HV 2490 B41 BELL Be 5 <~> s '^ : O rC ! — ( ; X ! m : 33 EfiGLISH VISIBLE SPEECH IN TWELVE LESSONS : 2 ■ o STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, 2»0S HRCEIiHS, cmt. CATALOGUE OF WORKS BY A. MELVILLE BELL. I. — speech. The Science oh Speech, Price $0.50 11. — yisihle Speech. Sounds and their relations — Revised Visible Speech, 4to, cloth, Price $2.00 Lectures on Phonetics, .60 Manual of Visible Speech and Vocal Physiology, . .50 English Visible Speech in Twelve Lessons 2nd Edition .50 " " " " German " .50 " " " " Italian " .50 A few copies may still be obtained of the Inaugural Edition of Visible Speech, 4to, cloth, . . Price $4.00 Also of the following, founded on the Inaugural Edition: Explanatory Lecture on Visible Speech, .... •5 Universal Steno-Phonography, •75 \\\. — Defects of Speech. Trice $1 .50 The Faults of Speech, .60 IV. — Elocution. Principles of Elocution — The Elocutionary Manual. Price%\.^o Essays and Postscripts on Elocution, . . ... 1.25 The Emphasized Liturgy, 1.00 Prof. A. Milville Bell's W^orAs— (Continued. V — Phonetic Orthography . World-English — The Universal Language, Price Handbook of World-English — Readings, VI. — Speech Reading from the Mouth. Srircii Reading and Articulation Teaching, 'Price VII. — The following pamphlets have been recently issued: Popular Shorthand, Price Speech Tones, ... Note on Syllakic Consonants, . . Address to the National Association of Elocutionists, The Sounds oh R, . .... Phonetic Syllabication, . Sermon Reading and Memoriter Delivery 2ND Ed'n., . These Works will be supplied post free, at the published price. Terms to the trade and profession furnished upon application. Address : superintkndent of volta bureau, 35TH AMI Q Streets, Washington City, U. S. A. IS !5 E N G I, I S H VISIBLE SPEECH IN TWELVE LESSONS. *^*ml„„. ,^^^ 'p BY ALEXANDER MELVILLE BELL PRINTED AT THE / 80 2-0 Western New York Institution for Deaf-Mutis, rochester, n. y. Published by THE VOLTA BUREAU, Washington, D. C, and sold by all Booksellers. PRICE, - - FIFTY CENTS. ■ h Copyright by The Volta Bureau 1899. «5g* CONTENTS PAGE Preface to Second Edition V. Fundamental Symbols of Visible Speech ..... VI. Explanatory Preface Vil. Introduction .......... 9 Lesson I ........... 12 1! .... 16 111 20 IV 24 V. 28 VI 32 VII 3^ VIII 40 IX 44 X 4^ XI. 52 XII 56 Universal Vowel Table 61 Readings .......... 65 Key to Readings 7?-8o 1^ i-1 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. THE first edition of this work (published in 1895) being already exhausted, the Volta Bureau is called on to issue a second edition. The author has pleasure in seeing this reprint through the press, aimough the "Lessons" have undergone no alteration. 152s Tkirtjy-fnh 5'rret. lVashingtur„, D. C. January, i8gg. The above issue being out of print, the Volta Bureau publishes a third edition. May I, iQOj. VI J/ISIBLE SPEECH. FUNDAMENTAL SYMBOLS. C Back of Tongue. OTop " " U Point " " 3 Lirs. ( Nasal passage open. X Glottis closed. I " vocalizing. O " open (aspirate.) Throat aspirate (whisper). EXPLANATORY PREFACE. fHOSE who are not acquainted with the principles of Visible Speech might, with a little observation, dis- cover the basis of the system for themselves, from the writing of familiar words. Nevertheless, a little expla- nation is a great assistance. The following are the prin- cipal fundamental po'n':,s:-- A curved line means a consonant. A straight line means a vowel. A line within a curve means a vocal consonant. Consonants. . "V, THE DIRECTION OF CURVES DENOTES: -^ To left, (C) formation by back of tongue. , To right, (D) " " lips. Convex above, (O) formation by top of tongue. Concave " , (U) " " point of " THE VARIETIES OF CURVES DENOTE: Primary, (C) central emission of breath. Divided, (3) side VIII EXPLANATORY PREFACE. Mixed, (c) central emission j with modification ^^' ■ ■{ ^y two parts of Mixed, divided, (C) side emission I ^j^g mouth. Shut, (Q) oral stoppage of breath Nasal, (G) oral stoppage of breath with emission through the nose. Vow els. A point, or a hook, on a straight line denotes the vowel positions of the tongue. Thus: On left side of line. (1) back of mouth. On right " " (X) front " " On both sides " (T) mixed, back and front. At top •' (T) high. At bottom " (I) low. At both ends " (X) mid elevation. A cross bar on a line denotes rounding or contraction of the lips. Thus: i } J The symbols have the same value in all languages. Consequently, when the meaning of the symbols is known, the sounds of any language may be deduced with certainty from their Visible Speech writing. The foregoing explanations are for the teacher only. The learner does not require to know the theory of the system. INTRODUCTION. QNE of the original claims of Visible Speech was to teach reading in a fradion of the time required with common letters. By means of this little book, the claim may now be put to the test of experiment. Children and others who master these Twelve Lessons will read with accuracy and certainty, any English com- position printed in the same alphabet. The system is not intended to displace established letters, but to be a key to their pronunciation. For this purpose, Visible Speech is equally applicable to all lan- guages. The present work is limited to English. Visible Speech offers unquestionable advantages to the young, in laying a foundation for excellence both in native speaking and in the utterance of foreign tongues. Foreigners will learn from these diredive letters to articulate our language with vernacular effect. That so many persons fail to pronounce certain elementary sounds, is owing solely to the want of that knowledge which Visible Speech conveys. To deaf learners these lessons will be of especial value, in greatly facilitating