a circle di- vided by the diameter. SEMIDIAMETER, half of the line which divides a circle into two equal parts. SEMiniAMETiui of the globe of com- pression, in mining. This is the dis- tance from the center of the chamber of the mine, to the circumference of the excavation, made by the explosion, or springing, of the mine, and is estimated to be equal to the hypothenuse of a right angled triangle, whose other two sides are the line of least resistance, and the semidiameter of the excavation. SEMIORDINATE, a line drawn at right angles to be bisected by the axis, and extending from one side of the sec- tion to the other. Vieille SEM1TTERNELLE, Fr. the old trot. SENAU, Fr. a small skiff, or tender, calculated for quick sailing. SENEC1IAL, Fr. This is the most ancient of all the titles or dignities which were attached to those indivi- duals that undertook the command of armies, when the Kings of France, be- longing to the second race, ceased to go in person. The Sinichal was selected by the sovereign from among those vas- sals and subjects, who were highest in nobility, and were most distinguished for their rank, wealth, and talents. The title of grand Sen'echul of France wai first created by Lotharios, in 928, and conferred upon Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, surnauied Grisegonnelle. This rank, or situation, continued to be attached to the Count of Anjou, until the reign of Philip Augustus, in whom it was extin- guished, when he ascended the throne of France, in 1121. The grand Senechal likewise exercised the functions of Lord Steward of the King's household ; having under him several subordinate st'nechals, who also held places of considerable trust. These were called Senechdux de France, Senechals of France. SEiSECIlALE, Fr. the seneschal's wife or lady. SE\SS-dcsaus-deasous, Fr. topsy-turvy. Sms-dewant-derriere, Fr. wrong way. SENIORITY, in military matters, is j the difference of lime betwixt the raising SEN ( 301 ) SEN of two regiments, whereby the one is said to be so much senior to the other. All regiments take place according to seniority in numerical order. The dif- ference of time betwixt the dates of two commissions of officers makes the one senior to the other ; and all officers of the same rank roll by the seniority of their commissions. The seniority of a regiment or bat- talion supersedes the standing of an individual in the army, being wholly distinct from each other with respect to rank. A regiment, for instance, may have three battalions, and be thus com- manded; — 1st battalion by a major- general, 2d battalion by a lieutenant- general, and the third again by a full general ; or, to make the case as it really existed during the late war, the first and second battalions shall be com- manded by a major-general and a lieu- tenant-general, the latter having the youngest battalion. Should the second battalion be reduced, the senior officer with respect to rank in the army goes to the right about, and the junior re- mains full colonel of the standing bat- talion; being senior in regimental rank. It must likewise be observed, that in the line of battle, officers are posted accord- ing to the seniority of their regiments : so that in the case adduced, the lieu- tenant-general would be commanded by the major-general. SENSE, understanding; soundness of faculties; strength of natural reason. Common SENSE, that genuine fa- culty of the mind which is not diverted from any rational pursuit, by refined ideas. According to Bailey, common sense consists of those general notions arising in the minds of men, by which they apprehend things after the same manner. Sense of duty, an affection of the mind which governs the actions of men, according to the principles of what they feel they ought to do. Sense of honour, a fine feeling, by which men of spirit and delicacy are governed, in contradistinction to those grovelling motives by which mean and selfish creatures are actuated. SENSIBLE, Fr. susceptible; liable to take a quick impression, and to im- bibe a spirit of resentment. Sense of Hereafter, a consciousness of something beyond the grave, where the highest and the lowest must be respon- sible for their conduct iu this world. SENSUALIST, one devoted to cor- poreal pleasures, generally at the expense of his mental faculties ; an animal of this sort is, perhaps, less adapted to a military life, than almost any other in creation. SENTENCE, decision; determina- tion; final judgment. There is an ap- peal allowed from the sentence of a regimental court-martial to the opinion of a general one, in pecuniary matters. To Sentence a thousand lushes, to pass judgment upon a man, by which he is liable to receive that specific num- ber of lashes. When the sentence pro- ceeds from a general court-martial, the King only can remit the punishment; in regimental cases the total remission, or, mitigation, rests with the commanding officer. SENTIER, Fr. a path; a by-way. ' SENTINEL, ^ from the Latin sen- S ENTRY, j tio, or more properly from the Italian sentinel/a, a private soldier, placed in some post, to watch the approach of the enemy, to prevent surprizes, to stop such as would pass without order, or being discovered who they are. Sentries are placed before the arms of all guards, at the tents and doors of general officers, colonels of regiments, &c. All sentries are to be vigilant on their- posts ; they are not, on any account, to sing, smoke tobacco, nor suffer any noise to be made near them. They are to have a watchful eye over the things committed to their charge. They are not to surfer any light to remain, or any fire to be made near their posts in the night-time ; neither is any sentry to be relieved, or removed from his post, but by the corporal of the guard. They are not to suffer any one to touch or handle their arms, or in the night-time to come within ten yards of their post. No person is to strike or abuse a sentry on his post; but when he has committed a crime, he is to be relieved, and then punished according to the rules and Articles of War. A sentinel, on his post in the - nitrht, is not to knew any body, but by the countersign ; when he challenges, and is answered, relief, he calls out stand, relief! advance corporal ! upon which the corporal halts his men, and ad- vances alone within a yard of the sentry's firelock, first ordering his party to port arms, on which the sentrv does ths 5K S E 11 same. Mid gives him the same counter- sign, taking care that no one hears it. S« Rounds. I running SENTINEL, a sentry who is upon the look out, at ail ad- vanced post, or near the gates of a for- tified place, and is not confined to a particular spot. SENTTNELLE, Fr. sentinel; sen- try. This word is likewise used to ex- press the duty done by a sentinel. Faire sentinclle, to stand sentry. Sentinem.e perdue, Fr. a sentry posted in a very advanced situation, so as to he in continual danger of surprize from the enemy. SEPTANGULAR, having seven an- gles. ( 802 ) S E It SERASKUR, Ind. This word is SEPTENTRION, Fr. the north the SEPADAR, Ind. an officer of rank of brigadier general. SEPAHE, Ind. a feudatory chief, 01 military tenant. SEPHARRY, Ind. afternoon. SEPOYS, Ind. derived from Sepahe, natives who have enlisted themselves into the service of the East India Com- pany, and are attached to the infantry. These troops have both native and Eu- ropean officers; but the Europeans at all times command. The Sepoys make excellent soldiers, are remarkably clean, and feel a natural predilection for anus. SEPTEMBRISADE, Fr. a term msed to express the general massacre which took place in Paris on the 2d and 3d of September, 1792. SEPTEMBRISER, JFV. to septem- brise; to massacre; to kill without judge or jury. SEPTEMBRISEURS, Fr. a name ^iven to those who were concerned in the French massacres of September, in 1798, and co those who were suspected of having aided and abetted the perpe- trators of those horrid acts. The latter were also called Septembristes. SEPTIDI, Fr. the seventh day in the French Republican decade. SEPTILATERAL, having seven sides. SEPTUPLE, seven fold. SERAKHUR, bid. ) native officers SERANG, > who are em- ployed in the artillery, and on board tthips of war, to command the Lascars. SERASKIER, (serasquier, Fr.) a- mong the Turks, the next in rank to the Vizier, in whose absence he com- mands, but to whose orders he is con- stantly subservient. sometimes written Seraskier, and sig- nifies the commander in chief of a Turkish army. SERDANS, colonels ia the Turkish service. SERF, SERVE, Fr. a bond-man, bond-woman. Formerly those only wer» called bond-men and bond-women whose (Kiisons and property belonged, uncon- ditionally, to some lord of a manor, to whom the property devolved in default of lineal inheritance. A bond-man, or serf, was, in fact, a slave. All the pea- sants in Poland are of this class, as well as those of Russia. SERGENS d'armes, Fr. a distinguish- ed class of military men, that constituted tbe body guard of Philipe Auguste of France. Under Philipe-le-bel, they only did duty every quarter, at the palace. Their weapons consisted of the masse. d'armes, or mace, and the arc or bow. The company of sergens d'armes was, at first, composed of two hundred men ; afterwards it was reduced to one hun- dred and fifty, and then again to one, hundred. During the absence of his fa- ther John, who was a prisoner in Eng- land, Charles the Fifth, regent of France, reduced them to six individuals. And since the reign of Charles the Seventh, the sergens d'armes have not been spo- ken of. SERGENT, Fr. See Serjeant. Sr.Rcr.NT noble, Fr. a post of honour which existed during the first periods of the French monarchy. The French compiler, from whose work we have occasionally translated much matter re- lative to the military history, Sec. of France, has the following passage con- cerning the term itself. We shall give his words literally : — " This term does not come from serviens, as I ima- gined, in common with many other ety- mologists. Monsieur Beneton, in his Htitoire de la Guerre, says, that the Serjeant was a gentleman by birth, who during the prevalence of military fiefs, was liable to do military service, in consequence of the feodal tenure, called fuf de sergenterie, by which he held his 'land. His superior officer was called Suzeruin, the functions of whose situation corresponded with those of a modern adjutant general. It was tha business of the sergent noble, or gentle- man serjeant, to assemble all the vassal* of the Suzerain, for the purpose of incor- SER ( 803 ) SER porating them under one standard, and of rendering them tit for war." Sergent de bunde, Fr, a serjeant in the common acceptation of the term. — The etymology of this word is different from that of sergent noble. It evidently comes from the French serregent, that close, or lock, up, the same as serre- files; shewing that this non-commis- sioned officer was placed to take charge of the rear files, whilst the commissioned one was in front. It was his business to see that the rear conformed itself to the orders which were given in the front; to make the files lock up, and dress, &c. Sergent de bataille, Fr. field ser- jeant. This was an appointment of con- siderable trust in the old French armies. The sergens de bataille held commands, and did the duty of inspectors. They ranked next to a field marshal, or mari- chal de bataille. The sergens de bataille, or field Serjeants, existed under Francis the First. But these field Serjeants were only at that time sergens de bandes, or train Serjeants. There were likewise, under the same king, sergens giniraux de bataille, general field Serjeants. These were officers of rank, and did the duty of a modern major-general. There were also officers of the same description in the reign of Henry IY ; . This appointment appears to have been dropped after the peace of the Pyre- nees. The author of the Hisloire de la Milice Francaise, observes, that the appointment and duty of the different officers, called marshals, or field Ser- jeants, varied according to the will and pleasure of the French kings, and their war ministers. He agrees with us, that the situation of field serjeant was originally of great consequence, but that it gradually declined, and was eventually made subservient to a supe- rior officer, who was called marechal de bataille, whose duties corresponded with those of adjutant-general in the present times. There have been officers of the same denomination both in Spain and Ger- many, who did the duty of marechal de camp; another term, we presume, for major-general. But the general field Serjeants, in those countries, were divided into two classes; one class was confined, in its functions, to the infantry, and the *ther to the cavalry; and both acted independently of one another ; whereas in France they acted together. SERGENTER, Fr. a word frequently used by the French, in a figurative sense, signifying to press, to importune. On n'aime point a itrc scrgent'e, on« does not like to be pressed ; or, as wa familiarly say, to be dragooned into a thing. SERUD, Tnd. a boundary or frontier. SERJEANT, i in war, is a non- SERGEANT, > commissioned or (Sergent, Fr.) } inferior officer in a company or troop, armed with a pike, and appointed to see discipline observed; to teach the private men their exercise ; and to order, straighten, and form ranks, tiles, &c. lie receives the orders from the serjeant-major, which he communi- cates to his officers. Each company has generally three Serjeants in the British service. SERJEANT-Ma/or. The serjeant- major is the first non-commissioned officer in the regiment after the quarter- master. He is, in fact, an assistant to the adjutant. It is his peculiar duty to be perfect master of every thing which relates to drills ; and it is always expected, that he should set an example, to the rest of the non-commissioned officers, of manly, soldier-like, and zealous activity. He must be thoroughly acquainted with all the details which regard the interior management and the discipline of a regiment. For this purpose he must be a good penman, and must keep regular lists of the Serjeants and cor- porals, with the dates of their appoint- ments, as well as the roster for their duties, and rosters of privates, orderly duty and commands, as far as relates to or cora- in every respect, responsible for the accuracy of these details. He must look well to the appearance of the men, and order such to drill as he sees awkward, slovenly, or in any way irregular. If it be meant as a punishment, he specifies the time for which they are sent to drill ; if only for awkwardness, they remain there until their faults are removed. When he has occasion to put a non- commissioned officer in arrest, he must report him to the adjutant. In most regiments, the serjeant-major, under the direction of the adjutant, rs 5 K3 the number which each troop, pany, is to furnish. He is, SER ( 804 ) S E II : . (I to drill every young officer who ,-(niu- into the n .uncut, in the manual -tiitl platoon exi rases; In is likewise to instruct him in the slow imd quick marches, in wheeling, &c. He is paid for his trouble by each officer whom lie instructs. In some regiments, especially of cai airy, one guinea and a half, and in others one guinea is given. li. reports regularly to the adjutant flu- 1 xact -till of the awkward drill, Sec. It is scarcely necessary to observe in this place, that the good or had ap- pearance of a regiment, with or with- out anus, depends greatly upon the skill and activity of a serjeant-major ; and that he has every inducement to look forward to promotion. Armourer-SEBJZAJHr, the serjeant who lias the care of the arms belonging to a battalion, troop or company. He is under the quarter-master. Corcrmg-SERJEANT, a non-commis- sioned officer, who during the exercise of a battalion, regularly stands or moves behind each otiicer, commanding, or act- ing with, a platoon or company. When the ranks take open order, and the officers move in front, the covering Ser- jeants replace their leaders ; and when the ranks are closed they fall back in their rear. DrUlSzRJZATUT, an expert and active non-commissioned officer, who, under the immediate direction of the serjeant- major, instructs the raw recruits of a regiment in the first principles of military exercise. \\ hen awkward, or ill-be- haved men are sent to drill, they are usually placed under the care of the drill-Serjeant*. This non-commissioned cer will dp well to bear constantly in mindthe followingobser various from page 13.3, vol. i. of the Reglemens pour I' bifun- terie Praj '■> nne. " In teaching young recruits their first duties, the greatest caution must be observed not to give them a disgust to the service, by harsh treatment, angry and impatient words, and much less by blows. The utmost mildness must, oil the contrary, be shewn, in order to endear the service to them; and the several parts of exercise must be taught [hem by degrees; so that they become insensibly acquainted with the whole of the discipline, without having been dis- puted in the acquirement. Rustics and strangers must be used with extreme lenity,' P«)/-Sekjeakt, or PaytriOsief-Ss.** JEANT, an honest, steady, non-commis- sioned officer, (who is a good accountant, and writes well) that is selected by the captain of a company in the infantry, to pay the men twice a week, and to ac- count weekly to him, or to hi? subaltern, (as the case may be) for all disburse- ments, lie likewise keeps a regular state of the necessaries of the men, and assists in making up the monthly abstract for pay allowances, &c. Qmirta-iiittstcr-bv.iu v.AX7, a non-com- missioned officer who acts under the quarter-master of a regiment; he ought to be a steady man, a good accountant, and to be well acquainted with the re- sources of a country-town or village. Lu)iccSep..i f.ant, a corporal who acts as a serjeant in a company, but only re- ceives tlie pay of a corporal. Scliool-Ii]ti*lir-Sh\:j\ ant, the serjeant who has the instruction of the boys be- longing to a regiment, where a school is kept up and supported by the colonels of regiments. II ////c-SF.r.jrAXT, a term of just ridi- cule in the British service, which is applied to those ladies, who, taking ad- vantage of the uxoiiousiiess of their hus- band-, neglect their household concerns, to interfere in military matters. Si.i;jEANT-«(-«rw.s-, an officer appointed to attend the person of a king, arrest traitors, and persons of quality offending, and to attend the lord steward when he sits in judgment on any traitor. SERMENT, Fr. oath. Fitter Sei;mi.> r, Fr. to take an oath. Sekment de sotilut, Fr. the soldier's oath, or oath of fidelity, and passive obedience, as far as lawful commands extend. For the oath which was taken among the Romans, see Sacuamextum. SERPE, Fr. a billhook. SERPr.d'armeSyYr. an offensive weapon; so tailed from its resemblance to a hedg- ing bill. SERPENS, Fr. See Salamanure. SERPENTF.AU, Fr. a round iron circle, with small spikes, and squibs at- tached to them. It is frequently used in the attack and defence of a breach. It likewise means a fusee, which is filled with gunpowder, and is bent in such a manner, that when it takes fire, it ob- tains a circular rapid motion, and throws out sparks of light in various directions. Serplntealx, et serpenteaux bro- ckets, Fr. a spedes of fusee, which is SER ( 805 ) SER garnished or loaded with a stick or spit, that is a third of the length of the cartridge. SERPENTIN, Fr. the cock of a musket or nrelo*ck. Serpentin, Fr. an old piece of ord- nance which resembled a cannon, but is no longer in use. SERPENTINE line, the same as Spiral. Langue Serpentine, Fr. ill tongue. See Langue ; also Insinuative Abuse. SERPILIERE, Fr. packing cloth. SERRE-file, Fr. the last rank of a battalion, by which its depth is ascer- tained, and which always forms its rear. When ranks are doubled, the battaiion resumes its natural formation by means of the serre-files. Serre-file literally sig- nifies a closer up. Perhaps the term serre-jile would be more appropriate than supernumerary, as both officer and Ser- jeant are posted in the rear to keep the rear-ranks up. SERRE-rfe>«(;/?/e, Fr. that rank in a battalion which determines the half of its depth, and which marches before the demi-file. Thus a battalion standing six deep has its serre-demi file in the third rank, which determines its depth. Capitaine de Serre-/?7c.s, Fr. an offi- cer who commands a rear-guard, when a regiment is on its march. 'SxiR.RZ-papiers, Fr. a place of security where papers may be deposited. SERRER, Fr. to close up. Serrer la bride, Fr. to pull in the bridle. Serrer la botte, Fr. a term used in cavalry movements, when dragoons are ordered to close in, knee to knee. Serrer Viperon, Fr. to push the spin- home, when the horse is required to go full gallop. Serrer les canons, Fr. to house the guns. SERREZ la masse! Fr. a word of com- mand in the French service, signifying — Form close column ! Serrez vosrangs. 'Fr. Take close order! SFitRURE, Fr. a lock. SERRURES renardes, Fr. locks which may be opened inside and out. SERRURERIE, -Fr. This word not only signifies the lock-smith's work, but also the art of working iron, SERRURIER, Fr. a locksmith. SERVANS d" ' amies, or Chevaliers Ser- vaus, Fr. persons belonging to thu third class of the Order of Malta are so called. They are not noblemen, although they wear the sword and the cross. SERVANTS, in a military sense, are soldiers taken from the ranks, for the purpose of waiting upon officers, and of accompanying them when they are with their respective corps. Among the standing orders for Prince William of Gloucester's regiment, namely, the 115th 7 which were printed during the last war, we find the following particulars respect- ing this class of men. The officers' servants to be taken from the rear and center ranks. t No soldier to be permitted to act as an officer's servant, that is not perfect in his exercise, and whose conduct is not good. Recruits on no account whatever to be suffered to attend officers as ser- vants. No soldier to be taken as a servant, without the consent of the commanding officer of his company; and if he is of a different company from that to which the officer belongs, he is to have the consent of both captains, or commanding offi- cers. When a soldier is to be employed as a servant, by an officer who does not belong to the same company, his com- manding officer will chuse out of the company to -which such servant is trans- ferred, another man in exchange, from the same rank, as that in which the ser- vant has been accustomed to serve. It is recommended, that every soldier who shall attend an officer in the capa- city of a servant, may be allowed no more wages than one shilling British per week. Servants to constitute, invariably, part of the detail with their masters on duty. They are to be punctual in their at- tendance, at the time the non-commis- sioned officers and men are ordered for inspection. No officer is, on any pretence what- ever, to neglect reporting to the com- manding officer instantly, when he dis- covers an act of dishonesty, either in his own servant, or in the servant of any other officer of the regiment. Any sol- dier, employed by an officer in the cha- racter of a servant, who either himself robs, or knowingly suffers others to do so, from his master, or from any body else, let the articles be ever so trifling, shall be brought to a court-martial, and if found guilty ; be punished for a breach SER ( 806 ) SER c«t the standing orders of the regiment. \\ e humbly presume to suggest, that under bo serious a charge as that of theft, the delinquent should he tried for a breach of the specific article of war, before a general court-martial. Whenever an officer dismisses a soldier from acting as his servant, such soldier is to return to his company complete in regimentals, necessaries, and appoint- ments, without any expense to his cap- tain ; and if he is discharged on account of dishonesty, or irregularities of any kind, such servant is not afterwards to be employed by any other officer of the regiment. In addition to these orders, we take the liberty to observe, (since the article of war, which says expressly, that no soldier shall wear a livery, is, through neglect and by custom, become a dead letter,) that if officers' servants were to be plainly dressed, with a cull" and cape to correspond with the facings of the several regiments, much ridiculous parade and show would be avoided. British soldiers would not be exposed to the galling necessity of submitting to the whim and caprice of many a white Ser- jeant, or ostentatious fribble, and be- < 1.1 1 ling the laughing stocks of their comrades, through their party-coloured tlresses. Servants attached to officers, com- monly called officers' servants. Every officer in the British service, being with his regiment, or on detachment, &c. is allowed one private soldier or more ac- cording to his rank, to act in the capa- city of bat-man. It would exceed the limits of this work, were we to enter into the gross abuse of this indulgence. In order, however, to do away the possi- bility of it, we would suggest the fol- lowing measure; namely, to allow every officer 20(. or more, to enable him to hire a servant, who would, of course, be amenable to military law, and to con- tinue that allowance on a certificate transmitted through the regimental pay- master, that he had been so hired, and was not a soldier. This would throw a considerable body of effective good fire- locks into activity, and it would also be the means of recruiting the army at huge; as many boys would by degrees get attached to a military life, and enlist into their respective regiments. As far buck as the year 1695, an al- lowance for servants was made to every 4 d. 17 15 10 -048 officer in the British army. It appear* by a MS. in the Harleian Library still extant in the Museum, that at the camp of Bccclaer, in Flanders, a warrant was signed by William III. dated the 17th day of June, 1695, by which the fol- lowing rate of pay was established for 47 infantry regiments; being the stand- ing army of that period. Colonel 12s. three servants each 3d. as captain 8s. three servants at 3d. Daily L pay (without deductions.) 1 Lt. Colonel 7s. as captain 8s. three servants at 8d. - ( Major 5s. as captain 8s. three servants at 8d. Captains each 8s. three ser- vants at 8d. Lieutenants each 4s. one ser- vant 8d. Ensigns each 3s. one servant 8d. Chaplain - Adjutant Surgeon Surgeon's mate Quarter-master 4s. one ser- vant 8d. Serjeants Corporals Drummers This authenticated statement will not only bear us through our suggestion, but may also prove the partial hardship which the fighting officers suffer, not only from their pay being numerically less — but from being rendered still more inadequate to their wants, through the high price of every necessary of life. To SERVE, (servir, Fr.) in a mili- tary sense, to do duty as an officer or soldier. To Serve a piece, (servir une piece, Fr.) in the artillery, to load and fire with promptitude and correctness. The French use the term in the same sense, viz. L'artillcrie Jut bien servie a ce siege; the artillery was well served at that siege. SERVICE, (service, Fr.) in a general sense of the word, as far as it relates to war, every species of military duty which is done by an inferior under the influ- ence and command of a superior. It likewise means exploit, achievement. It also points out thA particular profes- sion to which a man belongs, as land service, sea service, and the degree of knowledge which he may have acquired 3 8 6 8 4 4 3 6 4 8 1 6 1 1 S E R < m He has seen a great ) S E R fcy practice, viz deal of service. Service likewise means the period during which a man has done duty, or followed the military profession in an active manner. Service, Fr. in building, signifies the conveyance of materials from the tim- ber-yard to the foot of the edifice which is being constructed, and thence up to the scaffolding. To go, or enter upon Service, to join a corps which is ordered into actual warfare. To meet in Service, to come in con- tact with a person who is engaged in the same state of warfare. To see Service, to be in actual con- tact with an enemy. To be on Service, to be doing actual duty with a corps, or detachment. To enter into the Service, to pur- chase, or receive without purchase, a commission in the army. In either ease the individual must be recommended to the Commander in Chief, or to the secre- tary at war, (as the case may be,) stating him to be fully qualified to hold that situation. This is done for his Majesty's approbation ; and no person, under the rank of a field officer, can recommend -another. See Recommend. To retire from the Service, to quit the army, or resign with or without the advantage of being benefited by the sale of one, or more commissions. No officer can resign his commission, or retire from the service, without hav- ing previously obtained his Majesty's permission through the Commander in Chief, or the secretary at war, as the case may be. To retire from the Service, keeping one's rank. It has sometimes happen- ed, that an officer has obtained per- mission to quit the army, keeping his rank; by which means he has been enabled to return into the service, and to take advantage of his original stand- ing. A very meritorious officer, of high rank at present, was permitted to retire iu this manner. There have been instances of officers retiring, not only with their rank, but with a certain allowance from the regiment. Few or none, however, of any description, have occurred during the administration of the army under His Royal Highness the Duke of York, who is said to be deci- dedly averse to every thing of the kind. Infantry Service, service done by foot soldiers. Cavalry Service, service done by soldiers on horseback. General Service. This term is ap- plied to troops that are liable to be sent to any quarter of the habitable globe; hence, men raised for general service. Regiments composed of volunteers from the militia are not of this description; nor do the officers, who came from that establishment, enjoy progressive rank in the army. Stars are affixed to their names in the Army List. A Letter of Service. See Letter. Home Service, in a military sense, and with us, the duty which is done within the limits of the three United Kingdoms, and the adjacent islands. This term is frequently used to distin- guish such troops as are not liable to serve beyond specified limits, from those that have been raised for general service. Foreign Service, military duty, or service, done abroad. Secret Service, any service performed by an individual, in a clandestine secret manner. It likewise means intelligence, or information given by spies when countries are engaged in war, for which they receive pecuniary compensation. Secret Service (abroad), the act of obtaining and transmitting intelligence respecting the movements and measure* of an open enemy, or of powers, &c. that may be more or less coanected with him. Secret Service (at home), the act of watching the conduct of persons at home, for the purpose of giving infor- mation thereon to government. Secret Service money, the reward or compensation which is given for secret intelligence. Hard Service. This term is used, among the British, to signify the exer- cise of military duties in the presence of an enemy : we say, he has seen muck hard service ; which the French express thus : 11 a beaucoup servi. Service of danger. Any duty, of- fice, or undertaking, may be so called when the character or personal safety of an individual is involved. Thus to write for the public good, however pure the motive may be, is always a service of danger, especially in degenerate times, and under a system of corruption. Limited Service. A prescribed pe- riod by law, during which men enlisted S K It ( 308 ) S E T Under that provision are bound to serve as soldiers, liut at the expiration of which, they are at liberty to return to their respective homes. This rational Avoir du Service, Fr. a vulgar term used among the French to signify, that a man has been in various situations without much credit to himself, or suggestion, which had been pressed upon j benefit to others. It is particularly ap the attention of our representatives during several years in repeated publi- cations, was brought forward by Mr. WindhaU itl ltJOti, and passed into a law; so that, with all his eccentricities, that gentleman has done some good to the army. Unlimited Service, military service done abroad or at home, according to the exigencies of the state, without li- mitation or restriction. Services, pecuniary disbursements, or payments, made for military pur- poses. Eire de Service, Fr. to be on duty. Etre de Service c/icz le roi, Fr. to do duty at the palace. Service likewise means tour of duty, or routine of service. Service de Cirtfantcric en marche, Fr. the regular duties or routine of service which an infantry regiment goes through, when it receives orders to inarch. These are the general, la generate, ou le pre- mier ; the assembly, I'asscmb/ee, ou le second; the troop, le drapeau, ou le dernier. Service des places, Fr. the regular duty, or routine of service, which is performed in fortified towns or places : of which description arc garrison duties. See Essai snr la Science de lu Guerre, par Mons. le Baron IVEspagnac, torn, iii. p. 855, and E/hnens Militaires, torn, ii, p. 116, where specific regulations on this head may be seen. We likewise recommend to the perusal of every en- gineer and artillery officer, a valuable publication, entituled Essai General de Fortification, et d'Attaijuc ct Defense des places. Service de campagne, Fr. field du- ties. This subject has been ably treated by several French writers, and among others by the author of Eliincns Mili- taires, torn. ii. p. 1, &c. and in torn. iv. p. G8, &c. We likewise recommend to British officers, in general, a small treatise which has been published at the Military Library, relative to the duties of an officer in the field, and principally of light troops, whether ca- valry or infantry ; as containing much uselul information, and preparatory knowledge. plied to a soldier who has been in dif- ferent services, or who has deserted and got into two or three different regi- ments. Service des Grands nest pas heritage, Fr. an expression used among the; French, which signifies, that attendance on the great seldom produces any per- manent advantage. Every individual, who has talents, should, of course, de- pend upon his own exertions. He ought indeed never to lose sight of the French phrase, Nage toujuttrs, et ne fy fie pas ; Keep swimming on, and do not trust to the stream. Fnire son Servic f, Fr. to go through the functions or duties of a place or si- tuation. SERVICEABLE, capable of per- forming all necessary military duty; also fit for use, as serviceable arms. SERVIENTES, in old times substi- tutes for tenants in capite, according to the feudal laws. Time SERVING. See Time. SERVIR, Ft. to serve, to do duty. Se Servir d'un autre, Fr. to make use of another. See Use. Servir le canon, Fr. to serve the can- non, or bring it into action. Servir Cartillerie, Fr. to serve the artillery or bring it into action. SE RVTTEUR, Fr. The French use this word in the same way that we do servant ; hence, bon serviteur du Prince, de I'itat, dr. la patrie, a good servant of his prince or sovereign; a good servant of the state, of the country. By which is meant a rule of conduct marked by zeal and assiduity, together with un- shaken fidelity; all of which are essential ingredients in the military character. SESQUITERTIONAL proportion is when any number, or quantity, contains another once, and one third. To SET a sentry, (poser unc sentinclk, Fr.) to place a soldier at any particular spot for its security. To Set on, to attack. To Set at defiance, to defy; to dare to combat, ckc. To Set up, to make a man fit for mi- litary movements and parade. It is ob- served in the Rules and Regulations, that too many methods cannot be used to SEX 809 ) S II A supple the recruit, and banish the air of the rustic; hut that excess of setting up, which stiffens the person, and tends to throw the body backward instead of tor- ward, is contrary to every true principle of movement, and must therefore be most carefully avoided. To Set up, to begin a scheme of life. Thus Bonaparte, who was first brought malics, an instrument which serves to measure angles. It is the segment of a circle, or an arch of CO degrees, which makes the sixth part of a circle. SEYMA'Rr Bassy, or first lieutenant- general of the Janizaries, .an officer among the Turks, who not only com- mands the Janizaries that are called Segments, hut when the Aga (which sig- into notice by Barras, the French Direc- nines chief guaidian, and the Aga-si, tor, like Eumenes, one of Alexander's '. chief or guardian of) takes the field, who captains, set up for himself. ChristopheJ further assumes the title of Kaymekan, the black Emperor, has done the same or his lieutenant at Constantinople. He in St. Domingo, SETENDY, Ind. the militia. SETTER, in gunnery, a round stick to drive fuzes, or any other compositions, into cases made of paper. To SETTLE, (in building,) to give is authorized to put his own seal upon the different dispatches. which he sends, and takes rank of all the sardans, or colonels, in his jurisdiction. lie is like- wise entrusted with the entire direction and management of all that concerns, or way, to sink. This is said of a wall, ' relates to, the interior government ot that cracks, or is otherwise defective SETTLEMENT, the act of settling; the state of being settled; as the settle- ment of accounts. In order to arrive at this indispensable period of human transactions, officers, and paymasters in particular should never omit taking receipts for disbursements, however minute. In money matters, delicacy is a ciime, because it is sure to involve one party, or the other, in eventual mischief; whereas a clear and undisputed record can never offend. See Vouchers. SHAFT-ri?igs. See Rings. SEUIL> Fr. a threshold. Seuil a"iclusc, Fr. a thick piece of wood which is laid cross-ways between two stakes at the bottom of the water, for the purpose of supporting the flood- gate. Seuil de pont levis, Fr. a thick piece of wood with a groove, which is fixed on the edge of the counterscarp of a fosse or ditch, in order to bear the weight or pressure of the draw-bridge, when it is lowered. It is likewise called sommier, a summer, or princpial beam. SEVEL, of the branches of a bridle, is n nail turned round like a ring with a large head, made fast in the lower part of the branch, called Garganille. SEVIR, one of the chief knights of ancient Rome, being six in all, and one to each ten; also a captain of a regi- ment of horse SEWER, (cgout, Fr.) a drain, con- duit, or conveyance, for carrying off water, soilage, &c. SEX-a?/,g/er/, having six angles. SEXTANT, (sextant, Fr.) in mathe-' wooden pin*. 5L the Janizaries. SEXTIDI, Fr. the sixth day in the French republican decade. SEXTILE, Fr. In the French re- publican almanack, a year is said to be sextile, when it contains 366 days ; in which case there is a sixth complemen- tary day. SUABLE. The shable was formerly more in use amongst the horse, than other bodies of men ; it is not altogether so long as the sword, but to make amends for that, the blade is twice as broad, and edged on both sides; and therefore it is more used for cutting than thrusting. The shable has a guard. SHABRACK, an Hungarian term, generally used among cavalry officers, to signify the cloth furniture of a troop horse, or charger. SHAFT, an arrow; a missive weapon. Shaft, (in architecture,) as the shaft of a column, is the body of it, so called from its sti aightness. But it is more fre- quently called by architects the fust. Shaft is also used for the spire of a church steeple. Shaft likewise signifies an artificial descent practised into the earth for the purpose of mining, making excavation*, &c. as in coal pits, &c. Shafts of a carriage are two poles joined together with cross bars, by which the hind horse guides the carriage, and supports the fore part of the shafts; the hind part turning round an iron bolt. SiiAFT-trt/s are two pieces of wood to fasten the hind ends of the shafts toge- ther, into which they are pinned with sua c 81 ° ) SHAEEE, lad. a small coin of the value of about three-pence. SHAKER, Ind. city. MIA IT, bid. bridge, embankment. SHAKY, ) with builders, such stuff SHAKEN, I as is cracked either with the beat of the sun, or the draught of thr wind. SHALLIE, Ind. the same as batty, which signifies rice in the husk. SHALONS, an old word in Chaucer, signifying blankets. SHAM, pretended; not real, as a sham-fight. SsA-it-Jelons. SecMoiciiEsef Mou- XOMS. SAMMBRIE, (in the manege,) is a long thong of leather, made fast to the end of a cunc or slick, for the purpose of animating a horse, or of punishing him if he refuses to obey the ruler. SHAMMIES^/br chaise and harness, dressed sheep-skins to clean the chaise and harness; one is always kept dry for the latter purpose. SHAMOIS, a kind of wild goat. The hair of it is also so called. SHAMPOOING, hid. an expedient generally used in India and the Levant, as a luxury, and often resorted to by the inhabitants, as a remedy, in very high estimation. The operation is performed by people regularly trained to the office, Called Shampoo men. SHAHPOO-ffien, persons employed in shampooing. MouwtedSHARP-SHOOTERS. See Voltigeurs. SHAM HOCK, the Irish word for three-leafed grass. It is worn hy the Irish in their liats on St. Patrick's day; as the leek is by the Welch on St. Da- vid's, and the thistle by the Scotch on St. Andrew's. SHANK, the long part of any instru- ment. Shank, in architecture, the body of a pillar. Shank, in a horse, is that part of the fore-leg, which is between the knee and second joints, next to the foot, called a fet-lock, or pastern joint. SHAROCK, lud. a silver coin, equal in value to about one shilling. SHARP! a password which is given at Windsor among the attendants on royalty, to signify the approach of the King. Sharp, keen, fierce, ardent, fiery. Sa\Y.p-affair — the French use the S II E word J'iir — a contest in war, such as skirmishing, disputing a post or passage, in which the combatants eagerly attack one another. SHATTERED, broken to pieces; having the continuity of the parts de- stroyed; as a shattered limb. SHAH MIA R1S, Ind. a canopy of cot- ton cloth. SHAW.IM a king. SHAWZADA,Ind. the king's son. SHEAF of arrows. In ancient time?, arrows were reckoned by sheaves, and one sheaf contained twenty-four arrows. SHEED, Ind. a witness. SI1EICK, a chief of a tribe among the Arabs. Mr. Morier, in his account of a campaign with the Ottoman army, re- lates, that in 1800, a fanatic sheick, who pretended to be inspired, headed the Fellahs, (the lowest class of inhabitants are so called among the Arabs,) of the district of Demenhor, and caused a de- tachment of 80 Frenchmen to be put to death in the night; this was efl'ected by first securing the sentinel. SHELL of a sword, (plaque (Tepee, Fr.) a particular part of a sword, which serves as a shield to the hand when it grasps the hilt. The regulation sword, which is directed to be worn in a cross belt, has its shell so constructed that one side can fall down, by which means the hilt hangs more conveniently. A spring-Su eli. of a sword, (plaque (Tepee a ressort, Fr.) a shell, which, by means of a spring, can lie flat against the hip, when the sword is worn in a cross-belt. The proper word is coquille, not plaque. Shell, the outward part of a tent or marquee. Shell, a short jacket without arms, which was worn by light dragoons, and in some instances by the infantry, be- fore the new regulations took place re- specting the clothing of the British army. At the commencement of the late wars, some militia colonels derived no inconsiderable emolument from this mode of dress. Shells, in gunnery, are hollow iron balls to throw out of mortars or howit- zers, with a fuze-hole of about an inch diameter, to load them with powder, and to receive the fuze : the bottom, or part opposite the fuze, is made heavier than the rest, that the fuze may fall up- permost; but in small elevations, this is not always the case, nor is it necessary; SHE ( 811 ) S II I for, let it fall as it will, the fuze sets hie to the powder within, which hursts the shell, and causes great devastation. The shells had much better be made of an equal thickness, for then they hurst into more pieces. Message-SnEhLS are nothing more than howitzer shells, in the inside of which a letter, or other papers, aie put; the fuze hole is stopt up with wood or cork, and the shells are fired out of a royal or howitzer, either in a garrison or camp. It is supposed that the person to whom the letter is sent knows the time, and accordingly appoints a guard to look out for its arrival. During the bombardment of Flushing, and while the communication with Cadsand was cut off, means were found to convey a letter from the garrison in the latter place. It was inclosed in a. shell, which without being filled with inflammable materials, was discharged from a mor- tar planted on one of the sea-batteries The shell was taken up in Cadsand and emptied of its contents, which were for- warder! to Paris. To find the weight of a Shell. Rule. Double the difference of the cubes of the diameters of the shell and hollow sphere, and 7 times the result gives the weight in pounds, cutting off the two right hand figures of whole numbers. Example. Let the diameter of the shell be 13 inches, and that of the hol- low sphere 9 5. Then the cube of 13 is 2197, and that of 9.5, is 857.357; the difference is 1339.625, its double is 2679.25, which multiplied by 7, gives 18751.625, and cutting off two places in whole numbers, the result is 137lb. or 1 cwt. 2qrs. 211b. the weightof the shell. To Shell, among horses, to have the teeth completely bare and uncovered, which happens about the fifteenth or sixteenth year. Sh?-ap?iel-Hu ells, shells of a peculiar construction, invented by Col. Shrapnel of the royal artillery. They were used with peculiar effect against the French army, which Sir Arthur Welleslcy, now Duke of Wellington, fought on the 21st August, 1803; and also at the battle of Waterloo in 1815. Snr.i.i.-toothed horse is one that from four years, to old age, naturally bears a! mark in all his fore teeth, and there still keeps that hollow place with a black mark, which we call the eye of a bean,' insomuch, that at twelve or fifteen lie appears with the mark of a horse that is not vet six. SHERISCHERWAR, Ind. a word which corresponds with Saturday. SHERISTA, Ind. an officer; a re- gistry. SHTJES, tin building, are small SHINGLES, 5 pieces of wood or quar- tered oaken boards, sawed to a certain scantling, or more usually cleft to about an inch thick at one eud, and made like wedges, four or five inches broad, and eight or nine inches lone. To SHIFT, in a military sense, to change place or station. Hence, to shift quarters. In the exercise, &c. of a battalion, officers commanding divisions are, upon particular occasions, such as marching past, ccc. to shift from the right to the left, to conduct the heads of (iles, or the pivot flanks, in column or echelon. Whenever officers shift, they must pass briskly by the rear, and never along the front of the division. The covering Serjeants always move with them. SHIFTS, a term formerly used in England, to signify a certain per cenrage or douceur, which usurers exacted, and for which they were liable to fine and imprisonment, &c. before the interest for the use of money was fixed at a cer- tain standard in the reign of Henry the VTIIth. The SHILLINGS, a phrase in fami- liar use among army brokers, to express a certain profit, or per centage, which they gain in the sale, purchase, and ex- change of commissions. The regulated price of a company in any regiment of foot being 15001. that sum only can be lodged at an agent's, or a banker's; but if the company be (what is called) in the market, the broker who transacts the business, receives one shilling in the pound, and in order to produce this premium, the purchaser gives 1500 gui- neas, out of which the shillings, amount- ing to 75i. are paid to the broker, leav- ing the nett regulation untouched. SHINGLE, a lath or cleft of wood to cover houses with. .SHINGLES, a disease, a spreading inflammation about the waist, which kills the patient if it get quite round. Horses are subject to this complaint. SHIP, a general name given to all vessels navigated upon the ocean ; in sea language, however, it is more parti- cularly applied to a vessel furnished with 5 Li S II o ( 818 ) S II o three masts, each of which is composed of a lower-mast, n top-mast, and a top- gallant* mast, with the yards and other machinery thereto belonging. Ship of war, (vaissiau dc guerre, Fr.) a vessel belonging to the royal navy, and armed for action. Merchant Ship, (vaisseau marchond, Fr.) a ship of burthen, constructed for the purposes of trade. Head-quarter Ship, the ship on which the commander in chief of an expedition is embarked, and from which signals are made for ihe commanding officers, adju- tants, &c. of corps, to attend. Hospital Smr, the ship in which the sick and wounded soldiers, ccc. are taken care of on expeditions, and during sea voyages. The gun-deck is entirely ap- propriated for the reception of the sick, ami is flush, without cabins or bulk- heads, except one of deal, or canvass, for separating those in malignant distem- pers. Prison Smr, a ship appropriated for the reception of prisoners of war, &c. Slop Ship, a vessel appointed as a de- pot of clothes for the seamen. Store Ship, a vessel employed to car- ry artillery and stores for the use of a fleet, fortress, or garrison. Troop Ship, a vessel appointed to carry troops. It is also called a trans- port. SIIOCCA, hid. any letter written by the kiii'_ r . SHOCK, (choc, Fr.) conflict; mutual impression; violence; violent concourse; as the shock of cavalry. To Shock, to meet with hostile vio- lence. To SHOE, to fit the foot with a shoe. This word is usually confined to a horse. The French say ferrer un cheval. An excellent regulation took pi. ice in 1812, l>y which every soldier belonging to a cavalry regiment is taught how to shoe his horse. SHOEING-Z/o/n, (chausse-pied, Fr.) a horn used to facilitate the admission of the foot into a narrow shoe. Soldiers ■should always take care to have their fchoes easv. To be "SHOOK in the shoulder. A horse may be shook in the shoulder, either from accident, or through haul iiding; in which case, he never can be reckoned Ba f e . |,j s f eet may De good. 8HOOKREWAR, fad. a word which corresponds with Friday. To SHOOT, to discharge a gnn,&c To Shoot, a term in carpentry, signi- fying to take off the edge of R board, &c. with the jointer-plane. To Shoot a bridge, to go through that part of a bridge through which the main current runs: as, to shoot London bridge. SHOOTING. See Gun.nf.ky and Plll'JF.CTILE. SHORE, a coast of land near the sea. Shore, in architecture, a prop to sup- port a building, To Shore up, in architecture, to prop ; to support. SHORTEN your bridle, a word of command used in cavalry, viz. 1st. Seize the upper end of the reins of the bridle, which is to lie on the right side of the horse, with the right hand. 2d. Bring it up as high as your chin, keeping your right elbow on a level with your shoulder. 3d. Slip your left hand along the reins of the bridle, and take hold of the loop or button, which is near the upper end of the iei:is. 4th. Slip the loop down with the left hand as low as the pommel of the saddle. 5th. Bring the right hand down with life on the right holster-cap, quitting the reins of the bridle with both hands. S 1 1 ORT-roll. See S t c N a ls. SuoRT-jointcd. A horse is said to be short-jointed that has a short pastern. Shoi t-juiuted horses do not, usually, manage well; but out of the manage, they are the best for travel or fatigue. SHOT, a denomination given to all kind of balls used for artillery and fire- arms; those for cannon being of iron, and those for guns and pistols, &C. of lead. Ci rape } Chain CShot. See Laboratory. Case ) To find the weight of an iron Shot, whose diameter is given; and the con- trary. Rule. Double the cube of the diameter in inches, anil multiply it by 7; so will the product (rejecting the 2 last or right-hand figures) be the weight in pounds. Example. What is the weight of an iron shot of 7 inches diameter ? The cube of 7 is 313, which doubled is GHti, and this multiplied by 7 produces 4802, which, with the right hand figures re- jected, gives 48 pounds, the weight re- quited. S II o ( 813 ) S H O N. B. This rule is sufficiently exact for practical uses. To find the diameter of the Shot, when the weight is given. Rule. Mul- tiply the cube root of the weight in pounds by 1.923, and the product is the diameter in inches. To find the diameter of a Shot, from the impression or cavity it makes, by striking a brass gun, or other object. P^ule. Divide the square of the radius of the cavity by the depth of it, and add the quotient to the depth; so will the sum he the diameter of the shot required. Langrel Shot, a sort of shot which runs loose, with a shackle, or joint, in the middle. Spherical Cow-Shot. Case-shot is so termed from the whole charge of the nun being contained in a tin case. Ihe tin case is cylindric, in diameter a little less than the calibre of the gun or how- itzer. It is tilled with iron balls, so as to make up the weight of the shot. These balls are seldom less than 1£ oz. in weight. But little effect is to be ex- pected from firing case-shot beyond 300 yards, from the very great divergency of the balls. Although we could enter very fully into this destructive, and hitherto un- paralleled, mode of annoying an enemy, we shall abstain from giving any of those particulars which might lead to a discovery of the invention. Colonel Shrapnel, of the Royal Artillery, has the exclusive merit of having added this formidable weapon to those already in use, with the acknowledged advantage of possessing the talent, as well as the inclination, to render it generally useful. The following explanation of the ef- fects and advantages that might be de- rived by firing this species of shot, is extracted from a book lately published. We should not, otherwise, have thought ourselves justified in saying as much upon the subject. 1st. The whole charge takes effect on the enemy at any distance. By the pre- sent mode of firing, the greatest part of the charge disperses as soon as it leaves the muzzle of the gun, and cannot be directed. 2d. Grape, or case, shot may be fired with an effect equally close and collect- ed, to any distance within the range of rhe piece; and the artillery need not advance within musket shot of the ene- my, to make use of this kind of fire with its full etfect, and are not so subject to have their guns charged either by ca- valry or infantry. 3d. It requires less precision and ex- actness to point a piece of ordnance charged with spherical case shot than with round shot, because case shot is a wide and dispersed fire, and the difficul- ty in elevation consequently less. 4th. Its comparative destruction with that of round shot will be, generally, as the number of shot within the shells to one; that is to say, a three pounder, twentv-two to one in its favour; a six- pounder, fifty to one, &c. in which cal- culation is not enumerated any effect from the splinters of the shell. 6th. Small balls cannot be projected to very considerable distances, unless inclosed in heavy spherical cases, which, from their form and weight, are not much influenced by the resistance of the aii - , or diverted from their direction. 6th. The explosion of the shell makes no change in the direction of the shot within it; they consequentlycomplete the shell's track, or curve, which has some- times been observed to be 400 yards. 7th. From the unevenness of the ground, such as hillocks, banks, fallow- fields, &c. all shot which graze most commonly lodge; whereas, by using this shell, the whole charge will be carried over these irregularities, and reach the object with its full contents of balls. N. B. Firing these kind of shells from guns is managed with more facility than the ordinary howitzer practice, both as to the length of fuze, as well as the ele- vation required, and may be carried on in the field precisely the same as firing round shot. Mode of Examining the different Na- tures of Lieut. Colonel Shruptiel's Shells in the Royal Laboratory. 1st. The shells are to be well ex- amined with a pick hammer of a proper weight to the diameter of each nature, to find they are not damaged by sand holes, or other flaws. 2d. They are to be well scraped in- side, with scrapers that will get under the dip of the fuze-hole, so that all the bore, sand, or gravel, may be cleaned out, which is to be done by rolling and shaking the shell with the fuze-hole downwards. It may be taken out of large shells with a proper ladle, that will bo into the fuze-hule. S H o C 81* ) S II o Sd. They are to be proved with a strong bellows and water as usual; the shot being placed under in a tub or bucket, introduce the nose of the bel- lows into the fuze, and by blowing them the water will bubble, if the shell be porous. 4th. They are to be examined, by the new calliper instruments, round the side and at the bottom, to ascertain their thickness and concentricity. 5th. They are to be examined by a circular gauge, and appropriated to the respective ordnance they are lound to answer. If any are too high by 03 of an inch, or too low by 03 of an inch, they are to be rejected. Gth. When each shell is ascertained to be perfectly dry inside, it is to be placed with its fuze-hole up, and the nose of a strong bellows, forming an an- gle downwards, being introduced into it, a few blasts being given, will blow the remaining particles of dust out of the shell. 7th. The shells are to be classed, by their fuze-holes, into different numbers, viz. 1, 2, 3, and 4; those of an equal size to be packed in boxes by them- selves. 8th. A file to be used occasionally to try if the metal is soft, instead of break- ing the shell. 9th. Each shell to be sounded, by sti iking it gently, as the ringing tone will be lost, should there be an imper- ceptible crack in it. N. B. In the examination of spheri- cal case shot shells, the thick side of the shell need not be taken into con- sideration, but the thinnest part only; for when the thinnest part is too thin by the rule given, the thickest part must be too thick, which needs no ex- amination to discover. Supposing an eighteen-pounder shell ought to be five inches thick in every part, subtract the non-concentricity al- lowed of 0.83 from it, and there re- mains 4.17 inches, for the thinnest part of an eighteen-pounder shell which can be received. Method of making Fuzes of Colonel Shrapnel's Construction. The fuzes, after being turned so as to fit the fuze-holes, are bored, and a deep thread grooved inside, to hold the com- position firm ; and, instead of being turned with cups, they arc hollowed conical, and roughed with a tool that cuts under, the better to receive the priming. After they are driven, with fuze com- position, one and one half inch, they are sawed across the top, about one fifth of an inch down, so as not to touch the composition, and divided into five equal parts, of two tenths of an inch each ; after which a bit of quick match is placed across, and drawn tight in the same grooves; they are then primed, with mealed powder and spirits of wine, capped and packed for service. To Snot a gun, to load a piece of ordnance with the necessary quantity of gunpowder and ball. SHOVEL, an instrument for digging. SHOULDER, the upper part of the blade of a sword is so called. The shoulders of regimental sword-blades, for the infantry, are directed to be one inch broad at least. Shoulder of a horse is that part of his fore-hand that lies between the withers, the fore-thigh, the counter, and the ribs. Charged with Shoulders. A horse is said to be so, when he has thick, fleshy and heavy shoulders, and is, consequent- ly, liable to trip, or fall. §)\o\3 LVF.n-pegged horses are so called when thev are gourdy, stiff, and almost without motion. Shoulder-*/)/^, a horse is said to be so when he has given bis shoulders such a violent shock, as to disjoint the shoul- der-joint from the body. Shoulders of a horse, should be sharp and narrow at the withers, of a middle size; fiat, and have little flesh upon them; for if a horse be charged with shoulders, he will not only be heavy on hand, and soon weary, but also trip and stumble, especially if, with such shoulders, his neck should be thick and large. The shoulders of a well-shaped horse are compared to those of a hare, and the distance between them should be little more than half the breadth of his hind- quarters. Shoulder-/)*^/^ is a malady in a horse, being the displacing the point of the shoulder by some great fall, rack, or pain, which may be known by one shoulder point sticking out farther than its fellow, and by his halting downright. Shoulder -pinching, a misfortune which befals a horse by labouring or straining when too young, or by having been overloaded. S H R ( 815 ) S I E SuovtvER-splaiting, ) a malady SnouLDER-torn, ) which may be- fal a horse by some dangerous sliding, either at home or abroad, by which the shoulder is parted from the breast, and so leaves an open rift, not in the skin, but in the flesh, and the skin next under the outward skin, which renders the horse so lame, that he is not able to go; and this may be known by his trailing his leER-wrench is a misfortune which happens to horses several ways, sometimes by turning or stopping too suddenly upon some uneven ground, sometimes by running too hastily out of the stable door; at other times by slip- ping or sliding, either in the stable or abroad ; and by various other accidents. SaovLDZR-shield, a part of ancient armour which was formed of plates of iron rivetted together, and served to pro- tect the breast and shoulders of a horse. Shoulder of a bastion, in fortifica- tion. See Epaule. Snoui.DER-belt, so called because it hangs over the shoulder, to carry the bayonet or sword : it is made of strong buff leather. To Shoulder, in a military sense, to lay on the shoulder, or to rest any thing against it. Hence, to shoulder a musket. Shoulder amis ! a word of command which is used in the British service. See Manual. Right Shou lders forward, ) two Left Shovlders forward, S terms of command in the Briti;.h service, when a column of march (in order to follow the windings of its route) changes its direction in general, less than the quar- ter of the circle. See Sections 22 and 39 of the Rules and Regulations. SHREADINGS, in carpentry, the making good of the rafter-feet in the cornice, that is, when rafters are cut with a knee. These slireadings (other- wise called furrings) go straight along with the rafter from the top of the knee to the cornice. SHREWDNESS, according to Dr. Johnson, cunning, mixed with petu- lance and ill-nature. This word, how- ever, is often understood in a good sense, and signifies acuteness, quick discrimina- tion, &c. See Sagacity. SHROF, Ind. a banker, a money- changer, or one who keeps a shop for I order to take possession of all the ave- the accommodation of the public in pe- cuniary matters, and who derives consi- derable advantage from the circulating medium of other people's property. SHROFFING, lnd. the act of ex- amining and sorting money. SHUMSURTREEPUT, Ind. avowal, acknowledgement, confession. To SHUT, to close, to make not open. Shut pans ! a word of command used in the inspection of arms. Place the inside of your fingers against the back part of the hammer, and bring it briskly to in one motion. In opening pans, you place the thumb against the inside of the hammer. SHU TERN AUL, Ind. a sort of ar- quebuss, which is fixed upon the back of a camel. SICK and Hurt, a Board so called, to which the agents, commissaries, &c. be- longing to the several military hospitals in Great Britain are responsible. SICKLEGAR, Ind. a person whose business is to polish iron. SIDE. To ride a horse side-ways, is to passage him, to make him go upon two treads, one of which is marked by his shoulders, and the other by his haunches. SiDE-pieces of gun-carriages. See Carriages. SiDE-straps, in a field carriage, are flat iron bands which go round the side- pieces, in those places where the wood is cut across the grain to strengthen them near the center and the trail. SiDE-drum, the drum so called in for- mer times, from being borne on the side of the person who beats it. SIDERATION, the same as sphacelus, (among surgeons,) an entire mortifica- tion of any part of the body. SIEGE, (siege, Fr.) the position which an army takes, or its encampment, before a fortified town, or place, for the purpose of reducing it. The term comes from siege, which signifies seat, chair, &c. Hence, to sit down before a place, signifies, in a military sense, to chuse a position from which you may commence the necessary operations to attack and get possession of it. The French use the word generally as vye do. The first operation of a siege is in- vesting. The body of troops investing a town should, at least, be as strong again as the garrison; so as to be able to divide itself into several parties, in S I E ( «16 ) S I E nues leading to the place. By day they should keep themselves out of cannon- shnt ; but as soon as it is dusk, they must approach much nearer, the better to be able to support each other, and to straiten the town. To undertake the Siege of a town, (rntrcprcndre le siege d'uneville, Fr.) to invest it, to form lines of circumvalla- tion, to open trenches, &c. To lai/ Siege too town, (fuire le siege d'une ville, Fr.') to draw your forces round a town, for the purpose of at- tacking it. To carry on et Siege, (continucr an siege, Fr.) to persevere by regular ap- proaches, &c. in gaining ground upon the garrison. To lay close Siege, (prcsscr le siege, Fr.) to approach , close to the walls for the purpose of making a breach and storming, or of starving out the garrison. For a full and scientific explanation of the different methods which are adopted in modern times, for the attack and de- fence of places, particularly of sieges, see Essai General de Fortification et d'attaque et defense des places, torn. i. page 61, &C. &C. General phrases and terms used at a Siege are, viz. To besiege a place. See Siege. To accelerate thcSir.GT., (accelerer le siege, Fr.) is when an army can approach so near the place as the covert-way, without breaking ground, under favour of some hollow roads, rising grounds, or cavities, and there begin their work. An attack is when the besieging army can approach the town so near as to take it, without making any considerable works. To form the Siege, or lay siege to a place, (mettre le siege a une place, Fr.) there must be an army sufficient to fur- nish five or six reliefs for the trenches, pioneers, guards, convoys, escorts, &c. and artillery, with all the apparatus thereto belonging ; magazines furnished with a sufficient quantity of all kinds of warlike stores; and a general hospital, with physicians, surgeons, medicines,&c. To raise the Siege, (lever le siege, Fr.) is to give over the attack of u place, quit • he works thrown up against it, and the posts formed about it. If there be no reason to fear a sally from the place, the siege may be raised in the day time. '1 he artillery and ammunition must have a strong rear guard, lest the besieged should attempt to charge the rear: if there be any fear of the enemy in front, this order must be altered discretionally, as safety, and the nature of the country will admit. To turn the Siege into a blockade, (convertir le siege en blocks, Fr.) is to give over the attack and endeavour to take it by famine; for which purpose all the avenues, gates, and streams, leading into the place, are so well guarded, that no succour can get in to its relief. To insult a tooth, to attack it in a sudden and unexpected manner, with small arms, or sword in hand. Surprise, the taking a place by * coup de main, by stratagem, or treason. To escalade a place, to approach it secretly, then to place ladders against the wall or rampart, for the troops to mount and get into it that wav. To petard a place, privately to ap- proach the gate, and fix a petard to it, so as to break it open for the troops to enter. Line of circwnvallation, a kind of fortification, consisting of a parapet or breast-work, and a ditch before it, to cover the besiegers against any attempt of the enemy in the iield. Line of contravallation, a breast- : work, with a ditch before it, to cover the besiegers against any sally from the garrison, in the same manner that the line of circumvallation serves to protect them in the field. Lines, works made to cover an army, so as to command a part of the country, with a breast-work and ditch before them. Retrenchment, a. work made round the camp of an army, to cover it against any surprize. Line of counter-approach, a trench which the besieged make from the co- vert-way to the right and left of the besieger's attacks, in order to scour their works. This line must lie perfectly enfiladed from the covert-way and the half moon, &c. that it may be of no service to the enemy, in case he gets possession of it. Batteries at a siege cannot be erected till the trench is advanced within reach of the cannon of the place; that is, within what is generally understood to be a point-blank range, which is reckon- ed about 1300 toises, 1800 feet. Cannon is made use of at a siege for tw» S I E ( 817 ) S I E different purposes; the first to drive away tlie enemy from their defences; and the second to dismount their guns. To produce these two effects, the batte- ries should not be above the mean reach of cannon-shot from the place : there- fore there is no possibility of construct- ing them, till the first parallel is formed; as that work is usually traced at S00 toises from the place: therefore the bat- teries must be on this line, or between it and the town. The completion of the batteries is in some services left to the officers of the royal artillery, after the engineers have thrown up the mass of cover: but in the British service the engineers finish every part of them. They must be parallel to the works of the town which they are to batter. It is customary to place the mortar-batteries and gun-bat- teries side by side, and in the same line, to the end that they may batter the same parts. The use of both is to de- molish the enemy's works, to dismount their guns, to penetrate into their pow- der magazines, and to drive the besieged from their works and defences; as also to ruin and destroy the principal build- ings, by setting fire to the town ; and to fatigue and distress the inhabitants in such a manner, that they shall press the garrison to surrender. To sally at a siege is to go privately out of a besieged town, fall suddenly upon the besiegers, and destroy part of their works, spike their cannon, and do every other possible damage. A sally, a secret movement which is made out of a besieged town or place, by a chosen body of troops, for the purpose of destroying an enemy's out- works, ccc. Sallies are seldom made when the garrison is weak; for although they molest the enemy, and keep him on the alert, yet the chance of losing men renders it prudent to keep within the works. Saps. To sap, at a siege, is the me- thod of carrying on the approaches when so near the place as to be unable to work without cover. It is performed by men On their knees behind a mantlet or stuffed gabion: they make the sap 3 feet deep, and 3 feet 6 inches wide; then, common workmen widen it to the usual size, and it bears the name of trench. There are various sorts of saps, viz. Single sap, that which is made on one side only, or, which is the same thing, has only one parapet. Double sap has a parapet on each side, and is carried on wherever its two sides arc seen from the place. Flying sap is that in which the work- ing parties of the besiegers place their gabions themselves, and instantly fill them with earth, and continue to work under their cover : it is made where the workmen are not much* exposed, and in order to accelerate the approaches. Sap : faggots are a kind of fascines, only three feet long, and about six inches in diameter. Saucissons are another species of fas- cines, from 12 to 19 feet long, and from 8 to 10 inches in diameter, and are used in making batteries, and repairing the breaches. Sortie. See Sally. Tail, or rear of the trench, (Queue de la tranchee, Fr.) is the first work the besiegers make when they open the trenches. Tambour, a kind of traverse, at the upper end of the trench, or opening made in the glacis to communicate with the arrows. This work hinders the be- siegers from being masters of the arrow, or discovering the inside of the place of arms belonging to the covert-way. Traverse in a siege, a kind of re- trenchment which is made in the dry ditch, to defend the passage over it. Trenches are passages or turningsdug in the earth, in order to approach a place without being seen from its defences. Wool-packs used in a siege differ from sand-bags, in this only, that they are much larger, and, instead of earth, they are rilled with wool. They are used in making lodgments in places where there is but little earth, and for other similar purposes. They are about five feet nigh, and 15 inches in diameter. Rear of an attack is the place where the attack begins. Front, or head of an attack, that part next to the place. Mantlets, are wooden fences, rolling upon wheels, of two feet diameter; the bodv of the axle-tree is about four or five inches square, and four or five feet long; to which is fixed a pole of eight or ten feet Ion;:, by two spars; upon the axle-tree is fixed a wooden parapet, three feet high, made of 3-inch planks, and four feet long, joined with dowel- pins, and two cross-bars : this parapet 5 M S I E ( 818 ) S I E Jeani somewhat towards the pole, and is supported by a brace, one end of which is fixed to the pole, and the other to the upper part of the parapet. Mantlets are used to cover the sappers in front against musket-shot. Maxims in Sieges, 1st. The ap- proaches should be made without being teen from the town, either directly, ob- liquely, or in flank. 2. No more works should be made than are necessary for approach! ng the place without being seen; i.e. the be- siegers should carry on their approaches the shortest way possible, consistent with being covered against the enemy's fire. 3. All the parts of the trenches should mutually support each other; and those which are farthest advanced, should be distant from tbose that defend them about 120 or 130 toises, that is, within musket shot. 4. The parallels, or places of arms the most distant from the town, should have a greater extent than those which fire the nearest, that the besiegers may be able to take the enemy in flank, should he resolve to attack the nearest parallels. 5. The trench should be opened or begun as near as possible to the place, without exposing the troops too much, in order to accelerate and diminish the operations of the siege. 6. Care should be taken to join the attacks; that is, they should have com- munications, to the end that they may be able to support each other. 7. Never to advance a work, unless it be well supported; and for this reason, in the interval between the 2d and 3d place of arms, the besiegers should make on both sides of the trenches, smaller places of arms, extending 40 or 50 toises in length, parallel to the others, and constructed in the same manner, which will serve to lodge the soldiers in, who are to protect the works designed to reach the third place of arms. 8. Take care to place the batteries of cannon in the continuation of the laces of the parts attacked, in order to silence their fire; and to the end that the ap- proaches, being protected, may advance with greater safety and expedition. 9. For this reason, the besiegers should always embrace the whole front attack- ed, in order to have as much space as is requisite to place the batteries on the produced faces of the works attacked. 10. Do not begin the attack with *"0rka that lie close to one another, or with rentrant angles, which would e»- pose the attack to the cross fire of the enemy. Stores required for a month's Siege are nearly as follow : — Powder, as the garrison is more or less strong 8 or 900,000lb. ci .. V for battering pieces - 6000 I of a lesser sort - - 20,000 Battering cannon - 80 Cannons of a lesser sort - 40 Small field pieces for defending the lines - 20 i\r . r .i (shells 24 Mortars for throwing { „ t- b ( stones 12 Shells for mortars - 15 or 16,000 Hand-grenades * - • 40,000 Leaden bullets - * - 180,000 Matches in braces - 10,000 Flints for muskets, best sort 100,000 Platforms complete for guns 100 Platforms for mortars - 60 /carriages for guns - 60 r. 1 mortar beds 60 Spare -< j r 1 spunges, rammers, and ' ladles, in sets - 20 Tools to work in trenches - 40,000 Several hand-jacks, gins, sling-carts, travelling forged, and other engines pro- per to raise and carry heavy burdens ; spare timber, and all sorts of miners' tools, mantlets, stuffed gabions, fascines, pickets, and gabions. Siege brusque, Fr. an expression used among the French to signify the prompt and immediate movement of a besieging army, against a fortified town or place, without waiting for the regular forma- tion of lines, &c. In this case, the troops make a vigorous attack upon all the out- works, and endeavour to make a lodge- ment upon the counterscarp. When they have succeeded, they instantly throw up temporary lines, &c. behind them, in order to secure a retreat, should the gar- rison force them to quit their ground. The following are some of the most important Sieges from the twelfth cen- tury to the year 1815. Acre, 1192; 1799, by Bonaparte. — The siege raised after 60 days open trenches. Agria, 1566, 1687. Aiguillon, 1345. Alba Regalis, (Stulweissenberg), 1543, 1601, 1602, 1683. Alcantara, 1706. Alessandria, (Italy,) 1801. Algiers, besieged by an armament from Charles V. of Spain, in 1541. — Bom- barded by order of Louis XIV. in 1682, on which occasion bomb vessels S I E ( 319 ) S I E were first employed by a French en- gineer of the name of Renau. — Bombarded again in 1683; again in 1689, by the French; and finally by Lord Exmouth on die 27th day of August, 1816. Algesiras, 1341. Alhama, 1481. Alkmaar, 1573. Almeida, Aug. 27, 1810. — Lost by the accidental explosion of the principal magazine, and the after-treachery of Major Jose de Barreiros, the Poi tu- gueze artillery commander. Amiens, 1597. Ancona, 1799. Angely (St. Jean d'), 1569, 1621. Angouleme, 1345. Antequera, 1410. Antwerp, 1576, 1583; 1585, use of in- fernal machines; 1706, 1792, 1814. Aretino, 1800. Arras, 1414. Arisch (El), 1800. Astorga, April 12, 1810. Azof}', 1736. Asti, 1745, 1746. Atella, 1496. Ath, 1697, 1700; 1745. — First general adoption of firing with artillery a ri- cochet, at a siege. Avignon, 1226. Badajoz, March 11, 1811; besieged by Lord Wellington in May, the siege raised; a second time during May and June, again raised June 9th, from an insufficiency of means; besieged by his Lordship, the third time, in 1812, and taken by escalade on the night of April 6th. If the British had failed in this last attempt, the army must have gone back to the lines of Torres Vedras. — Remark. — After twenty days open trenches, three breaches were made; the assault of these failed, while an attack of the same walls by escalade succeeded. — Such were the exertions, and so daring was the intrepidity of the British troops during the escalade, particularly that made by General Leith, and the i late lamented Sir Thomas Picton, K. B. that a few years hence they will scarcely obtain belief. Bagdad, 1248. Barcelona, 1697, 1705, 1706,1711. Bastia, 1511, 1793. Bayonne, 1451. Beauvais, 1472. Belgrade, 1439, 1455, 1521, 1638, 1690, 1717, 1739, 1789. Bellegarde, 1793, 1794. ^ Belle-Isle, April 7, 1761. Belvedere (Calabria), 1289. Bene, 1551,1795. Bergerac, 1345. Bergen-op-zoom, 1588, 1622, 1747, 1314. — During one of the most ob- stinate sieges against this strong place, the Dutch, from the prevalence of a thirst for lucre, actually sold gun- powder and other materials to en- able the enemy to destroy their o\v« property, Berwick, 1293. Besancon, 1668, 1674. Bethune, 1710. Blisecastel, 1674, 1794. Bois-le-duc, 160S, 1629, 1794. Bologna, 1512, 1796. Bommel, 1599, invention of the coverK way; 1794. Bonifacio, 1553. Bonn, 1587, 1689, 1703. Bordeaux, 1451, 1452, 1653. Bouchain, 1676; 1711, — last siege of the Duke of Marlborough. Boulogne, 1545. Bourbon (Ft.), Martinique, 1794; 13— Taken and blown up. Bo urges, 1412. Braunau, 1744, 1805. Breda, 1590, 1625, 1793, 1794. Brescia, 1439, 1512, 1796, 1799. Breslaw, 1741, 1757, 1759; Jan. 8, 1S07. Brest, 1373. Brieg, 1741, ir>06, 1307. Brisac, 1638, 1703, 1704. Brussels (bombardment), 1695, 1746. Buda, 1526, 1528, 1541,1684, 1686. Burgos, (Castle of,) Sept. 19 to Oct. 2% 1812. — The siege of this insignifi- cant place was raised from the want of sufficient means of attack — there not being a miner, a sapper, hardly an artificer in the attacking party.— The fortifications were blown up by the French in 1813, in their retreat, June 13th. Cadiz, Feb. 10, 1810, raised Aug. 12th, 1812, in consequence of the defeat of Marmont at the battle of Salamanca. Caen, 1346, 1450. Calais, 1347, starved into a surrender by Edward III.; 1436, 1558,1596. Calvi (Corsica), 1794. Campo-Mayor, March 23,1811; April 15. Candia, 1667 to 1669. — The largest can- non at that time known in Europe cast by the Turks in their camp. — Parallels to support the approaches, invented by an Italian engineer, first used. S I E ( 820 ) S I E Capua, 1501. ( larignan, 1544. (. m tli.i;_t na, 1706. < . 1584, 1629, 1630. ( 0884 I. 1328. I I lcsse), 1761. Castiilon, 1-152, 1586. Ceuta, 1790. Chains, 1199.— Death of Richard Cceur de-Lion. Charleroi, 1672, 1677, 1693, 1736, 17D4 (■dartres, 1568, 1591. Chateau-gaillard, 1203, 1418. Chaves, March 25, 1809. Cherbourg, 1450. Chmcilla, Oct. 30, 1812. Chio, 1316. Ciudad Rodrigo, 1706; July 10, 1810; Jan. 19, 1812. Colberg, 1760, 1761, 1807. Colchester, 1645. Colliouri, 1794. Compiegne, 1430. — Joan of Arc taken prisoner. Conde, 1670, 1792, 1794. Coui, 1691, 17 I I. Constantinople, 1453. Copenhagen, 1700, 1801; Sept. 1307. Corbeil, 1590. Corfu, 1715. Courtrai, taken and re-taken times, from 1302 to 1800. Cracow, 1772. Cremona, 1702. — Surprized by Prince Eugene, who carried oft' Marshal Yi leroy prisoner; but was finally driven out of the town, after a combat o several hours. Crcvecceur, 1672, 1794. Croye, 1442 to 1467. Damien (St.), 1617. Dantzic, 1734, 1793, 1807; 1813 Jan. 12, 1814. Denia, 1707. — The siege raised by the Marquis d'Asfeld, to prevent the en- tire destruction of his army, after having given three general assaults. Dewinter, 1591. Dioant, 1466, 1674. Diu, 1538, 1546. Dole, 1479, 1636; 1668, completed the conquest of Franche Comte ; 1C74. Domingo (St.), 1805. Douai, 1710. Dover, 1816. Dresden, 1745, 1760, 1814. Dunemonde, 1710. Dunkirk, 1646, 1793. Daren, 1543. ggra, 1742, 1713. Elmo (St.), 170;;. twenty Fpernay, 1592. Erie (North America), Aug. 12, 1814. Esseck, 1690. Faria, 1373. Figueras, August 19, 1811. Flushing, August 15, 1809, taken by the British. Fontenay, 1242, demolished. Fossano, 1536. Frederickshall, Dec. 1718. — Charle» XII. killed. Frederickstein, Aug. 13, 1814. Fumes, 1675, 1744, 1793. Gaeta, 1433, 1707, 1734, 1799; July, 1806; 1815. Gavi, 1625. Genoa, 1747, 1800. Gerona, Dec. 10, 1809. Gertruidenberg, 1593, 1793, 1795. Ghent, 1576; 1708. A French garri- son of 37 battalions surrendered to the Duke of Marlborough in four days open trenches and previous to the first batteries being completed : had the place resisted till the following day, in all probability the siege would have been raised, in consequence of the intense cold which set in the night of the capitulation. 1745, 1789. Gibraltar, 1704, 1779; Sept. 1782. Giorgewo, 1790, 1807. Girona, 1286, 1711. Glatz, 1742, 1807. Glogau, 1109, 1741, 1806. Gottingen, 1760. Graves, 1586, 1602, remarkable defence, 1674, 1794. Gravelines, 1644. Grenada, 1491 and 1492.— End of the Moorish power in Spain, after a do- minion or 762 years. Groll, 1527, 1606. Groningen, 1580, 1594, 1672, 1795. Guastalla, 1702. Gueldres, 1637, 1639, 1640, 1703. Haarlem, 1572, 1573. Haguenau, 1675, 1705. Ham, 1411. Harfleur, 1415, 1450. Havannah and dependencies, 1762. Heidelberg, 1688. Hennebon, 1341. Hesdin, 1639. — Shells brought into ge- neral use. Hostalrich, May 12, 1810. Hulsr, 1591, 1596, 1747. Huningen, 1815. — The fortifications de- stroyed. Ingolsmdf, 1632, 1743. fsmael, 1739, taken by the Russians, when the inhabitants and soldiers were to S I E ( 821 of ) put to the sword, by the order Prince Suwarrow; 1307. Ispahan, 1723. Kaininiek, 1672. Kehl, 1733, 179G, 1797. Keyserwert, 1702, 1794. Kinhurn, 1787. Knotesembourg, 1591. Kcenigstein, 1745, 1792, 1793, 1796. Kosel, 1807. Lagni, 1432, 1590. Landau, 1702, 1703, 1704, 1713, 1792, 1793. Landrecis, 1513, 1637; 1712. The Im- perialists defeated at Denain, and the siege raised in consequence of Prince Eugene having established his maga- zines at too great a distance for his army to protect the communication with them. 1794, Laon, 991, 1594. Leipsic, 1637, taken and re-taken seve- ral times afterwards, particularly in 1315. Lemberg, 1704. Lens, 1647. Lerida, 1647, 1707; May 14, 1807. Leucate, 1590, 1637. Leutmeritz, 1742. Leyden, 1574. Liege, 1468, 1702. Lille, 1296, 1667; August, 1708; 1793. Lillo, 1747. Limerick, 1651, 1691. Livron, 1547. Loja, 1482. Londonderry, 1689. Louisbourg, 1758. Lourde, 1373. Lyons, 1793. Maestricht, 1576, 1579 ; 1673, Vauban first came into notice ; 1676, 1748, 1743, 1794. Magdebourg, 1631, 1806. Malaga, 1487. Malta, 1565, 1793, 1800. Mantua, 1734, 1797, 1799. Taken by Bonaparte. Marseille?, 1544. Martos, 1238. Mentz, by Charles V. 1552; 1689, 1792, 1793, 1794, 1796, 1797. Meaux, 1422, 1439. Melun, 1420, 1559. Menin, 1706, 1744. Mequinenza, June 8, 1810. Messina, 1282; 1719— 91 days. Metz, 1552, 1553. Mezieres, 1521. Middelboun;, 1572. Miihaud, 1586. S I E 1691, 1709, 1746, 1792, Mons, 1572, 1794. Montargis, 1427. Montauban, 1621. Monte-Calvo, 155S. Monterau-Fault-Yonne, 1437. Montevideo, January, 1808. Montmedi, 1657. Montmelian, 1600, 1691. Mortagne, 1378, 1794. Mothe, (de la) 1634.— The French, taught by Mr. Muller, an English engineer, first practised the art of throwing shells. Murviedro, (Saguntum) Oct. 25, 1811. Naerden, 1572. Namur, 1692, 1695, 1746, 1792. Naples, 1253, 1381, 1435, 1448, 150", 1557, 1792, 1799, 1806. Neiss, 1741, 1807. Nemez, 1686. Neuhausel, 1621, 1663, 1685. Nice, 1705, remarkable for the mode of attack adopted by Marshal Ber- wick ; — see his Memoirs. Nieuport, 1745; 1794, inundated and obstinately defended by a handful of British troops against a large French force under the command of General Pichegru. Nocera, 1386. Oliventa, (blockade,) Jan. 23, 1811. Olmutz, 1758. Oran, 1509, 1708, 1732. Orleans, 1428, 1563. Ostend, from 1701 to 1704, the Spani- ards lost 40,000 men in the attack ; 1706, 1745. Oudenarde, 1532, 1703, 1745. Padua, 1509. Palamos, 1694, 1695. Pampeluna, 1312; October 31, 1813, (blockade.) Paris, 1411, 1429, 1435, 1594. Parma, 1248. Pavia, 1524 and 1525, siege raised, and Francis made prisoner; 1655, 1796. Peronne, 1536. Perpignan, 1543, 1642. Pliilipville, 1578. Philipsbourg, 1644, 1675; 1688, first experiment of firing with artillery a riochet; 1734, Duke of Berwick kill- ed ; 1795. Pizzighitone, 1706, 1733, 1796, 1799. Plattsbourg, (Lake Champlain, N. A.) September 11, 1814. Pletzkow, 1581. Polocz, 1550. Pondicherry, 1748, 1761, 1778, 1792. Pontoise, 1419, 1437, 1451. S I E ( 822 ) S I E Ptagoe, 17 H, 17l.°>, 1714. Que»noy (Le.) 1712,1794. Randan, 1380. Rees 1599. Rennet, 1357. Retire, (Madrid,) August 11, 1812. Rheima, 1359. Rliocles, besieged three times, the last in 15 i >. Riga, 1700, 1710. Rochelle, 1372, 1573, 1627. Rome, 1527, 1798. Romorantio, 135(3. — Artillery first used in sieges. Ronda, 1485. Rosas, 1645, 1795, 1803. Rotweil, 1640. Rouen, 1204, 1419, 1449, 1562, 1591. Royan, 1621. Salamanca, (Forts of— St.Vicente, Gaye- tano, Merced,) June 27, 1812. Salisbury, 1349. Saragossa, 1710; 1808, four months; February 21, 1809, taken after fifty- two days open trenches, 29 of which the enemy were in the streets. Saverne, 1675. Sbarras, 1676. Schweidnitz, 1762, the first experiment to reduce a fortress by springing globes of compression ; 1807. 5chonoven, 1575. Sebastian, (St.) next to Gibraltar, the strongest place in Spain, 1719; Sept. 8, 1814, most obstinately defended by the French ; till General Graham directed the guns to be fired against the curtain, over the men's heads as they advanced to the breach, ^erezanella, a town in Tuscany, 1487 ; the first mines, since the invention of gunpowder, were made at the siege of this place, by the Genoese. Seringapatam, 1799. Seville, 1096, 1248. Skid, 1678. Sienna, 1544. Sigeth, 1566. Silberberg, 1807. Sluys, 1587, 1604, 1757, 1794. Smolensko, 1611. S'jissons, 1414. Stralsund, 1675, the method of throw- ing red-hot balls first practised with certainty; 1713, 1807. StrauLing, 1742. St. Philip, (Fort,) in Minorca, 1756; 1782; the garrison nearly destroyed from being lodged in damp casemates, and the defence very much abridged thereby. Tarifa, 1292; December 20, 1811. Tarragona, June 28, 1811, stormed by the French — man, woman, and child put to the sword. — May, 1813, be- sieged by Sir John Murray, — siege raised. Temeswar, 1716. Terremonde, 1534. Tergoes, 1572. Therouanne, 1513, 1553. Thionville, 1643, 1792. Thorn, 1703. Thouars, 1372, 1793. Tortona, 1734, 1745, 1799. Tortosa, January 2, 1811. Toulon, 1707, 1793. Toulouse, 1217. Tournai, 1340, 1352, 1581, 1667; 1709, the best defence ever drawn from countermines; 1745, 1794. Tiembawla, 1675. Treves ,, 1675. Tunis, 1270, 1535. Turin, 1640, 1706, 1799. Urbino, 1799. Vachtendonck, 1588. Valencia, 1098, 1238; Dec. 25, 1811. Valencia (of Alcantara), 1705. Valencia (New, Spanish America), Aug. 18, 1811, surrendered to Miranda. Valenciennes, 1557, 1677; 1794, taken by the allied Army under the com- mand of II. R. H. the Duke of York. Valognes, 1364. Vannes, 1343. Velcz, 1487. Venloo, 1702, first siege undertaken by the Duke of Marlborough ; 1794. Verceil, 1617, 1704. Verdun, 1792. Vienna, 1529, 1683. Vintimiglia, 1746. Wakefield, 1460. Walcheren, (Island of,) taken by the British. — See Flushing. Woygnaff, 1676. Xativa, 1707; a most memorable de- fence made by the inhabitants, as- sisted by a garrison of 600 English troops : as a punishment, the whole town, with the exception of the prin- cipal church, was razed, and its nauia changed to St. Philippe. Xeres, 1262. Ypres, 1584, 1648, 1744, 1794. Ziriczee, 1576. Zurich, 1544. Zutphen, 1572, 1586. For interesting particulars respecting the operations in the Peninsula, we refer our readers to the very able and intel- S I G ( 823 ) S I G ligent publication by Colonel Jones of the Royal Engineers. SIENS, Ft: the plural of sien, his, her's, or one's own. This word is used among the French, to signify the same as gens, men, people, soldiers; viz. ce general Jut abandonni, par les siens, Fr. that general was abandoned by his own soldiers. SIERRA, a word used for hill in dif- ferent parts of the world, particularly on the West coast of Africa, on the North coast of South America, and on the coasts of Chili and Peru; also in Spain, as the Sierra Morena. SIERRILLO, the term for a little hill, being the diminutive of Sierra ; in which sense it is used on the south-west coast of South America. SIEVE, an instrument which by means of hair, lawn, or wire, is capable of separating the fine from the coarse parts of any powder. — See Gunpow- der, Laboratory, &c. SIES or SHIAS, Ind. a tribe of peo- ple in the N. West of India. SIFFLEMENT, Fr. literally means the noise of a whistle. It is used to express the sound which a ball or bul- let makes when it cuts the air ; as svffle- ment des armes a feu, the whistling, or whizzing noise of fire-arms. SIFFLET, Fr. a whistle. The French make use of the whistle on board their ships in the same manner that we do. It answers the same purposes at sea, that the drum and trumpet do on shore. The boatswain's whistle pipes all hands up, as occasion requires in a ship : and the drum and trumpet collect troops together in camp, garri- son, or elsewhere. SIG, an old Saxon word, importing victory. SIGHT, (la mire, Fr.) a small piece of brass or iron which is fixed near to the muzzle of a musket or pistol, to serve as a point of direction, and to as- sist the eye in levelling, and by which the bayonet is fixed on the barrel. Folding notch Sight. According to the author of Scloppetaria, page 131, of all sights in use, none seem preferable to the common folding notch sight; it lies close on the barrel, and is thus less exposed to injury than such as are con- stantly fixed upright; and from the sim- plicity of the construction, it is seldom out of order, and is easily replaced if lost or worn out. The chief requisite in the construction of these sights, is due attention to the hinges; for if they once begin to shift or shake to the right or left, the visual ray will no longer be parallel to the axis of the bore of the barrel, but diagonal, and consequently the shots cannot be depended on. Military first Sight. SeeCoup d'CEil. Second Sight, the power of seeing things future, or things distant : sup- posed inherent in some of the Scottish islanders ; and often erroneously acted upon by ministers of state. SIGLES, cyphers; initial letters put for the word ; as O. H. M. S. i. e. on his Majesty's service. SIGN, a sensible mark or character, denoting something absent or invisible. As the trace of a foot, the hand-writing or mark of a man ; also the subscription of one's name. Sign, (signe, Fr.) in algebra, that which distinguishes positive from nega- tive quantities. Such are the signs + (plus) — (minus) — (equal). SiCK-?nanual. The king's signature is so called. All commissions in the re- gular army of Great Britain, army war- rants, &c. bear the sign manual. The appointments of officers in the volun- teers were so distinguished during the late war. Adjutants only, in the mi- litia, have their commissions signed by the King; those of the field officers, captains, and subalterns, &c. are signed by the lords lieutenants of counties, or by their deputies for the time being, sanctioned by a previous intimation from the secretary of state, that the King does not disapprove of the names which have been laid before him. SIGNAL, (signal, Fr.) any sign made by sea or land, for sailing, marching, fighting, &c. Signals are likewise given by the short and long rolls of the drum, during the exercise of the battalion. Signal, in the art of war, a certain sign agreed upon for the conveying in- telligence, where the voice cannot reach. Signals are frequently given for the be- ginning of a battle, or an attack, usually with drums and trumpets, and sometimes with sky-rockets, &c. Signal of attack or assault, (signal d'une attaque, ou d'un assaut, Fr.) — This signal may be given in various ways. By the discharge of a lighted shell, by sky-rockets, by colours displayed from a conspicuous spot, &c. — In 1747, Mar- shal Lowendhal made useof lighted shells or bombs, when he laid siege to the town of Bergeu-op-zoom. — Louring the con- S 1 G t W* ) SI G ■MTMtioa of the inhabitants, which W08|a hard-fought and doubtful battle, ex- excited by a continual discharge oi these ■ignal shells, the grenadiers entered a practicable breach, and look the town by storm. SicsAi.