UC-NRLF $B lb 2b7 FIELD SERVICE By CAPT, JAS. A. MOSS 24th U.S. INFANTSr LIBRARY OF THE University of California. Class Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/fieldserviceOOmossrich Field Service By CAPT. JAS. A. MOSS 24th U. S. Infantry SECOND EDITION {Revised and Enlarged) PRIN TSlD li^AkCH, is^l^ SALES AGENTS: The U. S. Infantry Association, Washington, D. C. The U. S. Cavalry Association, Fort Leavenworth, Kans. The Post Exchange, Fort Wm. McKinley, P. L Price $1.25, Postpaid ^^1 PRESS OF lANTA PUBUISHING CO MENASHA, WIS Copyright jgi2, by /as. A. Moss. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL EFFECTS OF OFFICERS General Considerations — General Rules and Principles — Normal Division of an Officers' Field Equipment — Articles Carried on Person — Articles Carried in Bedding Roll — ^Articles Carried in Clothing Roll — Articles Carried Separately — ^Transportation of Field Allowance of Baggage as Excess Baggage. CHAPTER II EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL EFFECTS OF ENLISTED MEN Clothing — ^Arms and Equipment — Rations — ^Intrenching Tools. CHAPTER III A COMPANY TAKING THE FIELD Personal Equipment of the Enlisted Men — Field Quartermaster and Commissary Tentage — Rations — Forage — Ammunition — Medicines for Animals — Equipage — Field Desk and Contents — Medicines for Men — Maps — Disposal of Sick and Prisoners — Offi- cers' Mess — Officers' Mess Chest — Special Field Return — Care of Property Left Behind. CHAPTER IV LOADING WAGONS General Principles — Location of Various Articles. CHAPTER V TRANSPORTATION AND CARING FOR MEANS OF TRANS- PORTATION Wagon Transportation — Railroad Transportation — Preparation of Cars — Loading and Entraining — Conduct of the Troops — Detraining and Unloading — Loading Animals on Cars — Loading Ambulances on Cars — Loading Wagons on Cars — Loading property in Cars — ^Parking Trains — Care of Animals, Wagons, and Harness in the Field. CHAPTER VI MARCHES Troops on the March Protected by Means of Advance Guards, Flanking Parties and Rear Guards — General Rules for the Conduct of Marches. CHAPTER VII CAMPING Forms and Dimensions of Camps — Contents of Shelter Tent Roll, Pitching Tents and Inspection of Shelter Tent Camp — Camps Protected By Means of Outposts — Loca- tion of Camps — Making Camp — Construction of Sinks, Kitchens, Kitchen Pits, Incine- ration Pits and Bunks — Wood — ^Water — Policing of Camp. 236659 CHAPTER VIII CAMP EXPEDIENTS How to Improvise Lamps, Candlesticks, Knives, Forks, Spoons and Cups — How to Fry and Boil without Utensils — How to Heat a Tent without a Stove — How to Sleep warm, etc. CHAPTER IX INDIVIDUAL COOKING How To Cook With Only The Mess Kit— Recipes. CHAPTER X FIELD COOKING In Permanent Camp — In Temporary Camp — On the March — Sample Bill of Fare for Ten Days — Field Cooking Expedients — Fireless Cooker — Messing on Railroad Trains. CHAPTER XI FIELD BAKING AND FIELD BAKERY EQUIPMENT System Used — Field Baking Expedients — Preparation and Preservation of Yeasts. CHAPTER XII CARE OF THE HEALTH AND FIRST AID TO THE SICK AND INJURED These subjects are covered in a simple and exhaustive manner. CHAPTER XIII RIFLE TRENCHES Their Construction and Use — Obstacles. CHAPTER XIV MISCELLANEOUS Weights of Articles usually Taken into the Field — Weights, Dimensions and Capacities of Tents — Heating Tents — Weights of Rations — Capacities of Wagons and Pack Animals — Dimensions and Capacities of Railroad Cars — ^Allowance of Water — Ra- tion of Forage. INDEX A Acetylene lamp 6 Acre, size of 58 Allowance of — Tentage and baggage 12 Water 151 Ambulances, loading of, on cars 45 Ammunition — Enlisted men 20 Officers 4 Animals — Care of 48 Loading of, on cars 41 & 44 Pack 150 Arms and equipments — Enlisted men 20 Officers : 4 & 13 Articles of War 53 Ax 56 B Baggage- Field allowance of ) j2 Transportation of excess ( * " Baking, field 108 Basin 6 Bath tub 6 Bedding roll — Articles to be carried in 5 Obtainable from Q. M. D... 3 Bill of fare for ten days 91 Bite of animals, treatment for.. 125 Blankets 5 Blanks to be taken in field — Commissary 27 Company , . 29 Quartermaster 26 Bleeding, how checked 125 Bread, field 106 Bruises, how treated 126 Bucket 6 Bunks, field, construction of . . 67 Burning clothes, how to handle. 127 Burns, treatment of 126 C Cage, swinging 84 Camps — Forms and dimensions 55 How to make 62 How to police 68 Shelter 59 Camp expedients 69 Camp kitchens 64 & 94 Camp chairs and tables 11 Candlestick 8 Canteen — Cost 4 How carried 16 Care of — Animals 48 Feet 123 Harness 50 Health 119 Wagons 49 Cars, capacity of ISO Chairs, camp 11 Chigers 127 Chills 128 Choking , 127 Cleaning harness 50 Clothes hanger 6 Clothing roll — Articles to be carried in.... 7 Illustration 9 Obtainable from Q. M. D 3 Coffee, liquid 26 Colds 128 Company taking field 25 Compass — By whom carried, Note 2. . . . 13 & 14 Kind and price 3 Cooking — Field 83 Individual 76 Cooking expedients 94 Cooling water 72 & 95 Constipation 128 Convulsions 128 Cot 6 Cramps 128 D Dental surgeons not required to have pistol, ammunition, compass and field glass 14 Detraining 43 Diarrhoea 128 Dislocation 128 Dispatch cases 5 Drowning 129 Drunkenness 130 E Ear, foreign body in 130 Earache 131 Enlisted men — Arms and equipment 20 Service uniform 24 Entraining 40 Expedients — Camp 69 Cooking 94 Field baking 112 Equipment — Enlisted men 20 Officers 1 & 13 Eyes, inflamed 131 Eye, foreign body in 131 F Fainting 129 Famishing 132 Fatigue, excessive 132 Feet, care of 123 Feet, how to keep warm, (top page) 72 Fever 132 Field allowance of tentage and baggage 12 INDEX Field baking 108 Field baking expedients 112 Field bread 106 Field cooking 83 Field cooking expedients 94 Field desk 29 Field fortifications 140 Field glasses — By whom carried. Note 2 13 & 14 Cost and kind 3 How carried 16 Field kit — Cavalry 22 Infantry 20 Field mess chest 85 Field ovens 96, 108, 115, 111 & 113 Field ranges 90 Field Quartermaster & Commis- sary 25 Filters 67 & 97 Fireless cookers 98 First aid packet 4 & 16 First aid to sick and injured.. 124 Folding chairs 152 & 153 Folding lantern 6 Folding table 152 & 153 Forage, ration of 151 Fork- Cost 4 How carried 18 Fortifications 140 Freezing 132 Fuel, daily allowance of 25 H Harness, care of SO Hatchet 6 Haversack — Cost ...., 4 How carried 16 Health, care of 119 Horse equipments 4 Housewife 8 Ice box, improvised 85 Identification tag — Cost 4 How worn 16 Improvised field ovens 96 Improvised ice box 86 Incineration pits 65 Incinerator 87 Individual cooking 76 Insect stings 132 Insignia on — Collar of shirt 17 Shoulder loop 17 Sweater 18 Intrenchments . . ., 140 Intrenching tools 21 Ivy poison 132 Kitchens, camp 64 Kitchen cars 26 & 102 Kitchen pits 65 Knife, eating — Cost 4 How carried 18 Knife, pocket 4 Lamp, acetylene 6 Lantern, folding 6 Lightning, struck by 133 Liquid coflfee 26 Loading — Ambulances on cars 45 Animals on cars 44 Cars 40 Property in cars 46 Wagons 36 Wagons on cars . : 45 Making camp 62 Map case 4 Map of country 4 Marches 52 Match case 8 Matches 6 Means of transportation 39 Meat can — Cost 4 How carried 18 Medical officers not required to have pistol, ammunition, compass and field glass — 14 Medicines 31 Medicine case 8 Mess, officers' 33 Mess chest, field, company ... 85 Mess outfit 11 Messing on railroad trains 101 Money 4 Mosquito bar 7 N Nose, foreign body in 133 Nose bleed 133 Note book 3 Officers- Arms and equipments 1 & 13 Mess 11 &33 Oil stove 11 Outposts 61 Ovens, field 96, 111, 115, 108, 113 Pack animals 150 Pack transportation 89 Packing trains 47 Pencils 3 Piles 133 Pintsch gas cooker 103 Pistol- Cost 4 How carried 18 Pit for slops 86 INDEX Pits, (kitchen & incineration) . . 65 Pocket knife 4 Poisons 133 Poncho 7 Poultices 134 Property, loading of, in cars ... 46 R Railroad cars, capacity of 150 Railroad trains, messing on .101 Railroad transportation 39 Rations, weights of 150 Rations of field kit 20 Ration of forage 151 Recipes — Individual cookery 78 Yeast 116 S Saber — Cost 4 How carried 18 Saddle 4 Salves 134 Service kit 21 Service uniform — Enlisted men 24 Officers 15 Shelter tent camp 59 Shock, treatment for 134 Sinks, construction of 63 Sleep, how to sleep warm 7 Slicker 7 Snake bite 135 Snow or sun blindness 135 Socks (Dutch) 7 Sore throat 135 Sprains 135 Spoon — Cost 4 How carried 18 Starving 132 Stings by insects 132 Stools, camp 11 Stove, oil 11 Stunning, treatment for 136 Sun dial 70 Sunstroke 136 Surplus kit 21 Sweater — . Excellent to sleep in 7 &71 To be used in field instead of coat 19 Swinging cage 84 T Table camp . . . .' 11 Tent, how to heat without stove 70 Tentage, field allowance of.... 12 Tents — weights, dimensions and capacity of 149 Thirst 136 Tin cup — Cost 4 How carried 19 Toothache 136 Transportation and caring for means of transportation . . 39 Transportation, pacK 89 Traveling by rail 26 Trench, baking in 114 Trunk locker 2 U Uniform, service — Enlisted men 24 Officers 15 Unloading cars 43 W Wagons — Capacities of 150 Care of 49 Loading of 36 Loading of, on cars 45 Wagon transportation 39 Wall pockets 8 Warm, how to sleep, see "Sweat- er," 7 & 41 Watch 4 Water — Allowance of 151 Filtering and sterilizing .... 67 How to cool 72 & 95 Weights of — Articles taken into field 147, Rations 150 Tents 149 Wind, to determine direction of 71 Wood 67 Wounds 136 Y Yeast recipes 116 FIELD SERVICE CHAPTER I EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL EFFECTS OF OFFICERS General Considerations. Just what and how much should be taken into the field in the way of equipment and personal effects de- pends upon the kind and amount of transportation available, the nature and probable duration of service, climatic conditions and other considerations. For example, if in permanent or temporary camp, with lots of transportation available, it is possible to have camp tables, camp chairs, oil stoves, cots and other conveniences that would be entirely out of the question if on the march, with limited transpor- tation. General Rules and Principles. The following general rules and principles are basic in nature: 1. While, on the one hand, one should not take into the field any unnecessary plunder, he should, on the other hand, always make himself as comfortable as possible, thus husbanding his nervous energy and physical strength. There is no sense in a man's subjecting himself to personal discomfort that can be avoided. Experience has shown that to undergo avoidable hardships does not enable one to stand unavoidable ones any better. Always make yourself as comfort- able as the amount of transportation available, the nature of the ser- vice and other considerations, will permit, making use of various camp expedients. 