Commercial 
 
 Examination 
 H 
 
 Paper! 
 
 )&J«Ri., 
 
 H. deB. gibbins, m.a. 
 
 Metkuen^s Commercial Series 
 
 f/6 
 
GIFT OF 
 Prof. Hatfield 
 
METHUEN'S COMMERCIAL SERIES 
 
 Edited by H. de B. Gibbins, M.A. 
 
 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION 
 PAPERS 
 
METHUEN'S COMMERCIAL SERIES. 
 
 Crown 8vo. is, 6d, 
 
 This Series is intended to assist students and young men preparing for a 
 commercial career, by supplying useful handbooks of a clear and practical 
 character, dealing with those subjects which are absolutely essential in a 
 business life. At the same time, the requirements of a broad education, 
 as opposed to mere cram, are kept in view ; while each volume is the work 
 of a practical teacher of his subject. 
 
 X. COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. H. de B. Gibbins, M.A., 
 Author of *' The Industrial History of England," and " The History of 
 Commerce in Europe." Papers on Commercial Geography, Commercial 
 History, French and German Correspondence, Book-keeping, and 
 Office Work. [Ready. Key in preparation. 
 
 2. A PRIMER OF BUSINESS. |S. Jackson, M.A., Author of " Com- 
 
 mercial Arithmetic." [Shortly. 
 
 3. PRECIS WRITING AND OFFICE WORK. 
 
 4. THE HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF BRITISH COMMERCE. 
 
 H. de B. Gibbins, M.A. 
 
 5. FRENCH COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 6. GERMAN COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 7. THE ECONOMICS OF COMMERCE AND COMMERCIAL POLICY. 
 
 8. COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY (with special reference to trade routes, 
 
 new markets, and manufacturing districts). 
 
 9. THE ELEMENTS OF COMMERCIAL LAW. 
 
 Other Volumes to :Eo11ow. 
 
Commercial Examination 
 Papers 
 
 H. DE B. GIBBINS, M.A. 
 
 ASSISTANT MASTER AT NOTTINGHAM HIGH SCHOOL, AND FORMERLY OF THE 
 BRADFORD AND MANCHESTER GRAMMAR SCHOOLS 
 
 LONDON 
 1892 
 

 V • ^.'t >. • • •; 
 
 &^^ 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The following papers have been arranged to meet the 
 wants of students who are preparing for the various com- 
 mercial examinations that are now held by different institu- 
 tions, and who may wish to practise themselves in the kind 
 of questions usually set. The papers are either taken 
 directly from questions set in recent years, or are based 
 upon such, or, in a few cases, have been suggested by 
 books'^ used in preparing for commercial examinations. 
 They cover all the knowledge that is usually required of 
 candidates for commercial certificates, especially in explana- 
 tion of English and foreign business terms, and office work. 
 
 * Among such books may be mentioned Smith's Commercial German 
 (Macmillan), Longmans' French and German Correspondence , and 
 Asher's Models, 
 
 M114898 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 I. Papers in Commercial Geography (12) . 
 
 II. Do. Commercial History (12) 
 
 III. Do. Book-keeping (12) 
 
 IV. Do. Business and Office Work (10) 
 V. Do. Commercial French (12) . 
 
 VI. Do. Commercial German (12) . 
 
 PACK 
 9-18 
 
 18-26 
 
 27-37 
 
 38-45 
 46-57 
 
 58-69 
 
COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION 
 PAPERS. 
 
 COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY.— I. 
 
 1. Describe the through routes from London to St 
 Petersburg or Constantinople, mentioning the chief towns 
 passed through, and the industries connected with them. 
 
 2. Describe the physical features of Austria and Italy, 
 giving small sketch map in explanation of your answer. 
 What effect do these features have upon commerce ? 
 
 3. Name the chief coal-fields : — 
 
 {a) Of the British Isles. 
 \b) Of Europe. 
 
 Give a small sketch map in each case. 
 
 4. Explain the importance of coal-fields in industry. 
 
 5. Where are, and what industries are connected with: — 
 Aachen. Almaden. Liege. 
 
 Pilsen. Roubaix. Chemnitz. 
 
 Konigshiitte. Oviedo. Malmo. 
 
 Turin. Anzin. Trowbridge. 
 
 Stettin. Sala. Macclesfield. 
 
lO 'cOMMER'CirA'L iiXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY.— II. 
 
 1. Describe Italy with reference to its hydrography, con- 
 figuration, and products, showing how the great cities and 
 the railways depend on these. 
 
 2. Name the chief manufacturing districts of the German 
 Empire. What determines their position ? Name the chief 
 towns of each district, with their means of communication 
 with the nearest seaport. 
 
 3. Trace the route by which goods would reach Montreal 
 from Glasgow {a) in summer, (J?) in winter. 
 
 4. Discuss the variety of climate, productions, and facili- 
 ties for sea-trade and inland trade between Queensland and 
 Victoria. 
 
 5. Why is the Manchester ship-canal desirable? and 
 what will be its probable effects on Liverpool ? 
 
 6. What are the main difficulties of the Panama Canal 
 scheme ? Trace the route of the Nicaragua Canal. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY.— III. 
 
 1 . Name, in order of importance, the five principal sea- 
 ports of Great Britain. 
 
 Also, name the centres of industry for the following 
 articles : — biscuits, carpets, cottons, cutlery, ribbons. 
 
 2. Name the chief districts of Europe which produce 
 coal, iron, quicksilver, lead, wheat, and wine. 
 
COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY. It 
 
 3. Give the geographical position of, and the industries- 
 connected with : — 
 
 Baden. Glamorgan. Posen. 
 
 Catalonia. King's Co. Chemnitz. 
 
 Finland. Moravia. Lille. 
 
 Liege. Westphalia. Rangiin. 
 
 4. Draw a sketch map of Australia showing only the 
 boundaries of the colonies and their capitals, R. Lachlan^ 
 R. Murray, R. Gilbert, and the chief sheep districts. 
 
 5. Draw a sketch map (i) of Central Africa, (2) of Africa 
 South of the R. Zambesi, showing possessions of European 
 powers. 
 
 6. Explain the terms : rain-fall, trade-wind, isotherm^ 
 cyclone. Also account for the heavy rainfall of N. W. 
 Scotland, and Bengal. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY.— IV. 
 
 1. Explain the monsoons and their effects upon differ- 
 ent parts of India; and also name the chief products of 
 India according to their climatic areas. 
 
 2. In what ways does the water system of Europe help 
 commercial communication? 
 
 3. Describe the progress of a barge from Paris to Cologne, 
 and Cologne to Vienna, naming the chief towns passed 
 through and the river systems used. 
 
 4. Name the chief harbours on the coast from Nantes to 
 Stettin, stating how far they are affected by ice in winter. 
 
 3. What are the chief timber districts of Europe? and 
 what timber do they produce ? 
 
12 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 6. How far does the R. Danube present difficulties or 
 advantages to traffic upon it ? 
 
 7. Account for the high manufacturing development of 
 Belgium, and the low development of Spain. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY.— V. 
 
 1. What should you consider are the chief obstacles to 
 the commercial development of Central Africa ? 
 
 2. The mean annual isotherm line of 40° passes through 
 Prince Edward's Island, the middle of Newfoundland, the 
 South Coast of Iceland, the Lofoden Islands, Upsala, and 
 St Petersburg : explain the irregularity of its course. 
 
 3. Name the chief wheat and rice-growing districts of the 
 Northern Hemisphere only ; and the vine districts of the 
 Southern Hemisphere. 
 
 4. Name the most densely populated portions (i) of 
 Europe, (2) of x\sia; and account for their high density. 
 
 5. A post-card was sent from London to Hong Kong by 
 the Western route, and the reply came back by a P. and O. 
 mail steamer. Give a brief description of each of these 
 routes ; name chief places passed through ; and give the 
 shortest possible time in which a reply could reach London. 
 
 6. Describe the route of a steamer from New York to 
 Callao, supposing it to call at all the chief ports e7i route ; 
 and name the commodities it could probably take up at 
 each port. 
 
 7. Where are, and what industries or products are con- 
 nected with Astrakhan, Bushire, Jeniseisk, Sarawak, Bangkok, 
 Bagdad, Ispahan, Manila, Yokohama, Bhamo ? 
 
COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 15 
 
 GEOGRAPHY.— VI. 
 
 1. What are the chief sheep- and cattle-rearing districts 
 {a) in the Northern hemisphere, and {b) in the Southern 
 hemisphere? and give reasons why these districts are 
 specially suitable for this purpose. 
 
 2. Give the geographical position of, and industries 
 connected with, all the towns named Frankfort, Victoria, 
 Georgetown, or London, 
 
 3. Of the commodities chiefly consumed at the break- 
 fast table, how many come from British possessions ? 
 
 4. Name the chief fishing banks of the Atlantic and 
 North Sea ; and the fish caught thereon. 
 
 5. Describe a journey by rail from Berlin to Milan, 
 naming the chief towns passed through, and the industries- 
 connected with them. 
 
 6. Where are, and what is the commercial importance 
 
 of:- 
 
 Callao. 
 
 Malines. Arras. 
 
 Esquimault. 
 
 Para. 
 
 Rotterdam. Nijni Novgorod. 
 
 Baltimore. 
 
 Greytown. 
 
 Alais. Geelong. 
 
 Cincinatti. 
 
 Ludwigshafen. 
 
 , Namur. Port Arthur. 
 
 Reims 
 
 Batavia. 
 
 Aarhus. Archangel. 
 GEOGRAPHY. VII. 
 
 Tula. 
 
 4. Give as nearly as possible the exact position of Fort 
 Salisbury in Mashonaland, state how you could reach it, 
 and the products found in that district. 
 
^4 
 
 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 2. Describe a journey from New York to New Orleans, 
 naming towns passed through, and industries connected 
 with them, and all the rivers crossed. 
 
 3. Name the chief coaling stations in the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 4. Draw a sketch map of Western Central Africa from 
 Cape Blanco to R. Congo, marking clearly the various 
 European possessions. 
 
 5. Whence do we procure caoutchouc, cocoa, mercury, 
 petroleum, indigo, and cocoanuts ; and for what are these 
 products used ? 
 
 6. Where are, and what products or industries are 
 .connected with : — 
 
 Moscow. Corea. 
 
 Lyons. Hong-Kong. 
 
 Lisbon. Honolulu. 
 
 Elba. Timbuktu. 
 
 Antananarivo. 
 Johannesburg. 
 Brandon. 
 Patna. 
 
 Philippopolis. 
 Larissa. 
 Odessa. 
 Dannemora. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY.— VIII. 
 
 1 . Describe the route of the new Trans-Siberian railway. 
 
 2. Name the Portuguese and French possessions in 
 India. 
 
 3. In what way do the physical features (a) of Northern 
 India, and (d) of the Dekkan help or hinder commercial 
 ■communications ? 
 
 4. What are the chief industries and exports of Cyprus ? 
 
 5. " Many circumstances suggest a comparison of Japan 
 with the British Islands." Discuss this. 
 
COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY. 1 5 
 
 6. What are the chief products or industries of : — 
 Corea. The Dobruja. Dunedin. 
 Batavia. Iquique. Potosi. 
 Malta. The Falkland Islands. Lowell. 
 Carrara. Paraguay. Pittsburgh. 
 
 Give the geographical position in each case. 
 
 7. What district does the (British) Royal Niger Com- 
 pany control, and what are its main exports ? 
 
 GEOGRAPHY— IX. 
 
 1. Compare the relative advantages of steamers and 
 sailing vessels in ocean traffic. 
 
 2. Name the chief exports and imports of Equatorial 
 Africa. 
 
 3. What are the chief resources of the Argentine 
 Republic, and which of them form its exports ? 
 
 4. What are the chief lines of British steamers visiting 
 India ? What is the average time of the voyage, and how 
 much can it be shortened by going by the " overland " 
 route ? Describe this route. 
 
 5. Why cannot sailing ships use the Suez Canal with 
 advantage ? 
 
 6. Name some of the chief " treaty " ports of China and 
 Japan, and give the chief imports into China. 
 
 7. To whom does Zanzibar belong? and in what does 
 its chief trade consist ? 
 
 8. What do you know of: — 
 Mogador. Suakim. Kyoto. Catania. 
 
 Salonica. Basel. Galatz. Kronstadt (in Austria). 
 
 Lodz. Briinn. Kiakhta. Amiens. 
 
l6 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY.— X. 
 
 1. What are the chief resources of Palestine? Account 
 for the present condition of the country. 
 
 2. The rainfall at Bombay often is 260 inches per 
 annum, while at Poonah, sixty miles east of Bombay, it is 
 only 26 inches. Account for this. 
 
 3. Describe a journey from Paris to Vienna, naming 
 chief towns passed through, and giving average time of 
 journey. 
 
 4. Where are the following, and what do they produce : — 
 St Etienne. Belize. Natal. Mt. Bischoff. 
 Wallarroo. Charters Towers. Echuca. Moville. 
 Tourcoing. Gambia. Ookiep. Port Darwin, 
 
 5. Name the chief towns passed through (with their 
 industries) in travelling from London to Carlisle either by 
 the L.N.W.R. or the M.R. 
 
 6. What is the " standard " time at Dublin, Stornoway, 
 and Belfast, when it is 12 noon at Greenwich ? 
 
 7. What are the various beasts of burden used by man ? 
 In what countries are they found ? and where do caravans 
 mostly travel ? 
 
 GEOGRAPHY.— XI. 
 
 1. What is a Karroo? Where is the Great Karroo, and 
 what animals and plants are found there ? 
 
 2. What do you know of Kimberley, Khorassan, Merv, 
 and Tonquin ? 
 
COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY. I 7 
 
 3. Where are salmon, oysters, lobsters, and cod chiefly 
 found ? 
 
 4. Give a brief account (with a sketch map) of the 
 possessions of the British South African Company ? 
 
 5. What are the most northerly limits of cotton growing? 
 
 6. Describe a railway journey from Leeds to Edinburgh 
 and then on to Wick, naming chief towns passed through, 
 their industries, and the general character of the country 
 en route. 
 
 7. Draw a sketch map of the Franco-Belgian coal district, 
 inserting the chief manufacturing towns thereon. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY.— XII. 
 
 1. Give the geographical position of Bergen, Brindisi, 
 Chemnitz, Dantzig, Frankfort, Galatz, Nantes, Patras ; and 
 explain the commercial importance of each. 
 
 2. Name the chief places in England and Wales where 
 iron and salt are found. 
 
 3. Name the chief packet-stations of England for regular 
 Continental communication ; and name also the Con- 
 tinental ports wdth which each is connected. 
 
 4. Make a sketch-map of the Spanish peninsula, showing 
 the wine districts, mining districts, and fruit ports. 
 
 5. State the course of the main railway routes across 
 N. America. 
 
 6. France is said to be naturally the richest country in 
 Europe. On what facts as to climate, products, and 
 geographical position is this opinion based ? 
 
 B 
 
1 8 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 7. What are the exports of the West Coast of Africa, 
 New Zealand, and the River Plate ? 
 