-Jlag, in ancient military his- tory, was a glided shield hung out of the admiral's galley; it was sometimes a red garment or banner. During the eleva- tion ot* this signal the fight continued, and by its depression or inclination to- wards the right or left, the rest of the ships were directed how to attack their enemies, or retreat from them. Signals made by the colours of an (trim/, (signaux des enseignes, Fr.) The ancients had recourse to all the various methods which could be used by signals, to express the particular situation of affairs, and to indicate measures that should be adopted. If, during an en- gagement, victory seemed inclined more to one side than another, the colours belonging to the victorious party were I the subject, instantly bent towards its yielding anta- Nor are the advantages, which arise gonist. This signal was conspicuous to from the use of signals confined to these pressing thereby that fresh succours were arrived to strengthen the French army. This circumstance, so apparently triHing, produced the desired effect. It threw the enemy into confusion, gave the Trench fresh spirits, and finally de- termined the victory in their favour. We read of various instances in which signals have been used to express the personal danger of a king or general, who was fighting at the head of a select body of men. The knowledge of the critical position in which their leader stood, excited fresh courage in the rest of the troops, nnd drove them to acts of the greatest intrepidity. In the course of the late war, some examples of the same sort might be adduced, both on the side of Austria, and on that of France. The action on the bridge of Lodi, the passage of the Tegliementi, &c. would illustrate any observations we could make upon the men, and excited thein to fresh efforts. They imbibed the most lively hopes of success, and eagerly pressed forward to reap the advantages of bra- very and good conduct. When an army was hard pressed by its enemy, the colours of the former were raised high in air, and were kept in a perpetual flutter and agitation, for the purpose of conveying to the soldiers, that the issue of the battle was still doubtful, and that nothing but courage particular cases. Various circumstances grow out of the desultory nature of mi- litary operations, to render flags of com- munication indispensably necessary. The vast scope which is given to modern tac- tics makes it impossible, that the human eye or voice should take in all the cri- tical manoeuvres or evolutions that occur, when an extended line is actually en- gaged. The right wing may be giving way, while the left is gaining ground, and the center might be in danger, while and perseverance could determine the ' the two flanks were rapidly advancing victory. If, in the heat of action, any particular regiment seemed to waver and and give way, so as to cause an appre- hension that it might finally be broken, its colours were instantly snatched out of the bearer's hands by the general or commanding officer, and thrown into the thickest of the enemy. It frequently hap- pened, that the men, who were upon the point of yielding ground and flying, re- ceived a fresh impulse from this act, rallied, and, by a desperate effort of courage, recovered the colours, and re- stored the day. This method of re- animating their legions was generally resorted to by the Romans. We have bad instances in modern times, in which the fortune of the day has been wholly decided by some sudden and unexpected act of an individual. In the reign of Louis XIV. a private soldier threw his liMl into the midst of the enemy, during with apparent security against the ene- my; as was the case in the battle of Marengo. Under these circumstances, a general, by means of communicating signals, would be enabled to provide for every contingency, without losing time by sending his orders verbally. Al- though signal flags, in modern engage- ments, have been generally laid aside, their use has been acknowledged in the adoption of warlike instruments, which, by the variety of their sounds, convey the necessary directions to an engaging army. The ancients had signals which they called mute signals, (signaux miicls.) — These consisted in certain actions or signs that were made by a general ; such as waving the hand, brandishing a stick or sword, or by exhibiting to view any part of his dress, accoutrements, &c. Instances of the same kind have occurred S I G ( 8:5 ) S I G among the moderns. Under this deno- mination may likewise be classed the different signals which are made for the movement, marching and manoeuvring of troops, in and out or quarters. When troops are scattered, or sepa- rated from one another, it is usual to communicate by means of fires lighted upon eminences, during the night, and by smoke, during the day. In former times, large pieces of wood were hung above the lowers of cities or castles, which, by being drawn up or lowered, gave intelligence of what passed. This method has been succeeded by the invention of telegraphs, which answer every purpose of communication, when they can be established through any ex- tent of country. Besides those signals, there are others which may be called Tocal and demi-vocal. The vocal signals are those of the human voice, which consist in the necessary precautions that are adopted to prevent a guard or post from being surprized, to enounce words of command in action, &c. Of the first description are paroles and countersigns, ♦vhich are exchanged between those to whom they are entrusted, and which are frequently altered, during the day and night, to prevent the enemy from re- ceiving any information by means of spies. The demi-vocal signals are con- veyed by military instruments; the dif- ferent soundings of which indicate, in- stantaneously, whether an army is to halt or to advance, whether troops are to continue in the pursuit of an enemy, or to retreat. The demi-vocal signals, directed to be observed in the British service, as far as regards the manoeuvring of corps, &c. consist of signals for the government of light infantry, and of cavalry regiments, squadrons, or troops: the latter are pro- perly called soundings. Light infantry signals are to give notice, — to advance ; to retreat ; to halt ; to cease firing ; to assemble ; or call in all parties. In the Regulations, printed by authority, it is observed, that these signals are to be nlwavs considered as fixed and deter- mined ones, and are never to be changed. The bugle horn of each company is to make himself perfect master of them. All signals are to be repeated ; and all those signals which are made from the line or column, are to convey the inten- tion of the commanding officer of the line, to the officer commanding the light infantry, who will communicate them to the several companies, or detachments, either by word or signal. Sir, x At. staff. In matters of military parade it is usual to fix a red flag, some- what larger than a camp colour, to point out the spot where the general, or officer commanding, takes his station in front of a line. This is called tlte signal staff. SIGNALEMENT, Fr. the descrip- tion of a man's person, his appearance, iVc. It signifies not only the description of a man's figure, but an exact and spe- cific detail of such marks and prominenc features, that by comparing the copy taken on paper with the original, the latter may be instantly recognized. Ic is the custom, in all well regulated ar- mies, for every regiment to have an exact description of each man that be- longs to it, specifically drawn out in the adjutant's book : so that when a soldier deserts, a copy is instantly taken, and forwarded to those places to which he is must likely to resort. Fcuille de Signalemf.nt, Fr. a paper containing the description of an indi- vidual. SIGNS of health in a hone, a cold nose, moist tongue, cool mouth, warm ears, and good appetite. The latter may sometimes be rendered useless on account of the state of the mouth. Lampreys may have increased to such a degree that the animal's power of masti- cation will be destroyed, and the grinders may grow so sharp and cragged, that they will cut the tongue. In which cases the former must be burnt out, and. the latter filed down. SIGNUM, a standard, an ensign, a streamer, a flag. In the early days of Rome, the military ensign or standard consisted of a wisp or handful ot straw, which was fixed at the end of a pike. It was then called mdhipulus fi c n t m mi/Hare, the watch - word which was given among the Romans, to the tribunes that were on guard. The lignum militare was changed every morn- ing. The watch-word of the pat role was also called tessera, which signifies a ftignal in war; any private sign or token. Signum profectionis. The signal for marching, which was given among the ancient Romans, vv "as so called. It cor- responds with our beat, the general. .SioNtM pugiuc, the signal for battle which was used among the ancient Ro- mans. When this happened, a red coat of arms was displayed above the general's tent, after which all the different warlike instruments Bounded together, and pro- claimed the signal of attack. SIGURGIIAL, hid. a feudal tenure. SIGUETTE, Fr. is a cavesson with teeth or notches, that is, a semi-circle of hollow and vaulted iron, with teeth like a saw, consisting of three pieces joined with binges, and mounted with a head- stall, and two ropes ; somewhat like the cavesson that in former times was put upon the nose of a fiery, stiff-headed horse, in order to keep hint in subjec- tion. There is a sort of Siguette con- sisting of a round iron, all of one piece, sewed under the nose-band of the bridle, that it may not be in sight. SIKHS. Mr. Malcolm, in his Sketch of this tribe, has the following observa- tions : — " The Sikhs have been reputed deceitful and cruel ; but I know no grounds upon which they can be consi- dered more so than the other tribes of India. They seemed to me, from all the intercourse [ had with them, to be more open and sincere than the Mahrattas, and less rude and savage than the Afghans. They were indeed become, irom national success, too proud of their own strength and too irritable in their tempers, to have patience for the wiles of the former ; and they retain, in spite of their change of manners and religion, too much of the original charac- ter of their Hindoo ancestors, to have the constitutional ferocity of the latter. " The Sikh soldier is, generally speak- mg, brave, active, and cheerful — without polish, but destitute neither of sincerity nor attachment. And if he often ap- pears wanting in humanity, it is not so much to be attributed to his national Character^ as to the habits of a life which, from the condition of the society hi winch he is born, is generally passed in scenes of violence and rapine. The Sikh merchant, or the cultivator, if lie is a Singh, or follower of Guru Govind, differs little in character from the sol- dier, except that his occupation renders hiai less presuming and boisterous. He also wears arms; and is, from education, prompt to use them, whenever his indi- vidual interest, or that of the community in which he lives, requires him." SILENCE, (silence, Fr.) This word is used by the French as a caution to soldiers to prepare for any part of the military duty or exercise. — The French have likewise another term which cor- responds with our word Attention. See Gare a vous. We use Attention in both instances. To Silence a battery, to attack it in such a manner, either by heavy dis- charges of artillery, or by dexterous ma- noeuvres, as to render it impossible for the men to keep to their guns or to work them. SILHATARIS, Fr. See Spaiiis. SILLADARS, Ind. armour bearers belonging to the Mahratta princes, who are obliged to furnish a certain number of men, composing the second class of their cavalry. SILLAGE, Fr. the wake of a ship; the trace which a vessel leaves astern when she moves forward. SILLON, in fortification, is a work raised in the middle of a ditch, to de- fend it when it is too wide. It has no particular form, and is sometimes made with little bastions, half-moons, and re- dans, which are lower than the works of the place, but higher than the covert- way. It is more frequently called en- telope, which see. SILVER-.f/JO(i» head, among archers, the head of an arrow which resembles the head of a silver spoon. SIMBLEAU; ou cimbleau, Fr. in car- pentry, a cord used by carpenters to trace curves of a certain extent, that exceeds the capacity of the compass. This cord is made of hemp, or, what is better, of the rind of a young linden tree, which does not stretch as hemp will. SIMILAR polygons are such as have their angles severally equal, and the sides about those angles proportional. SIMPLE soldut, Fr. a private soldier. SIMPLIFICATION, (simplification, S I N ( 827 ) SIS Fr.) the act of rendering plain, clear, and simple. The state of any thing that is made plain and simple. This substantive, like the verb, is evidently borrowed from the French ; who say familiarly, Travailler a la simplification d'une affaire ; to endeavour to make a matter plain and conspicuous. The sim- plification of army accounts is perhaps one of the most desirable objects in fi- nance, especially during a war, when so many branches of service rendered them unavoidably complicated. To SIMPLIFY. This word has been adopted amongst men of business and arrangement, from the French simplifier, which means to relate the bare matter of fact. This signification likewise reaches every species of analysis, &c. SIMULATION, (simulation, Fr.) that part of hypocrisy which pretends that to be which is not ; in contradistinction to dissimulation, which is the act of dis- sembling; downright hypocrisy; falla- cious appearance; false pretensions; a vice in no shape pardonable, except to dissemble injuries. SIMULTANEOUS, acting together ; existing at the same time. SIMULTANEOUSLY, at the same time ; in conjunction. SINE, (sinus, Fr.) a kind of geome- trical line. Right Stne, (sinus droit d'tin arc, Fr.) in geometry, is a right line drawn from one end of an arc, perpendicular upon the diameter drawn from the other end of that arc, or is half the chord, or twice the arc. Sine complement of an arc, (sinus to- tal, ou le sinus de C angle droit, Fr.) in geometry, the sine of what that arc or angle is less than 90°, or what it is greater than 90°, when it exceeds them. Sine versed of an arc, (si?ius verse mathematical instru- Sliding scale, ) ments to be used without compasses in gauging. SLING, a leathern strap which is at- tached to a musket, and serves to sup- S L U ( 8SS ) S L Y port it across the soldier's back, as occa- sion m;i v require, SLING, a missive weapon made by a sti ap and t«o strings; the stone is lodged in the strap, and thrown by loosing one of the strings. Si i no likewise means a kind of hang- ing bandage, in which a wounded limb is sustained. This is too frequently a badge of ostentation, or deception, which a weak military man, who may have beei wounded, continues to wear, tilOUgl perfectly recovered ; or which a design- ing scoundrel, whose vices have entailed decrepitude, insidiously displays, about the streets of a capital; impudently in- sinuating that he has had an affair of honour. In the latter sense, see Swind- ler. Breeches Sling, an article of regi- mental necessaries which is used to keep Mp the breeches, and which must be paid for by the men; vulgarly called Gatlozcses. To Sling, to hang loosely by means of the strap belonging a firelock. Sling arms! a word of command which is given in the field previous to the inarch of artillery, when the artil- lerymen are ordered to fall in to their several stations, and the men to the drag-ropes. Sling your firelocks ! a word of com- mand formerly used in the exercise of British grenadiers. SLIP, a place lying with a gradual descent on the banks of a river, or har- bour, convenient for ship-building. SLIPPER. See Plinth. SLOPE arms, a word of command by which the musket rests upon the shoulder with the butt advanced. In long marches, soldiers are sometimes permitted to slope arms. In all other instances it is strictly forbidden. SLOPING swords, a position of the sword among cavalry, when the back of the blade rests on the hollow of the right shoulder, the hilt advanced. SLOPS. See Necessaries. Slops also signifies a sailor's trowsers. The French say, culottes de matelot. M.OW time. See Ordinary time. SLUGS, cylindric, or cubical pieces of metal, shot from a gun. SLUICfi-gate, a water-gate, by which a country may be inundated, or the water excluded at pleasure. SPLICES, iu military architecture, are made for various purposes ; such as to make rivers navigable; to join one river to another, which is higher or lower, by means of a canal ; to form in- undations upon particular occasions, or, to drain spots of ground that are over- flowed by high tides; they are also made in fortresses, to keep up the water in one part of the ditches, whilst the other is dry; and to raise an inundation about the place when there is any apprehen- sion of being attacked. Sluices are made different ways, ac-* cording to the uses for which they are intended : when they serve for naviga- tion, they are shut with two gates pre- senting an angle towards the stream ; when they are made near the sea, two pair of gates are made, the one pair to keep the water out, and the other in, as occasion may require : in this case, the gates towards the sea present an angle that way, and the others the contrary way. The space inclosed by these gates is called chamber. When sluices are made in the ditches of a fortress, to keep up the water in some parts, instead of gates, shutters are made, so as to slide up and down in grooves; and when they are made to raise an inundation, they are then shut by means of square timbers let down i n to cullisses, so as to lie close and firm. — Particular care must be taken in the building of a sluice, to lay the founda- tion in the securest manner ; that is, to lay the timber, grates, and floors, in such a form, that the water cannot penetrate through any parr, otherwise it will undermine the work, and blow it up, as it has sometimes happened : lastly, to make the gates of a proper strength, in order to support the pres- sure of the water, and yet to use no more timber than what is necessary.— Those who wish to be thoroughly ac- quainted with this kind of work, may refer to V Architecture Hydrau/iauc, par ill. Bc/idor ; or to Mr. Millar's Practical Fortification. SLY, meanly artful ; secretly insi- dious ; cunning. Dr. Johnson, iu a quo- tation from Watts, justly observes, " Envy is a cursed plant ; some fibres of it are rooted almost in every man's nature, and it works in a sly impercep- tible manner." Some weak fools ima- gine themselves sagacious when they are only sly. See Sagacity. SOB ( 833 ) S O F SMALL arms, muskets, fusils, cara- bines, pistols, &c. The French use the word portatif, as, amies portal ives. Small gun department. See Office. Small-/?oj.' blanket. The Americans have had recourse to this mode of war- fare against the wild Indians, whom they have never yet been able to con- quer. Blankets thus recently infected, are sent as presents, and the introduc- tion of this fatal disorder, especially in the hot summer months, is sure to prove destructive to them. SMA RTS. The different sums which are received by recruiting parties under the head of Smart-money, are frequently so called. It is a standing order in most regiments, that an account of all Smarts should be kept, and regularly accounted lor, by an officer or non-commissioned officer commanding the parties, to the officer commanding the regiment, in the different abstracts, that he may give or- ders for the distribution thereof when the parties join the regiment. See Money. SMUGGLERS, persons who carry on an illicit trade upoa the shores, or be- tween the frontiers, of two adjacent countries. These men are useful in secret expeditions. SNAFFLE, after the English make, is a very slender bitt-mouth, without any brai>ches : the English make much use of them, and scarcely have any true bridles, but in the service of war. Snaffle, or small watering bitt, is commonly a scatch-mouth, accoutred with two very little straight branches, and a curb, mounted with a head-stall, and two long reins. SNAPHANCE, a firelock; a gun that fires without a match, Bailey. — Snaphance, according to Nugent's French and English Dictionary, signi- fies in French, rouet d'arqitebuse. SNAPSACK, from the Swedish snap- gack, a soldier's bag; more usually knap- sack. SNARES, small pieces of leather at- tached to the cords of a drum, for the purpose of bracing it. SNICK and SN EE, a combat with knives, such as the Dutch carry, SNORT, the sound which a horse full of fire makes through his nostrils : this noise or sound proceeds from a cartilage within the nostrils. SOBRIETY, (sobri'ete, tempirance, Fr.) general temperance. Iu a military consideration, abstinence from an inor- dinate use of strong liquors. However frequent the deviations from this great and uncommon virtue may be found among soldiers, nothing can excuse or exculpate an officer who should so far forget himself, especially upon service, as to give the least countenance to such excesses, even by an occasional, much less by an habitual, dereliction of this estimable quality. Sobriety keeps the head cool, strengthens the nerves, and renders moderate abilities equal to great exertions. Drunkenness, on the con- trary, unfits the man for the common functions of life, and makes an officer not only contemptible to his soldiers, and dangerous to the cause he has en- gaged to fight for, but an indirect spur to the enterprise of an enemy; who will soon know how to take advantage of his vice and weakness. SOC, Fr. a machine made of leather, which is fixed near the stirrup, to receive the end of the standard staff in cavalry regiments. It is likewise called braicr, and is used by the persons who carry the colours either in infantry or cavalry regiments. In the former instance, it is fixed to a leathern belt that comes over the shoulder, or that is fixed to the waist. SOCKET generally means any hollow pipe that receives something inserted. Socket of a bayonet, the round hol- low part near the bent or heel of a bay- onet, into which the muzzle of a fire- arm is received wlien the bayonet is fixed. SOCLE, i in architecture, a flat, ZOCLE, $ square member, under the bases of pedestals of statues, vases, &c. to which it serves as a foot or stand. SODS, pieces of turf with which works are faced. SOFFIT, } (sofite, Fr.) in archi- SOFFITO, S tecture, is any plafond or ceiling formed of cross beams or fly- ing cornices, the square compartments, or pannels, of which are enriched with sculpture, painting, or gilding. Accord- ing to a modern author, if the soffits of arches are divided into pannels, they must be of an uneven number, by hav- ing one pannel in the middle. Soffit, or soffito, is particularly used for the under-side or face of an archi- trave ; and for that of the corona, or larmier, which we call plafond, and the ancient Roman architects lacunar. In 60 SOL ( 231 ) SOL Ordinary buildings, soffit or soft, is taken for the boards over the tops of win- dowBj opposite to the window hoards at bottom. SOHAN, Ind. the seventh month. Ir, in some degree, conesponds with July and August. SOI, Fr. one's self; itself; one. Sot-disant, Fr. pretended; would-be arcnturier, the term may be brought under a plain and historical explanation. These aventuriers, or adventurers, were nothing more than a certain descrip- tion of soldiers or armed men, who were hired by a number of lords, that had the command of little jurisdictions beyond the Pyrenees and the Alps. Charles the Vlllth, Louis the Xllth, Hence, soi-disant soldut, a pretended or I Francis the 1st, and Ilemy the lid, VOlild-be soldier; Soi-disant roi, pre- made use of these adventurers during tending to be king, but not acknow- their campaigns in Italy. To return to leclged as such. This was said, by the our first article, it is nevertheless cer- British, of James the lid, when. l»e! tain, that, in France, bodies of armed lived at St. Germain, in France. SOL, Fr. soil; ground. Sol., Fr. the ground upon which any building or edifice is erected. SOLA I RE de la jarnbe, Fr. the greatest of the six hinder muscles of the leg, ending in the sole of the foot, ■which it serves to extend. SOLAKS, bowmen or archers belong- ing to the personal guard of the Grand Seignor, They are always selected from the most expert bowmen that are among the Janizaries. Their only arms are the sabre, bow, and arrows. SOLAN ORES, Fr. chaps or ulcers in the ham of a horse. SOLBATU, Fr. in farriery, surbated. SOLDAN. This word is pronounced Soudan. It was formerly given to a general who commanded the caliph's army. Saladin, a general under Nara men were already taken into pay under the reign of Philipe Aunusie; and it is equally certain, that foreigners or mer- cenaries were first employed, tor money, by Philipe-le-Bel. Among the Romans, soldiers were distinguished under a mul- tiplicity of appellations, which giew out of the dress or uniform of each parti- cular arm or corps; which was again marked by some particular service, and peculiar weapon of offence. When strangers were taken into their pay, they were called auxitiarii. Simple Soi.dat, Fr, a private, or a soldier in the ranks. Soldat ecron'e, Fr. See EcRoufe. Sol i) at d'ordonnance a I'armee, Fr. an orderly man. SOLDATS grangers ou mercenaires, Fr. foreign or meicenary troops. Sol DATs de marine, Fr. marines, or din, king of Damas, having killed the soldiers who do duty on board ships of caliph Cay ID, usurped the throne, and j war. assumed the title in 1116; so that he became the first Soldan of Egypt. SOLDAT, Fr. a soldier. Although we have offered our own observations respecting the etymology of this word, under Soldier ; we shall nevertheless extract, from a French authority, what is sa;ii upon the same subject. In the Nouveau Dictionnaire Militaire we iind that Soldat, which conies from Soldf, signifies any man who serves the state for a stipulated sum of money Soldats gardiens, Fr. a description of invalid soldiers, so called during the old French monarchy. They were stationed at the sea-ports. There were 300 at Toulon, ditto at Rochefort and Brest, and 50 at Havre-de-Grace. There were besides, 300 in each of the first three ports, who received half-pay. Faux Soldats, Fr. See Fagot ; PAS^v.-volant. SOLDATESQUE, Fr. a substantive of the collective feminine gender, which This distinction did not obtain ground,' signifies private soldiers, viz. nor was it acknowledged in France, un- til after the reign of Francis I. Under the reigns of Charles the Vlllth and Louis the Xllth, persons who took up the profession of arms, were simply Styled arcntutiers or adventurers; and Vet. lie we conclude this article, it will not be thought superfluous to remark, that although many writers have given various interpretations to the word La bourgeoisie itait exposee aux in- suites de la wldatesque ; the citizens were exposed to the insults of the sol- diery. — La soldatesque s'est revolt ee con- Ire U* officiers, the soldiers revolted, or mutinied, against the officers. Solhatesque. The French say also soldatesquc, or qui sent le soldat in a bad sense, meaning thereby coarse, rough, and overbearing, Hence insolence sol- SOL ( WJ ) SOL datesque, a military broil, or a dispute among private soldiers. We have an adjective, which is derived from the same source, and which is frequently used, as soldier-like conduct, soldier- like hi liaviour; unsoldier-like being the opposite. SOLDE, Fr. the pay or subsis- tence of a soldier. In a work pub- lished at Paris, by P. N. Quillet, Chef du Bureau de la Solde au Ministerc de la Guerre, entituled, Etat Actuel de lu legislation sur I' Administration des Troupes, we find the following obser- vations. ' En the infancy of the French mo- narchy, the soldier's pay (ia solde) con- sisted only of the plunder he made in an enemy's country. The troops, says Mezerai, (in his book Maun et Coutumes, .sous fa pre- miere race.) found magazines, stores, and provisions in the different provin- ces, particularly on the frontiers. But, I believe, they had no other pay than the booty they collected, and which they shared among one another. In process of time, fiefs, or tenures, were given in lieu of pay, benefic'vwm propter ojficiutn. It was only under Louis Augustus that a particular de- scription of troops began to be regular- ly subsisted. This monarch having been reduced to the necessity of establishing a given rate for the payment of the infantry which he was leading into the Holy Land, fixed it at one sol (£ penny English) per day ; whence it was called solde, at least according to this writer. The first regular rates for the payment •of the troops were established under Francis the First; which were succes- sively augmented according to circum- stances, as may be seen in the regula- tions for the years 1549, 1553, 1567, 1633. Page 7, v. i. The pay of the British army was first brought into regular rates by William the Third, when he was in Flanders, as may be seen in a paper signed by Sir Robert Harley, then Secretary of State, and still extant in the Museum. From that period down to the present day, no augmentation has taken place, ex- cept a partial one in favour of the subalterns, and of general officers who rre not colonels of regiments. See .British Pat. Demie-SoLDz, Fr. half-pay. The French likewise say, demie paye, halF- pay. Solde urri'er'ee, Fr. arrears, or mo- ney stopped. Compagnies SOLDEES, Fr. troops or companies receiving stated pav. SOLDER, > a metallic or mine- SODDER, $ ral composition used in soldering or jointing together other me- tals. SOLDIER, a piece of money; the pay of a soldier. Dr. Johnson derives the word from solidarius, low Latin of so/ic/us. We conceive it to be imme- diately taken from the French soltlat, which conies from the Latin solidatus, Veget. a soldier in pay — a solido quern meretur. Some again trace both the English and French word to the Italian soldato, and others to the German sol- dut ; sold in German signifying pay. So that originally soldier meant only one who listed himself to serve a prince or state, in consideration of certain daily pay. The word Soldier was for- merly applied to persons of different ranks and pay ; for we meet with the term Scutifer, or Esquire, Soldier, at 12d. per diem, and Soldier-constable with simple Soldier having the same rank and pay. Soldier, (soldat, Fr.) Under this, head so much might be written, that it would become rather a dissertation than an article in a dictionary. Who is the best soldier? All the people in Europe have claimed this honour in their turn ; even the Tartar and the Arab are not without well-founded pre- tensions. Perhaps some nations may have greater aptitude for war than others; but then that very aptitude is formed, strengthened, and even cre- ated, by particular habits, education, and a certain state of society. The laurel on the warrior's brow is not pe- rennial, but is liable to wither and de- cay. Almost every country in Europe, has had its share of military renown, at some particular period. Greece, Italy, France, Germany, Sweden, Spain, Russia, England, have all to boast of the bravery of their soldiers, and the skill of their generals. This reflexion ought to diminish the pride of those nations who consider themselves, at this moment, as the most military ; and, at the same time, administer consolation., to the infirmity of weaker powers, who 5 02 SOL ( 836 ) SOL mav yet hope to have their day, and to be "illuminated by the sun of warlike glory. Of all the puerile vanities into which national presumption and na- tempted fortune, and risked more than was prudent or perhaps justifiable. The confidence, with which they had in- spired their soldiers, led them out of tional prejudice have caused men to every difficulty. Under such leaders fall, surely none is less consonant to reason, or more reprehensible, than the idle, we might say blasphemous opinion, that God has created one nation braver than another. Courage, perhaps, de- pends upon human institutions more than any other quality of the mind; and upon those strong impelling circum- stances, which induce every individual to become a party in the common cause, and to fight the battles of the public as if they were his own. The King of Prussia (sometimes a great authority, but at others a disingenuous and mise- rable sophist) has declared his opinion that soldiers ought to be machines, beings with sense and motion, but with- out feeling and understanding ; born for confinement, chains, hunger, and drill- ing. This principle may do on the parade, for there a soldier may be an automaton, to be moved by the stick of the corporal ; but his Prussian Majesty found out the folly of this position, or rather of this assertion, (for he was too great a man to believe in it himself,) when he lost 25,000 men bv desertion, in the campaign ot 1??8, against the Austrians. History and military expe- rience sufficiently vindicate human na- ture from this stain. Perhaps soldiers are so far from being automatons, that the greatest successes in war have de- rived their origin from the influence of the human passions. What did the Arabs, operated upon by an intolerant zeal and religious enthusiasm ? The raw levies of the French, at the commence- ment of the war in 1792, resisted and repulsed the veteran troops of Europe ; nni mated by a mistaken love of what they called liberty, and by an uncon- querable determination not to suffer foreign powers to interfere in their do- mestic concerns. At other times, hope and confidence have enabled soldiers to perform the most illustrious achieve- ments ; hope, inspired by former suc- cess, and confidence, built upon the knowledge of the talents and military views of a fortunate general. It is cer- tainly true, that a mistake, which would rum a general of inferior reputation, has sometimes added to the fame of a su- perior one. Citsar and Alexander often they thought themselves invincible, and they actually became so. We have dwelt particularly on this part of the subject, because we are convinced, that the most erroneous and dangerous opi- nions have been adopted upon it. We repeat it again, and we would never cease to re-echo it, till the solemn sound vibrated upon the ear of every British officer, that a soldier is not an automaton, but a man, in whose hum- ble breast the pulse of glory often beats high, and who rushes, with indiffe- rence, into the heat and danger of bat- tle, without the" hope of fame, or the prospect of sharing in the reward of victory. Where is the philosophy— where is the reason of him who asserts, that in order to dravv forth the best exertions of a man, and to make him a hero in the cause of his country, it is necessary first to degrade him from the rank of a human being, and to level him to the standard of a brute ? No ; on the contrary, arm the human pas- sions in your favour; teach the soldier to believe that he has an interest in your cause ; pity his weakness ; cherish his good and noble qualities; instil into his breast principles of honour and rec- titude ; you will then be invincible, and place around you a wall stronger than brass, which the efforts of no earthly power shall ever be able to pene- trate. Should you be induced to assert, that a soldier is a machine, make an appeal to your own heart ; if you are not contradicted, retire from the profession of arms, for you are a man without pas- sions, and consequently without talents. This doctrine of the moral education of the soldier, ought not only to be in- culcated, but should be acknowledged and adopted. When you reflect that all the European powers have now nearly the same arms, the same constitution, practise the same movements, and follow the rules of the same tactic; to look upon them on a parade, or in a field of exer- cise, the shades of distinction between the troops of different countries are only just perceptible; so that the superiority which the army of one power may have over that of another, cannot arise from practices which are similar in all, but SOL < ssr ) SOL from causes arising out of the moral and intellectual qualities of man. To give strength and perfection to those qualities is the great desideratum, and ought to be the object of our most zealous pur- suits. Our military institutions 'are not perhaps the best possible, but we will adopt the idea of a great legislator, (Solon,) and say, they are ours, and con- sequently the best for us, as far as na- tional habit and constitution go. Among the ancients, the army of one nation might have had a great and real advan- tage over that of another, from the com- parative excellence of their tactic, and the superiority of their arms ; but in our times the European nations, with the exception of the Turks, have all of them adopted a tactic nearly similar, if not the same. We do not mean to say, that there are not great shades of dilference, and a marked line of separation, which clearly distinguish the soldier of one country from that of another. War is a science, which, like physic, is divided into a multiplicity of different branches ; because a man is great in the practice of one, it does not therefore follow, that he should be excellent in another. So it is with the troops of different nations; they have each their peculiar qualities and comparative merits. The cool and steady courage, the phlegm, the obedi- ence of a German, make him excellent in a retreat; the natural sagacity, the activity, the promptitude of a Frenchman, make him admirable in a war of posts, and in a country of mountains. In a plain, and in a day of general action, the British infantry are inferior to none in Eu- rope ; there is a decision in ■their mind, a boldness in their character, and per- haps even an impatience in danger, which ever prompts them to close with their enemy, and to bring the contest, at once, to a glorious issue. Every officer, who looks to great command, ought to study the nature, the habits, the constitution of the different European armies. This knowledge is absolutely necessary, in order to become thoroughly acquainted with the strength and the weakness of the troops of his own country, of its allies, and of those which are opposed to him. There is, perhaps, no part of the profession which requires more serious meditation. The French first brought into practice a system of opera- tions peculiarly consonant to the tone and temper of the mind, the disposition and state of the troops which composed their armies. The Austrian generals had the weakness, or rather the imbecility, to follow them, and to imitate a mode of warfare, which their soldiers, by nature and habit, were eminently dis- qualified to adopt. They committed the greatest of all possible errors, that of suffering themselves to be dictated to by their enemies, and to wait upon their movements. Had they sufficiently studied the constitution of their own troops, and that of the enemy whom they opposed, they would have avoided those multiplied affairs of posts which led to their defeat and ruin ; on the contrary, had they con- centrated their troops, and engaged in nothing but general actions, the ultimate issue of the war would, probably, have been very different from what it unfor- tunately was. We cannot conclude this important subject without conjuring British officers to consider war as a science, the com- mon property of all; to place them- selves above narrow, little, dangerous prejudices ; to cease to over-rate them- selves, and to under-rate their enemies. It is not permitted to despise your enemy, and least of all, an illustrious people, who, in modern times, have produced more great generals than any other; who were victorious for sixty years in the former century, and who, in the latter, over-ran half Europe. It is in vain to deny, that the French are a military nation ; history and our own experience demonstrate, that the French troops have been and are excellent. The three great and necessary qualities of an army are, marching, abstaining, and fighting; in the latter virtue, we yield to none in the world : but surely candour must allow, that the French are better marchers, and require a much less quantity of food to subsist on than an English army of the same force. To have contended with such a nation, so superior to us in population, extent of territory, and natural resources for five hundred years ; to have generally been victorious over her, has been the fortune, and is now the glory and boast of the British name. Soldier now generally signifies any fighting man. Private Solther, a man in the ranks; one under the degree of a corporal ; as distinct from the commanders. A real Soldier, a term amongst miii- SOL ( 836 ) SOL mav yet hope to have their day, and to be illuminated by the sun of warlike glory. Of all the puerile vanities into which national presumption and na- tempted fortune, and risked more tha* was prudent or perhaps justifiable. The confidence, with which they had in- spired their soldiers, led them out of tional prejudice have caused men to every difficulty. Under such leaders fall, surely none is less consonant to reason, or more reprehensible, than the idle, we might say blasphemous opinion, that God has created one nation braver than another. Courage, perhaps, de- pends upon human institutions more than any other quality of the mind ; and upon those strong impelling circum- stances, which induce every individual to become a party in the common cause, and to tight the battles of the public as if they were his own. The King of Prussia (sometimes a great authority, but at others a disingenuous and mise- rable sophist) has declared his opinion that soldiers ought to be machines, beings with sense and motion, but with- out feeling and understanding ; born for confinement, chains, hunger, and drill- ing. This principle may do on the parade, for there a soldier may be an automaton, to be moved by the stick of the corporal ; but his Prussian Majesty found out the folly of this position, or rather of this assertion, (for he was too great a man to believe in it himself,) when he lost 25,000 men by desertion, in the campaign of 1778, against the Austrians. History and military expe- rience sufficiently vindicate human na- ture from this stain. Perhaps soldiers are so far from being automatons, that the greatest successes in war have de- rived their origin from the influence of the human passions. What did the Arabs, operated upon by an intolerant zeal and religious enthusiasm ? The raw levies of the French, at the commence they thought themselves invincible, and they actually became so. We have dwelt particularly on this part of the subject, because we are convinced, that the most erroneous and dangerous opi- nions have been adopted upon it. We repeat it again, and we would nevef cease to re-erho it, till the solemn sound vibrated upon the ear of every British officer, that a soldier is not an automaton, but a man, in whose hum- ble breast the pulse of glory often beats high, and who rushes, with indiffe- rence, into the heat and danger of bat- tle, without the hope of fame, or the prospect of sharing in the reward of victory. Where is the philosophy— where is the reason of him who asserts, that in order to draw forth the best exertions of a man, and to make him a hero in the cause of his country, it is necessary first to degrade him from the rank of a human being, and to level him to the standard of a brute ? No ; on the contrary, arm the human pas- sions in your favour ; teach the soldier to believe that he has an interest in your cause ; pity his weakness ; cherish his good and noble qualities ; instil into his breast principles of honour and rec- titude ; you will then be invincible, and place around you a wall stronger than brass, which the efforts of no earthly power shall ever be able to pene- trate. .Should you be induced to assert, that a soldier is a machine, make an appeal to your own heart; if you are not contradicted, retire from the profession rnent of the war in 1792, resisted and! of arms, for you are a man without pas- repulsed the veteran troops of Europe ; j sions, and consequently without talents. animated by a mistaken love of what they called liberty, and by an uncon- querable determination not to suffer foreign powers to interfere in their do- mestic concerns. At other times, hope and confidence have enabled soldiers to perforin the most illustrious achieve- ments ; hope, inspired by former suc- cess, and confidence, built upon the knowledge of the talents and military views of a fortunate general. It is cer- tainly true, that a mistake, which would ruin a general of inferior reputation, has sometimes added to the lame of a su- perior one. Cssar and Alexander often This doctrine of the moral education of the soldier, ought not only to be in- culcated, but should be acknowledged and adopted. When you reflect that all the European powers have 'now nearly the same arms, the same constitution, practise the same movements, and follow the rules of the same tactic; to look upon them on a parade, or in a field of exer- cise, the shades of distinction between the troops of different countries are only just perceptible; so that the superiority which the army of one power may have over that of another, cannot arise from practices which are similar in all, bur SOL < 8sr ) SOL from causes arising out of the moral and intellectual qualities of man. To give strength and perfection to those qualities is the great desideratum, and ought to be the object of our most zealous pur- suits. Our military institutions 'are not perhaps the best possible, but we will adopt the idea of a great legislator, (Solon,) and say, they are our3, and con- sequently the best for us, as far as na- tional habit and constitution go. Among the ancients, the army of one nation might have had a great and real advan- tage over that of another, from the com- parative excellence of their tactic, and the superiority of their arms ; but in our times the European nations, with the exception of the Turks, have all of them adopted a tactic nearly similar, if not the same. We do not mean to say, that there are not great shades of difference, and a marked line of separation, which clearly distinguish the soldier of one country from that of another. War is a science, which, like physic, is divided into a multiplicity of different branches ; because a man is great in the practice of one, it does not therefore follow, that he should be excellent in another. So it is with the troops of different nations; they have each their peculiar qualities and comparative merits. The cool and steady courage, the phlegm, the obedi- ence of a German, make him excellent in a retreat; the natural sagacity, the activity, the promptitude of a Frenchman, make him admirable in a war of posts, and in a country of mountains. In a plain, and in a day of general action, the British infantry are inferior to none in Eu- rope ; there is a decision in -their mind, a boldness in their character, and per- haps even an impatience in danger, which ever prompts them to close with their enemy, and to bring the contest, at once, to a glorious issue. Every officer, who looks to great command, ought to study the nature, the habits, the constitution of the different European armies. This knowledge is absolutely necessary, in order to become thoroughly acquainted with the strength and the weakness of the troops of his own country, of its allies, and of those which are opposed to him. There is, perhaps, no part of the profession which requires more serious meditation. The French first brought into practice a system of opera- tions peculiarly consonant to the tone and temper of the mind ; the disposition and state of the troops which composed their armies. The Austrian generals had the weakness, or rather the imbecility, to follow them, and to imitate a mode of warfare, which their soldiers, by nature and habit, were eminently dis- qualified to adopt. They committed the greatest of all possible errors, that of suffering themselves to be dictated to by their enemies, and to wait upon their movements. Had they sufficiently studied the constitution of their own troops, and that of the enemy whom they opposed, they would have avoided those multiplied affairs of posts which led to their defeat and ruin ; on the contrary, had they con- centrated their troops, and engaged in nothing but general actions, the ultimate issue of the war would, probably, have been very different from what it unfor- tunately was. We cannot conclude this important subject without conjuring British officers to consider war as a science, the com- mon property of all; to place them- selves above narrow, little, dangerous prejudices; to cease to over-rate them- selves, and to under-rate their enemies. It is not permitted to despise your enemy, and least of all, an illustrious people, who, in modern times, have produced more great generals than any other; who were victorious for sixty years in the former century, and who, in the latter, over-ran half Europe. It is in vain to deny, that the French are a military nation ; history and our own experience demonstrate, that the French troops have been and are excellent. The three great and necessary qualities of an army are, marching, abstaining, and fighting; in the latter virtue, we yield to none in the world : but surely candour must allow, that the French are better marchers, and require a much less quantity of food to subsist on than an English army of the same force. To have contended with such a nation, so superior to us in population, extent of territory, and natural resources for five hundred years ; to have generally been victorious over her, has been the fortune, and is now the glory and boast of the British name. Soldier now generally signifies any fighting man. Private Soldier, a man in the ranks; one under the degree of a corporal ; as distinct from the commanders. A real Soldier, a term amongst mili- SOL ( 836 ) SOL mav yet hope to have their day, and to te illuminated by the sun of warlike glory. Of all the puerile vanities into which national presumption and na- tempted fortune, and risked more than was prudent or perhaps justifiable. The confidence, with which they had in- spired their soldiers, led them out of tional prejudice have caused men to every difficulty. Under such leaders fall, surely none is less consonant to reason, or more reprehensible, than the idle, we might say blasphemous opinion, that God has created one nation braver than another. Courage, perhaps, de- pends upon human institutions more than any other quality of the mind; And upon those strong impelling circum- stances, which induce every individual to become a party in the common cause, and to fight the battles of the public as if they were his own. The King of Prussia (sometimes a great authority, they thought themselves invincible, and they actually became so. We have dwelt particularly on this part of the subject, because we are convinced, that the most erroneous and dangerous opi- nions have been adopted upon it. Wa repeat it again, and we would never cease to re-erho it, till the solemn sound vibrated upon the ear of every British officer, that a soldier is not an automaton, but a man, in whose hum- ble breast the pulse of glory often beats high, and who rushes, with indiffe- but at others a disingenuous and mise- rence, into the heat and danger of bat- rable sophist) has declared his opinion tie, without the' hope of fame, or the that soldiers ought to be machines, prospect of sharing in the reward of beings with sense and motion, but with- victory. Where is the philosophy- out feeling and understanding; born for where is the reason of him who asserts, confinement, chains, hunger, and drill- that in order to draw forth the best This principle may do on the parade, for there a soldier may be an automaton, to be moved by the stick of the corporal ; but his Prussian Majesty found out the folly of this position, or rather of this assertion, (for he was too great a man to believe in it himself,) when he lost 25,000 men bv desertion, in the campaign of 1778, against the Austrians. History and military expe- rience sufficiently vindicate human na- ture from this stain. Perhaps soldiers are so far from being automatons, that the greatest successes in war have de- rived their origin from the influence of the human passions. What did the Arabs, operated upon by an intolerant zeal and religious enthusiasm ? The raw levies of the French, at the commence- ment of the war in 1792, resisted and exertions of a man, and to make him a hero in the cause of his country, it is necessary first to degrade him from tho rank of a human being, and to level him to the standard of a brute ? No ; on the contrary, arm the human pas- sions in your favour ; teach the soldier to believe that he has an interest in your cause ; pity his weakness ; cherish his good and noble qualities ; instil into his breast principles of honour and rec- titude ; you will then be invincible, and place around you a wall stronger than brass, which the efforts of no earthly power shall ever be able to pene- trate. .Should you be induced to assert, that a soldier is a machine, make an appeal to your own heart ; if you are not contradicted, retire from the profession of arms, for you are a man without pas- repulsed the veteran troops of Europe ; sions, and consequently without talents animated by a mistaken love of what they called liberty, and by an uncon- querable determination not to suffer foreign powers to interfere in their do- mestic concerns. At other times, hope and confidence have enabled soldiers to perform the most illustrious achieve- ments; hope, inspired by former suc- cess, and confidence, built upon the knowledge of the talents and military views of a fortunate general. It is cer- tainly true, that a mistake, which would ruin a general of inferior reputation, has sometimes added to the fame of a su- perior one. Cssar and Alexander often This doctrine of the moral education of the soldier, ought not only to be in- culcated, but should be acknowledged and adopted. When you reflect that all the European powers have 'now nearly the same arms, the same constitution, practise the same movements, and follow the rules of the same tactic; to look upon them on a parade, or in a field of exer- cise, the shades of distinction between the troops of different countries are only just perceptible; so that the superiority which the army of one power may have over that of another, cannot arise from practices which are similar in all, bur SOL < 83f ) SOL from causes arising out of the moral and intellectual qualities of man. To give strength and perfection to those qualities is the great desideratum, and ought to be the object of our most zealous pur- suits. Our military institutions 'are not perhaps the best possible, but we will adopt the idea of a great legislator, (Solon,) and say, they are ours, and con- sequently the best for us, as far as na- tional habit and constitution go. Among the ancients, the army of one nation might have had a great and real advan- tage over that of another, from the com- parative excellence of their tactic, and the superiority of their arms ; but in our times the European nations, with the exception of the Turks, have all of them adopted a tactic nearly similar, if not the same. We do not mean to say, that there are not great shades of difference, and a marked line of separation, which clearly distinguish the soldier of one country from that of another. War is a science, which, like physic, is divided into a multiplicity of different branches ; because a man is great in the practice of one, it does not therefore follow, that he should be excellent in another. So it i.s with the troops of different nations; they have each their peculiar qualities and comparative merits. The cool and steady courage, the phlegm, the obedi- ence of a German, make him excellent in a retreat; the natural sagacity, the activity, the promptitude of a Frenchman, make him admirable in a war of posts, and in a country of mountains. In a plain, and in a day of general action, the British infantry are inferior to none in Eu- rope ; there is a decision in their mind, a boldness in their character, and per- haps even an impatience in danger, which ever prompts them to close with their enemy, and to bring the contest, at once, to a glorious issue. Every officer, who looks to great command, ought to study the nature, the habits, the constitution of the different European armies. This knowledge is absolutely necessary, in order to become thoroughly acquainted with the strength and the weakness of the troops of his own country, of its allies, and of those which are opposed to him. There is, perhaps, no part of the profession which requires more serious meditation. The French first brought into practice a system of opera- tions peculiarly consonant to the tone and temper of the mind ; the disposition and state of the troops which composed their armies. The Austrian generals had the weakness, or rather the imbecility, to follow them, and to imitate a mode of warfare, which their soldiers, by nature and habit, were eminently dis- qualified to adopt. They committed the greatest of all possible errors, that of suffering themselves to be dictated to by their enemies, and to wait upon their movements. Had they sufficiently studied the constitution of their own troops, and that of the enemy whom they opposed, they would have avoided those multiplied affairs of posts which led to their defeat and ruin ; on the contrary, had they con- centrated their troops, and engaged in nothing but general actions, the ultimate issue of the war would, probably, have been very different from what it unfor- tunately was. We cannot conclude this important subject without conjuring British officers to consider war as a science, the com- mon property of all; to place them- selves above narrow, little, dangerous prejudices; to cease to over-rate them- selves, and to under-rate their enemies. It is not permitted to despise your enemy, and least of all, an illustrious people, who, in modern times, have produced more great generals than any other; who were victorious for sixty years in the former century, and who, in the latter, over-ran half Europe. It is in vain to deny, that the French are a military nation ; history and our own experience demonstrate, that the French troops have been and are excellent. The three great .and necessary qualities of an army are, marching, abstaining, and fighting; in the latter virtue, we yield to none in the world : but surely candour must allow, that the French are better marchers, and require a much less quantity of food to subsist on than an English army of the same force. To have contended with such a nation, so superior to us in population, extent of territory, and natural resources for five hundred years ; to have generally been victorious over her, has been the fortune, and is now the glory and boast of the British name. Soldier now generally signifies any fighting man. Private Soldier, a man in the ranks; one under the degree of a corporal ; as distinct from the commanders. A real Soldier, a term amongst mili- SOL ( 836 ) SOL mav yet hope to have their day, and to be illuminated by the sun of warlike glory. Of all the puerile vanities into which national presumption and na- tional prejudice have caused men to fall, surely none is less consonant to reason, or more reprehensible, than the idle, we might say blasphemous opinion, that God lias created one nation braver than another. Courage, perhaps, de- pends upon human institutions more than any other quality of the mind ; and upon those strong impelling circum- stances, which induce every individual to become a party in the common cause, and to fight the battles of the public as if they were his own. The King of Prussia (sometimes a great authority, but at others a disingenuous and mise- rable sophist) has declared his opinion that soldiers ought to be machines, beings with sense and motion, but with- tempted fortune, and risked more than was prudent or perhaps justifiable. The confidence, with which they had in- spired their soldiers, led them out of every difficulty. Under such leaders they thought themselves invincible, and they actually became so. We have dwelt particularly on this part of the subject, because we are convinced, that the most erroneous and dangerous opi- nions have been adopted upon it. We repeat it again, and we would never cease to re-echo it, till the solemn sound vibrated upon the ear of every British officer, that a soldier is not an automaton, but a man, in whose hum- ble breast the pulse of glory often beat3 high, and who rushes, with indiffe- rence, into the heat and danger of bat- tle, without the? hope of fame, or the prospect of sharing in the reward of victory. Where is the philosophy- out feeling and understanding; born for where is the reason of him who asserts, confinement, chains, hunger, and drill ing. This principle may do on the parade, for there a soldier may be an automaton, to be moved by the stick of the corporal ; but his Prussian Majesty found out the folly of this position, or rather of this assertion, (for he was too great a man to believe in it himself,) when he lost 25,000 men bv desertion, in the campaign of 1778, against the Austrians. History and military expe- rience sufficiently vindicate human na- ture from this stain. Perhaps soldiers are so far from being automatons, that the greatest successes in war have de- rived their origin from the influence of the human passions. What did the Arabs, operated upon by an intolerant that in order to draw forth the best exertions of a man, and to make him a hero in the cause of his country, it i9 necessary first to degrade him from the rank of a human being, and to level him to the standard of a brute ? No ; on the contrary, arm the human pas- sions in your favour ; teach the soldier to believe that he has an interest in your cause ; pity his weakness ; cherish his good and noble qualities ; instil into his breast, principles of honour and rec- titude ; you will then be invincible, and place around you a wall stronger than brass, which the efforts of no earthly power shall ever be able to pene- trate. Should you be induced to assert, that a soldier is a machine, make an zeal and religious enthusiasm ? The raw appeal to your own heart; if you are not levies of the French, at the commence- contradicted, retire from the profession men t of the war in 1792, resisted and! of arms, for you are a man without pas- repulsed the veteran troops of Europe ; animated by a mistaken love of what they called liberty, and by an uncon- querable determination not to suffer foreign powers to interfere in their do- mestic concerns. At other times, hope and confidence have enabled soldiers to perform the most illustrious achieve- ments; hope, inspired by former suc- cess, and confidence, built upon the knowledge of the talents and military views of a fortunate general. It is cer- tainly true, that a mistake, which would ruin a general of inferior reputation, has sometimes added t0 the fame of a su- perior one. Caesar and Alexander often sions, and consequently without talents. This doctrine of the moral education of the soldier, ought not only to be in- culcated, but should be acknowledged and adopted. When you reflect that all the European powers have "now nearly the same arms, the same constitution, practise the same movements, and follow the rules of the same tactic; to look upon them on a parade, or in a field of exer- cise, the shades of distinction between the troops of different countries are only just perceptible; so that the superiority which the army of one power may have over that of another, cannot arise from practices which are similar in all, but SOL < ssr ) SOL from causes arising out of the moral and intellectual qualities of man. To give strength and perfection to those qualities is the great desideratum, and ought to be the object of our most zealous pur- suits. Our military institutions 'are not perhaps the best possible, but we will adopt the idea of a great legislator, (Solon,) and say, they are our3, and con- sequently the best for us, as far as na- tional habit and constitution the small pipe or SORDINE, 5 mouth piece of a trumpet. SORN, a senile tenure in Scotland, by which, formerly, a chieftain might, with his followers, live upon his tenants at free quarters. SORT, Fr. fate; lot; destiny. — Sort de la guerre, the fate of war. Titer au Sort, Fr. to draw lots. — Ftre condamnes par le Sort, to be con- demned in consequence of lots being drawn. SORTIE e.vterieure, Fr. a sortie or sally which is made out of a besieged place, or invested camp, when the be- sieging army is at some distance from the works, and which is consequently full of uncertainty and danger. — Grande tortie, a sortie, or sally made by a large proportion of the troops in camp, of garrison. Sortie intirieure, Fr. a sortie or sally which is made when the enemy gets close to the covert-way. This sort of sally is less dangerous than the former, because the retreat is more certain. The Turks are remarkable for their prowess on these occasions; they generally con." mence their sorties at break of day* and at the very beginning of a sieg( . The ancients, on the contrary, always sallied out in considerable force, at mid- night. SORTIES, in a siege, parties that sally out of a town secretly to annoy the besiegers, and retard their opera- tions. SORTINGUES, Fr. the Scilly Is- lands. SORTIR, Fr. to go out. — Sortir sttr Vennetni, to rush upon the enemy. Sortir du camp, du port, Fr. to leave camp ; to sail out of port. Sortir d un ptril, Fr. to get out of a scrape. Sortir dcs homes de la discipline mili- tuire, Fr. to trespass upon military dis- cipline, or to go out of military rules and regulations. SOUBASSEMENT, Fr. base, ground-work. Soubassemext de colonnc, Fr. the base, or foot of a pillar. Soubassemext d'uii t/wr, Tr. the foundation or ground-work of a wall, which is carried up to a certain height, and is generally made of shards, rubble, Sec. It is thicker than the rest of the wall, or that part of the wall which is exposed to the open air. The founda- tion, or ground-work, which is laid under revetements in fortification, contribute greatly to that power of resistance which is necessary against the pressure of the earth. For further information on this head, see La Science des Ingi- nieurs, livre i. SOUBREVESTE, Fr. apart of the old dress of a musketeer, which was somewhat similar to a close jacket without sleeves, and was hooked on each side like a cuirass. SOUCHET, Fr. a kind of free stone ; also the last layer of stone in a quarry. SOUCI, Fr. care; anxiety. Un suns SoL'd, Fr. a person devoid of all care, &c. SOUDAN, Fr. SeeSoLDAN. SOI'DARD on Soudart, Fr. an old 5 P S O IT ( 6-i* ) SOU Trench term, signifying soidaf, or sol- dier. It is often used in familiar dis- course, when the subject relates to a person who has Berved for an}' length o( time. Hence un vicux soudard, an old .soldier. SOUDOYER, Fr. to keep in pay. SOUDOYES, Fr. from soudoyer, to keep in pay. This name was originally given to a body of men who enlisted themselves under Phi!i|> Augustus of France, on condition that they should receive a certain daily pay in the way of subsistence. Froissart calls all soldiers, who are paid for doing duty, or for going to war, soudouis. SOUDRILLE, Fr. a term of re- proach, signifying a dishonest soldier; a vagabond, or thief. SOVEREIGN, supreme in power; having no superior. In Great Britain the sovereign is so far limited with re- spect to this explanation, that he has no power beyond the legislative dele- gation of their authority by the two Houses of Parliament. He has, how- ever, no superior with regard to the army and navy. Sovereign contempt. This expres- sion is used to signify contempt that is shewn in the highest degree. SOUFFLAGE, Fr. sheathing, or fur- ring of a ship. SOUFFLE, Fr. the wind of a can- non. SOUFFLFR les canons, Fr. to scale pieces of ordnance. This is done, by means of a moderate charge of gun- powder, for the purpose of cleaning them. Souffler, Jr. This word is used figuratively among the French, and sig- nifies to do any thing underhand, or by stealth. Hence, souffler la division, le feu de la discorde, to sow the seeds of, or secretly to blow up the embers of discord. Souffler vn avancement, Fr. to ob- tain promotion, without having any claim from personal service or merit. To rise by underhand, or low means. See Scab- bard. Souffler le froid ct le chaud, Fr. to blow hot and cold. Souffler an poil, Fr. a term used in farriery, to signify that the pus or matter oozes out of the crown of a horse's hoof, through the hair that grows round it. Sovrn.ER un exploit, Fr. to boast of Some exploit which has never taken place. The French also use the word souffler in an absolute sense, to signify any fruitless attempt, or wild scheme to become' rich, by looking after the philosopher's stone, and trying to make gold and silver by chemical operations. Hence, il a depense tout son bien a souffler, he has spent or wasted all his property in visionary pursuits. Souffler un vuisseau, Fr. to sheath a vessel. SOUIFLEURS, Fr. a mean, de- graded set of men, who get military promotion at the expense of neglected merit, and succeed in life by being sub- servient to the vices and caprices ot imaginary greatness. SOUVFliE-iloulcurs, Fr. a drudge. SOUFFLURE, Fr. a cavity, or hole, which is frequently occasioned when pieces of metal have been forged in too intense a fire. Cannon balls lose their required weight by Haws of this sort. SOUFFRIR, FT. to bear ; to support ; to meet. Hence, souffrir tine tempete, to meet a storm. Souffrir tin siege, Fr. to stand a siege. Souffrir une attaque, Fr. to stand an attack. SOUFRE, Fr. See Sulphur. SOUGARDE, Fr. guard, throatband of a gun. A simi-circular piece of brass which is fixed beneath the trigger of a musket, to prevent it from going off by accident. Souoardes, Fr. See Dechargeurs. SOUGH, (sous, Fr.) a subterraneous drain. SOUGORGE, Jr. throat-band of a bridle. SOUILLARD, Fr. in hydraulic ar- chitecture, a piece of wood laid upon stakes, in front of the slopes that are between the piles of stone bridges : it is also placed between those of wooden ones. SOUILLER, Fr. to sully ; to stain; to defile. Souiller ses main* de sang, Fr. to, sully, or stain one's bands with blojd. SOUKARS, Ind. a general name for bankers. Se SOULER, Fr. to get drunk. See Sobriety. SOULEVEMENT, Fr. insurrection, revolt. t SOULEVER, Fr. to stir up, to excite to insurrection. Se Soulever, Fr. to rise; to revolt : sou C «4S ) sou against 1 ueral. feo mutiny. L'arrnte s'est sou/evee con/re I the purpose of letting out the air and son general ; the army rose, or mutinied wind that may be collected within, and which must naturally impede the course of the water. SOURA, Ind. a division ; as that of a chapter. SOURCES, Fr. See Springs. SOURD, e, Fr. literally means deaf, dull. It is variously applied by the French, viz. Lanterne Sourde, jr. a dark lanthern. i«V/zeSouRDE, Fr. a hie which is made in such a manner, that you may separate pieces of iron without making any noise in the operation. It is likewise used in a figurative sense — To signify a person who says little, but is always meditating SOUMETTRE, Fr. (as an active verb,) to subdue, to overcome, to reduce to subjection. Se Sot meitre, Fr. to submit oneself; to yield SOUMISSION, Fr. submission. SOUMIS, Fr. in fortification, to lie tinder, to be commanded. Thus, one work is said to be commanded, etre soumis, when it is lower than another. The same signification holds good with respect to heights, or elevations. SOUND, (son, Fr.) any thing audible, noise; that which is perceived by the ear. The experiments are numerous by which it has been found, that sound is audible to the distance of 50, 60, or 80 miles ; but Dr. Hearne, physician to the king of Sweden, tells us, that at the bombardment of Holmia, in 1G58, the sound was heard 00 Swedish miles, which make 180 of ours : and in the fight be- tween England and Holland in 1072, the noise of the guns was heard even in Wales, which cannot be less than 200 miles. The velocity- of sound is 380 yards, or 1 142 feet in a second of time, as found by very accurate experiments. The ex- actness of measuring distances by sound, has been sufficiently proved by measuring the same distances by trigonometry. Sound, (sonde, Fr.) an instrument used by surgeons in probing. Sound. A horse is said to be sound, when he does not halt, hot or cold. To Sound, to betoken, or direct by a sound; as, to sound the retreat. Hence SOUNDINGS, signals made by any kind of instruments. SOUPAFE, Fr. every part of the machinery in a pump, which tends to stop the water ; also the sucker of a pump. SOUPENTES, Fr. the braces of a coach. SOUPENTE de cliem'u\ce, Fr. an iron hold-fast which supports the dosser of a kitchen chimney; soupenle also signifies a loft. Soupente de machine, Fr. a piece of wood, which being kept perpendicular from above, is hung for the purpose of sustaining the roll, or axle-tree and wheel of a machine, as is the case in a crane. SOUPIRAIL d'aqueduc, Fr. a vent- holt in * covered aqueduct, made for something mischievous, or injurious to others. The French likewise say, sourdes pra- tiques, pratiques sourdes ; secret, or un- derhand practices; sourdes inenecs, men'ees sourdes; secretor underhand ways. These terms are always used in a bad sense. Tn mathematics, the French call those quan- tities quuntitis sourdes, which are in- commensurable, that is, which cannot be exactly expressed, either by whole num- bers, or by fractions. Thus the square root, or racine earr'ce, of two, is a quan- tity gourde. SOURDINE, Fr. a little pipe, a mute. It likewise means a small spring, which is fixed in a dumb repeater. The French make use of this word in a figurative sense, to signify literally, without noise. Les ennemis out deluge a lu sourdine; the enemy decamped privately, and without noise. SOURIS, Fr. literally, a mouse. For its application in fortification, sec pas de souris. — Le souris qui na quun trou est bientot pris ; the mouse that has only one hole to run to, is soon caught. SOURIS is a cartilage in the nostrils of a horse, by the means of which he snorts. SOURNOIS, Fr. a sullen character. SOUS, Fr. a preposition which is used to denote the state or condition of one thing with respect to another which is above it, viz. Sovs-tangenie, Fr. See Sue-tan- oi vr. Sous, Fr. under ; close to. Camper sous une vi/le, to encamp under a town ; etre sous le feud' un bat ai Hon, to be under the fire, or exposed to the fire of a bat- talion ; les solda's sont sous /es armes, the soldiers are under arms ; sous les d>~u- ^P2 sou ( 844 ) SPA ptOUX, under the colours ; sorts les auspices, iiniler the auspices; itre en sous-o?-dre, to be under orders. Sous bande, Fr. an iron plate which is fixed upon a mortar carriage where the trunnions are laid. Sovs-bassement, Fr. pattern of a pillar; bases of a bed ; socket. Sovs-brigadier, Fr. sub-brigadier. Sovs-ckevron, Fr. a rafter belonging to a dome, or to the roof of a dome. Sovs-faite, in carpentry, a long piece of timber, from six to seven inches thick, which is laid under the ridge of a house, and is parallel to it ; commonly called under roof timber. Sovis-garde, Fr. throat-band of a gun. Sous- gorge, Fr. throat- band of a bridle. Sovs-gueule, Fr. a bridle. Sovs-tieutenance, Fr. under-lieutenant's place or appointment. Sovs-lieutenant, Fr. sub-lieutenant. Sovs-seci-etab-c, Fr. under-secretary. Sovs-ventriere, Fr. under-girth. SOUSSIGNE, Fr. underwritten. XeSoussiGNE, Fr. the undersigned. SOUSSIGNER, Fr. to undersign. SOUSTRAIRE, Ft: to withdraw; to take away. La SOUTE, Fr. the powder or bread- room on board ship. SOUTENEUR, Fr. in a bad sense, a bully; a bravo; one who attempts to carry things, by noise and menaces, in opposition to truth and reason. Soutexeur, Fr. a supporter; an abettor. SOUTENIR, Fr. to maintain; as ioutenir le combat ; to maintain the fight. Soutexir le feu dc I'ennemi, Fr. to stand the enemy's tire. Soutexir le siege, Fr. to hold out in a besieged place. Soutexir. This word is also used in capital of Brisgaw, in Germany, and Figuieros. The latter belongs to Spain, and is so skilfully and so solidly con-- structed, that the horses of several regi- ments may be quartered in them. SOUTH WARK, a dependency of the city of London. All musters of soldiers taken or made in the borough of South- wark, must be in the presence of two justices. See Mutiny Act, Sect. 21. SOUTIEN, Fr. a prop ; a support : any work in fortification, which props or supports another. SOUVERAIN, Fr. sovereign. The person in whom sovereignty is vested. SOUVERAIN ETE, Fr. sovereignty : supremacy ; highest place ; supreme power. SOW, in ancient military history, a kind of covered shed, fixed on wheels, under which the besiegers filled up and passed the ditch, sapped or mined the wall, and sometimes worked a kind of ram. It had its name from its being used for rooting up the earth like a swine, or because the soldiers therein were like pigs under a sow. SOWER, hid. a horseman. SOWGUND, hid. an oath. SPADASSIN, Fr. in familiar lan- guage, a bully. It also signifies a cut- throat ; a fellow who is regardless of hi* own life, and attempts that of another, for the slightest offence or contradiction. SPADE, (becltc, Fr.) an instrument for digging. See Intrenching Tools, Mining, Sfc. SPADROON, a sword much lighter than a broad sword, and made both to cut and thrust. Spadroox Guard, a guard sometimes used with the cut and thrust sword, and also with the broadsword. It consists in dropping the point towards the right from the outside guard, till it comes the French drill, and signifies -to support : under your adversary's blade, the edge or balance the body on the right or left .being upwards, and your wrist at the foot, according to the given direction, same time raised. The point upon which the heel turns, is sailed the pivot, (le pivot.) SOUTE RRAINS, Fr. subterraneous passages, lodgments, &c. that are bomb- proof. There are several lodgments of this description in the different fortified places upon the continent. The most remark- able are those at Landau, an ancient and strong town of Lower Alsace, in France; New Brisach, a town of Alsace, in France, not far from Brisac, the ancient SPADI, an upper garment made of blue cloth, which is worn by the Jani- zaries, in the same manner that we wear a loose great coat, or surtout. SPAHILAR-AGASI, Fr. colonel-ge- neral of the Spahis. He has the same command or authority over them which is vested in the Aga, who is head of the Janizaries. SPAHIS, a corps of Turkish cavalry, which is kept in pay by the Grand Signor. The Spahis do not possess any lands as SPA ( 845 ) S P E the Zaims and Timariots are allowed to do. This corps is composed of twelve or fifteen thousand men, and consists of the Silhataris, whose standard or cornet is yellow, and of the Spahis-Glanis, who have a red one. When these troops were first formed, the latter acted as ser- vants or batmen to the former : they be- came a separate class or troop in conse- quence of their superior conduct on ser- vice, and are distinguished in this man- ner : they are armed with a sabre and a lance, which they call misrack. They likewise make use of a long dart or javelin, called a gerie, with an iron ferrel at one end, which they throw at an enemy with surprizing skill; and if they should happen to miss their aim, they can instantly bend from their saddles, and catch it up, whilst the horse is on full gallop. — Others again are armed with bows and arrows, and some have pistols and carbines. When the Grand Signor takes the field in person, he generally makes a present of five thousand aspers to each Spain. This bounty is called sadach-ackchiasi, or gift to enable each man to purchase bows and arrows. When the Spahis take the field, they march in rear of their standard ; but they do not observe any particular order of route. They divide themselves, on the contrary, into small bodies, and advance in the most desultory manner. Besides these two troops of Spahis, there are four others in the Turkish ser- vice, which are only called upon under circumstances of extreme pressure and emergency. The first is called sag-vlcsigi; the standard is red and white. The second is named sol-vlesigi ; the standard is white and yellow. The third is styled sag-gureba ; the standard green : and the fourth, sol-gurebu ; the standard is white. All these Spahis receive a daily pay of twelve to twenty aspers ; and they are subject to every species of duty. — There are Spahis called Timurs, or Timariots. See Timariots. SPAHIS-GLANIS, Fr. See Spahis. SPAN, a term used in civil architec- ture. The span of an arch is the dis- tance between the imposts, or the parts of piers from which the arch springs, or on which it rests. SPANISH, a vulgar phrase, used prin- cipally among sea-faring men, to signify money. SPANNER, the lock of a fusil, or carabine. SPARUM, a kind of dart, which was used by the ancients in war, and was shot out of a cross-bow. The wound it occasioned was extremely dangerous, as its point was triangular. Several of these darts were discharged in a volley. SPATHAIRES. See Protospa- THAIRES SPATTERDASHES, a kind of cover- ing for the legs of soldiers, made of cloth, or coarse linen waxed over, and buttoned tight; by which the wet is kept off: now called long gaiters. SPATTS, a small sort of spatter- dashes, that reach only a little above the ancle; called also half gaiters. This word is seldom used, except among common soldiers. SPATULE, spattle, from the Latin spatula, a slice or instrument which apothecaries and surgeons use where- with to spread plasters. Also an instru- ment used in the composition of gun- powder. SPAVIN. This disease, in horses, is a bony excrescence or crust as hard as a bone, that grows on the inside of the hough. Blood Spavin, a distension of the sinews in a horse occasioned by extra- vasation. SPEAKING trumpet, a trumpet by which the voice may be carried to 'a great distance. It was formerly used in large armies; and even so late as the siege of Gibraltar, when General Elliott, (afterwards Lord Heathfield) caused the brigade words of command to be given by means of this instrument. The French say porte-voix. SPEAR, a lance, or long weapon with a sharp point, formerly used as a manual, or missile weapon. See Lance. Major Cartwright, in a late ingenious publication, has given some curious par- ticulars respecting this weapon. See .Egis published by that gentleman. Spear, the feather of a horse, called the streak of the spear, is a mark in the neck, or near the shoulder of some barbs; and some Turkey and Spanish horses represent the blow or cut of a spear in those places, with something like the appearance of a scar. This feather has been reckoned by some an infallible sign of a good horse. Spear, the long piece of wood which is fixed to the body or beam of a cheval de frize. The spears are 53 in number, S P II ( 846 ) S P I weighing Clbs. each, are three feet long, and 1J inch square. They are placed 9\ inches asunder. Speak hand or sword hand, of a horse- man, is his right hand. Spear foot of a horse is his far foot behind. SPECTACLE, Fr. spectacle ; show ; exhibition. SPECULATOR. This word had three different meanings aniont the an- cient Romans. It signified a spy in war, or a sentinel and a scout; it also expressed a soldier who did duty at the imperial palace; and sometimes it was used to mark out the person who did the function of a public executioner. ^ SPECULATORES. According to Suetonius, there was a body of men among the ancient Romans, which was railed caligu speculatoria,(the word caliga signifying a sort of military spatterdash) whose duty was to observe the motions of the enemy, and be constantly hover- ing about him. The speculatores were better paid than any other soldiers, on account of the dangers to which they were exposed, but they were not so well clothed, being looked upon as a forlorn hope. To SPEND. Tins term is used at sea of a mast of a ship ; when it is broken down by foul weather, it is said to be spent. It is sometimes used in military matters to express the con- sumption of any thing ; as to spend all your ammunition. SPENT ball, (boukt mart, balk ?norte, Fr.) A cannon or musket ball, &c. is said to be spent when it reaches an object without sufficient force .to pass through it, or otherwise wound, than by a contusion. Spent balls, however, are frequently fatal in their effects, espe- cially when they hit any of the noble p:ms. It is on occasions of this sort, that the activity and skill of a field or ambulating surgeon are absolutely neces- sary ; for which reason a sufficient num- ber of these useful attendants upon an army ought always to accompany the different battalions that go into action. The French pay the strictest attention to this branch of the service. Their flying hospitals are not only well sup- plied with all the requisites for so im- portant an establishment, but every de- pendent part is equally well provided. SI'IKEK/1^ or Sphorac. See Cestus. SPHERE, a round body, of which the center is at the same distance from every point of the circumference ; as is the case with shot, shells, &c. SPHERES d'artifice, Fr. iron hoops with matches steeped in combustible matter, fixed round them. When there is only one hoop it is called cerc/e d'arti- fice; when there are two or three, one within the other, the assemblage of them is called sphere d'artifice, from its re- semblance to that figure. SPHERICAL, round; as spherical case shot. SPHEROID. When it is generated by the revolution of the semi-ellipsis about its greater axis, it is called an oblong spheroid; and when generated by the revolution of an ellipsis about its letter axis, it is called an oblate spheroid, M. D'A viler observes, that the contour of a dome, should be half a spheroid. Half a sphere, he says, is too low to have a good effect below. SPIES, ) in war, are persons em- SPIALS, $ ployed to give intelligence of what the enemy is doing. They should be well paid ; for he who pays them ill, is never well served. They should never be known to any body, nor should they know one another. When they propose any thing very material, their persons, or their wives and chil- dren, should be secured and kept as hostages for their fidelity. If they are apprehended they immediately suffer death. Spies are found in the cabinets of princes, in the closets of ministers, amongst the officers of the army, and in the councils of generals; in towns belonging to the enemy, and in mo- nasteries, &c. The greatest generals strongly recommend them, whatever ex- pense they may occasion ; and indeed a commander had better be in want of many particulars, however necessary, than be destitute of spies. Nothing should be spared to procure them; and even the promises made to them should be observed with the most inviolable in- tegrity. By making a proper use of these necessary creatures, the most secret designs of an enemy may be discovered, the positions his armies are to take, the stations of his fleets, and even the man- ner in which the former is to be secured by masked batteries, or the latter be kept firm by chain moorings, &c. as was the case otf Boulogne in 1800. When a spy or a person suspected to S P I C 847 ) $ P L be one, is admitted into the presence of a general, it should always be so managed as to have his face opposite the light; by which means, all the changes and variations of his counte- nance will appear ; and few persons can sufficiently command their feelings to keep down the natural ebullition of th-; blood, &c. In matters of considerable weight, one spy should always be placed to watch another. The French adopt this system in civil and military diplo- macy. To SPIKE a gun. To choak up the touch-hole of a piece of ordnance, so as to render it useless. For a new and effective mode of rendering the touch- hole of a piece of ordnance useless, ex- cept by fresh casting, see Varnish. SPIKES, in gunnery. See Hand- spikes. SPIN, or to spin hay, is to twist it up in ropes, very hard, for an expedition; by which means it is less bulky, and less troublesome for the cavalry to carry be- hind them. An expert horseman can spin five days forage into a very narrow compass. SPIRAL, (spirale, Fr.) in architec- ture, a curve that ascends winding about a cone or spire, so that all the points thereof continually approach the axis. Spiral tine, (ligne spirale, Fr.) a curve line, which makes a circular movement like a screw, perpetually diverging, or going off from its center. Spiral, ^ a line drawn progressively SPIRE, $ round the same axis, with n distance between each circle ; as the thread of a screw. See Screw. SPIRIT, ardour, courage, elevation, vehemence of mind, genius, vigour of mind, intellectual powers distinct from the body. The French say, caur, cou- rage, fxrti, ardeur. Junius has very justly observed, that one of the surest indications of real spirit is a quick sense of shame. To Spirit, to animate, to encourage ; as to spirit the soldiers. A man of Spirit, a resolute deter- mined character. Parti/ Spirit. See Party. SPIROLE, Fr. a small culverin, which was so called from the spiral or crooked direction that was taken, and the hissing noise which was made by the ball shot from it. Hence it was also called ser- pentine and basilisk. SPLEGET, a cloth dipped in any kind of liquor to wash a sore. SPLENTS, a disease in horses, which is a callous insensible swelling, or hard gristle, breeding on the shank bone, which, when it increases, spoils the shape of the leg, and generally appears upon the inside of it; but if there be one opposite it on the outside, it is called a peg or pinned splent, because it pierces, as it were, the bone, and is extremely dangerous. The simple splents are only fastened to the bone, at some distance from the knee, and without touching the back sinew. These are not very dangerous ; but those that touch the back sinew, or spread on the knee, will make a horse lame in a short time. Horses are also subject to fuzes in the same place. These two are splents joined by the ends, one above the other, and are more dangerous than a simple splent. To SPLICE, (episser un cordage, Fr.) to join together ; as to splice a rope by interweaving the strands in a regular manner ; or two pieces of wood by in- terlacing and glewing them together. SPLICING below the tail pipe is glewing a piece of wood on the back part of the stock below the lower pipe of the ramrod. This extends to the nose- cap, and is called a whole splice. Splicing above the tail-pipe is the same process, only above instead of below, and being generally about the middle, is called a half-splice. Splicing under the trumpet, or upper pipe, is the same process, and is called a quarter -splice. SPLINT, a malady incident to horses which resembles the splent. A splint is found for the most part on the inside of the shank, between the knee and the fetlock joint. A splint may be known both by the sight, and by feeling ; for if it be pinched matter used by chirurgeons to hold the bone newly set. in its place. Splint, a thin piece of wood or other with the thumb or finger, the horse will draw up his leg. SPLINTERS, in artillery, fragments of shells, &c. SpLiy.TV.R-pi'oqf, a fence or guard which is provided in field attacks to protect the person who attends in the powder magazine, and gives out ammu- S P R ( 318 ) SPU nition, from the splinters of shells, &c. 1 1 consists of a shelving sort of frame made of strong timber, through which an aperture is made to gi\e out the powder, ivc. SPLINTS, in ancient armour, a de- fence for the arms, which constituted a part of the suit, called an almaine n/vett. SPOKES, the bars of a wheel that pass from the naves to the felly. SPOLIA, from spolium, among the ancient Romans, spoils; booty taken from an enemy. Spolia Opima, among the ancient Romans, those spoils which a subaltern officer took from any officer of distinc- tion belonging to the enemy. SPONTON, Fr. See Spontoon. SPONTOON is a weapon much like a halberd, formerly used instead of a half-pike, by the officers of foot. When the spontoon was planted, the regiment halted; when pointed forwards, the re- giment marched; and when pointed backwards the regiment retreated. SPRAIN, } (cntorse, Fr.) a misfor- STRAIN, S iunfe incident to horses through the extension, or stretching, of the sinews beyond their strength, or by a slip or wrench. These strains may happen in the shoulder, in the pastern or fetlock joint. To SPRAWL, to widen out in an irregular and unsoldier-like manner. This term is chiefly applicable to the cavalry. SPRAWLING, loose, unconnected, wide of each other. A Sprawling charge, a loose and irregular movement of cavalry, instead of a close, compact forward attack. To SPRING, to give vent to any com- bustible matter upon which gunpowder principally acts by the power of explo- sion. Hence to spring globes of com- pression, &c. The latter are frequently used for the same purposes that sky- rockets, &c. are, viz. to serve as signals when any sudden attack is to be made. Spring, in a general acceptation, an elastic body ; a body which when bent, or distorted, has the power of restoring itself to its former state. It is, in gene- ral, a piece of tempered metal, which by moans of its elastic force, is useful in several machines to give them motion. In a gun-lock, the springs are distin- guished by various appellations accor- ding to their several uses, &c. Seer, and Seer Spring. The seer is a piece of hardened iron or steel in a guff lock, which moves on a pivot, the point of which is received in a notch cut in the tumbler, and the other end is acted upon by the trigger. The seer spring is a small spring* which throws the seer into the notch cut in the tumbler of a gun cock, when the piece is at half cock, or full cock. Feather Spring, or Hammer Spring, the spring of a gun-lock beneath the foot of the hammer. Main Spring, the spring of a gun- lock which operates on the tumbler, and gives force to the cock. To Spring, in a military sense, to step forward with a certain degree of elasticity. Spring up, a word of command which has been occasionally used when sections double up. It signifies, indeed, the same as double up, and is sometimes used singly, as Spring! particularly to light infantry men. To Spring the fire-lock, to bring it briskly up to any ordered position ; to the recover, for instance. SPRINGER. See Voltigeur. SPUNGE, (ecouvillon, griffon, Fr.) a long staff with a roll at one end, covered with a sheep's skin, of the big- ness of the bore of a gun, to scour it after firing; and to prevent any sparks from remaining. It is sometimes called merkin, from its artificial texture of hair at the end of the staff. PyrotechnicalSpvHGES, spunges which constitute the black match, or tinder that is brought from Germany, for striking fire with a Hint and steel. These spunges are made of the large mushrooms, or fungous excrescences which grow upon old oaks, ash trees, firs, &c. These are boiled in water and beaten, and then put in a strong lye made of saltpetre, and afterwards dried in an oven. To Spunge the gun, ( ccouvilloner It canon, Fr.) to cool and cleanse the bore of a piece of ordnance by means of a wet spunge, which is fixed to the end of a long pole. Spunge of a horse-shoe is the extre- mity, or point of the shoe, that answers to the horse's heel, upon which the calkins are made. Jingling SPUR, a curious spur which was worn in the seventeenth century. The Reverend Walter I [arte, in his inge- nious translation of the Life of Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, has furnished SQU ( 849 ) SQU the following particulars respecting it. His words are — " I have seen one of" these jingling spurs which was found in the Star Park, on the famous White Mountain, near Prague, where the battle was fought be- tween the Imperialists and troops of the union; by the event of which the Elector Palatine lost the crown of Bohemia. The spur was large and strong ; it was made of brass, and had a short curved neck. The box (from whose center the rowels came) was as broad as an halt crown piece ; hollow, and something more than a quarter of an inch. It was of bell metal gilt, and contained three or four metal balls, about the size of a small field pea. The rowels, which were ge- nerally four or six, passed through the sides of the box, and measured near three inches, from opposite point to point." In the text it is observed, see Essay, Vol. i. page 43, that it is thought, these spurs were made to jingle, in order to animate the horses, and keep them up to their duty, without goring their flanks unmercifully. SPURS, in old fortificat ions, are walls that cross a part of the rampart, and join to the town wall. Spurs, instruments fixed to the heel of horsemen, with which they can, at plea- sure, goad the horse to action. Spurs, in the construction of a wooden bridge, are braces which prop the two pillars that support it. The French use the word eperon. SQUAD, (escouade, Fr.) a diminutive of squadron. It is used in military mat- ters to express any small number ot" men, horse, or foot, that are collected together for the purposes of drill, &c. To Squad, to divide a troop or com- pany, into certain parts, in order to drill the men separately, or in small bodies, or to put them under the direction and care of some steady corporal, or lance corporal. In every well regulated troop, or company, the men are squadded in such a manner, that the most minute concern with respect to the interior eco- nomy can be instantly accounted for. Aukwai-d Squad. The aukward squad consists not only of recruits at drill, but of formed soldiers that are ordered to exercise with them, in consequence of some irregularity under arms. This term has likewise been used, partly in ridicule, and partly in reproach, to mark out those officers who are negligent of their duty. A well known industrious Tacti- cian in the British army, frequently uses the expression, in the latter sense. SQUADRON, (escadron, Fr.) a body of cavalry, composed of two troops. The number is not fixed, but is generally from 80 to 120 men. The oldest troop always takes the right of the squadron, the se- cond the left. The most scientific and the most ex- perienced officers, have always held the cavalry in high estimation. The services which have been rendered by this body of men, their innumerable successes, of which so many records are preserved both in ancient and modern history, to- gether with the unanimous approbation of those authors, who are considered as masters in the art of war ; all these cir- cumstances sufficiently evince, that ca- valry is not only useful, but indispensably necessary in war. Marshal Turenne was known to say — Avec une bonne cavalerie, on travaille I'armie de son ennemi par de- tail, with a body of good cavalry, one works, or harasses the army of one's enemy by detail; meaning thereby, that the desultory and rapid movements of dragoons, if properly managed, are of a nature to destroy the best concerted plans of an adversary, by hanging upon his Hanks, driving in his outposts, intercept- ing his convoys, and by taking advantage of every opening during the heat of en- gagement. The Austrians had a me- morable instance of the latter, when the French General Desaix, at the head of a body of horse, decided the fate of the battle of Marengo. In pursuits the superiority of the cavalry is unques- tionable. SQUARE, (carree, Fr.) a figure with angles and equal sides. The Square, a particular formation into which troops are thrown on critical occasions; particularly toresistthe charge of cavalry. Solid Square, a body of foot, where both ranks and files are equal. It was formerly held in great esteem ; but when the prince of Nassau introduced the hol- low square, this was soon neglected. Hollow Square is a body of foot drawn up, with an empty space, in the center, for the colours, drums, and baggage, facing every way to resist the charge of the horse. Oblong Square, a square which is not at right angles, but represents the figure of an oblong, whose sides are unequah 5Q SQU ( 850 ) S T A Thus, as eight companies of equal num- bers would form a perfect square, ten make an oblong. Perfect Sqi ar!