2. Never, unless absolutely unavoidable, should you get sep- arated even temporarily from your field equipment. 3. Every officer should have a complete field equipment, the articles of bedding and toilet forming a permanent part thereof and not being gathered together every time one is ordered into the field. This equipment should always be packed and ready for instant use. Not only does this insure the certainty of the officer having his equip- ment complete when he takes the field, especially if ordered out un- 2 CHAPTER I expectedly, but it also enables him to attend better to other matters that always require attention at such a time.C) 4. Upon returning from field service, the equipment should al- ways be given a thorough overhauling, being cleaned and sunned, the various articles being checked up and all that are worn or exhausted replaced at once. (A list of the articles belonging in the bedding roll should be pasted in some appropriate place on the interior of the roll. The same should be done in the case of the clothing roll and the trunk locker, thus facilitating the checking). Normal Division of An Officer's Equipment. In campaigns, an officer's field equipment may in a general way be normally divided into five parts: 1, The articles carried on his person; 2, The articles carried in his bedding roll; 3, The articles carried in his clothing roll; 4, His mess outfit; 5, The articles carried separately. Under existing orders, an officer's personal baggage, except while actually in permanent or maneuver camp, must, in the absence of special authority to increase the baggage allowance, be carried in his bedding and clothing rolls and must be limited to the amount stated on page 12 C). In permanent or maneuver camps, an officer's personal baggage may be kept in a steamer trunk or trunk locker, conforming to this description: 3-ply veneer covered with vulcanized fiber, 32 inches by 19 inches by 13 inches over all. Handles to be of leather, and all hinges, locks and handles to be as flat as possible, so as not to interfere with proper packing in wagons. The weight when packed must not exceed 100 lbs. Any suitable equivalent, such as a telescope or leather trunk, conforming to the prescribed dimensions and weight and free from projecting parts is authorized. (G. O. 201, 1905). OAll officers will provide themselves with the uniforms, arms and personal and horse equipments pertaining to their rank and duty and maintain them thoroughly neat and serviceable. Commanding officers will inspect and verify the arms, service uni- forms and equipments of officers and enlisted men as often as they may deem necessary to assure themselves that all members of their commands are prepared to take the field upon short notice fully equipped and informed. — Uniform Regulations, 1911. (2) Neither G. O. 201, '05, prescribing how an officer's field personal baggage shall be packed, nor G. O. 133, '07, prescribing an officer's field allowance of personal baggage, makes any difference between service in camp and service on the march. However, Sec. 231, Field Service Regulations, prescribes "whether in peace or war, without special orders in regard to baggage, personal baggage carried in the field trains is the normal allowance and will consist of ****** 2. The bedding and clothing rolls of officers." From this it is inferred that the use of the locker is al- lowed only in permanent or maneuver camp. EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL EFFECTS OF 3 OFFICERS The trunk locker issued to enlisted men conforms substantially to the prescribed box and its use is authorized by officers (Cir. 42, 1906). It may be purchased from the Quartermaster's Department for $3.94. It weighs about thirty-one pounds. The bedding and clothing rolls adopted by the War Department (Cir. 22, 1909) may be purchased by Regular Army officers directly from the Depot Quartermaster, 26th Street and Gray's Ferry Road, Philadelphia, Pa. Bedding Roll, $6.28; Clothing Roll, $3.12. Militia officers wishing to purchase bedding rolls, clothing rolls, trunk lockers, or any other quartermaster or ordnance articles, must do so through the Adjutant General of their State, who, under the provisions of Section 17 of the Militia Law, will purchase them from the War Department for the State and in turn sell them to the officer. If in a hurry, the delivery of the articles may be expedited by request- ing the Adjutant General of the State to wire for the articles and re- quest shipment to the officer direct, by express. 1. ARTICLES CARRIED ON THE PERSON: (a) Required by the Uniform Regulations. Personal Equipment (Dismounted Officers): Compass. See page 156. (Some field glass cases have small compasses on the top. The cases of the Goerz Army Binocular and of the field glasses Type "A" and "B," purchasable from the Signal Corps are of this type). Field Glass. (*) (The Special Model Goerz Army Binocular of eight power magnification, manufactured by the C. P. Goerz American Optical Co., 317 East 34th St., New York, is an excellent prismatic glass, being especially constructed for hard field service. The great luminosity of this glass enables one to see in the early morning and in the evening when the light is too faint to use the ordinary field glass. Having a very large field, it is easy to hold steady. Carrying case thereto is fitted with a compass). Note Book. Pencils. (*) Field glasses can be purchased from the Signal Corps at these prices: Type "A," 3}4 and Sj4 power, day and night, $14.75; "B," 4}4 and 6j4 power, day and night, $17.50: Type "C," lO-power prism glass (Terlux), $39.00; Type "D,^' 8-power prism glass (Busch) $27.00. Application for purchase should be made to the Chief Signal Officer of the Army, Washington, D. C, and should include post office rrioney order or check for the amount. In the Philippines, application will be made to the Chief Signal Officer of the Division. The field glasses issued to organizations are not for the personal use of officers and will not be used in lieu of the officer's personal field glasses. — Uniform Regulations. CHAPTER I Watch C). Canteen Fork Haversack Knife Meat Can Spoon Tin Cup i Arms: Pistol Ammunition Saber May be purchased from the Ordnance Depart- ment at these prices: Canteen, Inf., 60 cents — Cav., 75 cents; fork, 5 cents; haversack, complete, model 1908, $1.45; knife, 12 cents; meat can, tin, 30 cents — aluminum, 57 cents; spoon, 4 cents; cup, tin, 14 cents — aluminum 22 cents. (Authority for pur- chase of arms by officers, from Ordnance Depart- ment contained in A. R. 1542 and 1543). Officers serving with troops may draw the ar- ticles just enumerated from stores belonging to the command with which they are serving. (A. R. 1544). May be purchased from the Ordnance Depart- ment at these prices; Automatic Pistol, Cal., 45, model 1911, about $14.75 — holster for same, about $1.75— ammunition $20.48 per 1000; Saber, $13.65— ^ saber belt $3 — saber knot $2.50. An officer serving with troops may draw a pis- tol and ammunition from the stores belonging to the command with which he is serving. (A. R. ^ 1544). First Aid Packet. Identification Tag. (To be worn whenever equipped for field service. Can be purchased from the Q. M. Dept., for 1 ct.) (b) Not required by regulations, but should be carried. Map of country. Money. (The amoimt depending upon circumstances. If you have a bank account, take along a few blank checks.) Pocket Knife. (A good combination Knife is recommended). Map Case. (See page 158). FOR MOUNTED OFFICER: Required by the Uniform Regulations. Same as above, except leave out haversack and add — Horse Equipments : Saddle (Complete, McClellan $22.40); saddle blanket ($4.35); (^)A small watch, worn on the wrist with a leather bracelet, is recommended. A good leather bracelet can be purchased from almost any leather or military dealer for about $2. EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL EFFECTS OF 5 OFFICERS saddle cloth (without insignia, $4.60); bridle, double ($9.70); halter ($3.70); nose-bag ($1.25); saddle-bags ($7.65); lariat and strap ($0.92); picket pin ($0.41); currycomb, ($0.30); horse brush ($1.30); surcingle ($1.00); horse cover ($5; blanket lined, $10.10). Personal Equipments : Spurs and straps ($1.80). The articles above enumerated can be purchased from the Ord- nance Department at the prices stated. Officers below the grade of major required to be mounted, whether serving with troops or not, will be furnished with horse equipments by the Ordnance Department (A. R. 1542). Officers promoted to the rank of major may retain their horse equipment issued to them under A. R. 1542, pending the report of the Cavalry Equipment Board. Staff officers and inspector-instructors of the Organized Militia, and those acting as such, will, when the nature of their duty requires it, carry a dispatch case to be furnished by the Ordnance Department. Dispatch cases will be furnished inspector-instructors on requisition and will be accounted for as other articles of ordnance property that are supplied to those officers; thej'^ will be furnished other officers on memorandum receipt. (Note: The dispatch may be purchased frgm the Ordnance department for $6.20). Medical officers will not be required to provide themselves with field glasses, pistol, or ammunition. Mounted chaplains will be equipped as staff officers, but without arms. 2. ARTICLES CARRIED IN THE BEDDING ROLL. (Roll to be plainly marked with name, rank and regiment of owner) Blankets. (Required by the Uniform Regulations). Suggestion: Two olive drab blankets (can be gotten from the Q. M. D. at $4.29 for heavy weight and about $2.80 for light weight), or one blanket and one comforter. The list that follows is given as an aide-memoire, the articles to be taken along depending upon personal taste and various conditions. It is not expected that any officer would, even under the most favor- 6 CHAPTER I able conditions, equip himself with all the articles named, but the list is given as a guide for all tastes and conditions. Bath tub, rubber or canvas. (Not necessary at camps where