the acquirement of the power of speech. lO INTRODUCTION, Each lesson is preceded by a "Teacher's Page" containing explanatory notes; and each Lesson is fol- lowed by a Key. The Words and Sentences in the Lessons are made up, exclusively, of elements which have been previously introduced. On this account, the available vocabulary in the early Lessons is, of course, very limited. A few Reading Exercises follow the Lessons. The reading of the unconnected words at the be- ginning of each lesson may be made interesting to the learner if the teacher will illustrate each word by using it in an extemporaneous sentence. Words o^ the same sound but various orthography n.a)- thus be treely in- troduced. ENGLISH VISIBLE SPEECH ILLUSTRATED 12 LESSON 1. TEACHER'S PAGE. yHE first Lesson introduces the consonants p, t, and the vowels e, a (article) and /. These are united to form words, and the words are united to form senten- ces; so that the beginner reads at once. The cuts show that p requires the closing of the lips; and that / requires the closing of the point of the tongue on the upper gum. These consonants have no sound but the gentle puff that results from the separation of the organs after closure. The vowel cuts show that the tongue is high, in the front of the mouth, for e; that it lies evenly, midway in the mouth, for a (article) ; and that it rises from the back to the front of the mouth, in forming the diph- thongal sound, i. The varieties in the spelling of the same sounds, throughout the Lessons, and even in this First Lesson, forcibly illustrate the anomalies of common orthography, and the advantages of the Visible Speech mode of rep- resenting sounds. LESSON I. n ILLUSTRATIVE CUTS. l 14 LESSON 1. WORDS AND SENTENCES. Df, D3x. or. OK Id. DID, DlO. D3;^D. 03xD. 03;^0; 1 Df. 1 D3s. I DID, 1 D3^D, 1 03xD : 3^ Co. 3^ DfD, ]J^ 0]k. lO 1 Dl. lO I D3;^. 3x ro 1 or. 3x io I n]y, D3^ 03^0. Ojs L D3sO, 3?^ o3^ o3)^o. 3^ o2^ 1 d3;^d, 0;^ 03s 1 D3xC 03sO. LESSON I. IS KEY. pea, pie, tea, tie, eat, peep, peat, pipe, type, tight; a pea, a pie a peep, a nipe, a type ; I eat, 1 peep, I tie, eat a pea, eat a pie, 1 eat a pea, I er^t a pie, tie tight, tie a pipe, I tie tight, 1 tie a pipe. I tie a pipe tight. i6 LESSON II. TEACHERS PAGE. The consonants b, d, and the vowels ah, i, are now introduced. The cuts show that the formation of /' is the same as that of p. and that the formation of d is the same as that of /,• the only difference being that during the closure of the mouth-passage a murmur of voice is heard for b and d, while for p and / there is no throat sound. Throat sound (or voice), is indicated in ;ha Visible Speech syn~bois by a straight line in the center of the consonant curve. The cuts for vocalized consonants show a line in the throat. The vowel cuts in this Lesson show that the tongue is low, at the back of the mouth, for ah: and high, at the front of the mouth, for /. The position of the tongue for /' is almost the same as for e (see Lesson I.); but the cavity behind the tongue is widened, and the "Front" quality of the vowel is thus rendered comparatively indefinite. LESSON II. 17 ILLUSTRATIVE CUTS. i8 LESSON II. WORDS AND SENTENCES. Df, BK QK J. DJ. DJ. DlDJ, ro. DfO, DfO. QfO. DfO. Old). 03;^O. D3sO. 03^0, 03sQ. ©Id. OID. Dior, OlOBfO : I Dl. I DlQ. 1 D3xO. 1 DfO. 1 OrO~ BfO : 33^0 fO. DfO fO. 03s fO. ©fO fO, 03s fO. D3s 1 310. 03s 1 D3s. 03sO 1 0fD. h CDfDD lO. 3s o3so Id. 3y 03sO fo, 3s 03s ro. 3s 03s D3s. ro I 0fO. 03sO 1 0fO. lO 1 ofo0ro. 3s lO 1 OfO0rO: J. DlDJ. DlDJ DlDO. OfD DlDJ. 03s03s. 0ro DlDJ 03s 1 D3s, 3s DfOf DlDJ. LESSON II. iQ KEY. bee, buy. die. ah. bah. pa, papa, it, pit, tit, bit. beat, bead. bite, bide. died, tide. deep. dip, pity, tidbit, a bee, a bead, a bite, a bit. a tid- bit; bite it. bit it, buy it. dip it, dye it, buv a bead, buy a pie, bide a bit, I dipped it I dyed it, 1 tied it, I buy it, I buy pie, eat a bit, bite a bit, eat a tidbit, 1 eat a tidbit; ah, papa, papa peeped, deep papa, bye bye, bid papa buy a pie, I pity papa. 20 LESSON 111. TEACHERS PAGE. The nasal consonants )ii, ii. and the vowel a form the sLibjed of Lesson 111. The cuts show that ;;/ has the same formation as /- and h, and that ;/ has the same formation as / and d. The onlv difference is that the nasal passage is open — by depression of the soft palate — so that the voice flows through the nose. Pinch the nostrils while sounding ;/; and ;/, and these sounds will resemble b and d. The nasal consonants, when before non-vocal conso- nants in the same syllable, are pronounced almost, or entirely, without voice; as in sent, since, lamp, lunch. The peculiar abruptness of this mode of articulating these syllables is distin(5\ively national. Foreigners are at once recognized by their giving full vocality to w, n, etc., in such cases. In these Lessons the nasals are always wiitten as vocal elements. Non-vocal nasals. — on account of the openness of their breath channels. — are scarcely audible: but the vocal nasals are. for the same reason, among the most sono- rous elements in speech. The Vowel cut shows that a is formed with the tongue direded to the front of the mouth, but not so close to the gum as for e and /. The vowel a is often finished with a motion of the tongue towards its position for e — making the sound diph- thongal — {—aje). This never takes place before r. The dipthongal a is not written in these Lessons. The mark ♦ denotes that the preceding position is momentarily "held" so as to have the effect of a sylla- ble. The nasals /;/, ;/, and also /, thus frequently make syllables without vowels: as in eat{e)n, lis{ie)n, settle. LESSON III. 21 ILLUSTRATIVE CUTS. 22 LESSON 111. WORDS AND SENTENCES. Bl, 93;^, Bh B19J. Bi. CC[. CDl. CDlD. CClO. iDCDf Ci)];^. cc3;^D. o3sOCD*. slo. SCO. 93;^D. d3^s, oIb CDCS. 0C3. ©rs. (DCS. SlCD. SCCC. SlO. SlO, SlOCDf b3j^Cl). 