UC-NRLF $B 357 Mflfl jp^<^" ^^Pmfi (B/jA2.f^ r»T^g^^^g H-- >'--^32P9f Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/charityorganizatOOcharrich ROBERT W. DE FOREST THE CHARITY ORGANIZATION SOCIETY U OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK 1882-1907 HISTORY: ACCOUNT OF PRESENT ACTIVITIES TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER THIR- TIETH NINETEEN HUNDRED & SEVEN OF THE UNIVERSITY - OF BY LILIAN BRANDT UNITED CHARITIES BUILDING 105 EAST 22d STREET NEW YORK CITY W\r B. H. Tyrrel, Printer 206-208 Fulton Street, New York . CONTENTS PAGE History of the Society: 1882-1907 11-62 Fundamental Principles 11 The Beginnings 15 Location of the Central Office 19 The Formative Years: 1882-1887 21 Advance and Growth: 1888-1893 27 Industrial Depression : 1893-1897 34 Expansion : 1898-1907 40 Conclusion 57 Account of Present Activities: 1907 65-145 Administration 65 "A center of inter-communication" 70 Registration Bureau 71 Reports on Cases 76 Reception Bureau 76 Bureau of Advice and Information , 79 Monthly Conferences of Social Workers 81 Case work 82 Joint Application Bureau 84 Investigation Bureau 87 Districts 89 Relief 98 Tables for the year 1906-07 104, 105 Activities "to procure work" 106 Wood Yard 107 Laundry 109 Special Employment Bureau for the Handicapped Ill The promotion of the general welfare of the poor 115 Department for the Improvement of Social Conditions. . . 116 Tenement House Committee 117 1 66101 PAGE Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis 118 Committee on Mendicancy 124 Penny Provident Fund 126 Research and Education 130 Social Research 130 The School of Philanthropy 135 The Charities Publication Committee 138 Main Events of the Twenty-Five Years : a chronological table .... 149 Officers and Members of the Central Council and of Standing and District Committees: 1882-1907 169 Officers, Central Council, and Committees, October, 1907 223 Office Staff, October, 1907 233 Financial Statements for the year ending September 30, 1907. . .251-264 Statement of Permanent Funds 251 Statement of Receipts and Disbursements 252 Statement of Relief Obtained and Distributed 257 Report of the Treasurer of the Wood Yard and Industrial Building 259 Report of the Treasurer of the Laundry 261 Financial Statement of Charities and the Commons 263 Form of Bequest • Cover 2 District Offices, Agents, Chairmen, and Boundaries Cover 3 Directory of Offices Cover 4 ILLUSTRATIONS Robert W. de Forest Frontispiece Josephine Shaw Lowell Facing page 16 Previous locations of the Central Office Facing page 24 United Charities Building Facing page 25 Charles D. Kellogg Facing page 32 John S. Kennedy , . . Facing page 40 Model of block of tenement houses on the lower east side. Facing page 48 Air-shaft of 1901; new law court of 1902 Facing page 49 Sociological Reference Library Facing page 56 Edward T. Devine Facing page 65 Face and reverse of record card Page 73 The Registration Bureau Facing page 80 The Joint Application Bureau Facing page 88 Greenwich District Office Facing page 89 Map showing extension of district work Page 91 Volume of district work in 1906-07 and the two preceding years. Diagram 1 Page 95 Amount of relief disbursed as intermediary, 1901-07. Diagram 2. Page 99 Purposes for which relief was spent, 1907. Diagram 3 Page 103 Days' work performed at the Laundry, 1906-07 and 1905-06. Diagram 4 Page 110 A corner of the Wood Yard Facing page 112. An ironing room in the Laundry Facing page 113 Character of handicaps among applicants to the Special Em- ployment Bureau, 1907. Diagram 5 Page 113 Educational literature of the Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis Facing page 120 Day camp on the ferry-boat Southfield Facing page 121 Deposits in the Penny Provident Fund at the end of each year, 1890-1907. Diagram 6 Page 127 stamp savings card used by the Penny Provident Fund . Facing page 128 Fluctuation of deposits in the Penny Provident Fund, 1904-07. Diagram 7 Page 128 Statistical card Page 131 The School of Philanthropy: Bureau of Social Research and Lecture Room Facing page 136 Publications Facing page 140 Charities and the Commons: Editorial and business offices Facing page 141 An illustration of the press service Facing page 144 Selected covers Facing page 145 HISTORY 1882-1907 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLi:S The Charity Organization Society of New York has com- pleted twenty-five years of service: service to the families whom it has helped, and enabled others to help; service to -all the poor of New York, for whom it has worked to secure more favorable conditions of living and more adequate pro- vision for their needs ; and service Jto the entire country, through the part it has taken in improving all kinds of cTiari- table work and in forwarding movements designed to control causes of poverty and to raise the general standard of living. From the beginning its ultimate purpose has been the* diminution of poverty. Belief in the possibility of elimin- ating poverty had not been formulated in so many words as a working motive in the early years, but methods and pro- jects were constantly tested by their probable power "to rescue, and not merely to soothe, those who are in danger of lapsing into professional pauperism"; "to protect the com- munity against pauperism not so much by confining it to low and neglected localities as by concerting means to get rid of it." In recent years the growing conviction that not only professional pauperism, but unwholesome poverty as. well, in the sense of "the absence of the essential conditions of normal living", may be obliterated, has almost come to be a fundamental article of faith ; and with the development of this ideal organized charity has naturally drawn to itself- constantly augmenting circles of friends and adherents. As there has been through the twenty-five years this per- sistent underlying motive, so there has also been a persist- ent principle of action. Starting with a constitution which 12 HISTORY by its elasticity does honor to the prescience of its framers, the Society found itself, in planning its work, limited only by considerations of expediency ; and the principle was embodied in practice which has been formulated by the president of the Society and accepted as a proper statement of the scope for charity organization societies — ^that "whatever needs to 1)6 done in the community and is not already being satis- factorily done by some other agency may legitimately be undertaken by a charity organization society and carried •on as long as the need for it continues." To act successfully, or even safely, on this principle re- quires clear vision on the part of those who direct the work of the Society. There must be knowledge of conditions and of remedial agencies; there must be ability to recognize a need and equal ability to know when it has ceased to exist. These requirements seem elementary, but to meet them de- mands more than elementary vigilance. The effort to meet them by the Charity Organization Society has resulted in what may be called its characteristic method of work. The report made by Mrs. Lowell to the State Board of Charities in October, 1881, on the basis of which the resolutions were adopted leading to the organization of the Society, contained a digest of all the information that could be collected about the non-institutional relief work in the city, and quotations to show the attitude of the leaders in charitable work toward the existing situation. A sense of the importance of knowing •conditions and tendencies of thought, expressed in this first •document in the annals of the Society, has been characteristic •of its entire history. A review of the significant charitable •events of the year and a discussion of the pressing charitable Tieeds are features of the annual reports ; special committees liave been appointed from the first year of the Society's exist- •ence, and special agents employed, to study problems which •demanded attention ; and at every step in its development the decision to take up new work has rested on a study of the DISTINGUISHING FEATURES 1 3 facts germane to the situation.. The Society is, in this sense, an opportunist with a fixed ultimate object, if such a con- tradiction in terms may be allowed. To just the degree that it has been able to discern the right moment and the accept- able method for initiating action has it been successful in accomplishing its object, the diminution of suffering and the promotion of the general welfare of the poor. A society with a fixed underlying motive, a persistent principle of action, and a characteristic method of work is bound to display continuity in its development, though in this case the nature of the persistent principle and of the method averts the possibility of monotony. The history of the New York Charity Organization Society is of an unusual continu- ity. It is the record of a steady growth in the direction in which it started. There has never been a reversal of policy. The charter has been amended only once, to provide for the maintenance- of an educational institution. The constitution has been changed only to provide for expansion. When undertakings have been discontinued it has been because they have served their end. There are no periods of contrast- ing aspect in the twenty-five years. The latter half of this history has shown faster growth, as indicated by the number of persons affected and the money spent, and there has been some change in the emphasis placed on the objects stated in the constitution. But the rapid development of educa- tional and reconstructive work for the improvement of social conditions was made possible by the intensive work of the earlier years, and in those earlier years may be found fore- shadowings of many of the new undertakings. The reason why investigation, registration, co-operation, and adequate relief are not now prominent in every discussion is not be- cause these "foundation pillars" have been allowed to crumble away, but because the twenty-five years have strengthened them until their names are commonplaces, and attention is naturally centered on the superstructure they support. The 14 HISTORY objects might be stated differently, or in a different order, if the constitution were being written for the first time to-day, but they would be the same objects; and each new way of working toward them has been developed out of experience gained through previous work and increasing knowledge. The growth has not only been harmonious; it has also been continuous and uninterrupted. There have been no periods of recession. Some of the years have been much more active than others, but there is scarcely one that does not show some new undertaking and not one that is without advance of some sort. The Society owes this unusual history to the wisdom of its founders, to the steadfast interest of its officers and members, to the devotion of its employes, and to its adherence to the principles that have been pointed out. Nor does this development represent, as is often the case, the initiative and control of any one person. Progress too often is limited by a single life and is not continued beyond a single generation; but this has been due to the concerted thought and effort of many different persons, men and women, for both men and women are members of its Central Council and of its different committees and both sexes are repre- sented on its official staff. Every question of policy, every forward movement, has been critically considered in advance and final action has represented a consensus of opinion in which many have shared. If some workers are called away there are others already familiar with the Society and its traditions who are ready to take their place. Herein is its guaranty against retrogression and its assurance of progress. Thus the twenty-sixth year finds the Society at the high- est point of vigor and usefulness it has yet attained. THE BEGINNINGS The consideration uppermost in the minds of those who brought about the organization of the Society was the need for establishing "a center of inter-communication between the various churches and charitable agencies in the city," in order "to foster harmonious co-operation between them, and to check the evils of the over-lapping of relief." The con- stitution states this as the first of the six objects of the Society. Its part in constructive work for individual. families is defined in the next three : to investigate all cases referred to it and ' share its knowledge with any inquirer having a legitimate interest; to obtain "suitable and adequate relief for deserv- ing cases"; and to procure work. The repression of mendi- cancy is announced as a distinct object. And there is added a sixth paragraph,, which has proved to be the most far- sighted and most beneficent clause in the document: "to' promote the general welfare of the poor by social and sani- tary reforms, and by the inculcation of habits of providence and self-dependence." The history of the quarter century is a record of consistent pursuit of these objects by measures growing steadily in diversity and efficiency. On October 12, 1881, a special report "in relation to out- door relief societies in New York City "was presented by Josephine Shaw Lowell, for the New York City members of the Board, to the State Board of Charities. In preparing this report an attempt had been made to find out how many families were cared for, how much money was spent, and what methods were used, by the principal relief agencies of the city. Only partial returns could be secured, l6 HISTORY but even the fragmentary figures served to show how "im- portant a business" the administration of charity had become, and the information obtained about methods disclosed a state of aflfairs so like that which had existed in 1843 ^^^^ it was most easily and aptly described by a quotation from the first annual report of the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. The interval had brought an increase in the number of "societies acting independently of each other", but no system for controlling the evils which had been so clearly seen and defined by Robert M. Hartley forty years before. The review of the situation "led to the irresistible conclusion" that there was at that time "inevitably great waste of energy, effort and money, owing to the want of co-opera- tion among the societies which administer the charities of New York City", while the same cause operated "to encour- age amo ng the poor ^auper i sm_and degra dation". Next, to stiow^hat the"~moment was^ auspicious ior action, passages showing that the need of organization was felt were quoted from recent annual reports of such prominent societies as the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, the American Female Guardian Society, St. John's Guild, and the Woman's Branch of the New York City Mission. A resolution was therefore recommended, and adopted at the same meeting, authorizing the New York City Commis- sioners of the State Board of Charities "to take such steps as they may deem wise to inaugurate a system of mutual help and co-operation" among the societies engaged in teaching and relieving the poor of the city in their own homes." At this time the organizing of charity was one of the things in the air. In several important cities a few years before, almost simultaneously, societies more or less like the London proto-type had been formed, the first one in Buffalo in 1877; and by the close of 1881 there were twenty in existence. An earlier attempt had been made in New York City, in 1874, to establish a Bureau of Charities for the purpose of register- V. JOSEPHINE SHAW LOWELL From the bas-relief by Augustus Saint Gaudens 0-TiH£ '^ UNIVERSITY OF s^lFORN^ THE BEGINNINGS 1/ ing persons receiving out-door relief from all sources, but it had failed. The State Charities Aid Association had been discussing the need for co-operation among the charities en- gaged in distributing out-door relief in New York City, and its Committee on Out-Door Relief, which later became the Committee on the Elevation of the Poor in their Homes, was "watching with very deep interest the progress made by the Charity Organization Society of Buffalo, hoping to find suffi- cient encouragement to recommend the same plan for adop- tion in New York City," though as late as December, 1880, it was "not prepared" to make the recommendation. The movement of 1881 does not seem to have been a revival of the earlier attempts, or to have been directly suggested by any of the successful experiments in other cities. It was rather the logical solution which presented itself to the persons con- cerned about the evils they saw in the existing situation, and was thus one of the independent beginnings of charity organ- ization in this country. The three New York City members of the State Board appointed a Committee on the Organization of Charities of the City of New York, consisting of the following members: Dr. S. O. Vanderpoel, chairman, Alfred Roosevelt, Charles S. Fairchild, Arthur M. Dodge, J. Kennedy Tod, Dr. Stephen Smith, Josephine Shaw Lowell, R. Duncan Harris, and J. R. Roosevelt, secretary. This committee organized on January 5, 1882, and held several meetings during the month, at one of which the Rev. S. Humphreys Gurteen of Buffalo was present, on special invitation, and "gave an extended and interesting account of charity organization societies of Buffalo and other cities, and of his views in regard to the establishment of a similar organ- ization in the city of New York." A constitution was drawn and reported back to the New York City members of the State Board, who requested the committee to become mem- bers of the Central Council and called a meeting for organi- 1 8 HISTORY zation.. This meeting was held on February 8, 1882, at 67 Madison Avenue. Cordial expressions of approval and offers of help were received within a few days from the State Char- ities Aid Association and the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. Standing committees on Member- ship, Finance, District Work, and Co-operation, were imme- diately appointed, and a special committee to secure a central office. Charles D. Kellogg, secretary of the Philadelphia Society for Organizing Charity, was engaged as organizing secretary, and on April 15 he opened the Central Office at 67 Madison Avenue, in the rooms of a club which offered the Society desk-space. Mr. Kellogg's familiarity with charity organization meth- ods, his care and patience and devotion to the necessary de- tails of the office, and his considerate and generous nature which won friends in every direction, were especially valu- able assets to the Society throughout its formative period. The first president, Dr. S. O. Vanderpoel, was obliged by his ill health to resign from that office at the end of three years, but even in his short term of service his "mature judg- ment, varied experience, and conscientious diligence" left their impress. LOCATION OF THi: ce:ntkal office Within a few weeks the office Hmits at (^y Madison Avenue "became inadequate, and the Society moved across the street to rented quarters in number 64, the building then, and now, •occupied by the Mott Memorial Medical and Surgical Library. It stayed there less than a year, for in the spring of 1883 the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor gave a substantial proof of its co-operative spirit by offering the free use of two floors in its building at 79 Fourth Avenue. This generous hospitality was enjoyed for two years, until expan- sion in the work of both societies made more room necessary, and then, in May, 1885, the Society moved to 21 University Place, where it remained until it came to its permanent home in the United Charities Building in the spring of 1893. There was some hope of making the house on University Place an embryonic charity building, and this was partially realized, the State Charities Aid Association and two or three other organizations having their offices there. As early as 1886 a suggestion was made, in a letter by the organizing secretary of the Charity Organization Society, of the advantages which a "charity building" would hold for the societies which would come together in it, and for the ben- evolent and the poor of the city as well. The suggestion was not followed up until 1890. An offer of $50,000 was then re- ceived from James A. Scrymser toward such a building to be erected under the joint auspices of the Charity Organization Society and the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, and a joint committee was appointed to raise the additional $200,000 needed. About $90,000 was secured and 20 HISTORY then a period of financial depression interrupted active efforts by this committee for the winter. Just as they were about to be renewed a letter was received, dated March 9, 1891, from John S. Kennedy, announcing his plans for erecting a United Charities Building at the corner of Fourth Avenue and Twenty-Second Street, on the site then occupied by St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church. A beneficial interest in this building was offered to the Charity Organization Society, as also. to the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, t|he Children's Aid Society, and the New York City Mission and Tract Society. The joint committee thus found its work done when it scarcely had been begun, and the Charity Organization Society saw the ideal it had had in mind for five years, and was ready to work for as long as might be necessary, realized in a moment by the gift of one clear-sighted philanthropist. In just two years the building was ready for use, and each succeeding year has added to the conviction that it embodies one of the wisest, most far-reaching benefactions of the period. The "very lively personal intercourse" among the leaders in the different organizations, which a distinguished foreign student of American charities finds among us a satisfactory substitute for official connection, could hardly have develop- ed to such proportions without it, nor except for it could there be such effective formal co-operation as there is in many ways. The advantage it is to the poor, the discouragement it is to imposture, and the convenience it is to all the social workers and contributors of the city, and to those of other cities in their visits to New York, are so obvious that they hardly need to be mentioned. The United Charities Build- ing has so quickly and so completely become what it was intended to be that in New York it is almost looked upon as one of the original institutions of the island, and it requires an effort to imagine the social economy of the city without it. THE FORMATIVE YEARS: 1882-1887 The first year was a busy one. A system of registration and exchange of reports was inaugurated and a "bureau of fraudulent cases" was opened; the co-operation of 138 chari- table agencies was secured, including the Department of Pub- lic Charities and Correction ; six district committees were or- ganized and offices opened in their districts. Eight "tracts", all of them valuable essays, and the preparation of a Hand- book for Visitors and a Directory of the charitable resources of the city, mark the beginnings of the substantial body of lit- erature which the Society has produced. A nucleus was col- lected for the reference library which is now perhaps the best of its kind. Delegates were sent to the meetings of the Na- tional Conference of Charities and Correction, as has been done in each succeeding year, and also to the meeting of the Amer- ican Social Science Association. The Society began its pro-V motion of "social and sanitary reforms" by taking part in a 1 conference "to consider the condition of the tenement houses of the city", and by appointing special committees which at the end of the year had under consideration the advisability of establishing a loan society and a bureau for legal aid. The effort to "procure work for poor persons who are capable of being wholly or partially self-supporting" had brought up the question of opening a wood-yard and had started a study of the labor markets of the country and the feasibility of using them. The repression of mendicancy was the only one of the six objects for whose attaining specific measures had not been set on foot before twelve months had passed, and it had not to wait much longer, for on July i, 1883, a special out-door 22 HISTORY agent was appointed, commissioned as deputy sheriff, to deaf. with street beggars. During this second year the Society also opened a wood-yard on East Twenty-Fourth Street; be- gan the publication of the Monthly Bulletin as a medium of communication with its members, to replace The Register of the Philadelphia Society which had been serving as its organ; and issued the first edition of the Charities Directory, an invaluable book of reference regarding the social work of the city, which has been revised and re-published in sixteen succeeding editions. By the end of the fifth year the district organization had been extended to One Hundred and Tenth vStreet on the east side and Fifty-Ninth on the west and the district work strengthened ; registration had been extended and improved ; the "necessary if distasteful work" of repressing mendicancy had been pushed until the special officer could report that ''the most notorious professional beggars and tramps are noHv (September, 1886) working for the city"; the investigation of questionable and fraudulent charitable enterprises, and report- ing on them to members of the Society, had become a feature of the work ; an active participation in efforts to secure desir- able legislation and to change undesirable conditions had been begun by joining with others in urging the legislature to- enact a law establishing municipal lodging-houses, by express- ing disapproval of' the free distribution of coal by the city, and by securing the introduction and passage of bills for the suppression of stale beer dives and for increasing the sen- tences, of vagrants. Two gifts of ten thousand dollars each- had been received for a permanent fund, and a definite stand- ing had been gained in the city. The first instance of initiative by the Society in supplying lacks in the charitable resources of the city was the open- ing of the Wood Yard. This was carried on directly by ihe Societ}^ for two years and then transferred to a newly-formed* organization, from which the Society again took over its man- PROBLEMS OF THE EARLY YEARS 23 agement in the fall of 1888. Another instance of the same sort of initiative, but with a different plan of action, falls with- in the first five years. Contact with poor families brought a sense of the need for a place to which women could take their babies for a day's outing, just as it had at the very outset shown the necessity for providing temporary employment for men out of work, and early in the summer of 1886 a con- ference was called by the general secretary to consider how this need could be met. The result was the formation of an independent committee, of representatives from the Charity Organization Society, the Children's Aid Society, and the New York Infirmary for Women and Children, which opened a day nursery under the shadow of the Statue of Liberty on Bedloe's Island. Bartholdi Creche, as it was called, was car- ried on for several summers as the guest of the War Depart- ment on Bedloe's Island, later of the state and city on Ward's and Randall's Islands, and in 1897 bought a permanent home at Edgewater, New Jersey. Changed in name to indicate its new location, Edgewater Creche is now one of the well- known fresh-air institutions of the city. Charles D. Kellogg, its founder, is still its treasurer and leading spirit. After the work of registration had been in progress about a year the Committee on Co-operation made an examination of the facts reported about the 3,420 families or individuals who had been helped by various societies, and found that in about three-fifths of the cases there was an apparently able- bodied man concerned. The committee therefore called a conference of the co-operating societies to consider these facts and "to form some plan by which the harm inadvertentA ly done by undiscriminating relief may in the future bej avoided." The conference resulted in the adoption of a resoJ lution that it was the sense of those present "that all aid given to able-bodied men should be for the purpose of enabling them to find permanent employment, in or out of the city." At an adjourned meeting of this conference (for the interest in the 24 HISTORY subject was not perfunctory) the suggestion of a labor bureau for placing men in the country was rejected for this reason; 'It is an undeniable fact that a wretched life in the worst dis- trict of the city has more attraction to the greatest number of the poor applying for relief, than a life in the country, where healthy work and the chance of permanent improvement might be obtained. It must be recognized that the charity associations of our cities have to deal largely with such poor, who will not leave the city, and it is urgent to make them un- derstand that they are required to depend upon work for their support, if not in the country, then certainly in the city." The truth of this observation on the attractions of city life has only been confirmed by all later experiences. A free employ- ment bureau which was later inaugurated under other aus- pices was discontinued after a carefully considered experience. This incident is mentioned because it indicates the element- ary character of the relief problems which had to be met in the early days and the uncom^promising manner in which they were faced. So rapid has been the advance of recent years both in methods of doing relief work and in popular appre- ciation of the importance of the best methods that it is diffi- cult to reconstruct adequately the difficulties of those pioneer days. It was necessary not only to try to persuade all kinds of relief-givers to send reports but also to bring it about that those reports should be worth recording, and to work out, through pains and experiment, a satisfactory system of re- cording and making accessible the information received; not only to gain acceptance for the idea of investigation but also to build up an -ideal of what an investigation should be; not only to conquer the popular prejudice against paying salaries for the performance of charitable work but also to find the people who would be worth the salary; not only to estab- lish the principle of "adequate relief" but also to determine a standard of adequacy. None of these tasks has yet been fully accomplished. We are still improving the mechanical ^iVERSr THE UNITED CHARITIES BUILDING DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED 2$ side of our registration system and extending its usefulness ; each year we set a higher standard for what an investigation should be ; salaries may increase or decrease with changes in economic conditions; and "adequacy" is a relative term, con- stantly expanding with increase in knowledge and resources. The difficulty of getting money for the expenses of an un- dertaking that had not yet had time to prove its usefulness, from a public which believed that money should not be spent in salaries for expert advice and service, but that all chari- table contributions should be given to the poor in coal and groceries and shoes, was one of the serious handicaps of the earlier years. The strictest economy was maintained in ex- penditure for office equipment. All the . clerical work for the first five years was done by hand; the first typewriter was bought in February, 1887, under a special authorization of the executive committee. An item of expenditure for a Brussels carpet submitted by one lavish district committee's account was "disallowed, no one dissenting." The salaries of district agents and clerks were small, and the entire force seems to have been over-worked most of the time. This was not due any more, however, to lack of funds than to a lack of suitable persons to do the work as it should be done. The ntinutes of the meetings of the Committee on District Work and of the Executive Committee are full of discLisions as to how this agent can be relieved, where a substitute can be found for another who is ill, the necessity for paying higher salaries, and for having persons in training who would be ready to fill vacancies. Demonstrations of the evils of indiscriminate relief and the detection of imposture on the part of individuals and organ- izations were a prominent feature of the Society's work, as it presented itself to the public, in these early years — per- haps naturally, for the exposure of such results of lack of knowledge as would rouse the indignation was the most ef- fective way to gain adherence for a method whose real aim 26 HISTORY. was helpful assistance to those who were not impostors. This other side of the work was by no means lost sight of in the internal councils of the Society. The Committee on Dis- trict Work was more active at this period than the Commit- tee on Mendicancy, and was studying records, reviewing the work of the agents, securing and training friendly visitors, and formulating principles on which the care of families should proceed. Although the building up of a body of vol- unteer visitors was not one of the specific objects of the So- ciety as stated in its constitution, the value of competent friendly visitors has been recognized and efforts have been made to secure them. These efforts were most persistent in the early, years- and most successful in the Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Districts, but there have always been smaller groups connected with the other districts as well. It is significant in this connection that in May, 1883, the Central Council called the attention of district committees to ''the favorable opportunities presented by the next six months for the peculiar work of the Society, the permanent improvement of the resident poor." This was at a time when the reduc- tion in applications as spring came on was attributed to ''the habit" acquired by the poor, as a result of the general sus- pension of work during the summer by most of the relief agencies of the city, "of not expecting gratuitous help ex- cept during the colder winter months." ADVANCE AND GROWTH: 1888-1893 The year 1887 seems to close the formative period. It is not a sharp line; but by this time the fundamental work of registration, investigation, co-operation, and district care of dependent families was well under way,' and precedents had been established for most of the characteristic work of later years. It was in 1887 that the designation of the executive officer of the Society was changed from "organizing secre- tary" to "general secretary." In 1888 Robert W. de Forest was elected president. Mr. de Forest had been connected with the Society from the out- set, having taken part in the organization of one of its orig- inal district committees, and brought to its highest office sev- eral years' experience in the Central Council and in district committee work. His twenty years of administration have been characterized by broad and progressive statesmanship. His service has been active and constant. There are few questions of policy in the decision of which he has not taken part, and each step in advance has been taken with his ap- proval and in many instances on his initiative. The growth and development of the Society owes much to his wisdom, devotion, ability, and foresight. From this time until the removal to the United Charities Building in 1893 much of the Society's strength was given to improving the details of administration, increasing efficiency in the work already initiated. The opening of a district office in Harlem, the centralization of the care of homeless cases, the appointment of a superintendent of agents, the opening of a night office, the financial success of the Wood Yard in 1890, 28 • HISTORY the addition of a door boy to the office force, and the increased use of telephone and typewriter, are a succession of events of which each has its significance. But by far the greatest part of the progress which was now taking place was due not to events which can be recorded, but to thoughtful atten- tion to routine details, resulting in improvement in clerical machinery -and in the organization of the office and in the personnel of the stafif. There was one occasion when the intention of raising the standard of employes was made a matter of resolution by the Executive Committee and the Central Council, but for the most part this was accomplished by patient individual treatment rather than by parliamentary methods. The district committees in 1889 requested the Ex- ecutive Committee "to consider the propriety of providing means for training persons" for the position of agent and as- sistant agent, and after that time several ''agents in training" were generally on the force. There was evidently a feeling that the unpaid workers as well as the salaried employes were in need of training, for in 1892 a resolution was adopted that all new members of district committees should be requested to attend four lectures on the principles of the Society. The Central Auxiliary Committee of Women, organized by the Committee on District Work in 1887, was an important in- fluence in securing the interest of women in the Society's work. For several years it conducted parlor conferences. It fornted auxiliary committees of women in various dis- tricts, took the initiative in the organization of the Eighth Dis- trict Committee, and in 1888 instituted the monthly confer- ences of social workers which have been carried on every year since. Besides the improvement in work already under way sev- eral important new lines of work were inaugurated during these years. The first of these was the Penny Provident Fund. "In trying to inculcate habits of providence," as pre- scribed in Object 6 of the Constitution, "our friendly visitors SAVINGS, LAUNDRY, WAYFARERS LODGE 29 have been asked to receive small savings. Inquiry devel- oped the fact that no savings bank in the city, with but a single exception, will receive deposits of less than a dollar; and thus became apparent the need of some comprehensive scheme for encouraging small savings." On April lo, 1888, Josephine Shaw Lowell and Otto T. Bannard were appoint- ed a committee to consider this situation; in May their re- port led the Council to decide to establish a "One-Cent Sav- ing Fund" ; in July a standing committee to have charge of it was appointed; and on August i the Penny Provident Fund was opened. It has since been conducted as a department of the Society, by the Committee on Provident Habits, of which Mr. Bannard has been chairman. Stations were established i » 6 i evf?r?il nf the Hi . strirt offirpSj b - ut their piatrnn^gp grew sg in several district offices, but their patronage grew so rapidly that it became impossible to continue to accommodate them. In the same year a suggestion was made by the Seventh District Committee that a laundry and training school should be established, to provide for women the opportunity for tem- porary employment which the Wood Yard offered to men, and also to give training in this occupation to unskilled women. In February, 1889, the Laundry was opened, at 589 Park Avenue, from which location it was removed to the In- dustrial Building in 1900. After the Municipal Lodging House Act of 1886 was passed unremitting efforts were made by all who were inter- ested in the proper treatment of homeless men to secure an amendment making it mandatory or to persuade the New York City authorities to take advantage of the permission which had been given them. This was one of the long and tedious fights. When it had gone on for four years and there was no encouragement to hope for a successful outcome in the nelr future, the Society decided that for a while it would have to do this part of the city's work. The financial stringency preceding the crisis of '93 made it a difficult mat- 30 HISTORY ter to get the necessary capital, and so the Wayfarers' Lodge was three years in developing from an idea into a reality. It was not opened until near the end of 1893, but the land for it, on West Twenty-Eighth Street, was bought early in the year, and the hardest work had been done in the period under discussion. In 1888 the Society called a conference of fresh-air work- ers for informal discussion of their problems ; in 1889 it pre- pared its first exhibit for a world exposition ; and in 1892 it maintained a playground during the summer on vacant lots in West Twenty-Eighth Street. The Park Place disaster, which occurred in the summer of 1891, was the occasion of the Society's first experience in emergency relief, a kind of work in which it has done con- spicuous service in recent years. This disaster was the fall of a building by which sixty-three families suffered bereave- ment, the victim in many cases being the head of the family. It is an indication of the esteem in which the Society was held that both the Mayor's relief committee and the New York Herald requested it to act as intermediary in distribut- ing the funds of $30,000 and $7,000 which had been raised. During these years the Society paid special attention to the immigration problem. It was a time when there was general agitation for restriction, especially of Italian immi- gration. In 1887, when some dozen different measures were pending in Congress, it was thought advisable to appoint a special committee to study the situation, recommend what position the Society should take, and endeavor to secure con- certed action from the charity organization societies of the country. The appointment of the "Ford Committee" by Congress, and its investigations, deferred action, but in 1890 a report was made, drawn by Professor Richmond Mayo- Smith. This report recommended a conservative position as to restriction but strict measures for holding steamship com- panies responsible, diplomatic correspondence with the Euro- IMMIGRATION, THE PROVIDENT LOAN SOCIETY 3I pean governments, and a trial of the proposed system of con- sular certificates. Statistics of immigration were published for several years as an appendix to the annual report. That the new immigration, however, affected the work of the Society only slightly, as it does now, was clearly recognized. Examination of all the applications in the year 1887 showed that only six per cent were from persons who had been less than a j^ear in the country, and the number of Italians was almost negligible. The proportion of Italians has of course increased, with their increase in the general population, but it is still true that comparatively little of the work of the Charity Organization Society is with recent immigrants. The first three years' experience of the Tenth District Committee brought about the organization of a new society in January of 1893. The Harlem Relief Society was formed by several members of that committee, to provide an addi- tional source of relief for the poor of the northern part of Manhattan. This Society has from the beginning disbursed its funds, amounting now to more than a thousand dollars a year, through the Harlem District of the Charity "Organiza- tion Society. In this period also were made the plans for providing the poor with facilities for borrowing money at reasonable rates upon pledges of personal property which resulted in the in- corporation of the Provident Loan Society in 1894. The in- justice of the prevailing methods in the pawnbrokerage busi- ness were constantly forced on the attention by individual instances of hardships, and in March, 1892, Alfred Bishop Mason suggested, in an article in The Charities Review, that "notwithstanding the danger of multiplying societies .... we should unite as pawnbrokers ; lend money at low rates on good security to approved borrowers among the poor; and so divorce the three golden balls from the three Furies." A special committee was appointed to consider this suggestion — Charles F. Cox, Alfred Bishop Mason, and Otto T. Ban- 32 HISTORY nard — who promptly reported that they had reached the con- clusion that it was "appropriate and wise" for the Society to undertake this and outlined a plan for its accomplishment. The $100,000 which was suggested as the capital stock was raised, the society incorporated, and its first office opened, within two years. Probably no one concerned in the wording of the Charity Organization Society's constitution visualized a pawn-shop, even a "humane" one, as included within the phrase "to pro- mote the general welfare of the poor"; but probably also no other similar expenditure of effort has done so much in ac- complishing this object. The wisdom in the plan finds its best witness in the corporation's history. Soon after the first office was opened two of the largest pawnbrokers on the lower east side reduced their oppressive rates of interest to the reasonable one charged by their new competitor. At the end of twelve years six loaning offices are maintained and a capital of about five millions employed. During 1906 nearly ten million dollars was loaned. Although this "child of the Charity Organization Society sprang at once into full matur- ity as an independent corporation" a continued connection is assured by the provision in the constitution of the Provident Loan Society that three of its fifteen trustees shall be elected upon the nomination of the Society "which originated and furthered" its organization. One more important beginning was made in the old office on University Place. The first number of The