> a square whose sides nre equal and at right angles. The perfect square, in the formation of troops, seems best calculated for mi- litary movements and arrangements. Battalions, for instance, which are com- posed of eight companies, with one hun- dred rank and tile in each, are equal to every species of disposition. It is upon this principle, we presume, that the French have distributed their infantry. British regiments, on the contrary, con- sist often companies, and are so com- posed that no square of this kind can be formed. This is manifestly a defect in our system. It is indeed remedied by the grenadier and light infantry compa- nies being occasionally detached, or cast into separate battalions ; so that the re- maining companies, by being told off, are brought to eight equal parts. Tacticians will perhaps agree with us, that it would be better to have seven compa- nies flanked by a subdivided one of grenadiers, the whole being so equalized as to produce eight equal parts. In this case, the light; companies should be formed into separate bodies of chasseurs, or riflemen, after the manner of the French. Shakespeare uses the word square, to signify squadron ; but it is now obsolete. Square root,m geometry. The squure root of any number is that which multi- plied by itself, produces the square; thus 4 is the square root of l(i. Square number, in arithmetic, is when another number, called its root, can be found, which multiplied by itself', produces the square ; thus 16 is the square number of -4, and 9 the square of 3. Square, an instrument of brass, or wood, having one side perpendicular, or at right angles to the other, sometimes made with a joint to fold for the pocket ; and sometimes with a back to use on a drawing board, to guide the square. SQUARING, in mathematics, signi- fies the making of a square, equal to a circle. Thus the quadrature, or squariug of the circle, is the finding a square equal to the area of a circle. SQUELETTE, Fr. literally means a skeleton. It is used by the French, as by us, to signify the "remnant, or in- Complete state of a regiment, viz. JLe squelette d'un regiment, the skeleton of * regiment. Squelette, Fr. likewise means the skeleton state of a ship, or a ship upon the stocks, which has only her ribs and first timbers laid in. So that squelette, among the French, will apply either to the first organization, or arrangement of the parts belonging to a work, or esta- blishment, before it is completed, or to the remnant of such a work, or establish- ment, after it has been completed. In the first sense, the word cadre, frame, outline, &c. bears the construction of squelette, among the French, as cadre d'un corps. When the expedition into Bri- tanny was planned, there were several cadn s of' this description. They con- sist - ; d of French noblemen and gentlemen who were to organize the Chouans, and to receive appointments according to their respecthe ranks, .Sec. &c. Carcass, in building, signifies the same thing. SQUIRE. An attendant on a warrior was formerly so called. See Armiger. STABLE, a convenience well known for the comfortable reception of a horse. A stable should be in good air, and upon hard, firm, and dry ground. It ought, if possible, to be built upon an ascent, that the urine, foul water, or any other mois- ture may be conveyed away by means of trenches, or sinks, cut for that purpose. Brick is better for building stables than stone; the latter being liable to sweat in wet weather, and the moisture causes rheums and catarrhs. In some stables, (in those for instance, at Woolwich,) a hollow, or cavity with a grating over it, is made in every stall, into which the urine runs; but we hum- bly conceive, that this drain is highly prejudicial to the horse's eyes ; as the saline particles must collect, especially in summer. Stable horse, Ind; that part of Tip- poo Sultaun's cavalry, which was best armed, accoutered, and most regularly disciplined. STADIUM, (studion, Fr.) an ancient Greek long measure, containing 12."> geo- metrical paces, or 625 Roman feet, cor- responding to our furlong. — This word is formed from the Greek term, which sig- nifies station. It is said, that Hercules, after running that distance at one breath, stood still. The Greeks measured all their distances by stadia. The Romans had, likewise, their stadia, derived from the Greek, by which they measured dia- $ T A ( 851 ) S T A tartces. The stadium at Rome con- rained 620 geometrical paces. Eight stadia make one Italian mile. The Sl*A»iON, among the Greeks, sig- nified also a space ot* inclosed or open ground, (containing that measure,) where the public races were run. STAFF, in military affairs, consists of a quarter-master general, adjutant- general, majors of brigade, aides-de- camp, &c. Regimental Staff are the adjutant, paymaster, quarter-master, chaplain, and surgeon. The staff in India consists of a general Staff, station staff, cantonment and gar- rison staff"; and an hospital staff. The staff in Great Britain is compre- hended under general staff, garrison staff, district staff, and staff belonging to -the cavalry depot at Maidstone, and the general infantry one in the isle of Wight. There is likewise an hospital or medical Staff. &, axf of command. See Battoon. Personal Staff, those particular offi- cers who are constantly about the person of a general ; as the military secretary, aides-de-camp, ike. — according to the nature of their appointment ; or the com- position of the arm or corps to which they may be attached. Civil Staff. Under this head may also be included commissaries, purveyors, &c. Upon this important point volumes might be written. Medical Staff, an important branch .of public service ; on the good manage- ment of which the health, and conse- quently the effective vigour of our bravest troops, must at all times, in all seasons, and under all circumstances, depend. Various rules and regulations have been framed for the proper administration of this branch. The following indispen- sable form is called for, before an indi- vidual can be appointed. It is necessary for every gentleman who is desirous of entering the medical department of the army, to apply to the inspector general at the office, (Berkeley -street, Berkeley- square,) and to pass a medical examina- tion there, as well as a surgical one at the College of Surgeons. After which, the first appointment is that of Hospital mate, from whence the next step is as- sistant regimental surgeon, then regi- mental surgeon ; so mi to staff surgeon ; deputy inspector, and inspector. Physicians are appointed, under the recommendation of the physician general- The candidates must be members, or licentiates, of the College of Physicians, or be graduates of one of the Univer- sities. Staff-oo?'/>s, a corps which wa$ formed in July, 1799, consisting of intelli- gent and active officers and men. They are chiefly attached to the adjutant- general's department. Staff corps of cavalry, a particular description of men that are employed for general service under the immediate controul of the adjutant-general. District-SjATF, a specified number of commissioned and non-commissioned officers, that are stationed in a district lor the use of the army in general, and the conduct, &c. of recruiting parties. The officers consist of a paymaster, ad- jutant and surgeon, who are under the command of the general of the district. STAG-evil, in a horse, a distemper which is a kind of palsy, in the jaws, which frequently proves mortal, if it should spread all over the body. It chiefly proceeds from the horse's being exposed to cold after great heat. STAGGERS, ^ in horses, a disease STAVERS, S which is a giddiness hi the brain, and often occasions mad- ness. STAKES. In former times the archer* to protect themselves from the attacks of the enemy's horse, carried long stakes pointed at both ends ; these they planted in the earth, sloping before them. Hammer STALL, a piece of leather, which is made to cover the upper part of the lock belonging to a musket. STALLION, (cheval entier, Fr.) an ungelt horse. A stallion is also called a stone-horse. STAMP duties, imposts laid upon pa- per that is used for legal or commercial purposes. Proceedings of courts-martial, whether copies or originals, are not chargeable with stamp duties ; nor are the receipts given by officers for their respective pay or allowances ; but all commissions, warrants, &c. fall under the duty. STAMPE, Batte, ou Demoiselle, Fr. a large rammer. STAMPER, Fr. to beat down earth, &c. with a rammer. STANCHING blood, (itancher, Fr.) In case a horse should happen to be cut or hurt, fill the cut full of wool of a hare or rabbit, and hold it for some tune witk *Q2 S T A ( 852 ) S T A your hand, or else bind it on the part ; then burn the upper leather of an old Shoe, strew the ashes among the wool, and let it lie on for twenty-four hours, and it will stanch the bleeding. STANCHIONS, supporters in build- ing, from the French elancons. STAND, the act of opposing; thus troops that do not yield, or give way, are ■aid to make a stand. To Stand the enemy's fire, to remain with steady firmness, in orderly array, without being discomposed by the shot, 8cc. of an opposing enemy. British troops are remarkable for their coolness on these occasions. To Stand, to have an erect position. Every recruit should be taught to hold bis body in such a manner, that he feels himself firm and steady upon whatever ground he may be placed for the pur- poses of exercise or parade. See Posi- tion without arms. Tn Stand well under urms, to be so perfectly master of the firelock as not to be embarrassed, or to be rendered un- steady by its weight, but to be able to preserve a correct relative position of the body through all the changes of the ma- nual and platoon, &.c. and during the preset ibed movements in parade and field exercises. See Position with urms. To Stand at ease, to be allowed a cer- tain indulgence with regard to bodily position, with or without arms. See Ease. It is likewise a word of command, as Stand at — Ease! STAND/'as/. This term is frequently used ns a caution to some particular part of a line, or column. In the first of the lineteen manoeuvres, for Distance, the gienadiers are directed to stand fast, while the remaining companies march from their alignemeut to form close co- lumn behind them. When a battalion, drawn up in line, is to move forward in front of its original position from the right, left, or center, the named division, subdivision, or section stands fast, and the remaining ones, which have been wheeled backward into column, march towards the inward flank of the standing division, subdivision, or section. On the first of the moving bodies arriving at the inward pivot of the standing one, the latter receives the word march, and the former wheels into the ground. The rest successively do the same. By this method, the leading division is spared the trouble of wheeling back, and return- ing again to its original ground. To Stand to, to oppose oneself to any> thing,to be resolute and determined upon any point. To Stand to the guns, to prepar takin e for s station at the action, by guns. Stand to your arms.' a cautionary word of command when soldiers are put upon the alert. To Stand fry another, to second and support him, let the consequences be what thev niav. STANDARD, that which is the test or criterion of other things. Standard, ;i measure by which men enlisted into his Majesty's service have the regulated height ascertained. Standard, in war, a sort of banner, or flag, borne as a signal for the joining to- gether of the several troops belonging to the same body. The standard is usually a piece of silk \\ foot square, on which are embroidered the arms, device, or cypher of the prince or colonel. It is fixed on a lance, t'.ght or nine feet long, and carried in the cen- ter of the first rank of a squadron of horse, by the cornet. Standards belonging to the cavalry. Standards are posted in the following manner : The King's with the right squadron. The second with the left; and the third with the center. In advancing to the front on foot, the advanced standards and their serjeante must not slacken their pace, or deviat* from right to left, as the lieutenant-co- lonel, or leading officer, may happen to do ; but if he be in their way, they must call to him, because they alone regulat* the march. The standards must always be brought to the parade by the troop, viz. by that which has its private parade nearest to head-quarters. They must be accom- panied by as many trumpeters as can conveniently assemble with that troop. Swords must be drawn, and the march sounded. The cornets parade, of course, with that troop to receive the standards. The standards are received by the regi- ment, or squadron, at open ranks, with swords drawn, officers saluting, and the march sounding by the remaining trum- peters. They must inarch off from head- quarters, and* be lodged w ith the same. term. Royal Standard, (orifiammc, Fr.) a standard, which is carried when sove- reigns accompany their armies to battle.. S T A Standard- fearer, he who carries the standard; a cornet, ensign, &c. Standard- Bearer to the Gentlemen Pensioners. — The gentlemen pensioners have, tor almost three centuries, been the nearest guard of his Majesty's person, and on all state occasions they take pre- cedence of all guards, being stationed close to the person of the sovereign Their services are never required except upon state occasions. The honourable band, as it is termed, consists of a cap- tain, (who must, in virtue of his office, be a peer of the realm,) three officers, and a paymaster. There are 2.5 gentle- men pensioners who, being esquires, are in point of rank equal to captains in the army. They are occasionally knighted, particularly at an installation ; and two have always obtained that distinction at a coronation. The standard-bearer is the next officer but one to the captain. The band of gentlemen pensioners was originally a corps of staff" cavalry; each pensioner being provided with a certain number of attendants in the field; whence the appellation of standard-bearer takes its origin, as it is at a coronation only that the standard of royalty is borne. At other times the baton, or silver stick of office, similar to that of the field offi- cer in waiting, is the only badge he wears. The salary is .'310/. per annum, subject to the land and other taxes, which are levied on all places of the same description, and which reduce the salary to about 240/. The stipend has never been increased since the first institution of the band. The situation of standard-bearer is, like the rest, to be purchased ; three thousand guineas have been given. Standard-H*//, a hill in England, near Battle, in Sussex, so called because William the Conqueror set up his stan- dard on it, before he joined battle with Harold. STANDING, settled, established, not temporary. Standing anny, (armee sur pied, Fr.) an army which is quartered upon a country, and is liable to every species of duty, without any limitation being fixed to its service. The lite and foot guards form a part of the standing army of Great Britain. The militia, but not the volunteers, may be partially considered as such ; the adjutant, non-commissioned officers and drummers, being in constant pay, and a third of the quota of men, together with all the officers* being called ( 833 ) s T A a year to be exercised for 28 out once days. Standing, rank, condition. It like- wise signifies length of time. As, such an officer is of very old standing in the army. STAPLES are loops of iron, or bars pointed and bent so as to be driven in at both ends. STAR, (itoih, Fr.) a mark of distinc- tion which sometimes is conferred upon merit, and is always attached to certain privileged individaals ; also a mark of rank among field officers, which is at- tached to the strap of an epaulette. Star Chamber, a chamber in West* minster Hall, so called because the ceil- ing of it was adorned with the figures ot stars, where the lord chancellor formerly kept a court in order to punish riots, forgeries, &c. This chamber was ren- dered infamous by the oppressive mea» sures which were resorted to in the reign of Charles the First, and which ended in his execution. Star fort, in fortification. See Fort and Forth ration. STAHOSTIES, Fr. certain tenures or fiefs, which the kings of Poland formerly granted to the nobility and gentry of tha country, for the purpose of enabling them to support the expenses of military expe* ditions. The person who received, out of the royal domains, a fief of this sort, (for the public were not taxed on that account,) was called a Staroste. Staroste also signified a Polish nobleman, and Sta- rostise his wife. ST ATARI US, hence stationary, that •keepeth in his standing, and doth not move from one place to another. STATARIUM prandium, that the soldiers eat standing. This was fre- quently done among the ancient Ro- mans, not only to save time, but to enure themselves to every species of military dispatch. STATARII excubitores, a standing watch, or sentinels who were upon the alert, and did not sit or lie down, but stood steady at their posts. STATE, condition of any thing; as a weekly state of a regiment, &c State of a detachment. The differ- ence between the state of a corps or detachment, and a mere return of the same, consists in this, that the former comprehends the specific casualties, &c. that have occurred ; whereas the latter gives an abstract account of the officer;? 5 T A ( 854 ) STA and Caen in :i more general and compre- hensive manner. The word state is like- wise used to express the condition ot every tiling belonging to the equipment of a regiment ; as, state of anus, accou- trements, &c. STATEMENT, (expose, Fr.) a plain, explanatory, or comprehensive exposition of any thing. STATES, nobility ; also the governing power in a country ; as the states-general of Holland and the states of Venice were, before the French usurpation STATESMAN, (homme a" Hut, Fr.) a politician; one versed in the arts of go- vernment. STATHOLDEIl, (Stathouder, Fr.) from the Teutonic Studthalter. Ac- cording to Bailey, this word signifies a governor of a province, chiefly that of Holland. The author of the Dietum- naire Militaire, says, on this subject, that Statholder was, some time back, (al- luding to the period before the Erench invasion,) the name of the head of the Dutch Republic. This title, or dignity, had rank with that of sovereign princes, although the person invested with it was subordinate to the United States, in the same manner as the Doge of Venice acted under the Senate. The French writer further adds ; the orthography of this word is not right, although I have followed the JDictiormaire de. CAcademie Frangaise. It must both be written and pronounced Statholder — Stadthouder. STATHOUDERAT, Fr. the dignity of the Statholder, when such was ac- knowledged in Holland. At present it is absorbed in the title of King of the Netherlands. STATICS, (statiquc, Fr.) a branch of mathematics which considers weight or gravity, and the motions of bodies arising therefrom. Those who define mechanics to be the science of motion make statics a member thereof, viz. That part which considers the motions of bodies arising from gravity. Others again say, that statics should be the doctrine or theory 01 motion, and mechanics the application thereof to machines. Hydro-STATics, (hydrostatiuue, Fr.) a science which treats of the gravity of fluids, or of the weight of solid bodies that are immersed in any liquid, or that float upon its service. STATION, \u geometry, a place pitched upon to make an observation, to tide an an^le, or the like. Station, a standing place; also post* condition, rank. Military Station, a place calculated for the rendezvous of troops, or for the distribution of them; also a spot well calculated for offensive or defensive measures. Si'&tiqs -staff", a mathematical instru- ment used by surveyors. Station Orders. See Orders. Mortar Station, any particular spot, selected for the placing of mortars, or battering pieces, during a siege, &c. Rocket Station, a spot chosen for the coin enience of the officer who has th? management of the rockets. STATIONARIUS, a sentinel, a gar- rison soldier. STATIONERY, paper, sealing-wax, pens, Jkc. for which an allowance is made to officers on the staff. STATl RII Milites, stationary soldiers, or soldiers in garrison. STATISTICS. According to the au- thor of a late work, statistics are that comprehensive part of municipal philo- sophy, which states and defines the situation, strength, and resources of a nation. They constitute a kind of poli- tical abstract, by which the statesman may be enabled to caluculatehis finances, as well as guide the economy of his government ; and they are equally useful in ascertaining the military resources of a country. STATIVA Castra, standing camps. The ancient Romans accustomed their troops to remain occasionally under can- vass, both in winter and summer; but these encampments were of short dura- tion. At first, they were only for a single night, and they were then named lodg- ments : but if they lasted several nights they were called Stutiva. The winter camps were always better supplied with provisions and warlike stores than the summer ones. Whilst Rome was governed by Emperors, their armies were constantly in the field, or encamped upon the frontiers of the em- pire, both in peace and war. They were certainly less considerable in the first than in the latter instance, and they al- ways remained in the camp during the- winter, as well as the summer months. Particular care was taken to have these camps well fortified, and abundantly provided with stores and provisions. — This precaution was the more necessary, because, iu those days, there were not S T E ( 853 ) S T E strong; places enough along the frontiers or' the Roman empire, to prevent the in- cursions of the barbarians into the dif- ferent provinces. By degrees, fortified camps grew into fortified castles and strong forts, and even into fortified towns ; many of which took their names from the several legions that had been encamped upon the ground. Stativa likewise signifies, generally, quarters. STATOR, one of the standing watch. It also signified, among the ancient Ro- mans, a serjeant, a messenger, or any person who was always attending about an officer, to be ready at command. The term, in some degree, corresponds with our word orderly. STATORES Pratorii, a certain de- scription of soldiers among the ancient Romans, belonging to the Imperial guard, who always did duty at the en- trance of the Prajtorium, or general's pavilion. STATURE, height. See Standard. STATUTE duty, (corvee, Fr.) The word corvee seems derived from cura vice, i. e. the care of the roads. It sig- nifies a call made on individuals to tar- nish labour, and materials in kind, for the construction and repair of roads. The same did exist in England, under the name statute duty, and is with us, at present, under very proper restric- tions ; but, in France, where there are no turnpikes, all the roads are made and repaired by Government. STAVES, used in ammunition and other wagons or carts, are round and flat sticks between the summers and side-pieces, also in common and scaling ladders. To STAY the hand. To stay, or sus- tain, a horse, is to hold the bridle firm and high. STAYS, in truck carriages, are the irons which are fixed one end under the fore axle tree, and the other to the side-pieces, in the form of an S. STEAM Boats. The Americans claim the honour of having discovered " the art of navigating a vessel, with a keel 1G0 feet long, so as to go, by the force of steam, 6' miles an hour, without a sail, and against the wind and tide." The idea, however, has otten been prac- tically tried in England ; and it is be- lieved, that the principal merit of the discovery in question is owing to a native of Scotland, born at the Calton- kill in Edinburgh, where a number of ingenious mechanics reside ; the son of one of whom, after living at Glasgow as an engineer, went some years ago to America, and having a mechanical turn, completed, with the assistance of an American gentleman, this important in- vention. Steam-boats, as they are called, are already established on the Hudson, where the tide runs at the rate of six miles an hour; and in the Delaware, where it runs four miles ; and it is soon to be extended to the Ohio and the Mississippi. Steam boats and vessels have been lately used to cross arms of the sea; two regularly sail from the river to Margate, and we understand it is in contempla- tion to try them across the channel. The principle has been also successfully applied to iron rail-ways. STECCADO, the lists ; a place railed in for beholding a combat or duel. The tennis Spanish. Steccado, in fortification, a sort of pale, or fence, which is raised before the trenches. STEED, ahorse either for state or war. STEEL, particularly applied, mean* weapon ox armour. Steel also signifies sword. STEELED, being tipped with steel, as is the case sometimes in a horse-shoe, especially if the animal should go near to the ground, and occasionally hit the front of his shoes. STEELYARD, abalance for weighing. STEGANOGRAPHY, (st'eganogru- phie, Fr ) the art of secret writing, or of writing in cyphers, known only to per- sons corresponding. It is much used in war. STENOGRAPHY, (stenographic, Fr.<) See Stereography. STEP, (pas, Fr.) progression by one removal of the foot. It likewise signi- fies pace. To Step, to move forward or back- ward, by a single change of the place of the foot. To Step out, to lengthen your pace. To Step short, according to the Regu- lotions, is to diminish or slacken your pace. This step is useful when a mo- mentary retardment of either a battalion inline, or of a division in column, shall be required. To Step out, according to the Regu- lations, is to lengthen the step to 33 inches, by leaning forward a little, but without altering the cadence. This step S T E ( 856 ) S T E is necessary when a temporary exertion in line and to the front, is required; mid is applied both to the ordinary and quirk time. These phrases are frequently used in military movements, when it is found necessary to gain ground in front, or to give the rear of a column, &c. time to acquire its proper distance. The officer who leads a head division, should be particularly attentive, when he is or- dered to step out, or step short, espe- cially in the different wheelings, not to lose the precise moment when either may be thought expedient ; and in marching in open column, every succes- sive officer should watch the seasonable moment, after a wheel, of preserving his relative distance. To Step off] in a military sense, to take a prescribed pace from a halted position, in ordinary or quick time, in conformity to some given word of com- mand or signal. Balancing Step, (pas d'ecole, Fr.) a step so called from the body being ba- lanced upon one leg, in order to render it firm and steady in military move- ments, &c. Men at the drill should be frequently exercised in this step. Deploy Step; Lock Step, (pas clc maiuruvre, Fr.) See Lock. The side or closing Step, (pus de cole, ou pas serve, Fr.) a step which is taken in order to gain ground to the right or left, without altering the front of the battalion, or of closing it to its center, whenever a chasm occurs in tlie line after it has wheeled from the column, &c. According to the Regulations, this step is performed from the halt, in or- dinary time, by the following words of command : — Close to the Right — March, (Ap- pui/ez ti la droite, Fr.) Close to the Left — March, (Appuycz a la gauche, Fr.) Back Step, (pas en arriere, Fr.) a Step taken to the rear from any position without any change of aspect. Accord- in. to the Regulations, the back step is performed in the ordinary time and length of pace, from the halt, on a given word of command. It will be '■• i ally recollected, that a few paces only of the back step can be necessary at a time. Step back, March, (en arriere, murche, Fr.) a word of command w Inch is given when one or more men are ordered to take the back step according to the regulation. Quick Step, (pas acc'elcre, Fr.) a mi- litary step consisting of SO inches, (of which 108 are to be taken in a minute, making ','70 feet in a minute,) which con- stitutes what is technically called quick tone in marching. Quickest Step, (pas precipitin, Fr.) 1 a step measuring 30 inches, and of which 120, making 300 feet, may be taken in a minute. This step is applied chiefly to the* purpose of wheeling, and is the rate at, which all bodies accomplish theirwheels ; the outward file stepping 33 inches, whe- ther the wheel is from line into column, during the march in column, or from column into line. In this time also, and by this step, should divisions double, and move up, when they pass obstacles in line ; or when in the column of march, the front of divisions is in- creased, or diminished. To Step between, to interfere. To Step forth or forward, to take an active part in any thing. Thus, when the circle was formed, the grenadiers stepped forward to beg oil" their comrade, &c. Ihe officers stepped forward, and remonstrated against their colonel. Step is likewise figuratively used to signify promotion. As, the next step from a lieutenancy is a troop or com- pany, and from that to a majority; ex- cept in the Guards, who have the exclu- sive privilege of going over this inter- mediate rank, and stepping into a lieu- tenant-colonelcy at once. The Engi- neers enjoy the same privilege. To Step over, to rise above another. This term is generally used in a bad sense. As, young men of interest and connection frequently step over old sol- diers. Step, (echelon, Fr.) According to tha Translator of Rules and Regulations for the field exercise and manoeuvres of tho French infantry, echelon means, in a figurative sense, what we understand by step in military promotion. See Grades Milituires in the Nouveau Dictionnaire Militaire, by A. T. Gaigne. Step and Leap is one of the seven airs, or artificial motions of a horse, being as it were three airs. The step puts the horse upon the hand, and gives him a rise to leap, like unto S T I ©ne that runs before he leaps, and so may leap higher than he that goes every time a leap. STEPPING off to music. In step- ping otF to music, or to the tap of the drum, it will be recollected, that the word of command is the signal to lift tip the left foot, and that it comes down, or is planted, the instant the tap is given, or the music completes its first note, so that the time must be in- variable marked by the left foot, and not by the right, as has been practised by the Guards and the Artillery, until a recent regulation. STERE, Fr. a measure for firewood which has been adopted by the French, .since the revolution. The stere is equal to the cubic meter. It is used instead of the vole, and is about half of that measure. The Corde, in decimals, an- swers to 3.305 steres. . STEREOGRAPHY, (stirtographie, Fr.) the art of drawing the forms of solids upon a plane. STEREOMETRY, (stire'omitrie, Fr.) the art of measuring, or that which teaches how to measure, all sorts of solid bodies. STEWARD, one v. ho manages the affairs of others. In all well conducted messes belonging to military corps, cer- tain orhcers are named to act as stew- ards, for some specific period. These act, conjointly with the treasurer and pay-master, for the good of the whole. STICK, the same as Baton, an in- strument of dignity, which is occasion- ally carried by persons and officers in high situations, particularly by such as are in waiting near the royal person. Stick, an instrument of punishment among the Germans, and attempted to be introduced among the French by M. De St. Germain, minister of the war department under Louis XVI. No such instrument is used among the British. Gold Stick, an officer of superior rank in the Life Guards so called, who is in immediate attendance upon the king's person. When his Majesty gives either of his regiments of Life Guards to an officer, he presents him with the gold stick. The colonels of the two regiments wait alternately month and month. The one on duty is then called gold stick in waiting, and all orders relating to the Life Guards are trans- mitted through him. During that month he commands the brigade, receives all S T I and communicates them to the reports, king. This temporary command of the brigade does not, however, interfere with the promotions that may be going forward, as each colonel lays those of his own particular corps before his majesty. Formerly the gold stick com- manded all guards about his Majesty's person. On levees and drawing-room days, he goes into the king's closet for the parole. Silver Stick. The field-officer of the Life Guards, when on duty, is so called. The silver-stick is in waiting for a week, during which period all reports are mad« through him to the gold-stick, and orders from the gold-stick pass through him to the brigade. In the absence of the gold- stick on levees and drawing-room days, he goes into the king's closet for the parole. STICKLER, a sidesman to fencers, or second to a duellist ; also an indi- vidual that adheres to trifles. STEREOTOMY, ( stir 'tot omie, Fr.) the art of cutting solid bodies ; it aleu means the method of cutting stones. Mr- Frezier has written scientifically upon this subject in a work called Traite. de Stircotomte. STILETTO, (stikt, Fr.) a small dasger, with a round blade and sharp point. STINKPOT, a firework made of of- fensive combustibles, which is used at sieges, Sec. See Laboratory. STIPEND, (saluire, Fr.) salary, hire, wasres, pav. STIPENDIARY, (stipendiaire, Fr.) that serves a foreign power for pay. Hence, stipendiary troops. STIPENDIUM, wages, or pay for soldiers. This term was applied, among the ancient Romans, to the money which was paid, bv way of subsistence, for military service, and which only took place in the year 347 of the Roman sera. Until that period the Roman sol- diers, or rather citizens, served volun- tarily, and without pay ; clothing and subsisting themselves until the close of the war, in which the Republic might be engaged. It was so, likewise, in the early days of Greece.; among the Lace- daemonians, the Athenians, and the Spartans, who never paid their soldiers except when the campaign was at a great distance from home. The pay or the foot soldiery, among the Greeks and Romans, resembled, in some degree, th» 5R S T I subsistence which is given to modern soldiers ; being equally subject to de- ductions tor arms, accoutrements, ne- cessaries, &c. But the cavalry of the ancients was more amply supplied than that of the moderns in every respect, and better paid. STRATOCRACY, (stiratocratie, Fr.) a government in which military power has the ascendancy. STIFF legs, a disease in horses, un- der which are also comprehended dried, decayed, or bruised legs. STIFLE, in a horse, a large muscle, or that part of the hind leg which ad- vances towards his belly. It is a most dangerous part to receive a blow upon. Sthle-7'o/h^, in a horse, the first joint next the buttock, and above the thigh. STIFLED-/«orse, whose leg bone is put out, or the joint rouch hurt. STIFLING, a malady which acci- dentally befals a horse either by some strain, by leaping, or by a slip in the stable, or on travelling, or else by some blow, which either puts out the stijle- bone, or hurts and strains the joint. STILES, in joinery, &c. are the up- right pieces, which go from the bottom to the top in any wainscoat. STIRRUP, (itrier, Fr.) a well known iron frame fastened to a saddle with a thong of leather, for the foot of the rider to rest upon. It is observed, in a publication en- tituled the Sportsman's Dictionary, that you should bear vigorously upon your stirrup when you have your foot in it, and hold the point of your foot higher than your heel. When you would stop your horse, you must bear upon your stirrups. You should keep your right stirrup half a point shorter than the left, for in combat the horseman bears and rests more upon the right ; which also, from the weight of the sword, carbine, &c. renders that side heavier than the left, and the pressure consequently greater. Besides in mounting, the facility is in- creased by the imperceptible length of the left stirrup. To lose one's Stirrups, to suffer them to slip from the foot ; this may happen from the coxcombical practice of resting upon the toe instead of the ball of the foot, which is the true fulcrum. Stirrup/oo^ is the left foot. Stirrup leather is a lathe or thong •f leather descending from the saddle, ( 853 ) S T O down by the horse's ribs, upon which the stirrups hang. STiRRUP-fawer, an end of leather made fast to the end of the saddle, to truss up the stirrups when the rider is alighted, and the horse sent to the stable. STOCCADO, a push or thrust with a rapier. STOLE. See Order of' the Stole. STOCK, the whole of the wooden part of a musket or pistol. Stock, (col, Fr.) a part of an officer's dress, which consists generally of black, silk or velvet, and is worn round the neck instead of a neckcloth. The sol- dier's stock is of black ribbed leather", and is part of his small mounting. Red stocks were formerly worn in the Guards ; they are still so in some Prussian regi- ments. As his Majesty has been graciously pleased to relieve the British soldier from a load of grease, &c. by dispensing with clubs and tails, we cannot forbear expressing a wish, that the same hu- mane attention could be paid to the stiff piece of leather in which his neck is confined. One of the punishments, still existing among the French, and frequent- ly resorted to during the old monarchy, is the carcan or iron collar. We men- tion this, circumstance, because, we ho- nestly believe, that hundreds, among our brave soldiers, would sooner be put into the black hole, or even suffer cor- poral punishment, than be doomed to have their necks so dreadfully hampered. Indeed we may appeal to those officers who have been in warm climates, -or upon service, to acknowledge the pro- priety of this remark. They will say, that soldiers sieze the first opportunity to get rid of this galling encumbrance. Stock purse, (masse, Fr.) a certain saving which is made in a corps, and which is applied to regimental purposes. In some corps this fund is so honestly managed, that, without encroaching upon the public, the most beneficial effects are produced : in others again, it is so mysteriously handled between commanding officers and paymasters, that it becomes a perpetual source of discontent and jealousy. Stock purse in his Majesty's Foot Guards, a fund which is. created at th« expense of the effective state of every company, and regularly shared among the captains who rank, as lieutenant- colonels in the line. STO ( 859 ) STO STOCKS for building ships, (chantier, Fr.) certain places, on the sides of rivers or up creeks, which are appropriated to the construction of vessels, Sec. Elm Stocks, the naves of wheels for field carriages are so called in the ord- nance service. STOMPER, Fr. to sketch out a de- sign, or to draw with colours that have been pounded into dust. Instead of the pencil or crayon, a roll of paper which is dipt into the coloured dust, serves to put on the different colours. STONES, in military architecture, may be distinguished into two sorts ; that is, into hard and soft : hard stone is that which is exposed to the open air, such as rocks, and which lies loose upon the surface of the earth : the soft stone is that which is found in quarries, and under ground. It is undoubtedly true, that the hardest stones make the most durable works ; but as there is seldom a sufficient quantity to huild the whole fortification, the best serve in the facings of the building, in the found- ations, and where the works are exposed to the violence of the waves. The stones of some quarries are very soft, and easily worked, when first cut out ; but when exposed for some time to the open air, become very hard and durable. As there is undoubtedly a kind of sap in stones, as well us in timber, by which the same sort of stone, taken out of the same quarry, at one season, will moulder away in a few winters, but, when dug out in another season, will re- gist the weather for many ages ; stones should always be dug in the spring, that they may have time to dry before the cold weather comes in ; for the heat of the sun will extract the greatest part of the moisture, which otherwise expands in frosty weather, and causes the stone to splinter, although it be otherwise hard and good. As stones lie in the quarries in hori- zontal beds or strata, (that is, they cleave in that direction,) and have like- wise a breaking vein, which is perpen- dicular to the former ; both these direc- tions must be observed in cleaving, as well as in raising them out of their beds. Stones that will not easily cleave, must be blown up by gunpowder. Marble is of various sorts and colours; the most beautiful of which is imported from abroad. The marble found in England is mostly blackish, and so very hard and difficult to polish, that very little use is made of it, except to burn and make lime. -Fire -Stone comes from Reygate, and serves chiefly for chimnies, hearths, ovens, furnaces, and stones ; being a dry, porous, gritty stone, which bears the heat without breaking : on account of this quality, it is called fire-stone. Purbeck-$TO*E is a hard, greyish stone, and serves chiefly for paving, coping of walls, and for all such other uses where strength is required ; it be- ing the most hard and durable stone, except the Plymouth marble. It is found on Purbeck island. Rag-SronT. is of a bluish colour, and commonly used in paving; but there is a stone called Kentish rag, that is very useful in building : it splits very easily, and yet is very hard. I'rec-STONE, more generally called Portland-stone ; it is a fine whitish stone, without any veins. This stone is very soft when it comes out of the quarry, is easy to be worked, and becomes very hard in time. Hence it is very fit for military works. Alabaster is a clear whitish stone, not unlike coarse marble. It is plentiful in some parts of Italy : but there is none to be tbund in England. It is to be had in great abundance in Scotland, and makes the very best lime. Whin, or Aberdeen whin, is of a greyish colour, intermixed with veins, not unlike coarse marble. This stone is fittest of any for military works : because it with- stands the weather, and the violence of the waves, better than any stone found in England. Russian Stone, commonly called As- bastos. Cloth, which is proof against fire, may be fabricated out of this stone, when decomposed. It is indigenous to Russia. Keep-STOJS e, center stone in a chimney piece. .Key-STONE of an arch is the middle stone of an arch to bind the sweep of the arch together. Stone-.s7u>£. The ancient bombards were sometimes very large, and chiefly discharged stone balls of a monstrous size. There is an order extant in Rymer, from King Henry V. to the clerk of the ordnance, and John Bonet, a mason of Maidstone, to cut 7000 stone-shot in the quarries there. 5 112 S T O ( 860 ) S T O ' STOP. To form a stop in horseman - ship is to stop upon the haunches. Half a Stop, a stop not finished, but a pesate; so that the horse, after falcading three or four times upon the haunches, resumes and continues his gallop, without making pesates or cur- ved. STOPPAGES, in a military sense, deductions from a soldier's- pay the better to provide him with necessaries, &c. Great coat Stoppage, to provide each man with a great coat; to defray the expense of which, government allows 3s. annually per man, and the colonel contributes '2s. 6d. for each serjeant, and Is. lOd. for each rank and file an- nually. Stoppage, for the subsistence of the Sick. In the Regulation's for the better management of the sick in regimental hospitals, it is particularly laid down, under the head Subsistence, p. 16, that sufficient funds should be established for the support of the sick without any ad- ditional charge to government ; and, at the same time, that the sick soldier should be provided with every reason- able comfort and indulgence that can be afforded. The sum of four shillings per week from the pay of each soldier will, under proper regulations, and with strict company, be sufficient for this purpose ; which sum is to be retained by the paymaster of the regiment. STOPPER, a piece of wood or cork, made to fit the bore of a musket barrel, which soldiers use in wet weather; and, on other occasions, when the piece is not loaded, to prevent moisture and dust from getting into the barrel. STOPPLE. See Patch. STORE-Keeper, a person entrusted with the care of the stores in the maga- zines, such as the provisions, forage, &c. During a war, storekeepers receive these articles from contractors, and deliver them out to the troops. They have several clerks under them, appointed to different departments, of provisions, hay, straw, oats, &c. '1 he storekeepers belonging to the ordnance have charge of all the King's stores, belonging both to land and sea-service. Government SiORE-keeper general, an appointment of recent date, which has be ji given to John Trotter, Esq. Store-sA«/). See Ship. STOREHOUSE. See Magazine. Military STORES are provisions,, forage, arms, clothing, ammunition, &c. Officers, storekeepers, or commissaries, who are convicted of embezzling or mis- applying any military stores, are to make good the damage, forfeit 100/. and to be cashiered. See Mutiny Act, Sect. 65. Medical Stores on board transports. Certain articles of diet which are put on board each transport, are so called. These are to be considered as intended solely for the use of the sick, or con- valescents ; they are to remain in the charge of the master of the transport, and only to be issued upon demand in writing, made by the surgeon from time to time as he shall judge proper ; or, when there is no surgeon, upon demand of the commanding officer. And the surgeon or commanding officer is to give the master, at the end of the voyage, a certificate that his demands for the said medical stores have been made only upon proper occasions, and have not been expended for any oter use, than that of the sick, or convalescent. To STORM, (donna- I'assaut, Fr.) in military matters, to make a violent as- sault, on any fortified place, or works. At the siege of Louisbourg in the year 1758, the following anecdote occurred ; and as it shews the superiority of true general-ship over brutal courage, we re- commend it to the perusal of every officer, and to the imitation of every general who may have the lives of his fellow subjects entrusted to his judg- ment. The celebrated General Wolfe, always brave, always eager to put forth the energies of his nature, proposed to General Amherst who commanded the besieging army, that the place should be stormed. The General asked his friend Wolfe, how many lives he thought it might cost? the latter said, about three hundred; and he then asked how long he thought it might hold out against a blockade ? Not above three days. Well then, let us wait three days and save our men. The place surrendered on the second day. STORMING party, a select body of men, consisting generally of the grena- diers, who first enter the breach, &c. STORY, history ; account of things past : hence to be famed in story. Also small tale, petty narrative ; idle or trifling tale ; also a deviation from the truth. Long Stoky, a tedious recital of any STR ( 861 ) STR thing; a minute description, &c. Such as military men, especially at their table or mess, consider intolerable. STOUT, brave, bold, determined, not to be dismayed. STRAGGLERS, (traineurs, Fr.) men who wander from the line of march. It is the business of the rear guard to pick up all stragglers, &c. STRAIGHT, in horsemanship. To part or go straight, or right out, is to go upon a tread, traced in a straight line. STRAIN. See Sprain. STRAIT, with bricklayers, a term used for half, or more or less than half of a tile. STRANGLES, a disease in a horse's throat, proceeding from some choleric or bloody fluxion, which issues out of the branches of the throat veins, into those parts, and there causes a violent inflam- mation. It engenders a hard swelling between the horse's chaps, and upon the roots of his tongue, and about his throat, which swelling if not prevented, will stop his wind pipe, and so strangle or choak him. STRANGURY, \ a distemper in STRANGULLION, $ horses, which may be known by the horse's having an inclination to stale often, and yet void- ing only a few drops. STRAP, a narrow long slip of cloth or leather. It is directed, that every recruit shall, on his final approval, be provided with straps for his coat, the amount of which, namely 2s. 4d. is to be stopped out of his bounty. Strap, a strap made of worsted, silk, gold, or silver, which is worn upon the shoulder that has no epaulette. The French call it contre epaulette. Strap, a piece of round leather, which is attached to the martingale, for the purpose of confining a horse's head. Coin Strap, a strap which was for- merly used for the purpose of securing the coins or wedges in a gun or limber carriage. Not known in the present service. Lashing Strap, a leather strap for the purpose of lashing on side-arms, and intrenching tools, on the gun and limber carriages. Muzzle Strap, a leather strap applied round the muzzle cap to secure it to the gun. STRAPONTIN, Fr. a sort of ham- mock which is used in hot countries, &c. Also a moveable seat in a chariot or chaise, or what we vulgarity eall Bodkin. See Hammock. STRAPPADO, (estrapade, Fr.) a punishment sometimes inflicted upon foreign soldiers, by hoisting them up with their arms tied behind them ; and then suddenly letting them down within a certain distance of the earth, E/acA--STRAPPING, a term in com- mon usage among several regiments of the line, to express their being upon fatigue duty. When they are on the King's works, where other men whose tour of duty it is to receive an allowance of spirits or wine, they are obliged to work without any remuneration. STRAPS of a saddle are small leather straps nailed to the bows of the saddle, with which the girths are made fast to the saddle. STRATAGEM, in war, any scheme or plan for the deceiving ami surprizing an army, or any body of men. Stratagems of war, (stratagemes dc guerre, Fr.) certain feints which are resorted to by able generals, &c. to cover their real designs during the operations of a campaign. It is impossible to lay down any specific rules on this head, as every general, according to the capacity and activity of his mind, makes use of the various means and expedients which grow out of times, circumstances, and occasions. It has been asserted by some writers, that all sorts of stratagems, (even those which are connected with treachery,) may be adopted for the ac- complishment of any design. This maxim is, however, strongly combated against by those who have written upon the law of nations. Probity, in fact, and eleva- tion of mind, (which are superior to the pitiful measures of teacherous affiliation, or intercourse,) should always bear the ascendancy in human actions. There are stratagems which may be practised and carried on, without the least de- viation from honour and good faith. Many distinguished generals have had recourse to these ; but none ever suc- ceeded so well as Hannibal. Wishing, to cross the river Rhone, and being in want of almost every article, that was necessary to effect the passage in the presence of an enemy who was diligently watching his motions, he caused him to imagine, that it was his intention to keep the ground he occupied. He or- dered large fires to be lighted up in dtt- STR ( 862 ) STR fcrent quarters of his camp, and directed some of his troops to shout and make loud noises, as if they were perfectly stationary. During this apparent state of inactivity, he broke up his camp, inarchedalongthe river'sside,and crossed it at a place where it was least expected he would make the attempt. Among other good qualities, which are indispensably necessary in an able general, that of knowing how to con ceal a projected march, and to anticipate the motions of an enemy, is not the least important. The army under the command of the Duke of Saxe Weimar, having laid siege to Brissack in 1638, the Impe- rialists went to the relief of that place. The Duke, on receiving intelligence of their approach, instantly marched against them, with a body of forces composed of Swedes and French allies. The Im- perialists, who had advanced by rapid marches, had gained possession of an eminence, by means of which they would have enjoyed all the advantages of local superiority, had not the Count de Gue- briantjwho was then a lieutenant-general in the Swedish service, suggested a stra- tagem to dislodge the enemy. The fol- lowing plan was consequently adopted, and it succeeded to the full extent of his design. The drums and trumpets of the dif- ferent corps were collected together, and stationed in a neighbouring wood, so as to draw the enemy's force and attention from the quarter proposed to be carried. The Imperialists being naturally led to believe, from the noise and concurrence of so many military instruments, that they were going to be attacked from that quarter, beat to arms, and left their position in complete order of battle. They had scarcely quitted the eminence, before the Duke of Saxe Weimar ap- peared in their rear, took possession of the ground which they had so impru- dently abandoned, and became master of all the advantages which his enemy would otherwise have enjoyed. — An in- teresting acconnt of this ingenious ma- noeuvre may be found in the History of Le Marechal de Guebriunt. Stratagems of this description have been frequently used by the French during the late war, particularly in Italy. Stratagems, in fact, constitute one of the principal branches in the art of war. Tliey have been practised in all ages by the most able generals, and have con- tributed, in a great degree, to their military reputation. Virgil, in his iEneid, Book II. says : — Dolus an virtus quis in hoste requirat. The history of France abounds with instances, in which stratagems of every kind have been successfully practised. It seems the peculiar talent of the in- habitants of that country to derive ad- vantages from well concerted feints, &c. in war, and to secure their victories more by science than by downright har- dihood. Nevertheless, far be it from us to detract from the latter. Modern French- men, as soldiers, seem to have acquired,, or to have had wakened in them, on shore, the courage and perseverance which are so remarkably conspicuous amongst us at sea. Perhaps it is out of the natural course of things, that they should ever reach the naval excellence by which this country is so singularly distinguished ; and perhaps it is equally ordained, that we should never be the- first in military knowledge. France and England unquestionably hold between them the destinies of Europe, and of the three other quarters of the globe : France by the natural advantages of her continental position, added to a predi- lection for arms, which is manifest throughout her population; and England by its insular situatiou, rendered, as it were, impregnable, by an innate courage^ and unrivalled aptitude at sea. Time alone, and the experience of facts, must hereafter determine how far either nation will be benefited by a deviation from the primary advantages which nature fur- nishes to each. For it must be acknow-. ledged, that the true element, in which a Frenchman seems calculated to act, is on shore, or within the guardian range of his artillery and lire-arms ; and that an Englishman, though far from being vvhollv out of his element on land ser-» vice, is thoroughly himself at sea. From the increase of our foreign possessions, but most especially from the extent of our territories in India, and the armed state of Europe, it has been found ex- pedient to enlarge the scale of our mili- tary establishments, in proportion to the exigencies of a very desultory service abroad, and a possible necessity at home for military operations. Without, there- fore, entering into the policy of either country, we shall content ourselves with observing, that as we have an army, it S T R ( 863 ) S T R behoves every efficient character belong- ing to that army, to obtain a thorough knowledge of his profession, and to study the nice shades of an art which, of all others, has principles that are fixed and immutable, under circumstances of the greatest apparent casualty. It has been wisely observed by a French writer, under the article of stmtagemea de guerre, that a chief, who is defeated in a general action, will sometimes attribute his fai- lure to fortune, although it be universally -acknowledged, that chance, or fortune, has a very trifling share in pitched battles, while art and science regulate the dif- ferent movements, and finally determine their issue. Whoever, therefore, suffers himself to be surprized by his enemy, cannot be said to stand wholly excul- pated from ignorance, or neglect, since it must have been in his power to have avoided the snares laid for him, by means of vigilant spies, and unremitting atten- tion. This remark appears to us, not only to be generally correct ; but it seems more immediately applicable to all generals that have secret service money at command. The influence of that commodity (upon which no em- bargo can be laid) will be felt in every garrison town,, or sea port; and those who have the management of the public purse, must be dull indeed, if they do not feel their way into the secret prepa- rations of an enemy, before they hazard an attack against him. Of a deficiency on this ground, we have had melan- choly proofs both in Spain and Holland, particularly at Walcheren in 1809. Besides the different stratagems, which may be used by an able general, to bring about the overthrow of the whole or part of an army, by leading it into an am- buscade, there are various ones which may be practised against a fortified place. To effect the latter purpose, you may contrive to get soldiers, in disguise, through the gates at unguarded hours ; to introduce them through subterraneous passages, or by any other means that may offer. Before any attempt of this sort is made, every part of the fortifica- tions should be narrowly reconnoitred, and as much knowledge be obtained of the interior situation of the place as can be procured by means of good spies, or from deserters. You must, above all things, be well assured, that the garrison is relaxed in duty ; that the diCerent guards are negligently attended to ; that the soldiers who compose them are ia the habits of drinking, or gaming, that their officers neglect their rounds, or go them without system, or regularity ; that the gates are ill guarded, and the avenues to them ill watched ; and that there are certain places, or entrances, which are not watched at all ; for it is almost im- possible to surprize any place, that has been regularly fortified, while the garrison does its duty. If it should appear practicable to sur- prize a town, by taking advantage of the negligence of the sentries, See. at some particular gate, previous means must be adopted to introduce some soldiers dressed like market women, or in the garb of some religious order. You may then contrive to get a wagon or cart, (seemingly loaded with hay or straw, but with soldiers concealed beneath it,) so placed in the entrance of the gate that it will serve as an obstacle when ic may be found necessary to shut it. In order to do this effectually, let a pin be taken out, so that the wheel comes off, or the axle- tree gets broken. The instant this is done, the soldiers, who had entered the. town in disguise, must join the drivers, the men that have been concealed in the wagon will then leap out, and the whole must rush upon the port-guard. While this happens, the troops that have been placed in ambush round the fortifica- tions, will advance with promptitude and firmness, and endeavour to get possession of the town before a sufficient force can be collected to repel the attack. In th» year 1789, a rabble from Courtray took advantage of the carelessness of the Im- perial troops, whs were in garrison at Gand, iu Flanders, and by seizing upon the gate and purt guard, brought about a temporary rebellion in the country. The author of this compilation was an eye-witness to the consequent effects of this coup de main ; and he is fully per- suaded that Antwerp might have been taken in 1809, by a prompt and vigorous approach. This, indeed, was done with- out stratagem ; but tile circumstance proves, that when the sentries of a forti- fied place are negligent in their duty, a surprize is always practicable. We are precluded, by the limits of our under- taking, from going more fully into this important branch of military science. Several treatises have been written on the subject. Among others, one appeared in 175b, entituled, Stratagemes de guerre, STR ( 864 ) STR illustrating from history, the various stratagems which had been practised by some of the ablest generals, during a long period of time, down to the peace of Aix-la-Cuapelle. It was published by Mr. Carlet de la Rosier* ; an oli»cer in the Trench service, and acting engineer in the isles of France and Bourbon. It contains much curious matter. Stratagem and force united. Count Turpin, page 43, vol. i. in his Essay on the Art of War, judiciously remarks, that when an enemy, superior in force, is in possession of a pass, from which lie cannot be dislodged but by art,stratagem and force should be blended together as often as possible. Onozander, the Greek general, set fire to a wood which was at the foot of a mountain in the enemy's possession, and which he wanted to go over; the flames and smoke forced the enemy to abandon it, and leave the pas- sage free for him. STRATEGICALLY, according to the principles of strategy ; done out of sight of an enemy. STRATEGICS and Tactics. Mr. C. Malorti de Martemont in his translation of a work entituled the Modern System of War, has defined these terms in the following manner. " I define strategics, the science of the movements in war of two armies, out of the visual circle of each other; or, if better liked, out of cannon reach. " Tactics are the science of the move- ments made within sight of the enemy, and within reach of his artillery. " The reader may, if he pleases, pre- fer the reach of cannon to that of sight, for the bounds within which the move- ments of war cease to be strategics and become tactics. But were I to decide for one of them, I should adopt the reach of sight; for the following reason : that deploying columns in order of battle, is an operation of tactics; yet, it is gene- rally done out of cannon reach. At Rosbach, to be sure, it was not so, but what was the consequence ?" p. 87. STRATA RITHMOMETRY, in war, the art of drawing up an army, or any part of it, in any given geometrical fi- gure; and of expressing the number of men contained in such a figure, as they stand in order of battle, either at hand, or at any distance assigned. STRATEGY, (st rategie, Fr.) Stra- tegy differs materially from tactic ; the latter belonging only to the mechanical movement of bodies, set in motion by" the former. One is, in fact, the soul* the other, the mere body of military science. In a most excellent publica- tion, entitled Idies Raisonntes sur un Syst'etne General, Sfc. pour ctudicr la Science de la Guerre, §c. by Nockhern de Schorn, we find the following expla- nation of the term; and as it does not exist in any of our English lexicogra- phers, we presume the extract must be particularly gratifying to the intelligent officer. In page 198, Troisieme Partie, Sixihme Chapitre, Sixicme table M'ctho- dique, our author thus continues : " We are at length got to the sixth integral part of military knowledge, which is termed strategie, or the art of knowing how to command, and how to conduct the different operations of war : the word is derived from the Greek strategos, which signifies chief, or general of the army. The term general or chief conveys the same meaning, indeed, that constitutes the word universal, and points out an officer of superior rank, whose mind is well stored with military theory, and who can practically lead into active service, all the different arms, or component bodies belonging to war ; such as cavalry, infantry, and artillery. This definition clearly points out the im- propriety of confining the terms general, lieutenant-general, and major-general, to any particular body of armed men : for what is a general, whose skill consists in being able to manage a body of cavalry, or of infantry only, without knowing how to conduct others ? A general, whether he be commander in chief, or be acting in a subordinate capacity to him, ought to know cavalry, infantry, and artillery movements, and possesses all the branches of military science. " Nor are these observations confined to the generals and superior officers of armies : subaltern officers should be more or less versed in the science of knowing how to conduct men into ac- tion, and to combine the different opera- tions of war ; particularly so, if their natural ambition should lead them to aspire to the highest posts of military preferment. " Strategy, or the knowledge of com- manding armies, may be divided into two parts ; one comprehending the higher, and the other embracing the lower* branches of the art. The first embraces all that a commander in chief, S T R ( 865 ) STR and all that his subordinate generals should be acquainted with ; and the se- cond (which may also be called la petite guerre, being the diminutive of the first) appertains to the staff, and to a certain proportion of subaltern officers. To be adequate to a chief command, it is necessary, that the person, si; se- lected, should possess extraordinary ta- lents, and not only be master of all the theory of war, but likewise know, from practice and experience, every species of military operation. He should, in fact, to refer to one of our own articles, (vide Mind) be gifted with a military mind. In order to obtain all that can be ob- tained by study, (for natural genius must supply a very large proportion,) the intelligent officer will first fix upon a distinct and clear idea of the part he means to investigate. From one idea he will gradually proceed to another; and when the whole system has thus been progressively touched upon, he will take an analytical view of the several component parts ; examine them toge- ther; weigh their relative points, and then look into the different authors that have written upon this vast and compli- cated subject. He will peruse what relates to the first branch, or La Grande Strategic, in the following works : — 1. Les Memoires de Montecuculi. L'Esprit de Folard. Art de la Guerre, par le Maiechal de Pnisegtir. Les Reveries du Marechal de Saxe. L'Essai sur l'Etat de la Guerre, parTurpin. Les Instructions du Roi dePrusse. Le Corns et leTraite de Tactique, par Joly de Mezerov. 8. Theorie de la Guerre par le meme. 9. Peusees sur la Tactique et la Stra- tegic, par M. de Sylva. 10. L'Essai General de Tactique, par M. Guibert. The best writings on what is called La Petite Strategic, or the inferior branches of the art of war, are 1. Le Premier livre du 1 tome, et le cinquieme livre du 2 tome, de l'Art de la Guerre, par M. Turpin. This work has been translated by Captain Otway. 2. Le Traite sur la Petite Guerre, par Grand Maison. 8. Le Partisan, par Jenny. 2. 3. 7. 4. Principes sur la Petite Guerre : Outrage ajoute. aux Instructions du Roi de Prusse. 5. La Petite Guerre, par M. le Capt. Knock. 6. Sentimens d'un Officier Hessois sur l'art de conduire les detacheniens a la guerre. 7. Le Chasseur a la Guerre, ou du service des troupes legeres. 8. Observations sur le Service de Cavalei ie a la Guerre, par le Chevalier de Shonacken. Although these celebrated writers ought to be considered by every young officer as the oracles of his profession, he must, nevertheless, guard his mind against that fatal persuasion, which mi^ht lull it into a belief, that nothing more is required than to peruse and to digest their rules and regulations. When he has made himself completely master of their thoughts, he must endeavour to identify himself, as it were, with the au- thors and the generals themselves. By this method he will probably hit upon some of those hidden truths in military science, from which many secondary ones are drawn ; and in contemplating the commentaries, etc. of great gtnerals, he will discover, that they knew well how to calculate daggers, to appreciate pro- babilities, and by occasionally deviating from ordinary rules and prescribed prin- ciples, how to move in untrodden paths, and to obtain signal advantages, where, to superficial minds, nothing but despe- rate hazard and destruction appeared. STR ATOGRA PHY, (stratographie, Fr.) the description and details of all that belongs to an army ; of the dress, arms, &e. of the soldiers, and of the manner of encamping, &c. Vegetius has given the stratography of the Ro- mans. STRATOR. Anions the ancient Romans, sti ator signified an officer, be- longing to the army, whose duty was to take care of the military roads; to see that all obstacles to the ready movement of troops were taken away ; to level heights, throw bridges ove. rivers, cut down wood^ r, nd t. execute all i lie orders which tended towards facilitating the march of an army. STRAW. According to the regula- tions, published by authority in 1799, relative to forage, tkc. which troops are to receive in the home encampments, it is directed that straw is to be allowed at 5S S T R ( 866 ) S T R the rate of one truss of 36 pounds to each paillasse for two men, being a full bedding; at the expiration of sixteen days to be refreshed with half a truss to each paillasse; and at the expiration of 32 days to be removed, and a fresh bed- ding of one truss is to be given : — and so on every succeeding period of sixteen and thirty-two days. For the sick in the hospital, the straw is to be changed as often as it may be deemed necessary. Two trusses per troop, or companv,are to be allowed for batmen, or servants, not soldiers; and three trusses per troop, or company, for the washer-women, to be changed every sixteen days, not hav- ing paillasses. Thirty trusses of straw per troop, or company, are allowed on first taking the field for thatching the women's huts. Regiments, not having paillasses, are allowed straw at the following rates: — On taking the field, two trusses of 36 pounds each to every rive men, at the end of eight days to be refreshed by one truss, and at the end of eight days more to be refreshed again by the same quan- tity. At the end of twenty-four days the whole to be removed, and an entire new bedding to be given, and refreshed as before, viz. two trusses for tvevy five men. Four pounds of straw are to be added to the ration forage for the cavalry and artillery horses only. Six pounds of straw are to be allowed to the general officers and staff, in addi- tion to the prescribed ration of forage. The straw which is allowed to cavalry regiments for the bedding of their horses, is cailed long forage. Tor Straw, a word of command to dismiss dragoons when they have ground- ed their arms, so that they may be ready on the first signal given. The French say— A la Faille. See Paille. STREAKS, the iron bands on the out- Side of the wheel to bind the fellies strongly together. Streak nails are those driven through the streaks into the fellies. STREET. See Encampment. STiiczT-firing. See Firing. S1RELITZ, a Russian word, whose plural number is strelitzy, derived from $trelui, an arrow, iu the same language. •An ancient militia, which was formerly kept in pay among the Muscovites, both in time of peace and in time of war, was so called. The men who composed it always served on foot, and were ori- ginally armed, as their name indicates, with bows and arrows. They after- wards received muskets, or firelocks, and laid aside the bows and arrows. The rest of the Russian army, which was only called together in casesofeinergency, retained the bows, arrows, and lances; with which each soldier armed himself, according to his own particular whim or notion. In ihe remote periods of the Russian empire, the strelitzy were the only regu- lar body of troops that formed any part of the standing armv of that country. It consisted of twenty to twenty-four thou- sand men, who enjoyed a multiplicity ot privileges and immunities, and were quartered in one of the suburbs of Mos- cow, which is still called strelitzkaia slaboda. From the latitude allowed them, and the peculiar indulgences which these soldiers enjoyed, they might well becompared to thePrajtorian bands under the first Roman emperors, and, in some degree, to the present Janizaries of Constantinople. They frequently muti- nied, like the latter, and interfered in the management of public affairs. Their last revolt, however, was fatal to them, it happened in 1698, during the absence of the Czar Peter I. who, on his return into Russia, broke the whole corps, erased its name from the list of military establishments, and put his troops upon the same footing that those of the rest of Europe were. STRENGTH. This word may be variously understood in military matters, viz. Strength, fortification; fortress; strong hold. It likewise signifies arma- ment; power; force. In all returns which are made of corps, strength im- plies the number of men that are borne upon the establishment, in contradis- tinction to effective force, which means the number fit for service: hence, the strength of a battalion, troop, or com- pany, &c Strength of a country. This consists principally in narrow passes, as the passes between Spain and France; moun- tains, rivers; but above all the sea, pro- vided the naval resources are adequate to the extent of coast that may be in- vaded-; for without that the sea is no- thing. Strength of body, force of any bodily STR ( 867 ) S T Y faculty; vigour and exercise of the limbs. Strength of mine], force of any men- tal faculty ; vigour and exercise of reason. Strength of an army, the infantry, of which it is principally composed, com- manded by able officers. To be returned upon the Strength of a corps, to stand upon the general or re- gimental report as actually present with the regiment, in contradistinction to absent on leave, or otherwise. STRLL, in ancient architecture, are the lists, fillet^, or rays which separate theflutings of columns. STRIBORD, Fr. a marine term sig- nifying starboard. STRICT, exact, severe, rigorous; the contrary to mild, indulgent. Hence a strict officer. It is sometimes used in a bad sense, to signify a petulant, trouble- some commander. STRIGES,an ancient term forfluting's. To STRIKE. This word is variously used in military phraseology, viz. To Strike at, to attack; to endea- vour to destroy, directly or indirectly. To Strike off, to erase; to blot out: as to strike otf the list of the army. This can be done only by the King's order. To Strike a tent, in castrametation, to loosen the cords of a tent which has been regularly pitched, and to have it ready, in a few minutes, to throw upon a bat-horse, or baggage-wagon. To Strike terror into an enemy, to cause alarm and apprehension in him ; to make him dread the effects of supe- rior skill and valour. To Strike a blow, to make some de- cisive effort. To Strike the colours. This is pro- perly a naval term, but it may be ap- plied to military matters on some occa- sions. Thus at the battle of Fontenoy, when the British had driven the French out tif the field, Louis XV". who was upon an eminence in the neighbourhood with the Dauphin, and his guards, ike. order- ed the royal standard to be struck, from a full persuasion that the battle was lost. But the victory was ultimately gained through the bravery of the Irish Brigade ; and in this instance, as in many others, England may be said to have been de- feated by her own flesh and blood ! STRING-/ia/<, in horses, an imper- fection which is a sudden twitching or snatching up one of the hinder legs much higher than the other. A high-mettled horse is more subject to this defect than any other. STRIPE. Dr. Johnson calls a stripe a lineary variation of colour. Regi- mental sword 'knots are directed to be made of crimson and i:oid in stripes. STRUCTURE, {structure, Fr.) the manner in which any thing is built line edifice de belle structure, an edifice which is built in a handsome manner. To STRUGGLE with or against, to make extraordinary exertions in direct contest with an enemy, or against supe- rior forces. STUC, Fr. stucco; plaster of Paris. STUCATEURS, Fr. the men em- ployed at stucco work. STUCCO, a sort of fine white mortar or composition, which is made of lime mixed with pounded marble. To STUD, to imboss; to cover with knobs either for use or ornament. Thus, a fortified position is said to be studied with redoubts. STURMBALKEN. These are large cylindrical pieces of timber. When used in defence of a breach, they are hollow and tilled with -hells; but when they are laid on the summit of a height and rolled down on the enemy, during his ascent, they are merely ponderous and solid, or filled with stones. STYLE, in chronology, a particular method of reckoning the year, according to the old or new style. New Style, the new computation of time according to the settlement of Pope Gregory Xlii (hence cul.ed the Grego- rian style) which now goes 11 days be- fore the old ; the first day of the month, among those that go by the old style, being the twelfth with those who ob- serve the new; so that their fixed festi- vals fall eleven days before the other: this style is used in must places beyond sea, and is now adopted by us. Old Siyle is the computation of time according to the settleme t of Julius l ajsar. This style was used in England, and in some other Protestant countries; but, for the convenience of trade, &C. was altered by act of parliament in 1752;" so that the new style is now almost uni- versal. Style, a manner of expression, as a military style; also of appearance and presentation. Style, (in heraldry,) the manner in which a person bus a right to be aa- 5S2 SUB ( 80JS ) SUB s/na-€S, Fr. This term is used among the French to sig- nify the pay or allowance which is given to the officer, bombardier, and men be- longing to the train of ai tillery who serve the batteries. SUBSISTENCE, ( subsist ance, Fr.) in a military sense this word may be divided into two sorts, viz. the species of subsistence which is found in the adjacent country : such as forage, and frequently corn that is distributed in parcels ; and that which is provided at a distance, and regularly supplied by means of a well conducted commissa- riat. The latter consists chiefly of meat, bread, beer, &c. To these may be added wood or coals, and straw; which are always wanted in an army. Every ge- neral will take proper precautions to have his men well supplied with these tirst necessaries of life. A very sensible tieatise has been published in this coun- try, respecting the system of a British commissariat staff in England; it is en- titled the British Commissary. Baron d'Espagnac has written more at large upon this important subject. — See Elemens Militaires, torn. I. page 162 ; and that writer's Suite de I'Essui sur la Science de (a Guerre, tom.i. page 246. Subsistence should be the clear and nett pay which is given to an officer and soldier, as the wages of his person in the service of his king and country. To SUBSTITUTE, (substituer, Fr.) to put in the place of another. Substitute, one placed by another to act with delegated power. Substitute in the militia, a person who voluntarily offers to serve in the room of another that has been chosen by ballot. But if afterwards he should himself be chosen by ballot, he is not exempted from serving again, as princi- pals are, within certain restrictions. — Substitutes may be provided forQuakers. Every substitute is liable to a penalty for not appearing to be sworn upon due notice being given ; and every regularly enlisted soldier who shall offer to serve as a substitute in the militia, is liable to forfeit 101. or to be imprisoned. Sub- stitutes w ho desert are lo serve the re- ma nder of their term when taken. SUBSTITUTION, Fr. an algebrai- cal term used by the French, signify- ing to substitute in an equation any quantity in the room of another, which is equal to it, but which is differently expressed. Substitution, (substitution, Fr.) the act of placing any person, or thing, in the room of another. Thus the substitution of what is false, instead of what is true, in addition to the suppression of the truth, is doubly criminal ; and is what the Latins call suppressio veri et substi- tute falsi. SUBTANGENT, (sous-tangent, Fr.) in any curve, is the line which deter 4 - sue ( S70 ) S U I mines the intersection of the tangent in the axis prolonged. SUBTENSE, (souslendante, Fr.) a geometrical term signifying the base of an angle, that is to say, a straight line opposite to an angle, which is supposed to he drawn from the two extremes of the section that measures it. Likewise the chord of an arch; that which is ex- truded under any thing. SUBTERFUGE, trick ; evasion; un- manly recourse to equivocation. SUBTRACTION, (soustraction, Fr.) one of the four fundamental rules of arithmetic; a method of taking a quan- tity from a greater, in order to take the product of the greatest number. SUBTRAHEND, in arithmetic, the lesser number, which is to be taken or subtracted out of a greater. SUBTRIPLE proportion, in arith- metic, is when one number is contained in another just three times; thus 2 is said to be the subtripleof 6, and 6 is the triple of 2. SUBVERSION, (subversion, Fr.) a state of total disorder and indiscipline; generally produced by a neglect of small faults at the beginning, ami a gradual introduction of every sort of military insubordination. SUBURBS, (fuuxbourgs, Fr.) build- ings without the walls of a city ; from the Latin sub and urbs. SUCCESS, (succes, Fr.) the happy issue of some undertaking, or enterpn/e. In a very general sense, but an usual one, it also signifies the event, or issue ot a business either good or bad. Success, without an epithet, signifies generally good success. SUCCESS of arms, the good luck, or fortune, which attends military opera- tions, and upon which the fate of a nation frequently depends. It has been observed, that military successes, above all others, elevate the minds of a people. SUCCESSION of rank, relative gra- dation according to the dates of com- mission. Succession of Colonels. A particular part of the official Army List is so called. The dates of the several appointments are therein specified, together with the numbers and facings of the different regiments. A commission in Succession, a com- mission in which an individual has an inherent property from having purchased it, or raised men; or which, through interest, he is at liberty to sell to the best advantage, provided it does not grms; to embrace a military life. Suivre la fortune, Fr. to adhere to the strongest side; to follow fortune. Suivre le chemin de la gtoire, Fr. to Follow the path of glory. SULPHUR, or brimstone, a mineral very useful in making gunpowder, and artificial fire-works. SULTAN, or SULTAUN, Ind. king. The title which was assumed hy Tippoo Saib, chief of the Mysore country. Ueuce, called Tippoo Sultaun. This term generally signifies the Emperor of the Turks; but in that case it is proper to prefix the word Grand or Great; as most Mahometan princes, especially those of Tartary, assume the title of Sultan. Sultan shirki, Ind. king of the East. SULTAUNUT, Ind. the decorations or appenduges annexed to royalty. To SUM up, (sommer, Fr.) in a judi- cial sense, to collect particulars into a total for the purpose of explaining them to a jury; in which case it is also called the judge's charge. In a general court- martial, the judge advocate, or his deputy, reads to the members of the court all the minutes thereof, for their final decision. In regimental courts- martial, the president does the same. SUMMARY arithmetic, the art of finding the flowing from the fluxion. SUMMER, in architecture, is a larger stone, the first that is laid over columns and pilasters in beginning to make a cross vault; or it is a stone which being laid over a piedroit, or column, is hollowed, to receive the first liaunce of a plat-band. Summer, in carpentry, is a large piece of timber, which being supported on two stout piers, or posts, serves as a lintel to a door, window; likewise a large piece of timber to which the girders are framed. There are also summers in various engines, serving to sustain the weight. Summer is derived from the Latin trabs summaria, or the principal beam of a floor. SuMMER-rree, in architecture, abeam full of mortises for the joints to lie in. SUMMERING, in architecture, the level joists betwixt the courses of brick* in an arch. To SUMMON, (sommer, Fr.) to de- mand the surrender of a place. This is done either in writing, by beat of drum, or sound of trumpet; it also signifies to excite; to encourage; to call up. Thus our immortal poet exclaims : — When the blast of war blows in our ears, Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood ! Military Summons, (sommation mili- taire, Fr.) a call of authority; a citation to surrender any fortified place, or body of men. In this case the governor is in- formed, that unless he yield before the assault is made, the inhabitants will be put to the sword, and their property given up to the plunder of the soldiers. SUMNUTCHEER, Ind. a word, among others, which signifies Saturday. SUMOODER, Ind. the sea, or main ocean. SUMPTER horse, (sommier ; cheval de somnte, Fr.) a horse that carries ne- cessaries on a journey; the same as bat- horse. SUN, Ind. the year. SUN AT, Ind. old rupees, on which a discount is allowed. Hence, sunat rupees. SUNEEBAR, Ind. another word for. Saturday. SUNEECHUR, Ind. a word likewise meaning Saturday. SUNNUD, Ind. a charter, grant, or patent, from any man in authority, When it is given by the king, it obtains the appellation of firmaun. Sunnud deuaunt/, Ind. a grant or in- strument in writing, which entitles a person to hold land in India. SUNSET. See Retreat beating. Sunset, the time at which the even- ing gun tires, and the retreat is beat in camp, or quarters, &c. When troops are embarked on board transports, or any of his Majesty's ships, the men are ordered to parade at half an hour before sunset, quite clean as to their persons. See Regulations and Orders, page 178. To SUP up, a term used in the Bri- tish cavalry, to signify the last duty which is performed under the inspec- tion of the quarter-masters of troops, when the horses are allowed to rest for the night. SUPERANNUATED, (surannt, Fr.) in a general Military sense, too old to SUP ( 872 ) serve, either from age, infirmity, or in- capacity; and in a more specific one, SUP having passed the period at which an in dividual may be admitted into any esta- blishment. Thus young gentlemen in- tended for cadetships at Woolwich must be entered on the master-general's list before 16. SUPERCILIOUS, haughty; dicta- torial; arbitrary: despotic; over-bear- ing. Some officers commanding corps, &c. are betrayed into supercilious habits, from a mistaken idea, that familiarity engenders contempt. Instead of adopt- ing a middle path, where dignified con- duct is tempered by a suavity of manners, they assume the elevated ground of a hateful superiority, and, to use a com- mon phrase, never unbend. As good nature, connected with good sense, is a sure indication of courage, so superci- liousness, even with talents, is almost alivavs a proof of cowardice. SUPERFICIAL, shallow ; having no depth. Hence, an officer of shewy ap- pearance, and desultory conversation, hut devoid of true knowledge in his pro- fession, is said to be superficial. SUPERFICIES, (superficie, Fr.) ex tent in length and breadth, without j commission, &c. 25th of December, 1809, committed to the charge of three superintendents; to whose office In Duke-strect, Westmin- ster, the accounts and estimates of agent3 and paymasters, and their answers to abstracts of examination for the past, as well as for the current period, were to be transmitted; those of the paymas- ters being, however, addressed under cover to the Secretary at War, with the words " Superintendents of Accounts," on the left hand of the cover. SUPERIOR, (supirieur, Fr.) that is above others in authority, dignity, power, strength, and knowledge. This term always implies some rank, title, or situa- tion, by which one person is placed above another. In military life, as well as in every other branch of society, the individual who holds an inferior post, or place, is bound to pay due obe- dience and respect (as far as regards the exercise of his duties, or functions) to his superior in rank. At all times, in- deed, the latter is entitled to a certain degree of deference and attention. Superior officer, an officer of higher rank than another, or who has priority in the same rank, by the date of his depth or thickness. Officier SUPERIEUR, Fr. when not In bodies, the superficies is all that i used comparatively, conveys the same presents itself to the eye There are various sorts of superficies or surfaces, viz. A rectilinear Superficies, that com- prehended between right lines. A curvilinear Superficies, that com- prehended between curve lines. A plane Superficies, that which has no inequality, but lies even between its boundary lines. A concave Superficies, the interior part of an orbicular body. A convex Superficies, the exterior part of a spherical body. The measure or quantity of a superfi- cies, or surface, is called the area of it. The finding the measure, or area of a superficies, is called the quadrature of it. SUPERINTENDENT, (surinten- dant, Fr.) a person appointed to take charge of any particular district, or de- partment. Hence, military supeiinten- dent. SUPERINTENDENTS of army ac- counts. The examination of regimental, and certain other accounts of the ordi- nary service of the army were, on the idea as our word field officer, meaning any officer above a captain and under a general officer. SUPERIORITY, (superiority Fr.) pre-eminence, excellence above others. Although men, in general, viewing them abstractedly, and with regard to legal rights may be called, and indeed are, equal; human nature is, nevertheless, so constituted, that, for the sake of good order in civil, and good discipline in mi- litary, life, certain persons must be se- lected out of the mass of community, for the guidance and government of others. Hence the origin of intelligent leaders. We shall here recommend to the perusal of those in power, the fol- lowing passage out of the Life of Gus- tavus Adolphus, (vide p. 7, Essay on 'he Military State, &c. vol. i.) After stating the laudable methods which were pur- sued by that able king, in the formation of his troops, his ingenious translator thus continues: — " Heuce it happened, that the loss of the commanding officers, in some sharp engagements, rarely dis- composed a Swedish regiment, (a thing frequent enough iu other armies,) for SUP ( 873 ) SUP Iialf the corps was just as capable to take the command as those who had given them laws. There were but two means of advancement : seniority (which was sometimes superseded) and merit. Birth, quality, and court friends availed nothing; so that the world can hardly expect to see such another army ; at least but very seldom ; an army formed by a monarch equally brave, moral, and religious; ami nursed by him for 20 years, with all the care that a parent educates a single child. The same plan was observed, more or less, by his gene- rals, till the conclusion of the peace of Westphalia; and this body of troops, from the year 1612 to 1028, had hardly ever tasted a single month's repose. The regulations, order, and discipline, of Juiius Caesar, can bear no comparison with the correct emendations, harmo- nious adjustment, and religious decency, of Gustavus." It is not difficult to con- clude, that the ground-work of this excellent military superstructure, was superiority in talents, and not mere. se- niority, or rank in life ; and this con- clusion is a tacit condemnation of those rigid rules, without exception, by which the promotion of able officers, in our sei vice, is constantly impeded. SUPERNUM~ERARY,(sur numeraire, Fr.) beyond a fixed, or stated number. In a strict military sense, it means the officers and non-commissioned officers that are attached to a regiment, or bat- talion, for the purpose of supplying the places of such as fall in action, and for the better management of the rear ranks when the front is advancing, or engaged. Supernumerary officers and non-com- missioned officers must always divide their ground equally in the rear of the division they belong to, and pay the strictest attention to the orders which are issued for its exercise or movement. If an officer is killed, or wounded, in action, the supernumerary officer of the division takes the command, and so on to the quarter-master and Serjeants, &c. To SUPERSEDE, (rcmplacer, Fr.) See to Respite. To be SUPERSEDED, (etre rem- plac'e, Fr.) Both these terms are used, by the French, in the same military sense that we adopt them, viz. to be deprived of rank and pay for some of- fence, and to have another put in one's stead. SUPERSEDING signdl, a signal hoisted by order of a superior officer on board a ship, giving notice that some individual has been deprived of his au- thority. Officers of the army, when in transports, have the power of hoisting up the superseding signal on proof of misconduct, or mismanagement in the captain of the transport. But this rarely happens, as the responsibility which de- volves upon the land officer is great and hazardous. SUPPLANT, (supplanter, Fr.) lite- rally, to tiip up the heels; in a figurative sense, to displace by stratagems ; to ! turn out. It is generally said in a bad sense, as the means are seldom honour- able. To SUPPLE, from the French soupk, to render pliant, flexible; as is the case when young countrymen are first sent to drill, in order to fit their bodies to military action. SUPPLE ANT, Fr. a substitute; any person named to do the functions of another. Le Suppt.eant, IV. officer in waiting. SUPPLEMENT, addition ; augmen- tation, in case of deficiency. Supplement of an arch, in geometry, or trigonometry, the number of degrees which it wants of being an entire semi- circle; as complement signifies what an arch wants of being a quadrant. Supplement of an angle, (supple- ment d'un angle, Fr.) the number of degrees which are wanting in an angle to constitute, or make up two angles. SUPPLEMENT, Fr. supplement; addition to any thing by which its de- fects are supplied. In the staff of the French army, there are officers attach- ed to generals as supernumerary aides- de-camp. These are calied aides-de- camp de supplement. Supplement, Fr. additional allow- ance, or gratification money, given by a sovereign to his officers, over and above their regular subsistence. SUPPLEMENTAL, > (supplimen- SUPPLEMENTARY, S taire, Fr. ) additional ; such as fills up what is wanting. Supplementary militia. See Mi- litia. SUPPLY, relief of want ; making up deficiencies; as a fresh supply of troops, ammunition, &c. To Supply, to make up deficiencies ; to aid ; to assist; to relieve with some- 5T S U R M ) S U R I ; to fill aav room made Howjk SriL i~- serjeants - :- S ilAPAN, Ind. an honorary dress, piv the places of officers when they which is giren to an inferior by a supe- aup oat of the ranks, or are killed in , nor. - RARBITRE. Fr. an umpire. To SUPPORT, to aid ; to likewise siEQines to preserve the corps. Lime of" Scppokt, the :: SURBAISSEMENT, Fr. the line of v arc drawn in an elliptic or cir _- portion which has less elevation than | the half of its base, and is consequently in under the full arch. SUB B A RGE. to make a demand Scppost, (smpmort, Fr.) This term is of money for things, either not reta in ed , :. any particular work k which another, on a larger scale, is de- :t: r-z . " r- -: TED. well aided; well laiiili il It ?ignihes well kept up. as a well supported Jire from the mtteria ; a well supported ore of sed not to have been. SURECOT, Fr. See 2*ex Reckos- IVG. directly, or indirectly, that ought to be told fairlv and whc-llv. SUPREMACY, (siprcmatU, Y : place ; highest authority : state -""RPLOMBER. Fr. id slope. SURAT kaai, lnd. a state, or repre- senta t lOL : ase, SURBATE, / - iture. F SURBATi: uise under a ] 5UPPI ESS, to conceal ; not to, horse's foot, which is often occasioned not to reveal -. also, to quell ; as. by the loss of a shoe, and by his travel* : s _ ; : ~- _ -r _ - ig too long in that state. SUPPI :S* f the truth, tht SU RB A TED. bqgaed; harassed. SURCINGLE, 'txrfau, Ft.) a girth, with which the saddle, or. any other harden, is bound upon a horse. SURCULOTTE, Jr. over-all; a co- of being supreme; owning no superior, vering which omcers and soldiers have except God, in temporal, or spiritual on service, over their breeches and pan- rights. Dean Swift has observed, that , taloons. Henry YI1L had no intention to change SURETY, bondsman ; one that gives religion, be continued to barn Protestants security for another; one that is bound after he had cast off the Pope's supre- for another. master in the awry. The objection, which the Roman British servi.