93)^cccd. sIcd. Dice. Dfce. B[. DCCC. DC, OC: DCCCD, DCCCO. C9. C90. CD. COf. CDCCDOl. 3j^ 9C. 3j^ cclo. 3j^ 93)^0. 3;^ BlciJ, 3;^ 9C®, 3;^ Q3xCCO. 3j^ Cb©. 3;^ b3)^0. 3s D3x0, J Bl. 93)^ CDf. B3s B3j^CDD. 93^ bIdcc*. B3;^ [b, B3?^ 03sB. B3;^ DiB. B3;^ CD. B3;^ BlBJ. Ci53j^d*3;^b. cer ©Id. l OCCCOf BCO. 1 B3;^Dr CCCB. Qh^^ BC. Cii3;^ BL DfiXi Id. DCCCD IO. D3j^DCi)t fO. 3;^ CCrCD 1 DfCD. 3s CDiO 1 BIDCDk 3s CCIO B3s BlBJ- 3s D3sCD Bf 03sB. B3sCDO B3s CCCB. Bf BCCDCD* CDCB, DfOf Bf DCOJ. J. Dfor SI, DIDJ DIoIO BI. LESSON 111. 23 KEY. me, my, ma, mama, may, nay, knee, neat, need, eaten, nigh, night, tighten, meet, mate, might, time, team, name, tame, deem, dame, mean, main, meed, mit, mitten, mine, mind, mid, pin, bin, bay, pain, pay, day, paint pained, aim, aimed, eight, eighty, dainty. I may, I need, I might, I mean, I made, I mind, I aimed, I bite, I bide, ah me! my knee, my mind, my mitten, my aim, my dime, my team, my ape, my mama. Night time, knee deep, a dainty maid, a mighty name, mind me, nigh me, pin it, paint it, tighten it, I need a pin, I need a mitten, I need my mama, I bide my time, mind my name, my maiden name, pity my pain, ah, pij^j^^i^^^ ,, J^l^'^^^i^SCm -. 24 LESSON IV. TEACHER'S PAGE. The single position illustrated in the three cuts in Lesson IV. is closure of the back of the tongue against the soft palate. The non-vocal consonant resulting from this a(flion is k, which has no other audibility than what arises from the separation of the organs after closure. The vocal consonant of the same formation is what is called "hard g" — a k with a murmur of voice accompanying the organic contact. The third consonant of the same formation is ng, in which the voice passes, with a pure bell-like sono- rousness, through the nose. Pinch the nostrils while sounding ng, and the result will resemble g. Ng, like m and //. generally loses its vocality before non-vocal consonants in the same syllable, as in ink, tank, anxious, jun^iion. in these Lessons the vocal form is always written; the non-vocal forms will be developed by facility in pronunciation. LESSON IV. 25 ILLUSTRATIVE CUTS. 26 LESSON IV. WORDS AND SENTENCES. ar, [a. afD, aco. aco. a3;^o. afocDK aror. a3xCDO, ajs. alQ. alcc. accc. a[a. ala. afao, afs, Dfa. Dfe. oca, ofa. rea. dIgq, ©Iq. bIg, qIq, qCs, BCa. ofa. Bla. sea. eco. eco. qCcd. Dlale, ofere. Tore. [ale. bIccIg. slole. lOCCCOf BffG. laiBD BfOfG. 1 QfOf OfOCCK 1 DIGQ BlocDf 3s oca Dfol. oca 93;^ aco. 3sBCaiaCa. h SCO eCB. B3x B3x Dfe Dfe. a3;^cco afol. aj9 aCo. aco SCO ofa era. 93^ cdI Cao. ofa afao fo. Df aj9. oca 1 BCao d3s. oca i aca. oca i Dree. 1 a3scco DffG. h^ scafG fGa. ofo fo fee iGa. 3;^9 ocafG o3sB. 3;^B alDfG o3a3. 3;^BlorGiaca. 3aS ofafG 1 ofo. LESSON IV. 27 KEY. key, ache, keep, cape, Kate, kite, kitten, kitty, kind, calm, kid, kin, cane, cake, kick, kicked, king, pick, pig, take, tick, ink, pink, dig, big, gig, game, bake, Dick, meek, make, gape, gate, gain, picking, digging, eating, aching, meaning, meeting. A dainty being. A camp meeting. A giddy kitten. A pink mitten. I take pity. Take my cape. I make a cake. 1 made game. Buy my big pig. Kind Kitty. Calm Kate. Kate made Dick meek. My knee ached. Dick kicked it. Be calm. Take a baked pie. Take a cake. Take a pink. A kind being. I'm making ink. Dip it in ink. I'm taking time. I'm keeping time. I'm eating a cake. I'm digging a pit. 28 LESSON V. TEACHERS PAGE. The two consonants illustrated in Lesson V, have precisely the same position of the mouth. The lower lip is raised to the upper teeth, while the breath (for /) or the voice (for v) escapes through interstices between the sides of the lip and the teeth. The two vowel sounds, e{U), d{n) have the tongue placed nearly as for a, but drawn back farther from the gum, so as to enlarge the front cavity between the tongue and the palate. The. sound of d{n) differs from that of e{//) by hav- ing a wider resonance cavity behind the tongue, the effed of which is to render the "Front" quality cf the sound less defmite. LESSON V. 29 ILLUSTRATIVE CUTS. I I 30 LESSON V. WORDS AND SENTENCES. 13, 3f, 3h, aj3. 310. 3ro. 3CO. 3C0. 33^0, 310, 310, 3lCD, 3h^. 33sCDO. 3ra. 33;^3. 33;^3. 053x3, I3, aC3, DC3, CCCsr. 10. IQ. ID. DIO. DIO. CCID. QIO, Bl®, OXO, CCtO. 310. 91CC. ICDO, BICCO, 0ICCD. 91C0O, DLO. BIO. BIO. CCID. lO, QIO, IDO, lOO. lO, 310, BIO. BIG. eiO. SIO. ICDO. BICDO. BLQ. CDIQ, 3100 3XQ, DXQO, DIB, BIG. 316. GIG. 1 33;^cD aj3. 1 olD aC3. oca I 31©. h 10 33x3. h QC3 CDXO 1 BfG OXO. CDXO GC3 Sl I 33xCC Wh3. Ofa SCO CDXO 33sO. BXO OfC. Bl XGOlS, OCO. I 3XOCD*fG 33sO. BXCDf OXO 31^. I DXOXO ClOCD*. hB OXO BlO, ro GC3 9f SXCCf 1 DX6. 3?. XD l^ IQ- X BXCC 9XO. X BXCBICC. laCCD 3XaO. XDO ID 33vOrG. XDO XO 3lBf6. CDXO 9XCD0 fO. I BXO GXG. X CDXO xo xaofG. X axo 3[ did xo i ore. 3^ sc dxq Io [3 h OXCD. LESSON V. 31 KEY. if, fee, fie, calf, feet, feed, fate, fade, fight, fit, fib, fin, fine, find, fig, fife, five, knife, eve, cave, pave, navy, ebb, egg, ate, pet, bet, net, get, bed, dead, Ned, fed, men, end, bend, bent, meant, pat, bat, mat, gnat, at, cat, apt, aft, add, fad, bad, bag, gad, mad, and, band, baci<, i KEY. theme, thing, think, thatch, thaw, the, thee, they, them, then, thence, thin, thief, that, these, those, though,. thought, teeth, tooth, deaths oath, both, gong, pawn, gnaw, pond, tawny, tonic, don, dawn, not, nought, often, awe, awed, odd, thong, . song, novice, gawky, cottage, astonished. It is a thing not often thought of. Don't be too positive. I think she is a gem. Give me a thatched cottage and contented mind. Tom is thought to be too affefted. The thaw came at dawn.. Keep to the known footpath. Take a bath in the sea.. A victim to toothache, backache, and