Charities Review was issued in November, 1891, under the editorship of John H. Finley, then general secretary of the State Chari- ties Aid Association. This did not replace the Monthly Bulletin, which was continued as a confidential communica- tion to members. The Review was designed, in the words of its first editorial, "to be to the active worker in the field of charities what the scientific medical journal is to the physi- cian — a review of the results of the study and experience of CHARLES D KELLOGG THE CHARITIES REVIEW 33; others in the same line of activity"; and also "to awaken a deeper public interest in the subjects which it discusses and to give a wider knowledge of the principles and methods which have been established and adopted as sound and wise." In the ten years of its existence the Review published many articles of permanent value and served as a "medium for the discussion of social questions." INDUSTRIAL DEPRESSION: 1893-1897 After the removal to the United Charities Building the next date which offers a convenient dividing line, marking an event of very different character, is January i, 1898, when the Greater New York charter went into effect. The first part of this period was of necessity chiefly occupied with meeting the extraordinary situation caused by the crisis of 1893. Comparatively little new work of a permanent char- acter was undertaken. The Wayfarers' Lodge, opened for- tunately at the beginning of the hard winter, and the Provi- dent Loan Society incorporated at the end of it, were the fruition, as has already been told, of earlier plans. Soon after the change in location application and investi- gation bureaus were opened in the United Charities Building, with a view to centralizing the personal applications for as- sistance, especially for homeless persons, as far as practi- cable, in order that consultation of records and investigation might be made more promptly. About the same time a com- mittee was formed and an office opened in the territory lying west of Central Park, completing the extension of the dis- trict organization over the whole of Manhattan. With its new quarters, therefore, and these developments in efficiency, the Society was better equipped to meet the imminent strain than it had ever been before. Before the end of the summer the industrial depression had begun. Applications for help increased fast, and lack of work was conspicuous, even while the ordinary type of unemployed citizen was still in Chicago enjoying his per- quisites at the Columbian Exposition. In September a con- THE HARD WINTER OF 1893-4 35 ference was held, on invitation of the Charity Organization Society, at which seventeen of the leading relief societies united in a statement given to the public through the press, forecasting the probable demands of the winter and urging "the charitably disposed" to make their gifts through the es- tablished charities of the city rather than by the indiscrim- inate alms which would "inevitably tend to pauperize the re- cipients, as well as to attract to the city an army of vagrants, in addition to numbers of the unemployed of other places." Events of the winter prove the wisdom of this warning. Much indiscriminate relief was given, by individuals and by ephemeral organizations of a sensational character, with the results prophesied ; and with the further effect of multiplying the difficulties of the established charities and the wisely-con- ceived temporary enterprises, such as the East Side Relief Work Committee, in supplying the very great amount of real need and supplying it in such a way that it would leave behind no trail of chronic pauperism. The Charity Organization Society's contributions, as an organization, to the emergency work included, in addition to the September conference and a widely distributed circular, "How to Relieve Emergent Distress," a very material increase in its own office force, seven assistants being added in the Central Office and one in each district ; the establishment of an "Emergent Relief Guarantee", a fund to which $2,275 was pledged for the benefit of applicants to the Society for whom adequate and suitable assistance could not be obtained from the usual charitable agencies; the utilization of the Laundry and Wood Yard and the newly opened Wayfarers' Lodge to the limit of their capacity; the establishment of a Night Ap- plication Office, in conjunction with the Association for Im- proving the Condition of the Poor; and the opening of the Workroom for Unskilled Women. The joint night office has become a permanent feature, and the Workroom was main- tained for ten years. Neither of these was begun as an emer- 36 HISTORY gency measure, but they were peculiarly useful during the hard times. The successful experiment in reducing the number of police station lodgers, which was tried on suggestion of the Society in January of 1894, was also opportune. For several weeks all such lodgers were regularly taken to court each morning and committed to the Commissioners of Chari- ties and Correction for such treatment as the circumstances of each required, with the result of greatly reducing the number of "rounders" and controlling temporarily this form of indis- criminate relief. Another experiment, tried about the same time, was a weekly course of twelve lectures on practical social problems, "for the instruction of m,embers of the Society and others,'' conducted by the Committee on District Work. This was less successful, for it is recorded that, although the speakers were "recognized specialists," nevertheless "the attendance was too small to encourage a repetition" of the course. The success- ful development of subsequent educational efforts mitigates the poignancy of this admission. It is interesting that at the end of this hard winter of struggle to help individual cases of want a discussion was had in the Central Council on the need for an inquiry into "the increasing evils of a congested city population, co-existing with the want in the country of men and women to do farm and housework", and the Citizens' Relief Committee was asked to consider the advisability of using their surplus in employing "an expert" to make such an inquiry. The opening of the office of the Provident Loan Society and the introduction of the Penny Provident Fund into the public schools were two cheerful events of this spring. Men- tion of a third may bring to a close the account of this event- ful winter. A plan of co-operation with Columbia College was made, whereby university instruction in sociology was to be combined with practical training in statistics and "field work," the records and district work of the Societv to furni<;h CHANGE IN EXECUTIVE OFFICER 37 the material for study and experience. A Committee on Sta- tistics was appointed, whose chairman was one of the Colum- bia professors, to direct the studies that should be made. The president and faculty of Political Science of the College were given the privilege of nominating a member of the Central Council of the Society. This was the beginning of the alli- ance that is now firmly established by means of the School of Philanthropy and the Columbia University department of Social Economy. The first study undertaken was of the records of five hundred homeless men. A local conference of charities, which had a perceptible influence in increasing co-operation during the next few years, was organized in the fall of 1894. One of its first acts reflected the urgent problem presented at the time by the in- flation of the homeless population. A leaflet on "How to Help Homeless People" was issued as the consensus of seven- teen leading societies. Its distribution by many thousands of copies was believed to have been of service in "checking the sturdy beggar." The year 1895 was marked by the opening of a district in the Bronx, thus providing for the district care of the poor in their homes throughout the entire city as it was then con- stituted, and by an extension of co-operation with the Asso- ciation for Improving the Condition of the Poor. A single joint application bureau was established, on the same prin- ciple as the joint night ofiice which had been maintained for eighteen months; and at the same time the registration bureau of the Charity Organization Society was opened to the Association, thus securing to both societies the advantages of consolidated case records. The only change in the ofiice of general secretary took place in 1896. On January i Mr. Kellogg retired, continu- ing, however, in active connection with the Society until 1900, in the office of second vice-president. Edward T. Devine, his successor, began work on September i. During the in- 38 HISTORY terval of nine months George L. Cheney of the Central Coun- cil performed the necessary duties of the office, much of the responsibility for routine administration falling as for several years previously upon the Superintendent, Robert W. Heb- berd, who resigned from this position in the autumn of 1896 to accept the secretaryship of the State Board of Charities. This transition in the internal administration of the So- ciety coincided with a period of re-organization in the ad- ministration of the charitable affairs of the city. In the years 1896 and 1897 the system of state care for the insane was completed, the poor laws of the state were revised and made more nearly uniform, the separation of public charities from correction was achieved in New York City, the influ- ence of the State Board of Charities was much extended, a municipal lodging house was finally established; and Mayor Strong's reform administration brought in public officials who, "unlike many of their predecessors .... left their pri- vate business and devoted their time to the institutions under their charge", with the results that the streets were kept clean, the health and building departments exercised greater vigil- ance, the laying out of small parks was pushed, plans were made' for public baths, and every effort was made to help, rather than to obstruct, private philanthropic activities, which were correspondingly stimulated. Many of these and other reforms were primarily due to persistent efforts of voluntary associations. At the same time there developed a formidable movement for extending out-door relief by the city: first in an attempt to secure an increase in the appropriation for free coal ; then in efforts to have certain undesirable provisions included in the new charter in process of construction ; and then in an objectionable measure, introduced in three successive legis- latures, whose object was to substitute payment to parents for payment to institutions in the case of children whose par- ents were unable to provide for them. Public out-door relief A PERIOD OF REFORMS 39 was prohibited by the Greater New York charter, except for the anomalous pension to the poor adult blind ; and it may be mentioned here that subsequent efforts, after the charter went into effect, to restore the city distribution of coal and to create a local Board of Charities in Queens Borough with the power to give out-door relief, were, at some pains, de- feated, largely by the joint efforts of the Charity Organiza- tion Society and other charitable agencies. The "Destitute Mothers' bill," or "Shiftless Fathers' bill," as it was more ap- propriately called by its opponents, was a lusty foe. Only the mayor's veto kept it from becoming a law in 1896, but in each of its re-appearances it was defeated in the legislature. As if to emphasize the wave of advance, in 1898 the Na- tional Conference of Charities and Correction was held in New York City. EXPANSION: 1898-1907 Following this transition period the social work of the ■city entered on a new era, unprecedented for richness and vigor, in which the Charity Organization Society has shared and to which it has constantly contributed. The last decade of the Society's history have been years of remarkable and steady growth in strength and influence. The first indications of expansion are found in well-estab- lished features of the work. The Charities Directory was enlarged to include information about all the territofy within the bounds of the greater city ; The Charities Review was "re- organized, enlarged, and improved"; Charities was begun, as a monthly news sheet for members ; the Library was enlarged and catalogued; a special agent was employed to take charge •of the confidential reports on charitable enterprises; and the district work was strengthened by the addition of several assistants, the almost exclusive attention of the assistant sec- retary to this part of the work, and such improvement in equipment as the installation of telephone service in all of the offices and a lengthening of the period in which offices are daily open to the public. An incident with more than one instructive feature opened the year 1898. The city, over-looking the fact that the new charter authorized no out-door relief except the pension to the blind, set in motion its usual machinery for the distribu- tion of city coal. One thousand families were supplied with their half-ton each and twenty-four hundred others had been given orders before the illegality was discovered. The •distribution in progress was promptly discontinued, but bills JOHN S. KENNEDY DISCONTINUANCE OF CITY COAL 4I were also introduced into the legislature to restore the power, and they were quickly advanced to the third reading. Prompt and vigorous action by the Charity Organization Society, the Asociation for Improving the Condition of the Poor, and the State Charities Aid Association won the sympathy of the state senate, whose committee expressed its accord with organized charity by reporting the bills adversely. To avert the hardships which were popularly expected to result from the sudden discontinuance of the city's bounty the Charity Organization Society offered to investigate all of the twenty- four hundred applications which had received the favorable consideration of the Department and to see that coal was sup- plied to those who needed it. The Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor supplemented this by agreeing to supply coal to families recommended by the Charity Organi- zation Society. A statement of the methods followed and the facts disclosed by the investigations was a unique demon- stration that the need for coal could be easily met, and that more promptly and more kindly, from the ordinary resources of private charity. Opposition to the other prominent legislative measure of tlie season led to the establishment by the Society of a new department which developed into great importance in the next few years. The popular appeal of the "Ahearn bill", for making payments to parents who would keep their children at home instead of sending them to an institution, rested on the sound principle that families should be kept together when the only reason for not doing so is a deficiency in the income, and on the fact that private charity was not at the time acting on this principle to the extent that it should. There were hardships in the existing system. The situation having been called to notice by the proposal of legislation involving even more serious evils, it was immediately apparent that this was a problem to be solved by the Charity Organization Society. It was a problem in co-operation : at first with the City Magis- 42 HISTORY trates, for at that time application for the commitment of children to institutions had to be made in the police courts, where the children were arraigned in company with all sorts of criminals and by the same methods as criminals ; later with the Department of Public Charities and relief agencies. The Department of Public Charities readily gave permis- sion to the Society to examine the applications pending for the commitment of children, and to select for treatment in its own way cases in which it seemed probable that private as- sistance in the home would make its dismemberment unnec- essary. By the usual methods of organized charity the re- quired private assistance was obtained from friends, relatives, neighbors, employers, or, failing these, from strangers or re- lief societies. A brief experimental period proved the value of this undertaking and a standing committee was appointed, on which the St. Vincent de Paul Society, the United Hebrew Charities, and the State Charities Aid Association were rep- resented. In its first year of work the Committee by these methods saved 496 children from institutions, representing about one-third of all the applications examined. Out of this specialized attention to families unable to sup- port their children grew a realization, gradually, that the par- ents, especially fathers, who are simply desirous of escaping from their natural responsibilities, are numerous enough to constitute a distinct problem in both charity and correction. The interest in the problem of desertion, thus aroused, grew steadily. In the spring of 1903 a conference on the subject was held at which workers from Buffalo, Philadelphia, Brook- lyn, New York, and near-by New Jersey towns exchanged opinions as to the causes and remedies. As a result of this con- ference interest was stimulated in many parts of the country. In New York a more stringent law was secured, and a study was undertaken by the Charity Organization Society of the facts in a large number of desertion cases. This study, to- gether with a review of the legislation in the different states THE COMMITTEE ON DEPENDENT CHILDREN 43 relating to family desertion and non-support, has been pub- lished by the Society in a volume which constitutes the chief authority on the subject. After five years of activity the Committeie on Dependent Children found that the situation had changed to such a de- gree that its services were no longer needed. A separate Bureau of Dependent Children had been established to take the place of the police courts and the office of the Superin- tendent of Out-door Poor in the matters relating to desti- tute children, and even for delinquent children a special court had been created. A corps of examiners was employed by the new Bureau, whose ideals of investigation and discrimina- tion in decisions approached those of the Society's agents. The Catholic Home Bureau had been established to assist the city in finding homes for children of Roman Catholic parent- age; and the United Hebrew Charities and the Society of St. Vincent de Paul were receiving directly from the Bureau of Dependent Children cases suitable for their care, which had formerly reached them through the intermedia.tion of the So- ciety's Committee. In short, families in which commitment was probably undesirable were referred by the city to the proper agency, and these proper agencies did what was nec- essary. The special committee therefore was left with noth- ing to do except to provide assistance for the families which would naturally come under the care of the Charity Organi- zation Society. By the successful demonstration of what might be done the adoption of an approved method had been secured from all concerned, so that the specialized work for dependent children did not prove to be the permanent depart- ment it was looked upon at first. The purpose for which it had been undertaken had been accomplished and the Com- mittee was accordingly dissolved, the families under its charge being distributed among the districts, where their care was continued on the same principles. ^\ \. HISTORY In the summer of 1898, to go back to the time when the special work for children originated, another beginning was made to meet a need which could not be satisfied by a demon- stration of method but has required ever increasing provision. The first "training class in applied philanthropy" was opened on June 20 and continued for six weeks under the immediate -direction of the assistant secretary, Philip W. Ayres. Grow- ing out of the difficulty experienced by the Charity Organiza- tion Society, in common with all organizations with a high standard, to find properly qualified persons to do social work, it has grown into a professional school which has the same place for the social worker as the school of medicine or law or theology has for the physician or lawyer or clergyman. It is interesting that the first standing committee on Philan- thropic Education included the present directors of both the New York School of Philanthropy and the Boston School for Social Workers. The report of the Central Council thus describes the future expected from this experiment: "It is hoped that from this beginning a plan of professional training in applied philanthropy may be developed which will raise the standard of qualification and of usefulness through- out the entire field of charitable work. The Society cherishes the conviction that important results to the philanthropic -work not only of New York and vicinity, but also of the coun- try at large, would follow the endowment of a school to which the best minds would be attracted, and from which special- ists in the various forms of charitable and correctional work •could be entered successfully upon their respective careers." For six years the summer class was held, each year add- ing testimony to its value and its inadequacy. Then in the winter of 1903-04 an afternoon course was given, attended chiefly by employes of New York organizations. The next year a sufficient sum was raised to provide for a full course of instruction requiring the entire time of its students, and soon after the beginning of the academic year John S. Kennedy's PROFESSIONAL TRAINING, HOUSING REFORM 45 endowment of $250,000 established the School on a permanent basis and made easy the .expansion which was inevitable. This action by Mr. Kennedy takes rank with his erection of the United Charities Building. No other two gifts have up to the present time accomplished so much to increase the effectiveness of philanthropic efforts in New York and to raise the standard of efficiency in social work all over the country. A third new undertaking in the year 1898 was destined to a remarkable development. At a meeting of the Executive Committee in April, Lawrence Veiller presented a plan for the formation of a tenement house society which should seek to improve housing conditions in this city by "securing the enforcement of the existing laws relating to tenement houses; by presenting united opposition to bad legislation arising either at Albany or locally ; by obtaining such new and rem- edial legislation as might be necessary ; and by making a gen- eral study of the tenement house question." The plan as originally presented by him contemplated the formation of a new and separate society, to devote itself permanently to the cause of housing reform, although, as he then pointed out, ''this would not be starting a new society so much as it would be centralizing the work of existing societies upon a part of their legitimate work which in the past they have been compelled to neglect." After care- ful consideration the Executive Committee concluded that it was desirable to undertake this work and that it could be profitably done by the Society rather than by the formation of a new organization. In December accordingly the Tene- ment House Committee was appointed. How this Committee organized a campaign of investiga- tion of conditions and education of the public in regard to them which has become a classic model ; the exhibition it held which has influenced the character of effective educational effort since, and secured the appointment, by Theodore Roose- velt, then governor of New York, of a commission which 46 HISTORY drafted and put through the new law ensuring an irreduc- ible minimum of light, air, cleanliness, and decency; how a wave of housing reform was put in motion all over the coun- try; and the part played in all this by Robert W. de Forest, chairman of the Society's committee and of the state commis- sion and first commissioner of the unique city department created by the n-ew law, and by Lawrence Veiller, secretary of both committee and commission and first deputy commis- sioner of the Tenement House Department — all this story has been told so well and so frequently that it needs only to be mentioned here. It is one of the dramatic chapters in the annals of social advance, and one of the signal successes of the Charity Organization Society. Probably as great a contribution as any that has been made to the cause of social advance and housing reform, has been the permanency of the Society's work: the holding to- gether of its Committee as a permanent organization, contin- uously moving for better housing conditions, stimulating pub- lic officials to progressive and efficient administration, cor- recting abuses in the administration of the laws, weighing from time to time the adequacy of the statutes to deal with changing conditions and taking the lead in urging new legis- lation where necessary, preventing the weakening of the law in warding off the constant attacks made on it by selfish interests, and continually carrying on, not only in New York alone, but throughout the entire country, a campaign of edu- cation as to the importance and necessity of housing reform as the fundamental basis of the improvement of social and living conditions. Clearly the Central Council was not speaking with undue confidence in the outcome of the new work set on foot when it characterized the year 1898-9 as "one of the most active and fruitful years" in the Society's history. It is significant, too, that a similar phrase is necessarily used in regard to nearly all of the succeeding years. PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS 47 In the midst of all this germinal effervescence of 1898 one of the established activities was discontinued, for reasons which afford as strong evidence of vitality as any of the new undertakings. The Wayfarers' Lodge, opened in 1893, in default of proper provision by the city, was closed, "having fulfilled its purpose by leading to the establishment of a free municipal lodging house." The Society's Lodge had been an admirable object lesson, with its hundred clean beds, disin- fection of clothing, isolation rooms for sickness, nutritious food, reading room, kindly discipline, and the shower baths, which, though compulsory, were found to be gratefully appre- ciated rather than submitted to perforce. It had provided sixty thousand lodgings during the five winters of its exist- ence, and had been effective in checking the deterioration with which homeless men were threatened and in starting many of them in the direction of self-respect and independence. Much of the work of the following years has been antici- pated in this account of 1898, but each year has also seen new interests and activities develop. Participation in work for the control of tuberculosis began in 1899 by the advocacy of the bill pending before the state legislature for establishing a hospital for consumptives in the Adirondacks. Two pages in the annual report for the follow- ing year indicate the growing interest in this problem, and lead to the announcement in 1902 that a standing committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis had been appointed. Long before the State Hospital was opened this committee had be- come one of the strong influences in the city. At the present time it is one of the most conspicuous and most important features of the Society's work. An opportunity of an unusual sort to influence the admin- istration of public funds presented itself in the summer of 1899 in the shape of a request from the city comptroller that the Society suggest reforms in the methods of appropriating public moneys to private charities. A carefully-considered 4^ HISTORY report was made, recommending the per capita per diem plan as a measure of payment and several other principles of pro- cedure which were later embodied in rules adopted by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment. Until 1899 the Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor had provided temporary relief for cases under the care of the Charity Organization Society when requested to do so. In May of that year, when this form of co-operation was discontinued, friends of the Society organized informally the Provident Relief Fund to provide a substitute for the source of relief thus withdrawn. In 1900 the industrial branches of the Society's work were brought together in the old Wayfarers' Lodge, renamed the Industrial Building. The tenement house exhibit, the ap- pointment of the tenement house commission, and the first New York State Conference of Charities and Correction, were the conspicuous events of the year. In December the So- ciety was requested by the New York Evening World to dis- tribute for it a thousand Christmas dinners. In several suc- ceeding years similar assistance was rendered to the World and the American in placing their Christmas courtesies unos- tentatiously where they were needed, by methods involving no humiliation to the recipients. An excursion into the field of correction which was made in 1901 deserves mention. A woman probation officer was placed at the disposal of one of the magistrate's courts, and later of the children's part of the court of Special Ses- sions, to demonstrate the necessity for adding probation offi- cers in adequate numbers to the machinery for the adminis- tration of justice. In 1902 the mendicancy department was re-organized on a more comprehensive and more effective plan, which within four years succeeded for the first time in the history of the city, or of any great city, in dealing adequately with the prob- lem of mendicancy. The plan involved co-operation by the UNIVERSITY OF o -5 J e w s o PROBATION, MENDICANCY, COAL FAMINE 49 Police Department, which was withdrawn in 1906, and thus far no effective alternative has been put into operation. The fuel famine of the winter 1902-3, caused by the strike in the* anthracite coal region of Pennsylvania, brought hardship to all in the city. To prevent suffering among those who ob- tain their fuel from charitable agencies and among those who buy it in small quantities, arrangements were made with the large anthracite coal companies to supply to responsible deal- ers a large part of the coal brought to the city, on the under- standing that they would sell full measure by the pail at a reasonable rate, to all who applied at their yards, and arrange- ments were also made in the interest of the Charity Organiza- tion Society to purchase a large amount of coal for distribu- tion to charitable agencies which should place their orders through the Charity Organization Society. The Society alsa made and published investigations concerning substitutes for coal, and, in co-operation with the Street Cleaning Department, supervised the distribution of the wood brought to the city's thirteen dumps to those who were willing to- come and break it up. The bill introduced for the free dis- tribution of coal by the city was vigorously opposed and de- feated. The Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis began work in the fall of 1902, on the plan outlined at its first meet- ing the preceding June, which has proved as far-sighted as the Society's constitution. The program had four divisions : research into the social aspect of tuberculosis; educational propaganda; stimulation of provision for public and private,, care of consumptives; and relief for families in which tuber- culosis is a serious financial problem. All four kinds of work were begun during the first year. The available vital statistics were studied with reference to the prevalence of this disease, the susceptibility of persons of different nationalities and of different occupations to it, and its economic signifi- cance. A course of lectures designed for social workers was 50 HISTORY given by eminent specialists, and sixty-five lectures of a more popular character — seventy in all, with an aggregate audience of 7,373 persons. Twenty-seven thousand copies of pamph- lets were distributed, 50,000 of the Board of Health circulars, 5,000 copies of resolutions warning against the use of patent medicines ; and the first step was taken in the evolution of the now famous "Don't card," an attractive folder which gives the essential facts about tuberculosis in simple language. Vigorous but ineffectual opposition was made to the Goodsell- Bedell bill which afterwards became law and delayed for sev- eral years the establishment of a municipal country sana- torium; and during the six winter months the Committee took charge of certain of the families under the care of the Society in whose situation tuberculosis was the main factor. The second year of the Committee's existence was marked by the publication of the Handbook on the Prevention of Tuber- culosis, which has had a very important and direct influ- ence on the development throughout the country of con- certed efifort for the control of this disease; by the establish- ment of co-operation with the Board of Education and the labor unions; by the publication of the "Don't card" in En- glish, Bohemian, Yiddish, and German ; and by participation in the exhibition of the Tuberculosis Commission of Mary- land, and of the Department of Social Economy of the Louis- iana Purchase Exposition. In 1903 the general secretary visited the relief work occa- sioned by floods and cloudbursts in Missouri, Kansas, and Ore- gon. Emergency relief work at home was made necessary the next year by the horrible fate which overtook the excur- sionists on the steamer General Slocum one day in June. Archibald A. Hill, then secretary of the Charity Organization Society's Tenement House Committee, was asked to act as secretary of the Mayor's Relief Committee promptly formed. His time and that of several other employes was put at the disposal of the Relief Committee, and for several weeks the NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 5 1 general secretary also devoted close attention to the work, and prepared the report submitted to the Mayor. The summer of 1904 was a notable one in the organization of social work, for it saw the beginning of both the National Child Labor Committee and the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis. In the launching of both of these important organizations the Society partici- pated, and its general secretary acted as secretary of the former for six months and took a prominent part in the Socio- logical Section of the first meeting of the latter. This was the year, also, of the endowment of the School of Philanthropy. A flurry of excitement over children who go breakfastless to school brought up again during this winter the question of public out-door relief, in the form of a discussion on the furnishing of free meals by the Department of Education. The Society expressed itself as opposed to any such plan, at a hearing before the special committee of the Board of Edu- cation. Two years later, in last April, a discussion of the same principles was renewed, on the proposal to furnish skilled oculists to treat all pupils with defective vision in the public schools and to give eye-glasses to all for whom they were prescribed. After opposing before the Board of Edu- cation "this radical, as it appears to us, revolutionary, and certainly unnecessary" proposition, "in view of the admitted ability of parents in the very great majority of all cases to take care of their own children, and in view of the demon- strated ability and willingness of dispensaries and charitable societies to provide for all whose parents have not this finan- cial ability," the Charity Organization Society made the spe- cific announcement that it was ready, as always, to supply the needs of any child whose parents could not meet them. The year 1905 was conspicuous for the extension of the educational work of the Society. The general secretary was appointed to the new chair of Social Economy in Columbia University endowed by Jacob H. Schiflf as a means of supple- 52 HISTORY menting the School of Philanthropy and emphasizing more closely through this personal connection the affiliation already established between the Society and the University. The position attained by Charities^ which had absorbed The Charities Review, and the future planned for it, led to the organization of the National Publication Committee, repre- sentative of various movements in social work and of various sections of the country. On November i, 1905, with Chari- ties was consolidated The Commons of Chicago, and four months later Jewish Charity of New York was also merged. A Bureau of Statistics was established in the Central Office, for the study and interpretation of the case-work of the So- ciety and for furthering in any possible way the study of ex- isting social needs. A special investigation of habits of tenement families in regard to the purchase and management of food was made, in addition to a study of the families under care of the Society during the year, and the Family Desertion volume already referred to was published. A national Direc- tory of Institutions and Societies dealing with Tuberculosis, planned and compiled by the Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis and issued by it at the close of 1904 in con- junction with the National Association, has proved itself a well-appreciated contribution to the tuberculosis movement of the country. During this, its third year, the Committee, in addition to its lectures and popular literature, made an investigation of lodging-houses in Manhattan, carried on an experiment in placing convalescent consumptives in the country, co-operated with the National Association in holdings a tuberculosis exhibition, and established a local travelling exhibition as a permanent part of its educational work. The death of Mrs. Lowell, on October 12, 1905, bereaved the entire city. To the Charity Organization Society it meant an irreparable loss. Mrs. Lowell was its founder, and through its twenty-three years of existence had been its most faith- ful, untiring, and efficient member. For twenty-three years \ JOSEPHINE SHAW LOWELL 53 she served on the Executive Committee ; for fifteen as chair- man of the Committee on District Work. At different times she w^as a member of the Committee on Co-operation, the Committee on Provident Habits, and the Committee on Philanthropic Education. She was chairman of the Com- mittee on Dependent Children during its four active years ; and she was a member of the Central District Committee for three years, and then, from 1893, of the committee in the district on the lower east side now known as Corlears. It was no perfunctory service that she gave. Alert, suggestive, sincere, wise, and unwearied, she, more than any other one person, directed the course of the Society. That there were occasions on which her judgment was overruled is the strong- est evidence on record that the Society has not been the pro- duct of any one mind or under any personal control. She left a legacy of suggestions — for a children's department, a farm colony for vagrants, a public department for the reduction of crime, of which police, courts, and prisons should be bureaus — which may for years to come engage the attention of those with whom she worked and their successors. The important new undertaking in 1906 was the estab- lishment of the Special Employment Bureau for the Handi- capped. Some reader of the Society's records in the distant future may find the germ of this venture in the permission [riven an armless man, at the request of one of the district committees, to set up a fruit stand in front of the Central Office at 21 University Place. There is no historical con- nection between the two enterprises, but the early incident is typical of the efforts that have always been made by district agents to find suitable employment for members of the fam- ilies under their care who in one respect or another do not come up to the market requirements of capability. The pro- ject of organizing an employment bureau for placing the physically, mentally, and socially handicapped in positions 54 HISTORY where their particular handicap will not interfere with the work to be done, grew out of a physician's isolated experi- ments with his dispensary patients, and the problems con- stantly faced by the Committee on the Joint Application Bu- reau in its care of homeless cases. In a memorandum pre- sented to the Central Council in January, 1906, Dr. Theodore C. Janeway, a member of the Council, and C. C. Carstens, then assistant secretary of th.e Society, both representatives of the Charity Organization Society on the Joint Application Bureau Committee, convincingly stated the need for a philanthropic agency which should undertake the difficult task of creating a place in the industrial organization of the city for persons generally considered unemployable. The standing commit- tee appointed to establish such a bureau began work in April. In this year also the custom which the Society had fol- lowed from its beginning of making confidential reports to its members on the standing and management of any enter- prises appealing for charitable support was organized into a Bureau of Advice and Information. A special fund of $20,000 was contributed in January by eight men as a relief fund for the benefit of poor consumptives ; and in the fall the Tuber- culosis Committee submitted to the Mayor's Hospital Com- mission recommendations for increased public hospital and dispensary provision, based on an elaborate study of the ex- isting demands and facilities. The San Francisco earth-quake and fire on April 18 created an emergency situation of a magnitude and delicacy that demanded the most expert handling. The administra- tion of the relief fund of ten million dollars affords the most conspicuous demonstration that has ever been given of the value of co-operation and organization in relief, and of the extent to which professional knowledge in relief administra- tion has come to be appreciated by the public. The president of the Society, by appointment of the Mayor of New York, was chairman of the New York Relief Committee. The gen- THE IMPROVEMENT OF SOCIAL CONDITIONS 55 eral secretary of the Society, by appointment of the American National Red Cross, was in charge of the emergency relief for over three months. As special representative of the Red Cross, as chairman of the San Francisco Relief Com- mission during July, as first chairman of the Rehabilitation Committee, and in his cordial relations with the local Fin- ance Committee, he had a unique opportunity to direct meth- ods and initiate policy. At the end of nearly a quarter of a century the Central Council of the Society, in the winter of 1906-7, made a care- ful review of its work, for the purpose of determining its future policy. The conclusion was reached that its greatest opportunity for service in the future lies in organizing the forces of the community, public and private, for the perman- ent improvement of social conditions; that while no less at- tention should be given to the care of individual families in their homes, its most effective work is to remove, as far as is possible, the. conditions which make these families needy. It was felt that the work into which the Society has been led by pressing social needs has been its most fruitful work. Such work has involved, to use the words of the memorandum prepared by the president of the Society, "the organization of charity in its fullest and most perfect sense. It has meant favorable action on the part of state and municipal author- ities; it has also involved the support of the public, the sup- port of the press, and particularly the support of other char- itable organizations. It has involved continuous service. The Society has no right to claim, nor does it claim, exclu- sive credit for this result, which means incalculable good to such a multitude. It has, however, been brought about by organization and co-operation which the Society initiated and which it has fostered. And the result to the commun- ity- in eliminating and diminishing some of the more import- ant causes of pauperism is of infinitely greater value than could have been brought about by the same amount of effort 56 HISTORY .and the same amount of money expended for the relief of individual suffering. It is for such reasons that the Society, after twenty-five years of experience, has deliberately deter- mined, without neglecting in any way its duty in the relief of individual cases of poverty, to lay emphasis on the field of removing or minimizing the causes of poverty, and to firmly establish and extend these forms of work by organizing them into a department for the permanent improvement of social conditions." In January, 1907, the Department for the Improvement of Social Conditions was created, thus organizing for more effi- cient administration the constructive social undertakings al- ready in operation and providing for expansion in such direc- tions as the needs of the city may demand and the resources at the command of the Society may permit. CONCLUSION The twenty-five years within which lies the history of the Charity Organization Society have been throughout the coun- try a period of unprecedented progress in charitable methods, in resources available for relief, and in the improvement of social conditions. In 1882 almshouses and orphan asylums were the principal relief agencies in the state of New York. There were pri- vate homes for the aged, but then, as now, more of the aged and infirm were in almshouses, and with them were insane, feeble-minded (called "idiots"), epileptic, blind, deaf-mute, and children. There was in them little provision for the