 8. What are maize, tobacco, esparto, flax, petroleum, 
 zinc, amber ; and from what countries are they obtained ? 
 
 COMMERCIAL HISTORY.— I. 
 
 (Before 1600 a.d.) 
 
 1. Describe the first attempts made to open up a trade 
 with Russia. 
 
 2. Show by one or two historical examples how our 
 export trade in wool influenced our foreign policy in the 
 14th and 15 th centuries. 
 
 3. Name our chief exports and the countries with which 
 we traded at the close of the Middle Ages (1500). 
 
 4. What important economic changes took place in the 
 sixteenth century ? and how did they aflect English 
 industry ? 
 
 5. Why is the reign of Henry VII. important in English 
 commercial history? 
 
 6. Explain the "staple" system, and name the chief 
 staple towns. 
 
 7. What immigrations of foreigners took place before 
 1500 ? and what eifect did they have on British industry? 
 
COMMERCIAL HISTORY. 1 9 
 
 HISTORY— II. 
 
 1600-1750. 
 
 1. Give a short account of the origin of the Bank of 
 England. 
 
 2. How did the National Debt originate ? Mention at 
 what periods it was specially increased, and explain its 
 working and management. 
 
 3. A short historical account of the Land Tax. 
 
 4. What do you know of — 
 
 (i.) The Stop of the Exchequer. 
 
 (2.) The Darien Scheme. 
 
 (3,) The Great Mogul Aurungzebe. 
 
 (4.) The Navigation Acts. 
 
 (5.) The New East India Co.'s Charter of 1698. 
 
 (6.) The Methuen Treaty. 
 Give dates in each case. 
 
 5. Give a brief account of the expulsion from and return 
 of the Jews into England. 
 
 6. What religious influences may be seen in the com- 
 mercial history of the Elizabethan period ? 
 
 HISTORY.— III. 
 
 1. Give an account of the Monopolies under Elizabeth 
 and James I., and state how Parliament put them down. 
 
 2. How did Charles I. try to raise a revenue without 
 Parliament, and how did the Long Parliament guard against 
 a repetition of this ? 
 
20 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 3. How far did commercial considerations lead to the 
 War of the Spanish succession ? and what colonial and 
 commercial advantages did England gain by the Treaty of 
 Utrecht ? 
 
 4. Give a history of the South Sea Bubble, and explain 
 Walpole's measures to allay the panic. 
 
 5. Describe the general change in the manufacturing 
 industries of England at the close of the 1 8th century. 
 
 6. Sketch the history of the East India Co. down to 
 1800. How far was its history determined by commercial 
 considerations ? 
 
 7. What were the points in dispute between England 
 and the Armed Neutralities of 1780 and 1800? Explain 
 the commercial importance of these points. 
 
 HISTORY.— IV. 
 
 1. Point out the defects in the Poor Law before 1834, 
 How did the New Poor Law attempt to remedy these 
 defects ? 
 
 2. What were the causes of the great Colonial develop- 
 ment of the British Empire in the early part of the 19th 
 century ? Why did not European States interfere with that 
 development ? 
 
 3. Mention the chief stages by which Free Trade was 
 introduced into our commerce, and account for its ready 
 adoption. 
 
COMMERCIAL HISTORY. 21 
 
 4. Describe the Elizabethan regulations for artisans. 
 Under what circumstances was this system finally aban- 
 doned ? 
 
 5. How did the questions (i) of Alehouses, (2) of the 
 East India Co. illustrate the struggle about Monopolies in 
 the 1 7 th century ? 
 
 6. Describe carefully the causes of the War with Holland 
 in 1652 ? 
 
 HISTORY.— V. 
 
 1. Give a brief account of the progress of English naviga- 
 tion and commerce under Elizabeth, stating also the colonial 
 settlements made in America in her reign. 
 
 2. AVhat was the nature and importance of the customs 
 revenue under James I. ? Give an account of the dispute 
 as to "impositions." 
 
 3. Give a brief history of the Dutch wars with England 
 in the 17th century. 
 
 4. Explain the financial difficulties of the Ministers of 
 William 11. and Mary. How were they met ? 
 
 5. How far did commercial considerations influence the 
 making of the Union between England and Scotland ? 
 Give the terms of that Union, pointing out fully those 
 which affected English and Scotch trade. 
 
 6. Explain the commercial relations between England 
 and her American colonies before their Independence, and 
 show how these relations led to the War of Independence. 
 
2 2 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 7. Explain {a) the commercial, and {b) the financial policy 
 of the younger Pitt. How far was he mistaken in his 
 finance ? 
 
 HISTORY.— VI. 
 
 1. What was the "Continental System " of Napoleon I. ; 
 and how far did it damage English commerce ? 
 
 2. What were the terms of the Bank Charter Act of 
 1844, and w^hat were the objects aimed at thereby? 
 
 3. Trace the growth of our Indian possessions from 
 1800 to 1858. How did the changes in the method of 
 governing India affect our trade with India and China ? 
 
 4. How did the wars of 1793 to 1815 affect our trade ? 
 and what colonial possessions did we gain in this period ? 
 
 5. What caused the commercial depressions of 1 816 and 
 1825 ? Name the chief crises of the 19th century. 
 
 6. Trace the growth of the Free Trade movement in 
 England, and discuss its effects upon industry and 
 commerce ? 
 
 7. How far did Huskisson and Peel influence our trade 
 by their various regulations ? 
 
 HISTORY.— VII. 
 
 1. Give an account of the acquisition of the various 
 territories now forming the Canadian Dominion. 
 
 2. What influences aided the development of English 
 agriculture in the 17th century? 
 
COMMERCIAL HISTORY. 23 
 
 3. What effects had Lord Dalhousie's Administration of 
 1848-56 upon the development of India? 
 
 4. Name the chief foreign immigrations into England 
 since 1550, and discuss their effects upon industry. 
 
 5. What do you know of the Land Bank of William 
 IIL's reign ; and how did it affect the Bank of England? 
 
 6. Give a brief life of Richard Cobden. 
 
 7. What was the cause of the First Chinese War, and 
 what commercial arrangements were made at the end 
 thereof ? 
 
 HISTORY.— VIII. 
 
 1. What were the main difficulties in bringing about the 
 Union of England and Scotland, and how were these over- 
 come ? 
 
 2. How did Napoleon attempt to undermine English 
 commerce ? How far was he successful, and what measures 
 did England take in retaliation ? 
 
 3. Give a short account of the development of the cotton 
 
 industry in Great Britain. 
 
 4. What steps were taken to reform the currency under 
 Charles II. ? 
 
 5. Why was the export of bullion prohibited in the 17 th 
 and 1 8th centuries? and how did this prohibition affect 
 our Indian trade ? 
 
 6. When do goldsmiths appear as bankers in English 
 history, and how did they carry on this business ? 
 
 7. Give a short account of the " Scottish African and 
 Indian Company." 
 
2 4 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 HISTORY— IX. 
 
 1. Name the various improvements in the means of 
 transit that were made between 1800 and 1850, and dis- 
 cuss their effect upon commerce. 
 
 2. Describe the Suez Canal, and state what has been its 
 value to England. To whom does it now belong ? 
 
 3. How far did the enclosures of the 17th and i8th 
 centuries affect agriculture in England ? 
 
 4. What causes have tended to improve or depress the 
 condition {a) of the agricultural labourer, {b) of the artisan, 
 in the 1 9th century ? 
 
 5. In what manner was our sugar trade adversely affected 
 during the French Revolutionary Wars and since ? 
 
 6. How has English trade, as a whole, been favoured 
 since 1815 ? 
 
 7. What alterations have taken place {a) in the direction 
 and {b) in the articles of our trade since 1850? 
 
 HISTORY.— X. 
 
 1. Compare the Colonial Possessions of France, Spain, 
 and England in 1790 and 1890. 
 
 2. Name the chief Factory Acts of the 19th century, 
 and discuss their effects upon industry. 
 
 3. How far was Walpole's commercial policy favourable 
 or otherwise to the development of British trade ? 
 
 4. What were the terms of the Methuen Treaty ? and 
 what have been its effects ? 
 
COMMERCIAL HISTORY. 25 
 
 5. What is meant by the "Mercantile Theory" of 
 commerce ? and at what period was it most generally held ? 
 
 6. Give a short account of Sir Josiah Child. 
 
 7. How far did the discovery of the New World affect 
 English commerce in the 15th and i6th centuries? 
 
 HISTORY XL 
 
 1. Give a short life of Sir Francis Drake, pointing out 
 which of his actions had an effect upon our foreign trade. 
 
 2. What were the provisions of Lord North's Regulating 
 Act ? How long did it remain in force ? 
 
 3. Give a list of our colonies in Australia and New 
 Zealand, stating in what year they were settled, and what 
 kind of commerce they are engaged in. 
 
 4. What caused the " Cotton Famine" of 1862 ? Give 
 a brief account of it. 
 
 5. Discuss the foreign policy of Oliver Cromwell, and 
 its bearing upon the development of British Commerce. 
 
 6. What was the "Bate Case" of 1606? Discuss its 
 bearing upon the question of " impositions." 
 
 7. Give a short account of the life and works of Arthur 
 Young. 
 
 HISTORY.— XII. 
 
 Account for the great expansion of English power in the 
 reiofn of Elizabeth. 
 
2 6 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 2. Point out the importance of the "Seven Years' War''' 
 as an epoch in the history of the English in America. 
 
 3. When and why did the EngHsh population begin to 
 flow out of the country into the towns ? 
 
 4. What was the theory of the 17th and i8th centuries- 
 as to the proper relations between the mother-country and 
 the colonies ? 
 
 5. Give the dates of the acquisition by England of Malta, 
 St Helena, Dunkirk, Jamaica, Mauritius ; and point out the 
 political or commercial importance of each. 
 
 6. Give a very short account of the Darien Scheme, the 
 Navigation Acts, the Peace of Utrecht. 
 
 7. Mention the turning-points in the history of Agricul- 
 ture in England. 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 2 J 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING— I. 
 
 1. In J. Smith's account with T. Jones stands the entry : 
 1890, June 20. To Goods, £^oo on the Dr. side. 
 What does this mean ? 
 
 If it was By Goods Cr., what w^ould it mean ? 
 
 2. How do you find the Net profit on a year's transac- 
 tions ? and how do you find the value of a man's Capital ? 
 What is Capital ? 
 
 3. How do you " prove your Books " 7 
 
 4. Smith's account with T. Jones is ;2^95, los. on 
 Jan. I, 1892. In June, Smith isjmade bankrupt, and on 
 June 20th agrees to pay a composition of 5 s. in the £1. 
 Show how all this w^ould be recorded in a Ledger. 
 
 5. Journalise, post in Ledger, and prove : — 
 
 Oct. I, 1 89 1. (T. Mowbray). Maxwell owes him ;^2o, 
 Murray £2>9^ ^os. He owes £1^ to Manton, and 
 ;^i6 to Johnson. Has cash = ^106, los. in hand; jQ'21^ 
 in Bank, and Goods in Stock = ;2{J^i8o. 
 
 Oct. 2. Sells Maxwell goods, ^£^30. 
 
 Oct. 3. Buys goods of Johnson, jQi"]. 
 
 Oct. 12. Maxwell settles less 57o disct. 
 
 Oct. 17. Mowbray pays all his debts less 5°/^. 
 
 Oct. 18. Cash sales, ;^5o. 
 
 Oct. 31. Value of stock, ;^i2o. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING.— II. 
 
 I . Make ledger entries for following transaction : On 
 June ist, 1885, T. Smith owed T. Jones ^100. Smith was 
 declared bankrupt on July nth, and only paid 3s. 6d. in 
 
2S COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 the pound. Jones wrote off remainder as a bad debt ; but 
 on Jan. ist, 1890, Smith unexpectedly paid all his creditors 
 in full. 
 
 2. Journalise and post in ledger : Oct. 2nd. T. Mowbray 
 sold goods to T. Marshall, ;^ii52, and drew on him at 3 
 months for that amount on Oct. 30th, and discountd 
 Marshall's a/ce on November loth, losing 3°/^ discount. 
 
 3. How would you enter a dishonoured bill in ledger? 
 and also, a bill for ^100 of which ;£"8o was paid at 
 maturity, and ;^2o renewed at 2 months ? 
 
 4. Post in ledger : A. Jackson consigns goods to E. 
 Francis, in Jamaica, valued at ;^75o, 6s. 8d., and pays 
 charges, ;£ii, 8s. 6d. The account sales of the agent 
 show that the goods realised ;^8oo, iis. 6d., and that he 
 expended in Jamaica ;^2 9, 3s. 4d. for various charges. 
 The agent charges 10°/^ on gross profit. Does Jackson 
 gain or lose ? If so, how much ? 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING.— III. 
 
 I. Enter in Ledger and prove following transactions of 
 Messrs Samson & Gideon. (JV.B, — (i) separate accounts 
 for each partner, (2) Samson takes § profit.) 
 1890. Jan. I. Cash in hand, ^156, los. ; stock in hand, 
 = ;^4275; premises valued at ;^i2oo; Lambert owes 
 them;^295; they owe Lingard ^750. Samson's capital 
 = ;^3ooOj ^^^ Gideon's, ;£2i'j6, los. 
 Jan. 2. Sold wine to L. Dudley, ^820. 
 
 „ 3. Bought wine of T. Davis, ^1400. 
 
 „ 7. Cash sales, ;^362, 7s. 6d. 
 
 „ 8. Lambert pays ;£i5o. 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 29- 
 
 Jan. 10. Cash purchases, ;£i64. 
 
 II. Samson drew ^30. 
 
 15. Trade expenses, ;2^7 5, 5s. 
 
 16. Paid Davis on account, ;^4oo. 
 
 17. Gideon took for private use wine = ;£^66, 2s. 
 
 18. Dudley pays (discount 57o)- 
 
 19. Samson drew ^£^50. 
 
 20. Loss on consignment of sherry, ;^4o. 
 20. Charge H. Blanco for services as agents, ;£2^,. 
 31. Wine in stock valued at ;^489o. 
 
 2. Journalise and post in ledger: — June iSth, 1891. 
 Lambert drew on Samson at 3 months for ;^iooo. Samson 
 accepted. Samson cashed the bill at 3!% discount. Show 
 all this, both in Lambert's and Samson's books. 
 
 3. Rule your paper for a cash book with three columns,, 
 viz. — for discounts, cash at office, and cash at bank ; and 
 then enter : 
 
 July 2. Sold 10 bales cloth for ;^7o over the counter. 
 „ 3. Paid into bank ^600 out of office cash. 
 „ 3. Paid clerk's salary from office cash, ;^2o. 
 „ 4. Discounted at bank bill for ;^5oo, proceeds 
 being placed to his credit at bank. Discount, ;^5. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING.— IV. 
 
 I. Explain what is meant by a "joint venture." Journal- 
 ise and put in ledger following transactions : — Jan. i — 
 Bought Goods for Cash on Joint Venture with T. Bates r 
 ^560; paid charges and expenses thereon, JQ20 \ Jan. 
 3 — Received from T. B. his promissory note for his share 
 of goods and costs, ^[^2^0 ; Jan. 15 — Sold goods for 
 
30 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 ;^6Soj my commission being ;^2o. Close account: how 
 much do I owe Bates ? 
 