there are shower baths). See page 154. Basin, tin, canvas or rubber, — preferably canvas or rubber. See page 155. (A canvas basin can be gotten from the Depot Quartermas- ter, Philadelphia, Pa., for 30 cts.). Boots, rubber. (A light pair that can be easily rolled up in bedding roll). Bucket, rubber or canvas. (Not necessary if G. I. buckets are obtainable in camp). See page 155. (A canvas bucket can be gotten from the Depot Quartermaster, Philadelphia, Pa., for $1.15). Chocolate. (Because of its great nutritive power it is an excellent thing to take into the field). Clothes hanger, which can be attached to tent pole. See page 161. Cot. (A Gold Medal cot can be purchased from the Depot Q. M., at Philadelphia, Pa., or St. Louis, Mo., for $2.62. On account of its weight, 21 lbs., this cot is necessarily excluded from the equipment of a junior officer, if the prescribed normal campaign allowance of baggage is adhered to. When folded the cot is 39 inches long. See page 157. The Steinfield Telescope Cot Bed is well spoken of by some officers. Manufactured by Steinfield Bros., 620 Broadway, New York. Price, $3.00, Weight, 15 lbs., Length when folded, 34 inches. See page 157. Emergency Ration. (It is a good plan always to have in your kit one emergency ration). Hatchet. (A small camp hatchet is very convenient. The Mar- ble Safety Pocket Ax, price, $1.50, is recommended. See page 160). Lamp, acetylene. (A small acetylene lamp is a great convenience in camp. The Columbia Watchman's Lamp [Pinkerton Model], man- ufactured by the Hine-Watt Mfg. Co., 16 East Randolph St., Chicago, III, is recommended. Price, $3.50 with dark lantern shutter, $4.50. See page 159). Lantern, folding. (Very Convenient. Not necessary if one has an acetylene lamp. See page 159. Matting or canvas. (A piece about 3x6 feet. A great con- venience to have on the ground beside the cot). Mattress. (A light mattress. It is understood that the Infantry Equipment Board has suggested a sleeping pad 75 inches long, 28 inches wide and 1 inch thick). EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL EFFECTS OF 7 OFFICERS Mosquito bar or head net. (Should by all means be taken along if there is any probability of mosquitoes. See page 157). Nails. (A few nails are often useful). Nightcap. See "Sweater." Overcoat. (If one has a slicker and a sweater, an overcoat is hardly necessary). Overshoes, rubber. Pillow. Pillow case, colored. Poncho — for dismounted officers. (May be purchased from the Philadelphia Q. M. Depot for $4.58. The new model will be ready the latter part of 1911). • Reading material. Rope. (About 12 feet of ^ inch rope to be tied lengthwise of tent, about a foot below the ridge pole, on which to hang clothes). Shoes. (One extra pair). Shoe laces. (A couple of extra pair). Slicker — for mounted officer. (May be purchased from the Phil- adelphia Q. M. Depot, for $4.56. The new model will be ready the lat- ter part of 1911). Slippers. (A great convenience and comfort in camp). Socks. ("Dutch" or other heavy woolen. Can be obtained for $1.50. Read remark after "Sweater"). Sweater. (In cold weather, it is most important both for com- fort and health that the extremities be kept warm at night. A sweater with high rolling collar, a pair of heavy woolen socks and a woolen knitted nightcap, are excellent for this purpose, being the equivalent of two or three blankets). Tobacco. Twine. (A small ball of good strong twine is often useful). 3. ARTICLES TO BE CARRIED IN THE CLOTHING ROLL. (Roll to be plainly marked with name, rank, and regiment of owner.) The list that follows is given as an aide-memoire, the articles to be taken along depending upon personal taste and various conditions. It is not expected that any officer would, even under the most favor- able conditions, equip himself with all the articles named, but the list is given as a guide to persons of different tastes. 8 CHAPTER I Breeches. 1 extra pair. Candles. (Lantern candles from the Subsistence Department. Not necessary, if one has an acetylene lamp). Candlestick. (See page 157). Cards, playing. Coat. 1 extra. Cold cream. (If winter, fine for chapped lips, etc.) Comb and brush. Officer's Clothing Roll Ready For Transportation As A Handbag Or In The Bedding Roll. Diary. (Some officers make it a rule always to keep a diary while in the field. It is very convenient to refer to afterwards as to the dates of various happenings). Drawers. Handkerchiefs. Housewife. (Obtainable from the Subsistence Department for 38 cents. Contains scissors, safety pins, needles, pins, thread and buttons. See page 162). Leggins, 1 extra pair. Listerine. Matches. Match case, waterproof. See page 156. Medicine. (A pocket medicine case containing the usual remedies for constipation, cramps, diarrhoea, etc. Can be obtained from almost any large drug store. In the absence of such a case, take along a bot- tle of sal hepatica or a box of Cascarets, for constipation; a bottle of Squibb's Mixture for cramps; opium pills for diarrhoea; a bottle of EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL EFFECTS OF 9 OFFICERS "^"^SSeS" Officer's Clothing Roll Hung on Tent Pole, Affording Ready Access to Articles It Contains. 10 CHAPTER I bromo-seltzer for nervous headaches. Take along by all means a roll of zinc oxide plaster for abraisons, cuts, blisters, etc.; also a roll of sterilized guaze dressing. Sodium hyposulphate-"Hypo" is excellent for chigers. Bacon fat is also good for this purpose, also tobacco juice; salt water and kerosene may be used. Take along a bottle of "Camphenol," an excellent antiseptic — fine for sore throat). Mirror, hand. Pajamas, or night shirt. Razor. Razor strop. Safety pins, large. (In addition to those in housewife. Large safety pins are exceptionally useful in camp). Scissors. Shaving, soap, stick. (Or shaving cream or shaving powder). Shaving brush. Shirt, olive-drab. 1 extra. Soap, laundry. Soap, toilet. Soap box. Socks. Sponge. (To be carried in oil silk bag. Wash rags are pre- ferred by some). f Blotter, Envelopes, official and plain. Fountain pen. Ink. (Waterman's Ideal Ink, put up in wooden tube with screw top, is most convenient for field use. Price, 25 cents). Pad, scratch Paper. Pencils, indelible; pencil with one end red and other end blue. Shipping tags. , Stamps or stamped envelopes. Talcum powder. (Also good for sore feet). Thermos bottle. (Convenient for carrying cold and hot bever- ages). Stationery. EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL EFFECTS OF 11 OFFICERS Toilet case. (Leather or cloth. Very convenient for carrying and keeping together the hair brush, comb, tooth powder and other toilet articles). Toilet paper. Tooth Brush. Tooth powder or paste. Towels, bath. Towels, hand. Undershirts. Wall Pockets. (Made of cloth, with pockets for towels, handker- chiefs and other articles. Convenient to hang on wall of tent or sus- pend from rope extending between upright poles. See page 162). Whisk broom. Whiskey or brandy (if desired). The clothing roll may be carried in the bedding roll or separately. Should the transportation be so limited as to prohibit the use of the bedding roll, a blanket or two, with the necessary clothing and toilet articles may be packed in the clothing roll, and the bedding roll with the surplus articles left behind. 4. THE MESS OUTFIT. What and how much to be taken along as a mess outfit depends upon so many different conditions that it is almost impossible to give lists covering all cases. For instance, if an officer intends to mess with the company, having his meals cooked in the company kitchen and served with a few extras in his tent, his mess outfit would be very different from what it would be if he were going to run a mess of his own. See "Officers' Mess," page 33. 5. ARTICLES CARRIED SEPARATELY. Table ^, . \ See pages 152 and 153. Chairs ( Oil Stove. (Can be purchased from the Jeffersonville Depot, Indiana, for $3.70). Every article should be plainly marked with name, rank and regi- ment of owner. The regular folding camp tables and chairs may be carried in the bedding roll. 12 CHAPTER I FIELD ALLOWANCE OF TENTAGE AND BAGGAGE. (Par. 231, Field Service Regulations). When carried in field trains (a) and no allow- ance is specified in orders (normal campaign allow- ance) In permanent or man- euver camps. Wall tents, quarters, and offices Personal baggage Wall tent, quarters, offices Personal baggage Colonel Lieut. Colonel, Major Captain Lieutenant For every 3 company oflfcers or fraction thereof For every 2 staff officers or fraction thereof, below grade of major For each authorized headquar- ters mess. Battalion Regiment 300 200 100 75 300 350 2 2 1 l(for2) 400 400 200 150 350 400 (o) In campaign this allowance may be increased only by the general command- ing in the field; in time of peace, by the officer ordering the troops into the field, but in no case will the allowance authorized for permanent camps, as published in War Department orders, be exceeded. Transportation of Field Allowance as Excess Baggage. In case of field service, an officer may, under the provisions of A. R. 1138, have the Quartermaster's Department transport his field allowance as excess baggage upon certification that it is necessary for his field allowance of baggage to accompany him in addition to the amount carried by his ticket. Form of Certificate. (To be furnished the Quartermaster). Madison Barracks, N. Y. January 1, 1911. I certify that it is necessary for my field allowance of baggage to accompany me in addition to the amount carried on my ticket from Madison Barracks, N. Y., to Washington, D. C, to which place I am ordered per Par. 1, S. O. No. 1, War Department, 1911. (*). JOHN A SMITH, Captain, 24th Infantry. (})li the order should not be a War Department one, then a copy thereof should accompany this certificate. EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL EFFECTS OF 13 OFFICERS Upon receipt of the officer's certificate, the Quartermaster will furnish him with a transportation request covering the allowance of excess baggage to which he is entitled. EXTRACTS FROM THE UNIFORM REGULATIONS. List of Arms and Equipments to be in Possession of Officers. (Note. Everything not affecting field service has been omitted). For the purpose of inspection the whole equipment may be re- quired. General, Lieutenant General, and Chief of Staff. — Such as they may desire. All other officers. — Dismounted Officers. A. Arms. — Saber, pistol, and ammunition. . B. Meat can. Note book. Pencils. Pistol belt. Pistol holster. Pistol lanyard. 