sick, even for contagious diseases. Sanitary arrangements were frequently unspeakable. - Two-thirds of the known in- sane of the state were in county and city almshouses, and stocks, fetters, and other restraining appliances of iron and leather were still sometimes used. Work House inmates were utilized, at least in New York City, as attendants on the sick. There was a large and increasing number of children in institutions and no definite means of supervising expendi- tures from the public treasury for their support. Fresh-air work was only beginning. Hospitals and dispensaries were as yet only slightly specialized. Such social and educational work as is now carried on by clubs, settlements and other agen- cies in infinite variety was represented only by a number of "industrial schools" for poor children, and the work of church visitors and missions. The relief of poor families in their homes was accomplished by the city's distribution of coal and by a number of relief societies giving out doles independ- 58 HISTORY ently of one another. The State Board of Charities and the State Charities Aid Association had brought about important improvements, but their reports indicate the feeling that their work was only begun. In the quarter of a century that has passed since 1882 the almshouse has become a home for the friendless aged and in- firm ; the defective classes have been much better provided for in specialized institutions; the care of the insane has been concentrated under state management, and has become more nearly adequate, more humane, and more remedial; the ad- ministration of public charities has been divorced from cor- rection in New York City; and the city no longer distributes coal. A uniform system of accounting has been established in state institutions, and the subsidies to private institutions have been systematized on a basis of payment for services. Contract prison labor has been abolished; matrons have been supplied in the police stations; reformatory methods have to a considerable extent displaced punishment in correctional institutions; and a decent probation system is being worked out. Police station lodgings have disappeared, and in their stead in New York City is a well-conducted municipal lodg- ing house. All the progress that has been made in protect- ing working women and children, and in controlling the evils of the sweat-shop, has been made in this period. Provision for the sick has increased enormously, and has become greatly diversified; medical attendance and nursing for the poor in their homes have developed, as well as all the educational and preventive work carried on by the Department of Health. The improvement of the dispensary and the increase of volun- tary public service by physicians have supplemented with great social advantage the work of the hospitals and Health Department. Dependent children are provided for in more natural ways; many are kept with their own families; for others homes are found in other families; and among the in- stitutions there is a tendency to re-organize on the cottage ADVANCE OF TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 59 plan in a country location, and greatly to improve the cur- riculum. A separate bureau has been created for dependent children in the Department of Public Charities, and juvenile delinquents are treated in a children's court. Families de- pendent on private charity are cared for w^ith no less sym- pathy, but with more thoroughness, and resources are not only more plentiful but are also better organized in their behalf. The administrative, financial, and relief methods of many private relief agencies have improved so enormously as to amount to a revolution. There has been also marked improvement in the environ- ment of the poor, brought about by governmental activity and private interest. Unchecked competition in the build- ing of tenements with its abuses has been brought under con- trol; playgrounds and small parks have been opened in con- gested districts, and on the water-front have been built pavil- ion-piers for recreation and refreshment ; public baths have come into existence; recreation centers, vacation schools, and lectures are evidence of the socializing of the public schools which has but recently begun. ' The settlement movement has developed entirely within this period, and has made its contribution of sweetness and light, as have the many inde- pendent clubs and the "institutional work" of the churches, to the lives of working men and women and boys and girls. Certain efforts for improving conditions have assumed such proportions and such definite organization that they have become "movements", of which the most conspicuous ex- amples are the movements to protect children from premature and excessive employment and to diminish tuberculosis. Others, which may develop similarly, are now in their incip- iency — for the control of all kinds of preventable disease whose persistence depends on social causes, for the mitiga- tion of the evils of congested population, for the protection of purchasers of food, drugs, life insurance, and other com- 6o HISTORY modities, for the equitable adjustment of the burden of in- dustrial accidents. There has come about also during the twenty-five years a change in the conception of social work. It has become a profession, with a literature, defined standards, training schools, and powers of attracting an increasing number of men and women in their choice of a life work, and of retain- ing the most competent. In the general characteristics of social work the most notable development has been the pop- ularization of the method which has always been prerequisite to efiiciency, the method which bases action on a knowledge of facts. This method may be said to have become the standard in the treatment of dependent families and in the treatment of social conditions. ''Investigation" of families has lost its terror and is generally accepted as an essential preliminary to real assistance. The necessity for research into working and living conditions has made itself felt by everyone who tries to bring about any social improvement. The Russell Sage Foundation, established this year, is not only "the most nobly conceived benefaction of an age in which many benefactions have been generously conceived and exe- cuted"; it is also a response to the insistent demand for knowledge which many charitable organizations, settlements, universities, governmental departments,' and private citizens have been trying in fragmentary but earnest ways to meet. These are advances which have been brought about by conscious social effort, as distinguished from the action of economic forces, and as distinguished from the action of the awakening social spirit on the organization of industry and the conduct of government. The specific help which the Charity Organization Society has given in bringing about this advance has been outlined in the foregoing pages. In indirect or intangible ways it has been of perhaps greater service. Through the successful ac- complishment of certain tasks; through the collection and THE FUTURE 6l presentation of facts about social conditions ; through vigilant interest in the action of the legislature and other branches of government as it bears on the welfare of the poor; through the participation of its officers and members of its stafi in national, state, and special conferences, and in the emergency relief wQrk occasioned by great disasters; through its own employes who have gone to social work in other cities; through its cordial relations with public officials and with other charitable agencies; through its pioneer work in devel- oping a course of instruction for the training of social work- ers ; and above all through its publications, notably Charities, it has exerted an influence on the social work of the city and the entire country. It has not been an easy path through these twenty-five years, though the apparently obvious course of this history may give that impression. The next step has not always been clear to all. Long, earnest, even heated discussions have occurred in the councils of the Society, and years of untired effort have sometimes been necessary to convince an oppon- ent on the outside of the wisdom of the Society's position and the disinterestedness of its motives. Prejudice,, false senti- ment, the clash of selfish interests, and the inherent difficulties of many of the problems encountered, have taxed the judg- ment and the patience of directors and workers. In spite of the evils of increased congestion, the physical strain of overwork, and the numerous forms of exploitation from which the poor suffer, there has come about, through in- creased efficiency of educational and philanthropic agencies, through the adoption of better administrative methods, and above all through the deepening sense of social responsibil- ity, a more just and more adequate discharge of the obliga- tions of charity. And yet these obligations have not been fully met. Of the work to be do,ne not very much has as yet been accomplished. An advance has been made, but there is now the vision of far greater things, and there is justified a 62 HISTORY confidence that it is not an unattainable vision, which comes from the success of past efforts and from the sense of strength given by sympathy and unity of purpose among the forces working for the common welfare. ACCOUNT OF PRESENT ACTIVITIES 1907 EDWARD T. DEVINE ADMINISTRATION The government of the Charity Organization Society dif- fers from that of other charitable societies mainly in having an elasticity in the number and membership of its commit- tees, which enables it easily to adapt the means to the end. The governing body, corresponding to the managers, directors, or trustees of other societies, is called the Central Council. It has a president, a vice-president, and a treasurer elected from the membership of the Council, all of whom serve without compensation. Its real executive officer is its general secre- tary, and associated with him are the director of the Depart- ment for the Improvement of Social Conditions and the director of the School of Philanthropy, all of whom are sal- aried officers. In practice the work of the Council is distributed among a number of standing committees, all subordinate to the Exec- utive Committee, which is constituted in large part of chair- men of other committees and is itself directly responsible to the Council. ^The elastic organization of these committees is an individual characteristic of the Society and has contrib- uted much to its efficiency. They are large or small accord- ing to the demands of their work, and they include, without regard to residence, those whose membership is based upon service as well as those whose membership* is based upon con- tribution. In this way the Society has been able to en- roll upon its different committees men and women in different parts of the country to deal with those of its functions which are national rather than local, such as its School of Philanthropy and its Charities Publication Committee. 66 PRESENT ACTIVITIES These standing committees are appointed by the president after each annual election. One of them is a Committee on District Work, which occupies toward the Society's district committees practically the siame relation of oversight and con- trol that the Executive Committee exercises toward all stand- ing committees. The district committees, which are charged with the care of needy families in their homes within their respective dis- tricts, in contradistinction from the standing committees of the Council, are independent and autonomous, electing their members on their own initiative, subject only to the approval of the Council, and conducting their affairs in many respects independently. This organization in its statement may seem complicated. As matter of fact it is a necessary adaptation of effort to result which has in practice proved simple and workable, giving to each committee a sufficient degree of independence to encour- age initiative, and to the Central Council sufficient control to conform the action of all to a single general policy. Turning from general to more particular statement, the Central Council consists of thirty-three members, one-third retiring each year, elected by the Society at its annual meeting; one delegate member from each district commit- tee ; and certain ex officio members. Membership in the So- ciety is based upon service on its committees or financial support. There are twelve ex officio members of the Council: the New York City Commissioners of the State Board of Charities, a representative of the State Charities Aid Asso- ciation and of Columbia University, the United States Com- missioner of Immigration, the Mayor of the city, and the heads of those city departments most closely connected with the welfare of the poor — the Police Department, the Health Department, the Department of Public Charities, the Depart- ment of Correction, and the Tenement House Department. STANDING AND DISTRICT COMMITTEES 67 The standing committees and the district committees have an aggregate membership at present of over three hundred. The original members of the district committees, one in each of the ten sections, into which the city is divided for the Society's purposes, are appointed by the Council, but after that each committee is self-perpetuating, its choice to fill vacancies being, however, subject to the approval of the Council. It is the function of the district committees to "manage the work of the Society" within their own boundaries, "sub- ject to the control of the Council." They "establish" the dis- trict offices ; decide "on the treatment of the cases applying for assistance in their part of the city ; carry the responsibility for developing co-operation with the Society by churches, other charitable agencies, and residents of the district; and take part, more or less actively as their interests lead them, in carrying on the general educational work of the Society. They have no responsibility, as committees, in raising money for their expenses. The finances of the society have been centralized from the beginning. The paid employes for the district work are appointed by authority of the Central Coun- cil, subject to the approval of the district committee to which they are assigned. Through the standing committees, now numbering twenty, the Central Council carries on the rest of the Society's work, and supervises 'the work of the district committees. The Executive Committee, consisting of not less than five members, all of whom must be members of the Council, acts for the Council in the interim of its sessions, and has charge of the work of the Central Office. It holds weekly meetings and it is the most important of all the committees. For the convenient transaction of business it may meet in two sections. The president and the vice-president of the Council are ex officio members of all committees. 68 PRESENT ACTIVITIES There is a standing committee in charge of each distinctive branch of the work. Six of the nine original standing com- mittees are still continued, and new ones have been added as the diversification of the work has called for them. The chairman of each is a member of the Council but the rest of the committee need not be. This freedom of choice has been a source of strength, enabling the Society to unite varied interes;ts in a much more efficient prosecution of new undertakings than would -otherwise have been possible. The officers of the Central Council, elected by the Council, are the officers of the Society. The executive officer of the Council, the general secretary, is responsible to the Council for the management of the Central Office', and for exercising a general supervision over all departments and districts, and is an advisory member of both sections of the Executive Com- mittee ahd of all standing committees. The director of the Department for the Improvment of Social Conditions is re- sponsible to the Council for the conduct of that Department, with which has been consolidated the established work of the Committees on Mendicancy and the Prevention of Tubercu- losis and the Tenement House Committee. The work is organized in bureaus, each with an executive head designated by a variety of titles and responsible directly to the general secretary or the director of the Department for the Improvement of Social Conditions. The School of Philan- thropy, Charities, the Wood Yard, the Laundry, and the Penny Provident Fund, are conducted by standing commit- tees responsible to the Council. The Society is supported entirely by voluntary contribu- tions. It has never received appropriations from the state or city. On one occasion an ofifer of a thousand dollars made by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment was declined. The contributions during the past year, amounting in the aggregate to ninety-nine thousand dollars, represented twenty-six hun- dred contributors. FINANCES 69 Prior to 1893, the Society's accounts were audited by special committees of the Central Council or of the Finance Committee. Since that date, the Committee on Audit of Accounts has arranged for a monthly and annual audit of the Society's accounts by a certified public accountant. Last winter the Bureau of Accounts was re-organized and a modern system of account and audit installed, as a result of which immediate information is available concerning expenditures to date for various purposes and the balances in hand for each of the Society's activities. The Bureau of Appeals in the Central Office, under the general supervision of the Committee on Finance and Mem- bership, has been separated from the cashier's office and re- organized on a more efficient basis. This Bureau is charged with the raising of funds, involving not only the sending out of the usual appeals, but to some extent the interpretation of the Society's various activities to the public. / '««W» or T.« »n.ov.. «..>T,o» ».io '••*••> 1 UNOTM or Tim tanoviB «>«.tioii hild oatc or kavino n«a, aoduch tlNOTH or Tine IMPLOTIO rollTION HCLO D«TC or LIAVINO M.MC *OOII(U UNQTH or TIMC CHriOT.O rOSlTIOK HtLO O.TC Or LKVIXa 1 ' ' rmsoHS mTinisTca ADDITIONAL AOOAIADia | B«TI ADomss AOOM. «CI / / '\ / //Oi) /*t«) A ^ "*■»■» , / "-\ x /oryv 9^ .' i '••. ^N. J^ctv r^ ■ / / •• ■•-... ^V^ y z' / Tov c '^^"^ / ^*'V qVOV 6ov i>0-0 ^cro Scro ¥v Sen ■3^>r> Aov SiOi} /m> /Ctzf ' ^ Oct f/oV Dec Jan FeW Mar Apr [^au June Jultj Aag. Sept. Diagram i — Number of cases under active care in the districts in each month of the last three years : A-A, 1906-07 ; B-B, 1905-06 : C-C, 1904-05. public and private charities rather than by conscious selection, that the part of the dependent population which comes to the Charity Organization Society is a group with characteristics of its own. The Society never refuses to undertake a case 96 PRESENT ACTIVITIES because the type of poverty presented by it is for any reason unattractive. The phrase, "That is not a C. O: S. case," more often quoted v^ith a misinterpretation outside the Society than heard inside, should be understood to mean either that it is a case which does not need financial help or friendly over-sight from strangers, or that there is some other agency which is a more natural source of the help needed. While it is true that no kind of suffering resulting from pov- erty is in itself beyond the scope of the Charity Organization Society, it has nevertheless come about that the families under district care are for the most part firmly established in New York and able to support themselves except for a brief period or brief recurring periods. There are few chronic dependents, and few recent immigrants. A large proportion of the cases taken up, over half last year, have not been known to the society before. About one-fourth are widows with de- pendent children ; from eight to ten per cent are deserted wives. The men, in the other families, are incapacitated by illness, age, intemperance, or some other disability, to such an extent that one district agent said a few months ago, "I haven't a normal man in all my families" ; and when the agents were asked to furnish data for an investigation of the cost of living for a normal family in New York they had great difficulty in finding families among their charges who answered the re- quirement of the definition, that both father and mother should be in fairly good health, the father earning the support for the family, the mother devoting herself chiefly to her house- hold duties. In one way conscious selection has been exer- cised in the last two or three years. Certain eflforts have been made, by co-operation with dispensaries, to seek out families needing help on account of tuberculosis, in the hope of reach- ing them with assistance before they should be driven by extremity to ask for help which could then be of little use. As a result the proportion of tuberculosis cases is probably CHANGES IN DISTRICT WORK 97 slightly larger than it would naturally be, and the average economic status very slightly higher. In looking back over the quarter century there may be seen some changes in the character of the district work. The composite character of the applicants has been modified by a change in the relative importance of different nationalities, and by a reduction in the prominence of the aged, the "chronic pauper", and the hostile and dangerous type. The changes in nationality merely reflect the changes in the composition of the general population. The improvement in the city's pro- vision for aged and infirm has removed a large burden from private charity. Generally improved methods in the adminis- tration of relief have affected the prevalence of the pauper spirit. The suppression of mendicancy, the offer of substantial help to the homeless, and growing appreciation of the Society's intentions by the poor, have all helped to remove the element of personal danger that the district agent faced in her work twenty years ago. The changes in the methods of treatment have been in the direction of procuring more and more "suitable and adequate'* relief, relief adapted to the need and sufficient to remove it, and in planning more largely and more wisely for the future of each family, as the development in the resources of the city have allowed and the increase of our knowledge of social problems has shown the way. RELIEF A conspicuous feature of the Society's case-work in recent years has been the substantial increase in the amount of relief expended for families under care. Part of this increase is due, undoubtedly, to the increase which has taken place in the cost of the necessities of life, noticeably in rents, which makes it require more money than it did twenty or ten years ago to supply the same proportion of a family's necessary expenses; part is due, also, to a rising standard of what constitutes the necessities of life under normal conditions; part to* the de- mand for liberality which is loudly made by our recently- acquired knowledge of the means of dealing effectively with tuberculosis, and our realization, which as a working motive is also recently-acquired, of the importance of full nutrition and physical health to economic and moral well-being; and part, no doubt, to the growing tendency to regard material relief as a beneficent instrument, by means of which pauper- ism may be prevented rather than created, and the use of which does not necessarily destroy the friendly relation with the family. The Society's records show only the relief actually dis- bursed by the agents of the Society. A very large, but inde- terminable, amount of relief is secured by the Society for families in its care which does not pass through its hands, and is therefore not included in its figures. RELIEF OBTAINED 99 The following table shows the increase that has taken place in the last six years : 1901-02 $31,488.07 1902-03 39.700-33 1903-04 38,206.08 1904-05 (15 months) 45.90749 (Year at same rate 36,875.00) 1905-06 52,987.29 1906-07 81,646.70 Y^OCro-o i 2fO 0-0-0 70 00-0 / "yo crzTo 60 orrtD / (aO Orro -^C Ot^iD J / ^0 t> ^O&o-o / ^0 dTZJ-o •^o otro / / 3 oxy-o ^000-0 «5 00 tH 05 CO 1 l> s CO «7 CO o t^ Visits paid to or in belialf of cases i i *> CO s ^ 2 00 CO CO CO CO CO 00 t> CO C5 Calls received for consulta- tions i i CO § 8 00 o OS o 1-1 CO CO to Calls received from applicants CO CQ 1 ■<*< 1 1-H ^ 1 2 i »— 1 |2 III 2 § ?3 1— I 2 O CO ?o g J^ CO iO s o o CO 1-H CO 00 CO T-t CO '^ CO s CO o CO Oi Cases remaining in charge September 30, 1907 CO oo s CO 05 o ^ s ^ o o o Total Number of cases in charge during the year CO 1 to GO CO i ^ 1 CO o CO Cases in charge October 1, 1906 2 CO GO CO 1 n I SS o o I 1 *i c a 1 •*- i i >> 2 6 > *> p ^ T K X a o 5 f »o o OS . -2 o •E tc 5 lU '^ 00 CC ill t> iO Tf I- CO o (N CO ^ »c •'2 "tt « a-=^°s CD •I— 1 CO o o eg CQ 00 o "^ tH t^ ic CD Visits to Q] heha cas OJ CQ ^ "^ CO cc c: CO o tH (M i> CO lO r « -« 2 CO ^^^S lO Tf »o i> 03 *c CO ta OO cs oc t> Ca] recei fo ohsul CO CO CO 00 o: OS GQ o . -d ^ ^^ai »c OS T-> M< o CS •^ o •«T< cc 00 § CO CO <» a i- T-H CO S ft eS .a« g lO CO ■o .CO ^ CD ■£» T-t Oi t> ir-t 05 T-t o oc .,_l 1— ( OO 1—1 i> es o S o 1 ^ CO (>> CO CO OS CO ft So 4) (0 OS T1^ OJ o y-A T-( tH o T-H CD p-S 1 CQ lases aining charge tember , 1907 CO Ol O C3 ^ GO T-H ■1— t ■^ CO ^id&S S-'^aj Total niber of ases in iliarge ring the year CO o CO CO •^ CO CO 00 IC lO 00 »o §§ o5 CQ CI ^ P i' ^ s rt -o o o CD o CO o CO 1^ S o2 o CO iO o«C 5 3 03 * e^ §1 i| « >% CIS cq o 1 Si i 1 CI C8 a; c CI 1 CI .1 P 5 CO 'So CO > k— 1 P4 a; o CI a; ■p •-3 1 S o ^ flle ftJl^ fl5.2 ■■5 OS'S .its ■' I] si; -^^ ?2 OS ;s'd L^ « S ® ky< S :i -^ jd g i> w-^ o a p aVOOD YARD The Wood Yard is one of the oldest of the Society's insti- tutions. Except for the two years when its management was transferred to an independent organization in the hope that heartier support would in that way be secured from the char- ities of the city, it has been carried on by the Society every year since 1884. Until 1893 it was a tenant of some wood- dealer, but when the land on West Twenty-Eighth Street was bought for the Wayfarers' Lodge it was established there. It is still on the lots adjoining the Industrial Building and its offices are on the ground floor of the building. The Wood Yard was started "not with any idea of provid- ing work at fair prices for the unemployed, but purely as a means by which to test the good faith of those seeking relief under the plea of inability to procure work", and in the early years there seems to have been little expectation that it could be made self-supporting. Gradually, however, a market was developed for all the wood cut, and the sale of tickets increased, until the operations of the winter of 1889-90 resulted in a surplus. The surplus increased for three years, and then the I08 PRESENT ACTIVITIES expenses incidental to the maintenance of the Wayfarers* Lodge produced a deficit. After 1898, however, the deficit disappeared, and by 1902-03, the year when scarcity of coal put wood at a premium, there was an accumulated surplus of $5,035. Since then this surplus has been gradually decreasing, and the Committee is now facing the probability that the Wood Yard will within a few years cease to be self-supporting. "We cannot expect", it was stated a year ago, "to make money as was once possible when the streets were full of beggars, the purchase of tickets popular, and there were few workers in the Yard who were not paid for by somebody. The Com- mittee is of the opinion that the risk of loss must be taken and the homeless cases met and cared for." Men are admitted to the Wood Yard on presentation of tickets, each one of which entitles to the privilege of perform- ing a "day's work", the cutting of about one-eighth of a cord of wood. This can be done in less than three hours. Lighter work is provided for the men who are not strong. On com- pletion of his task each "man with a home" receives fifty cents in cash, and each homeless man not sent by the Muni- cipal Lodging House receives two meals and a night's lodging at one of several houses with whose proprietors the Committee has arrangements. The Municipal Lodging House men are paying for the entertainment they have already received from the city. During the past year about 70 per cent of the homeless men have been Municipal Lodging House giic^ts, sent to the Wood Yard by the superintendent in the morning after their night at the city's expense; and nearly three-fourths of the men with homes have been sent by the Charity Organi- zation Society. The tickets presented by both these classes of men are not paid for. Most of the rest of the homeless men have come from the Joint Application Bureau, and until the spring of 1907 their tickets were supplied free of charge. This leaves only a small proportion now whose tickets are WORK FOR UNSKILLED WOMEN IO9 paid for by other charitable organizations or by persons who buy them to give to the beggars they encounter on the street or at home. The total income from the sale of tickets in the year 1906-07 was $1,461.00, almost four times as much as in 1905-06, but a small sum in comparison with some years, such as the hard winter of 1894, when it reached $3,409.80. The gross income from sales of wood cut in the yard was $34,209.50; 9,534 days' work were performed, 4,289 by homeless men, and 5,245 by men with homes. the: laundry An old newspaper article which discusses the "thoroughly mercenary character of the Charity Organization Society boldly set forth in its annual report just published," describes the Laundry as "an effort to get hold of the washing industry" of the city. An unsuccessful effort it must have seemed, for at that time, as indeed for the ten years that it was located on Park Avenue, it was largely "an adjunct of the work in the Seventh and Ninth Districts." Expansion began with its removal to the Industrial Building in 1900, where it now occu- pies all of the house except the ground floor. It is still a charitable and educational agency, however, and not a com- mercial enterprise. During the year just ended 11,534 days' work were per- formed in it by 244 different women, of whom 148 w^ere employed this year for the first time; and 160 applications for laundresses were filled. The amount charged for laundry work done was $20,086.66. The individual earnings of the women vary from sixty cents to $1.25 a day, according to efficiency, averaging about ninety cents, and a nourishing dinner is also provided. The Laundry is not quite self-supporting. Each year there is a loss of from two to ten per cent on the business, which is made up by donations. Considering the problem which is no PRESENT ACTIVITIES involved, the production of good work with labor that is largely unskilled and even on the whole below the average in natural capacity, the net cost of the Laundry is remarkably small. Its object is not primarily to be a financial success, but to train women who have no means of earning a living in an industry by which they can support their families, and incidentally to give temporary employment to these women when they are out of work. Most of them are widows with small children, or women whose, husbands are ill. The degree to which Laundry and women have been rendered self-sup- porting is testimony to the good management it has had /^^ /^(TV Oct., Jiec-^ F&ls: Apr. ^ JUnt Aug. rVoV Jan. Mar. Matj Uulu -^Sept. Diagram 4— Days' work performed at the Laundry each month of the last two years: the black part of the column indicates the number in 1Q05-06 ; the entire tolumii, the number in igo6-o7 ; the shaded part represents therefore the increase for each month of this year over the corresponding month of the year before. THE SPECIAL EMPLOYMENT BUREAU III through both its Committee and its superintendents, and the individual stories of the women, if they could be told, would convince of the wisdom of carrying on the work even if it were a heavier drain than it is on charitable contributions. The number of days' work was i8 per cent higher this year than last. The gain each month over the corresponding month of the year before, and also the fluctuations of the work with the migration of patrons to and from the city, are shown in the accompanying diagram. the: special employment bureau for THE handicappe:d To study the abilities of persons handicapped physically, mentally, or socially; to find work adapted to their powers which would enable them to be "wholly or partially self- supporting"; to persuade employers to accept a responsibility toward them, were the tasks which had to be faced in estab- lishing this Employment Bureau. There were no precedents for method, as this was the first attempt of the kind ever made, and the early months were necessarily experimental. Efforts were made at first to secure publicity, through the daily papers and the trade magazines, and to gain the co- operation of large employers, but gradually it became clear that this was not the most profitable way to work. Attention was then centered on the smaller employers, who have been found more ready to give the time and thought which co- operation requires. Gradually, too, the agencies which refer applicants have learned to distinguish better than they did at first between those who are only handicapped and those who are incapacitated for any kind of remunerative work. The methods which are now being pursued by the Bureau include keeping an accurate record of each applicant's quali- fications, frequently with a physician's opinion as to what kinds of work are permissible, and of the Bureau's experience with him ; patiently building up a list of employers whose 112 PRESENT ACTIVITIES assistance can be counted on ; finding among the applicants persons who can fill positions offered, actively seeking posi- tions for the others; providing training for some, and medical assistance for others in order that they may become qualified for new tasks. During the eighteen months since the Bureau began work II 37 applications have been registered and 450 placements made, a ratio of two placements to five applications. This ratio is considerably higher (more than one placement to two applications) for the last eight months, since a larger number of employers have become interested and the applicants have had a higher average of efficiency. Considering the character of the labor offered and the prejudice of most employers against an employe in any capacity who is not able to work at full speed, the results are very encouraging. The 340 placements of the last eight months are only a part of the product of the 896 calls made by the agent on employers, the 219 on applicants, the 1820 interviews at the office with appli- cants and the 864 with consultatives, and all the ingenuity that could "be brought to bear on individual problems. • There are other results that will show in next year's figures: the knowledge which is being worked out by experience of the kinds of work possible in connection with certain kinds of disability ; and the allies enrolled in the employers who "of- fered" 263 opportunities during this period. A descriptive analysis has been made of the 596 new appli- cations and the 314 placements of the seven months ending September 30. The largest group among the new applicants was of those disabled by some crippling disease, generally rheumatism, numbering 125 ; 120 were convalescents ; 94 were handicapped by age ; 56 were in an early stage of pulmonary tuberculosis and 17 more were suffering from other forms of tuberculosis ; 25 were partially blind, two totally Blind ; 20 had lost a hand, 17 a foot, and two more than one limb; 17 .were mentallv diseased and four were mentallv defective ; ifNf ^Q Of NATURE OF DISABILITY 113 Diagram 5 — Character of the handicaps among applicants to the Special Employment Bureau. 13 were suffering from nervous diseases. and i6 from diseases of the circulatory system ; nine were inebriates and eight had a criminal record; four were defective in speech or hearing and there v^ere two epileptics ; a miscellaneous group of eight included corpulency, hay fever, cancer, and loss of a singing voice; four had become unfitted for their previous employment and were not yet re-adjusted; and the remaining 33 had. more than one handicap. In 177 of the 596 cases, about 30 per cent, the present disability was traceable in some degree to conditions of employment. Seventy-nine per cent of the applicants had "some degree of training"; their advantage over those who were "wholly untrained" is indicated by the fact that this 79 per cent of the applicants furnished 83 per cent of the placements. 114 PRESENT ACTIVITIES Of the 314 placements during this period 63 were in tem- porary positions. The 251 placements in positions which the applicant, on entering, expected to hold indefinitely, or for a period of more than four weeks, were the following : domestic servants, 58; factory workers, 26; janitors and furnace men, 22; messengers and delivery men, 20; ''handy men" and "util- ity women", 20; country laborers, 17; clerks, 14; porters, 14; watchmen, 9; newsdealers, 6; slot machine tenders, 6; drivers, 6; elevator and door men, 5 ; attendants, 5; job carpenters, 3; manicurists, 3; restaurant helpers, 2; guides, 2; employes in a country hotel, 2; and one berry picker, one bootblack, one day laborer, one needleworker, one orderly, one telegraph operator, one printer, one locksmith, one assistant matron, one cutter, one motorman. The wages of these positions ranged from two to twenty dollars per week, the average being $8.36. A large proportion of these persons are at time of application dependent on charity; others are on the verge of dependence. Those for whom employment can be found by these special efforts are helped to become partially, in many cases wholly, self-supporting ; they are also saved from the hard fate of feel- ing useless. Discharged criminals are given a chance to try again and cured consumptives are enabled to earn a living without returning to the conditions which induced the dis- ease. On the economic side the work cannot but commend itself as the utilization of labor force that would otherwise be idle. It is even more appealing in its possibilities for check- ing the progress of disease and for restoring unfortunate men and women to independence. THE PROMOTION OF THE GENERAL WELFARE OF THE POOR It has been made sufficiently clear that the underlying purpose of all the Society's activities is the welfare of the poor. Investigation, registration, district care, temporary or special employment, and material relief are all directed towards the promotion of the permanent as distinct from the momentary need, of the common welfare rather than the exclusive advantage of individuals, of efficiency, sound habits of industry, the capacity for self-support, and mutually help- ful social and industrial relations. While workers in the So- ciety are not indifferent to need in the individual, there is ever present, as the foundation of its policies, a conviction that if the conditions of living can be improved ; if reasonable opportunities for employment, saving, and self-support can be assured; if the public health can be protected, and the administration of those public departments which have to do more directly with the welfare of the poor can be carried on with honesty and efficiency; if justice can be secured for the individual by even-handed and considerate action of courts, prlice, and correctional institutions; if the social forces which directly undermine character, those which break down physi- cal health and vigor, and those which tend to lower the standard of living, can be controlled, then there will eventually be little need for relief and it will be possible for the charitable impulse to find ample scope on a higher and more satisfying plane. The improvement of social conditions, and the promo- tion of the general welfare of the poor, have therefore con- Il6 PRESENT ACTIVITIES stantly become relatively more important objects of the So- ciety's work. Three of the special activities of the Society which have to do with general conditions, the suppression of mendicancy, housing reform, and the prevention of tuberculosis, although antedating the establishment of the Department for the Im- provement of Social Conditions, are now incorporated in that Department, and the standing committees which deal with them are continued under the general supervision of the second section of the Executive Committee, which is authorized to initiate other similar movements as may be found from time to time advisable. This Department, which came into existence in January of this year, gave special attention during the legislative ses- sion to the proposed amendments to the Tenement House Act, and to other questions of legislation relating to living and working conditions! As a result of its efforts, in co-operation with other organizations, especially the Consumers' League, no objectionable legislation relative to the hours of labor of women and children was passed during the session, although much was proposed. In consequence of the discussions at- tending such bills as were introduced, a comprehensive in- vestigation into the conditions of labor of women and children in the canning industry of this state has been carried on during the summer under the supervision of the Department jointly with the Consumers' League. The report of this investigation throws much light on the condi- tions existing in this trade and will be of permanent value, not only in this state but throughout the country. The De- partment now. has under consideration a comprehensive pro- gram of investigation, educational propaganda and remedial work in many directions, which will occupy for an indefinite period much of the attention of the Society and of those whose co-operation can be secured for carrying it into effect. HOUSING REFORM II7 THE TENEMENT HOUSE COMMITTEE: The present work of the Tenement House Committee is the prosecution of the definite aims for which it was organized nine years ago: securing the enforcement of existing laws protecting the health and safety of tenement dwellers ; closelv following new legislation affecting the tenement question, op- posing dangerous bills and supporting beneficial measures ; studying present housing problems ; and carrying on an active educational campaign for better tenement conditions. The efforts of the committee have been primarily for New York, but there has also been active co-operation with work for im- proved housing in other cities. Advance in housing reform has marked the past year throughout the country, and the Committee has been in touch with many of the movements, es- pecially those in Chicago, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh. As a result of the winter's work no objectionable tene- ment house legislation was enacted in the session of 1907, notwithstanding the fact that twenty-five different measures of this nature were introduced, an unusually large number. Three measures were enacted, but none of these was opposed by the Tenement House Committee. One of them, introduced at the request of the judges of the court of General Sessions, strengthens the law materially with regard to prostitution in tenement houses. Convinced that a proper enforcement of the law was im- possible with the insufficient force of workers then at his command, the Committee supported the request of the Tene- ment House Commissioner for an increased appropriation. A report of facts bearing on the case, such as the inadequacy of the twenty-eight "old-building" inspectors for 44,000 old tenement houses in Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond, was sub- mitted to the Mayor and given out to the newspapers, and an increase of over $50,000 was granted by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment. Il8 PRESENT ACTIVITIES During the winter an inspection was made of 107 recently installed out-door water-closets, at times when the tempera- ature was below freezing point. The conditions which were found demonstrated clearly the advisability of embodying in the law a requirement that all toilet accommodations here- after constructed for old tenement houses as well as new be within the buildings. Another investigation made during the year, of 200 two-family houses erected since the passage of the Tenement House Act, showed that thirty-six per cent of them were subsequently occupied as tenements in spite of such conditions as dark, interior bed-rooms, and inadequately lighted and ventilated toilets, and points to the urgent neces- sity for action to prevent the continuance of this state of affairs. , In October, 1906, a special number of Charities, on the progress of the housing movement in America and Europe, edited by the secretary of the Committee, was widely dis- tributed. The Committee acts as a bureau of information for those interested in housing reform, placing at their service for consultation its collection of literature on the housing question, its photographs and investigation schedules, and other reference material of all kinds. THE COMMITTEli: ON THE. PREVENTION or TUBERCULOSIS The eflforts of the Society to check the spread of tubercu- losis and to improve the condition of individual consumptives cover a period which again tempts to retrospect and review. At the end of five years the Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis counts as its important achievements the pro- gram it has worked out for an effective educational propa- ganda and the opportunity it has given to dispensaries to de- velop a comprehensive district plan of dispensary treatment for poor patients and to standardize such treatment. The contributions to educational work have been of two kinds. The Handbook and the Directory, together with sev- THE TRAVELLING TUBERCULOSIS EXHIBIT 1 19 eral pamphlet publications, are a" reference library of facts and principles which has been of the greatest assistance to the pioneers in tuberculosis work in other places, and has had a direct influence in informing public opinion and creating a general interest in preventive measures all over the country. While in this way educating the educators, the Committee has also been trying out various plans for getting the essential information before the general public, and has arrived at a fairly definite idea of the relative productivity of different methods, and a fairly well crystallized equipment for general educational work at the present time. The "Don't card", evolved by much attrition from the long circulars in unintelli- gible language which used to be the principal instrument for imparting information, has become the standard form ot literature for general use; the use of the daily newspaper has been developed; and the travelling exhibit, administering in- struction in the guise of entertainment, has been adopted as the best educational device, not only a new method but also a means for enhancing the efficacy of lecture and literature. At the beginning of last year the Committee's exhibit was being shown in Brooklyn by the Brooklyn Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis, to whom it had been loaned in June. On its return in January it was again put in circulation in Manhattan, and was exhibited at fifteen places in the nine months, to an aggregate audience of 70,495 persons. The fif- teen places were five public libraries, four public schools, one parochial school, one immigrant school, two settlements, and two branches of the Young Men's Christian Association. The exhibit consists of 249 framed photographs and charts, thir- teen models, and ten pathological specimens, all packed and mounted in such a way that the exhibition can be set up or knocked down in a day. It is widely advertised by hand-bills and local newspaper notices, and once even in theater pro- grams. Thousands of circulars are distributed to the visitors ; evening lectures are arranged for adults ; and the children 120 PRESENT ACTIVITIES from the neighboring schools are sent to it in charge of their teachers, as a part of their regular work. The intelligent in- terest expressed by the school children, and the knowledge they gain as shown in the compositions they write about it, is one of the most encouraging features. Lectures were given at 129 places last year in addition to those in connection with the exhibition. Six of these were to factory-workers, in their factories, and 62 at labor union meetings ; the other 61 at settlements, churches, lodges, and clubs. The lectures given under the auspices of the Com- mittee during the five years have reached an audience of nearly 150,000 persons. The growth of the audiences in num- ber and diversity is shown in the following table: Lectures, 1902-07. * Year Number of Lectures Attendance 1902-03 1903-04 1904-05 1905-06 I 906-07 70 75^ 49 at exhibitions ( 26 at other placesj 46 to adults at exhibi- tions. 