- zed to find two Catholics fed oa this ground, p redades them from the full enjoyment of oar civil constitution. Oath of Supremacy, an oath admi- nistered, or supposed to be miniiiiiuli i< much wc rk. To SURMOUNT, (mrmonte-. F- If anv commanding orr.cer should be lie above; as a figure or urnament ia hardy enough to continue the chastise- architecture does, when it is placed over ment, m spite of the surgeon's interpo- an arch. ice. sition, the responsibility will then res with him. Assistcnt-SvncEoy, the person who acts iiumediate!y under the regimental surgeon. In the Regulations for im- To SuRMnr.vT difficulties, to superior to rhe variaaa obstacles which occur, especial iv in warfare, by means of skill and activirv. La SURPENTES, Fr. the siines or proving the situation of regimental sur- straps used in the artillery. The French geons and mates, which took place in also say. ies herses co; mil is sometimes called a Back Sword, as having but one edge : it is basket-handled, and three feet two inches long. A small Broad Sword, a weapon of the same construction as the com- mon broad sword, but less and lighter. The French call this sort of sword bri- quet. Regulation Swokd, a sword which is ordeied to be worn by officers, through- out the British service. It has a spring shell and embossed blade. The sword, which is worn by British officers, may be properly called a long cut and thrust. — It is a manifest imita- tion of the Austrian sword, and was in- troduced last war. It is not, however, so conveniently used by us as it is by the Austrians. — The latter have it girted round their waists, so that it hangs without any embarrassment to the swo ( S89 ) SWO wearer, close to the left hip or thigh ; whereas with us, it is suspended in an awkward diagonal manner from a cross belt over the loins, and is scarcely visi- ble in front, except occasionally, when it is drawn, or gets between the officer's legs, and sometimes trips him up. We could exemplify our ideas upon this sul>- ject by various known occurrences, such as the sword being suspended so much out of the grasp f tne W earer, that his right hand has appeared to run after the hilt, which has as constantly evaded its reach by the left side bearing it off, in proportion as the right turned towards it; by officers being reduced to the ne- cessity of applying to their Serjeants, &c. to draw their swords : but it is not our wish to turn any regulation into ridicule. It is, however, our duty, and the duty of all men who write for the public, to point out practical inconveniencies, &c. Perhaps it may not be thought super- fluous to remark, that the sword ought not to be considered as a mere weapon of offence or defence in an officer's hand; for unless that officer should be singly engaged, which scarcely ever hap- pens upon service, the very notion of personal safery will take his mind off the superior duty of attending to his men. Officers,- in fact, should always bear in mind, that they are the cardinal points by which others are directed. Their whole attention should consequently be paid to their men, and not the slightest idea must interfere with respect to them- selves. We are therefore convinced, with due deference to the superior judg- ment of others, that the swords of in- fantry officers, and of the staff in general, should be of the small sword kind, suffi- ciently long to dress the leading files, &c. and extremely portable. Setting aside this suggestion, we shall not be contra- dicted when we say, that every officer ought to know the use of his sword ; and on this account it might be reasonable to propose a limited imitation of what was so generally practised in France. We mean the appointment of a fencing- master, or driil-swordsman, for every company of grenadiers in the service, who should be armed with sabres, or good cut and thrusts. With respect to the officers of the British army, common sense dictates the propriety of their being skilled in the art of fencing. Among the French there are various sorts of swords, each adapted to the ser- vice of some particular arm ; with us the following only are according to regula- tion. FJank officers are distinguished by wearing the hanger blade with what is called a G. R. hilt, or Guards hilt, as it was first worn by the flank officers of the Guards. Serjeants and drummers wear swords of the same pattern, not siilt. Heavy dragoon officers wear a bioad straight cut and thrust blade with a hanger point, mounted with a hilt, with a sheil as a guard. This is called their field sword, or sword for service. They have also a second sword, called a frock sword, which has a two edged blade of a lighter construction than their field sword. It is mounted with a gilt hilt, called a boat shell hilt. This is" to replace their heavy field sword, and is worn chiefly when the officer is dis- mounted. The sword worn by the pri- vates of heavy dragoons is of the same construction as the officer's field sword. The officers of light dragoons wear a steel sabre with a steel scabbard and stirrup hilt; and for a frock sword one of the same construction with the sabre, only much lighter, with a leather scab- bard. The privates of light dragoons wear a sabre made as the above mentioned. The admirals and captains in the navy wear the cut and thrust blade, same size as the infantry, with a stirrup gilt hilt lion's head, back piece and ivory gripe. The lieutenants and midshipmen wear the same kind of blade, only not the end gilt, and the hilt differs in having a plain back piece instead of a lion's head, and the gripe fish skin instead of ivory. Ship's cutlass is a short broad hanger with a common black japan hilt. There are many fancy swords worn as dress swords for court, of various pat- terns, and many other fancy swords and scimitars which officers have according to their taste; but the regulation ones must be worn when on duty. N.B. The artillery wear the same as the infantry of the line ; the horse-ar- tillery and drivers, the same as the light dragoons. Position of the Sword at open order. When an officer stands or marches (slow- time), in front of his company, &c. the position of the sword is diagonal across the chest. At close order, or when the officer is on the flank of his company, &c, 5 X swo ( 890 ) SYM (and marches quick time) the hilt is close to the right thigh, and the blade in the hollow of the right shoulder. When mounted, he carries it diagonally across the bridle hand. When troops or squadrons of cavalry advance : — In the walk, the sword is carried with the blade resting on the right arm ; in the trot and gallop, the right hand must be steadied on the right thigh, the point of the sword rather in- clining forward ; and in the charge, the hand is lifted, and the sword is carried rather forward, and cross-ways in front of the head, with the edge outwards. SwoRD-bat/onet, a bayonet which is longer than the common one, and is generally used with rifles. SwoRD-bearer, one who wears a sword. It also signifies a public-oflicer. SwoRD-belt, a belt made of leather, that hangs over the right shoulder of an officer, by which his sword is sus- pended on the left side. When the sword is suspended from a belt round the waist, the French use the word ceinturon. SwoRD-cutter, one who makes swords. SwoRT>-knot, a riband tied to the hilt of a sword. Sword -knot, according to the regu- lation. This knot is made of crimson and gold. SvfoRD-late, (la hi du plus fort, Fr.) When a thing is enforced, without a due regard being paid to established rules and regulations, it is said to be carried by sword law, or by the will of the strongest. SvtORD-player, a gladiator; one who fences publicly. S WORDED, girt with a sword. SWORDER, an old term signifying a man who plays, or fights with his sword. SWORDSMAN, (homme d'tpce, Fr.) This word was formerly used to signify a soldier, a fighting man. But at pre- sent it generally means a person versed in the art of fencing. Hence a good swordsman. The French use the terms bretteur and bretaiUeur. The former is more immediately applicable to a man who wears a sword and piques himself upon the exercise of it: the latter means a person who frequents fencing schools, and often exercises himself in that art. To be SWORN in, or to take the oaths, an ordeal or ceremony through which every officer in the British navy above the rank of lieutenant is obliged to pass, before he receives his com- mission. These oaths, which are ad- ministered at the Admiralty, and con- sist of a total abjuration of the Roman Catholic doctrine, and the consequent admission of the power, spiritual, as well as temporal, of the King, are called Allegiance and Supremacy. Officers in the army never take these oaths; the reason is obvious, with respect to English and Irish R,oman Catholics ; in regard to foreigners, see Qualified Oath. Sworn brothers, soldiers of fortune, particularly in Germany, who used to engage themselves by mutual oaths, tw divide among one another the rewards of their services. SYBAHITICAL, effeminate; wan- ton; luxurious. This term takes its origin and application from the Syba- rite, who inhabited the city of Sybaris. These men had arrived to such a height of luxury and voluptuousness, that they taught their horses to dance to the sound of the flute, so that tbeCrotoniataj, who waged war against them, bringing a great number of pipes into the field of battle, made their horses fail a dancing, and so broke their ranks, by which means they utterly overthrew tliem. SYCOPHANT, a dirty, mean, grovel- ling creature that sometimes finds its way into the army, and gets to the ear of a superior officer for the purpose of undermining the good opinion, which honest valour and open manhood may have obtained; a thing that will fetch and carry; a paltry jackall that collects news, &c. and pours its trash in the ear of indolent credulity, pride or wicked- ness. SYEF, Ind. a lung sword. SYEFUL mulk, Ind. the sword of the kingdom. SYMBOL, (symbole,Yv.) a badge, sign or mark, an emblem or representation of something; also a motto or device; as two bands joined or clasped toge- ther are a sign or symbol of union or fidelity. Symbols, in algebra, letters, cha- racters, signs, or marks, by which any quantity is represented, or which de- note addition, subtraction, multiplica- tion, &c. SYMBOLE, Fr. The French make use of this word in the same seuse that they apply Enseigne. Symbols means TAB ( 891 ) TAB with them, in a military sense, what badge does with us. SYMMETRY, (symmetric, Fr.) a word derived from the Greek. True symmetry consists in a due proportion. Respective Symmetry is that where- in the opposite sides are equal to each other. SYMPATHETIC ink, (encre sym- pathique, Fr.) a sort of ink which is used by diplomatic persons, &c. for the purpose of carrying on a secret corre- spondence. This ink is called sympa- thetic because it can be made to appear or disappear by the application of some- thing that seems to work by sympathy. Sometimes it is brought out by holding the paper before a quick fire; but it then remains. SYNOPSY, a sight or full view of a thing. SYRTES, or sables mouvans, Fr. quick- sands. SYSTEM, (systhne, Fr.) a scheme which reduces many things to regular dependence, or co-operation. This word is frequently applied to some particular mode of drilling and exercising men to fit them for manoeuvres and evolutions. Hence the Prussian system, the Austrian system, &c. The Rules and Regulations, which have been compiled and published by authority, and consist almost wholly of extracts from Saldern, who wrote upon Prussian tactics, constitute the military system of Great Britain, with respect to order and discipline. Military System, specific rules and regulations for the government of an army in the field or in quarters, &c. Rocket System. See Rocket. Systems, (systhnes, Fr.) in fortifica- tion, a particular arrangement or dis- position of the different parts which compose the circumference of a town or fortified place, according to the ori- ginal idea or invention of an engineer. The systems best known under this head, and most followed, are those of Vauban, Coehorn, De Ville, Pagan, &C. See Fortification. T. T, a subterraneous arrangement in mining; so called from its resem- blance to that letter. See Tfe, Fr. TABAC, Fr. tobacco. During the old monarchy of France there was a specific allowance made of tobacco to the cavalry and infantry, when they were in camp, quarters, or garrison. They were like- wise supplied by the captains of troops or companies, with a certain quantity of this valuable leaf, whilst on the march from one province, or quarter, to another. We wish the same practice prevailed in this country, especially when soldiers are encamped at the close of the year, lie thick in barracks, or do prison duty. TABARD, ) (cotte d'armes, Fr.) a he- TABERD, \ raid's coat; also a short jacket without sleeves. TABER, a small drum. See Tabour. TABLE, in military affairs, a kind of register to set down the dimensions of carriages for guns, mortars, &c. also for the practice of artillery, charges of mines, &c. Table, in literature, an index, a re- pertory, at the beginning, or end, of a book, to direct the reader to any passage in it. Table, (table, Fr.) in architecture, is a smooth simple membrane or orna- ment of various forms ; but most com- monly in that of a long square. A projecting Table is that which stands out from the naked of the wall, pedestal, or other matter which it adorns. Raked Table is that which is hol- lowed in the die of a pedestal, or else- where, and is usually encompassed with a moulding. Crowned Table, in architecture, one which is covered with a cornice, and in which is cut a basso relievo ; or a piece of black marble incrusted' with an in- scription. Razed Table, in architecture; an embossment in a frontispiece for the putting an inscription, or other ornament m sculpture. This is what M. Perrault understands by abacus in' Vitruviivs'. 5X2 TAB ( 892 ) TAB Rusticated Table, in architecture, one which is picked, whose surface appears rough, as in grottoes. The Round Table, a table to distin- guish military merit, which was first in- vented by King Arthur, who succeeded his father, Uther Pendragon, King of the Britons, who was brother to Aurelius Ambrosius, and third son of Constautine. Arthur was the 11th King of England, from the departure of the Romans, and was crowned about the year 516. Having expelled the Saxons out of England, conquered Norway, Scotland, and the greatest part of France, (where at Pans he was crowned,) this monarch returned to his native country, and lived in so great renown, that many princes and knights came from all parts to his court, to give proof of their valour in the exercise of arms. Upon this he erected a fraternity of knights, which consisted of twenty-four, of whom he was the chief; and for the avoiding con- troversies about precedency, he caused a round table to be made, from whence they were denominated Knights of the Round Table. This table, according to tradition, hangs up in the castle at Winchester, where they used to meet. The time of their meeting was at Whit- suntide. Table des officiers generaux et prin- cipaux, Fr. mess or table as directed to be kept for the general and other supe- rior officers of the old French army. During the old monarchy of France, the principal officers in the king's service were so handsomely provided for, that they were enabled to keep a respectable table, not only for themselves, but like- wise for the accommodation of several officers, to whose finances it proved ex- tremely beneficial. It is here proper to remark, that certain allowances were made to general officers for this express purpose ; and in other instances it was always understood, that a proportion of the officers under their command should invariably have ( access to their table. This practice, indeed, prevails in the British service, but not universally ; neither is it incumbent upon the generals of districts, &c. to provide a table- No allowance is made to them on that head; but it is usually expected, and, with the exception of a very few instances, the custom is general. The old French regu- lation expressed, that all general officers, to whom allowances were made for that specific purpose,should keep table ouverte, or open table, for the convenience of such officers as stood in need of ac- commodation, and who might repair to it without waiting for a daily invitation, or being exposed to the galling caprice of ostentatious folly. It has Keen observed by a French writer, that the custom of keeping an open table was peculiarly congenial to the character of the nation ; and so little was there a necessity of enjoining it, that a regulation came out, limiting the expenses of the general officers, and strictly forbidding them to use sump- tuous utensils, or to give rich repasts. It was specifically stated, by order of his Majesty, that no officer, whilst with the army, should have any other vessels or utensils in silver, besides spoons, forks, and goblets ; and that all general officers, or such as kept open table, should con- fine themselves to soup, plain boiled and roasted meat, with vegetables, and one or two side dishes of ragout, &c. But they were not, on any account, to have high seasoned messes, 8cc. Their dessert was to consist of cheese, stewed pears or fruit in season, without confectionary, sugared biscuits, &c. The whole to be served up in common plates and dishes. Porcelain, china, and chrystal vessels, &c. were strictly forbidden. These re- strictions grew out of two very rational principles, viz. to prevent unnecessary expense, and consequent embarrassment, and to give those, who kept open tables, a facility and convenience in asking guests to them. If any general, or other superior officer, &c. presumed to act contrary to this regulation, and the trans- gression reached the King's ear, he was ordered to quit the army, and to remain in a garrison town during the campaign. The French regulation took place on the first of April, 1705, and was again renewed, with additional clauses, on the 20th of January, 1741, on the 1st of December, 1746, on the 17th February, 1753, and on the 9th of March, 1787. For further particulars, the curious are referred to a French publication, entitled, Elemens Mdituires. During the old French monarchy, it was usual for officers belonging to the line in that service, to mess to- gether according to their several ranks ; the colonel excepted, who had a pri- vate table to which he occasionally invited the, officers of the corps. A re- TAB ( 893 ) T A C gular roster was kept for this purpose. The lieutenant-colonel and major uni- formly messed with the captains ; and the different tables were generally com- posed of eight or ten officers, of the same rank. The lieutenants dined to- gether ; so did the sub-lieutenants ; each paying towards the mess in proportion to the receipt of daily subsistence. When an officer, of independent income, or private fortune, wished to fare better than those of his own immediate rank, he was at liberty to join the upper table, or mess. This method of messing was certainly preferable to the mode adopted amongst us. But a method still more preferable than either might be devised. Table dc cupitaine de vaisseau, Fr. a mess, or table, which was regularly provided at the King's expense, for the superior officers who served on board. Table d'hote, Fr. an ordinary. Table en saillie, Fr. in architecture, a table which juts out of the facing of a wall, or of a pedestal. Table fouillee, Fr. that which, in- stead of being salient, is indented : it is commonly adorned with a border. Table d'attente, Fr. See Rusticated Table. Table de marbre, Fr. a marble table. During the old monarchy of France, there were two courts, or jurisdictions, which were called Tables de Marbre, or marble tables; one was that of the Con- stable, and the Marechaussee, or police of France ; and the other that which gave directions for the general clearing of the forests, and the purifying of stag- nant waters. They are so called from the meeting being held round a large marble table. Table dc reunion, Fr. an ordinary, or table, to which persons of dilleient nations and situations in life are ad- mitted. TABLEAU, Fr. a description, a cata- logue. It likewise signifies a chimney- piece. Tableau de montagne, Fr. the level upon the top of a hill, or mountain. Hence Table Mountain at the Cape. TABLETTE, Fr. a flat, thin stone, which is used to cover the outside of a wall belonging to a terrace, or the bor- der of a basin, &c. Also a Memo- randum Book ; hence tablet of memory. Also small shelves or leaves in a case or drawer. TABLIER, Fr. apron. It likewise signifies an outside cover made for or- nament, or to prevent any thing from being damaged by the weather. In the old French army, the kettle-drums had two of these aprons, or covers ; one made of damask or satin, on which were embroidered the arms of the king, or of the general to whom they belonged, and the other of black leather. It is also called Tablier de'Timbales. Tablier de pont levis, Fr. that part of a draw-bridge, which is raised for the purpose of shutting a gate, and to pre- vent access to it, and upon which persons pass when the bridge is let down. TABLORINS, Fr. (a word used in the artillery,) the thick boards or planks that constitute the platform upon which cannon is mounted in battery. TABNED, a jerkin, or short coat, without sleeves. Of this description i» a military shell. TABOUR, -)a small drum, beat TABOURET, (with one stick to TABOURINE, {accompany a pipe. TABRET, J It was anciently used in war. TABOURET ou TAMBOURET, Fr. an instrument used in draining water out of quarries. TABUL/E Triumphales, public re- cords among the ancient Romans, which were deposited in the Capitol at Rome, by the several generals, &c. who had made triumphant entries. These records were written in a sort of prosaic verse, having neither measure nor cadence. The following one was exhibited by Acilius Glabrio — Fundit, fugat, pros- ternit maximas legiones : he pours or rushes upon, he puts to flight, he over- throws the greatest legions. TACES, armour for the thighs. TACHE, Fr. properly means job, or a regular rate for labour. Workmen are thus hired and paid by the day, or by the lump. We also say task. Tache also means province, or busi- ness, in a general acceptation of the term — as, Ce nest pas la tache d'un offi- cier de terre de donner un Dictionnaire des termes de la marine. It is not the province or business of a land-officer, to publish a dictionary, or vocabulary, of sea terms. — See Discours preliminaire of the new French Military Dictionary. Tache also signifies stain, blemish. — Hence one of the Auvergne regiments in France, viz. the royal Auvergne, was called by distinction, Auvergne sans T A C ( 894 ) TAC tnrhc, from the high reputation which il had invariably maintained. TACKLE. The weapon, or arrow, shot from a bow, was so called by the ancient W«lsh. TACKLES are more particularly used for small ropes running in pullies, the better to manage all kinds of ordnance. See Gi\. TACT, Fr. one of the five senses ; the sense of touching. Avoir le Tact Jin, Fr. a figurative ex- pression signifying to have a fine taste and judgment. TACTICS, a word derived from the Greek, signifying order, or the distribu- tion of things by mechanical arrange- ment, so as to make them subservient to the higher principles of military science: i. e. of Strategy. Tactics consist of a knowledge of order, disposition, and for- mation, according to the exigency of circumstances, in warlike operations. These dispositions are severally made, or one, disposition follows another, by means of manoeuvres and evolutions. Hence the necessity of paying the greatest at- tention to the first, principles of military art; and hence the absurdity and igno- rance of some men, who would pass for great and able tacticians, without having grounded themselves in the elements of their profession. As well might a per- son assume the character of a complete arithmetician, under a total ignorance of the first rules. General tactics are a combination, or union, of first orders, out of which others grow, of a more extensive and complicated nature, to suit the parti- cular kind of contest, or battle, which is to be given, or supported. Let it not however, be inferred from this, that evolutions and tactics are one and the same. They are closely connected, but there is still a discernible difference be- tween them. Tactics (or as the French say, la tac- tiquc, tactical art) may be compre- hended under order and disposition ; evolution is the movement which is made, and eventually leads to order. The higher branches of tactics, or la grunde tuctique, should be thoroughly understood by all general officers ; but it is sufficient for inferior officers and soldiers to be acquainted with evolu- tions. Not that the latter are beneath the notice of general officers, but that having already acquired a knowledge of them, they ought to direct their at- tention more immediately to the former; carefully retaining, at the same time, a clear apprehension of every species of military detail, and thereby obviating the many inconveniencies and embar- rassments, which occur from orders being awkwardly expressed by the general, and of course ill-understood by the inferior officer. It may be laid down, as a cer- tain rule, that unless a general officer make himself acquainted with particular movements and dispositions, and pre- serve the necessary recollections, it is morally impossible for him to be clear and correct in his general arrangements. Of all mechanical operations, founded upon given principles, the art of war is certainly the most compendious, the most enlarged, and the most capable of improvement. Almost every other science and art are comprehended in it ; and it should be the subject matter, the chief study, and the ultimate object of a general's reflections. He must not be satisfied with a limited conception of its various branches ; he should go deeply into all its parts, be aware of its manifold changes, and know how to adapt move- ments and positions to circumstances and places. It will be of little use to a general to have formed vast projects, if, when they are to be executed, there should be a deficiency of ground; if the general move- ments of the army should be embar- rassed by the irregularity of some par- ticular corps, by their overlapping each other, &c. and if through the tardiness of a manoeuvre, an enemy should have time to render his plan abortive by a more prompt evolution. A good general must be aware of all these contingencies, by making himself thoroughly master of tactics. The Prussian tactics, under Frederic the Great, had for their principal object to concentrate forces, and to attack the chief points of an enemy, not at one and the same time, but one after another: whereas the tactics which have been uniformly pursued by the French, since the commencement of their revolution, have been founded upon this principle, — to attack all points with divided forces, at one and the same time. We thus see, that the principles of extension have been as much followed by the latter, as those of compression were studiously adhered to by the former. TACTILE, Fr. See Tangible. TACTIQUE, Fr. the art of ranging T A K ( 895 ) T A K troops in order of battle, of encamping an army, and performing military evolu- tions. See Tactics. Tactique maritime, Fr. naval tactics, or sea manoeuvres, &c. See Maritime iactics. TACTIQUES, Fr. tacticians; a name which was formerly given in Persia and Greece, to those persons who taught the military art. See Science of War. TAGBEERE, hid. dismission. TAIGAU, hid. a sabre. TAIL of the trtnchcs, the post where the besiegers begin to break ground, and cover themselves from the lire of the place, in advancing the lines of approach. TAiL-pipe. See Pipe. 1 AILLE du soldat, Fr. the size, height, *md stature most proper for a soldier. TAILLER, Fr. to cut. — Tailkr en pieces ; to cut to pieces. TAILLEUR depierre, Fr. a stone cut- ter, or one who shapes stones after they have been chalked or marked out. TAILLOIR, in architecture, a term used by some writers in imitation of the French for abacus, commonly a square .member which forms the upper part of a capital. TAIRE, Fr. to silence. The French .say, faire taire le canon des cnnemis, to silence the enemy's cannon. Se Taire, Fr. to hold one's tongue, to be silent. To TAKE. This verb, as Dr. John- son observes, like prendre in French, is used with endless multiplicity of rela- tions. Its uses are so numerous that they cannot easily be exempli tied ; and its inferences, to the words governed by it, so general and lax, that they can hardly be explained by any succedaneous terms. But commonly that is hardest to explain which least wants explication. We shall content ourselves with giving a few general terms, in which the verb Take is used with respect to military matters. To Take, to make prisoner. To Take advantage of, to avail one- self of any peculiar event, or opening, whereby an enemy may be overcome, viz. — He took advantage of the debau- cheries which were daily committed in the enemy's camp, to surprize the army. To Take ground to the right or left, to extend a line towards either of those di- rections. To Take up quarters, to occupy lo- cally j to go into cantonments, barracks, &c. To become stationary for more or ess time. To Take a position, to dispose troops in any particular spot, for the purpose of giving or receiving battle, or of remain- ing stationary. To Take up the gauntlet, the correla- tive to throw down the gauntlet. — To accept a challenge. To Take up arms, to embody and troop together for offensive, or defensive purposes. We likewise say, to take arms. To Take down, to minute; to commit to paper what is spoken or given orally ; as to take down his words. To Take the field, to encamp. It like- .ise means generally to move with troops in military order. To Take in, a low phrase, signifying to cheat, to gull. Officers, especially the junior classes, are frequently taken in by usurers and money-lenders, and some- times by what are called, old soldiers. To Take oath, to swear. To Take up, to seize; to catch; to arrest ; as to take up a deserter. To Take on, an expression in familiar use among soldiers that have enlisted for a limited period, to signify an extension of service by taking a fresh bounty. To Take. To adopt any particular formation : Rear ranks take open order. 1 Words of Rear ranks take close order. $ command which are used in the British service. For the manner in which they are exe- cuted, see Order. To Take cognizanct, to investigate with judicial authority. To Take to any thing, (embrasser quelque chose, Fr.) to adopt, embrace, or follow any particular profession, &c. as to take to the army. To Take to the collar, a term used with regard to draught horses when they go steadily in harness, of which the col- lar may be called the most important part. Too much attention cannot bo given to it, particularly in the first out- fit, and afterwards in the training of the animal. He should be gradually accus- tomed to its pressure against the chest, by being driven up and down hills, and occasionally through cross roads, Sec. The unavoidable motion which will arise from his forcing his way through rutts, &c. will contribute not a little to the ac- quirement of this indispensable quality ; for no horse can be called a safe horse T A L ( 896 ) T A M r hi ise temper is not made subservient to the collar. To Take head, to refuse the bit, (as a horse does,) and run furiously on, break- ing the reins, &c. TALC, (talc, Fr.) isinglass. In na- tural history, a shining, squamous fissile species of stone, easily separable into thin laminar, or scales. There are two kinds of talc, viz. the white talc of Venice, and the red talc of Muscovy. TALE, information ; disclosure of any thing secret. Tale, Ind. an Indian coin equal to six. shillings and eight pence. TALEBEARER, one who officiously gives ill-judged, or maiignant intelligence. With respect to the interior economy of military life, a talebearer is the most dangerous creature that can insinuate itself among honourable men ; and how- ever acceptable domestic information may sometimes seem to narrow minds, it will be found, even by those who coun- tenance the thing, that such means of getting at the private sentiments of others not only defeat their own ends, but ulti- mately destroy every species of regi- mental harmony. The only way to secure a corps from this insidious evil, is, for commanding officers to treat those with contempt, who would endeavour to ob- tain their countenance by such base and unofficer-like conduct ; for it is a known axiom, that if there were no listeners, there would be no reporters. TALENT, quality ; disposition ; natural endowment ; an aptitude to things. Count Turpin, in his Essay on the Art of War, makes the following distinction between genius and talent : — Talent re- mains hidden for want of occasions to shew itself; genius breaks through all obstacles ; genius alone is the contriver, talent only the workman. Talent of' persuasion. See Persua- sion. Talent, Fr. This word is used by the French in the same figurative sense that it is generally received in England. We say a man of talents, tin homme a ta- kns ; men of talents, gens a talens. . Un Talent manque, demi Talent", Fr. a man of mistaken talents, a half genius. Enterrcr ses Talens, Fr. to bury To TALK, to make use of the powers of speech. Officers and soldiers are strictly forbidden to talk under arms. A great TALKER, a creature that makes a great noise about little things, and talks much but does little ; one who laughs at scars but never felt a wound. TALLOW, a well known name for the fat of animals. It is used as a com- bustible in the composition of fire-works. See Laboratory. TALON, Fr. in architecture, an or- namental moulding, which is concave below, and convex above. Talon 7-enverse, Fr. an ornamental moulding which is concave above ; it is also called cymaise droite et renversce. This word is likewise applied to many other things, as the upper part of a scythe, &c. the end of a pike, &c. Talon d'un cheval, Fr. a horse's heel, or the hind part of his hoof. Talon lite- rally means heel. TALONNER, Fr. to tread upon; literally to tread upon the heels of an- other. This term is used in a military sense by the French, as talonner son en- nemi, to tread upon the heels of one's enemy. This seems to correspond with our expression, to hang upon the rear of an enemy. TALOOKDAR, Ind. the head of any department under a superior. TALPATCHES, Fr. a nickname which is given to the foot soldiers in Hungary. It is derived from Talp, which in the Hungarian language sig- nifies sole of a shoe, and plainly proves, from the ridicule attached to it, that the Hungarians would rather serve on horseback than on foot. All persons are strictly forbidden to call them by this name. TALUS, Fr. This word is sometimes written Talut. For Fortification. TALUTER, Fr. to give a slope to any thing in fortification. TAMBOUR, in fortification, is akind of work formed of palisades, or pieces of wood, 10 feet long, and 6 inches thick, planted close together, and driven 2 or 3 feet into the ground ; so that when fi- nished, it may have the appearance of a square redoubt cut in two. Loop-holes are made 6 feet from the ground, and o its signification see one's talents, to misapply natural endow- feet asunder, about 8 indies long, 2 ments, or suffer them to remain inactive j inches wide within, and 6 without. Be- tljrough indolence. | hind is a scaffold 2 feet high, for the soi- T A M ( 897 ) TAM diers to stand upon. They are frequently made in the place of arms of the co\ert way, at the salient angles, in the gorges, halt-moons', and ravelins, &c. Tambours, in fortification, are also solid pieces of earth which are made in that part of the covert-way that is joined to the parapet, and lies close to the tra- verses, being only 3 feet distant from them. They serve to prevent the covert- way from being enfiladed, and obstruct the enemy's view towards the traverses. When tambours are made in the covert- way, they answer the same purposes that works en crimaillae would. Tambour likewise means, in fortifica- tion, a single or isolated traverse, which serves to close up that part of the covert- way, where a communication might have been made in the glacis, for the purpose of going to some detached work. Tambour also signifies, both in French and English, a little box of timber-work covered with a cieling, within side the porch of certain churches, both to pre- vent the view of persons passing by, and to keep oft" the wind, &c. by means ot folding doors. In many instances it is the same as porch. Tambour, in mechanics, the cylindri- cal axle-tree of a wheel, which serves to draw up stones out of a quarry. It is likewise called tympan. Tambour is also used for a round stone, or course of stones, several of which serve for a section of the shaft of a column. Tambour de basque, Fr. a tabor, tim- brel ; also portal in joinery. Tambour, Fr. See Drum. Marcher Tambours battans et dra- pcau.v flottans, ou enseignes dcp/oyies, Fr. to match with drums beating and colours flying. Tambour, Fr. See Drummer. We frequently use the word drum in the same sense as the French do, viz. to signify drummer. We likewise sav fife for titer ; as, one drum and fife to each company. Tambour major, Fr. drum-major. Batteries de Tambour, I^V.the different beats of the drum. The principal beats among the French are — La generate, the general ; t'assemblee, the assembly ; le dernier, the last beat ; le drapcau, the troop ; wax champs, to the tield ; la marche, the march ; ladiane, the reveille; Vidurtne, to arms, or the alarm ; la chu- wade, the parley ; I'app&l, the roll or call; la fascine ou brelogue, the workman's call. Le ban et la retraite. Aux champs, or le premier, is beat when any particular corps of infantry is ordered to march ; but if the order should extend to a whole army, it is then called La generate, the general. We do not make this distinction in our service, but. we omit the Premier, or first beat, when one regiment, detachment, or com- pany, marches out of a camp or garrison where there are other troops. Le second, or I' assemble, is to give notice that the colours are to be sent for. Lm murche is beat when troops march oft' their parade. Butt re la charge, or battre la guerre, to beat the charge, or the point of war. This occurs when troops advance against an enemy. Battre la retruite is to beat the retreat, to cease firing, or to withdraw after the battle. It is likewise used in garrison to warn soldiers to retire to their quarters. Battre la fricassee, to beat the long roll. — A beat which is practised to call soldiers suddenly together. Battre la diane, to beat the reveille. This is done in a camp or garrison at break of day. When an army besieges a town, the reveille is confined to those troops belonging to the infantry that have mounted guard, particularly in the trenches ; and it is then followed by the discharge of those pieces of ordnance which had ceased firing on account of the darkness of the night, that prevented their being properly pointed against the enemy's works. Tambour, in architecture, a term ap- plied to the Corinthian and Composite capitals, as bearing some resemblance to a drum, which the French call Tam- bour. Tambour likewise denotes a round course of stone, several whereof form the shaft of a column not so high as a dia- meter. Vn TAMBOURIN, Fr. a timbrel. TAMBOURINE, a drum somewhat resembling the tabor, but played in our military bands without either stick or pipe. TAMING. Co/f-TAMiNu is the act of breaking a colt so as to be mounted and ridden. Tiie best times is at three years, or four at most : but he who will have the patience to see his horse at full five, may be sure to have him of a longer continu- ance, and much less subject to diseases and infirmities. 5 Y TAN ( 898 ) TAP TAMIS, Fr. a sieve. TAMKIN, the stopple of the mouth of a great gun. To TAMPER until the enemy, to carry on a secret correspondence for unlawful purposes. TAMPIONS, or | are wooden cylin- TOMPIONS, S ders to P ut illto the mouths of the guns, howitzers, and mortars, in travelling, to prevent the dust or wet from getting in. They are fastened round the muzzle of the guns, ike. hy leathern collars. They are sometimes used to put into the chambers of mortars, over the pow- der, when the chamber is not full. Tampions, in sea-service artillery, are the iron bottoms to which the grape-shot are fixed ; the dimensions of which are as follow, viz. Diameter. 6-10ths inches 4-10ths 9-10ths 3-10ths 9-10ths 3-4ths 9-10ths l-10th 4-10ths TAMPON, Fr. a wooden peg or in- strument which is used to plug up car- tridges, petards, &c. a stopper. TAMPON NEK, Fr. to bung; to stop. TAMPONS, Fr. in mason-work, are wooden pegs by which beams and boards for floors are fastened together. Tampons, Fr. fiat pieces of iron, copper, or wood, which are used by the French 42-pounders 6 82 ditto 6 24 ditto 5 18 ditto 4 12 ditto 4 9 ditto 3 6 ditto 3 4 ditto 2 If ditto 2 f ditto 1 made by cannon-balls engagement. on board their men of war, to stop up holes that are during a naval Tampons de canon,!' r. the apron made of cork or lead, which is put over the vent of any piece of ordnance. TANACLES, from the French te- nailles, instruments of torture, like pin- cers, wherewith the flesh is plucked from the human frame. They are sometimes made red-hot. TANG, the upper part of the plug, or breech pin ; also that part of a sword- blade to which the hilt is rivetted. TAN GAGE, Fr. motion of a ship. TANGENT, (tangente, Fr.) in trigo- nometry, is a light line raised perpendi- cularly on the extreme of the diameter, and continued to a point, where it is cut by a secant, that is, by a line drawn from the center, through the extremity of* the. arch, whereof it is the tangent. TANGIBLE, something whereon to fasten. Thus an officer, by the arts of a man, or the artifices of a woman, might be so far deluded, as to deviate from the line of strict honour and integrity, and by so doing, be brought to account on some very tangible ground. Tangible arithmetic, a mode or me- thod of understanding arithmetic by means of artificial numbers, made in wood or bone, &c. See NAPiEr..'* bones. Tangible manauvres, a modern in- vention, by which the ditierentmanceuvrei may be gone through with pieces of wood, that are so arranged as to be convertible to any shape or form. Too close an at- tention, however, to this mode of learn- ing military movements, may be product tive of that confined view which lifeless objects give, and prevent the mind from going into enlarged tactics. TANK, (cuvette, J'ontaine, Fr.) any place where water is collected for use 4 either by means of springs or rain. TAN NAD Alt, Ind. a commander of a small fort. TAP, a gentle blow, as a tap of the^ drum. TAPABORD, Fr. a sort of cap of slouched hat made in the English fashion, which the French sailors wear. Its sides hang over the shoulders, and shield them from rain in wet weather. It likewise" signifies a riding cap, a montero. Za TAPE, /eTAPON, ou TAMPON, Fr. the tampion, bung or stopple. TAPER ou TAMPON NER mi canon, Fr. to put in the tampion ; d'ttuper un canon, Fr. to take out the tampion. TAPER, tapering, in joinery, &c. is understood of a piece of board, timber, or the like, when it is broad beneath, and sharp towards the top, or diminishing gradually from the biggest end. The French say, Dimiuuant. TAPE-cw/, Fr. that part of a swipe or swinging gate, which serves to raise and let down a draw-bridge. Tape-cw, Fr. a falling gate. Fn TAPINOIS, Fi\ slyly ; secretly :. lying close and still ; ducking for fear of being seen, as is the case with sharp- shooters and riflemen. Se TAPIR, Fr. to lie squat. TAPIS, Fr. This word literally means, carpet, and is used by the French in » figurative sense, viz. TAR ( 899 ) TAR Amuser le Tapis, Fr. to trifle. Mettre une affaire sur le Tapis, Fr. to open any particular transaction, to move a business. TAPPEE, Lid. an express. TAPROBANE, Lid. the ancient name for the island of Ceylon. It is derived from tapoo, an island; and bony, a ferry. TAP-TOO, ) See Drum; alsoTATOu, TAT-TOO, S Fr. TAQUET, Fr. a brace or piece of wood nailed to n post, &c. to keep an- other from shaking or slipping; also the clapper of a mill. TAR, a kind of liquid pitch used in the composition of some sorts of fire- works. Tar, a familiar word for a sailor, &c. Dr. Johnson calls it a term of contempt. A jolly tar, however, is by no means a contemptible being. TARAXTHE, Fr. a thick iron peg which is used to turn the screw in a press. TARAU, Fr. an instrument which is used in making the nut of a screw. It is a round piece of steel with a spiral shape. TARAUDER, Fr. to make a hole- like that which is effected by the opera- tion of the Tarau. TARD-w»«s, ou mulandrins,Yr. late- comers, or banditti: a body of men who formerly gathered together in France, without any order, or authority, from the king, or government, and who were commanded by a chief of their own se- lection. These troops or companies first made their appearance in 1300. They were professed plunderers, that did a great deal of mischief in France, until they made inroads into Italy. The au- thor of the Kouveau Dictionnalre Mili- taire humorously concludes this article by observing, that the term trop tot-venus, or persons coming too soon, would have been more suitable to the occupation of these freebooters. TARE, Fr. a word adopted by the French from the English term tar. Tare, (from tarare, Ital.) to subtract. The weight or allowance made to the buyer, for the weight of the cask, chest, bag, &c. in which goods are packed up ; a deduction which is made from the off- reckoning of the colonel of a British regi- ment ; also a blemish, as tare de chevul. TAREAU, Fr. a screw-tap. TARGE, Fr. It is generally pro- nounced targue, from whence is derived the figurative expression se targuer, to plume one's-self, or to be self-sufficient. Le poltron se targue du courage de son pere, the coward plumes himself upon the courage of his father. Targe, Fr. a weapon of defence.— See Pavois. TARGET, a sort of shield, being ori- ginally made of leather, wrought out of the back of an ox's hide. They were much used by the Scotch. Target is also a mark for the artil- lery, &c. to fire at in their practice. Target, a mark set up at certain dis- tances, to be fired at with musket and ball. The mark is sometimes made in the form of a man, and of the same size ; and sometimes in a circular form, on which are concentric circles, to deter- mine the distance from the center ; the point aimed at. The distance of tha taiget, from the firing station, is generally about a hundred yards, and for security, it is placed at the bottom of a hill, or a large mound of earth is raised, or faggots are piled up to such a length or height, as is deemed sufficient to stop all the stray balls. A round Target, a target made in a circular form. A little Target, a small portable target, such as the Romans carried in battle, and the Highlanders formerly used. A I ARGUT-fence. See Taudis. TARIEttE, Fr. auger, wimble, gim- let. The French make a distinction with respect to the gender of this word. When they express a large-sized auger or wim- ble, they say, JJn gros tariire, making it masculine, and when they mean a small sized one, they say, Une petite tariere, making it feminine. Tariere, Fr. likewise signifies a miner's tool with which he bores into the earth. It is used to force a lighted match into the chamber of a counter- mine, and to make it explode. TAttIF, Fr. book of rates; tariff. TARLE, Fr. a wood- worm, or moth; hence turle, r or worm-eaten. TARMEES, Fr. thick maggots ; or short and hairy worms, oftentimes breed- ing in the fundaments of horses. They are destroyed by powders prepared with antimony. The escarides in the human frame are perhaps of the same genus. TARPAULIN GS are made of strong canvass, thoroughly tarred, and cut int« SY2 TAR ( 900 ) different sizes, according to their several uses in the held ; such as to co\ er the powder wagons and tumbrels (carrying ammunition) from rain; each iield piece has likewise one to secure the ammuni- tion boxes. Ta i:pa f li n n alsosignifies, figuratively, a common sailor. TARKASS, j a sort of plaster or strong TERR ASS, S mortar chiefly used in lining basins, cisterns, wells, and other reservoirs of water. In architecture, it signifies an open walk or gallery ; also a flat roof of an house. To be TARRED, a cant word used among the Guards to signify the punish- ment which privates undergo among themselves, when they have been tried and sentenced by their own comrades. It is the same as being scabbarded or booted ; with this exception, that the Guards chastise with their cross-belts, whereas the cavalry and infantry of the line use their boots and scabbards. TARTAN, (tartane, Fr.) a vessel used in the Mediterranean, whose prow and stern are even with the deck. It has only one large mast and a mizen. The sail is triangular or three-cornered, and when she carries a square one, it is then called rode c/e fortune. Oars are sometimes used in these vessels. To catch a TARTAR. This expres- sion, which signifies, figuratively, to get hold of something stronger than our- selves, is not without its moral with re- spect to military life. It may be gene- rally applied to those rash minds, who, having more valour than judgment, not only run headlong into danger, but even presume to treat a brave enemy with contempt. Unfledged coxcombs some- times catch a Taitar, by taking liberties with a truly brave but modest man. TARTARES, Fr. a word used in the French army, to distinguish officers' ser- vants and bat-men from the soldiers that serve in the ranks. Torture likewise means a groom. TARTARS, (Tartarcs, Fr.) Asiatics, whose principal arms are the bow and arrow, and sabre or pike. Some lew have firelocks and pistols. Calmuc Tartaus, a free people in- habiting the borders of the Caspian Sea, and the banks of the river Wolga. They are under the immediate protection of Russia, and in consideration of the se- curity they enjoy, they are obliged to serve, when called upon. They consist T A S of wandering hordes, live in tents, and are armed with bows and arrows. Some have rifle guns, with one or two pistols. But they are extremely cruel, and worse disciplined than the Cossacks. TARTES, Fr. bogs. TAS, Fr. a heap. When die works of a fortification are lined with turf and fascines, &c. small beds of earth are previously prepared and laid one over another, till the necessary thickness is obtained ; when completed, it is called Ttts de ga.zon, on de placage; a heap of turf or a placaue, which see. — Tus is likewise used in a sense of contempt to signify a crowd. — Vu las defuincuns; a heap, or crowd of para>ues. / it Tas de ynensouges, Fr. a heap of lies. Tas de charge, Fr. an arch made in a particular manner. It is generally found in Gothic buildings. Tas droit, Fr. in paving, a line of pavement on the upper part of each side of a large street from which the slope or declivity is taken, right and left, to the gutter which runs in the middle, or to the borders of a paved highway, TASK, something to be done imposed I >y another; employment; business. TASSA, Ltd. a kind of drum, formed from a semisphere of copper, hollowed out and covered with goat-skin. It is hung before from the shoulders, and beat with two ^rattans. TASSE, Fr. literally heaped up or laid together. This is said of a building which has all its foundations laid, TASSEAU, Fr a small piece of wood kept by a tenon and mortise on the main part of a roof, in order to sustain the rafters. Tasseau, Fr. a small anvil; also a bracket. TASSEL-c/ose, a field in London where the cross-bow makers used to ex- ercise themselves, and try their weapons at the popingjoy or artificial parrot. The field was so called from the number of thistles that grew there. This field was afterwards hired by the Artillery Company, and is called the Old Artillery Ground. TASSELS, in building, are pieces of board that lie under the mantle-tree. TASSES, armour for the thighs. TASSETTE, Fr. ail those parts of an iron armour which are under the cuirass, and serve to cover the thighs of an armed man. TAX ( 901 ) T E B TATTA, hid. a bamboo frame, which incloses an herb called jawassea. Frames ot" this sort are made to put to the dif- ferent openings of a room ; by throwing water against them, the hottest wind, in passing through, becomes cool. TATILLON, Fr. a busv-bodv. TATILLONNER, Fr'. to be med- dling ; to interfere in matters which do not concern ourselves. TATQU, Fr. a kind of long-tailed hedge-hog, w hich has a scaly coat, where- into, in times of danger, he draws up liimself. It is not improbable but our word top-too or tattoo has been taken from this term, signifying a notice given to go under cover, or into quarters. TATTLE, (baitarder, Fr.) to talk or converse with indiscriminate freedom ; to repeat private conversation, &c. TATTLER, (jaseur, bavard, Fr.) one who collects all he can respecting per- sons or things, and who repeats all he hears, without any regard to truth. TAUDION, Fr. a filthy place; as the privy at the back of a camp. TAUDIR, Fr. to cover booths, &c with canvass or with raw cloth. Se Taudib, Fr. to screen one's self; to duck under. TAUD1S, Fr. the roof or vault of a house ; any shroud or shelter made roof- wise. Hence a target fence, or a defen- sive engine under which approaches are made, or breaches entered by soldiers. It is also called pavoisade. TA VERNIER, Fr. a tavern-keeper; a suttler ; any person keeping a house of reception, where drink or meat is given for money. TAUGOUR, Fr. a small lever which is used for various purposes. 'TAUPINS, Francs Taupins, Fr. a name which was formerly given to a body of free archers, or Francs archers, in France. This body, consisting chiefly of countrymen and rustics, were probably so called from taupe, a mole ; of which there are great quantities in the fields. Taupin likewise signifies swarthy. TAUX, Fr. assize, tax, rate. TAX, (tare, Fr.) an impost ; a tribute imposed; an excise ; a tallage. Hume observes, that the most pernicious of all taxes are the arbitrary. They are com- monly converted by their management, into punishments on industry ; and also, by their unavoidable inequalities, are more grievous than bv the real burden which they impose. It is therefore sur- prising to see them take place among any civilized people. Tax upon properly, or income Tax, a tribute which was required from all per- sons, civil as well as military, of the tenth part of their incomes, it they ex- ceed 601. per annum. This tax was peculiarly burthensome to British officers. It was repealed in 1816, by a large majority in the House of Commons. Tax also signifies charge, censure ; as to be taxed with having acted contrary to good order and discipline. TAX-gatherer, a person who collects the taxes. In a military sense, an army agent, who is ordered to stop a given sum out of the subsistence and allowances of officers, and to pay the same into the War-office at prescribed periods. War Taxes, particular taxes which were imposed upon the inhabitants of these islands, to enable the government to cany on the war against France. Tax on the use of hair powder, or pozeder Tax, a contribution which is exacted from the public, and to which all officers in the army, subalterns ex- cepted, are liable. TAYLOR, (lailleur, Fr.) a person who cuts eut and makes clothing apparel. A certain number of men are always selected out of a regiment either to make, or to fit on the clothing of the non- commissioned officers and privates of the corps. They are under the imme- diate direction of the quarter-master, and occasionally do duty, especially on days of review, &c. TCHAROTCIIEK A, a small measure of brandy, which the Russian soldier takes with his toloqueno on service. TE, Fr. a term used amouj miners to express a figure which greatly resem- bles the letter T, and which consists of a certain arrangement and disposition of the furnaces, chambers, and lodgments that are made under any particular part of a fortification, in order to blow it up. The ti has four lodgments ; the double ti, has eight ; and the triple u has twelve. To TEASE, to give unnecessary trou- ble. This frequently happens when sol- diers fall under the command of men who have all She show without any of the good qualities, of a military character. TLBET, a sort of hatchet which the Turks use in war. It hangs suspended on one side of the saddle. TEL ( 902 ) TEL TECHNICAL, (technique, Fr.) All terms, or words, which have been in- vented for the purpose of expressing par- ticular arts, are called technical ; hence the distinction which is frequently made when a person is said to be radically wrong, though technically right. Mots Techniques, Fr. technical words. TE DEUM, as far as it concerns military matters, is a holy hymn sung in thanksgiving for any victory obtained. TEEP, Ind. a contract, or note of hand. TEETH, called also Denticles and Dentils, in architecture, an order in cor- nices' bearing some resemblance to ceeth, particularly affected in the Ionic and Corinthian orders. TEFTERDA (ffendi. The commissary general is so called among the Turks. TEIGNES, in horses, a distemper in the foot, when the frush moulders away in pieces, and goes the length of the quick, causing so much itching pain, that it will often make the horse halt. TEINT, (teinte, Fr.) in painting, an artificial or compound colour, or the several colours which are used in a pic- ture, considered as more or less high or bright, deep or thin, or weakened &c. to give the proper relievo, or soft- ness, or distance, &c. of the several ob- jects. Teint, which is used to draw a plan (Teint dont on se sert pour lever tin plan, Fr.) Teint, in the general acceptation of the word, means any shade that is given to an object which is raised from the canvass, paper, &c. and placed in per- spective. TELAMONES,a term used in ancient architecture, to express the figures of men supporting entablatures, and other prefectures. TELEGRAPH, a machine by which any combination of letters, or words, may be made known in fine weather, to a person within sight of it, by means of a telescope. It is made in England with three upright beams, and three cross parallel beams, which divide the space between the four outside beams, into six compartments, to each of which is a shutter opened, or shut, by means ot a string and pulley. Under this ma- chine is a room provided with telescopes, in which the observer, sitting at a table, can, by drawing the strings, open, or shut, any shutter at pleasure. The let- ters of the alphabet are expressed ac- cording to agreement, each by a certain position of the shutters, and the other positions serve for any signal which has been previously determined upon. Anthropo Telegraph, a telegraph formed by means of persons placed "in different spots, and making different sig- nals. This mode was suggested by a lieutenant of the navy. It is also called homo telegraph; from the Latin and Greek word signifying man. Marine Telegraph, an invention of Capt. (now Admiral) Sir Home Popham, of the royal navy, has been used with great benefit by him at different times; and by many others, When Admiral Dickson commanded the North Sea fleet, during the late war, and was lying off Elsineur, Sir Home Popham was station- ed off Copenhagen with the Romney man of war. To facilitate the convey- ance of intelligence, the latter invented a set of flags to be used as a sea tele- graph ; and although the distance be- tween these pi:- cos is at least six miles, yet it was conveyed in five minutes. He afterwards practised it while command- ing in the Red Sea, and brought it to great perfection. On his return from thence to Calcutta, he printed at the Company's press there, a small volume, entituled, " A Marine Vocabulary: or, Telegraphic. Signals." hi April, 1803, he returned to England, and submitted his plan to several of the first naval characters, who approved highly of it, and deemed that it might be of the most essential service in the royal navy. This induced him to reprint Iris work with con- siderable additions, and the great ad- vantages derived from it have been uni- versally acknowledged. Semaphoric Telegraph, from ~s.f,y. a , signum, indicium, sign, indication, and in architecture, a TERMINUS, J sort of statue, or column adorned at the top with the fi- gure of the head of a man, a woman, or satyr, as the capital, and the lower part ending in a kind of sheath or scabbard. These terms are sometimes used as con- soles and sustain entablatures ; and sometimes as statues to adorn gardens. The ancients made gieat variety of these termini, viz. angelic, rustic, marine, double, in bust, §c. ]\liliturjj Terms, among the ancient Greeks, were heads of certain divinities, placed on square land-marks of stone, or on a kind of sheath to mark the several stadia, &c. in roads. Military Terms, or terms used in tear, (termes de gtierre, Fr.) certain technical expressions, which, either directly or in- directly, ought to be used by every mili- tary man, when he writes upon his pro- fession, or when he relates the events of war. TERNIR, Fr. to tarnish ; to soil. Tern i r sa reputation, Fr. to tarnish one's reputation. TERRA a terra, in the manege, is a series of low leaps, which a horse makes forwards, hearing side-ways, and working upon two treads (terrasse, Fr.) a plat bank of earth and breasted, or lined by a strong wall in order to con- form to the natural inequality of the ground, made sometimes in talus or slope, and covered with turf; an open raised walk in a garden, &c. Among the an- cients a bank of this sort answered the purpose of an epaulement in modern for- tification. This bank was raised behind in such a manner, that it surrounded the fosse, and served as a cover for the ar- chers, who poured in showers of darts, while the exterior defences of a fortified town or place, were insulted at all points. The terraces also answered the same end, in those days, that trenches and contra- valkitions do in these times. A terrace likewise signified, in former times, a sort of cavalier, which was carried to a great height, in order to overlook and com- mand the walls of a town. These ter- races were constructed by means of man- telets, which stood very high, for the purpose of covering the working parties from the arrows, &c. of the besieged. jou two ueaus. TERRACE, ) (terrasse, TERR ASS, [-form; a I TERRASSE, ) raised a TER ( 907 ) TER Alexander the Great had frequent re- course to these terraces when he attacked a town. Couuter-TzRRACE is a terrace raised above another for the purpose of joining the ground, or of raising a parterre. Terrace, in building, is used to signify the roofs of houses which are flat, and may be walked upon ; as also balconies which project. The terrace is properly the covering of a building which is in platform. As that of the peristyle in the Louvre. TERRAIN, Fr. sometimes written Terrein, generally *ny space or extent of ground. Terrain, Fr. the ground or soil upon which any thing is built. Terrain de niveau, Fr. level ground. Terrain par chutes, Fr. any piece of ground whose continuity is broken or interrupted and again connected with another piece by means of steps or glacis. Gagner du Te r r a i n peu-a-peu, Fr. to gain ground little by little. Perdre du Terrain, Fr. to lose ground. Menager son Terrain, Fr. to make the most of one's ground. It is likewise used in a figurative sense, viz. Un horn me est fort quoad il est sur son terrain, Fr. a man always speaks with great confidence when he is thoroughly master of his subject. Terratn du camp, Fr. the ground within the lines of encampment. Lever le Terrain, Fr. to reconnoitre, to take a survey of ground. Chicaner le Terrain, Fr. to dispute the ground, to fight it inch by inch. Tenir un grand Terrain, Fr. to take up much ground. Terrain, with horsemen, the manage ground upon which the horse makes his pist or tread. TERRASSE de Hollandc, Fr. a sort of powder or dust which is made of an earth that may be found near the lower Rhine in Germany, and in the neighbour- hood of Cologne ; it is concocted or made up like plaster, and afterwards reduced to a powder. This powder is a very good ingredient for the composition of mortar that is to be used in buildings under water. Terrasse de sculpture, Fr. the lower part of the plinth. Terrasse de marbre, Fr. the soft or defective part in marble. TERRASSER, Fr. to level with the earth ; to throw down ; to route com- pletely. TERRASSIER, Fr. This word is used among the French, not only to sig- nify the person who undertakes to see heaps of earth removed, &c. for any specific purpose, but likewise the man who actually carries it. TERRE, Fr. earth, land, ground. Ouvrages de Terre, Fr. works which are thrown up with earth. This does not, however, imply, that nothing but earth is used ; since palisades, traverses, chevaux de frizes, &c. may also form part of the defence. A Terre, Fr. on the earth, or ground. Etre genou a Terre, Fr. to kneel. Genoa a Terre ! Fr. Kneel! a word of command used in the French service, in firing, or when the sacrement passes. Terre also signifies dominions, pos- sessions, as les terres de France. Terre a dcgraisser,Yr. fuller's earth. En Terre itrangire, Fr. in a foreign country. En Terre ennemie, Fr. in an enemy's country. Tvv.RE-franche, Fr. a sort of clay or fat earth, without gravel, of which mortar is made. Terre massive, Fr. solid earth without space or cavity. Terre naturelle, ou terre vierge, Fr. earth that has never been moved or turned up. Terre rapportee, Fr. earth which has been brought from any place to fill up a ditch, or to make ground level, &c. Terres jectisses, Fr. This term not only signifies that earth which has been dug up for the purpose of being carried away, but also that which is left in order to raise a piece of ground. TERREIN. See Terrain. TERRE-PLEIN, TERRE-PLAIN, Fr. See Fortification. TERRER, se Ferrer, Fr. to hide un- der ground. The French say, Les gens de guerre se sont bien terres; meaning thereby, that they had thrown up en- trenchments with earth, so as to be co- vered from the enemy's fire. Ferrer un artijice, to cover tlie head of any fire- work with earth. TERRES-a/«eH(/des, Fr. earths that have been used in the cleansing of salt- petre. Saltpetre-men call these earths terres rtanimees. TERREUR, Fr. fear; apprehension. Rtpandre la Teejieur, Fr. to spread 6Z2 TES ( 906 ) T K T terror ; to cause dismay. Jeter la terreur parmi le» ennemis, to throw terror amongst the enemies. A French author has made a very just distinction between causing fear and apprehension to exist in an ad- versary's army, and occasioning terror and dismay among the inhabitants of a country through which troops are obliged to march. Marshal Saxe was particu- larly cautious on this head ; so much so, that he was always well received by the inhabitants of every place, where he had made war. This cannot be said of all Conquerors or generals. In cases of tumult, or insurrection, raw and unexpe- rienced officers and soldiers should be employed as little as possible, as, from their ignorance of real service, they are generally brutal, and cause dismay and terror among the peaceable and well in- clined part of community. Terrev r panique, Fr. See Panic. TERRIGNOL, a horse that cleaves (o the ground, that cannot be made light upon the hand, or put upon his haunches; in general, one whose motions are all short and too near the ground. To TERTIATE, in gunnery, is to ex- amine the thickness of the metal of a piece of artillery, in order to judge of its strength. This is usually done with a pair of calliper compasses. TERTRE, Fr. a small rising ground that stands unconnected with any other. TESSELLATED pavement is a rich pavement of Mosaic work, composed of curious small square pieces of marble, bricks, or tiles called tessellce, from having the shape of tiles. TESSERA, a composition which has been lately invented to cover the tops of bouses, &c. in lieu of using tiles or slates. Tessera. See Signum Militate. TESSERJE Militures, military watch- words or countersigns. Among the an- cient Romans, the military watch-word or countersign, was passed in the follow- ing manner : — One soldier was selected throughout ten legions, and was called tesserarius, the bringer, or the giver, of a watch-word. It was the duty of this roan to wait, at sunset, upon the tribune of the guard, from whom he received, written upon a 6inall wooden tablet, certain orders which had been issued by the general. This tablet, besides the watch-word, con- tained also some specific orderfrom head- quarters, As soon as the Tesserarius had received the orders from the tribune, he immediately repaired to his legion, and delivered the tablet to the command- ing officer, in the presence of witnesses. This officer transmitted it to the next in command, after having inserted the par- ticulars in his own orderly books ; and as each centurion (when he sent to the tribune for orders) was obliged to trans- mit the tablet, containing the watchword, after sunset, the latter, by referring to the minutes, (which he kept of every part of the army,) easily ascertained every omission or neglect of orders ; and if the person so offending, affected to deny his having seen the tablet, the witnesses were examined, as to the delivering of it by the Tesserarius. See Ronde, Fr. TESSONS, Fr. potsherd; or pieces of broken earthen vessels, or free -stone, which are pounded to dust for the pur- pose of making mortar for cement. TESTAMENT, Fr. will, testament. Testament Militaire, Fr. among the French, a will which is made in the pre* sence of two -witnesses only, by word of mouth, and is not committed to paper, TESTIMONY, verbal declaration, given upon oath or honour, before any court martial. The testimony of a wit- ness should neither be influenced nor interrupted, and the precise words used by him should be written down in the proceedings without any alteration. TESTUDO, in the military art of the ancients, was a kind of cover or screen, which the soldiers of each company made themselves of their bucklers, by holding them up over their heads, and standing close to each other. This expedient served to shelter them from darts, stones, &c. thrown upon them, especially thos« from above, when they went to the as- sault. Testudo was also a kind of large wooden tower, which moved on several wheels, and was covered with bullocks' hides : it served to shelter the soldiers when they approached the walls to mine them, or to batter them with rams. TETE, Fr. head. Tete dii camp, Fr. the head of the camp, or the front ground which looks towards the country ; also that part of a camp which lies contiguous to the enemy, and where the troops bivouac. Tete de la sappe, Fr. head of the sap. Tete de chevalement, Fr. a cross beam which lies upon two stays, and supports any part of a wall, Sec. whilst it is iu repair; TET ( 909 ) TET Faire (ou tenir) Tete a quelqu'un, Tr. to oppose a person ; to keep him at bay. Avoir quelqu'un en Tete, Fr. to have any person opposed to one, viz. Turenne mvoit en tete Montecuculli ; Turenne was apposed by Montecuculli. Tete baissee, Fr. headlong. A la Tete, Fr. at the head of. Tete d'une armee, Fr. the head of an army. This consists of the troops which are farthest advanced towards the enemy, ■or on any given point of direction. Montrer une Tete, Fr. This phrase is used among the French, to signify any particular direction that an army takes. Tete de tranchie, Fr. that part of a trench which is closest to a fortified town or place. Tete de Maure, Fr. a sort of grenade which is thrown out of a piece of ord- nance. Tete d'un ouvrage a conie, a couronne, Fr. that part of a horn, or crown-work, which looks towards the country. Tete d'un ouvrage, d'une armee, qui tssiege une ville, Fr. that part of a forti- fied work, or proportion of an army, which looks towards the country, and is connected with the line of contravalla- tion. Avoir la Tete de tout, Fr. to be the most advanced. Tete de poni, Fr. that part of a bridge which is on the enemy's side. \\ hen the bridge is fortified on both sides, the French say, les deux tites de pont. Tete conronnee, Fr. a crowned head. This term is used, as with us, to signify emperor, or king. Avoir le rang de Tetes couroyinies, Fr. to rank with crowned heads. Thus the Republic of Venice, and theUnitedStates of Holland, formerly ranked with crowned heads. Tete de travail, Fr. in fortification, the front, foremost part, or that which is farthest advanced and closest to the enemy. Tete de mur, Fr. all that is seen of the thickness of a wall in an opening, which is generally lined with a chain of stones. Tete de voussoir, Fr. the front, or back part of the bending of an arch. Richelet writes the word vousseau as well as voussoir. Tete perdue, Fr. This word refers to all the heads of iron pins, screws, or nails, which do not appear over theaaf* face of anything they hold, or are fixed to ; hence Clou a Tete perdue, Fr. a sunk nail. Tete de pore, Fr. This word means literally a hog's head. It is used to de- note a military arrangement of the tri- angular kind. Those mentioned under the term wedge, were composed of ranks, greater one than another, in a regular progression from the incisive angle to the base. The tete de pore was formed of small bodies ranged in lines in the same sense, and in the same progression as the ranks in the preceding wedges ; that is to say, a small body (probably square) was placed at the head, another of the same size was posted behind it, having two others, one on its right, the other on its left, both extending the full length of their front beyond the wings of the first. Behind those three, five others wer« ranged in the same order, and so on suc- cessively until all were placed. This arrangement is equal to the for- mer (viz. that of the wedge) with regard to defects ; as to advantages, it has but one only, which will never be of weight enough to gain it any degree of reputa- tion ; it is this, that being composed of small bodies, each having its leader or commander, all the different parts are more or less capable of defence, should they be attacked at the time they are forming or dividing ; and if the enemy attempted to form the tenaille, they might detach some of those small bodies to interrupt their motions, or to attack them in flank. See Observations on the Military Art, page 205. Tetes, Fr. in the plural number, are the same as men or lives, viz. La prise de la place a coute. bien des tites, the re- duction or taking of the place has cost many lives or men. TETHER, (entrave, Fr.) a string by which horses are held from pasturing too wide. We say, figuratively, to go the length of one's tether; to speak or act with as much freedom as circum- stances will admit. TETIERE, Fr. the fillet, or head- stall, of a horse's bridle. TETRACTYS. In ancient geome- try, the Pi/t/tugoric tetrach/s consisted of a point, a line, a surface, and a so- lid. TETRAEDRON, (tttraedre, Fr.) m geometry, one of the five regular bodies, it is a pyramid which is terminated by TIIA ( nio ) T H E .four equilateral triangles, that are equal to t a< li other; in the same manner that the tetragon is a rectilineal figure of four equal sides, which lias tour right angles. TETRAGONAL, (titragme, Fr.) four square, having equal sides and an- gles. TETRAGON ISM is used by some ■writers to signify the quadrature of a circle. TETRALISTE, Fr. a building sup- ported by four columns, or pillars. TETRARCH, a Roman governor of the fourth part of a province. TETRASTYLE, in ancient archi- tecture, was a building, and particu- larly a temple, which had four columns in front and rear. TETU, Ft: a large hammer. TEUTONIC, (teutonique, Fr.) See Orders. TEYEEL, Inch the treasury. TEVEELDAR, Ind. the treasurer. THACK Hies. See Tiles. THANE, an ancient military title of honour, now obsolete. To THANK, in military matter*, to make honourable mention of a person or persons, for having behaved gallantly in an action, or otherwise rendered a public service. To be THANKED, to receive a pub- lic testimony of good conduct. Officers, &c. are generally thanked in public orders. THANKS, public acknowledgments for gallant actions. Vote of Thanks. It has been cus- tomary, in all civilized countries, for the legislature to pay a public tribute of applause to those warriors who have fought their country's battles with suc- cess, and have otherwise distinguished themselves by particular feats of gal- lantry and good conduct. The French, during the progress of their Revolution, have had frequent recourse to this mode of adding new zeal and fresh courage to their armies, and of expressing national gratitude. It has been the good fortune ot this country, to have experienced occasions of testifying a higher sense of its obligations to the navy, and of late years to the army, than can be found in the history of any people. THAIS LACHES, Fr. weapons which were used among the Gauls, or ancient French, of an offensive and defensive aature. The former were made in the shape of halberts or pikes, and the lat- ter were a sort of small round shields. THEATRE of war. Any extent of country in which war is carried on may be so called. The French say theatre de lu guerre. It signifies the same with us as seat of war. According to Tur- pin, page 21, in his Essay on the Art of War, there are but three sorts of countries which may become the thea- tre of war; an open country divided by rivers, a woody, or a mountainous one. The dispositions for a march must of course be varied as the situations of places differ. Theatre, in architecture. This word is chiefly used by the Italians to signify an assemblage of several buildings, which, by a happy disposition and cor- responding elevation, exhibits an agree- able scene to the eye. Of this description are the vineyards' at Rome ; particularly that of Monte Dragone in Frescati, and the new castle of St. Germain en Lay, in France. THEOCRACY, (thiocraiie, Fr.) go- vernment by God himself; such as the- Jewish form of government was before they had an earthly king. It also sig- nifies the government of the Lama, which was vested in the Incas, and which still exists among the tribes of Tartary. THEODOLITE, (theodolite, Fr.) a mathematical instrument generally use- ful, and particularly so to engineers and artillerists, in surveying and taking heights and distances. THEOREM, (theoreme, Fr.) in ma- thematics, a proposition which is purely speculative, and tends to the discovery of some hidden truth. An universal Theorem, in mathe- matics, is one that extends universally to any quantity without restriction; as that the rectangle of the sum, and difference of any two quantities, are equal to the difference of their squares. A particular Theorem is when it ex- tends only to a particular quantity. A negative Theorem is one that de- monstrates the impossibilities of an asser- tion, as, that the sum of two biquadrate numbers cannot make a square. A local Theorem, that which relates to surface, as the triangles of the same base and altitude are equal. General Theorems are those which extend universally to any quantity, with- out restriction. Plane Theorems are such as either T H I ( 911 ) T H R regimental relate to a rectilinear surface, or to one terminated by the circumference of a circle. Solid Theorems are those which con- sider a space terminated by a solid line, that is by any of the three conic sec- tions. Reciprocal Theorems are those whose converse is true. THEORETICAL, (thcorique, Fr.) what appertains to theory. THEORY, (thiorie, Fr.) the specu- lative part of any particular science, in which truths are demonstrated without being perfectly followed. School of Theory. In order to se- cure to the army intelligent and well informed officers, it has been wisely sug- gested, that there should be a school of Military Theory in each regiment. The persons selected for this purpose are to pass an examination before the professors at the Military College, when ever the vicinity of the quarters will allow them to attend. Order of MARIA THERESA, a mi- litary order of knighthood, which was founded and established by the House of Austria, on the 18th of June, 1757, and was distinguished by the name of the reigning queen and empress, being called the Imperial Military Order of Maria Theresa. It was instituted with the view of manifesting the sovereign's approbation of the merits of the army, and of consigning to the latest posterity, a memorial of its good conduct. The 15th regiment of British Light Dragoons, by its singular prowess and good conduct on the 24th of April, 1794, were found worthy of imperial notice and considera- tion. THERMES, Fr. small barges or boats in which persons bathe. There are several upon the river Seine, between the Pont-Neuf and the Pont- Royal, at Paris. There is also one on the river Thames, near Westminster-bridge. THERMOMETER, (thennomitre, Fr.) an instrument for measuring the heat of the air, or of any matter. THERMOSCOPE, (thcrmoscope, Fr.) an instrument by which the degrees of heat are discovered ; a thermometer. Soldie7-'s THIGH figuratively means an empty purse, or, speaking familiarly, ji pair of breeches that sit close and look smooth, because the pockets have no- thing in them. Thighs of a horseman. The effect of the rider's thighs is one of the aids that serves to make a horse work vi- gorously in the manege. Fore Thigh, or arm of a horse, is that part of the fore leg that runs be- tween the shoulder and the knee. THILL, the shafts of a wagon ; hence the horse which goes between the shafts is called the thill-horse, or duller. To THIN, to make less numerous. As to thin the ranks by a heavy dis- charge of ordnance and fire-arms. The French sav, eclaireir les rungs. THIRD point, ) in architecture, is TIERCE point, j the point of section in the vertex of an equilateral triangle. Arches or vaults of the third point, which the Italians call de terzo acuta, are such as consist of two arches of a circle, meeting in an ansjle at the top. A THIRTEEN, a shilling is so called in Ireland ; thirteen pence of that coun- try's currency being only equal to twelve pence English. THOROUGHFARE, a passage with- out any stop or let. THREAD, one of the two compo- nent parts of a screw. It consists of a spiral protuberance, which is wound round a cylinder. To THREATEN, in a military sense, to shew a disposition to attack ; as, the enemy threatened our left wing. Til REE deep. Soldiers drawn up in three ranks, consisting of front, center, and rear, are said to be three deep. It is the fundamental order of the infantry, in which they should always form and act at close order, and for which all their operations and movements are cal- culated. THREES, a term used in the telling- off in a squadron. Banks by Threes, each half squadron told off by threes. THROAT, a well known part of the human frame. An enterprising warrior always takes his enemy by the throat, par la gorge; that is, he disregards mi- nor objects in order to secure some well digested plan, or fortunate occurrence. Throat, or gorge, in architecture, is a sort of concave moulding, wider, but not so deep as a scotia, chiefly used in frames, chambranles, S:c. To THROW, to force any thing from one place to another; thus artil- lerists say to throw a shot or shell, or so many shot or shells are thrown : also to supply, as to throw in succours, &c. THRUST, (bolle, Fr.) hostile attack TIE ( 912 ) T I M with anv pointed weapon, as in fencing. \\ hen one party makes a push with his gword, to wound his adversary with the point, it is called a thrust. To Thrust home, (Liver a fond, Fr.) a term used in fencing. This thrust is used after any parade of tierce, or of half-circle, when the adversary does not throw in a reposte, oris late in doing it. To Thrust carte, (tirer carte, Fr.) The thrust in carte is made after a close disengage, or disengagement. To Thrust tierce, (tirer tierce, Fr.) This thrust differs from the thrust in carte over the arm, only by the position of the hand, which must be reversed ; and it is never used in attacks. To Thrust seconde, (titer seconde, Fr.) the thrust in seconde is commonly done on the following occasion : having parried in tierce, if you perceive that ■your adversary keeps his sword heavy against your's, disengage dexterously under the hilt, reversing the nails down- wards, and make your thrust on the flank ; taking care that your arm be in a perfect opposition, and that your head is inside the thrust. THUMBSTALL, ( couvre-platine, Fr.) a piece of leather which every careful soldier carries with him to secure the lock of his musket from moisture. THUNDERING Legion. This le- gion is said to have saved the whole army, then ready to perish from thirst, by procuring, by their prayers, a very plentiful shower thereon, and at the same time, a furious storm of hail, mixed with lightning and thunder-bolts, on the enemy. This is the account commonly given bv ecclesiastical historians, and the whole history is engraved in bass-re- lievos on the Antonine column. See FuLMINANTE. Neap TIDES, the ebbing, falling, or decreasing tides. Spring Tides, the great and full tides. TIDEGATE. See Sivicn-gate. TIERCE, a thrust in fencing, de- livered at the outside of the body over the arm. TIERCEON, TIERCERET, Fr. in architecture, a cross branch on the out- side of a vault. This applies more par- ticularly to Gothic vaults, where the arches begin to rise in the angles, and join at the <-im rtoises. Le TIERS-efctf, Fr. that state in community which does not belong to the nobility or clergy ; the commonalty. Tf v.ns-point, Fr. the point of section which takes place at the summit of an equilateral triangle, either above or un- der: it is so called, because it is the third point after the two that constitute the base. TIGE, in architecture, a term used by the French, for the shaft, or fust of a column; comprehended between the astragal and the capital. Tige, bois de tige, Fr. forest timber which has reached its highest growth ; also the trunk of a tree. TIGETTE, Fr. in the Corinthian capital, a sort of stalk, generally grooved and ornamented with leaves, whence are derived the volutes and vermicular lines. TIL, ou TILLE, Fr. rind of a young linden tree, out of which cords are made for tracing large plans of build- ings, &c. They are particularly useful on these occasions, because they are not liable to stretch. TILE, in building, a sort of thin, factitious, laminated brick, used on the roofs of houses ; or more properly a kind of clayey earth, kneaded and moulded of a just thickness, dried and burnt in a kiln, like a brick, and used in the co- vering and paving of different kinds of military and other buildings. The best brick earth should only be made into tiles. See Builder's Dictionary. TILLAC, Fr. the orlop; or more ge- nerally the hatches of a ship. Franc Tillac, Fr. the lower deck. TILT, a thrust, or fight with rapiers ; also an old military game. See Tour- nament. TILTER, one who fights, or contests in a tournament. TILTING-flrmowr consisted in general of the same pieces as those worn in war, except that they were lighter and more ornamented. Tilting -lances differed from those used in war, both in their heads and staves ; the heads of tilting lances being blunt, or occasionally tilted with a con- trivance to prevent penetration, called a coronel or cronel,from its resemblance to a crown. TIMARIOT, a Turkish soldier who has a certain allowance made him, for which he is not only obliged to arm, clothe, and accoutre himself, but he must likewise provide a certain number of militia men. The allowance is called Tiraar. The Timariots are under the imme» T I M ( tliate command of the Sangiack or Bey, Recording to their particular distribution. When the Titnariots belonging to Na- tolia do not join the standard, they for- feit a whole year's allowance, which is deposited in a chest, or stock-pnrse, called mankaf'ut. But the Timariots in Europe, or Turkey, are not liable to this fine. When they refuse to serve, they are suspended for two years. The in- come of a Timariot amounts to five thousand aspres, and the Timariots of Hungary have six thousand. When a Hungarian Timariot dies, the Bashaw of Buda has the power of dividing his pro- perty into two parts which is placed to the account of the Ottoman government, and enables it to pay two soldiers. There are different classes among the Timariots : some are called I haulers, some Iseh, and others Bernobets. The Ikmulers are in possession of that species of timar which cannot be divided for the benefit of government, after the decease of the individual. The Isels are subject to a division of property among two or three persons, at the will of the Porte. The Bernobets are in possession of that kind of timar, which may become the property of three or four individuals who serve together, or relieve each other al- ternately, on condition that the one who takes the field enjoys the whole benefit of the timar during his stay with the army. There are many of this kind in IS'atolia. Every thing which appertains to the Turkish cavalrv, known by the name of Topachly, and which is regu- larly clothed, armed, accoutred, and paid by certain officers belonging to the Otto- man empire, out of revenues called maly- mukata, may be ascertained and known under the several appellations of Tima- riots, Zaims, Begliers, and Beglier-bei/s. TIMARS, certain revenues, in Tur- key, growing out of lands which origi- nally belonged to the Christian clergy and nobility, and which the sultans seized, when they conquered the countries they inhabited. By means of these Timars and Zia- mets, the Grand Signor is enabled to support the greatest part of his cavalry. The Timars differ in value. The richest, however, do not exceed twenty thousand aspres annually, which may be considered as equal to about sixty or seventy pounds sterling; and the Ziumets receive full as much. Those v, ho are 913 ) TIM entitled to Timars, are called Timuriots* and those who have Ziumets are named , Zaims. TIMBALE, Fr. a brass kettle-drum, such as is used in the cavalry. French soldiers say figuratively, fuire bouillir la timbale ; to make the pot boil. TLMBAL1ER, Fr. kettle-drummer. TIMBER, in military architecture, includes all kinds of felled and seasoned wood used in several parts of building, &c. TIMBON, Fr. a kind of brass drum. TIMBRE, Fr. helmet; stone trough. TIMBRE, Fr. stamped. The French sav figuratively — Avoir Vesprit mal tim- Ir'c, to want sense ; also to be wrong headed, or have a[ false bias ; also crazy. TIMBRER, Fr. to stamp paper. TIMBREUR, Fr. the person who stamps. TIME, the measure of duration, by which soldiers regulate the cadence of a march ; as ordinary, quick, and quickest- time or step, which see. Double quick Time, a measure now adopted to accelerate the movement of troops. Time, in manoeuvring, the neces" sary interval betwixt each motion in the manual exercise, as well as in every movement of the army, or of any body of men. Time, in fencing. There are threQ kinds of time ; that of the sword, that of the foot, and that of the whole body. AH the times that are perceived out of their measure, are only to be considered) as appels or feints to deceive and amuse the antagonist. Time thrust, in fencing, a thrust given upon any opening which may occur by an inaccurate or wide motion of your adversary, when changing his guard, &c Time. The Lacedemonians were ac- customed to say, that time was the most precious thing in life. Great men, who frequently make use of others, take no note of time; nor make any allowance for the sacrifice of that inestimable thing. Men of sense know its value. Time in marching, prescribed periods, during which a body of armed men is made to go over any given proportion of ground, in quick, ordinary, or slow time. Tiiiz-book. See Book. TiME-ptece, an instrument for the measurement of time, synonimous with clock, watch, and chroxometer. Al- though these exquisite machines are of 6 A T I M ( on ) T 1 R ii!