5-65" 
 
 
 
 -NRLF 
 
 1t,<c. t«:v?X^^Cf; 
 
 ::'^J^f^ 
 
 ^?^ 
 
 ^-^cc«: 
 
 ^^t. 
 
 ia^ 
 
 V-;^ r^^v^ 
 
 ^*r<ec 
 
 
 
 
 
 <: c c: <: «:c 
 
 
 
 -*^ -^ 
 
 in 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^^. «- 
 
 
 
0^ 
 
 U' 
 
 :i./^iia 
 
 University of California. 
 
 GMTTT OIT 
 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 Microsoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/farmerspracticalOOmennmrich 
 
THE FARMER'S 
 
 PRACTICAL 
 
 HAND-BOOK 
 
 OF 
 
 Agricdltdral Chemistry 
 
 COMPILED BY 
 
 W. W. MEMMINGER, M. D.. 
 ft 
 
 CHEMIST ETlWAN WOEKS. 
 
 CHAHLESTOK, S. C. 
 
 Walker, eyans & gogswell, printers, 
 
 Nos. 8 Broad and 109 East Bay Streets. 
 1876, 
 
(o I- 
 
 Entered aeeordi-'g to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by 
 
 W. W. MFIMMINGKR, 
 
 Chemist of Sulphuric Acid and Superphosphate Co., 
 
 in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 
 
 2,/ V ^-t^ 
 
TO THE FARMERS OF THE SOUTH 
 
 An effort has been made to place in your hands a pamphlet 
 containing useful knowledge. No originality is claimed as we 
 have been largely indebted for our factg and figures to several 
 notable works on agricultural chemistry. In some instances 
 the text has been copied, and in others re-written. Among those 
 books chiefly used, are American Manures, and Johnson, Sibson 
 and Morfit's publications. 
 
 It has been written for the use of the customers of the Etiwan 
 Company, and is intended to convey to them practical hints as 
 to the use of our Fertilizers. 
 
 1 am indebted to a farmer friend for the introductory chapter, 
 and for the article prescribing the proportion of composted fer- 
 tilizers to be used on different grades of land. 
 
 It is hoped that you will, in the course of this year, supply 
 im with practical information, so as to enable us to revise and 
 republish an improved edition next year. 
 
 W. W. MEMMINGEB, M. D., 
 
 Chemist Etiwan Works. 
 
CHAPTER I. yf V-^ OF^mii -^~ 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 INTEODUCTION. 
 
 The use of commercial fertilizers has become a necessity of 
 our age and situation. 
 
 There are those who cavil, and say the sale of guanos will 
 ruin the country. The only answer we have to make is the 
 fact that the average planter has sense enough to know, after 
 the test of seven or eight years, that he makes annually a profit 
 by the purchase, and use of the same. 
 
 That the annual sale of such manures increases and will in- 
 crease; that England and Belgium both use more commercial 
 fertilizers than the entire United States, though the area of 
 the two countries combined is less than one-sixtieth the area of 
 the United States. 
 
 The abuse of commercial fertilizers is to be regretted, and is a 
 source of loss to the careless and slovenly farmer. 
 
 Among the abuses we may reckon: 
 
 1st. The application of a good fertilizer to improperly cleared, 
 or wet and undrained lands, or to lands destitute of vegetable 
 mattei', neither of which can make a proper return, or the 
 careless and improper cultivation of any lands of any grade on 
 which such fertilizers are used. 
 
 2nd. The purchase of spurious and worthless articles, simply 
 because they are considered cheap, and are sold on accommo- 
 dating terms. 
 
 That class who improperly use and always abuse the sale of 
 fertilizers are always subject to imposition by designing manip- 
 ulators. They lay themselves open and fall a ready prey to the 
 designing seller. » 
 
 This pamphlet is gotten up for the use of, and addressed to 
 the planters of cotton, tobacco, and those crops raised south of 
 tbe Potomac, and east of the Mississippi Kiver. If the intelli- 
 gent planter in that section will for a moment consider, he will 
 see that the Charleston Basin is his natural source of supply so 
 far as bone phosphate of lime is concerned, nor can he see any 
 sensible reason why these crude phosphates should be shipped 
 to Boston, or any other point North, to be worked up, and in 
 some cases adulterated, and returned to him for use, whilst 
 the competition between our own manipulators is so great that 
 he can reasonably expect the price to be low enough for no un- 
 reasonable profits 10 be left in the hands of the manufacturers. 
 
 A hue and cry comes from all corners of the land to raise 
 money and build cotton factories. Every cotton planter longs 
 
6 
 
 to see the day in which every pound of cotton he produces will 
 be spun into yarn or woven into cloth by machinery driven 
 by the neighboring streams. He tells the capitalist that these 
 factories pay twenty to thirty per cent, net profit. The Charles- 
 ton manipulators of fertilizers have not pocketed the one-half 
 of that net profit from the commencement of the work until to- 
 day. Yet the farmers, who have money, would never dream of 
 exacting less than eighteen per cent, from one another for its 
 use, and it is the experience of the writer, himself a farmer, 
 that cotton lands pay better dividends either directly or in en- 
 hanced value, than phosphate stocks, and these stocks are ever 
 on the market, and heretofore generally under par; and why 
 have not the farmers, who are capitalists, bought them up? 
 The truth is the men who invested money in these manufacto- 
 ries were men who have other interests in and around the City 
 of Charleston, and it was more with the hope of improving and 
 enhancing the values of such other properties that these invest- 
 ments were made, than with a view of making extraordinary 
 profits on the investments made. 
 
 The facilities for manufacturing superphosphates are as good 
 or better in this city than they are at any other point on this 
 continent. 
 
 The immense supply of bone, the character and area of which 
 beds are hereafter described, afford an inexhaustible supply of 
 bone phosphate of lime. The superphosphate made from it 
 is the principal base of all complete fertilizers, and, used alone, or 
 in combination with domestic supplies of ammonia and potash, 
 will supply all the wants of the farmer, so far as a commercial 
 fertilizer is needed. The Etiwan Company has for several 
 years shipped to the consumers, at $35 per ton on board the 
 cars, a twenty-four per cent, soluble bone phosphate of lime, 
 which would yield eleven per cent, soluble phosphoric acid, and 
 about forty-five per cent, sulphate of lime, or land plaster. If 
 we reckon the value of this compound as based solely on the 
 amount of soluble phosphoric aeid, it would cost sixteen cents 
 per pound. But if the farmer will agree that sulphate of lime, 
 or land plaster, is worth $10 per ton, or one-half cent per pound, 
 it would give as the value of the land plaster in a ton of twen- 
 ty-four per cent, dissolved bone, $4.50, which would reduce the 
 price of phosphoric acid to fourteen cents per pound; and if 
 you reckon the value of the small amount of insoluble bone 
 phosphate of lime contained in it as of any value, even to less 
 than that amount. The same company has also shipped a 
 twenty-nine per cent, soluble bone phosphate at $38, which, 
 basing its value solely on phosphoric acid, would give it at 
 fourteen cents per pound, or, taking off one-half cent per pound 
 for the sulphate lime contained, would reduce the value of 
 phosphoric acid to twelve and one-third cents per pound, or, 
 giving any value to the insoluble bone phosphate of lime, to even 
 less than that price. 
 
If articles of this character are purchased for cash they are 
 cheap. If the farmer will purchase on credit he must pay for 
 it as he does for other articles purchased in the same way. 
 How many of them gjive $1.65 to $2 per bushel for corn on 
 credit — about fifty per cent, over the cash value, and yet, with 
 hat in hand, thank the merchant that is so kind as to credit them 
 with it. 
 
 The writer of this article constantly hears the hue and cry, 
 that the country is ruined. The farmer^ are all bankrupt, &c 
 He contends that such is not the case The terrible results of 
 our late revolution, the sudden emancipation of our slaves, and 
 the upheaval and other confusion consequent upon the same, 
 produced flrreat confusion and much trouble, and in many cases 
 utter bankruptcy. Even in this- terrible state the farmer and 
 planter has stood firm, and defying all difficulties and annoy- 
 ances, and made his bread, fed and clothed his wife and chil- 
 dren, aptly demonstrating the fact that the handfull of men 
 who struggled against the combined world for liberty and self- 
 government for the long period of five years, are, and will be, 
 no ordinary race of men. 
 
 It was much to be regretted that immediately after the close 
 of the war, the free negro labor of the country was so disagree- 
 able to work with, that our most active-minded and energetic 
 men rushed at once to other lines of business, when such 
 offered, thinking it either impossible to make a living farming 
 or too unpleasant a way of living. Yet many, who were un- 
 willing, and some from choice, tied to the plow handles, have 
 succeeded, and when we remember that we were en masse 
 insolvent in April, 1865, and our country desolated by war, we 
 may look around with astonishment and see many of our num- 
 ber "comfortably to do" in the world, well off, and many the 
 base and under-pinning of solid wealth in hand. 
 
 The energetic planter of to-day is, in a measure, educated to 
 the new order of things, and he has been through the chaos 
 and confusion resulting from our conquered situation. Armed 
 with ten years' experience, he will succeed, and there are those 
 now living who will accumulate boundless wealth dug from the 
 soil. 
 
 Our downfall was so sudden, the ills we were called on to 
 bear so many, that it is not to be wondered at that we have 
 almost become a race of grumblers and croakers. The farmers 
 may now cheer up ; a brighter day is rapidly dawning, and, 
 with a profound state of peace for twenty years, the Southern 
 staple crops of cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco, will generate 
 boundless and untold wealth. In 1865 and 1866, our staple 
 crops were planted and worked with capital borrowed, at 2J 
 per cent, per month, by parties north of Mason and Dixon's 
 line. Now they are made by either the planter's own capital, 
 or by that advanced to him by the Southern factors or mer- 
 
8 
 
 chants. The South has accumulated capital enough in ten years 
 to plant and cultivate its own staple crops. As soon aa the farmer 
 can accumulate capital enough within himself to pay cash for 
 his labor, daily, weekly, or monthly, he can manage and ma- 
 nipulate the "hewers of wood and drawers of water," his em- 
 ployees ; and the men who have prospered, we may say, belong 
 exclusively to the Anglo-Saxon race, who must and will control 
 the real estate and money of this country in all time to come. 
 
 If our croakers will look North they will find "all is not gold 
 that glitters," and that our conquerors and wealthy neighbors 
 have skeletons that dwell daily in their households. The terri- 
 ble struggle, the endless strife, and strikes that are daily taking 
 place between capital and its enchained slaves — men of the 
 same race — the soup-houses of Northern cities, the statistics of 
 crime — all show plainly that the mighty North has its own in- 
 nate ills, most of which, thank God, we are free from. 
 
 Your first accumulated capital is invested in lands, buildings, 
 and improvements; second, stock and tools to work the same ; 
 third, an investment in provisions and feed for one season; 
 fourth, capital in cash to pay for all needful supplies purchased 
 before you realize from the sale of crops, and wherewith to pay 
 your wages to laborers;* and with this much in hand, with in- 
 dustry and energy, you must and will succeed; if you follow the 
 farm for life, it will feed you and make you independent. 
 
 One source of accumulated wealth is in the permanent im- 
 provement of land. The improved annual production is abso- 
 lutely necessary with hired labor to leave you margins for 
 profits. Both the annual increase of crops and permanent 
 Improvement of lands may be made by the judicial use of 
 commercial fertilizers. Yet, as a general thing, your capitals 
 are so limited that you must purchase so that every dollar in- 
 vested will produce the greatest possible return in the shortest 
 possible time. To do this you must always buy the most highly 
 soluble manures, and those are cheapest to you in the most 
 
 * The capital now required to operate a plantation is, first, that invested 
 in land ; second, the amount of money in shape of cash in hand equal to the 
 interest on the value of the slave property that formerly operated the same 
 plantation, and that interest may be put down at three to five per cent. 
 
 Suppose, before the war, a plantation of five hundred acres had on it 
 thirty slaves, six mules, etc. Averaginsj the slaves at $600 we will have 
 $18,000; seven per cent, interest on this $1,260, at five per cent., $900, which 
 is ample to run a five hundred acre cotton place, operated with six mules. 
 Hence the farmer of to-day requires only the interest at five per cent, as 
 cash in hand to operate a plantation on which he once used the entire prin- 
 cipal. The man of the olden time replies, but the increase of the negro 
 property. We of the new school reply, but the loss by death ; rate the 
 clothing and doctor's bills, the feeding of young negroes, dead-heads, 
 superannuated, etc. Now you feed one ration for one day's work. The 
 young negro raising and the old dead-head falls on the laborer, and he will 
 find it will consume his as it once did all of your profits. 
 
9 
 
 concentrated form, as a ton of dirt costs as much freight as the 
 richest ton of fertilizer. 
 
 Your means of judging these are by actual test, and by analy- 
 ses of parties in whom you can place confidence, and the nearer 
 these parties are to your own home the better the security. 
 
 To enable you to understand the uses and values of commer- 
 cial fertilizers, some knowledge of chemistry is absolutely 
 necessary. The education of not one in one hundred farmers 
 is such as to enable him to read and understand a standard 
 scientific work couched in technical language. The object of 
 this pamphlet is to supply the farmer with an abridged trea- 
 tise on Agricultural Chemistry, written in English, without the 
 use of technical terms as far as the use of the same can be 
 avoided, and it is hoped it may serve a good end. 
 
 Much money is spent in printer's ink to publish clap-trap ad- 
 vertisements to aid in the sale of fertilizers. This Company 
 prefers to print for the benefit of its customers a pamphlet con- 
 taining solid information, which, having been copyrighted, can 
 be reprinted from year to year and revised if the farmers appre- 
 ciate the same, and we trust it may be in some part, as it were, 
 "A Poor Richard's Almanac," and known as such. 
 
 Some articles following will enable you to comprehend the 
 nature of the manufacture of commercial fertilizers and the 
 uses of the same. 
 
 A knowledge of the various soils and properties of the same; 
 the chemistry of plants ; the application of commercial fertili- 
 zers ; the value of domestic manures ; the compost pile and 
 sources from which it may be made up to profit and advantage; 
 together with certain tabulated analyses of soils, plants, and 
 fertilizers. 
 
 Charleston, S, C, October, 1875. 
 
10 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 GROWTH OF PIjANTS AND MOLES OP IMPROVING. 
 
 In discussing the subject of Agricultural Chemistry we will 
 consider the three systems under which the growth of plants 
 may be classified. 
 
 1st. The natural, or normal system. 
 
 2d. The system whereby the natural or normal yield is main- 
 tained. 
 
 3d. The system called "high-farming," whereby it is sought 
 to double or even treble the natural yield. 
 
 In all these systems certain conditions, such as soil, moisture, 
 air, heat, light, electricity, must be constant ; any great excess 
 or deficiency in these physical conditions rendering plant life 
 impossible. 
 
 Soils are the result of the disintegration of rocks, and are, 
 therefore, as variable in chemical composition as are the rocks 
 from which they are derived. The way in which the disinte- 
 gration is accomplished is this : 
 
 No rock, however compact, is impervious to water. Water, 
 as rain, therefore, holding in solution carbonic acid and oxygen, 
 coming in contact with a rock penetrates it, and yielding up 
 these gases to the elements for which they have an affinit}^ 
 renders them soluble in the water ; thus the rock breaks up from 
 having some of its particles continually removed, so that if we 
 should suppose a block of granite to be exposed to these condi- 
 tions for an indefinite time, we would have it at first solid, 
 then gradually disintegrated, next the mica and feldspar, pul- 
 verulent and fine, while the quartz remains massive, and lastly, 
 all in solution but the clay and sand. 
 
 There is a property of soils which is of great importance in 
 agriculture, and without which plant life would be difficult. 
 This is the "absorptive power;" by this the soil absorbs and 
 stores in itself nutritious substances both from aqueous solu- 
 tions and from the atmosphere; and more, it even effects de- 
 composition, so as to retain the useful and eliminate the useless 
 material. 
 
 Thus if we apply to a soil a soluble chloride or sulphate, as 
 potassic chloride or sulphate, a decomposition will take place ; 
 for if we pour on water we will find that the hydrochloric or 
 sulphuric acid will leach out combined with lime, while the 
 potash will be retained. 
 
 In geaeral the soil absorbs the base and sets the acid free. 
 Phosphoric acid is, however, a striking exception, for this acid 
 
11 
 
 is absorbed by soils in preference to most bases, and if in the 
 compound both acid and base were necessary to vegetation, as 
 in phosphate of potash, we would find that the soil absorbed 
 them both in proportion to their degree of necessity. 
 
 On the atmosphere, the absorptive power of the soil is also 
 freely exerted, taking therefrom air,' carbonic acid, ammonia, 
 water. 
 
 These physical conditions of plant-life being present, let us 
 consider now the normal or natural system of plant growth. 
 
 If we take a plant and burn it we find that the greater 
 portion is dissipated in the atmosphere, and there remains an 
 ush, which we find, by analysis, to contain some of the elements 
 which compose the surface of our earth. If we continue our 
 experiment, we will find that thouarh the relative amounts of 
 these various ash-constituents vary in different plants, and even 
 in different organs of the same plant, yet the greater portion of 
 them are invariably present. If we now plant seed in a soil so 
 prepared that these ash constituents are absent, the plant will 
 not grow ; they are, therefore, necessary for the growth of the 
 plant and must exist in the soil in such a condition as to be 
 capable of assimilation. 
 
 This is accomplished, as we have seen, by the atmospheric 
 (meteorological) phenomena which gradually decompose the 
 silicates and other insoluble salts existing in the soil, and sets 
 free these ash-constituents in a state capable of being dissolved 
 by water and absorbed by the plant. 
 
 These ash constituents, therefore, form one important part of 
 the food necessary for plants and must be supplied by the soil ; 
 they have, therefore, been called " ash-food." 
 
 The other portion of the plant which was dissipated by burn- 
 ing, we find by analysis to be composed of carbon, hydrogen, 
 oxygen, and nitrogen. These are equally important and essen- 
 tial, and, as the atmosphere is their source, we call them "air- 
 food." 
 
 The carbonic acid of the atmosphere is under the influence of 
 light decomposed by the leaves of plants, the carbon being 
 assimilated, while the oxygen is returned for the use of animals. 
 Plants are in fact the world's scavengers, and render the earth 
 inhabitable by animals. Animals breathe in oxygen from the 
 atmosphere and exhale carbonic acid. This gas is poisonous and 
 if suffered to accumulate in the atmosphere, would soon cause 
 the death of all warm blooded animals ; but the plants seize it, 
 and, taking what is necessary for themselves, return the pure 
 oxygen for the use of the animals. 
 
 If we turn to Geology we see this beautifully exemplified. 
 At one period the atmospiiere, from igneous and other causes, was 
 reeking with moisture, and so filled with carbonic acid that 
 animal life, with the exception of some of the lower orders of 
 cold blooded reptiles, was impossible. During this period, called 
 
12 
 
 the carboniferous period, plant life flourished most luxuriantly, 
 and the gigantic conifers and other growths of that day cleansed 
 the atmosphere and rendered higher life possible by decompos- 
 ing the deleterious carbonic acid, returning the life-bearing 
 oxygen, and storing the carbon for man's future use in the vast 
 coal measures of the world. 
 
 Nitrogen also, in this normal condition of vegetation, is sup- 
 plied by the atmosphere, and is always taken up in the form of 
 ammonia, which exists in the air, and is generally collected by 
 rain and dew, which also furnish the remaining elements of 
 plant food, viz : oxygen and hydrogen. 
 
 Now all these substances which constitute the plant food, 
 both those supplied by the soil, and those supplied by the 
 atmosphere, must not only be present, but present in the 
 relative quantity required by the plant for it to grow; no one 
 of them can can be absent or even present in too small quan- 
 tity without the plant failing to grow and mature ; hence, 
 normal vegetation depends upon the available amount of that 
 constituent^of the plant food which is present in least quantity. 
 
 In addition to these elements of plant food, there must be a 
 matrix in which the food is, and which may at times supply 
 some of the elements of the food, sustaining it also in its proper 
 position, and protecting it from vicissitudes of climate. This is 
 the vegetable mould or humus mixed with clay and sand. 
 
 Let us now review the normal or natural system of vegeta 
 tion in its totality. A tree springs up, assimulates all its ash- 
 food from the soil, and all its air-food from the atmosphere ; it 
 arrives at maturity and dies; as soon as dead, decay, which is 
 the same thing as slow combustion, sets in, and our analysis 
 proceeds; all the materials which were derived from the at- 
 mosphere being returned to it, except humus, while the soil 
 receives the ash-food back again. 
 
 In this system the exhaustion of ash-food from the soil is not 
 possible: on the contrary, by the action of the atmosphere on 
 the soil more ash-food is rendered available, so that the amount 
 is constantly increasing. 
 
 The second system, whereby the natural yield is maintained, 
 presents some very different characteristics. 
 
 This system only obtains where the produce of the soil is 
 used for the wants of man and animals. Here there is some- 
 thing carried away, so that the materials of the soil are con- 
 stantly decreasing; thus, in a wheat crop, making fifteen bush- 
 els per acre, there is carried off annually from the soil by the 
 grain eight lbs. of phosphoric acid and seven lbs. of potash ; 
 and should the straw be also exported, there will be an addi- 
 tional drain of six pounds phosphoric acid and ten lbs. potash. 
 Total, 14 and 18 pounds. 
 
 This excessive loss of mineral material, if recurring yearly, 
 can by no means be restored by the slow method of atmospheric 
 
13 
 
 action, so that under such a system it is certain the crop will 
 continually diminish in quantity and quality, until at last the 
 land will cease to produce. 
 
 As this result becomes manifest by experience, remedies are 
 sought, and the system of " bare " fallowing was adopted ; for 
 by allowing the land to remain idle for one or two years after 
 one or two crops have been gathered, the materials abstracted 
 by the plant are in some measure returned by atmospheric 
 action. 
 
 As this system required a large amount of land prepared for 
 culture, it was not found very profitable, and has been very 
 generally abandoned ; in its place " rotation " has succeeded. 
 
 The principle of rotation rests upon the fact that different 
 plants take from the soil different quantities of its mineral 
 constituents, so that though a soil deficient in some constituent 
 will not grow a plant which requires much of that material, 
 still it will grow and mature other plants, which either do not 
 use that constituent, or use it in less quantity. 
 
 In " rotation" we grow plants whose demand for some of the 
 materials of the soil is less than were the preceding, so that by 
 the time the rotation is completed, the materials required for 
 the first crop have been restored by atmospheric action. 
 
 In the third system, or the system of " high-farming," it is 
 sought to raise the greatest amount of fruit per acre, and conse- 
 quently to carry off from the soil the greatest amount of avail- 
 able substances which form the seed. 
 
 The increase of the weed of the plant is of no importance, 
 hence it will be seen that a morbid growth is demanded, that is, 
 a greater amount of seed should be yielded than is normally 
 proportioned to the weed. 
 
 In this system, therefore, the plant must be furnished not 
 only with a greater amount of ash and air- food than is normal- 
 ly present, but they must also be so proportioned as to produce 
 this morbid growth of fruit. This is done by manuring; we 
 must stimulate the plant to assimilate those materials which 
 compose the fruit, and those materials must be supplied in an 
 easily available state, and in an abundant quantity ; if, there- 
 fore, we apply to the soil a compound of air and of ash-food in 
 just proportions, and in an easily available (that is, highly solu- 
 ble) state, all the conditions of " high-farming" are fulfilled. 
 
 It is evident that we cannot increase the atmosphere, but we 
 can add it to the soil, either by growing certain crops, as peas 
 and clover, which absorb large quantities of air food from the 
 atmosphere, and then plough them in; or, more quickly, we can 
 at once apply to the soil nitrogenous compounds, as the nitrates, 
 ammoniacal salts, etc. The system, then, of " high-farming " 
 demands an application yearly to the soil of a mixture or ma- 
 nure composed of the ash-food of the plant, and especially of 
 the seed in a soluble state, together with some nitrogenous 
 
14 
 
 compound. The highly concentrated fertilizers of commerce 
 only in part meet this requisition, as they only contain the most 
 necessary ingredients of plant food, and many of the physical 
 uses of farm manure would be lost if they were used alone, such 
 as heat, humus, porosity. 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 THE SOIL. 
 
 ORIGIN OF SOILS. 
 
 The greater part of the surface of the land is covered by a 
 mixture of stones of various sizes, clay, sand, and other mineral 
 substances, together with a variable quantity of decaying vege- 
 table matter — this is the soil. In some places it exists onlj- in 
 patches and thin layers on the surface of rocks, and affords only 
 a scant growth of mosses, lichens, etc., while elsew here it will be 
 found as a deep mass of vegetable mould, so fertile that the 
 crudest cultivation will produce heavy crops of all the crops 
 necessary for man and animals. Between these extremes are 
 found all the varieties with which we are familiar. 
 
 Soils are classified agriculturally, according to their composi- 
 tion and texture, into sandy, containing only ten per cent, clay, 
 sandy loam, containing 30-40 p. c. clayZo^w containing 40-70 p. c. 
 of clay. When it contains 70-85 p. c. of clay, it is called a day 
 loam; from 85-90 of clay a strony clay,^% for bricks, and if it 
 contains no sand, it is called pipe clay. If a soil contains more 
 than five per cent, of lime it is called amarley soil ; if more than 
 twenty per cent, a calcareous soil j and if the soil consists almost 
 entirely of vegetable matter, it is called a peaty soil or bog earth. 
 
 Geologically, soils are divided into two kinds, soils of disinte- 
 gration and soils of transport. The.former are found lying on the 
 rocks from which they were formed by the mechanical and 
 chemical action of the atmosphere, and having the same com- 
 positions as the rocks ; while the latter have been transported 
 by the agency of winds, waters, or glacial action, to a distance 
 from their source, and are found on rocks having a far different 
 composition from the overlying soils. 
 
 All soils originate in the disintegration of rocks which form 
 the surface of the earth, chiefly by the action of the atmos- 
 phere. This action, as we have said, is of two kinds, mechanical 
 and chemical. The mechanical action consists in the power ex- 
 erted b}^ volcanoes, floods, ice, and snow; also the abrading 
 action of winds, which by forcing small particles of sand 
 against the surface of rocks, wears them away as with a file. 
 The chemical action is exerted by the elements of the atmos- 
 
15 
 
 phere, combining with certain ingredients of the rocks. Thus 
 those rockR which contain lime and alkalies, are acted upon by 
 the carbonic acid of the atmosphere. Those containing iron by 
 the oxygen. These actions of the atmosphere are also assisted 
 by the root-growth of plants, by the burrowing of worms and 
 other underground creatures, and also in no small degree by 
 the acids (humic, geic, crenic,) generated by the decay of or- 
 ganic substances. 
 
 The rocks essential to the formation of fertile soils, and from 
 which they are usually formed, are Granite, Feldspar, Lime- 
 stone, Gypsum, Phosphorite, Slate and Sandstone. 
 
 Granite derives its name from its granular structure, and 
 is composed of a mixture of grains of Mica, Feldspar, and 
 Quartz. 
 
 Quartz forms the transparent grains, and is composed simply 
 of silica. 
 
 Feldspar, the dull creamy opaque grains, is composed of silica, 
 alumina, potash, soda, and lime. 
 
 Mica, so called, from its forming the glittering scales, is a com- 
 pound of silica, alumina, and potash; in some varieties the 
 alumina is replaced by iron, and the potash by magnesia. 
 
 Limestone is a compound of lime and carbonic acid, and is 
 formed of the remains of shell fish and coral insects. The 
 lime of the soil is derived from limestone, gypsum and phos- 
 phate of lime. Gypsum is a compound of lime and sulphuric 
 acid, and is found in some places in vast beds, while the phos- 
 phate of lime (phosphorite) is more rare. In Canada and 
 IMorthern New York it occurs in the ancient unstratified rocks 
 as the apatites ; in South Carolina also it \n found in the recently 
 discovered phosphate beds, which are, perhaps, the largest and 
 most available sources of phosphoric acid in the world. 
 
 The country is indebted to Dr. N. A. Pratt, of Chaleston, for 
 discovering the value, and aiding in the development of this 
 great source of national wealth. lie says, in his report on this 
 subject: "This bed has long been known in the history of the 
 geology of South Carolina, as the "Fish bed of the Charleston 
 Basin," on account of the abundant remains of marine animals 
 found in it — Professor Holmes, of Charleston, having not less 
 than 60,000 sharks' teeth alone, some of them of enormous 
 size, weighing from two to two and a half pounds each. The 
 bed outcrops on the banks of the Ashley, Cooper, Stono, Edisto, 
 Ashepoo, and Oorabahee rivers; but is developed most richly 
 and heavily on the former, and has been found inland forty or 
 fifty miles. Near the Ashley river, it paves the public high- 
 ways for miles ; it seriouslj^ impedes and obstructs the cultiva- 
 tion of the land, affording scarcely soil enough to hill up the 
 cotton rows ; and the phosphates have for years past been 
 thrown into piles on the lawns and into the causeways over 
 ravines, to get them out of the reach of the plows. It under- 
 
16 
 
 lies many square miles of sarface continuoasly. at a depth 
 ranging from six inches to twelve or more feet, and in such 
 quantities, that from live hundred to a thousand tons underlie 
 each acre. In fact, it seems there are no rocks in this section 
 which are not phosphates. 
 
 " The area of this bed, containing phosphates of good quality 
 and in workable quantity, so far as known and examined by 
 the writer in person, is not less than forty to fifty square miles, 
 though from samples I have examined from beyond these 
 limits, I am led to believe that the rock will be found of good 
 or indifferent quality, and in greater or less quantity, over an 
 area of several hundred square miles. When of inferior quality, 
 they contain more sand, carbonate of lime, oxide of iron, and 
 phosphate of iron and alumina, and proportionately less pure 
 phosphate of lime." 
 
 As the amount of this material is so large, it will doubtless 
 be the chief source of supply for many years to come, and there 
 will probably be little variation in its pnce; and as there are no 
 drawbacks or checks to the mining and economical transporta- 
 tion of it to all parts of the Atlantic coast, we will estimate 
 the value of insoluble phosphoric acid from it. We give th^ 
 following tables from Dr. Pratt's interesting pamphlet on the 
 " History of the Discovery and Development of the Native 
 Bone Phosphates of the Charleston Basin," giving analyses of 
 different samples of this guano, and of some other leading com- 
 mercial fijuanos, for comparison. 
 
 
 
 <» 
 
 § 
 
 V 
 
 -S 
 
 
 
 
 
 s. of Ir 
 and 
 umina. 
 
 and 
 agnesia 
 
 .J 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 a ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 South Carolina, No. 1 
 
 34.40 
 
 
 
 
 29 32 
 
 (( ( 
 
 ' 2 
 
 55 62 
 
 1.50 
 
 10.33 
 
 6.50 
 
 10 31 
 
 (( ( 
 
 • 3 
 
 63.30 
 
 1.32 
 
 8.20 
 
 
 9.01 
 
 .( t 
 
 ' 4 
 
 68.03 
 
 5.02 
 
 8.03 
 
 7.50 
 
 9.91 
 
 t( ( 
 
 ' 5 
 
 66.36 
 
 3.01 
 
 
 
 11.70 
 
 (< i 
 
 ' 6 
 
 61.93 
 
 1.04 
 
 11.21 
 
 
 
 (< i 
 
 * 7 
 
 64.07 
 
 .84 
 
 1100 
 
 
 
 « ( 
 
 ' 8 
 
 69.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 (( < 
 
 ' 9 
 
 59.07 
 
 .65 
 
 6.68 
 
 
 
 (( ( 
 
 ' 10 
 
 49.35 
 
 1.84 
 
 25.70 
 
 
 
 « ' 
 
 * 11 
 
 49.87 
 
 .86 
 
 4.73 
 
 
 
 (< < 
 
 ' 12 
 
 50.07 
 
 .69 
 
 10.14 
 
 
 
 Navassa Guano, 
 
 
 49.12 
 
 12.00 
 
 
 
 
 Swan Island Guano, mean 
 two analyses, 
 
 "} 
 
 53.08 
 
 12.33 
 
 
 20.60 
 
 15.40 
 
 Bolivian, 
 
 
 53.20 
 
 9.23 
 
 
 18.24 
 
 4.08 
 
 Patagonian, 
 
 
 44.00 
 
 rPhos. Iron 
 
 \ andAlum'a 
 1 1 • 1 
 
 
 18.30 
 
 36.60 
 
 Chilian, 
 
 
 31.00 
 
 
 18.60 
 
 43.17 
 
 
 
 
 (^combined. 
 
 
 
 
17 
 
 Sand stones are composed of alumina, silica, iron, carbonate of 
 lime, and other substances in various proportions. In some 
 the particles are cemented together by a kind of semi-fusion, 
 as in the buhr-stone formation, while in others, as the free stones 
 and red sand stones, it is effected by the infiltration of some 
 soluble substance. They are easily disintegrated and rapidly 
 form soils. 
 
 An important constituent of all soils is the vegetable mould, 
 or humus, which must be at least five per cent, of the soil, if it 
 be a fertile one. This humus is the brown, earthy part of the 
 soil, and is the result of the partial decay of leaves, roots and 
 all other parts of plants. The special oflSce of this constituent 
 is mechanical, and it acts by absorbing heat, moisture, and. 
 fertilizing gases from the atmos'phere, and storing them for 
 the growing plant; it also affords support to its structure. That 
 the fertility of a soil does not depend directly upon the per- 
 centage of humus has been proven, but up to a certain point it 
 must be present to make a fertile soil. 
 
 In order that the planter may form an idea of different soils, 
 we here give several analyses of various ones : 
 
 (1-) 
 
 
 1=. 
 
 1« 
 
 «s.S 
 
 ^Irs 
 
 s;s> 
 
 ^ti^ 
 
 ^=§« 
 
 -jS 
 
 
 
 I- 
 
 Organic Matter, Humus, &c. 
 
 Oxide of Iron 
 
 Alumina 
 
 Lime 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Potash , 
 
 Soda 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 
 
 Sulphuric Acid 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Insoluble Silicates, 
 and Sand) , 
 
 (Clay 
 
 Carbonic Acid and Loss. 
 