many aches. A. bad beginning mav make a good ending. A good beginning often makes a bad ending. A sing-song, speech. I caught the thief. A gawky kind of man. 44 LESSON IX. TEACHER'S PAGE. The first cut in this Lesson shows the formation of consonant r. The breath (or voice) strikes against the raised point of the tongue and communicates to it more or less of vibration. The second cut shows the formation of the vowel er. The body of the tongue is in the same position as fo;- /•. but the point is flattened so as to have no influ- ence on the sound. The "glide" sound of r, as in ear, is intermediate between consonant r and the vowel er. it is more like the vowel than the consonant, but has the tongue slightly lifted so that the sound easily passes into that of the consonant. Thus: eeir — earache. The vibrated /' is heard only before a vowel. The "glide" r is heard only after a vowel. This sound might be considered a vowel but that it does not make a syllable. The third cut shows the formation of a "wide" varietv of J, heard before /•, as in air, care, bear. The quality of this vowel resembles that of e; but the cav- ity between the tongue and the gum is slightly smaller, while that behind the tongue is larger. The influence of r on preceding vowels is seen in the sounds of a, 6, oo ; as in ail, air; old, ore; pool, poor; where the sounds are "widened" to coalesce with the open quality of glide /'. LESSON IX. 45 ILLUSTRATIVE CUTS. (i) y 46 LESSON IX. WORDS AND SENTENCES. UlD. OJlO. (i)l3. (i)K (i)3;^D. Ci)3s(D. (i)3^D. (iJ3x8, (i)3s3. (i)r3CD». UfD. (i)rDCC*. CiJlD. 0)10. (i)fB. ufQ. ufe. ulea. ^13(^13. ufoQ. (i)rQS^. u)1d. uio. UiS. (i)la. Ui3. UlS^. (i)lBCCICCD: 231^. UDl^. 3Iv. 3IiOS^fCC. 91^. 01^3100. Ol'iB. OS^JiB. DI^Q. QlvOf. OQI^a. QliO. ei^Q. CDIvS. 31^9. 3Iy8l9lCCO. li. CDli. (i)Ii. Ci. 3C^. aCi, BCi. (i^Ci. D(i)Ci. DCi^Cli. 3^i. 03w, G53^i, CD3^i. 33;^i, 3Jy, 9Ji. DJi. OJiO. ajxO, SJ^Blv. Dii. Qii. Sli. Oll^. QiX^. Q}i. 3}i. &61y2i5 (i)l3 3Jy 15UX Oi (i)3;^Q5 TcC 651 Gfe. Ql f2i5 1 01^3100 0(i)l$^ii. 65C (i)}Q fee 1 3}y-}iCi) D}0. CCJO 3h 2«5lCD 3}i U}Xi2i5. OQJCCi liS 1 3IyD0-(i)[0 3Jy3Ii. 1 Dd^ror 3[13 CClOSiS CC} Ci)iS'2. Q[ (i)}D 3Jy 651 (i)IO yOU3sDD DfO. fO CClQiS 1 BICD J3 3X^9 051^3 Dl ODXi fee 65f QlOX^. 1 U)iO lOlQ D3s I u;f3Ci)l3 0(4)\. 65C BCO 1 3X^3lCDO DUC^ TCD 651^ (D3w CClQ. 651 QlDOrCD 65ice OiO IDd^jDCi^fCO BlS^liiS. 65f UlOd^ncCD UISCDICCD (i)lCLi }3h 65f a)f0S^. 651^65 (i)lQ lO 651 ajD. 65^65 ISXv U)iB 65Cy Bl Qiy. LESSON IX. 47 KEY. Reap, read, reef, rye, ripe, ride, right, rhvme, rife, riven, rip, written, rib, rid, rim, rig, ring, rink, riffraff, rich, ridge, root, rude, room, rook, roof, rouge, remnant, sir. stir, tir, virgin, myrrh, perfe(fl, term, germ, bird, dirty, jerk, shirt, gird, nerve, firm, firmament. ear, near, rear, air, fair, care, bear, rare, prayer, pray-er, ire, tire, dire, dyer, fire, far, mar, bar, cart, guard, farmer, poor, sure, moor, doer, shoer, door, four, store, roar, rower, sore, sower, matter, paper, azure, fissure, measure, treasurer. There's room for three to ride in the gig. She is a perfect treasure. They rowed in a four-oared boat. Not more than four rowers. John is a first-rate farmer. A pretty face needs no rouge. She wrote for the red striped piece. It needs a man of firm nerve to stir in the matter. A rude attack by a riffraff crew. They made a fervent prayer in their dire need. The captain then took appropriate measures. The recreant remnant ran over the ridge. There's room at the top. There's ever room there, be sure. 48 LESSON X. TEACHERS PAGE. The consonant cut in this Lesson shows the forma- tioM of the sound of /. The broadened point of the tongue is in contact with the upper gum, and the voice passes with pure sonorousness through the free aper- tures over the sides. L, like the nasals, generally loses its vocality before non-vocal consonants in the same syllable, as in else, milk, help. Non-vocal / is almost inaudible, but the side aper- tures over the tongue may be contraded so as to give hissinij: audibilitv to the breath. This is the formation of Welch //. which to a strange ear sounds like th or ////. (Compare cuts in Lessons Vlll. and X.) The vowel cut shows the attitude of the tongue for the two sounds // and a{sk). The difference between these is that the first has a degree of guttural quality which the second lacks, because of its widened reson- ance cavity. The sound a{sk) resembles all, but the root of the tongue is less depressed. The vowel in ask is the tirst element in the diph- thongs / and ouU). See Lessons 1. and XL LESSON X. 49 ILLUSTRATIVE CUTS. 50 LESSON X. WORDS AND SENTENCES. COlD. GOfCD. core. GOfS^ii. COli(i)f€?, C0lD3iO. COIOIi, COLCDS^Ii. GOlQS^lDGO*. OOfDCO*, COfCOf. C0rOlCi)lG0. cofajfaico. GorDiu3(i)f. cofDiuico. oois, wla. ooc^. COCli. 00}y. GOJli. COCOOOf. COlOIyCOl. COIyCCfe. COJiOS^, lOOlSCO, IGOSlCCia. ICDfBlCO. XG0OCi)ir2i59*. 010)100100 : 3D. 113, 3oiy. 3eiooI. 33CC*. 3eaoo*. 3cdo3cc. 3QIx, 3ooor3[o. ]ycc. cc3iUi(i)r. D3iCDcc*. a3yorcD. 33iCDrQ. D3CCrQ9lCi50. CDCi)3eaiCe. Ul3300Q3CC, Ci^ISlCDOS^aico: D3^. D32JO. 33^0. 33^0. 33yCDK C03UD, 9300, D315. 032*5. 3CDO. a3CCD. QQ3CLiO. Qf lis 1 OOfydJle OOfOOO* DQJiSIi. Ol 930Q ooi^cDfe B[Ol3 y]9 DfDOO* 910. 1 (i)1xOIv J3 DUfOf 001(1)100. ei(i)[0 fO I 3Ci ICDO 0033GOr QlyCO. 2*51 BlCC fO 1 Dh Dfor3lOO 0(i)]SaiCD UIOQ. I OICCOOOIO U)fQBl(i)}00 00}(i)I. 039 ICCO COiO lO 65f Wi9. 36000* OOICCO 2*519 £61 93CCr Ol 03^ ICC 33CC». 