<| .'it nice in naval than in mili- um matters, 9s il is principally 1 by them thai the longitude at sea is ascertained, tli.-v are, nevertheless-, of vei'j consider- able utility in military operations; espe- cially in the practice of artillery; in ascertaining the range of shot and shells, and the distances of places, by the flight of sound, the velocity of whirl), being estimated to be 1142 feet per second, the number of seconds between the flash and report of any gnu ghes the distance of the gun. This instrument was used by the an- cients under the title of Clepsydra, or Water Clock, supposed to have been invented in Egypt under the Ptolemies; in these machines the time was measured by the passage of water through small apertures. It is needless, therefore, to say, their imperfections were very great. The Sam) Glass probably succeeded the Clepsydra, next in point of anti- quity ; but the ancients knew nothing of the application of pendulums, balances, weights, or springs, to the measurement of time. They are the gradual produc- tion of later ages. The first mechanical clocks are believed to have been made about the sixth century, and to have been first introduced into this country in the year 13d!'. Galileo was the first who used a heavy body, suspended by a string, tor the measurement of time; but Huv- gens first applied the pendulum as the regulating organ to a clock. The balance, and balance-spring, applied to watches and chronometers, to answer the same purpose as the pendulum to clocks, is the invention of the celebrated Doctor Jlooke, about the elose of the 17th cen- tury. Since the first construction of clocks and watches, the most ingenious mechanics and artists have employed themselves in refining and improving upon the original construction; but with- out any essential variation as lo the principle of connection between the motive power of the clock or watch, and the pendulum or balance. We find, however, that a patent has lately been taken out by Sir William Congreve, whose mechanical labours we have al- ready had ncoasion to mention, which seems to open a new asra in the science of measuring tame. We shall therefore refer our readers to the specification of ms patent, as published in the Repertory ot Arts, not only as explanatory of the new system invented by bimssHj but as shewing the most important and delicate considerations attaching to the principle of time-keepers in general. TIMING^ in fencing, the accurate and critical throwing in of a cut or thrust upon any opening that may occur, as your adversary changes his position. TIAION, Fr. coach-pole ; shafts of a cart; also the staff or handle (which we call the whip) of the helm, or rudder, ot a ship. TIMONIER, Fr. This word is fre- quently used as a sea term by the French, and signifies helmsman, or steersman, from tin/on, which is applied to the part of the helm he holds. TIMPAN, >a timpan, or timbrel; TYMPAN, \ also a tabor; also the gable end of a house ; also the square frame covered with parchment upon which a printer lays the shdet or leaf that is to be printed. Timpan dc machine, Fr. any hollow wheel, in which one or more persons may move, for the purpose of turning it, such as the great wheel of a crane; also a mill wheel that takes and yields water in turning. Timpan dentclce, Fr. the cog wheel of a mill. TIMPANNE, Fr. the pannel, or Hat square, on the top or head of a pillar. TIN tubes. See Tubus and Labo- ratory. TINDALS, Tnd. native officers em- ployed in the artillery, and in ships. TlNGCES, Fr. small boards of an unequal length, upon which clay is laid, with moss above it, and which serve to cover or fill up the joints and seams of planks belonging to wooden quays, be- hind which they are nailed. TINS* Ft. a sea term. Ship-carpen- ters use it to signify large pieces or blocks of wood which are laid upon the ground, for the purpose of sustaining the keel and the ribs of a vessel whilst it is upon the stocks. To IIP, a term used in farriery, sig- nifying, to guard the hoofs of the fore- feet of a horse, when he is sent to a straw-yard, by covering them with a slight shodding. Till, Fr. in artillery, a term used to express the explosion or discharge of any fire-arm in any given direction. Union, u» ni'juvats tir, a good, a bad shot; or a shot well or ill-directed. La llttorie dc Tik, Fr. the theory or art of firing. T I R ( 915 ) T I 11 Tin prrprndiculaire, Fr. a shot made in a perpendicular direction. Tir oblique, Fr. an oblique shot. Tin a ricochet, Fr. a ricochet shot. Tik rasant, Fr. a grazing shot; or shot made rasant. See Fortification. Tir piongeant, Fr. a downward, or plunging shot. Tir ftchant, Fr. a shot made jichant. See Fortification. TIRADE, Fr. a volley; also of words ; strong remonstrance, either of a reproach- ful or satirical nature. TIRAGE, Fr. the foot-path which is made upon the banks of a canal or river, &c. for men or horses employed in tow- ing barges, &c. TIRAILEER, Fr. to shoot, to keep shooting unskilfully. Among military men, however, this word signifies to shoot, as light armed marksmen do, in a desultory manner, but with specific aim. TIRAILEEUR, Fr. a person who shoots at random. In a strict military sense, one who fires individually, and out of the regular line of fire, tor the purpose of annoying out-posts, recon- noitring parties, &.c. Tirailleurs are likewise riucmen, skirmishers, or marksmen, advanced in front to annoy the enemy, and draw oft" his attention ; or they are left behind to amuse and stop his progress in the pur- suit. In page '262, of the Spirit of the Modern System of War, lately published, with a commentary by C. Malorti de Martemont, French professor at Wool- wich, we find the following account of the origin of these troops: — "What, however," observes the author, " ren- ders this war remarkable, in a military point of view, is, that the first use of tirailleurs may be dated from that period, and that the American soldiery were the first troops employed in that manner." TIRANT, Fr. a sea-term, signifying the quantity of water which a ship draws, technically called the ship's guage. Tirant, Fr. a long iron bar, at the end of which a hole has been made, called an eye, in order to pass an iron- brace. It is used in flood-gates. Tirant, Fr. a long piece of timber or beam, running through the whole extent of a dwelling, which, being fastened at both ends with iron braces, prevents the widening of the under-roof, as well as that of the walls which support it. It is also called entrait. Tirant, Fr. a boot-strap. TIRE are great guns, shot, shells, &c, placed in a regular form. See Piles. TinF.-ballc, Fr. an instrument used by surgeons to extract musket-balls. This word is also used by the French, to ex- press a strong worm, with which bullets* and balls are drawn out, after having been well rammed down. Tir E-bourre, Fr. in artillery, a wad- hook. It likewise signifies a worm to draw the charge out of a musket. TiRE-Jbud, Fr. an instrument which is used among the French to hs. a petard. It likewise means a surgeon's terebra or piercer. TjRE-ligne, Fr. an instrument used in drawing lines; a ruler; a drawing pen. Tn\E-ploi/er, Fr. to discharge ; to un- load. TiRE-bolte, Fr. a boot-strap; a jack or piece of wood, by means of which a boot may be drawn off.« TiRE-bouc/ion, Fr. a cork-screw. Tjre-cIou, Fr. a nail-drawer. TiRL-fienl, Fr. a crooked dung-fork. TIRER, Fr. to shoot; to fire ; to let off. Tiuer, Fr. to pull. Cheval qui tire a la main, a horse that pulls, or bears heavy in hand. Tiuer a boulets routes, Fr. to fire with red hot shot. Tirer le canon, Fr. to fire or discharge pieces of ordnance. Tirer likewise means to move to- wards any place, viz. Apnes la bataille. gagnce, I'armee lira vers uu tel lieu, after the battle had been won, the army moved towards such a quarter. Tjrer clir on doiuze pieds d'eau, Fr. to draw ten or twelve feet water. Tirer a la mer, Fr. to put off to sea. Tirer Vip'ce, Fr. to draw swords; to fight. Tirer Vepce contre son prince, Fr. to rise in open rebellion against one's sovereign. Tirer un homme de prison, Fr. to take a man out of prison. Tirer le plan d'une forteresse, Fr. to draw or take apian ol'a fortress. Tirer uvautnge, Fr. to take advantage. Tirer parti, Fr. to derive advantage. See Parti. Sc Tirer, Fr. to get out or oil'; to extricate oneself. TIR EUR, Fr. shooter. Tireur d'arc, archer. GA2 a game -keeper; a Fr. a bowman ; a a TOI ( 916 ) TOM TiREt'R d'armes, Fr. a fencing-master. TIROLIANS, abody of sharpshooters in the Austrian service. They take their name from the Tyrol, a country in Ger- many, about 150 miles long, and 120 broad. It is rather mountainous, and forms part of the hereditary dominions of Austria. TIRONES. Among the ancient Ro- mans, the Tirones were supernumerary soldiers, who were not enrolled or en- listed, but were regularly sworn when they replaced the superannuated, or dead, belonging to a legion. TISSUE, (tissu, Fr.) in a figurative sense, any regular series or continuation of things, &c. viz. un tissu de grandes actions, a series of great actions. TOCSIN, Fr. an alarm bell. TOD, a certain weight, twenty-eight pounds ; as a tod of wool. TOGA militaris, the dress which was anciently worn, tucked up, by the Ro- man soldiers, when they were quartered in a town. The Sagum was worn in camp. TOIIIE, Ltd. a canoe, TOILE, Fr. canvass. The French say as we do, Vurmie est sous la toilc, the army is under canvass, or is en- camped. TOISE, in military mensuration, is a French measure, containing 6 feet, or a fathom : a square toise is 30" square feet, and a cubical toise is 216 feet. These two measures correspond in the division of the feet ; but these divisions being unequal, it is necessary to observe, that the proportion of the yard, as fixed by the Royal Society in London, to the half toise as fixed by the Royal Academy at Paris, is as 36 tfi 33.355. Toise carrce, Fr. any square extent, having six feet in every sense. Toise cube, Fr. any substance having six feet in length, six ditto in breadth, and six in depth. Toise courunte, Fr. the length of a thing measured by the toise, whose height or breadth is supposed to be every where alike. Toise quarree, ou superficielk, Fr. a surface or superficies containing one fathom, or six feet, in length, upon the same quantity in breadth, the product of which is thirty-six square feet. The French say figuratively, On ne mesure pas les homines a la toise ; the merits of men are not to be estimated by their size of body. Le TOISE, Fr. This word is used in the masculine gender, and signifies in mathematics, the science or art of measuring surfaces and solids, and of re- ducing the measure by accurate calcu- lation. Une affaire Toisee, Fr. a familiar phrase, signifying the tiling is done, all is over. ToisE,FV. ameasure taken by the toise. Toise, Fr. measure of brick-work, in order to ascertain the price and quan- tity of any work done about a building. Toise, du bout d'uvant, Fr. in car- pentry, the enumeration of the pieces of timber belonging to a building, taken from their lengths. TOISER, Fr. to measure by the toise. Toiser, Fr. in a military sense, to take the height of a man, as, toiser un soldat, to take the height of a sfildier; to put him under the standard. The French likewise say, in a figurative sense, toiser son homme, to examine one's man with great attention, in order to find out his merits, or good qualities. TOISEUR, Fr. a measurer; a per- son employed, among the French, in the constructing and repairing of fortifica- tions. TOISON d'or, Fr. the golden fleece. LaToisoN,FV. Theorder of the golden fleece is so called. TOIT, Fr. roof. TOKERY, Ind. a basket made with cane. TOLE, Fr. iron beat into thin plates, such as is used for locks, &c. TOLERATION, (tolerance, Fr.) a suffering, permitting, or allowing of. TOLOQUENO,a sort of dough which the Russian soldier bakes on thin plates of heated iron, and carries with him for subsistence in time of war. TOLP ACHES. See Talpatche. TOMAN, Ind. ten thousand men. TOMAN D, Ind. equal to something more than three guineas. TOMBAC, Fr: pinchbeck. TOMBER, Fr. to fall. Le vent tombe, the wind falls; tomber entre les maim des ennemis, to fall into the hands of enemies. TOMBEREAU, Fr. a dung cart; also tumbrel. TOMBIE, Ind. a wind instrument made in the shape of a globe. TOMPION. See Tampion. TAMSOOK Hazin Zaminee, Ind. a security for personal appeasance. TON ( 917 ) TON TAMTOM, hid. a drum made in the shape of a tambourine. TON de garnison, Fr. a peremptory coarse manner of expressing one-self, wliat we would familiarly term garrison slang. TONDRE, Fr. to shear; shave one's head; cut one's hair; to crop. Se laisser Tondre la laine sur le dos, Fr. figuratively to endure any thing, alluding to the tame and passive nature- of sheep. TONG. See Tenaille. TONG of a wagon, a piece of wood fixed between the middle of the hind ends of the shafts, mortised into the fore cross-bar, and let into the hind cross- bar. TONGUE of a sword, that part of the blade on which the gripe, shell and pum- mel are fixed, A triangular Tongue. The bayonet is figuratively so called from its shape. Its wonderful effect, in peremptorily putting an end to the senseless jargon of contending factions, has sometimes been acknowledged. Cromwell, who was a man of few words, and since him Bonaparte (equally remarkable for his taciturnity) found the application of it wonderfully efficient. Devil's Tongue, a battery so called in Gibraltar. See Colonel Drinkwater's account of the memorable defence of that honorary, but unprofitable spot, to Great Britain. To swallow the Tongue, with horse- men, is said of a horse when he turns it down his throat, which makes him wheez as if he was short winded. Aid of the Tongue, with horsemen, a sort of agreeable clacking, or a certain sound made by the rider, &c. by striking the tongue against the roof of the mouth, when he would animate the horse, sus- tain him, and make him work well in the manage. TONNAGE, Fr. a word adopted from our term tonnage. Tonnage, a custom or impost due for merchandize, brought or carried in tons, from or to other nations, after a cercain rate in every ton ; also on vessels car- rying passengers. It was formerly a partial duty laid upon the English pack- ets between Dover and Calais, in 1801 and 1802; but by a retaliatory act in 1815, it is now a general one. Tonnage. The usual method of find- ing the tonnage of any ship is by the following rule : — Multiply the length of the keel by the breadth of the beam, and that product bv half the breadth of the beam ; and divide the last pro- duct by 94, and the quotient will be the tonuage. Ship's keel 72 feec: breadth of beam- '24 feet. 72 x 21 X 12 94 ■=220 - G tonnage. The tonnage of goods and stores is taken sometimes by weight and some- times by measurement; and that method is allowed to the vessel which yields the most tonnage. — In tonnage by weight, 20 cwt. make 1 ton. — In tonnage by measurement, 40 cubic feet equal 1 ton. — All carriages, or other stores, to be measured for tonnage,are taken to pieces, and packed in the manner which will occupy the least room on board ship. — All ordnance, whether brass or iron, is taken in tonnage by its actual weight. — Musket cartridges, in barrels or boxes, all ammunition in boxes, and other articles of great weight, are taken in tonnage ac- cording to their actual weight. The following is the tonnage allowed to the military officers of the ordnance embarked for foreign service, for their camp equipage and baggage : — For a field officer - 5 tons. For a captain - - 3 do. For a subaltern - If do. TONNE, Fr. a tun : it likewise sig- nifies, a large cask or vessel which is used for stores and ammunition. Tonne, Fr. a marine term ; the same as bonce, whence our word buoy, a large machine in the shape of a barrel, which is kept afloat by a cable and anchor in order to point out a sand bank, rock, ?cc. in the sea, and to warn navigators not to approach. TONNEAU, Fr. ton. The French ton, in shipping, contains about three muids and a half, French measure, or twenty-eight cubic feet, and weighs 2000 pounds ; so that when we say a vessel carries three hundred tons, we mean that it carries three hundred times the value of 2000 pounds weight, that is, 600,000 pounds, and to that end, the sea water which would fill up the space occupied by the ship, in its sinking or immersion, weighs exactly as much as the ship and its cargo put together. TONNEAUX Meurtriers, Fr. casks which are bound together with ropes, or circled round by iron hoops, and are filled with gunpowder, pebbles, &c. TOP ( 018 ) TOP The particular method in which these i are prepared may bo seen in torn, ii. page 218, Dm (Eiwres Militaires. TO.WKI.LOX, Fr. a drawbridge, which was used by the ancients, in order to pet suddenly over the ibsse upon the walls of a besieged place. TONNERRE, Fr. that part of a piece of ordnance, or fire-arm, wherein the charge is deposited. TOOkSt AVARS, Ind. the vizier's body of cavalry. TOOLS, used in war, are ef many denominations and uses, as laboratory tools, mining tools, artificers tools, &c. ■which see. TOOP, Ind. a small wood or grove. Toop e 11 alia, Ind. a person who wears a hat. Toop Conna, Tnd. the place where the guns are kept. S//e//-TOOTIIED. See Shell. TOPARCHj (loparqve, Fr.) the prin- cipal man in a place. TOPARCHY, (toparcMe,¥r.) super- intendance ; command in a district. TOPASS, hid. This name was ori- ginally given by the natives of India to a native Portugueze soldier, on ac- count of his wearing a hat. It is now generally used to distinguish all Euro- peans. 'I'OP-beam, the same as collar beam; in building, a beam framed across be- tween two principal rafters. TOPEYS, Fr. the cannomers belong- ing to a Turkish army are so called. 'l\)PGI-Bachi, grand master of the Turkish artillery. This appointment is one of the most important situations in the gift of the Porte. It is generally bestowed upon a relation to the Grand Signor, or upon a favourite to the Grand Vizier. The name is derived from Top, which, in the Turkish language, signifies can- non, and from Bach, which means lord, chief or commandant. The next person in command to the Topgi-Bachi is called Dukigi-Bachi, or Master of the Topgis, who are both | cannoneers and founders. The latter are paid every month by a commissary of their own, whom they call Kiatib. TOPGIS, sometimes written Topchis, a name generally used among the rmks to signify all persons employed in the casting of camion, and who are afterwards appointed to the guns. It is here necessary to observe, that, on ac- count of the vast extent of the Ottoman empire, the Turks do not attach much heavy ordnance to their armies, especially when they carry on their operations from one frontier to another. This is owing to the scarcity of draught horses, and to the natural obstacles of the country. So that they seldom carry into the held above eight or twelve pounders. But when it is their design to form arty considerable siege, they load camels with all the materials requisite for cast- ing cannon. A certain number of Topgis accompany them, and the instant the army takes up its quarters near to the spot where the attack is to be made, they set to work, and make pieces of ordnance of every species of calibre or bore. The Turkish cannon is extremely beautiful and well cast. The ornamen- tal parts consist of plants, fruits, &c. for it is expressly forbidden in the Al- coran to give the representation of any human figure upon fire-arms, particu- larly upon pieces of ordnance ; the Turks being taught to believe, that God would order the workman to give it life, or would condemn him to eternal punish- ment. The Turks are very aukward in con- structing platforms for their batteries, and are almost ignorant of the art of pointing their pieces. From a conscious- ness of their deficiency on this head, they encourage Christian artillerymen and engineers to come amongst them ; but until the late war they seldom viewed them but with a jealous eye, and always gave the preference torenagadoes. General Koehler, with a few British officers belonging to the train, joined their army in 1801, tor the purpose of acting against Egypt. TOPH, among surgeons, a kind of swelling in the bones. TOPOGRAPHER, a person skilled in ground and locality, &c. TOPOGRAPHY.* In military history, a description or draught of some par- ticular place, or small tract of land, as that of a fortification, city, manor or tenement, garden, house, castle, fort, or the like; such as engineers set out in their drawings, for the information of their prince or general. Hence a Topo- graphical Chart — Carte Topogruphique . Topography constitutes, very deservedly, a principal branch of study at the Royal Military College or School, and is an indispensible quality in officers belong- ing to the Staff Corps. TOR C 919 ) T O S TOQUE, Fr. a velvet cap with the ?ides turned up, and flat at the top. T lie Cent Suisses, or the King's Swiss bodv guard, wore the toque during the old French monarchy. TOR, a tower, or turret TORCHENESS, (to,chc-nez, Fr.) a long stick wiih a hole at the end or it, through which a strap of leather may be run; the two ends whereof being tied together, serve to straiten closely, and tie up a horse's nose, as long as the stick is stayed upon the halter or snaffle. This is done to keep the horse from being unruly when he is dressed, &c. TORCHES, (corchcs, Fr.) in military matters, are lights used at sieges, ecc. They are general iy made of thick ropes, &c. Torches inexlinguibles, Fr. particular lights or torches, which are made for the use and convenience of workmen at a siege, and which are not extinguished by wind or rain. Torches, Ft: in masonry, wads of straw which are used by the workmen in conveying stones that have been dressed, to prevent their sides or edges from being injured. Also wisps or wads of straw, which women place upon their heads, when tiiev carry burthens. TORCHIERE, Fr'.a high stand upon which a chandelier is placed, to adorn and give light in rooms of state. M. Blondel has given some curious draw- ings of this sort of ornament, at the end of the second volume of his work emituled Decoration desFdijlces. Riche- let and other authors write the word torchere. TORCH IS, Fr. naud; clay; also clay mixed with chopped straw, with which the walls of barns, cottages, ccc. are usually made. him. , This punishment was confined to slaves. La Question, among the French, was an imitation of this barbarous practice; with this difference, that it was extended to all ranks and degrees, to answer the views of despotism and tyranny. It ceased at the Revolution iu 1789. TORNADO, a Portugueze word, which is used on the southern coasts of Africa, to express furious whirlwinds that are often fatal to mariners and sea- men. Dr. Johnson calls it generally, a hurricane; a whirlwind. TORSE, Fr. This word means, lite- rally, twisted. In architecture, it sig- nifies a pillar, the body of which, or the part between the base and the capital, is surrounded with concave and convex circular lines. TORSEL. See Tassel. TORTILLIS, ou Vermkule, Fr. in ar- chitecture, a sort of ornament which is cut upon the embossment of stones in rustic decorations, and which resembles worm-work in cloth. TORTOISE. SeeTESTUDo. TORTS, Fr. See Wrongs. I Avoir des Torts reels vis-a-vis de quelqu'un, Fr. to be completely in the wrong with respect to another person ; or to have done him some serious in- jury, without any justifiable cause. TORTUE, Fr. literally means tor- toise. It likewise signifies the testudo, a warlike machine which was used among the ancients. Tortue d'houunes, Fr. a particular formation which was formerly adopted by the besieged, when they made a sor- tie. Tortce de mer, Fr. a sort of vessel which has its deck raised in such a manner, that it resembles the roof of TORCULARIS, with surgeons, a con- a house, or the shell of a turtle, beneath trivance for stopping the flux of blood in amputation. TORE, Fr. See Torus. TORLAQUI, a sort of priest in Turkey. TORMENTUM, an instrument of torture, which was used by the ancient Romans, when they had reason to sus- pect the fidelity or honesty of a slave. The delinquent was tied to a wheel, by his neck; having his legs and arms fastened on it in the form of St. An- drew's cross. The wheel was then put in rapid motion, and continued so, until some confession was extorted from which soldiers and passengers may con- veniently stand or sit with their bag- gage iu bad weather. TORTURE, rack, extreme torment or pain; a punishment which has been frequently resorted to abroad to exact confessions of guilt, but it is not known in Great Britain. TORUS, in architecture, a large round moulding used in the bases of columns. TOSCAN, Fr. See Tuscan Order. TOSHA couna, Ind. store-room, ward- robe. TOSTE, Fr. a rowing bench in a T O IT ( $20 ) T O U boat. It is likewise called Toste de I '.halottpe. TOTALITE, Fr. the whole; as La tola/itc de la cavalerie, the whole of the cavalry. TOUCHER, Fr. to touch. The French say — Toucher srs appointemens, to touch, or receive one's pay, or allow- ances. TOUCll-holc, the vent through which the fire is conveyed to the powder in the chamlier of a gun. TOUEUX, Fr. small anchors used for the purpose of towing any thing along. They also called ancres de tou- agc, or towing anchors. TOUR, turn. That which is done by succession. Tour of duty. The tour of duty, throughout the British army, is always from the eldest downwards. The fol- lowing are the different heads of duty, and the ranks in which they respectively stand. 1. The King's guard. 2. The guards of the royal family. 3. The Commander in Chief's guard army and 4. Detachments of the out-posts. - 5. General officer's guard. ti. The ordinary guards in camp and garrison. 7. Pickets. R. Courts-martial. 9. Fatigues, or duties which are done without arms. Tour bastionnie, Fr. a small bastion, with subterraneous passages under it, which are bomb proof, where cannon is placed to defend the pass of a fortified place. Tour a feu, Fr. a light house. Tour de treuil, Fr. a large wooden cylinder, roll, or axle tree, which is used in machines for raising weights, and is moved by a wheel, or by levers with a rope going round it. Tours de baton, Fr. by-profits. Tours mobiles, Fr. moveable towers. These were made use of in remote ages; and although the invention of them has been attributed by some to the Greeks, and by others to the Ro- mans, it does not belong to either; for we read of moveable towers in Ezekiel. The curious may derive much infor- mation on this head from the Chevalier Folard, in his translation of Polybius, page 530, torn. ii. See Moveable Tow- ers. Tours isolees, Fr. detached towers; such as are made in forts, or stand upon the coast to serve for light houses. Tours territres, Fr. large pieces of wood, which are used in mechanical operations, to convey or remove heavy burthens. La TOURBE menue, Fr. the common people; the rabble. TOUR BILLON, Fr. whirlwind; vor- tex. The French likewise call a water- spout by this name. Tourbillon defeu, Fr. SeeSoLEiL Montant. TOURELLE, Fr. a turret. TOURILLON, J'V. a sort of pivot, upon which the swipes of drawbridges, and other machines, turn ; also an in- ner verril ; also a thick round piece of iron which is fixed at the bottom of the gates in coach houses, and at the ends of the axle trees of a mill wheel, to make them move more conveniently, and with less friction. Tourillon du bran, Fr. the head or top of the arm where it is joined with the shoulder blade. TOURET, Fr. a drill or instrument with which holes are made in metal, &c. ; also the chain which is at the end of the cheek of a bitt. TOURILLONS. See Trunnions. TOURMENTE, Fr. a violent storm. TOURNAMENT, from the old French word tournoi, which is derived from tourner, to turn. An exercise of honour formerly practised, wherein princes and gentlemen afforded speci- mens of their dexterity and courage in public places, by entering the lists and encountering all opposers. They were well mounted on horseback, clad in ar- mour, and accoutred with lance and sword : first tilted at one another, and then drew their swords and fought hand to hand. These exercises being designed to make the persons, who practised them, expert in the art of war, and also to eutertain the court, the arms were, in a great measure, rendered so far inno- cuous, that they could not kill the com- batants. For this purpose, the points of the lances and swords were broken off; but notwithstanding this precau- tion, frequent mischief occurred ; in consequence of which, the Pope pro- hibited all sorts of tournaments, under pain of excommunication. Tournaments' had their origin from T O U ( 921 ) TOW the ancient gladiatory combats, and not from the usage of the northern people, as is commonly believed. In Cicero's time, they were called by the Greek name, Anabatis; because their helmet, in a great measure, obstructed their see- ing. TOURNE a gauche, Fr. a tool used by carpenters, masons, and other arti- sans, in turning screws, saws, ccc. TOURNEE, Fr. a circuitous journey made for the purpose of inspection, ccc. Le general Jit une Tournee pour examiner les avant pastes, Fr. the gene- ral went round to examine the out- posts. TOURNER, Fr. to turn. In military matters it signifies to get upon the flank, or in the ivar, of any object you propose to attack. Tourner un ouvrage, Fr. in forti- fication, to turn a work. This is effected by cutting off its communication with the main body of the place, and taking possession of the gorge. Tourner le jlanc, to turn the flank; tourner Vaile droite, ou Vaile gauche, to turn the right or left wing; tourner un paste, une mon- tagne, to get into the rear of a post, mountain, ccc. TOURNEVENT, Fr. a sort of pent- house or portal set before a door to keep off the wind; also a kind of move- able horse at the top of a chimney, or house ; or what is generally called a cowl. TOURNEVIRE, Fr. a large cable with which the anchor is weighed. TOURNEVIS, Fr. the key of a Screw. TOURNIQUET, Fr. a turnstile; it likewise signifies a swivel, or iron ring. Tourniquet, Fr. among artificers, a species of firework composed of two fusees, which, when set fire to, pro- duces the same effect as the soleil tour- nunt. Tourniquet, (tourniquet, Fr.) in surgery, an instrument made of rollers, compresses, screws, ccc. for compressing any wounded part, so as to stop haemor- rhages. The common tourniquet is very sim- ple, consisting only of a roller, which, with the help of a small stick, serves to stop the etfusion of blood from large arteries, in amputation, by forcibly tying up the limb. The things required in this operation are, a roller of a thumb's breadth, and of an ell in length; a small cylindrical stick, a conglomerated bandage, two fingers thick and four long; some compresses of a good length, and about three or four fingers' breadth, to surround the legs and arms, and a square piece of strong paper or leather, about four fingers wide. By the regu- lations published in 1799, for the better management of the sick in regimental hospitals, every surgeon, and assistant surgeon, is directed to have, among other surgical instruments, a certain number of tourniquets; and Serjeants, ccc. are to be taught the method of using them. In May, 1793, two tourniquets were directed to be sent to each regiment, the rest are to he made by the men of the regiment; and besides one to each person, who will be taught the use of it, it is necessary to have four for every hundred men. The non-commissioned officers, band, and drummers of every regiment, are to be taught the manner of applying it, according to instructions sent down from the surgeon general's department. Tourniquets cle fer, Fr. swivels; such as loop and swivel, guard and swivel. TOURNOIS, Fr. tournament. TOURTEAU goudronn'e, Fr. old rope which is untwisted, steeped in pitch or tar, and afterwards left to dry. It is used in fosses and other places during a siege. The French make the tourteau goudronne in the following manner. — Take 12 pounds of tar or pitch, six ditto of tallow or grease, which put to three pints of linseed oil, and boil the whole together. You then take old matches, or twisted pieces of rope of any length you want, and let them soak in the boiling liquor. If you wish to prevent them from burning too fast, add six pounds of resin and two of turpentine. TOURTOUSE, Fr. a rope about a criminal's neck. TOUT le monde huut, Fr. a French word of command at sea, which corre- sponds with our sea phrase, Pipe all hands up ! Tout le monde has, Fr. a French word of command at sea, which corresponds with, Pipe ! all hands down. Toute voice, Fr. the utmost distance to which a ball can be shot. Hirer a Toute voice, Fr. to raise the piece so as to make the shot go as fac as possible. To TOW, (toner, Fr.) a sea-term, G B T O W ( 922 ) T II A signifying to put along, which is done either by Fastening a cable or rope to some fixed point on the bank of a river, or to an anchor in the sea, and dragging yourself towards it by straitening the rope round a capstan. TOWER, (tour, Fr.) any high build- ing raised above another, consisting of several stories, usually of a round form, though sometimes square or polygonal: a fortress, a citadel. Towers are built for fortresses, prisons, &c. as the tower of the Bastille, which was destroyed by the inhabitants of Paris, July 14th, 1789. The Tower of London, commonly Called The Tower; a building with five Small turrets, at different angles, above it, situated on the banks of the river Thames. The Guards usually do duty in it. The Tower of London is not only a citadel (o defend and command the city, river, &c. but it is also a royal palace, where the kings of England, with their courts, have sometimes lodged; a royal arsenal, wherein are stored arms and ammunition for 60,000 soldiers; a trea- sury for the jewels and ornaments of the crown; a mint for coining money; the archive, wherein are preserved all the ancient records of the courts of Westminster, &c. and the chief prison for state delinquents. The officers be- longing to the Tower of London consist of 1 constable and chief go- ) vernor at - - - - J 1 lieutenant governor, at 1 deputy lieutenant, at 1 major, at - - - - - 1 chaplain, at - - - - 1 gentleman porter, at 1 gentleman gaoler, at 1 physician, at - - - - 1 surgeon, at - - - - 1 apothecary, 1 yeoman porter TowER-bastions, in fortification, are small towers made in the form of bas- tions, by M. Vauban, in his second and third method; with rooms or cellars underneath to place men and guns in them. Martcllo Towers. See Martello. Moveable Towers, in ancient military history, were three stories high, built with large beams, each tower was placed on tour wheels, or trucks, and towards the town covered with boiled leather, to guard it from fire, and to resist the per unn. 1000 700 365 182 10 151 13 4 84 6 o 70 182 10 45 12 6 darts; on each story 100 archers were posted. They were pushed with the force of men to the city wall. From these the soldiers, placed in the different stages, made such vigorous discharges, thai none of the garrison dared to shew themselves on the rampart. TOWN, any walled collection of houses, from the Saxon, meaning any enclosed place. Tow x-Adjulant, an assistant to the town-major. See Adjutant. TowN-Mia;or, (major de place, Fr.) an officer constantly employed about the governor or officer commanding a gar- rison, ckc. He issues the orders to the troops, and reads the common orders to fresh troops when they arrive. He com- mands according to the rank he had in the army ; but if he never had any oilier commission than that of town or fort- major, he is to command as youngest captain. TRABAND, a trusty brave soldier in the Swiss infantry, whose particular duty was to guard the colours and the captain who led them. He was armed with a sword and a halbert, the bladt of which was shaped like a pertuisan. He generally wore the colonel's livery, and was excused all the duties of a sen^ try. His pay was eight deniers mort than the daily subsistence of the coup- pany. TRABE d'un ancre, Fr. the beam or staff of an anchor. TRABE A, (trubce, Fr.) a white gown bordered with purple, and adorned with clavi or trabere of scarlet. See Kennett, Rom. Antiq. page 313. TRABEATION, (trabcalion, Fr.) the same as entablement or entablature. TRABOUR, a species of fire-arm re- sembling a blunderbuss, with a verv wide muzzle, carrying ten or twelve small pistol balls; used by the Austrians. in 1760. Wamery speaks of this fire- arm, but observes, at the same time, that the Prussians never perceived any effect produced by it. TRACE, Fr. This word is used, by the French, in fortification, as a sub- stantive; thus, It trace d'un onvrage, the plan or drawing of a work. TRACER, Fr. to chalk out; describe; to trace. Tracer en grand, Fr. to chalk out or draw a large plan; or to draw the full dimensions of a column, or any other piece of architecture. T R A ( 925 ) TRA Tracer au simbleau, Fr. to chalk out with a tracing cord according to various given centers, upon a plan or model, ellipses, elliptic arches, winding of stair- cases, curves, ike. in order to make the figures larger hereafter with a compass. TRACERET, Fr. a small instrument of sharp iron, with which carpenters mark and point wood. TRACES, the harness by which beasts of draught are enabled to move bodies to which they are yoked. When horses are put to, very parti- cular attention should be given to the traces. They must be even, and the in- side traces should always be somewhat shorter than the outside ones, in order to keep the horses' heads together, and by throwing out their haunches, to pre- vent the traces or pole of the carriage from galling them. TRACTRIX, in geometry, a curve line, called also catenaria. TRADE, according to Johnson, occu- pation; particular employment, whether manual or mercantile, distinguished from the liberal arts; or learned professions. Among the French, the word metier, which corresponds literally with trade, is applied to arts and learned profes- sions, as metier de la guerre, the science or art of war. With us, as the learned lexicographer very justly states, trade is not expressive of any liberal art, science, or profession, TRAFFICK, trade or commerce; sale or exchange of goods. A TRAFFICKER, a trader ; a person who deals in the sale or exchange of goods, &C. : as, a trafficker in army com- missions, &c. TRAGULA, a javelin, with a bar- bed head. It was used among the an- cients, and the wound, occasioned by it, was extremely dangerous. It is sup- posed to he the same as Jaculum amen- tatum, or a javelin fastened with some- thing, (such as a strap or string,) so that it might be drawn back by the thrower. TRAGULA RII, soldiers among the Romans, who shot arrows out of cross- bows, or threw barbed javelins. TRAHISQN, Fr. treason. Haute Trahison, Fr. high treason. Tuer en Trahison, Fr. to kill in a treacherous manner. TRAIL, in uunnery, the end of a travelling carriage, opposite to the wheels-, and upon which the carriage slides when unlimbered, or upon the bat- tery. See Carriages. To Trail literally means to draw along the ground. In military matter? it signifies, to carry the firelock in an oblique forward position, with the butt just above the ground. Hence Trail Arms, a word of command for that purpose. This practice is certainly un- necessary; and we believe only in use amongst us. Indeed it must be obvious to common sense, that when troops are marching through a wood with trailed arms, they must be exposed to a variety of accidents; especially where there is underwood. TRAILLE, Fr. a large flat-bottomed boat to cross wide rivers in. It is also called pont-volant ; which see. TRAIN, (train, Fr.) in a military sense, all the necessary apparatus, im- plements of war, such as cannon, &c. that are required at a siege or in the field. Train of Artillery, (truin d'artil- lerie, Fr.) in a general sense, means the regiment of artillery; it also includes the great guns, and other pieces of ord- nance belonging to an army in the field. See Artillery. Train, (trainee, Fr.)in mining, a line of gunpowder laid to give fire to a quan- tity thereof, which has been lodged for the purpose of blowing up earth, works, building, ike. Train is also used to denote the at- tendants of a prince or general, upon many occasions. TRAiN-6a«(/s,or trained-bands, a name formerly given to the militia of London ; out of which the 3d regiment, or old Buffs, were originally formed. Field-T rais, a body of men, con- sisting chiefly of commissaries and con- ductors of stores, which belong to the Royal Artillery. Field Train. See Artillery. Wagon-TRAW, a body of men which formerly belonged to the ordnance, but has since been made a sort of regular corps, divided into troops, for general service. Le Train de guerre, Fr. warfare. Train, Fr. in navigation, a sort of timber-raft, composed of several pieces of wood, which are tied together, and made to flout upon rivers. TRAIXE, Fr. a term among French sailors and soldiers at sea, signifying a thin rope, or rather packthread, to which thev tie their linen; leaving it to float * ' 6B3 T R A ( 921 ) T II A or be dragged through the waves until it) pay ; as, traitement de cinq cficlins par jour, an allowance of live shillings per diem. TRAITOR, (traitrc, Fr.) a betrayer of his king and country ; one who is guilty of high treason. Tacitus says, it was usual among the ancient Germans to tie traitors and deserters to trees, and to let. them die suspended from them. TRAITS, Fr. drag-ropes, &c. used in the artillery. This word is also generally used by the French, to signify all sorts of arrows, darts, javelins, &c. that are cast out of bows, or thrown from the hand. TRAJET. See Ferry. TRAME, Fr. a plot. Trame de la vie, Fr. the thread of life. TRAMER, Fr. to plot; to enter into a conspiracy. TRAMMEL, an iron moving instru- ment in chimnies, upon which a pot is hung over the fire. Trammel, a machine for teaching a horse to amble. TRAMMELLED. A horse is said to be trammelled that has blazes, or white marks, upon the fore and hind feet on one side; as the far foot before and behind. TRAMONTAINE, Fr. The north wind in the Mediterranean is so termed by the French. It is so called, because it blows beyond the hills that are near Rome and Florence. The French say figuratively, perdrc la tramontuine, to be at a loss. This word comes from the Italian tramontana, signifying the north. The French say perdre la tramontuine, literally, to lose the north, or the means of directing the vessel by the magnetic needle. Une ep'ced afea.rTRANCHANS, Fr. a two-edged sword. THAN CHANT, Fr. cutting. Couleurs TRANCHANTES, Fr. glaring colours. TRANCHEE, Fr. See Trench. Tranchee double, Fr. a double trench, one side of which serves as a traverse to the other; by which means they are mutually covered from a re- verse or enfilade firing. Tranchee d crochet, Fr. a bending trench, or one in the shape of a hook. This species of trench is found where the line turns, at the extremities of the places of arms, and at the ends of the cavaliers. is clean Train r, Fr. This word is used va- riously by the French, in conjunction with other words, viz. Traw E-malheur, Fr. a miserable wretch. TRAiNE-/)o^?jce, Fr. a villain ; a gal- lows-looking fellow. Trai nr-rapicre, Fr. a bully; a hec- toring fellow. TRAINEAU, Fr. See Dray. TRAINEAUX, Fr. several pieces of wood made in the form of a large sledge, upon which pieces of ordnance and stores, &c. are conveyed to the rampart, and brought from one place to another. TRAINEE, Fr. a train, a certain length, or space, which is filled with gun- powder, for the purpose of setting fire to same particular spot or place. TRAINER en platre, Fr. in architec- ture, to make a cornice, or any other moulding with a wooden bore, which is cut according to the profile that may be wanted; and then drawn repeatedly up and down, the whole thickness of the profile, which is covered with very fine clear plaster, until the cornice has ob- tained a thorough consistency, and taken the form that is wanted. TRAIN EURS, Fr. stragglers, men who on a march lag behind, and thereby occasion a loose and unconnected ap- pearance in the line of march. It is the duty of the rear guard to pick up all stragglers, and to report them to head- quarters. Tuaineur d'epie, Fr. a parasite; a man who has never done a day's duty, but wears a sword aud looks big; a bully. TRAIT, Fr. in a general sense, any line drawn to form a figure of whatso- ever description. Trait corrompti, Fr. a line which is simply drawn by the hand without the aid of a compass, differing from the re- gular figures of geometry. Trait quarre, Fr. aline, which inter- secting another perpendicularly, and at right angles, makes the angles square. Trait biais, Fr. a line which inclines upon another, or is drawn diagonally in a figure. Cheval de. Trait, Fr. draught horse. TRAITE, Fr. a treaty. Traite public, Fr. an act, or treaty, which is made for the public, or nation «t lame. TRAITEMENT, Fr. allowance or T R A ( 925 ) T R A Tranchee directe, Fr. a trench which] of the transfer, it falls to give a man to is carried, or run out in a straightforward J the said troop; and a troop so giving a direction, and which serves to shut up any spot whence you might be enfiladed. Tranchee tournante, Fr. a trench which is carried round a work, that is or may be attacked. Of this description is the glacis, or the head of the trench. Tranchee (retours de la), Fr. See Rexours. Tranchee, Fr. in architecture, an opening which is made in the ground, dug deep and square, to lay the founda- tion of a building ; or carried length- ways, in order to place leaden or iron pipes, or for the purpose of planting trees. Tranchee de mur, Fr. a long open- ing which is made in a wall for the pur- pose of receiving partition potts or laths. It also signifies a notch or jag in a line or chain of stone, on the outside of a wall, in order to enclose in it the iron brace of the head-beam of a door, and then cover it with plaster. Depots de la Tuanchee, Fr. places where tools and materials necessary for a siege are collected together and lodged. TRANCHEES, Fr". gripes; as gripes in horses. TRANCHEFILE, Fr. the cross-chain of a bridle that runs along the bit-mouth from one branch to the other. TRAl^CllE-)nontagne, Fr. a hector, a bully, a swaggering coward. TRANSFERS. Soldiers taken out of one troop, or company, and placed in another, are so called. When a man is transferred from one troop to another, his own horse is to go with him (unless it be of a different colour from those of which the troop into which he goes is composed) but not his arms, nor any of his accoutrements, excepting his belts; and if the troop re- ceiving such man, finds out that he has not been transferred with his own horse, the commanding officer of it must im- mediately make his complaint to the officer commanding the regiment. The transfers are to be entered in the ge- neral, and troop, or company registers, as soon as they take place, so that no mistake may arise from delay. Whenever a troop receives a man as a non-commissioned officer, or for any other reason, the troop that transfers, if it does not receive a non-commissioned officer in return, must receive a man from the troop, on which, in the course man, must set apart its non-commis- sioned officers, officers' servants, and four men, including its lance corporals, if it has any ; out of the remainder, the other captain chuses. It ought to be generally observed, that the most convenient period at which transfers should be made, is the 24th day of each month. TRANSFIXED, an ancient term used to express the state of being desperately wounded by some pointed instrument, as being run through by a spear, javelin, or bayonet, &c. TRANSFUGE, Fr. from the Latin iransfuga, a turn-coat, a deserter, a run- away, one who abandons his party, in time of war, and goes over to the enemy. It also signifies, generally, any person that is guilty of tergiversation in private or public life. A French author has made the following distinction between un transfuge et un diserteur, which terms have been considered as synoni- mous. A man may be looked upon as a transfuge, or turncoat, although he should not go over to the enemy of the party which he abandons When the well-known Count de Saint-Germain left France, and sought military employment under the King of Denmark, he was most unquestionably a transfuge, or de- serter, from his country; and when he again suddenly returned to France, on the commencement of hostilities with Denmark, and became minister of the war department, he was equally looked upon in the same light. For it is a known truth, that to quit, abruptly, the service of any state or king, by which an individual has been paid, for the direct purpose of fighting under the banners of his adversary, not only implies de- sertion, but justifies the imputation of treachery ; but it must be allowed, that that is a man's country, where he has been well received, and to which he has pledged his life and talents. There are certainly shades of difference in the manner, and hi the motive, of quitting one party for another. It is, however, necessary to observe, that Count Saint- Germain sent in his resignation, and re- turned the cross of St. Louis previous to his entering into the Danish service, and Count Lany;allerie, a French general-offi- cer, went abruptly from the French army , in Italy to the Austrian army, and served T R A ( 926 ) T R A in the same capacity the day after his desertion. Count Bonneval did the same from the Austrian to the Turkish service. Arnold left the American ser- vice to come to the British, and General Lee left the British for the American. The best proof that Count de St. Ger- main was not in disgrace for quitting the service, is the fact, that previous to his being made minister at war by Louis the XVIth, he enjoyed from Louis the XVth, a pension of 10,000 livres per annum. The celebrated Eugene of Savoy, for instance, may be considered as a trans- fugc, but certainly with less reproach or disgrace than must be attached to Saint Germain; since the latter quitted France from peevishness, and unjustifiable dis- gust ; whereas Prince Eugene (who had never received any commission in the French army, but was, on the contrary, rejected, with disdain, by Louis the XIV r th, when he applied for service) was graciously received by the Emperor of Germany, and remained attached to Austria, which became his country, dur- ing the remainder of his life. There were instances of both kinds, during our contest with the alienated colonies of America, which might be brought in illustration of this article. The French say proverbially, on huit les transfuges plus que les ennemis mime, one hates a tran sfuge, or a turn-coat, more than the enemies themselves. TRANSMUTATION, in geometry, the reducing, or changing, owe body into another of the same solidity, but of a different figure; as a triangle into a square; a pyramid into a parallelo- piped, ccc. TRANSOMS, in artillery, pieces of wood v\ tuch join the cheeks of gun- carriiiges; there is but one in a truck- carriage, placed under the -trunnion- holes; and four in a wheel-carriage, the trail, the centre, the bed, and the breast transoms. TRANSOM-p/a/gSi with hooks. There is one on each side of the side- piect , iost each end of the transom, the bed-transom excepted, fastened by two ti ansom bolts. n-om -/*///, with bars. They serve to tie tine side-pieces to the transom. I ransom, in buylding, a piece that is Irani . , i hie window light. TH \ iSfittATION, Fr. This, word is used I.; the French in hydraulics, to signify the oozing of water through the pores of the earth. It often happens, in digging a canal through sandy ground, that the transpirations, or oozings, are so plentiful as not to leave water enough for the intended purposes of navigation. This occurred at New Brisack, when a canal was dug in order to convey materials for its fortifications. The waters having been let in, the whole body was absorbed in the space of twenty-four hours. This evil, or in- convenience, can, however, be reme- died; as may be seen in the fourth volume of Belidor's Architecture Hy- draulique. TRANSPORT, (vaisseau de trans- port, Fr.) a vessel in which soldiers are conveyed on the sea. TKANSPORT-ioarrf, an office in Can- non Row, Westminster, which was created by the late Mr. Pitt, at the commencement of the French war in 1793, but has been abolished in 18 IG, and the building changed into the Foreign Ollice. TRANSPORTATION, the act of banishing, or sending away, a criminal into another country. The number of convicts transported to Botany Bay has, of late years, in- creased so much, that regular regiments are sent from Europe to do garrison dutv in that quarter of the globe. TRANSPOSTER, Fr. to transfer, to remove, to change the situation of any thing. Thansposter les files et les rungs dHun bataillon duns les evolutions, Fr. to change fi les or ranks in military evo- lutions. To countermarch any given number of men so as to place the right where the left stood, and make the front rank take the ground that was occupied by the rear, with a different aspect. See Countermarch. When the countermarch is effected on the centre, or by a central conver- sion, the French use the phrase, fai re Ic moulinet, from the similarity of move- ment round a central point ; moulinet signifying capstan, turnstile, &c. TRANSVERSE, going across from the right to the left. TRAP. See Ambush, Strata- gem, &c. TUAPE, IV. a falling door. TRAPEZE, Fr. See Trapezium. TRAPEZIUM, a quadrilateral, or square figure, whose four sides and angles are unequal, and no sides arc parallel. T R A ( 927 ) T R A TRAPEZOID, (trcpezoide, Fr.) a figure in geometry, which is formed by the circumvolution of a trapezium, in the same manner that a cylinder is by that of a parallelogram. TRAPPINGS. See Housings. TRATTES, IV. the several beams and long pieces of wood which support the body of a windmill. TRAVADE, Fr. a whirlwind ; a vio- lent squall accompanied by thunder and lightning. TRAVAILLER, Fr. to work. In mechanics, to warp, to open, &c. Travailler also signifies, in a fa- miliar sense, to work upon the feelings, or understanding, of a person, so as to impose upon him. Travailler les es- prils des soldats, to work upon the minds of the soldiery. Travailler un pays, to feel the pulse of a country by working upon the minds of the inha- bitants. Grand TRAVAILLEUR, Fr. a per- •son who gives up his whole time to business, TRAVAILLEURS, Fr. literally, workmen. In military matters, pio- neers and soldiers employed in fatigue duties, or in digging trenches, &c. Travailleurs a la tranchee, Fr. a detachment consisting of a given num- ber of men from each battalion, which is employed in the trenches. TRAVAISON, Fr. entablature. TRAVAUX militaires, Fr. See Military Works. Travaux avances, Fr. advanced works, or outworks. The same as pieces detuchees, or dehors. See Dehors. TRAVEE, Fr. a bay of joists; a scaffold. Travee de balustres, Fr. a balustrade, or row of rails between two pillars, or pedestals. Travee de pont, Fr. that part of the floor of a wooden bridge which is between two rows of piles, or buttresses. TRAVELLING/orge. See Forge. TRAVERS, Fr. a rope which is used to fasten cannon on their carriages, &c. and which serves for various other pur- poses. TRAVERSE, in fortification, is a parapet made across the covert-way, opposite to the salient angles of the works, near the place of arms, to pre- sent being enfiladed. Traverses are 18 feet thick, and as high as the ridue of the glacis. There are also traverses made by caponiers; but then they art called tambours. To Traverse a gun, or mortar, to bring her about to right or left with hand-spikes, till she is pointed exact to the object. Traverse, in horsemanship. A horse is said to traverse when he cuts his tread crosswise, throwing his croupe to one side, and his head to another. Traverse contre un commandement, Fr. an elevation* made of earth, in a bastion, either on a curtain, or on any other work of a fortified place, for the purpose of protecting it against the en- filading fire of an enemy, from some commanding spot. Traverse d\Utaque, Fr. See Place? d'armes. Traverse de tranchee, Fr. When an engineer, either through oversight, or even through necessity, has exposed himself to the enfilade of an enemy's cannon, he leaves a certain proportion of the field terre-pleine in the boyau of the trench, in order to conceal from the besieged the operations in that quarter. This is called traverse de tranchee. Traverse dans le fosse, Fr. a sort of trench which the besiegers make across a dry ditch, in front of the point of a bastion, to pass the miner and those that are ordered to assist or pro*- tect him. This ditch is always lined with two parapets on the side from which the besieged fire, and it is mad* proof against fire-works. Traverse du chemin convert, Fr. a body of earth, or, more properly speak- ing, a parapet, which takes up the whole width of the covert-way, and which separates the branch, or side, ' from the place of arms, or from the salient angle that is in front of the half* moon. Traverse, Traversier, JV. a cross piece of timber. Traverse, Fr. a cross iron bar; also a short cut, a cross-way. Cheval Traverse, IV. a thick, broad-set, well-trussed, short-made, horse. Homme Traverse, Fr. a broad- shouldered, broad-chested man. TRAVERStE, IV. passage; short trip by sea. TRAVERSER, Fr. to cross, to mar, to render abortive. TRAVERSIER, Fr. a passage boat, T R A ( 928 ) TRA which lias only one mast, although it frequently carries three sails, and is sometimes rowed. In the Levant it is Called tartaric It likewise means a wind tliat blows into port; also a pon- toon. Perche Traversier, Fr. a cross- pole. TRAVERSIN, Fr. a bolster, such as is used in beds; also a cross-beam, or piece of timber, in a ship. TRAVERSIN ES, Fr. pieces of tim- ber which are laid across a dam, or sluice,' and lie square-ways upon the longrines, (which see) and which con- stitute a part of the grating that is laid as a foundation in the assemblage of the boards of a sluice; the other pieces, which lie cross-ways, are also called I raver sines. TRAVERSING, in fencing, is the change of ground made by moving to right or left round the circle of defence. T raversing-// lat es, in gun-carriages, are two thin iron plates, nailed on the hind part of a truck carriage of guns, where the hand-spike is used to traverse the gun. Traversing platform, a method of mounting guns, introduced some years back for the defence of the coast, and generally for all sea batteries, as afford- ing greater facility of traversing the gun, so as to follow, without loss of time, any quick moving object on the water. In this system, the gun is mounted on a common garrison car- riage; but instead of this carriage beinu; placed and working on a fixed platform, as formerly, it works and recoils on a moveable platform ; or, as it may be more properly termed, a rail-way, mov- ing round a centre in its front, on rollers, the axes of which produced would intersect in this centre of mo- tion; so that this platform, with the carriage and gun upon it, may be tra- versed with considerable ease in any direction. The length of the skids, or rail-way, on which the upper carriage recoils, is sixteen feet, and the hinder part is somewhat higher than the front, so that by running up hill the recoil is reduced, and the facility of running the gnu out again much increased. Anothei advantage of the traversing platform is, that it raises the gun so that it may be fired over a parapet without embrasures, which gives at once more security to the artillerymen, more scope for the fire of the gun, and greater strength and solidity to the pa- rapet. Sir William Congreve, the inventor of the rockets, has brought forward an improvement upon the traversing plat- form, by which the upper carriage is dispensed with ; the necessary height for firing over the parapet being given by the lower carriage, or, as it is called, the platform itself. In this construc- tion, the gun recoils on trucks which work upon its trunnions, and which are. allowed to turn as the gun runs out, but are palled by a strong catch con- cealed in the trunnion, which prevents their turning when the gun recoils; the elevation being regulated by a small cast iron cradle also attached to the trunnions. This construction not only very much reduces the expense of the traversing platform, by saving the upper carriage, but gives much greater ease in working the gun ; for by palling the trucks the recoil is diminished, and by getting rid of the weight of the upper carriage the men have little more to move than the gun, instead of having, in addition to it, a heavy carriage also to run out. There is also a very im- portant advantage attending this im- provement, namely, the reduction of vulnerable space for the enemy's shot to strike; for not only is the length of the skids, or platform, itself reduced, but all the surface of the upper carriage is entirely done away with, at the same time that, by the diminution of the general weight, it is evident that it re- quires less labour to traverse the plat- form, as well as to fight the gun. This system of mounting guns, by putting the trucks upon the trunnions, and placing those trucks immediately on the skids of the traversing platform, has been offered by Sir William Congreve as being particularly well adapted to the arming of the Martello Towers, which have been deemed too small for the number of guns originally intended, namely, one long gun and two short ones. The diameter of the interior of the top of these towers is twenty-six feet: it occurred to Sir William Congreve that his method of putting the trucks upon the trunnions of the gun brings the gun so near to the skids of the platform that a platform so constructed might be laid upon the upper surface of the pa- rapet of a martello tower, without ex- T R A ( 929 ) TRA posing more or even so much surface as at j one foot ten inches high, preserving all present, where the platform is kept with- the thickness of masonry entire, and in the parapet; for the muzzle cf the gun would be no higher in one case than in the other. On this principle, therefore, Sir William Congreve proposed to take four feet all round the tower for the ends of his platform to work upon, which would at once virtually make a tower of twenty-six feet in diameter equal to one of thirty-four feet; that is to say, it actually gives the area of a circle ot thirty-four feet diameter for the guns to work in, instead of one of only twenty-six feet ; and thus would afford abundant area for the three guns ori- ginally intended. But this is not all; for by this plan there is actually less of the space in the area within the para- pet occupied by the three improved traversing platforms than by one on the old construction : the latter com- pletely occupies a space of sixteen feet in length by five in breadth; whereas all the skids of Sir \Y. Congreve's three platforms are above the men's heads, so that they may pass freely to and fro in all directions under them, having every where six feet six inches head- way; nor is there any part of these platforms that takes up any of the space of the area, except two perpen- dicular legs of eight inches square to each platform, on which the rear of the platforms is supported. To these ad- vantages are to be added the greater facility, as above explained, of work- ing the gun, and also that the muzzle is by these means thrown forward be- yond the parapet, which gives a power of greater depression, and prevents the possibility' of accident to the parapet from the explosion of the gun when depressed. There is another most important im- provement in the practice of fortifica- tion, which Sir William's traversing platform has given rise to, and which teas first matured with the assistance of Captain Lefebure of the Engineers, and brought before the committee- of that corps upwards of two years since: it is the inversion of the embrasures of case- mated defences, that is to say, the pre- senting of the small aperture of the embrasure to the enemy instead of the large one. Thus, in an embrasure of this description, which Sir William Con- greve has constructed, he can fight a twenty-four pounder through an aper- allowing the piece a field or scope of thirty degrees with the ordinary power of elevation and depression; to obtain all which on the common principle requires an exterior aperture of six feet high and six feet wide. Now the whole of this depends on the extraordinary compactness of the platform, and its piece of ordnance, as mounted by put- ting trucks on the trunnions of the gun, or On the trunnion bolt of the car- ronade, and to the greatly increased facility of working either, especially the latter, which the trucks afford : for by these means, the gun or carronade, in- stead of being obliged, as in the common mode, to be worked in the body of the casemate, is here actually worked in the thickness of the wall itself so that in the carronade as well as in the gun,, the muzzle is actually protruded through the embrasure, and is fired in free space: whence result all the following important comparative advantages. The common embrasure acts as a widely extended funnel to lead the enemy's shot into the body of the case- mate, and is particularly objectionable on this account as to grape shot, and presents a large line of edge to be, chipped and ruined by the enemy's shot. In the inverted embrasure, the shot, whether round or grape, must strike a space of eighteen inches by two and twenty inches to enter; a very small quantity of grape shot, therefore can take effect, and a proportionahly less line of edge is presented to be destroyed by round shot. In the common embrasure, the explosion of firing the gun takes place within the arch, from which not only is the masonry constantly shaken by fi- ring a few rounds, but the noise and smoke rebound into the body of the casemate greatly to the annoyance of the men. In the inverted embrasure, the muzzle when fired being projected into free space, no accident or jar can pos- sibly happen to the masonry from the explosion; nor does the smoke, or the report,return into the casemate as above. Another advantage is, that such an embrasure may be close to the bottom of the ditch without danger of being stormed, and that in fact it requires no prevention against such attack, as when ture only one foot six inches wide, and the gun is iu it6 place a man cannot a C T R A possibly force himself in. ( 030 ) T R A Nor does there in fact appear any drawback to these obvious advantages; for the load- ing and firing goes on with the same rapidity or even greater than in the common mode: the gun or carronade necessarily recoiling when fired far enough to be loaded with perfect ease, and allowing, by the application of the trucks as already explained, of being run out again with even greater facility than by any other construction hitherto devised; in so much that the heavier the nature of ordnance, the greater is the comparative advantage. We shall conclude this article by stating that Sir William Congreve has applied this same principle of gun and carronade carriage very successfully to naval purposes, several ships having already been armed on his plan. Hav- ing therefore already given a general idea of the construction, the principles of which are common to all its applica- tions, we shall here only take notice of the advantages proposed by it on ship board. First. Sir William Congreve has con- trived, in the application of the princi- ples of his traversing platform to the sea service, to give all the advantages of quick pointing, and of the diminution of labour in a space not exceeding that occu- pied In/ the common gun carriage, in so much that the heavy guns in a line of battle ship will not require more than half the ordinary number of men to fight them, without taking up more room than is now required for the common carriage. Secondly. A gun mounted on this principle will recoil much more smooth- ly, and without jumping as the com- mon gun carriage does, when fired ; not only because it is confined to the port- sill and cannot rise, but because the plane on which it recoils is so much nearer the axis of the piece; for as Sir \\ illiaro Congreve has demonstrated, the jumping of the common carriage is ow- ing to the height of the gun above the plane of the deck, on which it recoils; this height acting as a lever to tip the carriage over backwards when the gun is fired, and so producing a double mo- tion in the recoil, first raising the fore trucks and then the hind ones off the deck ; all which he proves to be obviated by putting the trucks on which the gun recoils on its own trunnions, and thereby getting rid of the lever which produces the mischief. Thirdly. The actual weight of the sea service gun carriage is reduced by this mode of mounting ship guns. Fourthly. The new carriage presents considerably less vulnerable surface than the common carriage, and consequently less is to be feared from splinters ; nor has the new carriage the same liability to rot the decks, as the air circulates freely underneath it instead of its caus- ing a continual dampness, as is the case with the present carriage; seamen will feel the force of this property. Fifthly. By this construction the muzzle of a short gun may be run out as far as that of the long gun can be with the common carriage. Sixthly. This carriage allows of very greatly more training than a common carriage, owing to the comparative dif- ference of breadth and to its working on a fixed center; thus it may be traversed 90°. This is a most important point gained, and yet, Seventhly, it does not require, to give this power of training, a port so wide as the common port by nine inches of a side, which is obviously of great conse- quence, both to the strength of the ship and the security of the men at the guns against musketry and grape shot, Eighthly. The span of this carriage is so much less than that of the common carriage, that four of them, if required, might be put in the space of three com- mon carriages, leaving the same inter- vals, yet it cannot be overset as it works on a fixed center. Ninthly. This carriage may be housed fore and aft so as not to lake up more than two feet from the breadth of the deck, or in bad weather it may be secured athwart ship without occupying more room than the common carriage. It is however capable of better security, and may be housed so as to take off all strain whatever from the side of the ship, and to prevent the possibility of its stirring, as it allows of direct lashings to ring bolts on the deck, which the common carriage will not any how admit of, and must therefore always have some motion in a gale of wind. Lastly. Notwithstanding all these points, which would appear to be the result of a complicated machine, the construction of this carriage is so simple, that it is actually easier repaired at sea than a common carriage, and is even less perishable : in fine, it requires nothing but common square scantling, and the TEE ( 931 ) T R E work of any ship carpenter. Sir William Congreve has published an account of this important improvement in mounting heavy artillery, with a series of plates explanatory of the different modes of construction and advantages, and we understand that he has a patent for the invention. TRAVESTISSEMENT, Fr. disguise. In the old French service, it was or- dained, that no dragoon, or foot soldier, should change his uniform or regimentals whilst in garrison, nor within the boun- daries of it. Every infraction of this order was punished with three months imprisonment. TRAUiMATICK, vulnerary; useful to wounds; as traumatick decoction. TRAVOIS, Fr. a frame, cieling, or floor, made with beams or thick planks. TRAVONAISON, Fr. an arched frame, deling, or floor, made of beams. TRAYOXIZER la muraille, Fr. to arch or floor a wall over with a frame of beams, &c. TRAVONS ou SOMMIERS, Fr. the principal pieces of timber which run across a wooden bridge, not only to sup- port the cross-beams, but also to bear the pile-work underneath. TRAYNE, Fr. a large round post, or piece of timber like an apple-tree ; also a dray without wheels. TREACHERY, perfidy ; breach of faith ; of all other acts, the most disho- nourable in military life. TREAD (of a horse) is good, if it be firm, without resting more on one side of the foot than upon the other, or let appointed by the treasury, to take charge of all monies issued for the ordnance service. His salary is 5607. per annum. In May, 180G, a bill was brought into the House of Commons for regulating the ollice of treasurer of the ordnance, by which bill it is specifically ordered, that all monies shall be paid, instanter, into the Bank of England; the same being placed to his credit, for the use of the public. In order to protect public pro- perty, securities are required from every person holding this situation, and this is, or ought to be, the case with every public accountant. Treasurer's office. The office of the treasurer of the ordnance is at theTower, where all payments are made for that service. He has a chief clerk with sub- ordinate assistants under him. This of- fice, like that of the surveyor general, communicates with the board in Pali- Mall. TREBUCHET, Fr. an ancient ma- chine for throwing stones, for which purpose a sling was sometimes fixed on it. It acted by means of a great weight fastened to the short arm of a lever, which being let fall, raised the end of the long arm with great velocity. Trebuchet, Fr. a trap. Se trouver pris uu Trebuchet, Fr. to be caught in a trap. This was the case of the French at Moscow, in 1812. TRECHETOR, ^ one who betrays TRECHEUR, S a place, or body of men ; an obsolete word. TREE of a saddle, the wooden part of a saddle which is covered with leather. ting down the toe or heel one before the The French say, fust de selle. other ; for if he should let his heels first to the ground, then it is a sign that lie j is foundered in his feet; but if he should TREEKS, the iron hoops about a cart. TREFLE, Fr. trefoil ; a term used in mining, from the similarity of the set his toes first to the. ground, it shews j figure to trefoil. The simple trefle has that he has been a draught-horse; there- 1 only two lodgments; the double trefle fore the whole foot should be set down equally at the same instant of time, and turned neither out nor in. TREASON, disloyalty ; treachery ; perfidious dealing. High Treason, an offence against the security of the commonwealth, or of the king's majesty, whether by imagination, word or deed. It is a capital crime, and subjects the offender not only to loss of life, but alsa to forfeiture of all he may possess. TREASURER, (Irisorier, Fr.) one who has care of money ; one who has charge of money. Treasurer of the ordnance, a person four; and the triple one six. Trefle, Fr. fringe; any ornament which is affixed to the extremities of things; as the fringe of a shoulder-knot, Afi/je-TREFLEE, Fr. a mine having three chambers. TREILLAGE, Fr. any assemblage of wood which is laid cross-ways. Of which description are the palisadoes, &c. in gardens. TREILLIS, Fr. the method that is used in copying plans, &c. It consists of a certain arrangement of straight lines, which being measured at equal distances from one another, and crossed 6 C3 T R E ( 932 ) T 11 E from right to left, represents a quantity of small equal squares. This arrange- ment, or disposition of lines, is used by painters, engravers, and engineers, in taking accurate copies of plans, &c. and is called by the French trcillis. TREILLISSER,Fr. to trellis, to fur- nish with a trellis. TRELLIS, (treille, Fr.) an assem- blage or setting together of wooden or iron bars, which cross one another in a straight line, or slopingly; the use of it being chiefly for wall-fruit trees, or to surmount low walls, in order that run- ning sprigs, &c. may grow along them. Wire Trellis, a trellis made of iron wire. TREMEAU, Fr. an ancient term in fortification. See Mortar. TREMIE, Fr. a mill-hopper. TREMION, Fr. in carpentry, a piece of timber which supports the mill-hop- per. Tremion also signifies the wooden bar which serves to support the dossel of a chimney. TREMPE, Fr. the temper of a wea- pon ; also the disposition or composition of the mind; as esprit (Cune bonne on mauvaise trempe, a good or bad disposi- tion : also corps (Tunc bonne trempe, a robust bodv. TREMPER, Fr. literally to soak, to drench; tremper dans une conspiration, to be concerned in a conspiracy. TRENCHANT, Fr. sharp or cutting. TRENCHER, the same as tampion. Trenchers fire sometimes made of green wood, when the ball is hot. See Tam- pion. TRENCHES, in a siege, are ditches made by the besiegers, that they may approach more securely to the place at- tacked ; on which account they are also called lines of approach. The tail of the trench is the place where it was begun, and its head is the place where it ends. Trenches are also made to guard an encampment. The trenches are usually opened or begun in the night-time, sometimes within musket-shot, and sometimes within half or whole cannon-shot of the place; ge- nerally about 800 toises. They are car- ried on in winding lines, nearly parallel to the works, so as not to be in view of the enemy, nor exposed to his shot. The workmen employed in the trenches are always supported by a number of troops to defend them against and other workmen, sometimes work ofa their knees, and are usually covered with mantlets or saucissons; and the troops who support them lie flat on their faces, in order to avoid the enemy's shot. On the angles, or sides of the trench, there are lodgments, or epaule- ments, in form of traverses, the better to hinder the sallies of the garrison, and to favour the advancement of the trenches, and to sustain the workmen. The platforms for the batteries are made behind the trenches; the first at a good distance, to be used only against the sallies of the garrison. As the ap- proaches advance, the batteries are brought nearer, to ruin the defences of the place, and dismount the artillery of the besieged. The breach-batteries are made when the trenches are advanced near the covert-way. If there are two attacks, it will he necessary to have lines of communica* tion, or boyaus, between the two, with places of arms at convenient distances. The trenches are 6 or 7 feet high with the parapet, which is 5 feet thick, with banquettes for the soldiers to mount upon. The approaches at a siege are gene>- rally carried on upon the capitals of the works attacked ; because the capitals produced are, of all other situations in the front of a work, the least exposed to the fire of either the cannon or mus» ketry; and are the least in the line of fire between the besieged and besieger's batteries. But if, from particular cir- cumstances, these or other advantages do not attend the approaches upon the capitals, they are by no means to be pre- ferred to other positions. The trenches of communication, or zig-zags, are 3 feet deep, 10 feet wide at bottom, and 13 feet at top, having a berm of one foot, beyond which the earth is thrown to form a parapet. The parallels, or places of arms of the trenches, are 3 feet deep, 12 feet wide at bottom, and 17 or 18 feet wide at top, having a banquette of about 3 feet wide, with a slope of nearly as much. On the first night of opening the trenches, the greatest exertions are made to take advantage of the enemy's igno- rance as to the side of attack ; and they are generally carried on as far in ad- vance as the first parallel, and even some- times to the completion of that work. The workmen set out on this duty, each the sallies of the besieged. The pioneers, with a fascine of 6 feet, a pick-axe and TRE ( 933 ) TRE a shovel; and the fascines being laid so as to lap one foot over each other, leave 5 feet of trench for each man to dig. The usual method of directing the trenches or zigzags, is by observing, during the day, some near object in a line with the salient parts of the work, and which may serve as a direction in the night; or if the night be not very dark, the angles of the works may be seen above the horizon ; but as both these methods are subject to uncer- tainty, the following is proposed to an- swer every case : — Having laid down the plan of attack, the exact positions of the flanked angles of the works of the front attacked, and particularly of those most extended to the right and left; mark on the plan the point of com- mencement for the first portions of zig- zag, the point where it crosses the capital, and the point to which it extends on the other side of the capital : this last point will be the commencement of the second branch ; then mark oft' the point where this branch crosses the capital, and its extent on the other side; and this will give the commencement of the third branch; and so on for the others. Thus provided with a plan ready marked off, it will be very easy, even in the darkest night, to lay down the points where the zig-zags are to cross the capital, and the points to which they are to be produced beyond them. — The first parallel is ge- nerally run about 600 yards from the place, and of such extent as to embrace the prolongation of the faces of all the works which fire upon the trenches; and each end has a return of about 30 or 40 yards. The second parallel is constructed upon the same principles, and of the same extent as the first, at the distance of about 300 yards from the salient angles of the covert-way. — This parallel is usually formed of gabions; each workman carrying a gabion, a fascine, a shovel, and a pick-axe. — After this the trenches are usually carried on by sap. The half parallels are about 140 or 150 yards from the covert-way, and ex- tend sufficiently on each side to embrace the prolongation of the branches of the covert-way. The third parallel must not be nearer than the foot of the glacis, or it will mask the ricochet batteries. It is gene- rally made rather wider than the other parallels. Cavaliers of the trenches must not be nearer than 28 yards from the covert- way, or they will be liable to be annoyed by hand-grenades. Returns of a Trench are the elbows and turnings, which form the lines of approach, and are made, as near as can be, parallel to the place, to prevent their being enfiladed. 