 10.08 
 6.30 
 9.30 
 
 1.01 
 .20 
 
 .01 
 
 .13 
 .17 
 
 72.80 
 
 .49 
 3.19 
 2.65 
 
 .24 
 .70 
 .12 
 .02 
 .07 
 trace 
 trace 
 
 92.52 
 sand 
 
 3.38 
 8.82 
 6.67 
 
 1.44 
 .92 
 1.48 
 1.08 
 1.51 
 trace 
 
 72.88 
 L87 
 
 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 
 
 11.24 
 
 4.87 
 
 14.04 
 
 .83 
 
 1.02 
 
 2.80 
 
 1.43 
 
 .24 
 
 .09 
 
 .25 
 
 63.19 
 
 6.33 
 
 9.31 
 
 cost of lime 
 54.56 
 trace 
 
 1.03 
 
 trace 
 trace 
 
 28.77 
 
 10.50 
 11.92 
 
 19.92 
 .25 
 
 .71 
 
 .38 
 .04 
 .76 
 
 55.52 
 
 100.00 loo.oa 
 
18 
 
 (2.) Analysis of a 
 Holland (Mnlder): 
 
 very fertile soil, near the Zuyder Zee, 
 
 Tons per acre 
 10 in. deep. 
 Insoluble silica (sand) and alumina. 
 
 Soluble silica 57.646 576.0 
 
 Soluble alumina 2.340 23.0 
 
 Peroxide of iron (iron rust) 9.039 90.0 
 
 Protoxide of iron 0.350 3.5 
 
 Lime 4.093 40.0 
 
 Magnesia 0.130 1.3 
 
 Potash 1.026 10.0 
 
 Soda 1.972 19.0 
 
 Chlorine 1.240 12.4 
 
 Ammonia 0.060 1200 lbs. 
 
 Phosphoric acid 0466 4.5 
 
 Sulphuric acid 0.896 9.0 
 
 Carbonic acid , 6.085 61.0 
 
 Humusand water chemically combined... 12.000 120.0 
 
 Loss 0.828 
 
 100.000 
 
 (3.) Analysis of a remarkably sterile soil : 
 
 Sand 95 843 
 
 Alumina 0.600 
 
 Oxide of iron 1.800 
 
 Lime combined with silica 0.038 
 
 Magnesia 0.006 
 
 Potash and soda.., 0.005 
 
 Phosphate of iron 0.198 
 
 Sulphuric acid.. 0.002 
 
 Chlorine 0.006 
 
 Humus, carbonic acid and water 1.502 
 
 Tons per acre 
 
 10 in. deep. 
 
 958.00 
 
 6.00 
 
 18.00 
 
 0.38 
 
 0.06 
 
 0.05 
 
 1.98 
 
 0.02 
 
 0.06 
 
 15.02 
 
 100.000 
 
 The poverty of this soil is apparent from the small amounts 
 of lime, potash and phosphoric acid present. The addition of 
 marl was found to produce a decided effect. 
 
 A rough way by which the planter may determine whether 
 his soil has sufficient lime is to take a small quantity, put it 
 in a wine glass, and pour some muriatic acid over it. If the 
 earth bubbles up, or if, on putting the glass to the ear, a 
 fizzing is heard, there is enough lime ; if no disturbance occurs, 
 lime is probably needed. 
 
19 
 
 DESCEIPTION OF THE ORGANIC SUBSTANCES OF 
 THE SOIL. 
 
 The names of these in the order in which they occur in rela- 
 tive abundance in an average fertile soil, are 
 
 Silica (sand), Alumina, Oxide of Iron, Lime, Magnesia, Pot- 
 ash, Soda, Sulphur, Phosphorus, Chlorine, Fluorine. 
 
 Silica is a compound of 53.34 per cent, of oxygen, and 46.66 
 per cent, of a metal called silicon. This metal never occurs in 
 nature, but was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy, in 1813, 
 and is obtained as a brown powder or as scaly crystals, like 
 graphite. Silica has acid properties, that is it combines with 
 alkalies, and exists in three forms, crystalline, amorphous, and 
 jelliform ; when crystalized it forms hexagonal (six-sided) trans- 
 parent, colorless prisms, which are called rock crystal ; when 
 amorphous, it is .white, gritty and tasteless, as in flint and sand. 
 Neither of these forms when pure are acted on by any of the 
 acids except the hydrofluoric, nor even by the strongest fires. 
 
 The jelliform variety is called soluble silica, and is a combina- 
 tion of silica and water, which is slightly soluble in water and 
 freely so in acids, even carbonic. This is the immediate source 
 of the silica in plants, and it is formed from the akaline silicates 
 of the soil ; thus, if we have a powder composed of silica, lime, 
 potash, etc., such as powdered feldspar, and expose it to the ac- 
 tion of water containing carbonic acid, as rain water, the latter 
 will unite with the lime, potash, etc., and leave the silica in the 
 soluble form, when it is readily appropriated by the plants. 
 
 From the want of enough of this in the soil, those plants 
 that need it largely in their straw, as wheat, oats, rye, etc., are 
 unable to stand up, and fall down and rot. 
 
 As the amount of soluble silica in soils is small, all the straw 
 of the crops, and all the weeds that grow in swampy places, or 
 running water, should be returned to the soil best through the 
 compost pile. 
 
 Alumina. — This substance, which is a compound of the metal 
 aluminum and oxygen, exists in nature in two forms, crystal- 
 line and .amorphous ; when crystallized, it forms the precious 
 stones, as the ruby and the sapphire ; when amorphous, it is 
 very like silica, white, gritty, hard. In the soil, however, it 
 usually occurs as clay, which is a compound of silica and 
 alumina. This substance does not form plant food, for it is 
 seldom absorbed by the roots of plants, but its office is chiefly 
 to absorb and retain moisture and all the soluble salts of ferti- 
 lizing substances. When clay is present in large quantity the 
 land must be drained, or it will be wet, cold, and heavy ; if de- 
 
20 
 
 ficient, the land will be " hungry," and the fertilizing salts will 
 be washed away from the roots of the plants. Instance the 
 porus soils of the coast. A very important property also of 
 clay is its power of absorbing ammonia from the atmosphere 
 and conveying it to the roots of plants. The color of clay is 
 caused by the presence of oxide of iron. 
 
 Oxide of Iron. — This substance occurs in two forms, as pro- 
 toxide, consisting of a combination of one equivalent of iron 
 and one of oxygen, and peroxide or sesquioxide, which consists 
 of two equivalents of iron to three of oxygen. The former is 
 of a dark color, constituting largely the scales on the anvil of 
 the smith, and exists in the blue clay lands. The latter is 
 familiar as iron rust, and causes the red color of most clays. 
 Lands which contain the protoxide should be frequently culti- 
 vated, so as to expose this oxide to the atmosphere so that it 
 can absorb oxygen and be converted into the harmless red 
 oxide. During this oxidation, hydrogen is set free, which then 
 combines with nitrogen to form ammonia, and as the red oxide 
 has slightly acid properties, it fixes the ammonia for plant food. 
 Soils which contain iron pyrites will have formed in them this 
 protoxide, in the form of sulphate or copperas. The presence 
 of this salt, in more than very small quantity, is poisonous to 
 plant life; if, however, it be well cultivated, or still better, if it 
 be limed, the injurious protoxide will, after a time, be converted 
 into the harmless red oxide. The use of iron in plants seems 
 to be in the formation of the green coloring matter in them. 
 
 Lime. — This, one of the most important constituents of soils 
 and also one that is very widely disseminated, is derived from 
 the limestones, which are found in nearly every geological 
 period, and also from gypsum, or land plaster, which in some 
 places occurs in large beds. Limestone is a combination of lime 
 and carbonic acid gas. When this is burnt in kilns, the carbonic 
 acid gas goes off, and a hard, white, caustic substance remains. 
 This is stone lime, or quick lime. If now water is poured on, 
 (one part of water to three of lime,) it grows very hot, swells 
 up and finally falls into an impalpable powder, called slacked 
 lime. If it continue to be exposed to the air, it again absorbs 
 carbonic acid and becomes reconverted into limestone; but it is 
 in very fine powder, and not hard and massive as was the 
 original rock. In this fine state it is readily absorbed and 
 assimilated by plants. 
 
 Gypsum is a combination of lime, sulphuric acid, and water. 
 When this is burnt, the water is driven off^, and it is called 
 plaster of Paris. In this state it reabsorbs water with great 
 avidity, and sets or becomes hard, thus making an excellent 
 material for taking casts, &c. If, however, it is burnt at too 
 high a temperature, it loses this property and is incapable of 
 reabsorbing water. 
 Magnesia. — This substance resembles lime, and is generally 
 
21 \:'-\ ^^^^ -^^ 
 
 found with it in combination with carbonic acid, as in dolo- .^ / , 
 mite, raagnesian limestone, serpentine, etc.; it is also found t'J/^^ 
 combined with silica, a variety of which is familiar as meer- 
 schaum, from which pipes are made. There are also two other 
 forms, the carbonate of magnesia, and the sulphate, which is 
 called Epsom salts. Magnesia must be present for plants to have 
 health, but in abundance often acts injuriously; combined with 
 phosphoric acid, it forms a large proportion of the ash of the 
 cereals, as wheat, barley, etc., and it occurs chiefly in the bran. 
 
 Potash. — When wood is burned, a greyish white ash is left: 
 this is chiefly carbonate of potash ; by strong firing this is con- 
 verted into the potashes of the shops, which is a mixture of 
 carbonate and caustic potash. This more purified, that is, con- 
 taining less carbonate and more caustic, is called pearlash ; 
 and when pure, caustic potash, which i&a combination of oxygen 
 and the metal potassium. The " lye " from wood ashes is a solu- 
 tion of carbonate of potash, and is used largely in washing, as it 
 softens hard water by precipitating the lime as carbonate, and 
 the potash unites with all greasy matters to form soap. The 
 potash of the soil is derived chiefly from feldspar, which con- 
 tains sixteen per cent., and which, as we have stated, is a con- 
 stituent of granite. Granite contains about one per cent, of 
 pure potash. 
 
 Soda. — This substance resembles potash, and appears to take 
 the place in marine plants that potash does in land plants; the 
 ash of sea weed consisting chiefly of carbonate of soda. In soils 
 it occurs chiefly as chloride of sodium or common salt, and is 
 found only in small quantity. 
 
 Phosphorus. — This substance is a yellowish semi-transparent 
 substance, soft as wax, and inflammable by the slightest friction ; 
 on burning, it combines with oxygen and forms phosphoric 
 acid. In combination with lime and magnesia it is found in 
 soils; and in the same combination it constitutes a large part 
 of the bones of animals. When bones are burnt a tine white 
 ash is left. This is the " bone ash " of commerce and consists 
 of about eighty per cent, of phosphate of lime. If this ash is 
 mixed with charcoal, and heated in a retort, the phosphorus 
 distils over and is caught by drops in water. This, however, is 
 a dangerous experiment. As this substance is found in such 
 small quantity in soils, and in such large quantity in plants, it 
 is the one soonest exhausted, and, therefore, has to be replaced 
 by the superphosphate of commerce. 
 
 Sulphur^ also called brimstone, is a hard, yellow, brittle sub- 
 stance, devoid of smell or taste. It is found around volcanoes 
 mixed with earthy impurities : by melting the sulphur is freed 
 from these, and imported for the purpose of making sulphuric 
 acid. In the soil sulphur is generally found as sulphate of 
 lime. 
 
 Chlorine and Fluorine. Little need be said of these sub- 
 
22 
 
 stances. They occur in soils combined with soda and lime, the 
 first as common salt or chloride of sodium, and the latter as 
 fluor spar, or fluoride of calcium. This is absorbed by plants and 
 is conveyed to animals chiefly to form the enamel of the teeth ; 
 it also exists in smaller quantity in the bones. Common salt 
 occurs in large beds, known as rock salt: it is also found in the 
 atmosphere near the sea, and also occasionally in the rain of 
 places far interior, where it is supposed to have been carried by 
 high winds. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 PLANTS. 
 
 All plants are composed as we have said, of two parts ; the 
 organic and the mineral; the latter we have treated of in the 
 preceding chapter, while the organic parts are those derived 
 from the atmosphere, and are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and 
 nitrogen, and are built up into more complex forms by the vital 
 force of the plant. 
 
 Some plants require more of one substance than others, and 
 on this is based the principal of rotation as has been said. 
 
 Thus, thera are the potash plants, as corn, beets, turnips and 
 potatoes, whose ash contains more than half its weight of 
 potash. 
 
 The lime plants, such as beans, peas, clover, tobacco, have 
 their ash chiefly composed of lime and magnesia. 
 
 There are also the silica plants, such as wheat, rye, oats, 
 barley. 
 
 In all these different ashes, of whatsoever class, phosphoric 
 acid forms a large proportion, and is usually united with the 
 predominant bases of the ash. 
 
 Now as these ingredients are necessary for the plants to grow 
 and mature, they must be present in sufficient quantity, and in 
 a readily available form ; that is, there must be enough of them 
 soluble in water. 
 
 These mineral constituents of plants form but a small pro- 
 portion of the weight of the plant, from three to six per cent., 
 and they were for a long time considered of no consequence, 
 but experience has proved their absolute necessity for the 
 growth of crops ; and as surely as crops are continually grown 
 and exported, so surely does the land diminish in productiveness, 
 unless restored by artificial means. This is manuring. 
 
 To show how large is the quantity of these necessary sub- 
 stances which is removed, we transcribe several tables: 
 
23 
 
 WHEAT. 
 
 Twenty-five bushels of wheat, at 60 lbs. to the bushel, the 
 product of an acre, weighs 1,500 pounds ; the straw of this 
 grain will weigh 3,000 lbs. The wheat and straw removes 
 from each acre of land the following weights of the elements : 
 
 Grain. Straw. Total. 
 
 Ammonia 41.71 lbs. 10.18 lbs. 51.89 lbs. 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 15,00 " 11.10 " 26.10 " 
 
 Sulphuric Acid 1.08 " 5.10 '* 6.90 '* 
 
 Lime 1.35 « 12.00 " 13.35 " 
 
 Magnesia 4.65 " 5.10 " 9.75 *' 
 
 Potash 12.00 " 23 70 " 35.70 " 
 
 Silica 1.05 « 143.10 " 144,15 « 
 
 The table shows also the relative amounts of the different 
 elements required to raise wheat. 
 
 INDIAN COKN. 
 
 Fifty bushels of corn — the estimated crop of an acre — of 58 lbs. 
 to the bushel = 2,900 lbs. This weight of corn will require 
 3,000 lbs. of stalk and cob (when dry), and will contain: 
 
 Grain. Stalk and Cob. Total. 
 
 Ammonia 34.22 lbs. 6.06 lbs. 40.22 lbs. 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 25.81 '' 13.50 " 39.31 " 
 
 Sulphuric Acid 2.90 " 8.40 " 11.30 " 
 
 Little 87 " 17.70 " 18.57 " 
 
 Magnesia 7.83 " 9.30 " 17.13 " 
 
 Potash 15.08 " 59.70 " 74.78 " 
 
 Silica 2.32 " 81.60 " 83.92 « 
 
 The reader will notice that Indiau corn requires much more 
 phosphoric acid and potash than wheat, while the amount of 
 ammonia is only a little more than half as much ; consequently, 
 its nutritive properties as food are in about the same propor- 
 tion; that is, in proportion to the ammonia. Corn stalks con- 
 tain a large amount of potash and silica, and, when properly 
 prepared as manures, will furnish these elements for other crops. 
 From the comparatively small amount of ammonia required by 
 the corn crop, it can be raised at less cost to the soil than wheat, 
 because ammonia is one of the most costly of the organic 
 elements. 
 
8.10 « 
 
 21.75 
 
 3.00 « 
 
 10.50 
 
 12.30 « 
 
 13.35 
 
 4.50 " 
 
 6.75 
 
 24.00 *' 
 
 32.55 
 
 90.00 « 
 
 97.80 
 
 24 
 
 EYE. 
 
 Thirty bushels— estimated product of an acre— of 50 lbs. to 
 the bushel z= 1,500 lbs.; the same weight as 25 bushels of wheat. 
 This crop requires at least 3,000 lbs. of straw. The grain and 
 straw contain : 
 
 Grain. Straw. Total. 
 
 Ammonia 34.05 lbs. 8.70 lbs. 42.75 lbs. 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 13.65 « 
 
 Sulphuric Acid. 7.50 " 
 
 Lime 1.05 " 
 
 Magnesia 2.25 *' 
 
 Potash ^ 8.55 *' 
 
 Silica 7.80 " 
 
 By comparing the above table with the one giving the com- 
 position of wheat, the reader can understand why larger con- 
 tinuous crops of rye than of wheat can be raised from the same 
 soil ; because rye does not require so much of those elements 
 which are first exhausted in soils as wheat does. In like man- 
 ner, by studying the composition of different crops, and noting 
 the amounts of the different elements required to produce them, 
 we can understand why farmers should have a dollar for a 
 bushel of wheat, when corn is selling at fifty cents, and rye at 
 seventy-five. Such an examination shows that the quantity, 
 and consequently the price of any crop, are naturally regulated 
 by the amount of certain valuable substances required for its 
 production. 
 
 OATS. 
 
 Fifty bushels of oats — the estimated product of an acre — 
 of 33 lbs. to the bushel=l,650 lbs. This amount of grain re- 
 quires about 2,000 lbs. of straw. The grain and straw contain : 
 
 Grain. Straw. Total. 
 
 Ammonia 37.45 lbs. 7.80 lbs. 45.25 lbs. 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 10.39 
 
 Sulphuric Acid 6.62 
 
 Lime 1.81 
 
 Magnesia 3.47 
 
 Potash 7.59 
 
 Silica 2.14 
 
 4.00 " 14.59 " 
 
 3.20 " 9.82 " 
 
 7.40 '* 9.21 " 
 
 3.80 " 7.27 " 
 
 6.00 " 13.59 " 
 
 45.40 " 47.54 " 
 
 The reader will note the large amount of ammonia required 
 by this crop. This accounts for the nutritive properties of the 
 grain and straw. The amount of phosphoric acid and potash is 
 small compared with that of other cereals. 
 
25 
 
 BAELEY. 
 
 Thirty bushels of barley — the estimated product of an acre — 
 of 48 lbs. to the bu8hel=i440 lbs. The straw weighs 2000 lbs. 
 The grain and straw contain : 
 
 Grain. Straw. Total. 
 
 Ammonia 33.40 lbs. 7 60 lbs. 41.00 lbs. 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 9.64 " 5 40 " 15.04 '' 
 
 Sulphuric Acid 1.73 " 4.40 " 6.13 « 
 
 Lime 72 '* 8.80 " 9 52 " 
 
 Magnesia 2.44 " 2.80 " 5.24 '* 
 
 Potash 6.33 " 25.80 " 32.13 " 
 
 Silica 7.^3 " 68.80 " 76.43 " 
 
 Oat and barley straw are good manures, as they are rich 
 sources of nitrogen, containing, as they do, a large percentage 
 of ammonia. From this cause also, they make good fodder for 
 cattle. Only a small amount of phosphoric acid and potash is 
 required for these straws, while the amount of silica is only one 
 half of that required for wheat straw. 
 
 POTATOES. 
 
 One hundred bushels of potatoes, of 60 lbs. to the bushel= 
 6000 lbs. of tubers. The tops, when dry, weigh about 3000 lbs.; 
 and the tops and tubers of such a crop contain : 
 
 Tubers. Tops. Total. 
 
 Ammonia 21.00 lbs. 1.50 lbs. 22.50 lbs. 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 33.00 <' 18.00 " 5100 '' 
 
 Sulphuric Acid 12.60 " 15.50 " 28.10 " 
 
 Lime 4 20 " 55.00 " 59.20 " 
 
 Magnesia 7.80 " 10.50 " 18.30 " 
 
 Potash 109.00 " 70.00 " 179.00 " 
 
 Silica 13.00" 30.00" 43.00'' 
 
 Twenty bushels of wheat require 15 lbs. of phosphoric acid 
 for the grain, and 11 lbs. for the straw; while 100 bushels of 
 potatoes require double this amount. Hence, two medium crops 
 of wheat exhaust only as much of this valuable element as one 
 crop of potatoes. Also, only one-sixth the amount of potash 
 required for potatoes is necessary for the wheat crop. In rais- 
 ing potatoes, few farmers supply a sufficient amount of phos- 
 phoric acid and potash. Hence, this plant and its tubers have 
 become constitutionally deteriorated on most farms, and liable 
 to speedy decay. A bushel of potatoes contains only about 
 one-seventh the amount of nitrogen contained in a bushel of 
 wheat, and its nutritive value for the production of blood and 
 muscle is in the same proportion. 
 
26 
 
 CLOVER HAY. 
 
 Two tons, or 4,000 lbs., of dried clover may be considered an 
 average crop per acre. This amount -contains : 
 
 Ammonia 52 00 lbs. 
 
 Phosphoric Acid .. .. 19.76 " 
 Sulphuric Acid 7.50 " 
 
 Lime 75 00 lbs. 
 
 Magnesia 21.00 " 
 
 Potash 80.69 " 
 
 Silica 18.65 lbs. 
 
 Clover requires a large amount of potash and ammonia, while 
 the amount of silica required is small. G-reat benefits are real- 
 ized by growing this crop; it sends its roots deep into the soil, 
 and brings up the phosphate and sulphate of lime, also potash 
 and magnesia; and when the clover is ploughed under, as a 
 green manure, it furnishes a large amount of the nitrogen re- 
 quired for a heavy crop of wheat. 
 
 All root crops require a rich soil to do well. Twenty tons of 
 turnips or carrots, with the tops — which is a large crop for an 
 acre — require : 
 
 Turnips. Carrots. 
 
 Ammonia 42 00 lbs. 48.00 lbs. 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 45.00 " 39.00 " 
 
 Sulphuric Acid 50.00" 57.00" 
 
 Lime 90.00 " 197.00 " 
 
 Magnesia 14.00 " 29.00 " 
 
 Potash 140.00 " 134.00 " 
 
 Silica 55.00" 60.00" 
 
 Tobacco and cotton require a rich soil to grow luxuriantly, 
 as the following table, showing the amounts, in pounds, of inor- 
 ganic elements contained in 1,000 lbs. of the stems and leaf of 
 tobacco, and the fibre, seed, and stalk of cotton, in their air- 
 dried state, will show : 
 
 Cotton, 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 Phsophoric Acid 8.6 
 
 Sulphuric Acid 9.3 
 
 Lime 88 8 
 
 Magnesia , 25.0 
 
 Potash 73.7 
 
 Silica 23.0 
 
 We regret that we could not obtain reliable analyses of cotton 
 and tobacco, showing the amount of nitrogen or ammonia re- 
 quired. The reader can see that in raising tobacco, a large 
 amount of lime and potash is required, while the amount of 
 phosphoric acid is small. The cotton plant requires more phos- 
 
 Mbre. 
 
 Seed. 
 
 Stalk. 
 
 83 
 
 14.8 
 
 5.5 
 
 5.6 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.5 
 
 25.7 
 
 2.4 
 
 7.0 
 
 14.5 
 
 5.6 
 
 2.2 
 
 54.0 
 
 14.4 
 
 8.8 
 
 1.3 
 
 3.4 
 
 25 
 
27 
 
 phoric acid, but either crop can be raised more readily and pro- 
 fitably from ordinary soils, where climate is suitable, than either 
 wheat or corn. 
 
 The foregoing Tables are of great value to the farmer and 
 planter, in showing them the amount of the different valuable 
 elements required by different crops ; also, how far the commer- 
 cial manures of a known composition are able to supply the 
 material for these crops. If the reader wishes to know how 
 much of those elements which are not usually applied as princi- 
 pal constituents of manures, such as oxygen, hydrogen, chlorine, 
 iron, soda, and carbon, is required by plants, he may refer to the 
 Tables on pages 28 and 29 which will show him the percentage 
 of these substances; and from these he can readily calculate the 
 amount required by different crops for an acre. 
 
 Every crop should be supplied with the full amount of all the 
 substances needed to bring it to maturity. That this vital prin- 
 ciple is not understood, or at least attended to, is painfully evi- 
 dent from an examination of the statistics furnished in the re- 
 ports of the Agricultutal Department, at Washington. By these 
 reports we find that the average of the amounts of the different 
 crops raised on an acre in thirty States of the Union, is as 
 follows : 
 
 Wheat 11,56 bushels. 
 
 Indian Corn 28.00 " 
 
 Eye 13.30 
 
 Oats 23.95 " 
 
 Barley 19.14 bushels. 
 
 Buckwheat 17.68 
 
 Potatoes 93.22 " 
 
 Hay 1.28 tons. 
 
 The above averages show conclusively that there is a great 
 necessity for a more extended use of manufactured manures. 
 
 Even Pennsylvania, that boasts of her fertile soils and the 
 perfection of her system of agriculture, produces only the fol- 
 lowing average of the above named crops per acre : 
 
 Wheat 12.8 bushels. 
 
 Eye 13.0 
 
 Barley 21.4 " 
 
 Potatoes 88 " 
 
 Indian Corn 35.0 bushels. 
 
 Oats 27.8 
 
 Buckwheat 16.5 
 
 Hay. 1.3 tons. 
 
 But this will favorably contrast with South Carolina, which 
 shows the lowest average production, as follows: 
 
 Wheat 5.6 bushels. 
 
 Eye 5.0 " 
 
 Barley 9.0 " 
 
 Corn 10.2 bushels. 
 
 Oats 9.7 " 
 
 Potatoes 101.0 " 
 
28 
 INOEGANIC ELEMENTS. 
 
 TABLE showing the amount of inorganic and mineral substances usually 
 found in 100 pounds of the plants named, in their marketable condi- 
 tion ; serves as a key to the application of the proper elements as fer- 
 tilizers. 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Wheat straw 
 
 Eye 
 
 Eye straw 
 
 Barley 
 
 Barley straw 
 
 Oats 
 
 Oat straw 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 Buckwheat straw. 
 
 Indian corn 
 
 Corn stalks 
 
 Peas 
 
 Pea straw 
 
 Beans..., 
 
 Bean straw 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Beets 
 
 Carrots 
 
 Turnips .. 
 
 S 
 
 0.09 
 0.40 
 0.07 
 0.41 
 0.05 
 0.44 
 0.11 
 0.37 
 0.13 
 1.10 
 0.03 
 0.59 
 0.14 
 1.94 
 0.25 
 1.51 
 01 
 0.03 
 0.09 
 0.08 
 
 0.31 
 17 
 0.23 
 0.16 
 0.17 
 0.14 
 0.21 
 0.19 
 0.20 
 0.21 
 0.27 
 0.31 
 0.19 
 0.36 
 0.17 
 0.43 
 0.02 
 04 
 04 
 0.02 
 
 07 0.02 0.80 
 
 770 
 52 0, 
 01 0, 
 53 'o, 
 44 
 
 05 0.79 
 02j0.57 
 0410 80 
 01 0.44 
 
 11.29 
 .01 [0.46 
 0411.00 
 02|0 17 
 
 ...2.76 
 02 0.52 
 
 27 
 
 24 
 33 0. 
 01 
 020 
 
 020 
 
 oro 
 
 1.99 
 1. 00 
 1.07 
 1.34 
 1.96 
 0.20 
 0.21 
 29 
 0.32 
 
 1.00 
 0.37 
 0.91 
 0.27 
 0.67 
 0.27 
 0.63 
 0.20 
 1.00 
 0.61 
 0.89 
 0.45 
 0.87 
 0.35 
 96 
 0.47 
 0.06 
 0.06 
 0.08 
 
 0.12 
 0.17 
 0.50 
 0.10 
 0.12 
 0.22 
 45 
 0.16 
 0.44 
 0.31 
 0.10 
 0.28 
 0.11 
 0.80 
 0.13 
 0.13 
 0.02 
 0.02 
 0.05 
 
 0.070.08 
 
29 
 
 Table showing the percentage of moisture ; of albuminous and glutinous 
 compounds ; of starah. gum, sugar and woody fibre ; and of ash and 
 nitrogen, and the equivalent in ammonia contained in the different pro- 
 ducts. It also shows their relative value as food : 
 
 
 1 
 
 Aibuminous and 
 
 Glutinous 
 Compounds. 
 
 Starch, Gum, 
 Sugar, and 
 Woody Fibre. 
 
 CO 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 -to 
 
 to . 
 S B 
 
 •;j ft 
 
 14 
 
 Common Grass 
 
 48.00 
 
 16.00 
 
 10.94 
 
 8.25 
 
 6.42 
 
 10.20 
 
 85.20 
 
 90.43 
 
 75.00 
 
 10.80 
 
 8.75 
 
 15.00 
 
 10.00 
 
 10.10 
 
 8.75 
 
 8 55 
 
 6.20 
 
 15.10 
 
 12 00 
 
 2.06 
 
 8.12 
 
 1.80 
 
 2.15 
 
 1 80 
 
 1.08 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.35 
 
 2.20 
 
 23 40 
 
 22.81 
 
 11.25 
 
 10.57 
 
 14.20 
 
 14.50 
 
 19.50 
 
 9.60 
 
 6.27 
 
 35 00 
 
 .47.74 
 68.38 
 82.12 
 84.50 
 86.66 
 88.22 
 12.40 
 7.72 
 21.90 
 62.70 
 65.04 
 70.75 
 77.33 
 67.20 
 78.10 
 69.10 
 83.10 
 78.23 
 34.50 
 
 2.20 
 7.60 
 5.14 
 5.10 
 5.12 
 5.50 
 0.90 
 0.50 
 0.90 
 3.10 
 3.40 
 3.00 
 2.10 
 3.50 
 8.65 
 2.85 
 2.20 
 0.40 
 4.50 
 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100 00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100.00 
 100 00 
 100.00 
 
 0.33 
 1.30 
 0.35 
 0.39 
 0.35 
 0.24 
 0.24 
 0.21 
 0.35 
 3.74 
 3.65 
 1.18 
 1.69 
 2.27 
 2.32 
 2.41 
 1.52 
 1.00 
 5.60 
 
 40 
 
 Clover Hay i 
 
 1.58 
 
 Barley Straw 
 
 0.42 
 
 Oat Straw 
 
 0.47 
 
 Wheat Straw 
 
 0.42 
 
 Corn Stalks 
 
 0,29 
 0.29 
 
 Carrots 
 
 Turnips 
 
 0.26 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 0.42 
 
 Peas 
 
 4,54 
 
 Beans 
 
 4.43 
 
 Indian Corn 
 
 1 43 
 
 Kye 
 
 Oats 
 
 2.05 
 2.75 
 
 Barley 
 
 2 81 
 
 Wheat 
 
 2 92 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 1.84 
 
 Kice 
 
 1 21 
 
 Cotton Seed Cake 
 
 6 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 Plants by their vital force assimilate the elements of both 
 the soil and atmosphere, and turn these elements into food for 
 herbiverous animals, which in turn also serve for food for the 
 carniverous animals and man, thus to borrow a simile, if we 
 take a field and plant grass, and put a dog thereon he will 
 starve, put a sheep, and the sheep will eat the grass, and then 
 serve as food for the dog. 
 
 The organic portions of plants are, as we have said, derived 
 from the atmosphere, and are built up into 
 
 1st. Albumen and gluten, which contain nitrogen, and whose 
 percentage in any grain is the test of its food value. 
 
 2d. Starch, sugar, gum^ and oil, which are rich in carbon, and 
 whose functions are chiefly to make fat, and so to sustain the 
 necessary heat of animals. This oil, or fatty matter, renders 
 the grains in which they are found more easy of digestion, as 
 in corn and the yolk of an Qgg. 
 
 Carniverous animals are nearly destitute of fat, and should 
 an animal be debarred from exercise, and fed on grain rich in 
 carbon as corn, it rapidly increases in fat, as the carbon is not 
 burnt out by the lungs, but is deposited in the tissures. 
 
30 
 
 3d. Woody fibre, which is the part of plants that sustain 
 them in their erect posture. This is also rich in carbon, but is 
 not readily assimilated so as to serve for animal food. Ihe 
 tender shoots, however, of young trees are consumed by ani- 
 mals, of this material also paper is made, and in the laboratory 
 of the chemist it can be turned into starch or sugar. 
 
 Fourth and last portion is moisture, which constitutes the 
 largest part by weight of nearly all plants and animals. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 COMPONENTS OF FERTILIZERS AND WHERE FOUND. 
 
 From the preceding tables it will be seen how much min- 
 eral matter is carried away by crops, and it can readily be 
 understood that this deficiency cannot possibly be restored to 
 the soil by atmospheric action. Therefore- it becomes necessary 
 that those elements which are in least quantity should be arti- 
 ficially returned. 
 
 These substances are phosphoric acid, potash, ammonia, and 
 lime. 
 
 All experience has demonstrated that stable manure is about 
 the best thing to restore worn out lands, and if enough of it 
 could be gotten there could be no use for the commercial fer- 
 tilizers of the market. But it cannot be obtained, and there- 
 fore the farmer should try to save all he has and to make it go 
 as far as possible by the use of adjuncts. 
 
 The reason why this manure is so useful is because it con- 
 tains all the elements of plant food in an easily soluble condi- 
 tion. Solubility is nothing but minute division and the mineral 
 refuse of the animal having passed through the system, has 
 been acted upon by all the acids of the digestive organs, and is 
 most minutely divided. 
 
 But even stable manure can be helped for those plants which 
 require some particular element, in large quantity, by adding 
 that element to it in the compost pile. Thus all cereals requir- 
 ing large quantities of phosphoric acid and potash would be 
 increased in yield by the addition of a high grade superphos- 
 phate, yielding a large amount of phosphoric acid, as the Etiwan 
 Dissolved Bone, or better, by the Etiwan Crop Food, containing 
 both phosphoric acid and potash in large quantities. 
 
 We have said the principal elements to be restored to land 
 are phosphoric acid, phosphate ammonia, and lime. Let us 
 first examine the sources from which the farmer can obtain 
 them on his own farm. 
 
 His home resources of supply of phosphoric acid are very 
 small, as will be seen from the accompanying tables. 
 
31 
 
 Potash can be obtained in fair quantities from ashes and the 
 leaves of trees. Bat where the tinabers supply a good ash, the 
 soil, generally, contains a sufficient supply of potash. 
 
 The barn-yard is also a good source of supplying the same. 
 
 Ammonia is abundantly supplied by cotton seed, stable, and 
 barn-yard manure. Nature also supplies an indetermin-ete quan- 
 tity of this valuable gas from the atmosphere, which supply is 
 brought by rain and dew?, and is also absorbed by the humus, 
 or organic portions of soils. 
 
 This amount of ammonia, which is variable in fact, varies 
 from day to day, so that it is easy to see how useless would be 
 the analyses of a soil to determine its fertility. 
 
 While ammonia is necessary for all crops, and in compara- 
 tively large quantities for the cereals, any farmer who grows 
 cotton, and economizes his home s'upply, need never purchase a 
 single pound. 
 