93x e3CD0 JOOO 3CCD OJOOO 30 JOO. I DIy03CC J3 (i)S^30S^9lCiiO ICCO OfOO(i)IQ3Ci5. D(i)i3 JOO 2^160 ICDCD OfO 33230 2<5f Q^O. fO r2i5 0)33 XCDQ OQIiOf ©(1)3)^316 }3l'i (i)[002j5. QI SIoO OJOO 13 Qf D30f2i5 D3;^ 2.5f QIO J3f0. LESSON X. 51 KEY. leap, lean, league, leisure, leering, leopard, letter, 'edger, legible, little, lily, literal, lyrical, literary, liberal, loom, look, lair, layer, lore, lower, lately, latterly, learning, large, elevate, almanac, animal, altruism, parallel; -ip, us, utter, ugly, oven, uncle, undone, usher, ultimate, urn, nursery, burden, curtain, furnish, punishment, drunken, revulsion, revengeful; pass, past, fast, vast, fasten, last, mast, path, bath, aunt, can't, jaunt She is a leering little charmer. Too much learning makes some people mad. A writer of pretty Ivrics, Grace is a fair and lovely girl. The man is a poor, pitiful, drunken wretch. A senseless rigmarole story. Come and look at the loom. Uncle lent them the money to buy an oven. My gaunt old aunt told us all. A person of judgment and discretion. Prove all things and keep fast the good. It is rough and jerky driving over rails. She will call if she passes by the gas office. 52 LESSON XI. TEACHERS' PAGE. The cuts in Lesson XI. illustrate the formation of the consonants zvh in whey, anc* w ''n way. These are fre- quently confounded, especially in the South of England. The sourd )f zch is often stated to be a compound of h and oo; but it is really a simple element, bearing the same relat'on to Tv' that 5 bears to ^, or / to v. Wh is not pronounced before the letter o. but the aspirate, k is substituted, as in whole, who, whose, whom. The sound of iv resembles the vowel oo, but with oral compression added. — which converts the vowel into a consonant. The IV glide is intermediate between w and oo. It is heard as the closing element in the diphthong ou{i). (See Lesson X). The combination qu has the sound of kw. LESSON XI. 53 iLLUSTRAllVE CUTS. sa i^ S4 LHSSON XL WORDS AND SENTHNCHS. OlD. afO, SfO. D3^D. ^]^D. ajD. SJDQ, SJi, ^ju^rji:. 5?ia. ^IG aiQU. are. afoQ. sfoQ. 930301^. 9JCCD. m^DO. ^iBlCC. SfBt^ : 3Ci, »Ci, JOICC. SICD2.50C. D3^00. ^3^001. DfOD. Ol^^Iy. 9I65I1 DI^CODiOO. DI^GOSfCCQ. S[OOCCD. aiQ3CD. 9l©CCi. 32D. 3?^. Ci53j 3joo. D3ji. D3?Qli. ojiCD. o3ji(i^fe. Q3jl©S^Ii. >93jCDOrcC, CC3iCD, a3jCDDr. Q3iCC, Q(i)3jOO. 33jI00. 3u:jCi5. 003200. 33iDQ. a3jDQ. 03?CC(D. U3?^. 3co3jcc©iy. 2^3j^lcC)a5. SlCC StCCO 65li: D3^ ICD [QS^. OfCDU JiSf Qu^CO 3G03Q, D3D fO 3J2i5 3C9Cri 3f63 3}y 631CD 312*5 33Ci3 DICC ? ICDO JCO 2.5f BICC ICDO ^fSICD BlyWl DCOCly^iS. ' J3 ICCOUXCD23 Di X QSJUICO: D3D. DIIS IcD, DCi Id 63ia 2.51 JD'}2i5Xi S[ Df^C^ J3 65l. 651 1300* 65XO BtCD ®i 0013215 3301^ 2i619. 2*51 QiO r2i5 J30 rcC'OtU)lQ ^165 2i5Ci D}CC2i5. 2.5123 XB33 JOO, Oi 2.53;^CC }CC 231003 Df Dul, ICCO ro S323D 3J0O}, X^ £^f CP3^D 2.51 (t.>C. 2-33j aXCC23D CDJO 2*5XCD Dl 3J0023 OX XCOl 33CC. LESSON XL 55 KEY. Whip, whit, wit, white, wight, what, watch, war, warrior, whack, wag, wax, wing, which, witch, whiff, wafer, whirr, word, world, one, once, wonder, wand, won't, woman, women; wear, where, when. Wednesday, while, wily, whist, whether, weather, whirlpool, whirlwind, waylaid, wagon, wooden, out, our, now, owl, power, powder, town, towering, dowager, mountain, noun, county, gown, growl, vowel, frown, scowl, vouch, couch, sound, south, tlounder, thousand. When went there by an age, since the great flood, But it was fam'd with more than with one man } All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players. Beware Of entrance to a quarrel: but, being in. Bear it that the opposer may beware of thee. The evil that men do lives after them, The good is oft interred with their bones. This above all, — to thine own self be true, And it must follow, as the night the dav. Thou canst not then be false to anv man. 56 LESSON Xll. TEACHERS PAGE. The cut in this Lesson shows the formation of con- sonant y, as in ye, you. The position of the tongue is the same as for the vowel i'. but with oral compres- sion added — which converts the vowel into a consonant. The name-sound of U, — under any orthography — when not preceded by /■ or by the sound of sh — begins with y. Consequently y must be recognized in such words as pew, due, view, cure, beauty, suit, music, acute, Tuesday, ague, virtue, picture, fortune. The letter e sometimes, and the letter /, frequently, have the sound of y; as in righteous, christian, opinion, filial, Asia. The V glide is intermediate between y and e. It is the closing part of the diphthong i (See Lesson I.) In the present Lesson the same glide appears as the clos- ing element of the diphthong oi, oy. The first element of this diphthong is the same as the vowel 6 in Les- son Vlll. The last svmbol in this Lesson represents the aspi- rate, h. This element is a mere outbreathing, and should have no guttural or other compression. LESSON XII. 57 ILLUSTRATIVE CUTS. 58 LESSON Xll. WORDS AND SHNTHNCES. r)[. mtoo}. fT)ji(D. o}W. (f)\i5. cT)XiCLi. (T)]e, (T)}a, 9(T)i^ GJyOniCi). XaOOUcO. BfCCnlCC. ICDCT)];!). 310:(T)1CDD: OJ;^, 3h. ajx. 0$^Jy. JsOO, DJsOO. yDJsCO. QS^JsCCO, JsDDIx, CCJs^iS. JsCDOBlCCO. OJJilW. (i)MCO. XCCCDS^Ja. IBDCOJx. Ol. OlO. 010. Ol3. Oli, OlOJ. OlW. or55ICC. 03;^0. O];^©. OfD. OfQ. 033. OJ3. OI3. Of^. OfO. OlS. 0105051^. OfajO)!. OfQtCO*. OfCDOQ. OlGO. 01631^01. OICCD. OCi. OCOO, OCOD. OCiS. OXQ. 010)16. Oly^. OIii5. O]iG0. O]99C0k oDeQCi)!. o](i)r. o]G0. o}D. o}8. oie. oioos^. oidicc, Oia. OI®. OICCO. OJi2J. OJ^B OJiBjCDl. OJUf©. ol. Oi2i5, OlD. OiD. Ol3. 0}i30. 0}2i5. 