2b mount the Trenches is to mount guard in the trenches, which is generally done in the night. To relieve the Trenches is to relieve? the guard of the trenches. To scour the Trenches is to make a vigorous sally upon the guard of the trenches, force them to give way, and quit their ground, drive away the work- men, break down the parapet, fill up the trench, and nail the cannon. Counter-T rescues are trenches made against thehesiegers; which consequently have their parapet turned against the ene- my's approaches, and are enfiladed horn several parts of the place, on purpose to render them useless to the enemy, it they shoutd chance to become masters of them; but they should not be enfi- laded, or commanded by any height in the enemy's possession. To open the Trenches is to break ground for the purpose of carrying on approaches to a besieged place. TBENCH-wasrer. In former times there was an otiicer of this description. He had the command over all the pioneers,- under the directions of the master-ge- neral of the ordnance, who was then actively employed, and it was his duty to see all manner of trenches cast up, whether for guard and inclosing ot the camp, or for any other particular pur- pose to annoy the enemy. He was some- times called Devisour, from the French deviser, of the fortifications to be made. TRKNTE-«> mois, ¥r. thirty-six months : a sea-phrase. By this term was understood among the French be- fore the Revolution, un engage, a person who hired himself for that period to another, on condition that the latter defrayed his passage to the Fast Indies; after the expiration of which term, the former was at liberty to settle in that country. TREPAN, Fr. an instrument which is used to find out the quality of any ground into which beams or stakes aie to be driven. This instrument likewise serves ta TRE ( 934 ) T R I cive air in the gallery of a mine, and its necessity is discovered by means of a lighted candle, when it ceases to blaze. TREPAN, (trepan, Fr.) an instru- ment by which surgeons cut out round pieces of the skull. Also a snare; a stratagem, by which any one is ensnared. To Trepan, (trepaner, Fr.) to per- forate with an instrument of that name. TREPAN DRIOxNT, in surgery, an in- strument used to cut out a small bone. TREPAN ER une mine, Fr. to let fresh it i r into a mine. TREPHINE, a small trepan; a smaller instrument of perforation ma- naged by one hand. TREFTGMER,Fr. to clatter; in horse- manship it is used to describe the action of a horse who beats the dust with his fore teet in managing, without em- bracing the volt; who makes his motions and time short and near the ground, without being put upon his haunches. This defect is usually occasioned by a weakness in the shoulders. TRESOR, Fr. the military chest. TRESORIER, Fr. paymaster. There were formerly on the French military establishment two classes of paymasters- treasurers, or paymasters-general of the forces. Tresoriers des gratifications, Fr. treasurers, or paymasters of compensa- tions, gratuities, cxc. Tresoriers de la private de t'hutel, Fr. treasurers, or paymasters of the pro- vost-marshal's department at the hotel, or town-hall in Paris. Le Trksorier general de I'artillcrie, Fr. the treasurer or paymaster-general of the artillery. Le Tresorier general des fortifica- tions, Fr. the treasurer, or paymaster- general of fortifications. All these treasurers, or paymasters, were subject to their several comptrol- lers of accounts, and their issues, &c. were audited accordingly. There were likewise provincial, or subordinate pay- masters of the extraordinaries of the army. They were appointed by the treasurers, or paymasters-general, and resided in the different departments and general districts of the kingdom. TRESSELS, pieces of wood used to support any thing. TREVE, Fr. See Truce. Treve da seigneur, Fr. a particular viz. tresoriers de I'ordinaire, and ire- law, or injunction, that was passed under soriers de U extraordinaire, paymasters, I Henry II. king of France, in the year or treasurers, for the ordinary expenses 1041, by which all duels and private of the service, and ditto for the extra- j combats were forbidden from Wednes- ordinary. The latter were accountable | dav night until the morning of the Mon- to government for a just distribution of stores and provisions, and gave in their day following. President Henaut re- marks, that this was all which could, in estimates and vouchers to the comptrol- ; those days, be effected by royal autho- Jer general's officer in Paris. These I rity and interference, to prevent men were formerly called clercs du tresor ou paycurs, clerks attached to the military chest or paymasters. They were partly the same as our paymasters and com- missaries-general on service. During the old monarchy in France there were several treasurers, or pay- masters general in ordinary, belonging to the army, who had their several depart- ments, &c. Tresoriers de la gendarmerie e.t des troupes de la maison du roi, Fr. trea- surers, or paymasters, attached to the gendarmes and the king's household. Tresoriers de I 'extraordinaire de guerre, Fr. treasurers, or paymasters of the extraordinaries of the army. Iresoriers des murcchauss'ees de trance, Fr. treasurers, or paymasters, of the marshalsey, or armed police of France. Tresoriers payeurs des troupes, Fr. from killing one another. TRE VET, (tripled, Fr.) any thing that stands upon three legs; an iron in- strument to set a pot, or saucepan on over the fire. It is likewise used in field ovens. TREUIL, Fr. a roll ; an axle-tree, &c. TRIAIRES, Fr. See Triarii. TRIAL, test; examination; experi- ment. It is in the power of his Majesty to dismiss an officer from the regular army, militia, or volunteer service, with- out any species of investigation or trial. Trial by jury, an investigation of matters of fact, before a certain number of men, impannelled upon cases of a criminal, or civil, nature. The trial by jury is the pride of English justice, and the bulwark of English liberty. No British subject can, in fact, be legally condemned except by the verdict of a jury, composed of his own couutrymea. T R I ( 935 ) T R I Such is the glorious boast of this envied land; and no power on earth should make the slightest encroachment upon it. Englishmen have been cradled in this darling privilege. TRIANGLE, ( triangle; Fr.) The tri- angle may be considered as the most simple of all figures. It is composed of three lines and three angles, and is either plain or spherical. Triangle, Fr. a carpenter's instru- ment, consisting of two rules assembled at right angles, with which a square line is drawn. A plain Triangle is one that is con- tained under three right lines. A spherical Triangle is a triangle that is contained under three arches of a great circle or sphere. A right angled Triangle is one which has one right angle. An acute angled Triangle is one which has all its angles acute. An obtuse angled Triangle is that which has one obtuse angle. An oblique, angled Triangle is a tri- angle that is not right angled. An equila.'cralTpA asgle is one whose sides are all equal. An isosceles Triangle, ) a triangle An equitegged Triangle, ji that has only two legs, or sides, equal. A scalenus Triangle, one that has not two sides equal. Similar Triangles are such as have all their three angles respectively equal to one another. Triangles, a small triangular piece of metal, which is used in military bands, emitting a sharp reverberating sound in concord with the rest of the music. Triangles likewise mean a wooden instrument consisting of three poles which are fastened at top in such a man- ner, that they may spread at bottom in a triangular form, and by means of spikes affixed to each pole, remain firm in the earth. An iron bar, breast high, goes across one side of the triangle. The tri- angles are used in some regiments for the purpose of inflicting military pu- nishments. Triangular compasses, compasses that have three legs, or feet, with which any triangle may he taken oft' at once. Triangular quadrant, a sector with a loose piece to make it an equilateral triangle, which has the calendar gra- duated on it, with the sun's place, decli- nation, &c. used in dialling, navigation, surveying, &c. TRIANON, Fr. a generical French term signifying any pavilion that stands in a park, and is unconnected with the castle, or main building. Of this de- scription was the late French Queen's Petit Trianon in the neighbourhood of Versailles. TRIARII, soldiers so called among the Romans. According to Kennet the Triarii were commonly veterans, or hardy old soldiers, of long experience and approved valour. They had their name from their position, being mar- shalled in the third place, as the main strength and hopes of their party. They were armed with a pike, a shield, a helmet, and a cuirass. They are some- times called Pilarii, from their weapon the pila. See Rennet's Roman Ant. p. 190. They were likewise styled Tier- tiarii. A certain number of these vete- rans was always distributed in each cohort. Polybius, in his 6th book, classes the Roman troops under four different heads : the first he calls Pi/ati, or Ve- lites, light armed men, selected from the lower order of the people, and ge- nerally composed of the youngest men in the army. The second class consisted of pikemen, Hastati, were more ad- vanced in age, and had more experience. The third class, called Principes, were still older, and more warlike than the second. The fourth class consisted of the oldest, most experienced, and bravest soldiers. These were always posted in the third rank, as a reserve, to support the others in case they gave way. Hence, their appellation of triarii, or tiertiarii ; and hence, the Roman proverb, ad tri- arium Ventum est, signifying thereby, that the last efforts were being made. The triarii were likewise named post- signani, from being posted in the rear of the princeps, who carried the standard in a legion. TRIBUNAL castrense. Among the ancient Romans the tribunal castrense, or camp-tribunal, was made of turf. The curulean chair was placed upon this elevation, and the Roman general not only dispensed justice, but also harangued the soldiers occasionally from it. TRIBUNATE, (tribunal, Fr.) the office of tribune. TRIBUNE, ( tribun, Fr.)a title which T R I ( 956 ) T R I ♦ as originally given to certain Roman magistrates, who were established for the specific purpose of maintaining the rights of the tribes, or mass of the peo- ple, in opposition to the possible en- croachments of the consuls and the senate; on which account, they were styled the tribunes of the people, les tribuns du peuple. The number, at first, was limited to two; but they were subsequently augmented to ten. There were likewise military tribunes, tribuni militares. TRlBUNI<-?/ - am, paymasters-general belonging to the military establishment of ancient Rome. These persons were selected on account of their great wealth and known probitv. TRIBUNUS Celerum, the chief, or commandant, of a body of men which Romulus, the founder of Rome, selected from his own body-guard. The indivi- duals, who composed it, were called Celercs, swift-footed. According to the Dictionnaire des Dieux, they were very wealthy, of high birth, and distinguished for their bodily and mental qualifi- cations. TRICKER. See Trigger. TRICOISSES, Fr. pincers used by Carriers. TRICOLOR, Fr. three coloured; bence the tricolor-cockade, which was adopted by the French at the com- mencement of their Revolution. It con- sisted of sky-blue, pink, and white, and was emblematical of the three estates of the kingdom, viz. nobility, clergy, and peasantry. TRICOT, JFV. a cudgel. The cloth which ts used for the waistcoats and breeches of the French army is also so called. . TRIDENT, with mathematicians, is used for a kind of parabola, by which Des Cartes constructed equations of, six dimensions. TaiDEKT, any three forked instru- ment, particularly the three forked mace, which Neptune is feigned by the poets to have wielded. To hold the Trident of the seas, a familiar word, among the British, to ex- press their dominion at sea. TR1EGE, Fr. a strung able-bodied horse. the finest soldiers. Triage is used as the substantive, signifying the act of picking and chusing. To TRIG a wheel, (enrayer, Fr.) to put in the necessary spokes, &c. TRIGAUDER, Fr. to shuffle; to play fast and loose. TRIGAUDERIE, Fr. shuffling; play- ing fast and loose. TRIGGER, an iron hook which is used to trig, or stay a wheel : also a catch, which being pulled, disengages the cock of a gun-lock, that it may strike fire. Hair Trigger, (detente a cheveux, Fr.) The hair trigger is generally used for rifles, when there is a great nicety re- quired for shooting. The difference be- tween a hair trigger and a common trigger is this: — the hair trigger, when set, lets off the cock by the slightest touch; whereas the common trigger re- quires a considerable degree of force, and consequently is longer in* its operation. To pull a Trigger, to fight a duel. TRIGLIPHS, (trighjphes, Fr.) in architecture, certain triple gutters, fur- rows, or trenches graven along columns, or pillars; a sort of ornament repeated at equal intervals in the Doric frieze; or they are a kind of steps (in the Doric frieze) between the metopes. The ordi- nary proportion of these trigliphs is one module in breadth, and one and a half in height. Vignola makes the pillars, in the intercolumniations of porticos, five modules broad; but ill. Le Clerc ac- commodates the proportion of the tri- gliphs to that of the intercolumniations. When the trigliphs and the metopes follow each other regularly, the columns must only stand one by one; excepting those of the inner angles, which ought always to be accompanied with two others, one on each side; from which the rest of the columns may be placed at equal distances from each other; and it is to be observed, that these two co- lumns, which accompany that of the angle, are not less necessary, on account of the solidity of the building, than of the regularity of the intercolumniations. TRIGON, a triangle; hence, TR1 GON O M ETR Y, ( trigonometric, Fr.) the art of measuring triangles, or of calculating the sides of any triangle TRIEULE d'un puit, Fr. the round: sought. This is either plain, or spherical. beam about which the rope of a well turns. I iUElt, Fr. to pickiiiid chuse. Hence TRILATERAL, having three sides. TRILLION, in arithmetic, the num- trier les p!us beaux soldats, to pick out j her of a billion of billions T R I *To TRIM, in carpentry, to fit one piece into another; hence, to trim in a piece. Figuratively, to change sides or politics for one's own interest; to fluc- tuate between two parties. TIUMESTRE, Fr. a period of three months. TRIMMERS, in architecture, pieces of timber that arc framed at right angles to the joists, against the ways for chim- nies and well-holes for stairs; fiVura- tirely, persons who change sides, or politics, from motives of interest. TRINE dimension, or three-fold di- mension, what includes length, breadth, and thickness. The trine dimension is peculiar to bodies or solids. TRINGLE, in architecture, a name common to several lit i le square mem- bers, or ornaments, as reglets, listels, and platbands. It is more particularly used for a little member fixed exactly over every trigliph, under the platband of the architrave; whence hang down the gutta;, or pendent drops. Tringle, Fr, a curtain rod; also a lath that reaches from one bed-post to another; likewise a long and narrow wooden rule. TRINGLER, Fr. to draw a straight line upon wood by means of a stretched piece of packthread, or cord, which is chalked. Eelidor uses the words Trin- cler, Singler, and Cingleb as syno- nimous. TRINOME, Fr. a word used among the French, in algebra, to express any quantity which is produced by the addi- tion of three numbers or quantities that are incommensurable. TRINOMIAL, or Trinomial wot, in mathematics, is a root consisting of three parts, connected together by the signs + or—, as x -f y + z, or x— y ■»— z. TRINQUET, Fr. a word used m the Levant to signify the mizen or foremast of a ship. It also signifies generally the foremast and sail. TRINQUETTE, Fr. a sail used on board the ships in the Levant, which is of a triangular shape. TRIOMPHE, Fr. See Triumph. Arc deTr.iOMPHE, Fr. a triumphal arch. TRIPARTITE, being of three parts, or three parties being concerned: hence tripartite alliance. VHhtoirc Tripartite, Fr. an abridg- ment of the history of Eufcebius, Socra- tes, and Sozomeneus. 9sr ) T R I TRIPARTITION, a division by fhree ; or the taking the third part, as was the case when Frederick called the Great, of Prussia, Catherine, Empress of Russia, and Maria Theresa, the devout Queen of Hungary, took their separate shares of Poland." TRIPASTE, Fr. a machine which consists of three pullies, and is used in raising heavy weights. liaison TRIPLEE, Fr. among mathe- maticians, the agreement or correspon- dence which is between cubes. TRIPLICATE, the second copy of an original, the duplicate being the first. In matters of importance, especially when the transmission of papers is across the ocean, or to any very distant quar- ter, duplicates, triplicates, and even quadriplicates are advisable. In these cases, the original is usually sent by on© vessel or conveyance, the duplicate by another, and so on. TRIPOT, Fr. a tennis court. Chevalier de Tripot, Fr. a sharper. TRIQUE, Fr. a large cudgel. TRIQUE-BALE, Fr. a sling cart or machine which is used to convey pieces of ordnance from one quarter to another. TRIREME, Fr. a galley with three benches for rowers. TRISECTION, (trisection, Fr.) the division of a thing into three. The, term is chiefly used in geometry for the partition of an angle into three equal parts. The trisection of an angle geometri- cally, is one of those great problems whose solution has been so much sought by mathematicians; being in this respect on a footing with the quadrature of the circle, and the duplicature of the cube angle. TRIVELINADE, from Trivelin, an old comedian, a piece of low wit. TRIUMPH, a solemnity practised by the ancient Romans, to do honour to a victorious general. There are two sorts of triumphs, the greater, and the lesser particularly called ovation; of these the triumph was by much the more splendid procession. None were capable of this honour but the dictator, consuls, and praetors; though there are examples to the contrary, as particularly in Pompey the Great, who had a triumph decreed him when he was only a Roman knight, and had not yet reached the senatorial age. The triumph was the most pompous 6D T II I ( 938 ) T R O show among the ancients; authors usually attribute its invention to Bacchus, and tell US, that he first triumphed upon the conquest of the Indies; and yet this ceremony was only in use among the Romans. The Grecians had a custom which resembled the Roman triumph; for the conquerors used to make a pro- cession through the middle of their city, crowned with garlands, repeating hymns and songs, and blandishing their spears; their captives were also led by them, and all their spoils exposed to public view. The order of a Roman triumph was chiefly thus: the senate having decreed the general a triumph, and appointed a day, they went out of the city gate and marched in order with him through the city. The cavalcade was led up by the musicians, who had crowns on their heads; and after them came several cha- riots with plans and maps of the cities and countries subdued, done in relievo: they were followed by the spoils taken from the enemy; their horses, arms, goid, silver, machines, tents, ccc. After these came the kings, princes, or gene- rals subdued, loaded with chains, and followed by mimics or buffoons, who exulted over their misfortunes. — Next came the officers of the conquering troops, with crowns on their heads.— Then appeared the triumphal chariot, in which was the conqueror, richly clad in a purple robe, embroidered with gold, setting forth his glorious achievements. His buskins were beset with pearls, and he wore a crown, which at first was only laurel, but afterwards gold ; one hand held a laurel-branch, the other a trun- cheon. His children were sometimes at his feet, and sometimes on the chariot- horses. As the triumphal chariot passed along, the people strewed flowers before it. The music played in praise of the conqueror, amidst the loud acclamations of the people, cry in», Io trmmphe ! The chariot was followed by the senate clad in white robes: and the senate by such citizens as had been set at liberty or ransomed. The procession was closed by the sacrifices, and their officers and utensils, with a white ox led along for the chief victim. In the mean time all the temples were open, and the altars were loaded with offerings and incense; '-'anus ami combats were celebrated in the public places, and rejoicings appeared every where. TRIUMVIRI, orTRESvjKi Capita- les, men employed, among the ancient Romans, to preserve the public peace, ike. For particulars, see Rennet's Ro- man Antiquities, page 121. They like- wise signify the three persons, Ca;sar, Crassus, and Pompey, who seized on the government of the republic, and divided it among them. Hence, TRIUMVIRATE, ( triumvirat, Fr.) an absolute government administered by three persons with equal authority. — There are two triumvirates .particularly recorded in history : Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus, who bad all served the re- public as generals of marked reputation in the first instance; and Augustus, Mark Antony, and Lepidus, in the second. The three consuls of France were nearly of the same cast, in 1S0O, Bonaparte, Cambaceies, and Le Brim. — Bonaparte soon followed the example of Augustus, first becoming Chief Con- sul, and then Emperor of the French. TROCAR, (trocar, Fr.) a surgical in- strument wherewith to make incisions. TROCHLEA, one of the mechanical powers usually called a pulley. TROCHOID, in geometry, a figure made by the upper end of the diameter of a circle, turned about a right line. The trochoid is the same with what is otherwise called the cycloid. TROCIIOLIQUE, Fr. a name used amonii the French for that branch of mathematics which treats of circular movements. TROMOE, Fr. a water-spout. It is likewise called siphon or syphon. TROMBLON, Fr. a tire-arm which has a rest, and from which several balls and slugs may be discharged. An an- cent wall-piece; also a blunderbuss. TROMPE, Fr. in architecture, an arch which grows wider towards the top. Tromi'ls, Fr. in artificial fireworks, a collection of pots a feu, or fire-pots, so arranged, that upon the first being in- flamed, a ready communication takes place with the rest, and the explosion is successively effected. TROMPETTE, Fr. This word, which signifies trumpet, is applied by the French, not only to the instrument, but to the man who blows it, in the same manner that we say fifes and drums, for fifers and drummers; but we do not say trumpet for trumpeter, although we say bugle for the man who blows the bugle- horn ; trowpette, when used in this sense, is of the masculine gender. TRO ( 939 ) TRO Trompette sonnante, Fr. with sound of trumpet, or trumpet sounding. Trompette parlunte, Fr. a speaking- trumpet. This instrument is generally used at sea; and owes its invention to 'an Englishman. Deloger sa?j.s Trompette, Fr. to steal away, to take French leave. TROMPILLON, Fr. the diminutive of trompe, a term used in architecture, which owes its origin to the resemblance that exists between the wide part of a trumpet, and the arch or vault so called. TRONC (tune calonne, Fr. the shaft of a pillar; Fust signifies the same. Le Tronc de la queue d'un cheval, Fr. the dock of a horse's tail. TRONCHE, Fr. a thick short piece of timber, something like the end of a beam, out of which a bending for a stair- case may be cut. TRONCHILE, ) is that hollow ring TRONCHILUS, J or cavity which runs round a column next to the tore ; or it is one whose cavity is composed of two arches. TRONCON", Fr. a piece cut or broken. Troncon de lance, Fr. a trunked spear. TROOP, any body of soldiers. Troop, in cavalry, a certain number of men on horseback who form a com- ponent part of a squadron. It is the same, with respect to formation, as company in the infantry. When a troop dismounts and acts on foot, it is still called a troop. Troop, a certain beat of the drum. See Drum. To Troop the colours. See Colours. Troops, the same as copies in Latin, and troupes in French, any collective body of soldiers. Heavy Troops, (troupes d'ordonnance, Fr.) horse soldiers heavily armed and accoutred for the purpose of acting toge- ther, in line, &c. The Life Guards come under this description. Light Troops, (troupes Icgires, Fr.) hussars, light horse, mounted riflemen, and light infantry are so called, in oppo- sition to cavalry or heavy horse, gre- nadiers and battalion men. Skirmishing is solely the business of light horse, who, according to Count Turpin, should be constantly exposed as the forlorn hope of the army ; or as troops whose duty it is to be continually watchful for its re- pose and security. When the light horse compose an ad- vanced camp, the men should keep their horses constantly saddled; it being only an indulgence to allow those oft' duty to have their horses unsaddled. It is very true, that a camp of cavalry cannot be managed after the same manner ; but then cavalry is seldom so situated as to he attacked, or to attack every day, which is the real business of light horse. They should serve as vedets to the whole army, in order to prevent the enemy from approaching it; whereas cavalry should never be employed, but in the greatest operations; and on occasions which are to decide the fate of a cam- paign. Light troops, according to the same writer, are employed to gain intelligence concerning the enemy, to learn whether he hath decamped, whether he hath built any bridges, and other things of the same nature, of which the general must necessarily be informed, and should have a day fixed for this return. There are other detachments, which should be sent out under intelligent officers, and which should never lose sight of the enemy, iu order to send in daily intelligence, to at- tack small convoys and baggage, to pick up marauders, and harass the advanced guards. There should not be any time fixed for the return of these detach- ments, neither should they be confined to particular places; they should, how- ever, return to the camp at the expira- tion of eight or ten days at farthest. The inconvenience, arising from con- fining these detachments to a particular time, would perhaps be, that the very day appointed for their return, would be that on which they might have the fairest opportunity of learning intelli- gence of the enemy : consequently their being forced to return would defeat the objects for which they were sent out. — See page 122, vol. ii. of Count Turpin's Art of War. In addition to this valuable work, we recommend the perusal of the following, which treat more or less, of light troops : Baron Gross's Duty of Officers in the Field: Duty of Officers commanding Detach- ments, by Lieut. -Colonel John Ormsby Vandeleur ; and a small Treatise on the Duty of Hussars, translated by Mr. Rose, junior. Likewise a very well written treatise entituled, Instructions concernant le Service de Vlftfanterie legire en Cumpagne : also Guide de 6D3 T R O ( 94 ° ) COffuicr en Campagne. The former production comes out of the Royal Mili- tary College at Sandhurst, and has been published in French and English. Light Troops are sometimes called irregulars, as they almost constantly act in detached and loose bodies. The ti- railleurs, Tyroliens, Yagers, sharp-shoot- ers, the Chasseurs a cheval el a pied, and Voltigeurs, to which the French owed much during the whole course of their stupendous Revolution, are of this de- scription. General Money observes in page 8, of a small pamphlet addressed to the late Secretary at War, " that what was called in this country, ad- vancing en masse, by the French, was nothing more than very large bodies of irregulars (or light troops,) which covered the country, in the front of their armies, like an inundation. To their irregulars, and to their light artillery, are the French indebted for most of the victories they have gained." He adds, that the troops styled in France Chasseurs, are, more or less, to be met with in every service in Europe, except the British. The Austrians have many regiments of them; the Prussians have them attached, in a certain proportion, to each corps; but the French, seeing the good effect of these irregulars, have brought them more into the field than all the combined powers together." These troops are peculiarly useful in enclosed countries, i*nd must, of course, be highly essential in Great Britain. Upon this principle four regiments of Lanciershave been re- cently formed. Revenue Troops, a body of invalid troops in the service of the Honourable the East India Company. Their esta- blishment in 1787 consisted of eight battalions, each battalion containing five companies, and each company contain- ing 150 men: so that the total of the battalions (each being C50 strong) amounted to 5232. The strength of each company was 1 captain commandant, who was an European, 1 Subadar, 1 Jemidar, 5 Havaldars, 8 Naigues, 16 Sepoys, 104 Sepoys who were natives. I he strength of a battalion was 1 Eu- ropean captain commandant, 3 Euro- pean Serjeants, 5 Subadars, 5 Jemidars, '23 Havaldars, 15 Naigues, 80 Sepoys, 6'20 effective Sepoys. In the event of a war, these troops were drawn into the garrisons of the dis- trict to which they belonged; on which T R O occasion they were placed upon the same footing and pay, in every respect, as the regular battalions. One vakeel or pay- master was allowed to every company, who received monthly 1 pagoda 38 fa- nams. The revenue troops did not re- ceive any bounty, nor were any stop- pages made out of their pay. The fol- lowing clothing and half-mounting were issued to them annually, viz. one coat, one sash, two white jackets; also two pair of short drawers, and three turbans, every two years. The commanding offi- cers of these corps drew per annum 400 pagodas off-reckonings. Considerable alterations having taken place in the organization of the different corps in India, we have given the above article according to what existed in 1787. Foreign Troops, (troupes ctrangeres, Fr.) bodies of armed men, the individuals of which are not the natural born subjects of the realm. TROOPER, (cavalier, Fr.) a horse soldier. According to Dr. Johnson, a trooper rights only on horseback ; a dra- goon marches on horseback, but light!, either as a horseman or footman. There is no such thing as a trooper in the Bri- tish service. The Blues were the last corps that deserved that appellation ; but they now act, like the rest of the cavalry, on foot. TROPHEE, Fr. See Trophy. Faire Trophee, Fr. to glory in. TROPHY, something taken from aii enemy, and shewn or treasured up in proof of victory. Among the ancients, it consisted of a pile or heap of arms of a vanquished enemy, raised by the con- queror in the most eminent part of the held of battle. The trophies were usually dedicated to some of the gods, especially to Jupiter. The name of the deity to whom they were inscribed, was generally mentioned, as was that also of the conqueror. The spoils were first hung upon the trunk of a tree: but instead of trees, succeeding ages erected pillars of stone or brass, to perpetuate the memory of their victories. To demolish a trophy was a sacrilege, because they were all consecrated to some deity. Trop BX-jnoney, certain money annu-*. ally raised in the several counties of the kingdom, towards providing harness and maintaining the militia. Trophy, in architecture, is an orna- ment which represents the trunk of a^ TRO •( 94i y T R U tree charged, or encompassed all around, with arms of military weapons, both offensive and defensive. TROPIQUE, Fr. tropic. It is like- TROUPES, Fr. troops; forces.. Troupes lega-es, Fr. light troops. TROUS de loup, Fr. Wolf-holes, i» field fortification, are round holes, about wise used as an adjective, and signifies, 6 feet deep and pointed at the bottom, tropical. j with a stake placed at the middle. They Bapteme du Tropique, Fr. the ce- are frequently dug round a redoubt, to remony which is performed when a per- j obstruct the enemy's approach. They son crosses the line for the first time. TROSSERS, )a kind TROUSE, ►> reachin are circular at the top, of about 4| feet „,g down to the TROUSEPAS, Fr. a sort of iron. TROWSERS, ) ankles, worn by some spade which is used in cutting turf, •regiments of infantry and light cavalry. TROUSEQUEUE, Fr. with horsey See Pantaloon. | men, a large case of leather as long as the dock of a horse's tail, which serves- for a covering for the tails of leaping horses, ccc. abroad; also for those ot coach horses in dirty weather. TROUSEQUIN,'with horsemen, a TROSSULI, a select body of cavalry among the old Romans, to every indivi- dual of which was given the title of Ro- man Knight, from their having taken Trossulum, an inland town in Tuscany, 1 (still called Trosso,) without the assist- j piece of wood cut archwise, raised above unce of the infantry. According to Pliny, they were first called Celcres, and (hen Flexumines. TROTTOIR, Fr. a footway. It more properly means a raised pavement on the sides of a street or bridge, for the convenience of foot passengers; also the path at the sides of bridges under their parapets. TROU, Fr. a hole. Trou de rat, Fr. literally a rat-hole or rat-catch. Figuratively, any disad- vantageous position into which troops are rashly driven. Thus Quiheron was called by the French a trou de rat, when that foolish expedition took place in 1794. Trou de mineur, Fr. a lodgment which is made for the safety and conve- nience of a miner, when he first begins his operations. TROUBADOUR, Fr. literally, a pro- vincial or country poet. The French apply the word to any lively person. TROUEE, Fr, an opening ; a gap. This word is applied to any passage, which is made through an abatis, wood or hedge; also to the impression of ca- valry, when it breaks the line, &c. Les cinq Trou e es en Champagne, Fr. the principal openings through which an enemy can penetrate into Fiance in the province of Champagne. The Duke of Brunswick, in 1792, took possession of these openings; and the Prussian and the hinder bow of a great saddle, which" serves to keep the holsters tight. TROUSSE, fr. a quiver. It also sig- nifies any bundle of things tied together, viz. une trousse defoin, a bundle of hay, Monter en Tuousse, Fr. to ride be- hind. Un cheval bien Trousse, Fr. a well- set horse. TROUSSEAU, Fr. a long piece of wood in tl.e shape of a cane, which has one end smaller than the other, and is used in foundries to make can- non-mouUls. Eire uux TROUSSES, Fr. to be up- on one's heels ; literally at one's trowseis. TRUCE, (treve, Fr.) a suspension of arms, or a cessation of hostilities between two armies, in order to settle articles of peace, bury the dead, See. TRUCHEMAN, or TRUCHE- MENT, Fr. an interpreter. To TRUCK, to give in exchange: to- traffic by exchange. Truck, wooden wheels for the car- riage of cannon, &c. Trucks of a ship carriage are wheels made of one piece of wood, from 12 to 19 inches diameter; and their thickness is always equal to the calibre of the gun. The trucks of garrison-carriages are made of cast-iron. A truck carriage goes upon four trucks of 24 inches diameter ; has two flat side pieces of ten inches broad, and serves to Austrian armies passed through them in i carry guns, ammunition boxes, or any 1814 and 1815. | other weights, from the store-houses TROUGH, a hollow wooden vessel ' to the water-side, or to any small dis- to knead bread in. It is used among the tance. utensils of field bakery. To TRUCKLE. This word is adopted T 11 U ( 942 ) T R U from truckle-bed, which is a low mean bet), that can be pushed under another. Hence, To Truckle to, to submit to; to allow the superiority of another. TRUE-fow-H, according to Dr. John- son, having a right by birth to any title; as a true-born Englishman. TRUELLE, Fr. a trowel. TRUG, a hod for mortar. TRULL, a low, vagrant strumpet; a hedge-whore, or one that has promis- cuous dealings upon the road, or else- where, with men of all descriptions. Hence a soldier's trull. In every well regulated camp and garrison the ut- most precaution should be taken, to !)revent these wretches from having the east intercourse with the soldiery. TRULLIZATION, in ancient archi- tecture, all kinds of couches or layers of mortar, wrought with the trowel of the inside of the vaults ; or to hatches made on the layers of mortar, to retain the lining of the stria;. TRUMEAU, Fr. in architecture, the space in a wall which is between two windows. It also signifies a pier-glass. TRUMPET, or trump, a wind instru- ment made of brass or silver, with a mouth piece to take out and put in at pleasure. Each troop of cavalry has one. Trumpet soundings. SeeSouNDiNGS. TRUMPETER, the soldier who sounds the trumpet. TRUNCHEON, a club; a cudgel; also a staff of command. See Baton. To Truncheon, to beat with a trun- cheon. Dr. Johnson has quoted a pa- sage out of Shakspeare, which is ex- tremely apposite to those blustering im- posing characters that sometimes annoy public places, and commit swindling acts of depredation, under the assumed title of captain. Captain ! thou abominable cheater ! if captains were of my mind, they would truncheon you out of taking their names upon you before you earned them ! TRUNCHEONEER, one armed with a truncheon. TRUNDLE, a sort of tube used for fuses. TRUNK, in architecture, is used for the fust and shaft of a column, with that part of the pedestal between the base and cornice, called the die. TRUNNIONS, in guns, two cylin- diic pieces of metal in a gun, mortar, '«r howitzer, which project from pieces of ordnance, and by which they are sup- ported upon their carriages. See Can- non. Trunnion plates are two plates in travelling carriages, mortars and how- itzers, which cover the upper parts oi the side pieces, and go under the trun- nions. TRUSS, a bundle; as a bundle of hay or straw. Any thing thrust close together. Trusses of this description have been sometimes used in military affairs; the men carrying them in front for l he purpose of deadening shot. Truss of forage is as much as a trooper can carry on his horse's crupper. See Spun Hay. Truss, a machine used for hernia?, commonly called rupture; various are the instruments that have been formed for this purpose, the chief of which that have been brought into general use, have been made known by advertisements. The makers of these instruments are careful to call them spring trusses; in- timating the advantage that arises from a truss being constructed with a spring, whereas the springs of trusses in general are so defective for the purpose in- tended, that straps are affixed by which they become merely bandages, in as much as the springs being confined by strapping, they of course cease to act as springs. We have seen a truss in- vented by Tatharri, of Charing-Cross, which is chiefly in use in the army and navy, that is composed of a complete spring, taking the whole circumference of the body, and is applied without the aid of straps. This has ever been the object of truss makers, but none have succeeded until the inventor of this truss found out the art of turning tempered steel without the use of heat, and for which he has obtained a patent. TRUSSED. A horse is said to be well trussed, when his thighs are large and proportioned to the roundness of the croup. To TRUST, to give credit to, on pro- mise of payment. In article 63, of the 39 and 40 of the king, cap. 27, it is enacted, that no soldier shall be liable to be arrested for a sum under 201. and then an'oath of the debt must be made before a judge. TRUSTY, honest, faithful, true, fit to be trusted, jhis word is used in the. preamble of military commissions, dec. viz. — To our trusty and well beloved, &x. T U G ( 943 ) T U I and frequently applied to things, as a trusty sword. TRUTH, purity from falsehood ; honesty; virtue That which makes a coward brave, and through the want of which the bravest man becomes a coward. The human mind is so oddly constituted, that some persons, espe- cially in the military classes, would fight a fellow creature for the bare in- sinuation of a lie, and yet have not sufficient courage to tell the truth. See hi All. TUBA, a trumpet or military instru- ment which was used among the an- cients. There were three kinds among the Romans, viz. — The straight or long trumpet, with which they sounded the charge; the crooked ones, or buccinu?, with which the signal for battle was given, in the presence of the general, or for any military punishment; and the horn, by which orders were communi- cated from the general to the standard- bearer. TUBE, (lube, Fr.) a pipe, conduit, or canal; being a cylinder, hollow within, of lead, iron, or wood, tkc. for the air, or some other fluid to have a free passage. It is particularly applicable to optical in- sti uments. TUCDUMMA, Ind. an account which is closed, after it has been exa- mined. TUCK, a long narrow sword. TUDESQUE, Fr. Teutonic; Ger- manic. TUEL, the fundament of a horse. TUERIE, Fr. slaughter, massacre. TUF, TUFFEAU, Fr. a soft sandy stone, which answers two purposes, either to build upon, or to build with. The French say figuratively — C'est un homme dc tuf, he is a man of no depth, or pro- found knowledge. TUFFES, Fr. See Petaux. TUFT hunter, a term used at our universities, when an individual of com- mon extraction and ordinary means, is meanly obsequious to a young noble- man, &c. TUG, Fr. a Turkish term for tail; a sort of standard called so by the jurks. It consists of a horse's tail, which is fixed to a Ions: pole, or half pike, by means of a gold button. The origin of this standard is curious. It is said, that the Christians having given battle to the Turks, the latter were broken, and in the midst of their confusion, lost their grand standard. The Turkish general, being extremely agitated at the unto- ward circumstances which happened, most especially by the loss of the great standard, cut off a horse's tail with a sabre, fixed it to a half pike; and hold- ing it in his hand, rode furiously to- wards the fugitives, and exclaimed, Here is the great standard ! let those who love me, follow me into action ! This pro- duced the desired effect. The Turks rallied with redoubled courage, rushed into the thickest of the enemy, and not only gained the victory, but recovered their standard. Other writers assert, that six thousand Turks having been taken prisoners during a general engage- ment, contrived to escape from their guard, or escort, and afterwards fought so gallantly^ that they gained another battle;, that in order to recognize one another, they cut off* a horse's tail which tlvey carried as a standard ; that when they joined the Ottoman army, they still made use of the tug , or tail; that the Turks, in consequence of the victory which was obtained under this new standard, looked upon it as a happy omen : and that since that period they have always fought under it, as their banner and the signal of success. Whatever may have been the origin, it is certain, that when the Grand Sig- ner takes the field in person, seven of these tails are always carried before him; and when he is in camp, they are planted in front of his tent. The Grand Vizier is entitled to three of these tails. The three principal Bashaws of the empire, (viz. those of Bagdad, Grand Cairo, and Buda,) have the Grand Sig- nor's permission to use this mark of dis- tinction, throughout the whole extent of their jurisdiction. Those Bashaws, that are not Viziers, have the privilege of having two tails. The Beys, who are subordinate to the Bashaws, have only one. In the bas-relievo which is under the tomb-stone of John Cassimir, King of Poland, in the abbey church of St. Germain des pies de Paris, that mo- narch is represented at the head of his cavalry, with a horse's tail, or tug, for his standard. Tug, a draught chain. TvG-pins are the iron pins which pass through the fore end of the shafts of the army carts, to fasten the draught chains for the fore horses. TUILE, Fr. a tile. TUM ( $44 ) TUN Tr jle creuse, Fr. a gutter tile. Tin i: de petit moule, Fr. a tile mea- suring about 10 inches in length, and six in breadth. About 300 will cover a square toise. Ti n.r. de grand moule, Fr. a tile Measuring about 10 inches in length, and about eight and a half in breadth. One thousand are sufficient to cover seven toises. Tuile Jiumande, Fr. a hollow tile •Whose profile is an S. ; a Dutch tile. TUILEAUX, Fr. shards of tiles. TUILERIE, Fr. tile kiln. TUILERIES, Fr. the gardens be- longing to the Royal Palace in Paris are so called from the spot having origi- nally been used for tile kilns. TUKNEKYAH, hid. carpenters. TUKNARjMmmfijInd. money brought more than once to account. TULBANUA, Ind. a fee taken by Peons when placed as guards over any person. TULLUB, Ind. This word literally means a demand, but it is often used for pay. Tullub chitty, Ind. a summons. TULWAR, Ind. a sword. TUMBLER, that part of the lock that has two bents, in which the nose of the seer catches at half cock and whole cock. TUMBRELS, (tombereaux, Fr.) co- vered carts, which carry ammunition for cannon, tools for the pioneers, mi- ners, and artificers; and sometimes the monev of the army. TUMULT, (tumulte, Fr.) According to Bailey, a bustle, uproar, stir, hurly- burly, riot, sedition, mutiny. When this happens, especially in any British populous town or city, recourse is first bad to the civil power, which, if well managed, seldom fails to put down the most violent ebullitions of a mob. When the military are, from extreme necessity, called in, the greatest attention should be paid to the description of troops that are employed. Men, but especially offi- cers, who have seen service, and are marked for bravery and forbearance, should always be selected in preference to raw troops, and inconsiderate youths. TUMULTUS. Among the ancient Romans, the word tumultus signified more than was generally understood by the term helium (war.) For during hos- tilities, the civil distribution of justice was never interrupted ; whereas in times of tumult, and popular insurrection, all functions of the kind ceased ; every magistrate, and public officer, was obliged to take up arms, and the Consuls alone were invested with the full authority of the state. TUMUSSOOK, Ind. a bond. TUNCAW, Ind. an assignment. TUNES, Fr. small twigs which are inlaced, or twisted across, round several stakes planted in the earth, and which serve to keep the fascines together. TUNIC, (tuniqnc, Fr.) a coat with- out sleeves. It derives its name from the Latin word tunica, or close coat, which was the common garment worn within doors by itself, and abroad, un- der the gown. It was distinguished by different names among the Romans, corresponding with the several classes of the people, that were clothed according to their rank in life. See Kennel's Ro- man Antiquities, page 311, ccc. This sort of clothing is still worn in the East, and was prevalent among the French after their return from the Cru- sades to the Holy Land. They adopted it from the Saracens, and seemed ambi- tious of appearing in a garb which bore testimony to their feats of valour. These tunics, which were converted into a sort of uniform, obtained the name of Sala- dines among the French, in compliment to the Emperor Saladin. Hence too the origin of Salade, which not only sig- nified the armour that was worn beneath the tunic or Saladine, but also the light helmet of that name. Among the French it likewise signi- fied a particular dress which was worn by their kings, under their robes of state, at a coronation. TUNICA palmuta, a purple garment, or long robe, worn among the ancient Romans, which had a gold cloth border on it of a hand's breadth. Littleton says under Palmatus, a gown embroidered and branched all over with palms, worn in triumph; also marked with the palm of one's hand. The Roman Emperors, by a refinement in politics, had attached a considerable consequence to this ap- pointment; for they well knew, that it was necessary to keep the public mind in a state of constant amusement or oc- cupation; and this could only be done by popular feasts and games. The per- son who presided on these occasions was intitled to the first posts and em- ployments in the Republic. This policy was followed by the French, particularly during the reign of Bonaparte ; when the T IJ R ( 945 ) T U R sans-culotte system gave way to that of the consulate; and Napoleon, the late Emperor, carried it still farther. TUNTUNGI-baski, a Turkish term signifying master of the pipes, a situa- tion under the Pacha. TUQUE, Fr. a tarpaulin. TURBAN, -\ (turban, Fr.) a cover TURBANT, (.consisting of several TURBAND, ) folds of white muslin, &c. which is worn by the Turks and other oriental nations. The blacks be- longing to the different bands that are attached to British regiments likewise wear turbans, ornamented with fictitious pearls, and feathers. Those of the Foot Guards are particularly gorgeous. The French say familiarly Prendre le turban, to turn Turk. The Great Turk bears over his arms, a turban enriched with pearls and dia- monds, under two coronets. The first, which is made of pyramidical points, is heightened up with large pearls, and the uppermost is surmounted with crescents. Grcen-TvRhAK, a turban worn by the immediate descendants of Mahomet, and by the idiots or saints in Turkey. TT/n7e-TuRBAN, a turban generally worn by the inhabitants of the East. Ye//ow-T urban, a turban worn by the Polygars who are chiefs of moun- tainous, or woodland districts, in the East Indies. By the last accounts from India, this turban has been adopted by the revolted natives of that part of the globe, as a signal of national coincidence and national understanding. The Poly- gars are in possession of very extensive tracts of countrv, particularly among the woods and mountains, and are likely to be extremely troublesome to the British. For an interesting account of them, see Orme's History of the Carnatic, pages S86, 390, 396, 420, &c. TURCIE, Fr. mole; pier; dyke. Grand TURCOPOLIER de la Reli- gion, Fr. Before the Reformation, (when the Roman Catholic religion pre- vailed in Great Britain,) England formed the sixth tongue in the Order of Malta; and the Grand Prior, as Turcopolier de la Religion, had the chief command of the troops belonging to the Order. See Nouveau Dictionnaire Militaire, pub- lished in 1802. TURC-Oyjj/Jfr, Oppihr, Fr. Oppilo, Lat. Oppilare, Ital. to stop. — English also, Oppilate, to obstruct. This word, with its substantive and adjective, almost confined to medical uses, is rare, except with the physicians, who threw such a lustre over Italy, in the 17th century; and among them, Johnson quotes our Harvey. From the physicians, it got into the French poets of the time, as Regnier and Senece ; or, perhaps, it might have come from Lucretius — Uti possit, magnus congestus arena Fluctibus adversis oppilare ostia, con- tra Cum mare pcrmotum ventis, ruit intus arenam. An hypothesis of his, on the periodical swell of the Nile. Pilier, Fr. also signifies a buttress. Perhaps, we may not strain the inter- pretation, when we say Turco-Pilier, a buttress against the Turks; in which light, the Order of Malta was originally considered. So that (by a very easy affinity to the word) Grand Turcopil.ier de la Religion meant the grand support, or buttress, of the Roman Catholic Re- ligion against the Turks ; and a compli- ment was paid to England, by investing the Grand Prior of the English language or tongue, with that dignity. TURK, (Pure, Fr.) the following account of the Turks has been given by a modern French writer: — " The Turks are a nation that is naturally warlike, whose armies are commanded by expe- rienced generals, and are composed of bold and executive soldiers. They owe their knowledge of war, and their expe- rience in tactics to three national causes, two of which do credit to their intellects. In the first place, they become inured to arms, from being bred to the profession from their earliest infancy; in the se- cond, they are promoted upon the sole ground of merit, and by an uninter- rupted gradation of rank; and in the third, they possess all the opportunities of learning the military art that constant practice and habitual warfare can afford. They are naturally robust, and consti- tutionally courageous, full of activity, and not at all enervated by the de- baucheries of Europe, or the effeminacy of the East. Their predilection for war and enterprize grows out of the recollec- tion of past victories, and is strengthened by the two most powerful incentives to human daring, viz. reward and punish- ment : the first of which is extremely attractive, because it is very great ; and the other equally deterring, because it is 6E TUR ( 946 ) TUR ,U? in the extreme. Add to these i original jester or buffoon, was Monsieur the strong influence of a religion, which I d'Arrqagnac. In the second part of holds out everlasting; happiness, and seats Bailey, we read Tur/upinade, a low dry near Mahomet in heaven, to all who die jest or witticism. fighting for their country on the field ■ TURLUPIN ER, Fr. to jest, ormake of battle; and which further teaches them most implicitly to believe, that every Turk bears inscribed upon his forehead his fatal moment, with the kind of death he must submit to, and that nothing human can alter his destiny. When anything is to be carried into exe- cution, the order they receive is absolute, free from every species of intervention or controul, and emanating from one in- game of another, in a low, coarse man- ner. See Quiz. TURLUPIN ES, a sect or sort of people who made a public profession of impudence, going naked, without so much as covering their privy parts, and who were not ashamed to ha.ve to do with women in the open market. TURMA, a troop of cavalry among the ancient Romans. The horse re- dependent authority. The power which i quired to every legion was three hundred, is entrusted to their generals (like that of the Romans to their dictators) is brief and comprehensive, viz. — Promote the interests of your country, or your sovereign." See Essai sur la Science de la Guerre, torn. i. p. 207. Such is the character of the Turks, as detailed by their old allies the French. How far it corresponds with reality, espe- cially in regard to military knowledge, we must leave to future historians to determine; observing at the same time, that a few sparks of British valour and perseverance contributed more to the preservation of the Ottoman empire, during the late war, than all the fantastic images, or well-devised hypocrisies of Mahomet, could have done. Our brave countrymen, on their return from Egypt, have been enabled to give a more faith- ful and correct account of their charac- ter as soldiers. TURKISH- Bow, a remarkably strong bow, which, to use the words of Lord Verulam, gave a very forcible shoot, in- somuch that it has been known that the arrow has pierced a steel target, or a piece of brass, two inches thick. TURLUPINADE, Fr. the art of punning, or making people laugh by sallies of false wit, and by ridiculous equivocation, or double meaning. It is so called, from a celebrated French buffoon of the name of Turlupin. It has been very properly observed by a French writer, that persons of taste reject this species of pretended wit. It was, however, very prevalent at the Fiench court, particularly before and during the reign of Louis the 14th. Boileau savs : — J'outefbis a la cour les Turhtpins res- tirent. The most notorious imitator of this divided into ten turmae or troops, thirty to a troop, every troop making three decuriae, or bodies of men. See Ken- nett, R. A. p. 192. TURN, a word commonly used by the riding masters when they direct their scholars to change hands. TURNCOAT, a renegade, a deserter; one who abandons his party. TURNOVER, a piece of white linen which used to be worn by the soldiers belonging to the British cavalry over their stocks, about half an inch deep. Three turnovers per annum are ordered to be provided by stoppage, in the list of necessaries, from the pay of each cavalry soldier. To TURN out, to bring forward ; to exhibit; as, to turn out the guard; to turn out so many men for service. To Turn out the line, to exhibit, in battle array, a certain number of men, for the purpose of parade, or to bring them into action. To Turn in, to withdraw ; to order under cover; as, to turn in the guard. TURNPIKE, an obstacle placed across a road, to prevent travellers, wagons, &c. from passing without paying an established toll. Officers and sol- diers, regimentally dressed, and on duty, may pass through turnpikes gratis. Turnpike is also used in the military art, for a beam stuck full of spikes, to be placed in a gap, a breach, or at the entrance of a camp, to keep oft' the enemy. It may be considered as a sort of c/ievul dc frize. 'TURPENTINE, a very combustible gum, used in the composition of fire- works. TURRET, a small tower. Moveable Turrets. See Towers. TURRIS, a tower; a turret. This TUR ( 947 ) T Y M Vias formerly a sort of retrenchment, used among the people in Asia, and which the Greeks adopted for warlike purposes. It was a moveahle machine and principally employed at sieges. In the latter case, Vegetius calls it 'Purvis ambulatoria, a moveable turret, which was higher than the walls of a town, and went upon wheels. Atheineus gives the invention of this turret to the Sicilians : and Servius says that Agrippa, a cele- brated sea captain among the Romans, first introduced it. We are of opinion, with the author of the French Military Dictionary, that it owes its origin to the remotest antiquity, and that it was com- mon among the Hebrews, the Israelites, &c. American TURTLE, a machine in- vented by Mr. David Bushnell, of Say- brook, in Connecticut, for sub-marine navigation. The Catamarans, so pom- pously submitted, and so expensively at- tended to, by the late Mr. Pitt, as being the original invention of Mr. Fulton, were direct imitations, or rather copies, of the American Turtle. It is a decked boat, to go under water, and several persons have gone under water many leagues. The difficulty is to provide the persons in 'the boat with fresh air for respiration, and this is contrived, by having a reservoir of air, of suitable di- mensions to the size of the boat, and the number of persons in it. By means of a condensing pump, the air, in this reser- voir, is condensed about four hundred times ; and by a spring, the air is let out at intervals, as circumstances require; the impure air being rectified by carbonic acid, neutralized with chalk. W ithin the boat are Haps, like those of a rundle, to move the boat, two rudders, one ver- tical, the other horizontal, and a pump to empty the hold, or air reservoir. The persons within can, at pleasure, come to the top of the water; and to injure an enemy's vessel, the boat is steered to the ship, and a machine, filled with com- bustibles, is fixed to it, which is set on fire by a cock let off by a spring, after a certain time, during which the persons within the boat have provided for their safety. It does not appear, that any vessel has, as yet, suffered by this inven- tion. Experiments have been made, par- ticularly by the French, but the dilricul- ties of carrying them into execution, in real practice, are too great to afford any cause of alarm to our navy. TUSCAN-order. See Order. Tvsc.\^--tcork is rarely used, except in vaults, in some rustic edifices, and huge piles of building, such as amphitheatres, &c. TUSK, (in carpentry,) a level shoulder made to strengthen the tenon of a joist, which is let into the girder. TUSSULDAR, hid. the Company's collector of the kistvbundy. TUYAU, Fr. nozzle, the end. Any pipe, &c. of lead, or gutter, or canal, made of burnt clay, &c. which serves to carry off the water from the roof of a house. Tuyau de cheminee, Fr. the cylindrical conduit which receives, and lets out, the smoke at the top of a chimney. Tuyaux de descente, Fr. the pipes which convey the water downwards. TWEED, a river that divides Eng- land from Scotland. Berwick upon Tweed. The power respecting the militia for the county ot Northumberland extends to this place; the men belonging to it being subject to be balloted for, in the same proportion with the other divisions, and to join and be deemed part of the militia of that county. The chief magistrate of Berwick upon Tweed has authority to appoint deputy- lieutenants, and to nominate officers. TW1BIL, an instrument used by car- penters to make mortise-holes. TWIIUNDI, an old term signifying men, valued at 200 shillings, who were of the lowest degree : and if such a man was killed, the mulct was thirty shillings. TWIST, with horsemen, the inside or flat part of a man's thigh, upon which every true horseman rests on horseback. TWISTED IN, a term synouimous_ to sworn in, used by the insurgents of the manufacturing towns and villages in Yorkshire and Lancashire, in 1812. TWISTING, with horsemen, the re- ducing a horse to the same state of im- potence with a gelding, by the violent wringing, or twisting, of his testicles, twice about, which dries them up, and deprives them of nourishment. TWOPENCES, an allowance in the pound, given to army agents. TYMPAN, (tympanal.) in architec- ture, the area of a pediment, being that part which is on a level with the naked of the frieze. Or it is the space included between the three cornices of a triangular pediment, or the two cornices of a cir- E2 V A C ( 948 ) V A I fiilar one- Among joiners, it signifies J animals, such as horses, dogs, kc. walk, the pannels of a door. Tl miw\ of an inch is the triangular space or table in the corners or sides of the arch, usually hollowed and enriched, sometimes with branches of laurel, olive- tn ■< , or oak, or with trophies, &c. Some- times with flying figures, as Fame, \ ic- tory,&c, or sitting figures, as the Cardinal Virtues. TYMPA \ I M, a drum, a musical in- strument which the ancients used, and which consisted of a thin piece of leather or skin stretched upon a circle of wood or iron, and beat with the hand. Hence the origin of our drum. Tympanum, in mechanics, a kind of wheel placed round an axis or cylindrical Learn, on the top of which are two levers, or fixed staves, for the more easy turning the axis about, in order to raise a weight required. It is also used for any hollow wheel, wherein one or more persons or to turn it. This wheel is found in cranes, calenders, &c. Tympanum, the area orspace included between the cornice which crowns it, and the entablature which supports and serves it as a foundation. TYRANT, (tyran, Fr.) Any indivi- dual is so called, who, by force of arms, or by other illegitimate means, has en- croached upon, or usurped, the sovereign authority in a country. Thus Diony- sius was called the tyrant of Sicily, and Robespierre the tyrant of France. Petty Tyrants, (tyranneaux, Fr.) a low, grovelling set of beings, who, with- out one spark, of real courage within themselves, execute the orders of usurped or strained authority, with brutal rigour. The creatures belonging to an oligarchy are generally of this cast; hence the Poet's line — And fly from petty tyrants to the throne. V. T/ACANCY, ( Vaeancf!} Fr \ vacant state of an office or commission to which no one is appointed. Empbis-V AC ANS, Fr. During the old French monarchy, seniority of rank or standing did net give the right of promotion. It belonged solely to the king to appoint and nominate all persons to vacant commissions or employments. The same power is vested in our King, forming a part of his prerogative : thus the Prince of Saxe-Cobourg has been appointed colonel of the vacant regiment of Dragoon Guards, the 5th, or Princess Charlotte of Wales's own. VACANT, (vacant, e, Fr.) empty; not filled. Hence, vacant mind. \ a (ant companies, (compagnies va- cantcs, Fr.) companies to the permanent command of which no person is ap- pointed, for the time being. \ ,\( am Pay. See Pay. VACATIO militia, military exemp- tion. Among the Creeks no man was called into active service after he had reached his sixtieth year. The Romans established the vacatio-militia;, or mili- tary exemption, at forty-five and fifty. We imitate the latter. VACCINATION, the VACCINE. I he term inoculation signifies the trans- planting of distempers from one subject to another; and is used, particularly, for the engraftment of the small pox; while Vaccination denotes the operation for communicating the variola bovilla, or cow pox. VAC HE enragee, Fr. a term used in France to express great discontent. Je te J'erai manger de la vache enragee, thou shalt go for a soldier; intimating thereby that soldiers are obliged to eat any thing, and any sort of meat, even that of a mad cow or bullock. This, thank God, is not the case with us : for no men live better than the soldiers of Old England. VADEMANQUE, Fr. short of cash. VAGUE, Fr. wave; surge. Flot is used in the same sense. V ague -fnattre, Fr. a term adopted from the Germans, signifying master of the wagons of an army. There being no W in the French alphabet the V is used: we say simply, wagon-master. \ T AGVE-Mestre- General, Fr. This word has been adopted by the French from the German term Wagen-$teister t which signifies wagon-master. VAIGRES, Fr. a marine term, the clamp and thick stuff used in the ceiling of a ship. It is sometimes written vegres. Vaigkes de fond, Fr. the thick stulf laid next to the keel. V A L ( 949 ) Vaigres d'empature, Fr. the thick stuff laid between the floor-heads and the keel. Vaigres depout, Fr. the clamps which support the ends of the beams. Vaigres dejieures, Fr. the thick stuff laid opposite to the floor head. VAINCU, Fr. beaten ; overcome ; defeated. VAIXQUEUR, Fr. a conqueror ; one who beats, overcomes, or defeats another. YAIRON, Fr. a silver-eyed or wall- eyed horse; or a horse that has one eye different from the other. The same is said of a man. VAISSEAU, Fr a ship. Vaisseau du premier rang, Fr. a first rate. Vaisseau du second rang, Fr. a second rate. Vaisseau de guerre, Fr. a man of war. Vaisseau murchand, Fr. a merchant- man. VAISSELLE d'argent, Fr. silver uten- sils ; plate We have already remarked under Table d'O/Hciers, that during the old government of France, it was strictly forbidden to use any other plate than silver goblets, spoons, and forks. VA1\ ODE, Fr. an old Sclavonian word, which signifies prince or general. This title was formerly given to the so- vereign princes of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transilvania. YAJ1B ul Auzee, Ind. a petition, memorial, or proposal to a superior. VAKEEL, lnd. an agent, a subor- dinate envoy or ambassador. V A L Fr. the desk of a Valet de miroir. t table looking glass. Valet a dibutter, Fr. a jack to pull off boots. Valet, with horsemen, is a stick armed at one end with a blunt point of iron, to prick and aid a leaping-horse. Valet, Fr. an instrument which is used by carpenters to keep boards, that have been glued, close together. Valets de Vurmie, Fr. officers' ser- vants ; they are likewise called by the French tar tares. Valets d'urtillerie, Fr. men attached to the guns on board ships of war, for the purpose of assisting the regular can- noneers. Valet d'luiis,Yv. a log, block, or piece of metal hanging by a rope on one side of a door, for the purpose of closing it altar a person has passed. Valets a pat in, Fr. an instrument which is used by surgeons ; a small pincer to take up the arteries when it is found necessary to make a ligature. Valets de vil/e, Fr. constables, &c. men who are attached to the police of a town. VALETER, Fr. to wait ; to cringe ; to dance attendance. VALETUDINARIUM, an infirmary, or hospital for sick folks. Among the Romans, the valetudinarium, or hospital, was only established in time of war, when their armies marched beyond the boun- daries of the republic. In the remote pe- riods of their history, the wounded sol- diers were lodged with the inhabitants of the several towns belonging to the re- VAKIAS, Ind. a weight nearly equal public, by whom they were nursed and fed ; and when they were on foreign ser- vice, the wounded were obliged to dress one another. There were in those times, neither physicians nor surgeons attached to the armies; and it often happened, that superannuated or old soldiers did their business. VALEUREUSEMENT, Fr. coura- geously. VALIANT, > personally brave, VALOROUS, ) fearless of danger in war, &c. VALLEE de inhere, Fr. in Paris, the poultry and game market. VALLEY, (val,Fr.) a space of ground between hills. VAN-jbss, in fortification, a ditch dug to a pound. It also signifies a measure. VAKILIT, hid. the first office in the empire. VALET, Fr. a servant-man ; a person in waiting about another ; a valet. In ancient history, there is an account of valets under the article of esquires, who received 12d. per diem. Du Cange and other writers are of opinion that the ap- pellation of valet was generally given to young gentlemen of rank and family, who were not yet knighted. At present, it means a menial ; one who is about the person of another in a servile capacity ; as Valet de chambre. Valet a loner, Fr. figuratively, a man out of place ; as a minister sometimes is; or a discarded general. Ame de Valet, Fr. a mean, base, sneeking soul. without the counterscarp, and all along the glacis, usually full of water. VALLUM, Agger, Vines, Turves. All V A L ( 950 ) V A L these different terms were used among I rreeks and ancient Romans, as well as among the Eastern nations, to signify the retrenchments which were made for offensive or defensive purposes. That which was called Agger consisted of an elevation made with piles of wood, branches of trees, &c and afterwards covered with turf. It was sufficiently high to overlook the town. This artifi- cial mount was surrounded by a fosse or ditch, and fenced with palisades. These retrenchments had different terms ap- plied to them, according to the different manner in which they were constructed. The vinea were engines of war made of timber and hurdles, beneath which the ancients, in assaults, came safely under the walls of a town, and so scaled them. Then came the Turres, which see. VALOIR, Fr. to have value, or to be worth something. Faire Valoir le talent, Fr. to enhance any particular talent or quality of the mind. Se faire Valoir, Fr. to support one's own dignity as a man ; not to permit one's self to be degraded or under-rated. VALOUR, (valeur, Fr:) courage, bra- very, intrepidity ; a generous quality, which, far from assuming brutality and violence, with-holds the fury of the sol- dier, protects' helpless women, innocent infants, and hoary age. Nothing which is incapable of resistance can ever be the object whereon true valour would exercise its powers. Courage is that grandeur of soul, which prompts us to sacrifice all personal advantages, and even the preservation of our beings, to a love of doing our duty. The exercise of this determined courage in the pro- fession of arms is called valour. It is composed of bravery, reason, and force : by bravery we understand that lively ar- dour which fires us for the combat ; rea- son points out to us the method of con- ducting it with justice and prudence ; and force is necessary for the execution. It is bravery which animates the heart, reason springs from the soul, and force ads upon the body ; without bravery we fear obstacles, danger and death ; « ithout reason, courage would have no Legitimate view; and without force it would be useless: these three qualities shouldconcur to form true military valour. Dr. Johnson defines valour, bravery, and courage almost as synonimous terms. tfr, Addison distinguishes between that sort of courage which springs, by instinct >\ from the soul, and from that which ori- ginates in a sense of duty, and is strength- ened by reflexion. Count Turpin, on the other hand, establishes a wide difference between bravery and courage, which he makes two terms. In page 5 of the Pre- liminary Discourse to his Essay on the Art of War, he has the following passage : " Is the officer — (speaking of the re- quisite qualifications in a general) — who loves his duty, and who would make him- self master of it, under no obligation to ascertain what qualifications his station requires ? That he ought to have such or such a quality, under such or such a circumstance ? That here, only bravery is necessary, there, only courage ? And that he is not always obliged to have both at the same time ?" These two qualities, which are often confounded in the same subject, merit a particular distinction : they are not so closely united, but that one may be found without the other. Courage seems fittest for a general, and for all those who com- mand; bravery more necessary for a soldier, and for all those who receive orders ; bravery is in the blood ; courage in the soul ; the first is a kind of instinct, the second a virtue ; the one is an im- pulse almost mechanical, the other a noble and a sublime conception. A man is brave at a particular time, and accord- ing to circumstances ; but he has con- rage at all times, and upon all occasions: bravery is impetuous, in as much as it is less the result of reflection ; courage, on the contrary, in proportion as it grows out of reason, becomes more or less in- trepid. Bravery is inspired by the force of example, by insensibility to danger, and by the mingled fury of conflict and action ; courage is infused by the love of our duty, the desire of glory, and by the zeal we feel to serve our king and coun- try : courage depends on reason, but, bra- very on the constitution. Achilles, such as Horace describes him from Homer, implacable, cruel, despising every law except that of the strongest, presents no- thing to the idea, but the hardiness of a gladiator. But the Roman general, whose death would have occasioned the ruin of the army, the great Scipio, when covered by the bucklers of three soldiers, to avoid a shower of arrows, which the enemy directed against him, approaches in safety the walls he besieged, and standing only a spectator of the action, exhibits the picture of true courage, whilst he contents himself with giving the V A L ( ) V A L necessary orders; and in the same manner did the present Duke of Wel- lington remain undaunted in one of his squares, during the heat of the battle of Waterloo. Bravery, again, is in- voluntary, and does not depend wholly npon ourselves ; whereas courage (as Seneca observes) may be acquired by education; provided nature has sown the first seeds of it. Cicero, sheltering him- self from the hatred of Catiline, un- doubtedly wanted bravery ; but certainly he possessed an elevated tirmness of mind (which is in reality courage) when he disclosed the conspiracy of that traitor to the senate, and pointed out all his accomplices ; or when he pleaded for Deiotarus against Ceesar, his friend and his judge. Coolness is the effect of courage, which knows its clanger, but makes no other use of that knowledge, than to give direction with greater certainty ; courage is always master of itself, provided against all accidents, and regulated by existing circumstances; never confounded by any danger, so as to lose sight of the motions of the enemy, or of the means by which he may be most effectually opposed. The Chevalier Folard makes the fol- lowing remarks upon this quality of the mind and heart. He says, in his notes on Polybius, there are various kinds of that species of courage, intrepidity, or strength of soul, which no circumstances can vanquish, and no events can shake. I do not know whether a quality, so di- versified in its nature, can be found uni- ted in the same person to the full extent of its activity. We generally discover, that some men possess a larger propor- tion of it than others. In order to form a correct opinion of its existence in the human character, we should find out some individual who has acted-through all the vicissitudes of life, and has uniformly discovered the same firmness of mind and intrepidity of heart. But where shall we pick out a character of this sort ? Life is too short for the full exercise of its various powers, and were it of a longer date, the circum- scribed faculties of man render the re- search useless. I do not believe it is possible to point out an individual who, free from the natural weaknesses that are attached to our constitution, has, in ad- versity as well as prosperity, been equally determined throughout all the changes to which military operations are unavoid- ably subject. This intrepidity and strength of mind have been ]>eculiarly visible on manifold occasions, in some extraordinary charac- ters, who have been equally remarkable on others for weakness and pusillanimi- ty. We have seen them bold, to the full extent of hardihood, during a suc- cession of triumphs ; we have then be- held them shamefully agitated under a temporary reverse of fortune, and we have again seen them recover their wonted energy on the first favourable opportunity. These opposite qualities succeed one another ; and we see bold- ness and timidity occupy, by turns, the same man, so as to produce, according to circumstances, the utmost solicitude and caution in some instances, and the greatest courage, firmness, and decision in others, during the prosecution of a, war. These fluctuations of the human cha- racter may be traced, almost every day, in a certain description of generals. When they are reduced to defensive operations, their understanding becomes perplexed ; they know not how to act, and not only omit to make use of fa- vourable opportunities themselves, but unwittingly afford them to their enemies ; whilst, on the other hand, in offensive war, their genius expands itself into a variety of expedients ; they create occa- sions that did not seem to exist, turn them to account, and finally succeed. Thus we see united in the same men promptitude, vigour, and enterprize in one species of warfare ; and timidity, doubt, and consternation in another. I have known, says Folard, generals of marked intrepidity (who in trifling mat- ters have discovered a solicitude that approached to a want of manliness) con- ceive projects of vast extent, that were full of intricate developements, and che- quered by incertitude ; and I have seen them conquer the greatest obstacles by their courage and good conduct. Human nature is so strangely consti- tuted, that whilst one man will rush into danger, as if attracted by blood and de- vastation, another will not have tirmness enough to stand his ground, and face the coming evil. He, who in the hour of battle would give fresh courage to his troops, by being the foremost to advance, has been known to turn pale in the very trench where a soldier's boy or woman has sat, undisturbed, selling spirits and provisions, or lias been discovered to tremble, when the signal for storming VAL ( 95 vtUM given. The very man that would courageously load his troop into action.. or would prove the most expert mavks- man In the world, were lie directed to practise in the front of a whole line, has been known to shrink at a single combat, and would rather rush headlong into a guarded breach, than measure swords, or point a pistol, with an antagonist. An- other again, " hom no danger could arl'ect in public contests or in private feuds, when visited by sickness, is full of appre- hension, has recourse to physic, and in proportion as his malady increases, grows timid, scrupulous, and unhappy. It sometimes happens, on the other hand, though rarely, that the rankest coward ■will lie peaceably in bed amidst all the surrounding terrors of dissolution, and will even smile as his agony approaches. I have seen, continues the same au- thor, (and daily experience confirms his observation,) one of the bravest officers in the world, suddenly turn pale in a thunder-storm, and even so far give way to his fears, as to hide himself in a cel- lar. One man possesses what the French so forcibly style unc valeur journaliere, a sort of ephemeral courage, or what de- pends upon the influence of the moment; to-day he is as bold as Achilles ; to- morrow, he sinks into the degraded cha- racter of Thersites. These changes in character and con- stitution, which are so visible in indivi- duals, may be traced in their influence over whole nations, with little or no de- viation. The Persian cavalry still main- tains its ancient reputation for valour, and is still dreaded by the Turks. Tacitus relates, that the Sarmatian horse was in- vincible ; but when the men were dis- mounted, nothing could be more misera- bly defective in all the requisites of war. Their whole dependance was on their cavalry, and, as far as we are enabled to judge, the same partial quality exists to this day. The French, until their unprecedented revolution, seem to have preserved the character and disposition of the ancient Gauls. They went with more alacrity into action, and met death, at first si^ht, with more valour, than they discovered firmness and resolution to wait patiently lor its approach. Hurry and agitation appeared more congenial to their minds • than calmness and composure. In order to conquer, it was found ne- >ary, by their ablest generals, to make them attack and insult their enemy. ) V A L They grew impatient in slow operations, and gradually became less capable of meeting their antagonists in proportion to the time they were restrained from coming to action. Their whole history, indeed, is a continued proof of the just- ness of this observation ; and although their character seems to have undergone considerable changes since their Revolu- tion, they have still retained so much of the original cast, as to shew more prompti- tude in offensive, than steadiness and per- severance in defensive operations : not that they are deficient in the latter, but that the former quality has been more brilliantly successful. To the first they owe their stupendous triumphs under Bonaparte ; but they have again been rendered almost equally conspicuous by their conduct in the second under Ge- neral Moreau, in his celebrated retreat out of the Black Forest. Having said so much of our rival, we shall not be. thought unjust to other nations, or too much prejudiced in favour of our own, if we assert that the British character unites within itself every quality that constitutes the real soldier. Let Bri- tish soldiers be well officered, and ably commanded, and they will march into action not only with the elastic prompti- tude of the Frenchman, but they will also carry with them the cool determined courage of the German. If there be a feature in their character that approaches nearer to one nation than another, it is in the quickness and vigour of their at- tacks. In the hard fought battle of Waterloo it even surpassed the French. In a work, originally written by the Marquis of Santa Cruz de Marzenada, and translated under the title of jRe- flexions Militaires et Politiques pai- De Vergy, the following just observations are made relative to this important qua- lity of the mind. Valour ( by which we understand a thorough indifference to all sort of per- sonal danger, and even a contempt of death) is so necessary an ingredient in the character of a general, that were I to discuss the subject, I should pay a bad compliment, indeed, to the idea which every individual must have formed of it in his own mind. A real general, in my opinion, should therefore remain satisfied with saving in the words of Marius, Ni- hil metuo nisi turpem fumam — (Salust. Bel. Jugur.) I fear nothing except the disgrace which must be incurred by a bad reputation; or in those of Alcibiades, V A N ( 95S ) V A R Ke there quidem vellem, si timidus essem. — Plut. 1. 5. Alci. 1. I would not even live, were I conscious of being timorous. or afraid of death : and this saying is the more correct, because, according to Strada, Belli dux nihil mugis timere debet, quam timere videatur (I amianus Strada de Bello Belgico, 1. 7.) There is nothing which a general or chief of an army should so much fear as having it known, or even suspected, that he is afraid. To these might be added the more modern saying : Je crains Dieu, cher Abner — et riai point d'uutre a unite. I fear God, dear Abner — and have no other fear. \ ALUE, in a general acceptation of the term, signifies the rate at which any thing is estimated. It is particularly ap- plicable to the half-pay, in contradistinc- tion to full pay. The former, having an inherent value, but not being a saleable commodity, (as every olKcer is strictly forbidden to sell that allowance,) it can- not properly be said to have a price, which implies bargain and sale, but still it has a value within itself; whereas full pay has both value and price. Hence regulation price of a commission means the marketable rate at which a full pay commission may be bought or sold; and regulation value of a hall-pay signifies the rate at which it is estimated, but cannot be sold. VAMBASIUM or Wambasium, an ancient military vestment, calculated for the defence of the bodv, differing very little from the aketou, gambeson and jack. VAMBRACES. See Br ass arts. VAMPLET, a piece of steel some- times in the shape of a tunnel, used in tilting spears, just before the hand, to secure and defend it ; it was made to be taken off and put on at pleasure. VAN, the front of an army, the first line. X AK-guard, that part of the army which marches in the front. See Guard. VANCOURIER. See Avakt-cou- RIER. VANDALS, a barbarous and fierce people of a part of Sweden, which was afterwards, from the Goths, their succes- sors, called Gothland, who, leaving their native soil, took pleasure in ranging to and fro, and spoiling countries. Thus the French, during the course of their Revolution, were called the modern Goths and Vandals. VANES, in mathematical instru- ments, are sights made to move and slide upon them. VANITEUX, Fr. ridiculously vain. VANNE, Fr. a floodgate. Vannes, venteuux, ou cloisons de bois de chine, Fr. floodgates, generally made ofoak. YANNETTE, Fr. a sort of flat open basket, or sieve, in which oats are given to horses. VANTAUX, Fr. window-shutters. VANTAIL, Fr. leaf of a folding-door. \ .VST-brass, armour for the arm. VANTER, Fr. to praise excessively ; to extol the merit of a peison, or to en- hance the price of a thins. Se Vanter, Fr. to praise oneself; to speak boastingly of one's own, actions. VANTILLER, Fr. in carpentry, to lay strong planks or boards to stop the influx of water. VAQUER, F?