 Lime is easily gotten in many places from marl, or from burnt 
 lime. The remarkable action often seen from an application 
 of this substance, can in no wise be explained by the idea of its 
 simple deficiency in the soil. It is caused mainly by its chemi- 
 cal action, by decomposing the organic and mineral constitu- 
 ents of the soil, thus setting free plant-food which had been 
 previously insoluble. 
 
 These different substances have very different chemical ac- 
 tions when mixed, and if done ignorantly may result injuriously. 
 Thus, lime or ashes, mixed with ammoniacal compounds, sets 
 the ammonia free, and it files off into the air, so that in a com- 
 post of an easily decomposable substance, such as stable or 
 farm-yard manure, or cotton seed, lime and ashes , should be 
 excluded, and some retaining substance, such as dissolved bone 
 or land plaster applied. 
 
 The former preferable on account of the phosphoric acid con- 
 tained, which unites at once with the ammonia, while the latter 
 depends on a double decomposition. In the Etiwan Dissolved 
 Bone both are present in large quantity, and have a powerful 
 effect. 
 
 The farmer thus should have two piles. In one of which he 
 puts his easily decomposable substances, such as cotton seed, 
 stable, and barn yard manure, with Dissolved Bone, which can 
 be used in from three to four weeks, or less time ; and another, 
 in which are put all the straw, corn stalks, cotton stalks, leaves, 
 fence corner scrapings, muck, or swamp mud, etc., with lime 
 and ashes. This should be kept wet with water and with all 
 the drainings of the laundry and kitchen, and should be turned 
 or replied in from four to six months, at which time Dissolved 
 Bone should be added in liberal quantities. 
 
 This is more fully explained in a subsequent chapter on com- 
 posting. 
 
 To show the value of the different substances which can be 
 
32 
 
 obtained upon the fiirm, we give below some tables indicating 
 their analyses. 
 
 The following table shows the per centage of the substances 
 named, contained in the different varieties of leaves in their dry 
 state : 
 
 Phosphoric Acid. Potash. Lime. 
 
 Mulberry Leaves... .0.36 per cent. 0.69 per cent. 0.90 per cent. 
 
 Horse-chestn't " 61 « 1.47 " 3 04 
 
 Walnut " 0.28 " 1.86 " 3.76 
 
 Beech " ....0.28 '* 0.35 " 3.03 " 
 
 Oak " 0.40 " 0.17 " 2.38 " 
 
 Fir • " 0.23 " 0.14 " 0.58 
 
 Ked Pine " 0.48 " 0.09 " 0.88 *' 
 
 The following table shows the amount of phosphoric acid and 
 potash cotained in one hundred pounds of the different varieties 
 of ashes named, together with their values: 
 
 Phosphoric 
 Acid. 
 
 Beech 5.3 lbs. 
 
 Birch 8.5 " 
 
 Oak 5.5. " 
 
 Walnut 12,2 '' 
 
 Poplar ...13.1 " 
 
 Apple 4.6 " 
 
 Eed Pine 5.1 '• 
 
 Coal ashes {anthracite) 5 " 
 
 Peat " 20 " 
 
 We shall now show the value of one thousand pounds of 
 well rotted and air-dried stable manure, calculated from the 
 analyses of Dr. Yoelcker : 
 
 Water and organic 
 volatile matter 
 
 Ammonia 30 " $7.50 
 
 Phosphoric Acid 18 " 2.25 
 
 Potash 20" 1.60 
 
 
 Yalue of 
 
 Potash. 
 
 100 lbs. 
 
 16.1 lbs. 
 
 $1,51 
 
 11.6 " 
 
 1.45 
 
 10 " 
 
 1.05 
 
 15.3 '' 
 
 1-77 
 
 14 " 
 
 1.71 
 
 12.0 " 
 
 1.16 
 
 5.2 " 
 
 .64 
 
 0.15 « 
 
 .3 
 
 0.2 " 
 
 .11 
 
 !■ 
 
 670 lbs. 
 
 Total $11.35 
 
 We shall now give the value of the urine of different animals, 
 as shown by the fertilizing salts contained in one thousand 
 pounds of each ; 
 
 Water. 
 
 Pig Urine. ..9.29 lbs. 
 Horse " ...9.40 " 
 Cow " ...9.28 '' 
 Sheep " ...9.65 " 
 Human*' ...9.57 " 
 
 Phos'ric acid. 
 
 Potash. 
 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 
 Ammonia. 
 
 trace, 
 
 6.0 lbs. 
 
 11.8 lbs. 
 
 = 
 
 14.3 lbs. 
 
 trace, 
 
 2.8 " 
 
 15.4 *' 
 
 — 
 
 18.7 '' 
 
 trace, 
 
 4.5 " 
 
 4.4 '' 
 
 = 
 
 5.3 " 
 
 1.3 lbs. 
 
 7.2 " 
 
 13.1 " 
 
 = 
 
 15.9 " 
 
 4.0 '' 
 
 2.0 " 
 
 1.42 '* 
 
 = 
 
 17.2 « 
 
33 
 
 The following table shows the amount produced annually by 
 a single animal of the kind named, and its value as manure, 
 when fermented : 
 
 Yearly 
 
 Phosphoric 
 
 
 
 
 amount. 
 
 Acid. 
 
 Potash. 
 
 Ammonia. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pig Urine. .. 1000 Ib'S. 
 
 trace, 
 
 6.0 lbs. 
 
 14.3 lbs. 
 
 $4 00 
 
 Horse " . . 2000 " 
 
 trace, 
 
 5.0 " 
 
 37.4 " 
 
 9.79 
 
 Cow " ..2000 " 
 
 trace, 
 
 9.0 " 
 
 8.8 " 
 
 2.92 
 
 Sheep "#. 500 '' 
 
 0.6 lbs. 
 
 3.6 " 
 
 8.0 " 
 
 2.35 
 
 Human" ... 750 " 
 
 3.0 " 
 
 15 " 
 
 10.7 " 
 
 3.16 
 
 The following table shows the amount of water and of the 
 valuable constituents only contained in 1,000 lbs. of dung of the 
 animals named in its natural or undried state : 
 
 Horse '* 
 
 Cow " 864 
 
 Chicken" 850 
 
 Sheep " 670 
 
 Human " 750 
 
 Water. 
 
 840 lbs. 
 743 " 
 
 Pho8i)horic 
 
 acid. Potash. Nitrogen. Ammonia. 
 
 8 lbs. 5.0 lbs. 7.0 lb8.= S.b lbs 
 
 12.2 " 28 « 5.4 « == 6.5 " 
 
 5 2 " 10.7 " 35 " = 4.2 " 
 
 15.2 " 5.5 " 21.5 '' =26.1 " 
 
 22.7 " 7.0 " 7.1 " = 8.5 " 
 
 3.3 " 1.0 " 15.0 « =18.2 *' 
 
 The following table shows the amount produced annually by 
 a single animal of the kind named, and its value, assuming the 
 phosphoric acid to be soluble, and the nitrogen as actual am- 
 monia. 
 
 Amount. 
 
 Pig 200 lbs. 
 
 Horse 2,000 " 
 
 Cow 2,000 " 
 
 Chicken 5 " 
 
 Sheep 50 " 
 
 Human 100 " 
 
 Phosphoric 
 acid. 
 
 1.6 
 
 24.4 
 
 10.4 
 0.076 
 1.27 
 0.33 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Potash. 
 
 1.0 lbs. 
 
 56.0 " 
 
 21.0 " 
 0.03 " 
 0.35 « 
 0.10 " 
 
 Ammonia. Value. 
 
 1.7 lbs. 
 13.0 " 
 85 " 
 0.13" 
 0.42 " 
 1.80 " 
 
 $0.62 
 
 994 
 
 5.15 
 
 .04 
 
 .42 
 
 .50 
 
 The solid and liquid excretions taken together, will show the 
 following annual value of each animal : 
 
 Pig Excrements, solid and liquid $ 4.62 
 
 Horse " " " 19.73 
 
 Cow " " « 8.07 
 
 Sheep " " " 2.75 
 
 Human " « " 3.66 
 
 It is exceedingly important that all these solid and liquid 
 excrements should be retained, and for this purpose the stable 
 3 
 
34 
 
 and barnyard should be well lictered, and the litter gathered 
 up and placed under cover — as the most valuable ingredients 
 are soluble in water, and would be leached out by rains. 
 
 If the interior of a pile of manure becomes too dry, decora- 
 position will cease, and the manure become " fire-fanged "^ when 
 water should be poured on. The object to be obtained being 
 not too much nor too little water. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE AKT OF COMPOSTING. 
 
 It is from the neglect of this highly useful and important art 
 that our planters and farmers are responsible for so many ster- 
 ile and uncultivated fields, and for so many high-priced and 
 complicated fertilizers. As long as the planter takes from his 
 fields all that they will bring and carries it away, so long will 
 the land that he plants become poorer and poorer, until crop- 
 ping is unremunerative. 
 
 This is the present condition of most of the lands in the 
 Southern Atlantic States; and in order to compete with the 
 great cotton States of the Southwest, our planters have to fur- 
 nish to their lands nearly all the elements required for plant 
 food. 
 
 Hence has sprung up a trade in so called "Commercial Fer- 
 tilizers," in which all these elements, or the most important of 
 them, are, or are said to be. These different elements occur in 
 commerce in many and various forms, and are brought from 
 different and widely separated places, so that to obtain them, 
 import them, combine them, and sell them, requires considerable 
 knowledge, judgment, capital and skill. It is evident that if 
 any of these ingredients can be furnished and combined by the 
 planter, the resulting fertilizer will be cheaper, and the saving 
 will be proportional to the cost of the ingredient. 
 
 if ih.Q whole Qvo^ were returned to the field as manure.*?? 
 the ingredients would be furnished for the succeeding one; but 
 in practice some (and that generally the richest in plant food) 
 is exported, and the residue is too often tossed aside and 
 neglected. Thus all that the planter can do is to save some 
 of this plant food, while a large part of that exported has still 
 to be bought from a manufacturer of those particular elements. 
 
 Now it so happens that those elements which the planters 
 
 f Having a dry frosted appearance. 
 
35 
 
 can save, are just the most expensive of those which he pur- 
 chases, so that it becomes a most important point for him to 
 consider the ways and means by which this saving of those ele- 
 ments can be effected. This is the art of composting. 
 
 Kothing in this world is easy ; and all things to be well done, 
 must be done with accurate knowledge and careful judgment. 
 The art of composting is no exception to this, and in order to 
 compost intelligently, the planter must know something about 
 the chemistry of organic and inorganic substances, and the laws 
 by which he must work. As, owing to the great differentiation 
 of knowledge, we cannot expect all planters to acquire this 
 knowledge, it becomes the duty of the chemist to interrogate 
 nature, study her laws, and then impart to him the result. 
 
 All plants or portions of thent when they die, and are left 
 exposed to air and moisture, undergo decomposition, that is the 
 highly complex arrangement of their atoms is broken up, and 
 more simple forms are assumed. 
 
 This decomposition may take place in two ways: First, by 
 eremacausis, or slow decay, which is an oxidizing process ; 
 second, by putrefaction or fermentation, which is a reducing 
 process • the only difference between putrefaction and fermenta- 
 tion being that in the former offensive odors are emitted, and in 
 the latter, none. 
 
 Eremacausis requires an excess of free oxygen, and therefore, 
 takes place in bodies freely exposed to the air, while putrefac- 
 tion, though it seems to require oxygen to commence, only 
 proceeds in the absence of oxygen, or at least when that 
 element is present only in small quantity. Thus, if we take a 
 substance undergoing slow decay, and exclude the atmosphere, 
 putrefaction sets in ; and vice versa, if we take a body in putre- 
 factive decomposition, and expose it freely to the air, the rapid 
 decomposition ceases, and slow oxidation ensues. 
 
 The final results of these two methods of decomposition 
 differ considerably, and are of especial importance, in this 
 inquiry. 
 
 In eremacausis, or slow decay, the carbon and oxygen unite 
 to form carbonic acid; the hydrogen and oxygen to form water, 
 while nearly all the nitrogen escapes as free gas, a small por- 
 tion only forming nitric acid; while in putrefaction a portion 
 only of the carbon unites to form carbonic acid, some of it 
 escaping in combination with hydrogen as marsh gas, some as 
 carbonic oxide, while a large portion remains as humus. The 
 hydrogen also, though mostly combining as water, yet also 
 forms marsh gas, and remains as one of the elements of humus; 
 while aZ^ the nitrogen unites with hydrogen to form ammonia. 
 
 Thus it appears that the object of the planter should be to 
 arrange his materials so as to produce putrefaction, and at the 
 same time to retain those valuable products which may escape 
 as gas or in solution in drainage water. 
 
36 
 
 The materials to be used, are nearly all the refuse of the 
 farm, stable, cattle-pen, kitchen, and house; the only things to be 
 avoided, are wood ashes and lime; these must not be put in 
 a heap, because they evolve ammonia from any combination in 
 which it is, but if they are desired on the land, can be sprinkled 
 after ploughing and previous to harrowing, the lime, especially, 
 doing most good when kept near the surface. Weeds also after 
 seeding, should be excluded; as they will give endless trouble 
 when they sprout. 
 
 Straw, corn-stalks, cotton-stalks, muck, clearings of fence 
 corners, leaves, all are useful; but in the South, the cheapest, 
 most abundant, and most valuable ingredient is cotton seed; 
 here we have an inexhaustible supply of that most costly ingredi- 
 ent, ammonia, and also a considerable amount of potash and 
 phosphoric acid; and it is to this compost that we now direct 
 your attention. 
 
 If cotton seed were wetted, piled, and left, in a short time it 
 would "heat," and putrefaction setting in, nearly all the nitro- 
 gen would escape as ammonia, while the other inorganic 
 matters in small quantity, would be left ready for the next 
 crop. The object, therefore, to be attained, is to reta.n the 
 ammonia in an available state, and to increase the amounts of 
 the other valuable elements. The one in least quantity is 
 phosphoric acid, so that the object resolves itself, into retaining 
 the ammonia of the seed and adding soluble phosphoric acid. 
 This is done by composting the cotton seed with the soluble 
 phosphoric acid of the manufacturer; and it is evident that the 
 greater the percentage of soluble phosphoric acid in the pur- 
 chased article, the greater the percentage of ammonia and 
 soluble phosphoric acid in the compost. The ordinary way of 
 retaining ammonia escaping from a compost heap, is to sprinkle 
 with plaster, or put a la3'er of earth. In the former case a 
 mutual decomposition ensues, and sulphate of ammonia and 
 carbonate of lime are formed ; while in the latter case, the gas 
 is absorbed by the earth, with probably the same and also other 
 chemical reactions. 
 
 In the retention, by means of the dissolved bone or acid 
 phosphates of commerce, both phosphoric acid plaster being 
 present, the ammonia can be retained both as phosphate and 
 sulphate, so that there is very little danger of any of it escaping 
 into the atmosphere and being lost. 
 
 For the construction and management of a compost heap, 
 the following mode of procedure is recommended : 
 
 In selecting the location, a slight incline should be chosen ; 
 and from any point as a centre, lay off on each side four feet ; 
 now dig a small ditch on the centre line, say twelve inches deep, 
 and twelve inches wide, as long as may be necessary, and sink a 
 barrel or keg at its mouth to catch the drainings ; slope down 
 the space from each outside line of the four feet radius to the 
 
37 
 
 ditch, and if the planter be thrifty, cover loosely with plank the 
 whole bottom ; haul the materials to the spot, and commence 
 building the pile from below upwards. 
 
 Having thoroughly soaked the cotton seed with all the water 
 it will absorb, mix it intimately with the dissolved bone, and 
 build up the pile to any convenient height, like the roof of the 
 house, giving enough slope to shed rain ; finish each section to 
 the top, sprinkle on the outside with dissolved bone, and cover 
 with hay or straw like a stack; then proceed in like manner 
 with the next section above; the advantage of j'znis/im^ each 
 section being that decomposition starts sooner, so that by the 
 time the last section is done, the first will the sooner be ready ; 
 neatly finish up the job and leavQ to nature. 
 
 In about a week or ten days, active putrefaction has set in 
 and the interchange of elements above referred to goes on. The, 
 drainage water in the barrel should be poured back on the pile 
 from time to time, and the interior of the pile examined as to 
 its temperature and dampness, by running a small grooved pole 
 into it; should it be dry, and not moist, all action will cease, 
 and water should be poured on the top ; after the interior of the 
 seeds is disintegrated, the heat diminishes, and the compost may 
 be used; but if the pile be composed of material other than 
 cotton seed, and not so easily decomposable (such as straw, 
 leaves, etc.,) when the heat nearly ceases, the pile should be 
 turned. 
 
 It is sometimes asked whether the mixture of seed and dis- 
 solved bone could not be as advantageously made in the soil ; 
 but it would appear not, for the following reasons : 
 
 If the mixture is made in the soil, the conditions are more 
 favorable for eremacausis, or slow decay, than for putrefaction, 
 owing to the more free access of oxygen ; so that the nitrogen 
 of the seed would go off as free gas, and any of it that would 
 be inclined to form ammonia, from putrefaction occurring in 
 some portion of the mass, would be induced by the presence of 
 the carbonated bases in the soil to form nitric acid, which is 
 much more readily lixiviated than ammonia. As also in the 
 germination of seeds some nitrogen escapes as free gas, so in the 
 soil, where the germination would proceed farther than in the 
 pile, more nitrogen would be lost. 
 
 In the pile, the seed, owing to moisture, sprouts, and the 
 young plant, from contact with the acid of the dissolved bone, 
 and from a want of oxygen, light, and from the heat, dies, and 
 is then subject to the laws of putrefactive decomposition ; the 
 valuable nitrogen uniting with hydrogen to form ammonia, 
 which is immediately seized by the phosphoric acid and re- 
 tained, the matter may be thus tabulated: 
 
 Points in favor of the Pile. 
 
 Objections against mixing in the Soil. 
 Loss of Nitrogen. 
 Less Humus. 
 
 Formation of Nitric Acid rather than 
 Ammonia. 
 
 Nitrogen saved as Ammonia. 
 Humus formed. 
 Kapid decomposition. 
 
38 
 
 In conclusion, the writer would suggest that the planters make 
 some comparative experiments on the two modes, and give in- 
 formation as to the results ; for though the chemical theory may- 
 be in favor of the pile, the difference in the yield of the crop 
 may not compensate for the greater expense of composting. 
 
 DIEECTIONS TO MAKE AliD MANAGE A COMPOST 
 
 PILE. 
 
 Select a slight incline, if possible, and from any convenient 
 point dig a ditch up the hill, say ten inclies wide and six deep, 
 as long as may be necessary, and sink a keg at the mouth to 
 catch the drainings. If the country be flat, just give the ditch 
 a slight inclination to the keg, and locate the spot for the pile 
 where the rain water will flow away from the pile and not 
 make a boggy place, 
 
 Now, on each side of the ditch, say six feet, lay off a line 
 parallel to the ditch, with a string or pegs, and slope down the 
 ground from each of these lines to the ditch, so that all the 
 drainings will flow into the ditch ; cover the whole bottom with 
 plank, taking care to cover the ditch so that the drainage water 
 can get into it, and at the same time that it will not be choked 
 by the compost falling into it. 
 
 Now, in order to build up the pile straight, erect a temporary 
 barricade with plank across the ditch, some two or three feet 
 up hill from the keg; this can easily be done by putting two or 
 three saplings in the ground for posts, bracing them from below, 
 and resting the plank against them. 
 
 Now haul the materials to the spot, and commence building 
 the pile from the barricade upwards. 
 
 Having thoroughly soaked the cotton seed with all the water 
 it will abhorb, mix it intimately with an equal weight of dis- 
 solved bone, and throw it against the barricade; build up the 
 pile in sections, of say six feet, to any convenient height, sloping 
 the sides so as to shed rain. Finish each section to the lop, 
 sprinkle the outside with dissolved bono, and cover with boards 
 or with h&j or straw, like a stack; then proceed in like manner 
 with the next section above ; the advantage of finishing each 
 section being, that decomposition starts sooner; so that by the 
 time the last section is done, the first will be the sooner ready. 
 A diagram would then look thus : 
 
39 
 
 I 'Ditch. 
 
 VIEW FROM LOWER END. 
 
 The water which collects in the keg should not be suffered to 
 waste, but should be poured back on the pile from time to time, 
 and the cover of the pile be opened for the purpose ; and the 
 temperature and dampness of the interior should be examined 
 by running a small grooved pole into the mass at different 
 places, twisting it round and round and withdrawing it, so as to 
 bring out some of the stuff in the middle ; if this be done skil- 
 fully, the planter can ascertain the condition of each individual 
 inch from the outside to the centre. If anywhere the interior 
 be found dry, water should be poured on the top over the part 
 90 found ; and when the interior of the seeds are thoroughly 
 disintegrated, and the heat has nearly ceased, the compost may 
 be used. 
 
 If at any time the smell of ammonia is perceived, the part 
 from which it emanates should be carefully ascertained and more 
 dissolved bone put on, or a layer of earth. 
 
 The proportions of dissolved bone and seed may be varied 
 from those recommended above, but the dissolved bone should 
 not be less than one-fourth of the weight of compost, provided 
 the dissolved bone be one of a high grade of soluble phosphoric 
 acid. The Etiwan Dissolved Bone contains the highest per- 
 centage of soluble phosphoric acid in the market. 
 
 THE APPLICATION OF COMPOSTED FBRTILIZEES TO 
 DIFFEEENT GRADES OF LAIRDS. 
 
 BY A FARMER. 
 
 The only Commercial Fertilizers our people habitually com- 
 post are the different superphosphates. For this purpose it is 
 earnestly recommended to you to get the highest grade of dis- 
 solved bone in your reach, as a dissolved bone of 24 per 
 cent, solubility is worth twice as much as an acid phosphate 
 of 12 per cent, solubility. Hence, 100 lbs. of the former will 
 go as far as 200 lbs. of the latter. Many farmers used low grade 
 
40 
 
 acid phosphates, 200 lbs. to the acre, and alongside the same 
 number of lbs. of a dissolved bone, of high grade, and at the end 
 of the year came to the conclusion that they are about equal 
 in value. This conclusion comes from the fact that the acid 
 phosphate was enough, or, in other words, had sufficient availa- 
 ble phosphoric acid and sulphate of lime, while the other con- 
 tained more than was wanted, and the excess was not taken 
 up 'by the plant, but remained in the soil, where it is true it 
 would not be lost, but remain the valuable property of the 
 owner of the soil. 
 
 As our capitals are short we are not able to make such large 
 investments, and should only buy, pay for, and apply what will 
 be returned to us in the crops of this year. It is true that high 
 manuring will pay, but equally true that it will only pay when 
 followed by a high state of cultivation and deep ploughing, etc : 
 and, even then, it is not certain to pay, except on lands that 
 have been brought up for some years past, and which are in a 
 high state of cultivation, in farming language — well in heart — 
 well educated lands. 
 
 For the ordinary field crops of cotton, from 75 to 150 lbs. of 
 a high grade manipulated Fertilizer will pay a better divi- 
 dend on the money invested than will 200 lbs. A bale of cot- 
 ton requires only about fourteen lbs. of phosphoric acid and 
 about eighteen lbs. of potash to make it. A 24 per cent, dissolved 
 bone will yield eleven lbs. per 100 of phosphoric acid, and we can 
 always trust the soil to supply some ; hence, until all the other 
 ingredients of the soil, the seasons, etc., are sufficient to pro- 
 duce over one bale per acre, 100 lbs, will be found enough for 
 common plantation use, and especially for the common field 
 cultivation in vogue amongst us. Practical farmers will find 
 150 lbs., perhaps, the best quantity to apply. 
 
 It will be best to concentrate your cotton seed and stable 
 manure, supplying ammonia, on your poorer lands, and to use 
 the Dissolved Bone on your fresh and improved lands. To 
 aid the inexperienced, we give below a table for six different 
 soils. 
 
 Dissolved bone, 24 per cent 
 
 Cotton seed 
 
 Phosphoric acid 
 
 Sulphate lime 
 
 Ammonia from cotton seed about 
 Potash from cotton seed about... 
 
 No. l.lNo. 2.IN0. 3. [No. 4.IJSI0. 5.IN0. b. 
 
 lbs. 
 per acre 
 
 150 
 1000 
 
 30 
 
 lbs. 
 per acre 
 
 160 
 800 
 
 24 
 6 
 
 lbs. lbs. 
 per acre per acre 
 
 150 
 
 500 
 
 16| 
 
 67^ 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 150 
 300 
 
 67^ 
 
 lbs. 
 oeracre 
 
 150 
 
 16i- 
 67^ 
 
 lbs. 
 per acre 
 
 150 
 
 16^ 
 67^ 
 
 No. 1 represents very poor and exhausted lands; Nos. 2 and 
 3 better grades ; No. 4 a good old land, capable of producing 
 or growing a cotton stalk, without any fertilizer, eighteen to 
 
41 
 
 twenty inches high ; Nos. 5 and 6, rich old lands, new grounds 
 and bottona lands. The first line in the table shows the maxi- 
 mum amount of Dissolved Bone of twenty-four per cent, solu- 
 bility recommended for an acre ; the second line the amount of 
 cotton seed for same; the third line the amount of phosphoric 
 acid, in pounds, supplied by 150 pounds Dissolved Bone, twenty- 
 four per cent.; the fourth line the amount of sulphate of lime, 
 or land plaster, supplied by 150 pounds Dissolved Bone; the fifth 
 line the amount, in pounds, of ammonia, approximately, sup- 
 plied by number of pounds of cotton seed above, in same col- 
 umn ; the sixth line the amount of potash in pounds, approxi- 
 mately, supplied by the cotton seed in column above. 
 
 Lands of the classes five and^ six will make crops without 
 ammonia, and generally, except when sandy, have a sufiicient 
 supply of potash. Of course the farmer may vary this formula, 
 and may substitute stable manure, in whole or in part, for cot- 
 ton seed. 
 
 In the sand region, or on porous soils, it will be best to use 
 Dissolved Bone and potash combined. This can be readily ob- 
 tained by purchasing the Etiwan Chemical Crop Food. 
 
 It may not be amiss for me to add that strong stable manure 
 and cotton seed are about equal to each other in value, so far 
 as ammonia is concerned. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS, 
 
 The raw materials used in the manufacture of commercial 
 fertilizers are the different Phosphates of Lime, Ammoniacal 
 matters, Salts of Potash, Sulphuric Acid, and Nitrate of Soda. 
 
 The sources of the chief class, that is the phosphates, are all 
 natural, being bone black, ashes, apatite, phosphorite, coprolites, 
 and the various " marl stones" and " rock guanos." 
 
 Bone Black. — This material, also known as animal charcoal, 
 is made by calcining or burning raw bones in a closed retort, so 
 as to drive off all volatile matter except carbon and phosphate 
 of lime. This residue, when ground, is sold to sugar refineries 
 for decolorizing their solutions. After having been used and 
 " revived " several times, its bleaching power is exhausted, and 
 it is then sold either as a manure itself or to the manufacturer 
 of superphosphates. 
 
 Bone Ash is a greyish white powder, obtained by calcining or 
 burning raw bones in an open vessel, so that by the free ac- 
 cess of oxygen all the carbon, organic matter and moisture is 
 driven off, and but the mineral matter remains. This is composed 
 
42 
 
 almost entirely of phosphate of lime and mai^nesia. The supplies 
 of this material mostly come from the Li Plata districtsof South 
 America and the Baltic, Mediterranean and Black Sea ports. In 
 this manufacture lar^e amounts of ammonia are lost. These 
 two materials, bone black and bone ash, have the phosphate of 
 lime, in a peculiarly sen-itive or a-^similative condition, and it 
 would be profligate to use them as raw materials for conversion 
 into superphosphates. It seems as if the passing through the 
 animal economy renders phosphate of lime sensitive to assim- 
 ilation. It is only to be regretted that the available supply of 
 these materials is so very limited. 
 
 Apatite. — This is a hard mineral, sometimes crystalized, at 
 others conchoidal. It is generally found in thin seams of crys- 
 talline or volcanic rocks. It varies in color from light green 
 to iron stone red. The principal localities in which it is found 
 is Northern Europe, Canada, New York, and New Jersey. 
 The close structure of this mineral, even when finely powdered, 
 makes it unsuited for direct application to soils, and the com- 
 mercial supply is limited, owing to the inaccessibility of its 
 sources. Its conversion into superphosphate of lime is also 
 attended with many manufacturing difficulties. 
 . Phosphorite. — This substance is very much like the preceding. 
 It is fibrous in structure, a light yellow color, and very hard ; 
 generally found in thick beds, surrounded by apatite and 
 quartz. It derives its name from becoming phosphorescent 
 when heated ; and the best qualities come from Spain and 
 Bavaria. 
 
 The supply of this article is also very limited, owing to diffi- 
 culty in mining. 
 
 The German, French, and Prussian phosphorites are also in 
 the market — but, as a general rule, the percentage of bone 
 phosphate of lime is too low to make them an economi-oal 
 source ot supply, the percentage of sand especially being so 
 large. 
 
 GoproUtes — True coprolites are not fossil excrements, but 
 worn and rounded fragments of fossil bones. They are chiefly 
 found in England, France, and Germany, and, to a small extent, 
 in Canada. They contain large amounts of fluoride of calcium, 
 carbonate of lime, oxide of iron, and alumina. They do not 
 make a good superphosphate, and are not as good for this pur- 
 pose as the South Carolina phosphate. Nevertheless, in Eng- 
 land they are extensively employed, on account of their abun- 
 dance and cheapness. 
 
 Bossa, or Guayamas Guano. — This is a very superior rock 
 guano, from the Island of Rossa, in the Gulf of California, 
 
 It is peculiar in that it contains a portion of its phosphate of 
 lime in the bi-calcic, or " reduced," state, and is almost wholly 
 free from foreign constitueuts. It is in hard lumps, but easily 
 powdered. 
 
43 
 
 Sombrero. — This is a rock guano, \\hich constitutes the entire 
 structure of one of the windward Islands in the Caribbean Sea. 
 It is somewhat hard, and forms a light yellow powder when 
 ground. It is not near so available for a superphosphate as 
 South Carolina phosphates. Owing to the large amount of 
 oxide of iron, there is a great waste of acid in the manufac- 
 ture ; dangerous compounds are formed, such as copperas and 
 the superphosphate " goes back." 
 
 Navassa Guano. — This comes from an Island off the coast of 
 Ilayti. It contains a large amount of phosphate of lime, but 
 owing to the abundance of iron and alumina, its conversion 
 into a superphosphate entails a large waste of acid, difficulty 
 of manufacture, and the inevitable " going back " in large 
 quantities. 
 
 Orchilla Guano. — This material comes from an island in the 
 Caribbean Sea. It is a damp, fawn colored powder. It is loose 
 in texture, and could be applied directly to the soil, but its low 
 percentage of phosphate of lime renders its money value small, 
 and for conversion into superphosphates, the large amounts of 
 carbonate of lime, iron and alumina, renders it uneconomical. 
 
 There are also on the market the Phoenix island, Guanahaui, 
 Eedonda, St. Martin's, and other phosphatio rock guanos, all of 
 which, together with those above named, are inferior in fertili- 
 zing properties to the South Carolina phosphates. 
 
 South Carolina Phosphates. — This material comes from the 
 vicinity of the Ashley and other rivers west of Charleston. It 
 is ground without difficulty, and is readily soluble in acids. Of 
 all the mineral phosphates of lime which are available, these 
 are best suited for conversion into superphosphates. 
 
 The mining and manufacture of these has assumed enormous 
 dimensions, some $20,000,000 being invested and the works for 
 the production of superphosphates and manipulated fertilizers 
 are among the most complete and well arranged in the world. 
 The combined capacity of the acid chambers is about 800,000 
 cubic feet: the largest single chamber being that of the Etiwan 
 Company, who convert one hundred tons of sulphur per month 
 into acid. 
 
 They also manufacture the highest grades of superphosphates 
 on the market. 
 