250 talks to school chil- dren at exhibitions. 6 in factories. 62 at labor union meetings 61 at other places. 14.913- 45,077. 352. 10,781. 7-736. 7,373. 7,100.^ 8,842. 40,264. 78,859. Aggregate audience 1902-1907 142,438 (a) TMs figure, and tliose for the following years, do not Include Board of Educa- tion lectures for whicli lecturers were recommended by the Connnittee. About 60,000 of the "Don't cards" have been distributed during the year in the ordinary ways. The distribution of 400,000 supplied by the Board of Health is now under way. These folders, circulars, and street-car transfers illustrate the educational work of the Com- mittee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis in co-operation with a large department store, trade unions, dispensaries, and the Board of Health. The "Don't card" is shown in several languages^ UPPER DECK. OF THE SOUTHFIELD THE SOUTHFIELD Day Camp of the Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis THE DISTRICT DISPENSARY SYSTEM 121 Every member of the police force and of the National Guard in New York City, and every employe of the Street Cleaning Department and the Metropolitan Street Railway Company has been given one, and orders for large numbers of them have been received from merchants and manufacturers to whom they have been offered through, the medium of a reply postal card. The Board of Health is now preparing a cate- chism for school children, modelled on the ''Don't card", which the Board of Education has given the Committee per- mission to place in the hands of each of the 600,000 school children of the city. This is a typical illustration of the amount of co-operation involved in the Committee's work. There have been several novel features in the educational work of the past year. A press service has been maintained by which newspaper copy has been sent once a week, from January i to September 30, to newspapers and ..nagazines all over the state. Starting with a list of 1,600 papers, those which did not use the material were quickly eliminated and the number reduced to about 250. The country papers and several of the large city dailies are especially appreciative of this service. It will be kept up until January, 1908, when the State Charities Aid Association will take it over as part of its educational work through the state. Every Sunday since January i, 1907, the back of the transfer slips on all the surface car lines of the city have been used for short printed notices about tuberculosis. This has been pos- sible through the courtesy of the Siegel Cooper Company, which has the advertising rights on these transfer slips. It is estimated that the circulation of each one of these issues reaches a million. The district dispensary system is an out-growth of the special fund for the relief of consumptives. • The administra- tion of the fund was placed in the hands of a sub-committee composed of the chiefs of the tuberculosis clinics of the city and several persons familiar with the relief work of the So- 122 PRESENT ACTIVITIES ciety. This sub-committee has held weekly meetings, which have been well attended. The chiefs of clinics, brought to- gether in this way, constantly discussing facilities and realiz- ing more and more the waste of the existing laissez-faire system, devised a plan for districting the city. An association was formed among the eight clinics which treated tubercu- losis in separate classes; Manhattan and Bronx were divided into eight districts, and each clinic agreed to treat only pa- tients living within its assigned territory and to refer other applicants to their proper dispensary. Certain requirements were established by the association, which every clinic must meet before being admitted to it : a separate class for pulmon- ary tuberculosis, meeting at least three times a week ; a nurse to visit patients in their homes ; observance of the district plan ; and the appointment of a delegate to the sub-committee. As new clinics are opened conforming to the established standard, the district boundaries are adjusted and the size of the district reduced. An invitation has been sent to all the general dispensaries to consider establishing special classes and several of them are already planning to do so. The advantages of the co-operative system in dispensary work are very similar to tho.se attending organization in relief : it puts an end to the practice, common with many patients, of attending one clinic after another for short periods;. it secures better care for each patient by fixing the responsibility for him on a particular clinic ; and there is already evidence that it is developing in the clinics a sense of responsibility for all the consumptives of their districts. An important step in this direction is the plan that has been put in operation this sum- mer in several of the large clinics, to make a systematic exam- ination of all the children of their patients, at hours reserved for the purpose; another step, which is now in sight, will be the working out of a scheme for following up patients who drop out of the clinics. THE FERRY-BOAT DAY CAMP 1 23 The possible future of this dispensary system give ample warrant for feeling that it is the most important result of the relief fund. The individual assistance, however, given to 256 consumptives during the year, and to 230 in the eight months of the preceding year after the fund was established, to enable them to have what they need, is by no means negligible. A picturesque as well as important innovation of the past summer, which was also a manifestation of the relief fund, was the transformation of an abandoned Staten Island ferry- boat into a day camp for dispensary patients. From June 13, the date of opening, to September 30, 221 different patients were received, the attendance ranging from thirteen to seventy, and averaging forty. Some came as regularly as the nurse herself, some whenever they could get away from home duties, and some merely for a few days, while awaiting admittance to a sanatorium. Dinner is served, and milk and eggs ad- ministered at the rate of seventy quarts and twenty dozen a day. A nurse is in charge, temperatures and pulses are taken twice a day, ^ physician makes a daily visit, and each patient reports to his clinic physician once a week. The total cost, to September 30, was $2,088.63, of which $558.58 was for equipment. The total cost per patient per day was thirty- seven cents, a small price for the cheerfulness, the pounds of flesh, the color, and the appreciation of fresh-air and cleanli- ness that h-ave been gained. The death-rate from pulmonary tuberculosis in New York is classed in the latest Census Bureau report on mortality with the "fluctuating" death-rates. It may seem disturbing that the great amount of work that has been done in New York in the last few years by the Health Department, the hospitals and dispensaries, this Committee, and many other agencies, has not brought about a perceptible reduction ; but to those who realize the adverse conditions of increasing congestion, increasing exploitation, and increasing difficulties of life in New York, it seems cause for encouragement that the death- 124 PRESENT ACTIVITIES rate has been kept "fluctuating." There is confidence that the right methods are known and there is a steadily growing sense of the urgent necessity to apply them more and more efficiently and persistently. THE COMMITTEE ON MIINDICANCY One of the earliest activities of the Society, that of the mendicancy bureau, has come to have a social rather than an individual application. The suppression of street begging by the arrest and prosecution of persistent offenders has long been regarded as within the special province of the Society, supplementing the ordinary enforcement of the vagrancy laws by the police department and courts. At times there has been very close and effective co-operation with the public authori- ties ; at times the society has done all that was done in this direction ; and at still other times conditions have been such as to render any direct participation by the society either un- necessary or futile. Out of this long and varied experience, however, with this intricate problem, and especially from the extraordinarily effective work carried on for the last five years by its special officer, James Forbes, under the direc- tion of the Committee on Mendicancy, there has been gained a wholly new conception of the real problem and of the manner of its more complete solution. It Ss evident first of all that it is not merely a question of the street beggar or the house-to-house mendicant. The pro- tection of society from all kinds of charitable impostors and pseudo-charitable enterprises is essentially a mendicancy- police problem. The ingenious letter-writer and the respect- ably dressed canvasser of office buildings, the 'impostor who goes about in the disguise of a sister of charity or in a naval uniform, and the chaplain who is able to surround himself by a respectable dummy board of directors, are all integral parts of the vicious mendicant system. So also, it must be confessed, are their dupes. No police agency, whether official THE SUPPRESSION OF MENDICANCY I25 or voluntary, can cope with any part of this compHcated net- work of fraud and imposture, unless it has an understanding of its ramifications. It has become evident, secondly, that the , problem is na- tional, even international, in character. In social movements there are no longer any real frontiers, and this is quite as true of mendicancy as of health or education. The task is to create in the police force and in magistrate's courts, in the public press, in charitable societies, and elsewhere, a wholly new atmosphere, in which imposture and parasitism will not thrive, a wholly new sentiment both towards the individual mendi- cant, whether professional or non-professional, whether vagrant, tramp, ex-convict, or social outlaw, and towards the life which he leads. Society is far too harsh and unsympa- thetic towards the individual, is without any clear understand- ing of his weaknesses and temptations, and has no apprecia- tion of those elements of character which might permit refor- mation ; far too lenient on the other hand towards the con- ditions which perpetuate mendicancy and imposture — towards the prisons, workhouses, and jails ; the unequal operation of the law ; the unpoliced railways and the resulting accidents ; and the easy gullibility of the public — to name but a few of the real causes of the existing evils. The present service of the mendicancy bureau is to help the public gain this truer perspective. While holding the police side of the work in due subordination, there is an at- tempt to create a definite popular sentiment which shall be at the same time more humane towards the individual mendi- cant, and more radical as to the extirpation of mendicancy. This has required first of all personal acquaintance with a very large number of mendicants — intimate personal acquaintance, not only at the moment of arrest, but in warnings before ar- rest, in interviews at the workhouse, and voluntary visits to the Society after release — ^the gradual building up of 7,990 personal histories, a store house of information such as has 126 PRESENT ACTIVITIES not heretofore anywhere been available. It has necessarily meant also a bureau of information. By personal calls, by tele- phone, by correspondence, by newspaper interviews, by every legitimate means of publicity and propaganda, it has been sought to convince the public that the Society is not inter- ested alone in the prosecution of a few pestilent offenders, but in laying the foundation for a broad national understanding of the real nature of mendicancy and of every form of chari- table imposture, of their methods and vagaries, of their strength and weakness. At the last session of the legislature an act was passed greatly strengthening the powers of the local authorities in dealing with vagrants, permitting the courts to take cogni- zance of the previous criminal record of persons arrested for vagrancy and authorizing the police to arrest suspicious per- sons loitering around public places if they have a previous criminal record. During the latter part of the "past year the special officer of the Committee on Mendicancy has been in Pittsburg taking part in the investigation of conditions in that city which is being carried on under the auspices of the Charities Publica- tion Committee. THE PENNY PROVIDENT FUND One of the earliest expressions of the social view of which the Department for the Improvement of Social Conditions is the latest manifestation, was the appointment of a Commit- tee on Provident Habits, which created the Penny Provident Fund as a means of encouraging small savings and enabling such savings to be made conveniently and safely. This fund is neither a bank nor a fund for special purposes such as fuel or sick benefits, but it is an initial step towards a savings bank, and towards provision for any special need to meet which savings can be spent. THE PENNY PROVIDENT FUND 127 Feb-, ijr ^0 /T ?^ /f^ ^ /f 0^ S'5'Otro ^ootyo r\ J /\ So otro ^6~or»> f^ \ ¥oot>o 1 — ^ ¥ot>v-o 3^i>tyv J '5-6~cnfi> 3oo ^ '3o&tn> ^^Om> ^^oov iZOOtfO ilootro /■^otn /'5'i>tro /Ooov /o (yox> ■'00-tro ^av-o B ■\ \ ^ \ nC<^\ \ Diagram 6 — Deposits in the Penny Provident Fund at the end of each year, 1890-1907. The committee maintains a central office in the United Charities Building, and establishes local stations in any set- tlement, club, school, church, or charitable society, or wher- ever any individual or group of interested persons will under- take the responsibility. The contact with depositors is in these local stations, of which at the end of September there 128 PRESENT ACTIVITIES e'ro-i^ ^s-oxrv i>0 crryo 1 A A 1- 6c c^tyr? ^^ _ _ _ yv \ ¥^^^^<.^ V-otyo-o ^^- i 3^oov ■3C(>t»o 1 2.^^ ^ S.'^cyw, < C(^cn>x> i^aont) FLUCTUATIONS in leposits onhani. in 1h&. ii.OO-OX) /Sc^c^^ PENNV TKOVlBEHT FUNH 3.u.riT»5^ "the three. u^ATS /^orrv /0C-!'^> end .in^ Sepfem !rer 30, , ifoy /oo-oo ■5'cn>t> To-tro :i DIAGRAM 7. were 272. The activity and usefulness of the stations natural- ly vary directly v^ith the time and interest of those who have them in charge, and the special constituency to which they appeal. Depositors are encouraged to withdraw their savings to open an account in a savings bank, or to make useful pur- chases. The saving is not looked upon as an end necessarily good in itself, but as a means to inculcate the habit of imme- diate sacrifice for greater ultimate advantage, of looking ahead FACE AND REVERSE OF STAMP SAVINGS CARD 4Ll£0RNilb SEASONAL FLUCTUATIONS IN SAVINGS 1 29 and forming a just judgment as to the various ways in w^hich even small resources can be used. During the year ending January i, 1907, which is the ter- mination of the Fund's fiscal year, $106,678.21 was deposited and $111,010.05 was withdrawn. Since 1902 the amount on deposit at the end of the year has shown a tendency to de- crease. This decrease is attributed partly to the constantly increasing cost of shelter and other necessities of life, and partly to the competition of interest-paying saving schemes conducted by department stores. The fluctuation of deposits through the year indicates quite plainly the purposes for which much of the money is with- drawn. Each year the maximum on deposit is reached just before Easter. The falling-off begins at Easter, and continues through the summer. The accumulation goes on from Sep- tember through the winter, with a temporary interruption at the holidays. The reason why this year has had no high point to correspond with the two before is that the gains of March were cut short by Easter, while in 1906 and 1905 that festival occurred well into April. re:search and education It has been a cardinal principle of the Charity Organization Society since its beginning that knowledge of its own work, based on a study of facts rather than unverified impressions, is essential to progress. Monthly reports have always been made to the general secretary by all the departments, show- ing statistically the amount and to a certain extent the char- acter of the work done, and the general secretary has kept the Central Council informed of the facts contained in them. The annual reports of the Society have given to the public rather more specific information about its work than is usual in annual reports. The Society took part vigorously in the movement to study characteristics of dependent families, for the purposes of discovering the causes of poverty, which originated in the National Conference twenty years ago and took form in the "national statistical blank"; and was largely responsible, through Philip W. Ayres, then assistant secre- tary, and Professor Mayo-Smith, chairman of its Committee on Statistics, for securing the critical reconstruction of that blank after some ten years of use. The Society has now, for the last two years, through its Committee on Social Research, been working, by its own example, by papers at the National Conference, and by correspondence, to establish a better method of arriving at the results which the national statistical blank sought to attain. SOCIAL RESEARCH A Committee on Statistics was appointed in 1893 to have charge of the studies of the Society's records which should be ^" ^ ^ 1^ •^ I. :5J i s I ^^\ i ^ ^ 5^ r\ a$ -tJ t^^^ ^ J 5 J 1 ^ I^ ^ ^. f^\ ^. ^ ^ rl ^ ri'i « 2 « rt o rt " « ^ 3 rt c o e V u, B ft si* 5 si 3|| o.a 3 *^ « .5 rt-o b (/) rt all ,^ a^ ^-^ 3 .- y 4-. -.« (U Ji ^ ^.^ ^ w-O C C V"" i« u E ^ rt "! u.s I 2 » 132 PRESENT ACTIVITIES made by Columbia students, and it was succeeded by the Committee on Social Research, appointed in January, 1905, whose primary object is the interpretation of the Society's case-work. ' Under this committee a Bureau of Statistics was organized in the Central Office. In the Bureau of Statistics is centralized information about the current case-work of the Society. The monthly reports from all departments, which have come to be a formidable mass of statistical material, are regularly reviewed here and from them a summary prepared of the month's work, illus- trated by diagrams, comparing it with the previous years and pointing out any noteworthy tendencies. Proposed changes in methods of work and re-adjustment in the office staff are subjected to the light, frequently of considerable illuminating power, which the statistics in hand can turn on these problems. Each year a detailed study is made of the circumstances and characteristics of the families who have been under care during the year and of the work that has been done for them. In an informal way the Bureau of Statistics advises about much of the social research which is going on in the city, and has doubtless had an influence in bringing about the increase in such work that has taken place. Besides the continuous and systematic review of the So- ciety's work from year to year there have also been made, from time to time, special studies of certain social problems and of selected groups of cases. The most important studies that have been made, aside from the investigations under- taken by Charities and the School of Philanthropy, which will be mentioned in their proper connection, are the following: Analysis of the records of five hundred homeless cases, by the Committee on Statistics, Professor Richmond Mayo-Smith chairman. Published in the Fourteenth Annual Report. SPECIAL STUDIES I33 Analysis of five hundred records of dependent families, by the same Committee. Published in the Fifteenth Annual Report. Dispossessed tenants, by Harold K. Estabrook, special agent employed to make this investigation. Pub- lished in the Fifteenth Annual Report. Results of the investigation of twenty-five hundred applications for city coal in 1898. Published in the Sixteenth Annual Report. Lack of employment as a cause of distress, by the Com- mittee on Statistics. Published in the Seventeenth Annual Report. Industrial displacement and unemployment: a study of seven hundred and twenty case records by Francis H. McLean. Not published, but given in condensed . form in The Principles of Relief, page 153. Tenement house conditions and allied subjects: investi- , gations made by the Tenement House Committee, used in the Exhibit of 1899 ^^^ published in part in The Tenement House Problem, by de Forest and Veiller. Later studies published in the Committee's annual reports. Characteristics of beggars: much descriptive statistical material in the annual reports of the Committee on Mendicancy from 1902 to 1906. Reports of the Committee on Dependent Children, es- pecially those contained in the Nineteenth and Twen- ty-first Annual Reports of the Society. Families under care of the Society during 1904-05 and 1905-06, by the Committee on Social Research, Franklin H. Giddings, chairman. Published in the Twenty-Third Annual Report and in Charities, De- cember 6, 1906. 134 PRESENT ACTIVITIES Investigation in regard to the purchase and management of food by one hundred tenement house families, by- Caroline Goodyear. Published in the Twenty-Third Annual Report. Five hundred and seventy-four deserting husbands and their families, by Lilian Brandt. Published in book form by the Committee on Social Research, 1905. Social aspects of tuberculosis, by Lilian Brandt. ^Pub- lished in the Handbook on the Prevention of Tuber- culosis, 1904. Tuberculosis among Negroes in New York, by Jessie C. Sleet; New York Lodging-Houses, by Paul Kenna- day; and the opportunities for country employment for poor consumptives, by a sub-committee, James Alexander Miller, M. D., chairman, of the Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis. Published in the Twenty-Third Annual Report. Report to the Hospital Commission on tuberculosis hos- pital and dispensary requirements, by a sub-commit- tee of the Committee on the Prevention of Tubercu- losis, of which E. G. Janeway, M. D., was chair- man; statistical work done by Christopher Easton. Published in the Fourth Annual Report of the Com- mittee, for the year 1905-06. Careful study of conditions, treatment, and results in the two hundred and thirty cases treated in 1906 by the sub-committee on relief of the Committee on the Pre- vention of Tuberculosis. Published in the Twenty- Fourth Annual Report. Many minor inquiries, such as one made in the winter of 1902-03 in regard to the price of coal in small quantities, have been made from time to time and published in Charities. Many others, made for the purpose of giving a useful reply to some question on which information or advice had been TRAINING FOR SOCIAL WORKERS 1 35 asked, are on file in the office. An example of the care and attention given to some of these questions may be found in the letter quoted on page 122 of The Principles of Relief, in response to an inquiry as to the cost of placing a thousand New York children in free homes in the West. THE NEW YORn SCHOOL OF PHILANTHROPY Not least among the Charity Organization Society's con- tributions to social work is its pioneer service in providing professional and technical training to those who wish to enter upon any form of charitable or other social work. The de- velopment of the School from the summer class begun in 1898, and its endowment by John S. Kennedy, have already been told. Since March, 1907, the School has been under the directorship of Samuel McCune Lindsay, formerly commis- sioner of education in Porto Rico, for some years professor of Sociology in the University of Pennsylvania, and at pres- ent professor of Social Legislation in Columbia University. It is no longer necessary to argue for the acceptance of the position that persons charged with the delicate task of assisting in the difficulties of complex human lives need all the knowledge they can gain of the resources at their com- mand and of the accumulated experience of the years already spent in attempts to solve the very problems with which they are confronted. The advantage of professional training to every one concerned, above all, to the poor — a novel, and to some a distasteful idea ten years ago — is now a commonplace. The School aims to prepare its students to become expert visitors for charity organization societies ; investigators of social conditions, factories, and tenement houses ; matrons and administrators in institutions; financial secretaries for chari- table societies; executive officers of educational and philan- thropic societies; private almoners; probation officers; head- workers and assistants in social settlements, institutional 136 PRESENT ACTIVITIES churches, welfare departments of manufacturing and mer- cantile establishments; friendly visitors; members of boards of managers and of committees; employes of the state and municipal departments which deal especially with public health, charities and correction ; and to fill many other highly specialized positions. The full course requires the entire time of the student for the academic year, October to May, inclusive. The summer session, designed especially for those already engaged in so- cial work, lasts six weeks, beginning the middle of June. Lectures, class-room discussions, assigned reading, field work in the way of visiting institutions and poor families, original investigation, practice in office work, and the preparation of a thesis, constitute the year's work. The lecturers are in nearly every case men and women who are doing, or have done, the work they discuss, and are recognized to be experts. The reference library of applied sociology, which the So- ciety has been accumulating since the first year of its exist- ence, is now housed in rooms adjoining the class-rooms of the School, and is administered primarily for the School's con- venience. It contains now about five thousand bound vol- umes, an equal number of pamphlets, and several hundred periodicals. Students have free access also to the rich libraries of Columbia University and to the many special libra- ries in the city. Students of the School of Philanthropy are admitted with- out tuition fee to courses in Columbia University, including Columbia, Barnard, and Teachers' Colleges and the graduate schools, and students of the University are given reciprocal privileges in the School of Philanthropy. The work of the School is accepted by the University as the equivalent of one minor subject for an advanced degree. A close affiliation be- tween Columbia and the School is ensured not only by the terms of Mr. Kennedy's endowment but also by the endow- ment of the Schiff Chair of Social Economy in the University. HUREAU OF SOCIAL RESEARCH LECTURE ROOM OF THE SCHOOL OF PHILANTHROPY FELLOWSHIPS FOR RESEARCH 137 A bureau of social research has been organized this year by the school as a necessary adjunct to its teaching function, for the study of social conditions and methods of social work in New York City. The aim of the bureau is not merely to add to the sum of human knowledge but to increase efficiency in social work and to point the way to new efforts for improving social conditions. The investigations are carried on by fel- lows, under the supervision of Dr. Lindsay and Prof. Roswell C. McCrea. associate director of the School, and with the help not only of the faculty but also of the persons best fitted to advise on the particular subjects under investigation. Several of the fellowships have stipends of five hundred dollars a year, but larger amounts are available for candidates of special ability and greater experience. The object is not the benefit of the individual fellows, though that may be taken for granted, but it is hoped to develope a small permanent force of highly trained investigators who will be constantly working under the direction of the school, inquiring into **some injustice to be rectified, some need to be met, some new opportunity to be made clear, some higher standard of work to be established, some antiquated and wasteful method to be discarded, some vicious force of degeneration to be laid bare, some encourag- ing indication of advance to be revealed." Incidentally the results of such research will enrich the literature of social economy and the curriculum of the School. The following studies are being carried on this year: Methods and cost of burial in New York City; by Edward M. Barrows, senior fellow. Results of relief, as gathered from a study of the pres- ent status of several hundred families who were under the care of the Charity Organization Society two years ago; by Caroline Goodyear, senior fellow. Methods and resources for the training of social work- ers ; by Mabel Wilcox, fellow. 138 PRESENT ACTIVITIES Methods of dealing with inebriates in New York City; by James P. Krans, fellow. Industrial opportunities for the physically handicapped; by Eleanor Adler, fellow. Abuses connected with loans on personal credit; by Clar- ence W. Wassam, fellow. In the class of 1907-08 fifty-two students are enrolled, thir- ty-three of whom are entered for the full course. Over six hundred students have been enrolled in the School since the beginning, a large proportion of whom are now filling a great variety of responsible positions in social work in different sections of the country. The Society has set aside a sum from the income of the School's endowment as an honorarium for a course of lectures to be given each year by special appointment and on the un- derstanding that the lectures will subsequently be published in book form. The Kennedy lecturer for 1905 was Professor Simon N. Patten, of the University of Pennsylvania, who gave a course of ten lectures on The New Basis of Civiliza- tion. In 1906 Arthur Twining Hadley, president of Yale University, gave a course of five on Standards of Public Mor- ality. The holder of this appointment in 1907 is Professor J. W. Jenks, of Cornell University, who is giving eight lectures on the Relation of Governmental Action to Social Welfare. THE CHARITIES PUBLICATION COMMITTEE In the creation of a literature of social work the Charity Organization Society has borne a prominent part. From the "tracts" of 1882 to the Kennedy lectures of the present there has been a steady out-put of publications useful to social workers and a steady stimulus to the production of such literature. Twenty-five annual reports ; seventeen editions of the Charities Directory; ten volumes of The Charities Review, and eighteen of Charities^ aggregating over 16,000 PUBLICATIONS 1 39 pages ; the Handbook on the Prevention of Tuberculosis and the Tuberculosis Directory ; the volume on Family Desertion ; innum- erable leaflets and reprints ; the two volumes of Kennedy lectures already published, and the third now in the making, — this con- stitutes a reference library of no mean proportions, and is no inconsiderable part of the written material at the service of social workers. In this connection should be mentioned the many con- tributions made by members of the Society and its staff, as a result of experience in the Society, to National and state con- ferences and to magazines. The Tenement House Problem, already referred to in connection with research, is a product of the Tenement House Committee, and the Principles of Relief, the only comprehensive text-book on the subject with which it deals, was written out of eight years' experience in the office of general secretary of the Society. There are doubtless many to* whom the weekly periodical officially known as Charities and the Commons appears like any other secular journal, to be judged like them, by the number of its subscribers, its news-stand sales, the amount of its adver- tising, the cleverness of its editorials, and the enterprise of its news service. This, however, is not the conception of the Charity Organization Society and its officers, of the Charities Publica- tion Committee and the editors. To them this weekly review of local and general philanthropy, like the previous publications which have been merged in it, Lend-a-Hand, The Charities Review, Charities, Jewish Charity, and The Commons, is primarily an educational institution, primarily a co-operative un- dertaking for research and publicity. Circulation, advertsing, and news service, although essential, are but means to an end. The end is an understanding of social conditions, and such presenta- tion of the vital facts about them as will lead to appropriate rem- edies. We begin with charity and its opportunities, but immedi- ately discover that we must deal also with its limitations. We are concerned with the administration of public and private institu- tions for the relief of distress, but are brought at once to the 140 PRESENT ACTIVITIES consideration of welcome alternatives of prevention, through edu- cation and through the removal of adverse conditions. We study the causes of dependence, and learn that they are not always per- sonal or local, but are more often industrial and general. We realize that to deal intelligently and profitably with charity we must relate its problems to those large economic, industrial, and social phenomena of which is is but a part. The broadening sphere of organized charity has been moist fully reflected in the broadening scope and increasing usefulness of the journal which the Society publishes, not as its own organ in any narrow sense, but as a contribution to the national well being and to national thought on social questions. The co-operative character of the journal is three-fold: financial, editorial, and in the use of the material which its inves- tigations bring to light. Every annual subscripton of two dollars — although it means a deficit* if looked upon purely as a com- mercial transaction — is regarded as increasing by one the number of those who are taking part in the educational movement for which the journal stands. Every co-operating subscriber at ten dollars a year takes part in the same way as an individual center -of influence, and besides enables the editors and their volunteer assistants to push their inquiries further, and to make them count for more. Every contributor of a thousand dollars or less to the annual guarantee fund is helping to make of the enterprise an effective bureau of research, a source of knowledge and of power for social reform and social advance. We look forward to a time when what we may call commercial receipts, as distinct -from donations to the educational fund, will bear a larger pro- portion to the total expense. But it is not to be expected, so long as the journal maintains the educational and co-operative char- acter which has justified its connection with the Society and the volunteer service which have been given to it, that the educational fund can be spared. The co-operation which the journal has received from associate and departmental editors, from correspondents and contributors PUBLICATIONS CHARITIES AND THE COMMONS , 14! of articles, from book reviewers and confidential advisers, has been no less appreciated, no less vital to the success of, the enter- prise, no less generous and valuable, even from the pecuniary standpoint, than the contributions of money. If all this service had been paid for at the usual market rates the undertaking would have been bankrupt at the outset. Associated with the editor, Edward T. Devine, are Graham Taylor of Chicago and Lee K. Frankel of New York, and seventeen departmental editors under- take a certain responsibility for their own fields. Unpaid signed articles were contributed last year by 208 writers. There have we hope been indirect compensations to those who have been enabled to gain a wide and sympathetic audience for the informa- tion and views which they have contributed, and they have at least the satisfaction of having taken an important part in creating an organ, not of one society but of all the causes which they have most at heart. A third kind of co-operation, less generally understood than either of those to which reference has been made, should be acknowledged. Charities has come to be in a peculiar degree a magazine to be read and given to others to read, to be sent to persons who have not subscribed for it only because they do not know about it, to be purchased in quantities for the sake of some particular articles requiring special distribution, and above all to see its articles reprinted and its opinions quoted in the daily and weekly press throughout the country. The nature of the subjects discussed, and the fact that its articles are always con- tributions to the public knowledge of those subjects by people who really know about them and care about them, have brought the most influential newspapers, not only in New York but in all sections of the country, to ask for advance sheets for use in their columns. So important has this press service become that there has been established a supplementary weekly series of articles, prepared especially for the purpose on subjects within the scope of the magazine; and. outside New York city such important daily newspapers are receiving and using this service as the Springfield 142 PRESENT ACTIVITIES Republican, The Boston Transcript, The Chicago Evening Post, The IndianapoHs News, The Louisville Courier-Journal, The Kansas City Star, The San Francisco Chronicle, and The Seattle Post-Intelligencer. In this way the radius of influence of the Charities Publication Committee is greatly extended. Its chief source of strength, however, is its increasing and exceptionally stable subscription circulation. In the last two years the paid subscription list has more than doubled. The usual weekly edition is now ten thousand copies, which is increased several times each year because of special demand for particular numbers to twelve, fifteen, or even twenty thousand. These ten thousand regular readers in every state are a compact group of social workers, ready to espouse every righteous cause of social reform, eager to learn of every advance, qualified because of con- stant touch with divers social eflforts to form sound conservative judgments on new proposals, and cherishing a living faith in the possibility of progress. The working plan of the magazine, announced at the time of the organization of the National Publication Committee in the spring of 1905, included the undertaking of important pieces of social investigation, not provided for by any existing organiza- tion ; the issuing of special numbers, putting into comprehensive and compact form groups of facts entering into some one social problem; the publication of substantial articles for future refer- ence and as the basis for scientific study; the extension of the spirit of organized philanthropy to smaller cities and the re- kindling of existing agencies to more progressive ways ; the promotion Of movements already under way, co-operating with communities or national bodies to give general application to reforms wrought painfully in one locality; the correlation and publication of the results of investigations by individual students or by national or local associations; the more complete develop- ment of a professional journal for social workers ; the publication of popular issues, live news, and readable articles, that will make practical philanthropy a part of the every-day interest of the SPECIAL NUMBERS AND INVESTIGATIONS I43 general reader; the education of public opinion through connec- tion with newspapers, speakers, and other agencies of publicity. Reviewing the work of the last two years, there is seen very remarkable achievement in the direction of each of the objects proposed. Special numbers have been published on The Negro in the Cities of The North, October 7, 1905 ; The Blind, February 3, 1906; the deplorable conditions and the great possibilities in the national capital, under the suggestive title Next Door to Congress, March 3, 1906; The Visiting Nurse, April 7, 1906; The Relief Work in San Francisco, June 2, 1906 ; Parks, July 7, 1906, and Play, August 3, 1907 ; Housing, October, 6, 1906, Civic Improvement, November 3, 1906 ; Industrial Accidents, February 2, 1907; The Russell Sage Foundation, March 23, 1907; and Industrial Education, October 5, 1907. The Washington number brought about more social legislation for that city in five months than had been seen in five years before. The other special num- bers, like those on Immigration, The Italian in America, The Slav in America, The Hundredth Child, and Juvenile Courts, published in 1904 and the early part of 1905,. have all increased the available information on the subjects treated. Results of many important investigations, some of them partly made possible by the educational fund of Charities, have been published. A few of those which have appeared in the past year are studies of the hours of factory women in New York City; the experimental period of the San Francisco Rehabilitation Com- mittee; conditions among American seamen and among the oystermen on the Chesapeake Bay; midwifery practice in New York ; the home conditions and. industrial status and subsequent history of reformatory girls ; and the two novel, picturesque, and valuable series of articles by Emily Greene Balch, on the Slavs in their European homes and in America. Charities has co-operated with the National Prison As- sociation in a comprehensive investigation of county jails. , At its suggestion Antonio Mangano spent the spring and sum- mer in the wild country of southern Italy, studying the con- 144 PRESENT ACTIVITIES ditions which are responsible for emigration, the relation of the emigrants to their old village communities, and the re- action of America on labor and social conditions in Italy. An investigation is now under way which promises to give a clearer and more comprehensive idea of the elements enter- ing into the life of a great industrial community than has ever before been had in America. This is the survey of the social and economic conditions of the wage earning population of Pittsburg, which is being made under the direction of Paul U. Kellogg, managing editor of the magazine, with the approval and help of the mayor of the city under investigation, the president of its Chamber of Commerce, and many other of its prominent citizens. The field work is being done by a group of twenty-five or more men and women who are trained investigators and specialists in the phase of the subject they cover, including Florence Kelley, John R. Commons, James Forbes, Ernst J. Lederle, Mary E. Richmond, Peter Roberts, Lawrence Veiller, Charles Mulford Robinson, Edna G. Meeker, and Robert A. Woods. The "extension of the spirit of organized philanthropy" is being accomplished, to a degree not even anticipated, by the Field Department, another of the co-operative undertak- ings of Charities. This Department was originally planned to be a means for the exchange of blanks and literature among sixteen co-operating charity organization societies, but once started it has had a most unexpected growth. First came the idea of publishing suggestive literature which might be of use for groups thinking of organizing societies and wishing to organize in the right way. Six pamphlets were therefore is- sued, dealing with the practical details of organization and the basic ideals and principles: The Broadening Sphere of Or- ganized Charity, by Robert W. de Forest; First Principles in the Relief of Distress, by Mary E. Richmond; Organization in the Smaller Cities, by Alexander Johnson; Sixty-Five Queries, for directors, district committees, and friendly visi- UNIVERSIT ^ m u u -v C ' o 4; w ft is . CttARITIES ' ' ., ^^? -^"''- ■"■"' ^^^ Commons -^ ,. '%^ i ^^' • *mc \. CHf - Cfl'^P^'TlES T Vi e Com m o n ^ The Negro in Cities of the Noi fh c»fs?!e- ' ' ^,, . t (i, >■!