18. Spoon. Tin cup. Watch. Whistle, by all company officers and battalion commanders of infantry. Mounted Officers. Arms. — Same as A, except that the articles mentioned are not pre- scribed for chaplains. * The bedding roll adopted by the Quartermaster's Department or any other canvas roll may be used as a combination bedding-clothing roll. 2 Field glasses and compasses, by officers serving with troops and all others when their duties may require their use. For exceptions, in case of medical officers and chaplains, see middle of next page. Personal equipment — 1. Bedding roll (canvas).* 12. 2. Blanket. 13. 3. Canteen, with strap. 14. 4. Clothing roll (canvas).* IS. 5. Compass." 16. 6. Field glass.'' 17. 7. First-aid packet. 18. 8. Fork. 19. 9. Haversack. 20. .0.- Identification tag. 21. 1. Knife. 14 CHAPTER I Medical officers and dental surgeons will not be required to pro- vide themselves with pistols and ammunition, but they may carry same when necesssary for personal protection. Personal equipment. — Same as B, omitting "9. Haversack," and adding — 1. Dispatch case, by staff officers, and those acting as such, whose duty may require them to use a dispatch case. 2. Saber belt (service). 3. Saber knot (service). 4. Saber scabbard. 5. Saber straps (russet leather). 6. Spurs (with russet leather straps). Chaplains will not be required to provide themselves with com- pass, field glasses, pistol belt, saber belt, and saber knot. Medical officers and dental surgeons will not be required to pro- vide themselves with field glass, compass, and pistol, but medical officers on duty with sanitary units in the field will carry field glass and compass. I iorse equipments — 1. Bridle, curb. 8. Lariat strap. 2. Bridle, watering (or a 9. Nosebag. combination curb-water- 10. Picket pin. ing bridle). 11. Saddle, complete, 3. Currycomb. 12. Saddlebags. 4. Halter, complete. 13. Saddle blanket. 5. Horse brush. 14. Saddlecloth. 6. Horse cover. 15. Surcingle. 7. Lariat. NOTES. 1. For articles that officers may draw from the Ordnance Department for their official use, see A. R. 1544. 2. Officers below the grade of major, required to be mounted, will be furnished with horse equipments by the Ordnance Department. (A. R., 1542). EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL EFFECTS OF OFFICERS 15 SERVICE UNIFORM AND EQUIPMENT Occasions. By whom Articles. r A. When dismounted: 1. Service hat, with hat cord sewed on (peaked, 4 indentations). 2. Olive-drab shirt. 3. Service coat (the sweater, as soon as issued by the Quarter- master's Department, will take the place of the service coat for field duty). 4. Service breeches. 5. Russet-leather shoes (high). 6. Russet leather, pigskin, or can- vas leggings, or wollen puttees. 7. Ribbons, by those entitled there- to (if coat is worn). 8. Olive-drab woolen gloves, when prescribed (optional when not on duty). 9. Identification tag. 10. Haversack (containing meat can, knife, fork, and spoon). 11. Canteen (with canteen cover). ( All officers, acting den- 12. Tin cup. For field duty •< tal surgeons, and vet- 13. First aid packet (with pouch). i erinarians. 14. Watch. 15. Notebook and pencils. See "C," page following. B. When mounted: Same as A, omitting "8 Olive- drab woolen gloves," etc., and "10, Haversack (containing meat can, etc.)," and adding: 1. Regulation riding gloves. 2. Spurs. 3. Saddle. 4. Halter. 5. Bridle. 6. Saddle blanket. 7. Saddlecloth. 8. Saddlebags (containing meat can, knife, fork, and spoon). 9. Surcingle. 10. Nosebag. 11. Horse brush. 12. Currycomb. 13. Lariat. 14. Picket pin. See "D," page following. 16 CHAPTER I SERVICE UNIFORM AND EQUIPMENT— Continued Occasions. For field duty. . , By whom All officers except officers of the Medical Depart- ment and chaplains. Articles. C. When dismounted: Add to A, preceding page: 1. Pistol (with holster, lanyard, and 20 rounds of ammunition) 2. Pistol belt (to be worn over the coat) . 3. Field glass, ^ See footnote 2, 4. Compass. ) p. 13. Note. — Company officers and bat- talion commanders of infantry will carry whistles. For dispatch cas- es, "Personal equipment", p. 14. D. When mounted: Add to B. 1. Pistol (with holster, lanyard, and 20 rounds of ammunition) 2. Pistol belt (to be worn over the coat) . 3. Field glass. / See footnote 2, 4. Compass. i page 13. Note. — Medical officers on duty with the sanitary units of the mobile army will carry field glasses and compass. Note. — Veterinarians when in the field will carry pistols and ammunition. Canteen. — When dismounted, the canteen will be worn on the right buttock; when mounted, it will be fastened to the off cantle ring. Currycomb and Horse brush will be carried in the off-side saddle pocket. Field Glasses will be carried on the right side, the strap passing over the left shoulder. First-aid Packet. — The first-aid packet will be worn in front of the right hip. Enlisted men wearing the field belt will carry it under the second pocket, to the right of the belt fastener. Haversack. — When dismounted, the haversack will be worn on the left side, the strap, in case of officers, passing over the right shoulder; when mounted, saddlebags will be carried instead. Identification Tag. — When equipped for field duty the identifica- tion tag will be worn under the shirt, suspended from a cord around the neck. EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL EFFECTS OF 17 OFFICERS Insignia on Collar of Shirt. — (When the shirt is worn without the coat). The insignia of rank worn on the collar of the shirt will be of metal and will be worn as follows: Major general. — The centers of the two stars, point up, i^ inches apart, in middle of collar, one star being one-half inch from the end of the collar. Brigadier general. — Star in middle of collar, point up, i inch from end of collar. Colonel. — Eagle, head up, beak to the front, in middle of collar, tip of wing one-half inch from end of collar. Lieutenant colonel. — Oak leaf, point up, in middle of collar, i inch from end of collar. Major. — Oak leaf to be worn same as oak leaf of lieutenant colonel. Captain. — The two bars, one-fourth inch apart, in middle of collar, parallel to end of collar, and i inch from it. First lieutenant. — The bar, in middle of collar, parallel to the end of collar, and i inch from it. Second lieutenant. — Bronze insignia of arm of service, in middle of collar, and i inch from end of it. Chaplains. — The Latin cross, in middle of collar, longer limb parallel to end of collar, and i inch from it. Insignia on Shoulder Loop. — On the shoulder loops of the service uniform metal insignia of rank will be worn as follows: Major general. — The centers of the two stars, point up, 2^ inches apart, the stars to be equidistant from the ends of the loop. Brigadier general. — Star in center of loop, point up. Colonel. — Eagle, head up, beak to the front, in middle of loop, talons of eagle five-eighths inch from sleeve end of loop. Lieutenant colonel. — Oak leaf, point up, in middle of loop, stem of leaf five-eighths inch from sleeve end of loop. Major. — Oak leaf to be worn same as oak leaf of lieutenant colonel. Captain. — The two bars, one-fourth inch apart, in middle of loop, lower bar parallel to and five-eighths inch from sleeve end of loop. First lieutenant. — The bar in middle of loop, parallel to and five- eighths inch from sleeve end of loop. Chaplains will wear the Latin cross instead of the insignia of rank; to be in middle of loop, foot of cross five-eighths inch from sleeve end of loop. 18 CHAPTER I Insignia on Sweater. (a) When the sweater is worn by officers, the insignia of rank will be worn on the collar of the shirt, the collar of the shirt being worn over that of the sweater. (b) The insignia of rank of noncommissioned officers will be worn on the sleeve of the sweater. Meat can, knife, fork, and spoon. — When dismounted they will be carried in the haversack; when mounted, in the near-side saddle bag. Nosebag will be carried by officers on off-side of the cantle. When, because of being separated from means of transportation or for any other reason, the blanket is carried on the saddle as prescribed in the Cavalry Drill Regulations for enlisted men, the nosebag will in- close the end of blanket roll on off-side of the cantle. Picket pin, with lariat neatly coiled, will be fastened to the near cantle ring. Pistol. — In the field th€ pistol instead of the saber will be worn by dismounted officers and dismounted noncommissioned staff officers. The pistol will be worn on the right hip. The pistol belt will be worn outside the coat or overcoat. Saber. (a) In the field dismounted officers and dismounted noncommis- sioned staff officers will wear the pistol instead of the saber. (b) When dismounted, the saber will be habitually worn guard to the rear, with the scabbard hooked. When worn with the overcoat, the belt will be inside and the saber outside the overcoat. When mounted, the scabbard will be worn attached to the near side of the saddle by saber straps passing through the pommel ring and the quarter ring of the saddle. Shirts. (a) Olive drab. — The commanding officer may, when he considers it advisable, on account of climatic or other conditions, prescribe the wearing of the olive-drab shirt without the coat at certain drills and without the sweater when in the field. A belt will then be worn in- stead of suspenders. When the shirt is so worn, elastic or other arm bands will not be worn. (b) When the olive-drab shirt is worn without the coat or sweat- er, except when the coat or sweater is only temporarily removed, the EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL EFFECTS OF 19 OFFICERS insignia of rank will be worn on the collar by officers, and the chevrons will be worn on the sleeves of the shirt by noncommissioned officers. (c) The olive-drab shirt will be worn with the service uniform in the field. Tin cup. — When dismounted, it will be carried in the haversack; when mounted, it will be secured to the canteen strap. Sweater. — The sweater, as soon as issued by the Quartermaster's Department, will be worn by troops of the mobile army in the field only, when the weather is too cold to admit of the use of the flannel shirt alone. The collar of the shirt will be worn over that of the sweater. Service coats will be packed and taken along by troops going into permanent or maneuver camps and issued on arrival. When troops are to take the field at other times, and, in the opinion of the com- manding officer, conditions are likely to arise that will make the wear- ing of service coats desirable, he will order the coats of the enlisted -men packed, and they may then or subsequently be sent forward and issued, being repacked when necessary. When service coats are on hand, individual soldiers when out of camp will not wear the sweater as an outer garment, except by per- mission of the commanding officer in particular cases. On the march and in other military formations officers will wear the sweater when the enlisted men do. Sweaters will form a part of the surplus kit. 20 CHAPTER II CHAPTER II EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL EFFECTS OF EN- LISTED MENC) Infantry. The iield kit for enlisted men of infantry, in addition to the clothing worn on the person, is composed of the following articles: CLOTHING, ETC. 1 blanket. 