 We here give a table of the analyses of these different Phos- 
 phatic Guanos : 
 

 CO 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 TJ1 : ^ 
 
 Tf 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 ■»t* 
 
 • -^ 
 
 CO 
 
 (•igjojv) 
 
 00 • cc r- 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 O 
 
 : ^ 
 
 c^ 
 
 •ouisnf) Bi[iqoa() 
 
 O ; a. CM 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 ;>; 
 
 r 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 (iS-iow) 
 
 00 : Oi ro 
 
 
 00 O C^ O C<J 
 tr^ (M CD t^ O 
 
 |§ 
 
 
 • o 
 
 s 
 
 •ouBn£) 
 
 CO : rH o 
 
 
 CO CO '^ CO rH 
 
 «S CD 
 
 •^ 
 
 : '^ 
 
 § 
 
 ^ssBATi Nj JO 'aaijsdoof) 
 
 
 
 '"' 
 
 
 
 
 ("iS-ioH) 
 
 <M : cc 
 
 
 OS 
 00 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 o 
 
 :g 
 
 CO 
 
 •a^j-Bqdsoq J 'euiioa^Q 
 
 s • ;^' 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 : CO 
 
 
 q-^nog JO '8auo}8[j«j\[ 
 
 : ,_^_, 
 
 . , — ■ — , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 (•q'^^^d^JeH) 
 
 as ;0 .COCD(M — O^OO 
 
 CD 
 
 ; CO 
 
 O 
 
 •^Iiojffng 
 
 O -.CO : ^ rH O r-; ■ 03 
 
 CO 
 
 : "M 
 
 oT 
 
 's9;iyojdoo 9Sf«^>f 
 
 »0 . T-l . ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 : '"' 
 
 Ci 
 
 (•^«AV) 
 
 oi :t-r-oo .t-oo-*»^o<-i 
 
 3 
 
 ; CO 
 • Oi 
 
 00 
 05 
 
 •gSpijquiBO 
 
 t^ : CO CO '^t 
 
 O rH !>J 05 
 
 "^ 
 
 : CD 
 
 C5 
 
 's9ii|ojdoD enjx 
 
 
 
 , ^ 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 <© : -^ t— 
 
 
 ^lOCOOCO Oi CD :(N 
 
 : 00 
 
 00 
 
 (•^gjoj^) 
 
 O ' CO 05 
 
 
 CDCir-'-iOO -^ CO .«3 
 
 : CO 
 
 o 
 
 •ounnf) oagjtqcuog 
 
 ^ JO-^ 
 
 
 00 <-l 00 1-1 »0 : CO 
 
 
 8 
 
 (•^yjoH) 
 
 o : o 
 
 r- . 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s g 
 
 Si 
 
 g 
 
 •s9U9ng9^ juSng 
 
 00 : 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 Oi^ 
 
 Oi 
 
 raOJJ >tD«lff-9U0J| 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,-^^ — ' — 
 
 
 
 (•)»J0H) 
 
 CO : 00 r- 
 
 
 
 
 § 
 
 S SJ 
 
 g 
 
 CO 
 
 •tjougniy 
 
 o :o 
 
 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 C5 
 
 o 
 
 qanog raojj qsy-^uog 
 
 t^ : rH 
 
 
 
 
 ,-^^ 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 (•snia989J^) 
 
 CO : 'tf CO (M 
 
 
 
 g^ 
 
 00 (M 
 
 O CO 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 : 00 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 •/CuBraJ9f) 
 
 ■* : CO i-H o 
 
 
 
 rH CD 
 
 oo 
 
 
 (M 
 
 : "^ 
 
 o 
 
 raojj giiJoqdsoqj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 o 
 
 (•uo^sSo) 
 
 QO • CO CO rH 
 
 CO : (M 00 T-H 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 CN 
 
 : •^ 
 
 . CO 
 
 
 •ni'Bdg 
 
 s I^"^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :(M 
 
 05 
 
 raojj 9iiJoqdsoqj 
 
 
 
 
 ,-^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Oi 
 
 (•J9510190A) 
 
 ^ i 
 
 05 : i-H CO op 
 
 lO . CD CO 0^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CC 
 
 : "^ 
 
 . CD 
 
 CD 
 
 •^«M 
 
 o : 
 
 ^- irH- rH- § 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 1 
 
 -jo^ raojj 9-^1 jBdy 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 o : 
 
 
 O 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ o 
 
 00 
 
 . (-^miH -S "X) 
 
 CN : 
 
 
 CD l>- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : '^ 
 
 'Ttl 
 
 •■BpBUBO raojj 9^l!^Bdv 
 
 Oi 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (ig-ioH) 
 
 §§ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O »0 O O O fM 
 
 JNrHrH CO 00 CO 
 
 •:B 
 
 CO 
 
 •mujojn^Ojojinf) 
 
 S2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . d d 00 oi CO 
 
 : CD 
 
 Ci 
 Oi 
 
 aqi uiojj ouBnf) bso^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^->-^ ,— ^ 
 
 
 
 OS : 
 
 'i i 
 
 c • 
 
 be : 
 
 « : 
 a : 
 
 as 
 > C 
 
 i'S 
 : 3 
 
 :j3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 ai 
 
 ^3 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 H 
 
 ffi 2 
 
 ; — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "^ 
 
 .R.^ 
 
 : oQ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 : cR 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 Iz; 
 
 i;2 
 
 • -o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : ^ 
 
 : 
 
 
 o 
 
 ^^ 
 
 : o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 : 
 
 
 o 
 
 O^ a 
 
 anio 
 um.. 
 urn., 
 imin 
 
 n 
 
 : S 
 : 3 
 
 
 
 
 : i- 
 
 2 = 
 
 : cs 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 ii; 
 
 1 
 
 : -i -IS a 
 : ♦? oQ 'c 
 
 ) : _c. 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 It: 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 ^5 * 
 
 
 
 «Z!! 
 
 )h 
 
 ;^ 
 
 Is. 
 
 
 <^ 
 
 IX 
 
 5 
 
 r 
 
 l(i 
 
 \S. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ? 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 
45 
 
 Peruvian Guano. The first commercial fertilizer known to 
 the people of the South, now totally exhausted, came from the 
 Chincha Islands, off the coast of Peru, and is believed to have 
 been derived from the excrement of the fish eating bird, known 
 on that coast as the Guano. Owing to the total want of rain 
 the ammoniacal and other valuable salts which are soluble, were 
 preserved. Genuine guano was exceedingly light, weighing 
 only sixty-eight to seventy-two pounds per bushel. 
 And its average composition was about — 
 
 Water expelled at 212° 12.42 
 
 Organic matter and ammoniacal salts 52.98 
 
 Yielding ammonia 17 21 
 
 Phosphate Lime and Magnesia 25.06 
 
 Alkaline salts 8.26 
 
 Insoluble matter 1.50 
 
 From the above analysis we perceive that this substance was 
 remarkably rich in fertilizing materials, all of which were in a 
 readily soluble condition. It is to be regretted that these 
 deposits are totally exhausted, the mining having extended 
 down to the rock, so that the last shipments made contained 
 over thirty per cent, of rock. 
 
 Other localities have been discovered yielding the same sub- 
 stance, but of a less valuable composition, as the Guanape 
 islands, oft' the coast of Ecuador, were, owing to the heavy dews 
 and occasional rainfall, the ammoniacal and soluble salts are 
 considerably diminished in quantity. While it may be obtained 
 to analyze fourteen per cent of ammonia, its amount of soluble 
 phosphoric acid is small. Nor does it appear to compare with 
 the Chincha Island Guano, as a fertilizer, at all relatively to 
 their analysis. 
 
 Lower down the Coast of South America, off Chili, islands 
 are found containing quantities of guano nearly entirely desti- 
 tute of ammoniacal and soluble salts, owing to the frequent 
 rains. Quite recently another deposit has been discovered on 
 the Falkland Islands and off the West Coast of Africa, of the 
 same character. 
 
 All of these are the raw materials which enter into the 
 manufacture qf commercial fertilizers. 
 
 For the manufacture of superphosphates alone in this coun- 
 try, the South Carolina and Navassa phosphates are the only ones 
 almost exclusively used. The source of ammonia for the manip- 
 ulated fertilizers is chiefly a material called Azotin, which is 
 composed of the dried flesh of animals ; dried blood is also a 
 limited supply. In these materials the nitrogen does not exist 
 in the form of ammonia, but is converted into that compound 
 by decomposition. 
 
 The different preparations of fish which are found on the mar- 
 
46 
 
 ket are intended to supply both phosphoric acid and ammonia, 
 but their chief value is for a supply of the latter. If applied 
 alone to the soil, it benefits those crops which require larger 
 amounts of ammonia; but as the bones of the fish are not com- 
 minuted or finely ground, the phosphoric acid contained therein 
 is of scarcely any use to growing plants, and the amount re- 
 quired for the crop must be drawn from the store house of the 
 soil. 
 
 This has been sought to be remedied by treatment with sul- 
 phuric acid previous to manipulation, but as the bones exist as 
 bones, and not as powder, the solvent power of the acid is mate- 
 rially diminished. 
 
 The best grade of this material is what is known as fish 
 scrap, as fish guano proper is nearly all water. 
 
 Planters are often of the opinion that a bad smell arising 
 from a fertilizer is a test of its manurial value, and especially 
 that it indicates the presence of ammonia. This is entirely a 
 mistake; the smell of ammonia is that of hartshorn, and in any 
 fertilizer in which the ammonia exists as free carbonate of 
 ammonia, this smell will be observed, as in Gnanape guano. If, 
 however, the ammonia, is combined with a strong acid, no smell 
 of hartshorn will be perceived as in the true Chincha or Peru- 
 vian guano, or in sulphate of ammonia. 
 
 The cause of the bad smell is not exactly ascertained, but 
 seems to be due to the presence of the gases, sulphuretted and 
 phosphoretted hydrogen, which gases are combinations of sul- 
 phur and phosphorus with hydrogen. The sulphuretted hydro- 
 gen is familiar as the odor of rotten eggs. 
 
 Sulphate Ammonia is also a very concentrated supply of this 
 material for crops. It is chiefly made from the refuse of gas 
 works of large cities. Coal, from which gas is made, was origi- 
 nally organic matter — trees, plants. These contained nitrogen, 
 and when subjected to heat, in a closed retort, the nitrogen 
 combines with the hydrogen to form ammonia. This, together 
 with all the tarry matters of the coal distils over, and is con- 
 densed in the "hydraulic main," which is a necessary process 
 in gas making. The liquor containing most of the ammoniacal 
 salts is then drained off, treated with sulphuric acid, and evapo- 
 rated until the sulphate of ammonia crystalizes. It is allowed 
 to cool, and is drained. The supply of this, howev^er, is limited, 
 and its chief use is for the cereal crops, to which it is better 
 adapted than to cotton. 
 
 Nitrate of Soda. — Ammonia has generally been considered 
 the form in which nitrogen is assimilated by crops, but nitrogen 
 in the form of nitric acid, or any of the compounds of oxygen 
 and nitrogen, gives excellent results, so that nitrate of soda 
 forms one of the most regular and best supplies tor nitrogen 
 for plants. This material is entirely obtained from the rainless 
 desert of Atacama, in Peru. It there exists in vast beds, and 
 
47 
 
 is mined, refined, and exported to foreign markets. It is indis- 
 pensable in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, and is also used 
 in the manufacture of gunpowder, by being previously turned 
 into nitrate of potash, by a treatment with German muriate of 
 potash. It absorbs moisture, and so cannot be used alone for 
 gunpowder. Its chief effect appears to be upon grass crops, 
 but the difficulty attending its use is that it more readily 
 leaches out of soils than ammoniaeal salts, so that where it has 
 been applied to a field, it is almost always to be detected in 
 ditches, draining the same. 
 
 Nitrate of Potash. — This material is a valuable source of both 
 nitrogen and potash. It is chiefly imported from India, and, 
 on account of its price, only used tor gunpowder or medicine. 
 
 Ammoniaeal Plants. — Another source of ammonia, and by far 
 the least expensive to the farmer to supply his land with, will 
 be found in several plants, to be turned under as green crop. 
 Amongst these, we find in our section of country red clover and 
 peas, which appear to absorb nitrogen from the atmosphere, 
 and, by some process, to store it in the soil. It is also asserted 
 by an eminent chemist that some species of grass, weeds, and 
 especially the vetch, accomplish the same result. 
 
 Potash. — The supply of potash in the commercial fertilizers is 
 almost entirely derived from the German Stassfurt salts. Here 
 it is found in beds consisting of alternate layers of common salt 
 and the salts of lime, magnesia and potash. It was evidently 
 produced by the drying up of an inland sea. It has to be m4ned 
 and refined, when different grades are exported to foreign 
 markets. The best grade exported is the muriate, containing 
 from forty-five to fifty per cent, pure potash. Of late years the 
 unmanufactured salt has been largely exported and highly 
 praised, but, in our opinion, a large amount of chloride of mag- 
 nesium present would render it injurious to most crops. Many 
 of these lower grades are sold under the name of Kainit. 
 
 The soils which are first exhausted of potash are, first, sandy ; 
 second, light clay ; third, marly ; fourth, heavy clay and allu- 
 vial. 
 
 Sulphate Lime, Gypsum, or Land Plaster. — This is extensively 
 applied to soils as a manure, and is also found largely in all 
 high grade superphosphates, or dissolved bone, as resulting from 
 the process of their manufacture. Jt really seems to be a spe- 
 cific for a clover crop, and its general action appears to be its 
 power of fixing the ammonia contained in the soil and atmos- 
 phere. Jn the presence of carbonate of ammonia a double de- 
 composition ensues, resulting in the formation of su] 
 ammonia and carbonate of lime. This substam 
 burned, makes plaster of Paris. ^^ 
 
48 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE iMANUFACTURE OF CCMMEROIAL FERTILIZERS. 
 
 Previous to the formation of the Sulphuric Acid and Super- 
 phosphate Company, it was maintained that the manufacture 
 of Sulphuric Acid was impracticable in the latitude of Charles- 
 ton, S. C. ; but the projectors of this Company, appreciating the 
 great advantage ot manufacturing the acid near to the raw 
 material, and seeing no scientific reason why it could not be 
 done, applied for a charter under the above name on May 26th, 
 1868. 
 
 In selecting a site for their works the greatest pains were 
 taken, and the most advantageous locations in South Carolina 
 and the adjoining States were carefully considered. After ma- 
 ture deliberation, a point on the east of Charleston Neck, about 
 four miles from the city, and lying on " Town Creek," a branch 
 of Cooper River, was selected. This spot was where the '* John 
 Adams," the first frigate of the United States, was built, and 
 where subsequently was the Confederate Navy shipyard. The 
 Creek is bold and deep, affording excellent harborage, and of 
 depth sufficient to allow any ship to come to the Company's 
 wharf which shall cross Charleston Bar. 
 
 At this spot, on the 21st August, 1868, work was begun ; 
 and on December the 8th, of the same year, the first Sulphuric 
 Acid was manufactured south of Baltimore, 
 
 The manufacture of fertilizers is by no means so easy a thing 
 as some suppose, and the difficulties increase as the grade rises, 
 in more than a geometrical ratio. This Company started out 
 with the determination to make the highest grade of 'Soluble 
 Phosphoric Acid possible for the South Carolina Phosphates; 
 and after meeting and surmounting innumerable obstacles, both 
 seen and unforseen, turned out the highest grade fertilizer ever 
 manufactured in America. The good done the country by this 
 action is incalculable, for since that time the grade of all fertil- 
 izers manufactured in the United States has steadily improved, 
 and to-day the farmers and planters of America have offered 
 them commercial fertilizers not excelled by any made either in 
 England or on the Continent. 
 
 'The process of manufacuure may be divided into four heads : 
 
 1st. The Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid. 
 
 2d. The Drying and Grinding of the Eock. 
 
 3d. The Mixing. 
 
 4th. The Disintegrating and Screening. 
 
 The iVJanufacture of Sulphuric Acid ; 
 
 Sulphuric Acid is a solid dissolved in a variable quantity of 
 water, and consists of sulphur and oxygen, so that the object in 
 
49 
 
 the manufacture of Sulphuric Acid is to make the oxygen of 
 the atmosphere combine with sulphur in the presence of suffi- 
 cient water to give it the required strength. 
 
 If sulphur be burnt in the open air, it combines with two- 
 thirds of the oxygen necessary to make Sulphuric Acid, and is 
 called Sulphurous Acid ; the last third cannot be made to com- 
 bine directly from the atmosphere, and so means have been de- 
 vised by which it may be made to do indirectly ; these are the 
 introduction of Nitric Acid vapor into a mixture of Sulphurous 
 Acid and atmospheric air and steam ; the Nitric Acid parts 
 with some of its oxygen to the Sulphurous Acid, which, becom- 
 ing Sulphuric Acid, dissolves in the steam and falls as a rain, 
 while tl^e Nitric Acid takes b^ck from the atmosphere the 
 oxygien which it had lost, to give it again to another portion of 
 Sulphurious Acid, thus acting as a carrier of oxygen between 
 the two. 
 
 All these conditions are ensured in the construction and man- 
 agement of the Sulphuric Acid " chambers," as they are called. 
 These chambers are vast rooms, whose sides, top and bottom, 
 are composed of sheet lead, and all along on the outside run 
 steam pipes for the admission of steam into the interior; ante- 
 terior to the chambers is the furnace in which the sulphur is 
 burnt and the Nitric Acid evolved. 
 
 This Company has two sets of chambers, of an aggregate 
 capacity of 180,000 cubic feet, and their consumption ot sulphur 
 per day of twenty-four hours is 7,200 lbs. The set last erected 
 contains the largest single chamber in the United States, having 
 the following dimensions: 140 feet x 30 x 25 ; while the furnace 
 of cast-iron is the only one in America, and the largest i» the 
 world. They have also attached to their chambers the con- 
 densers of Gay Lussac, thus reducing their consumption of 
 Nitre from 10 per cent, to 4 per cent., and their production is 
 from 280 to 285 lbs. of Monohydrated Sulphuric Acid to the 
 hundred pounds of sulphur consumed. 
 
 Drying and Grinding. — The rock, as it comes from the washers 
 of the miners is loaded on sloops, schooners and flats, and trans- 
 ported to the wharf of the Company, where it is discharged by 
 a derrick, which is driven by a wire rope 320 feet from the en- 
 gines. A shed 200 feet long, paved with brick and supported 
 by iron pillars, extends backwards from the wharf. On this 
 brick pavement is laid two rows of pine wood ; overhead is a 
 railroad, on which* run the cars into which the rock is dis- 
 charged, and from which it is dumped upon the wood beneath. 
 When the cargo has been thus discharged, the wood is set fire 
 to and the '' kiln " burns and is dried; by the well considered 
 arrangements of this Company, the consumption of wood is 
 reduced to one cord of wood to forty tons of rock, thus obvi- 
 ating some of the damage done by too much heat, while iho 
 rock is still thoroughly dried. 
 4 
 
50 
 
 The dried rock is loaded into cars, which is then hoisted up 
 an inclined plane into the mill, and dumped by the crushers. 
 These are three in number, made of iron, by Baugh & Sons, of 
 Philadelphia, and are mounted on heavy frames, independent 
 of the mill building ; they are driven by belts from the main 
 shaft, and run at a speed of 450 revolutions per minute ; a man 
 feeds these crushers with the dried rocik, which passing though 
 crushed, is picked up by elevators and delivered into the hop- 
 pers of the mill-stones. 
 
 Of these mill-stones there are six pair; they are of the best 
 French buhr stone, and are driven by the crank shaft of one 
 engine; they are four feet in diameter and are make 170 revo- 
 lutions per minute. The amount ground depends entirely upon 
 the degree of fineness to which it is ground ; in this mill the 
 rock is ground so that all will pass through a screen of 80 wires 
 to the inch, and the product is about 3 tons per pair of stones 
 per day of 10 hours. After passing through the stones the 
 powdered rock is received into elevators which deliver it into 
 a box through which it is screwed from the mill house into the 
 mixing house at an elevation of about 30 feet, and there is de- 
 livered, not having been touched by hand since it was fed as 
 crude rock to the crusher. 
 
 The mixing is done in a tub of cast iron 8 feet in diameter, 
 which revolves 20 times per minute, and in which are small 
 ploughs, which revolve 160 times per minute. Into this tub a 
 weighed quantity of the powdered rock is thrown by simply 
 overturning a large scoop, which hangs from a steelyard, the 
 scoop and steelyard being suspended from a frame which 
 runs -on a trainway from the pile of ground rock to the 
 mixing tub; a known weight of acid is now run in and the 
 revolving ploughs thoroughly incorporate the phosphate and 
 the acid. When a certain time has passed, an iron plug, 
 which stops up a hole in the centre of the tub, is raised and 
 the mixed mass, either in a semi-fluid or dry condition, 
 depending on the amount of acid added, falls through into a 
 space below. The amount of acid which is mixed with the 
 phosphate depends upon the grade of solubility desired, the 
 higher the percentage of Soluble Phosphoric Acid wanted the 
 larger the amount of acid to be added, and here is the chief diffi- 
 culty in the manufacture, for the higher the grade the more 
 pasty is the mass, and, therefore, the more difficult is the after 
 manipulation ; up to 5 per cent, of Soluble Phosphoric Acid the 
 mass comes from the mixing tub dry, and can be screened at 
 once and packed in sacks; but when enough acid is added to 
 render 11, 12, and 13 per cent, soluble, the mass comes from 
 the mixing tub a semi-fluid and will flow like mud 30 or 40 feet, 
 and must be left for a time varying, from two weeks to two 
 months, to harden before it can be handled ; the intermediate 
 grades also of 6, 7, and 8 per cent., when left, harden into a rock 
 
51 
 
 as 8olid as limestone, and have to be disintegrated in a powerful 
 machine. Tnese difficulties have all been overcome by this 
 Company, and they are now able to ship 13 per cent, of Soluble 
 Phosphoric Acid in three days from the time of the order; this 
 is called by them theEtiwan Dissolved' Bone; they also manufac- 
 ture an ammoniated fertilizer, called the Etiwan, by adding to 
 the mass in the mixinoj tub the proper quantities of Peruvian 
 Guano, Ammoniacal Matter, and German Potash Salts ; they 
 also employ a Chemist to analyze all material received, prescribe 
 all formulas, and to analyze the fertilizers when ready for mar- 
 ket; every ingredient is most carefully weighed and the 
 results scientifically scrutinized. Their laboratory is among the 
 most complete in the South, and as a fertilizer company they 
 rank among the foremost in the world. 
 
 Tke disintegrating and screening is the last process in the manu- 
 facture; the mass from the mixing tub, after standing for a 
 time, is mined out and loaded in cars, which are elevated to a 
 machine called the disintegrator; of these there are two — one 
 imported from England, and the other made in Baltimore ; this 
 machine consists of two wheels, one within the other, and 
 revolving vertically in opposite directions. The stuff is fed in 
 at the centre, dashed to pieces by the bars at the periphery, 
 and falling through these is received in a revolving screen, 
 after passing through which it is ready for market. 
 
 The power of driving all this machinery consists of two 
 80 and 100 horse power respectively, the former being made In 
 Connecticut and the latter in Charleston. There is a set of 
 boilers for each engine, and also another single one to generate 
 steam for the chambers ; but the steam pipes are so arranged 
 that any engine can be run from any boiler. Of donkey water 
 pumps there are three — one small one to supply the boilers ; 
 one of 450 gallons a minute capacity, which supplies a tank Qo 
 feet high, from which water pipes are distributed all over the 
 works ; and one of 1,200 gallons a minute capacity for fire 
 insurance. There is also a donkey air pump which pumps air 
 into a boiler in which it is retaiped under a pressure of 50 
 pounds to the square inch, and from which it is drawn for the 
 purpose of forcing the acid up to the mixing tub and condensing 
 towers. There are also, five heaters through which passes the 
 escape stream from the engines and which heats the feed water 
 to 200° Fahr., thus saving much fuel. 
 
 The Works are also connected with the South Carolina and 
 Northeastern Eailroads by a track laid down by the Company, 
 so that they ship directly from their Works to any point in the 
 interior. 
 
 To the east of the Works, on a point commanding a most 
 beautiful view of the harbor and sea, are four dwelling houses, 
 in which live the families of seven of the white employees of 
 the Company, including the Superintendent, Engineer, and sul- 
 
52 
 
 phur burners, so that at all times the property of the Company 
 is protected by the presence of a lar^e number of intelligent 
 and efficient men ; the roofing of the difiPerent buildings covers an 
 acre and a half of ground, and the total horse-power of all the 
 engines is 320. 
 
 The only dangerous material used is the N'itrate of Soda, 
 which is the source of the Nitric Acid, used in the chambers; 
 and this is stored in a fire-proof brick magazine. 
 
 The capacity of these Works, for the high grade which they 
 make, is 850 tons per month of the Btiwan Dissolved Bone, and 
 1,000 tons per naonth of their ammoniated fertilizer, the Eti- 
 wan. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 TABLE I. 
 
 Composition of the Ash of Agricultural Plants and Products, giving the 
 average of all trustworthy Analyses published up to August, 1865, by Professor 
 Emil Wolff, of the Royal Academy of Agriculture, at Hohenheim, Wirtem- 
 burg.* 
 
 Substance. 
 
 
 •<! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 ~5^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 -^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 
 
 •S 
 
 
 ■c 
 
 .vj 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 ::5 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 CO 
 
 I.— MEADOW 
 
 Meadow hay 113 
 
 Young grass | I 
 
 Dead ripe hay j i 
 
 4JRye grass in flower 
 
 Timothy 
 
 Other sweet grasses 
 
 Oats heading out , 
 
 " in flower.... 
 
 Barley heading out 
 
 " in flower 
 
 Winter wheat heading out.... 
 
 " " in flower 
 
 Winter rye heading out 
 
 Green cereals, light 
 
 " " heavy 
 
 Hungarian millet, green [pan 
 
 icum germ) 
 
 HAY AND GRASSES. 
 
 7.78125, 
 9 32I56 
 
 7-73 
 7.10 
 7.01 
 7.27 
 9.46 
 7.23 
 
 8-93 
 
 7.04 
 
 9-73 
 6.99 
 
 5.42 
 7.20 
 9.21 
 
 7.^3 37-4 
 
 7.0 
 1.8 
 2.9 
 4.2 
 2.7 
 1.8 
 4.4 
 3 3 
 1-7 
 0.6 
 
 1-9 
 
 0.5 
 
 0-3 
 i-S 
 
 3-4 
 
 4.9 
 
 II. 6 
 
 6.2 
 
 5.1 
 
 2.8 
 
 10.7 
 
 10.5 
 
 4.0 
 
 3-4 
 
 12.9 
 
 44 
 
 0.7 
 
 2.1 
 
 7.5 
 
 7.8 
 
 3.8 
 
 3-7 
 
 94 
 
 10.8 
 
 3-9 
 
 2.6 
 
 5-5 
 
 7.8] 4.4 
 
 3-5 
 
 7.0 
 
 8.3I 3-4 
 
 3-2 
 
 6.7 
 
 8.3 
 
 2.7 
 
 29 
 
 7.0 
 
 10. 1 
 
 29 
 
 31 
 
 6.0 
 
 9.8 
 
 2.9 
 
 1-5 
 
 4.9 
 
 7-4 
 
 2.8 
 
 2.2 
 
 3.1 
 
 7-3 
 
 1.9 
 
 31 
 
 7-4 
 
 147 
 
 1.6 
 
 3-9 
 
 6.6 
 
 9 I 
 
 4-1 
 
 4-7 
 
 «.3 
 
 8.1 
 
 4.8 
 
 8.0 
 
 5-4 
 
 5-4 
 
 3.6 
 
 29.6 
 10.3 
 63.1 
 
 39.6 
 35.6 
 
 37-6 
 27.9 
 
 33-2 
 31.2 
 48.0 
 41.9 
 56.8 
 32.0 
 
 41.4 
 30.0 
 
 II.— CLOVER AND FODDER PLANTS. 
 
 Red 
 
 clover 
 
 a. I ',-25 per cent, potash 
 
 b. 25-35 " " " 
 
 c. 35-50 '* '< " 
 
 White clover 
 
 Lucerne , 
 
 Esparsette 
 
 21 Swedish clover 
 
 56 
 
 6 
 
 72 
 
 34-5 
 
 1.6 
 
 12,2 
 
 34-0 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 01 
 
 20.8 
 
 1.9 
 
 18.2 
 
 39-7 
 
 23 
 
 6 
 
 74 
 
 29.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 II. 8 
 
 35.6 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 46 3 
 
 I 4 
 
 7.8 
 
 27-3 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 17.5 
 
 7.8 
 
 lO.O 
 
 32.2 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 25-3 
 
 I.I 
 
 5-8 
 
 48.0 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 39i39-4 
 
 1.7 
 
 5.8 
 
 32.2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 53 
 
 33« 
 
 1.5 
 
 15-3 
 
 319 
 
 9.9 
 
 9 4 
 10.6 
 
 9.2 
 14. 1 
 
 8.5 
 10.4 
 10. 1 
 
 3.0 
 
 2.7 
 
 3.8 
 
 1.2 
 
 30 
 
 2.7 
 
 2.2 
 
 a.S 
 
 8.8 
 
 4.5 
 
 6.1 
 
 2.0 
 
 3-3 
 
 40 
 
 4.0 
 
 1.2 
 
 8.0 
 
 2.0 
 5-7 
 5-4 
 5-0 
 41 
 4.4 
 4.0 
 5.6 
 3-5 
 5.3 
 2.8 
 
 4.3 
 5.6 
 
 6.4 
 
 3 7 
 5-4 
 2.9 
 
 3-2 
 3-2 
 1.9 
 
 3-0 
 2.8 
 
 *From Prof. Wolff's Mittlere Ztisammenset-zung der Asche, aller land und forst- 
 ivirthschaftlichen ivicktigen Stoffe, Stuttgart, 1865. The above table being more com- 
 plete, and In most particulars more exact than the author's means of reference enable him 
 to construct, and being moreover likely to be the basis of calculations by agricultural 
 chemists abroad for some years to come, has been reproduced here literally. The ref- 
 erences and important explanations accompanying the original, want of space precludes 
 quoting. In the table, oxide of iron, an ingredient normally present to the extent of 
 less than one per cent., is omitted. Chlorine is often omitted, not because absent from 
 the plant, but from uncertainty as to its amount. Carbonic acid is also excluded in all 
 cases, for the sake of uniformity and facility of comparison. 
 
54 
 
 Composition of the Ash of Agricultural Plants and Products. 
 
 Substance. 
 
 
 ^• 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■^" 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 >3 
 
 
 ? 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 .^ 
 
 
 
 
 "^ 
 
 Q 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 -$-' 
 
 ^ 
 
 2 
 
 II.— CLOVER AND FODDER PLANTS. 
 
 Anthyllh 'vulneraria. 
 
 Green vetches 
 
 Green pea in flower . 
 Green rape, young ... 
 
 I 
 
 5.60 
 
 10 3 4.5 
 
 2 
 
 8.74 
 
 42.1 2 9 
 
 I 
 
 7.40 
 
 40.8 0.2 
 
 5 
 
 897 
 
 32.3 38 
 
 4 6168.9 
 6.8126.3 
 
 8.2 28.7 
 
 4.5 23.1 
 
 7.0 
 
 1.6 
 
 z 9 
 
 128 
 
 3-7 
 
 1.8 
 
 132 
 
 3 5 
 
 2.6 
 
 8.7 
 
 16.3 
 
 3-i 
 
 III.— ROOT CROPS. 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Artichokes 
 
 Beets 
 
 Sugar Beets 
 
 Turnips 
 
 Turnips* 
 
 Ruta-bagas 
 
 Carrots 
 
 Chickory 
 
 Sugar beet-headsf . 
 
 31 
 
 3-74 
 
 59.8 
 
 1.6 
 
 4-5 
 
 2.3 
 
 19.1 
 
 6.6 
 
 2 3 
 
 I 
 
 5 16 
 
 65.4 
 
 
 2.7 
 
 3 5 
 
 16.0 
 
 3-2 
 
 
 
 »5 
 
 6.86 
 
 53-1 
 
 14.8 
 
 5^ 
 
 4.6 
 
 9.6 
 
 3-3 
 
 3-3 
 
 44 4-35 
 
 49-4 
 
 9.6 
 
 8.9 
 
 6.3 
 
 H-3 
 
 4-7 
 
 3-5 
 
 15 8.28 
 
 39-3 
 
 II 4 
 
 3-9 
 
 10.4 
 
 13.3 
 
 H3 
 
 2.4 
 
 2 
 
 7.20 
 
 50.6 
 
 3.8 
 
 2.1 
 
 134 
 
 17.4 
 
 60 
 
 I.I 
 
 2 
 
 7.68 
 
 51.2 
 
 6.7 
 
 2.6 
 
 9.7 
 
 15-3 
 
 8.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 10 
 
 6.27 
 
 36.7 
 
 22 1 
 
 5-3 
 
 10.7 
 
 12.5 
 
 64 
 
 2.0 
 
 7 
 
 5.21 
 
 404 
 
 7.7 1 6.3 
 
 8.7 
 
 14.5 
 
 9.2 
 
 6.1 
 
 I 
 
 403 
 
 29.6 
 
 24.4 
 
 III.O 
 
 9 » 
 
 12.8 
 
 7.6 
 
 2.0 
 
 IV.— LEAVES AND STEMS OF ROOT CROPS. 
 
 Potatoes, August.., 
 " October. 
 
 Beets 
 
 Sugar Beets 
 
 Turnips , 
 
 Kohl-rabi 
 
 Carrots 
 
 Chickory 
 
 Cabbage 
 
 Cabbage stalk 
 
 3 
 
 8.92 
 
 145 
 
 2.7 
 
 16.8 
 
 390 
 
 6.1 
 
 56 
 
 I 
 
 5.12 
 
 6.3 
 
 0.8 
 
 22.6 
 
 46.2 
 
 55 
 
 5 5 
 
 6 
 
 1596 
 
 29.1 
 
 21.0 
 
 9-7 
 
 II. 4 
 
 51 
 
 74 
 
 7 
 
 17.49 
 
 22.1 
 
 16.8I18.3 
 
 19.7 
 
 7.4 
 
 8.0 
 
 16 
 
 13.68 
 
 22.9 
 
 7.8 
 
 4-5 
 
 32.4 
 
 8.9 
 
 9.9 
 
 I 
 
 16.87 
 
 14.4 
 
 3 9 
 
 40 
 
 33-3 
 
 10.4 
 
 II. 7 
 
 7 
 
 13-57 
 
 14. 1 
 
 23.1 
 
 4.6 
 
 33.0 
 
 4-7 
 
 7-9 
 
 I 
 
 1246 
 
 60.0 
 
 0.7 
 
 32 
 
 14.3 
 
 9.0 
 
 90 
 
 2 
 
 10.81 
 
 48.6 
 
 3-9 
 
 3-3 
 
 15-3 
 
 15.8 
 
 8.5 
 
 I 
 
 6.46 
 
 43 9 
 
 5 5 
 
 41 
 
 II-3 
 
 20 9 
 
 11.8 
 
 8.0 
 4.2 
 
 4.8 
 
 3^ 
 
 3.8 
 
 10 5 3 
 5.61 7, 
 
 I o I, 
 
 i.il I. 
 
 REFUSE AND MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS 
 
 Sugar beet cake 
 
 a. Common cake 
 
 b. Residue of maceration 
 
 c. Residue from Centrifugal 
 
 machine 
 
 Beet molasses 
 
 Molasses slumj 
 
 Raw beet sugar 
 
 Potatoe fiber|| 
 
 Potatoe juice^ 
 
 53lPotatoe skii)s| 
 
 54lFine wheat flour | i 
 
 Rye flour 
 
 Barley flour.... 
 Barley dust**. 
 Maize meal.... 
 