 2. How and where in your books would you make pro- 
 vision for ;2^i2o building repairs to premises on lease, to 
 be repaired every third year ? 
 
 3. What is "good-will"? Can it be reckoned as an 
 asset ? 
 
 4. How would you value machinery, plant, office furni- 
 ture, &c., at end of each year? Show by an example, 
 taking machinery, Jan. i, 1890, as =1 ;£'2ooo, plant, 
 ;2^2ooo ; office furniture, ;£^3oo. 
 
 5. On May 20, Johnson overdrew his account at Bank, 
 repaid the overdraw a month later, and was charged ;£s 
 interest. Enter the part affecting interest in his books. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING.— V. 
 
 1. Explain the use of cheques, promissory notes, and 
 bills of exchange. 
 
 2. Make Journal entries for following : — Assets : Cash in 
 hand, ;^ioo ; at bank, ;^2 5o, 3s. 6d.; goods in stock, 
 ;^i5o; owing from Aston, ;£^46, los. Liabilities: 
 Turner, ^22, 6s. 8d.; Stimson, ;£"i8, 6s. 8d. July i — 
 Cash sales, ;£^2o, 6s. 6d.; bought goods of Stimson, ;£48, 
 I2S. July 2 — Paid Turner ^^22, he giving balance as 
 discount; July 4 — Paid Stimson by cheque, ^£26, i8s. 
 8d.; July 4 — Aston pays his account, less 30s. 
 discount; July 5 — Sold goods to Dunstan for ;£i8, i8s. 
 July 6 — Trade expenses — Rent, ;^5 ; sundry, 4s. iid.; 
 July 8 — Dunstan pays ;£^io on account; July 9 — Sold 
 ^oods to Frampton, ^68, los. 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 3 1 
 
 3. Post all above entries into the ledger ; and prove the 
 books. 
 
 4. What is meant by a " Trial balance " ? and what is 
 the use of it ? 
 
 5. B. through his banker pays ;^ioo to A. for C. by 
 request of D. Give the journal entries for all parties 
 concerned. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING.— VI. 
 
 1. A merchant in Bombay buys 1000 tons of sugar on 
 Jan. I, 1891, at 250 rupees per ton for cash. He ships 
 to England, freight and insurance costing him 20 rupees 
 per ton. In England, his agent, J. Davis, sells the sugar 
 at 2 Jd. per lb., and charges j[,^o commission and expenses. 
 
 Enter this in a journal so far. 
 
 2. Continuing the above : The money realised in Lon- 
 don by sale of sugar, converted into rupees, at 14 rupees 
 to the ;^i, reaches the Bombay merchant six months 
 after the original purchase. The merchant paid interest at 
 the rate of i57o per annum on capital which he borrowed 
 for this transaction. 
 
 Post all entries, both of questions i and 2, into a ledger, 
 and state clearly the gain or loss. 
 
 3. Explain the various uses of the day-book, invoice- 
 book, warehouse-book, and bill-book ; and their connection 
 with the ledger. 
 
 4. What is the principle of " Double " as distinguished 
 from " Single " entry ? Give an example. 
 
32 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING.— VII. 
 
 1 . Make out the capital accounts of each of the partners 
 James Hanson and Robert BowUng, from following data : 
 Jan. I — Both started business with ;^2ooo each; Jan. 30 
 — Hanson drew out ;£^3o, and Bowling ;^2 5 for household 
 expenses. Feb. 7 — Hanson drew ;£3o; Feb. 10 — Bowl- 
 ing drew ;^i5. March 20 — Hanson drew ;£^35, and 
 Bowling ;^4o. Balance up at end of March, giving each 
 partner ;£^2 5 interest, and half the net profit. (The net 
 profit =^^696, 15s.) 
 
 2. Make out Tea account from following : — I received 
 from W. Dawson, Hong-Kong, Jan. 6 — 34 chests of tea 
 invoiced at ;j^3oo. Jan. 7 — Paid duty, freight, &c., 
 ;^2 77, 19s. lod.; Jan. 8 — Sold 7 chests to Davis for 
 jQio"], 1 6s. 6d.; Jan. 10 — Sold 10 to Smith for £12,^, 
 19s. 2d.; Jan. 12 — Sold 8 chests to Davis for ;2^84, 
 IIS. 3d.; Jan. 30 — Sold 9 chests to Duncan for ;^ 13 3, 
 7s. My commission, ;^2 3, 2s. 8d.; petty expenses^ 
 ;^3, 9s. 6d. Show clearly how much I ought to remit 
 to Dawson. 
 
 3. What is the purpose of the " Stock Book " ? How 
 should you value your goods when " taking stock " ? and 
 what would you do if (say) 60 pieces of cloth had been so 
 damaged by damp that you could only sell them at 40% 
 of their cost price ? 
 
 4. To what account would you carry depreciation of the 
 furniture of a shop ? Show ledger entries of the following : 
 Jan. I — Bought new counter and fittings, £siy ^^s.; paid 
 for cupboards and shelves, jQs^- ^^^c. 31 — Reckoned 
 depreciation at 5 7o- 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 33 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING— VIII. 
 
 1. Journalise following : — 
 
 May I, 1892 — Bought goods of Little & Co., ;^2ooo, 
 
 and gave them my acceptance at one month. 
 May 2 — Sold goods to Lamb, ^195, and drew on 
 
 them for that amount at two months. 
 May 4 — Discounted Lamb's bill, ;£^i9o. 
 May 5 — Paid clerk ;^5 for month's salary. 
 
 „ Do. office-boy 7s. 6d. for week's wages. 
 
 „ Bought office stationery, ;^2, los. 6d. 
 
 2. Open books from following : — Books of John Roberts. 
 — Nov. I, 1890: Roberts owes Simson ;^2o, 2s. 6d. ; 
 Eccles owes Roberts ;^5o, 8s. ; Thomson owes Roberts 
 £to, Roberts has £100 cash in hand, ;^i5oo at the 
 Bank^ and three a/ces (Nos. 12, 13, and 14) amounting 
 in all to ;£^32o : he has also given two bills for ;^ioo and 
 JQ200 respectively, which will fall due on Nov. 4th and 
 Nov. loth. Stock of wine in hand = ;£"55o. 
 
 3. Journalise (continuing above) : Roberts sold Eccles 
 ;^2o worth of goods on Nov. 5 th, and Eccles paid up all 
 his account. Roberts sold Thomson ;2^4oo worth of wine 
 on Nov. loth and received ;£^5oo on a/c. Roberts 
 cashes the three acceptances on Nov. nth for ;£^3oo, and 
 pays Simson. 
 
 4. Post in Ledger all the above in Questions 2 and 3, 
 and close books, taking value of wine unsold as jQ2>^o, 
 
 5. Has Roberts gained or lost? and how much? 
 
34 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING— IX. 
 
 Balance Sheet of Joseph King on 31st December 1891 : 
 
 Assets — Cash at Bank, - £376 14 10 
 
 Do. Office, . 15 7 5 
 
 Stock of goods, . 1300 o o 
 
 Bills receivable, . 242 2 4 
 
 E. Newton, . 96 16 9 
 
 Liabilities — Browning & Co., 117 i 7 
 
 Bills payable, . 385 o o 
 
 Capital, . 1528 19 9 
 
 Transactions, 
 
 1892, Jan. I. Bought goods of Browning 
 
 &Co., . . . i:87 7 8 
 
 „ 3. My a/ce. No. 16, paid by 
 
 Bank, . . . 123 i 7 
 
 „ 4. Sold goods to Newton, . 93 12 4 
 
 „ 6. Martin's a/ce, No. 21, col- 
 lected by Bank, . 142 2 4 
 
 „ 9. Paid Browning & Co. by cheque, 100 o o 
 
 ,, II. Paid sundry charges on goods, 3 3 9 
 
 „ II. Sold goods to Newton, . 117 7 i 
 
 „ 14. Received from Newton his 
 
 bill at I mos. date, . 120 o o 
 
 „ 16. Paid office stationery by cheque, 22 12 4 
 
 „ 17. Bought goods of Browning, 109 14 6 
 
 „ 19. My acceptance No. 17 paid 
 
 by Bank, . . . 96 6 9 
 
 „ 20. Paid to Newton for Browning, 50 o o 
 
 „ 22. Reed, from Newton, cheque, 70 o o 
 
 „ 25. Acceptance No. 22 collected 
 
 by Bank, . . 100 o o 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 35 
 
 1. Open the books from above, and enter all Cash and 
 Bank transactions in Cash Book with two columns. 
 
 2. Journalise all the transactions only. 
 
 3. Post from Journal into Ledger. 
 
 4. Close books and prove them. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING.— X. 
 
 1. Jessop & Jackson enter partnership on April ist, 
 1890 — Jessop with ;^iooo capital, and Jackson with 
 ^£3000. On December 31st the business shows a net 
 profit of ;^6oo. During the year Jessop has drawn ;^2oo 
 for himself, and Jackson ;^4oo. Divide the net profit 
 between each partner in due proportion and make out the 
 capital account for each. 
 
 2. Continue from above : with the capital shown in your 
 answer to i, proceed with the books and journalise the 
 following transactions : — 
 
 Jan. I, 1 89 1. Cash Sales, ^20. 
 „ „ Stock bought from Mowbray, ;^2oo. 
 
 „ 4, „ Sold to Neville, goods, ;^3oo. 
 ,, 6, „ Paid Mowbray, and received ;^ 10 discount. 
 „ 10, „ Jessop drew ^^5 for himself. 
 „ 12, „ Sold to Tuke goods, ;^3o. 
 jj 30j jj Jackson drew j[^\o. 
 >j 3i> J) Write off ^10 of Tuke's account as bad 
 
 debt. Remainder paid up. 
 3> 31? >3 Value of stock in hand, ^^25. 
 
 3. Make Ledger entries for the above, including capital 
 account for each partner. 
 
 4. Close the books ; state what profit or loss has been 
 made, and prove your statement. 
 
36 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING— XI. 
 
 1. Alfred Gregson, of London, buys of Higgins of Leeds, 
 on Jan. 6th, 1892, cloth worth ;^2oo, 19s. 9d., and pays 
 by cheque, on January 30th, ;£6^, i6s. lod. on a/c. He 
 buys more cloth on Feb. nth, worth ;^265, 12s. 6d. ; and 
 pays again on Feb. 20th, ;^2oocash. 
 
 Make out Gregson's account in Higgins* books, and state 
 how much he owes H. 
 
 2. Journalise above in Gregson's own books. 
 
 3. T. Marshall starts business with ;£^5oo, which he 
 places in the Union Bank. Journalise his transactions : 
 August 2, 1890 — Buys ;^ioo of groceries from Armitage, 
 -^ug- 3 — Buys ;£^2oo of hams and pork from Lipton. Aug, 
 4 — Cash sales : groceries, ;^3o, hams, ;^2o. Aug. 5 — Sold 
 to Page ;^ 1 00 of groceries. Aug. 6 — Sold to Parker ;^i7o 
 worth of hams. Aug. 20 — Pays shop boy £^\ wages; Rent, 
 ;j^io ; takes for himself ;;£'2o, household expenses; Aug, 
 30 — Value of groceries, ^\o \ of hams, ;^5o. 
 
 4. Make out a Ledger, with separate accounts for ham 
 and groceries. 
 
 5. Close and balance the books; and state profit (i) on 
 whole business, (2) on ham, (3) on groceries. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING.— XII. 
 
 I. My balance-sheet on Dec. 31, 1890, shows no 
 liabilities, and ;z^2oo worth of cloth on hand, ;^ioo in my 
 cash-box, and ;£iooo at Bank. I buy ;^2oo cloth from 
 Hudson on Jan. i, and give him my cheque on Jan. 5 for 
 £\^S' On Jan. 3 I sell Muggins ^150 cloth, and he 
 gives me his a/ce, at 3 months, on Jan. 8. On Jan. 9 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 37 
 
 Muggins buys ;^5o more cloth and pays cash. On Jan. 
 lo I buy for cash ;^2 5o cloth. On Jan. 12 I sell 
 Muggins ;^5o worth, and he gives me a cheque, dated 
 Jan 1 4, which is duly paid. On Jan. 3 1 my stock of cloth 
 is valued at ;^35o. 
 Journalise above. 
 
 2. Make out accounts for Cloth, Bank, Muggins, and 
 Cash, and balance them. 
 
 3. Make out a Profit and Loss account, and state clearly 
 how much is lost or gained. 
 
 4. Suppose you have ;^2ooo worth of debts receivable, 
 and wish to make provision for bad debts to amount of 
 15 per cent., show how you could enter this (i) in the 
 balance-sheet, (2) in the Profit and Loss account. 
 
 5. Suppose after doing as in " 4 " you find your total bad 
 debts are ^^350, how would you enter them in the Profit 
 Loss account? 
 
38 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 BUSINESS WORK— I. 
 
 T. Explain what is meant by : consols, sinking fund, 
 short bills, mint par of exchange, backwardation, dividend. 
 
 2. Powell & Williams advertise for a junior clerk, with 
 knowledge of shorthand. Write a letter applying for the 
 situation. 
 
 3. Explain \—f,o.b,^ f-p-ci-t E, and O.E.^ cum. div., 
 
 mjd. 
 
 4. Write on Oct. 10, 1889, from the Union Bank of 
 London to E. Kipling, Fleet Street, calling his attention to 
 an overdraft on current a/c of ;^i3o. 
 
 5. Reply from Kipling (nth Oct.) saying that he has 
 a bill for ;^3oo falling due on the 13th, and offering as 
 security 1000 shares, of $50 each of the Pennsylvania Ry., 
 
 U.S.A. 
 
 6. Write from Bank accepting the security, promising 
 payment of bill, but requesting an early settlement of the 
 overdraft. 
 
 BUSINESS WORK.— II. 
 
 I. Telegraph from Edwards & Co., using subjoined 
 code, to Messrs Powell & Co., New Orleans, saying that 
 they have executed Powell's last order, and have shipped 
 per steamer l^eutonzc 400 bales of striped fabrics. 
 
 Code : — Available = we have executed your order ; 
 action = we have shipped per steamer ; fortune 
 = 400 bales, i-/r/)^^^ = striped fabrics. 
 
BUSINESS WORK. 39 
 
 2. Write from E. & Co. confirming above telegram, 
 and advising draft of ;^2 5oo against shipment. The draft 
 is @ 60 d/s, in favour of the Bank of Mobile. 
 
 3. Write a circular letter from Nelson & Noakes, London, 
 to their correspondents, informing them that (i) J. Nelson, 
 senior partner, retires, leaving capital in the firm ; (2) his 
 son, E. Nelson, is admitted as partner ; (3) they will open 
 a branch house in Paris, of which Mr Noakes will take 
 charge ; (4) they are about to develop their exchange 
 business, and will accept drafts against shipping docu- 
 ments, or on open credit, on terms to be arranged. 
 