1 stockings, pair. 1 comb. 1 tooth brush. 1 poncho, rubber. 1 towel. 1 soap, cake. ARMS AND EQUIPMENTS. 1 U S. magazine rifle, cal. 30. 1 set blanket-roll straps. 1 bayonet. 1 haversack. 1 bayonet scabbard. 1 meat can. 1 gun sling. 1 cup. 1 rifle cartridge belt and fastener. 1 knife. 1 pair cartridge-belt suspenders. 1 fork. 1 first-aid packet (Med. Dept.) 1 spoon. 1 pouch for first-aid packet. 1 shelter tent, half (Qm. Dept.) 1 canteen. 1 shelter tent pole (Qm. Dept.) 1 canteen strap. 5 shelter tent pins (Qm. Dept.) AMMUNITION 90 rounds ball cartridges, caliber .30. RATIONS. 2 field rations, reduced (bacon. 1 iron ration (emergency ra- hard. bread, coffee, sugar, pep- tion). per and salt). (^)This chapter is based upon G. O. 23, 1906, as modified by G. O. 147, 1911. EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL EFFECTS OF 21 ENLISTED MEN Intrenching Tools. The following intrenching tools form a part of the field equipment of every company: Two-foot folding rule (1 per Shovel, intrenching (3 per Co.) carried by 1st sergt. squad.) Hand axe (4 per Co.) Wire cutter (3 per Co.) Pick mattock (1 per squad.) The two-foot rule, hand axes, and wire cutters are constant per company and are carried by the sergeants and musicians. The pick mattocks and intrenching shovels are carried alternately by the mem- bers of the squads. The field kit, which is carried on the person, is supplemented by the surplus kit, the two together making up the service kit. The sur- plus kit consists of — 1 drawers, pair. 2 stockings, pairs. 1 shoes, marching, pair. 1 shoe laces, extra pair. 1 undershirt. 1 sweater. Surp.lus kit bags will be issued to each organization at the rate of one to each squad, one for the sergeants and one for the cooks and musicians (or trumpeters).* In the kit big for the cooks and mu- (*) Until the surplus kit bag has been issued to organizations the barrack bag may be used as heretofore. 22 CHAPTER 11 sicians may be carried a barber's kit, weighing not to exceed eight (8) pounds. Each bag will be marked with the letter of the company and the number of the regiment, as provided in paragraph 295, Army Regula- tions, for haversacks, and the proper designation of the squads to which the bags belong, both markings to be in center of front cover flap, as shown in the illustration on the preceding page. The kit bag for the sergeants and that for the cooks and mu- sicians (or trumpeters) will be marked "Sergeants," "Cooks and Mu- sicians" (or Trumpeters), respectively. The kit of each man will be packed as follows: Stockings to be rolled tightly, one pair in the toe of each shoe; shoes placed together, heels at opposite ends, soles outward, wrapped tightly in underwear, and bundle securely tied around the middle by the extra pair of shoe laces, each bundle to be tagged with the com- pany number of the owner. These individual kits will be packed in the surplus kit bag in two layers of four kits each, the sweaters to be neatly folded and packed on the top and sides of the layers, the jointed cleaning rod and case, provided for each squad, being attached by the thongs on the inside of the bag. The housewife provided for each squad will also be packed in the surplus kit bag. In garrison these surplus kit bags, packed as described above, will be stored habitually in the store room of the organization, access to their contents for purposes of substitution being permitted under proper supervision at stated intervals. In the field the squad leader will be held responsible for the con- dition of the squad surplus kit bag and will supervise packing and un- packing. When not on the wagon the bag will be kept habitually at the squad leader's tent. When in time of war or field training weather conditions do not require the infantry to wear overcoats, they are to be packed in boxes properly marked, one box for each two squads, and left under charge of the Quartermaster's Department at the nearest convenient station to be brought up when needed. CavSfi-y. The field kit for cavalry, in addition to the clothing worn on the person, is composed of the following articles: EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL EFFECTS OF 23 ENLISTED MEN CLOTHING, ETC. The same as for infantry and including the overcoat. ARMS AND EQUIPMENTS Arms and equipments of all enlisted men of cavalry (except trumpeters and members of bands) : 1 U. S. magazine rifle, cal. 30. 1 cavalry saber and scabbard. 1 pistol. 1 gun sling. 1 rifle cartridge belt and fastener 2 spurs. and loop for saber attachment. 2 spur straps. 1 pair rifle cartridge-belt suspen- 2 saber straps. ders. 1 rifle scabbard. 1 first-aid packet (Med. Dept.) 1 meat can. 1 pouch for first-aid packet. 1 cup. 1 saber knot. 1 knife. 1 fore and 1 hind shoe fitted. 1 fork. 12 horseshoe nails, pointed. 1 spoon. 1 pistol holster. 1 shelter tent, half (Qm. Dept.) 1 pistol lanyard. 1 shelter tent pole (Qm. Dept.) 1 canteen. 5 shelter tent pins (Qm. Dept.) 1 canteen strap. AMMUNITION 80 rounds ball cartridges, cal. .30 24 rounds pistol ball cartridges. RATIONS The same as for infantry. The saddle to be packed as prescribed in paragraph 289, Cavalry Drill Regulations. The surplus kit is the same as for the infantry and is carried on the horse or in the troop wagons, according to the circumstances of service. 24 CHAPTER II SERVICE UNIFORM Occasions. For field duty. All enlisted men When dismounted. When mounted^ Articles. A. 1. Service hat, with hat cord sewed on (peak- ed, 4 indentations). 2. Olive-drab shirt. 3. Service coat. (The sweater, as soon as issued by the Quartermaster's Department, will take the place of the service coat for field duty). 4. Service breeches. 5. Marching shoes. 6. Leggings. ^ 7. Identification tag. 8. Brassards, by those entitled to wear them. 9. Ribbons by those entitled thereto. (Rib- bons will not be wor-n on the sweater or olive-drab shirt). 10. Olive-drab woolen gloves, when prescribed (optional when not on duty). 11. Field belt. B. Same as A, omitting "10, Olive-drab wool- en gloves," and adding: 1. Regulation riding gloves, when prescribed. 2. Spurs. Note. — With dismounted service-uniform, in the field, noncommissioned staff officers will carry the pistol instead of the saber. A COMPANY TAKING THE FIELD 25 CHAPTER III A COMPANY TAKING THE FIELD In time of peace, under ordinary circumstances, a com- pany commander receiving orders to take the field with only his company, should at once make the following preparations regarding rations, transportation, equipage, blanks in field desk, etc.(^) Personal Equipment of the Enlisted Men Have the first sergeant inform the men as to what equipment they are to take, and cause them to pack up the rest. The men should be informed as to what they will carry on their persons and what they will send by wagon or rail. Field Quartermaster and Commissary If necessary, designate one of the lieutenants to act as quarter- master and commissary. If wood and forage are to be purchased and other expenses incurred, the necessary arrangements as to blanks, etc., must be made. If checks are to be issued, then a check book must also be carried. In addition to the above a memorandum book should be carried in which each voucher as to amount of purchases, cost, services, etc., should be entered — also the actual issues and expenditures made daily — in fact, a journal of all transactions which will require reports to be made. Allowance of fuel per day for 100 men: Hard wood, 2 cd. ft. 3 in. Soft wood, 3 cd. ft. 11 in. All vouchers for rent for camping ground must state time the ground is occupied (for example, from 1 to 4 July, 1903). (^)The order directing a company commander to take the field usually specifies the number of rations, amount and kind of tentage, the number of rounds of ammu- nition to be carried by the men and to be carried by transportation, and the trans- portation to be furnished. The order should also show the destination, time of departure, probable duration of absence and the nature of the duty to be performed. 