 7 
 
 315 
 
 2 
 
 3-03 
 
 2 
 
 3-53 
 
 I 
 
 3" 
 
 3 
 
 11.28 
 
 I 
 
 19.02 
 
 I 
 
 I 43 
 
 I 
 
 II. 10 
 
 4 
 
 0.99 
 
 2 
 
 23-45 
 
 3 
 
 9 59 
 
 I 
 
 0.47 
 
 I 
 
 1.97 
 
 I 
 
 2-33 
 
 I 
 
 5.62 
 
 36.6 
 
 8.4 
 
 5.6 
 
 25-3 
 
 25.0 
 
 12.7 
 
 
 27.2 
 
 35-3 
 
 9-4 
 
 II. 8 
 
 27.9 
 
 455 
 
 9.8 
 
 
 25 3 
 
 71. 1 
 
 10. s 
 
 0.4 
 
 6.0 
 
 89.8 
 
 
 0.9 
 
 
 
 33-3 
 
 28.0 
 
 
 
 8-5 
 
 46.3 
 
 6.6 
 
 8.8 
 
 6.2 
 
 15.6 
 
 
 7.6 
 
 47.8 
 
 69 5 
 
 
 3-5 
 
 I.O 
 
 72.0 
 
 0.7 
 
 6.7 
 
 9.6 
 
 36.0 
 
 0.9 
 
 8.2 
 
 2.8 
 
 ■38.4 
 
 1.8 
 
 8.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 28.8 
 
 2-5 
 
 13-5 
 
 2.8 
 
 18.9J 1.4 
 
 7-7 
 
 25 
 
 28.8 
 
 3-5 
 
 14.9 
 
 6.3 
 
 10.2 
 
 12.9 
 
 6.0 
 
 13.0 
 
 05 
 0.1 
 
 20.0 
 
 23 9 
 16.3 
 
 3-4 
 
 52.0 
 
 48.3 
 47-3 
 28.9 
 
 45-0 
 
 3-9 
 5-8 
 
 2-3 
 
 65 
 2.1 
 
 1-7 
 229 
 
 7-3 
 
 "3'.6 
 0.4 
 
 6.2 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.9 
 3-4 
 31 
 
 0.1 
 
 2.7 
 
 48 
 
 13.0 
 
 09 
 
 lO.I 
 
 1.6 
 5.8 
 2 I 
 1-3 
 
 7-5 
 2 I 
 
 
 
 
 3 1 
 
 
 
 20.0 
 
 
 
 * White turnips in the original, but apparently no special kind, f Probably the 
 crowns of tht roots, removed in sugar making. J The residue after fermenting and 
 distilling oflF the spirit || Refuse of starch manufacture. ^ Undiluted. ^ from boiled 
 potatoes. ** Refuse in making barley grits. 
 
55 
 
 Composition of the Ash of Agricultural Plants and Products. 
 
 Substance, 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 «' 
 
 
 "C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 =§ 
 
 Q* 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 59 
 6o 
 6i 
 
 62 
 
 63 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 66 
 67 
 
 68 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 72 
 
 73 
 74 
 
 75 
 76 
 
 77 
 78 
 
 79 
 80 
 81 
 82 
 
 83 
 84 
 
 85 
 86 
 
 87 
 
 88 
 89 
 90 
 91 
 92 
 
 93 
 
 94 
 95 
 96 
 
 97 
 98 
 99 
 
 100 
 
 lOI 
 
 102 
 103 
 104 
 
 V. -REFUSE 
 
 Millet meal 
 
 Buckwheat grits 
 
 Wheat bran 
 
 Rye bran 
 
 Brewer's grains , 
 
 Malt 
 
 Malt sprouts 
 
 Wine grounds , 
 
 Grape skins , 
 
 Beer 
 
 Grape must 
 
 Rape cake 
 
 Linseed cake 
 
 Poppy cake 
 
 Walnut cake 
 
 Cotton seed cake 
 
 AND MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS. 
 
 I 35 
 o 72 
 6.43 
 8.22 
 
 5-17 
 2.78 
 6.56 
 4.60 
 404 
 
 6.59 
 
 6.24 
 
 10 60 
 
 19 7 
 25.4 
 24.0 
 27 o 
 
 42 
 J73 
 34-9 
 53-4 
 49-4 
 37 5 
 62.8 
 
 24 3 
 23-3 
 
 20 8 
 
 2-3 
 5 9 
 0.6 
 
 1-3 
 0.8 
 
 5 36 33-1 
 
 6-95I35 4 
 
 VI.— STRAW. 
 
 0.5 
 2.2 
 7.8 
 09 
 0.1 
 1-4 
 45 
 
 25.8 
 12.9 
 16.8 
 15.8 
 10. 1 
 
 2-3 
 
 4-7 
 
 3-5 
 
 [I 6 
 
 1-5 
 '5-5 
 
 ■3 o 
 2.2 
 
 4-9 
 [0.9 
 8.6 
 
 Winter wheat 
 
 Winter rye 
 
 Winter spelt... 
 Summer rye... 
 
 Barley 
 
 Oats .. 
 
 Maize , 
 
 Peas 
 
 Field bean 
 
 Garden bean.., 
 Buckwheat...., 
 Rape 
 
 Poppy 
 
 4.96 
 
 481 
 
 5.56 
 
 5-55 
 
 5.10 
 
 5.12 
 
 549 
 
 5-74 
 
 7.12 
 
 6.06 
 
 6.1s 
 
 458 
 
 7.86 
 
 11.5 
 
 18.7 
 
 II. 2 
 
 23 4 
 21.6 
 
 22.0 
 
 35-3 
 21.8 
 
 44-4 
 37.1 
 46.6 
 25.6 
 38.0 
 
 2.9 
 
 3-3 
 0.4 
 
 45 
 5-3 
 1.2 
 
 5 3 
 38 
 6.0 
 
 2.2 
 
 10.3 
 1-3 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Spelt.... , 
 
 Barley 
 
 Oats 
 
 Maize cobs , 
 
 Flax seed hulls. 
 
 VII.— CHAFF, ETC. 
 
 1-4 
 3.2 
 6.1 
 
 4 9 
 5.6 
 
 "5 
 
 15.91 » 
 4. 3 28. 1 
 
 12 2, 6.7 
 4.3 I 46 
 
 2.6 
 
 S-i 
 
 0.9 
 2 8 
 2.4 
 4.0 
 5-5 
 7-7 
 7.8 
 5.2 
 3.6 
 
 5-7 
 6.5 
 
 47-3 
 48.1 
 51.8 
 
 47-9 
 38.0 
 36.5 
 21 o 
 
 15-5 
 20. g 
 
 3^7 
 17.7 
 
 36.9 
 
 35-2 
 37-8 
 43.8 
 48.3 
 
 2.7 
 
 1-7 
 
 
 
 I.I 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.8 
 
 ■'6:3 
 
 7.8 
 4-4 
 
 3-3 
 3-4 
 2 
 1.2 
 I I 
 
 
 
 32.2 
 
 33-2 
 29 5 
 
 3-5 
 10 2 
 
 '•3 
 8.7 
 6.5 
 48 
 I 6 
 4.0 
 
 
 
 0-5 
 0.6 
 
 06 
 2 
 0.6 
 
 2 
 
 6.2 
 
 5-4 
 
 2.9 
 
 7.7 
 
 4-7 
 
 1.9 
 
 4.8 
 
 6.3 
 
 18 
 
 8.9 
 
 6-5 
 
 2.6 
 
 Z' 
 
 4-3 
 
 3-7 
 
 8.2 
 
 4.2 
 
 3-5 
 
 10.5 
 
 8.1 
 
 5.2 
 
 37 9 
 
 7.8 
 
 5 6 
 
 23.1 
 
 7.0 
 
 0.2 
 
 27.4 
 
 7.8 
 
 3.6 
 
 18.4 
 
 11.9 
 
 5-3 
 
 26.5 
 
 7.0 
 
 7 1 
 
 30.2 
 
 3-5 
 
 5.1 
 
 66.3 
 
 581 
 
 71-4 
 55-9 
 53.8 
 
 48.7 
 38 o 
 
 5-7 
 5-4 
 4-7 
 5-5 
 6.7 
 II. 4 
 
 1 
 
 10.73 
 
 9.1 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.3 
 
 I 9 
 
 4-3 
 
 
 81.2 
 
 2 
 
 9 50 
 
 9-5 
 
 o-3| 2-5 
 
 2.4 7.3I 2 3 
 
 74.2 
 
 I 
 
 14-23 
 
 7.7 
 
 0.9 1.3 
 
 10.4 
 
 2.0 30I70.8 
 
 I 
 
 9.22 
 
 131 
 
 4.8 
 
 2.6 8.9 
 
 0-3 
 
 2.5 599 
 
 I 
 
 56 
 
 47.1 
 
 1.2 
 
 4-il 3 4 
 
 44 
 
 1.9 264 
 
 I 
 
 6.62 
 
 3I-I 
 
 4 3 
 
 28 
 
 I29.6 
 
 2.8 
 
 4.8 
 
 I7.2| 
 
 VIII.— TEXTILE PLANTS, ETC. 
 
 Flax straw 
 
 Rotted flax stems . 
 
 Flax fibre 
 
 Entire flax plant... 
 Entire hemp plant. 
 Entire hop plant... 
 
 Hops 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 8 
 
 3 71 
 
 36 9 
 
 51 
 
 7.1 
 
 22.3 
 
 "•5 
 
 2 
 
 2.40 
 
 9.0 
 
 4.8 
 
 5.4 
 
 51-4 
 
 5-9 
 
 3 
 
 0.67 
 
 3-3 
 
 3-2 
 
 5-4 
 
 63.6 
 
 10.8 
 
 2 
 
 4-3° 
 
 34-2 
 
 4.8 
 
 9.0 
 
 M-5 
 
 23.0 
 
 2 
 
 4.60 
 
 18.3 
 
 3.2 
 
 9.6 
 
 43.4 
 
 11.6 
 
 I 
 
 9.87 
 
 26.2 
 
 3.8 
 
 5.8 
 
 16.0 
 
 1 2. 1 
 
 12 
 
 6.80 
 
 37-3 
 
 2.2 
 
 5-5 
 
 16.9 
 
 15.1 
 
 7 
 
 24.08 
 
 27.4 
 
 3-7 
 
 10.5 
 
 37.0 
 
 3.<' 
 
 IX. 
 
 Heath , 8 
 
 ^r 00m [Spar tium).,., 2 
 
 Fern {^Aspidium) | 5 
 
 -LITTER. 
 
 4-51 13.^! 5.3 
 36.51 2.5 
 
 42.8 I 4.5 
 
 2.25 
 7.01 
 
 18.4 
 
 17.8 
 
 12.4 
 
 I7.I 
 
 7.7 
 
 14.0 
 
 5.1! 
 
 8.6 
 9-7 
 
 31 6.0 
 1I13.8 
 71 6.2 
 9 ^.6 
 81 7.6 
 421.5 
 
 15-4 
 9.6 
 
 35.2 
 
 10.3 
 
 6.1 
 
 6 I 
 
 13.8 
 5-2 
 7-7 
 
 [24 
 
 2-5 
 
 61 
 
 4.0 
 
 0.4 
 5-9 
 2.5 
 4.6 
 3-4 
 4.5 
 
 2.1 
 
 2.7 
 10.2 
 
56 
 
 Composition ok the Ash of Agricultural Plants and Products. 
 
 Subs 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?3 
 
 S 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 «* 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i:5 
 
 1 
 
 ft* 
 
 
 1 
 
 IX— LITTER. 
 
 105 
 106 
 107 
 108 
 109 
 no 
 III 
 112 
 
 "3 
 114 
 
 "5 
 
 116 
 117 
 118 
 118 
 
 120 
 121 
 
 122 
 123 
 
 124 
 125 
 126 
 127 
 128 
 129 
 130 
 
 132 
 133 
 134 
 135 
 136 
 
 137 
 138 
 139 
 140 
 141 
 142 
 
 144 
 
 145 
 146 
 
 147 
 148 
 149 
 
 150 
 
 151 
 
 152 
 
 Scouring rush {Equisetum)... 
 
 Sea weed [Fucus) 
 
 Beech leaves in autumn 
 
 Oak " •' 
 
 Fir *' [Pinus sylvestris) 
 
 Red pine leaves (Pinus Picea.) 
 Reed [Arundo phrag. )., \ria \ 
 Down Grass [Psamma area- 
 
 Sedge, (Carex) 
 
 Rush [yuncus) 
 
 Bulrush [Scirpus] 
 
 X.— GRAINS AND SEEDS 
 Wheat I78 
 
 2 
 
 23-77 
 
 13.2 
 
 0-5 
 
 2.3 
 
 12.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 6.3 
 
 8 
 
 H-39 
 
 H-5 
 
 24,0 
 
 9-5 
 
 ^39 
 
 3.1 
 
 240 
 
 6 
 
 675 
 
 5 2 
 
 0.6 
 
 6.0 
 
 44 9 
 
 4.2 
 
 3 7j 
 
 
 4.90 
 
 3-5 
 
 0.6 
 
 4.0 
 
 4«.6 
 
 8.1 
 
 4.4 
 
 I 
 
 1.40 
 
 10. 1 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 41.4 
 
 ib.4 
 
 44 
 
 
 S.82 
 
 i.S 
 
 
 
 2.3 
 
 15.2 
 
 8.2 
 
 2.8 
 
 
 4.69 
 
 8.6 
 
 0.2 
 
 1.2 
 
 5-9 
 
 2.C 
 
 2.8 
 
 
 .. . . 
 
 29 8 
 
 40 
 
 3.« 
 
 165 
 
 7.2 
 
 36 
 
 II 
 
 8.08 
 
 33.2 7.3 
 
 4.2 
 
 5-3 
 
 6.7 
 
 3-3 
 
 
 s 30 
 
 36.6 6.6 
 
 64 
 
 9 S 
 
 6.4 
 
 ■87 
 
 2 
 
 8.65 
 
 97 
 
 110.3 
 
 3-° 
 
 7.2 
 
 6.5 
 
 5.6 
 
 OF AGRICULTURAL PLANTS. 
 
 Rye 
 
 Barley 
 
 Oats . . 
 
 Spelt with husk .. 
 
 Maize. 
 
 Rice with husk .. 
 
 " husked 
 
 Millet with husk, 
 
 •' husked 
 
 Sorghum 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 Rape seed 
 
 Flax " 
 
 Hemp " 
 
 Poppy " 
 
 Madia " 
 
 Mustard " 
 
 Beet *' 
 
 Turnip *' 
 
 Carrot »' 
 
 Peas '< 
 
 Vetches 
 
 Field Beans 
 
 Garden '• 
 
 Lentils 
 
 Lupines 
 
 Clover seed 
 
 Esparsette seed 
 
 071 31. 1 
 03|30-9 
 55|2i 9 
 07I15.9 
 20 17.3 
 
 ,50 
 
 40 
 
 27.0 
 18.4 
 
 23 3 
 II 9 
 18.9 
 20,3 
 23 I 
 ^3-5 
 32.3 
 20.1 
 13.6 
 
 9-5 
 15.9 
 
 187 
 
 21-9 
 
 19.1 
 
 40.4 
 30 6 
 
 45 40.5 
 06 44.1 
 06127.8 
 •••J33-5 
 ,11-37.3 
 4728. 6 
 
 3-5 
 
 12.2 
 
 1.8 
 
 10.9 
 
 2.8 
 
 8.3 
 
 3.8 
 
 7-3 
 
 1.8 
 
 5-« 
 
 i-S 
 
 14.6 
 
 4-5 
 
 8.6 
 
 4.« 
 
 ^34 
 
 I.O 
 
 8.4 
 
 S8 
 
 18 6 
 
 3-3 
 
 14.8 
 
 6.2 
 
 134 
 
 I.I 
 
 12.2 
 
 1.8 
 
 13.2 
 
 0.8 
 
 56 
 
 1.0 
 
 9-5 
 
 II. 2 
 
 15.4 
 
 .s.« 
 
 10.2 
 
 17-3 
 
 18.9 
 
 1.2 
 
 8.7 
 
 48 
 
 6.7 
 
 3-7 
 
 8.0 
 
 10.6 
 
 8.S 
 
 1.2 
 
 6.7 
 
 2.9 
 
 7-5 
 
 99 
 
 2.0 
 
 I7.« 
 
 6 2 
 
 0.6 
 
 12.2 
 
 2 8 
 
 6.6 
 
 31 
 
 2.7 
 
 2.5 
 
 46.2 
 
 47-5 
 32 
 
 3.8 20.7 
 
 2.6 
 
 2 7 
 
 51 
 2.9 
 
 1.0 
 
 13 
 
 3 3 
 
 13.8 
 
 84 
 23-5 
 35-4 
 
 7-7 
 18.8 
 15.6 
 
 17.4 
 38.8 
 42 
 4.8 
 5-2 
 7-7 
 S-i 
 7.8 
 6 2 
 
 XL— FRUITS AND SEEDS OF TREES, 
 
 20.0 
 
 44-7 
 47.2 
 51.0 
 23.4 
 536 
 50.9 
 
 48-0 
 43-9 
 
 40.4 
 
 36-3 
 31.4 
 55.0 
 390 
 15-5 
 40.2 
 15.8 
 
 363 
 38.1 
 
 39 2 
 
 304 
 29.1 
 
 25-5 
 
 33 5 
 
 239 
 
 ETC. 
 
 2.4 
 23 
 
 1.6 
 2 6 
 I.I 
 
 0.6 
 0.6 
 2 
 15 
 
 2.1 
 
 \\\ 
 
 2 
 
 1 9 
 
 1-7 
 1-5 
 
 27.2 
 
 46.4 
 
 44.0 
 2.2 
 0.6 
 3-0 
 
 523 
 
 7-5 
 
 I.I 
 
 I.I 
 
 118 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 1-7 
 0.3 
 0.1 
 I 
 44 
 
 4-7 
 4.2 
 71 
 56 
 3-5 
 4 1 
 51 
 3.8 
 
 "'6.*"8 
 4-7 
 
 3-2 
 
 2.4 
 2.1 
 
 07 
 
 5-3 
 0.9 
 2.0 
 1.2 
 08 
 I.I 
 0.9 
 2.4 
 0.8 
 
 0.4 
 9.4 
 
 3-3 
 2 3 
 I.I 
 2.9 
 0.9 
 
 3-3 
 1.8 
 
 1-3 
 I.I 
 
 Grape seeds 
 
 Alder 
 
 White pine 
 
 Red pine 
 
 Beech nuts 
 
 Acorns 
 
 Horse chestnut 
 
 green husk 
 
 28.6 
 37-6 
 21.8 
 22.4 
 
 ,30'22 8 
 
 ....]64.5 
 3658.9 
 38176.4 
 
 I 6 
 
 7-1 
 I 3 
 
 lO.O 
 
 0.7 
 
 8.6 
 
 33-9 
 
 8.0 
 
 30.7 
 
 16.8 
 
 1-5 
 
 15. 1 
 
 1-9 
 
 II. 6 
 
 24.5 
 
 5-4 
 
 7.0 
 
 0-5 
 
 II. 6 
 
 1.0 
 
 10. 
 
 240 
 
 2.5 
 
 13.0 
 
 3-4 
 
 397 
 
 
 46.0 
 
 
 
 20.8 
 
 2.2 
 
 16.2 
 
 2.8 
 
 22.4 
 
 1.4 
 
 6.3 
 
 14 
 
Composition of the Ash of Agricultural Plants and Products. 
 
 Substance. 
 
 1 
 
 ~<5 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 is 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 .2 
 
 
 •:: 
 
 .<o 
 
 
 "t?. 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 R 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 r 
 
 1^ 
 
 •1 
 
 XL-FRUITS AND SEEDS OF TREES, ETC. 
 
 »53 
 154 
 
 ic6 
 
 157 
 158 
 
 159 
 160 
 161 
 162 
 163 
 164 
 165 
 166 
 167 
 
 168 
 169 
 
 170 
 171 
 
 172 
 
 173 
 174 
 
 175 
 176 
 177 
 178 
 179 
 180 
 181 
 182 
 183 
 184 
 
 185 
 186 
 187 
 
 188 
 189 
 190 
 191 
 192 
 
 193 
 194 
 
 195 
 196 
 
 Apple, entire fruit. 
 Pear, " 
 
 Cherry, " 
 Plum, 
 
 XII.- 
 
 Mulberry .... 
 
 Horse chestnut, spring 
 
 " autumn.... 
 
 Walnut, spring 
 
 " autumn 
 
 Beech, summer 
 
 " autumn 
 
 Oak, summer 
 
 '' autumn 
 
 Fir, autumn 
 
 Red pine, autumn 
 
 ... 
 
 26.1 
 
 8.5 
 2 2 
 0.5 
 
 35-7 
 54 7 
 51.9 
 £9.2 
 
 LEAVES OF TREES. 
 
 3 3-53 19 6 .. 
 
 2 7.17 38.8 .. 
 
 I 7.52 19.6 .. 
 
 I 7.72 42.7 .. 
 
 1 7.01 26.6 .. 
 
 2 4.83 18.5 ] 
 6 6.75 5.2 c 
 1 4.6033.1... 
 I 4.90 3.5 c 
 1 1.4010.1!... 
 I 5.82 I 5 .. 
 
 XIII.— WOOD. 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.6 
 
 5-4 
 3 9 
 7.8 
 4.6 
 98 
 8.6 
 6.0 
 
 13-5 
 4.0 
 9.9 
 2-3 
 
 4-1 
 8.0 
 
 7-5 
 10.9 
 
 25.7 
 21.3 
 40.5 
 26.9 
 53 7 
 365 
 44 9 
 26.1 
 48.6 
 41.4 
 15 2 
 
 13.6 
 
 15 3 
 16.0 
 15. 1 
 
 10.2 
 
 23 4 
 8.2 
 
 21.1 
 4.0 
 7.8 
 4.2 
 
 12.2 
 8 I 
 
 16.4 
 8.2 
 
 Grape 
 
 Mulberry 
 
 Birch • 
 
 Beech, body-wood 
 
 Beech, small-wood 
 
 " brush... 
 
 Oak., body-wood [bark 
 
 " small branches with 
 Horse chestnut twigs, autu'n. 
 
 Walnut twigs, autumn 
 
 Poplar, young twigs 
 
 Willow, " " 
 
 Elm, '' «' 
 
 Elm, body-wood 
 
 Linden 
 
 Apple tree 
 
 Red pine 
 
 White pine 
 
 Fir 
 
 Larch 
 
 8 
 
 2-75 
 
 29.8 
 
 6.7 
 
 6.8 
 
 1 
 
 1.60 
 
 6.5 
 
 14-3 
 
 5-7 
 
 2 
 
 0.31 
 
 II. 6 
 
 .5-8 
 
 8-9 
 
 2 
 
 0.6s 
 
 16.1 
 
 3-4 
 
 10 8 
 
 I 
 
 1.05 
 
 i<;.2 
 
 2.1 
 
 16 8 
 
 1 
 
 1-45 
 
 14. 1 
 
 2.2 
 
 10.8 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 10. 
 19.8 
 
 3.6 
 
 4-8 
 
 7.5 
 
 1 
 
 3-31 
 
 19.4 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 I 
 
 299 
 
 15.3 
 
 
 
 8.1 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 14.0 
 
 0.4 
 
 7 5 
 
 I 
 
 
 11.4 
 
 5.6 
 
 lO.I 
 
 I 
 
 
 24.1 
 
 2.1 
 
 10 
 
 I 
 
 
 21.9 
 
 13 7 
 
 7-7 
 
 I 
 
 
 35.8 
 
 6.0 
 
 4.2 
 
 2 
 
 1.29 
 
 12.0 
 
 1.6 
 
 5-7 
 
 I 
 
 0.25 
 
 5-2 
 
 26.8 
 
 6.2 
 
 2 
 
 0.28,15.3 
 
 9-9 
 
 5-9 
 
 6 
 
 0.31 11.8 
 
 4.6 
 
 9.1 
 
 I 
 
 0.32 
 
 15.3 
 
 7.7 
 
 24.5 
 
 37-3|i2.9 
 57.3 2.2 
 
 60. o' 8 
 
 564 5- 
 458I1 
 
 48.0 
 
 12.3 
 
 71 5 
 
 5-5 
 
 54.0 
 
 9-3 
 
 51.0 
 
 21.7 
 
 55 9 
 
 12.2 
 
 58.4 
 
 131 
 
 50.8 
 
 164 
 
 37-9 
 
 9.6 
 
 47.8 
 
 3-3 
 
 29.9 
 
 4-9 
 
 71.0 
 
 4.6 
 
 47 9 
 
 51 
 
 50.1 
 
 5-5 
 
 50 I 
 
 .5-8 
 
 27.1 
 
 3-6 
 
 6.1 
 
 5-7 
 5-1 
 3.8 
 
 6.0 
 
 1-7 
 2 6 
 2.7 
 31 
 
 3.7 
 
 2.7 
 
 4.4 
 4.4 
 2.8 
 
 4-3 
 1-5 
 
 9.0 
 2.4 
 
 33-5 
 2.9 
 
 13-9 
 1.2 
 
 2.0 
 15.2 
 33-9 
 
 4-4 
 30.9 
 
 131 
 
 70.1 
 
 2.7 
 
 0.8 
 
 10.3 
 
 36 
 
 0.3 
 
 4.8 
 
 I.O 
 
 47 
 
 0.7 
 
 67 
 
 1.2 
 
 9.8 
 
 1.4 
 
 I.I 
 
 16 
 
 31 
 
 
 0.7 
 
 3-2 
 
 29 
 
 1.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 3 I 
 
 0.7 
 
 5-4 
 
 6.2 
 
 1.3 
 
 31 
 
 5-3 
 
 5-3 
 
 2.9 
 
 1.8 
 
 3.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 30 
 
 6.0 
 
 2.3 
 
 15.0 
 
 1-7 
 
 3.6 
 
 XIV.— BARK. 
 
 Birch 
 
 Beech 
 
 Horse chestnut, young, aut'n. 
 
 Walnut 
 
 Elm 
 
 Linden 
 
 Red pine 
 
 White pine 
 
 Fir 
 
 ^ 1-33 
 
 6.57 
 1 6 40 
 
 "2*81 
 
 3-30 
 2.01 
 
 3.8 
 
 5-4 
 
 14.7 
 
 0.4 
 
 24.2 
 
 
 II 6 
 
 
 2 2 
 
 10. 1 
 
 16.1 
 
 5.7 
 
 5-3 
 
 4.2 
 
 8.0 
 
 3-2 
 
 3-0 
 
 1.0 
 
 8 2 
 
 45.6 
 
 7-3 
 
 1-3 
 
 20.1 
 
 0.2 
 
 57.9 
 
 0.4 
 
 1-3 
 
 18.0 
 
 40 
 
 61.3 
 
 7.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 I.I 
 
 10.6 
 
 70.1 
 
 5-9 
 
 2 
 
 0.7 
 
 3-2 
 
 72 7 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.6 
 
 8.9 
 
 8.0 
 
 60.8 
 
 4.0 
 
 0.8 
 
 2.3 
 
 4-7 
 
 624 
 
 2.6 
 
 I 
 
 15-7 
 
 30 
 
 69.8 
 
 2-5 
 
 1.6 
 
 8.4 
 
 I 4 
 
 43-7 
 
 8.3 
 
 0.8 
 
 3i-i| 
 
 0.1 
 
 3.8 
 
 4.1 
 0.5 
 0.8 
 
 1.2 
 
 04 
 01 
 
 4-4 
 
 0.8 
 4.2 
 0.6 
 0.1 
 0.1 
 0.1 
 0.1 
 
 1-4 
 o 3 
 0.1 
 0.6 
 6.7 
 
 1-5 
 
 o 2 
 4.0 
 0.2 
 0.4 
 0.6 
 
 1-3 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.4 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.2 
 1.0 
 0.1 
 
58 
 
 TABLE IT. 
 
 Composition of Fresh or Air-Dry Agricultural Products, giving the average 
 quantity of water, sulphur, ash, and ash ingredients, in i,ooo parts of substance, 
 by Professor Wolff. 
 
 Substance. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 :^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "s, 
 
 
 ■s 
 
 .<o 
 
 
 <J 
 
 1 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 1 
 
 •1 
 
 0^ 
 
 a 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 
 I.— HAY. 
 
 Meadow hay 
 
 Dead ripe hay ... 
 
 Red clover 
 
 White clover 
 
 Swedish clover... 
 
 Lucern 
 
 Esparsette 
 
 Green vetches .. 
 Green oats 
 
 144 
 
 66.6 
 
 17.1 
 
 4-7 
 
 3-3 
 
 7.7 
 
 41 
 
 3-4 
 
 197 
 
 5-3 
 
 144 
 
 66.2 
 
 5-0 
 
 1-9 
 
 2-3 
 
 «-5 
 
 2.9 
 
 0.5 
 
 41.8 
 
 3.8 
 
 i6o 
 
 56.5 
 
 19. 5 
 
 0.9 
 
 6.9 
 
 19.2 
 
 5.6 
 
 1-7 
 
 15 
 
 2.1 
 
 i6o 
 
 603 
 
 10.6 
 
 4-7 
 
 6.0 
 
 19.4 
 
 «5 
 
 5-3 
 
 2.7 
 
 1.9 
 
 i6o 
 
 46.5 
 
 15-7 
 
 7 
 
 7-1 
 
 14.8 
 
 4-7 
 
 1.9 
 
 06 
 
 1-3 
 
 i6o 
 
 60.0 
 
 15.2 
 
 0.7 
 
 3-5 
 
 28.8 
 
 5.1 
 
 3-7 
 
 1.2 
 
 I.I 
 
 i6o 
 
 45-3 
 
 17.9 
 
 0.8 
 
 2.6 
 
 14.6 
 
 4-7 
 
 1-5 
 
 1.8 
 
 14 
 
 i6o 
 
 73-4 
 
 30.9 
 
 2,1 
 
 5.0 
 
 193 
 
 94 
 
 2.7 
 
 1.3 
 
 2 3 
 
 H5 
 
 61.8 
 
 24.1 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 41 
 
 5.1 
 
 I 7 
 
 20 5 
 
 25 
 
 II.— GREEN FODDER. 
 
 Meadow grass in blossom .. 
 
 Young grass 
 
 Ryegrass 
 
 Timothy 
 
 Other grasses 
 
 Oats, beginning'to head ... 
 
 " in blossom 
 
 Barley, beginning to head.. 
 
 " in blossom 
 
 Wheat, beginning to head.. 
 
 '* in blossom 
 
 Rye fodder 
 
 Hungarian millet 
 
 Red clover 
 
 White clover 
 
 Swedish clover 
 
 Lucern 
 
 Esparsette 
 
 Ant hy I lis "vulneraria. 
 Green vetches 
 
 peas, 
 rape. 
 
 Potato 
 
 Artichoke 
 Beet 
 
 Sugar beet. 
 Turnip 
 
 700 
 
 23.3 
 
 800 
 
 20.7 
 
 700 
 
 21 3 
 
 700 
 
 21.0 
 
 700 
 
 21.8 
 
 820 
 
 17.0 
 
 770 
 
 166 
 
 7SO 
 
 22 3 
 
 680 
 
 22 s 
 
 7-0 
 
 22.4 
 
 690 
 
 21.7 
 
 700 
 
 16.3 
 
 680 
 
 23.1 
 
 800 
 
 13.4 
 
 810 
 
 13.6 
 
 81S 
 
 10.2 
 
 753 
 
 17.6 
 
 7«S 
 
 II 6 
 
 780 
 
 12.3 
 
 820 
 
 15-7 
 
 815 
 
 137 
 
 850 
 
 13.5 
 
 6.0 
 
 1.6 
 
 I 6 
 
 0.4 
 
 S-3 
 
 0.9 
 
 6.1 
 
 6 
 
 7.2 
 
 0.4 
 
 7.1 
 
 0.8 
 
 65 
 
 0.6 
 
 8.6 
 
 04 
 
 5-9 
 
 0.1 
 
 7.8 
 
 0.4 
 
 5-6 
 
 0.1 
 
 6.3 
 
 0.1 
 
 8.6 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 0.2 
 
 2.4 
 
 I.I 
 
 3-5 
 
 0.2 
 
 4.5 
 
 0.2 
 
 46 
 
 0.2 
 
 1-3 
 
 0-5 
 
 66 
 
 o.-; 
 
 5.6 
 
 
 4.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 I.I 
 
 o 6 
 
 05 
 0.8 
 0.6 
 0.6 
 
 05 
 07 
 07 
 
 3 
 0-5 
 0-5 
 1.9 
 1.6 
 
 1 4 
 1.6 
 
 i.o 
 0.7 
 0.6 
 
 1. 1 
 
 0.6 
 
 2 7 
 2.2 
 1.6 
 2.0 
 1.2 
 1.2 
 I.I 
 I 6 
 1.4 
 
 0.7 
 1.2 
 
 i 5 
 4.6 
 
 44 
 
 3 2 
 85 
 3-7 
 8 5 
 4.1 
 3-9 
 31 
 
 750 
 800 
 
 9.4 
 
 10.3 
 
 5.6 
 6.7 
 
 0.1 
 
 883 
 816 
 
 8.0 
 8.0 
 
 4-3 
 4.0 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.8 
 
 909 
 
 7-5 
 
 3-0 
 
 08 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.3, 
 
 III.— ROOT CROPS. 
 
 0.2 
 0.4 
 0.4 
 
 0-5 
 0.8 
 
 1.2 
 
 o 8 
 0.8 
 o 8 
 1.0 
 0.6 
 0.5 
 0.7 
 0.7 
 0.4 
 04 
 o 2 
 0.8 
 0.4 
 1.2 
 04 
 I.I 
 0.4 
 0.2 
 0.6 
 
 0-5 
 
 2.2 
 
 69 
 
 I 9 
 
 06 
 
 2.1 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.4 
 
 84 
 
 I I 
 
 0.7 
 
 7-5 
 
 I.I 
 
 0.8 
 
 82 
 
 0.9 
 
 7 
 
 4-7 
 
 0.8 
 
 03 
 
 5-5 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.4 
 
 7.0 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.5 
 
 10.8 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.7 
 
 9-4 
 
 1.2 
 
 3 
 
 12.3 
 
 0.6 
 
 05 
 
 5-2 
 
 
 
 
 
 6.7 
 
 1-5 
 
 
 
 0.4 
 
 o-S 
 
 05 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.4 
 
 6 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.3 
 
 
 04 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.5 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 0.4 
 3 
 
 
 
 0-5 
 
 0-3 
 
 0.4 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 0.4 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.6 
 
 1.8 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.3 
 
 1.6 
 
 0-3 
 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.8 
 
 0'3 
 
 0.2 
 
 o.<; 
 
 I.J 
 
 0.4 0.3 
 
 0.2 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 0.2 
 
 0-3 
 
 0.4 
 
59 
 
 Com osition of Fresh or Air-Drv Agricultural Products. 
 
 Substance. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■\s* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 ■> 
 
 Vj 
 
 
 
 v.* 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 White turnip''*'...... 
 
 Kohl rabi 
 
 Carrot 
 
 Sugar beet headsj*.. 
 
 Chicory 
 
 IV.- 
 
 HI.— 
 
 ROOT CROPS 
 
 915 6 I 
 
 31 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.1 
 
 877 9-5 
 
 49 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.2 
 
 860 8.8 
 
 3.2 
 
 1.9 
 
 s 
 
 840 
 
 6.5 
 
 1.9 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.7 
 
 800 
 
 10.4 
 
 4.2 
 
 o.'X 
 
 0.71 
 
 0.8 1 
 0.9 1 
 0.9. 
 0.6! 
 0.9 i 
 
 I.I 
 
 1-4 
 I.I 
 08 
 1-5 
 
 0.4 
 0.8 
 0.6 
 0.5 
 i.o 
 
 -LEAVES AND STEMS OF ROOT CROPS. 
 