 4. AVhat action would you take if a bill given you was 
 dishonoured ? 
 
 BUSINESS WORK.— Ill 
 
 1. Explain: ajs^ ^/^j ^•^- ^P-t f-cca.^ f.a.s., N,S., 
 R.D. 
 
 2. What are the principal documents used in com- 
 mercial sales ? 
 
 3. What are (generally) the chief expenses on the 
 purchase, sale, import, export, and conveyance of mer- 
 chandise ? 
 
 4. Distinguish carefully between customs and excise. 
 
 5. Write from Le Roux & Co., Havre, to F. Pearson, 
 London, about approaching sales of wool in London, 
 (i) Refer to circular sent by Pearson; (2) say Le Roux 
 require 100 bales; (3) which must be washed, not greasy; 
 (4) price not to exceed is. 6d. per lb. 
 
40 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 6. Answer from Pearson that (i) he could only buy 
 80 bales; (2) price was is. 4fd. ; could have got more, 
 but only greasy; (4) shall he buy the greasy? (5) he 
 encloses invoice. 
 
 BUSINESS WORK.— IV. 
 
 1. Write a letter from F. Johnson, London, to Heinrich 
 Heinemann, Hamburg (i) enclosing current account up 
 to end of June; (2) showing balance in favour of F. J. 
 to the extent of ;^i5i, 8s. 4d. ; (3) asking if it agrees 
 with H. H.'s books. 
 
 2. Answer from Heinemann, that (i) the account is too 
 much by ;^io ; (2) must be an error somewhere; (3) ask 
 for rectification. 
 
 3. What is the work of a " clearing house " in^banking ? 
 Describe the London clearing house. 
 
 4. Of what departments is the office of a bank usually 
 composed? 
 
 5. Explain the operation of discounting bills. 
 
 6. What is a letter of credit, bottomry loans, charter- 
 party, acceptance, general and particular average ? 
 
 7. Name the requisite facts which a bill of exchange 
 must show on its face. 
 
BUSINESS WORK. 4I 
 
 BUSINESS WORK— V. 
 
 1. Explain : — 
 
 {a) There was a demand for futures, November 
 
 shipments being in especial request. 
 {b) Money is easier, and can be had on short time 
 
 ■J- below bank rate. 
 {c) By the terms of the Charter-party there is no 
 
 claim for demurrage under the circumstances. 
 {d) We have negotiated a loan against the shipping 
 
 documents. 
 
 2. Explain how Bills of Exchange arise in ordinary 
 commercial transactions. What is meant by "days of 
 grace '' ? 
 
 3. Write a letter sending a remittance of £2>'^ per 
 cheque to Morris &: Co., Belfast 
 
 4. Acknowledge same from Morris & Co. 
 
 5. Write from J. Peters, London, to R. Suchoffsky, St 
 Petersburg, inquiring into condition of the Russian hemp 
 market, and saying he will be glad to give some orders if 
 prices are moderate. 
 
 6. Answer from Suchoffsky that the hemp harvest has 
 been good ; prices moderate : he will be glad to execute 
 orders. 
 
42 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 BUSINESS WORK— VI. 
 
 1. What is meant by a system of reciprocity? and the 
 balance of trade ? 
 
 2. Explain the words : to debit — invoice — day-book — 
 tare — " bulls and bears " — cheque. 
 
 3. In what countries are the following coins used? 
 Give their approximate value in English money : kreutzer, 
 krone, franc, lira, rouble, rupee, dollar, gulden. 
 
 4. A shareholder in a tramway company writes to the 
 Secretary of the Co., inquiring why the last half-yearly 
 dividend was 3 per cent, lower than the previous half-year. 
 Write a letter on this. 
 
 5. Write from the Secretary in answer, saying the causes 
 of the lower dividend are (i) bad weather in Oct. and 
 Nov. ; (2) bad harvest of summer, resulting in higher price 
 of fodder ; (3) opening of new line from A. to B. Add 
 (4) full particulars in report enclosed. 
 
 6. What is meant by a sleeping partner ? 
 
 BUSINESS WORK.— VII. 
 
 1. Give a definition of: a bill of lading (how many 
 copies are made out, and for whom ?) — a bill of sale — bonus 
 — brokerage — days of grace — clearing (a vessel) — drawback. 
 
 2. Supposing you were opening a trade with an un- 
 developed part of Central Africa, what goods would you 
 send there ? 
 
 3. How far is a knowledge of Commercial Geography 
 useful to a man of business ? 
 
BUSINESS WORK. 45 
 
 4. What do you know of " Lloyd's " ? 
 
 5. A Brazilian merchant sends 50 hogsheads of coffee 
 to an agent in London to be sold on commission. Write 
 an imaginary letter from him to his agent, and date it from 
 some well-known Brazilian port. 
 
 6. Answer to " 5 " from the agent, stating he has sold 
 coffee at high price, and enclosing account sales. 
 
 BUSINESS WORK.— VIII. 
 
 1. What is meant by : del credere — demurrage — price 
 current — ship's manifest — salvage — supercargo ? 
 
 2. Where are the following measures used, and what 
 are their (approximate) equivalents in English measures : 
 metre, litre, kilometre, hectolitre ? 
 
 3. (a.) Messrs B. and F. have ordered from Messrs G, 
 and H. 50 sacks of Rangoon rice, which has arrived in such 
 bad condition that they are unable to use it. They declare 
 they must -have i o per cent, reduction on the original price 
 or will return it to G. and H. 
 
 (d.) Messrs G. and H. say that it is not their fault, as the 
 rice was in good condition when sent off. Any ordinary 
 loss covered by insurance as arranged. They are not 
 responsible. Nevertheless, offer 5 per cent, reduction. 
 
 (c.) Answer from B. and F. maintaining that the rice is 
 not only in bad condition but of inferior quality, and in- 
 sisting on 10 per cent, reduction. 
 
 Write three letters on the above lines, inserting names 
 and dates yourself. 
 
44 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 BUSINESS WORK— IX. 
 
 1. What is "docketing" a letter? and what should a 
 ^^ docket " show ? 
 
 2. Explain : net proceeds — rebate — course of exchange, 
 — dock warrant — indorsement of bill — general average — 
 crossed cheque. 
 
 3. Distinguish between a current account and a deposit 
 account at a bank ; and between exchange, rate of exchange, 
 and par of exchange. 
 
 4. What would be the postage on (i) a letter weighing 
 2 oz. from London to Paris, (2) from London to Madras ; 
 (3) on a book packet of 6 oz. from London to New York ? 
 
 5. Messrs Keith & Co., Glasgow, send a consignment of 
 cotton goods per steamer Willie to James Alison, Madras, 
 valued at ;^2ooo, and request him to remit proceeds by a 
 draft on the Bank of Scotland. 
 
 Write a letter on this. 
 
 6. Answer from Alison, doing as he was requested. 
 {N.B. — The goods fetch ;£^3ooo, and his commission is 
 
 BUSINESS WORK.— X. 
 
 1 . How may the Marine Insurance of goods be effected ? 
 and what is a " floating policy " ? 
 
 2. What is a "documentary bill/' and a "letter of 
 hypothecation " ? and distinguish between a " long " and a 
 " short " bill. 
 
BUSINESS WORK. 45 
 
 3. Why should all letters of a business nature be copied ? 
 Name the quickest and easiest means of copying and pre- 
 serving copies of letters. 
 
 4. Explain J>er J^ro. fully, stating what persons are author- 
 ised to use this term, and when. 
 
 5. What is a precis, and what is required in one? 
 
 6. Write to the Manager of Smith's Bank, London, send- 
 ing the sum of ^200 for your current account. 
 
 7. Give the Manager's reply. 
 
 8. Telegraph to Jackson & Sons, New Orleans, for 800 
 bales of cotton for immediate delivery in Baltimore, and 
 then write confirming your telegram, and giving directions- 
 a-s to insurance and shipment to Liverpool. 
 
.46 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 FRENCH.— I. 
 
 1 . Translate : — 
 
 (i.) We shall buy in view of a rise in price shortly. 
 
 (2.) The issue of shares will take place on the 2othinst. 
 
 (3.) Please send these goods in bulk. 
 
 (4.) We only give 2°/^ discount. 
 
 (5.) Please act in our best interests. 
 
 (6.) Hoping to hear from you. 
 
 (7.) You acknowledge receipt of our letter of the 
 
 14th ult. 
 (8.) He has shares in the Bank of France. 
 
 2. Translate into English : — La cote de la Bourse indique 
 le cours du change, c'est-a-dire le prix que vaut, a un jour 
 donne, une lettre de change de telle ville sur telle autre, en 
 prenant pour base une valeur nominale et sous-entendue 
 qu'on appelle Me certain.' Dans le change interieur de 
 France le certain est 100; si la lettre de change se paye 
 100 aujourd'hui, le cours est au pair* si elle se paye 105, 
 il est audessus du pair; si elle se paye 95, il est au-dessous. 
 
 3. Explain : La creance de Pierre est aussi soldee. 
 
 FRENCH.— II. 
 
 I. Translate and explain : — 
 
 (i.) La traite a ete protestee faute d'avis. 
 
 (2.) Vous pouvez faire traite sur moi a vue pour le 
 
 total de v/ facture. 
 (3.) La banque a refuse d' escompter cet effet 
 
 parcequ'on ne peut le considerer comme papier 
 
 de banque. 
 
COMMERCIAL FRENCH. 47 
 
 (4.) Les actions ne sont pas encore entierement 
 
 liberees. 
 (5.) Droits d'entree et de sortie. 
 (6.) Refaction pour avaries. 
 
 2. Translate following extract from F. Armand, of Mar- 
 seilles, to C. Denis of Lyons : — " Les soies Bengale, Chine 
 et Japon sont delaissees malgre les concessions offertes par 
 les vendeurs; mais bien que la demande pour les soies de 
 Perse ait baisse un peu, les prix n'ont pas flechi. II se 
 presente une occasion exceptionnelle en fait d'achat de 
 bourres de Chine. Si done a cet egard vous jugiez a 
 propos de nous passer q. q. ordres, nous serions en mesure 
 de les executer ; mais il conviendrait de ne pas temporiser, 
 a cause des competitions qui peuvent a chaque instant se 
 produire." 
 
 3. Answer from Denis thanking for information, ordering 
 6 bales of Chinese raw silk, and asking exact prices of 
 Persian. 
 
 FRENCH.— III. 
 
 1. Translate and explain: — report, faire I'inventaire; 
 liberer une action, transbordement, Sucre en pains, Societe 
 anonyme, Acte de societe, machine, main d'oeuvre, actif, 
 expedier. 
 
 2. Translate : — Le nouvel emprunt russe, d'une import- 
 ance nominale de 500 millions, est constitue en 3 p. 100; 
 il est represente par des obligations de 500 fr. productives 
 d'un interet annual de 15 francs et dont le taux d'emis- 
 sion est fixe a 39875. C'est du 4 p. 100 net, si Ton tient 
 compte de la bonification^accordee aux liberations antici- 
 
48 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 pees et du point de depart de la jouissance. L'obligation 
 emise a 39875 etant remboursable a 500 francs le sou- 
 scripteur echappera a tout danger de conversion. 
 
 3. {a) Translate: — A M.M. Brown F'^^^- a Londres. 
 Nous avons I'honneur de vous donner, ci-dessous, le 
 bordereau de v/ remise du 14 ecoule dont vous serez 
 credites, sauf bonne fin, par ;^95, los. iid. (au change 
 de 25.22.) 
 
 Voici par contre, a votre ordre, a v/ debit, £,^Sj 
 I OS. I id., vue Londres. Veuillez agreez, &c., &c., 
 M. Lenorme. 
 
 (b) Answer from Messrs Brown, pointing out that a 
 mistake has been made in calculating the exchange. 
 It ought to be ;^95, 15 s. iid. Ask for prompt 
 rectification. 
 
 FRENCH.— IV. 
 
 T . Translate and explain : — Un bordereau, les dcritures, 
 le grand-livre, un rabais, vente au rabais, un rachat, 
 un delai, un atermoiement, un acte de protester, une 
 vente a Tenchere, la caisse d'amortissement, amortissable, 
 l'obligation. 
 
 2. Translate, with notes: — "C'est samedi soir qu'a 
 expire le delai accorde aux actionnaires du Comptoir 
 National d'Escompte et de la Banque d'Escompte pour 
 souscrire aux actions de la nouvelle compagnie nationale 
 des Chemins de fer a voie etroite. Ceux-ci ont profite 
 avec un tel empressement du droit qui leur etait accorde 
 par ces deux societes d'obtenir les actions au pair, que des 
 
COMMERCIAL FRENCH. 49 
 
 gens qui ne sont actionnaires ni du Comptoir ni de la 
 Banque, ont voulu s'assurer des litres, meme en payant una 
 prime." 
 
 3. Translate : — " We have duly received your favour of 
 the 2nd inst., asking us to undertake proceedings for the 
 payment of a bill of 1172.50 francs, drawn on Mr Zimon. 
 We beg to point out that this bill has not been accepted 
 by the drawee, and that, consequently, it does not give a 
 sufficient claim for collection. Please send further in- 
 structions, and we will then hasten to carry out your 
 wishes." 
 
 FRENCH.— V. 
 
 1. Translate into French : — 
 
 (i) He has an account with me. 
 
 (2) On joint account. 
 And, into English : — 
 
 (3) Je suis pret a accepter les conditions que vous 
 
 proposez, a savoir; 1° Ne prendre de com- 
 mission d'aucun cote ; 2° Chacun garantis- 
 sant les traites qu'il prend ; 3° les ports de 
 lettres a la charge de chacun ; 4° comme 
 aussi les droits de timbre et de courtage, 
 suivant I'usage de chaque place ; 5"" L'interet 
 devant etre calcule sur chaque cotnpte-courant 
 a raison de 5 % ^'^^^ 
 
 2. Translate : — " We beg to acknowledge receipt of 
 your favour of the 30th ult., offering us American wool 
 (both greasy and washed), and also Spanish wool, which 
 you say you can let us have on advantageous terms. 
 Your samples of American wool suit us well enough, 
 
50 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 but we think the prices too high in the present state of 
 our market. If, however, you could let us have a reduc- 
 tion of ten per cent, on the sorts enumerated below, we 
 should be glad to take the following quantities." 
 
 3. Answer: that a 10 Y^ reduction is impossible, but 
 that, in view of depression of market, a 5 °/^ reduction 
 will be allowed ; further orders solicited. 
 
 FRENCH.— VI. 
 
 1. Translate and explain : — agio, appoint, avarie, un 
 besoin, billet a domicile, bordereau de caisse, le poids 
 brut, cabotage, commanditaire, societe en commandite, 
 societe en nom collectif, I'association a responsabilite 
 limitee, la seule de change, la premibre de change, la 
 seconde de change. 
 