-. to be vacant. Venir « Yaquer, Fr. to become va- cant. Ce regiment vient a vuquer ; that regiment is become vacant. The French also say vaquer a ses affaires, to attend to one's business. Terres Vaines et Vaques, Fr. waste ground. VARAIGNE, Fr. the inlet of sea water into salt-marches. VARANGUES, Fr. floor timbers in a ship. Varangt.es acculces, Fr. the crotches or floor-timbers afore and abaft. VARECH, Fr. a term used in Nor- mandy, upon the coast of France, to sig- nify all goods, &c. that are washed on shore, and are near enough for a man on horseback to touch them with aTance, thereby making them his property. Droits de Varech, Fr. the right to salvage; a term used in Normandy. — Varech likewise signifies any vessel under water. YARENNE, Fr. a warren ; a chase. Yarenne, ou varene, Fr. waste land, kept so for the convenience of the King in hunting. VARLESSE, in horses, an imperfec- tion upon the inside of the ham, a little distant from the curb, but about the same height. There is a bone some- what high and raised ; that part of the ham which is below the said bone some- times swells by the discharge from th« great vein, and is termed varissc ; this defect does not make the horse halt, but spoils his sale by growing excessively F V A S ( 951 ) V A U Hest and ease, especially it" the parj be bathed with spirit o( wine, will so I.ukI and restrain it as not to be per- ceived for the time. \ LRLET, Fr. In the davs of chi- valry this word was synonimous to page. With us it anciently meant a yeoman's nt. \ arlet is also taken in a bad si nse, and signifies a sorry wretch, a rogue, or rascal. In Stat. 20 Rich. II. varlets meant mi inn n, oc the servants of yeomen. For the etymology of this word, see p. 149, in the second part of Mr. Home Tooke's learned and interesting publication, en- titled flu' Diversions of Parley. Yakut, on valet, Fr. in a dam or sluice, an assemblage of' several pieces of carpenter's work which together form a sort of cross-beam or gallows that leans against one' of the walls of. the sluice, and is shut by ;t tinning flood-gate. VARLOPE, Fr. a carpenter's large plane. \ ARNISII. Meunier, a distinguished officer of the royal corps of engineers in France, under the old government, in ef- fecting the decomposition of sea-water, in order to render it fit Lor the purposes of masonry, had, as a part of his appara- tus or recipient, the cylinder of an old cannon, in which he submitted the sea- water to the heat of a reverberating fur- nace. Alter his experiment he examined the cylinder, and found it covered with a layer or coating of varnish, which set all instruments at defiance, for neither steel nor iron could make any impression upon it. ft is beyond all doubt, that by this varnish pieces of ordnance may be choaked, and rendered useless. \ ARRER, Fr. to put to sea. \ ARSA, Ind. the rainy season. V hSiA-conctamwe. Among the an- cient Romans, the first signal to decamp, (which was given by the sound of a bugle- horn,) was so called. The first time the bugle sounded, the general's tent was struck, and immediately after, the sol- diers struck theirs, and packed up. \\ hen it sounded the second time, the wagons were loaded; and at the third signal, the marched oft' the ground ; care be- ing taken to leave lighted fires in the (amp, for the purpose of deceiving the < m my. S \ S ANT, Ind. the mild season, or spring. VASE, (vase, Fr.) in architecture, a »ort of decoration made of stone, marble, bronze, or gilt lead, which is placed, at equal distances, at the tops of houses, in gardens, &c. VAULT, (route, Fr.) in architecture, is a piece of masonry-arch without side, and supported in the air by the artificial placing of the stone which tonus if, its principal use being for a cover or shelter ; or it is an arched roof, so contrived, as that the several voussoirs or vault stones, of which it consists, do, by then dispose tion, sustain each other. \ aults are to be preferred on many occasions to solids, or flat cielings, as they give a greater rise and elevation, and are, besides, mure firm and durable. Salmasius observes, that the ancients had only three kinds ol vaults. The tirst was the fornix made cradle-wise; the second a testudo, that is, tortoise-wise, which the trench call cut de loaf, or | oven-wise; and the third, coucltu, or trum- pet-wise. But the moderns have subdivided these three sorts into many more, to which they have given different names, accord- ing to their figures and uses; some of theni are circular, and others elliptical. Again, the sweeps of some are larger, others lesser portions of a sphere All such as are above hemispheres are called high or surmounted vaults ; and ail that are less than hemispheres, are called low ox sin bused vaults, or testudines. Kci/ of a Vault is a stone or brick in the middle of the vault in the form of a truncated cone; winch serves to bind or fasten all the rest. Reins of a Vault are the sides which sustain it ; they are also called the till- ing up. Pendentive of a Vault is the part sus- pended between the arches or ogives. Impost of a Vault is the stone on which the first voussoir, or stone of the vault, is laid. ili(/)>\ by means of ducts, funnels, or vaults, with the chambers, or other ■pertinents of a house, to cool them in sultry, weather. VENTOUSES, Fr. air-holes, venti- lator-. \ ENTRE, Fr. belly; womb. When a piece of ordnance is oft* its carriage, and lies on the ground, it is said, among the French, to be upon its belly — etre sur le ventre. Se coucker Ventre a terre, Fr. to lie down Hat on your face. Le capilaine ordonna a scs soldats de se coucker ventre a l( /re, the captain ordered his men to lie down. This frequently occurs in action, when any part of the line or de- tached body is so posted as to be within reacli of the enemv's cannon, and not sufficiently near to make use of its own musketry. A cool determined officer never lies down himself. Demander pardon Ventre a terre, Fr. to ask pardon in a most abject position. VENTR1ERE, IV. a belly-band for a draught horse. \ ENTRiERE, Fr. in hydraulics, a large piece of even timber which is tixed be- fore a range of boards in order to make some mason-work more secure, either against the current of a river, or the pres- sure of earth. Ventrieres, IV. also pieces of timber which are laid horizontally under the railing of wooden quays. They are like- wise used in the roofs of ordinary buildings VENTS- ou RUMBS DE VENT, Fr. Belidor has the following article on this term. " For the convenience and ease of navigation, mariners have divided the horizon into thirty-two equal parts, which the French call Rinnbs de Vent, or Airs de Vent, so marked upon the com- pass. Among these thirty-two winds, there are four principal ones which cor- respond with the four cardinal points of the globe, and which are known by the following names. Nord means Septi n- trionor the North, and is always distin- guished by ajtozver de lys upon the com- pass; Sud is Midi or South; Est, Levant, or Orient, the East; Ouest, Couchant or I'Occident, the West : also Ponant in the Mediterranean. These four winds are called by the French vents primitifs, pri- mitive winds, and are each distant from one another 90 degrees. By dividing each quarter of a circle into two equal parts, we shall have the collateral winds, whose names grow out of the two pri- mitive winds between which they are placed. For instance, the wind that is between the North and the West, is called Nord-Ouest, North-West; that which is between the South and the West, is called Sad-Ouest, South-West; that which is between the North and the Fast, North-Fast ; that between the South and the East, South-East. These lour collateral winds, and the four pri- mitive ones, which are 45 degrees dis- tant from one another, are called rhumbs cntiers." For the subdivisions of the winds, see a French work entituled Diclionnaire Universel de Mathcmutiquc et de Physique. VERACITY, (vcracite, Fr.) an invio- lable attachment to truth; one of the attributes of the Divinity, and the most sublime virtue in the human mind. YHRANDA, Ind. the covering of houses, being extended beyond the main pile of building, by means of a slanting roof, forming external rooms or passages. It is sometimes spelt Varhanda. \ ' ERBA L orders, inst ructions given by word of mouth, which, when commu- nicated through an official channel, are to be considered as equally binding with written ones. Verbal, Fr. verbal; given by word of mouth. iVoco,- Verbal, Fr. a verbal deposi- tion, or a written report which is made ofticially of what has been seen, said, and done, between persons concerned. When applied to things, proch-vcrbal corresponds with our word survey. VERBIAGE, Fr. mere words; super- fluous talk ; nonsense. VERBIAGER, IV. to talk much about nothing. VERBOQUET, Fr. a small rope, or cord, which is tied to a cable, at the end of which hangs a piece of wood or large stone, that is to be raised to any given height in a building. The verboquet is used for the purpose of preventing the cable and its weight from touching any part of the building while it is drawing up. VERD, IV. green. This word is some- times used in a figurative sense by the French, viz. Homme Verd or Vert, Fr. a resolute man. Pete Verte, Fr. a giddy, thoughtless fellow. Verd pour les chevaux, Fr. green forage or grass. VERDICT, (jugement, rapport, Fr.) V E R ( 959 ) VER the determination of the jury declared to the judge; decision, determination, opinion. YERDIGREASE, (verd-de-gris, Fr.) a kind of rust of copper, which is of great use among painters. It is also taker medicinally. Green VERDITER, a sandy colour, which does not bear a good body, and is seldom used but in landscapes, where variety is required. It should be washed before it is used. Blue Verditer is somewhat sandy, not of a very good colour, nor of a good body of itself, being apt to turn greenish; but beino; mixed with yellow, it makes a good green. It should be washed before it is used. VERGE, Fr. a yard ; a measure ; a switch, &c. See Rod. Verge Rkinlandique, Fr. a measure which is equal to two French toises, or to 12 French feet. It is often used by Dutch engineers, in the measuring of works in a fortification. Verge defer, Fr. See Rod of iron. Verge dor, Fr. the same as arbalete, arbalcslrille, or Jacob's stall"; in astro- nomy, a beam of light. Verges, Fr. rods. Passer pur les Verges, Fr. to run the gauntlet; a punishment which was for- merly practised among the French. See Positions corporelles. Verges, Fr. twigs or branches, mea- suring from ten to twelve feet in length, which are used in making fascines. VERGUE, Fr. a ship's yard. La VERITE, Fr. truth. A French lexicographer has entered very diffusely into the explanation of this term : we shall satisfy ourselves by extracting the most remarkable passage in it ; this re- lates to the general character of his countrymen. He says, " The French, considered collectively, are mostly of an open and ingenuous character ; but it must be allowed, at the same time, that the generality of the nation are light and thoughtless, and extremely indifferent about what they may assert as truth, and indeed about their actions." See Truth. En Verite, Fr. in truth; without disguise, or prevarication. A la Verite, Fr the French to acknowledge a thing; forth with, viz-. L'runemi avail, a la virile, que deux miUc hommes ; the enemy, to speak the truth, had only two thousand men. sed among VERMICULE, Fr. in ornamental ar- chitecture, a term used to express the representation of worms in the act of crawling, &c. as may be seen in rustic work. Hence our term venniculated. VERMILION is the most delicate of all light reds, being of itself a perfect scarlet colour : it is made artificially out of quicksilver and brimstone. VERNACULARNESS, peculiarness to one's own country ; whence verna- cular tongue, or the language of one's mother country. VERNIS, Fr. varnish. VEROLE, Fr. great pox, which see. VER RE pour prendre hauteur, Fr. a thick coloured glass, through which an observation is taken of the sun. V errk pile, Fr. broken pieces of glass, which are sometimes used in artificial fire-works. VERRIN, Fr. a machine which is used to raise large weights ; such as cannon, Sec. Verrin, Fr. a machine, consisting of two screws and two pieces of timber laid horizontally, which serves to raise or lower the flood-gates in sluices, water- mills, or to drain inundations; also to draw large piles out of the ground, ike. Likewise a kind of jack-screw used oc- casionally to launch a ship from the VERROU, Fr. a bolt. VERS, Fr. towards. Hence, marcher vers la cote, to march towards the coast ; diriger les operations vers la cote, to direct a plan of operations towards the coast. VERSER, Fr. to spill ; to shed ; to pour in. Yerser du sang, to spill blood ; fusees vcrsees a V arsenal, firelocks deli- vered up, or thrown into the arsenal ; verserdes fonds, to lodge money. VERTEVELES, Fr. staples of a bolt. VERTEX, the top of any thing ; as the vertex of a cone, pyramid, conic section, &c. VERTICAL, (vertical, Fr.) perpendi- cular. Vertical point, (point vertical, Fr.) a term used in astronomy, to express an imaginary point in the heavens, which is supposed to fall perpendicularly upon our heads. VERTHGADIN, Fr. in gardening, a glacis or rising ground that is made in the form of an amphitheatre, whose cir- cular lines are not parallel to each other. Vertugade, whence vertugadin, signi- fies a farding;i(e ; a sort of hoop-petticoat. VET ( 9G0 \ ERUTUM, a weapon or dart, whicl ) V E T was used among; the ancients, short and narrow, headed with iron, like a narrow spit ; some call it a casting dart with a string, VERVENA, (verveine, Fr.) vervem, nn herb that was reckoned sacred among; the Romans, with which the Pater Fu- tratus, or the king of heralds, was crowned, when he quitted the council of heralds, for the purpose of declaring war, or proclaiming peace. \ ERVINA, among the Romans, a long javelin ; also a spit or broach. VESSIGNON, a wind-gall, or soft swelling on the inside and outside ot a horse's hoof ; that is, both on the right and left of it, VESSION, a sort of wind-gall, or swelling, about the bigness of halt an apple, consisting of soft spungy filth growing between the flesh and the skin, in the hollow next the hock of a horse, and beneath the big sinew, a little above the capelet and bending of the ham. VESTIBLE, (vestibule, Fr.) in archi- tecture, a kind of entrance into large buildings ; being an open place before the ball, or at the bottom of the staircase. Vestibule, (vestibule, Fr.) in fortifi- cation, is that space or covered ground which is in front of guard-houses, and is generally supported by pillars. Of this description is the front part of the new guard-house near Buckingham Gate. In a more general sense, any open space before the door or entrance of a house. In the West-Indies the vestibule is called a balcony. VETERAN, (veteran, Fr.) an old soldier. This word comes from the Latin vctcrunus, a soldier in the Roman militia, who was grown old in the service, or who had made a certain number ot cam- paigns, and on that account was entitled to certain benefits and privileges, Twenty years service were sufficient to entitle a man to the benefit of a veteran. These privileges consisted in being ab- solved from the military oath, in being txcused all the duties and functions of a soldier, and in being allowed a certain salary or appointment. A French soldier is entitled to the honourable name of veteran, after he has served twenty-four years, without any break in his service. Veteran, as an adjective, is affixed to any person or thing that has been tried ; as a veteran soldier, veteran skill. Veteran Battalions, regiments com- posed of men of a certain age. — They were formed during the late war. VETERANCE, Fr. the state, condi- tion of an old soldier. Leltre de Veterance, Fr. the docu- ment or letter which enables an old sol- dier to claim the rights and privileges of an old soldier. VETERANI. Among the Romans all soldiers were so called who, after having served twenty-five years, obtained their discharge. If they chose to continue in the service, they were exempted from all sentry and fatigue duties ; and they only joined their different legions when the army took the field. The period for being put upon this list was shortened by the Emperor Augustus, and was (from having once been 29) reduced to twenty years service in the infantry, and to ten in the cavalry. VETERINAIRE, Fr. See Veteri- nary. Ecole Veterinaire, Fr. veterinary school. VETERINARIAN, (veterinarius, Lat.) one skilled in the diseases of cat- tle; a farrier, or horse-leech. VETERINARY, appertaining to the science of taking care of cattle. Veterinary surgeon. The surgeon appointed to take care of the horses in a cavalry or dragoon regiment is so called. He is subordinate and accountable to the Veterinary College. VET ILLES, Fr. This word literally signifies trifles. In artificial fire-works, they are small serpentine compositions, confined within a single roll of paper. They have generally three lines in dia- meter. VETO, are, Lat. to forbid; to com- mand not to be done; to prevent; to hinder. The Queen of France, Antoi- nette, who was universally supposed to exercise undue influence over the weak mind of her husband Louis XVI, and was consequently hated by the nation at large, became peculiarly obnoxious on this ground. Pasquinades and placards were stuck upon the walls of the capital, and a popular song, called Madame Veto, was sung about the streets. Nor can any sensible man be surprized at this expression of national disgust; espe- cially in a country where a law existed to prevent, all sort of female ascendancy in government. The veto constitutes, at present, a material obstacle to the VIA ( 9(tt ) V I E emancipation of the Irish Roman Ca- tholics. VEXATIOUS and groundless. Charges of accusation, and appeals for redress of wrongs, are so called, when the persons who make them cannot substantiate their subject matter. Officers, non-commis- sioned officers, and soldiers, are liable to be punished, at the discretion of a gene- ral court-martial, for vexatious conduct. His Majesty sometimes peremptorily dis- misses the former, without permitting them to stand the investigation of a court-martial. VEXER, Fr. See To Tease. VEXILLARII, standard-bearers. A- mong the Romans, the vexillarii were a certain number of chosen men, who were attached to the standards, and who were the first on the lists of promotion, and military reward. This standard was called vexillum legionis. There were five hundred vexillarii, or standard-bearers, belonging to each legion, who enjoyed the same privileges as were given to the veterans ; with this exception, that they were obliged to carry the standard on service. VEXILLUM, the standard which was carried by the Roman horse. It cor- responds with the standard and guidon of modern times It also signifies, gene- rally, a banner, ensign, or flag. Vexillum novate, a streamer; the top-gallant of a ship. Whence vexilla submittere, to strike the colours. Vexillum likewise meant the Impe- rial standard. See Labarum. UGHUN, Ind. a month which partly corresponds with November: it follows Katik. VIANDE, Fr. meat; animal food. In the old regime, every French soldier was allowed half a pound of meat per day. M. de Louvois, who was in a public situation under the old monarchy of France, sent in a plan, recommending that a quantity of dried meat reduced to powder, should be distributed to- troops on service. He took the idea from a custom which is prevalent in the East. He did not, however, live to fulfil his intentions, although he had already con- structed copper ovens that were large enough to contain eight bullocks. Very excellent broth can be made of this powder; one ounce of which, boiled in water, will supply a sufficient quantity for four men ; and one pound of fresh meat gives one ounce of powder; so that, according to the inventor's asser- tion, there is a saving of one pound The portable soup-balls and dried meats which are sold in this country are of the same nature. VIBRATION. See Pendulum. VICE, among smiths, &c. is a ma- chine or instrument serving to hold fast the piece to be filed, bent, riveted, &c. Vice, with glaziers, a machine for turning or drawing lead into flat rods, with grooves on each side, to receive the edges of the glass. VICE-ADMIRAL, (vice-amir -al, Fr.) a naval officer of the second rank, who takes rank with generals of horse. Louis XIV. who endeavoured to establish a French navy in 1669, created two vice- admirals of the fleet, whom he called vice admiral of the East, and vice- admiral of the West. VICE-ROY, one acting with dele- gated powers from the chief or heads of a government; as the vice-roy of Ireland; the vice-roy of Mexico, &c. VICTOR, a conqueror; generally ap- plied to the chief officer of a successful army. VICTORY, (victoire, Fr.) the over- throw, or defeat of an enemy in war, combat, duel, or the like. VICTUAILLES, Fr. The provisions which are embarked on board ships of war, are so called by the French. VICTUALLER, ) (victuailleur,Tr.) VICTUALLERS, $ See Sutlers. VICTUALS, food or sustenance al- lowed to the troops, under certain re- gulations, whether on shore or embarked in transports. YIDAM, (vidame, Fr.) the judge of a bishop's temporal jurisdiction. He formerly held lands under the bishop, on condition, that he should always be ready to defend the temporal rights of the church, and to place himself at the head of the ecclesiastical troops. VIDIMER, Fr. to certify that an act is conformable to its original. Crier la VIE, Fr. to ask quarter of an enemy, who has one's life in his power. Dormer la Vie, Fr. to give quarter. Vie, Fr. is also used in a variety of significations, as donner, hasarder, ex- poser sa nit:, to give, to hazard, to ex- oose one's life ; (iter, arrucher, ravir la vie, to take away, to wrest, to snatch away life ; entrependre sur la vie de 6G V I G ( 962 ) V I G fuelgu'ttn, to have some design against the life of another; sous peine de la vie, under pain of death, or at the forfeit of one's life ; soutenir au peril de sa vie, to sustain any thing at the risk of one's life. A Vie, Fr. for life. Fan de Vie, Fr. brandy. VIEDASE, Fr. a puppy; a cox- comb. Les VIES de mulets, Fr. literally, mules' pintles. See Swivel. VJEUX corps, Fr. a term used among the French before the Revolution, to dis- tinguish certain old regiments. There were six of this description, viz. Picardy, Piedmont, Navarre, Champagne, Nor- mandy, and the Marine corps. The three first were formed in 1562, and that of Champagne in 1575. They were then called les vieilles bandcs, the ancient or old bands; and before that period, each was known by the name of its colonel. Les petits Vieux corps, Fr. La Tour du Pin, Bourbonnois, Auvergne, Bel- sunce, Meilly, and the Regiment du Roi, or the King's own, were so called, during the old French monarchy. All the other regiments ranked according to the several dates of their creation, and the officers took precedence in conse- quence of it. VIEW of a place. The view of a place is- said to be taken when the general, accompanied by an engineer, reconnoitres it, that is, rides round the place, observing its situation, with the nature of the country about it ; as hills, valleys, rivers, marshes, woods, hedges, &c. thence to judge of the most convenient place for opening the trenches, and carrying on the approaches; to find out proper places for encamping the army, and for the park of artillery. lb View. See To Reconnoitre. VIF, Fr. This word is frequently used among the French to signify the core, or inside of any thing — viz. Vif d'uu arbre, Fr. the inside of a tree. Vif d'une pier re, Fr. the inside of a stone. Vif de I'euu, Fr. high water. Vif, Fr. alive, busy; applied to the artificers in a wharf, dock or ship, who ere all at work on the shipping. Eire en VIGIE, Fr. to watch at the top of the mainmast. VIGIER, Fr. to keep watch; to ronvuv. Vigier tine fiotte de vaisscauz mar* chands, Fr. to convoy a fleet of mer- chantmen. V1GIES, Fr. a term given to certain rocks under water near the Acores. Vigie likewise signifies a watch, or sen- tinel, on board ship; but it is chiefly used among the Spaniards in South America. VIGILANCE, (vigilance, Fr.) watch- fulness; circumspection; incessant care. This quality is essentially necessary in a general ; nor will it be found in his character, unless he has sedulously che- rished it through all the intermediate stations of his profession. Vigilance, or vigilancy, must not be confounded with precipitancy of con- duct; for the latter does not compre- hend either the care or the reflection and regularity which must all be united in the former. It is well said, page 199, vol. ii. Guide de l'Officier particulier en Cam* pagne par M. Cessac Lacuee. " Pen- dant les marches de nuit, on doit ra- doubler de soins et d'attentions ; alors, comme le dit Xenophon, les ycux doivent itre remplacis par les oreilles." VIGILANT, (vigilant, Fr.) watchful,- attentive. VIGILES, guards or outposts, round a camp, &c. and sentinels, were so called among the Romans. Their duty was^ in some degree, similar to that which is- practised in these days ; with this diffe- rence, that the Vigiles, among the an* cients, were not armed, in order to pre- vent them from sleeping, either by lean- ing against their pikes, or by lying upon their shields. The man or sentry held a sort of dark lanthern, which was so con- structed, that the light reflected to him- self and his three comrades only. The Roman sentinel challenged in the follow- ing manner: — State,viri; qucz causa via? Quive estis in armis't Stop, men; what is the cause of your journey, or on what business are you ? or wherefore are you in arms ? lie then demanded the tessera^ or watchword, from the patrole. VIGNETTE, i-V. a flourish ; head, piece ; generally ornamental. VIGOROUS, (vigoureux, Fr.) strong, brisk, active, resolute; as, a vigorous attack. VIGOTE, Fr. a model by which the calibres of pieces of ordnance are ascertained, in order to pick out appro- priate bullets. This model consists of* I V I N •thick piece of wood, in which there are holes of different sizes, according to the several calibres of cannon. VILBREQUIN, Jr. a wimble. VILLAGE, (village, Fr.) Gen. Lloyd in his history of the Seven Years War, viz. 1756, — has laid down the following maxim : When a village is intended to be sup- ported, the retrenchment must be sepa- rated from the houses by an interval, sufficient for the troops to form in, be- tween the houses and the retrenchments; and the village must be cleared behind, that you may march two or more bat- talions in front, otherwise you cannot defend it ; the instant it is put on fire, you must abandon it in such confusion as sometimes communicates to the whole line. VILLAIN, (vilain, Fr.) formerly a man of low and servile condition, who had a small portion of cottages and land allotted him, for which he was dependant on his lord, and bound to certain work and corporal service. In the ancient days of France, it was customary to de- grade officers and men of rank, by re- ducing them to the condition and servi- tude of a villain. In these times, villain generally signifies an arrant rogue, or pitiful sordid fellow. VILLE, Fr. See Town. Ville moyenne, Fr. See Moycnne. Ville ouverte, Fr. See Ouverte. VILLES libres, Fr. free towns. See Hans-Towns. VIN, Fr. wine. The genuine juice of the grape, which is so plentiful and so cheap in France, that a common soldier has a larger quantity to his share than a British soldier can get of small beer here. VINCIBLE, conquerable; in a state to be defeated. VINDAS, Fr. See Windlass. VINEjE. See Vallum. VINEGAR, (vinaigre,Fr.) Vinegar is frequently used in the artillery to cool pieces of ordnance. Two pints of vinegar to four of water is the usual mixture lor this purpose. VINGTIEME. See Poundage. VINTAINE, -Fr. a small rope which masons use to prevent stones from hit- ting against a wall when they draw them up. VINTENARY, or Vintenarius, a military officer in the reign of Edward III. belonging to the army sent to Ire- ( 965 ) V I R land. He had 20 archers under him at four pence per diem. VINGTNERS, a term used in the old English army to designate a particular class of officers who had the command of twenty men. The companies or hundreds were commanded by centena- ries; but the title of the officer com- manding thousands is not mentioned. VIOL, Fr. a rape, or the act of for- cing a female, by main force, to give up her person. It sometimes happens, that through the obstinacy of the governor of a besieged place, the inhabitants are exposed to the dreadful calamity of see- ing themselves and their property given up to the plunder of an enraged soldiery. When this is the case, the conquering general does himself infinite honour, by strictly forbidding every soldier, under pain of death, to commit the least violence on the persons of the inha- bitants, but most especially on those of defenceless women, or to set fire to their houses. The punishment in the French army for a rape on a girl under fourteen years of age, is two years in irons ; if followed by death, — death. VIOLENCE, (violence, Fr.) an irra- tional indulgence of an ungovernable temper, which is frequently mistaken for real spirit; and almost always defeats itself. VIOLENT man, (homme violent, Fr.) a person who yields to the first impulse of passion, and never listens to the sober dictates of good sense. VIRAGO, a female warrior. VIRE, Fr. a quarrel, an arrow used for a cross-bow. VIRER, Fr. to change, to turn round. The word is used figuratively by the French, viz. tourner et virer, to beat about the bush ; as, tourner et virer quelquun, in an active sense, to pump another, or to draw out his secret. VIRETONS, Fr. arrows. VIREVAU, Fr. the same as vindas, a sort of moveable capstan; a draw- beam ; a windlass. VIRE-VOLTE, Fr. a quick turning about. It is a term in the manege. VIROLE, Fr. a ferrule; a verrel. VIRTUE, (verlu, Fr.) efficacy, power, force, quality, property. By Virtue of, (en vertu de, Fr.) in consequence of powers vested, or dele- gated ; by authority of. Political Virtue, a steady adherence 6G 9, - V I s ( 964 ) V I T to sound principles ; an inviolable at- tachment to truth ; unshaken integrity, in matters of -fate. Military VI ET U ES, (vertuesmililaires, Fr.) strict adherence to discipline, great patience and undaunted resolution, under the controul and guidance of unblemished honour and fidelity. VIS, Fr. the vice or spindle of a press; also a winding stair. Vis a jour, Fr. stairs so contrived that, though consisting of many steps, a fierson may from the highest discern the owest. Vis, ou noyau d'escalier, Fr. in archi- tecture, the center piece of timber of a staircase. Vis, ou noyau de montee, Fr. the spindle tree of a staircase. Unescalier a Vis, Fr. a winding stair- case. Vis a Vis, Fr. over against; opposite ; as vis-a-vis de Vennemi, opposite to, or in front of the enemy. VISA, a word from the Latin, and generally used by the French in their passports and other public documents. It is a form in an instrument which must bear the sign manual of the person through whom it becomes authentic and has effect. VISER, Fr. to aim at any thing. Viser a un but, Fr. to aim at a mark ; also to have some object in view. VISIBLE, Fr. visible; at home; ready to see any body : a familiar in- struction which masters give to their servants when they mean to receive a person. Not visible is the contrary. VISIER, ) ( visir, Fr.) an otiicer of VIZIER, > dignity in the Ottoman VIZIR, 3 Empire; whereof there are two kinds, the first called by the Turks Vizir Azero, or Grand Vizir, first created in 1370 by Amurath the First, in order to ease himself of the chief and weightier affairs of the government. The Grand Vizir possesses great powers, especially with regard to military affairs. The orders he issues are so thoroughly discretional, that when he quits Con- stantinople to join the army, he does not even communicate his intentions to the sultan. This system entirely differ from that which is followed by European generals. When the latter take the field, they proceed upon plans that have been previously digested ; and although they may occasionally change their dis- positions, yet they never deviate from the essential and governing principles. The Grand Vizir, on the contrary, not only makes the arrangements ac- cording to his own judgment, but he even changes an operation that has been previously ordered by the sultan, if, on his arrival at the spot, he should think it expedient to employ the troops in a different way. This absolute power is not, however, without its risk; for if the Grand Vizir should fail in his enter- prize, it is more than probable that the sultan will cause him to be beheaded : a punishment which has long been familiar to the Turks, from the arbitrary manner in which it is practised, and thefrequency of its occurrence. When the Turks engage an enemy, the Grand Vizir generally remains with the reserve, and seldom mixes with the main body, which is soon converted into a mob of desperate combatants. The war which was carried into Egypt once bade fair to change the whole system of Turkish tactics. VISIERE, Fr. the sight which is fixed on the barrel of a musket or fire- lock. To VISIT, (visiter, Fr.) to go to any place, as quarters, barracks, hospital, &c. for the purpose of noticing whether the orders or regulations which have been issued respecting it, are observed. VISITE des posies, Fr. the act of visit- ing posts, &c. Faire la Visite, Fr. to visit, to in- spect. VISITEUR, Fr. the person who visits, or goes the rounds. VISITING officer, he whose duty it is to visit the guards, barracks, messes, hospital, &c. See Orderly Officer. VISOR, ) that part of the helmet VIZARD, ) which covered the face. VITAL, essential; chiefly necessary. Vital air, or oxygen, the cause of the rapid ignition of gunpowder. VTrCHOURA, Fr. a furred coat ; a corruption of the German word Wild- scluirr, which signifies the skin ot a wild beast. VITESSE, Fr. dispatch; prompti- tude of action. VITIS, a vine; a centurion's rod; such as was used among the old Ro- mans to chastise soldiers that stepped out of the ranks, or were guilty of small irregularities. Mercenaries, and those men that were not Roman citizens, V I V ( 965 ) V I V **ere flogged with switches on their naked shoulders. VITONIEEtES, Fr. limber holes. VITRAGE, Fr. This term compre- hends every thing that relates to the glazing of houses, Sec. VITRERIE, Fr. a term compre- hending every thing that appertains to the use of glass; also the glass trade. VIVANDIERS, Fr. victuallers, sut- lers, &c. VIVAT, Fr. a familiar exclamation, which is used not only by the French, but by the Dutch and Germans. It comes from the Latin and signifies, lite- rally, May he live ! VIVE le Roi! Fr. God save the king! Long live the king. Vive la Republique,¥r. Long live the republic. Qui Vive? Fr. a military phrase which is used in challenging. — Who comes there? literally, who lives? To be kept upon the Qui Vive, to be roused to particular vigilance by some unex- pected accident, or occurrence. Vive eau, Fr. high water; the same as vifcle I'eau, or marie. VIVO, iu architecture, the shaft or The ration of bread for each soldier consists of one hundred drams per day, or fifty drams of biscuit, sixty of beef or mutton, twenty-five of butter to baks the peeled barley in, and fifty of rice. The rice is given on Friday every week, on which day they likewise receive a ration of fifty drams of bulgur mixed with butter, as an extraordinary allow- ance, making a kind of water-gruel. These provisions are distributed in two different quarters. The meat 19 given out at the government stall or butchery, where a certain number of Armenians, Greeks, and Jews regularly attend. Each company sends a head cook, who goes with a cart and receive* the allowance from a sort of quarter- master serjeant, who is in waiting with a regular return of what is wanted tor each oda. This person is styled among the Turks Meidan Chiaous. He stands upon a spot of ground which is more elevated than, the rest, and receives the allowance du» to his district. The distribution of bread, &c. is made within the precincts of the Tef- terday-Bascy, where the Vekil-Kharet fust of a column; it is also used for the attends as director or superintendant of naked of a column. VIVOTER, Fr. to live from hand to mouth; as is the case with most military men. VIVRE, Vitres, Fr. food ; provisions; subsistence. In the Dictionnaire Mili- taire, vol. iii. page 525, there is an in- teresting account of the manner in which troops were subsisted during the first years of the old French monarchy. Vivres, et leur distribution c/iez les Tiars, Fr. the kind of provisions, &c. and the manner in which they are dis- tributed among the Turks. The food or provisions for the Turkish soldiery form an immediate part of the military baggage. The government supplies flour, bread, biscuit, rice, bulgur or peeled barley, butter, mutton or beef, and grain for the horses, which is almost wholly barley. The bread is generally moist, not having been leavened, and is almost always ready to mould. On which ac- count, theArmenians, who are the bakers, bake every day, in ovens that have been constructed under ground for the use of the army. When there is not suthcient time to bake bread, biscuit is distributed among the men. stores and provisions, and by whose ordev they are delivered. When the allowance is brought to th« oda or company, the Vekil-Kharet, a sort of quarter-master, sees it regularly measured out, and if any portions b© deficient, he takes note of the same, in order to have them replaced for the benefit of the company. The remainder is then given to the head cook, who divides it into two meals, one for eleven o'clock in the morning, and the other for 1 in the evening These two meals consist of boiled of stewed meat, mixed with rice, and sea- soned with pepper and salt; water-gruel being regularly made for each man or^ Friday. There are six kitchen-boys or quateri attached to each oda, by which they ar* paid a certain subsistence. On solemn occasions, and on festival days, the qua- teri are dressed in long gowns made of skins, with borders to them; they like- wise wear a large knife, with an en- crusted silver handle, which hangs at their side. They serve up the victuals in two copper vessels, that are laid upon a tabic covered with a skin, round which seveu or eight persons may be seated. IJLA ( 066 ) U L A V1VBK-7WMJ, Fr. bread provided for the sustenance of a French army by contract or requisition. Vivni.s-i iandc, Fr. meat provided for the sustenance of a French army, by contract or requisition. VTVRIERS, Fr, purveyors and other persons employed by the commissary general, or contractor for stores and provisions. Mons. Duprc D'Aulnay, in a work enrituled Traite cles Subsistanccs Mili- taires, has suggested the establishment of a regular corps of Vivriers, or persons whose sole duty should be to attend to the subsistence of an army in the field, as well as in garrison. His reasoning upon this subject is very acute, full of good sense, and seems calculated to pro- duce that system of economy and whole- some distribution, that, to this day, are so manifestly wanted in all military ar- rangements. VIZ, hid. a small coin ; it is also a weight equal to about three pounds ; but differs much in value according to place. VIZARUT, Ind. the office of vizier. VIZIER, hid. prime minister. UKASE, a Russian word signifying manifesto, proclamation, &c. ULANS, Fr. This word is some- times written Hulans, and more fre- quently Uhlans. A certain description of militia among the modern Tartars was so called. They formerly did duty in Poland and Lithuania, and served as light cavalry. It is not exactly known at what epoch the Tartars first came into Po- land and Lithuania. Dlugossus, in his History of Poland, book XI, page 243, relates that there were troops or com- panies of Tartars attached to the army which was under the command of Alex- ander Witholde, Grand Duke of Lithu- ania. Heidenstein, in Ins account of Poland, Rcr. Polonic. p. 152, makes mention of a corps of Tartars belonging to the army which Stephen Bathori, King of Poland, carried into the field when he fought the Russians. This corps, according to the same author, wa9 headed by one Ulan, who said he was descended from the princes of Tartary. Although the origin of the word Ulan, as far as it regards the modern militia so called, does not appear to be indis- putably ascertained, it is nevertheless well proved, that; besides the Tartar chief under Stephen Bathori, the person who in the reign of Augustus II, formed the first pulk, or regiment, of that de- scription, was not only called Ulan him- self, but likewise gave the name to the whole body under his command. This chief is mentioned in the records of the military institution of Poland in 1717.. He was then colonel or commandant of the first pulk, or King's regiment, and there were three captains under him of the same name, viz. Joseph Ulan, David Ulan, and Cimbey Ulan. In 1744, one of these was captain of a company of Ulans in Bohemia, and was afterwards colonel of a corps of the same descrip- tion in Poland. He is likewise said to have been descended from the Tartar princes. It is, however, left undecided, whether Ulan be the name of a parti- cular family, or a term given to distin- guish some post of honour; or again, whether it barely signify a certain class of turbulent haughty soldiers, such as the Strelez of Russia, or the Janizaries of Constantinople. If there be any thing which can mako us question theauthenticity or probability of this account, it is the passage we find in the book already quoted; viz. Dlu- gossus, where he says, liv. XIII. page 423, that, in 1467 an ambassador from Tartary had arrived at Petrigkow to an- nounce to King Cassimir, that, after the death of Ecziger, his son Nordowlad had ascended the throne of Tartary, with the unanimous consent and concurrence of all the princes and Ulans. Quitting the etymology of the word, and leaving the original name to the determination of wise and scientific men, we shall confine our present re- searches to the modern establishment of the Ulans : which, by the best ac- counts, we find to have happened in 1717. It is acknowledged by all writers, that the Ulans are a militia, and not a sepa- rate nation or class of people; theii origin, in this particular, resembles that of the Cossacks. When Augustus II, in 1717, altered the military establish- ments of Poland, he formed two regi- ments of Ulans; one consisting of six hundred men, which had already existed, and was called the King's Pulk, and the other of four hundred, which was given to the great general of the republic. Augustus HI. un bis accession to the U L A ( 967 > U L A ihrone, took both these regiments into his own immediate pay, and afterwards augmented the establishment by raising several other pulks or corps of this de- scription. The Ulans are mounted on Polish or Tartar horses, and do the same duty that is allotted to hussars; with this essential difference, that they are better armed and accoutred, and that their horses excel those of the hussars in strength and swiftness, although they are mostly of the same size. The Ulans have frequently distinguished themselves on service, particularly in Bohemia. Their principal weapon is a lance five feet long, at the end of which hangs a eilk streamer, that serves to frighten the liorse of the Ulan's opponent, by its .fluttering and noise. The lance is sus- pended on his right side, by means of a ■pelt which is worn across the Ulan's shoulders, or by a small leathern thong which goes round his right arm, the end of the lance resting in a sort of stay that is attached to the stirrup. Before the Ulan takes his aim, he plants his lance upon his foot, and throws it with so much dexterity, that he seldom misses his object. The dress of the Ulan consists of a short jacket, browsers or breeches, made like those of the Turks, which reach to the ancle bone, and button above the hips. He wears a belt across his waist. The upper garment is a sort of Turkish robe with small facings, which reaches to the calf of the leg ; his head is co- vered with a Polish cap. The colour of the streamer which is hxed to the end of the lance, as well as of that of the facings, varies according to the different pulks or regiments which it is meant to distinguish. The Ulan is likewise armed with a sabre, and a brace of pistols "which hang from his waistbelt. As the Ulans consider themselves in the light of free and independent gentle- men, every individual amongst them has one servant, if not two, called pocztouy or pacholeks, whose sole business is to attend to their baggage aud horses. 'When the Ulans take the field, these servants or batmen form a second or de- tached line, and fight separately from their masters. They are armed with a carbine, which weapon is looked upon with contempt by their masters, and they clothe themselve* in the best manner fhej can. The Ulans generally engage the ene- my in small platoons or squads, afte r the manner of hussars ; occasionally breaking in the most desultory manner. They rally with the greatest skill, and frequently affect to run away, for the purpose of inducing their opponents to pursue them loosely; a circumstance which seldom fails to be fatal to the latter, as the instant the pursuers have quitted their main body, the Ulan wheels to the right about, gets the start of him through the activity of his horse, and obtains that advantage, hand to hand, which the other possessed whilst he acted in close order. The instant the Ulans charge an ene- my, their servants or batmen form and stand in squadrons or platoons, in order to afford them, under circumstances of repulse, a temporary shelter behind, and to check the enemy. The batmen be- longing to the Ulans are extremely clever in laying ambushes. The pay of the Ulans in time of peace is very moderate. Poland, before its infamous dismemberment and partition by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, kept a regular establishment of four squadrons and ten companies on foot. These troops were annually supplied with a thousand rations of bread and forage, which quan- tity was paid them at the rate of 272 florins, Polish money, per ration. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania subsisted, in the same manner, fifteen other com- panies of Ulans. The other pulks were paid by tha king. The annual pay of the captains was five rations, and that of the subalterns two ; that is 1360 florins to the former, and 544 florins to the latter. In 1743 Marshal Saxe, with the ap- probation and concurrence of the French court, raised a regiment of Ulans, which was attached to the military establish- ment of that country. This corps con- sisted of one thousand men, divided into six brigades, each brigade composed of one hundred and sixty men, eighty of whom were Ulans, and eighty dragoons. So that the regiment consisted of five hundred Ulans, properly so called, armed and accoutred like those in Poland, and the other five hundred were dragoons, without being considered as the servants or batmen of the Ulans ; in which in- stance, they differed from the pacholeks of the Polish Ulans. These dragoons U L T ( 008 ) U N C were paid by the king ; whereas in Po- land each Ulan paid his own servant or batman, who looked to him only for clothing, arms, and subsistence. On the death of Marshal Saxe, the Ulans in France were reduced ; and the dragoons only kept upon the establishment. They were considered as a regiment; being in the first instance given to Count de Fnse, who was a major-general in the service, and became their colonel. They re- mained on that tooting until the Revo- lution. The uniform of the French Ulans con- sisted of a green coat or cloak, with green breeches, Hungarian half-boots, pinchbeck helmet, with a turban twisted round it of Russian leather; the tail, or mane, of the helmet consisted of horse hair, which was coloured according to the facings of the brigade; their arms were a lance nine feet long, with a float- ing streamer at the top, a sabre, and a pistol in the waist-belt. The dragoons were clothed like other regular troops. Their cpat was green, with cream-coloured facings and scarlet linings ; plain brass buttons, an aiguillette or tagged point, made of red worsted ; a fawn-coloured waistcoat, edged round with scarlet ; leather breeches ; half- boots that were laced up to the calf of the leg ; pinchbeck helmet, with a seal- skin turban round it, and two rosettes made of pinchbeck ; the top was adorned with horse-hair, which hung behind. Their arms consisted of a fusil with a bayonet, which was always fixed; two pistols and a sabre ; the horse was co- vered with a wolf's skin. The Ulans rode horses which were somewhat lower than those of the dragoons, and were inure active. The dress of the German Ulan is somewhat similar to that of the French. At the commencement of the French revolution, particularly in 179'2 and 1793, the Ulans belonging to the Impe- rial army that endeavoured to penetrate into France, were the terror of the inha- bitants all along the frontiers. The ex- cesses which they committed, and the desolation they occasioned, rendered their very name a signal of alarm. They seldom gave quarter, and they never re- ceived it. ULTIMATUM, a term used in nego- tiations to signify the last condition or conditions upon which propositions that have been mutually exchanged, can hi finally ratified. ULTRAMARINE, (d'outre mer, Tr.) from beyond the sea; foreign. Ultkamarine, (outre mer, Fr.) a very delicate sky-blue powder used in the drawing of plans, &c. ULTRAMONTANE, derived from the Latin, ult?^a, beyond, and r?i07is, moun- tain. This term is principally used in relation to Italy and France, which are separated by the Alps. According to Bailey, ultramontanus is a name given by the Italians to all people who live beyond the Alps. UMBO, the pointed boss, or promi- nent part in the center of a shield or buckler ; literally, the navel. UMBRO, a colour which resembles that of new oaken wainscot; it dries quickly and with a good gloss. UMBRIERE, the visor of a helmet. UMPIRE, (arbitre, Fr.) an arbitrator, or a power which interferes for the ad- justment of a dispute or contest. UNANELED, a term in Shakspeare, signifying without the bell rung, from un, negative, and knell the tolling of a bell. Dr. Johnson doubts the propriety of this interpretation. As the term, however, was used with respect to the mangled remains of our brave countrymen who fell in the battle of Talavera de la Reyna in Spain, and who were left to the mercy of the elements, we cannot omit the word ; and in so doing, we are solicitous to pay that just tribute, which the heroic conduct of British soldiers deserves from every well thinking Eng- lishman. Their bodies may lie unaneled on foreign ground, but their praises will be rung as long as the memory of that hard fought day shall last. UNARMED, the state of being with- out armour or weapons. To UNCASE, in a military sense, to display, to exhibit ; as, to uncase the colours. It is opposed to the word To Case, which signifies to put up, to en- close. To UNCOCK, to put the trigger of a musket completely at rest. To UNCOVER. When troops de- ploy, the different leading companies or divisions, &c. successively uncover those in their rear, by marching out from the right or left of the column. UNCONDITIONAL, at discretion ; not limited by any terms or stipulations. U N D ( 969 ) U N G UNCONQUERED, not subdued or defeated; in opposition to conquered or defeated. Thus Wales considers itselt unconquered, though subject to England, because it never yielded to invasion. UNDAUNTED, not appalled by fear; valiant. UNDECAGON, a regular polygon of eleven sides or angles. UNDECIDED, not determined. See Promptitude. UNDER, in a state of subjection to; also in the days of, or during the reign of, as under Alexander the Great ; under George the Third. UNDEjw/rwvs, (sous armes, Fr.) in a state of military array ; having the ne- cessary weapons of offence and defence, as musket, sword, Sec. UxuzR-sentence, liable to be punished according to a sentence passed; as, under the sentence of a general court-martial ; under sentence of death. UywR-acceptayices, in a state of being liable to, or limited by; as, every ac- romptant is who accepts a bill. Under command, (sous ordre, Fr.) in subjection to ; liable to be ordered to do any particular duty. To be cool Under fire, (tire de sang- froid sous tc feu de Vennemi, Fr.) not to be disconcerted by the noise, or smoke, or other casualties of a battle ; the groans of the dying, or the ghastly ap- pearance of the dead. " Under cover, (a convert, a Vabri, Fr.) shielded, protected, &c. See Cover. Under-o$r'£t, an inferior officer ; one in a subordinate situation. Under contribution, liable to give, in money or in kind, what may be authori- tatively called for. Countries are some- times put under contribution, for the support of an army. See Requisition. This term is also figuratively applied, when an individual is weak enough to permit himself to be alarmed at the abuse of a hacknied and unprincipled writer ; especially, if he should ever have com- mitted himself to him by an ill-placed confidence. UsvER-Sccretary of State, a principal clerk in the home or foreign department, who acts under the orders and instruc- tions of the chief secretary. — The Under- Secretary of State for the Home Depart- ment has now the superintendence and direction of all aliens ; the office in Crown Street, Westminster, having been abolished. To bring Under, to submit to the pe- rusal and consideration of another; as to bring the memorial of an officer under the Commander in Chief's eye. UNDERHAND, (sous mam, Fr.) clandestinely ; with fraudulent secrecy. A term not known in military phraseo- logy ; or if known, that ought to be ex- punged, by the expulsion of every secret pander, and underhand dealer. To UNDERMINE, to dig cavities under any thing, so that it may fall, or be blown up ; to excavate. To Undermine, in a figurative sense, to injure by clandestine means. UNDERMINER, a sapper, one who i digs a mine. UNDERMINING, in a figurative sense, adopting secret measures for the purpose of attaining any particular end. UNDERPENASING, in building, signifies the bringing it up with stone under the ground cells. Sometimes it is used to signify the work itself when finished. UNDERSTANDING, skill; know- ledge ; exact comprehension ; also intel- ligence ; privity; concurrence. UNDISCIPLINED, not yet trainer! to regularity or order: not perfect in exercise or manoeuvres. To UNFIX, in a military sense, to take off, as Unfix bayonet! on which the soldier disengages the bayonet from his piece, and returns it to the scabbard. The word Return, as we have already observed, is sometimes used instead of unfix : but it is improperly used, although it more immediately corresponds with the French term Hemettre. UNFORTIFIED, not strengthened or secured by any walls, bulwarks, or fortifications. UNFURLED. A standard or colour, when expanded and displayed, is said to be unfurled. UNGENTLEMANLIKE-cowdMcif.— Under this term is comprehended every infraction of the laws relative to social intercourse, in which the most trifling deviation from truth, honour, or honesty, must subject an officer to a charge for ungentlemanlike conduct and behaviour. UNGENTLEMANLY, illiberal, not becoming a gentleman. UNGULA, in geometry, is the sec- tion of a cylinder, cut off by a plane, passing «bliquely through the plane of the base, and part of the cylindrical surface. 611 UNI ( 970 ) UNI UNHARNESSED, disarmed; di- vested of armour or weapons. UNHORSED, thrown from the sad- dle ; dismounted. UN HOSTILE, not inimical, or be- longing to an enemy. UNIFORM, (uniforme,Yr.) The coat, waistcoat, breeches, &c. of an officer and soldier, are comprehended under this term. Scarlet is the national uniform of the British army, blue of the modern French, except of the Legions who are dressed in white, white of the Austrian, green of the Russian, &c. But in each of these armies there are particular corps which are clothed in other colours, and whose cloth- ing is made in a shape peculiar to them- selves. Though, generally speaking, each has an uniform within itself, yet this uniform, strictly considered, is a regi- mental. Thus, the regimentals of the Guards cannot be called the regimentals of the 29th, but scarlet is the uniform of both. In the same manner, though sky blue be the regimental colour of dragoon regiments which serve in India, and dark or bottle green be that of rifle corps, yet neither the one nor the other can be called the uniform of the British army. It were to be wished, indeed, that, like the navy, all the land troops could be clothed alike, and in one colour. With respect to the origin of Military Uniforms, we may as- sert, with some degree of confidence, that however ancient the custom of being clothed in some distinguished manner is allowed to be, it is impossible to trace their first adoption beyond the eleventh century. We should make useless inquiries, were we to direct our attention to those periods in which the Romans fought co- vered with metal armour, or with leather, which was so dressed and fitted to the body, that the human shape appeared in all its natural formation ; nor to those in which the French, almost naked, or at least very lightly clad in thin leather, conquered the ancient Gauls. Better information will be acquired by referring to the crusades which were made into Palestine and Constantinople by the Europeans. We shall there find, that the western nations, France, Eng- land, &c. first adopted the use of rich garments, which they wore over their ar- mours and adorned their dresses with furs from Tartary and Russia. We may then fix the origin of coloured dresses to distinguish military corps, &c. in the eleventh century. The Sara- cens generally wore tunics or close gar- ments over their armour. These garments were made of plain or striped stuffs, and were adopted by the Crusaders under the denomination of coats of arms, Cottcs d'armes. We refer our readers, for further particulars, to a French work intituled, Traiti des Marques Rationales, and to page 533, torn. in. of the Diction- naire Mil it aire; observing, that the uni- forms of the French army were not com- pletely settled until the reign of Louis XIV. and that the whole has undergone considerable alterations since the late re- volution. The uniform of the British army is too well known to require any particular detail from us. We must, however, ob- serve, that from the great attention which the Commander in Chief pays to every species of military system and organiza- tion, we make nodoubt,but thegreat prin- ciples of economy and unifomiityin dress, will form no inconsiderable part of the reform and good order which he is gra- dually effecting. UNIFORMITY, conformity to one pattern ; resemblance of one thing to another. In order to preserve this es- sential requisite, in the exercise and ma- noeuvres of the British forces, it is ex- pressly ordered by his Majesty, that the general officers appointed to review his troops shall pay particular attention to the performance of every part of the Re- gulations issued for the Formations, Field Exercise, &c. and report their observa- tions thereupon, for his Majesty's infor- mation ; so that the exact uniformity required in all movements may be at- tained and preserved, and his royal in- tentions thereby carried into full effect. See General Regulations. UNION. The King's or national co- lours are called the Union. The Union, a term used to signify the junction of Scotland with England, un- der certain stipulations. It also signifies the annexation of Ireland to Great Bri- tain, without almost any stipulations, except for the benefit of the latter. UNITED, connected; bound toge- ther by oath, &c. ; hence United Irish- men. UNIVERSITY, in a general accepta- tion of the word, any nursery where youth is instructed in languages, arts, and sciences. It likewise means the whole in general, generality. But, in a U N S C 971 ) V O I more partial sense, it signifies one of the two national institutions which have been established for the encouragement of literature at Oxford and Cambridge. — Among other privileges which belong to these royal foundations, the vice-chancel- lors have a right to know the authority by which any armed force enters either city ; and every commanding officer, the instant he has marched in, should report to the vice-chancellor the nature of his route, &c. In this respect, the vice- chancellors of both Universities are to be looked upon as governors of their respective cities. To UNLOAD a gun or a musket, (dtc/iarger un canon, un mousquet, Fr.) to take the powder and ball out of a piece of ordnance, or musket. UNMILITARY, (pas miliiairement, Fr.) not according to military rules and regulations. Thus, to quote the words of General Dundas, "The marching of great bodies in file, where improper ex- tension is unavoidable, must be looked upon as an unmilitary practice : and ought only to be had recourse to when unavoidably necessary." UNSAFE, not to be trusted ; not to be depended upon ; liable to betray. UNSAFE-man, a person from whose indiscretion, or want of principle, every thing may be apprehended, that is con- trary to honour and honesty. A creature of this sort is a most dangerous inmate at head-quarters, and ought always to be kept aloof. To UNSHOT, a gun, (desarmer un canon, Fr.) to take the ball out of a piece of ordnance. UNSKILLED, wanting skill; want- ing knowledge ; as, unskilled in the stra- tagems of modern warfare. UN SOLDIERLIKE conduct. This term is intimately connected with a former article on ungentlemanlike con- duct, with some additional circumstances in regard to personal behaviour when on service, that may expose the character of a military man to censure or degradation. Cowardice, like the loss of virtue in a female, is, however, the most to be guard- ed against, in the Articles of War these terms constitute what is generally called the Sweeping Clause, under which officers may be tried, when any difficulty arises with respect to a specific article. To UNSPRING, a word of command used in the exercise of cavalry. Unsprinq your carbine ; quit the reins of your bridle, and take hold of tlia swivel with the left hand, placing the thumb on the spring, and opening it; at the same time take it out of the ring. UNSTEADY, mutable; restless; as, unsteady under arms. UNTENABLE, not to be held in possession ; incapable of being defended. UNTRAINED, not disciplined to exercise or manoeuvre. UNTRUTH, moral falsehood ; falsa assertion ; a thing of so base and 'de- grading a nature among military men, that the very appearance of it is suffi- cient to create disgust. See Liar. UN VANQUISHED, not conquered or defeated. UNVVALLED, being without walls of defence ; dismantled. UNWARLIKE, not fit for, or used to war. UNWEAPONED, not provided with arms of offence. VOGUE, Fr. the course, or way which a galley, or ship, makes when it is rowed forward. VOGUER, Fr. to make way upon water either by means of sailing, or by oars. It also signifies generally to row. VOIE, Fr. way, means, course of communication. Voie ou voye, Fr. a way ; a road. Voie royale, Fr. the king's high-way. Voie naittuire, Fr. a military road. Voie, Fr. This word also means the way of conveying any thing. As, par la voie de Paris, by the way of Paris. We generally adopt the Latin term via, a« via. Dublin, by the way of Dublin. Voie, Fr. the riding bed in a carriage. Voie, ou voye d'eau, Fr. a leak in a vessel. Voie de pierre, Fr. a load of stone. Among the French this load is generally reckoned not to contain less than fifteen cubic feet. VOILE, Fr. a sail. This word is frequently used by the French to signify the ship itself; and so sail is with us. Voile quarrie, ou a trait quarre, Fr. a square sail, such as the main-sail. Voile latine, ^voile a tiers point ou & oreille de liivre, Fr. a triangular shaped sail, such as is used in the Mediterra- nean. Jet de Voiles, Fr. the complete com- plement of sails for a ship. Faire Voile, Fr. to go to sea. VOIR, Fr. literally to see; to behold. Voir en grander, to view, or consider 6H3 VOL ( 97'2 ) VOL tiings and men upon a large scale ; and not to be diverted from a main object, by attending to trifles. ' \'<>i a en petit, Ft. to view, or consi- der thins:-, and men in a confined way ; and by so doing to lose sight of the main object. VOIR Uennemi, Fr. to be in active warfare; literally, to see the enemy. VOIR IE, Fr. a lay-stall. The French say figuratively, jettcr quetyu'un a la roi- rie, to den? u prison Christian burial. Gen* de Voiiue, Fr. scavengers, dung fanners, &c. Voiiur., Fr. a road, way, path,&c. VOITURES, Fr. carriages, wagons, &c. VOL, Fr. theft. The military regula- tions on this head during the existence of the old French monarchy were extremely rigid and severe. Whosoever was convicted of having stolen any of the public stores was sen- tenced to be hanged, or strangled ; and if any soldier was discovered to have robbed his comrade, either of his necessa- ries, bread, or subsistence money, he was condemned to death, or to the gallies for life. So nice, indeed, were the French with respect to the honesty of the sol- diery in generally, that the slightest de- viation from it rendered an individual incapable of ever serving again. VOLANTS, Fr. the sail-beams, or flights of a windmill. VOLEE, Fr. the vacant cylinder of a cannon, which may be considered to reach from the trunnions to the mouth. Voi eh et culasse d'une piece, Fr. This term signifies the same as ttte et queue d'une piece, the mouth, or head, and the breech of a piece of ordnance. Volee signifies not only a discharge of ordnance, or musketry, but also the single shot of a cannon. II eut /a Icte emportee (Tune voice de canon ; his head was carried off by a cannon shot. Twer a toute Volee, Fr. to fire a cannon laid upon the sole, without giving it any particular aim, so that the ball may hit and rise again a ricochet. In a general sense, tirer a toute voice signi- fies, to fire so as to propel the shot to the greatest possible distance by elevation. Homme de huule Volee, Fr. a person of high rank and distinction. Parler a la Volee, Fr. to talk at random. Prendre entrchondet Volee, Fr. to -get any thing by availing one's-selfof the nick of time, or of circumstance just arising. Volee, Fr. See Soxnf.itk. VOLET, Fr. a shutter, it likewise means a small sea compass. Volet ou oiseait, Fr. a mason's hod. Volet brise, Fr. a shutter made of two folds which close, and enter into th* opening of a wall. VOLIGE on Volille,Yr. in carpentry, a small piece of deal, or poplar, which is extremely thin and light; it is generally from three to live lines thick, ten inches broad, and six feet. long. VOLISSEok Volice, Fr. in carpentry, the lath or thin board upon which a slate is nailed; it is generally twice the breadth of the common lath. VOLETTES, Fr. horse's net. VOLLEY, the discharging of a great number of fire-arms at the same time. VOLONES. In a general accepta- tion of the term, volones signified volun- teers among the ancient Romans. This word was also particularly applied to those slaves who volunteered their ser- vices after the battle of Canine, and on which account they became Roman ci- tizens. VOLONTAIRES, Fr. See Volun- TEERS. VOLONT£, Fr. will, &c. It like, wise signifies readiness to do any thing. Officier, soldat de bonne volonte, an officer, a soldier that is ready to do any sort ol* duty. JJernib-cs Voi.ontes, Fr. the last will and testament of a man. Y< )LT, (volte, Fr.) in horsemanship, a bounding turn. It is derived from the Italian word volta; and, according to the Farrier's Dictionary, is a round, or a cir- cular tread; a gait of two treads made by a horse going sideways round a center; so that these two treads make parallel tracts; the one which is made by the fore feet larger, and the other by the hinder feet smaller ; the shoulders bearing out- wards, and the croupe approaching to- wards the center. JMettre un chcvalsur les VOLTES, Fr. to make a horse turn round, or perform the volts. They likewise say in the ma- nege, demi-volte, half-turn or volt. VOLTE, Fr. in fencing, a sudden movement, or leap, which is made to avoid the thrust of an antagonist. VoLTE-/ace, Fr. right about. Faire YoLTZ-jace, Fr. to come to the right about. It is chiefly applicable to a V O L ( 973 ) VOL cavalry movement; and is sometimes ge- nerally used to express any species of facing about, viz. Les ennetnis fuircnt jus- qiCa un certain endroit, ou Us Jirent volte face ; the enemy fled to a certain spot, where they faced about. Volte is also used as a sea phrase, among the French, to express the track which a vessel sails ; likewise different movements and tacks that a ship makes in preparing for action. VOLTER, Fr. in fencing, to volt ; to change ground in order to avoid the thrust of an antagonist. VOLTIGER, Fr. to float ; to stream out ; to hover about ; la vuvalerie toltige uutour du camp ; the cavalry hovers about the camp. It also means in the manege, to ride a wooden horse for the purpose of acquiring a good seat. VOLTIGEURS, Fr. springers, lea- pers. " The corps of voltigeurs were formed but a few years since, by Bonaparte himself. " The di (Terence betwixt tirailleurs and voltigeurs, is, that the first move ir- regularly, and scattered about, and the others are formed and act as numerous and collected bodies. " The qualifications required for being admitted into that corps are, an unequi- vocal reputation for courage, a short sta- ture, a sound body, and great agility. " Their uniform is the same as worn by the French infantry, with the appro- priate distinction of the collar being yellow. " They wear the grenade, and enjoy the same additional pay as the grena- diers, though the greatest part are of a diminutive size. " Each regiment of infantry has a company of voltigeurs, which always inarches in front of the grenadiers. They have two trumpeters instead of drum- mers. " The voltigeurs are armed with a short fusil, (carbine,) and a short broad- sword, the pouch is supported on the loins by a waist-belt; according to re- gulation, their pack should be very light. " When in presence of the enemy, the voltigeur companies of each regiment are collected together, forming a distinct corps, and lead the attack ; they are in general employed to climb up the moun- tains, (if there be any,) or to attempt dif- ficult passes ; the grenadiers follow at a short distance; but it is the voltigeur's privilege to shew the road to victory. They are, on such occasions, carefully reminded of that honourable distinction. " Ever since their formation, those corps have proved of the greatest utility to the French armies ; the pride of their grenade, the hope of being first at the pillage, every thing has contributed to aise the spirit of these diminutive sol- diers to the highest degree of enthusiastic valour." VOLUMUS, i. e. We will, the first word of the clause in the king's letters patent, and letters of protection. VOLUNTEER, in a general accep- tation of the word, any one who enters into the service of his own accord. The signification of it is more or less extensive, according to the conditions on which a man voluntarily engages to bear arms. Volunteers are also bodies of men who assemble, in time of war, to defend their respective districts, and do so, ge- nerally, without pay. To Volunteer, to engage in any af- fair of one's own accord. Officers and soldiers often volunteer their services on the most desperate occasions; sometimes specifically, and sometimes generally. — Hence, to volunteer for any particular enterprize, or to volunteer for general service. In some instances, soldiers vo- lunteer for a limited period, and within certain boundaries. Of this description were the drafts from the militia in 1798, who volunteered to serve in Europe only. It is not our business to enter into the impolicy of this measure; the inconve- niences which have already arisen from it, and the enormous addition to the half- pay list, sufficiently condemn it. We are certainly advocates for a limited period of enlistment, quoad time or duration, but decidedly repugnant to limited ser- vice, quoad place and situation. Even the regular militia ought, in our humble opi- nion, to be subject to Channel duty. A real soldier knows no bouudary to his exertions, when the interests of his coun- try require an extension of them. With respect to the volunteer system, of which so much has been written, and concerning which so many contradictory opinions have been hazarded by indivi- duals, both in and out of Parliament, we cannot conceive, how any difference should exist on the ground of national utility. That there were defects in its organization no man will pretend to deny ; but that the root of its establish- VOL ( 974 ) VOL inetft, and its stamina] branches, might have been converted into u state-engine of defence, the most prejudiced of its opposers must acknowledge When the enemy was on the frontiers of France, and a victorious, because an imposing army from established fame, was ready to storm the gates of her capital, no member of the French Convention, no regular old officer, or upstart hero of the line, attempted to weaken the energies of the country, by throwing a damp upon the public spirit of the nation. All were invited to join the threatened standard of their mother country ; all were respected alike, and when uncommon genius was elicited by uncommon circumstances and events, extraordinary stations were allot- ted to it. La Fayette, who had distin- guished himself, as a regular officer, against the bravest troops that ever crossed the Atlantic, had too much good sense, and (though not the best politician in the world) too much discernment not to see, that the aggregate of a nation is never to be despised. Every part has its little orbit ; and if it be permitted to move so as not to jar, or come in mis- chievous contact, with larger bodies, it will always contribute to that general harmony, which constitutes good order. It is a solecism in state, and a most fatal error in military government, to cause any man to feel little within himself, whose assistance in person, or mind, may be useful to community ; but it is more than a solecism, and worse than an er- ror, to depreciate a whole body of men. Every part can be usefully employed, and no part, especially in a military organi- zation, ought to be lessened or degraded. With regard to individuals, it will cer- tainly not be denied, that in the dispen- sations of Providence, and in the immense variety of the gifts of nature, many may be found, who, without having been born in the womb of grandeur, or brought up in the lap of opulence, are equal to the first employments of a state. History can furnish us with innumerable instan- ces of this sort ; and the annals of our own times sufficiently prove the justness of this observation. How, therefore, any man of these Islands, — whose great boast is equality of right, and whose pride is the aristocracy of talents ! — could descend to invidious comparisons, or degrading animadversions before the grave senate of such a nation ; or how any officer, of common sense, could be prejudiced against an active and meritorious indivi- dual, because he had not been in the line, is a circumstance, in our opinion, which deserves the severest censure. — » This gentleman did not, probably, recol j lect, that some of the best generals in Europe, and, indeed, some of the bravest warriors on record, have issued out of the aggregate of a nation, and, not un- frequently, out of bodies of volunteers, — witness General Moreau, who was a lawyer till he was more than 30 years old. To Volunteer. Dr. Johnson calls this a cant word, signifying to go for a soldier. It is, however, in such general currency now, especially among military men, that with all due deference to the learned lexicographer, we shall treat of the term according to its acceptation. There appear to be three different kind9 of volunteers, exclusive of the common class who go into the ranks as enlisted soldiers. The first consists of young gentlemen joining a regiment going upon service, and doing duty with that corps, until they get a commission. This kind of volunteer in the Austrian, Prussian, and Russian services, is called a cadet. The second kind of volunteers, are officers of foreign armies who serve with troops not belonging to their own sovereign, for the purpose of acquiring experience, and learning their profession. The third species of volunteers, are officers who, though actually in the same service, do not belong either to any regiment em- ployed, or to the staff of the army. With respect to the prevailing notion, that offi- cers actually employed may volunteer in general ; it does not appear, how such a notion can be admitted ; as every man must do his appropriate duty, and go where he is ordered, and not where he chuses himself; nor can the circumstance of not offering to go on any extraordinary service be viewed in any light derogatory to the high spirit of an individual. The official answer, that whenever an officer 's services may be wanted, they will be culled for, ought to silence the least insinuations of that sort. Volunteers formerly were much more numerous, and men of higher rank in the world than they have been of late years. Spinola was a volunteer in the Spanish army before Genoa, during one year ; and in the next campaign he commanded that very army. Prince Eugene began his military career as a volunteer in the Austrian army against the Turks. We U P ( 975 ) U P o could enumerate many other instances ofl To cut Up, the same as cut down, iw the same cast. We wish, however, to a military sense; or rather a more general impress upon the minds of young military men, that although to volunteer be very laudable, not volunteering, when actually employed, is not disgraceful. VOUCHERS, receipts ; written do- cuments to prove the payment of monies, &c. Bankers, agents, commissaries, and regimental paymasters, &c. cannot be too circumspect, or minute on this head, particularly with officers and soldiers. They ought not only to require receipts for the most trifling disbursement, or pay- ment; but also, at stated periods, to deliver them to the several parties, taking especial care, at all such peiiods, to re- quire a written acknowledgement of the examination, and final delivery of the documents. Public accountants are, above all others, most interested in the observance of this rule. Entries may be omitted, double entries may be made, and miscellaneous services may be con- founded together ; but vouchers can always replace the first, correct the second, and separate the third. The French call vouchers, pieces justijicatives. Regimental Vouchers, particular do- cuments which are signed by regimental colouels, paymasters, adjutants, quarter masters, &c. for pay and allewances, &c. VOUGE, IV. a sort of hedging bill. It likewise signifies an axe, which the ancient bowmen of France had fixed to their halberts. It is also called a hunter's staff. VOULGUE, Fr. a sort of javelin which was formerly used in hunting the wild-boar. See Gcisarmiers. VOUSSOIll, in architecture, a vault- stone, or a stone proper to form the sweep of an arch. VUUSSURE, Fr. the arch, or bend- ing of a vault. VOUTE, Fr. a vault; an arch. VOUTE, Fr. vaulted; arched. Ferde cheval Vout£ ; Fr. a horseshoe hollowed. Vonfc, Fr. speaking of persons crooked, round shouldered. VOUTER, Fr. to vault ; to make an arch roof; to arch. Se Voujer, Fr. to bend; to stoop with age ; to grow round shouldered. VOYAGE sur mer, Fr. a sea voyage. The French call a voyage to the East Indies, ua voyage de long cows. UP, an adverb frequently used in military phraseology, viz. term to signify the entire destruction of a body of men. See Cut. To draw Up, to put in regular array, as to draw up a regiment. Up, in a state of insurrection, ready- to oppose. This term is also figuratively used ; as, my soul is up in arms. XJp-hill. A line of cavalry will always make a more advantageous attack up hill, than when it is descending; but the case is reversed with infantry. \Jv-to, adequate to. Hence, up to the circumstances of the times. The French say, a la hauteur des circonstances, up to every thing, or commensurate with circumstances ; a trite, and indeed a vulgar phrase, which implies, that a per- son is adequate to, and ready for, every project, or undertaking. It is generally used in a bad sense. The French say, particularly with respect to play,8cc. II a fait les quatre coups, or he has been up to every thing. To come Up with, a term used in the British service, when an army, or de- tachment is in pursuit of an enemy, and gets near enough to harass and attack him. Up ! exhorting, exciting, or rousing to action. Thus, Dryden says : Up ! up, for honour's sake; twelve le- gions wait you, And long to call you chief. Heads-\Jp, (la tete haute, Fr.) a term used at the drill, by which recruits and soldiers are cautioned to take an erect and soldier-like posture, without con- straint. UPHERS, in carpentry, long fir poles, used in scaffolding, for masts, &c. UPON, this word is variously used in military matters. Upon, noting assumption ; as, he took the office of commander in chief upon him. Also to incur responsibility; as, the general took every thing upon himself. Upon, near to; adjoining; as, the enemy lodged themselves upon the river Thames. Upon, noting attack; as, the infantry rushed upon them. Upon also denotes security, as, upon honour. This term is particularly used when an officer, who purchases a com- mission, or exchanges, &c. in the British army, is obliged to sign upon honour, U S E ( S76 ) usu that he has not given, or received, one shilling above, or under the regulation. It «ere to be wished, for the honour of the service, that so long as trafficking for commissions is allowed to exist, an oath could be attached to each nego- < lation. UPRIGHT, in architecture, a repre- sentation, or d i aught of the front of a building, called also an elevation. Upright, a principal piece of timber which serves to support rafters, or any part, of a building. UPSET, part of a horse's bit. See Pout. URBANICI, from Urbanicus, be- longing to a city; a body of armed men, amounting to six thousand effec- tives, which was formed hy the Emperor Augustus for the defence and internal tranquillity of Rome. This body was divided into four cohorts, which were quartered in a particular part of the citv called Castra Urbana. VRILLE, Fr. a wimble. VRIELER, Fr. among fire-workers, to rise in a spiral manner, as sky-rockets do. URN, in architecture, a sort of vase of a circular form, but largest in the middle. It serves as au ornament over chimney pieces, a buffet, &c. A funeral Urn, a covered vase en- riched with sculpture, and serving as the crowning, or finishing of a tomb, a column, a pyramid, or any other funeral monument. It is generally made in imi- tation of the ancients, who deposited the ashes of their deceased friends in this kind of urn. We sincerely wish, for the sake of the survivors, that this decent custom could be restored with respect to the remains of the dead in our time. See Funereal Pile. USARII, Ind. the name of a month; which partly corresponds with June; it follows Jeth. To USE, to employ to any particular purpose; to bring into action; as, he used his choicest troops on that decisive day. To make Use of another, to convert the talents and industry of a fellow creature, either to one's own advantage, without the least regard to truth or ho- nour, or to that of the public, for the common interest of all. In the first sense, which is a bad one, genius and real knowledge are frequently made use of, or rather abused and misused, by assumed superiority, under the mean garb of affected friendship, and barred patronage; in the latter sense, which is a good, and certainly a political, one, wise men know how to derive advan- tage, by employing characters of all de- scriptions, and adapting their abilities and sources of information to the various exigencies of the state. USTENSILES, Fr. the necessary ar- ticles which a soldier, who is quartered or billetted at an inn, &c. has a right to be supplied with. Ustensit.es de m-agasin, Fr. Under tills word are comprehended all the various tools, implements, &c. which are required in military magazines and store- houses. Ustensiles d'un raisseait,¥v. every thing which is necessary in the naviga- tion of a ship. Ustensiles de canon, Fr.'every tiling which is required to load and unload a piece of ordnance, viz. the rammer, sponge, priming horn, wedges, &c. To USURP, (usurper, Fr.) to seize upon by violence or stratagem. USURPER, (usurpateur, Fr.) Any person is so called, who by force, or stratagem, gets possession of a power, or authority, to which he is not legally entitled. USURY, (mure, Fr.) excessive inte- rest for money lent; from the Latin uxura. No class of individuals, per- haps, (if we except that of gamblers,) are so often driven to the necessity of applying to this ruinous source of ac- commodation, as that of military men ; especially of such of the profession as have been placed upon the half-pay list of Great Britain and Ireland. The danger which attends every species of usurious contract, is rendered less, and the practice consequently more frequent, in proportion to the nice sense of honour that is attached to a military character. It is not, however, less criminal, parti- cularly with regard to the half-pay; and we should be deficient in our duty to the army at large — for whom alone we write — did we omit to warn them against the insidious aid of discount, and of temporary loans. Nor do we scruple to say, (however sacred the word of an officer must at all times be held,) that a deviation from it, under circumstances of palpable extortion, is not dishonour- able. Perhaps it might not be wholly useless, were the legislature so far to interfere, as to express in the Mutiny u s u ( 977 ) U T E bill, not only the nullity of all pecu- niary engagements, beyond the bona fide interest of the law, between officers and money lenders; but also to make it criminal in the latter to injure the King's service, by inveigling the former into promissory notes, &c. With regard to usury in general, it is defined to he an unlawful profit which a person makes of his money ; in which sense, usury is forbidden by the civil and ecclesiastical, and even by the law of nature. For the information of those gentlemen who are in the habit of accommodating ollicers, it may not be irrelevant to state, that by stat. 12 Ann, c. 16, which is called' the statute against excessive usury, it is or- dained, that no person shall take for the loan of any money, or other thing,ahove the value of five pounds for the for- bearance of one hundred pounds for a year; and so in proportion for a greater or lesser sum : and it is declared, that all bonds, contracts, and assurances, made for the payment of any principal sum to be lent on usury, above that rate, shall be void; and that whosoever shall take, accept, or receive, b* way of cor- rupt bargain, loan, &c. a greater interest than 5 per cent, shall forfeit treble the value of the money lent; (provided the information is laid within the space of one year, for the borrower, or informer, and of two years for the King;) and also that scriveners, solicitors, and drivers of bargains, shall not take, or receive, above five shillings for the procuring of the loan of one hundred pounds for one year, on pain of forfeiting twenty pounds. In an action brought for usury, the statute made against it must be pleaded; und in pleading an usurious contract, as a bar to an action, the whole matter is to he set forth specially, because it lies within the party's own privity; yet on an information on the statute for making such contract, it is sufficient to mention the corrupt bargain generally; because matters of this kind are supposed to be privily transacted; and such information may be brought by a stranger. 1 Hawk. P. C. 248. See Orel on Usury, aiso Hen t.ham. It will likewise be remembered, that upon an information on the statute against usury, he that borrows the money may be a witness, after he has paid the same. In closing this article, we cannot belri remarking, that if money were in this country to obtain its level, the term, usury might be converted into a bene- ficial mode of general accommodation. Money would then be legally lent at 6, 7, or 8 per cent, and the necessity of granting ruinous annuities at 10, 12, and even 16f per cent, be superseded ; as is the case all over Europe, except: Great Britain. UTENSILS, in a military sense, are necessaries due to every soldier, and to be furnished by his host, where he is in quarters, viz. bed with sheets, a pot, a glass or cup to drink out of, a dish, a place at the fire, and a candle. See Billeting. Utensils, t$c. directed to be provided for the use of regimental hospitals. la page 19, of the Regulations for the Sick, it is stated, that each hospital ought to be furnished with a slipper bath or bathing tub, two water-buckets, one dozen of Osnaburgh towels, one dozen of flannel cloths, half a dozen of large sponges, combs, razors, and soap; two large kettles capable of making soup for 30 men, two large tea kettles, two large tea-pots, two sauce-pans, 40 tin cans of one pint each, 40 spoons, one dozen of knives and forks, two close-* stools, two bed-pans, and two urinals. A regiment consisting of 1000 men, and provided with three medical per- sons, ought to be furnished with hospital necessaries and utensils for at least 40 patients. It should be provided with. 40 cotton night caps, 40 sets of bedding, in the proportion of four for every hundred men; each set consisting of one paillasse, one straw mattress, one bolster, three sheets, two blankets, and one rug. For regiments of a smaller number, the quantity of hospital necessaries will, of course, be proportionally reduced. Bakery Utensils. The following list of bakery utensils, being the pro- portion requisite for an army of 36,000 men, has been extracted from the British Commissary, to which useful treatise we refer the military reader for a specific description of field ovens, ccc. and field bakery, page 16, &c. 12 double iron ovens, 11 feet long, 9 feet diameter, and 3 feet high; 28 troughs and their covers, 16 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 3 feet deep, to knead the dough. 12 large canvass tents, (having double coverings,) 32 feet long, and 24 feet wide, to make the bread in. 6 I V U E < 97R 4 ditto to cool and deposit the bread ) VUL in. 2 ditto to deposit the meal and empty sacks in. 200 boards, 8 feet Ions;, and If foot wide, to carry the bread to the ovens and (tack when baked; 24 small scales to weigh the dough,, with weights from half an ounce to 61b; 24 small lamps, for night work ; 24 small hatchets ; '24 scrapers, to scrape the dough from the troughs; 12 copper kettles, containing each from 10 to 12 pails of water; 12 trevets for ditto; 12 barrels with han- dles, to carry water, containing each from 6 to 7 pails. 12 pails, to draw water; 24 yokes and hooks, to carry the barrels by hand; 24 iron peels, to shove and draw the bread from the ovens ; 24 iron pitch- forks to turn and move the fire-wood and coals in the ovens; 24 spare handles, 14 feet long, for the peels and pitch- forks ; 24 rakes, with handles of the view of a building from its top and flat roof, taken in their whole extent. Some persons improperly call this plan des combles, plan of the roofs. Vue de bdtiment, Fr. the view or in- spection of a building taken from the center; hence called vue de front, front view. Vue de cote, Fr. a side view. Vue d'ungle, Fr. a corner view. Vue d'oiseau, Fr. a bird's eye view, or the representation of a plan raised in perspective, supposed to be seen from a very elevated spot. Vue de toute longueur, et de toide hauteur, Fr. When you stand directly opposite the center of a plan or build- ing, the aspect is called vue de front, a front view ; when placed on one of the sides, it is called vue de cote, a side view ; when the building is seen from one of its corners, the aspect is angular, or a corner view. VUiDANCErfcaw, Fr. the draining same length, to clear away the coals and ior emptying of water out of any par- cinders from the ovens; 4 large scales, , ticular place, by means of water-mills, to weigh the sacks and barrels of meal, ior other machines used in hydraulics, and capable of weighing 500lbs. ; 4 tri-ifor the purpose of making the ground angles for the said scales; to each must | thoroughly dry, and building thereon, be added 500lbs. of weights, 3 of lOOlbs.l Vuidance de terre, Fr. the carriage each, 2 of oOlbs. each, and downwards [of any particular sort of earth, which is to half a pound. sold according to its quality. UTER, a bladder to swim with. This VU1DE, tant plein que vuide, Fr. machine is mentioned in Csesar's Com- j This expression is used in carpentry to nientaries, and was frequently used by! signify the distribution of beams or the Rinnans in crossing rivers, ike VU, Fr. seeing that; considering. Vu l\tat de I'armce, Fr. considering the state of the army. VUE, Fr. sight; view; prospect; look, (Sic. The French say, Les armies sont en vue ; the armies are in sight of one another. Camper en vue de Ven- nemi ; to encamp in sight of the enemy. Marcher a vue de pays; to march by guess, or without any particular direc- tion to move by, except the mere ap- pearance of the country. Garder un prison/tier a Vue, Fr. to watch a prisoner so closely as to keep him always in sight. Payable a Vue, Fr. payable at sight; or so many days after sight. — A term used in drawing bills of exchange. A Vue d'ail, Fr. visibly. Vue, ou bee, Fr. This term signifies generally, every species of opening or aperture through which day-light enters; hie meaning open. Vue a plomb, Fr. a perpendicular ratters in a floor, in such a manner, that the intervals are not wider than the thickness of the beams or rafters. The French also say of a facade, or front of a building, elle est espacee tant pleine que vuide, when the piers or parting walls are as broad as the windows. Tirer au Vuide, Fr. to diverge or bulge, as the front of a house does when it goes out of its perpendicular direction. Pousser au vuide has the same signification. VUIDEK, Fr. literally, to empty. Vutdeu tm fosse, Fr. to drain a ditch. VULCANO, (volcan, Fr.) a burning mountain which throws forth flames, smoke and ashes; such as Mount Ve- suvius, Mount Etna, &c. VULNERABLE, susceptive of wounds; liable to external injuries; capable of being taken ; as the town is extremely vulnerable in such a quarter. It is also applied to military disposi- tions, viz. the army was vulneiable in the center, or on the left ning. WAD ( 979 ) WAG VULTURE, a large bird of prey, well known and figuratively applied to many members even of civilized society, such as money scriveners, low attornies, &c. It has lately been used to mark one of those blood thirsty followers of the French revolution, that pay no regard to honour or honesty. Hence Bonaparte's vultures, or the adherents of that system which was governed by law- less rapine and devastation. UVULA spoon, in surgery, an instru- ment to be held just under the uvula, with pepper and salt, or any other in- gredient in it, to be blown up into the hollow behind the same. W. VIT'AD, in gunnery, a substance made * ' of hay or straw, and sometimes of tow rolled up tight in a ball. It serves to be put into a gun, after the powder, and rammed home, to prevent the powder from being scattered, which would have no effect if left unconrined. W AD-hook, a strong iron screw, like that which serves for drawing corks, mounted upon a wooden handle, to draw out the wads, or any part of car- tridges, which often remain in guns, and, when accumulated, stop up the vent WAV-mill, a hollow form of wood to make the wads of a proper size. VVADA, or WADADARY, Ind. a farm of a district. WAD A BUN DY, Ind. stated periods or dates, on which money is to be paid. WADADAR, Ind. a government officer, who is responsible for the rents of a zemindary. WADDING, hay or straw, or any other forage, generally carried along with the guns to be made into wads. Experiments relative to the effects of Wadding. The quantity of powder requisite to raise a shell weighing 218 pounds, clear of the mortar and bed, was found to be 4 oz. 2 dr. without any wadding; but with the help of a little wadding, rammed over the powder, 3 oz 1 dr. were sufficient. The powder re- quisite to raise a shell weighing 1061b. clear of the mortar and bed, was found to be 2 oz. 6 dr. without any wadding; but with wadding, properly rammed over the powder, 2 oz. were found to be sufficient. To raise a shell of 16lb. 4 dr. were sufficient without wadding, and only 3 dr. with wadding. And to raise a shell of 8lb. 2 dr. were enough without wadding, and 1 dr. two thirds with wadding. From the above experiments, it may be observed, that the judicious ram- ming of a little wadding over the pow- der, adds about £ part of the whole effect. WAFER, paste made to close letters, &c. The Fiench call it pain a cacheter. The Irish Wafer is wery thin, and consequently the best for use; the English water is thick, and if not well moistened, and left to dry a few mi- nutes in the paper, it may be cut through. The safest method, however, especially in dispatches and official com- munications, is first to use a wafer, and then to cover it with sealing wax. To WAGE, to attempt; to venture; to undertake any thing dangerous. Whence to wage rear. WAGON, in the army, a four-wheel carriage drawn by four horses, and for sundry uses. Ammunition Wagon, a carriage made for transporting all kinds of stores, as also to carry bread, it being lined round in the inside with basket-work. Wagon Train. The wagons, carts, &c. that are provided for the ' use of an army are so called. In page 25 of the British Commissary we find the follow- ing observations concerning this neces- sary establishment. " The great engine in the hands of the commissariat, on which the movements of an army de- pend, is a proper establishment of wa- gons. In all wars where a British army has taken the field, great abuses have unfortunately prevailed in this depart- ment, and it even now remains a pro- blem, whether government ought to purchase wagons and horses, and form temporary establishments, or whether the army should be provided with a train by contractors? " In the seven years war, there was a general contractor for the wagon train, 6 I 2 W A G ( 980 ) WAG fend his contract was kept until the very year before the peace, when govern- ment bought the train of him. The contractor was Sir Lawrence Dundas, father to the present peer of that name. In the American war, wagons were con- sidered almost as a privilege by the de- partments to which they were attached, until the arrival of the gentleman (we presume Brook Watson) last sent there as commissary general, who found it necessary to make great reforms iu that branch of the service. The same gen- tleman, when he went out to the conti- nent with the army, (viz. in 1793) made use of the wagons of different contrac- tors : but in the beginning of 1794, an experiment was made bv raising a corps called the Royal Corps of Wagoners, and purchasing wagons and horses. Of this corps little need be said, as its miserable state became proverbial in the army; it failed completely in every part; and on many occasions the service suffered very materially in consequence. " The idea of this corps was probably taken from the fine well-regulated esta- blishment of Austrian wagons. This is a standing establishment kept up in peace and war, having officers and men trained to the service, and a system im- proved and perfected through a succes- sion of years. The ingenious author very properly remarks, that such an establishment is necessary to Austria on account of its large military force, which is constantly kept up; but that it is utterly impossible for Great Britain to procure a similar one upon the spur of the moment. He further remarks, with great justness, that the excellent roads of England also render it difficult to find English drivers capable of acting in foreign countries in the same capacity; the carriages in those countries being constructed purposely for the roads, and both different from any thing seen here. " Bad, therefore, as were the contract wagons in the campaign of 179-1, they certainly did far better service than the Royal Corps of Wagoners. " Accordingly the royal train was sold, *nd every purchaser of not less than 50 wagons was admitted to the advantages of a contract for all the wagons he pur- chased ; he was insured the duration of his contract for three months, and was only to deposit one third of the cost, allowing the remainder to be paid out of tos earnings. The form of the contract and the pay of the wagons were pre- viously fixed, and by this mode a most advantageous sale was procured, while a new set of contractors were introduced, with the additional advantage of obliging old contractors to reduce their prices, and to come under the same terms." Royal Wagon Train. Notwithstand- ing these sensible observations, an es- tablishment of no small importance to the country, with respect to expenditure, has been added to the army; and what was originally a part of the train be- longing to the artillery, is now formed into a corps consisting of several troops, under the Quarter Master General's De- partment. This corps has been fre- quently confounded with that of the Royal Artillery Drivers, with which it has no connection whatsoever. The space of ground occupied by a wagon with Jour horses is about 1ft paces; a mile will, therefore, hold llf wagons; but allowing a short distance between each wagon in travelling, a mile may be said to contain about 100 wagons. Wagons, in convoy, may travel from one to two miles per hour, ac- cording to the roads and other circum- stances. A great object in convoys, is to preserve the horses as much as pos- sible from fatigue For this purpose, if the convoy amounts to many hundred wagons, they must be divided into divi- sions of not more than 500 each. Should it consist of thousands, it will be advise- able to divide them into grand divisions, and then again into subdivisions of 500 each: by this means, and the time of departure being calculated by the fol- lowing rules, each division may remain at rest, till just before its time of move- ment; and which will prevent the neces- sity of the latter part of a large convoy being harassed for a considerable time before its turn to move. Rule 1. To find the time, in which any number of wagons may be driven of: Divide the number of wagons by 100, and multiply by the time of travelling one mile. Rule 2. To find the time in which any number of wagons will drive over any number of miles, to the time they take in driving ojf : add the time any one of the wagons takes to travel the distance. The different divisions of the convoy should be numbered, and obliged, each day, to change the order of their marching. W A L X 981 > W A L WAGONER, one who drives a wagon. Corps of' Wagoners, or Royal Wagon corps, a body of men originally employed in the Train under the Board of Ord- nance. It now forms a part of the regular army, and is subject to the Quarter- Master General. WAIN ROPE, the large cord with which the load is tied on the wagon. WAINSCOT, in joinery, is the timber work that serves to line the walls of a room, being usually in pannels, and painted, to serve instead of hangings. In most modern buildings, it is usual to have wainscot breast high, on account of the natural moisture of the walls. Some joiners put charcoal behind the pannels of the wainscot, to prevent the sweating of the stone and brick-walls from unglueing the joints of the pan- nels; others use wool for the same pur- pose; but neither one nor the other is sufficient in some diseases : the only sure way is to prime over the back-sides of the joints with white-lead, Spanish brown, and linseed oil. To Wainscot, to line walls with boards; to line in general. WAIT, to lie in wait ; to lay wait. See Ambush. In WAITING. This term is used, in the British service, to mark out the person whose turn is next for duty; as officer in waiting. Field Officer in Waiting, a monthly duty taken by the field officers of the three regiments of Foot Guards, who attend his Majesty on Court days, to present the detail of this corps, and re- ceive the parole or other orders from him personally, which are afterwards given to the guards in orders. The field officer in waiting commands all the troops on duty, and has the immediate care of his Majesty's person without doors, as the gold stick has of it while in Court. The latter also receives the parole from the King. WAKANAGUR, Ind. a writer of occurrences. To WALK, generally speaking, to move with the ordinary pace of man ; it is likewise said with respect to horses. When the term is applied to the latter, it is commonly used in an active sense ; as, to walk a horse. Walk, the slowest and least raised of a horse's goings. Walk about! a term used by British ©mcers when they approach a sentry, and think proper to wave the ceremony of being rested to. A Walk, any particular spot where persons may indiscriminately meet, and walk about for exercise, or on business. Of this description are the walks in the Royal Exchange. In the reign of James I. and Charles I. the body of St. Paul's Cathedral was the common resort of the politicians, news- mongers, and loungers of all denomina- tions. It was called Paul's walk, and the frequenters of it Paul's walkers. WALL, a series of brick, stone, or other materials, carried upwards, and cemented with mortar. When used in the plural number, wall signifies fortifi- cation ; works built for defence. Chinese Wall, or the ureat wall in China, a wall of immense extent, which the Chinese built to secure their country from the incursions of their neighbours, but which was not found sufficiently strong to keep out the Tartars. This wall, which has lasted one thousand nine hundred and thirty odd years, is still in good condition; it comprehends, in cir- cumference, five hundred leagues; runs over mountains, down into vallies and steep descents, and is, almost in every part, more than 20 feet in breadth, and thirty in height. lb be driven to the Wall, a figurative term, signifying to be so pressed, that you can neither advance nor retreat. Walls of a tent or marquee, that part of the canvass which is attached to the fly, or top, by means of hooks and eyes, and which is fixed to the earth with wooden pegs. These walls should be frequently lowered in order to admit fresh air. When there is an hospital tent, this precaution is indispensable, if the weather will permit. Walls, in architecture, a wall of stone, brick, wood, or the like. Walls make the principal part of a building, serving both to inclose it, or to separate particular rooms, and to support the roof, floors, &c. Walls are either entire or continued, or intermitted, and the intermissions con- sist either of pillars or pilasters. Walls, though built very thick and strong, and with foundations laid deep, yet if carried on in a straight line, are inclined to lean or fall ; and such as are built crooked, though thin and weak, are much more lasting. A wall which is raised over a river oq- W A L ( 982 ) WAN arches of pillars, will stand as firm as others whose foundation is entire. Hence it appears, that a wall built much thinner than usual, by only having, at the distance of every twenty feet, an angle set out at about two feet or more in proportion to the height of the wall; or by having a column, at the like dis- tance, erected along with it, six or eight inches on each side, and above the thick- ness of the rest of the wall : such a wall will be much stronger than if five times the quantity of materials were used in a great wall. Walls are distinguished into different kinds according to the matter, or mate- rials, of which they are composed : as plastered or mud walls, brick walls, stone walls, flint or boulder walls, and boarded walls. The following general rules are re- commended to be strictly adhered to in the construction of walls. 