 Potato tops end of August. 
 " first of October. 
 
 Beet tops 
 
 Sugar beet tops 
 
 Turnip tops 
 
 Kohl rabi tops 
 
 Carrot tops 
 
 Chicory tops 
 
 Cabbage heads 
 
 Cabbage stems 
 
 825 
 
 15.6 
 
 770 
 
 II. 8 
 
 907 
 
 148 
 
 897 
 
 18.0 
 
 898 
 
 140 
 
 850 
 
 25.3 
 
 808 
 
 26.1 
 
 8<;o 
 
 18.7 
 
 88<; 
 
 124 
 
 820 
 
 II 6 
 
 2.3 
 
 0.7 
 
 4 3 
 40I 
 
 3-2 
 3.6| 
 3-7 
 II. 2 
 6.0 
 5-1 
 
 0.4 
 
 2.6 
 
 51 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.9 
 
 O.I 
 
 2 7 
 
 5 5 
 
 06 
 
 0.6 
 
 3-1 
 
 1-4 
 
 1-7 
 
 0.8 
 
 I.I 
 
 30 
 
 3.3 
 
 3.6 
 
 1-3 
 
 1.4 
 
 I.I 
 
 0.6 
 
 4-5 
 
 I 3 
 
 I 4 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 «.4 
 
 2.6 
 
 3.0 
 
 6.0 
 
 I 2 
 
 8.6 
 
 1.2 
 
 21 
 
 0.1 
 
 6 
 
 2.7 
 
 1.7 
 
 1-7 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.4 
 
 1.9 
 
 2.0 
 
 II 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.5 
 
 1-3 
 
 2.4 
 
 0.9 
 
 04 
 
 0.3 
 0.1 
 0.4 
 
 v.— MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS AND REFUSE. 
 
 Sugar beet cake 
 
 a. Common cake, [machine 
 
 b. Residue from Centrifugal 
 
 c. Residue of maceration... 
 
 Beet molasses 
 
 Molasses slump* 
 
 Raw beet sugar 
 
 Potato slump* 
 
 Potato fibref 
 
 Potato skinsj 
 
 Fine wheat flour 
 
 Rye flour 
 
 Barley flour 
 
 Barley dust||. 
 
 Maize meal 
 
 Millet meal 
 
 Buckwheat grits 
 
 Wheat bran 
 
 Rye bran 
 
 Brewer's grains 
 
 Malt 
 
 Dried malt 
 
 Malt sprouts 
 
 Wine grounds 
 
 Grape skins 
 
 Beer 
 
 Wine 
 
 692 
 692 
 
 820 
 885 
 175 
 
 9-7 
 9-3 
 5-6 
 4.1 
 
 93.1 
 
 907I17.7 
 43 13 7 
 
 947 
 806 
 300 
 136 
 142 
 140 
 
 113 
 
 140 
 140 
 140 
 
 135 
 131 
 768 
 
 475 
 42 
 92 
 650 
 600 
 900 
 866 
 
 5-9 
 1-9 
 67.1 
 4.1 
 16.9 
 20.0 
 49,8 
 
 9 5 
 II. 6 
 
 6.2 
 556 
 71.4 
 12 o 
 14.6 
 26.6 
 
 59 6 
 16.1 
 16.2 
 
 3-9 
 
 2.8 
 
 3.6 
 
 0.8 
 
 0-5 
 
 25 
 
 ^•3 
 
 1.2 
 
 ...... 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.6 
 
 0.5 
 
 
 1.4 
 
 1-5 
 
 04 
 
 0-5 
 
 I.I 
 
 66.2 
 
 9.8 
 
 04 
 
 .5-6 
 
 15.9 
 
 0.2 1 
 
 4.6 
 
 3.8 
 
 
 1.2 
 
 2.7 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.4 
 
 0-3 
 
 
 I 
 
 0.9 
 
 4«.3 
 
 0.5 
 
 45 
 
 6.4 
 
 1-5 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 0.1 
 
 6.5 
 
 0.3 
 
 1-4 
 
 0.2 
 
 5« 
 
 5 
 
 2.7 
 
 0.6 
 
 9.4 
 
 07 
 
 3.8 
 
 I 2 
 
 ^•7 
 
 0-3 
 
 1.4 
 
 0.6 
 
 2-3 
 
 3 
 
 3.0 
 
 
 1.6 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.1 
 
 13.3 
 
 03 
 
 94 
 
 2.6 
 
 193 
 
 09 
 
 "•3 
 
 ^•5 
 
 0-5 
 
 0.1 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.4 
 
 2-5 
 
 
 1.2 
 
 0-5 
 
 4.6 
 
 
 
 2.2 
 
 1.0 
 
 20.8 
 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.9 
 
 8.6 
 
 0.1 
 
 0-5 
 
 2.S 
 
 8.0 
 
 0.4 
 
 1.0 
 
 2.1 
 
 I 5 0-3 
 
 0,2 
 
 O.I 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2 
 
 I o 
 1.2 
 
 07 
 
 0.3 
 0.6 
 
 1.2 
 
 0-5 
 2 3 
 2.1 
 
 8.5 
 9 5 
 4.4 
 4.3 
 5-5 
 3-0 
 28.8 
 34.2 
 4.6 
 
 5-3 
 0.7 
 12.5 
 2-5 
 34 
 1-3 
 05 
 
 07 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.5 
 
 1-7 
 
 0.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 
 
 1.2 
 
 0.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 
 
 1-9 
 
 14 
 
 0-3 
 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.1 
 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.5 
 0.4 
 0.1 
 2.0 
 0-3 
 3-1 
 04 
 
 0-3 
 
 06 
 
 5 
 1.2 
 
 
 
 "0*6 
 
 •v. 
 
 2 
 0.1 
 1.8 
 
 0.1 
 9-4 
 0-3 
 0.8 
 0.1 
 
 
 
 1-4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.6 
 
 0-3 
 0,1 
 
 
 
 
 9-9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.1 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 3-8 
 1.2 
 
 0.7 
 0.1 
 0.1 
 
 
 
 3.9 
 4.8 
 
 8.8 
 
 0.6 
 
 0.4 
 
 O.I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.1 
 0.1 
 0.1 
 
 
 
 *No special variety, f Crowns of sugar beet roots. ''^Residue from spirit manu- 
 
 facture. fRefuse of starch manufacture. jFrom boiled potatoes. [[Refuse from 
 making barley grits. 
 
60 
 
 Composition of Fresh or 
 
 AlR- 
 
 -Dry 
 
 Agricultural 
 
 Products, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■^' 
 
 -Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 
 
 Substance. 
 
 
 
 
 
 .2 
 
 
 "JT 
 
 _<o 
 
 
 <J 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ji 
 
 
 •<; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •ft. 
 
 ■<i 
 
 «3 
 
 ;^ 
 
 ~«i 
 
 
 i 
 
 ■<8 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ;:5 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 v.— MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS AND REFUSE. 
 
 Rape cake 
 
 Linseed cake 
 
 Poppy cake 
 
 Walnut cake 
 
 Cotton seed cake. 
 
 150 
 
 115 
 
 100 
 136 
 115 
 
 Winter wheat. 
 
 Winter rye 
 
 Winter spelt.... 
 Summer rye...., 
 
 Barley 
 
 Oats 
 
 Maize 
 
 Peas , 
 
 Field bean 
 
 Garden bean ... 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 Rape 
 
 Poppy 
 
 56.01113 61 0.1 1 64 
 55. 2| 12.9 o 8 8.8 
 95.4119.81 4.3 4.1 
 
 46.4 15-4 5-7 
 
 61.5l21.8l I 2 61 
 
 VI— STRAW. 
 
 I.I 
 
 1-3 
 
 0.4 
 
 1-3 
 1. 1 
 1.8 
 26 
 
 3.8 
 4.6 
 2.7 
 1.9 
 a. I 
 4.3 
 VII.— CHAFF. 
 
 6.1 
 
 4-7 
 26.8 
 
 31 
 
 2.8 
 
 20 7 
 194 
 36.1 
 20.3 
 29 5 
 
 1.9 
 1-9 
 
 1.9 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.7 
 
 141 
 
 42.6 
 
 154 
 
 40.7 
 
 143 
 
 47-7 
 
 143 
 
 47.6 
 
 140 
 
 43 9 
 
 141 
 
 44.0 
 
 140 
 
 47-2 
 
 143 
 
 49-2 
 
 180 
 
 58.4 
 
 150 
 
 si-s 
 
 160 
 
 51-7 
 
 170 
 
 38.0 
 
 160 
 
 660 
 
 4-9 
 
 I 2 
 
 7.6 
 
 1-3 
 
 5-3 
 
 0,2 
 
 II. I 
 
 
 9 3 
 
 2,0 
 
 9 7 
 
 ^•3 
 
 16 6 
 
 1 
 
 10.7 
 
 2.6 
 
 25 9 
 
 2.2 
 
 19.1 
 
 31 
 
 24-1 
 
 I I 
 
 9-7 
 
 3-9 
 
 25.1 
 
 0.9 
 
 2.6 
 
 2.3 
 
 1.2 
 
 3 I 
 
 1.9 
 
 0.8 
 
 2.3 
 
 3.0 
 
 0.9 
 
 44 
 
 31 
 
 I 2 
 
 3-3 
 
 I 9 
 
 1.6 
 
 36 
 
 1.8 
 
 1-5 
 
 5.0 
 
 3« 
 
 2.5 
 
 18 6 
 
 3-8 
 
 28 
 
 13-5 
 
 4-1 
 
 0.1 
 
 14 I 
 
 4 I 
 
 1.8 
 
 9 5 
 
 6.1 
 
 2.7 
 
 10. 1 
 
 2.7 
 
 2.7 
 
 19.9 
 
 2-3 
 
 34 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Spelt 
 
 Barley 
 
 Oats... 
 
 Maize cobs 
 
 Flax seed hulls. 
 
 Flax straw , 
 
 Rotted flax stems 
 
 Flax fiber 
 
 Entire flax plant..., 
 Entire hemp plant 
 Entire hop plant.... 
 
 Hops , 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 VIII.- 
 
 140 
 
 [OO 
 
 too 
 250 
 300 
 250 
 220 
 
 180 
 
 -TEXTILE PL 
 
 ANT 
 
 S, ETC. 
 
 
 31.9 
 
 II. 8 
 
 1.6 
 
 2-3 
 
 8.3 
 
 4-3 
 
 2.0 
 
 21 6 
 
 1.9 
 
 I.O 
 
 1.2 
 
 II. I 
 
 1-3 
 
 07 
 
 60 
 
 02 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3.8 
 
 0.7 
 
 0.2 
 
 3^-3 
 
 " 3 
 
 I 5 
 
 2.9 
 
 5.0 
 
 7.4 
 
 1.6 
 
 28.2 
 
 5-2 
 
 0.9 
 
 2.7 
 
 12.2 
 
 3-3 
 
 0.8 
 
 74.0 
 
 19.4 
 
 2.8 
 
 43 "8 
 
 9.0 
 
 3.« 
 
 59.8 
 
 22.3 
 
 13 
 
 2.1 10 I 
 
 9.0 
 
 1.6 
 
 197-5 
 
 54- 1 
 
 7-3 
 
 20.7 
 
 73.1 
 
 7-1 
 
 7.7I 
 
 IX.— LITTER. 
 
 Heath 200 
 
 Broom ( Spartium ) 
 
 Fern [Aspidium) 
 
 Scouring rush [Equisetum) 
 
 Sea weed [Fucus) 
 
 Beech leaves 
 
 Oak leaves 
 
 Fir leaves ( Pinus sylvestris ) 
 Red pineleaves( P/««i picea 
 
 Reed [Arundo phrag) 
 
 Sedge {Carex) 
 
 Rush [Juncus) 
 
 Bulrush [Scirpus) 
 
 160 
 
 160 
 140 
 180 
 150 
 150 
 160 
 160 
 180 
 140 
 140 
 140 
 
 36.1 
 
 4.8 
 
 I 9 
 
 3.0 
 
 6.8 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.61 
 
 18.9 
 
 6.9 
 
 0-5 
 
 2.8 
 
 3-2 
 
 1.6 0.7 
 
 58.9 
 
 25.2 
 
 2.7 
 
 4-5 
 
 8.3 
 
 5-7l 3-0 
 
 2044 
 
 27.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 4-7 
 
 25.6 
 
 41 
 
 12.9 
 
 118. 
 
 17.1 
 
 28.3 
 
 II. 2 
 
 16.4 
 
 3.7 
 
 28,3 
 
 57 4 
 
 3-0 
 
 0-3 
 
 3-4 
 
 25.8 
 
 2.4 
 
 2.1 
 
 41.7 
 
 1-5 
 
 0.2 
 
 1-7 
 
 20.2 
 
 3-4 
 
 1.8 
 
 II. 8 
 
 1.2 
 
 
 
 I.I 
 
 4.9 1-9 
 
 0-5 
 
 48.9 
 
 0.7 
 
 
 
 Id 
 
 7-4 
 
 4.0 
 
 1.4 
 
 3«-5 
 
 3.3 
 
 0.1 
 
 0-5 
 
 2-3 
 
 0.8 
 
 I.I 
 
 69.5 
 
 23.1 
 
 5-1 
 
 2.9 
 
 3.7] 4-7 
 
 2-3 
 
 45.6 
 
 16,7 
 
 3.0 
 
 2.9 
 
 4-3 
 
 2.9 
 
 4.0 
 
 74-4 
 
 7.2 
 
 7-7 
 
 2.2 
 
 5-4 
 
 4.8 
 
 4.2 
 
 4.9 
 
 3.6 
 46 
 
 0.7 
 2.5 
 
 28.2 
 23-7 
 34.1 
 
 26 6 
 
 23.6 
 
 21.2 
 
 17.9 
 
 2 8 
 
 31 
 
 24 
 
 2.8 
 
 2.6 
 
 7.5 
 
 I 
 
 
 0.3 
 
 
 L- 
 
 
 
 I 6 
 
 
 0.9 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 1-7 
 39 
 
 3-0 
 8.1 
 
 2- 7 1 
 40 
 
 4 7 
 
 138 
 
 92.5 
 
 8.4 
 
 I 7 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.9 
 
 4.0 
 
 
 
 75 I 
 
 130 
 
 82.7 
 
 7-9 
 
 0.2 
 
 2.1 
 
 2 
 
 6.0 
 
 I 9 
 
 bi4 
 
 140 
 
 122.4 
 
 9.4 
 
 I 1 
 
 1.6 
 
 12.7 
 
 2.4 
 
 3-7 
 
 86.7 
 
 143 
 
 79.0 
 
 104 
 
 3-8 
 
 2.1 
 
 7.0 
 
 0.2 
 
 20 47-3: 
 
 "5 
 
 5.0 
 
 2.4 
 
 0.1 
 
 0.2 
 
 02 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.1 1.3! 
 
 120 
 
 58.3 
 
 18. 1 
 
 2-5 
 
 I 6 
 
 17.2 
 
 1.6 
 
 2.8 
 
 lO.O 
 
 
 
 0.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.2 
 3.6 
 
 1-3 
 1.8 
 
 2 2 
 
 1-5 
 
 1.4 
 
 3.0 
 
 
 0.2 
 
 3 
 08 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 2.1 
 
 0.7 
 
 
 
 5-9 
 9.2 
 9.0 
 
 3-4 
 0.2 
 8 8 
 
 2.0 
 4.8 
 
 12.7 
 1.9 
 
 3.6 
 
 IIO.O 
 
 2.0 
 
 19.5 
 
 12.9 
 1-5 
 
 34-3 
 27.5 
 21.8 
 5.0 
 32.2 
 
 0.8 
 0.5 
 6.0 
 
 1 1.7 
 
 II.9 
 
 0.2 
 
 
 0-5 
 
 
 
 
 
 3-9 
 6.5 
 3-9 
 
 
 
61 
 
 Composition of 
 
 Fresh or 
 
 Air-Dry 
 
 Agricultural 
 
 Products 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :?• 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Substance. 
 
 
 
 
 
 .2 
 
 
 vT 
 
 Jr 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 vT 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 .1 
 
 3^ 
 
 
 « 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 
 X.— GRAINS AND SEEDS OF AGRICULTURAL PLANTS 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Rye 
 
 Barley 
 
 Oats 
 
 Spelt, with husk .. 
 
 Maize 
 
 Rice, with husk .. 
 
 '' husked , ... 
 Millet, with husk 
 
 '* husked 
 
 Sorghum 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 Rape seed 
 
 Flax " 
 
 Hemp '' , 
 
 Poppy '' 
 
 Mustaru '• 
 
 Beet '* 
 
 Turnip <' 
 
 Carrot " , 
 
 Peas 
 
 Vetches 
 
 Firld beans 
 
 Garden beans 
 
 Lentils 
 
 Lupines 
 
 Clover seed 
 
 Esparsette seed. 
 
 143 
 
 17.7 
 
 149 
 
 17-3 
 
 H5 
 
 21,8 
 
 140 
 
 26 4 
 
 148 
 
 35^8 
 
 136 12 3 
 
 120 
 
 69,0 
 
 130 
 
 3^4 
 
 130 
 
 39,1 
 
 131 
 
 12,3 
 
 140 
 
 16,0 
 
 141 
 
 9.2 
 
 120 
 
 37,3 
 
 118 
 
 32,2 
 
 122 
 
 48,1 
 
 147 
 
 52,2 
 
 120 
 
 37.8 
 
 140 
 
 48,7 
 
 120 
 120 
 
 138 
 
 136 
 
 141 
 
 148 
 
 134 
 138 
 
 150 
 
 160 
 
 5»5 
 5.4 
 4.8 
 4.2 
 6,2 
 
 3»3 
 12.7 
 0,8 
 4,7 
 2>3 
 4.2 
 2.1 
 
 XI.— FRUITS 
 
 35,0 
 748 
 24,2 
 20,7 
 29,6 
 26,1 
 17,8 
 34,0 
 36.9 
 37<6 
 
 10,4 
 9»7 
 7,1 
 6,0 
 
 9,1 
 
 7,7 
 
 14,3 
 
 9,8 
 
 6,3 
 
 12,0 
 
 ",5 
 
 7,7 
 
 11,4 
 
 13.8 
 
 10,8 
 
 AND SEEDS 
 
 0,6 
 
 0,3 
 0,6 
 1,0 
 0,6 
 o,^ 
 
 3,1 
 
 02 
 0,4 
 0,7 
 0-5 
 0,6 
 0,4 
 0,6 
 0,4 
 
 o>5 
 22 
 
 8-4 
 0,3 
 3,6 
 0,9 
 
 2,2| 
 
 0,4 
 0,8 
 
 1,8 
 6,0 
 0,2 
 1,1 
 
 2,2 
 
 0,6 
 
 8,2 
 
 0,4 
 
 1,9 
 
 °,5 
 
 8 2 
 
 0.4 
 
 1,8 
 
 0,5 
 
 7,2 
 
 °,5 
 
 1,8 
 
 1,0 
 
 5.5 
 
 °,4 
 
 2,1 
 
 0,9 
 
 7.2 
 
 0,6 
 
 1,8 
 
 0,3 
 
 5-5 
 
 0.1 
 
 5,9 
 
 3'5 
 
 32,6 
 
 0,4 
 
 0,5 
 
 0,1 
 
 1,7 
 
 
 
 3,3 
 
 0,4 
 
 9,1 
 
 0,1 
 
 2,3 
 
 
 6,6 
 
 0,2 
 
 2,4 
 
 0,2 
 
 8,1 
 
 
 
 1,2 
 
 0,31 4,4 
 
 0,2 
 
 4,6 
 
 5 2 
 
 16,4 
 
 1,3 
 
 4,2 
 
 2,7 
 
 13,0 
 
 0,4 
 
 2,7 
 
 11,3 
 
 17,5 
 
 0,1 
 
 5-0 
 
 i«,5 
 
 16,4 
 
 i,o| 
 
 3,9 
 
 7,1 
 
 14,7 
 
 1,8 
 
 9.2 
 
 7,6 
 
 7.6 
 
 2,0 
 
 3.0 
 
 6,1 
 
 14,1 
 
 2,5 
 
 5,0 
 
 29,0 
 
 11,8 
 
 4.2 
 
 1,9 
 
 1,2 
 
 8,8 
 
 0,8 
 
 1,8 
 
 0,6 
 
 7'9 
 
 0,9 
 
 2,0 
 
 ^5 
 
 11,6 
 
 1,5 
 
 2,0 
 
 2,0 
 
 7,9 
 
 i,° 
 
 0,4 
 
 0,9 
 
 5,^ 
 
 
 2,1 
 
 2,7 
 
 8,7 
 
 2,3 
 
 4,5 
 
 2,3 
 
 12,4 
 
 1,7 
 
 2,5 
 
 ",9 
 
 9,0 
 
 1^2 
 
 0,3 
 0,3 
 
 5,9 
 12,3 
 i5>8 
 0,3 
 0,4 
 0,1 
 20,5 
 
 Grape seeds 
 
 Alder " 
 
 Beech nuts ,... 
 
 Acorns, fresh 
 
 " ' dried 
 
 Horse chestnuts, fresh. 
 
 " •' green husk 
 
 Apple, entire fruit ... 
 Pear, « '' .., 
 
 Cherry, '« " ., 
 Plum, " " .. 
 
 Mulberry 
 
 Horse chestnuts, spring . 
 
 " " autumn. 
 Walnut, spring 
 
 " autumn 
 
 Beech, summer 
 
 " autumn 
 
 Oak, summer 
 
 autumn. 
 
 OF 
 
 2,1 
 3,5 
 3.1 
 °,5 
 i,° 
 0,1 
 0,1 
 0,2 
 0,2 
 0,2 
 0,2 
 
 XII.— LEAVES OF TREES. 
 
 670 
 700 
 600 
 700 
 600) 
 750 
 
 550 
 700 
 600 
 
 TREES, ETC. 
 
 1,2 
 
 0,4 
 0,4 
 
 5,7 
 1^7 
 0,9 
 1,0 
 0,2 
 4,0 
 0,2 
 0,4 
 0,4 
 0,2 
 0,2 
 
 °,3 
 0,9 
 
 o>3 
 
 1,5 
 
 1,7 
 1,4 
 
 1,7 
 
 0,2 
 0,1 
 
 0,1 
 
 23 
 
 0,2 
 
 4.6 
 
 2,5 
 
 0,6 
 
 0,2 
 0,8 
 
 0.3 
 0,6 
 0,6 
 
 0.5 
 
 0,4 
 
 120 
 
 24,7 
 
 7,1 
 
 140 
 
 44.2 
 
 16,6 
 
 180 27,1 
 
 6,2 
 
 560 
 
 9,6 
 
 6,2 
 
 158 
 
 18,3 
 
 11,8 
 
 492 
 
 12,0 
 
 7,1 
 
 818 
 
 8,0 
 
 6,1 
 
 840 
 
 ^,7 
 
 1,0 
 
 800 
 
 4,1 
 
 2,2 
 
 780 
 
 4,3 
 
 2,2 
 
 820 
 
 40 
 
 2,4 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 8,4 
 13.6 
 
 6,7 
 
 5.9 
 
 5,7 
 5,6 
 
 0,6 
 
 1,5 
 
 0,6 
 
 °.3 
 1,4 
 
 0,7 
 
 1.6 
 
 0,2 
 
 0,2 
 
 1,3 
 1^4 
 0,8 
 
 3,3 
 2,7 
 0,5 
 
 0,5 
 0,2 
 
 0,1 
 
 °,4 
 
 0,1 
 
 0,1 
 
 0,4 
 
 0,2 
 
 0,1 
 
 0,3 
 
 0,6 
 
 0.2 
 
 0,1 
 
 0.3 
 1 0,4 
 
 °,7 
 0,6 
 
 0,2 
 0,2 
 
 0,4 
 0,1 
 
 ".7 
 
 2,3 
 
 21,5 
 
 «,3 
 
 30,1 
 
 5,9 
 
 23.2 
 
 9.9 
 
 28,4 
 
 7,6 
 
 12,1 
 
 2,2 
 
 30,5 
 
 1,6 
 
 13,8 
 
 4,6 
 
 19,6 
 
 0.7 
 
 0,2 
 
 0,2 
 
 0,6 
 
 3,0 
 
 1,2 
 
 0,1 
 
 4,1 
 
 0,8 
 
 4,6 
 
 5,0 
 
 1-3 
 
 0,6 
 
 2,4 
 
 12,2 
 
 2,5 
 
 0,5 
 
 4,2 
 
 1,1 
 
 6,2 
 
 4,9 
 
 0,6 
 
 0,3 
 
 2,8 
 
 15,3 
 
 I.I 
 
 0,8 
 
 0,6 
 
 1,1 
 
 4,4 
 
 0.9 
 
 0,4 
 
 1,8 
 
 1,8 
 
 13,7 
 
 1,3 
 
 1,1 
 
 10,31 
 
 1,9 
 
 3,6 
 
 1,7 
 
 o,4l o,6| 
 
 0,8 
 
 9,5 
 
 1,6 
 
 0,9 
 
 6,il 
 
 10,1 
 
 0,8 
 
 7,8 
 2.7 
 2,4 
 
 2,3 
 
 2 5 
 
 0,1 
 
 °,i 
 0,3 
 0,8 
 
 0,4 
 
 0,8 
 1,2 
 
 0,1 
 0,2 
 0,1 
 0,1 
 
62 
 
 Composition of Fresh or Air-Dry Agricultural Products. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •^' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 Sub dance. 
 
 
 
 
 
 'Hi 
 
 
 t 
 
 .jj 
 
 
 ^* 
 
 
 
 
 
 •*; 
 
 
 
 
 -«! 
 
 a 
 
 
 •S 
 
 is 
 
 / 
 
 
 -«! 
 
 Q 
 
 -w' 
 
 ^^ 
 
 P 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 c 
 -^ 
 
 :^ 
 
 
 !^ 
 
 '^ 
 
 <^ 
 
 =o 
 
 ^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 S; 
 
 c^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 t5 
 
 c^ 
 
 Fir, autumn 
 
 Red pine, autumn. 
 
 XII. 
 
 •I550' 
 XIII 
 
 -LEAVES OF TREES. 
 
 6,31 o,6| I o,6| 2,61 
 
 26,2! 0,4! ' 0,6' 4,01 
 
 —WOOD, AIR-DRY. 
 
 Grape 
 
 Mulberry 
 
 Birch 
 
 Beech, body wood .. 
 
 " small wood.. 
 
 " brush , 
 
 Oak, body wood 
 
 " small branches with 
 
 bark 
 
 Horse chestnut, young wood 
 
 in autumn 
 
 Walnut , 
 
 Apple tree , 
 
 Red pine 
 
 White pine 
 
 Fir , 
 
 Larch 
 
 150 
 
 23,4 
 
 7,0 
 
 1,6 
 
 1,6 
 
 8,7 
 
 150 
 
 i3'7 
 
 0,9 
 
 2,0 
 
 0,8 
 
 7,« 
 
 150 
 
 2,6 
 
 0,3 
 
 0,2 
 
 0,2 
 
 1,5 
 
 150 
 
 5,5 
 
 0,9 
 
 0,2 
 
 0,6 
 
 3,1 
 
 150 
 
 «,9 
 
 i»4 
 
 0,2 
 
 1.5 
 
 4,1 
 
 150 
 
 12,3 
 
 1.7 
 
 03 
 
 1.3 
 
 59 
 
 150 
 
 5>i 
 
 o>5 
 
 0,2 
 
 0,2 
 
 3»7 
 
 150 
 
 10,2 
 
 2,0 
 
 
 
 0,8 
 
 5.5 
 
 150 
 
 28,1 
 
 5,5 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 143 
 
 150 
 
 ^5.5 
 
 3,9 
 
 
 2,0 
 
 14,^ 
 
 150 
 
 11,0 
 
 1,3 
 
 0,2 
 
 0.6 
 
 7,« 
 
 150 
 
 ^i 
 
 0,1 
 
 0,6 
 
 o,x 
 
 1,0 
 
 150 
 
 2,4 
 
 o>4 
 
 0,2 
 
 0,1 
 
 'A 
 
 150 
 
 2,6 
 
 0,3 
 
 0,1 
 
 0,2 
 
 1,3 
 
 150 
 
 2,7 
 
 0,4 
 
 0,2 
 
 0,7 
 
 0,7 
 
 Birch 
 
 Horse chestnut, young in 
 
 autumn 
 
 Walnut, young in autumn 
 
 Red pine... 
 
 White pine 
 
 Fir 
 
 150 
 
 150 
 150 
 150 
 150 
 150 
 
 XI\ 
 
 .—BARK. 
 
 
 .Ml 
 
 0,4 
 
 0,6 
 
 0,9 
 
 5,2 
 
 55,9 
 
 13,5 
 
 
 2,2 
 
 34,3 
 
 54,4l 
 
 6,3 
 
 
 5,« 
 
 38,1 
 
 23,9 
 
 1,31 1,0 
 
 *,* 
 
 14,9 
 
 28,1 
 
 2,3| 0,9 
 
 0,8 
 
 19,6 
 
 I7,il 
 
 0.5 
 
 0,2 
 
 0,2 
 
 7,5! 
 
 1,3 0,31 o,» 
 2,1 1 0,718,41 
 
 3-0 
 0,3 
 0,21 
 
 o,3| 
 1,0 
 1,51 
 0,3 1 
 
 0,9 
 
 59 
 3,1 
 
 0,5 
 0,1 
 0,1 
 0,2 
 0,1 
 
 o,3| 
 
 0,6 
 1,4 
 
 0,1 
 0,1 
 0,1 
 0,1 
 
 0,8 
 
 0,3 
 0,1 
 0,1 
 0,1 
 0,1 
 
 0,2 
 
 0'5 
 0,1 
 
 0,3 
 0,6 
 1,2 
 0,1 
 
 0,3 
 
 0,2 
 
 0,7 
 0,2 
 0,1 
 0,2 
 0,4 
 o 
 
 0,2 
 
 0,6 
 
 0.4 
 
 0.1 
 
 0,8 
 
 0,2 
 
 2,3 
 
 0,2 
 
 
 3,9 
 
 0,6 
 
 0,6 
 
 0,7 
 
 ... . 
 
 3.2 
 
 0,1 
 
 0,4 
 
 0,2 ... . 
 
 0,6 
 
 0,2 
 
 3.« 
 
 0,1 
 
 
 
 0,7 
 
 0,5 
 
 2,3 
 
 0,3 
 
 
 1,4 
 
 0,1 
 
 5,3 
 
 
 
 
63 
 
 TABLE Iir. 
 
 Proximate Composition of Agricultural Plants and Products, giving the average 
 quantities of Water, Organic Matter, Ash, Albuminoids, Carbohydrates, etc., 
 Crude Fiber, Fat, etc., by Professors Wolff and Knop.* 
 
 
 
 -1-7 
 
 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 
 Substance. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 •M- 
 
 
 
 k 
 
 ? 
 
 
 i 
 
 J 
 
 ■^ 
 
 <u 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 !• 
 
 ^ 
 
 '^ 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 HAY. 
 
 Meaiiow hay, medium quality 
 
 Aftermath , 
 
 Red clover, full blossom 
 
 *• " ripe ?:... 
 
 White clover, full blossom 
 
 Swedish or Alsike clover [Trifolium hybridum)... 
 