 2. Translate : — A MM. Savory. Nous avous regu les 
 20 balles de cafe dont vous avisiez Fexpedition par v/ 
 lettre du 4ct.; mais apres avoir examine ces denrees, nous 
 en trouvons la qualite si mauvaise, que nous ne pourrions 
 en faire usage. Ce n'est qu'a regret que nous les prenons ; 
 si nous n'etions pas en relations depuis plusieurs annees, 
 nous les eussions laissees a votre disposition. Vous nous 
 rendriez done un grand service si vous pouviez en disposer 
 autrement ; cependant si cela ne peut se faire, nous les 
 prendrons, mais seulement a condition que vous nous 
 accordiez un rabais de 10 °l^. 
 
 Dans I'attente de v/ reponse, nous vous prions d'agreer, 
 &c., J. et B. Wilton. 
 
 3. Answer from MM. Savory that they are surprised at 
 complaints made, as the quality of coffee is very good, 
 considering the price. Cannot make 10 7oj but will make 
 
COMMERCIAL FRENCH. 5 I 
 
 5 7o reduction. Hope this will be a satisfactory solution 
 to the affair. 
 
 4. Translate : " Je m'engage par la presente de re- 
 tourner ladite lettre de change, ou sa valeur, en recevant 
 Tavis que la traite ci-dessus mentionnee a ete dtiment 
 soldee avec rechange et les autres frais." 
 
 FRENCH.— VII. 
 
 1. Translate: — Honfleur, le 3 Mai, 1874. a M. A. 
 Dampierre a Rouen — Occupe dans ce moment de mon 
 inventaire, je vous envoie ci-joint un extrait de v/ compte- 
 courant chez moi, arrete au 30 avril et soldant par frs. 
 617.50 en ma faveur. Je vous serai tres oblige de vouloir 
 bien I'examiner au plus tot et m'informer si nous marchons 
 d'accord. En attendant, monsieur, agreez, &c. J. Denis. 
 
 2. Answer to above : — " I have received yours of the 
 2nd instant containing the copy of my current account with 
 you, up to the 30th April, and I have hastened to verify 
 it in accordance with your wishes. With the exception of 
 two points, our accounts agree ', so please rectify the two 
 omissions here pointed out in the memorandum herewith 
 enclosed, and carry forward to new account the balance 
 in your favour, which I will cover without delay. A. 
 Dampierre." 
 
 Add the date, beginning and ending, as usual. 
 
 3. Translate : — Cotons — Notre marche a ete assez 
 regulier pendant le mois de septbre, avec une tres legere 
 tendance a la baisse ; tout le stock est sur le marche, et 
 malgre cela les Surates sont moins deprecies qu'ils ne Font 
 ete precedemment. Les fluctuations depuis bien des mois 
 
52 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 ont ete insignifiantes, tant pour le disponible que pour le 
 livrer. 
 
 4. Explain : — delegation, consignation, contrat a la grosse, 
 detainer, donneur d'aval, especes en caisse ; passif, promesse 
 d'action, provision, retraite. 
 
 FRENCH.— VIII. 
 
 1. Explain : — Cabotage, cale, effets sur Londres, nolisage 
 et chapeau, vins bourgeois et vins paysans. 
 
 2. Translate : — La recolte de betterave sous Tinfluence 
 des derni^res pluies s'annonce mieux et parait vouloir 
 reprendre la vegetation luxuriante qu'etaient venues 
 suspendre de trop grandes secheresses ; a moins que les 
 droits sur les melasses exotiques ne soient votes par les 
 Chambres, on est autorise a ne pas voir les cours en voie 
 de hausse. 
 
 3. Write a short letter to Messrs Antoine & Co., of 
 Rouen, introducing a Mr Robinson, who is trying to extend 
 his business with firms in the wool trade. 
 
 4. Translate : — " Par le Due de Nantes nous expedions 
 a v/ consignation 50 sacs de laine d'Australie pour notre 
 compte, sur lesquels n/ v/ prions d'effectuer Fassurance du 
 montant de 50,000 fr. Quand le chargement sera com- 
 plete, n/ v/ enverrons le connaissement et la facture, ainsi 
 que la specification de la valeur de chaque sac pour Fen- 
 dossement de la police." 
 
 What is laine en suint, and laine en toison ? 
 
COMMERCIAL FRENCH. 53 
 
 FRENCH.— IX. 
 
 1. Translate: — Tout commercant est tenu d^avoir un 
 livre-joumal qui presente, jour par jour, ses dettes actives 
 et passives, les operations de son commerce, ses negotia- 
 tions, acceptations ou endossements d'effets, et generale- 
 ment tout ce qu'il regoit et paye, a quelque titre que ce 
 soit ; et qui enonce, mois par mois, les sommes employees 
 a la depense de sa maison ; le tout independamment des 
 autres livres usites dans le commerce, mais qui ne sont pas 
 indispensables — II est tenu de mettre en liasse les lettres 
 missives qu'il regoit et de copier sur un registre celles qu'il 
 envoie. 
 
 2. Translate : — 
 
 (i.) We beg to inform you that we have succeeded 
 
 in insuring the cargo at a moderate premium. 
 (2). Buy at once for me 20 bales of cotton, to be 
 
 delivered in May. 
 (3.) I will send my clerk to show you some patterns. 
 (4.) The balance is 22*50 frs., for which we shall 
 
 reimburse ourselves by drawing on you at 
 
 30 d/s. 
 
 (5.) It is a fraudulent bankruptcy. 
 
 3. Translate : — " A 60 jours de date veuillez payer par 
 cette seconde de change {la pre^iiiere ne Vetant) a Monsieur 
 Loquet ou a son ordre la somme de six cent francs, valeur 
 en compte, et que vous passerez suivant avis de Charpentier 
 et fils.'^ Explain the words in italics. 
 
 4. Explain : — Billet a domicile, reconnaissance, au taux 
 de, proteste faute de payement. 
 
54 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 FRENCH.— X. 
 
 I . Translate : — Compte de retour a une traite de frs. 
 2 000 tiree par N. Aucassin de Charleroi, le 2. juin, 1890 
 sur E. Nord de Paris, echue le 5 juillet, a Tordre de A. 
 Foret, protestee faute de payement : — 
 
 Principal de la lettre de charge ci-jointe frs. 2000. 
 30 jours d'interets a J7o P^^ "^ois . . 10. 
 
 Protet, timbres, et enregistrement . . 6.65 
 
 Timbres de la retraite et du present compte 3.50 
 
 Courtage et certificat de I'agent de change 4.50 
 
 Ports de lettres et timbres-poste . . 1.50 
 
 Commission de banque ^7^ . . . 10.00 
 
 frs. 2036.20 
 Perte a la negociation de la retraite, J 7o 10.20 
 
 frs. 2046.40 
 
 2. Translate : — 
 
 M. Jean Hardi a Nantes. Doit 
 
 a E. Delamer a Lille, pour expedition — pour son compte, et a 
 ses risques — d'une balle marquee et numerotee comme en 
 marge, contenant des mousselines, par I'entremise de M. 
 Charles Rouder, commissionaire a x\nvers a I'adresse de M. 
 R. Josephs a Londres. 
 
 Payable au comptant a Anvers ou a Lille. 
 
 [Facture suit.] 
 
 3. Translate : — Fret suivant connaissement et chapeau 
 au capitaine — commissionaire de roulage — permis de 
 debarquement — emballage et paille — sauf erreur ou 
 omission. 
 
 4. Give the French of: Petty expenses — carriage — way- 
 bill — storing — fire insurance — weighing — unloading. 
 
COMMERCIAL FRENCH. 55 
 
 5. Write a letter complaining that some raw silk ordered 
 by Thomson & Co. from Page of Hong-Kong has arrived 
 in such bad condition that it is impossible to use it, and 
 that T must reluctantly return it. 
 
 {N.B. — This letter should be at least ten lines long.) 
 
 FRENCH.— XL 
 
 1. Translate : — 
 
 {a}) ^^Soie. — Les affaires, en cet article, sont a peu 
 pres completement suspendues ; les fabricants 
 chinois refusent de s'engager sous contrats, 
 par suite de la difficulte qu'offre la nouvelle 
 loi sur les accises." 
 
 (^.) Changes. — Sur la Hollande, a 6 mois de date, 
 io2|-7o pour traites de banque, et 103°/^ pour 
 traites particulieres. 
 
 (r) Pas de debouche pour le disponible. 
 
 2. Translate : — " I am sorry to have to inform you that 
 the damages were very serious, as you have seen from the 
 details I gave you in my previous letter. Nearly all the 
 cargo had to be unloaded in order to proceed with the 
 needful repairs. 
 
 These are now finished, and the ship is on the point of 
 being reloaded, but to meet these expenses I had to get a 
 bottomry loan at i37o on ship and cargo." 
 
 3. Translate : — 
 
 (i.) I shall take proceedings for the recovery of 
 
 my claim. 
 (2.) Messrs E. and F. have been adjudicated 
 
 bankrupts. 
 (3.) These are very unsafe bills. 
 
^6 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 (4.) They can only pay 5s. in the ;£i down. 
 (5.) Their estate is mortgaged. 
 
 4. Explain : — Billet a longue echeance — tenue des 
 livres — en entrepot — credit a decouvert — recepisse de 
 livraison. 
 
 5. Give the French for : — Colonial produce — to com- 
 pound with one's creditors — bills in hand — stock on hand — 
 second-hand — carriage free. 
 
 FRENCH.— XII. 
 
 1. Translate: — " Le bruit avait circule, au moment de 
 la liquidation, que I'entente etait faite entre la Banque 
 d'Espagne, le gouvernement espagnol, et la maison Roths- 
 child, tant sur le renouvellement d'une avance echeant 
 fin decembre 1891, que sur un pret en or a conceder a la 
 Banque d'Espagne pour renforcer son encaisse metallique 
 et arreter les progres de la hausse du change. Ces informa- 
 tions etaient tout au moins prematurees et les negociations 
 entre la maison Rothschild et la Banque d'Espagne sont 
 meme interrompues. L'accentuation de la baisse sur la 
 rente exterieure a eu son contre-coup sur les actions et 
 obligations des chemins de fer d'Espagne." 
 
 2. Translate : — 
 
 (i.) We have disposed of the whole lot, but we are 
 
 not disposed to buy any more. 
 (2.) The items in the ledger are quite correct. 
 (3.) The shares are not yet fully paid up. 
 (4.) We send you enclosed the extract of your 
 
 current account with us, balanced up to the 
 
 31st December. 
 (5.) The supply follows the demand. 
 (6.) The goods are not up to sample. 
 
COMMERCIAL FRENCH. 57 
 
 3. Translate : — Nous sommes favorises de v/ lettre en 
 date du ii ct. nous manifestant I'intention de traiter 
 quelques centaines de balles a livrer dans les numeros 
 3 et 6 des echantillons Louisiane que nous avons transmis. 
 Depuis notre derniere lettre nos cours ont pris une allure 
 ascendante qui Ton ne devait pas considerer comme si 
 prochaine et qui a eu pour cause d'assez bonnes nouvelles 
 de Liverpool. II s'y etait traite neuf mille balles en un 
 jour a -Jd de hausse, et on ajoutait que suivant toute 
 apparence la hausse ne s'arreterait pas la. 
 
 4. Translate : — " No arrival having taken place since our 
 last quotation the sales made have diminished our stock 
 during the three days just elapsed. We have thought 
 proper in your interests to delay any steps under the present 
 state of affairs." 
 
58 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 GERMAN.— I. 
 
 1. Translate : — 
 
 (i.) The issue of the shares will take place at a 
 lower price. 
 
 (2.) Demurrage at ^12 per diem. 
 
 (Explain " demurrage " and put ;^i 2 into marks.) 
 
 (3.) Damage and primage reckoned in. 
 
 (4.) The stock and share list shows higher quota- 
 tions. 
 
 (5.) We have duly received your telegram of 
 yesterday. 
 
 (6.) Please conclude the bargain as soon as possible. 
 
 (7.) Invoice and bill of lading herewith enclosed. 
 
 2. Ludwig Bamberg, Hanover, draws on Julius Vogel,, 
 Bautzen, for 750 marks on the 20th of March 1890 ; to be 
 paid thirty days after date. J. V. accepts it, and agrees to 
 pay it at the German Bank, Berlin. 
 
 Draw out this bill in proper form in German. 
 
 3. Translate into English : — 
 
 " In Bestatigung m/ Zuschrift vom 15 v. M. mit 
 beigeschlossenem Wechsel im Betrage von M. 
 2545.75, habe ich nunmehr die Ehre, Ihnen 
 noch weitere Wechsel zu ubermachen die Sie 
 mir gefalligst gutschreiben wollen." 
 
 GERMAN.— II. 
 
 I. Translate : — " Da wir neuerlich mehrere Auftrage von 
 Ihrem Agenten in Hamburg, Herrn Roberts, auf Einkauf 
 und Verschiffung verschiedener britischer Manufakturwaren 
 erhalten haben, wiirde es uns angenehm sein zu erfahren. 
 
COMMERCIAL GERMAN. 5^ 
 
 welches Ubereinkommen zwischen Ihnen und demselbert 
 in Bezug aiif Provision besteht ; namlich ob wir, da Sie 
 wie wir vermuten ihm einen Teil derselben einraumen, ihm 
 oder Ihnen einen solchen und welchen verhaltnismassigen 
 Teil gutschreiben sollen." 
 
 2. Reply from Messrs Shaw to Messrs Kruger that Mr 
 Roberts is to receive half their commission on goods 
 bought by his orders, and hope that Messrs K. will agree 
 to this arrangement. 
 
 3. Translate and explain : — 
 
 (i.) Protest mangels Zahlung. 
 
 (2.) Es ist nicht auf Lager. 
 
 (3.) Kreditgesuch gegen Hinterlegung von Wert- 
 
 papieren. 
 (4.) Konto-iibertragung. 
 (5.) Zuriicksendung einer Anweisung. Barvorrat 
 
 ungenligend. 
 (6.) Unsere x\ctiva iibersteigen unsere Passiva 
 
 ganz bedeutend. 
 (7.) The bill was payable on the 30th ult. 
 (8.) The rate of interest is at 5°/^. 
 
 GERMAN.— III. 
 
 1 . Translate : — A money-order ; a registered letter ; a 
 letter to be called for ; carriage paid ; a shareholder ; 
 second-hand books ; the exchange is looking up. 
 
 2. Translate : — Roggen erfreute sich unausgesetzt guter 
 Kauflust ; das anhaltend reichliche, aber keineswegs dran- 
 gende Angebot verhinderte ein langsames Aufstreben der 
 Preise nicht. Der Gesamtumsatz war ein betrachtlicher. 
 Der Ausfuhrsverkehr war schwacher. Hafer kam spar- 
 
6o COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 licher zu Markte und wurde hoher gehalten. Malz fest, 
 bei schwachem Angebot. 
 
 3. Translate : — Herrn Anton Wohlfahrt, in Breslau. 
 Bezugnehmend auf Ihnen anbei zugehende Circulare, 
 woraus Sie die bei unserer Firma am i. Octbr. d. J. 
 eintretenden geschaftlichen Veranderungen ersehen, diirfen 
 wir Sie wohl freundlich bitten, uns Abschluss unserer 
 Rechnung pr. i October zustellen zu wollen, sowie auch 
 unser sich ergebendes kleines Guthaben. Mit freund- 
 schaftlicher Hochachtung. A. T. Schroeter u. Cie. 
 