1. That they be built exactly perpen- dicular to the ground work; for the right angle therein depending is the true cause of all stability, both in arti- ficial and natural position. 2. That the most massy and heavy materials be laid lowest, as fitter to bear than be borne. 3. That the walls as they rise, de- crease proportionably in thickness, to lessen the weight, and diminish the ex- pense. 4. That certain burzes or ledges, of more strength than the rest, be inter- laid, like bones, to strengthen the whole fabrick. As brick walls are the most usual, and consequently the most important in this country, the following observations may be added to the foregoing rules. 1. Particular care is to be taken about laying the bricks. In summer, for in- stance, they must be laid as wet, and in winter as dry as possible, to make them bind the better with the mortar; for this purpose, in summer, as fast as they are laid they must be covered up, to pre- vent the mortar, etc. from drying too fast; and in winter, they must be well covered to protect them from rain, snow, or frost, which are all enemies to mor- tar. They must be laid point and joint in the walls as little as possible, but good bond must be made there, as well as on the outside. 2. The angles must be firmly bound, as they are the nerves of the whole edi- fice, and are, therefore, commonly forti- fied by the Italians, even in their brick buildings, with well squared stone. 3. In working up the walls of a build- ing, it is not adviseable to raise any wall above eight feet high, before the next adjoining wall be wrought up to it, in order that good bond may be made in the progress of the work ; for it is a bad custom among some bricklayers, to carry or work up a whole story of the party walls before they work up the fronts, or other work adjoining, that should be bonded, or wrought up together with them ; which custom occasions cracks and settlings in the walls. Stone Walls, walls constructed with stone. They serve not only for walls of houses, &c. but also for fence walls round gardens, &c. particularly in Ox- fordshire, Gloucestershire, &c. Flint or boulder Walls. These walls are much used in some parts of Sussex and Kent, both for fence walls, round courts, gardens, &c. and also for walls of stables and other outhouses. Bourded Walls. Walls are some- times boarded, particularly the walls of some barns, stables, and other out- houses. See Weather-Boarding. WALLET. See Haversack; Knap- sack. WAMBASIUM,a part of the ancient military vestment. WANT, deficiency ; need. Want of ammunition, a deficiency of gunpowder and ball, &c. Want of money, a lack of gold, silver, or any other currency. Without money, in these times, the greatest man is little, and with it the most insignificant may be seemingly great. Want of courage, a deficiency of that spirit and resolution which are required in the character of every officer and soldier. Want of provisions, want of men, not having the necessary quantity of food, the requisite number of troops, &c. ; but in the management of an army the greatest of all wants is — W a nt of intelligence. This term can only be explained by appealing to the understanding, and practical good sense, of such officers as have had frequent opportunities of witnessing the dis- astrous consequences which have arisen from a want of intelligence. The French generally say manque de ; as manque de courage, want of courage, &c. WAR ( 935 ) WAR WANTING, deficient; short of ; a word used in military returns, as 100 men wanting to complete. VVANTY, a surcingle, large leathern girth, or belly strap for a pack horse. WAPENTAKE,(from the Saxon,) the same as what we call a hundred, and more especially used in the northern counties beyond the Trent. There have been several conjectures as to the ori- ginal of the word ; one of which is, that anciently, musters were made of the armour and weapons of the inhabitants of every hundred; and from those who could not find sufficient pledges of their good abeai ing, their weapons were taken away; whence it is said wapentake is derived. Spenser says it was so named, of touching the weapon or spear of their alderman, and swearing to follow him faithfully, and to serve their prince truly. WAR, a contest or difference hetween princes, states, or large bodies of people, which, not being determinable by the ordinary measures of justice and equity, is referred to the decision of the sword, &c. It is that important event, for which all military education is designed to pre- pare the soldier. It is for this that, in peace, he receives the indulgence of a subsistence from society; and for this he is gratefully bound to secure the repose of that society from the outrage of an enemy, and to guard its possessions from the devastations of invaders. There are five different kinds of war, each of which is to be conducted dif- ferently the one from the other, viz. the offensive; the defensive; that between equal powers; the auxiliary, which is carried on out of our own territories to succour a prince, or ally, or to assist a weaker whom a more powerful prince ha* attacked ; and a civil war. Offensive war must be long meditated on in private, before it be openly under- taken; when the success will depend upon two essential points: — that the plan be justly formed, and the enterprize conducted with order. It should be well and maturely considered and di- ge?H:d, and with the greatest secrecy, !e-i (however able the prince, or his council may be) some of the precau- tions, necessary to be taken, be disco- vered. These precautions are infinite both at home and abroad. Abroad, they consist in alliances and security not to be disturbed ia the me- ditated expedition, foreign levies, and the buying up of warlike ammunition, as well to increase your own stores, as to prevent the enemy from getting them. The precautions at home consist in providing for the security of our distant frontiers, levying new troops, or aug- menting the old ones, with as little noise as possible; furnishing your magazines with ammunition ; constructing carriages for artillery and provisions; buying up horses, which should be done as much as possible among your neighbours; both to prevent their furnishing the enemy, and to preserve your own ca- valry, and the particular equipages of the officers. Defensive war may be divided into three kinds. It is either a war sustained by a prince, who is suddenly attacked by another, superior to him in troops and in means; or a prince makes this sort of war by choice on one side of his frontiers, while he carries on offensive war elsewhere; or it is a war become defensive by the loss of a battle. A defensive war which a prince at- tacked by a superior enemy sustains, depends entirely on the capacity of his general. His particular application should be, to chuse advantageous camps to stop the enemy, without, however, being obliged to fight him ; to multiply small advantages ; to harass and perplex the enemy in his foraging parties, and to oblige him to go out with great escorts; to attack the convoys; to ren- der the passages of rivers, or defiles, as difficult to them as possible; to force them to keep together; if they want to attack a town, to throw in succours before it is invested. In the beginning, his chief aim should be, to secure the enemy's respect, by his vigilance and activity, and by forcing him to be cir- cumspect in his marches and manner of encampment; to gain time himself, and make the enemy lose it. An able gene- ral, carefully pursuing these maxims, will give courage to his soldiers, and to the inhabitants of the country ; he affords time to his prince to take proper pre- cautions to resist the enemy who attacks him; and thus changes the nature of this disagreeable and vexatious kind of warfare. The management of a defensive war. requires more military judgment than that of an offensive one. A war between equal powers is thi£ XV A R ( 984 ) WAR in which the neighbouring princes take DO part, so long as the belligerent par- ties obtain no great advantage, the one over the other. This sort of war never sli-juld last long, if you want to reap any advantages from it. As to its rules, they are entirely conformable to those already given; but we may look on it as a certain maxim, in this sort of war, that the general who is the most active and penetrating will ever in the end prevail over him who possesses these qualities in a lesser degree; because, by his activity and penetration, he will multiply small advantages, till at last they procure him a decisive superiority. The success which attended the rapidity of the movements of the French armies, is a strong illustration of this maxim. A general whose mind is continually bent on procuring himself small advan- tages, always obtains his end, which is, to ruin the enemy's army; in which case, he changes the nature of the war, and makes it offensive ; which should ever be the chief object of his prince. Auxiliary War is that in which a prince succours his neighbour, either in consequence of alliances, or engage- ments entered into with them ; or some- times to prevent their falling under the power of an ambitious prince. If it be in virtue of treaties, he ob- serves them religiously, in furnishing the number of troops prescribed, and even offering to augment his quota, if required; or in making a diversion by- attacking the common enemy, or hfs allies. If it be to prevent a neighbouring prince from being crushed by a power, who, after this conquest, may become dangerous to yourself, there are several measures to be taken for your own par- ticular interest. One of the chief is, to exact from those you succour, the possession of some place in security, lest they make their peace without your knowledge, or to your prejudice. The general, therefore, who is chosen for the command of this auxiliary corps, should have wisdom, penetration, and foresight; wisdom to preserve a proper discipline in his corps, that the allied prince may have no cause to complain «»f him; foresight and penetration, to prevent his troops suffering from want of subsistence, or being exposed to the perils of war, except in proportion to their numbers with those of the allied prince; and, finally, that nothing shall pass without his knowledge, which maj be prejudicial to his master. Civil or intestine War is that between subjects of the same realm, or between parties in the same state. In this sense, we say, the civil wars of the Romans destroyed the republic; the civil wars of Grenada ruined the power of the Moors in Spain ; the civil wars of Eng- land began 1641, and ended in the king's death. Religious War, a war maintained in a state on account of religion, one of the parties refusing to tolerate the other. Holy War, that species of warfare which was anciently maintained by leagues and crusades, for the recovery of the Holy Land. Civil and religious Wars are almost always fatal to the states that sustain them. These sorts of war, which the animosity of the different parties and fanaticism ever carry beyond the bounds of humanity, and the duties of society, have, in general, no other rules but those of the offensive and defensive. It has, however, always been observed, that civil wars form great men and good soldiers, because the nobility, citizens, and labourers, being equally obliged to right for their property and preservation, every man has an equal opportunity of learning the art of war. This species of war may likewise be called revolutionary, with the additional circumstance, that in the latter sense it is of a more extensive nature. Council of War is an assembly of great officers called by a general, or commander, to deliberate with biin on cnterprizes and attempts to be made. On some occasions, council of war is also understood of an assembly of offi- cers sitting in judgment on delinquent soldiers, deserters, cowardly officers, &c. War. This word is frequently pre- fixed, or attached to things, or persons, in order to distinguish their particular state or functions, viz. War establishment. See Establish- ment. War minister. See Minister. Secretary at War, an efficient cha- racter at the head of the War-ollice, with whom all pecuniary matters belonging to the army rest. See Office. W AR-carts, in old times, a species of artillery carriage which carried two pete- raros, or chambered pieces. These carte. \V A R ( 985 ) W A R were used at the siege of Boulogne, and ! Cinque Ports, a magistrate that has the Seem to havebeen invented by theScotch. jurisdiction of' those havens in the east Wak-saMc, a species of defensive I part of England, commonly called the armour which was anciently used, whose' cinque ports, or five havens, where he is arcon of bows of steel covered the rider/ invested with all that jurisdiction which as high as the navel. — Our modem hussar j the admiral of England has in places saddle seems lo have been imitated from i not exempt. His residence is supposed it. | to be in Dover Castle. According to WAR-cry was formerly customary i Cowel, from whom this explanation is in the armies of most nations, when J taken, the reason why one magistrate they were just upon the point of eh- should be assigned to these havens seems gaging. Sometimes it consisted of tu- to be, because, in respect to their situ *• multuous shouts, or horrid yells uttered tion, they formerly required a more vi- e than other havens, being isi of invasion from our enemies. On this account the lord chief warden of the cinque ports is pre- sumed to be an officer of some expe- witli an intent to strike terror mto their adversaries; such as are still practised by the Indians in America. See War- whoop. W AR-horse. According to the author greater danger of the Sportsman's Dictionary, the fol-j rience, well skilled in the art of defence, lowing directions are given with respect to the chasing such a horse. He must be tall in stature, with a comely head, and an out swelling fore- head ; he must have a large sparkling eye, the white of which is covered with the eye-brows; a small thin ear, short and pricking; if long, well carried and moving; a deep neck, a large crest, broad breast, bending ribs, broad and straight chine, round and full buttocks; a tail high and broad, neither too thick nor too thin ; a full swelling thigh; a broad, flat, and lean leg ; short pasterns and strong joints. WAR-zc/ioop, a signal of attack among the Indians. See Whoop. WARASDINS, a kind of Sclavonian soldiers, clothed like the Turks, with a sugar-loaf bonnet instead of a hat. Their arms are a fuzee and pistols; the butt end of their fuzees serves for a spade, when they have occasion to throw- up earth. To WARD, to guard; to watch; to defend; to parrv any attack. The word and equal to the superintendance of so important a range of coast, upon which France has cast a jealous eye from time immemorial, and where Ca j sar made a. successful landing. It is generally given to the prime minister. By Act of the 26th of the King, it has been directed, that the warden of the cinque ports, two ancient towns, and their members, and, in his absence, his lieutenant, or lieutenants, may put in execution, within the said ports, towns, Ike. all the powers and authorities given and granted by this act, in like manner as lieutenants of counties, and their deputy lieutenants, may do, and. shall keep up and continue the usual num- ber of soldiers in the said ports, towns, and members, unless he, or they, find cause to lessen the same. The militia of the ports is, according to this act, to remain separate from the militia of the counties, and may be called out, pur- suant to an act passed in the 13th and 1 1th years of King Charles II. notwith- standing the pay advanced may not q/jTis generally used with it; as, toward have been reimbursed. off" a blow. Warden of the Stannaries. By Act Ward, watch; the act of guarding; the 26th of his present Majesty, it is a garrison or party stationed for the directed, that the warden of the stan defence of any place; a position of de- fence, or guard made by a weapon in fencing ; that part of a lock, which, corresponding with the proper key, hin- ders any other from opening it ; a dis- trict of a town ; division of a building, &c. It is also used to denote one under the care of, and subject to, the controul oi' a guardian. WARDEN, a keeper; a head officer. WAKDtN, or Lord Warden of the naries, and such as he shall commis- sion and authorize under him, shall have and use the like powers with the lords lieutenants of counties, and array, assess, arm, muster, and exercise the tinners in the counties of Devon and Cornwall, within the said counties, or either of them, according to the ancient privileges and customs of the said stan- naries. WARDER, a guard ; a truncheon by SK W A R ( 980 ) W A S which an officer at aims formerly for- bade liglit. Warder, a beadle, or staff-man, who keeps guard or watch in the day time. Warders, or Yeoman Warders, of the Tower of London, officers whose duty is to wait at the gates, and to take an account of all persons who come into the Tower; it is also their duty to attend prisoners of state. They are appointed by the constable of the Tower, from whom they purchase their situa- tions. WARFARE, military service, state of war. To Warfare, to lead a military life. WARHABLE, } military; "fit for WARLIKE, S war. Warlike virtues are, love of our country, courage, valour, prudence, in- trepidity, temperance, disinterestedness, obedience, wisdom, vigilance, and pa- tience. In the last celebration of the anniversary of the destruction of the Bastille, which took place at Paris oil the 14th of July, 1789, the French cha- racterized these eleven virtues by the following emblems : — a pelican, a lion, a horse, a stag, a wolf, an elephant, a dog, a yoked ox, an owl, a cock, and a Camel. WARNED, admonished of some duty to be performed at a given time or place. Thus officers and soldiers are warned for duty, tkc. WARRANT, a writ of authority in- ferior to a commission ; thus quarter- masters are warrant officers. Likewise a document with the sign manual at- tached to it, to authorize the assembling a general court-martial in Great Britain and Ireland, iS:c. the receipt of public monies at the treasury, &c. Also a writ to arrest and take persons into custody. A Warrant, an order, authentic permission, power, &c. The Speaker's^/ arrant, a writ which is issued by the Speaker of the House of Commons, in consequence of some decision of the majority of the members assembled, and which the Serjeant at arms serves upon any individual, in or out of parliament, with a power of summary commitment, and forcible en- try, (aided by the military if opposed,) that is not vested in the other branches of the legislature. A Wabrant-hhjw, a non-effective allowed per company as a perquisite to each colonel of a regiment, To Warrant, to attest; to authorise. To Warrant a horse, (vendre ua chevul sain et net, le garantir sain et net, Fr.) to be responsible for the health and soundness of a horse which one sells. A month is usually allowed on these occasions; during which period, if any material delect should appear, th« horse is liableto be returned; especially if he should have been bought at a warrantable price. To WARRAY, (guerroyer, Fr.) to make war upon any state or body of men j an obsolete word. WARREN, a kind of park for rabbits. Warren, at Woolwich, so called from the spot having formerly been stocked with rabbits. It now compre- hends the head-quarters for the royal artillery, the royal foundry, the royal laboratory, the royal military academy. It is also famous for proofs and experi- ments of artillery, and great apparatus of war. The Warren is now called the Royal Arsenal; in compliment to an observation made by his present Majesty. WA RRIOR, a soldier; one who rights in war. 2'oWARRY, an old word signifying to make war upon, tkc. WART, an excrescence, or super- fluity of spungy flesh that arises in the hinder pasterns of coach horses, almost as big as a walnut. A wart suppurates and voids red stinking matter, and is never effectually cured. Wart, or spungy excrescence near the eye of a horse. This imperfection pro- ceeds from congealed phlegm lodged there, which, in time, causes the eye to waste, or to grow little, if it be not re- medied. WARWOLF, in ancient military his- tory, an engine for throwing stones and other great masses. WAR-WORN, worn out in the ser- vice. WASELAAT, Ind. collections made. WASEL baky, Ind. collections made, and balances struck. WASHER, a flat circular ring put on the axle-tree, between the linch-pin and small end of the nave, to prevent the nave rubbing against the linch-pin and wearing it, as likewise to diminish the friction of the nave. WASHERS of a cart,&,c. the rings on the ends of the axle-tree. WASHING,, in painting, is when ?. vr A T ( 087 ) W A T design, drawn with a pen or crayon, has any particular colour laid over it with a pencil, as Indian ink, bistre, or the like, to make it appear the more natural, by adding the shadow of pro- minences, apertures, &c. and by imi- tating the particular matters of which the thing is supposed to consist. Thus we wash with a pale red to imitate brick and tile; with a pale In- dian blue to imitate water and slate; with green for trees and meadows; with saffron or French berries for gold or brass; and with several colours for marbles. WASHY, in horses, weak; feeble. WASSYOUT noma, Ind. a will or last testament. WASTAGE of fuel, an allowance of two pounds per diem which was made to the officer at the head of the Quarter Master General's Department in theWest Indies. This allowance was discontinued in 1816. The WASTE, that part which is between the main and the foremast of a ship. i To Waste, in war, to destroy; to de- solate. Waste, wanton or luxurious destruc- tion : useless expense. Waste of blood, an unnecessary ef- fusion of blood, which does not entitle even a conqueror to the thanks of his country : especially if the object could have been obtained by able management in the iield, or cabinet. Waste of character, a wanton and unnecessary exposure of established fame or reputation, to answer the crooked policy of corrupt or ignorant rulers. To WATCH, to keep guard; to be attentive and vigilant; to observe the conduct of any one. A WATCH, a machine in common use, for the purpose of ascertaining the periodical divisions of time into hours, minutes, and seconds. Staff officers should always be provided with good watches. See T]MV-piece. Watch, a duty performed on board ship. It likewise means the person who performs that duty. Serjeant of the Watch, a non-com- missioned officer belonging to the Ma- rines, or other troops on board, who does duty for a stated period. At sea, the term watch denotes a measure or space of four hours, because half the their turn, so long at a time : and they are called the starboard watch and lar- board watch. The following instructions have been published respecting the watch duty which is to be done by troops embarked in transports, &c. At eight o'clock in the evening, every man is to be in his birth, except the men on watch ; the officer of the watch to go round with a lanthorn, to see that the above has been complied with. The whole to be divided into three watches, both subaltern officers and men ; the watch gives all the sentries, &c. &c. A captain of the day to be ap- pointed, to whom the subaltern of the watch will make his reports; and the captain to the commanding officer, if there be a superior officer on board. The whole natch to be always on deck, except when rain obliges them to go down for shelter; and, in fine wea- ther, every man should be upon deck the whole watch. WATCH-HOUSE, a place where the chief constable of the night sits, to re- ceive disorderly persons, that may be brought in by the watchmen. WATCHMAN, a sentinel, one set to keep guard; also a constable of the night in and about London, Dublin, and Edinburgh, &c. WATCH-TOWER, a tower on which a sentinel is posted to keep guard against an enemy. WATER, an element well known, and of such general use and requisition, that the following observations, which are extracted from the Builder's Dic- tionary, cannot appear superfluous, al- though thev may trespass greatly upon the limits of our undertaking. This author observes, " that the learned Varennius, in his System of General Gcogruphi/, tells us, from Vi- truvius, ' that if fountains do not flow of their own accord, their heads are to be sought for under ground, and so col- lected together. These springs may be discovered in the following manner: — If you lie down on the ground, in places where you would seek for them, before the sun rises, and having placed your chin, as close as you can, till it is, as it were, propped by the earth, so that the adjacent country may be plainly seen, (the reason of this posture is, that by •hip's company watch and do dqty in j such a position, the sight will not wan- 6 K 2 \Y A T w ) W A T rter m r than it ought.) If yoa\ iii; unmoved, it will give a certain definition and true level of the parts where you are. placed, and, in those \a[) >urs gathering themselves together, and rising up into the air, tlieie you may dig; for this sign never occurs, in a dry place.' " Coronarius and some oi the an- cients intimate that, wherever the twig- withy, flea-bane, reeds, trefoil, pond- grass, and the bull-rush grow very plen- tifully, there you may, most probably, find water. " Water may also be discovered by the nature of the soil. If it be a black fat soil, and abound with pebbles ot a black or yellowish colour, you need not fear wanting water in such a place. It the soil be glutinous and clayey, you may expect to find water in it. " Water or springs may be discovered hy the natural produce of ibe soil, as we have already stated; particularly where water-plan tane, the sun-flower, reed-grass, oxbane, brambles, or shave- ':ia>-, i alamint, mat-rushes, maiden-hair, melilot, sour-sorrel or ditch-clock, cinque- foil, blood-wort, night-shade, water-mil- foil, and coltsfoot, grow. Where these weeds grow in the greatest abundance, there will be found the most plentiful springs. " Both the ancients and moderns agree, that flat and extensive plains are commonly most destitute of water, whereas, rising grounds seldom fail of abounding with it; and those emi- nences which are most shaded with trees have generally the greatest share of springs. " The ancients used to maintain, that wherever swarms of flies were seen hovering and pitching about one and the same place, water was sure to be discovered." Quality of Water. Next to the possession of this indispensable article nt' first necessity, especially in armies, the quality should lie an object ot' most be found, which are collected from winter rains as they subside in clayey '.•rounds, and these have the best flavour. In ground where there is a clear gravel, springs do not much abound, and i he veins are uncertain ; but the water is very sweet. In large pebbly grave], and in sand, stone, or loose veins of coal, the springs are more certain, and the water has uni- formly a good taste. Springs are also abundant in red stone, and if they remain and do not run off through the interventions thereof, they are good. They flow plentifully also under the foot of mountains, and in stony places; these are very cold, but very healthy. Water, however, which is found in champaign open places, (such as the water is in all stagnated ponds,) is thick, betwixt hot and cold, and not sweet; uniess it be that which springs out of the- bottom of mountains, and runs into the middle of large plains; and where the springs or reservoirs are shaded with trees, they there excel the sweet- ness of mountain springs. For further particulars see the Ency- clopaedia Britannica, and the Builder's Dictionary. W A'i LR-iablc, in architecture, is a sort oi lodge, left in stone or brick walls, about IS or 20 inches from the ground, (more or less,) from which place the thickness of the wall is abated (or taken in) the thickness of a brick. W'ater proper for horses. The pre- servation of horses depends considerably upon the water they drink while they are travelling: that which is least quick and penetrating is best : a river being preferable to a spring, and a fountain to a drawing well. If it should be necessary to let a horse drink such penetrating water, it OHght to be set in the sun, or some of it warmed, to correct the sharpness of the rest ; or it may be a little corrected by stiiring it about with the hand, or .-■ livus consideration, In the following i throwing hay among it; but if the water rigs are certain and good. In chalk, • writers say, it is tine, but does not rise very high; this is best iter. ravel also it is fine ; but if it be found in low places, it generally from rain springs; in which case ill hi muddy and unsavoury; but ills, line thin distillations may be extremely quick and piercing, a little warm water or wheat bran should be mingled with it. R« T ATLR-rocket, a kind of fire-work made to bum in the water. Watik-c«j/is, casks, or vessels, which ought to be properly prepared and sweetened, for the purpose of contain- ing salubrious water on board ships of war and transports. Casks which have had oil, or other liquors, formerly in them, without having been properly cleansed or purified, are sometimes sent on board troop ships, to the manifest injury and inconvenience of every person embarked. WATERLOO, a small village in the vicinity of Brussels, rendered memo- rable on the 18th day of June, 1815, by the most decisive victory in modern history; in which the combined forces of Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Aus- tria and the Netherlands, under the im- mediate command of their respective Sovereigns, and the Duke of Wellington, on the part of England, were opposed to, and defeated, the choicest troops of France, under the personal guidance of Bonaparte. See Battle. Waterloo- AiW«/, a silver medal worn pendant from the military ribbon, about the size of a three shilling piece, having on one side the head of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, and round the head inscribed George P. Regent : on the reverse a figure of Vic- tory with wings elevated, sitting on a pedestal inscribed Waterloo — holding in the dexter hand a palm branch, and in the sinister a laurel branch ; over her head is incribed Wellington, and under the pedestal, June 18, 1815: round the edge of the medal is engraved the name of the othcer to whom it was given. WATERTNG-ca//, a trumpet sound- ing, on which the cavalry assemble to water their horses. W ATERj^iG-cap, a cap made of leather or cloth, which dragoons wear when they water their horses, or do stable duty. Water inn-jacket, a waistcoat with sleeves which dragoons wear on the above occasions. WATERiNG-p/uce, among sea-faring men, a situation where boats can load fresh water for the use of a ship. See new edition of Falconer's Naval Dic- tionary, by J. W. Norie, for some very pertinent remarks on this head. WATERS, or 1 i n horses. The WATERY humours, S hind legs of horses are subject to certain white, sharp, and corrupt humours, or waters, which happen very rarely in the fore-legs, and are discovered by searching the pasterns, if a moistness be found beneath the hair, which is very foetid, and will gather round the pastern and pastern joint, and sometimes almost up to the very ham. These waters frequently cause the pasterns to swell, keep the legs stiflj make the horse lean, and separate the flesh from the coronet, near the heels. WATREGANS, Fr. This word is pronounced outregans, there being no W. in the French alphabet. It is a Flemish term which is generally used in France, and signifies a ditch full of water, that has been made for the pur- pose of separating landsand inheritances. These ditches are sometimes large enough to receive small boats or barges, and run through a whole village. WATTLE, a hurdle, made by entwin- ing twigs together. To WAVE, to flutter ; to agitate ; as to wave the colours by way of signal. To Wave, to decline; not to urge a thing which might of right, or from usage, be supported, or obtained ; as, to wtive one's rank, &c. WAY, a military road among the Ro- mans and Saxons. Way of the rounds, in fortification, is a space left for the passage of the rounds, between the rampart and the wall of a fortified town. This is not much in use at present. See Berme. W&Y-wiser, a hand in the road to shew travellers the way. WAY-wiser, in a pocket, a movement, like a watch, to count one's steps to ascertain how far one walks in a day. To WAYLAY, to beset by ambush. W E D ( 990 ) WED WAYMODE, Ind. a prince ; a chief- tain. . WAYS and MEANS, a term used to express the financial state oi a coun- try, and to shew how its exigencies are to be supplied. WEAKNESS, want of judgment, want of resolution, foolishness of mind. Tt has been well said by a French wri- ter : Que la kainc den faibles n'est pan si dangereuse que Isur untitle. Max. 484, Vauvernarguea. La socictc des faibles eat plus dangereuse que cellc des medians, Idem. A weak man, or a fool, in fact, is more to be dreaded, especially if he be vainglorious and presumptuous, than a wicked one. WEAPON, an instrument of offence. \VEAPONED,armed; furnished with arms of offence. WEAPONLESS, unarmed; having no weapon. WEAR, a sluice-gate, or dam to shut up the water. WEATHER-toarrft'n^, in carpentry, signifies the nailing up of boards against a wall. It is sometimes used to signify the boards themselves when nailed up. This work is usually done with fea- ther-edged boards. In plain work, car- penters usually nail the thick edge of one board an inch or an inch and a half over the thin edge of another. But if the v\04-k is to be something extraordi- nary, they set an ogee on the thick edge of every board. \W EATHER-tiling is the covering the upright sides of houses with tiles. WEDGE. See Coins, Mechanic Powers, &c. Wedge, (coin, Fr.) In a work trans- lated from the French, and which is en- tituled, Observations on the Military Art, we find the following description of this instrument. It is composed of live surfaces, two of which arc triangular, two long squared, and the fifth arbitrary. The two oblong surfaces, by their incli- nation to each other, form the point that insinuates itself in the wood, Ike. that is to be split, as well as the sides or trian- gular surfaces, if the triangle, as it is driven, lengthens the slit or opening. — Thev are the square surfaces that first insinuate themselves into the body to be cleft; and what are called the triangular surfaces are only what fill the space that separates the two quadrangular sides. After this reflection, it appears, that the column has, at least, as just a claim as the triangle, to the term or word wedge. We may even say, with confidence, it has a much better; for a triangle of men ranged according to the same propor- tion as the triangle of the mechanic wedge, would be of very little force ; and a mechanic wedge, of which the incisive angle was as great as that of a triangle of men, would be too large to enter those bodies we might want to cleave or split. The" double phalanx amphistorne, of which Epaminondas formed the wedge, contained 3000 men, who were ranged, in BoLichaud's opinion, one hundred in front, and 30 deep. This opinion, ac- cording to some, is erroneous. Among the different evolutions of the ancients, the wedge was frequently resorted to, and was, in some degree, connected with the lozenge, which is a figure in geo- metry composed of four sides and four angles : of the four angles two are always obtuse, and two acute. The angles that are alike are always opposed one to the other, and always in the same number of degrees. According to Elien, there are many ways of ranging squadrons in a lozenge. In the first, they have ranks and files; in the second, neither; in the third, they have files, but no ranks ; lastly, in the fourth, they have ranks alone without files. With regard to the wedge, it was a formation which the ancients adopted both in cavalry and infantry evolutions, and was variously used, viz: — The Wedge of cavalry. This figure was formed on the same principles and movements as the lozenge, as far as the greatest rank of the latter, which served as a base to the triangular wedge. It was therefore as the half of a lozenge, cut and divided at its obtuse angles. The triangular Wedge of infantry. Some people pretend, that there were two sorts of triangular wedges in use among the ancients. The first was full, and formed after the same manner a9 the lozenge, and the wedge of the ca- valry. The second was open at the base, and ranged differently from that of the first. Triangular Wedge with a full center. The Greek soldier occupied, at all times, a square space greater or less in propor- tion to the requisite order, either at a review, advancing towards the enemy, or standing in a position to receive him. This wedge was formed according to the arithmetical progression, -5-1, 3, 5, 7, &c. The open Wedge. This species of W E D ( 991 ) W E I wedge was formed two different ways, with the Greeks and Romans. Bou- cliaud du Bussy, who takes them, one from Elien, whom he translates, and the other from Vegetius, gives us a third, which appears to he of his own invention, and is very much superior to the other two. According to Elien, Epaminondas, the Theban general, employed the open wedge at the battle of Leuctre, and over- threw the Lacedemonians, whose army wus much superior to the one he com- manded. To form this wedge, the two divisions of a double phalanx amphis- tome are to unite together at the head, being separate or open at the tail or rear; which gives them a near resem- blance to the Greek letter \. Bouchaud du Bussy formed the wedge in the fol- lowing manner : — '' The same body of troops being in array may likewise, says he, form the wedge in marching forward, and this manoeuvre requires no preliminary move- ment. The three divisions being marked, as well as the three files of the center which composes the head of the wedge, the following words of command are given : Marked divisions, prepare to form the wedge in marching: March. At the first notice, the riles and ranks close suddenly ; at the second, the three files of the center, which will be the two first left files of the division on the right, and the first right file in the division on the left, march straight forward ; at their second pace, the first file that is conti- guous to them on the right, and that which is equally contiguous on the left, move in their turn, so as to have their chiefs or leaders on aline, and in a rank, as it were, with the second soldiers of the three files of the center; at the se- cond pace of the files that have made the second motion, the files which touch them march immediately likewise, and the game manoeuvre is to continue succes- sively; each head of a file taking notice not to move until the moment he finds himself on a line with the second man of the file contiguous, &c." This method is beyond dispute the most simple, short, and secure that can be devised. The men occupy necessary and proper spaces, and if the enemy's resistance should stop their head, the rest of the files continuing their movements, would all arrive on the same front to engage together, that is, they would be in their primitive order of the phalanx. This author, to whose observations we refer, from page 170 to page 203, thus concludes : — "We shall only remark, that all terms, metaphorically applied, sooner or later produce doubt and uncertainty. Nei- ther a column nor a triangle of men should have ever been denominated a wedge; for a line of troops is not formed to be split like a piece of timber; it may be opened, broken through or divided into as many parts as possible." WEIGHT, a quality in natural bo- dies,- whereby they tend downwards towards the center of the earth. Or weight may be defined to be a power inherent in all bodies, whereby they tend to some common point, called the center of weight or gravity; and that with a greater or less velocity, as they are more or less dense, or as the medium, through which they pass, is more or less rarefied. Weight may be distinguished, like gra- vity, into absolute and specific. Weight, in mechanics, is any thing that is to be raised, sustained, or moved, by a machine ; or any thing that in any manner resists the motion to be pro- duced. In all machines there is a natural ratio between the weight and the moving power. If the weight be increased, the power must be so likewise; that is, the wheels, &c. are to be multiplied, and the time be thus increased, or the velocity diminished. Weight, quantity measured by the balance ; also a mass by which, as the standard, other bodies are examined. In the interior economy of cavalry re- giments, particular attention should be paid to the weight of oats, as giving them out by mere measure is liable to gross abuse; for it is well known, that by sprinkling a little water over dry oats, some time before their delivery, the grain will swell so as to fill up a regulated measure, and yet be greatly deficient in weight and quantity, when dry. Indeed, a court-martial was lately assembled in the north of England for the trial of a quarter-master of dragoons, who was found guilty and broke upon this specific charge. WEiGHTS,in mi!itarymatters,are those in general use, except in the artillerv, where hundreds are made use of, each of 1 12lb. quarters, each of i8lb, and pounds, each of 1C ounces. AV E L -? E T m. . m - •:K. or" EogUca, Scotland, acd . -. iM BfsaJ :-' . uiaerp or Brabant; — Roses, the Ttscoooty weigh:; — ... i - Q— Roendle; 11 — Toutotrae ai . r g s e d oc ; — Marseilles or Pn*rex . — . r — Fn -■ — 11 — Leghorn ; 11— - — Venice ; 10— —St 15— Port. " ~- ■- | — : — : — Desaa : e:- . ■-. : _~- : - -■-- 1 z _ ■ - " Weix, in building, is a bole left in the floor for the stairs to come ibrosgh. -L, a narrow opeojc: :ylin- dricai form. -. . ' Id discos for a w t must work in a pace remote from bosses of office, sr* _- s»js:..i other spots which, impart a very cisa- tbe water. : I am. . e ! a word of command • *;ih r he French Rcmrttez-roms .' It s : -:ui- return to the same : which too had faced or nL :. and is get" e notion of r movement of the body has been done imprcc e ssiaa measure in tra- . : T . z -:veo hun- metrical paces. STER. aad - i«s. is that co codil shall muster asj bin the • : - : - --z- :_. : -■ :. ;. ;_-i e .;:::::- of pushing forward ; and what tbe iiea: drasooos wast is weight, the x sen. - ■ _ of wa ■di isl im which beaw cavalrv has s presence of two orac : tbe light horse, and parties e peace, not bet- ■ as of the army, troops, cosastswhoUy in its pres-'ander tbe pec. tad of -? powr British are snperior to ail others, be- hoars no- ratrx 1 , in addition to tbe weight of so: - - - - - - - - - - . city l - - - Is - - : and is case - :ch neglect, socb commissary e British Jass i to muster socb regiment, E .soked opes as tbe hestj troop, or company; provided that oath is the world for a cbarse. The same 'be made before a: esst be said of the infant IseEsf "-be peace, within forty-eight l -. :. ■_ - - taken, that soch broad-set. and strut r-iitn led; "tbev _ of tbe .-■-% -z :• . :. . . _ • . . . • z '.--:'-._ - - z..i: -•_ :.---.::- ^ ^::er. ; t aaay be eosailT abie-botiied in appear- empowered to sign the said master-rolls, asre, neither ther, nor eren the and to take cognizance of socb ma- mrrr that elastic impalse and activitv and to examine the truth thereof before by which British troops, when well orb- tbey skn. cered and abiv commanded, make ise -" "<*d fel- ae baronet with irresistible effect, ind of course in a id of bill w hie: take a cheerful glass, was reckjoed arac ■ -■ale-aae? *iag popuiarly, to moisten one former times. rt, a depth - ~ ~~ a commission. It has al~ ~ ■' ■- i ; - -; - • - •_. -.-- _ -■_■__ : zz .-._•:: 7 .:- .. ~- . :.: hrasdhes ,aning a 7 e and Foot G rd 5 ) atber to p r e p aie a mine, or to - £cer, when be obtains a com- corer t^d disappoint tbe eneu;- . i -sion, gets promoted, or exchanger . :d some mark and acknowledgment - - W H E ( «3 ) \Y H E :-.= ■• « ' Eega- io the wear of tire; !*--». a prraaTiij eoosideratieB is acadc r^oies a service of p!ate is allowed,} aumdia g | wear one - is not, that acxn iwiedgraeat is gives ii> On she satgect < wiae. To the best of — r iffrsflninii, *k has heea a nde La a weM cob dactr d rerL-ne of Light Dragoons, for a fartraiit-c - afPbrt; the anger 4; captain 5: lieate- and pn - ■• : . :• t :_..,:- - i::;: :~ ;-. . it; - ■ -. . ; - .-•::. ; \ . the commmaaom or j that, oa the whole, the'r the iodiridaai pars oae bottle ■■are ac- wonSd be nrare expedient to -. .i. la a regTarat of { shape lyrindiiraf for its in ter : El, an a aafitary flnhj regabtfinn k - ward or backward ia a i sr--:: :i — :t:. - . . : - - .: : ~. ~=z r ■-;-. :•. i *ei SOBS: A =ecood Dcateua at pays fire gaineas Carai-j iTrijmifBan. that wheefin* is towards the mess-piaxe. a first heaseaaat oae of the i i ten, a major fifteen, ar twenty-five. Each but changes nf _ -. -. - ~'z ------ -. .1 i .: — 5: 1 '■'■■ "HULLS" I-. giviag sooBEthiag more when the • horse and foot, ekher to the tight or t-.i_- z.z--. .» -. - t : ■ ._ - :. - -.:- - "- . - :-_.:_.:-:-..--..:..'.-- changed , without purchase or dificic n ce . ' ward nr back ward. There is also a grand day whenever Genera/ rmla Jcr Wbxetjsc ■ z ii : - : - - the nsanl aiowaace of wise k f thence, waeeJc? to the right e::^t:f-. WKARFTXGER ci tie Tmur, As d^'rajht or left abaci, k oaekaif id das r-;-;: * . __^ ; ..- :_ ; . : : - v i -. _; ;_-: ~. . .-: T - z- - - * WHEEL, is artillery, a ci-calar bad v which tores ronod oa ils ask. T strength of these wbeeb k ahrz; s, ;r ail wheeling be. proportioBai to the weghs \ batnfina k jsarehiae by :_r . : ':---. ~ i ~ ■". . - z ■ eB each of heavy saa-carmees are So iachesaad' f wheE - thuse far*bght field^p:- aes I wdy. LhegraaBdas which dm rasks, be Qt&aVirai la the crsc iz. wheesed: bat no-: terixe. report from the cnanfahtee oa the high- whrrfjag,, the nea a wars of the kiacdoei, ord e i e d to be ' ricallar-care, Bekher to opes r 11, 1806, we £ad the to-!- : their raaks, sad to carrj their an > with regard to the sa- > Whea job wher .:. joaax r r%b&haad asaB, hi are of pecafiar iatportaace, aad the re- Bag haa~; aad to loos. o> thekft ■ah, in a mn"ir» l poiist o:' view, caaBot to hriag the i be placed ia a stronger hght, tbaa ia the t Ia wtee&ag, the fcUowBig words Bade ase of by M s oakker or slower, accord^ z to the a : — I any t ^ma i e to assert, the . e cxc.us; v'e adoptJoa of ryliodricaJ i rhas, whea yoa wheel la the right, each broad wheeb aad aat roads, there woaid [ aaaa awaes aaicker thai tk right baii be a saving of one horse ia fbar, of 75 asaa : aad, ■htiLnag. t * W II I ( 99 it ) W I D man; the circle that every man wheels being larger according to the distance lie is from the hand he wheels to; as may he seen by describing several cir- cles within one another, at two feet distance from each, which is nearly the space every man is supposed to take up. Over-Ww&EimsG, the act of moving beyond a given point or pivot, so as to he ohliged to rein or fall hack. When this happens, the leaders of squadrons or divisions are generally in fault. \Yui:\ i, -Cart inges, in artillery, &c. The whole doctrine thereof, as it stands on a mathematical theory, may he re- duced to the following particulars, viz. 1. Wheel Carriages meet with less re- sistance than any other kind of carriage. 2. The larger the wheels, the easier is the draught of the carriage. 3. A carriage, upon four wheels of equal size, is drawn with less force than with two of those wheels, and two of a lesser size. 4. If the load be all on the axle of the larger wheels, it will be drawn with less force than if laid on the axle of the lesser wheels; contrary to the common notion of loading carriages before. 5. Carriages go with much less force on friction wheels, than iii the common way. WHEELBARROW, a small carriage of burthen, pushed forward by the hands, on one wheel; a certain number are al- ways attached to the artillery. WHEEZING or blowing, in horses, is quite different from pursiveness; for this wheezing does not proceed from any defecl in the lungs, but from the nar- rowness of the passages between the bones and the gristles of the nose. WHIN YARD, a sword, so called by Butler in his Hudihras; a sort of back- sword or scimitar. WHIPCORD, a tight-spun cord, with which the cat-o'-nine-tails is made. WHIPSAW, (rabot, Fr.) a saw which is used by joiners to divide such great pieces of stuff that the hand-saw will not easily cut asunder. WHIRLIGIG, an instrument of pu- nishment which was formerly used for disorderly persons. It was a kind of circular » ooden cage, which turned on a pivot, and when set in motion, whirled round with such an amazing velocity, that the delinquent became extremely sick, and was subject to every sort of evacuation. WHISKER, an appendage of natural or artificial hair, which is exhibited upon the upper lip of a light dragoon or hussar. WHISKERED regiment, a corps in which the officers and men wear whiskers or mustaches. WHITE face, or hh/ze,\s a white mark upon a horse, descending from the fore- head almost to the nose. White foot is a white mark that appears in the feet of a great many horses, both before and behind, from the fetlock to the coffin. Horses thus marked are either tram- melled, cross-trammelled, or white of all four. Some horsemen place an unlucky fata- lity in the white of the far foot behind. White lead is the rust of lead, or lead dissolved by vinegar. It is much used by painters. WHOLE, all, total, containing all. Tuke care, The Whole, a cautionary word which was formerly used in the British service, and is sometimes, but improperly, given now. The term At' tention is adopted in its room. WHOOP, a shout; a loud noise which soldiers make in charging, ccc. It is a natural, though a barbarous habit, and has been preserved in civilized armies from a prevailing custom among savages, particularly the wild Indians of America. WHORES, nuisances which, in for- mer times, were ordered to be turned out of the army, their money taken from them, and, under circumstances of re- peated transgression, were ordered to have their left arms broken. In modern times they are less severely handled, even by the chiefs of armies. WlC'KET, a small door in the gate of a fortified place, through which people go in and out, without opening the great gate; likewise a small door within a gate, or a bole in the door, through which what passes without may be seen. WIDERZOUROUK, a compound word from the German, which signifies back again. The French pronounce it vuiderzouruuh. It means a movement which is made to the rear, in order to bring a squadron to the right about, in the same manner that a battalion ig faced about. Marsha! Puystjgur re- marks, that the French adopted this movement from the Germans, in the year 1670. He is of opinion, that pre- vious to this epoch, squadrous were W I N ( 995 ) WIN faced to the rear by means of a double caracol, describing a* half-circle, the ex- tent of whose front was equal to half of its diameter; on which account, the ge- neral order of battle in those days had considerable intervals. WIDOW* pension. See Pension. WIG, a Saxon termination of the names of men, signifying war. .B/g-WiGS, an expression of contempt which is sometimes used with respect to the great men of an University, or the stiff and unbending leaders of an army, who would sacrifice every thing rather than surrender established rules, how- ever absurd and useless. Previous to the battle of Friedland, &c. Bonaparte, on receiving some intelligence about the Prussians, exclaimed, Oh ! les grosses Perruques / WIGWAM, a hut used in America. WILBE, Ind. guardian, protector. WILDFIRE, a composition of fire- work, so called from its ready ignition and rapid combustion. WINCH, the handle, or lever, by which a jack, windlass, &c. is turned. WIND. A horse that carries in the wind is one that tosses his nose as high as his ears, and does not carry hand- somely. The difference between carrying in the wind, and heating upon the hand, is, that a horse which beats upon the hand, shakes his head, and resists the bridle; but that which carries in the wind, pots up his head without shaking, and some- times bears upon the hand. The opposite to carrying in the wind, is arming and carrying low; and even between these two there is a difference in wind. WisD-beam, also called collar-beam; a beam framed cross betwixt two prin- cipal rafters. WiND-broken. This is a malady that happens to a horse when he is suffered to stand too long in the stable without exercise, by which means gross and thick humours are drawn into his body in such abundance, that, adhering to the hollow parts of his lungs, they stop up his wind- pipe, so that the wind cannot play back- wards and forwards: but sometimes it happens to a horse that is run off his wind, when he is fat and foul. This is to be known by his heaving, and drawing up his flanks together, and blowing wide with his nostrils. ing, occasioned by over-working, just by the horse's fetlock, and about as big as half a pigeon's egg, and at first full of water. A wind-gall upon the sinew, that grows hard, makes a horse halt, and in the end makes him lame. Long-jointed horses are apt to be wind-galled, though they work ever so little. The wind-galls, called sinewy, com- monly happen in the hinder legs, and nothing but fire can cure them; and even that sometimes fails. WiND-g?4M. See Air-gun. Wind-//////, (maulin a vent, Fr.) a machine which receives its motion from the impulse of the wind. W r iNDMiLL-/;///s are frequently strong points of defence, especially if they over- look rivers, or defiles. WINDAGE of a gun, mortur, or howitzer, the difference between the diameter of the bore, and the diameter of the shot or shell. In England the diameter of the shot is supposed to be divided into 20 equal parts, and the diameter of the bore into 21 of those pai ts. The French divide the shot into 26, and the bore into 27. The Prus- sians divide the shot into 24, and the bore into 25. The Dutch nearly the same as the English. The general wind- age of shells in England is i of an inch, let them be large or small, which is contrary to all reason. It is evident, that the less windage a shot or shell has, the farther and truer it will go; and having less room to bounce from side to side, die gun will not be spoiled so soon. It is true, that some artillery officers say, that the windage of a gun should be equal to the thickness of the ladle; because, when it has been loaded for a while, the shot will not come out, with- out being loosened thereby, in order to unload it; and when this cannot be done, it must be fired away, and so lost: but in our humble opinion, the most ad- vantageous windage should he in dividing the shot into 24 equal parts, and the bore into 25, on account of the conve- nient scale it affords, not only to con- struct guns thereby, but also their car- riages. Hence, agreeably to this plan, the windage ofa9-pounder will be. 1(36 of an inch, consequently a sufficient thickness for a ladle; and those of a higher calibre become still thicker in W LXQ-gall, in a horse, is a soft swell- proportion : but suppose this thickness bL2 W I N 990 ) W O L is not enough, the !os» of a shot is a! 2b WINNY, to make a noise like a mere trifle, in respect to the advantage! horse. garner! thereby. WINTEB-guarters. See Quarters. S\ [NDLAS6, (iiinda$,fr.) $ roller of To WITHDRAW, to call hack; to wood, square at each end, through which! make to retire; as, the first condition are either cross holes for hand-spikes, was, that each party should withdraw or staves across to turn it round: by this its troops from the frontiers. means it draws a cord, one end of which is fastened to sonws weight which it raises up. They are used in gins, and ahout Dutch mortars, to help to elevate them. The French say, v in das ou cal/estan horizontal, the latter being a sea term. J3ca/-WINDOW, one that is com- posed of an arch of a circle, usually called how-window. WINDSAILS, large pieces of canvass, which are used in ships at sea for the purposes of ventilation, &c. It is very judiciously observed, in page 101 of the Regulations and Orders, that during voyages in hot climates, the most bene- ficial effects are derived from the use of windsails. The master of the transport should be desired to have them made immediately as troops are embarked, if not already provided, and they should be constantly hung up. These sails throw a stream of cold air between decks. It is not an unusual practice among the men, at least among the un- experienced soldiers, to tie up the bot- tom of them, by which this salutary purpose is defeated. The serjeant of the watch must be responsible, that this irregularity is never committed. r ib WINDWARD, towards the wind ; as St. Domingo is to the windward of Jamaica. WIXE-Arase.?, certain places of resort in the garrison of Gibraltar, from whicl i the governor has been accustomed to derive a pecuniary profit; and v. inch have uniformly contributed to the dis- graceful licentiousness, disorder and in- toxication which have prevailed in that garrison; particularly in 1802, until they were abolished by his Royal Highness, the Duke of Kent, then governor. To WING, a term used in duelling, signifying to shoot another in or about the shoulder. WINGS of an army, when drawn up in battle, are the right and left hand divi- sions; when a battalion is drawn up, the divisions on the right and left are called toe wings. The word wing is sometimes used to denote the large sides of horn- •works, crown-works, tenailles, ant/ other out-works, 6Vc. WITHE, a willow twig. Withes are used by thatchers to bind their thatching rods to the rafters. WITliFAi-band, a piece of iron laid under a saddle, about three inches above the withers of the horse, to keep tight the two pieces of wood that form the bow. WiTHF.R-n'?'u?!£f. A horse is said to be wither-wrung when he has got a hurt in the withers; which hurt is very difficult to cure. WITHERS of' a horse, the shoulder- blades at the setting on of the neck. They begin where the mane ends. These parts should be well raised and pretty strong, because they indicate strength and goodness. They keep the saddle from coming forward upon the horse's shoulders and neck, which cir- cumstance immediately galls and spoils him, and a hurt in that place is most difficult to cure. The withers should be lean, and not too fleshy; for in the latter case they will be more liable to be galled. Withers of the bow of a saddle, the arch which rises two or three fingers over the horse's withers. WITNESSES, in fortification. See Temoins. Witnesses in a military judicial sense, persons summoned by the judge- advocate, or any of his deputies, to at- tend at a general court-martial, there to speak to facts which they know of their own knowledge, and to which they can bona fide swear, from having been pre- sent at the transaction, cvc. See T>/t/er on Courts-Martial. According to the Articles of War, (see Art. xii.) witnesses attending courts- martial are to be privileged from arrests, and, not attending, are liable to be at- tached. Their evidence is now taken upon oath. W011KEELE, Ind. an ambassador. WOLF-Wes, in the defence of places, are round holes, generally about 2 or 3 feet in diameter at the top, 1 at bottom, and 21 deep, dug in the front of any work. Sometimes a sharp-pointed stake or two are fixed at the bottom, and co- vered with very thin planks, and green W O It ( 997 ) W O R sods; consequently the enemy, on ad- vancing, fall in, and are put into con- fusion. WOMEN. From a thorough convic- tion of the necessity of allowing women to follow their husbands, a regulation exists by which their number is limited, according to the strength of a battalion, and the number of men in a troop or company. Women of the tozcn, common pros- titutes; such as infest the streets of every capital and large town, particularly the sea-ports of Great Britain. Upon the continent, especially in France, Prus- sia, and Holland, these dangerous ani- mals are always under the strictest re- gulations, and subject to summary visi- tation, by order of the police. They also pav a tax, by way of licence. WOOD. See Timber. Aldcr-WvOT>, made into charcoal, is reckoned the best for gunpowder. TeaA:- Wood, a wood growing in India, with which ships are built; remarkable for its solidity of texture, and impervi- ousness to worms. WOODEN -bottoms, in laboratory works, are cylindrical pieces of wood, of different lengths and diameters, agree- able to the size of the gun. They are hollowed at one end to receive the shot, and the flannel cartridge is fastened to the other end; the whole forming one cartridge, which is put into the piece at one motion. WOOL-packs, bags of wool. They are frequently ranged in form of a breast- work, because they resist cannot-shot. See Siege. WORD, a single part of speech, con- sisting of one or more syllable, for the purpose of expressing ideas. In a mili- tary sense, it signifies signal, token, or- der ; as, watch-word, &c. The Word, ) is a peculiar word Watch Word, S that serves for a token and mark of distinction, given out in the orders of the day, in time of peace ; but in war every evening in the field, by the general who commands, and in garrison by the governor, or other officer commanding in chief, to prevent surprize, and hinder an enemy, or any treacherous person, from passing back- wards and forwards. This watch-word is generally called the parole, and to which is added the countersign. The first is known to all officers and non- commissioned officers ; the latter only to the sentinels. The officers that go the rounds, or patroles, exchange the word with the officers on duty ; nor must the sentinels let any one pass who has not got the countersign. TIVcA-Word. According to the cele- brated General Monk, when regiments are on service, the watch-word is given to officers only. Fie/d-Wovai. This word is given to the soldiers, but only in cases of alarm. Pass-Word. See Countersign. Words of command, (mots de com- mandement, Fr.) certain terms, which have been adopted for the exercise and movement of military bodies, according to the nature of each particular service. Words of command are classed under two principal heads, and consist of those which are given by the chief or com- mander of a brigade, battalion, or divi- sion, and of those which are uttered by the subordinate leaders of troops, or companies, &c. As the principal, in- deed, to speak more properly, the only object of exercise, is to accustom troops to the various vicissitudes of real action, it were to be wished, that the business of mere parade could so far be dispensed with, as to make every word of com- mand, and every relative situation of a commanding officer, subservient to that indispensable end. It is truly ridiculous to see troops harassed and fatigued on a peaceable parade, or in a peaceable field-day, by front commands, when every man, who has been in action, must know, that the word of command, especially for firing on an enemy, inva- riably comes from the rear of each bat- talion. When an officer gives the word of command from the front, it ought to be recollected, that two senses are em- ployed, viz. sight and hearing ; and when soldiers come into real action they can only be guided by the latter. Cautionary Words, (commandemcns d'avertissemenf, Fr.) certain leading in- structions which are given to designate any particular manoeuvre. The cau- tionary words precede the words of com- mand, and are issued by the chiefs of corps. It was our intention to have insetted, under this head, all the different words of command that are directed to be given in infantry manoeuvres, and to have added the mots de commandement, as practised in the French service. But as most of those used in the British- W O R W O R oaaaaaaal ^.^z^:^v .:--ji-. : ike jRSQC vataaae. :«wf tame tWoissw N-ffirt fin Wotts. See E c i>- Wvrk. RM m £aa. to sake eat tae ifirr i ■ hn f " itt i mn ii of s ^xx. am i»SLM-lt T«- ■ _ ;■-■-.- ■ — — -■ - sae. ata . - - •khuho"? Trmsfariaa. bc~ kc tenner aararai.Tffs. ■ ptacf. j «ncfc this anai ___- Z.-.-Z Z' : -_:. - d LA- '-US. «■ tie r- ■ • : '. - -i»_i a m?" - tT _ vit —;•.:■. r__r_- BBUCT rrvsT- jngre ja ircos iar tw-afae aa&rs- Tae i - _4_£_a«i sd tae ase a ise - - :- : - 7 - iO SB sea. Tab WRE W R I W R I ( 1000 ) W R O for hire. The French call them Fesse Cahiers, or quill-drivers. Public Writers. Under this term may he classed all men who devote their time and talents to the service of man- kind at large. To give their several divisions, sub-divisions, and sections, would take up a volume. We shall, therefore, satisfy ourselves with barely observing, that public writers are, per- haps, the most formidable set of men that can exist in any country. The hu- man mind is so wonderfully constituted, and its aptitude to give and to receive impressions is so diversified, that even truth (though always victorious ai last) is frequently defeated by false reasoners; especially by those metaphysical ones, who are ever upon the watch for ideas and words to dazzle the senses ; mis- leading the understanding of others, as they have been misled themselves. A French writer, who gave the first impulse to national exertion, at the commence- ment of the French Revolution, has *aid, (we quote from memory,) Les canons et les mortiers de nos armies Junt beaucoup; rnais Vartillerie Ugtre dcs encricrs et dcs phones fait bien plus ; the guns and mor- tars of our armies do a yeat deal, but the light artillery of inkstands and pens does a great deal more. Writers and Cadets in the East India Company's service, young gentlemen ap- pointed to serve in India in eivil or mili- tary capacities, under certain rules and regulations which may be seen in the East India llegisterand Directory, pub- lished annually by permission of the Honourable the East India Company. Tn consequence of the gross and nefa- rious traffic which, for many years, had existed in this branch of patronage, and which was thoroughly proved before a Committee of the House of Commons in 1H09, the following resolutions were entered into at a Court of Directors, held on Wednesday, the 9th day of Au- gust, 1809. Resolved, That any person who shall, in future, be nominated to a situation, tidier civil or military, in the service of this Company, and who shall have ob- tained such nomination in consequence of purchase, or agreement to purchase, or of any corrupt practice whatever, either direct, or indirect, by himself, or by any other person, with or without his privity, shall be rejected from the service of the Company, and ordered back to England, if he shall have pro- ceeded to India before a discovery of such corrupt practice be made : and if such situation shall have been so cor- ruptly procured by himself, or with his privity, he shall be rendered incapable of holding that, or any other situation whatever, in the said service. Provided always, that if a fair disclosure of any corrupt transaction or practice, of the nature before described, wherein any Director has been concerned, shall be voluntarily made by the party or parties engaged in the same with such Director, die appointment thereby procured shall be continued by the Court. (Signed) William Ramsay, Secretary. Writers, in India, when employed un- der the Council, rank as subalterns in the Company's service. WRONG, an injury; a designed or known detriment; not right, not justice. ~WK.0SG-head.ed, acting precipitately without having duly weighed elfects and consequences, and continuing to do so under a manifestation of error. English- men and Irishmen are apt to fall into this mistake ; the Scotch are more wary. Wwoxg -hearted, to have perverse and malicious intentions, and to act upon them. The inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland are seldom wrong-hearted. Wrongs. We have already observed under the article Rights, that although they are not specifically mentioned or described in the Mutiny Bill, they never- theless exist in military life. Every offi- cer and soldier possesses rights, and when either is wronged he is authorised to seek for redress. In Section III. Art. 1st, it is expressly laid down, That if any officer shall think himself wronged by his colonel or the commanding officer of the regiment, and shall, upon due application made to him, be refused to be redressed, he may complain to the general commanding in chief of His Majesty's forces, in order to obtain justice ; who is by the same article re- quired to examine into such complaint; and either by himself or by the secretary at war, to make his report to the King thereupon, in order to receive his further directions. It will be observed, that al- though officers may be peremptorily dis- missed the service by the King, without trial or investigation, yet, according to this article, and in the true spirit of jus- tice, they have aright to have any parti- WRO ( 1001 ) W Y D cular instance of grievance laid before his Majesty through the Commander in Chief or secretary at war ; and if any difficulty should occur in either of these departments (as may sometimes be the case) recourse can be had to the House of Commons. If any inferior officer, non-commis- sioned officer, or soldier, shall think himself wronged by his captain, or other officer commanding the troop orcompany to which he belongs, he is to complain thereof to the commanding officer of the regiment, who is required to summon a regimental court-martial for the doing justice to the complainant; from which regimental court-martial either party may, if he thinks himself still aggrieved, appeal to a general court-martial : and if upon a second hearing, the appeal shall appear to be vexatious and groundless, the person so appealing shall be liable to be punished at the discretion of the said general court-martial. The proviso which states that the wrong must be of a pecuniary nature, seems to have been suspended by the sense of the House of Commons. To the credit of British jurisprudence, let it, however, be said, that no military power which is exercised with barbarity, is eventually paramount to the equality of justice that pervades our criminal code. No distance of time or place within the empire; no rank, no connec- tion can rescue the offender from insult- ed justice. The trial of Governor Wall, for the inhuman murder of Serjeant Armstrong, after a lupse of twenty years, is corroborative of this assertion. He was convicted before a special jury on the 20th of January, 1802; and notwith- standing the exertions of considerable friends to save him, was, finally, executed on the 28th day of the same month The fate of Governor Wall will bear testimony to Europe and to the world, that English justice still retains its ori- ginal purity, and is still equally and im- partially administered to the peer and to the peasant ; making no distinction between the private and his commander, but punishing, protecting, and avenging all alike. It will be a consolation to such of the British seamen who may be dejected and cast down by the melan- choly end of so many of their mess- mates, to find that no flimsy charge, no groundless imputation, no pretended mutiny, either imagined at the moment, or afterwards trumped up, as occasion may require, will be admitted as a jus- tification of severities, causelessly and inhumanly inflicted. When they see the death of a simple serjeant, without family, or friends, in a country (Goree, in Africa), whence the report of his wrongs mightpos- sibly have never reached home, made the subject of a state prosecution, conducted by the two principal criminal officers of the crown, with the assistance of a num- ber of other highly respectable counsel, and the attendance of every witness in the smallest degree necessary, collected with all the anxiety that could have been bestowed on the case at the commence- ment of the prosecution in 1784, by tiie widow and orphan children of the de- ceased (if such he had, and they were' rich enough to afford the expense); will they not rejoice to see, that punishments are not for them alone, and that the proudest of those who rule them cannot tyrannize over them with impunity ? It is natural to the ignorance of low situa- tion, to suppose that suffering is confined to its own class. In some countries, this is unfortunately too much the case. In ours, great crimes are rare in the higher ranks of society; but in the few instances that have occurred, the equality of jus- tice has been enforced in a manner which gives every peasant in the land reason to thank heaven that he was born in such a country. The sentence upon Captain Lake of the navy, and the investigation in the Commons, relative to his treatment of a private sailor, will add weight to the-:- observations. WUHAH, hid. sandals. WULANDA, or Wulandez, hid. The Dutch are so called in India. WUliST x a French horse artillery wagon, which carries 57 rounds for 8 pounders ; or SO for 6 inch howitzers. WYDRAUGHT, a water-course, or water-passage ; properly, a. sink or com- mon sewer. 6 .1 ( 100-2 ) X. Y A W Y E O XEBEC, (chebec, Er.) a sort of aimed vessel, with lateen sails, which is used in the Mediterranean: XENOPHON, a Greek general, who has rendered his name immortal by a well-conducted retreat ; and is equally celebrated for good military maxims, which are still extant in his Cyropaedia. XERIFF. A prince, or chief ruler, in Barbarv, is so called. XEROPHTHALMY, (xerophthalmus, Er.) a dry ophthalmy, or complaint in the eves, which is extremely painful and is not accompanied by any swelling or lachrymal discharge. XERXES, a king of Persia, son of Darius, and grandson of Cyrus. This monarch has been rendered notorious in history, by the extravagance of his preparations to invade Greece, and his ultimate failure ; which latter may be attributed to the undisciplined state of his army, and to the presumption of his General MardOnius. He entered the Hellespont with so numerous a fleet that it covered its surface between the two lands. The number he embarked exceeded 1,000,000 men, who were en- tirely defeated by -10,000 well disciplin- ed troops from Greece. XYSTARCHA, in antiquity, the mas- ter and director of the Xystus. In the Greek Gymnasium, the Xys- t arch a was the second officer, and the Gymnasiarcha the first ; the former was his lieutenant, and presided over the two Xysti, as well as over every species of exercise that was practised therein. XYSTER, an instrument used by surgeons to scrape and shave bones with. XYSTUS, or Xysto3, among the an- cients, a long portico, opened or cover- ed at the top, where the athleta; prac- tised wrestling and running ; the gladia- tors who exercised therein were called Xystici. Among the Romans, the xystus was only an alley, or double row of trees, meeting like an arbour, and forming a shade to walk under ; so that, in this sense, it might be considered as an open walking place, where the Romans enter- tained one another. Y. YACHT, (yacht, Fr.) This word is -*• taken from the Dutch. It is a small ship with one deck, carrying four, eight, or twelve guns, and thirtj'-or forty men. Yachts, in general, are from 30 to 160 tons ; contrived and adorned, both with- in side and without, for carrying state passengers. They answer the purposes of business as well as pleasure, being remarkably good sailers. YAD DASHT, hid. a memorandum. YAWL, a small vessel belonging to a ship. YAWS, (plan, epian, Fr.) an acute disorder, which resembles the venereal in a most virulent state ; with which the negroes, and sometimes the Creoles and whites, are infected in the colonies, and «n the continent of America. YEIIOODY, hid. a Jew. The YELLOWS; (in a horse,) a dis- ease which resembles that called the jaundice in human bodies, of which there are two sorts, the yellow and the black. YEOMAN. In a general acceptation of the word, among us, yeoman signifies a free-born Englishman, who may lay out of his own free land in yearly revenue to the amount of forty shillings : in other words, a freeholder who has land of his own, and may vote for members of Parliament. Yeoman of the guard, one belong- ing to a sort of foot guards, who attend at the palace. The yeomen were of old uniformly required to be six feet high. — They are in number 100 on constant Y E O ( 1003 ) YES duty, and 70 off" duty. They are armed ' quainted with the ordinary routine of with pertuisans. Their attendance is military evolutions. The plan was ac- confined to the sovereign's person, both cordingly adopted, and in addition to at home and abroad. They are clad alter the manner of King Henry VIII. The yeomen of the guards were at first only 50 men of the next rank, under gentry; but they were afterwards aug- mented to 100, of which eight are called ushers, who have each 10/. per annum more than the other yeomen. This corjjs was first instituted by King Henry VII. anno I486. The officers of this the supplementary militia and volunteer corps that were formed in the different parishes, bodies of mounted yeomen were regularly assembled, and were headed by the principal noblemen and gentle- men belonging to the several counties. Conspicuous, however, as the martial spirit of the country appeared at that time, it was far surpassed in the exer- tions, to which Englishmen were ex- veteran corps, although they are never ' cited, by the innate valour of their con- included in the general promotions of stitution, during the last few years of the the army, or derive any benefit from the late war. Housed into action by the occasional rise in brevet-rank, have ne vertheless the advantage of good pay, and the right of wearing regimentals, without the danger of being called into actual service. The officers are, one captain, 1000/. per annum; one lieute- nant, 500/. per annum, and one ensign, 300/. per ann. Of the same descrip- tion is the honourable band of gentlemen pensioners, which was established in 1509, viz. one captain, 1000/. per annum ; one lieutenant, 500/. per annum one standard-bearer, 310/. per aim. and one clerk of the cheque, 120/. per aim. YEOMANRY, the collective body of yeomen. In this class may be consi- dered, gentlemen of small landed pro- perty, independent farmers, &c. When the successes of the French had almost laid Europe at the feet of their armies, England alone seemed destined to stop the torrent. She conquered in Egypt, defeated in Spain every army and every general that was opposed to her, turned the tide of invasion on the southern pro- vinces of her insolent enemy, and at last convinced France and the whole world, on the day of Waterloo, of her moral and physical superiority, that she will ever be able to vindicate her ancient pre-emi- nence in arms, that she will still be the defender of the weak, the avenger of the oppressed, and that no power shall ever attack her with impunity. During the late arduous struggle for national independence, it was deemed expedient to have recourse to the native energies of the land. Not only the militia, but the volunteer corps were in- creased; and in order to secure a readv co-operation with all the disposable parts of the regular army, &c. it was strongly recommended to the yeomanry to equip and arm. and to make themselves ac- repeated menace of invasion, and know- ing no other surrender of this last asylum of liberty, but that which is connected and interwoven with their lives, the in- habitants of these Islands felt increased animation in proportion to the repetition of the old Roman sentence, ( Delenda est Carthago,) which had so long been heard from Ushant to the Baltic. Among other noble instances of disinterested patriot- ism, his Grace the Duke of Northum- berland raised among his tenantry, a corps of 1511 men, consisting of a body of horse artillery, commanded by a captain, six troops of cavalry, and 17 companies of infantry; the whole clothed, appointed, paid and maintained by him- self; for government only found arms and accoutrements. The captain of ar- tillery and the staff received a permanent pay. — Such a command and such a saving to the state were worthy of a British nobleman. Advocates, as we most unquestionably profess ourselves to be, for a regular army, in the most ex- tended sense of the expression, we could never with-hold our tribute of applause to such an effusion of native patriotism. It proved the determined spirit of the land to resist invasion, and by so doing, it shewed, that while the soldiers of gene- ral service were fighting their country's battles in all quarters of the globe, their native homes were not left defenceless or unguarded. Yeomanry Cavalry, (la cavalerie des tenancitrs volontaues, Fr.) certain corps of mounted gentlemen and farmers, who subjected themselves to specific military regulations. To YERK or strike, in the manage, is said of a horse, when he flings and kicki with his whole hind quarters. YESAWUL, lad, a state messenger; 31 Z A 1 ( 100-4 ) Z A I * servant of parade, who carries a gold or silver staff; an aide-de-camp. YETE8AB, Ind. an officer who re- gulates the weights. YKUX, Fr. the plural of ail, the t .y C . — The French say cnlre quatre j/cux, Alluding to two persons speaking together without a witness; literally, between four eves. YIELD. Sec Surrender. YOG, 2nd; junction or union. Roman YOKE. This was made in the following manner : two spears were iixed in the ground, and a third placed across them in the form of a gallows. Such was the yoke constructed at Caudium, and under which the consuls of the Ro- man army, having first deposed the marks of their dignity, and the soldiers un- armed, were compelled to pass. Having gone through this ignominious ceremony amidst the scoffs of their enemies and the deep though silent lamentations of those amongst the sufferers who still felt for the honour of their degraded country, the Romans reached Capua, and the consuls returned to Rome to render an account of their conduct. See Les Foukches Caudincs. YOLATOLE, a sort of drink in die East Indies. YOLI, a general name for tobacco in the West Indies. YORK MILITARY ASYLUM, a laudable institution which has been adopted in this country, through the par- ticular recommendation of His Royal Highness the Duke of York, for the education of orphans, and of the children of meritorious soldiers. YOUNGER regiment is that which was last raised. See Seniority. Younger officer is he whose commis- sion is of the latest date. Regiments and officers are posted and commanded ; the former, according to the dates of their original establishment, and the latter according to those of their com- missions. See Seniority. YOUNGSTERS, a familiar term to signify the junior officers of a troop or company. The word youngster is like- wise used in the navy. The French say mousse in naval phraseology. YPREAU, 1'r. a Dutch elm. YZQUI-ATOTE, a sort of drink in the West Indies. Z. PjZAAT, Ind. division of people into *^ tribes or sects. ZACCHO, in architecture, the lower part of the pedestal of a column. * ZAGAIE, Fr. a weapon made in the form of a long dart, which the Moors use in battle, and which they cast with extreme dexterity. ZAIMS. Principal leaders or chiefs ; after whom a mounted militia, which they support and pay, is called among the Turks. One class of the Zaims receives its appointment direct from the Porte, and the other from the Beglierbcys. When- ever an order is issued by the latter for that purpose, the whole body of the Zaims must assemble, with their fol- lowers, at a given spot of rendezvous. They are supported by certain re- venues called Timars ; and the money winch they thence receive amounts to twenty thousand aspers— five aspers are equal to one penny English — and they never can receive less. The Zaims are all of equal rank among themselves. They may be considered as the chief noblemen in Turkey ; deriving consider- able importance from the many privileges and immunities which are attached to their several Zaimets. The lowest an- nual revenue of a Zaimet is twenty thousand aspers, and the highest amounts to ninety-nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine. Whenever it exceeds the latter sum, the surplus is added to the income of the Sangia-Bey or Bacha, whose rank in Turkey is nearly similar to that of a count in France. The Zaims seldom serve at sea. They prefer paying a certain sum of money to be exempted from that dury. But when- ever they take the field, it is incumbent upon each to bring as many horsemen, accoutred and fit for service, as -there are sums of five thousand aspers in fche Z E A ( 1005 ) Z I G annual receipt of his Zaimet; so that every Zaim who receives thirty thousand aspers, must produce sir able bodied and well mounted followers ; and every one having sixty thousand aspers per year mvist bring twelve. Although the Turks take especial care to see, that the Timariots and the Zaims bring their complements of men, whom they call Jebelus or horsemen ; never- theless they do not reckon them as any part of the effective forces of the Otto- man empire. On the contrary, they call a Zaim, accompanied by his quota of horsemen, aSelictar or one sabre. When a Zaim takes the held, he must provide himself with camp equipage, &c. and independent of the necessary number of tents for himself and his men, he must also have one to cook in, and another to serve for stabling. The Zaims, as well as the Timariots, are under the immediate orders of their Ali-Beglier or colonel. These officers are subordinate to the Bacha, who has the rank of colonel-general ; but in, all considerable enterprizes, such as sieges, battles, &c. the Bacha is obliged to com- municate with the seraskier or general in chief of the army; which is usually the Grand Vizir. ZAIMET, Ind. the place, situation, &c. where a Zaim receives his revenue, &c. ZAIN, a horse of a dark colour neither gray nor white, and without any white spots or marks upon him. ZAMORIN. a title of sovereign princes, in Malabar, in the East Indies. ZAMPOGNI, a common flute, or whistle. . ZARCOLA, a cap worn by the jani- zaries of Constantinople. ZAYM, Ind. a feudal chief, or mili- tary tenant. ZEAL, (zele, Fr.) more than common ardour for the good of the service ; an earnest passion for any thing ; especially for religion, and for the welfare of one's country. In governments this zeal is apt to outrun discretion. Mr. Burke has said : One of the greatest beauties of a wise government is not to be too exact. It has been wisely remarked also by one of our best didactic poets, that excess of zeal may be detrimental to community : For virtue's self may too much zeal be had; The worst of madmen is a saint run mad. Pope. Military Zeal. Under this term may be comprehended, not only a natural disposition to arms, but also an un- wearied application to the science of war, and a prompt and undaunted exer- cise of all the duties which the situation of an individual may prescribe. There is not, perhaps, any profession in which the thorough devotion of a man's time and talents is so imperiously called for, as in the theoretical and practical branches of military knowledge. It is scarcely possible to have too much zeal ; most especially when the heated imagination of a soldier has been gradually tem- pered by experience, calmed by the hand of time, and is constantly under the in- fluence of well digested plans. ZEBANBUNDY, Ind. a deposition. ZECHIN, ) (Sequin, Fr.) so called ZACHIN, S from La zccc/ia, a place in the city of Venice, where the mint is settled ; a gold coin worth about nine shillings sterling. Turkish Zechin, a gold coin, in value about nine shillings. ZEINAUB, Ind. a term of distinc- tion used to persons of rank or emi- nence. ZEMEEN, Ind. ground. ZEMEENDAR, Ind. a person who holds a tract of land immediately frem the government, somewhat similar to a lord of the manor. ZEMEENDARY, Ind. the lands of a zemeendar. ZENITH, (zenith, Fr.) the point or vertex in the heavens directly over one's head. If we conceive a line drawn through the observer ami the center of the earth, which must necessarily be<%. perpendicular to the horizon, it will reach to a point among the fixed stars called the zenith. The zenith is directly opposite to the nadir ; one above our heads, and the other below our feet. ZERAKET, Ind. agriculture. ZERB, Ind. a blow ; a stroke. ZERB SHALLAAK, Ind. a blow given with a stick. ZERO, Fr. a word used to express a cipher, or nought (0). ZIG-ZAG, Fr. a term used in me- chanics. The working beams or ba- lances, which give motion to the several pumps that throw the water up, from the river to the hill at Marly, near Paris, form a sort of zig-zag. ZIG ZAGS, in fortification, are Z O D ( 1006 ) Z U R trenches or paths with several windings, so cut, that the besieged are prevented from enfilading the besieger in his ap- proaches. XI L, a military musical instrument which is used in the Turkish armies. It consists of two brass basons, that are struck together, so as to be in concord with other instruments. ZIMRA, Ind. a certificate. ZINDIGEE, Ind. grain, cattle, lands, plantations. ZIYAMUT, Ind. a fief bestowed for military services. ZOCLE, (in architecture,) a square member, lower than its breath, serving to support a pillar, or any other part of a building, instead of a pedestal, base, or plinth. ZODIAC, (zodiuque, Fr.) one of the greatest imaginary circles of the heavens, which passes obliquely between the two poles of the world ; it is cut into two equal parts by the equator, one of which comprehends the six northern signs towards the Arctic pole, and the oilier the six southern signs towards the Antarctic pole. ZONE, (zone, Fr.) a fifth part of the globe. Zone, a portion of the surface of a sphere, which is terminated by the cir- cumference of two parallel circles. ZOOPHORUS or Zoophoros, (zo- ophore ou frize, Fr.) in ancient architec- ture, particularly in Greece, the same thing as the frieze in the modern. It was so called among the ancients, be- cause it was adorned with the figures of animals. ZOOPIIORTC column is a statuary column ; or a column that bears and supports the figure of an animal. ZOPISSA, (zopissa, Fr.) the best sort of pitch, or pitch which is scraped off from the sides of ships, and then tem- pered with wax and salt. ZULLUM, Jnd. violence ; oppression. ZUROOREAT, Ind. necessaries. FIN I & Loudou: Printed by C.llononb, Dell-yard, Tem ple-ba r. $ FOR REFERENCE NOT TO BE TAKEN FROM THE ROOM [*"j CAT. NO. 23 01Z I" UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY A A 000 242 094 ■**»