0Jl50fW. OJ^Ii, OJS^JiCC, 0(T)1. oniostj. onlBicc. or OQIUOO 10 OQJi^ 5510 CCl3Ii 3IC0O 1 SiCCQ. or Oll>5 1 Oli 3Ji Dior. ICCO 1 OXCDO }DXCD X2i5 ©C 3jy sxwore oQx^roi. h5t OXCDO J3 COrOGOf XSDWJ^^BXCDO OX^ Wl O[C0Dfl« OXCDU. C03;^O 3}0^ DCCO 0^f30 2j6} GUCOIi O]G02i5 QJ(i)J OlD. JW DCOC^r^iS mo 2^51 3;^ J3 013CC 31^100 Jy, D3t X 33s^ 9LCC. DjyOO XCCO OlDf OC3CCi2i5. OlD Oi OOX'SXCCO 3Jy 65ID 553. QICDOD CDJD OXCOO, XCC© OOlOr OIWD 3Jy 65XO DfOQ 553i OOX'BX^O^^O. (f)\^ X3ici)r 91CD x'Q^iore Ol or^ or'^iSXiO. ictj© o5 QIGO I'oaCD Dfore' 31 CDi DUC 3Ji 9X^01. XCCO 65XO OCB D(i)Cy 032J OfOQ 30 JCO ol UlCCOXi 65r OlOiJ J3 B^l^i LESSON XII. 59- KEY. ye, yellow, yard, yon, youth, yearn, young, yoke, mew, new, cue, gewgaw, few, sue, duty, feature. pi(5\ure,. fortune, actual, minion, onion, valiant; toy, boy, coy, joy, oil, soil, spoil, joint, oyster, noise, ointment, loyal, royal, enjoy, employ, he, heat, heed, heave, here, heel, heath, heathen, height, hide,, hit, hid, half, halve, have, his, hiss, him, hinder, hickory, higgle, hinge, hill, hitherto, hence, hair, hail, haste, haze, head, herring, hearse, hers, hurl, hum.ble, hungry, hurry, hull, hope, home, hang, health, happen, hat. had, hand, hearth, harm, harmony, horrid, who, whose, hoop, hoot, whom, host, hose, hostile, hawser, hawthorn, hue, huge, human. He jests at scars that never felt a wound. He hath a tear for pity, and a hand open as day for melting charity. The hand of little employment hath the daintier sense. Light boats sail swift, though greater hulls draw deep. All places that the eye of heaven visits are, to a wise man, ports and happy havens. Cease to lament for that thou canst not help, and study help for that which thou lament'st. Use everv man according to his desert, and who shall escape whipping.^ We do prav for mercy, and that same praver doth teach^ us all to render the deeds of mercv. 6l TEACHERS PAGE. UNIVERSAL VOWEL TABLE. The following Universal Vowel Table will be valuable for reference. (/) Front Kowels: — all English sounds. £, c, as in eel. Always long when accented. Ant to be changed to f or T in unaccented syllables. In the prefixes be, lie, re, se, etc., the pure I should be preserved. r, 1, as in ///. Heard in the plural syllable es, as \n fishes, places,, etc.; and also, instead of C in unaccented syllables, as in maintain, QfCCOCCC. certain, DliiOfCD, always, JC0J3f2i5. etc. Tends to T in unaccented syllables as in readi- ness. (J)I^T^IU; pitiful, DlDTalCO. C. a as in ale. Often terminates with y-glide forming the diphthong Cs. Changed to C, or sometimes I, before r. C, as in air. Long only before r. Short C is heard in- stead of I in the terminations es, ed. etc., in verbs; and in unaccented syllables, as in explain, CODDOOCCC, argument, I. e, as in ell. Dulled into C, in unaccented syllables. Apt to be elided in terminations after / or d, as in patent, student, etc. ■62 I, a, as in acl. Tends to 1 in unaccented syllables, as aaual, iaO(T)lXC0; madman, BlOBlCC. Apt to be elided in terminations, as \n fatal, literal, general, etc. (2) Front Round Kowels: — all Foreign sounds. f German u. f variety of German u. ■£ Scotch shoe; French du. i variety of French //. I German 6; French eii. I Cockney on as in out. (j) Bad; yozvels. 1 A common Gaelic, Russian and Chinese vowel. En- deavour to pronounce 00 without using the lips, and the tongue will be felt to rise into this "high back" position 1, the drawling vowel — ////, ////, uh, etc. Heard instead ■of] in the terminations Hon, tioiis etc. 3 u, as in sJiun, urge, etc. Tends to 1 in unaccented syllables. 3 a in ask, path. etc. With y-glide forms the diph- thong i, as in mind, 93?iCi5CD ; and with w-glide forms the diphthong OIL', as in nou\ Ci5]i. In unaccented syllables tends to 1 or 1. J Scotch u, as in /////. eome, etc. J, Italian ah, The "low back wide " vowel. In un- accented syllables changed to 3, as in barbarian, ^h- 63 (4) Back Round yozvels: — all English sounds. i, 00, as in food. Always long. Never heard before r. The short i is common in Scotch as in BlO (English DiO) book. 1, 00, as in poor. Long only before /■, Short as in put, cook. etc. 3-. as in old. Often terminates wiih w-glide, forming the diphthong 3-2. Changed into 3- before r, and also in unaccented syllables. 3-. before, r. as in 1 33-y-}i!0 BJO, d foil r-oa red hcut. J, a in alf hm, etc. Always long. Changed to i- in unaccented syllables. J. 6 in on. odd, etc. Always short except beiotf. /'. Tends to I when unaccented. ( ^ ) Mixed bowels. T American I'r in sir. T Substitution for unaccented 1. 1 German (' in aitge. 1 Article j. Substitution for unaccented 9.c I Provincial er. I er, ir, yr. as in lier, sir, myrtle. (6) Mixed Round Koicels. I North-Irish u in tune. I Swedish //. t Irish vowel in Dublin, come, etc. \ Variety of the preceding. i Irish in uvrtd, ^i(i)COQ. i Irish vowel in her, sir. etc. American a in Chicago. 64 TEACHHR-S PAGE. READINGS. In the following Readings the ditTerences in quality be- tween accented and unaccented vowels are occasionally shown. The sign of a "held" position (♦) is required only in connection with consonants, such as final / and n in little, given, etc. Vowels do not require quantitative indication, because every given ••quality," in English, is invariably of the same " quantity." Thus i and X are always long, when accented; i is short, except before r; I is always short, etc. The vowels in the final syllables ®Juicr5iJ oi cl'ols mi, 3ji! o3?,ju cdI qIs Ofe Oi'®[ Ol OOljOoi Oi'J3Ja)3- 3(UJ^^ oi. 8. coiao. lO [v I iri^iO uJfj^'JvTJly oi (i)I I JCiIa5Cn]Ci; Oi I'>91GDT;Ia; uOlO lo lii ici; liiM oi ^3Xiw i^iJCD o'jiiiaijocisij, ICC® 1 oI'3l!>; "[QijJiaoi'i; 9. CD3;^D 2^JO. OCi! I'J^i col ®3J0 OOlO 0[X> vCJO t3lvi5 rx3^3? uCl UOC® tCSCB uOl OJu33 ©Ij'OJVB 3iV ICCJIJOlyj;. 3a)JQ 0(T>iBlCi3 93- JO® 3l (i)Io 32!>! 10. l3l(i)rQC 15}D. oiccoxl ICD0 osloxl ; 3j!i! ucIj cdE jccjul Ij; 3i^ji : 3l 3^! cdi® oi miJ0li!O[, lCi3® jy cdjo raj^os oi oi'^p}. II. 3UlCDQC0f ajQ]CD. (Bjcco 3J0ioiy roii:,jLx,i ^^lo : ij)\^:i)'^Lo pju)3Sj^Ij^ roi oi oC ffllul'&cijlirajo^ iilt\j:> oi (^iy IcisofeCoj. la'Jioo Ice a[jlj5 J3 CDI'OIoIoI, sIoO 3^ JjCy, JOls roili! 