26 CHAPTER III If more than one month's field service is expected, the Quarter- master should carry the following blanks: Form 1. Report of persons and articles hired. Form la. Report of transportation issued. Form 6. Account current. Form 8. Abstract A (Purch.). Form 10. Purchase voucher. Form 11. Abstract B (Services). Form 13. Service voucher. Form 17. Transportation request. Form 31. Report of Purchases (Cover to 27D red). Form 38. Req. fuel, forage and straw. Form 78. B-L rail. Form 87. Official telegram. Kitchen Cars In movements by rail of a command consisting of 30 or more men, when special train service is provided, and the time required for the journey will exceed 48 hours, the Quartermaster's Department, when practicable, furnishes kitchen tourist cars at the rate of one for each 200 men or fraction thereof, and also arranges for a suf- ficient number of tables. This kitchen car is in charge of a mess officer designated by the commanding officer. (See G. O. 218, '09; also, G. O. 34, '10). An Expedient Way of Making Coffee In case troops traveling by rail are not provided with a kit- chen car, piping hot coffee of an excellent quality may be furnished the command in this manner: Let the Commissary take along the proper amount of ground coffee; put about two inches of the coffee into an ordinary G. I. bucket or camp kettle; add sugar, and then pour in enough cold water to dampen the mixture. It is not at all neces- sary, but the coffee may be in a loose sack; or, a piece of cheese cloth may be tied loosely over the top of the kettle. When the train stops about nieal time, at a water tank or station, a detail of soldiers, assem- bled on a forward platform, rush out to the locomotive and, from the injector exhaust in the cab, or from the boiler exhaust-hole below, steam is turned into the kettles. Liquid Coffee However, when enlisted men supplied with cooked or travel rations travel under command of an officer, and a kitchen car is not A COMPANY TAKING THE FIELD 11 furnished, the officer in command, or some other officer designated to act as commissary, obtains from the post commissary funds at the rate of 21 cents per man per day for the anticipated number of days, for the purchase of liquid coffee. The funds are invoiced on Form ii, Sub. Dept., and receipted for on the same numbered blank. (A. R. 1229). Persons from whom liquid coffee is purchased sign the "Liquid Coffee Account" (Form 10 Sub. Dept.) as a receipt. At the end of the journey the commissary accounts on Form 10 Sub. Dept., for the funds received, expended and transferred. (See A. R. 1229). The commissary also gets from the issuing commissary a certificate. Form 27, Sub. Dept., showing the date to which the command has been rationed. Transportation Ascertain what transportation you will have. If wagon, have it report to you as early as practicable for your personal inspection, at which the post quartermaster should be present. If rail or water transportation is to be furnished, obtain the necessary transportation requests from the quartermaster and the liquid coffee money from the commissary. The cars should be inspected before the troops embark and also after they disembark, and their condition noted. For field allowance of transportation and the amount of supplies to be carried, see "Manual for Quartermasters Serving in the Field." Tentage If the order does not state the amount and kind of tentage to be taken, get this information from the adjutant. If conical or wall tents are to be taken, they should be pitched and inspected as soon as drawn from the quartermaster. The tent pins should be carried in a box or in sacks and not in the tents. A tent fly or a paulin (with upright and ridge poles) shiould be carried for shelter over the kitchen. Rations Ascertain how many days' rations you are to take and then con- sult the first sergeant, the quartermaster sergeant and the cooks as to what articles of the ration are to be taken. If there is sufficient transportation, soft bread should be taken for the first two days. 28 CHAPTER III The rations should be drawn and taken to the company as soon as practicable, so as to be on hand in ample time to be loaded when the transportation reports. The quartermaster sergeant should be charged with this. If, before returning, rations are to be drawn from some other commissary, do not fail to get your ration certificate (Form 27, Sub. Dept), from the post commissary. Forage The amount of forage should be cut down to the lowest neces- sary amount. As a rule teamsters and quartermasters want to load up with extra forage. Ammunition If the order does not state how much ammunition is to be taken, ascertain the amount from the adjutant. Medicines for Animals A supply of the. veterinary medicines commonly used for colic, burns, etc. Equipage Consult the first sergeant and the quartermaster sergeant about the matter. Generally the following articles would answer for a com- pany of 65 men: 1 field range, or two buzzacotts. 8 camp kettles. 8 mess pans. 1 pot rack. 6 buckets, G. I. 3 lanterns. (If you can get them, 1 for each tent.) 6 axes and 6 extra helves. 6 camp hatchets and 4 extra helves. (The axes and hatchets should be provided with leather covers that protect the edges and also prevent damage to other articles with which they may be packed.) 4 picks and 1 extra helve. 3 shovels, S. H. 2 spades. I Sibley stove and pipe to every tent in winter. The following articles should also be carried: Some i-inch and J-inch rope. A COMPANY TAKING THE FIELD 29 A saw. Ratchet brace and assorted bits (including a screw-driver bit). A file. Lanterns. One ball twine. Rivets. An assortment of 6, 10, 20 and 60 penny nails. A spring balance which will weigh about 200 lbs. is an excel- lent thing to carry along — can be used in verifying weights of beef, forage, stores, etc., preventing disputes that usually arise from "guess- ing" at weights. Field Desk Have the company clerk pack the field desk, which should al- ways contain these articles: 1 Army Regulations, Field Service Regulations, and Drill Regulations. 2 Manual for Courts-Martial and Manual of Guard Duty. 2 Quartermaster's Manual. 4 Field Morning Report. 5 Descriptive Lists, Military Records, and Statements of Accounts (with latest clothing order.) 6 Sick Report. 7 Duty Roster. 8 Property Book. 9 Memorandum Book for data for muster and pay rolls. 10 General Orders and Circulars, War Dept, since publica- tion of last Army Regulations. 11 Muster Rolls. 12 Descriptive Lists. 12 Certificate of Disability for Discharge, 14 Inventory of Effects of Deceased Soldiers. 15 Special Descriptive List of Deserters. _,. 16 Record of Previous Convictions, Summary Court. [ 17 Statement of Service. 18 Company Return. ig Return of Casualties in action (to be taken only in case of expected action). ^ !■ . 1 \ 20 Special Field Return. ^71^:2(1 ^ 30 CHAPTER III 21 Furloughs. 22 Discharge (honorable and without honor). 23 Final Statements. 24 Ration Returns. 25 List of Soldier's Allotments. 26 Soldier's Allotments to be Discontinued and to Expire 27 Pay Rolls. 28 Survey Blanks. 2g Inventory and Inspection Reports. 20 Mucilage. SI Envelopes. 32 Rubber erasers. 23 Ink eraser. 34 Pins and paper fasteners. 35 Tape. 36 Ink (red and black), pens, penholders and pencils. 37 Sealing wax. 38 Blotting paper. J9 Rubber bands. 40 Ruler. 41 Paper pads — plain and also carbon-duplicating. 42 One or two blank books. 43 Letter paper and legal cap paper. 44 Candles. 45 Matches. The correspondence book may be kept in a memorandum book and transferred to the permanent records upon return to post. What other books and blanks are to be carried will depend upon what reports and returns may be required, the probable duration of the field service and other circumstances. If, for instance, the company is to be out from May 1 to July 15, several men are to be discharged and reenlisted; telegrams are likely to be sent and transportation requests issued; and an ordnance return to be submitted, then the fol- lowing additional articles are to be carried: / Official telegram blanks. 2 Transportation Requests. 3 Railroad Guide. 4 Descriptive and Assignment Cards. A COMPANY TAKING THE FIELD 31 5 Enlistment papers. 6 Special Tri-monthly Report, recruiting service. 7 Physical Examination of Recruits. 8 Statement of Charges. (Q. M. D.) p Return of Ordnance and Ordnance Stores (with retained copy of last return). 10 Receipt — Invoice for Transfer of Ordnance Property in the Field. // Abstract of Expenditures (Ordnance). 12 Statement of Charges (Ordnance). 13 Addressed Penalty Envelopes foi Return of Ordnance Stores. Note. The only periodical reports or returns made by an officer in command of a detachment on detached service, are the muster rolls (Feb. 28, Apr. 31, June 30, Aug. 31, Oct. 31. and Dec 31) and the pay rolls (monthly). No other reports or returns are rendered unless required by special instructions. Medicines If no surgeon is to accompany the command the following medicines should be taken along, the directions being plainly marked on each package : Doses Uso 1 oz. Brisk cathartic Medicines Magnesium sulphate Compound cathartic pills Castor oil Camphor and opium pills Squibb's Mixture Bismuth powders Aromatic spirits of ammonia Whiskey 1 to 3 pills 5 to 1 oz. 1 to 2 pills 30 to 90 drops 10 to 30 grains 30 to 60 drops i to 1 oz. Cathartic Bland cathartic; used in diarrhea, etc. For diarrhea and dys- entery Intestinal colic and diarrhea Indigestion and diar- rhea Stimulant to the heart; used in heat ex- haustion Stimulant 32 CHAPTER III Potassium chlorate Tincture of iodine Saturated solution (All that water will dissolve) Paint over surface Brown Mixture 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls Quinine sulphate tab- lets (3 grains) Copaiba pills 1 to 4 tablets 1 to 3 pills Carbolized vaseline Emollient A.mmonia or soap lini- ment Morphine sulphate Potassium bromide Pepsin Mustard plaster Powdered Ipecac Mint tablets Sodium salicylate Phenacetin External use i to i grains 10 to 15 grains 10 to 30 grains External use 30 grains 1 to 2 tablets 1 to 3 tablets 3 to 5 grains As a gargle for sore throats For inflammations, con- tusions, bruises, etc., where the skin is not broken Bronchitis For colds, malarial fever tonics, etc. Gonorrhea and other inflammations of the urinary tract, also sub-acute and chron- ic-bronchitis Dressings in sores and skin affections Sprains, bruises, etc. To relieve pain To quiet the system and produce sleep Indigestion Counter-irritant To produce vomiting in case of poisoning Sour stomach Rheumatism For headache and fev- ers. Combined with salol for influenza Dressings: Sublimated gauze, bandages, first-aid packets, ab- sorbent and safety, splints, iodoform, adhesive plaster and pins (com- mon), cotton, cotton batting. Funds Take along the company fund check book and about $50 in cash from the company fund. A COMPANY TAKING THE FIELD 33 Maps If possible, take along a map of the country to be traversed. Sick and Prisoners^ Make arrangements about leaving behind the sick and general prisoners. In the cavalry and artillery provision must be made for the horses, if any, to be left behind. Sometimes men to be discharged while the troops are on a prac- tice march and who do not intend to reenlist, are left at the post. The descriptive lists of all men remaining at the post, including those in the hospital, must be left with the proper officers. Officers* Mess What an officer should take along in the way of a mess outfit will, of course, depend entirely upon circumstances. If, for instance, he were going into permanent camp and intended to run a mess of his own, his mess outfit would be very different from what it would be if he were going into the field without any wagon transportation. Under normal conditions, if the captain were going to run a company officers' mess he would detail a soldier to cook for the mess and designate one of the lieutenants to run the mess. The officer in charge should get a supply of subsistence stores and arrange for the necessary messing outfit, including table, camp chairs, etc. See, "The Mess Outfit," page 11. ^ In the field the construction of sinks, chopping of wood, hauling of water, etc., are usually done by prisoners, when there are any. Each company sends the necessary guard to get prisoners and to guard them while with the company. 