 4. Answer from Wohlfahrt, showing a balance of 
 M. 240.10 to Schroeter's credit, and requesting further 
 orders. 
 
 GERMAN.— IV. 
 
 I. Translate : — 
 
 (i) "Das Laden des Schiffes soil auf Kosten des 
 Befrachters in der Weise stattfinden, das letz- 
 teres am. i Juli d. J. unter Segel gehen und 
 von Bremen absegeln kann, bei Strafe von 
 zwei hundert und vierzig Mark fiir jeden Tag 
 Aufschub." 
 
 (2) "Das Entloschen soil in Cadiz auf Kosten des 
 Befrachters stattfinden, und zwar durch den 
 dortigen Kaufmann Alfonso Rodrigo oder 
 seinen Bevollmachtigten, ein Laufe von zehn 
 Tagen von dem Augenblick angerechnet, wo 
 ihm der Kapitan seine Aukunft angezeigt 
 hat, bei Strafe von zwei hundert und vierzig 
 Mark fiir jeden Tag Verzug." 
 
COMMERCIAL GERMAN. 6 1 
 
 2. Give the German for : — Charter party ; bottomry loan ; 
 bill of exchange with case of need ; 500 tons measure- 
 ment ; salary ; commission ; your travelling expenses being 
 allowed; Merchandise Marks Act; the 21st July 1892. 
 
 3. E. Hartmann writes to F. Sandoffsky saying he hoped 
 to pay S.'s bill of M. 13500.50 at the end of the month; 
 but difficulties have arisen, and he cannot find the neces- 
 sary cash at present, as his own debtors are in difficulties, 
 owing to a bad harvest, which makes it impossible to 
 realise satisfactory prices for corn. Write on this. 
 
 4. Answer from F. Sandoffsky, pointing out that for 
 some time E. H. has not been punctual in his payments, 
 but as he does not wish to injure his credit, he will grant 
 an extension of one month only. 
 
 GERMAN.— V. 
 
 1. Translate : — 
 
 (i.) He has an account with me. 
 
 (2.) On joint account. 
 
 (3.) Registered 100 Ai at Lloyd's. 
 
 (4.) Freights are now low. 
 
 (5.) Trade is rather dull. 
 
 (6.) The captain had to contract a bottomry loan. 
 
 (7.) Railway rates are too high. 
 
 (8.) An early reply will oblige. 
 
 (9.) Duplicate enclosed. 
 
 (10.) You will please credit us. 
 
 2. Translate: — "Unsere Bedingungen im Weckselge- 
 schaft sind die gewohnlichen, namlich 1/3 7o- Provision, 
 i7oo Kourtage, und Ersatz unserer Auslagen fur Porto, 
 
62 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 Stempel u.s.w. Die Zinsen berechnen wir gegenseitig zu 
 5 Y^ jahrlich, bemerken Ihnen jedoch, dass, wenn sich 
 beim Abschlusse des Kontokorrents der Zinsensaldo zu 
 Ihren Gunsten ergiebt, wir Ihnen dafiir nicht Rechnung 
 halten konnen, da wir schon Miihe haben, unsere eigenen 
 Gelder umzusetzen." 
 
 3. Translate : — We beg to acknowledge receipt of your 
 letter of the i6th inst, containing a rectification of the 
 account sent to us. We have examined the account and 
 find that there is certainly an error in adding up ; it should 
 be 3005 instead of 3015 ; there is thus a difference of 
 10 M., with which we debit you. On the other hand, the 
 rate of exchange on Hamm ought to have been | instead 
 of J 7oj ^^^ thus M. 12.20 remain to your credit. 
 
 GERMAN.— VI. 
 
 1 . Translate : — Die ZoUgebiihren sind zu hoch — 
 Maklergebiihr eingerechnet — die Stimmung ist jetzt etwas 
 besser — woriiber anbei Konossement — Nettogew. — der Ton 
 des Marktes neigte sich dem vSinken zu. 
 
 2. Translate: — London, the nth of July, 1892. New 
 York money market report. The market for American 
 rails has become much slacker the last few days. The (so- 
 called) " Exhibition " lines are most depressed, especially 
 the Chicago and St Paul. The weekly balance sheet of the 
 New York United Banks shows an increase in the supply 
 of specie and notes by nearly 3 million, and in the surplus 
 of the reserve fund by 1 1 million dollars above the legal 
 minimum. 
 
COMMERCIAL GERMAN. 6$ 
 
 3. Translate : — " Infolge der wahrend der letzten paar 
 Wochen stattgefundenen bedeutenden Gold-Zufuhren war 
 die Bank von England in der Lage, ihren Metallvorrat 
 Avieder derart zu erganzen, dass fiir sie kein Grund mehr 
 vorlag, ihren mit dem Geldleihwert im offenen Markte 
 mittlerweile sehr in Widerspruch geratenen amtlichen 
 Zinsfuss ferner auf 3 7o aufrecht zu erhalten. Kurze Vor- 
 schiisse sind zu f °/^ angeboten, wahrend der Privatzinsfuss 
 fiir Dreimonats-Bankwechsel heute mit ij bis i—^ ver- 
 zeichnet wird." 
 
 GERMAN.— VII. 
 
 1. Translate : — 
 
 (i.) If they should be made bankrupt we by no 
 
 means intend to be hard on them. 
 (2.) It is only a question of giving them time. 
 (3.) Our assets far exceed our liabilities. 
 (4.) I can discharge the whole of my liabilities. 
 (5.) He will give a full statement of his affairs. 
 
 2. Translate : — Die Verhaltnisse des hiesigen Eisenge- 
 werbes haben sich seit meinem letzten Bericht kaum 
 geandert ; das Roheisengeschaft steht auf der einen Seite 
 unter dem Druck der hohen Rohstoffpreise, wie Cokes u. 
 Eisenstein, und des Ausfuhrgeschaftes und der unzulang- 
 lichen Beschaftigung der hiesigen Walzwerke, die mit ihren 
 Bestellungen zur Deckung des Bedarfs fiir das dritte 
 Jahresviertel zuriickhalten. Auf den Gruben sind keine 
 Bestande und die Forderung wird knapp gehalten. 
 
 3. Translate : — 
 
 (i.) Bis zur Stunde haben wir noch keinen Schiff- 
 sreeder finden konnen. 
 
64 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 (2.) Falls Sie hiergegen nichts einzuwenden haben 
 so benachrichtigen Sie uns gefalligst umgehend 
 hiervon. 
 
 (3.) Laut der beigeschlossenen Aufstellung betragen 
 die Kosten der Reparatur so wie die weiteren 
 durch das Aulaufen veranlassten Unkosten 
 zusammen 6792 Mark. 
 
 4. Translate: — Junior Clerk wanted, aged about 17. 
 Oood hand-writing indispensable. Hours eight till seven. 
 Apply personally on Wednesday from i to 4 ; 2 Goethe 
 Street, Berlin, S.E. 
 
 GERMAN.— VIII. 
 
 1. Translate: — " Ihr Contocorrent ist richtig befunden 
 and der Ihnen nach demselben zukommende Saldo mit 
 M. 124.17 unter dem i Jan. vorgetragen. Ihren freund- 
 lichen Wlinschen zum Jahreswechsel aufrichtig erwidernd 
 zeichne ich ergebenst. C. F." 
 
 2. Translate : — " Gerade in den letzten Tagen hat sich 
 in Salpeter zu rasch steigenden Preisen ein sehr bedeutendes 
 Geschaft entwickelt und zwar sowohl in schwimmenden 
 Ladungen als auch in Lieferungswaare. Fiir Locowaare 
 wurde am 19. d. Mts. M. 9,65 bis M. 9,70 pro 50 Kg. frei 
 ab Hamburg notirt." 
 
 3. Explain : — Nachfrage — Guthaben — Rohstoffe — Um- 
 satz — Reingewinn — Mahnbrief — Lehrling — Wech sel auf 
 Sicht — ein Wechsel diskontiren — Schutzzoll — Ostsee. 
 
 4. Translate : — 
 
 (a.) I am in receipt of your favour of the 30th of 
 last month. 
 
COMMERCIAL GERMAN. 65 
 
 {b.) Your remittance has duly come to hand. 
 
 {c.) The investment is a good one. 
 
 {d.) There is no endorsement to this bill. 
 
 {e.) Hoping to hear from you by return of post. 
 
 5. Translate : — " I regret to have to tell you that the 
 goods invoiced in your favour of the loth inst. by no 
 means correspond to ' the samples shown me by your 
 traveller, and therefore I cannot do otherwise than return 
 these goods to you." 
 
 GERMAN.— IX. 
 
 1. Translate : — " Wir sind unserm Freunde, Herrn F. B., 
 fiir seine Empfehlung an Ihr wertes Haus sehr verpflichtet ; 
 und in Erwiederung Ihres geschatzten Schreibens vom 
 29 V. M. erlauben wir uns Ihnen mitzuteilen, dass wir von 
 der uns gemachten Konsignation fiir Rechnung des Herrn 
 Robson, wie auch von Ihren Vorschriften bezliglich der 
 Ablieferung der Gliter, so wie des Kredits, den wir diesem 
 Herrn fiir dieselben zu bewilligen haben, gehorig Kenntnis 
 genommen haben." 
 
 2. Translate: — "Wir konnen Ihnen bereits die gliick- 
 liche Ankunft unsers besagten Freundes mit den bewussten 
 Giitern melden. In einigen Tagen sollen Sie wieder von 
 uns horen, wo wir Ihnen dann nahere Nachrichten geben 
 zu konnen hoffen. Die Feuerversicherung werden wir 
 besorgen, so bald die Giiter ausgeladen sind. 
 
 3. Translate into German : — 
 
 {a.) It would give us much pleasure if this first 
 transaction between us led to a continued 
 
66 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 correspondence of mutual advantage, which 
 we for our part will do all we can to 
 promote. 
 
 {b.) Our business is not very lively, and both 
 manufactured goods and colonial produce are 
 little in demand. We enclose you a price- 
 list of the latter. 
 
 4. Translate : — 
 
 {a.) We have credited you with 5 J 7o- 
 
 {b,) This endorsement offers no guarantee. 
 
 {c.) We have exchanged the shares for 3 % bonds. 
 
 5. Translate : — 
 
 {a.) Die Borse hat sich von der Flauheit, die seit 
 
 einiger Zeit herrschte, erholt. 
 {b.) Unverzinsliche Staatspapiere. 
 {c.) Hypothekirtes Eigentum. 
 
 GERMAN.— X. 
 
 1. Translate: — 
 
 (i.) He has sent me patterns which are five per 
 
 cent, cheaper than yours. 
 (2.) This is the finest lace we have in stock. 
 (3.) Please wire me on receipt of this as to whether 
 
 I can rely on your executing the above order, 
 
 and at what price. 
 (4.) Enclosed you will find the invoice for two 
 
 casks of sugar. 
 
 2. Translate : — " Mein Ergebenes vom 29 V. M. bestati- 
 gend, diene ich anbei wieder mit einer kleinen Ordre, und 
 
COMMERCIAL GERMAN. 67 
 
 ersuche um moglichst rasche Ausfiihrung. Herren D. und 
 Cie. beschweren sich dass letzt gelieferte Cambrai Nets 
 geringer als friihere sind, und verlangen eine entsprechende 
 Vergiitung. Den Unterschied ersehen Sie aus beifolgenden 
 Abschnitten. A ist die friihere, B. die jetzt gelieferte Ware. 
 Haben Sie die Giite darauf zu sehen, dass solche Falle sich 
 nicht wiederholen ; die Concurrenz lauert ohnedies mit 
 Begier auf unsere Clienten." 
 
 3. Give the German for : To wind up (a business) — to 
 work a mine — to undersell — an underwriter — to threaten 
 legal proceedings against anyone — a syndicate — a ring. 
 
 4. Write an original letter in German offering raw silk 
 to a manufacturer, saying — 
 
 (i.) You can supply it at very low prices. 
 
 (2.) Enclose samples. 
 
 (3.) You also have some cotton in stock, which 
 
 you wish to sell at once. 
 (4.) You hope for further orders. 
 
 GERMAN.— XI. 
 
 1. Explain : — Borsenpapiere — Briefporto — Einzelauftrag 
 -Biirge — ein Patent zu losen. 
 
 2. Translate : — 
 
 (i.) The ship has been overdue several days. 
 (2.) I will effect insurance and write by the next mail. 
 (3.) The mail-train starts at a quarter to four 
 (4.) The market is remarkably steady. 
 (5.) Please value on us on demand. 
 
68 COMMERCIAL EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 
 3 Translate :— " Als die Waaren schliesslich hier 
 anlangten, hatten sich die hiesigen Marktverhaltnisse leider 
 gewaltig geandert. Der Markt war reichlich besorgt, die 
 Preise waren um lo °/o gesunken, und dabei war es noch 
 schwer, Kaufer zu finden. Daher haben wir es flir besser 
 geachtet, einstweilen die Sendung auf Lager zu behalten 
 und eine bessere Gelegenheit abzuwarten bis wir dieselbe 
 an den Mann bringen konnen." 
 
 4. Translate : — 
 
 (i.) Ihr gefalliges Schreiben vom 12 ds. beeilen wir 
 
 uns zu erledigen. 
 (2.) Sein Brief schweigt durchaus betreffs Sconto 
 
 und Bedingungen. 
 (3.) Belieben Sie sogleich 100 Tonnen Talg laut 
 
 Probe No. 2 fiir meine Rechnung zu kaufen. 
 (4.) Die Modalitaten sind die gleichen wie frliher. 
 (5.) Die Lieferung wird unverziiglich stattfinden. 
 
 GERMAN.— XII. 
 
 1. Translate: — "We find that our account of the 12th 
 April fell due a month ago, without your having sent us 
 any remittance for the amount. We consequently take the 
 liberty of reminding you of it, as the matter has perhaps 
 slipped your memory. Hoping for an early reply, we beg 
 to remain, yours faithfully, — F. & G." 
 
 2. Translate : — " The senior partner will carry on the 
 business as before, and hopes to find a market for the sale 
 of your goods in the best shops of this town. He has also 
 
COMMERCIAL GERMAN. 6g 
 
 secured the services of Mr Moller as manager, and the firm 
 will continue to supply only the goods of the first quality." 
 
 3. Translate : — 
 
 (i.) Die Verdingung ist auf Freitag in acht Tagen 
 
 anberaumt. 
 (2.) Umgehend schicke ich die Muster zuriick. 
 (3.) Der einheimische Bedarf ist etwas schwacher. 
 (4.) Reis ruhig : Zucker matt. 
 (5.) Das Steigen des Rubelpreises verteuert den 
 I russischen Flachs. 
 
 4. Explain : — Aufstellung — Hiilfspersonal — Hemdstoffe 
 Kassenschrank — Werthpapiere — Wiederaufnahme. 
 
 THE END. 
 