3a)lC£3S oi COXilCC 3Ci3'OJOICin,CCO aoJio^x. 3'>i)j9 ofcr iccfelji ; CioC 3ljo raf (DlsC I'^]3 Ol OlJO ooCQ. 67 12. iaD'D(i)lQ]CC. CjjJbOOf® B]S ool DjO[ J3 C^JO WIO sI QlCiJ OJ^oiJCir 33?;a3® 3JO (lit j3lxCa5 Io:j D32y, lo Ljj Bl'aja- I 9}^ cdI'joIqJj ©mloJ! OloJ 13. 0S^]QJ^ CCJO. Ice 9ici5 oi 3y I'ooIqcd i4)I'3]?;u5 3f Ol 03- 9]0n J3 al>i5 iSilJ BJOJO — ICi; S^CC oi 3^ ®I'a;32Ci5oO li- IjO 3l Ol U3- 9]0Q j:3 QiuJCCI^ OOl-O — 032 OXC0 3l u)a)f 0l'33S(Dle C03.^Ci; DCy aj® oteiJiJ03 oio; cd'j^jcc Io ojJo ? 14. G03sD C0rO|(i)rO(T)iy. si S]J3 OI3 0iaJ LJJif a)l.ai)I'[-?]i; ICC® ICl;alyiO[Ci;J9ICi30 p 3IdO Xo; 3Jf Ij;iJOii]aO]Ci3 l^(D 3jy BlXiJlCS. uil 3Jtf3ly 3^ l'Q(i)I- l9ju», uul oJiJiy cT)iL53ijj, xci353 ojl omb9lii3 >3']^^^ Ci;Iia;93?iirj; ra}:^. si a]jOol3[o u'l jjcl3 i,s50 o:I 33SCt;, B]a :9liw32o I'ci)X®Io[oIe ocl siyox* xcDi :..! d;}u;. 3J0 Ij: CCX-: ? oi fei} 320 oo3sa I o;3?iO, Xcd® Ice l 03I0 ocjJXviJi^ ci 3jyitixo 32y'axi03j: x^® P ^I d3l5I€{ sIiccjqIccO J3 ..:! cC X'-^ ;5l 3jy'exo ool 3i^D]'3'±> J3 i oJjjIq ; oi 3iyB, x^^ [kD I CDx>fo, ©mi aj'ccxanjcDj; sico ejsx. ;9]yjua5 ; oi x^coiv Icsoi 1 Qjy xt:'j:;jj;oxa5 osly, X'^^cr oi sCa ccmi 00x0:5 ]o bxcd'os hicuxasmiCoXj^ X'i^I*^o J3 aci)IiCr53cr;. 68 1 6. Dii)\lS. (X}u; oi ji! ccjo l'G'i;Is B]JO ral OojIoicd rx Dxyc-5]cr>j5 ral'crjpci} r^i® bI 3S43XI ci ;^[ja icc ji-feimigicca. ol oi uix- ccio c>.r owioj .Ij; cejo jjjslxi ci ;-*! o}xi}, xcea) coio la Ix ccjo 3I0 3j!i! jjo ?33sci;0j;, Ix- uIqoxI 1 a3l'3ici3®iy p Gjjjjoio) ; liO) :^I oi® c[a c} cjofj J3 ote lisxaJBjcQ ^x coE j-^oJT.iao j^ :iiLj'o]-U Blf« oi (iIiwOcxj?; ixjy. ;-iI aiu;jo ceL'oJj :^I:o I bi^ oi ©I- ' xfelCiJCO JJI l'31!i!J^a; CilO iCxJV CiCD ©I OOCi^i). 17. 0(T)l9XCC 003?^3. OJO Ix idj X3?i3 R]0 1 Ol!i!0(r;l'xCJ]Ci3 J-H WIOX* OiCi; l.Qr-]a5X ? »I cc]s s32^c i^CD (u3?;j: Vfeli;, ffiu;XJ ixo) IcescDiJ, 3la5 xcrss 3xaj ojesGo;!, :^]!iia jix. 32^ cxlxlci; x3;^xi Voxio ©3^ 3- l^^ ■■^i J^ sjy id C3i^53 X"-^ X-t'l-CO BCiiiOJ X-^ iJ-J"-^ i^lO cJClu I^ O.r ^'CJxx jy Ice ;d 3lxs. jy ccjo ccI ai'oxololj; J3 9X^ o3xiy wio; js clx? Xce® JO C2J0 ofj) is'3[q]:s x^® xa^oia'oCr3ixi5 oi bI e.i;C0Xy? ouxo ]j r-»I x^'3li3omi'4;iyj5 3jy i'i53a;xy B]yxo. lo Ix; 10 xIjo 1 3Cy X^® CD}0JO» OPX^-5. 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Let thy will be thy friend, thy mind thy companion, thy tongue thy servant. — Beloe. 2. WISDOM. As water leaves the heights and gathers in the depths, so is wisdom received from on high and preserved by a lowly sou\. — Talmud. 3. HEALTH. To preserve health is a moral and religious duty, for health is the basis of all social virtues. We can no longer be useful when not well. — John sou. 4. STATESMANSHIP. The three great ends for a statesman are to give security to possessors, facility to acquirers, and liberty and hope to the people. — Coleridge. S. FATE. Fate is the friend of the good, the guide of the wise, the tyrant of the foolish, and the enemy of the bad. — Alger. 74 6. FALSEHOOD. A lalsehood is a cripple that cannot stand alone but needs another to support it. It is easy to tell a lie, but hard to tell only one lie. — Fuller. 7, IDLENESS. Do not allow idleness to deceive you, for while you give him today he steals tomorrow from you. — Growquill. 8. LOOKS. It is a great dishonor to religion to imagine that it is an enemy to mirth and cheerfulness, and a severe exader of pensive looks and solemn faces. — Scott. C). NIGHT THOUGHT. Where is the dust that has not been alive .^ The spade and the plough disturb our ancestors. From human mould we reap our daily bread. — Young. 10. EVERY-DAY THOUGHT. Enjoy the blessings of today, and its evils bear patiently and sweetly; for this day only is ours: we are dead to yes- terday, and are not born to tomorrow. — Jcreiin' Taylor. I I. FRIF.Nni.Y CAUTION. Don't flatter yourself that friendship authorizes you to say disagreeable things to your intimates. Except in cases of necessity, which are rare, leave your friend to learn un- pleasant truths from his enemies: they will be ready enough to tell them. — O. 14^. Holmes. lb 12. EXPRESSION. There are faces so fluid with expression, so flushed and rippled by the play of thought, that we can hardly find what the mere features really are. When the delicious beauty of lineaments loses its power, it is because a more delicious beauty has appeared — that an interior and durable form has been disclosed. — Emerson. 13. JUDGE NOT. In men who are esteemed divine We see so much of sin and blot In men who are denounced as ill We see so much of goodness still How can we draw dividing line Where God himself has drawn it not! — Anon. 14. LIGHT LITERATURE. We must have books for recreation and entertainment,^ as well as for instruction and for business, The former are agreeable, the latter useful, and the human mind requires both. We cultivate the olive and the vine, but without eradicating the myrtle and the rose. — Baliac. 15. DEATH. What is death "? To go out like a light, and in a sweet trance to forget ourselves and all the passing phenomena of the day as we forget the phantoms of a dream; to form, as in a dream, new connexions with Gods world; to enter into a more exalted sphere, and to make new steps up mans graduated ascent of creation. — Tschokke. 76 1 6. TRUTH. We are all agreed that truth is good ; or, at all events, those who are not agreed must be treated as persons be- yond the pale of reason, and on whose obtuse understand- ings it would be idle to waste an argument. He who says that the truth is not always to be told, and that it is not fit for all minds, is simply a defender of falsehood; and we should take no notice of him, inasmuch as the objeft of dis- cussion being to destroy error, we cannot discuss with a man who deliberately affirms that error should te spared. — Buckle. 