■ ^. . ll',.: Yt-, I ft;..- Y< EXTENSION OF THE SPIRIT OF ORGANIZED PHILANTHROPY I45 tors; The Dominant Note in Modern Philanthropy, Edward T. Devine; The Formation of Charity Organization Societies in the Smaller Cities, by Francis H. McLean. Several pub- lications which have for their aim the standardizing of the work of existing societies are now being planned. Monthly bulletins have also been started, to serve as a constant means of inter-communication. In order to provide more definite assistance in local situ- ations a correspondence branch was inaugurated in Novem- ber of 1906. The correspondence of the winter with groups of persons in twenty-seven cities revealed plainly that although the long-distance advice was useful, still there was ample op- portunity for the work of a travelling representative who should go from place to place as invited, and serve as a per- sonal means of communication among all of the charity organ- ization societies of the country. Francis H. McLean, who had carried on the correspondence branch, and has had a wide variety of experience in charitable work in different sections of the country, has been appointed field secretary, beginning work October i, 1907. In one sense Charities is a manifestation of that new and stirring interest in the general welfare which is finding ex- pression in a hundred ways in this generation. Without this social renaissance there would be no wide audience for "a weekly journal of philanthropy and social advance." On the other hand, the magazine has had a part in the development of ihe fresh interest, by correlating movements for good in different parts of the country, and for different ends, and from different motives, — charity, religion, outraged justice, civil righteousness, and the like; in extending them to new areas and to new bodies of people ; and in sustaining those who, often single handed in their communities, are working for the common good. MAIN EVENTS OF TWENTY-FIVE YEARS MAIN EVENTS OF TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 1&81 Resolution adopted by State Board of Charities authorizing its commissioners of New York City "to take such steps as they may deem wise to inaugurate a system of mutual help and co-operation" among the societies "engaged in teaching and relieving the poor of the city in their own homes." October 12. 1682 First meeting of the Committee on the Organization of Char- ities of the City of New York, appointed by the New York City members of the State Board of Charities. Jan- uary 5. Central Council and Society organized at meeting held at 67 Madison Avenue. February 8. Committee on Membership appointed. February 15. Finance Committee appointed. February 23. Committees on District work and on Co-operation appointed ; also special committee to secure a central office. March 6. Reports submitted by Committee on District Work, proposing division of the city between Fourteenth and Eighty-Sixth Streets into twelve districts ; and by Committee on Co- operation, announcing that seventeen societies and churches had promised their co-operation. April 3. Central Office opened at 67 Madison Avenue, April 15, Charles D. Kellogg, organizing secretary. 150 • CHRONOLOGY Expenditure of $200.00 authorized for equipment of office and hire of a clerk. April 24. Act of incorporation signed by the governor. May 10. The Monthly Register, published by the Philadelphia Society for Organizing Charity, adopted as the organ of the So- ciety. May 22. Committee appointed to prepare a "handbook of instructions for district visitors" and a "properly classified directory of the charities of the city." May 22. Tenth District Committee appointed. May 22. By-laws adopted, providing for standing committees as fol- lows: Finance, Executive, District Work, Co-operation, Legal Questions, Supression of Mendicancy, Member- ship, Publications, Vacancies. May 22. Nine standing committees appointed. June 5. T % Delegates appointed to the meetings of the National Confer- ence of Charities and Correction and of the American Social Science Association. June 5. Constitution adopted at a special meeting of the Society. June 5. Nucleus of a library collected for the use of workers in the Society. October. "Central District" Committee organized and agent engaged. October.' District committees appointed in Districts 4, 12, 13 and 14. December 4. Tenth District office opened. December 10. 1882-1884 151 ia83 Special register of fraudulent cases begun. January. Fourth, Twelfth, and Thirteenth District offices opened. Jan- uary I. Fourteenth District office opened. January 15. Eighth District office opened. February i. Society represented in a conference called by the State Chari- ties Aid Association "to consider the conditions of the tenement houses of the city." February. Offer received from Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, and accepted, of use of rooms for Central Office in their building, 79 Fourth Avenue. April 2. Need for a Loan Society suggested to Central Council by Committee on District Work. April 2. Conference held with co-operating societies, on the instance ^•lof the Committee on Co-operation, to consider the facts ^disclosed by a study of the circumstances of the families reported; resulting in adoption of a resolution "that it is the sense of this meeting that all aid given to able-bodied men should be for the purpose of enabling them to find permanent employment, in or out of the city." May 15. Special out-door agent appointed, commissioned as deputy sheriff, to deal with street beggars. July i. "Agent's meetings" instituted. September. First issue of the Directory of Charities. October. 1884' Wood Yard opened at 402 East Twenty-Fourth Street. Jan- uary I. Monthly Bulletin begun as a "confidential communication to all members and constituents." February. 152 CHRONOLOGY Decision by the New York Herald to publish no more appeals for individual cases except on recommendation of the Society. May. Many cases "requiring studied help and advice" referred to the Central Office. 1885 Need of open spaces in the crowded parts of the city dis- cussed by the Central Council. January 5. Seventh, Ninth, and Eleventh District offices opened. Feb- ruary. Disapproval expressed of free distribution of coal by the city. April 6. Removal of Central Office to 21 University Place. May i. Resignation of Dr. Vanderpoel from the presidency; election of Francis H. Weeks. May 28. Conference held with representatives of hospitals and dispen- saries, under auspices of the Committee on Co-operation. November 20. 1886 special agent employed to investigate dispensary cases. Jan- uary 12. Wood Yard transferred to the New York Labor Bureau Asso- ciation. February 9. Plans for a "charity building" considered. February. Influence used to secure action of Congress establishing a system of postal savings banks. February. 1884-1887 153 Conference held to consider the need of a day sea-side resort for mothers and children ; resulting in formation of an independent committee of representatives from the Char- ity Organization Society, the Children's Aid Society, and the New York Infirmary for Women and Children, which in August opened a day nursery on Bedloe's Island. June. First gift received for a permanent fund : the C. F. Woeris- hoffer Memorial Fund of $10,000. October. CoUes Johnston Memorial Fund of $10,000 added to perman- ent fund. December. 1887 Sixteenth District office opened. February. Purchase of first typewriter, authorized. February 21. Bills for the supression of stale beer dives and for increasing sentences of vagrants introduced through efforts of the Committee on Mendicancy; both passed, but the latter not signed by the governor. February. Fifteenth District office opened. March. Central Auxiliary Committee of Women organized by Com- mittee on District Work to assist in forming district auxil- iary committees and in the selection and training of friendly visitors. March. Principles of treatment for different classes of cases adopted. April. Committee appointed to consider the subject of unrestricted immigration. April 15. New district boundaries in effect; Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Ninth districts organized. June I. 154 CHRONOLOGY Evening office hours begun by Central Agent's office. De- cember I. Office opened in First District. December. 1888 Robert W. de Forest elected president. January lo. Unsuccessful effort made, in connection with other societies, to control the distribution of city coal. January. Special committee appointed to consider the expediency of taking steps to provide facilities for small savings by the poor. April lo. Establishment of "The One-Cent Saving Fund" decided upon. May 8. Laundry and training school for unskilled women suggested by Seventh District Committee. June i8. Committee on Provident Habits appointed. July 17. Penny Provident Fund opened. August i. Management of Wood Yard resumed by the Society. Octo- ber 9. Conference of fresh-air workers held. November 20. Monthly conferences of charity workers instituted by the Ladies' Central Auxiliary Committee. December. 1889 Laundry opened at 589 Park Avenue. February i. Door-boy added to office staff. October. Necessity for providing some means for the training of agents discussed by Executive Committee. November. Tenth District office (Harlem) opened. November 15. 1887-1891 155 Exhibit of forms and papers used by charity organization societies prepared for the Paris Exhibition. 1890 Care of homeless cases transferred from districts to Central Committee. January 21. Appropriation of $1,000 offered to the Society by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment and declined. January. Joint Committee appointed in connection with Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor to raise money for a charity building. April. Superintendent of agents appointed. May i. Boundaries of First, Second, Third, and Fourth Districts changed. December i. Wayfarers' Lodge proposed. 1691 Proposal to establish the United Charities Building announced by John S. Kennedy. March 9. Night office opened. April i. . Assistance given in emergency relief work consequent on the Park Place disaster. August. First number of The Charities Review issued; the Monthly Bulletin continued as a confidential communication to members of the Society. November. Tenth District Committee requested to care for cases in the Annexed District (Bronx) as far as practicable. De- cember. Telephone service installed in some of the district offices, and a typewriter in the Registration Bureau. 156 CHRONOLOGY 1892 Plan for Provident Loan Company proposed. May 9. Playground maintained on four vacant lots in West Twentv- Eighth Street. July and August. 1893 Harlem Relief Society organized by members of Harlem Dis- trict Committee, to provide an additional source of relief for the Twelfth Ward. January 7. Lots on West Twenty-Eighth Street, Nos. 516-524, purchased for Wayfarers' Lodge. February. United Charities Building opened. March 6. Eighth District office opened, completing the districting of Manhattan. May i. Application and Investigation Bureaus established at Central Office. May. Conference held to consider plans for meeting the anticipated increase in demands for relief. September 15. Emergency relief measures necessitated by ''hard times." Oc- tober, November, December. Wayfarers' Lodge opened at 516 West Twenty-Eighth Street. November. Joint Night Office opened. November 24. 1894- Increase in working force of Central Office and districts on account of pressure of work. January. Successful experiment in reducing number of police station lodgers carried on by police and Department of Chari- ties and Correction, on suggestion of the Society. Jan- uary and February. 1892- 1896 \ 157 Course of twelve lectures on practical social problems con- ducted by the Committee on District Work. January, February, and March. Work Rooms for Unskilled Women opened at 49 Prospect Place. February i. Plan of co-operation completed, with Columbia College, where- by its department of political science should use the rec- ords of the Society "for statistical study and philan- thropic research." February. Provident Loan Society incorporated. April 12. Penny Provident Fund introduced into the public schools. April. Provident Loan Society office opened. May 21. 1895 Eleventh (Bronx) District office opened. March. Application and Registration Bureaus of Charity Organiza- tion Society and Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor consolidated in the offices of the Charity Organization Society. March 15. 1896 Amendments adopted to constitution, defining the relation of the Society to relief and abandoning the use of the word "deserving" in reference to cases. February 12. First report of Committee on Statistics presented : a study of homeless cases. April. Recommendation made that a city farm be established for able-bodied vagrants. May. Influence used against increase in appropriation for city dis- tribution of coal. November. 158 CHRONOLOGY Office of general secretary assumed by Edward T. Devine. September i. Office of superintendent abolished, on resignation of Robert W. Hebberd to become secretary of the State Board of Charities. October. Special Committee on Industrial Insurance appointed. De- cember. Charities Directory made an annual publication. 1897 Recommendations to Greater New York Charter Commission. January. Special vagrancy officers detailed by the Board of Police Com- missioners to co-operate with Committee on Mendicancy. February i. Special agent employed to investigate dispossess cases. April. Opposition to "Ahearn bill" and to bill requiring that depend- ent children should be placed out only in homes of their own religious faith. April. Participation in Council of Fresh-Air Charities. May 19. Special agent employed for confidential reports regarding charitable enteprises. September. Special corrimittee appointed to encourage the formation of a charity organization society in Jersey City and Hoboken. December. First issue of Charities, a monthly news sheet for members. December i. Report of the Society's fifteen years' work made to the State Board of Charities. December 14. 1896- 1898 159 The Charities Review re-organized, enlarged and improved; Lend-a-Hand consolidated w^ith it. Library enlarged and catalogued. District office force increased and telephone service installed in all district offices. Opposition renewed to "Destitute Mothers' Bill." January. Conference on Industrial Insurance with United States Com- missioner of Labor and representatives of insurance com- panies. January 28. Offer made to Board of Charities Commissioners to secure coal for all families referred by the department who were found to need it. January 29. Opposition to free coal bill. February. Branch Wood Yard opened in Harlem. February 23. Management of The Charities Review transferred to an inde- pendent corporation organized for the purpose. March. Conference held to consider methods of encouraging savings for fuel. April 7. A special committee, Mrs. Lowell, Mrs. Rice, and Miss Jen- nings, appointed "to report on the advisability of action by the Society to prevent the commitment of children in cases of destitution." May 31. First session of the "training school in applied philanthropy." June 20-July 30. Participation in special relief at Montauk, following the Span- ish war. September. Wayfarers' Lodge discontinued, as the establishment of a municipal lodging-house had rhade it unnecessary. No- vember. l60 CHRONOLOGY Close co-operation instituted between the Committee on De- pendent Children and the Department of Public Chari- ties. November. Charities made a weekly publication, beginning with the issue of December 3. Special Committee appointed "to consider the revision of the building laws so far as such revision affects the laws re- lating to tenement and lodging-houses." December. 1899 Charities Directory enlarged to include information about all the boroughs of Greater New York. January. Opposition to coal bill renewed and disapproval expressed of of bills restricting powers of State .Board of Charities by exempting Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children from visitation. January. Co-operation with police, settlements, and others, in emer- gency relief on occasion of a blizzard. February. Opposition to bill providing for a local board of public char- ities in the Borough of Richmond, to distribute out-door relief. February. Standing Committee on Dependent Children appointed. March. Opposition again to "Ahearn bill." March. Suggestion made by Third District Committee that the So- ciety "establish a system of cheap life and burial insur- ance." March. Standing Committee on Philanthropic Education appointed. April. Committee fOr the treatment of Italian cases appointed to work in conjunction with the Second District Committee. April. 1898-1900 i6i Relief for cases in charge of Charity Organization Society discontinued by Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. May i. Provident Relief Fund established. May i. Recommendation made to the City Comptroller, at his re- quest, as to the method that the Board of Estimate and Apportionment should adopt in making appropriations to private charities. June 2.y. Active interest in tuberculosis begun by appointment of a special committee to report on proposed plan for a state hospital for consumptives. October. Librarian employed. November. 1900 Tenement House Exhibition. February. Special committee appointed to consider immigration legis- lation. March 13. Removal of Laundry and Work Room to the Industrial Build- ing. April. Legislation secured for the appointment of a Tenement House Commission. April. Local Conference of Charities. May 9 and 10. A Negro nurse engaged to visit Negro cases. September. President of the Society elected president of the Second New York State Conference of Charities and Correction. No- vember. Christmas dinners distributed for The Evening World. De- cember. Exhibit sent to Paris Exposition. l62 CHRONOLOGY 1901 Opposition to Governor Odell's plans for "reorganizing" the State Board of Charities and abolishing the boards of managers of state charitable institutions. Joint hearing at Albany. February 12. The Charities Review and Charities consolidated. March. Support given to plan for a Children's Court in revision of Charter. Responsibility for securing tenement house legislation re- assumed by Tenement House Committee on discharge of Tenement House Commission after rendering its report. Services of a woman probation officer placed at the disposal of the Fifth District Magistrates' Court. October. The Monday Club organized by social workers of the city on the initiative of district agents of the Society. 1902 Special Mendicancy Officer re-appointed. January i. Standing Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis es- tablished. May 7. President of the Society elected president of the National Conference of Charities and Correction. June. Police officers detailed to work under direction of the So- ciety's Special Officer. June 4. Stenographer on the staff of every district office. September. Work begun by Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis. September i. Sub-committee on treatment of tuberculosis cases establish- ed. October. 1901-1904 1^3 1903 Co-operation with coal companies and dealers to prevent suf- fering for fuel among the poor. January. Influence used once more against a bill proposing distribu- tion of coal by the city. January. Utilization by the poor of wood on city dumps arranged with Street Cleanihg Department. February. Specialized treatment of "dependent children" cases and of tuberculosis cases discontinued. April. Conference held on Family Desertion, attended by delegates from Buffalo, Philadelphia, and neighboring New Jersey towns. April 29. First winter session of School of Philanthropy opened; an afternoon course. October. 1904- Special inquiry made into evictions on the lower east side. April. Participation, through president and general secretary, in organization of the National Child Labor Committee. May. Assistance given in emergency relief work occasioned by the General Slocum disaster. June 15-August 31. Participation, through general secretary, in formation of the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis. June. Work Rooms for Unskilled Women closed. June i. Active work renewed by Tenement House Committee. Oc- tober. l64 CHRONOLOGY School of Philanthropy endowed by gift of John S. Kennedy. November 15. Application Bureau opened on Sundays and holidays. No- vember. 1905 District boundaries changed and local names, with historic associations, substituted for numbers. January i. Bureau of Statistics established in Central Office. January. Joint Application Bureau re-organized. January. Emergency relief provided on occasion of a severe storm. February. Connection with Columbia University strengthened by ap- pointment of the general secretary as Schiff Professor of Social Economy. March. National Charities Publication Committee organized. May. Study of the possibility of country employment for consump- tives. May and June. General secretary of the Society elected president of the Na- tional Conference of Charities and Correction. July. Investigation of lodging houses by the secretary of the Com- mittee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis. July and August. Death of Mrs. Lowell. October 12. National Tuberculosis Exhibition held in conjunction with the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis. November. The Commons consolidated with Charities. November i. Field Department organized by Charities, for the extension of charity organization work. December. Filing system in Registration Bureau re-organized. 1 904- 1 907 ^^5 1906 Special Employment Bureau for the Handicapped established under the direction of a standing committee. January. Special fund completed for the relief of cases of tuberculosis. January. Bureau of Advice and Information organized under the direc- tion of a standing committee. February. Special mendicancy detail abolished by the police commis- sioner. February 5. Provident Relief Fund made a department of the Society. March i. Jewish Charity merged with Charities. March. Work begun by the Special Employment Bureau for the Handicapped. April 13. General secretary on leave of absence as special representa- tive of the American National Red Cross in charge of the San Francisco relief work. April 19-July 31. School of Philanthropy removed from the Library to rooms on the ninth floor. September, f Lunch room opened for Society's employes. December 14. District committees authorized to extend their influence by undertaking the study of conditions and by organized participation in social movements. December. 1907 (To September 30.) Department for the Improvement of Social Conditions estab- lished. January. Directorship of School of Philanthropy assumed by Samuel McCune Lindsay. March i. 1 66 CHRONOLOGY New accounting system installed. March. Opposition to proposal to supply free eye-glasses to school children, and free treatment for defective eyesight, at the expense of the city. April. First amendment secured to the charter of the Society, to provide for maintaining the School of Philanthropy. May 6. Treatment of individual cases by the Committee on Mendi- cancy discontinued. May. Research fellowships established in the School of Philan- thropy. July. Bureau of Appeals reorganized. September 25. Francis H. McLean engaged as field secretary of the Field Department of Charities. September. Extension of offices : four rooms occupied on sixth floor of United Charities Building; Library removed to ninth floor, adjoining the School. Officers, Members of the Central Council, and Members of Standing and Dis- trict Committees 1882-1907 OFFICERS, MEMBERS OF THE: CENTRAL COUNCIL, AND MEMBERS OF STANDING AND DIS- TRICT COMMITTEES 1882-1907 This list has been compiled from the published annual repoi'ts of the Society, and in many cases doubtless understates the amount of service rendered. The names of ex-offtcio members do not appear except when they have also served on a com- mittee. The names printed in heavy type are of persons who are now serving. Abbreviations iised: C. C, Central Council; C. P. T., Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis; J. A. B., Joint Application Bureau; F. V., Friendly Visitor. The rest are self explanatory. Dates written thus, 18S9- , in connection with the names of present officers and members, indicate that service began in 1889, and has continued without interruption to the present time, October, 1907. Abbatt, Miss C. B Sub-Corn. Dist. 9, 1901-03. Abbott, A. W Dist. Com. 11, 1897-8. Abbott, Miss M Sub-Coin. Dist 9, 1900-01. Abeel, Mrs. Albert M Vis. Com. York Dist, 1903-05. Abelson, Paull Vis. Com. Dist 3, 1897-8. Adams, Allen W Dist. Com. 7, 1892-3. Adams, Chas. D Dist Com. 14, 1883-4. Adams, Miss Lucy W Vis. Com. Dist 4, 1901-02. Addams, Jane Charities Pub. Com., 1905- Adler, Folix Ten. House Com., 1898-1900. Adler, Mrs. Felix Dist Com. 9, 1896-8, Vis. Com., 1896-7. Adler, Miss Lena Dist Com. 9, F. V., 1888, Ladies' Com, 1891. Adriance, H. E C C. Del. and Ch'n Dist Com., 9 (York), 1900- Albrecht, Mrs. F. C Vis. Com. Dist 11, 1900-02. Alcott, Mrs. E. R Ladies' Com. Dist 10, 1890. Alexander, Mrs. H. A Chelsea Dist Com., 1905. Alexander, Walter Dist Com. 2, 1892-3. Allen, Miss L .Dist. Com. 4, 1896-1900, Sec. 1896-7. I70 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Allen, Wm. H Spec. Com. on Winter Course,, 1902-04. Anderson, Henry B Dist. Com. 2, 1888-92; C. C. Del., 1890-2; Com. on Coop., 1889-1901; Exec. Com., 1891-7; Oh'n Com. on Registration, 1891-3; Ch'n Com. on Cent. Office Bureaus, 1894-1903; Dist. Com. 9, 1894-5; Dist. Com. 7, 1895; C. C. 1893-7. Anderson, Jos., M. D Dist. Com. 7, 1887. Anderson, Miss MargaretYorkville Dist. Com., 1907- Andrews, Constant A....C. C, 1885-1905; Com. on Fin., 1885-9; Com. on Memb., 1885; Treas. pro tem., 1885-6 Dist. Com. 4, 1885-7; Com. on Vacancies 1886; C. C. Sec. and Treas., 1887; C. C Treas, 1888-91, 1893-5; Exec. Com., 1886 1888-1903; Com. on Laundry, 1889-90; Com on Fin. and Memb., 1890, 1893-5; Ten House Com., 1898-1900; Dist. Com. 9 (York ville), 1888-1907, Ch'n, 1888-9, 1893-4, 1896 8, Vice-Ch'n, 1903-04, Com. on Vis. and Treat., 1898, Vis. Com. 1896-7, C. C. Del., 1893-4, 1896-1900; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1907- Andrews, W Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1899-1900. Andrews, W. L Dist. Com. 8, 1886. Anketell, Rev. John Dist. Com. 11, 1886-7; Dist. Com. 4, 1888-91. Appleton, Mrs. Edw. D Dist. Com. 5, 1897-1900. Armstrong, Miss A Ladies' Com. Dist. 7, 1890, 1892. Armstrong, James ..Dist. Com. 7, 1890-1. Armstrong, Mrs. Maitland. Ladies' Com. Dist. 4, 1892-3, 1895; Dist. Com. 4, 1894-7. Arnold, Mrs. Wm Vis. Com. York. Dist, 1905; York. Dist. Com., 1906- Ash, Thos. Reeves Dist. Com. 9, 1886-7. Ashton, Mrs. L H Dist. Com. 2, 1889. Ashwell, Wm. C .Dist. Com. 7, 1885-7. Atterbury, Grosvenor Com. on Wayfarers' Lodge, 1894-9. Auchincloss, Edgar S C. C, 1891-2; Com. on Coop., 1891. Auchincloss, Hugh D Dist. Com. 13, 1885-7; C. C. 1887, 1893; Com. on Fin., 1887; Com. on Coop., 1887; Ch'n Dist. Com. 4, 1888; Com. on Registra- tion, 1893. Babbitt, Miss Ladies' Com. Dist. 7, 1890. Bacon, C. A., M. D C. C. Del. Dist. 8, 1883-6; Com. on Coop., 1885-6. ALLEN-BARTHOLOMEW I7I Bacon, Mrs. Daniel .F. V. Dist. 6, 1888; Ladies' Aux. Dist. 6, 1889; Dist. Com. 6, 1895, 1897-1900. Baines-Qriffiths, Rev. D..Riverside Dist. Com., 1907- Baird, Addison W., M. D.Dist. Com. 8 (Hudson), 1901- Baker, Orin Kips Bay Dist. Com., 1907- Baker, R. C Dist. Com. 9 (Yorli.), 1898-1907. Balch, H. H Dist. Com. 2, 1888-9. Baldwin, Rev. B. O Dist. Com. 8, 1901-2. Baldwin, Ohas. M Dist. Com. 7, 1888. Baldwin, H. de F.... Dist. Com. 8, 1887. Baldwin, Wm. H., Jr Ten. House Com., 1903-4. Bannard, Otto T Dist. Com. 13, 1883-7, Treas., 1884-6, C. C. Del., 1886, Ch'n, 1887; C. C, 1886, 1888; Exec. Com., 1888-; Com. on Fin., 1888; Ch'n Com. on Memb., 1888; Dist. Com. 2, 1888-9, Ch'n, 1889; C. C. Sec, 1889-90; Ch'n Com. on Prov. Hab., 1889- ; Com. on Registration, 1891; Com. on Pub., 1891-4; Trus. Pen. Prov. F., 1894-1901; Ch'n Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1896-8, 1901-5; C. C. Vice- Pres., 1899- ; Com. on Dist. Work, 1899; Com. on Phil. Ed., 1902- ; Spec. Com. on Winter Course, 1902-4; C. P. T., 1902-4; Com. on Aud. of Ace, 1907- Barclay, Miss .Ladies' Com. Dist. 4, 1890-2. Barhydt, P. H Ch'n Dist. Com. 7, 1885-7, C. C. Del., 1887. Barlow, Mrs. Francis C — Ladies' Com. Dist. 5, 1892; Dist. Com. 5, 1893-7. Barlow, Peter T Dist. Com. 12, 1883-5. Barnard, J. L River. Dist. Com. and F. V., 1905. Barnes, Chas. Wheeler. .Dist. Com. 5 (Gram.), 1894-1903, 1905- Ch'n, 1899-1902 C. C. Del., 1901-2. Barnes, Rev. H. F Dist. Com. 13, 1883-4 Barnes, J. Sanf ord, Jr Com. on Wayfarers' Lodge, 1894-7. Barnes, Miss S. P F. V. River. Dist. Com., 1907. Barnum, Wm. M Dist. Com. 6, 1888-90. Barrett, Wm. S Dist. Com. 14, 1884-6; Sec, 1884-5. Barry, Miss C. S Dist. Com. 2 (Green.), 1902- Barry, John J. Dist. Com. 11 (Bronx), 1900- ; Vis. Com., 1900-3. Barstow, Miss E. W Corlears Dist. Com., 1906- Bartholomew, F. M Dist. Com. 9. 1885-6. 172 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Bartholow, Miss Eliz. ..Vis. Com. Dist. 2 (Greenwich), 1902-4; Green. Dist. Com., 1905- Bartlett, Mrs. P. G... Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1899-1900. Bartlett, Warren S Com. on Cases in A. B., 1894. Barton, Dr. C. B Dist. Com. 11, 1895-1901; Ch'n, 1897-8. Barton, Mrs. C. E Dist. Com. 11, 1896-9. Barton, J. S., M. D Dist. Com. 8, 1883-6; Dist. Com. 7, 1891. Bates, Miss Alice G F. V. Dist. Com. 9, 1888. Bates, Mrs. Mary Ladies' Com. Dist. 5, 1892. Bauer, Frederick B Com. on Dep. Chil., 1902-3. Baussman, Miss Julia Dist. Com. 3, 1893. Baxter, Mr Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1899-1900. Bayard, T. F., Jr Dist. Com. 4, 1896-8. Baylies, Bdmund L. Sec. Dist. Com. 9, 1885-6; C. C. Del., 1886; Com. on Coop., 1886. Beals, Z. C Dist. Com. 3, 1889. Beaman, Clias. C Com. on Prov. Hab., 1890-1900; Trus. P. P. F., 1894-1900. Beard, Miss Emma Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1900-2. Beckwith, Arthur Treas. Dist. Com. 11, 1885-6; C. C. Del., 1886-7; Com. on Mend., 1886; Dist. Com. 4, 1888; Com. on Dist. Work, 1888. Bedford-Jones, Rev. W. J... Dist. Com. 8, 1896-7. Beecher, Miss M. A Ladies' Com. Dist. 3, 1889. Beekman, J. N., M. D Dist. Com. 2 (Green.), 1892- ; C. C. Del., 1893-1903; Ch'n, 1894-1903. Bender, Mrs. James F. V. Dist. 6, 1888. Benedict, Mrs. Elliott S...Vis. Com. Dist. 9, 1900-1. Benjamin, Miss Helen ..F. V. Harlem Dist. Com., 1907- Benjamin, Rev. Raphael ..Dist. Com. 9, 1893-7, Sec, 1895-7; Sec. Vis. Com., 1896-7. Bennett, Mrs. Josephine ..F. V. Dist 4, 1888. Benson, Rev. Eugene H....Dist. Com. 7, 1902-3; Dist. Com. 9 (York.), 1902-5. Berg, Louis Dist. Com. and Com. on Vis. and Treat. Dist. 9, 1892. Borger, Rev. J. N Dist. Com. 4, 1893, 1895. Betts, Fred. H Dist. Com. 5, 1883-7, 1889-90, C. C. Del., 1888; Com. on Coop., Com. on Vacancies, 1888. Betts, Samuel R Dist. Com. 13, 1887; Dist. Com. 4, 1888. Beyea, J. L., M. D Dist. Com. 4, 1896-8. Biggs, Mrs. Chas Dist. Com. 6, 1891-4; Dist. Com. 8, 1895-7. BARTHOLOMEW-BLUME 173 Biggs, Hermann M., M.D.C. P. T., 1902- Billings, JohnS.,Jr.,M.D.C. P. T., 1906- Billings, Miss Laura See Lee, Mrs. F. S. Billings, Miss Mary Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1898-9. Bingham, Geo. F Dist. Com. 10, 1883-4. Bingen, Alfredo Dist. Com. 3, 1900-01. Binney, Harold Dist. Com. 4, 1894; Dist. Com. 1, 1895-7; Dist. Com. 6, 1896-7. Binney, Mrs. Harold Dist. Com. 7, 1896-7. Binsse, Miss Emily Ladies' Com. Dist. 4, 1889. Binsse, Louis E C. C, 1885-1897; Com. on Dist. Work, 1885- 9; Com. on Legal Ques., 1885-6; Com. on Coop.. 1889-90; Dist. Com. 4, 1889-1897; Ch'n, 1889-1894; C. C. Del., 1890-7; Com. on Mend., 1892-5. Bird, Miss B. W Dist. Com. and Vis. Com. Dist. 6, 1900-1. Bird, J. T. Jos., M. D...Dist. Com. 10 (Harlem), 1890-1906; Sec. 1891-5, Ch'n, 1901-3, Vice-Ch'n, 1905. Bird, P Dist. Com. 4, 1898-1900. Birmingham, Miss E. A. ..Vis. Com. Dist. 2, 1901-4; Dist. Com. 2, 1902-7. Bishop, L. J. P Harlem Dist. Com., 1905-6. Bishop, Mrs. L. J. P Harlem Dist. Com., 1905-6. Bishop, Miss M. C Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1900-02. Bishop, Miss Susan Vis. Com. York. Dist, 1903-5; York. Dist. Com., 1906-7. Bispham, Wm Dist. Com. 10, 1883-5, C. C. Del., 1884-5. Black, Geo. A Dist. Com. 9, 1886-7. Blagden, Samuel P Dist. Com. 12, 1886. Blake, Miss Alice Ladies' Com. Dist. 9, 1891; Com. on Laun- dry, 1891; Com. on Vis. and Treat. Dist. 9, 1892-3; Dist. Com. 9, 1893-5. Blake, Miss Ethel M Corlears Dist. Com., 1906-7. Blake, Miss Henrietta Vis. Com. Dist. 9 and Dist. Com. 9, 1896-7. Blake, Wm C. C, Com. on Mend., 1885-6. Blakeman, C. R... Dist. Com. 9, 1887; Dist. Com. 6, 1888-98, Treas., 1888-1893. Blaustein, David Dist. Com. 3 (Corlears), 1900-7, C. C. Del., 1901-2; C. P. T., 1902- Blodgett, Wm. T Dist. Com. 13, 1884-5. Bloomfield, Mr Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1897-8. Blume, Frederick Dist. Com. 4, 1896-1901, Sec. and Vis. Com., 1900-1. 174 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Blumenthal, Mark, M. D..Orig. C. C, C. C, 1882-4; Com. on Dist. Work, and Com. on Mend., 1882-4; Soc. Vice- Pres., 1887-94. Boardman, Miss AnnetteCorlears Dist. Com., 1907- Boardman, Miss C. E. . .Com. on Dist. Work and Vis. Com. Dist. 4, 1900-1; Dist. Com. 2 (Greenwich), 1901- Bogert, S. S., M. D Ch'n Dist. Com. 3, 1888-1901, C. C. Del., 1889- 95; Com, on Mend., 1889-90; Com. on Prov. Hab., 1889-1890; Com. on Dist. Work, 1891-9. Bohannon, Miss Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1897-8. Bolard, Miss Louise Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1901-2. Bolles, Mrs. E. E Ladies' Com. Dist. 4, 1890-3, 1895; Dist. Com. 8, 1894. Bond, Miss Kate C. C, 1884- ; Com. on Dist. Work, 1884- 99; Com. on Mend., 1884; Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 6, 1888; Ladies' Com. Dist. 4, 1889; Ch'n Cent. Aux. Com. of Women, 1890- ; Ch'n Com. on W. R., 1894-1904. . Bond, Wm. E Dist. Com. 13, 1886-7. Bonner, Hugh Ten. H. Com., 1900-3. Borden, Mrs. Gerald Dist. Com. 4 and Vis. Com., 1902-4; River. Dist. Com., 1905. Bowe, Mrs. Thomas Dist. Com. 3, 1893. Bowles, Miss E Kips Bay Dist. Com., 1905-7. Boyd, Miss C. M Dist. Com. 7 (Kips Bay), 1902-7. Boyd, Oscar E Dist. Com. 4, 1894-7. Boyle, James F Dist. Com. 8, 1895; Dist. Com. 7 (Kips Bay), 1896- Brace, R. M Dist. Com. 3, 1894. Bracher, Thos. W Dist. Com. 8, 1894. Bracher, Mrs. Thos. W Dist. Com. 8, 1895-7. Brackett, Jeffrey R Com. on Phil. Ed., 1898-1903. ^ Bradley, B. W Hud. Dist. Com., 1905-7; River. Dist. Com., 1907- Bradley, Miss Helen S...Dist. Com. 5 (Gram.), 1903- Bradley, Miss M. W See Hoffman, Mrs. Burrall. Brannan, J. W., M. D. . C. P. T., 1907- Brazer, C. W Kips Bay Dist. Com., 1907- Brenner, Alfred T. V. Dist. Com. 5, 1901-2. Brett, Geo. P Dist. Com. 5, 1892-3. Brenchard, Mrs. Jules Dist. Com. 10, 1892. Brewer, Frank L ...Dist. Com. 1, 1900-3. Brewer, Mrs. S. D Corlears Dist. Com., 1907- BLUMENTHAL-BRUSH I75 Brewster, R. S C. C, Exec. Com., Char. Pub. Com., 1905- ; Vice-Ch'n River. Dist. Com., 1905, Cli'ii, 1906- ; Ch'n Com. on Adv. and Inf., 1906- ; Com. on And. of Ace, 1907- Brice, W. Kirkpatrick. . .Com. on Adv. and Inf., 1906- Bridgman, Mrs. C. DeWitt. Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist 10 (Harl.), 1903-5. Bridgman, Henry H C. C, 1890; C. C. Del. Dist. Com. 8, 1886- 7; Dist. Com. 7, 1888-90, C. C. Del., 1888-9; Com. on Memb., 1888; Com. on Fin. and Com. on Laundry, 1889; Com. on Pin. and Memb., Com. on Coop., 1890. Bristow, W. B Dist. Com. 1, 1894-5. Brockway, A. Norton, M.D.Dist. Com. 10, 1890-2.. Brooke, Geo. H Dist. Com. 9, 1892-3, Sec, 1892. Brookfield, Wm Dist. Com. 7, 1885-7. Brouner, Mrs. W , . Vis. Com. Dist. 4, 1900-1. Brouner, W. B., M. D Dist. Com. 4, 1896-7. Brown, Abbott Dist. Com. 2 (Greenwich), 1889- ; Sec, 1894- Brown, Chas. S Dist. Com. 13, 1887; Dist. Com. 2 (Green- wich), 1888-1904; Treas., 1890-3; Ten. House Com., 1900- Brown, Mrs. Chas. S Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 2, 1888; Dist. Com. 2, 1889-1903. Brown, Mrs. E. E Vis. Com. Dist. 4, 1900-1. Brown, Miss Edith HarmonDist. Com. 4, 1896-7; Gram. Dist. Com., 1905. Brown, Geo. Alex Dist. Com. 12, 1883-7, Ch'n and C. C. Del., 1884-6; Com. on Fin., 1885-6; Exec Com., 1886; Dist. Com. 3, 1888-90, Treas., 1890. Brown, Herbert S CRT., 1901- Brown, S. W ..Dist. Com. 7, 1886-7, Sec. and Treas., 1887; Sec. Dist. Com. 6, 1888-9. Brown, W. Harmon Dist. Com. 13, 1883-7; C. C. Del., 1884-5; Dist. Com. 2, 1888. Brown, Mrs. W. Harmon. .Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 2, 1888; Dist. Com. 2, 1889; Cent. Aux. Com. of Women, 1893-7, 1900-3; Com. on W. R., 1894-7; Dist. Com. 5 (Gram.), 1903-5. Brunt, Joseph W. Harlem Dist. Com., 1907- Brush, Prof. Chas. B C. C, 1890-7; Com. on Coop., 1890-4; Ch'n Com. on Laundry, 1892; Com. on N. Y., 1893; Ch'n Com. on Wayfarers' Lodge, 1894-7. 176 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Brush, Miss Frances Dist. Com. 7, 1896-1903, Vis. Com., 1896-7, 1899-1903; Ch'n Vis. Com., 1897-9. Brush, W. Franklin Dist. Com. 7 (Kips Bay), 1890- ; C. C. Del., 1893-7, Ch'n, 1894-6, Vice-Ch'n, 1903; Com. on Laundry, 1894- , Ch'n, 1894-6, 1900-4, Sec, 1905. Bryant, Joseph D., M. D.C P. T., 1902 Bryce, Miss Edith Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 6, 1888-90; Dist. Com. 6, 1891-4; Com. on Laundry, 1890- 1900. Bryce, Miss Madeleine Ladies' Com. Dist. 7, 1889. Bullard, W. E., M. D Dist. Com. 8, 1887; Dist. Com. 7, 1888-95, ■ Ch'n and C. C. Del., 1890. Burden, Mrs. J. A., Jr.. .Yorkville Dist. Com., 1907- Burke, Chas. C Dist. Com. 7, 1885-6. Burlingham, C. C Dist. Com. 7, 1889-90, Sec, 1890; Dist. Com. 1, 1891-3. Burns, A. T Dist. Com. 4, 1903-4. Burns, Mrs. Robt Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 7, 1888. Burr, Mrs. Wm. H Dist. Com. 8, 1896-1901. Busch, Mrs. I. W Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 6, 1890. Bush, Mrs. A. N. Ladies' Aux. Com.. Dist. 6, 1889. Busselle, Alfred Gramercy Dist. Com., 1906- Butler, E. J. Dist. Com. 4, 1894-1901; Com. on Dep. Chil., 1899-1903; C. C. and C. P. T., ex-off., 1905- Butler, Miss Louisa Ch'n Ladies' Com, Dist. 4, 1890-1. Butler, Nicholas MurrayCom. on Phil. Ed., ex-off., 1903- Butler, P. J Dist. Com. 11 and Vis. Com., 1900-1. Byrnes, Miss Clara Dist. Com. 9 (York.), 1900- , Vis. Com., 1900-3, Sec, 1903-4; Com. on Dist. Work, 1906- Caill6, August, M. D Sec. Dist. Com. 14, 1887; Sec Dist. Com. 5, 1888-9. Caldwell, Miss L. S Dist. Com. 3 (Corlears), 1901- Caldwell, Miss L. T Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 7, 1888-93, Ch'n, 1889, 1891-3; Vis. Com., 1895-9, Ch'n, 1895-7; Dist. Com. 7, 1892, 1894-1901; Com. on Cases in A. B., 1894-5; Com." on Laundry, 1889- Caldwell, T. O Dist. Com. 9, 1896-7. Calyo, Madame Vis. Com. Dist. 7,. 1898-1900. Canavan, John T Dist. Com. 1, 1901-3. Cannon, H. Le Grand. Dist. Com. 5, 1893-5; Com. on Wayfarers' Lodge, 1894-5. BRUSH-CLARK 177 Carl, The Misses Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 5, 1888. Carnegie, Andrew Ten. House Com., 1898-1900. Carpenter, Mrs. C. W Dist. Com. 11, 1900-1. Caruthers, Rev. Prank Dist. Com. 7, 1896-7. Casey, Patrick J Dist. Com. 10, 1890-2. Casey, Mrs. W. C Dist. Com. 2, 1893-5. Cauldwell, Mrs. S. M Dist. Com. 6, 1894-8. Chamberlin, Ward B Treas. Dist. C^m. 4, 1883-7. Chandler, Mrs. J. G. H.... Dist. Com. 4, 1894-7, F. V., 1888, liadies' Com., 1890-3, 1895. Chapin, Rev. H. B Dist. Com. 9, 1900-1. Chapman, Mrs. E. S F. V. Dist. Com. 9, 1888. Chase, Geo. T., M. D Dist. Com. 10 (Harl.), 1894- Chase, Mrs. Geo. T Dist. Com. 10, 1896-1902. Chase, Miss L. E Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1901-2. Chave, Mrs. C. B Bronx Dist. Com. and Vis. Com., 1903- Cheney, George L .C. C, 1895- ; Dist. Com. 6, 1890-2, C. C. Del. and Ch'n, 1891-2; Com. on Dist. Work, 1891; Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1892, 1895; Dist. Com. 9, 1893-8, C. C. Del. and Ch'n, 1896; Com. on Coop., 1895-6, Ch'n, 1896; Acting Gen. Sec, 1896; Exec. Com., 1896- ; Ch'n Com. on Cent. Office Bureaus, 1896- 1904. Cheney, Mrs. Geo. L Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 6, 1888; Com. on Laundry, 1890; Cent. Aux. Com. of Women, 1900-3. Child, F. S C. C. Del. and Ch'n Dist. Com. 7, 1893. Childs, Miss A. D Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1900-1; Dist. 9, 1903-4. Childs, Miss May H Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1898-1900. Chisolm, B. Ogden Dist. Com. 1, 1893-7, 1900-3, Sec, 1895, 1896- 7; Com. on Laundry, 1902-4; Ch'n Dist. Com. 3 (Corlears), 1903- , C. C. Del., 1906-7. Church, Mrs. B. S F. V. Dist. Com. 7, 1884. Church, W. H Dist. Com. 6 (Chelsea), 1900- , Sec, 1901- 4, 1906- Ciocia, Vincent Corlears Dist. Com., 1906- Clark, Miss CM Dist. Ctom. 7 (Kips Bay), 1902-4. Clark, Mrs. Chas. M York. Dist. Com., 1906- ; Vis. Com., 1907- Clark, Mrs. E. M York. Dist. Com., 1906- ; Vis. Com., 1907- Clark, Miss Eleanor V Dist. Com. 2, 1894-5. 178 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Clark, Miss Ella Mabel.. C. P. T., 1901-2; York. Dist. Com., 1905-7, Vis. Com., 1905- , Ch'n, 1907- ; Com. on Dist. Work, Com. on Appeals, 1907- Clark, Miss Emily V Dist. Com. 2, 1896-7. Clark, Lester W Dist. Com. 8, 1894-7. Clark, Mrs. M. T Dist. Com. 11, 1899-1901. Clark, Mrs. S. BradhurstCom. on W. R., 1894-1900; Cent. Aux. Com. of Women, 1894- Clark, Walter H Dist. Com. 8, 1887. Clark, Mrs, Wm. Brewster. Dist. Com. 2, 1891-3. Clarkson, Mrs. B Cent. Aux. Com. of Women, 1905- Clarkson, Mrs. Robert. .Chelsea Dist. Com., 1906- Clarkson, Floyd Dist. Com. 4, 1883-6. Clendenning, Miss Corlears Dist Com., 1906- Cleveland, Mrs. J. Wray.Dist. Com. 9 (York.), 1902- Clews, Miss Elsie See Parsons, Mrs. Herbert. Clinton, Charles Alex., M. D Harlem Dist. Com., 1907- Clute, Horace Chelsea Dist. Com., 1906- Coady, J. J Dist. Com. 9, 1891-3, Com. on Vis. and Treat., 1893; Dist. Com. 8, 1894-1901. Cochran, Wm. F. C. C, Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1896-8. Cocks, Rev. O. G Corlears Dist. Com., 1906- , C. C. Del., 1907- Coe, Miss Amy B Yorkville District Com., 1907. Coe, Chas. A Dist. Com. 9, 1886-7; Dist. Com. 7, 1888. Coe, Edw. P Dist. Com. 1, 1888-93, Sec, 1889-91. Coe, Henry E Dist. Com. 13, 1886-7; Dist. Com. 4, 1888. Coggeshall, Henry, M. D..Dist. Com. 9, 1893-1900; Com. on Vis. and Treat., 1893; Vis. Com., 1896-7, C. C. Del and Ch'n, 1898-9. Cohoon, Miss Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1897-8. Coit, Stanton Dist. Com. 3, 1888, 1893-4. Cole, John H Dist. Com. 4, 1889-90. Colgate, Abner W Dist. Com. 10, 1883-4. Colgate, Bowles ..C. C, 1883-5; Com. on Coop., 1884-5. Colles, Miss E. B Dist. Com. 7 (Kips Bay), 1902- Colles, Miss Harriet W York. Dist. Com., 1905. Collins, C. F., M. D Dist. Com. 2, 1892-1902. Collins, Chas Dist. Com. 10, 1886-7. Collins, Miss Ella Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 4, 1888. Collins, Mrs. J. M Dist. Com. 5, 1888. CLARK-CREMIN 179 Colt, Harris D Dist. Com. 1, 1892-5, Treas., 1893; Com. on Cases in A. B., 1894. Conkling, Howard Dist. Com. 14, 1883-7, Treas., 1884-6; Dist. Com: 5, 1888. Connor, L. A., M. D Com. on Cases in A. B., 1894-5. Convers, E. B Dist. Com. 1, 1888. Cooke, Willis S., M. D Dist. Com. 10, 1899-1904, Sec, 1901-3. Coombes, Mrs. G. J Vis. Com. Bronx Dist, 1905. Coombes, Wm. J Ten. House Com., 1903-5. Cornell, Robt. C Dist. Com. 12, 1883-7; C. C, 1886-95; Com. on Mend., 1886-95; Cli'n, 1888, 1890-95; Com. on Memb., 1886; Exec. Com., 1887; Dist. Com. 1, 1888, 1890; Dist. Com. 5, 1888-9, 1891-5, Ch'n, 1893-5; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1896- Cornell, Mrs. Robt. C... Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 5, 1888-92; Dist Com. 5 (Gram.), 1893- ; Com. on Dep. Chil., 1898-9. Cotter, John Dist Com. 1, 1896-7, 1900-01. Cotter, Richard N .Dist Com. 11, 1895. Cotter, Mrs. Richard N.... Dist Com. 11, 1899-1905, Vis. Com., 1900-3. Couper, J. R Dist Com. 2, 1888-9, F. V., 1888; Com. on Dist Work, 1889. Couper, Mrs. J. R C. C, 1888-9; Com. on Dist Work, 1888; Com. on Coop., 1889; Dist Com. 2, 1889; Ladies' Aux., 1888. Courteney, Rev. Robert. .Chelsea Dist Com., 1906- Coward, James S Dist Com. 1, 1888. Cox, Charles F C. C, 1890- ; Exec. Com., 1892-1907; Com. on Coop., 1890-1904, Ch'n, 1891-5, 1901-4; Com. on Laundry, 1890-7; Dist. Com. 7, 1890-5; Com. on Cent Off. Bureaus, 1894-5; Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1898-1905; Com. on Phil. Ed., 1902- ; Spec. Com. on Winter Course, 1902-4; C. P. T., 1902- , Ch'n, 1902-5. Oox, Mrs. Charles F Ladies' Com. Dist 7, 1890. Crampton, Henry E., M. D.Dist. Com. 14, 1883-7; Dist Com. 5, 1888. Crane, John Dist Com. 6, 1894-1900. Cravath, Paul D Ten. House Com., 1900- , Ch'n, 1902- C. C, Exec. Com. (2d Sec), 1907- Creamer, Mrs P. V. Dist. Com. 9, 1888. Cremin, Jos. D Zee. Dist Com. 4, 1883-6; Dist C. 9," 1896-8. l8o MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Oremin, P. W., M. D Dist. Com. 4, 1883-6, C. C. Del., 1884-6; C5om. on Coop., 1885-6. Crimmins, Thos. E., M. D.Dist. Com. 9, 1893-5. Crittenden, Walter H Dist. Com. 1, 1891-7. Crocker^ Miss C Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 7, 1888. Crosby, Miss Agnes Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. .5, 1888. Crosby, Miss C. C Ladies' Aux. C^m. Dist. 5, 1888-1892; Dist. Com. 5, 1893-1901. Crosby, Henry A Dist. Com. 1, 1896-8. Crosby, Mrs. Howard Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 5, 1888-9. Cross, Miss Florence Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1899-1901. Cross, Miss Mary Dist. Com. 2, 1895-8. Cross, Rev. Sidney Hudson Dist. Com., 1905- Croswell, Mrs. J. G Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1897-8. Crowell, J. P Com. on Cases in A. B., 1895; Dist. Com. 3, 1898-9. Gumming, Mrs. Jas. Dun= can Harlem Dist. Com., 1907- Cunnion, Frank Dist. Com. 10 (Harlem), 1900- Curtis, Mrs. Eugene Harlem Dist. Com., 1907- Curtis, F. Kingsbury Dist. Com. 4, 1888-9. Curtis, F. L Dist. Com. 11, 1895-9. Cushman, Howard Dist. Com. 2, 1900-4. Cutting, R. Fulton Com. on Phil. Ed., ex-oft., 1903- Daly, J. I Dist. Com. 9 (Yorkville), 1902- Daub, Wm Dist. Com. 11, 1895-7. Dausan, A. B Dist. Com. 2, 1896-7. Davidson, Miss Lena Dist. Com. 9, 1894-5. Davies, Miss E. J Bronx Dist. Com., 1906-7. Davies, Miss Nellie Dist. Com. 3, 1898-1904. Davis, Albert E Dist. Com. 11 (Bronx), 1901- , Vice-Cli'n, 1906- ; acting chairman and C. C. Del., 1907- Davis, Edw. W., Jr Dist. Com. 9, 1888-90. Davison, Miss Mabel Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1899-1902. Day, Miss Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1897-1900. Day, C. S., Jr Dist. Com. 9, 1896-7; Com. on Wayfarers' Lodge, 1899-1900; Com. on Indus. Bldg. and W. Y., 1900-4. Day, Miss Gertrude Vis. Com. Dist. 3 (Corlears), 1903-4; Cor- lears Dist. Com., 1905- , Sec, 1906- Day, Miss L. V Dist. Com. 6 (Chelsea), 1896-1901, 1905- ; Vis. Com., 1900-4; F. V., 1906- CREMIN-DEWEES l8l Dealy, Wm. J Dist. Com. 10, 1890-2. Dean, Mrs. J. S Dist. Com. 8, 1901-4. Deary, L. B., M. D... Dist. Com. 5, 1900-1. de Forest, Mrs. Henry C.Dist. Com. 2, 1891-5. de Forest, Henry W Dist. Com. 10, 1883-4. de Forest, Johnston Dist. Com. 9, 1896-7; Sec. Com. on Way- farers' Lodge, 1899-1900; Sec. Com. on In- dus. Bldg. and W. Y., 1900-4; Com. on Indus. Bldg. and W. Y., 1901- , Treas., 1901-4, 1906- ; Com. on Mend., 1902-3; Com. on J. A. B., 1906- ; C. C, 1906- de Forest, Lockwood Com. on Wood Yard, 1889-1893; Treas. Com. on Wayfarers' Lodge, 1894-1900; Com. on Indus. Bldg. and W. Y., 1900- , Treas., 1900. de Forest, Robt. W President, 1888- ; Dist. Com. 13, 1883-6, 1888, Ch'n, 1885-6; C. C, 1885- ; Com. on Memb., 1885-1887; Com. on Vacancies, 1885- 6; Exec. Com., 1887- , Ch'n, 1888- ; Dist. Com. 2, 1888-9; Com. on Prov. Hab., 1889- ; Trustee P. P. F., 1894-1901; Com. on Fin. and Memb., ex-off., 1898- ; Ten. House Com., 1898- , Ch'n, 1900-1; Ch'n Com. on Phil. Ed., 1898- ; Com. on Cent. Off. Bureaus, 1900-1901; C. P. T., 1902- ; Spec. Com. on Winter Course, 1902-4; Ch'n Char. Pub. Com., 1905- de Fritsch, Mrs. Hugo Vis. Com. Dist. 4, 1902-4; Dist. Com. 4, 1903-4. , . Denison, Rev. J. H Dist. Com. 1, 1896-1902. Dennett, W. S., M. D Dist. Com. 6, 1891. Derby, Richard H., M.D...0 rig. C. C; C. C, 1882-6; Com. on Dist. Work, 1882-5; Com. on Vacancies, 1884-6; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1888-1907. Devine, Edward T General Secretary, 1896- ; Editor Char- ities, 1897- ; Director School of Phil- anthropy, 1903-7; advisory member of all committees ex-off., 1896- Devina, Mrs. J. B Dist. Com. 3, 1898-1904. Dew6«i, Mrs. H. M Ch'n Central Com., 1890-3, C. C. Del., 1891-3; Com. on Cases in A. B., 1894-5; Dist. Com. , 4, 1894-1903, C. C. Del., 1895-1900; Ch'n. 1896, Sec, 1897-1900; Corlears Dist. Com., 1901-5. l82 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Dexter, Stanley W Dist. Com. 13, 1886-7, Sec, 1887; Dist. Com. 2, 1888-92; 1894, Sec, 1888-91. Dexter, Mrs. Stanley W... Dist. Com. 2, 1889-93, 1895-1900; Ladies' Aux., 1888; C^nt. Aux. Com. of Ladies, 1891. Dham, Miss Annie Dist. Com. 9, 1894. Dickerman, Geo. W Dist. Com. 2, 1888-91; Com. on Wood Yard, 1890-1. Dienst, A. P. Bronx Dist. Com., 1905- Dillon, Mrs. J. P Vis. Com. Dist. 9, 1896-7. Dittrich, Sister Rosa Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 10 (Harlem), 1903- Dixon, Ephraim W Dist. Com. 9, 1888. Dodd, Miss S. B Vis. Com. Dist. 9 (Yorkville), 1896-7, 1899- 1905; Dist. Com. 9, 1896- Dodge, Arthur M Orig. C. C, C. C, 1882-5, 1894-6; Treas., 1883-5; Exec Com. 1883-5, 1895-6; Com. on Finance, 1882-5; Dist. Com. 10, 1886; Soc Vice-Pres., 1887-93; Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1893-5, Vice-Ch'n, 1893, Ch'n, 1894-5. Dodge, Cleveland H Dist. Com. 8, 1883-4. Dodge, Geo. E C. C, 1888-9; Com. on Fin., 1888-9; Dist. Com. 1, 1888; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1890-1903; Com. on Prov. Hab., 1890-1903; Trus. P. P. F., 1894-1901. Donelle, Mrs. A. M Vis. Com. Dist. 4, 1903-4; Sec and F. V. River. Dist. Com., 1905- Doolittle, Miss M. B Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1902-3. Doremieux, Mrs Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 4, 1888. Dougherty, Jas. E Dist. Com. 3, 1895. Dow, Mrs. J. E..! Ladies' Com. Dis. 10, 1890; Dist. Com. 10, 1891-1900. Downey, Martin, M. D...Dist. Com. 7 (Kips Bay), 1896- Drake, Durant Vis. Com. Dist. 4, 1900-1. Draper, Miss M. L Dist. Com. 2, (Greenwich) 1893-1907; Vis. Com., 1900-1. Dresbach, Chas Dist. Com. 7, 1885-7. Drexel, Jos. W C. C, 1883-4. Dreyfous, Mrs. E. E Dist. Com. 3, 1893-4; Vis. Com. Dist. 9, 1896-7, 1899-1902; Dist. Com. 9, 1897- ; Sec, 1899- ; Com. on Dist. Work, 1901-2. Driesler, Mrs F. V. Dist. 3, 1888. Drisler, Frank Dist. Com. 6, 1900-2. Drisler, Herman C. C, 1885-6; Com. on Legal Ques., 1885-6; Com. on Mend., 1886; Dist. Com. 7, 1885-7, C. C. Del., 1885-6. DEXTER-ESTABROOK 183 Drucklieb, Louis, M. D Dist Com. 3, 1888. Drummond, I. Wyman Dist. Com. 11, 1885-7, Ch'n, 1885-7, Treas., 1886; Dist. Com. 4, 1888. Duane, Miss A Com. on Vis. and Treat. Dist. Com. 9, 1892-3. Du Bois, Eugene Dist. Com. 1, 1888-91. Duff, Mrs. Harriet A Dist. Com. 11, 1896-7. Duncan, A. Butler Dist. Com. 2, 1894-1900. Dunham, Miss B. L Dist. Com. 2, 1894. Durant, Miss Emma Ladies' Com. Dist. 4, 1889-1892. Duross, Chas. E Dist. Com. 4, 1900-1. Dwight, Edmund, Jr Dist. Com. 3, 1888. Dwight, Stanley Sec. and Treas. Dist. Com. 10, 1885-7; Dist. Com. 7, 1888-9, Sec. and Treas, 1888. Dyer, Mrs. E. T F. V. Dist. 2, 1888. Eckman, Rev. G. P Dist. Com. 8, 1901-4. Edwards, Rev. J. H Dist. Com. 6, 1896-1901. Edwards, Miss Laura J..Corlears Dist. Com., 1906- Eger, Miss Bertha Dist. Com. 3, 1893. Egleston, Henry P Dist. Com. 10, 1884-6. Eidlitz, O. M Ten. House Com., 1900- Eils, Mrs. B. E. J Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 10, 1903-4. Einstein, Mrs. Wm Com. on Dep. Chil., 1900-1. Elkus, Miss Sarah Corlears Dist. Com., 1905. Elliott, J. L Dist. Com. 6, 1896-7; Dist. Com. 4, 1897-1904, Ch'n, 1897-8, 1903-4, C. C. Del., 1900-3; Vis. Com., 1900-3. Elliott, Miss O Dist. Com. 4 (Chelsea), 1903- Ellis, Mrs. E. P. Ely, Arthur H . . Emerson, J. H., M. D. Emery, H. C Emery, Mrs. M. D. . . . Emrich, Miss Phebe. . Erdman, Martin Erlandsen, Mrs. Oscar Erving, Mrs. John. . . Estabrook, Arthur F. ..Ladies' Com. Dist. 7, 1890. ..Dist. Com. 1, 1899-1903, C. C. Del., 1900-3; Hudson Dist. Com., 1905-7. ..Dist. Com. 10, 1883-6, Sec. and Treas., 1885-6. ..Dist. Com. 9, 1894-5. ..Vis. Com. Dist. 11, 1900-2. ..Dist. Com. 11 (Bronx), 1895-1907, Sec, 1896- 1905. ..C. C, Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1896-8. ..Vis. Com. Dist. 9, 1900-1. ..Ladies' Com. Dist. 7, 1890; Cent. Aux. Com. of Ladies, 1892- ; Ladies' Com. Dist. 4, 1891-3, Ch'n, 1892-3, 1895; Dist. Com. 4, 1894- 5; Com. on W. R., 1894-1900; Com. on Laun- dry, 1900-4. ..Char. Pub. Com., 1905- 184 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Eustis, John E C. C. Del. and Ch'n Bronx Dist. Com., 1903- 1907; Com. on Adv. and Inf., 1906-7. Evans, Miss A. B Dist. Com. 5 (Gram.), 1901- Evans, Miss Ethel R Dist. Com. 3, 1896-7. Evans, Mrs. Glendower Com. on Phil. Ed., 1898-1903. Everard, Jos. M Dist. Com. 7 (Kips Bay), 1900- Everit, Rov. F. B Dist. Com. 9, 1901-2. Fahnestock, H. C C. C, Com, on Pin., 1889; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1890- Fahnestock, Wm C. C, Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1891-3. Fairchild, Chas. S Orig. C. C; C. C. Vice-Pres., 1882-5, 1889-99; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1887-8, 1899- ; Ch'n Com. on Dist. Work, 1882-5; Com. on Pub., 1883- 5; Com. on Legal Ques., 1883-5; Exec. Com., 1884-5, 1890-1; Dist. Com. 12, 1884-5; Com. on Prov. Hab., 1890- ; Trus. P. P. F.", 1894-1901. Fairchild, Mrs. Chas. S...Sec. Ladies' Com. Dist. 4, 1890-1; Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1900-2. Fairchild, E. M Dist. Com. 9, 1896-7. Fairfax, Hamilton R. ...Dist. Com. 4, 1889-90; Dist. Com. 1, 1891-5; Yorkville Dist. Com., 1907- Fairfax, Mrs. Hamilton R. Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 4, 1889-91, Ch'n, 1889; Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 2, 1888; Cent. Aux. Com. of Ladies, 1890-1. Fargo, Mortimer Dist Com. 8, 1894. Farquar, W. F Dist. Com. 8, 1895. Farquhar, Wm. J Dist. Com. 7, 1896-7. Farr, Powers Dist. Com. 4, 1890-2. Farwell, Wm. D Dist. Com. 4, 1883-5, C. C. Del., 1883-4. Faulkner, Miss Jean A Vis. Com. Dist. 1, 1897-8. Faure, John P Dist. Com. 13, 1883-4. Fellows, James Dist. Com. 14, 1883-7, Ch'n, 1884-6, Treas., 1887; Dist. Com. 5, 1888-93, Treas., 1888-92. Ferrar, Jos6 M., M. D Dist. Com. 8, 1887; Dist. Com. 7, 1888-93. Field, Miss C Ladies' Com. Dist. 7, 1890-1. Field, Mrs. E. B Dist. Com. 2, 1895-1903. Field, Mrs. E. M Dist. Com. 2, 1889-92. Finnell, Dr. Thos. C, Jr... Dist. Com. 13, 1883-4. Fischer, Louis, M. D Dist. Com. 3, 1891-2. Fish, Mrs. A. E Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 6, 1889-90, Sec, 1889; Dist. Com. 6, 1891-1900. EUSTIS-FOX 185 Fish, Nicholas C. C, 1887-94; Com. on Coop., 1887; Com. on Mend., 1887, 1889, 1891-5; Com. on Memb., 1888; Com. on Fin., 1889; Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1890; Com. on Immig., 1890; Com. on Audit of Ace, 1894; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1896- 1901. Fisher, Mrs. F. D Dist. Com. 10, 1891-2, Ladies' Com., 1890. Fisher, Joel E Com. on Laundry, 1889. Fiske, Mrs. O Vis. Com. Dist. 3 (Corlears), 1898-1903; Cor- lears Dist. Com., 1907- Fitzgerald, Mrs. R. Y Dist. Com. 2, 1901-3. Fitzpatrick, Wm Dist. Com. 2 (Green), 1900- Flagg, Ernest Ten. House Com., 1898-1900. Flagg, Miss Harriet G Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1897-1903. Flagg, Wm. S Com. on Coop., 1883-6; Dist. Com. 10, 1883- 6; O. C, 1884-6. Flanagan, Mrs. W. W Dist. Com. 8 (Hudson), 1899-1907. Fleming, Matthew C. ...Ten. House Com., 1903- Floyd, Augustus Dist. Com. 8, 1896-1901. Floyd, Mrs. Augustus Dist. Com. 2, 1889-91. Floyd, John G Dist. Com. 1, 1888-94, Ch'n, 1890-4; C. C. Del., 1891-4; Ch'n Com. on Audit of Ace, 1894. Floyd, Mrs. Nicoll, Jr Dist. Com. 2, 1890-1. Foley, Mrs. J. R Ladies' Com. Dist, 10, 1890. Folks, Homer Dist. Com. 9, 1896-1903; Com. on Dep. Chil., 1898-1901; Com. on Phil. Ed., 1899-1903; C. P. T., 1901- ; C. C, 1902- ; Com. on Statistics, 1902-3; Spec. Com. on Winter Course, 1902-4; Com. on Soc. Res., 1903- Folks, Ralph Yorkville Dist. Com., 1907- Foote, Edward M., M. D.Hud. Dist. Com., 1906- Forbes, Francis Dist. Com. 9, 1889-90. Forbes, Miss Harriet Bronx Dist. Com., 1906- Ford, Miss Mary Dist. Com. 2, 1891, 1893-1902, Vis. Com., 1900-1. Ford, Miss S. H Harlem Dist. Com., 1907- Foster, Abbott C. C. Del. Dist. Com. 8, 1897-1900; Com. on Dist. Work, 1899-1900. Fowler, Mrs. E. M.. F. V. Riverside Dist., 1907- Fowler, Geo. B Ten. House Com., 1900-7. Fowler, Miss Kate F. V. Riverside Dist., 1907- Fox, Norman C. C, Com. on Fin., Com. on Pub., 1886. l86 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Fox, Robt. a P. V. Dist. 2, 1888. Francolini, Jos. N Dist. Com. 1, 1902-3. Frankel, Lee K Com. on Dep. Chil., 1899-1900; Spec. Com. on Winter Course, 1902-4; Char. Pub. Con^, 1906- ; C. P. T., 1906- ; Asso. Ed. Charities, 1906- Franklin, Dr. Eugene N..Dist. Com. 11, 1902-3. Franks, Miss J. B Dist. Com. 2, 1890. Freeman, Mrs. R. G Ladies' Com. Dist. 7, 1890-2. Friedenstein, S Dist. Com. 3, 1888-90, Treas., 1888. Friedman, Miss M Vis. Com. Dist. 7 (Kips Bay), 1897-9; 1901- Friel, John J Dist. Com. 7 (Kips Bay), 1898-1907; Vice- Ch'n, 1905-7. Gallagher, Jas. A Dist. Com. 2 (Green.), 1900-7. Gannon, James H Com. on Adv. and Inf., 1906- Garrison, Mrs Com. on Laundry, 1889. Gates, Miss B. B Dist. Com. 7 (Kips Bay), 1901-4. Gates, Horace P Dist. Com. 4, 1888. Gates, Mrs. Horace P F. V. Dist. 4, 1888. George, Wm. R Dist. Com 6, 1892. Gerard, Jas. W Dist. Com. 12, 1883-7, Ch'n, 1883-4, 1886-7; C. C. Del., 1883-4; Dist. Com. 5, 1888-95, Ch'n, 1889-90. Gibson, Miss Anna L Dist. Com. 5 (Gram.), 1901-5. Giddings, Franklin H. ..C. C, 1895, ex-off. rep. Col. Univ., 1901- ; Com. on Statistics, 1895-1903, Ch'n, 1895, 1901-3; Ch'n Com. on Soc. Res., 1905- ; C. P. T., 1902; Com. on Cent. Off. Bur., 1896-1903. Giddings, Mrs. F. H Dist. Com. 8, 1897- Gifford, Miss Agnes L. ..Kips Bay Dist. Com., 1906- ffl Gilbert, Robt. W Dist Com. 7, 1898-9; Com. on Laundry, 1889. Gilder, Richard Watson. . .Ten. House Com., 1898-1900. Gillette, Miss E. M Sec. Ladies' Com. Dist. 10, 1890. Gillette, Mrs. M. G. Ladies' Com. Dist. 10, 1890; Dist. Com. 10, 1891. Gillilan, W. K Dist. Com. 12, 1885-6. Gillis, Miss Isabella Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1900-2. Gilman, Daniel C Char. Pub. Com., 1905- Gilmore, Mrs. M. A Dist. Com. 10, 1897-8. Glenn, John M Char. Pub. Com., 1907- FOX-GRIFFIN 187 Goddard, F. Norton Godson, George H., M. D Goeller, Robert , Colder, Sheffield Golding, Miss A Goodwin, Jasper T Goodyear, Miss Agnes C. . Goodyear, Mrs. Chas. Gould, Chas. W Gould, Mrs. Clement Gould, E. R. L Grade, James K. Graham, Mrs. A. M Graham, Miss Lily. Gray, J. F., M. D... Green, Douglas . . . Green, Geo. Walton Greenough, Wm. . . Gregg, Rev. C. F Gregory, H. E Griffin, Rev. A. W. . Griffin, Chas. F. .. . . Griffin, Edw. P. ,Ch'n Dist. Com. 8, 1883-5; Ch'n Dist. Com. 9, 1885-7; Ton. House Com., 1900-4. ,Sec. Dist Com. 10 (Harlem), 1903- Dist. Com. 4, 1897-1901. Dist. Com. 3, 1888-9. Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1897-1905. Dist. Com. 4, 1887; Com. on Mend., 1888-9; Com. on Legal Ques., 1888; Com. on Dist. Work, 1889; Dist. Com. 9, 1888-91; C. C. Del. and Treas., 1888-9, Ch'n, 1890. Dist. Com. 8, 1895; Com. on Dist. Work, Dist. Com. 4, Vis. Com. Dist. 4, 1901-3. Dist. Com. 10, 1898-9. Dist. Com. 10, 1884-7; C. C, 1886-91; Com. on Legal Ques., 1886-91; Com. on Pub., 1886; Com. on Vacancies, 1887; Com. on Coop., 1888; Com. on Memb., 1889. Dist. Com. 6, 1895-7. Ten. House Com., 1898- ; Com. on Phil. Ed., 1898-1903. C. C, 1883-91; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1891-1902; Sec, 1884-8; Exec. Com., 1884-6, 1888; Com. on Fin., 1884-5; Com. on Mend., 1887-1890; Com. on Memb., 1889; Dist. Com. 1, 1889-93. ,F. V. Dist. 4, 1888. See Field, Mrs. E. B. Dist. Com. 4, 1896-7. Dist. Com. 9, 1888. Dist. Com. 8, 1883-5, Sec, 1883-4. ,C. C, 1887, 1894-9; Soc Vice-Pres., 1893; Dist. Com. 13, 1883-7, C. C. Del., 1883-6, Ch'n, 1883-5; Com. on Fin., 1885-7; Com. on Memb., 1886; Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1896-7; Com. on Vacancies, 1887; Dist. Com. 4, 1888; Exec Com., 1887, 1894-7; Com. on Cent. Off. Bur., 1894-7; Com. on Pub., 1896-7. Kips Bay Dist. Com., 1903-7. Dist. Com. 7, 1895. Dist. Com. 1, 1897-1900. Dist. Com. 6, 1890-1; Com. on Laundry, 1891-2. Dist. Com. 10, 1890-7; C. C. Del., 1892. l88 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES ' Griffith, Harold R Dist. Com. 2, 1890. Griffiths, J. J., M. D Dist. Com. 4, 1886-7; Dist. Com. 9, 1888-95. Grinnell, E. M C. C, Treas. Com. on Laundry, 1905- ; Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1905. Gross, Saml. L Dist. Com. 10, 1895-1903, Sec, 1896-1901. Guggenheim, William ..Char. Pub. Com., 1906- Guillaume, Chas. L Dist. Com. 14, 1884-6. Gulliver, Mrs. Wm. C C. C, 1888-90; Com. on Coop., 1888-90; Com. on Memb., 1888-9, Ch'n, 1888.. Gurney, Miss Marion F Dist. Com. 7, 1898-1900. Guy, Chas. L ...Dist. Com. 6, 1891. Gwinnell, Wm. B Dist. Com. 1, 1891-1903; Sec, 1892-3. Gwyre, E. G Bronx Dist. Com., 1905- Hadden, A. M Com. on W. Y., 1892-3; Com. on Wayfarers' Lodge, 1894-5. Hadden, Mrs. Harold F...Lad. Aux. Com. Dist. 2, 1888; Dist. Com. 2, 1889-91. Hadley, Miss Edith Vis. Com. Dist. 6, 1902-3. Haendle, Miss Emma Harlem Dist. Com., 1906- Haines, Miss E. L Dist. Com. 7 (Kips Bay), 1901- Haines, Richard T Dist. Com. 13, 1883-7. Hall, Mrs. A. B Dist. Com. 11 and Vis. Com., 1900-1. Hall, C Dist. Com. 9, 1898-9. • Hall, Dr. Edward W Harlem Dist. Com., 1907- Hall, Frank C List. Com. 4, 1902-3. Hall, Frank L Dist. Com. 6, 1890-7; Com. on Laundry, 1891. Hall, Fred S Com. on Dep. Chil., 1902-3. Hall, Miss Margaret W. . Yorkville Dist. Com., 1907- Hallock, S. F., M. D Dist. Com. 7 (Kips Bay), 1894- , Ch'n and C. C. Del., 1896- ; Com. on Phil. Ed., 1898- ; Spec Com. on Winter Course, 1902-4; Sub. Com. on Relief of C. P. T., 1906- ; Exec. Com., 1902- ; Ch'n Com. on Dist. Work, 1899- Hamilton, Miss J. F Com. on Laundry, 1889- ; Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 7, 1888-93, Ch'n, 1890, Vis. Com., 1895-7; Dist. Com. 7, 1894-7. Hamilton, J. H Dist. Com. 3 (Corlears), 1902-5, Vice-Ch'n, 1906- Hamilton, Wm. G Dist. Com. 12, 1887; Dist. Com. 5, 1888. Hamlin, Mrs Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1897-9. Hamlin, Walter A Dist. Com. 8, 1885-7, Sec and Treas., 1886-7. Hardwick, Benj. Dist. Com. 9, 1889-95, Treas., 1890; C. C. Del. and Ch'n, 1891-2. GRIFFITH-HERNSHEIM 189 Hare, Mrs. J. N Harkness, Edward S. Harlin, Miss Julia Harlin, Miss M Harmon, William E. • • Harrigan, Dr. J. B Harris, Mrs Harris, Rev. Gibson W, Harris, Mrs Harris, Mrs. M. H Harris, R. Duncan Harris, Mrs. T. J Harris, Rev. T. W Haven, Miss F. A. L. . Hawkes, R. Forbes, M Hayden, Miss K Hays, Danl. P Hazen, Miss Charlotte Heaton, Mrs. E. R Helmeyer, Mrs. K Henderson, Mrs. C. R. Henderson, Edw. C Henderson, Mrs. Edw. Henderson, Mrs. J. K. Henshaw, Rev. A. N . , Herbert, Dr. Henry... Hernsheim, Mrs. Jos . . ..Ladies' Com. Dist. 4, 1893, 1895; Dist. Com. 4, 1894-5. ..O. C, 1905- ; Com. on Pin. and Memb. and Com. on Adv. and Inf., 1906- ; Exec. Com. (2d Sec), 1907- ..Dist. Com. 8, 1899-1901. . . See McKenna, Mrs. C. F. ..Char. Pub. Com., 1906- ..Dist. Com. 7, 1899-1902. ..Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1898-9. ..Dist. Com. 11 (Bronx), 1901- ; C. C. Del. and Ch'n, 1901-3. ..F. V. Riverside Dist. Com., 1907- ..Dist. Com. 10, 1892-4. ..Grig. C. C; C. C, 1882-5; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1887-1902; Com. on Coop., and Com. on Memb., 1882-5; Com. on Legal Ques., 1883-4. ..Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1899-1900. ..Dist. Com. 7, 1897-8. ..Ladies' Com. Dist. 4, 1890-1. D.Dist. Com. 5 (Gram.), 1895- ..Vis. Com. Dist. 9, 1896-7. ..Dist. Com. 10, 1892-4. ..Sub. Com. Dist. 9, 1901-3. ..Ladies' Com. Dist. 9, 1891; Vis. Com. Dist. 9, 1896-7; Cent. Aux. Com. of Ladies, 1891-2. . . Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 3, 1888. ..Dist. Com. 5, 1893-5. ..Dist. Com. 2, 1889-1903, Sec, 1890-1; Cent. Com., 1890-2, Sec, 1891-2; Com. on Coop., 1890; Com. on Reg., 1891-3; Com. on Cent. Gff. Bur., 1896-1904; C. C, 1894-5; Soc. Vice- Pres., 1905- C.Dist. Com. 2 (Greenwich), 1889- ; Treas. Cent. Com., 1890-3, C. C. Del., 1890; Com. on Coop., 1890; Com. on Cent. Off. Bur., 1894, 1896-1903; Com. on Dist. Work, 1900^ . . Vis. Com. Dist. 4, 1903-4. ..Dist. Com. 9, 1896-8. ..C. P. T., 1901-2. ..Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 9, 1888, 1891; F. V. 1888; Com. on Vis. and Treat, 1892-3; Vis. Com., 1896-7; Dist. Com. 9, 1894-1900. igO MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Herrick, Everett . Dist. Com. 10, 1887. Herrick, Harold C. C, 1898- ; Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1898- , Ch'n, 1898-1905. Herschel, Mrs. A. H Corlears Dist. Com., 1906-7. Herzfeld, Miss E. Q F. V. Riverside Dist. Com., 1907- Hewitt, Abram S Com. on Prov. Hab., 1890-1902; Trus. P. P. F., 1895-1901; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1896-1902. Hibbs, Russell A., M. D.Com. on Emp. Bur. for Handicapped, 1906- Higgens, Mrs. J. E. Q...Dist. Com. 3, Corlears 1901-5, 1907- Higgins, Francis Eist. Com. 3, 1888-9. Higgins, Mrs. L. S F. V. Dist. Com. 9, 1888. Higginson, Jas. J C. C, 1891-5; Com. on Coop., 1891; Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1891-5, Ch'n, 1892-3; Exec. Com., 1892-3, 1895. Higginson, Mrs. Jas. J... Com. on Laundry, 1897- Hill, Mrs. A. A York. Dist. Com., 1903-7; Vis. Com., 1903-5. Hill, C F. V. Dist. 4, 1888. Hill, Mrs. E. B Dist. Com. 8, 1899-1900 Hilles, C. D Spec. Com. on Winter Course, 1902-4. Hinton, Miss C Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 6, 1889-90; Dist. Com. 6, 1891-7; Sec. Ladies' Com. Dist. 6, 1894-7. Hitchcock, B. W. C. C. Del. Dist. Com. 16, 1887; Dist. Com. 3, 1888; Dist. Com. 6, 1890. Hoadly, Mrs. Geo C C, 1889; Com. on Memb., 1889; Com. on Laundry, 1889-1900; Ladies' Com. Dist. 7, 1889-90. Hobart, Miss M Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1898-1901. Hoeber, Dr. E. W Dist. Com. 7 (Kips Bay), 1902-4. Hoffman, Mrs. Bernard ... Vis. Com. Kips Bay Dist, 1905. Hoffman, Mrs. Burrall. .. .Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 5, 1888-92; Dist. Com. 5, 1893-1902; Com. on Laundry, 1897- 1900. Hoffman, Mrs. Frederick. .F. V. Dist. Com. 9, 1888; Ladies' Com., 1889- 91; Com. on Vis. and Treat., 1893; Dist. Com. 9, 1894-5. Hoffman, Mrs. Richard- -Dist. Com. 6 (Chelsea), 1892-1902, 1905- ; Ch'n Vis. Com. Dist. 6, 1902-4; F. V. Chelsea Dist., 1906- Holcombe, Willis B Dist. Com. 9, 1892-5, Sec, 1893-4; Com. on Vis. and Treat. Dist. Com. 9, 1892-3. Hdlden, Mrs. Edw. H Dist. Com. 11, 1899-1903. Holden, T. N., M. D Dist. Com. 3, 1888-90. HERRICK-HUMPHRIES IQI Holland, Miss Blanche I. . .Vis. Com. Dist. 4, 1903-4. Hollis, W. Stanley Dist. Com. 10, 1902-3. Hollis, Mrs. W. Stanley. . .Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 10, 1903-4; Com. on Dist. Work, 1905-6; River. Dist. Com. and F. V., 1905-6; Harlem Dist. Com., 1905-6. HoUister, George C Com. on Indus. Bldg. and W. Y., 1905- Holls, Fred. Wm C. C, 1892-1902; Com. on Coop., 1892-1901; Com. on Pub., 1893-7; Com. on Leg. Ques., 1894-1902, Ch'n, 1894; Com. on Statistics, 1895-1902; Com. on Pub. and Lib., 1897- 1902; Ten. House Com., 1898-1902, Ch'n, 1898-1900. Holsten, Mrs. F Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 3, 1888-9. Holt, L. Emmett, M. D...C. P. T.. 1906- Hone, John, Jr Dist. Com. 6, 1902-3. Hope, Chas. E Dist. Com. 10, 1890-4, Treas., 1890-3. Hopkins, Mrs. A. L Cent. Aux. Com. of Women, Com. on W. R., 1896-9. Hopkins, Henry C Dist. Com. 7, 1890; Com. on W. Y., 1891-2. Hopkins, Miss J. A Dist. Com. 7 (Kips Bay), 1896-1904, Vis. Com., 1896-1903. Hopkins, Miss J. C Vis. Com. Dist. 1, 1898-1900. Hopkins, Woolsey R Dist. Com. 6, 1890-91. Hopkinson, Mrs. A Vis. Com. Dist 3, 1897-8. Hotchkiss, T. W Dist. Com. 7, 1897-1900. Houghton, Mrs. L. S Ladies' Com. Dist. 7, 1889-92; Dist. Com. 3, 1896-7. Howe, Miss E Dist. Com. 3, 1894, 1899-1905; Vis Com., 1897-8. Howe, Jos. W Dist. Com. 14, 1883-7. Howe, Miss M. E. Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1898-9. Howell, Miss L. C Vis. Com. Dist. 11 (Bronx), 1900-4; Bronx Dist. Com., 1903-5. Howells, Wm. Dean Dist. Com. 5, 1889. . Howland, Henry E Dist. Com. 13, 1883-6. Hoyt, Francis D Dist Com. 10, 1898-1903; Com." on Dist Work, 1900-2. Hubbard, Miss A. C Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1901-3. Hubbell, Rev. W. N Green. Dist. Com., 1906- Huddleston, J. H., M. D.C. P. T., 1902- ; Sub. Com. on Relief, 1906- Hughes, Rev. Wm. M Dist. Com. 3, 1893. Humphries, Rev. R. F DiSt. Com. 11, 1896-1900. 192 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Hunt, Miss Daisy Lord Dist. Com. 11, 1896-1900. Hunt, Miss J. A Dist. Com. 7 (Kips Bay), 1902- Hunter, Mrs. L ..Dist. Com. 8 (Huds), 1903- Hunter, Robert C. P. T., 1901-4. Huntington, Mrs. ArdierGramercy Dist. Com., 1907- Hurd, Chas. S Dist. Com. 6, 1888-9. Hurry, Randolph Dist. Com. 7, 1889-92. Husted, Mrs. A Dist. Com. 8, 1898-1901. Hutchinson, Mrs F. V. Dist. Com. 9, 1888. Hutchinson, Mrs. John Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1898-1901. Hyde, Mrs. A. G Cent. Aux. Com. of Ladies, 1892; Ladies' Com. Dist. 9, 1891; Com. on Vis. and Treat. Dist. Com. 9, 1893; Dist. Com 9, 1895. Hyde, Geo. H Dist. Com. 3, 1888-1892. Hyde, Miss H. M Com. on Vis. and Treat. Dist. 'Com 9, 1892- 3, Sec, 1892; Dist. Com. 9, 1894; Dist. Com. 6, 1894-7. Ireland, Miss Corlears Dist. Com., 1905- Ireland, Mrs. F. G Dist. Com. 7, 1895-1900; Vis. Com. Dist. 9, 1896-7. . Ireland, J. deCoursey Dist. Com. 7, 1896-7; Dist. Com. 4, 1897- 1900. Ireland, Joseph Dist. Com. 10, 1890. Irvin, Rev. Wm Dist. Com. 2 (Greenwich), 1901- Irwin, Miss Clara Com. on Emp. Bur. for Handicapped, 1906- Isaacs, Isaac S C. C, Com. on Coop., Com. on Vacancies, 1885-6. Iselin, Adrian, Jr Dist. Com. 10, 1883-4. Iselin, Miss Helen See Henderson, Mrs. Edw. C. Iselin, Henry S Dist. Com. 13, 1886; C. C. Del Dist. Corns. 13 and 15, 1887; Dist. Com. 2, 1888-93, C. C. Del. and Treas., 1888-9, Ch'n, 1889-93; C C, 1890-3; Com. on Coop., 1887; Ch'n Com. on W. Y., 1889-93; Com', on Laundry, 1889; Exec. Com., 1889-93. Isham, Miss Julia See Taylor, Mrs. H. O. Israels, Mrs. Charles H..Dist. Com. 8 (Hudson), 1903- Ives, Miss Eunice .....See Maynard, Mrs. W. E. Ives, H. G Vis Com. Dist. 4, 1900-1. Ives, Miss Winifred Dist. Com. 6 (Chel.), 1894- ; Vis. Com., 1900-1, F. v., 1906- HUNT-JOHNSON I93 Jackson, Rev. Samuel ^ Macauley Dist. Com. 9, 1885-7, C. C. Del. and Sec, 1887; C. C, 1888-1903; Com. on Pub., 1887- 97, Ch'n, 1888-97; Ch'n Com. on Pub. and Lib., 1897-1903; Com. on Memb., 1889; Com. on W. Y., 1892-3; Sec. Com. on Wayf. Lodge, 1894-9; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1904- Jacobi, A., M. D C. P. T., 1901- Jacobs, Mrs. E P. V. Dist. 6, 1888; Ladies' Aux. Com., 1889- 90; Dist. Com. 6, 1891-4; Dist. Com. 8 (Hud- son), 1894- Jacobus, W. W Dist. Com. 3, 1889. James, D. Willis Grig. C. C. James, H. A Com. on W. Y., 1889-90. James, Walter B., M. D..Dist. Com. 6, 1890-1; C. P. T., 1902- Janeway, E. Q., M. D....C. P. T., 1902 Janeway, T. C, M. D....C. C, 1902- ; Com. on Mend., 1902-4; Ch'n Com. on Emp. Bur. for Handicapped, 1906- Jay, Mrs. Augustus Kips Bay Dist. Com., 1907- Jeliffe, Rev. W. Raymond . Dist. Com. 1, 1902-3. Jennings, Miss Annie B.C. C, 1895- ; Com. on Cent. Off. Bur., 1895- ; Exec. Com., 1896; ; Com. on Dep. Chil., 1898-1902; Com. on Phil. Ed., 1899- ; C. P. T., 1901- ; Com. on Dist. Course, 1902-4; Dist. Com. 7, (Kips Bay) 1902- Jennings, Frederic B. ...C. C, Ch'n Com. on Mend., 1902- ; Com. on Phil. Ed., 1903-4, 1906- ; Com. on Prov. Rel. Funds, 1907- , Jennings, Oliver G Dist. Com. 1, 1900-3. Jennings, Dr. W. H F. V. Dist. 3, 1888. Jennings, Walter Com. on Prov. Hab., 1891- ; Trust. P. P. F., 1894-1901. Jerome, Miss Alice Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 2, 1888; Dist. Com. 2, 1889. Johnes, Mrs. W. F Dist. Com. 11 (Bronx), 1900- , Sec, 1906- , Vis. Com., 1900-3. Johnson, Mrs. Burges. . -Dist. Com. 9 (Yorkville), 1901- , Sec, 1902-3, Vis. Com., 1901-3. Johnson, Mrs. Chas. H Ladies' Aux. Com Dist. 7, 1888. Johnson, Miss Harriet M.Bronx Dist. Com., 1906- 194 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Johnson, Miss M Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 6, 1888. Johnson, Reginald B. P...Dist. Com. 2, 1894-5. Johnston, Colles Dist. Com. 13, 1883-6. Johnston, H. S Com. on Indus. Bldg. and W. Y., 1899-1905, Ch'n, 1901-4; Sec. and Treas., 1905. Jones, Mrs Ladies' Com. Dist. 3, 1889. Jones, Edward E Har. Dist. Com., 1905- Jones, Howard L Dist. Com. 9 (York), 1902-4. Jones, Miss Laura Ladies' Aux. Com. and F. V. Dist. 3, 1888. Kammerer, Walter G Dist. Com. 3, 1891-4. Kane, Miss L. L Dist. Com. 7, 1894- ; Vis. Com., 1895- 1907; Com. on Dep. Chil., 1902-3. Karelson, Frank E Dist. Com. 1, 1901-3; Com. on Dist. Work., and Dist. Com. 3 (Corlears), 1903- Kattell, Mrs Vis Com. Dist. 9, 1896-7. Katz, Maurice J Dist. Com. 3, 1893-4. Katzenstein, L. B Vis. Com. Dist. 4, 1900-1; Sec. Dist. Com. 4, 1901-3. Kean, Rev. John J Dist. Com. 1, 1895-7. Kean, Miss Lucy Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 5, 1888-92; Cent. Aux. Com. of Wom., 1890, 1894-1900; Com. on W. R., 1894-1900. Keating, Redmond Dist. Com. 9 (Yorkville), 1898- , Vice- Ch'n, 1905- Kellogg, Chas. D Org. Sec, 1883-7; Gen. Sec, 1888-95; 2d Vice-Pres., 1896-9; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1899- Kellogg, Miss Clara N Corlears Dist. Com., 1905. Kellogg, B. M., M. D Dist. Com. 8, 1883-6. Kellogg, L. Laflin Ch'n Dist. Com. 8 (Hudson), 1894-7, 1901- , C. C. Del., 1894-7, 1901-4; Com. on Leg. Ques., 1894- , Ch'n, 1902-5. Kellogg, Mrs. L. Laflin Dist. Com. 8, 1894-7 ; Cent. Aux. Com. of Wom. and Com. on W. R., 1896-7. Kelly, Mrs. E. H Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1901-2. Kelly, Bdmond Dist. Com. 9 and Com. on Vis. and Treat., 1892. Kelly, Edmund J .Dist. Com. 1, 1901-3. Kelly, Miss M. E Dist. Com. 5 (Gram.), 1901- Kelly, Mrs. T Dist. Com. 8 (Hudson), 1901- Kelly, Thomas York. Dist. Com., 1906- Kelly, Wm. H York. Dist. Com., 1903-7. Kemp, Rev. R. M Dist. Com. 1, 1897-1900. Kendall, Mrs. M. E Dist. Com. 11, 1895-1904. JOHNSON-KRIBS 195 Kennedy, John S Soc. Vice-Pros., 1893- ; Com. on Phil. Ed., ex-off., 1903- Kennedy, Miss Rachel Ladies' Com. Dist. 4, 1889-90. Kerley, A. P Dist. Com. 8, 1894-1901. ' Kern, Miss J Vis. Com. Dist. 11, 1900-3. Kernan, Jas. P Dist. Com. 5, 1900-1. Kernochan, Mrs. J. Fred. .F. V. Dist. 2, 1888. Kerridge, Mrs, P. M Dist. Com. 3, 1902-3. Kiernan, Edw. S Dist. Com. 10, 1899-1901. Kilbreth, Jas. T. Dist. Com. 12, 1883-7; Dist. Com. 5, 1888-9. Killwey, Eugene F Dist. Com. 1, 1897-8. Kilmer, T. W., M. D Dist. Com. 8, 1898- King, Fred. A. . .' Dist. Com. 1, 1900-1; Vis. C. Dist. 3, 1902-3. King, Mrs. G. C Ladies' Com. Dist. 9, 1891. King, Miss Q. S F. V., Riverside Dist. Com., 1907- Kmg, Willard V Dist. Com. 6, 1900-4, Sec, 1900-1, Ch'n, 1901-4. King, Wm. V Dist. Com. 14, 1883-4. Kingsbury, Miss Mary See Simkhovitch, Mrs. V. G. Kinnear, B. O., M. D Dist. Com. 7, 1889-90, C. C. Del., 1889; Dist. Com. 4, 1891-5. Kinnie, Miss Mary Dist. Com. 6, 1899-1901. Kirk, Mrs. H. B Dist. Com. 11, 1895-1901. Kissam, Benj. A Dist. Com. 6, 1890-1. Kitching, Geo Dist. Com. 6, 1891. Kittredge, Miss L Dist. Com. 3 (Corlears), 1903-5. Klots, Miss E Chelsea Dist. Com., 1905. Klotz, H. G., M. D Dist. Com. 12, 1883-6; Com. on Cases in A. B., 1895. Knapp, R. S Dist. Com. 5, 1896-7. Knevals, Caleb B Dist. Com. 8, 1884-5. Knopf, S. A., M. D ^. P. T., 1902- Knox, Mrs. Jas. C Vis. Com. Dist. 11, 1900-2. Kobbe, Geo. C Dist. Com. 12, 1883-6, Sec. and Tr., 1883-5. Kober, Emil, M. D Dist. Com. 9 (York.), 1902- Koen, J. S Dist. Com. 3, 1893-4. Koffman, Miss Eleanor Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1900-2. Kohlsaat, Miss Amy E...Com. on Dist. Work, 1900- ; Dist. Com. 6 (Chel.), 1900-1, 1905- , Vis. Com., 1900-4, F. v., 1906- Kohn, Mrs. N. S Vis. Com. Dist. 9, 1901-3. Kopf, Henry J Dist. Com, 3, 1893-4. Kreilesheimer, Aaron ....Dist. Com. 4, 1883-4. Kribs, H. G Dist. Com. 7, 1900-2. 196 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Ladew, Harvey S Dist. Com. 14, 1884-5. Lake, Miss Frances Dist. Com. and Vis. Com. Dist. 9, 1896-7. Lakey, Miss Alice Dist. Com. 8, 1894-5. Lalor, Miss J. O. . ." Vis. Com. Dist. 9, 1896-7. Lambert, Alex., M. D...Dist. Com. 3, 1890-2; Dist. Com. 9, 1893-5. C. C. Del., 1895; Com. on Vis. and Treat., 1893; Dist. Com. 7, 1896-7; Com. on Laun- dry, 1894-1900; C. P. T., 1901- Lambert, Mrs. AlexanderDist. Com. 7, 1897- ; Vis. Com., 1897- Ch'n, 1900-1, 1905- Land, Jos. F., M. D Dist. Com. 10, 1892-3. Landon, Mrs. H. H Cent. Aux. Com. of Wom., 1900-4. Lane, Miss Clara Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1897-8. Lane, Mrs. Ira G Dist Com. 11 (Bronx), 1899- ; Vis. Com., 1900-1; Com. on Dist. Work, 1900- Lane, R Dist. Com. 3, 1897-8. Langworthy, Wm. P., M. D.Dist. Com. 6, 1889-90. Large, Walter Gram. Dist. Com., 1905- , Ch'n, 1906- Large, Mrs. Walter Dist. Com. 5 (Gram.), 1897-8, 1900- Lasher, Rev. J. L Dist. Com. 8, 1901-2; Harlem Dist. Com., 1907- Lassing, Henry, M. D Dist. Com. 8, 1883-4. Lathrop, Francis Dist. Com. 2, 1888. Lattmann, Mrs. F. S Vis. Com. Dist. 9, 1896-7, 1899-1900; Dist Com. 9, 1896-1900. Lauterbach, Miss Helen. Dist. Com. 7, 1896-7, Sec, 1896; Vis. Com., 1896- ; Com. on Dep. Chil., 1899-1903. Lawrence, Benj. M., M. D. .Dist. Com. 4, 1893-5. j^awrence, Cyrus J Dist. Com. 8, 1886-7. Lawrence, Miss Edith Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1897-8. Lawson, Mrs. Chas. B...Dist. Com. 11 (Bronx), 1899- Lawson, Mrs. Judson S...Dist. Com. 8, 1894-5. Lay, George C Harlem Dist. Com., 1906- Leader, Dr. Alice F Hudson Dist. Com., 1907- Leake, Miss M Com. on Vis. and Treat. Dist. Com. 9, 1893. Lederle, Ernst J., M. D..C. P. T., 1902- ; Ten. House Com., 1903- Lee, Frederic S., M. D C. P. T., 1902-5. Lee, Mrs. Frederic S Dist. Com, 7, 1895- , Ch'n, Vis. Com., 1901- ; Dist. Com. 9, 1899-1902, Vis. Com., 1900-2; C. C, 1901- ; C. P. T., 1902; Exec. Com., 1902- ; Com. on Laundry, 1902- ; Com. on Phil. Ed., 1903- ; Com. on Appeals, 1905- ; Ch'n Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1906- LADEW-LOEB 197 Lee, Joseph Char. Pub. Com., 1905- Leech, David O Dist Com. 8, 1886. Le Fevre, Egbert, M. D.C P. T., 1902- heggett, Francis H C. C, 1886-92; Com. on Fin., 1886-9; Com. on Mend., 1887-8; Dist. Com. 6, 1888; Soc Vice- Pres., 1893- Leib, Lawrence Bronx Dist Com., 1905- Leipziger, Dr. Henry M.C. P. T., 1903- Leonard, Miss M. B Dist. Com. 2, 1900-3, Vis. Com., 1900-i. Lesginsky, W. M., M. D...Dist. Com. 8, 1884-6. Lesser, Mrs. L. Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1900-1; Dist. Com. 3 (Cor- lears), 1901-5. Levey, Edgar J C. C, 1901- ; Com. on Coop., 1901-4, 1906- ; Com. on Statistics, 1901-3; Com. on Mend., 1902- ; Ch'n C. P. T., and Ch'n Com. on Prov. Relief Funds, 1906- Levey, Mrs. Edgar J Riverside District Com., 1907- Leviness, Jas. E Sec. Dist. Com. 9, 1891. Levy, Saml. D Dist. Com. 3, 1888-90, Sec, 1888-9. Lievesley, Robt. H.., Dist. Com. 10, 1883-4. Lincoln, Arthur Dist. Com. 4, 1889-90. Lindeman, Mrs. H Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1900-1. Lindley, Dr. C. L Dist. Com. 2, 1889. Lindsay, Samuel McC Director School of Philanthropy, 1907- ; Com. on Phil. Ed., 1898-1907. Lipman, Rabbi Nathan. . . .1 ist. Com. 11, 1895-7. Lipmann, Mrs Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 3, 1888. Lipsky, H. A Dist. Com. 4, 1901-3. Lischer, E. M Dist. Com. 3, 1898-1904. Lithgow, Geo. W Dist. Com. 2, 1888-92. Little, John Dist. Com. 9, 1893-5, Com. on Vis. and Treat, 1893. Littlefield, Rev. M. S..' ...Dist Com. 9, 1901-2. Livingston, Miss A. L Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist 7, 1888. Livingston, Goodhue Dist. Com. 5, 1895-1901. Livingston, Robert R Dist. Com. 5, 1893-5. Lobenstein, Wm. D Dist Com. 8, 1894. Locke, Jesse Dist. Com. 7, 1896-7. Lockwood, Miss A Vis. Com. Dist 11, 1900-2. Loclcwood, Miss K. B Vis. Com. Kips Bay Dist, 1903- Loeb, Morris Com. on Pub. and Lib., 1898-1904; Com. on Lib., 1905- igg MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Loomis, Henry P., M. D.C. P. T., 1902- Lord, Dan'l Dist. Com. 13, 1883-87, Sec, 1883-6, Treas., 1883-4. Lord, Mrs. J. Cooper Cent. Aux. Com. of Women, 1900-1. Loughlin, Mrs. H. M Dist. Com 3, 1891-2. Low, Mrs. M Dist. Com. 8, 1898-1903. Low, Seth Soc. Vice-Pres., 1894- ; Com. on Phil. Ed., 1903- Low, Mrs. Seth Dist. Com. 9, 1894-1901; Vis. Com., 1896-7; Com. on Laundry, 1895-1900. Lowell, Miss C. R Dist. Com. 7, 1894-7; Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1895- 7, Sec, 1895. Lowell, Mrs. Chas. R Grig C. C; C. C, 1882-1905, ex-oft. (State Bd. of Char. Com'r), 1882-9; Com. on Dist. Work, 1882-99, Ch'n, 1885-99; Com. on Coop., 1882- 5; Exec Com., 1885-1905; Com. on Prov. Hab., 1889; Com. on W. Y., 1890-1891; Cen- tral Com., 1890, 1892-3; Dist. Com. 3 (Cor- lears), 1893-1905; Ch'n Com. on Dep. Chil., 1898-1902; Com. on Phil. Ed., 1899-1905; Spec. Com. on Winter . Course, 1902-4; Com. on Appeals, 1903-5. Loynaz, Miss E. B Ladies' Com. Dist. 4, 1889. Ludington, Chas. H., Jr... Dist. Com. 2, 1890-3, Sec, 1892-3. Lummis, Dorothea, M. D..Dist. Com. 3, 1895. Lummis, Wm Dist Com. 10, 1883-4. Lusk, Miss A. H Dist. Com. 6 (Chelsea), 1894-1901, 1905- , Vis. Com., 1900-1904, P. V., 1906- Lusk, Miss M Dist. Com. 6, 1894-1900. Lynch, P. J., M. D Dist. Com. 14, 1883-4. Lynch, Rev. Thos. F Dist. Com. 2, 1888-95; Com. on W. Y., 1890-1. Lyon, Miss Mary Dist. Com. 10, 1896-7. Macdaniel, Mrs. Osborne. .Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 6, 1888-90, 1894, Ch'n, 1889, 1894, F. V., 1888; Dist. Com. 6, 1891-4; Cent. Aux. Com. of Ladies, 1891-3. MacDonald, Chas Dist. Com. 10, 1883-4. MacLean, Mrs. Chas. F.. Ladies; Aux. Com. Dist. 10 (Harl.), 1890, 1903- ; Dist. Com. 10, 1890-1903. MacVey, Miss L Dist. Com. 4, 1896-7. MacVey, Miss Susan C Ladies' Com. Dist. 4, 1890-3, 1895; Dist. Com. 4, 1894-5. McArthur, Miss Gertrude. .Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1897-9; Dist. Com. 7, 1898- 1900. LOOMIS-MAHER I99 McBurney, Chas. I Dist. Com. 1, 1896-1903; C. C. Del., 1897- 1900, Ch'n, 1897-1903; Com. on Dist. Work, 1900-2; C. C. Del. and Ch'n Dist. Com. 2 (Green.), 1903- McCandless, Charles W.Com. on Indus. Bldg. and W. Y., 1906- McCarthy, Wm. H Dist. Com. 10 (Harl.), 1900- McCauley, Mrs. J.^ Har. Dist. Com., 1906- McCook, Philip J Com. on Indus. Bldg. and W. Y., 1901- Ch'n, 1905- ; C. C, 1905- ; Cli'n Com. on Leg. Ques., 1906 ; Com. on J. A. B., 1906- McCord, Rev. W. E Dist. Com. 9, 1898-1900. McCue, Patrick J Dist. Com. 3, 1893-4. McCurdy, Mrs. Delos Ladies' Com. Dist. 7, 1890. McElveen, Mrs. W. T Sec. Dist. Com. 11, 1895-7. McGannon, Dr. M. C Dist. Com. 6, 1893-5. McGauron, Dr. Geo. D Dist. Com. 6, 1896-8. McGowan, Thos Dist. Com. 9, 1889-90. McQrath, Jos. A Dist. Com. 9 (York.), 1900- ; Com. on Dist. Work, 1905. McGregor, Mrs. A. M Dist. Com. 6, 1896-1900. Mcllvain, David H Dist. Com. 14, 1886-7; Dist. Com. 5, 1888. McKenna, C. F Dist. Com. 8 (Huds.), 1898-1900, 1905- ; Dist. Com. 1, 1900-3; Com. Dist. Work, 1901- 03. McKenna, Mrs. C. F Dist. Com. 8 (Huds.), 1901- McKim, John A C. C, ex-off. (rep. St. Char. Aid. Ass'n), 1893- ; Com. on Mend., 1893-5; Com. on W. Y., 1893; Com. on Wayfarers' Lodge, 1894- 9, Ch'n, 1896-9. McKim, Miss S. M Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 6, 1888-90, Sec, 1889- 90; Dist. Com. 6, 1891-7. McLaughlan, A. W Dist. Com. 9, 1889-94; Sec, 1890, Treas., 1891- 3. McLean, F. H Dist. Com. 3, 1896-9; C. C. Del., 1896-7. McLean, Miss Fannie Dist. Com. 3, 1892-4, Treas., 1893-4. McLean, Mrs. Malcolm. .Harlem District Com., 1907- McPherson, Thos Dist. Com. 3, 1891-2. Maghee, J, H C. C. Del. Dist. Com. 4, 1887; Dist. Com. 7, 1888. Magonigle, Mrs. J. H Ladies' Com. Dist. 10, 1890; Dist. Com. 10, 1891-190L Maher, Geo. J Dist. Com. 3, 1893-4. 200. MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND .COMMITTEES Mahr, Mrs. R Ladies' Com. Dist. 3, 1889. Malleson, P. A. O., M. D. ..Dist. Com. 10, 1894-8. Maloney, Mrs. D Dist. Com. 6 (Chelsea), 1900-1, 1905- ; Vis. Com., 1900-4, F. V., 1906- Mansfield, Howard Com. on Immig., 1890. Mansfield, Mrs. Howard. . .Com. on Dep. Chil., 1901-3, Ch'n, 1902-3. Marcus, Dr. Leopold Dist. Com. 9, 1900-1. Marks, Mrs F. V. Dist. Com. 9, 1888. Marsh, Geo. L Sec. Sub-Com. Dist. 9, 1901-2. Marshall, Henry R Dist. Com. 13, 1884-7; Dist. Com. 2, 1888-93. Martin, Jeremiah N Dist Com. 10 (Har.), 1900- , F. V. 1906- ; Com. on Dist. Work, 1903- . Martin, O. T Kips Bay Dist. Com., 1905. Marvin, Miss Ellen S York Dist. Com., 1903-5; Har. Dist. Com., 1905- , F. v., 1906. Mason, Alfred Bishop Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1890-5; Com. on Immig, 1890- ; C. C, 1892-7; Com. on Pub., 1893-7. Mason, Mrs. E. P Ladies' Com. Dist 9, 1889-91. Matlock, Chas Dist. Com. 8, 1899-1903. Matthews, W. H Sub-Com. Dist. 9, 1900-1. Maynard, Mrs. W. E... -Vis. Com. Dist. 6, 1900-4; Dist. Com. 6 (Chel.), 1894-1902, 1905- Mayo-Smith, Prof. Rich- mond C. C, ex-off. ( rep. Col. Univ. ) , 1894-1900; Com. on Pub., 1893-7; Com. on Immig., 1890; Com. on Stat, 1895-1901, Ch'n 1896-1901; Dist. Com. 8, 1895-1901, Ch'n 1897-1901, C. C. Del. 1897-1901; Com. on Pub. and Lib., 1897-9; Com. on Phil. Ed., 1898-190L Mead, Herman R Dist. Com. 6, 1888-9. Meagher, J. J Dist Com. and Vis. Com. Dist. 11, 1900-3. Meagher, T. J Dist. Com. 3 (Corlears), 1898- Meehan, James Dist. Com. 9 (Yorkville), 1893-8, 1900- ; Com. on Vis. and Treat, 1893; Vis. Com. 1896-7. Meeks, Joseph Dist. Com. 4, 1885-7. Mellen, Mrs Ladies' Com. Dist. 4, 1890. Mellen, Rev. A. H Har. Dist. Com., 1905. Mellen, Clark Dist Com. 2, 1894-7. Mendenhall, Rev. H. G...Kips Bay Dist. Com., 1905- Menken, Mrs. J. S Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 9, 1888-9, Sec. 1889; Com. on Laundry, 1889-90. MAHR-MINTURN 201 Merrill, Chas. E C. C. 1883- ; Com. on Dist Work, 1883-5,' 1887; Dist. Com. 14, 1883-7, Ch'n and C. C. Del., 1883-4; Exec. Com., 1886; Com. on Co- op., 1886, 1888, 1890, Ch'n, 1890; Com. on Pub., 1886-91; Com. on Pub. and Lib., 1903-4; Com. on Library, 1905- ; Ch'n Com. on Vacancies, 1889; Dist. Com. 5 (Gram.), 1889-92, 1894- , Treas. 1892; Com. on Mend. 1895-1902, Ch'n 1896-1901; Ch'n Com. on Audit of Accounts, 1895- ; Com, on Prov. Rel. Funds, 1906- Merrill, Chas. E., Jr Com. on Indus. Bldg. and W. Y., 1905- Ch'n 1906- Merrill, Edward B ...Dist. Com. 13, 1886-7; Dist. Com. 2, 1888. Merrill, Payson Dist. Com. 8, 18g3-7; Dist. Com. 7, 1888-95, Treas 1890-3; Ch'n Com. on Laundry, 1889- 91. Merrill, Mrs. Payson Com. on Laundry, 1890, 1894-1900. Merrington, Rev. R. W. E.Dist. Com. 8, 1901-4. Meyer, Alfred, M. D. ...C P. T., 1906- Moyenhauser, Miss LizzieLadies' Aux. Com. Dist. 3, 1888. Meyer, Mrs. Geo Vis. Com. Dist. 7 (Kips Bay), 1901-4. Meyers, Mrs. W. P F. V. Dist. 4, 1888. Milhau, John J., M. D Crig. C. C, C. C. 1883-90, ex-off. (Com'r State Ed. of Char.). Milleg, Miss Mary Dist. Com. 3, 1902-3. Miller, Dr. Chas. QriffenDist. Com. 6, 1898-1900; Har. Dist. Com., 1905-7; Gram. Dist. Com., 1907- Miller, Mrs. Chas. G Gramercy Dist. Com., 1907- Miller, Jas. A., M. D....Dist. Com. 7 (Kips Bay), 1902-7; C. P. T., 1903- ; Ch'n Tub. Rel. Com., 1906^7. Miller, John W Dist. Com. 14, 1884-7. Miller, Rev. Royal R Hudson Dist. Com., 1907- Miller, Wm. E Dist. Com. 4, 1897-1900. Milliken, David Dist. Com. 9, 1890-1. Mills, Abraham Dist. Com. 10, 1885-6. Mills, Isaac Dist. Com. 10, 1890-4; Ch'n 1890-2, C. C. Del. 1891. Mills, Mrs. Isaac Dist. Com. 10, 1891-2, 1894-8. Minor, S. C, M. D Dist. Com. 11 (Bronx), 1899- ; Vis Com. 1900- Minturn, Robt. B Grig. C. C; C. C, 1882-5; Com on Mend, and Com. on Vacancies, 1883-5; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1887-90. 202 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Minturn, Robt. S Dist. Com. 1, 1891-7, Sec. 1894; C. C. Del. and Ch'n, 1895-7; Com. on Mend., 1896-1901. Mitchell, Rev. S. S iJist. Com. 6 (Chel.), 1900- Monoghan, Dr. E Dist. Com. 11, 1900-1. Monroe, Robert Qrier-.C. C, 1899; Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1899- 1901; Com. on Mend., 1901-7, Ch'n, 1901-2; Ten. House Com., 1903- Montant, A. P Dist. Com. 11, 1885-7; Dist. Com. 4, 1888. Montgomery, Mrs. E. S...Dist. Com. 8, 1898-1904. Montgomery, R. M Dist. Com. 1, 1888-90. Moody, Miss M. E Dist. Com. 11, 1896-9. Moore, Rev. Francis S Dist. Com. 11, 1901-3. Moore, Mrs. M. C Huds. Dist. Com., 1905- Moore, W. A Dist. Com. 9, 1896-7. Moore, Mrs. W. A Dist. Com. 3, 1901-3. Moore, W. O., M. D Dist. Com. 8, 1883-5. Moore, Wm Dist. Com 11, 1901-2. Moors, John F Char. Pub. Com., 1905- Morewood, Mrs. A. P...Huds. Dist. Com., 1905- Morewood,. Miss E. D...Dist. Com. 8, 1894- ; Com. on Laundry, 1900-1; Com. on Dist. Work, 1901- Morgan, H. K., Jr Dist. Com. 7, 1885-7; Dist. Com. 6, 1888-97, Sec, 1890-5. Morgan, J. Pierpont C. C. Treas., 1896- ; Com. on Fin. and Memb., ex-off. Morgan, Mrs. J. P Com. on W. R and Cent. Aux. Com. of Women, 1894-5; Dist. Com. 7, 1896-1901; Vis. Com., 1896-9. Morgan, W Dist. Com. 8 (Huds.), 1903- Morris, D. B. S Dist. Com. 7, 1895. Morris, Miss E. V. C Cent. Aux. Com. of Wom. and Com. on W. R., 1898-1900. Morris, S. F., M. D Dist. Com. 10, 1883-5; C. C, 1886-91; Com. on Coop., 1886-9; Com. on Vacancies, 1888; Com. on Memb., 1889; Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1890; Com. on Mend., 1891. Morrison, Miss M. M Sub Com. Dist. 9, 1900-1; Vis. Com., 1901-3. Morrow, D. W Com. on Wayfarers' Lodge, 1899-1900; Com. on Indus. BIdg. and W. Y., 1900-1. Mueller, Walter Com. on Emp. Bur. for Handicapped, 1906-7. Mullaney, Miss K Dist. Com. 7 (Kips Bay), 1901-2; Vis. Com., 1901-4. Muller, L. G Cist. Com. 8, 1895-1901. MINTURN-0 CONNOR 203 Mulry, Thos. M Dist. Com. 4, 1891-1900, Ch'n, 1895-7; Com. on Cases in A. B., 1894; C. C, 1896- ; Com. on Coop., 1896-1904, Ch'n, 1896-1901; Spec. Com. on Winter Course, 1902-4; Com. on Phil. Ed., ex-off., 1903- ; C. P. T., 1906- Munn, Chas. A Dist. Com. 4, 1889-92. Murdock, Mrs. Jas Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 3, 1888-9. Murray, Geo. W. Dist. Com. 2, 1892-3. Murray, Logan C C. C, 1887-8; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1889-90; Com. on Fin., 1887-8, Ch'n, 1888; Exec. Con., 1888. Myers, H. G., M. D Dist. Com. 8, 1894-7. Nagel, Miss K Vis. Com. Dist. 4, 1900-1. Nascher, I. L., M. D P. V. Dist. 3, 1888, Medical Adv., 1889-91, Med. Vis., 1892-3; Dist. Com. 9 (Yorkville), 1897- ; Vis. Com., 1896-7. Nathan, Frederick Sec. Dist. Com. 8 (Hudson), 1896; C. C. Del.,, 1906- Neilson, Miss Chelsea Dist. Com., 1906- Nelson, Miss E Vis. Com. York Dist., 1903-5. Nesslage, John H. H Dist. Com. 7, 1887. Neugas, Mrs. J Dist. Com. 11, 1896-1900. ^ Nevins, Miss A Vis. Com. Dist. 9, 1901-3. Nevins, Miss Cornelia L. .Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 4, 1888-92, Sec, 1889; Dist. Com. 4, 1896-7. Neuman, Mrs Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 3, 1888. Newcomb, Mrs. Jas. E..C. P. T., 1902- Nichols, Miss H. S Gram. Dist. Com., 1906- Nichols, W. G Sec. and Treas. Dist. Com 7, 1889. Nicoll, Mrs. Benj Cent. Aux. Com. of Women, ^901- Northam, Miss C. A Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 6, 1889-90. Nye, Mrs. A. T Dist. Co^i. 10, 1894-5. Nye, Miss C. S Dist. Com. 7, 1898-1900; Vis. Com. Dist. 9, 1898-9. O'Brien, W. J .Ten. House Com., 1900-4. O'Connell, James Dist. Com. 6, 1899-1901. 0*ConneII, Mrs. P. J.... Dist. Com. 7 (Kips Bay), 1900-3, 1905- Com. on Dist. Work and Dist. Com. 4, 1903- 4; River. Dist. Com., 1905; Com. on Emp. Bur. for Handicapped, 1906- O'Connor, Miss GertrudeVis. Com. Dist. 7 (Kips Bay), 1901- OXonnor, J Dist. Com. 3 (Corlears) , 1898- O'Connor, James Dist. Com. 7, 1894-5. 204 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES O'Connor, John Dist. • Com. 7, 1893-97, Sec, 1894-7; Dist. Com. 3, 1899-1900. O'Connor, Mrs. John. ... .Dist. Com 7, 1903-4. O'Donohue, Miss TeresaCom. on Dist. Work and Gram. Dist. Com., 1905- ; Com. on Appeals, 1906- O'Flaherty, Miss M Dist. Com. 6 and Vis. Com., 1900-1. Ogden, C, E ....Dist. Com. 13, 1884-7. Ogden, Dr. C. L Dist. Com. 9, 1896-8. Ogden, Chas. W .Com. on Indus. Bldg. and W. Y., 1903- Sec. and Treas., 1906- Ogden, Henry Dist. Com. 3, 1890. Ogden, Ludlow Orig. C. C; C. C, Com. on Dist. Work, Com. on Mend., Com. on Vacancies, 1883-4. Olcott, Miss E. R Dist. Com. 10, 1891-1900. O'Leary, Dr. A. J Dist. Com. 11 and Vis. Com., 1900-2. Oliver, Mrs. W. H '.Dist. Com. 11, 1899-1901. OIney, Peter B Orig. C. C, C. C, 1882-93; Com. on Dist. Work, 1882-4; Com. on Legal Questions, 1882-93, Ch'n, 1888-93; Com. on Memb., 1882- 7; Com. on Vacancies, 1886; Com. on Coop., 1888-9; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1894- Olwell, Philip F Dist. Com. 6, 1891. Olyphant, Talbot Dist. Com. 1, 1894-5, 1898-1900. O'Neill, Mrs. E. G Ladies' Com. Dist. 3, 1889. Opdyke, Miss Agnes F. V. Riverside Dist. Com., 1907- Opfinger, Mrs. J Vis. Com. Bronx Dist, 1905. Opitz, Mrs. B Vis. Com. York. Dist., 1905. Oppenheimer, H. S., M. D.C. C, Del Dist. Com. 14, 1884-6, Ch'n, 1887; Com. on Mend., 1885-6; Com. on Dist. Work, 1886, 1889-92, 1894, 1896-8, Ch'n, Dist. Com, 5, 1888, 1891-2, 1896-9, 1902-6, Vice-Ch'n, 1906- , C. C. Del., 1889-92, 1899-1902; Com. on W. Y., 1891-3; Com. on Wayfarers' Lodge, 1895-9; Com. on Cent. Off. Bur., 1896- 1904, 1906- Osborn, Chas. C, M. D Dist. Com. 9, 1885-6. Ostrander, Mrs. Chas. F.Treas. Cent. Aux. Com. of Worn., 1896- ; Treas. Com. on W. R., 1896-1904. Ottendorfer, Oswald Soc. Vice-Pres., 1887-1900. Owen, Edw. L Dist. Com. 4, 1883-6. Paine, Mrs. A. G., Jr Dist. Com. 2, 1896-1900. Paine, Miss K. L Dist. Com. 10 (Harlem), 1902-3, Ladies' Aux. Com., 1903-7, Sec, 1902-3. O CONNOR-PINKHAM 20$ Paine, Robert Treat. .. -Char. Pub. Com., 1905- Palen, Geo. Dist. Com. 7, 1896-7. Palmer, A. M., Jr Dist. Com. 9, 1888. Palmer, Mrs. G Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 6, 1889-90. Palmer, Rev. J Chelsea Dist. Com., 1905- ; Com. on Dist. Work, 1906- Parker, Mrs. E Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1897-8. Parker, Mrs. G. C Dist. Com. 3, 1894. Parkin, Miss F. O ..Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 4, 1888. Parks, Mrs. J. Lewis. .. Dist. Com. 4, 1896-8; Dist. Com. 3, 1899- Parrish, Sam'l L Dist. Com. 7, 1888-9, Ch'n, 1888; Com. on Laundry, 1889. Parsons, Herbert C. C, 1899-1900. Parsons, Mrs. Herbert Dist. Com. 3, 1896-7; Sec. Dist. Com. 6, 1899- 1900. Parsons, Miss Margaret. . .Dist. Com. 8, 1896-1903. Patten, Simon. N Char. Pub. Com., 1905- Patterson, Miss Caroline .>.Com. on Coop., 1887. Paulding, James K Dist. Com. 3, 1892-5, Sec, 1895. Peabody, Chas. A., Jr Dist. Com. 10, 1885-7. Peabody, Richard A Dist. Com. 4, 1888. Peaslee, Ed. H., M. D C. C. Del, Dist. Com. 10, 1885-7; Com. on Dist. Work, 1885-6. Peck, Miss F. V. Dist. 4, 1888. Pegram, Miss Virginia B..Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1899-1901. Pellew, Henry E Orig. C. C; C. C, 1882-5; Com. on Vacan- cies, 1883-5; Com on Mend., 1884-5; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1887-90. Pennington, Mrs. J Vis. Com. Dist. 11 (Bronx), 1901- Perkins, Miss Vis. Com. Kips Bay Dist, 1903-7. Perkins, Dr. Edward W.Harlem Dist. Com., 1907- Peters, Miss Julia Dist. Com. 8, 1895-1904. Peters, Miss L Dist. Com. 8, 1894. Petrie, Dr. M. P .Riverside Dist. Com., 1907- Pew, Miss Mildred Harlem Dist. Com., 1906- Pheli)s, Stowe Com. on Wayfarers' Lodge, 1894-8. Philbin, Eugene A Dist. Com. 8, 1898-9, 1901-4; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1901- ; C. P. T., 1902- Pickhardt, Wm. Dist. Com. 4, 1883-4. Pilpel, E Vis. Com. Dist. 4, 1900-1. Pine, John B C. C, ex-off. (rep. S. C. A. A.), 1885-9; Com. on Leg. Ques., 1886-7; Com. on Mend., 1886, 1888. Pinkham, Mrs .Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 5, 1888-9. 2o6 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Piatt, Miss Ladies' Com. Dist. 4, 1889-90. Piatt, Miss A P. V. Dist. 2, 1888. Piatt, Clayton Dist. Com. 8, 1894. Piatt, Mrs. J. D Dist. Cora. 10, 1894-1903, Ladles' Aux. Com., 1903-4. Poillon, Mrs F. V. Dist. 4, 1888. Polhemus, Rev. L H Dist. Com. 9, 1898-1900. Pollock, West C. C, Com. on Fin., 1888. Poole, Ernest C Dist. Com. 3, 1902-3; C. P. T., 1902-5. Poole, Mrs. Geo. E Dist. Com. 8, 1896-1907. Porter, Mrs. H. H Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 6, 1888-90, Ch'n, 1889-90. Post, Chas. A Dist. Com. 13, 1883-4. Post, Geo. B Ten. House Com., 1898-1900. Post, Rev. Wm. H Dist. Com. 9 and Com. on Vis. and Treat., 1892. Potter Howard C. C, 1883-4; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1887-90. Potter, Miss M. B Dist. Com. 6, 1894-5. Potter, Dr. Nathaniel B. . . Dist. Com. 6, 1899-1900. Powell, Miss Chelsea Dist. Com., 1906-7. Power, Maurice G Har. Dist. Com., 1905- Pratt, Fred'k B Ten. House Com., 1903- Prentice, Robt. K Dist. Com. 4, 1889-97. Prentiss, Nath. A Dist. Com. 10, 1883-6. Prevey, C. E. Dist. Com. 10, 1898-9. Prime, Miss Annie Dist. Com 11, 1896-7. Prime, Mrs. F. B Dist. Com. 11, 1897-1900. Prime, Miss Mary R Ladies' Com. Dist. 4, 1889-92; Dist. Com. 4, 1893-1903. Prime, Temple C. C, Com. on Coop., 1886. Pritchard, Reuben L., M. D Dist. Com. 6, 1892-7. Proctor, Alex. P Dist. Com. 2, 1892-3. Prudden, T. Mitchell, M. D C. P. T., 1902- Pryor, James W C. C, Del. Dist. Com. 12, 1886-7; Com. on Memb., 1887; Com. on Vacancies, 1887; Sec. Dist. Com. 5, 1888. Pulleyn, John J Dist. Com. 8 (Hudson), 1898- Pullman, Miss M. S Vis. Com. Dist. 9 (Yorkville), 1901- ; Com on Dist. Work, 1902-4; Dist. Com. 9, 1902- Pullman, Miss S. C Vis. Com. Dist. 9, 1896-7, 1900-1. PLATT-RICHARDS 207 Putnam, Dr. Chas. R. L..Dist. Com. 4, 1896-7. Pyne, Percy R Dist. Com. 1, 1888-1903. Pyne, Miss Susan Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 5, 1888-9. Quackenbos, Nicholas Dist. Com. 14, 1885-6. Rader, H. Henry Dist. Com. 4, 1893-5, Sec, 1894-5. Radin, Rev. A. M Dist. Com. 3, 1893-4. Rankin, Miss A. H F. V. Riverside Dist. Com., 1907- Rankin, E. Guernsey, M. D C. P. T., 1906- Rapallo, Mrs. Chas. A Ladies' Com. Dist. 5, 1890-2; Dist. Com. 5, 1893-7; Com. on Laundry, 1892-1900. Rapallo, Edw. S. Dist. Com. 12, 1883-6. Raymond, Manley A Dist. Com. 9, 1889-95. Raynor, Mrs. M. T Ladies' Aux. Com. Sec. IL Dist. 6, 1889. Redelsheimer, Mrs. Jane.. Dist. Com. 3, 1901-2. Reed, Francis C Dist. Com. 4, 1884-6. Reed, James W Dist. Com. 10, 1898-1901, C. C. Del., 1898- 1900. Reimer, Miss Isabelle A.. Vis. Com. Dist. 1, 1897-1900. Renwick, Jas. A Dist. Com. 8, 1883-6; C. C, 1884-6; Com. on Dist. Work, 1884-5; Com. on Mend., 1885-6. Reynolds, J. E River. Dist. Com., 1905. Reynolds, Jas. B Dist. Com. 3, 1895-1903; Ten. House Com., 1900-3. Reynolds, John J Dist. Com. 4, 1893. Reynolds, Rev. Jos Dist. Com. 11, 1895-1901, C. C, Del., 1897- 1901, Ch'n, 1898-1901, Vis Com., 1900-1. Reynolds, Mrs. Jos Dist. Com. 11, 1900-1. Rhein, Dr. M. L Dist. Com. 7, 1893-5. Rice, Henry Orig. C. C; C. C, 1883-5; Com. on Coop., 1884-5; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1887- ; Com. on Phil. Ed., ex-off., 1903- Rice, Mrs. William B....Orig C. C; C. C, ex-off. (rep. S. C. A. A.), 1883-5;. C. C, 1885-7, 1894- ; Com. on Cooperation, 1882-7; Com. on Pub., 1883-4; Com. on Memb., 1885-6; Exec. Com., 1887, 1894- ; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1893; Com. on Cent. Off. Bur., 1894-5; Com. on Dep. Chil., 1899-1903; Com. on Dist. Work, 1903-4; Com. on Phil. Ed., 1903- Rich, Jos. S Dist. Com. 10, 1890. Richards, Geo Dist. Com. 10, 1887; Ch'n Dist. Com. 1, 1888-9. 208 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Richardson, Resell L Dist Com. 10, 1890-1904; C. C. Del. and Ch'n, 1893. Riis, Jacob A ......Ten. House Com., 1898- ; Char. Pub. Com., 1905- Riley, Jas Vis. Com. Dist. 11, 1900-2. Ringhauser, Mrs. H Ladies' Com. Dist. 3, 1889. Rives, Geo. L Dist. Com. 10, 1884-7, Ch'n, 1885-7; Dist. Com. 7, 1888. Robb, J. Hampden C. C, 1883-4; C. C. Vice-Pres., 1885-6; Com. on Coop., 1883-5, 1888-9, 1891; Com. on Mend., 1884-5; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1887- ; Com. on Vacancies, 1889; Ch'n Com. on Im- mig., 1890., Roberts, Jas. A York. Dist. Com., 1903- ; Second Vice- Ch'n, 1906- Robertson, G. A Dist. Com. 7, Sec. and Treas., 1885-6. Robertson, Mrs. Geo. P... Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 6, 1888. Robertson, Mrs. R. H Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 5, 1888-92. Robins, Mrs. Raymond. Char. Pub. Com., 1905- Robinson, Mrs. J. H Dist. Com. 8, 1901-3; River. Dist. Com,, 1905- Robinson, Mrs. Seth B., Jr. Vis. Com Dist 7, 1898-1900. Rode, Henry J Dist. Com. 3, 1894-7. Rodman, Miss HenriettaRiverside Dist. Com., 1906- Roe, Mrs. Chas. F Dist. Com, 2, 1891-2. ■ Rogers, Henry P Dist. Com. 1, 1888-90. Rogers, Mrs. M. S Dist Com. 9, 1895. Rogers, Noah C Dist. Com. 9, 1887; Com. on Mend., 1888; Dist Com. 1, 1888-90, 1896-7, C. C. Del., 1888- 90; Com. on Leg. Ques., 1889-90. Romaine, Miss Julia. ... .Ladies' Com. JDist. 7, 1890-2. Roome, Rev. Claudius M..Dist. Com. 8, 1897-1900. Roosa, Mrs. Wm. M Dist. Com. 11, 1897-1900. Roosevelt, Alfred Orig. C. C; C. C, 1882-6; Com. on Memb., 1882-5; Com. on Mend., 1885-6; Com. on Va- cancies, 1885-6. Roosevelt, J. Roosevelt- Sec. Orig. C. C; C. C, 1882-8, 1890-3; Sec, 1883-4; Exec. Com., 1883-4; Com. on Fin., 1882-4, 1887; Com. on Dist. Work, 1885-7; Com. on Fin, and Memb., 1891-2; Com. on W. Y., 1891-2; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1888-90, . 1894- Rossman, Mrs. L Dist. Com. 9 and Vis. Com., 1896-7.. RICHARDSON-SCHfJADY 209 Round, Wm. M. F Dist. Com. 10, 1890. Rowell, Geo. P Com. on Fin., 1887-8; Dist. Com. 9, 1887; C. C, 1888-93; Exec. Com., 1888-93, 1896-9; Com. on Pub., 1888-90; Dist. Com. 6, 1888, 1896-8, C. C. Del., 1888; Ch'n Com. on Coop., 1889; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1894- ; Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1896-8; Com. on Mend., 1896-1901. Rowland, Geo Dist. Com. 7, 1885-7. Rowland, Henry E Dist. .Com. 9, 1889-91; Com. on Laundry, 1889-92. Rubenstein, Miss Ray Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1899-1900. Ruddell, John Dist. Com. 4, 1884-6. Ruddy, Miss Anna Ladies' Aux. Com. Har. Dist, 1905. Ruggles, Jas. F Dist. Com. 12, 1884-6. Rush, Mrs. Thomas Vis. Com. Dist. 11, 1901-2. Russak, Frank Dist. Com. 9, 1893. Russell, Miss C Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 7, 1888. Russell, Miss Ella F. V. Dist. 2 and 4, 1888. Russell, Robert Dist. Com. 4, 1897-9. Russet, Wm. C Dist. Com. 11, 1886. Rutter, J. E. T York. Dist. Com., 1906- Sackett, Miss Gertrude Com. on W. R., 1895-1900; Cent. Aux. Com. of Wom., 1895-1907, Sec, 1896-7. Saint John, Wm. P......C. C, Com. on Fin., 1886. Sanborn, Elmore E Harlem Dist. Com., 1907- Sanborn, Mrs. Elmore E.Harlem Dist. Com., 1907- Sandon, Mrs. H Cent. Aux. Com. of Wom. and Com. on W. R., 1899-1900. Sands, Louis Dist. Com. 3, 1888-90. Sanger, Miss Clara ...Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1897-1900, Sec, 1899-1900. Satterlee, E. R Dist. Com. 1, 1894-7. Satterlee, Miss M Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1902-4. Sawyer, Edward Com. on Indus. Bldg. and W. Y., 1901-4. Scannell, D. E Dist. Com. 5, 1895-7. Scannels, Mrs. Samuel Dist Com. 11, 1895. Schaff, Anselm River. Dist. Com. and F. V., 1906-7. Schiff, Jacob H Soc Vice-Pres., 1894- Schirmer, Rudolph E Dist. Com. 2, 1894-1900. Schmidt, Oscar E. ..Dist. Com. 8, Treas., 1883-6, Sec, 1884-6. Scholey, C. H.... Dist. Com. 9, 1896-7. Scholle, Mrs. P. J ..F..V. Dist. Com. 7„ 1888. Schrady, Dr. John Elliott. Dist. Com. 10, 1902-4. ' ^ ' ' 2IO MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Schurz, Miss A Dist. Com. 9, 1898-1905; Vis. Com., 1899-1903. Schussler, Miss Amy Riverside Dist. Com., 1907- Schuyler, Livingston Dist. Com. 9, 1893-5. Schwerin, Mrs. N. P Dist. Com. 4, 1900-3; Vis. Com., 1900-3; Dist. Com. 8 (Hudson), 1903- ; P. V., 1905; Riverside Dist Com., 1906- Scott, Albert L., M. D. . . . Dist. Com. 10, 1897-8. Scott, Mrs. J. B River. Dist. Com., 1905, F. V., 1905-6. Scott, Rev. J. F Harlem Dist. Com., 1905- Scott, J. Seymour Dist Com 4, 1887; Dist. Com. 7, 1888. Scott, Jas. S Dist. Com. 10, 1900-3. Scott, Miss Louise Dist. Com. 2 (Green.), 1900- ; Vis. Com., 1900-2. Scott, Wm. G ' Dist. Com. 8, 1887; Dist. Com. 3, 1888-9; C. C, Com. on Dist. Work and Com. on Prov. Hab., 1889. Scribner, Arthur H Dist. Com. 4, 1890. Scripture, Mrs. F. E Vis. Com. Dist. 4, 1900-3. Scrymser, Mrs. Jas. A... Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 5, 1888; Ch'n Ladies' Com. Dist. 5, 1889-92; Dist. Com. 5, 1893-5; C. C, 1891- ; Com. on Coop., 1891- 1901; Cent. Aux. Com. of Wom., 1890- ; Cb'n Standing Com., 1893; Com. on W. R., 1894-1900; Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1906- Scudder, Chas. D., M. D..Dist. Com. 12, 1883-4. Seager, Henry R. Dist. Com 10, 1903-4; Com. on Soc. Res., 1903- Seager, Mrs. Henry R Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 10, 1903-4. Seaman, Miss L Dist. Com. 8 (Hudson), 1894- Seaman, L. L., M. D C. C. Del. Dist. Com. 14, 1887; Dist Com. 5, 1888; Dist. Com. 6, 1889-93. Seguin, Mrs. Kate Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 5, 1888. Seligman, Mrs. Albert Vis Com. Dist. 7, 1899-1901. Seligman, Edwin R. A C. C, 1886-8; Com. on Fin. and Com. on Va- cancies, 1886; Com. on Pub., 1887; Com. on Mend., 1888. Seligman, Geo. W Treas. Dist. Com. 9, 1885-7; Dist. Com. 6, 1888. Sellew, F. S., M. D Dist. Com. 4, 1884-7, C. C. Del., 1886, Ch'n, 1887; Com. on Coop., 1886; Dist. Com. 9, 1888-90, Sec, 1888-9. Sellew, Mrs. F. S Cent. Aux. Com. of Women, 1896- , Sec, 1898- ; Com. on W. R., 1896-1900. SCHURZ-SMITH 211 Seymour, Ellis G Sec. Cent. Com., 1893. Sharp, J. Clarence, M. D..Dist. Com. 10, 1895. Sharp, Mrs. J. Clarence Dist. Com. 10, 1895-1900. Shearer, L. H., M. D Kips Bay Dist. Com., 1«05- Sheldon, Wm. E .Dist. Com. 4, 1894-5. Sheldon, W. L Com. on Coop, and C. C. Del. Dist. Com. 9, 1885-6. Shepard, P. R Dist. Com. 9, 1896-7. Sherrill, C. H Dist. Com. 4, 1896-1900, Ch'n, 1897-8. Shiel, Dr. Gerald M. V Dist. Com. 11, 1900-3, Vis. Com., 1900-3. Shipman, Geo. H Dist. Com. 8, 1894. Shipman, Miss Gertrude . . See Burr, Mrs. Wm. H. Shipman, Rev. Herbert. . .Dist. Com. 8, 1895-7, Sec, 1896-7. Shively, Henry L., M. D.Tub. Relief Com., 1906- Shotwell, J. T Riverside Dist. Com., 1907- Shrady, John E., M. D Dist. Com. 10, 1903-4. Sill, Rev. Thomas H Dist. Com 6 (Chelsea), 1897- , Vice-Ch'n, 1906- Simkhovitch, Vladimir G.Com. on Soc. Res., 1905- Simkhovitch, Mrs. Vladi- mir Q Dist Com. 3, 1897-8; Dist. Com. 7, 1899-1902; Dist. Com. 2 (Green.), 1902- Simmons, Henry Dist. Com. 1, 1888-91. Simmons, W. C Dist. Com. 2, 1890-7. Simpson, Miss L. H Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1897-9. Skidmore, Mrs. L Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 6, 1889-90, Sec, 1890. Slade, Mrs. G. P Ladies' Com. Dist. 9, 1891. Sloan, Mrs. Samuel, Jr Dist. Com. 8, 1895. Slocum, Jos. J Ch'n Dist. Com. 4, 1883-6; C. C, 1884-7; Com. on Fin., 1884-6; Com. on Dist. Work, 1884-5, 1886; Exec Com., 1885-6. Smedley, Fred. G Dist. Com. 7, 1885-7; Ch'n Dist. Com. 6, 1888- 90, 1892-1900; C. C. Del., 1889-90, 1893-5. Smith, Andrew H., M. D.C. P. T., 1902. Smith, Aug. C Dist. Com. 4, 1893. Smith, B. Drake Dist. Com. 1, 1890-1. Smith, Prof. Chas. SpragueDist. Com. 9, 1891, 1893-5. Smith, Miss E. C Dist. Com. 4, 1902- Smith, Dr. E. F Chelsea Dist. Com., 1905- Smith, Henry A Dist. Com. 6, 1899-1902. Smith, John T Dist. Com. 11 (Bronx), and Vis. Com., 1900- Smith, Mrs. John T Dist. Com. 11, 1900-4, Vis. Com., 1900-3. 212 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Smith, John T. .' Dist Com. 1, 1901-3. Smith, L. L Dist. Com. 7, 1887. Smith, Louis G Com. on Indus Bldg. and W. Y., 1905- Smith, Mrs. S. Sidney Gram. Dist. Com., 1906-7. Smith, Stephen, M. D Orig. C. C. (ex oft., Com'r St. Bd. of Char.). Smith, Mrs. Thps. C Dist. Com. 10, 1892. Smith, Winthrop D Com. on Indus. Bldg. and W. Y., 1901-3. Smith, Miss Zilpha D Com. on Phil. Ed., 1899-1903. Smithers, F. S Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1895-8, Ch'n, 1896- 8; C. C, 1896-8; Com. on Mend., 1896-7. Smyth, Mrs. Geo. McB Dist. Com. 11, 1897-1903, Vis. Com., .1900-3. Snedden, David S Riverside Dist. Com., 1907- Snedeker, Rev. Chas. H...Dist Com. 7, 1899-1900. Sniffer, Mrs. John .Ladies' Com. Dist. 3,. 1889. Solomon, Henry Dist. Com. 3 (Corlears), 1893-4, 1897- , Ch'n, 1901-3, C. C. Del., 1897-1905; Com. on Wayfarers' Lodge, 1899-1900; Com. on In- dus. Bldg. and W. Y., 1900- ; Com. on Coop., 1903-4; Com. on Dist. Work, 1906- Somerville, Miss .....Ladies' Com. Dist. 4, 1889. Sondheim, Eugene Com. on Wayfarers' Lodge, 1899-1900; Com. on Indus. Bldg. and W. Y., 1900-1. Spalding, Mrs. G. A Dist. Com. 10 (Harlem), 1892, 1898-1903; Ch'n Ladies' Aux. Com., 1901-2, 1903-5; Aux. Com. and F. V., 1906- Spectorsky, Isaac Dist. Com. 3, 1893-4. Speed, Miss M F. V. Riverside Dist, 1907- Spencer, Mrs. Gustavus-F. V. Dist. Com. 6, 1888; Ladies' Aux. Com., 1889-90; Dist. Com. 6, 1891-1902; Ch'n Ladies' Com., 1895-7; Com. on Laundry, 1901-4. Speyer, James Dist. Com. 7, 1893-5; C. C, 1894-6; Com. on Prov. Hab., 1894- ; Trust. P. P. F., 1894- 1901; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1896- Speyers, Mrs. A Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 6, 1889. Sponable, Wells Bronx Dist. Com., 1905. Stanton, Edmund C .Dist. Com. 4, 1888. Stanton, Louis L ...Sec. Dist. Com. 4, 1888. Starkweather, C. C. Dist Com. 10, 1896-7. Steel, Miss Eloise ... .Dist. Com. 3, 1895-7. Steele, Rev. Frederick T.. Dist. Com. 3, 1896-7. Stephens, Olin J. Bronx Dist. Com., 1905- Stephenson, Miss Julia-. Bronx Dist. Com., 1906- SMITH-STURGIS 213 Stern, Myer Com. on Mend., 1886-7; C. C, 1887. Stevens, Miss Frances- . -Harl. Dist. Com., 1905- Steward, Mrs. J. D Dist. Com. 5, 1893-1904. Stewart, Wm. R .C. C, ex-off. (Com'r St. Bd. of Char.), 1883- 90; Com. on Phil. Ed., 1901-3. Stiles, Thos. W Dist. Com. 6, 1896-7. Stimpson, Mrs. E. R F. V. Dist. 4, 1888. Stimson, Miss Candace. . . Dist. Com. 2, 1895-1900. Stimson, Henry L Dist. Com. 2, 1892-1901; C. C, 1898-1904; Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1898-9; Com. on Dist Work, 1899-1900; Com. on Mend., 1901- 2; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1905- Stimson, Mrs. Henry L...Dist. Com. 2, 1894-1900; Com. on Dist. Work, 1895-9; Com. on Cent. Off. Bur., 1896-1903. Stoiber, Louis Dist. Com. 3, 1888-91, 1893-5, 1897-1900. Stokes, Anson Phelps Orig. C. C; C. C, 1882-5; Com. on Mend., 1883-5; Com. on Fin., 1884-5; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1887-90. Stokes, I. N. Phelps Ten. House Com, 1898- , Sec, 1901-3; C. C, 1900- ; Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1901- ; Com. on Dist. Work, 1902- Stokes, Mrs. J. G. Phelps. Corlears Dist. Com., 1906-7. Stone, Mrs. A. L Dist. Com. 10, 1894. Stone, Miss Annie Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 7, 1888-93, Sec, 1889-90, Dist. Com. 7, 1892-5; Vis. Com., 1895; Com. on Laundry, 1889- , Sec, 1894-6, 1900-4, Ch'n, 1897-1900, 1905- Stone, Miss Mary Ellis... Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1902-4. Stone, Wm Dist. Com. 7, 1890-7, Ch'n and C. C. Del., 1891-2. Stone, Mrs. Wm Ladies' Com. Dist. 7, 18,90-3; Dist. Com. 7, 1893-7; Vis. Com., 1895-7; Cent. Aux. Com. of Wom., 1891-3, 1896-9; Com. on W. R., 1896-9. Stover, Chas. B Dist. Com. 3, 1888-94, Sec, 1890-1. Strader, Rev. F. N Dist. Com. 11 (Bronx), 1901-5. Strobridge, Mrs. Geo. E...Dist. Com. 2 (Greenwich), 1903-5. Strong, Rev. .George A.. Dist. Com. 8 (Hudson), 1903- , C. C. Del.., 1905. Stuart, W. C. Dist. Com. 8, 1894-7. Sturgis, Miss Ladies' Com. Dist. 9, 1891. Sturgis, Miss B Ladies' Com. Dist. 7, 1890-2; Com. on Laun- dry, 1891. 214 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Sturgis, F. R., M. D Orig. C. C. Sturgis, Miss M. B Sec. Ladies' Com. Dist. 7, 1890-3; Dist. Com. 7, 1893-5, Vis. Com., 1895. Sturgis, Miss Sarah Dist. Com. 7, 1896-7, Vis. Com., 1896-8. Sturgis, Thomas Ten. House Com., 1900- Sturm, Miss Sadie Dist. Com. 11, 1896-7. Stuyvesant, Rutherfurd..Orig. C. C; C. C, 1882-6; Exec. Com., 1883- 4; Com. on Fin., 1882-5; Com. on Mend., 1885-6; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1888- Sullivan, Chas Dist. Com. 10, 1892-1901, C. C. Del., 1894-«, 1899-1901, Ch'n, 1894-1901. Suse, Mrs. F. E Chelsea Dist. Com., 1905. Sutro, Lionel Dist. Com. 4, 1886-7; Dist. Com. 9, 1888-9, C. C. Del., 1890; Com. on Dist. Work, 1890. Symington, A. S Dist. Com. 4, 1888. Symington, Albert Com. on W. Y., 1889; Dist. Com., 1, 1895. Taber, Augustus Dist. Com. 5, 1890. Tack, Theo. E C. C, Com. on Coop., 1888; Dist. Com. I, 1888-93, Sec. and Treas., 1891-3; Dist. Com. 8, 1894. Talmage, Rev. G. E Ch'n Dist. Com. 11, 1895-7, C. C. Del., 1896-7. Tarns, Mrs. J. FrederickGram. Dist. Com., 1905- Tapley, Mrs. J. F Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 9, 1888-90; Ch'n Ladies' Com. Dist. 3, 1889; Dist. Com. 3, 1894, 1896-7, Sec, 1895-7; Cent. Aux. Com. of Wom., 1890-7, Sec, 1891-3, Treas., 1896-7; Com. on W. R., 1894-7, Sec. and Treas., 1894-5. Tatlock, John, Jr Dist. Com. 8, 1894. Taylor, Graham Char. Pub. Com., 1906- ; Asso. Ed. Char- ities, 1905- Taylor, Mrs. H. O Dist. Com. 9 (Yorkville), 1895- , Sec, 1896-7; Vis. Com. Dist. 9, 1899, Ch'n, 1900- 05; Com. on Adv. and Inf., 1906- ; C. C, 1903- Taylor, Mrs. H. S Bronx Dist. Com. and Vis. Com., 1905- Sec, 1907- Taylor, J. Watson Dist. Com. 4, 1891. Taylor, Jas. R., M. D Dist. Com. 14, 1883-4. Teall, Mrs. O. S Ladies' Com. Dist. 5, 1889; Ladles' Com. Dist. 7, 1890. Tenney, Mrs. S. E F. V. Riverside Dist. Com, 1907- Tenney, Sutherland Dist. Com. 10, 1887; Dist. Com. 7, 1888. STURGIS-TRENHOLM 215 Thacher, Mrs. Thos Ladies' Com. Dist. 7, 1889-91; Com. on Laundry, 1890. Thaw, A. Blair, M. D Sec. Dist. Com. 8, 1894. Thomas, Mrs. Hector W..Dist. Com. 7, 1896-7. Thomas, Henry T Dist. Com. 14, 1885-7; Dist. Com. 5, 1888-90. Thomas, Mrs. H. W Dist. Com. 7 and Vis. Com., 1896-7. Thompson, Frank E Dlsi. Com. 10, 1902-3. Thompson, Fred k F C. C, 1887-8; Com. on Fin., 1887-8; Sec. Vice- Pres., 1889-98. Thompson, Mrs. M. L Vis. Com. Dist. 4, 1903-4. Thompson, Morris S Dist. Com. 7, 1887; C. C, 1888-1901; Com. on Dist. Work, 1888-91; Dist. Com. 6, 1888-1904, Sec, 1896-9, Ch'n, 1899-1901; Com. on Mend., 1893-1902; Com. on Audit of Ace, 1896-1901. Thompson, W. G., M. D.C. P. T., 1902- Thorley, Mrs. J. E Ladies' Com. Dist. 7, 1890. Thoron, Joseph Grig. C. C; C. C, 1882-5; Com. on Vacan- cies, 1883-5; Com. on Mend., 1884-5; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1887-1900. Thorp, H. H., M. D Dist. Com. 8, 1895. Tierney, Miles Com. on Wayfarers' Lodge, 1894-7; Ten. House Com., 1900- Tinker, Rev. C. P Dist. Com. 9 (York.), 1902-5. Tinsley, Walter W Dist. Com. 11, 1896-1900. Tod, J. Kennedy Grig. C. C; Com. on Fin., 1882-4. Tompkins, Gilbert Dist. Com. 4, 1884-6. Tompkins, Hamilton B....Dist. Com. 9, 1887; Dist. Com. 6, 1888-1904; C. C. Del., 1896-1904. Tompkins, James Dist. Com. U, 1897; Vis Com., 1900-3. Torrence, Mrs. John Dist. Com. 1 and Vis. Com, 1897-8. Torrey, Mrs. S. W Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 6, 1889-90; Dist. Com. 6, 1891. Tovey, Dr. David W Harlem Dist. Com., 1907- Townsend, Edw. M., Jr... Dist. Com. 11, 1885-7; Treas. Dist. Com. 4, 1888-90, Sec, 1889-90. Townsend, S. V. R Sec Dist. Com. 1, 1888. Tracy, Miss E Vis. Com. Dist. 11 (Bronx), 1902- ; Bronx Dist. Com., 1903- Treacy, R. S Dist. Com. 6 (Chelsea), 1901- , Ch'n, 1905. Treat, Edw. A Dist. Com. 4, 1887; Dist. Com. 9, 1888. Trenliolm, Miss M. de G.Yorkville Dist. Com., 1907- 2l6 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Trent, Prof. W. P Dist. Com. 4 (Riverside), 1901- , C C. Del. and Ch'n, 1902-6. Trimble, Mrs. A. W Ladies' Com. Dist. 5, 1890-1. Trimble, Richard Dist. Com. 5, 1888-95. Trotter, Wm. J See. Dist. Com. 11, 1885-7. Troup, Miss A. G Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1900-1. Troy, Mrs. Anna Lee Harl. Dist. Com., 1905- Trudeau, E. L., M. D....C. P. T., 1902- Tucker, Mrs. Chas Dist. Com. 11, 1895-7. Tucker, Frank Com. on Dep. Chil., 1902-3; Spec. Com. on Winter Course, 1902-4; Com. on Soc, Res., 1903- ; Char. Pub. Com., 1905- Tuckerman, Rev. G Dist. Com. 11 (Bronx), 1901-5, Vis. Com., 1903-5. Tuckerman, Lucius Orig. C. C. Vice-Pres.; C. C, 1882-5; Com. on Vacancies, 1883-5; Com. on Mend., 1884-5; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1887-90. Tully, F. W Chelsea Dist. Com., 1905. Turner, Herbert B C. C, 1888-1902; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1902; Com. on Mend., 1888; Com. on Fin., 1888-9, Ch'n, 1889; Com. on Fin. and Mend., 1890-4, Ch'n, 1890-2; Com. on Legal Ques., 1892-1902, Ch'n, 1895-1902. Turner, Mrs. Richard Vis. Com. Dist. 11, 1901-2. Tuthill, E. R Dist. Com. 10 1890. Tuttle, Miss A F. V. Harl Dist. Com. 1906- Twigg, Miss Helen J. . • . Bronx Dist. Com., 1906- Twombly, H. McK C. C, 1883^6; Com. on Fin., 1883-6; Soc Vice-Pres., 1887-90. Twombly, Mrs. P. J. F. V Dist Com. 7, 1888. Valentine, Miss F. V....F. V. River. Dist. Com., 1906- Valentine, Miss J See Cauldwell, Mrs. S. M. Valpy, Miss M Vis. Com. Dist. 9, 1900-1. Vanderpoel, John, M. D...Dist. Com. 6, 1893-5. Vanderpoel, S. O., M. D. .. President, 1882-6; Vice-Prest., 1886. Van Dyke, Miss Vis. Com. Dist. 3 1897-8. Van Fleet, Rev. Frank York Dist. Com., 1903-5. fan Nest, Mrs Com. on Laundry, 1889. Van Orden, Mrs. A. S Dist. Com. 11, 1897-1901. Van Patten, Mrs. . . ; F. V. Dist. 4, 1888. Van Rensselaer, Miss K.. Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 7, 1888; Ladies' Aux Com. Dist. 6, 1889-90; Com. on Laun- dry, 1891. TRENT- WASHBURN -217 Van Rensselaer, Kiliaen .Dist. Com. 1, 1890-1. Van Rensselaer, M., M. D.Dist. Com. 8, 1883-6, Ch'n, 1885-6. Van Santvoord, R., M. D..Dlst. Com. 10 1890. •- Van Valzah, W. W., M. D.Dist. Com. 9, 1885-6. Veiller, Lawrence ....Director Dept. for Improvement of Social Conditions, 1907- ; Dist. Com. 3, 1892-4; Ten. House Com., 1898- ; advisory mem- bei- ex-oft. Exec. Com. (2d Sec), C. P T., Ten. House Com. and Com. on Mend., 1507- Vinton, C. C, M. D. . . . . . . Dist. Com. 3, 1888-90. Voris, J. R Dist. Com. 4, 1903-4. Wachenheim, F. L., M. D.C. P. T, 1902- Waddington, Miss Effie...Gram. Dist. Com., 1905. Waddington, Geo. Dist. Com. 1, 1889-1898. Waddington, Mrs. Geo.. Dist. Com. 5 (Gram.), 1901- Wadsworth, R. C. W... ...C. P. T., 1902. Walbarst, Miss Sarah Dist. Com. 3, 1901-3. Wald, Miss Lillian D....C. P. T., 1902-1907; C. C, Exec. Com. (2d Sect.), 1907- Wales, Edw. H Dist. Com. 7, 1891-5, Sec, 189i-3. Walker, Mrs. A. Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 3, 1888. Walker, Mrs. H. O Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 6, 1889-90. Walker, John C .Dist. Com. 10, 1890-2, Sec. 1890. Waller, Frank Dist. Com. 11, 1885-7; Dist. Com. 4, 1888-9, ' " ' Vice-C'h'n, 1888, C. C. Del., 1889. Warburg, Felix M.. . . . . .C. C, Exec Com. (2d Sect), 1907- Warburg, Paul M C. C, 1904- ; Ch'n Com. on Pub. and Lib., 1904; Ch'n Coin, on Library, 1905- Ward, Miss C. E ....Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 6, 1889-90; Dist. Com. 6, 1891-3. Ward, John Seely ..Dist. Com. 4 1889-90; Com. on Wayfarers' Lodge, 1894-9; C. P. T., 1906- Ward, Mrs. T. W.... Dist. Com. 3 (Corlears), 1901-7. V/are, Jas. E Dist. Com. 9, 1889-90. Warner, C. H Vis. Com. Dist: 3, 1901-3. Warner, Mrs. Lucien C.Dist. Com. 10, 1890-5, Ladies' Com., 1890. Warren, John S., M. D Dist. Com. 7, 1885-7. Washburn, Gratiot .......Dist. Com. 7, 1885-6. ' Washburn, W., M. D. .. ..Dist. Com. 14, 1884-7; Dist. Com., 5 1888- 1901, C. C. Del., 1893-9; Com. on W. Y., 1893; Com. on Wayfarers* Lodge, 1894-8. 2l8 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Waterbury, Charlotte A...Dist. Com. 1, 1900-3; Dist. Com. (Corlears), 1906-7. Waterhouse, Rev. Ever- ett Dist. Com. 8 (Hudson), 1903- Waters, H. B., M. D C. P. T. and Tub. Rel. Com., 1906- Watson, C. A Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1900-2. Watson, C. G Dist Com. 9, 1896-7. Watson, C. W Com. on Laundry, 1906- Watson, Pred'k C. C. Del. Com. 3 and Com. on Dist. Work, 1888; Com. on W. Y., 1889. Watson, Mrs. W Sub. Com. Dist. 9, 1900-3. Webster, W. C Dist." Com. 9, 1896-7. Weed, Mrs. Wm. A .F. V. Dist. 2, 1888; Dist. Com. 2, 1889. Weeks, Francis H C. C, 1884-1893; Dist. Com. 10, 1883-7, C. C, 1883-4, Ch'n, 1883-5; Com. on Pin., 1884-5, 1889; Com. on Fin. and Mend., 1890; Com. on Leg. Ques., 1884-5, 1891-3; Com. on Pub., 1884-5; Pres., 1885-7; Exec. Com., 1887-8; Vice-Pres., 1888; Ch'n Com. on Coop., 1888; Dist. Com. 7, 1888; Com. on Vacancies, 1889. Weeks, W. Holden Dist. Com. 6 (Chelsea), 1902- , Vice- Ch'n, 1903-05, Ch'n, 1906- , C. C. Del., 1903- ; Exec. Com., 1905-7; Com. on Leg. Ques., 1905-7; Com. on Emp. Bur. for Han- dicapped, 1906- Weisse, Faneuil D., M. D..Com. on Dist. Work, 1885-6; Dist. Com. 11, 1885-7, C. C. Del., 1885-6. Welborn, Luther S Dist Com. 2, 1890-91. Weld, Francis M Com. on Emp. Bur. for Handicapped, 1906- Welles, Benj ...Dist. Com. 5 (Gram.), 1888- , Sec, 1889- , C. C. Del. 1902- ; Ch'n Com. on Cases in A. B. 1894-5; Com. on Dist. Work, 1900-4. Welling, Miss E. G Ladies' Com. Dist. 7, 1889-90. Wells, Mrs. C. W Ladies' Com. Dist. 10, 1890. Welting, Miss E Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 7, 1888. West, Mrs. Geo. L. Vis Com. Dist. 4, 1902-4. West, Mrs. M Vis. Com. Dist. 4, 1903-4. West, W. E. M. D Dist. Com. 8 (Hudson), 1899- Westbrooke, Miss E. L... Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 3, 1888. Weyl, Walter E Corlears Dist. Com., 1905. Wheeler, Miss Constance . See Johnson, Mrs. Burges. Wheeler, Miss E. B Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 4, 1888. WATERBURY- WILLIAMS 219 Wheeler, Mrs, E. P Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist. 9, 1888, Ch'n Ladies' Com., 1889-91; Dist. Com. 9, 1891-1901, Ch'n Com. on Visitation and Treat, 1892-3; Vis. Com., 1896-1901, Ch'n, 1899-1901; Com. on Laundry, 1889-1900. Wheeler, Mrs. E. P Yorkville Dist. Com., 1905- White, Alfred T Ten. House Com. and Com. on Phil. Ed., 1903- White, Rev. Qaylord S..Dist. Com. 9 (York.), 1900- ; Tub. Re- lief Com., 1906. White, Mrs. Harriet M. R.Dist. Com. 10, 1890, 1892; Ch'n Ladies' Com., 1890; Cent. Aux. Com. of Ladies, 1890. White, Miss J. R Dist. Com. 5, 1894-7. White, Miss M. P Dist. Com. 9 (Yorkville) and Vis. Com., 1899-1905; Com. on Dist. Work, 1900-1. Whitfield, Mrs. E. A Dist Com. 10 1892-7. Whitlock, B. McE Dist Com. 12, 1883-7, Sec. and Treas., 1885- 7; Treas. Dist Com. 1, 1888-92; C. C, ex-oif. (rep. S. C. A. A.), and Com. on Mend., 1890-2. Whitman, Mrs. Alfred Dist Com. 8, 1894-1901. Whitney, E. B Ten. House Com., 1900- Whiton, Dr. Jas. M Dist Com. 10 (Harlem), 1897- , Ch'n, 1903- , C. C. Del., 1901- ; Com. on Ap- peals, 1903- Whitridge, Fred. W Dist Com. 13, 1884-5. Whittle, Mrs. A. T Dist Com. 9 (Yorkville), 1898- ; Vis. Com., 1899- Wiegand, Henry K Dist Com. 3, 1889. Wilcox, Franklin K. ...York. Dist Com., 1903- Wile, Dr. Ira S Riverside Dist Com., 1907- Wilde, Mrs. V Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist 6, 1889-90. Wilhelm, Miss C. E Vis. Com. Dist 3, 1900-4; Corlears Dist Com., 1905. Wilkins, Warren B Dist Com. 3, 1890-4, Treas., 1891-2. 'Willard, David Dist Com. 3, 1897-1902, Sec, 1899-1900. Willenbrock, Mrs. F Vis. Com. Dist 9, 1896-7. Williams, Arthur H Dist Com. 4, 1889. Williams, Miss E. S Dist Com. 3 (Corlears), 1896- ; Com. on Dist Work, 1900-1. Williams, Mrs. Justus N.Ladies' Aux. Com. Dist 10 (Harl.), 1903- ; F. v., 1906- Williams, Miss L. L Cent Aux. Com. of Wom. 1892-1901, Sec., 1897-8; Com. on W. R., 1894-1900. 220 MEMBERS OF COUNCIL AND COMMITTEES Williams, Miss S. E Vis. Com. Dist. 7, 1897- • : ■ ..= v/ Williams, Rev. Theo. C Dist. Com. 11, 1885-6. Willis, Wm. Henry Dist. Com. 10, 1885-7. Wilmer, Wm. N Dist. Com. 4, 1889. Wilmerding, Lucius K. . .Dist. Com. 11, 1885-6. Wilsey, F. D .Bronx Dist. Com., 1905- 3^^ilson, Mrs. F. A. .... . . .Dist. Com. 9, 1900-3 Wilson, Rev. J. A. B Dist. Com. 4, 1893. Winsor, Washington Dist. Com. 10, 1891-2. Wolcott, Mrs. Louise Com. on Dist. Work, 1897-9; Dist. Com. 7 (Hon. Mem.), 1897-1903; Dist. Com. 4, 1898- 1901. Wolff, A. R C. C, 1898-1902; Com. on Fin. and Memb., 1898-9; Dist. Com.. 8 (Hudson), 1898- ; Ch'n Com. on Wayfarers' Lodge, 1899-1900 ; Cli'n Com. on Indus. Bldg. and W. Y., 1900- 3; Com. on Coop., 1901-3; Soc. Vice-Pres., 1902- Wolff, -P. -. Vis. Com. Dist. 11, 1900-2. Wood, J. Seymour Dist. Com. 5 1889-91. Wood, L. H Com. on Wayfarers' Lodge, 1899-1900; Com. on Indus. Bldg. and W. Y., 1900-1. Woodruff, Geo. . . . - F. V. Dist. 2, 1888. Woodward, S. W.. . . ... .Char. Pub. Com., 1905- Woolman, Mrs. F. C Dist. Com. 5, 1893-7. Woolston, H. B ..F. V. River. Dist. Com., 1905-7. Worcester, Mrs. Fran- ces J Dist. Com. 10 (Harlem), 1898-1903; Ladies' Aux. Com., 1903- , Wray, J. H Dist. Com. 10, 1894-5. Wray, Mrs. J. H Dist. Com. 10, 189^-1903. Wright, Rev. M. St. C....Dist. Com. 10, 1890-91, C. C. Del., 1890, Wyeth, Miss Annie.... ...Dist. Com. 10, 1894-1903. Wyeth, Mrs. L. J Cent. Aux. Com. of Women, 1906- Yates, Mrs. Mary E.i..'...F..V. Dist. 6, 1888. ' York, John ............. .Dist. Com. 11, 1895-7. Young, A. Murray... Dist. Com. 5, 1889-90. Young, G. W Dist. Com. 8, 1897-8, 1901-3. Young, Thomas S., Jr Dist. Com. 11, 1885-7. Younger, Miss M Vis. Com. Dist. 3, 1898-1903. Yiil€i Mrs. J. Vis. Com. Dist., 11, 1901-2. Zabriskie, Andrew C Dist. Com. 9, 1886. Zabriskie, Geo. ,...:... ..Dist. Com. 4, 1889-90. Zeller, Jos. F..;.., /...... Dist. Com, 4, 1883-4. Twenty-Fifth Annual Report For the Year Ending September 30 1907 OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY October, 1907 President, ROBERT W. db FOREST, 30 Broad Street Vice-Presidents Constant A. Andrews Robert C. Cornell H. C. Fahnestock Charles S. Fairchild E. C. Henderson Samuel M. Jackson Charles D. Kellogg John S. Kennedy Francis H, Leggett Seth Low Peter B. Olney Eugene A. Philbin Henry Rice J. Hampden Robb J. R. Roosevelt George P. Rowell Jacob H. Schiff James Speyer Henry L, S'timson Rutherfurd Stuyvesant Alfred R. Wolff CENTRAL COUNCIL President Robert W. de Forest Vice-President Otto T. Bannard Treasurer J. Pierpont Morgan General Secretary Edward T. Devlne Term Expires October, 1908 Miss Kate Bond, 230 West 59th Street Harold Herrick, 46 Cedar Street Robert W. de Forest, 30 Broad Street Charles E. Merrill, 44 East 23d Street Homer Folks, 105 East 22d Street Mrs. Wm. B. Rice, 17 West 16th Street Edward S. Harkness, 26 Broadway Mrs. James A. Scrymser, 107 E. 21st St. Miss Lillian D. Wald, 265 Henry S't. Term Expires October, 1909 Robert S. Brewster, 40 Wall St. Frederic B. Jennings, 15 Broad St. George L. Cheney, 131 East 57th St. Edgar J. Levey, 562 West End Ave. Charles F. Cox, Grand Central Station I. N. Phelps Stokes, 100 William St. T. C. Janeway, 46 West 48th Street Paul M. Warburg, 52 William St. Felix M. Warburg, 52 William St. 224 OFFICERS AND CENTRAL COUNCIL Term Expires Octoherj 1910 Otto T. Bannard, 26 Broad Street Paul D. Cravath, 52 William Street Johnston de Forest, 30 Broad Street B. M. Grinnell, 36 East 50tli Street Miss A. B. Jennings, 48 Park Avenue Mrs. Frederic S. Lee, 125 E. 65th St. P. J. McCook, 15 William Street Robert Grier Monroe, 26 Liberty Street J. Pierpont Morgan, 23 Wall Street Mrs. H. O. Taylor, 5 East 61st Street District Delegate Members Charles I. McBurney, 31 Nassau St. Rev. O. G. Cocks, 61 Henry Street W. Holden Weeks, 229 Broadway Benjamin Welles, 6 West 37th Street Frederick Nathan, 162 West 86th S't. Dr. S. F. Hallock, 36 East 65th St. Mrs. N. P. Schwerin, 2508 Broadway Harris E. Adriance, 122 East 36th St. J. M. Whiton, 28 West 128th Street Albert E. Davis, 494 East 138th St. Ex-Officio Members The Mayor of New York The Commissioner of the Police De- partment The Commissioner of the Health De- partment The Commissioner of Correction The Commissioner of the Department of Public Charities The Commissioner of the Tenement House Department The United States Commissioner of Immigration. John A. McKim, Representative of the- State Charities Aid Association Prof. Franklin H. Giddings, Represent- ative of Columbia University STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE CENTRAL COUNCIL October, 1907 Executive. — Robert W. de Forest, chairman; Otto T. Bannard, Robert S. Brewster, George L. Cheney, Charles F. Cox, Paul D. Cravath, Dr. S. F. Hallock, Edward S. Harkness, Miss A. B, Jennings, Mrs. Frederic S. Lee, ]\Irs. Wm. B. Rice, Miss Lillian D. Wald, Felix M. Warburg, W. Holden Weeks. Finance and Membership. — Mrs. F. S. Lee, chairman; Robert W. de Forest, Harold Herrick, Mrs. James A. Scrymser, L N. Phelps Stokes. Legal Questions. — Philip J. McCook, chairman ; L. L. Kellogg, W. H. Weeks. District Work. — Dr. S. F. Hallock, chairman; Miss Elizabeth Bartho- low, Barclay W. Bradley, Miss Ella Mabel Clark, Miss A. B. Jennings, Mrs. Ira G. Lane, J. N. Martin, Miss E. D. More- wood, Miss Teresa O'Donohue, Rev. James Palmer, Henry- Solomon, I. N. Phelps Stokes. Mendicancy. — Frederic B. Jennings, chairman; Edgar J. Levey, Robert Grier Monroe. Committee on Philanthropic Education. — Robert W. de Forest, chair- man. Ex-officio MeTtibers: John S. Kennedy, president of the United Charities; Nicholas Murray Butler, president of Co- lumbia University; R. Fulton Cutting, president of the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor; Henry Rice, president of the United Hebrew Charities; Thomas M. Mulry, president of the Particular Council of the Society of St. Vincent de Paul. Appointive Members: Otto T. Bannard, , Charles F. Cox, Edward T. Devine, Dr. S. F. Hallock, Miss A. B. Jennings, Frederic B. Jennings, Mrs. Frederic S. Lee, Seth Low, Mrs. William B. Rice, Alfred T. White. Library. — Paul M. Warburg, chairman; Morris Loeb, Charles E. Merrill. 226 committees: 1907 Chabities Publication Committee. — Robert W. de Forest, chairman; Paul U. Kellogg, secretary; Jane Addams, Chicago; Robert S. Brewster, New York; Edward T. Devine, New York; Arthur P. Estabrook, Boston; Lee K. Frankel, New York; Daniel C. Oilman, Baltimore; John M. Glenn, New York; "William Gug- genheim, New York; William E. Harmon, New York; Joseph Lee, Boston; John F. Moors, Boston; Robert Treat Paine, Boston; Simon N. Patten, Philadelphia; Jacob A. Riis, New York; Margaret Dreier Robins, Chicago; Graham Taylor, Chi- cago; Frank Tucker, New York; S. W. Woodward, Washing- ton. Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis. — ^^Edgar J. Levey, chair- man; Paul Kennaday, secretary; Dr. Hermann M. Biggs, Dr. J. S. Billings, David Blaustein, Dr. John W. Brannan, Herbert S. Brown, Dr. Joseph D. Bryant, Charles F. Cox, Robert W. de Forest, Edward T. Devine, Homer Folks, Lee K. Frankel, Dr. L. Emmett Holt, Dr. J. H. Huddleston, Dr. A. Jacobi, Dr. Walter B. James, Dr. E. G. Janeway, Miss A. B. Jennings, Dr. S. A. Knopf, Dr. Alexander Lambert, Ernst J. Lederle, Dr. Egbert Le Fevre, Henry M. Leipziger, Dr. Henry P. Loomis, Dr. Alfred Meyer, Dr. James Alexander Miller, Thomas M. Mulry, Mrs. James E. Newcomb, Eugene A. Philbin, Dr. T. Mitchell Prudden, Dr. E. Guernsey Rankin, Dr. Andrew H. Smith, Dr. W. G. Thompson, Dr. E. L. Trudeau, Lawrence • Veiller, Br. Frederick L. Wachenheim, John Seeley Ward, Jr., Dr. B. H. Waters. Ex-ofjlcio: Edmond J, Butler, Thomas Darlington, Robert W. Hebberd. Tenement House Committee. — Paul D. Cravath, chairman; Miss Emily W. Dinwiddle, secretary; Charles S. Brown, Robert W. de Forest, Edward T. Devine, Otto M. Eidlitz, Matthew C. Flem- ing, E. R. L. Gould, Ernst J. Lederle, Robert Grier Monroe, Henry Phipps, Frederick B. Pratt, Jacob A. Riis, I. N. Phelps Stokes, Thomas Sturgis, Myles Tierney, Lawrence Veiller, Alfred T. White, Edward B. Whitney. Industrial Building and Woody ard. — C. E. Merrill, Jr., chairman; Charles W. Ogden, secretary; Johnston de Forest, treasurer; Ernest Gallaudet Draper, George C. Hollister, Charles W. McCandless, Henry Solomon. Laundry. — Miss Annie Stone, chairman; W. F. Brush, secretary; E. M. Grinnell, treasurer; Miss Louisa T. Caldwell, Miss Josephine F. Hamilton, Mrs. J. J. Higginson, Mrs. Frederic S. Lee, C. W. Watson. Central Auxiliary Committee of Women. — Miss Kate Bond, chairman; Mrs. S. F. Sellew, secretary; Mrs. S. Bradhurst Clark, Mrs. John Erving, Mrs. Benjamin Nicoll, Mrs. James A. Scrymser, Mrs. L. I. Wyeth, Jr. committees: 1907 227 Provident Habits. — Otto T. Bannard, chairman; Robert W. de Forest, Charles S. Fairchild, Walter Jennings, James Speyer. Committee on Provident Relief Funds. — ^Edgar J. Levey, chairman; Frederic B. Jennings, Charles B. Merrill. Audit of Accounts. — C. E. Merrill, chairman; Otto T. Bannard, Robert S. Brewster. Committee on Appeals. — James M. Whiton, chairman; Miss Ella Mabel Clark, Miss Teresa O'Donohue. Committee on Advice and Information. — ^Robert S. Brewster, chairman; W. Kirkpatrick Brice, John E. Eustis, James H. Gannon, Ed- ward S. Harkness, Mrs. H. O. Taylor. Committee on Employment Bureau for the Handicapped. — Dr. T. C. Janeway, chairman ; W. Frank Persons, secretary ; Dr. Russell A, Hibbs, Miss Clara Irwin, Mrs. P. J. O'Connell, W. Holden Weeks, Francis M. Weld. Committee on Joint Application Bureau. — Leonard E. Opdycke, chair- man; Edward T. Devine, Johnston de Forest, Philip J. Mc- Cook, Robert Brudre, R. G. Welling. DISTRICT COMMITTEES Greenwich. — Charles L. McBurney, chairman and C. C. delegate; Abbott Brown, secretary; Miss C. S. Barry, Miss Elizabeth Bartholow, Dr. J. N. Beekman, Miss C. E. Boardman, William FitzPatrick, E. C. Henderson, Rev. W. N. Hubbell, Rev. Wm. Irvin, Miss Louise Scott, Mrs. V. G. Simkhovitch. Corlears. — B. Ogden Chisolm, chairman; J. H. Hamilton, vice- chairman; Miss Gertrude Day, secretary; Rev. Orrin G. Cocks, C. C. delegate; Henry Solomon, delegate to the Committee on District Work; Mrs. S. D. Brewer, Miss Annette Boardman, Miss L. S. Caldwell, Vin- cent Ciocia, Miss C. Clendenning, Miss Laura J. Edwards, Mrs. Oliver Fiske, Mrs. J. E. Grote Higgens, Miss M. Ireland, Frank E. Karelson, T. G. Meagher, J. O'Connor, Mrs. J. L. Parks, Miss E. S. Williams. Chelsea. — W. Holden Weeks, chairman and C. C. delegate; Rev. T. H. Sill, vice-chairman; W. H. Church, secretary; Rev. James Palmer, delegate to the Committee on District Work; Mrs. Robert Clarkson, Horace Clute, Rev. Robert Courtenay, Miss L. V. Day, Miss O. Elliott, Mrs. R. Hoffman, Miss W. Ives, Miss A. M. Kohlsaat, Miss A. H. Lusk, Mrs. D. Maloney, Mrs. W. E. Maynard, Rev. S. S. Mitchell, Miss Neilson, Miss E. C. Smith, Dr. E. F. Smith, Richard Treacy. Gramercy. — Walter Large, chairman; Dr. S. H. Oppenheimer, vice- chairman; Benjamin Welles, secretary and C. C. delegate; Miss 22% committees: 1907 Teresa O'Donohue, delegate to the Committee on District Work; Charles Wheeler Barnes, Miss Helen S. Bradley, Alfred Busselle, Mrs. R. C. Cornell, Miss A. B. Evans, Dr. Forbes Hawkes, Mrs. Archer Hunt- ington, Miss M. E. Kelly, Mrs. Walter Large, Charles E. Merrill, Dr. C. G. Miller, Mrs. C. G. Miller, Miss H. S. Nichols, Mrs. J. F. Tarns, Mrs. George Waddington. Hudson. — L. Laflin Kellogg, chairman; Frederick Nathan, secretary and C. C. delegate; Miss E. D. More'wood, delegate to the Committee on District Work; Dr. A. W. Baird, Barclay W. Bradley, Dr. Edward M. Foote, Mrs. F. H. Giddings, Mrs. L. Hunter, Mrs. Charles H. Israels, Mrs. E. Jacobs, Mrs. T. Kelly, Dr. T. W. Kilmer, C. F. McKenna,. Mrs. C. F. McKenna, Dr. Alice F. Leader, Rev. Royal R. Miller, Mrs. M. C. Moore, Mrs. A. P. Morewood, W. Morgan, John J. Pulleyn, Miss L. Seaman, Rev. George Strong, Rev. Everett Waterhouse, Dr. W. E. West, A. R. Wolff. Kips Ba.y. — Dr. S. F. Hallock, chairman and C. C. delegate; Miss H. Lauterbach, secretary; Orin Baker, J. F. Boyle, C.'W. Brazer, Miss B. .B. CoUes, Dr. Martin Downey, Joseph Everard, Miss Agnes L. Gifford, Miss E. L. Haines, Miss J. A. Hunt, Mrs. Augustus Jay, Miss A. B. Jennings, Miss L. L. Kane, Mrs. Alexander Lambert, Mrs. Frederic S. Lee, Rev. H. G. Mendenhall, Mrs. P. J. O'Connell, Dr. L. H. Shearer. Visitation Committee. — Mrs. Alexander Lambert, chairman; Miss K. B. Lockwood, secretary; Miss Minnie Friedman, Miss Helen Lauter- bach, Mrs. Frederic S. Lee, Miss Gertrude O'Connor, Miss Williams. Riverside. — Robert S. Brewster, chairman and C. C. delegate; Prof. Wm. P. Trent, vice-chairman; B. W. Bradley, secretary; Mrs. A. M. Donelle, Rev. D. Griffiths-Baines, Mrs. Edgar J. Levey, Dr. M. P. Petrie, Mrs. Jas. H. Robinson, Miss Henrietta Rodman, Miss Amy Schussler, Mrs. N. P. Schwerin, Prof. J. T. Shotwell, Prof. D. S. Snedden. Friendly Visitors. — Miss S. P. Barnes, Mrs. A. M. Donelle, Mrs. E. M. Fowler, Miss Kate Fowler, Mrs. Harris, Miss E. G. Herzfeld, Miss G. S. King, Miss Agnes Opdyke, Dr. M. P. Petrie, Miss A. H. Rankin,. Mrs. N. P. Schwerin, Miss M. Speed, Mrs. S. E. Tenney, Miss Valentine. YoRKviLLE. — Harris E. Adriance, chairman and C. C. delegate; Red- mond Keating, vice-chairman; J. S. Roberts, second vice-chairman; Mrs. E. E. Dreyfous, secretary; Miss E. M. Clark, delegate to Committee on District work; Miss M. Anderson, Mrs. William Arnold, Mrs. Jas. \. Burden, Jr., Miss Clara Byrnes, assistant secretary; Mrs. Charles M. Clark, Mrs. E. M. Clark, Mrs. J. Wray Cleveland, J. I. Daly, Miss S. B. Dodd, Hamilton R. Fairfax, Ralph Folks, Miss Margaret W. Hall, Mrs. B. Johnson, Thomas Kelly, Dr. Emil Kober, J. Meehan, J. A. McGrath, Dr. I. L. Nascher, Miss M. S. Pullman, J. E. T. Rutter, Mrs. H. O. Taylor, Miss M. deG. Trenholm, Mrs. E. P. Wheeler, Rev. G. S. White, Mrs. A. T. Whittle, F. A. Wilcox. Visitation Committee.