 " clover, ripe 
 
 Lucern, young 
 
 " in blossom 
 
 Sand lucern, early blossom [Medicago intermedia) 
 
 Esparsette, in blossom 
 
 Incarnate clover, " {Trifolium incarnatum) 
 
 Yellow " " [Medicago lupulina) 
 
 Vetches, in blossom 
 
 Peas, " 
 
 Field spurry, in blossom [Spergula ar'vensis) 
 
 " " after blossom 
 
 Serradella, " " [Ornithopus sati'vus)... 
 before " 
 
 Italian Rye grass [Lolium italicum) 
 
 Timothy {^Pheleum pratense) 
 
 Early meadow grass [Poa annua) 
 
 Crested dog's tail [Cynosurus cri status) 
 
 Soft broom grass [Bromus mollis ) 
 
 Orchard grass {Dactylis glomerata) 
 
 Barley grass [Hordeum pratense) 
 
 Meadow foxtail [Alopecurus pratensis) 
 
 Oat grass, French rye grass {^Arrhenatherum 
 
 a'venaceum) 
 
 English rye grass [Lolium perenne) 
 
 Harter Schwingel [Festucaf) 
 
 Sweet-scented vernal grass [Anthoxanthum 
 
 odoratum) ^ 
 
 14-3 
 
 79.5 
 
 6.2 
 
 8.2 
 
 41-3 
 
 30.0 
 
 14.3 
 
 79.2 
 
 6.5 
 
 9 5 
 
 45-7 
 
 24.0 
 
 16.7 
 
 77.1 
 
 6.2 
 
 134 
 
 29.9 
 
 35.8 
 
 16.7 
 
 77.7 
 
 5.6 
 
 94 
 
 20.3 
 
 48.0 
 
 16.7 
 
 74.« 
 
 85 
 
 14.9 
 
 34.3 
 
 25.6 
 
 16.7 
 
 750 
 
 8.3 
 
 15-3 
 
 29.2 
 
 30-5 
 
 16.7 
 
 7«.3 
 
 5-0 
 
 10.2 
 
 23.1 
 
 45 -o 
 
 16.7 
 
 74.6 
 
 «.7 
 
 19.7 
 
 3^-9 
 
 22.0 
 
 16.7 
 
 76.9 
 
 6.4 
 
 14.4 
 
 22.5 
 
 40.0 
 
 167 
 
 77.2 
 
 6.1 
 
 ^S-i 
 
 26.9 
 
 35-1 
 
 16.7 
 
 77.1 
 
 6.2 
 
 13-3 
 
 36.7 
 
 27.1 
 
 16.7 
 
 761 
 
 7.2 
 
 12.2 
 
 30.1 
 
 33-8 
 
 16.7 
 
 77.3 
 
 6.o|i4 6 
 
 36.5 
 
 26.2 
 
 16.7 
 
 75.0 
 
 8.3 
 
 142 
 
 35-3 
 
 ^5-5 
 
 16.7 
 
 76.3 
 
 7.0 
 
 143 
 
 36.8 
 
 25.2 
 
 16.7 
 
 73.^ 
 
 9.5ii2.o 
 
 39-8 
 
 22.0 
 
 16.7 
 
 75-5 
 
 7.8 
 
 7.8)41.7 
 
 26.0 
 
 16.7 
 
 77-7 
 
 5.6 
 
 14.6 
 
 29.2 
 
 33-9 
 
 16.7 
 
 75.8 
 
 7.5 
 
 15 3 
 
 37-2 
 
 26.1 
 
 14.3 
 
 77.S 
 
 7.8 
 
 8.7 
 
 51-4 
 
 16.9 
 
 14.3 
 
 81.2 
 
 4.5 
 
 9-7 
 
 48.8 
 
 22.7 
 
 14.3 
 
 83.3 
 
 24 
 
 lO.I 
 
 47.2 
 
 25.9 
 
 14-3 
 
 80 2 
 
 5-5 
 
 9-5 
 
 48.0 
 
 22.6 
 
 14-3 
 
 80.7 
 
 50 
 
 14.8 
 
 35.0 
 
 31.0 
 
 14-3 
 
 81. 1 
 
 4.6 
 
 II. 6 
 
 40.7 
 
 28.9 
 
 14-3 
 
 80.4 
 
 5-3 
 
 9.6 
 
 42.0 
 
 27.2 
 
 H3 
 
 79.0 
 
 6.7 
 
 10.6 
 
 39-5 
 
 29 
 
 14.3 
 
 75.8 
 
 9-9 
 
 II. I 
 
 35-3 
 
 29.4 
 
 14.3 
 
 79.-- 
 
 ^•5 
 
 10.2 
 
 38.9 
 
 30.2 
 
 14.3 
 
 81.0 
 
 4-7 
 
 10.4 
 
 37-5 
 
 33.2 
 
 14-3 
 
 80.3 
 
 5-4 
 
 8.9 
 
 40.2 
 
 31.2 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.4 
 3.2 
 
 2.0 
 3-5 
 3-3 
 
 2.2 
 
 3-3 
 
 2.5 
 
 3-0 
 2.5 
 3.0 
 
 3-3 
 2-5 
 2.6 
 3.2 
 
 2.5 
 
 1-5 
 1.9 
 
 2.8 
 3.0 
 2.9 
 
 2.8 
 1.8 
 
 2.7 
 2.0 
 2-5 
 
 2.7 
 2.7 
 2.9 
 
 * Landtvirthschaftlicher Kalender, 1867, through Knop's Agricultur-Chemie, 1868, 
 pp 715-720. This Table is, as regards water and ash, a repetition of Table II, buc 
 includes the newer analyses of 1865-7. Therefore the averages of water and ash dq 
 not in all cases agree with those of the former Tables. It gives besides, the proportions 
 of nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous compounds, /. f.. Albuminoids and Carbohydrates, 
 etc. It also states the averages of Crude Fiber and of Fat, etc. The discussion of the 
 data of this Table belongs to the subjects of Food and Cattle-Feeding. They are, how- 
 ever, inserted here, as it is believed they are not to be found elsewhere in the English^ 
 language, f Organic Matter here signifies the combustible part of the plant. || Car- 
 bohydrates^ etc,^ includes fat, starch, sugar, pectin, etc., all in fact of Org. Matter^ 
 except Albuminoids and Crude Fiber. | Crude Fiber is impure cellulose obtained by* 
 the processes described on pages 60 and 61. ^ Fat^ etc , is the ether-extract, p. 94,5; 
 and contains besides fat, wax, chlorophyll, and in some cases resins. 
 
64 
 
 Proximate Composition of Agricultural Plants and Products. 
 
 Substance. 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;;^ 
 
 
 
 •-T 
 
 
 
 53 
 >54 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 V, 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 o 
 
 -is 
 
 -a 
 
 
 <o 
 
 
 
 >^ 
 
 fi; 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 S 
 a 
 
 ^= 
 
 -^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 HAY. 
 
 Velvet grass {Holcus lanatus) ] g 
 
 Spear grass Kentucky Blue grass [Poa pra- j S 
 
 tensis) 1 °, 
 
 Rough meadow grass [Poa tri'via/is) | ^ 
 
 Yellow oat grass {A'vena Jla-vescens) 'Z 
 
 Quaking grass [Briza media) J (j 
 
 Average of all the grasses 
 
 STRAW. 
 
 Winter wheat 
 
 Winter rye 
 
 Winter spelt , 
 
 Winter barley 
 
 Summer barley 
 
 " *• with clover 
 
 Oat 
 
 Vetch fodder 
 
 Pea 
 
 Bean 
 
 Lentil 
 
 Lupine , 
 
 Maize , 
 
 14,3 
 
 80,2 
 
 5,5 
 
 9,9 
 
 36,7 
 
 33,6 
 
 H,3 
 
 80,6 
 
 5,1 
 
 8,9 
 
 39,1 
 
 32,6 
 
 14,3 78,6 
 
 7,1 
 
 8,4 
 
 37,6 
 
 32,6 
 
 14,3 79,8 
 
 5,9 
 
 6,4 
 
 42,6 
 
 30,8 
 
 14,3 78,3 
 
 7,4 
 
 5,2 
 
 42,8 
 
 3°: 3 
 
 14,3 79,9 
 
 5,8 
 
 9,5 
 
 41,7 
 
 38,7 
 
 14,3 j8o,2 
 
 14,3 
 14,3 
 14,3 
 14,3 
 14,3 
 14,3 
 14,3 
 14,3 
 17,3 
 14,3 
 14,2 
 14,0 
 
 82,5 
 
 79i7 
 80,2 
 
 78,7 
 77,7 
 80,7 
 79,7 
 81,7 
 
 77,7 
 79,2 
 81,4 
 82,9 
 
 5,5 
 
 1,0 
 
 30,2 
 
 48,0 
 
 3,2 
 
 1,5 
 
 27,0 
 
 54,0 
 
 6,0 
 
 2,0 
 
 27,7 
 
 50,5 
 
 5,5 
 
 2,0 
 
 29,8 
 
 48,4 
 
 7.0 
 
 3,0 
 
 32,7 
 
 43,0 
 
 8,0 
 
 b,o 
 
 34,7 
 
 37,5 
 
 5,0 
 
 2,5 
 
 38,2 
 
 40,0 
 
 6,0 
 
 7,5 
 
 28,2 
 
 44,0 
 
 4,0 
 
 6,5 
 
 35,2 
 
 40,0 
 
 5,0 
 
 10,2 
 
 33,5 
 
 34,0 
 
 6,5 
 
 14.0 
 
 27,2 
 
 36,6 
 
 4,4 
 
 4,9 
 
 34,7 
 
 41,8 
 
 4,0 
 
 3,0 
 
 39,0 
 
 40,0 
 
 CHAFF AND HULLS. 
 
 Wheat. 
 Spelt... 
 Rye.... 
 Barley. 
 Oat 
 
 14,3 
 14,3 
 14,3 
 14,3 
 14,3 
 
 Vetch 115,0 
 
 Pea 14,3 
 
 Bean 15,0 
 
 Lupine .... 14,3 
 
 Rape 10,3 
 
 Maize cobr 10,3 
 
 GREEN FODDER. 
 
 Grass, before blossom 
 
 " after " , 
 
 Red clover, before " 
 
 « « full " 
 
 White « « *' 
 
 Swedish clover, early blossom 
 
 " " full « 
 
 Lucern, very young 
 
 *• in blossom 
 
 Sand lucern, early blossom 
 
 Esparsette, in " 
 
 Incarnate clover, in " [Trifolium incamatum 
 Yellow clover, in blossom [Medicago lupulina).. 
 Serradella, " '* i^Omithopus sativus).. 
 
 1^,1 
 
 12,0 
 
 77,2 
 
 8,5 
 
 78,2 
 
 7,5 
 
 72,7 
 
 130 
 
 67,7 
 
 18,0 
 
 77,0 
 
 8,0 
 
 79,7 
 
 6,0 
 
 77,0 
 
 8,0 
 
 829 
 
 2,8 
 
 77,5 
 
 8,5 
 
 83,2 
 
 2,8 
 
 4,5 
 2,9 
 3,5 
 3,0 
 4,0 
 
 8,5 
 
 8,1 
 
 10,5 
 
 2,5 
 
 3,5 
 1,4 
 
 33,2 
 32,8 
 28,2 
 38,7 
 29,7 
 32,5 
 36,6 
 
 29,5 
 47,2 
 40,0 
 44,0 
 
 36,0 
 
 41,5 
 46,5 
 30,0 
 34,0 
 36,0 
 
 35,0 
 37,0 
 33,0 
 34,0 
 37,8 
 
 75,0 
 
 22,9 
 
 2,1 
 
 3,° 
 
 12,9 
 
 7,0 
 
 69,0 
 
 29,0 
 
 2,0 
 
 2,5 
 
 15,0 
 
 ",5 
 
 83,0 
 
 15,5 
 
 1,5 
 
 3,3 
 
 7,7 
 
 45 
 
 78,0 
 
 20,3 
 
 1,7 
 
 3,7 
 
 8 6 
 
 8,c 
 
 80,5 
 
 17,5 
 
 i,o 
 
 3,5 
 
 8,0 
 
 6,0 
 
 85,0 
 
 13,5 
 
 1,5 
 
 3,3 
 
 5,7 
 
 4,5 
 
 82,0 
 
 16,2 
 
 1,8 
 
 3,3 
 
 6,3 
 
 6 6 
 
 81,0 
 
 17,3 
 
 1,7 
 
 4,5 
 
 7,8 
 
 5,0 
 
 74,0 
 
 24,0 
 
 2,0 
 
 4,5 
 
 7,0 
 
 12,5 
 
 78,0 
 
 20,1 
 
 1.9 
 
 4,0 
 
 6,6 
 
 9,5 
 
 80,9 
 
 18,5 
 
 ^5 
 
 3,2 
 
 8,8 
 
 6,5 
 
 81,5 
 
 16,9 
 
 1,6 
 
 2,7 
 
 6,7 
 
 7,5 
 
 80,0 
 
 i8,S 
 
 1,5 
 
 3,5 
 
 9,0 
 
 6,0 
 
 80,0 
 
 18,7 
 
 1,3 
 
 3,6 
 
 7,0 
 
 8,1 
 
65 
 
 Proximate Composition of Agricultural Plants and ProdiTct!*. 
 
 Subs 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 u 
 
 
 w 
 
 •5 
 
 
 >3 
 
 "a 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 
 •<} 
 
 <5 
 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 <^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 •^ 
 
 a 
 
 6 
 
 GREEN FODDER. 
 
 Vetches, in blossom 
 
 Peas, • " " 
 
 Oats, early blossom 
 
 Rye 
 
 Maize, late end August 
 
 u garly " '- 
 
 Hungarian millet, inblos'm [Pant cum germankum] 
 
 Sorghum sacckaratum 
 
 Sorghum -vulgar e 
 
 Field spurry, in blossom 
 
 Cabbage 
 
 " stumps 
 
 Field beet leaves 
 
 Carrot leaves 
 
 Poplar and elm leaves 
 
 Artichoke stem 
 
 Rape leaves 
 
 820 
 
 16,2 
 
 1,8 
 
 3,1 
 
 7,6 
 
 5,5 
 
 81, s 
 
 17,0 
 
 i,S 
 
 3,2 
 
 8,2 
 
 5.6 
 
 81,0 
 
 17,6 
 
 1,4 
 
 2,3 
 
 8,8 
 
 6,5 
 
 72»9 
 
 ^5.5 
 
 1.6 
 
 3,3 
 
 14,9 
 
 7,3 
 
 «4,3 
 
 14,6 
 
 1,1 
 
 0,9 
 
 8,7 
 
 5,0 
 
 82,2 
 
 16,7 
 
 1,1 
 
 1,1 
 
 10,9 
 
 4,7 
 
 65,6 
 
 32,0 
 
 ^,4 
 
 5,9 
 
 15,0 
 
 "<5 
 
 740 
 
 25,1 
 
 0,9 
 
 2,5 
 
 15,3 
 
 7,31 
 
 77,3!^!, 6 
 
 1,1 
 
 2,9 
 
 ",9 
 
 6,7 
 
 80,0 
 
 18,0 
 
 2,0 
 
 2,3 
 
 10,4 
 
 5,3 
 
 89,0 
 
 9,8 
 
 1,2 
 
 1,5 
 
 6,3 
 
 2,0 
 
 82,0 
 
 16,1 
 
 1,9 
 
 1,1 
 
 I2,Z 
 
 2,8 
 
 9o>5 
 
 6,7 
 
 1,8 
 
 1,9 
 
 4,6 
 
 1,3 
 
 82,2 
 
 14,2 
 
 3,6 
 
 3,2 
 
 8,0 
 
 3.0 
 
 70 
 
 28,0 
 
 2,0 
 
 6,0 
 
 X5,5 
 
 6,5 
 
 80,0 
 
 17,3 
 
 ^,7 
 
 2,3 
 
 10,6 
 
 3,4 
 
 dry 
 
 75,5 
 
 44,5 
 
 20,0 
 
 47,5 
 
 8,0 
 
 0,6 
 0,6 
 0,5 
 0,9 
 0,5 
 0.5 
 
 1,5 
 1,4 
 
 ? 
 
 0,7 
 0,4 
 0,8 
 
 0,5 
 1,0 
 
 1,5 
 0,8 
 2,0 
 
 Potato 
 
 Jerusalem Artichoke 
 
 Turnip Chervil ? (Koerbelriibe). 
 
 Kohl-rabi 
 
 Field beets (about 3 lbs. weight) 
 
 Sugar beets (1-2 lbs ) 
 
 Ruta-bagas (about 3 lbs.) 
 
 Carrot (about J lb.) 
 
 Giant carrot (1-2 lbs.) 
 
 Turnips (Stoppelriibe) 
 
 Turnips (Turnipsriibe) 
 
 Parsnip 
 
 Pumpkin 
 
 ROOTS AND TUBERS. 
 
 24,1 
 
 95,0 
 80.0 
 76,0 
 88,0 
 88,0 
 
 81,5 
 87,0 
 85,0 
 87,0 
 
 91 5 
 
 92.0 
 88,3 
 94 5 
 
 18,9 
 
 23,1 
 10,8 
 II, I 
 
 17,7 
 12.0 
 14,0 
 12,2 
 7,7 
 7,2 
 11,0 
 
 4,5 
 
 0,9 
 
 a,o 
 
 21,0 
 
 1,1 
 
 0.3 
 
 I.I 
 
 2,0 
 
 15,6 
 
 i»3 
 
 0,5 
 
 0,9 
 
 3>2 
 
 17,0 
 
 1,0 
 
 0,6 
 
 1.2 
 
 2,3 
 
 7,3 
 
 1,2 
 
 0,2 
 
 0.9 
 
 1,1 
 
 9,1 0,9 
 
 0,1 
 
 0,8 
 
 1,0 
 
 15.4 
 
 x,3 
 
 0,1 
 
 1,0 
 
 1,6 
 
 9,3 
 
 1,1 
 
 0,1 
 
 1,0 
 
 1.5 
 
 10,8 
 
 1,7 
 
 0,2 
 
 08 
 
 1,2 
 
 9,8 
 
 1,2 
 
 0,2 
 
 0,8 
 
 0,8 
 
 5,9 
 
 1,0 
 
 OtI 
 
 0,8 
 
 1,1 
 
 5,1 
 
 1,0 
 
 I 
 
 0,7 
 
 1,6 
 
 8,4 
 
 1,0 
 
 0,2 
 
 1,0 
 
 1,3 
 
 2,8 
 
 1,0 
 
 0,1 
 
 GRAINS AND SEEDS. 
 
 Rice 
 
 Winter wheat.., 
 Wheat flour.... 
 
 Spelt 
 
 Winter rye 
 
 Rye flour 
 
 Winter barley.., 
 Summer barley. 
 
 Oats 
 
 Maize 
 
 Millet 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 Vetches 
 
 Peas 
 
 Beans (field)..., 
 Lentils 
 
 5 
 
 14,6 
 
 84.9 
 
 14,4 
 
 83.6 
 
 12 6 
 
 86,7 
 
 14.8 
 
 81,3 
 
 143 
 
 83,7 
 
 14,0 
 
 844 
 
 14-3 
 
 83^4 
 
 14,3 
 
 83.1 
 
 14,3 
 
 82,7 
 
 14.4 
 
 835 
 
 14,0 
 
 830 
 
 14.0 
 
 83,6 
 
 143 
 
 834 
 
 14,3 
 
 83,2 
 
 14,5 
 
 82,0 
 
 H,5 
 
 82,5 
 
 0,5 
 
 2,0 
 
 0,7 
 
 39 
 
 2,0 
 1,6 
 2.3 
 2,6 
 
 3,0 
 2,1 
 
 3-° 
 2,4 
 2,3 
 2,5 
 3'5 
 
 7-5 
 13,0 
 11,8 
 10,0 
 
 II. o 
 
 10,5 
 9,0 
 
 9.5 
 
 12,0 
 
 10,0 
 
 H,5 
 
 9,0 
 
 27,5 
 22,4 
 
 25 5 
 
 76,5 
 67,6 
 
 74-1 
 54,8 
 69,2 
 72,5 
 65.9 
 66,6 
 60.9 
 68,0 
 62 I 
 59 6 
 49,2 
 52,3 
 45,5 
 
 3o'23,8|52,o 
 
 0,9 
 3,0 
 o>7 
 
 '6,5 
 3'5 
 1,5 
 8,5 
 7,0 
 
 10,3 
 
 5 5 
 
 6,4 
 
 15,0 
 
 6.7 
 
 9,2 
 
 I 
 
 o»5 
 ii5 
 1,2 
 
 1,5 
 
 2,0 
 1,6 
 
 2,5 
 2.5 
 6,0 
 7.0 
 3.0 
 2,5 
 2,7 
 
 2,5 
 2,0 
 
 6,91 2,6 
 
66 
 
 Proximate Composition 
 
 OF Agricultural Plants and Products. 
 
 
 Substance. 
 
 
 h 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 v.* 
 
 vj 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 <i 
 
 ^3 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1" 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 (? 
 
 GRAINS AND SEEDS. 
 
 Lupines 
 
 Acorns, without shell, dry 
 
 " with *' fresh.... 
 
 Chestnuts, without shell, fresh. 
 
 Madia seed 
 
 Flax seed 
 
 Rape seed 
 
 Hemp seed 
 
 Poppy seed 
 
 Horse chestnut 
 
 H-5 
 
 20,0 
 56,0 
 
 8,4 
 
 11,0 
 12.2 
 
 14.7 
 30,0 
 
 820 
 
 3>') 
 
 34.5 
 
 33.0 
 
 H 5 
 
 78.4 
 
 1,6 
 
 S'O 
 
 68,8 
 
 4,6 
 
 43.0 
 
 i,oj 2,0 
 
 36,5 
 
 4,5 
 
 49,01 1,8 
 
 3.0 
 
 45.2 
 
 0,8 
 
 86,9 
 
 4,7 
 
 22,9 
 
 46,0 
 
 18,0 
 
 82,7 
 
 5.0 
 
 20,5 
 
 55,0 
 
 7,2 
 
 85,1 
 
 3-9 
 
 19.4 
 
 55'4 
 
 10,3 
 
 83,6 
 
 4,2 
 
 16,3 
 
 55.2 
 
 12,1 
 
 78.3 
 
 7.0 
 
 17,5 
 
 54,7 
 
 6,1 
 
 68,8 
 
 1,2 
 
 10,5 
 
 58,3 
 
 4,0 
 
 REFUSE. 
 
 Sugar beet cake 
 
 " " '" residue from centrifugal machine 
 " •* " *♦ " maceration... 
 
 Potato slum. 
 
 Rye slum 
 
 Maiseslum 
 
 Molasses slum 
 
 Brewer's grains 
 
 Malt sprouts 
 
 Fresh malt, with sprouts 
 
 Dry malt, without sprouts 
 
 Wheat bran 
 
 Rye bran 
 
 Rape cake 
 
 Linseed cake 
 
 Gold of pleasure cake 
 
 Poppy cake 
 
 Hemp cake 
 
 Beechnut cake 
 
 " ** without shells 
 
 Beet molasses 
 
 Potato fiber , 
 
 Coffee bean 
 
 Chocolate bean... 
 Black China tea. 
 Green " " . 
 
 18,5 
 12,2 
 
 4.4I 
 3,o| 
 6,8 
 
 7,21 
 5>H 
 
 COFFEE. TEA. 
 
 12,0 
 11,0 
 15.0 
 150 
 
 6,3| 
 3,6 
 1,41 
 o,6| 
 1,6 
 i,3l 
 
 44,7|i7.5l 
 39,5 4»3! 
 76,31 8.o| 
 50,0 17,81 
 53,5|i5'0 
 33,5 i5'8 
 41,3 ii'O 
 37,i|i2.5| 
 
 37,7|",4| 
 36,5122,0 
 31.3 2o,5| 
 36,9! 5,5| 
 
 5,0' 1,31 
 
 93,01 7,o|io,ol49,o|34,oli2,o 
 
 85,0! 4,0 20,0 |52,o 1 1 3,0 44,0 
 
 79,o| 6,0 5,0,32,0,40,0 2,9 
 
 79,01 6,o| 5,0 127,0 |45,o| 2,0 
 
 70,0 
 
 26,6 
 
 3.4 
 
 1,8 
 
 82,0 
 
 16,8 
 
 1,2 
 
 1,0 
 
 92,6 
 
 6,6 
 
 0,8 
 
 0,8 
 
 94,8 
 
 4,6 
 
 0.6 
 
 1,0 
 
 89,0 
 
 10,5 
 
 0-5 
 
 2,1 
 
 89,0 
 
 10,5 
 
 0,5 
 
 2,0 
 
 92,0 
 
 63 
 
 1,7 
 
 1,2 
 
 76,6 
 
 22,2 
 
 1,2 
 
 4,9 
 
 8,0 
 
 85.2 
 
 6,8 
 
 23,0 
 
 47,5 
 
 4,2 
 
 50,8 
 93,1 
 
 1,7 
 
 2,7 
 
 6,5 
 8,8 
 
 13,1 
 
 81,8 
 
 5,1 
 
 14,0 
 
 12,5 
 
 83,0 
 
 4.5 
 
 14,5 
 
 150 
 
 77,6 
 
 7,4 
 
 28,3 
 
 ",5 
 
 80,6 
 
 7,9 
 
 28,3 
 
 15,0 
 
 781 
 
 6,9 
 
 28,5 
 
 10,0 
 
 81,6 
 
 8,4 
 
 32,5 
 
 10,5 
 
 85,5 
 
 4,0 
 
 27,0 
 
 10,0 
 
 848 
 
 5,2 
 
 24,0 
 
 12,5 
 
 79,8 
 
 7,7 
 
 37,3 
 
 16,7 
 
 72,5 
 
 10.8 
 
 8,0 
 
 82,6 
 
 71,1 
 
 0,3 
 
 0,8 
 
 6,0 
 4,3 
 
 2,3 
 2,5 
 
 41 o 
 
 37,0 
 
 40,0 
 33,6 
 41,0 
 23 o 
 
 0,2 
 0,1 
 0.1 
 0,1 
 0,4 
 1,2 
 
 7,6 
 
 2,5 
 
 1,5 
 
 2,5 
 3,8 
 
 3,5 
 9,0 
 
 :0,0 
 
 8,5 
 8,1 
 6,2 
 
 7,5 
 
 7,5 
 
67 
 TABLE IV. 
 
 DETAILED ANALYSES OF BREAD GRAINS. 
 
 \4\ 
 
 
 ^ I Ci 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '^ .• 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1:2 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 vl 
 
 <3 -<i 
 
 ..'a 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 WHEAT. 
 
 From Elsass 
 
 " Saxony 
 
 " America 
 
 " Flanders... . 
 
 " Odessa 
 
 *' Tanganrock. 
 
 " Poland 
 
 " Hungary 
 
 " Egypt 
 
 1461597 
 
 11,8644 
 10,9163,4 
 io,7|6i.o 
 143 59^6 
 13.6157,9 
 21,5153 4 
 13,4162,2 
 2o,6|55,4 
 
 7,2 1.2 
 i,4U,6 
 3,8|i,2| 
 9,2ti,o| 
 
 6,31-5 
 
 7,9|i'9! 
 
 6,8|i,5| 
 
 5>4|i,i 
 6,0 1,1 
 
 i,7|i,6 
 2.5 1,6 
 
 8,3 
 1,8 
 
 1-7 
 2,3 
 
 1,7 
 1,7 
 
 14.0 
 156 
 10,8 
 14,6 
 15,2 
 
 14,8 
 13,2 
 
 14,5 
 14 8 
 
 Boussingault, 
 Wunder. 
 Poison. 
 Peligot. 
 
 From Hessia., 
 " France. 
 " Saxony 
 
 RYE. 
 
 [3 6150,51 8,9|o,9| 
 11,6 56,5 10,2 i,9| 
 
 9,i|64,9 0,412,31 
 9,6|56,7| 6,4l2,il 
 
 BARLEY. 
 
 10,1 li, 8 
 
 3.5|2,2 
 
 3,5|i,4 
 
 8,513,3 
 
 15,0 
 
 ^8,3 
 ^6,5 
 
 From Salzmiinde, Prussia... 
 
 'o»5 5o,3| 5,5 
 '3,2 53,7 4,2 
 9,3|6o,4l 1,2 
 
 2,ol 13,6 
 
 = 1,5 
 9,7 
 
 2,o| 
 
 3,8| 
 2,8 
 
 2,4 
 
 15,7 
 
 I2,Oi 
 
 I 5,0 I 
 
 
 OATS. 
 
 
 
 
 8,8 55,4 
 
 2,5 6,4 
 
 9,6 2,7|i4,6| 
 
 15,7 32,2 
 
 
 
 
 
 4,1 
 
 12,9 
 
 10,2' 
 
 6,1 
 
 10,0 
 
 2,7 
 
 12,6' 
 
 Husked, from Vienna. 
 
 Unhusked. 
 
 From Saxony 
 
 " America... 
 
 « Galacz 
 
 *' Switzerland 
 
 BUCKWHEAT. 
 
 2,6|78,9| 3,8|o,9l i,o|...| 
 3,676,7 4,31,3 1.3 — 
 
 t3,i| 1 13,91 3,5l2,5l 
 
 8'5|37,8| |...| |2,o| 
 
 9,1145,0' 7,i'o,4'22,o'2,4' 
 
 MAIZE. 
 
 8,8l58,o| 5,3|9,2l 4,9|3,2| 
 8,8|54,4| 2,7 4,6| 15,8 1,7 '1 
 9,i|49,5l 2,9|4,5|2o,4|i,8, 
 
 151,21 6,713,8112,51 ...| 
 
 RICE. 
 
 12,7 
 13,7 
 13,0 
 14,2 
 14,0 
 
 Fresenius. 
 
 Payen. 
 
 A. Miiller. 
 
 Wolff. 
 
 Wolff. 
 Poison. 
 Grouven. 
 
 A. Muller. 
 
 Krocker. 
 
 Anderson. 
 
 iBibra. 
 
 [Boussingault. 
 Horsford & Krocker, 
 'Zcnneck. 
 
 Hellriegel. 
 Poison. 
 
 10,5 
 12,0 
 11,8 " 
 10,6 IBibra. 
 
 From Piemont.... 
 
 <' Patna 
 
 " Piemont.... 
 " East Indies. 
 
 Husked, Hagenau,... 
 " Nuremberg. 
 
 7,5 •• "0,5 0,9 0,51 
 
 ■| 7,279,9 i,6|o,i o,5|o,9 
 
 ■I 7,8| I |0,2| 3,410,3 I 
 
 I 5,9173,9! 2,310,91 2,ol ...| 
 
 MILLET. 
 
 |20,6| I l3,o| 2.4l2,2| 
 
 .|io,3'57,o'ii,o'8,o' 2,0' ..." 
 
 14,6 
 
 9,8 
 
 13,7 
 14,0 
 
 14,0 
 12.2 
 
 Boussingault. 
 Poison. 
 Peligot. 
 Bibra. 
 
 Boussingault. 
 Bibra. 
 
68 
 
 TABLE V. 
 
 DETAILED ANALYSES OF POTATOES, by Grouven. 
 {Agricultur-Chemie, %H Auf^pp, 495 ^ 355.) 
 
 
 White Potatoes, newly dug. 1 
 
 Varioui Sorts^ A'ver- 
 
 
 Unmanured. 
 
 Manured. 
 
 age of i<) Analyses. 
 
 Water 
 
 74,95 
 o»47l 
 0,04 ! 
 0,29 ' 
 
 1,31, 
 
 0,76 
 2,00 
 0,07 
 
 17,33 
 
 11,90 
 
 0,88 
 
 78,01 
 0,89-] 
 
 0,25 r ^' y 
 2,02 
 1,56 
 1,50 
 0,05 
 13,40 
 1,24 
 1,05 
 
 76,00 
 
 Albumin 
 
 Casein 
 
 Gliadin & Mucidin [?] 
 
 Veg. Fibrin 
 
 2,80 
 
 
 1,81 
 
 
 
 Fat 
 
 0,30 
 
 15,24 
 
 1,01 
 
 Starch 
 
 Cellubose 
 
 Ash 
 
 0,95 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 100. 
 
 
 TABLE VI. 
 
 DETAILED ANALYSES OF SUGAR BEETS. 
 
 11 
 
 -3 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 « 
 
 M 
 
 4^ 
 
 
 
 v." 
 
 1 
 
 -5! 
 
 Analyst. 
 
 Hohenheim 
 
 Moeckern , 
 
 " 2 lbs. 
 
 J lbs. 
 
 Bickendorf, li 
 
 Slanstadt, 2 lbs 
 
 Lockwitz, i^ lbs 
 
 Tharand, i^ lbs manured 
 
 " 2 lbs. manured 
 
 '* ^\ lbs. manured 
 
 " 4 lbs. manured 
 
 Silesia, unmanured ...., 
 
 " manured with nitrate of soda. 
 " man'd with phosphate of lime 
 
 Average 81,5 0,95 
 
 5 
 84,1 
 
 81,7 
 
 79,5 
 
 70,0 
 
 80,0 
 
 79,9 
 
 82,7 
 81 
 82 
 82,5 
 
 84.4 
 82,7 
 84 
 
 0,87 
 2 
 
 0,84 
 0,90 
 0,70 
 
 0,68 
 0,65 
 
 0-93 
 1,16 
 
 i,H 
 
 1,05 
 1,14 
 1,42 
 1,20 
 
 11,90 
 
 9,10 
 
 11,21 
 
 12,07 
 12,90 
 
 13,37 
 
 13,32 
 
 12,34 
 
 10,15 
 
 9.25 
 
 8.45 
 
 9,80 
 
 11,57 
 9,82 
 
 11,5 
 
 3,47 
 3,90 
 3,86 
 
 5,09 
 5,00 
 
 1,33 
 1,05 
 
 1,36 
 1,52 
 1.20 
 
 5,21 
 5,53 
 3,24 
 5,77 
 6,36 
 7,07 
 3,96 
 3,63 
 4,04 
 
 0,89 
 0,99 
 
 0,94 
 0,88 
 0,70 
 
 0,74 
 0,60 
 
 0,79 
 1. 12 
 1. 15 
 
 0,93 
 0,69 
 0,68 
 
 0,77 
 
 Wolff, 
 Ritthausen. 
 
 Grou\ 
 
 Stockhardt. 
 
 Bretschneider. 
 
 3,7! 1,3 0.85 
 
69 
 
 c^ 
 
 •SJ3}WJ/\J 
 
 -njosuj I 01 
 
 ysy Bjqnjosui 
 
 •pso;j3j- 
 
 puvsut^^ 
 
 o o o 
 o o o 
 9, ° 9^ 
 d cT cT 
 o o o 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 o o 
 o" o" 
 o o 
 
 o o o 
 
 o o o 
 
 o' o. o* 
 
 o o o 
 
 1-1 o « 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 
 o o o 
 o o o 
 o o o^ 
 o" o" o" 
 o o o 
 
 o o o 
 
 o o o 
 
 o o^ o^ 
 
 o" o" o" 
 
 o o o 
 
 U-( 
 
 O -" OS 
 
 'i-OO 
 
 ^ 
 
 t-- <^ tv 
 
 VO f< 
 
 « Osrl- 
 
 O t^ O 
 
 v£) 
 
 ro tn M 
 
 V£> U", 
 
 00 
 
 r< ui M 
 
 O T^ 
 
 t^ M t^ 
 
 VO U-.0O 
 
 VT) 
 
 O 00 tJ- 
 
 ro On 
 
 U-) 
 
 u:;^rj- 
 
 «i r;; 
 
 f< O Ti- 
 
 00 lO « 
 
 »r> 
 
 o •^^ 
 
 u-i\0 
 
 00 
 
 00 vnoo 
 
 Tl-OO 
 
 t-^ t^ t-~. 
 
 roNO 00 
 
 oo 
 
 00 OO OO 
 
 00 OO 
 
 
 OO 
 
 
 OO 00 OO 
 
 00 00 00 
 
 t^ 
 
 t-- t^ o 
 
 VO CO 
 
 o 
 
 O O r^ 
 
 ■ ^VO 
 
 « o o 
 
 O 00 O 
 
 00 
 
 u-1 ly^ ro 
 
 CO On 
 
 00 
 
 r< r» •* 
 
 00 ro 
 
 rooo vo 
 
 rj- O VO 
 
 r< 
 
 O ON M 
 
 O w 
 
 vri 
 
 ^'tjv;, 
 
 ri^ 
 
 rooo OO 
 
 ^O NO lO 
 
 ^r^ 
 
 H ro rt- 
 
 ro to 
 
 
 VO 
 
 ^ 
 
 VO u-( rt 
 
 
 ^ — ^ 
 
 .- v^ , 
 
 , ^^ N 
 
 , — ^ 
 
 ^ ^^ ^ s 
 
 
 ,. — 
 
 .. ^- v^ ^ 
 
 ^ — ^, — ^, s 
 
 VO 
 
 On t^ O 
 
 O CO 
 
 H 
 
 r<-> «ys H 
 
 
 •* 
 
 W-1 Wl '4- 
 
 Tl-NO « 
 
 ^ 
 
 VO r*- O 
 
 t^ ro 
 
 H 
 
 rt OO « 
 
 
 
 « Tj-,W-» 
 
 CO osoo 
 
 
 O f< M 
 
 
 o 
 
 o" "l d 
 
 
 o 
 
 CO CO ^ 
 
 « f» O 
 
 o 
 
 o o o 
 
 O O 
 
 
 w- o ^ 
 
 
 
 O O O 
 
 O O O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 u^ O 
 
 OS 
 
 ti O ^ 
 
 "<*■ 
 
 M 
 
 On O O 
 
 O c< O 
 
 On 
 
 « H O 
 
 u^ 0\ 
 
 VO 
 
 t-^oo »^ 
 
 H 
 
 U-1 
 
 On O O 
 
 00 O rh 
 
 rl 
 
 W-, rh r*l 
 
 On ro 
 
 O 
 
 O^^O^ 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 c< CO On 
 
 « ir,0 
 
 O 
 
 o >- o 
 
 -o o. 
 