17. HUMAN IIFE What is this life but a circulation of little mean adions } We lie down and rise again, dress and undress, ?'eed and wax hungry, work or play and are weary, and then we lie down again and the circle returns. We spend the day in trifles, and when the night comes we throw ourselves into the bed of folly, amongst dreams, and b"r»ken thoughts, and wild imaginations. Our reason lies asleep by us, and we are for the time as arrant brutes as those that sleep in the stalls or in the field. Are not the capacities of man higher than of these ? And ought not his ambition and expeda- tions to be greater.? Let us be adventurers for another world, it is at least a fair and noble chance. If we should be disappointed we are still no worse than the rest of our fellow-mortals; and if we succeed in our expectations we are eternally happy.— Dr. Bit met. 77 1 8. FAME. The advocates for the love of fame allege in its vindica- tion, that it is a passion natural and universal ; a flame al- ways burning with greatest vigour in the most enlarged and cultivated minds; and that the desire of being praised by posterity implies a resolution to deserve their praises. The soul of man, formed for eternal life, naturally springs forward beyond the limits of corporeal existence, and rejoices to consider herself as co-operating with future ages, and as co-extended with endless duration. The reproach of labour- ing for what cannot be enjoyed is founded on an opinion which may with great probability be doubted ; for since we suppose the power of the soul to be enlarged bv its separa- tion, why should we conclude that its knowledge of sub- lunary transadions is contracted or extinguished. Upon an attentive and impartial review of the argument, it will appear that the love of fame is to be regulated rather than extinguished; and that men should be taught not to be wholly careless about their memory, but to endeavour that thev may be remembered chiefly for their virtues, since no other reputation will be able to transmit any pleasure be- yond the grave. The true satisfadion which is to be drawn from the con- sciousness that we shall share the attention of future times must arise from the hope that those whom we cannot bene- fit in our lives may receive instruction from our examples, and incitement from our renown. — Dr. Johnson. 78 19- THE STORY OK THE FLAX. The Flax stood in full bloom ; its flowers were of a deli- cate blue, soft as the wing of a moth, but far more beautiful. The sun shone upon the Flax and the summer rain de- scended on it; and this was good for the plant, even as it is for a little child to be bathed in pure water and then to re- ceive its fond mother's kiss. The babe looks all the more lovely afterwards, and thus it was also with the Flax. " People say that I am grown so tall and so beautiful " said the Flax," and that the finest and best linen maybe woven out of me: now, am I not happy ?" But one day there came people who, seizing the Flax by its head, pulled it up by the roots; this was painful. Then it was laid in water that it might become soft; and then it was placed over a slow fire as if it was to be baked. Oh, it was sad work ! " One cannot expedl to be always prosperous," said the Flax; "one must suffer now and then, and thereby, per- haps, a little wisdom may be gained." But matters seemed to grow worse and worse. After the fiax had been soaked and baked it was beaten and hackled: neither could it guess the meaning of all that was infiicled. At length it was placed on the spinning wheel. Ah! It was not easv to collect one's thoughts in this posi- tion. "I have been extremely happy," thought the patient Flax amid all its sufferings; "one ought to be contented with the good things one has already enjoyed. Oh!" The 79 words were scarcely uttered when the well spun thread was placed in the loom. The whole of the Flax, even to the last fibre, was used in the manufacture of a single piece of fine linen. " Well, this is really extraordinary; what have I done to deserve so happy a fate ? My web is so stout and so tine, so white and so smooth. 1 could not be happier than I am." Now was the piece of linen carried into the house and then submitted to the scissors. Oh, how unmercifully was it nicked and cut and stitched with needles! That was by no means agreeable; but from this single piece were cut garments for the comfort of the household. " Oh, what a blessing is this that 1 am allowed to produce something that is needful to mankind. What extraordinary good fortune is this!" And years passed on, and the linen was now quite worn out. " 1 shall very soon be laid aside," said each one of the garments; "1 would gladly have lasted longer, but one must not desire impossibilities." So they were torn into strips and shreds; and it seemed, now, as if all was over with the worn-out linen, for it was hacked, and soaked, and baked, and what more it scarcely knew, until it became tine white paper. "Well, this is a surprise!" said the paper. " Now 1 am still finer than be- fore! and who can tell what glorious thoughts may be in- scribed upon my leaves ? This is. indeed, unlooked for happiness!" And so it turned out. The paper was sent to the print- ing press, and all its writing was printed in a book, or rather in many hundred books. " Now, 1 am left at home," said the written paper, "and honoured like an aged grand- father, which in U^ 1 am. of all those new books; and they will continue to do good in the world, and carry on my life- work through the ages! Oh, I am surely the very happies*- of beings!" — {Condensed from) Andersen. \ UNIVERSITY OF C.\LIFORNIA LIBRARY, LOS ANGELES This book is due on the last date stamped below. a-..s FE91 1 i«^ffio RPR 3 V^o. AC NOV ] zoda \A. Book Slip-25»i-9,'59(A4772s4)4280 ^, IW SlH{?}i,!«^f!:!,'^.^?0'^'^L LIBRARY MCILII AA 000 394 304 I