34 CHAPTER III OFFICERS* MESS CHEST. (Designed by Capt. Robert Alexander, U. S. A.) (Chest to be plainly marked with name, rank and regiment of owner) All measurements given are interior. (Depth of tray, not in eluding thickness of bot torn, 3Ji ins.) (Made of white pine, 54 inch thick. Partitions H inch thick. Corners rein- forced — ^handles at ends — Yale padlock and key — ex- terior painted gray.) CONTENTS. (Agate Ware.) 2 Baking pans (two sizes, so that one will fit into the other.) 1 Can opener. 6 Cans, with screw tops (cans in which Lowney's commissary candj comes). 1 Corkscrew. 1 Coffee pot (small). 6 Cups, with handles (3 ins. deep; 3H ins. diam.) . 6 Cups, without handles (conical shape, 3^ ins. high; 2}i ins. diam. at top). 8 Forks, table. 1 Fork, iron, long. 1 Frying Pan. 1 Gridiron, wire. 1 Knife, meat. (Continued following page.) A COMPANY TAKING THE FIELD 35 CONTENTS. (Agate Ware — Continued.) 8 Knives, table. 1 Meat cleaver. 1 Pepper box. 1 Pitcher, small. 6 Plates (85^ ins. diam.) 6 Plates (7 ins. diam.) 1 Platter (14 x 11 ins.) 1 Platter (12 x 8j4 ins.) 6 Ramekin dishes (SJ^ ins. diam.; 1 m. deep). 1 Saltseller. 6 Soup bowls iSH ins. diam.; 2J4 ins. deep). 1 Soup ladle. 1 Spoon, iron, long. 10 Spoons, large. 8 Spoons, small. 3 Vegetable dishes (three sizes so that they will fit into one another). Note. A camp kettle, a mess pan or two, a table cloth and a dozen napkins should also be taken along. Special Field Return Submit the Field Return as required by Army Regulations. Care of Property to be Left Behind A reliable noncommissioned officer and one or two reliable pri- vates should be left behind to look after the barracks and the property not taken along. A company order should be issued making one of them responsible for all the property, and arrangements should be made about their mess during the absence of the company. As many articles of personal property as possible that are to be left behind are packed in the lockers, everything surplus being plainly marked with the owner's name and then packed in clothing boxes. Mattresses, pillows, sheets, pillowcases,- lamps, etc., should be turned in to the quartermaster or left stored in the company quarters depending upon the probable length of field service. All surplus ord- nance should be carefully packed and locked or sealed. The company quarters and premises should be policed, the win- dows fastened, the doors locked and the keys turned over to the per- son to be in charge of the quarters. 36 CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER IV LOADING WAGONS The property to be loaded should be carefully inspected before any is loaded, to see that everything is in good order and properly boxed, crated or tied. Large heavy boxes should he avoided. The following general rules must be observed: / Heavy stuff must go on the bottom (and forward rather than rear) and light stuff on top — thus, heavy articles will not crush light ones and the centre of gravity will be nearer the axles, making the turning over of the load more difficult. 2 Things needed first upon reaching camp must be placed on top or in rear. The following method of loading a wagon is in accordance with the general principles cited above: Ammunition. Ordinarily just back of the forward axle. In case of possible need, however, the ammunition should be placed where it could be gotten at immediately. Axes, Spades, Shovels, and (Unhandled) Picks. Should be out- side of wagonbed, in leather pockets or strong bags, or stood on end at rear of wagon. They should not be placed between the sides of the wagon and the load. Blanket Rolls. If to be carried on wagon, they should be rolled tightly and left straight — not tied in a circle — and loaded on top, crosswise. Camp Kettles and Buckets. Under the wagon, suspended from the reach pole. Field Desk. To be placed on or near bottom and well forward, as it is seldom required early. Field Range. — On bottom, at rear of wagon. (The Infantry Equip- ment Board has recommended that the field range be carried on tail gate of the wagon, lowered to a position of about 30 degrees from the horizontal). LOADING WAGONS ^'7 Forage. If to be carried on wagon, in front of auimunition. Lashing. Use two pieces of ^-inch rope about 75 feet long, passing over load first from front to rear diagonally, and finally se- cured by being tied to rings on the rear bolster standards — never to the end gate rods. The rope should be passed through strong hooks securely clinched to the body of the wagon, and not passed around the ends of the bows. Officers' Bedding Rolls. To be on top of load. Rations. Surplus rations (not required for next camp) in bot- tom of wagon, between ammunition and ration box. Bacon should be on the bottom of wagon, where the grease will do no harm. Ration Box. Next to field range, toward front of wagon. After the field range has been unloaded, the ration box is readily accessible and need not be unloaded. At every camp the ration box should be restocked for the next camp. Sibley Stoves. Slung on chain, just outside of feed box and below the Buzzacott oven. Stove Pipe. Should be crated and lashed on in rear of a wagon. Tentage. Should be rolled and not folded, except in places where absolutely necessary — and placed across wagon, on top of boxes, etc. (Attention is invited to the fact that canvas becomes unserv- iceable more from handling and transportation than from wear when in actual use in sheltering troops). The tents, properly dried out, should be laid out smoothly on the ground; the part of the wall appearing uppermost should be folded over toward the peak of the tent; that underneath should be (by lifting the lower part of the tent) in like manner folded under and toward the peak; then by commencing at the peak, at the final folding, the wall of the tent will appear on the outside of the com- pleted roll. Ropes not required for securing the bundle should be folded inside. Tent Pins. On top, in sacks. Tent Poles. Should be tied with a rope and placed just inside 3g CHAPTER IV. the bows so as to extend above the wagon bed side; or carried in two iron hooks suspended from side of wagon bed, about four feet apart. NOTES / Pots and Kettles. Should be in gunny sacks so as' not to dirty everything. 2 The Quartermaster-Sergeant should ride on one of the wagons. S A Noncommissioned Officer should personally superintend the loading of every wagon, the same noncommissioned officer always having charge of the same wagon. 4. The Jockey Box should be left entirely for use of teamster, and in which should be kept wrench, grease, spare bolts, mule shoes, etc. 5 A detail of men, the size of which depends upon the number of wagons, should accompany the train. Often the guard, or old guard performs this duty, but it is preferable to detail men who know how to meet emergencies such as a wagon tipping over on a hillside, wagons requiring repacking, mule down and hurt, etc. TRANSPORTATION AND CARING FOR MEANS 39 OF TRANSPORTATION CHAPTER V TRANSPORTATION AND CARING FOR MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION Wagon Transportation. According to the Field Service Regula- tions the following is the field allowance of wagon transportation: Infantry: A company, 1 field wagon; A provisional machine gun company, 1 field wagon; A battalion, 5 field wagons, 2 ammunition wagons; A regiment, 19 field wagons, 6 ammunition wagons. (This in- cludes a field wagon for the sanitary attached troops). Cavalry: A troop, 2 field wagons; A provisional machine gun troop, 2 field wagons; A squadron, 9 field wagons, 1 ammunition wagon; A regiment, 32 field wagons, 3 ammunition wagons. (This in- cludes 1 field wagon for attached sanitary troops). Railroad Transportation. Preparation of Cars.(*) — Upon receipt of orders for the movement of troops by rail, the quartermaster charged with supplying the trans- portation arranges with the railroad authorities for the necessary cars. He procures lists, with weights, of all property to be shipped and makes out the bills of lading. He provides loading facilities and material for blocking and lashing, and constructs the necessary ramps. Upon arrival of the cars, the quartermaster inspects to see if they conform to the terms of the contract, and reports the result of his inspection to the commander. Stock cars are inspected with especial care to see that they are all in good order throughout. Projecting nails, bolts, and splinters,, loose boards and rotting flooring, broken fixtures on hayracks, 0) "Preparation of Cars," "Loading and Entraining," "Conduct of the Troops," "Detraining," and "Unloading," are from the Field Service Regulations. 40 CHAPTER V. doors, or troughs, all are sources of danger or discomfort to the ani- mals and of loss to the Government. The cars should be clean before loading, and suitable bedding provided. Passenger cars must be clean, fully supplied with water and ice, and sufficiently lighted and heated. The urinals and closets must be in good condition, well supplied with toilet paper and water, and the sleeping accommodations according to contract. Each train should be equipped with water buckets, lanterns, axes, and crowbars. After the cars have been accepted, the number of men allotted to each is marked on the side or steps. The cars are then assigned to organizations and plainly marked. Loading and Entraining. — At the proper time loading is begun and carried on, usually by the troops, pursuant to the orders of the commander. Heavy property may be loaded by details before the arrival of the troops. The following order is generally observed in loading: 1. Company property, etc., not used in transit (in box cars locked and sealed by railroad employees prior to departure of train) : Company property. Property of officers and men. Ammunition. Rations. Sanitary stores. Tentage. Cooking utensils. Arms and equipment of men when not carried in coaches or baggage car. 2. Transportation (on flat cars) : Guns and artillery carriages. Pontons. Wagons, etc. Ambulances. 