— Miss E. M. Clark, chairman; Mrs. H. O. Taylor, Miss M. Anderson, Mrs. Wm. Arnold, Mrs. C. M. Clark, Mrs. E. M. Clark, Miss S. B. Dodd, Miss Margaret W. Hall, Miss M. S. Pullman, Miss M. de G. Trenholm, Mrs. A. T. Whittle. committees: 1907 229 Harlem. — Dr. Jas. M. Whiton, chairman and C. C. delegate; Dr. Geo. H. Godson, secretary;- Joseph W. Brunt, Dr. Geo. T. Chase, Dr. Chas. A. Clinton, Mrs. Jas. D. Cumming, Frank P. Cunnion, Mrs. Eugene Curtis, Sister Rose Dittrich, Miss S. H. Ford, Miss Emma Haendle, Dr. Edward W. Hall, Edward E. Jones, Rev. Jas. L. Lasher, George C. Lay, Mrs. Chas. H. MacLean, Mrs. Malcolm McLean, J. N. Martin, Miss Ellen S. Marvin, Mrs. J. McCauIey, Dr. Edward W. Perkins, Miss Mildred Pew, Maurice G. Power, Elmore B. Sanborn, Mrs. Elmore E. Sanborn, Rev. J. F. Scott, Mrs. Geo. A. Spalding, Miss Frances Stevens, Mrs. Henry W. Troy, Dr. David W. Tovey, Mrs. Justis N. Williams, Mrs. Frances J. Worcester. Bronx. — A. E. Davis, acting chairman and C. C. delegate; Mrs. H. Stanley Taylor, secretary; Mrs. Ira G. Lane, delegate to the Committee on District Work; John E. Barry, Mrs. C. B. Chave, A. P. Dienst, Miss Harriet Forbes, Eugene G. Gwyre, Mrs. W. F. Johnes, Miss Harriet M. Johnson, Mrs. Charles B. Lawson, Lawrence Leib, Dr. S. C. Minor, Mrs. J. Pennington, J. T. Smith, Olin J. Stephens, Miss Julia Stephen- son, James Tomkins, Miss E. Tracy, Miss Helen Twigg. Staff of the Charity Organization Society October, 1907 STAFF or THE CHARITY ORGANIZATION SOCIETY OCTOBER, 1907 The date after each name indicates the year of original connection with tlie Society geni:ral offices edward t. devine. . . 1896 general secretary Cornell College, B.A. 1887, M.A. 1890, LL.D. 1904; Univ. of Halle, 1890-91; Univ. of Pa., Ph.D. 1895. Editor Charities, 1897 — ; director N. Y. School of Philan- thropy, 1904-07. President N. C. C. C, 1906; special representative of the Amer- ican National Red Cross in charge of San Francisco relief, April-July, 1906. Schiff Professor of Social Economy, Columbia University, 1905 — ; president Section V, International Congress on Tuberculosis, 1908; member board of directors National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, National Child Labor Committee, Co-operative Social Set- tlement Society. Author of Economics, The Practice of Charity, The Principles of Relief, EflSiciency and Relief, editorials in Charities, conference papers, and magazine articles. EMILY J. ADAMS. . . 189I .... .SECRETARY TO THE GEN'l SECV Stenographer, Central Office, 1891-1901, 1904-7. W. FRANK PERSONS. . . IQOO .ASSISTANT SECRETARY Cornell College, Ph.B. 1900; Harvard Law School, LL.B. 1905. Assistant editor Charities. 1900-2; assistant secretary, September, 1902, January, 1907 — . Assistant secretary N. C. C. C, 1903, N. Y. State Conference, 1902. N. C. C. C. Committee on Needy Families, 1908; Committee on Exhibition of Congestion; resident Greenwich House. BESSIE S. o'cONNOR. . . I903. . . .SECRETARY TO THE ASS't SEC'Y Stenographer: Investigation Bureau, 1903; Chelsea District, 1903-05; Riverside District, 1905-06; School of Philan- thropy, 1906; Central Office, 1907. 234 STAFF OF THE SOCIETY LOUISE F. FORD (mRS.) . . . 1888 RECEPTION AGENT Assistant reception agent, 1888-90; agent Fourth District, 1890- 91; reception agent, 1898 — . Reception agent and supervisor of visitors, The Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, 1891-98. FLORENCE MASTERTON . . . 1895 ASS't RECEPTION AGENT Identification clerk. Registration Bureau, 1895-1907. IDA SCHICKLER. . . I905 STENOGRAPHER Stenographer, Registration Bureau, 1905-07. SARAH F. BURROWS. . . 1555. SUPERVISOR OF CASE- WORK Graduate Indiana State Normal School. Assistant agent Sixth District, 1888-93; agent Eighth (Hud- son) District, 1893-1907; San Francisco relief work, July and August, 1906; acting investigating agent, June-Sep- tember, 1907; supervisor of case-work. May, 1907 — . LILIAN BRANDT.*. . I902 SECRETARY, BUREAU OF STATISTICS Wellesley, B.A. 1895, M.A. 1901; N. Y. School of Philan- thropy, 1902. Statistician Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis, 1902-4; secretary Committee on Social Research, 1905 — . Secretary Section V, International Congress on Tuberculosis, 1908; member N. C. C. C. Committee on Statistics, 1905 — ; Advisory Committee of the Alliance Employ- ment Bureau. Author of Social Aspects of Tuberculosis, The National Tuber- culosis Directory, Family Desertion, conference papers, and articles in Charities and other magazines. ETHEL M. DIXON. . . I905 . . .ASSISTANT, BUREAU OF STATISTICS Wellesley, B.A. 1903; N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1905. REGINA o'rOURKE. . . I907 STENOGRAPHER ORLANDO FAULKLAND LEWIS. . . I905 . . . SEC'y FINANCE COMMITTEE Tufts College, B.A. 1895, M.A. 1897; Univ. of Pa., Ph.D. 1900; N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1905. Superintendent Joint Application Bureau, 1905-07. Chairman N. Y. State Conference Committee on Vagrancy and Homelessness, 1907; member N. C. C. C. Committee on State Supervision, 1908; assistant secretary. Mayor's Hospital Commission, 1907 — ; lecturer, public lecture sys- tem of N. Y. Board of Education, 1905 — . Author of Vagrancy in the United States, conference papers, and magazine articles on social subjects. STAFF OF THE SOCIETY 235 W. B. HARTE (MRS.) . . . 1 889. ASS^T, BUREAU OF APPEALS Assistant to Cejitral Office agent, 1889-93; assistant, Appli- cation Bureau, 1893-94; assistant registrar, 1894-1907. HARRIET L. ALTON. . . I9OI . . . .ASSISTANT, BUREAU OF APPEALS Clerk; Library and office of Charities, 1901-2; Cashier's office, 1902-07. CATHARINE WHITTAKER. . . I907 STENOGRAPHER ALOYSE B. STRICKLAND. . . I903 CASHIER Assistant Cashier, 1903-07. CHARLOTTE H. MOORE. . . I9OI ASSISTANT CASHIER Clerk, Cashier's office, 1901-07. ISABELLE GRAHAM . . . I907 MESSENGER PAUL LEROY VOGT . . . I907 AGENT BUREAU OF SUPPLIES Univ. of Chicago, B.A. 1903; Univ. of Pa., Ph.D. 1907. Resident, Gordon House and People's Home Settlement, 1904-05. CLARA MORTON. . . 1 90.3 ASSISTANT IN CENTRAL OFFICE Clerk, Joint Application Bureau, 1903-04; Central Office, 1904—. MARY E. DAVID (mRS.) . . . I903 EDITOR CHARITIES DIRECTORY N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1904. EDNA MORTON . . . I905 TELEPHONE OPERATOR Clerk, Registration Bureau, 1905; Central Office, 1906 — . ESTELLE D. BARIT . . . I907 MULTIGRAPH OPERATOR ELIZABETH KELLER. . . I907 MESSENGER, CENTRAL OFFICE JOSEPH O'CONNOR. . . I907 MESSENGER, CENTRAL OFFICE BUREAU or ADVICE AND INFORMATION W. FRANK PERSONS SECRETARY See page 233. A. R. SCHORER . . . I907 INVESTIGATOR University of Wisconsin, B.A. 1906; N. Y. School of Philan- thropy, 1906-07. Bureau of Supplies, May-August, 1907. Agent The Organized Charities Society, New Rochelle, 1906-07. Resident Union Settlement; secretary The Organized Chari- ties Society of New Rochelle. 236 • STAFF OF THE SOCIETY MABEL N. ISAAC. . . I9OO STENOGRAPHER Stenographer, Investigation Bureau, 1900-07. HELEN F. MARTIN . . . I904 CLERK Clerk, Mendicancy Bureau, 1904-07. DEPARTMENT FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF SOCIAL CONDITIONS LAWRENCE VEILLER . . . 1898 DIRECTOR College of the City of New York, B.A. 1890. Visitor Investigation Bureau, 1898; assistant agent and agent First District, 1898; secretary Tenement House Com- mittee, 1898-1900, 1901-02, 1904; director Department for the Improvement of Social Conditions, 1907 — . Secretary N. Y. State Tenement House Commission, 1900-01; first deputy-commissioner N. Y. City Tenement House Department, 1902-03; secretary N. Y. City Club, 1904-07. Member board of directors, Metropolitan Parks Association, Playground Association of America; member Advisory Committee, Alliance Employment Bureau. Publications: The Tenement House Problem (co-author); First Report of the Tenement House Department of the City of New York; various reports and articles. MINA L. ACTON. . . IQOI SECRETARY TO THE DIRECTOR N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1901; 1903-04. Assistant reception agent, 1901-04; office assistant, Depart- ment for the Improvement of Social Conditions, 1907 — . Statistical work for the Federation of Churches and the Ten- ement House Commission, 1898-1901; assistant in office of the secretary of the City Club, 1904-07. KATHRYN M. CONSIDINE. . . I907 ' STENOGRAPHER JAMES FORBES. . 1898 SPECIAL AGENT, COM. ON MENDICANCY Visitor Investigation Bureau, 1898; assistant agent. First Dis- trict, 1898-99, agent 1899-1901; special officer Committee on Mendicancy, 1901-02; special agent, Mendicancy Bu- reau, 1902-1907. Special investigator, Pittsburg Survey. EMILY WAYLAND DINWIDDIE. . . I9OI . . . SEC'y TENEM't HOUSE COM. Peace Collegiate Institute, B.A. 1898; N. Y. School of Philan- thropy, 1901; graduate work, Univ of Pa., 1903-04. Visitor Investigation Bureau, assistant district agent and acting agent, 1901-02; editor Charities Directory for 1903; assistant secretary Tenement House Committee, 1904-5; secretary, 1905 — . STAFF OF THE SOCIETY 237 Investigator, N. J. State Bd. of Children's Guardians, 1900-01; inspector and assistant in First Deputy Commissioner's office. Tenement House Department, 1903; special investi- gator for Octavia Hill Association, Philadelphia, 1903-04. Author of The Tenants' Manual, Housing Conditions in Phila- delphia, articles in Charities and other magazines. THi: COMMITTEE ON THE PRUVEINTION OF TUBERCULOSIS PAUL KENNADAY. . . I903 SECRETARY Yale, B. A. 1895; N. Y. Law School, LL.B. 1897. Board of managers, Greenwich House and Northern Dispen- sary; Committees of the Metropolitan Parks Association, The Consumers' League, The Exhibition of Congestion; treasurer Inter-collegiate Socialist Society; chairman So- ciological Section, National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, 1907; secretary Section V, In- ternational Congress on Tuberculosis, 1908. FRANK A. MANN. . . I905 ASSISTANT SECRETARY Hampden Sidney College, B.A. 1903; M.A. 1904. Visitor Joint Application Bureau, 1905-OG; assistant secretary Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis, 1906 — . GENEVIEVE WILSON . . . I906 VISITING NURSE Graduate St. Luke's Hospital Training School, Denver, 1897: three years' study in Europe. Red Cross nurse at Charleston, S. C, during the Spanish- American War; army nurse at Chickamauga, Ga., Manila, P. I., Nagasaki, Japan, San Francisco, Cal., Fort Bayard, N. M., 1897-1902; sanitary inspector for the Civic Sani- tation Association of the Oranges, N. J., 1902-03. Resident Warren Goddard House, 1906 — ; visiting nurse Tuber- culosis clinic, Bellevue Out-Patient Department, 1906-. JAS. JENKINS, JR.. . I907. . . .SUPERVISOR EXHIBITS AND LECTURES Univ. of Mich., 1894; Zurich, 1903; N. Y. School of Philan- thropy, 1906-07. Resident Greenwich House, 1906 — . ETHEL G. DORAN . . . I906 STENOGRAPHER Stenographer, Central Office and Gramercy District, 1906-07. MILDRED E. KEATING . . . I907 CLERK HELEN SMITH (mRS.) . . . I907 SUPERINTENDENT DAY CAMP State registered nurse; head nurse Roosevelt Hospital, 1904-07. JOHN MARTIN CAESAR. . . I907 CLERK DAY CAMP 238 STAFF OF THE SOCIETY JOINT APPLICATION BUREAU* CHARLES K. BLATCHLY SUPERINTENDENT FREDERICK LUNDBERG. . . 1888 NIGHT AGENT Superintendent Wood-Yard, 1889-90;- assistant agent and agent Third District, 1890-91; agent First District, 1891-93; superintendent Joint Application Bureau, 1893; night agent, 1893—. Officer of The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Chil- dren, 1876-87. LOUISA HELENA PIECHA. . . 1897 ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT Interviewer, 1897-1904; acting assistant superintendent, 1904- 06; assistant superintendent, 1906-7; acting superin- tendent, October, 1907. MYRA A. KETCHAM. . . I903 INTERVIEWER AND STENOGRAPHER CARRIE W. MCKENZIE. . I905 . . . .INTERVIEWER AND STENOGRAPHER CHARLOTTE M. PFEIFFER . . . IQ06 INTERVIEWER AND STENOG'R Stenographer, Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, 1905. BERKELEY GREENE TOBEY . . . I906 VISITOR N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1907. Cashier, Charity Organization Society. 1906-07. HENRY VAN ZAND. . . I904 .HOLIDAY AGENT Slocum Relief work, 1904; Visitor Investigation Bureau, 1904- 05; assistant Mendicancy Bureau, 1905-06; special agent. Joint Application Bureau, 1905 — . LAURETTA TOBEN . . . I906 MESSENGER REGISTRATION BUREAU ELLA I. SCOTT . . . 1882 . . ; REGISTRAR Clerk, 1882-88; registrar, 1888—. N. Y. State Conference Committee on Care of the Poor In their Homes, 1907. KATHERINE B. MARKS. . . 1882 IDENTIFICATION CLERK ELIZABETH HAUFF. . . I905 IDENTIFICATION CLERK Stenographer, 1905-06; identification clerk, 1906—^. *See Page 84. STAFF OF THE SOCIETY 239 LOUISE B. LAMBERT . . . I906 CLERK DANELLA SUTHERLAND. . . I906 CLERK TERESA PORTER . . . I905 CLERK ANNA M. WAITE. . . I907 CLERK ROBERT MCCARTHY. . . I906 CLERK O.B. HERVEY. . . I905 DISTRICT MESSENGER Office man, 1905-06; bookkeeper, Laundry, 1906-07. INVEISTIGATION BUREAU EDITH L. JARDINE. . . I904 INVESTIGATING AGENT N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1903-04, 1904-05. Visitor Investigation Bureau, 1904-05; agent Bronx District, 1905-07. Settlement and church work in London for two years; assist- ant agent, Brooklyn Bureau of Charities, 1902-04. JOHN H. ROBB . . . IO95 VISITOR Visitor: Investigation Bureau, 1898-1900, 1904 — ; Committee on Dependent Children, 1900-03; emergency relief in Pater- son, N. J., 1903; Slocum Relief work, 1904; assistant agent First District, 1904. LULU VITTOZZI (mRS.) . . . 1899 INTERPRETER AND VISITOR JESSIE C. SLEET. . . I9OO. .NURSE AND VISITOR Graduate Provident Hospital, Chicago, 1896. Advisory Board, Hope Day Nursery for Colored Children. BESSIE DE ROSTER. . . IQOO VISITOR N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1903-04. Visitor Investigation Bureau, 1900-03; assistant agent First and Ninth Districts, 1903-04; Slocum Relief work, 1904; Investigation Bureau, 1904 — . Board of Managers N. Y. Magdalen Benevolent Socieity, chairman Guardian Committee; girls' club and other social work in connection with Vermilye Chapel. ADELAIDE JANSSEN ( MRS.) . . . I904 VISITOR HELEN G. TIMKO (mRS.) . . . I905 INTERPRETER AND VISITOR N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1907. Settlement work in connection with East Side House and Nor- mal College Alumnae House. 240 STAFF OF THE SOCIETY ALICE MOORE WICKENDEN. . . I907 VISITOR N. Y. School Of Philanthropy, 1907. ROBERTA HOKE.KER. . . I907 VISITOR N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1907. Investigator, Department for the Improvement of Social Con- ditions, August, 1907. LYDIA ELLISON SAYER . . . IQO/ VISITOR Vassar, B.A. 1907; N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1907. KATHARINE KIRCHHERR . . . I902 CLERK FANNY GERTRUDE EARLE. . . I902 STENOGRAPHER Stenographer: First District, 1902-04; Greenwich District, 1904-05; Mendicancy Bureau, 1905; Investigation Bureau, 1905—. MAE E. HULSE. . . I907 STENOGRAPHER ADOLPHINE SONNEBORN. . . I907 STENOGRAPHER THE DISTRICTS EMMA A. MCCUTCHEON (MRS.) . . . 189I . . .AGENT GREENWICH DIST. Visitor and substitute assistant agent, 1891; agent Second (Greenwich) District, July, 1891 — . SOPHIE PALMER FOO TE . . . I906 ASSISTANT AGENT Visitor Investigation Bureau, 1906-07; assistant agent Hudson District, 1907. Club Work, Union Settlement. FLORENCE LEE (mRS.) . . . I907 NURSe' See page 241. ROMA GIANNINI. . . I906 STENOGRAPHER A. M. DECKER. . . 1892 AGENT CORLEARS DISTRICT N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1903-04. Assistant agent Third District, 1892-94; agent Third (Cor- lears) District, 1894—. ALDA L. ARMSTRONG. . . I907. ASSISTANT AGENT N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1907. Assistant agent, Baltimore Charity Organization Society, 1905- 07; resident Lawrence House, Baltimore, 1904-07. STAFF OF THE SOCIETY 24 1 JULIA G. HANNAN . . . I907 NURSE State registered nurse; graduate Presbyterian Hospital Train- ing School, 1907. KATHRYN V. ROTCHFORD. . . I903 STENOGRAPHER Messenger, Registration Bureau, 1903; stenographer, 1905; stenographer, Corlears District, 1906 — . Stenographer, St. John's Guild, 1906. ELIZA FISHER. . . 1884 ' .AGENT CHELSEA DISTRICT Assistant agent. Second, Eighth, Fifth, and Tenth Districts, 1884-85; agent Sixth (Chelsea) District, 1885—. Reformatory and church work, and private almoner, previous to 1884. NELLY GRATTAN MORTON. . . I907 ASSISTANT AGENT Univ. of Tennessee, B.S. 1900; N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1907. Visitor Investigation Bureau, 1907. Visitor Brooklyn Bureau of Charities, 1907. Resident Warren Goddard House. MARY EMMA CAMERON . . . I906 NURSE State registered nurse; Graduate Bellevue Hospital Training School, 1886. Associate editor, American Journal of Nursing, 1905 — . ALICE I. DUNDAS. . . I906 STENOGRAPHER MINERVA D. HENRY. . . 1 889 AGENT GRAMERCY DISTRICT N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1903-04. Assistant agent Tenth District, 1889-91; agent Fifth (Gramercy) District, 1891 — . EDNA J. WAKEFIELD. . . I907 ASSISTANT AGENT Adelphi College; N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1906-07. FLORENCE LEE (mRS.) . . . I907 NURSE State registered nurse; graduate Episcopal Hospital, Philadel- phia, 1892. Nurse, Lakeside Hospital, Cleveland, 1898-1900; dietitian, N. Y. City Department of Public Charities, 1901-06. CLARA E. KNECHT. . , I907 STENOGRAPHER 242 STAFF OF THE SOCIETY ANNE STUART BUSSELL . . . I904 AGENT HUDSON DISTRICT State registered nurse; graduate Newton (Mass.) Hospital Training School, 1893; N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1907. Nurse, Hudson District, 1904-07. Head nurse: Presbyterian Hospital, 1893-99; operating pavilion, Massachusetts General Hospital, 1900-01; emergency ward, matron of dispensary and teacher, Pres- byterian Hospital, 1901-04. Secretary, Association of Graduate Nurses of Manhattan and Bronx; chairman. Committee on Lectures and Papers, N. Y. County Nurses' Association. Author of articles in The American Journal of Nursing. OLIVE CROSBY. . . I906 ASSISTANT AGENT Visitor Investigation Bureau, 1906; assistant agent Chelsea District, 1906-07. Social work in connection with the Church of the Ascension, Boston, previous to 1906. 1 MAUDE WILSON. . . I906 STENOGRAPHER liRANCES ENSWORTH HUBBELL. .. I90I .. AGENT KIPS BAY DISTRICT Visitor Investigation Bureau, 1901-02; assistant agent Eighth District, 1902-03; agent Kips Bay District, 1905—. Assistant superintendent N. Y. State Training School for Girls, at Hudson, 1903-05. Author of newspaper articles. SARA THURSTON DISSOSWAY. . . I907 ASSISTANT AGENT N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1906. Resident, Trained Christian Helpers, Brooklyn, 1904-06; visitor, Brooklyn Bureau of Charities, 1906-07. MAY A. CARDOZA . . . I905 STENOGRAPHER CAROLINE GOODYEAR. . . I599 AGENT RIVERSIDE DISTRICT (On leave of absence in 1907-08, holding a research fellow- ship in the N. Y. School of Philanthropy.) N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1901; afternoon course, 1903-04; special investigation, 1905; fellow, 1907-08. Visitor, Investigation Bureau, 1899; assistant agent Ninth District, 1899-1900; agent Fourth District, 1900-04, River- side District, 1905—. Report on Habits in Regard to the Purchase and Management of Food in Tenement Families; paper, The Standard of Living, N. Y. State Conference, 1906. STAFF OF THE SOCIETY 243 MARY BROWN SUMNER. . . I906 ACTING AGENT Barnard College, B.A. 1900; graduate work, Columbia Univ., 1905-06; N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1906. Assistant agent Riverside District, 1906-07. ADA H. RANKIN. . . I907 ASSISTANT AGENT Graduate Cincinnati Kindergarten Training School, 1898; N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1906-07. Assistant agent Greenwich District, June-August, 1907. Director of kindergarten, 1898-1906; resident Jewish settle- ment, 1904-06; supervisor Vacation School, 1906; in Cin- cinnati. LILLIAN A. COLGAN. . . I906 STENOGRAPHER FRANCES P. STRICKLAND (mRS.) . . . 189O. . .AGENT YORKVILLE DIST. Clerk and visitor. Registration Bureau and several districts, 1890; assistant agent Second District, 1890; clerk, Regis- tration Bureau, 1890-91; agent First District, 1891, Third District, 1891-93; senior assistant Application Bureau, 1893-95; agent. Joint Application Bureau, 1895-96, deputy superintendent, 1896-97, superintendent, 1897-1904; agent Yorkville District, 1904 — . W. C. T. U. work previous to 1890. EDITH A. PUNNETT. . . I906 ASSISTANT AGENT Visitor Investigation Bureau, 1906; assistant agent Yorkville District, 1906—. ANNA R. ROBINSON. . . I903 STENOGRAPHER HELEN M. PATTERSON. . . I902 AGENT HARLEM DISTRICT State registered nurse; graduate N. Y. City Hospital Training School, 1895; N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1904. Visitor, Investigation Bureau, 1902; assistant agent, Harlem District, 1902-06; agent, 1906—. Nurse N. Y. Juvenile Asylum, 1896; head nurse. City Hos- pital, Blackwell's Island, 1899-1902. GENEVIEVE M. SCOVILLE . . .ASSISTANT AGENT Syracuse Univ., B.L. 1898; N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1904. Visitor Investigation Bureau, 1904, 1905-06; assistant agent Hudson and Riverside Districts, 1904-05; assistant agent Harlem District, 1906—. ISABELLE SCHWARZ. . . I902 STENOGRAPHER 244 STAFF OF THE SOCIETY IDA KLEMME. . . I905 AGENT BRONX DISTRICT Educated in Germany; N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1906. Visitor Investigation Bureau, 1905-07; assistant agent Bronx District, January-September, 1907. EUDORA I. DAVIES. . . I907 ASSISTANT AGENT Graduate of the Baptist Training School, Philadelphia, 1902; N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 190G-07. Church visitor, 1902-07. HELEN VERONICA BRYAN. . . I902 STENOGRAPHER SPECIAL EMPLOYMENT BUREAU FOR THE HANDICAPPED JESSIE INNELA BELYEA . . . I905 AGENT Graduate Massachusetts General Hospital Training School, 1899; McLean Hospital for Insane, 1901; N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1905-06. Visitor- Investigation Bureau, 1905-06; special investigator, 1906-07. Investigator, Pa. Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 1906. .HENRY V. DUNN. . . I905 ASSISTANT AGENT Stenographer, Mendicancy Bureau, 1905-07. C. BEATRICE MASSON . . . I907 STENOGRAPHER Stenographer, Bronx District, 1907. >VOOD YARD FRANK L. HEBBERD. . . i8q8 SUPERINTENDENT ALGERNON A. JONES. . . 1897 .CLERK LAUNDRY M. ANTOINETTE WILLIAMS (mRS.) . . . I902 SUPERINTENDENT Interviewer, Joint Application Bureau, 1902; Assistant super- intendent, 1902-04; superintendent. Laundry, 1904 — . EVELYN GORHAM . . . I907 CASHIER MARI VITORISZ . . . I9OI FOREWOMAN KATHERINE A, MORAN . . . I904 LISTER ERNESTINE C. JORNS . . . I903 PACKER STAFF OF THE SOCIETY 245 PENNY PROVIDENT FUND CHARLES GOLDEN . . . 1888 / SECRETARY Office boy, 1888-90; assistant, 1890-1906; secretary, 1906—. THOMAS J. DE YENS. . . I907 CLERK THE NE^W YORH SCHOOL OF PHILANTHROPY* SAMUEL MCCUNE LINDSAY. . . I907 DIRECTOR Univ. of Pa., Ph.B. 1889; Univ. of Halle, Ph.D. 1892. Professor of Sociology, Univ. of Pa., 1896-1907; commissioner of education, Porto Rico, 1902-04; secretary National Child Labor Committee, 1904-07. Professor of Social Legislation, Columbia University; vice- ' chairman, National Child Labor Committee; member Committee on the Physical Welfare of School Children, advisory board National Consumers' League, Englewood Bureau of Associated Relief, Alliance Employment Bureau, N. Y. Child Labor Committee. Author of Price Movements of the Precious Metals since 1850, Social Reform Work in Philadeplphia, Railway Labor in the United States, Education in Porto Rico, conference papers, monographs, and magazine articles. ROSWELL CHENEY MCCREA . . . I907 ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR Haverford College, B.A. 1897; Cornell Univ., M.A. 1900; Univ. of Pa., Ph.D. 1901. Professor of Economics and Sociology, Bowdoin College, 1903-07. Author of reports, reviews, and articles on economic and sociological subjects, in technical journals and govern- ment publications. BELL V. PICKETT. . . I907 STENOGRAPHER HELEN PAGE BATES (mRS.) . . . IQ06 LIBRARIAN Wellesley B.A. 1883; Univ. of Wisconsin, Ph.D. 1896; N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1902. Columbia University Library, 1884-5; headworker Unity Set- tlement, Minneapolis, 1899-1901; associate headworker College Settlement, Philadelphia, 1901-02; Associate Sociological Librarian N. Y. State Library, 1902-06. ELSIE BOGART SANGER. . . IQ06 ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN Clerk, Charities Directory, 1906; assistant librarian, 1906 — . GERTRUDE GRAY . . . I907 CLERK IN LIBRARY ♦For complete list of lecturers and teachers see Year-Book of the School. 246 • STAFF OF THE SOCIETY CHARITIES AND THE COMMONS EDWARD T. DEVINE EDITOR See page 233. PAUL U. KELLOGG. . . I902 MANAGING EDITOR DIRECTOR PITTSBURG SURVEY N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1902; graduate courses, School of Political Science, Columbia University, 1902-5. Reporter and city editor, Kalamazoo (Mich.) Daily Tele- graph, 1898-1902. Assistant secretary N. C. C. C, 1904, 1905; N. Y. State Con- ference, 1903. Board of Managers Co-operative Social Settlement; member Committee for Improving the Industrial Condition of the Negro in New York; Educational Committee, Association of Neighborhood Workers. MARGARET MAYERS. . . I904. . SEC'y TO THE MANAGING EDITOR ARTHUR P. KELLOGG. . . I903 BUSINESS MANAGER N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1903. Five years' newspaper experience in Michigan and Chicago. Assistant editor, 1903-06; business manager, 1906 — . Assistant secretary N. C. C. C, 1906, 1907; N. Y. State Con- ference, 1904, 1905; member Press Committee N, C. C. C, 1908. GRAHAM ROMEYN TAYLOR .. .1905 WESTERN REPRESENTATIVE Harvard, B.A. 1903. Associated Press reporter. Assembly, N. Y. Legislature, 1904; associate editor The Commons, 1904-05. Resident Chicago Commons; secretary Playground Associa- tion of Chicago; secretary Chicago Federation of Settle- ments; member executive committee, Seventeenth Ward Community Club; City Club Committee on Buildings; Committee on Legislation, Illinois State Conference, 1908. Author of magazine articles. LEWIS E. PALMER. . . I906 EDITORIAL STAFF Cornell Univ., B.A. 1905; N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1906. BELLE LINDNER ISRAELS (mRS. C. H.) . . . I906. . .EDITORIAL STAFF Assistant to Committee on Entertainments and Exhibitions, Educational Alliance; publicity work for the United Hebrew Charities; previous to 1906. Assistant secretary, N. Y. State Conference, 1906, 1907; board of directors Council of Jewish Women, board of directors and executive committee, Travellers' Aid Society; board of governors. Prospect House, Yonkers; executive com- mittee Women's Conference, Society for Ethical Culture; chairman committee on Lakeview Home for Girls. Author of magazine articles on social subjects. / STAFF OF THE SOCIETY 247 KATHERINE LETITIA MAURICE (mRS.) . . . I906. . .EDITORIAL STAFF ARTHUR HUNTINGTON GLEASON . . . I907 .EDITORIAL STAFF Yale, B.A. 1901. Six years' newspaper and magazine experience. Settlement work in connection with Christodora House, 1903-7. NORVAL D. KEMP. .. 1907. . .EDITOR WHO's WHO IN SOCIAL WORK Four years' experience in compilation of city and national di- rectories. HAROLD M. FINLEY. . . I907 EDITORIAL STAFF Yale, B.A. 1906. Investigation and statistical work for the Federation of Churches, 1906-07. MARION P. SHERWOOD. . . I907 EDITORIAL STAFF Stenographer Western Office of Charities, April- July, 1907. Resident Greenwich House, 1907 — . FRANCIS H. MCLEAN. . . I907. FIELD SEC, FIELD DEPARTMENT Univ. of California, B.A. 1892; graduate work, Johns Hop- kins Univ., 1894, Columbia Univ., 1895, Univ. of Pa., 1897. Assistant secretary. Brooklyn Bureau of Charities, 1898-1900; special agent. Committee of Fifty; general secretary, Mon- treal Charity Organization Society, 1900-02; general district secretary Chicago Bureau of Charities, 1902-05; superin- tendent Brooklyn Bureau of Charities, 1905-7; superintend- ent. Rehabilitation Committee, San Francisco, 1906; resi- dent in settlements in New York, Brooklyn and Chicago, Chairman N. Y. State Conference Committee on the Care of the Poor in their Homes, 1907; member N. C. C. C Com- mittee on Needy Families, 1908; Advisory Committee, Asacog House; Committee on Exhibit of Congestion; chairman Committee on International Relations, National" Consumers' League. Author of monographs, conference papers, and magazine- articles on social subjects. FRIEND PITTS. . . I903 ADVERTISING MANAGER Fourteen years' experience as solicitor and advertising man- ager. CONSTANCE DAVIS LEUPP . . . T907. .' CIRCULATION MANAGER Bryh Mawr, B.A. 1903; N. Y. School of Philanthropy, 1907. Clerk, University of Chicago Press, 1906-07. JOSEPHINE CROWLEY. . . I904 SUBSCRIPTION CLERK Telephone operator, 1904; subscription clerk, 1904 — . 248 STAFF OF THE SOCIETY EDNA D. STRICKLAND. . . I907 CASHIER KATHRYN M. KEIL . . . I902 STENOGRAPHER Stenographer: Chelsea District, 1902-06; Central Office, 1906-07. EDITH E. RICHMOND. . . I905 STENOGRAPHER Stenographer, Registration Bureau, 1905-07. BERTHA A. PEPPEARD. . . I907 STENOGRAPHER Assistant superintendent, Dorothea Dix House, Boston, 1896-7. EDITH MAYNARD REYNOLDS. . . I907 STENOG., WESTERN OFFICE Mt. Holyoke, B.A. 1890; special student, Univ. of Chicago, 1895. DAISY MIER . . . 1907 COPYIST LOUISE A. SEIFFERTH. . . I907 RECEPTION CLERK Mailing clerk and multigraph operator, January-September, 1907. LOUISE BARTHOLOW MULTIGRAPH OPERATOR Resident Richmond Hill House, Little Italy Neighborhood House, and Greenwich House, 1904-07. WILLIAM REAGAN . . . I906 MAILING CLERK Office boy. Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis, 1906-07. Financial Statements AND Lists of Contributors FINANCIAL STATEMENTS STATEMENT OF PERMANE:NT FUNDS On September 30, 1907. Legacies, Memorial Funds, etc $177,230.43 U. C. B. Maintenance Fund 28,000.00 Library Endowment Fund 2,289.34 Carnegie Fresh Air Fund 5,000.00 Kennedy Endowment Fund,. School of Philanthropy 250,000.00 $462,519.77 Investment of Permanent Funds. U. C. B. Maintenance Fund, in control of Trustees (par value) , $28,000.00 Industrial Building 56.935.72 Northern Pacific R. R. bonds (par $11,000, 4%) 11,588.75 Third Ave. R. R. bonds (par $10,000, 4%) 10,125.00 N. Y. Gas, Electric Light, Heat and Power Co. bonds (par $10,000, 4%) ' 9,653.75 Hackensack Water Co. bonds (par $9,000, 4% ] m nnn nn N. Y. and N. J. R. R. bonds (par $2,500 5% \ iu,uuu.uu N. Y. City bond (par $3,000, 3%) 2,992.50 Provident Loan Society 328,175.00 Mortgage at 5% 5,000.00 Balance uninvested, September 30, 1907 49.05 $462,519.77 STATEMENT OF RUCEliPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS Tor the Year Ending September 30, 1907. Balance on hand Oct. 1, 1906. General Work • $2,088.53 School of Philanthropic 10,069.70 Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis 320.71 Tenement House Committee... 388.40 $12,867.34 §12,867.84 Receipts during year. General Work. Contributions $72,541.77 Investment Income 8,257.22 '. Loans. 20,500.00 Repayment of Loan to Charities P u b 1 ication Committee 3,000.00 Penny Provident Fund 500.00 Miscellaneous Publications. 36.19 Sale of Antiques 79.67 Transfer from Provident Relief Fund 3,260.55 108,175.40 School of Philanthropy. Registration Fees $2,128.90 Interest on Kennedy En- dowment Fund 11,250.00 Interest on Library En- dowment Fund 90.00 Interest on bank balance.. 100.77 Donation for Scholarships. 607.75 Donation for Research 1,000.00 15,177.42 Department for Improvement of Social Conditions. General Contributions $11,333.33 Tenement House Committee 1,401.12 Committee on the Preven- tion of Tuberculosis. Contributions 15,179,66 Sale of Publications.. 139.61 Transfer from Relief Fund 807.26 28,860.98 $152,213.80 $165,081.14 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 253 Disbursements during year. General Work (see Schedule A, this page) $101,354.89 School of Philanthropy (see Schedule B, page 254) 15,083.80 Department for Improvement of Social Conditions (see Schedule C, page 255) . . 20,274.00 $136,712.69 Balance on hand, September 30, 1907. General Work $8,981.85* School of Philanthropy 10,163.32 Department for Improvement of Social Conditions 9,223.28 28,368.45 $165,081.14 ♦The Society closed the year with a deficit of $7,518.15 in General Work, being the difference between the amount of unpaid loans, $16,500.00, and the balance on hand September 30, $8,981.85. SCHEDULE A. DiSBUBSEMENTS FOB GeNEBAL WOBK. Central Office. Salaries and Wages $20,141.75 Telephone, Telegraph and Messenger 593.12 Transportation and Express 480.57 News, Directories, etc 179.92 Stationery and Printing 2,152.58 Postage and Delivery 2,185.49 Furniture and Fittings 1,476.63 Rent 90.00 Sundry 578.78 $27,878.84 District Offices. Salaries and Wages $20,961.02 Telephone, Telegraph and Messenger 345.56 Transportation and Express. 470.93 Stationery and Printing 636.89 Postage and Delivery 264.34 Furniture and Fittings 132.67 Rent 3,413.00 Sundry 1,080.59 27,305.00 Registration Bureau. Salaries and Wages •. . . $5,157.05 Transportation and Express 190.59 Stationery and Printing 557.63 Postage and Delivery 153.52 Furniture and Fittings 314.57 Sundry 29.79 6,403.15 $61,586.99 254, FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Forward $61,586.99 Investigation Bureau. Salaries and Wages $10,946.34 Transportation and Express 888.37 Stationery and Printing 110.37 Sundry . . , 105.57 12,050.65 Joint Application Bureau. Saliiries and Wages $3,353.90 Sundry 7.02 3,360.92 Special Employment Bureau. Salaries and Wages $1,649.56 Transportation and Express 127.71 Stationery and Printing 276.22 Sundry 142.46 2,195 95 Mendicancy Bureau.* SrJzirics and Wages $1,947.60 Transportation and Express 246.62 Stationery and Printing 48.38 Postage and Delivery 35.30 Sundry 136.49 2,414.39 Charities Directory 429.60 Charities Publication Committee 2,910.00 Repayment of Loans 16,000.00 Interest on Loans 406.39 $101,354.89 * For period from October 1, 1906, to May 31, 1907; for subsequent period see Schedule C, page 255. SCHEDULE B. DiSBUBSEMENTS FOE THE SCHOOL OF PhH^ANTHEOPY. Administration. Salaries and Wages $5,719.97 Stationery and Printing 494.06 Postage and Delivery 217.25 Furniture and Fittings 213.42 Pent 1,320.00 Sundry 268.86 $8,233.56 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 255 Forward $8,233.56 Instruction. Lectures , |2,878.38 Fellowships and Scholarships 2,676.25 5,554.63 Library.* Salaries and Wages $812.50 Books and Bindings 389.15 Sundry 93.96 1,295.61 $15,083.80 * One half of the expense of salaries in the Library is met by Cen- tral Office and included in Schedule A, page 253. SCHEDULE C. disbuesements for the department for the improvement of soc'ial Conditions. General. Salaries and Wages $5,509.09 Telephone, Telegraph and Mess- enger 35.13 Transportation and Express.... 487.82 News, Directories, etc 90.84 Stationery and Printing. 227.46 Postage and Delivery 138.44 Furniture and Fittings 441.07 . Sundry. 528.09 Rent 697.36 $8,155.30 Tenement House Committee. Salaries and Wages $359.15 Sundry . 103.01 462.16 Mendicancy Bureau.* Salaries and Wages $306.00 Sundry 92.41 398.41 $9,015.87 * For period from June 1, 1907, to September 30, 1907; for previous period see Schedule A, page 253. 256 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Forward $9,015.87 Committee on the Prevention of Tu- berculosis. General. Salaries and wages $2,694.17 Transportation, Express, Tel- egraph and Postage 541.62 Stationery and Printing 1,317.15 Furniture and Fittings 331.85 Rent 335.55 Exhibits 1,559.55 Lectures 329.72 Newspapers 666.43 Advertising 214.20 Investigations 150.00 Repayment of Loan to Relief Fund 1,000.00 Sundry 39.95 9,180.19 Administration of Relief. Salaries and Wages $1,015.00 Furniture and Fittings 90.00 Day Camp 797.82 Sundry 175.12 2,077.94 $11,258.13 $20,274.00 We have audited the receipts and disbursements of the Current Funds of the Cbarity Organization Society of the City of New York, for the year ended September 30, 1907, and We hereby certify that the foregoing statement is correct. (Signed) • Haskins & Sells, Certified Public Accountants. New York, November 11, 1907. STATEMENT OF RELIEF OBTAINED AND DISTRIBUTED For the Year Ending September 30, 1907 Balance on Hand, October 1, 1906. Provident Relief: General $2,236.40 Loan Fund 18,301.75 — $20,538.15 Tuberculosis Relief 8,268.47 For Special Cases 6,205.71 $35,012.33 Receipts Dueing Yeab. Provident Relief: " General Contributions $36,020.00 Income U. C. B. Maintenance Fund . . 1,650.50 Interest 855.10 Refunds 1,041.20 Sale of Antiques 69.68 $39,636.48 Loan Fund, Interest $50.00 Refunds 471.50 521.50 — $40,157.98 Tuberculosis Rfelief: Contributions $5,728.37 Return of Loan from C. P. T 1,000.00 Interest 136.20 Refunds 168.23 7,032.80 For Special Cases: Newspaper appeals $5,511.25 Churches and societies, New York. . 2,052.22 Churches and societies, other cities 2,444.05 Other private sources 16,113.01 Interest on bank balance. 391.80 Refunds 270.86 26,783.19 $73,973.97 $108,986.30 258 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Disbursements During Year: Provident Relief: General Relief $37,264.41 Administration 2,660.55 $39,924.96 Loan 4,820.00 Tuberculosis Relief: Relief $13,548.53 Administration 1,752.74 15,301.27 For Special Cases 26,013.76 Balance on Hand Septembee 30, 1907. Provident Relief: General $1,792.26 Loan Fund 14,003.25 $15,795.51 Tuberculosis Relief 220.32 For Special Cases 6,910.48 $86,059.09 $22,926.31 $108,986.30 We have audited the Statement of Relief Obtained and Distributed by The Charity Organization Society of the City of New York, for the year ended September 30, 1907, and We hereby Certify that the foregoing statement is correct. (Signed) Haskins & Sells, Certified Public Accountants. New York, November 11, 1907. RIIPORT or THE TRI:ASUKE,R or THE INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AND ATV^OODYARD For tHe Year Ending September 30, 1907. Sales of Wood Cut in Yard $34,209.50 Cost of Sales of Wood Cut in Yard. Wood: Inventory, Oct. 1, 1906, Kindling and Stick Wood $4,680.00 Purchases of Stick Wood • 16,554.12 $21,234.12 Less Inventory, Sept. 30, 1907, Kindling and Stick Wood 2,614.56 Prime Cost of Wood $18,619.56 Cutting: Wao^es of Regular Employes $1,626.84 Wages of Men with Homes 2,669.45 Expenses for Lodging and Meals of Single Men (in lieu of Wages) 1,451.80 Cost of Cutting 5,747.59 Delivery : Wages of Drivers and Helpers on Wagons $3,829.02 Horse Hire 440.25 Keep of Horses 1,821.87 Cost of Delivery 6,091.14 Cost of Wood Sold from the Yard. $30,458.29 Gross Profit from Sales of Wood Cut in Yard. $3,751.21 Sales of Wood on Commission $12,805.25 Cost of Commission Sales 11,201.95 Gross Profit from Commission Sales 1,603.30 Gross Profit from All Sales of Wood $5,354.51 26o FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Expenses. Salaries of Superintendent and Clerk $1,800.00 Wages of Engineer and Watchman 1,359.39 Coal 439.47 Repairs. 549.51 Supplies 652.31 Insurance 72.65 Stationery and Printing 1,076.81 Telephone and Transportation 138.51 Auditing 260.00 Sundry Expenses 277.08 Pension 90.00 $6,715.73 Less, Charged to Laundry. 776.25 Total Expenses $5,939.48 Reserve for Bad Debts 200.00 6,139.48 Net Loss from Operation of Wood Yard. . . $784.9'i( Income from Sundry Sources. Sales of Tickets. $1,461.00 Donations 25.00 Interest on Bank Deposits 10.24 1,496.24 Net Income for Year ended Sept. 30, 1907. . $711.27 JOHNSTON DE FOREST, Treasurer. I have examined the books of the Industrial Building and Woodyard of the Charity Organization Society for the year ending September 30, 1907, and I HEREBY CERTIFY that the above statement is correct. Godfrey N. Nelson, Certified Public Accountant. REPORT or the: treasurer of the laundry For the Year Ending September 30, 1907 EXPENDITUBES. Pay Roll $16,751.43 Expenses 4,054.21 Repairs to elevator and other equipment 250.94 Purchase of new equipment 107.50 $21,164.08 Income. Amount charged for laundry work done $20,086.66 Lessons 14.50 I f n 1 ni 1 fi Loss on business for year $1,062.92 Received from Mrs. J. P. Morgan $25.00 " Miss Annie Stone 206.00 " Mr. Otto T. Bannard 25.00 " Mrs. George Blagden 25.00 " Miss Grace H. Dodge 25.00 " Mrs. James J. Higginson 50.00 " Mrs. George Zabriskie 10.00 " Mr. James B. Ford 50.00 " Mr. William P. Clyde 25.00 " Mr. William A. Reade 25.00 " " Mr. Clarence M. Hyde 100.00 " Mr. E. P. Button 25.00 " Mr. Samuel McCauley Jackson. 15.00 " Mrs. Frank Lynde Stetson 25.00 " Mrs. Edwin Parsons 25.00 " Mr. James Douglas 25.00 " Mr. F. M. Warburg 25.00 . " " Mr. Robert S. Brewster 25.00 . " Mrs. J. C. Hoagland 25.00 " Mr. F. N. Goddard 25.00 " Mrs. Cleveland H. Dodge 50.00 " Mrs. H. S. Harkness 50.00 " Miss G. W. Sargent 25.00 " Miss M. H. Maynard 10.00 $916.00 2b2 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Forward $916.00 30.00 Received from Mrs. R. T. Auchmuty Mrs. Richard M. Hoe 25.00 Mrs. W. C. Osborn 25.00 Mrs. Frederic S. Lee 25.00 Miss Mary M. Billings 25.00 Mrs. William Milton 30.00 Mrs. H. L. Satterlee 25.00 Mrs. Lansdale Boardman 5.00 Mrs. M. W. White 25.00 Mrs. Russell Sturgis 5.0t) Mrs. J. D. Archbold 25.00 Mr. Robert W. de Forest 25.00 Mr. V. Everit Macy... 10.00 Mr. William McN. Purdy 5.00 Mr. F. H. Cravath 10.00 Miss Elizabeth G. King 5.00 Mrs. Edwin L. Bulkley 15.00 Miss Faith Moore 25.00 Mr. E. M. Grinnell 25.00 Total E. M. $1,28] .00 grinnj:ll, Treasurer. We have examined the books and records of the Laundry of the Charity Organization Society of New York for the year ended Sep- tember 30, 1907, and We hereby, certify that the above statement of Expenditures, In- come, and Donations is correct. (Signed) Haskins & Sells, Certified Public Accountants. CHARITIES AND THE COMMONS-. FINANCIAL STATEMENT For the Year Ending September 30, 1907 GENERAL FUND. Balance on hand October 1, 1906 , $84.15 Receipts During Yeab. Subscriptions $11,616.83 Advertising 4,067.99 Books, reprints, etc 2,443.38 Guarantors' Fund 14,500.00 General contributions 11,408.51 Charity Organization Society contribu- tion 2,910.00 46,946.71 $47,030.86 Disbursements During Year. Editorial and educational $11,873.70 Publishing 27,989.33 Advertising 2,752.08 ' Books, reprints, etc 2,492.42 Press service 1,132.83 46,240.86 Balance on hand September 30, 1907 . . $790.50 FIELD DEPARTMENT. Receipts During Year. Dues : ! t . . . $485.00 Sales ; 14.00 $509.00 Deficit October 1, 1906 ^ 24.80 $484.20 264 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DiSBUESEMENTS DUBING YEAB. Salaries and wages $78.55 Printing and stationery 12.20 Postage 21.55 Sundry expenses 52.24 Railroad expenses 200.00 364.54 Balance on hand September 30, 1907.. $119.66 PITTSBURGH FUND. (Fob the Nine Months Ending Septembeb 30, 1907.) Receh'ts. Donations $5,365.t)0 DiSBUBSEMENTS. Salaries and wages $2,207.10 Railroad expenses 329.45 Generai expenses 1,730.08 4,266.63 Balance on hand September 30, 1907... $1,098.37 We have audited the receipts and disbursements of the publication Charities and the Commons for the year ended September 30, 1907, and We heeeby certify that the foregoing statement is correct. (Signed) Haskins & Sells, Certified Public Accountants. New York, November 11, 1907. The certificates of the auditors appended to the Statement of Receipts and Disbursements, the Statement of Relief Obtained and Distributed, the Report of the Treasurer of the Industrial Building and Wood Yard, the Report of the Treasurer of. the Laundry, and the Financial State- ment of Charities and The Commons, 'are approved by the Committee on Audit of Accounts. w' - • (Si^fied^v^CiiAKLES E. Merrill, Otto T. Bannard, Robert S. 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