Crown 8uOt Is. 6d, 
 THE 
 
 COMPANION GERMAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 BY 
 
 H. DE B. GIBBINS, M.A., 
 
 Assistant Master at Nottingham High School^ and formerly of the 
 Bradford and Manchester Grammar School, 
 
 For Specimen, see next page. 
 
^SPECIMEN PAGE.-\ 
 
 THE COMPANION GERMAN GRAMMAR 33 
 
 THE REFLEXIVE VERB 
 
 The simple tenses are formed like those of any other verb, 
 with the addition of the Reflexive pronouns : Sing. 1. mid], 
 2. bid], 3. fid]; PL 1. uns, 2. jtd] or cud], 3. jtd]. Compound 
 tenses are formed with I]abcn. An example of one simple and 
 one compound tense will suffice. 
 
 fl(f> MtWtyX = to make haste 
 Indicative 
 
 Present 
 id] beetle mid] xvit beeilen uns 
 b\x beeilft bid] 5ie beeilen fid] 
 
 il]r beeilt eud] 
 ex beeilt fid] fie beeilen fid] 
 I make haste, etc. 
 
 Perfect 
 
 id] f]abe mid] beeilt = I have 
 
 made haste. 
 
 Note the interrogative form — 
 
 beeile id] mid]? = do I make 
 
 haste ? 
 hiahc id] mid] beeilt ? = have I 
 made haste ? 
 
 IMPERSONAL VERBS 
 
 These consist only of the 3d person sing, neuter. You should 
 note carefully those which are personal in English but impersonal 
 in German (as, I succeed = es gelingt mir), and what cases they 
 govern. Most impersonal verbs are impersonal in both lan- 
 guages, especially those about the weather. 
 
 e.g. Present 
 
 es regnet = it rains 
 es j'd]neit = it snows 
 es ^agelt = it hails 
 es ^oimert = it thunders 
 
 es blifet = it lightens 
 es friert = it freezes 
 es tB]aut = it thaws 
 es tagt = it dawns 
 
 All these are conjugated with E]aben, e.g. it has snowed = es 
 I]at gefd]neit. 
 
 Note specially also — 
 
 Pres. es giebt = il y a = there is, or there are 
 Imperf. es gab = there were 
 
 Per/, es E]at geqehen = there has been 
 Cond. es roiirbe ^egehen I]aben, or es gdbe = there would 
 have been, etc. etc. 
 
 D 
 
December, 1891. 
 
 EDUCATIONAL WORKS 
 
 CHIEFLY COMPILED AND EDITED 
 
 BY 
 
 A. M. M. STEDMAN, M.A. 
 
 WADHAM COLL., OXON. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 First Latin Lessons 2 
 
 A First Latin Reader 2 
 
 Easy Selections from Caesar and Livy .... 4 
 
 Easy Latin Passages for Unseen Translation . . 6 
 
 First Exercises on Latin Accidence 8 
 
 Easy Latin Exercises 8 
 
 NOTANDA QUiEDAM lO 
 
 Latin Vocabularies for Repetition 12 
 
 Latin Examination Papers. With Key . . . .14 
 Easy Greek Passages for Unseen Translation . . 16 
 
 First Greek Lessons 16 
 
 Easy Greek Exercises on Elementary Syntax . . 16 
 
 Greek Vocabularies for Repetition 16 
 
 Greek Testament Selections 18 
 
 First French Lessons 20 
 
 Easy French Passages for Unseen Translation . . 20 
 Easy French Exercises on Elementary Syntax . . 20 
 French Vocabularies for Repetition . . . .20 
 French Examination Papers. With Key . . . 20 
 
 General Knowledge Examination Papers. With Key . 22 
 German Examination Papers. With Key. . . .24 
 History and Geography Examination Papers . . .24 
 
 Science Examination Papers 25* 
 
 Examination Papers in Book-keeping . . . .26 
 English Literature Examination Papers . . . .26 
 Arithmetic Examination Papers. With Key . . .27 
 Trigonometry Examination Papers. With Key . . 27 
 
 University Extension Series 28 
 
 Methuen's Science Series 30 
 
 Educational Works 30 
 
 Classical Works 30 
 
 School Examination Series 31 
 
 The Colleges of Oxford 32 
 
 b] 
 
A New and Enlai'ged Edition to accompany the Shorter Latin 
 Fri?)ier. Crown Svo. 2s. 
 
 FIRST LATIN LESSONS. 
 
 The Second Edition of this book is practically a new work. It 
 has been made much fuller than the original Edition, and while it is 
 not less simple, it will carry a boy a good deal further in the study 
 of elementary Latin. The Exercises are more numerous, some easy 
 translation adapted from Caesar has been added, and a few easy 
 Examination Papers will afford a useful test of a boy's knowledge of 
 his grammar. 
 
 "The book is very easy and well suited to little hoys.**— yournat 
 of Education, 
 
 " This will be found a useful book, for it carries out the injunc- 
 tion, so necessary for successful teaching, *line upon line, precept 
 upon precept.'" — Spectator. 
 
 Crotvn Sz>o. is. 6d. 
 
 A FIRST LATIN READER. 
 
 WITH NOTES ADAPTED TO SHORTER LATIN 
 PRIMER^ AND VOCABULARY. 
 
 A collection of easy passages without difficulties of construction 
 or thought. The book commences with simple sentences and passes 
 on to connected passages, including the history of Rome and the 
 invasion of Britain, simplified from Eutropius and Caesar. 
 
 [2] 
 
[Specimen Page.] 
 First Latin Lessons. 
 
 I. Show which of the following Verbs are Transitive, and 
 which are Intransitive — 
 
 The girl stands. The boys love the mother. The dog 
 runs. The master teaches the boy. The girl sings. The 
 queen praises the boy. Nauta stat. Puer canit. Puer 
 Juliam amat. Julia currit. . 
 
 II. Point out the Subject, Object, and Predicate in each of 
 the following, writing the proper letters over each word — 
 
 The queen loves the boy. The boy fears the dog. The 
 slave loves the girl. Puella servum timet. Servus canem 
 terret. Homo reginam amat. 
 
 III. Translate into English — 
 
 I. Servus stat. 2. Servus canem timet. 3. Homo 
 currit. 4. Canis hominem terret. 5. Puella canem 
 amat. 6. Aqua currit. 7. Puer puellam docet. 8. Ma- 
 gister servum docet. 9. Servus nautam videt. 10. Canis 
 puellam terret. 11. Homo servum videt. 12. Puella 
 canit. 13. Pater matrem amat. 14. Mater filium docet. 
 15. Nauta pugnat. 
 
 IV. Translate into Latin — 
 
 I. The slave runs. 2. The queen sees the slave. 
 3. The girl sees the sailor. 4. The man stands. 5. The 
 water runs. 6. The boy sings. 7. The girl sees the 
 water. 8. Caesar rules the land. 
 
 [3] 
 
Fcap. %vo, 
 
 EASY SELECTIONS FROM CAESAR. 
 
 PART I. 
 THE HELVETIAN WAR. 
 
 • \In the Press, 
 
 EASY SELECTIONS FROM LIVY. 
 
 PART I. 
 THE SEVEN KINGS OF ROME. 
 
 These little books contain texts adapted from Caesar 
 and Livy, and are provided with Introductions, Notes, and 
 Vocabularies. 
 
 \In the Press, 
 
 [4] 
 
Specimen Page. 
 
 1 8 Easy Selections from Caesar. 
 
 I. 
 
 Gaul and its Inhabitants. 
 
 Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres. unam partem 
 incolunt Belgae; aliam incolunt Aquitani; tertiam 
 incolunt Galli. hi omnes lingua, institutis, legibus 
 inter se difFerunt. Garumna flumen Gallos ab Aquitanis 
 dividit ; Matrona et Sequana Gallos a Sequanis dividit. 
 
 2. 
 
 Caesar's Bravest Enemy in Gaul. 
 
 Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae. longe enim 
 
 absunt a cultu Provinciae, et mercatores ad eos raro 
 
 commeant. bellum quoque continenter gerunt cum 
 Germanis qui trans Rhenum incolunt. 
 
 3. 
 Ambition of Orgetorix the Helvetian. 
 
 Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt, 
 quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt. 
 apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus et ditisslmus fuit 
 Orgetorix. is, regni cupiditate inductus, conjurationem 
 nobilitatis fecit, persuadet civitati ut de finibus suis 
 exeant. dixit perfacile esse, cum virtute omnibus 
 praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potiri. 
 
 [5] 
 
Second Edition ^ revised and enlarged » 
 Fcap. Svo. Is. 6d. 
 
 EASY LATIN PASSAGES 
 
 UNSEEN TRANSLATION. 
 
 The attention which is now rightly given to unprepared translation 
 necessitates early practice. There are many excellent manuals, but 
 most of these are too hard for beginners, for whose use the above 
 volume has been compiled. The pieces are graduated in length and 
 difficulty, and the early pieces present no serious obstacles. 
 
 **This book should be found useful." ^/ournal 0/ Education, 
 
 **The selections are carefully chosen and judiciously graduated, 
 and seem very well adapted to the needs of schoolboys." — Private 
 Schoobnaster, 
 
 [6] 
 
[Specimen Page.] 
 
 56 EASY LATIN PASSAGES. 
 
 TITUS. 
 
 321. Titus amor ac deliciae generis humani appellatus 
 est. admonentibus domesticis, quia plura polliceretur, 
 quam praestare posset, non oportere, ait, quemquam a 
 sermone principis tristem discedere. atque etiam recor- 
 datus quondam super coenam, quod nihil cuiquam toto 
 die praestitisset, memorabilem illam meritoque laudatam 
 vocem edidit : Amici, diem perdidi ! 
 
 THE LIMITS OF PLAY. 
 
 322. Lusus pueris proderunt ; quia pueri post lusus 
 plus virium et acriorem animum afferunt ad discendum. 
 modus tamen sit remissionibus ; ne aut negatae odium 
 studiorum f aciant, aut nimiae otii consuetudinem afiferant. 
 
 323. AN OLD HALL. 
 
 Quin etiam veterum effigies ex ordine avorum 
 antiqua e cedro, Italusque paterque Sabinus 
 vitisator, curvam servans sub imagine falcem, 
 Saturnusque senex Janique bifrontis imago 
 vestibulo adstabant, aliique ab origine reges, 
 martiaque ob patriam pugnando vulnera passi ; 
 multaque praeterea sacris in postibus arma, 
 captivi pendent currus curvaeque secures, 
 et cristae capitum et portarum ingentia claustra, 
 spiculaque cHpeique ereptaque rostra carinis. 
 
 AN "admirable CRICHTON." 
 
 324. Eleus Ilippias, cum Olympiam venisset, glori- 
 atus est, cuncta paene audiente Graecia, nihil esse uUa 
 in arte rerum omnium, quod ipse nesciret; nee solum 
 has artes, quibus liberales doctrinae atque ingenuae con- 
 tinerentur, geometriam, musicam, litterarum cognitionem 
 et poetarum, atque ilia, quae de naturis rerum, quae de 
 liominuni moribus, quae de rebuspublicis dicerentur : sed 
 anulum, quern haberet, pallium, quo amictus, soccos, 
 quibus indutus esset, se sua manu confecisse. 
 
 [7] 
 
In the Press. Fcap, Svo. is. 
 
 FIRST EXERCISES ON LATIN 
 ACCIDENCE. 
 
 VriTH VOCABULARY. 
 
 This book is intended to be used midway between a book of 
 elementary lessons and more difficult Exercises on Syntax. It con- 
 tains simple and copious exercises on Accidence and elementary 
 Syntax. 
 
 Issued with the consent of Dr. Kennedy. 
 
 Third Edition. Crown Svo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 EASY LATIN EXERCISES 
 
 ON THE SYNTAX OF THE 
 
 REVISED AND SHORTER LATIN PRIMERS. 
 
 WITH VOCABULARY. 
 
 This book has been compiled to accompany Dr. Kennedy's 
 'Shorter Latin Primer' and * Revised Latin Primer.' Special 
 attention has been paid to the rules of 07^atio obliqua^ and the 
 exercises are numerous. Dr. Kennedy has kindly allowed his 
 Syntax rules to be incorporated in the book. 
 
 [8] 
 
[Specimen Page.] 
 
 1 8 Easy Latin Exercises. 
 
 The Ablative Case. 
 
 The Ablative is the Case which defines circumstances ; 
 it is rendered by many prepositions, /n?w, with^ by, in. 
 
 Ablative of Separation. 
 
 The Ablative of Separation is used with Verbs mean- 
 ing to remove, release, deprive, want\ with Adjectives such as 
 liber, /r^^; also the Adverb ^roc\i\ far froin : 
 
 Populus Atheniensis Phocionem patria pepulit. Nep. 
 The Atheftia7i people drove Phocionfroin his country. 
 
 The Ablative of Origin is used with Verbs, chiefly 
 Participles, implying descent or origin : 
 
 Tantalo prognatus, Pelope natus. 
 Descended from Tantalus, son of Pelops, 
 
 i8. 
 
 1. The death of Hannibal freed the Romans from fear, 
 
 2. No one is free from blame. 
 
 3. We are in need of brave soldiers. 
 
 4. They stripped the town of defenders. 
 
 5. The Helvetii did not abstain from wrong. 
 
 6. Caesar calls the soldiers away from the battle. 
 
 7. The praetors kept the crowd from the forum. 
 
 8. Tarquin, the last king of the Romans, was expelled from 
 the city. 
 
 9. The murderers abandoned their attempt. 
 
 10. Hippocrates was descended from a Syracusan fumily. 
 
 11. Caesar cut off the enemy from their supplies. 
 
 12. He was descended from Hercules. 
 
 1 3. I will relieve you of this load. 
 
 14. Love of virtue ought to restrain us from wrong. 
 
 1 5. We hear that he is descended from an ancient family. 
 
 [9] 
 
 A 2 
 
New Edition ^ Fcap. Zvo.^ is. 6d, 
 With Vocabulary^ 2s, 
 
 NOTANDA QU^DAM 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS LATIN EXERCISES 
 
 ON 
 
 COMMON RULES AND IDIOMS. 
 
 This volume is designed to supply miscellaneous practice in those 
 rules and idioms with which boys are supposed to be familiar. 
 Each exercise consists of ten miscellaneous sentences, and the 
 exercises are carefully graduated. The book may be used side by 
 side with the manuals in regular use. It will probably be found 
 very useful by pupils preparing for Public Schools, Local, Army, 
 and minor University examinations. 
 
 [lo] 
 
46 Notanda Quaedam, 
 
 4. Caius swore that he would never do any- 
 
 tbing that was unworthy of a Roman 
 citizen. 
 
 5. The river was so rapid that the army could 
 
 not cross without great danger. 
 
 6. The boy asked me whether the old man had 
 
 lived all his life at Gades. 
 
 7. He advised us to be mindful of the shortness 
 
 of life. 
 
 8. He has been made heir to the whole 
 
 estate. 
 
 9. I hope the poor citizens will be spared. 
 10. You are weak compared to him. 
 
 LXVHI. 
 
 1. The Senate was nearly all on the side of 
 
 Hannibal. 
 
 2. The dictator swore that if no one fol- 
 
 lowed he would die alone for his 
 country. 
 