 
 
 
 
 O O O 
 
 O o O 
 
 •j;;«S. 
 
 •SJ3UPJ^ 
 
 'S)U3ipfu3uj 
 
 •uoijvutqtuoj 
 S I utsppy 
 
 ssipoq umaj 
 
 'spiouiutnqjy 
 
 \-ppy 33JJ, 
 
 wSng 
 
 -^[ 
 
 On 
 VO 
 
 ON 
 
 C» On "th 
 ^ cf O 
 
 c< O O 
 COOO VO 
 O i^ Ov 
 
 O VO O S 
 VO O H .- 
 
 00*^^^ C/J 
 
 
 CO C» 
 
 « O ON 
 
 VO 
 
 CO vnvO 
 
 o 
 
 c» 
 
 OO M VO 
 
 O U-, o 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 «i-V O "* 
 
 CO 
 
 lO CO CO 
 
 
 c< 
 
 0\ O VO 
 
 O tovo 
 
 
 O c< 
 
 COVO OO 
 
 00 
 
 OSOO O 
 
 00 
 
 hT 
 
 ':!'i^. 
 
 vooo c< 
 
 M 
 
 Ov -> 
 
 O « OS 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 M 
 
 VO t-- On 
 
 t^oo t^ 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^""^1- 
 
 "o I~^ ro 
 
 "T" 
 
 t^ O Ti- 
 
 "o" 
 
 "o" 
 
 t^ CO O 
 
 O - O 
 
 >^ 
 
 vr, O 
 
 
 W-1 
 
 ij~i cJ ir^ 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 c") O OO 
 
 (--OO OO 
 
 CO 
 
 Th W-. 
 
 c< rt U-l 
 
 O 
 
 d'^^d 
 
 u-i 
 
 o 
 
 t^vo tJ- 
 
 r< Tl- CO 
 
 > 
 
 O O 
 
 O O 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 O O O 
 
 o o o 
 
 CO C< 
 11 c< 
 
 C< CO CO 
 
 >H w 00 
 
 fT cT o" 
 
 OS t--00 
 I- O 11 I 
 
 rT O ^ \ 
 
 
 VO On On t--vo t-- 
 
 •^ •* « O ■+ On 
 
 1^ O W IH t->. CO 
 
 d d d ^ t^ ,^ 
 
 00 OnvO 
 t-^vo O 
 tr, CO CO 
 
 On t^ On 
 M VO VO 
 VO VO CO 
 
 VO fj- 
 
 VO vovo 
 
 d d d 
 
 CO On 
 r-.oo 
 
 VO VO 
 
 '4- lOVO 00 CO 
 
 OO On C< lO VO 
 
 -NO - c< - 
 
 O H ^ 
 VO CO CO 
 
 VO CO II 
 
 O NO VO 
 
 00 VO n 
 
 On CO w 
 
 « e 
 
 O OS 
 
 CO CO 
 
 vO^OfT 
 
 CO t^ CO 
 
 OO O 00 
 
 CO VO rj- 
 vfT tCviT 
 
 rt- Tl-NO 
 
 
 r-- o VO t^oo to 
 
 •«^ VO t^ On O O 
 
 c» VO VO VO t-~. r>. 
 
 CO t}- t^ CO tJ- CO 
 
 Tj- VO 
 lO lO 
 
 OO OO 
 
 rj- lO VO 
 
 VO VO lo 
 
 00 OO OO 
 
 VO VO tJ- vovO 
 
 VO VO VO VO VO 
 
 00 OO 00 00 00 
 
 rt- VO VO 
 
 U-l VO VO 
 
 00 OO OO 
 
 ^ r 
 
 
 c c 
 
 C "^ w 
 
 •r 13 ^ « 
 
 ^ 130 ^ JC 
 
 « rt CO ■«*• io>o 
 
 s • S 
 
 CO •^t- ir^ VO t^od 
 
 
70 
 
 
 ajqnjosuj /.oj; 
 
 \ ■S}U3ip3u2uj 
 
 •qsy djqnjosuj 
 
 •3S0)33J 
 
 pup iUI}/g 
 
 ■Sp33S 
 
 C§ 
 
 'S.t3}Wp\l 
 
 3iqnp^ jviox 
 
 'S)U3tp3j3ui 
 
 U01}VUl(fUiOQ 
 
 ui sppy 
 
 JIUVSUQ ^UiTlQ 
 ■S3ip0<f U1J33J 
 
 •spiouiMnqjy 
 
 \'PPy P3^^ 
 
 ivSng 
 
 COO 
 
 o o o 
 o o o 
 
 vo ro >-i 
 
 •vT O CTn 
 t->- «J->00 
 O -J-i O 
 
 
 O OO ro 
 O H tJ- 
 
 OO O * 
 
 •<*;oo^ »^ 
 
 o" o" d 
 
 rj- vo m 
 
 ■<r vo o 
 
 « o 
 
 r«-ioo 
 
 rh O H 
 'f t-- >-.^ 
 •"f vo cfJ 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 o o 
 o" o" 
 o o 
 
 r^ o 
 
 o o 
 o"© 
 o o 
 
 O vo O t^ r-. O CO 
 
 t ^ ^ <=^«l. so ^ 
 
 vo t^ t|- on "^ t^ r^ 
 
 00 t^oo t^oo 
 
 ro O 
 
 vo H 
 
 « o 
 
 o" o" 
 
 « o 
 
 T»- 'O 
 
 On t-^ 
 
 o'" o" 
 
 O Tl- 
 
 »o 
 
 cJ O 
 
 >-i vo 
 
 n 
 
 On t-~ 
 
 H 00 
 
 Ov 
 
 vo t^ 
 
 O On O O CO 
 
 0\ rt ^^ "^ '^ 
 
 OO Ov cT 
 M f< 
 
 vo'' CO 
 
 O O O 
 O O O 
 O O O 
 
 O O O 
 
 o o o 
 o o o 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 o o 
 
 O vo O ->*- vo « O 
 
 r-~ lo O On CO rj- c» 
 
 CO '^ t^ •* „ ^ 
 
 vo cT Ov O HO 
 
 i^ 00 r-~oo 
 
 oo t-- 
 
 00 t-^ 
 
 O OS O vo 
 
 00 O vo CO 
 CO M r^ H 
 
 O oo t--- 
 
 t^ t-^vo 
 O O O 
 
 o" o" o~ 
 
 c« OS r-. 
 
 00 CO CO 
 
 O O O 
 
 rhvo 
 
 O^ o_ 
 o" o" o" o*" o" 
 
 M rhvo 
 O vo T^ 
 Ti-vo H 
 
 O O 
 
 OO « 
 
 O O c^ 
 
 tJ-VO 00 
 vo vo O 
 ^ cooo 
 
 OS O "^ 
 
 t-^00 CO 
 
 w vo 0_^ j 
 
 o" o' "*" J 
 
 .«*- O H 
 tJ- cooo 
 
 r«^ f^ 1 
 
 CO vo vo 
 
 O O cl O OS 
 
 oo vo vo Os d 
 
 t^ H 00 M CO 
 
 O O 
 vo r< 
 
 vo O 00 O CO 
 
 O Os rj- vo ■-. 
 
 r^ „ „ vo -^ 
 
 O t-~ 
 
 vo t^ 
 CO CO 
 
 vo O vo 
 CO O vo 
 00 SO vo 
 
 O 00 00 vo CO 
 
 f-, I-. OS OS vo 
 
 lO CO CO tJ- vo 
 
 
 o <- 
 
 t>. CO 
 
 .so 00 
 
 
 1 
 
 O Tj-rJ- 
 « OS OS 
 »o t~~ CO 
 
 o"~ d d 
 
 vH C« 1 
 covo 
 00 vo 
 
 o" o" J 
 
 " } 
 
 o J 
 
 cooo 
 cT vo 
 
 vo 
 
 O 
 
 M C» 
 
 O 00 
 
 «" d 
 
 o o" 
 
 o o 
 
 r« c< 
 
 O oo 
 
 « « O 
 
 w O ^ "^ 
 
 t~~ vovo 1^ 
 
 o" o" o" o" 
 
 « O t^ 
 vo vo r^ 
 Os vo r< 
 
 r. O O 
 00 so r^ 
 
 vo OvOO 
 
 o o 
 o o 
 o o 
 o"~ o" 
 o o 
 
 O r< 
 CO t-^ 
 Os t< 
 
 00 oo 
 
 Os O d OS Os o o 
 
 CO rj- CO Os ^ vo CO 
 
 O Os ■-> vo CO w SO 
 
 tC CO Tp tJ- rf vo*" v,-> 
 
 Tl-VO 
 
 OvSO 
 O O 
 
 o" o"" 
 
 O -^ 
 
 Os n vo ! _•» " n ri 
 
 O 
 
 Os t-- 
 
 OS OS 
 
 O oo 
 
 f Os 
 OS O 
 
 ■5T -^ 
 
 so vo 
 
 .* o 
 
 vo M 
 
 o o 
 
 5s vo -■ d d^ 
 'd CO vo ds t^ 
 
 00 O d 
 
 VO O r^ 
 vo t^ r-- 
 
 oo" o' oo" 
 
 ^ 2 X^ 
 
 00 vo O 
 vo OS ^ 
 
 OS H 
 OS vo 
 
 °- ^^ 
 i-T tf 
 
 vo r» 
 
 00 CO 
 
 r^oo 
 O o" 
 
 OsOO 
 
 o" o" 
 
 CO O 
 Os CO 
 
 tJ-vo vovoQsO rj- vovow, 'T'4-vo 
 
 vovo vovovovo vo lovovo vo<ovo 
 
 OOOO OOOOOOOO OO 000000 OO'OO 
 
 tJ- vo vo vo 
 vo vo vo vo 
 
 00 00 ' ' 
 
 2 05 M 
 
 * " w 
 
 Km . h 
 
 S w w < 
 
 f5 J S 0! 
 
 H ^ "« O 
 
 bO 
 
 bO 
 
 IS ^ 
 
 P W I, 
 
 u u a 
 
 & & o 
 
 C/3 C/3 C/5 
 
 
 R •; 
 
 ^ Oi -a 
 
 2 c « " 
 
 3 2"?^ 
 
 i -c 
 
 U N U 
 
 S S J2 
 
 E S 
 
 bo bo 
 so Os 
 
 s & 
 
 5 s 5 
 
 
 O -JS 
 
 £ 2 
 
 o n 
 
71 
 
 J 
 
 ajqnjosuj joj^ 
 
 \'SlU3ip3^2uj 
 
 tfsy 3j(jnjosui 
 
 '3S0)DdJ 
 
 •3S0jn^30 
 
 puv SUl}j^ 
 
 .p39S 
 
 
 •S}U3tp3j2uj 
 'UOtWUlCjlUOQ 
 
 us sppy 
 
 JtUvSjQ ^MTIQ 
 
 saipoq ui}33j 
 
 spio 
 
 WF 
 
 Vppf ^^^j 
 
 •jvSng 
 
 o o 
 
 88 
 8^8" 
 
 NO « 
 
 so « 
 CTs O 
 
 t^ o 
 
 O 1^ 
 
 -J 
 
 o « 
 
 VO tJ- 
 
 d" o 
 
 o so 
 o « 
 
 CO H 
 
 VO t-^ 
 
 H OO 
 On H 
 
 N On 
 rooo 
 
 00 ro 
 
 O « 
 rj- to 
 1-1 u-i 
 
 OO 00 
 
 rj- ri- On ro r^ 
 
 OO 00 00 OO 00 
 
 00 
 
 OO 
 
 
 00 
 
 r- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OO 
 
 OO 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 On 
 
 t^ 
 
 O 
 
 VO 
 
 ■* 
 
 tOOO 
 
 n 
 
 
 ►N 
 
 VO 
 
 
 w 
 
 00 
 
 ro 
 
 r» 
 
 o 
 
 On 
 
 ■* 
 
 U-l M 
 
 u^ 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 r« 
 
 
 
 
 r) 
 
 CO 
 
 ro r« 
 
 M 
 
 Th rt 
 
 
 M 
 
 ^Hl 
 
 'y. 
 
 ^j^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 ^^1^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^«^^ 
 
 i^ 
 
 I o 
 
 ^] 
 
 — \- *=^— 
 
 t^ ! ' 00 
 
 ° J 
 
 o o 
 
 On r^ 
 
 CO c< 
 
 VO ^ 
 
 CO ■<i- 
 
 do 
 
 
 -I t-- c< 
 
 ?j 
 
 u-^vO 
 *1 C7N 
 On vP> 
 
 ~CO tJ- 
 
 U-) vn 
 
 00 OO 
 
 VO O -* 
 
 o' «" o" 
 
 i^ •<*■ CO m CO 
 
 00 OO 00 00 OO 
 
 so ^ 
 
 11 
 
 x> 
 
 2 <ii 
 
 2 
 "o 
 
 o 
 
 M ;> W 
 
 X 
 
72 
 TABLE YIII. 
 
 FRUITS ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF THEIR CONTENT OF SUGAR. 
 
 (average) Fresenius. 
 
 Peaches 
 
 Apricots , 
 
 Plums 
 
 Rcineclaudes... 
 
 Mirabelles 
 
 Raspberries 
 
 Blackberries.... 
 Strawberries.... 
 Whortleberries. 
 
 per 
 
 cent. 
 
 t.6 
 
 1,8 
 
 2,1 
 
 .3,6 
 .4,0 
 ■4 4 
 
 •5.7 
 ■5,8 
 
 per cent. 
 
 Currants 6,1 
 
 Prunes 6,5 
 
 Gooseberries 7, z 
 
 Red pears 7,5 
 
 Apples 8,4 
 
 Sour cheiries 8,8 
 
 Mulberries 9,2 
 
 Sweet cherries 10.8 
 
 Grapes 14,9 
 
 TABLE IX. 
 
 FRUITS ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF THEIR CONTENT OF FREE 
 ACID EXPRESSED AS HYDRATE OF MALIC ACID, (average) Fresenious. 
 
 per cent. 
 
 Red pears o i 
 
 Mirabelles 0,6 
 
 Sweet cherries 0,6 
 
 Peaches 0,7 
 
 Grapes 0,7 
 
 Apples 0,8 
 
 Prunes 0,9 
 
 Reineclaudes 0,9 
 
 Apricots 1,1 
 
 Blackberries 1,2 
 
 Sour cherries 1,3 
 
 Plums 1,3 
 
 Whortleberries 1,3 
 
 Strawberries 1,3 
 
 Gooseberries 1,5 
 
 Raspberries 1.5 
 
 Mulberries i,Q 
 
 Currants 2,c 
 
 TABLE X. 
 
 FRUITS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE PROPORTIONS BETWEEN 
 ACID, SUGAR, PECTIN, AND GUM, ETQ., (averages) Fresenius. 
 
 Acid. I Sugar. | Pectin^ Gum^ etc. 
 
 Plums I 
 
 Apricots I I 
 
 Peaches ..... i 
 
 Raspberries i 
 
 Currants | i 
 
 Rcineclaudes I i 
 
 Blackberries ! I 
 
 Whortleberries | i 
 
 Strawberries I i 
 
 Gooseberries i 
 
 Mulberries | I 
 
 Mirabelles I i 
 
 Sour cherries | i 
 
 Prunes 1 i 
 
 Apples. I I 
 
 Sweet cherries I i 
 
 Grapes i 
 
 Red pears | i 
 
 1,6 1 
 
 3 J 
 
 1,7 1 
 
 6,4 
 
 ^,3 
 
 11,9 
 
 2.7 
 
 1,0 
 
 30 1 
 
 0,1 
 
 3-4 
 
 11,8 
 
 3 7 1 
 
 1,2 
 
 4-3 1 
 
 0,4 
 
 44 
 
 0,1 
 
 49 1 
 
 0,8 
 
 49 1 
 
 ^>i 
 
 6,2 1 
 
 9,9 
 
 6.9 
 
 1,4 
 
 7 
 
 4,4 
 
 11,2 
 
 5,6 
 
 17,3 1 
 
 2,8 
 
 20,2 
 
 2,0 
 
 94,6 
 
 44,4 
 
73 
 TABLE XI. 
 
 FRUITS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE PROPORTIONS BETWEEN 
 
 WATER, SOLUBLE MATTERS, AND INSOLUBLE MATTERS. 
 
 (averages) Fresenious. 
 
 ''ater. 
 
 Soluble Matter. 
 
 lOO 
 
 9»i 
 
 lOO 
 
 9>3 
 
 lOO 
 
 9.4 
 
 lOO 
 
 9»7 
 
 loo 
 
 II, O 
 
 lOO 
 
 12,1 
 
 loo 
 
 12,2 
 
 lOO 
 
 13.0 
 
 lOO 
 
 i3»3 
 
 lOO 
 
 14,3 
 
 lOO 
 
 14,6 
 
 lOO 
 
 15,3 
 
 lOO 
 
 16,5 
 
 lOO 
 
 16,6 
 
 ICO 
 
 16,9 
 
 lOO 
 
 18,5 
 
 I Op 
 
 18,6 
 
 lOO 
 
 22,8 
 
 Insoluble Matter. 
 
 Raspberries.... 
 Blackberries... 
 Strawberries,... 
 Plums...,...,.. 
 
 Currants 
 
 Whortleberries 
 Gooseberries... 
 
 Mirabelles 
 
 Apricots 
 
 Red pears 
 
 Peaches 
 
 Prunes 
 
 Sour cherries.. 
 
 Mulberries 
 
 Apples 
 
 Reineclaudes.. 
 
 Cherries 
 
 Grapes 
 
 6,9 
 6.5 
 5.2 
 0,9 
 6.6 
 16,9 
 3,6 
 1,5 
 2,1 
 
 5»5 
 2,1 
 
 3,2 
 1,3 
 1,5 
 3,6 
 1,2 
 
 1.5 
 
 5,8 
 
 TABLE Xll 
 
 PROPORTION OF OIL IN VARIOUS AIR-DRY SEEDS, according to Berjot. 
 
 (Knop's Agricultur Chemie, p. 725.) 
 
 (The air-dry seeds contain 10-12 per cent of hygroscopic water.) 
 
 Colza, common 40- 
 
 " Schirmraps 
 
 " red India 
 
 " white '' 
 
 Flax 
 
 Poppy 40- 
 
 Sesame 
 
 Mustard, white 
 
 black 
 
 Hemp 
 
 Peanut 
 
 Gold of Pleasure 35 
 
 Watermelon 36 
 
 Charlock 15-4^ 
 
 Orange 
 
 Colocynth.. 
 
 Cherry 
 
 Almond.... 
 
 Potato 
 
 Buckthorn. 
 
 Currant 
 
 Beechnut... 
 
 40 
 16 
 42 
 40 
 16 
 16 
 26 
 -4 
 
IISTIDEX:. 
 
 Page. 
 AGRICULTURAL PLANTS AND PRODUCTS— 
 
 Proximate — Composition of, giving average quantity 
 
 of Water, Organic Matter, &c . 63 
 
 Hay 63 
 
 Straw 64 
 
 Chaff and Hullfl 64 
 
 Green Fodder 64 
 
 Roots and Tubers 65 
 
 Grains and Seeds 65 
 
 Refuse 66 
 
 Coffee and Tea 66 
 
 ALUMINA— In the Soil 19 
 
 AMMONIACAL PLANTS 47 
 
 APATITE .. 4l 
 
 ASH OP AGRICULTURAL PLANTS AND PRODUCTS— 
 
 Table of Composition of 53 
 
 Meadow Hay and Grass 53 
 
 Clover and Fodder Plants 53 
 
 Root Crops.- 54 
 
 Leaves and Skins of Root Plants 54 
 
 Refuse and Manufactured Products 54 
 
 Straw 55 
 
 Chaff, Etc 55 
 
 Textile Plants, Etc 55 
 
 Litter 55 
 
 GRAINS AND SEEDS OF AGRICULTURAL PLANTS 56 
 
 FRUITS AND SEEDS OF TREES, ETC 56 
 
 Leaves of Trees ... 57 
 
 Wood 57 
 
 Bark 57 
 
 BARLEY— Composition of 25 
 
 BONE ASH 41 
 
 BONE BLACK 41 
 
 BREAD GRAINS— Detailed Analysis of 67 
 
 CHLORINE AND FLUORINE~ln the Soil 21 
 
 COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS 41 
 
 COMMERCIAL (FERTILIZERS— Their Manufacture 48 
 
 COMPOST PILE— How to Make and Manage 38 
 
 COMPOSTED FERTILIZERS— Application of to differ- 
 ent Grades of Lands. By a Farmer 39 
 
75 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 COMPOSTING— Art of 34 
 
 COPEOLTTBS 42 
 
 DISINTEGRATING AND SCREENING OP COMMER- 
 CIAL FERTILIZERS 51 
 
 FERTILIZERS— Components of, and where found 30 
 
 FRESH (OR AIR-DRY) AGRICULTURAL PEODUCTS— 
 
 Table of Composition of 58 
 
 Hay 58 
 
 Green Fodder 58 
 
 Root Crops 58 
 
 Leaves and Stems of Root Crops 59 
 
 Manufactured Products and Refuse 59 
 
 Straw :. .... 60 
 
 Chaff 60 
 
 Textile Plants, etc 60 
 
 Litter 60 
 
 Grains and Seeds of Agricultural Plants 61 
 
 Fruits and Seeds of Trees, etc 61 
 
 Leaves of Trees 61 
 
 Wood, Air-Dry 6*4 
 
 Bark 62 
 
 FRUITS— Arranged in theOrder of their Content of Sugar 72 
 FEUITS — Arranajed According to the Proportions be- 
 tween Acid, Sugar, Pectin and Gases, etc 72 
 
 FRUITS— Arranged in the Order of their Content of 
 
 Free Acid 72 
 
 FRUITS — Arranged According to the Proportions be- 
 tween Water, Soluble Matters and Insoluble Mat- 
 ters 73 
 
 FRUITS -Composition of 69,70,71 
 
 G RO WTH OF PLANTS, AND MO DES OF IMPKOYING 10 
 
 INDIAN CORN— Composition of 23 
 
 INORGANIC ELEMENTS IN PLANTS 28 
 
 INTRODUCTION 5 
 
 LIME— In the Soil 20 
 
 MAGNESIA— In the Soil 20 
 
 MIXING OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZEES 50 
 
 NATURAL (CEUDE) PHOSPHATES OF LIME— 
 
 Analytical Table of the Comparative Composition.... 44 
 
 NAYASSA GUANO.. 43 
 
 NITRATE OF POTASH 47 
 
 NITRATE OF SODA 46 
 
 OATS— Composition of 24 
 
 ORCHILLA GUANO 43 
 
 OXIDEOF IRON— In the Soil 20 
 
 PERCENTAGE OF MOISTURE, ALBUMEN, &c., IN 
 
 DIFFERENT PEODUCTS 29 
 
 PERUYIAN GUANO • 45 
 
76 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 PHOSPHATES— South Carolina 43 
 
 PHOSPHOEITE 42 
 
 PHOSPHORUS— In theSoil 21 
 
 PHOSPHATE ROCK— Drying and Grinding of 49 
 
 PLANTS— Composition of, i&c 22 
 
 POTATOES— Composition of 25 
 
 POTATOES— Detailed Analysis of. 68 
 
 POTASH— In the Soil 21 
 
 POTASH 47 
 
 PREFACE 3 
 
 ROSSA (ORGUAYAMAS) GUANO 42 
 
 RYE— Composition of 24 
 
 SEEDS— PROPORTION OF OIL IN VARIOUS- 
 
 AIR DRY 73 
 
 SILICA— In the Soil 19 
 
 SODA— In the Soil 21 
 
 SOMBRERO 43 
 
 SOIL— Analysis of 16-17-18 
 
 SOIL— Origin of 14 
 
 vSOIL — Organic Substances of 19 
 
 SUGAR BEETS— Detailed Analysis of 68 
 
 SULPHATE AMMONIA 46 
 
 SULPHATE OF LIME (GYPSUM OR LAND PLAS- 
 TER) 47 
 
 SULPHUR— In the Soil 21 
 
WM. C. BEE Sl CO., Genl Agents, 
 
 The Etiwan Grnano, Dissolved Bone, 
 
 AND 
 
 CROP FOOD CHEMICALS 
 
 Of the ETIWAN WORKS, can be obtained from the follow- 
 ing parties : 
 
 AGNEWS & MATTISON, Donaldsville, S. C. 
 
 Dr. JOHN A. BARKSDALE, Laurens, S. C 
 
 BAILEY & BLAKELY. . / Clinton, S. C. 
 
 J. ,A. CANNON, . . Pomaria, S. C. 
 
 GEO. H. CORNELSON, Orangeburg, S. C. 
 
 CLAYTON & CO., . . . . • Central, S. C. 
 
 CONNOR & HODGES, Hodges' Depot, S. C. 
 
 B. F. CRAYTON & SONS, Anderson. S. C. 
 
 A. H. DEAN, Vernonsville, S. C. 
 
 R. S. DESPORTES & BRO., Ridgeway, S. C. 
 
 C. E. FLEMING, Spartanburg, S. C. 
 
 J.D.HILL, Bennettsville. S. C. 
 
 J. D. HOGAN & CO Doko, S. C. 
 
 T. A. HUDGENS, Honea Path, S. C. 
 
 W. H. KENNEDY, Williston, S. C. 
 
 HUGH LEAMAN, Cross Hill, S. C. 
 
 LEWIE, LEWIE & GRIFFITH, Summit, S. C 
 
 LEWIE, LEWIE & OSWALD, . . . Barr's Landing, S. C. 
 
 T. C. LIPSCOMB & SONS Ninety-Six, S. C. 
 
 JOHN R. LONDON, Rock Hill, S. C. 
 
 A. J. McCAUGHRIN & CO., Newberry, S. C. 
 
 W. H. McCORKLE, Yorkville, S. C. 
 
 JOHN H. McIVER, Cheraw, S. C. 
 
 McMASTER & BRICE, Winnsboro, S. C. 
 
 MERRITT & MERRITT, Ridge Springs, S. C 
 
 MERRITT & PLUNKETT, Batesburg, S. C. 
 
 T. P. MITCHELL, Blackstocks, S. C. 
 
 W. G. MOOD, Aiken, S. C. 
 
 T. C. MOODY, Marion, S. C. 
 
WM. C. BEE & CO., Genl Agents, 
 
 The Etiwan Guano, Dissolved Bone, 
 
 AND 
 
 CROP FOOD CHEMICALS 
 
 Of the ETIWAN WORKS, can be obtained from the follow- 
 ing parties : 
 
 OLDHAM & COLEMAN Greenwood, S. C. 
 
 LORICK & LOWRANCE Columbia, S. C. 
 
 J. B. ROGERS, Williamston, S. C. 
 
 THOS. W. RUSSELL, Easley's Station, S. C. 
 
 J. S. M. SMITH, Timmonsville, S. C. 
 
 A. W. THOMSON & CO., .•......,. Union, S. C. 
 
 WALLER, WATSON & CO., Walhalla, S. C. 
 
 J. W. WATTS, Martin's Depot, S. C. 
 
 WHITE BROS., Abbeville, S. C. 
 
 WHITE. STEWART & CO., Fort Mills, S. C. 
 
 L. WILLIAMS, Greenville, S. C. 
 
 WYLIE & AGURS, • . Chester, S. C. 
 
 BARNHART & KIMBROUGH Greensboro, Ga. 
 
 EDWARD BANCROFT Athens, Ga. 
 
 T. W. BAXTER Cartersville, Ga. 
 
 BERRYS & CO Rome, Ga. 
 
 B. F. BRIMBERRY, Camilla, Ga. 
 
 T. W. BAGGERLY Senoia, Ga. 
 
 D. R. CREECH, Quitman, Ga. 
 
 J. B. CRIM, Dawson, Ga. 
 
 P. H. COMPTON & SONS, MilledgeviUe, Ga. 
 
 DANIEL & ROWLAND, Augusta, Ga. 
 
 JOE DAVISON, Woodville, Ga. 
 
 ECKLES & ABERCOMBIE, Social Circle, Ga. 
 
 H. F. GRANT, Savannah, Ga. 
 
 HUNT, RANKIN & LAMAR, Macon, Ga. 
 
 HUNT, RANKIN & LAMAR, Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 ARTHUR HUTCHISON, Palmettto, Ga. 
 
WM. C. BEE & CO., Genl Agents. 
 
 The Etiwan G-nano, Dissolved Bone, 
 
 AND 
 
 CROP FOOD CHEMICALS 
 
 Of the ETIWAN WORKS, can be obtained from the follow- 
 ing parties : 
 
 J. N. HUTCHINSON & BRO., Hogansville, Ga. 
 
 RUS. P. JOHNSON, Griffin, Ga. 
 
 J. W. JORDAN, Jr., * Americus, Ga. 
 
 E. G. KRAMER Carrollton, Ga. 
 
 MAXWELLS & HIGDON, Harrell, Ga. 
 
 MOSS & WILSON, White Plains, Ga. 
 
 T. W. POWELL, Newnan, Ga. 
 
 J. R. SCOTT, West Point, Ga. 
 
 G. B. STOVALL, Madison, Ga- 
 
 W. C. TIMBERLAKE & CO., Fort Valley, Ga. 
 
 WINTERS & WHITLOCK, Marietta, Ga. 
 
 G. A. WIGHT, Whighan, Ga. 
 
 WIGHT & POWELL, Cairo, Ga. 
 
 W. T. YOUNG & CO., Eatonton, Ga. 
 
 W. G. BARBEE, High Point, N. C. 
 
 BURROUGHS & SPRINGS, Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 P. C. CARLTON, Statesville, N. C. 
 
 O. C. FARRAR & CO., Tarboro, N. C. 
 
 GREGORY & GALLOWAY, ...... Goldsboro, N. C. 
 
 H. P. HELPER, Davidson's College, N. C. 
 
 J. E. HENDRIX, Hickory, N. C 
 
 HILL, PAYNE & WELBORN, Lexington, N. C. 
 
 J. LYNN McABOY, Columbus, N. C. 
 
 McCORMAC & JACKSON, Shoeheel, N. C. 
 
 MAUNEY BROS. & ROBERTS, . . King's Mountain, N. C. 
 
 MELKE & JONES Lumberton, N. C. 
 
 MILLER BROS., Shelby, N. C. 
 
 MONTGOMERY & DOWD, Concord, N. C. 
 
WM. C. BEE & CO., Genl Agents, 
 
 The Etiwan G-nano, Dissolved Bone, 
 
 AND 
 
 CROP FOOD CHEMICALS 
 
 Of the ETIWAN WORKS, can be obtained from the follow- 
 ing parties : 
 
 J. T. MOORE, Mooresville, N. C. 
 
 C. & W. H. MOTZ, Lincolnton, N, C. 
 
 M. ROUNDTREE & CO., Wilson, N. C. 
 
 H. H. SKINNER, Hertford, N. C. 
 
 JAMES SLOAN'S SONS Greensboro, N. C. 
 
 W. D. SMITH & CO., Fayetteville, N. C. 
 
 ALEX. SPRUNT & SON, Wilmington. N. C. 
 
 J. D. STEWART Monroe, N. C. 
 
 WILLIAMSON, UPCHURCH & THOMAS, Raleigh, N. C. 
 
 D. R GUNNELS & CO., Oxford, Ala. 
 
 J.R.HORNER, Tuscaloosa, Ala. 
 
 R. A. SOLOMON, Eufaula, Ala. 
 
 R. L. HICKSON, Danville, Va. 
 
 LEE, TAYLOR & CO., Lynchburg, Va. 
 
 A. S. LEE Richmond, Va. 
 
 J. I. MIDDLETON & CO., Baltimore, Md. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW 
 
 i-tb 23 )yi5 
 
 30m-6,'14 
 

 UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA IvIBRARY 
 
j^;^ 
 
 
 "^^ 
 
 ~~^ "> ' -"^ 
 
 » ' 
 
 -*> . ~~"1R> 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^> '^> • > ^ 
 
 t>:> 
 
 ^■^ ' ~^2L ^ '>^ 
 
 »M ^> 
 
 >:> 
 
 ^^ ' ^^>^i 
 
 >>> »• 
 
 o»> 
 
 ^y >'v.,JJ^,^^ 
 
 ,<^-'' ^ 
 
 <« ^ 
 
 - "*^""Z^- — *. 
 
 ..■■>^^^^> ' 
 
 ^> ' 
 
 ^.•. .^TT^^^'i^^"^ 
 
 ^ ) » 
 
 ^->_ 
 
 >^> //i^i .-~i:^ Vi^ 
 
 >> -» 
 
 r>yiy, 
 
 ^> >^.,>j -^ ZJ^ \'^ 
 
 ^> ^:>>- 
 
 '>> 
 
 *• ^ ■. > .• J3P' 1— ^ 
 
 
 
 '"^"''^^^^^ 
 
 » ^ ">^» 
 
 -> > .. 
 
 , , ... * ,""'"^S»-^~> 
 
 > ^> J "» 
 
 y\X> 
 
 >\^^?' ■3*?4 
 
 ;^,^ »' 
 
 v.;» . 
 
 l»J» )J>' > ' .^ ^ 
 
 ^3 > 
 
 ^i. "% 
 
 i. > .»J >^,' ^ ^^^' ,J^ 
 
 j'^^ .^' 
 
 
 .^^ - "'"' 
 
 
 , .,. '-^"T"^ 
 
 -'^ 
 
 ^?«»;-^~ "• • M . 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■^5 1*"^ "S^ -"^^ 
 
 ^ ■^1 
 
 
 
 > J3 >>> .5 ^ :^ 
 
 J» ~:»^ 
 
 :^ i 
 
 >>x>-.a>'j^> ^ 
 
 »v ^^ > 
 
 J ■>> .J 
 
 r> :^>' ^^^ ^-^ 
 
 »^5^^'.|* 
 
 
 j^'i^:^^- 
 
 
 y> ^-.K^JIP' -r^ '^ _ 
 
 
 
 
 ,-v>> ^»> 
 
 :> \> i' . 
 
 iv>' > -^^^xji 
 
 
 ::>)»:> j>zi 
 
 
 
 ':*>^ie5S> >>■'.