 3. He ordered the centurion not to kill the 
 
 prisoners. 
 
 4. Who is there that does not love the old 
 
 generals of Rome ? 
 
 5. He gave the soldiers two pounds of corn 
 
 apiece. 
 
Third Edition ^ I'evised, Fcap. Svo, is, 6d, 
 
 LATIN VOCABULARIES 
 
 FOR REPETITION: 
 
 ARRANGED ACCORDING TO SUBJECTS. 
 
 In this book an attempt has been made to remedy that scantiness 
 of vocabulary which characterizes most boys. The words are 
 arranged according to subjects in vocabularies of twelve words 
 each, and if the matter of this little book of eighty-nine pages is 
 committed to memory, the pupil will have a good stock of words on 
 every subject. The idea has received the sanction of many eminent 
 authorities. 
 
 **This little book will be found very valuable by those studying 
 Latin, and especially by those preparing for scholarship exams, at 
 the Public Schools." — Practical Teacher, 
 
 ** A most ingenious idea, and quite worthy of a trial." — The Head 
 Master of Eton, 
 
 ** A book likely to prove most useful. I have been all through it 
 with care, and can testify to its accuracy." — The Head Master of 
 Charterhouse, 
 
 [12] 
 
[Specimen Pag-e] 
 
 WAR 
 
 17 
 
 ^quitatus, 
 
 -us, 
 
 
 cavalry. 
 
 peditatus, 
 
 -us. 
 
 
 infantry. 
 
 manus, 
 
 -us, 
 
 
 band. 
 
 tripertito, 
 
 
 
 in three divisions. 
 
 quam maximus, -i -ae -i, 
 
 
 as great as possible. 
 
 habeo, 
 
 (2), 
 
 
 hold {levy\ 
 
 convenio, 
 
 -veni -ventum. 
 
 assenible* 
 
 conscribo, 
 
 -psi -ptum, 
 
 
 enrol. 
 
 comparo, 
 
 (I), 
 
 
 raise. 
 
 cogo, 
 
 coegi, coactum, 
 
 collect^ C07npel. 
 
 
 39. [xxxvi.] 
 
 War 
 
 {Service). 
 
 stipend lum, 
 
 ""'. 
 
 
 pay, service, tribute. 
 
 missio, 
 
 -onis, 
 
 
 discharge. 
 
 militia, 
 
 -ae, 
 
 
 warfare, military ser- 
 vice. 
 
 sacramentum, 
 
 -i, . 
 
 
 oath. 
 
 tiro, 
 
 -onis, 
 
 
 recruit. 
 
 veteranus. 
 
 -i, 
 
 
 veteran. 
 
 immiinitas, 
 
 -atis. 
 
 
 exemption. 
 
 emeriti, 
 
 -orum, 
 
 
 soldier's 7vho have served 
 their time. 
 
 vexillarii, 
 
 -orum, 
 
 
 reserve forces. 
 
 in verba juro, 
 
 (0, 
 
 
 swear {according to a 
 for7nulary). 
 
 mereor, 
 
 -itus, 
 
 
 serve, deserve. 
 
 milito, 
 
 (I). 
 
 
 serve {as a soldier). 
 
 
 40. [xxxvii.] 
 
 War{Cajnp), 
 
 tabernaculum, 
 
 -i. 
 
 
 tent. 
 
 praetorium, 
 
 -n, 
 
 
 generaPs tent. 
 
 porta decumana,-ae -ae, 
 
 
 main gate of camp. 
 
 castra hiberna, 
 
 -orum. 
 
 
 7vinter camp. 
 
 castra aestiva. 
 
 -orum. 
 
 
 summer camp. 
 
 castra stativa, 
 
 -orum, 
 
 
 stationary camp. 
 
 ^pertus, 
 
 -i -ae -i, 
 
 
 open, unprotected. 
 
 [I31 
 
Croitni 87'^., 2s. 6d. 
 Third Editio7t, revised. 
 
 LATIN EXAMINATION PAPERS 
 
 IN MISCELLANEOUS GRAMMAR AND IDIOMS. 
 
 "A most useful and learned book." — Professor Kennedy. 
 
 ** This useful collection of papers, which are graduated in difficulty, 
 is well adapted 'to provide boys who have passed beyond the 
 elementary stages of grammar and scholarship with practice in 
 miscellaneous grammar and idioms.' The work seems to be better 
 than most compilations of this kind." — Athenauin. 
 
 *' The book is practical and cheap, and the questions are clearly 
 worded. None of the ordinary rules or anomalies escape attention. 
 Mr. Stedman says quite truly that * tlie papers are graduated in 
 difficulty.' Those at the beginning would suit ordinary Fourth and 
 Fiflh Forms or candidates for Woolwich and Sandhurst ; and the 
 later sets of questions would give useful practice to boys working for 
 University scholarships." — Saturday Revieiv, 
 
 A KEY TO THE ABOVE, by V. IIebBLETHWAITE, M.A. 
 Issued to Tutors on application to the Publishers. Price 6j. net. 
 
 [M] 
 
[Specimen Page.] 
 
 64 Latin Examination Papers, 
 
 2. What is the difference in meaning between the singular 
 and plural of — comitium, littera, ludus, tabula ? 
 
 3. Translate — what does it matter to me? accused of 
 embezzlement ; a house of marble ; the day after the battle ; 
 after the rising of the sun ; do not lie ; more than three 
 months ; to Naples ; lighter than gold ; at least ; at length. 
 
 4. Explain the forms — qui, sultis, viden, fervit. 
 
 5. Translate and comment on — (i) Opus est p7'operato, 
 (2) Pai'cite procedere, (3) Non recusavit quominus poenam 
 S2ibiret. (4) Nullum intermisi diem quin scrtberem. 
 
 6. Turn into oratio recta — (i) Dixit eum si hoc diceret, 
 errare. (2) Dixit eum si hoc diceret, erraturum esse. (3) 
 Dixit eum si hoc dixisset, erraturum fuisse. 
 
 7. Explain the figures in — (i) Pateris libamus et auro. 
 (2) Insaniens sapientia. (3) Superbos Tarquini fasces. (4) 
 Scuta latentia condunt. (5) Dulce loquens Lalage. 
 
 8. Give the constructions with — polliceor, impero, refert, 
 vereor, quum, ne. Distinguish between the transitive and 
 intransitive uses of — fugio, consulo, convenio. 
 
 9. What do you mean by — cardinal numbers, consecutive 
 clause, co-ordinate sentence, diaeresis, enclitics, labials? 
 
 10. What English words are derived from — templum, 
 metior, sidus, dexter, ambio ? What were the original names 
 of the months luHus and Augustus ? 
 
 11. Give an example oi coepi in passive construction. 
 
 12. Translate — I know no one to trust. Do not prevent 
 me from going. Do you know how many years Caesar lived ? 
 Who has seen the Pyramids without wondering at them? 
 We are permitted to do this. 
 
 [15] 
 
Fcap, Svo., is. 6d. 
 
 EASY GREEK PASSAGES 
 FOR UNSEEN TRANSLATION. 
 
 FIRST GREEK LESSONS. 
 
 In preparation, 
 
 EASY GREEK EXERCISES 
 ON ELEMENTARY SYNTAX. 
 
 In preparation. 
 
 Ready, Fcap. S7>o., is. 6d. 
 Second Edition. 
 
 GREEK VOCABULARIES 
 FOR REPETITION: 
 
 ARRANGED ACCORDING TO SUBJECTS. 
 
 This book has been compiled in response to requests by teachers 
 for a companion volume to the author's Latin Vocabularies. It is 
 constructed on the same principle. 
 
 [1 6] 
 
[Specimen Page.] 
 GREEK VOCABULARIES, 
 
 
 3- 
 
 Religion, 
 
 "Apre/XLS, 
 
 -t8o9,/, 
 
 Artemis, goddess of the chase 
 
 *A6T^vrj, 
 
 -^5,/> 
 
 AtJmia, tutelary goddess of 
 Atheiis 
 
 ArjfxrJTTjp, 
 
 -rposyA 
 
 Demeter, goddess of corn 
 
 ot av(t) (OeoC), 
 
 gods above 
 
 oi Kara) {Oeoi 
 
 
 
 gods below 
 
 SaifliDVy 
 
 -0V09, w.,/, 
 
 god, goddess 
 
 Oeios, 
 
 -a, -ov, 
 
 divine 
 
 Upos, 
 
 -a, -oV, 
 
 sacred 
 
 tXcCDS, 
 
 -0)V, 
 
 gracious 
 
 €V/X€V^9, 
 
 -€5, 
 
 gracious 
 
 ce/xvos, 
 
 -17, -6v, 
 
 revered 
 
 J (TepofJLai^ 
 
 
 worships honour 
 
 
 4. 
 
 Religion. 
 
 V€a)s, 
 
 -CO, ;;/., 
 
 temple 
 
 OvcTLa, 
 
 -as, /, 
 
 sacrifice 
 
 (TcfxiyLOV, 
 
 -ov, /^., 
 
 victim 
 
 tcpevs, 
 
 -€(09, ///., 
 
 priest 
 
 apxi€pevSf 
 
 -€co9, m,, 
 
 chief priest 
 
 OvjJLiafJiaf 
 
 -aT09, «., 
 
 incense 
 
 Tcpa9, 
 
 -aT09, «., 
 
 sign, omen 
 
 ol(Dv6s, 
 
 -ov, /;/., 
 
 07ne?i 
 
 CTTtSeftOS, 
 
 -ov, 
 
 auspicious 
 
 o-/cato9, 
 
 -a, -oV, 
 
 ill-omened 
 
 ^ro), 
 
 -CO), 
 
 sacrifice 
 
 ^vo/Aat, 
 
 -co/xat, 
 
 take the auspices 
 
 
 5. 
 
 Religion, 
 
 €V(7€/?€ta, 
 
 -as,/i 
 
 piety 
 
 do-e/?cta, 
 
 -as,/> 
 
 impiety 
 
 «^X^> 
 
 -^s,/, 
 
 prayer 
 
 XittJ, 
 
 -^s,/, 
 
 prayer 
 
 dpa, 
 
 -a9,/., 
 
 prayer 
 
 cv<rcj8?;s, 
 
 -C9, 
 
 pious 
 
 ['7] 
 
Fcap. Svo.j 2s. 6d. 
 
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 [i8] 
 
[Specimen Page.] 
 Greek Examination Papers. 69 
 
 5. Translate and comment on — (1) aKovcraQ h\ avrSiv 
 
 TpV^6vT(jCiV,..TijijV OLKi^V VfJi(i)V iTTLTTpLaiXeVCjOV, (2) OVK. 
 
 dve^ofjLaL (wo-a. (3) ov aot jjli] fxeOLXJ/ofjLaC ttot€, 
 (4) ijbei a^Los av o)v davdrov. (5) ypacp-qv ibicoKe, 
 (6) dfji€ij3eiv xpv(T€a yaXK^mv, (7) TTvpajAs fxeC^oov 
 TTarpos. (8) 6 jxavris rovs Xoyovs -^evbels Aeyet. 
 
 6. What notion generally precedes the use of irpiv ? 
 Give rules for the construction of final sentences in 
 
 Greek, Avith examples. 
 
 7. Give the Greek of — mast; sail; anchor; stern; 
 the school of Plato; some people; with impunity; as 
 far as was in their power ; may you be happy ; skilful 
 in speaking ; it being lawful ; more honest than rich ; 
 fairer than any before ; too heavy for a boy ; we must 
 obey him ; he did it unseen ; don't talk. 
 
 8. Is there any connection or similarity between the 
 case-endings of Latin and Greek ? 
 
 9. Translate — 
 
 1. He sent for his wife and her son. 
 
 2. Do not go away till I come. 
 
 3. Surely you do not say so ? 
 
 LXVIII. 
 
 1. Give the Genitive and Gender of — ydXa — iXirCs 
 — dvOos — TTiva^ — Kpdros — (rdp^ — (f)iyyos — XP^'^ — yeretcis 
 
 2. Give the chief tenses of — atpo) — k-niTiOrnxL — iXaviai 
 
 a^ivVVfJii ifJLTTLTTTO) bdKVCO. 
 
 [19] 
 
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 [20] 
 
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 72 French Examination Papers. 
 
 LXXIII. 
 
 1. Compart — bon, mauvais, petit j and give the adverbs 
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 here ; I am much better. 
 
 2. Distinguish — il me rit au nez, il rit de mon nez; excel- 
 lent, excellant; differant, different; le cours, la cour; le 
 tour, la tour ; vers, vert, le ver ; faire grace, faire une grace ; 
 un dcrivain malheureux, un malheureux ^crivain. 
 
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 citoyenne; and the plural of — ^joujou, nez, chacal, sous- 
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 5. What tenses are formed from the present participle? 
 Give examples, and any exceptions you know. 
 
 6. Translate — 
 
 1. I have passed you the salt. 
 
 2. Have you left the door open ? 
 
 3. I have given your father the book I promised 
 
 him. 
 
 4. Who is there ? It is he. 
 
 5. I will give it him if you like. 
 
 7. Write the infinitive of — mis, sert, envoient, dii, fait, vu, 
 ouvert. 
 
 8. Derive — agneau, aigu, ajouter, ame, arriver. 
 
 9. Why should the first person plural of gtmir end in 
 "issonsy and that of sentir in -ons ? What was the old form 
 of // aimc I 
 
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 TRADE AND FINANCE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
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 [28] 
 
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. /. E. SYMES, M.A., Principal of 
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 PSYCHOLOGY. F. S. GRANGER, M,A., Lecturer in Philosophy at 
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 [29] 
 
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 THE COLLEGES OF OXFORD: 
 
 THEIR HISTORY AND TRADITIONS. 
 XXI CHAPTERS 
 
 CONTRIBUTED BY MEMBERS OF THE COLLEGES, 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 ANDREW CLARK, M.A., 
 
 Felloiu of Lincoln College, Oxford. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 I. University College. 
 
 By F. C. CONYBEARE, M.A. 
 
 II. Balliol College. 
 
 By Reginald L. Poole, M.A. 
 in. Merton College. 
 
 By the Warden of Merton. 
 
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 V. Oriel College. 
 
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 VL Queen's College. 
 
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 X. Magdalen College. 
 
 By Rev. H. A. Wilson, M.A. 
 
 XI. Brasenose College. 
 
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 CHAP. 
 
 XJI. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 XV. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 Corpus Christi College. 
 
 By the President of C. C. C. 
 Christ Church. 
 
 By Rev. R. St. John Tvrwhitt, 
 M.A. 
 Trinity College. 
 
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 TON, M.A. 
 
 St. John Baptist College. 
 
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 Jesus College. 
 
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 Wadham College. 
 
 By J. Wells, M.A. 
 Pembroke College. 
 
 By Rev. Douglas Macleane,M,A. 
 Worcester College. 
 
 By Rev. C. H. O. Daniel, M.A. 
 Hertford College. 
 
 By Rev. Hastings Rashdall, 
 M.A. 
 
 Keble College. 
 By Rev. Walter Lock, M.A. 
 
 [32] 
 
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