3. Forage (in box cars). 4. Checkable baggage, rations for use en route and arms (in baggage and kitch- en cars under guard). 5. Animals (in stock cars). 6. Men (in coaches or sleepers). Artillery and other carriages are made secure by lashings and by nailing blocks of wood to the flooring under the wheels. The arrival of troops at the station should be timed so that there will be no delay in waiting for cars. When the barrack, camp, or bivouac is not more than a mile from the station, troops are not re- quired to fall in until notice has been received from the quarter- master that the cars are at the station and have been inspected and assigned. The command is then marched to the train and the prop- TRANSPORTATION AND CARING FOR MEANS 41 OF TRANSPORTATION erty loaded. The organizations are then marched opposite their cars and entrained. The cars are entered simultaneously, each company commander distributing his men according to the assignment. Non- commissioned officers have seats near the doors. Troops traveling by train seldom require their arms or all of their equipment. For instance, when sleepers are provided, they gen- erally require no equipment other than their canteens and haversacks, the mess kits and necessary toilet articles being carried in the latter. For mounted troops the saddlebags take the place of haversacks. A few revolvers or rifles suffice for the necessary guard duty. There- fore, to add to the comfort of the men, train commanders may cause the arms and equipments not required en route to be properly secured and stored in a property or baggage car. Mounted troops dismount upon arrival and remove the horse equipments except the halter. Each man's equipment, except halter, canteen, and saddlebags, is then securely tied in a gunny sack (or other receptacle supplied by the Quarterrriaster's Department), marked with the number of the man and letter of his troop, and loaded in the proper car. Each troop, except the horse holders, is then marched to its cars where the men deposit their arms (if not otherwise disposed of), canteens, and saddlebags. It then marches back, relieves the horse holders, and loads the horses. The horse holders, unless otherwise ordered, repair to their cars, carrying their arms (if left with them), canteens, and saddlebags. For short journeys the horses may be loaded, saddled (stirrups crossed) and bridled, or the bridles may be tied on the saddles. In the field artillery a similar method is pursued. The harness is usually tied up in sets, plainly marked, and loaded in a box car. Animals can be conveniently loaded through chutes of stock yards, or from freight platforms level with the car floors. In other cases portable or improvised ramps will have to be used. When it is likely that the animals will have to be unloaded at places without facilities, one or more portable ramps, or material for improvising them, should be carried on the train. The loading should proceed without noise or confusion, the animals being led quietly to the car door and turned over to the four men, two for each end, who do the loading. The animals should be packed as closely as possible, except 42 . CHAPTER V. in very hot weather. Halters are not removed. Gentle animals should be placed opposite the doors and are therefore loaded last. The time required for loading each train depends upon the rail- road facilities and upon the experience of the troops. For troops leaving station to go into the field, or changing station in the field, the time required should not exceed: One hour for infantry. Two hours for cavalry and light artillery. Three hours for heavy artillery and for engineers with bridge train. All movements of the troops in loading, entraining, and detrain- ing, feeding and watering, and exercising men and horses are made, as far as practicable, in military formation and pursuant to command, thus avoiding confusion and saving time. Conduct of the Troops. — Delays caused by the troops, whether in loading and entraining or during the journey are inexcusable. They interfere with railroad schedules and are a source of great annoyance. The railroad employees and subordinate officials have nothing to do with the questions of military discipline and administration. Requests or complaints that they may have to make should be ad- dressed to the station or to the conductor of the train for trans- mission to the commander. The troops on their part must not interfere with the operation of the railway service. Officers and enlisted men give no orders to employees, and protests, complaints, and arguments are strictly pro- hibited. The commander is the sole intermediary between the troops and the railroad personnel. In case of deficiencies and other matters requiring correction, he addresses himself only to the official in charge. The senior noncommissioned officer in each car is responsible for cleanliness and good order. Spitting on the floors, defacing wood- work and windows, and every species of disorder must be prevented. The commander may station sentinels at the doors of each car to prevent the entrance of unauthorized persons and to keep soldiers from riding on the steps, platforms, or tops of cars, and from leaving without permission. If it is desirable to exercise the troops, they should leave the cars in a body, under the officers. Smoking is prohibited in cars loaded with animals or forage. Careful attention is paid to the messing of the men, whether in kitchen cars or in the coaches where the men ride. A mess officer TRANSPORTATION AND CARING FOR MEANS 43 OF TRANSPORTATION supervises the preparation and serving of the meals and requires the men to keep their mess kits scrupulously clean. The commander causes frequent inspections to be made to see that his instructions for the preservation of cleanliness and good order are fully carried out. When the stock cars provided are such that the animals can be fed and watered on the trains, it is unnecessary to unload them for exercise or recuperation unless the weather is very hot and the jour- ney long. Should the railway company insist upon unloading the animals in compliance with the law, the commander will, in time of peace, give the necessary order. On occasions when troops have been allowed or required to leave the train for exercise or duty, the commander will cause the "assem- bly" to be sounded five minutes before departure. Detraining and Unloading. — The train schedule is arranged, when practicable, for arrival at destination in the morning. The troops are notified in time to prepare for detraining. The officers and guard are the first to leave the cars. The com- mander meets the staff officer sent to the train, receives instructions, if any, gets his bearing, and orders the troops to detrain. As soon as the passenger coaches or sleeping cars are empty, the quartermaster, or a specially designated officer, accompanied by the conductor, if prac- ticable, makes an inspection of the cars and notes their condition; the result is reported to the commander. The troops procure their field kits and march to camp without delay, leaving details to bring up the property. If the camp is distant, arms are stacked and a part or all of the command unloads the train. In .the cavalry the men are marched to the vicinity of the stock cars, where the saddlebags and canteens are placed in line on the ground under guard. The remaining articles of the field kit and horse equipments are then unloaded and placed with the preceding articles. The horses are then unloaded, saddled, and the troops formed. Animals are unloaded quietly, each one being led to the opening so that his body will be athwart the car before leaving it. The command may be marched to camp at once, if near the sta- tion; otherwise picket lines are stretched, or the horses are held while the property is unloaded. Artillery unloads in a manner similar to that of cavalry. 44 CHAPTER V. On account of accidents, freight blockades, or action of the enemy, it may be necessary to unload in the open country. In such cases portable or improvised ramps will have to be used. Lacking these, the train may be stopped in a low cut, and cross-ties, baled hay, car doors, and turf utilized for the rapid construction of ramps of sufficient height to permit unloading of animals. LOADING ANIMALS ON CARS i Except in hot weather, pack as many animals in the car as you can, as they will ride better than if loosely packed. If an animal happens to fall down in the car it will be almost impossible for it to get up, and the probabilities are it will be trampled to death. For this reason load sick or injured animals in- cars by themselves, and build separate stalls for each animal, if practicable. Before loading examine each car carefully to see that the floor boards are not rotten or broken, that the sides are secure, and that there are no projecting nails or splinters. The car should be clean, and the floor covered with sand, sawdust or straw. Where cleats on the floor are not used it is advis- able to have toe calks on the animals' shoes. The man in charge should be provided with a candle, lantern, bucket, and a hatchet. Where the boards on sides of car are not close together, an animal is liable to get his hoof between the boards, and when other means fail to disengage it, a hatchet is useful in cutting away a part of the board. In loading animals use the railroad platform, or the loading ramp found at railroad stations, or make a ramp, well supported and with strong sides. Lead the animals by halters and straps up the ramp and into the car, and take off the halter. The first animal should be led to one end of the car and the second to the other end, leaving the center of the car for the last animals loaded. Arrange the animals so that the alternate ones shall face in the same direction. Do the loading quietly, and have the animals follow one another promptly, so as to avoid delay. In some cases it may be necessary to blindfold an animal before he can be led into the car. An obstinate animal can be made to enter by holding its head up, twisting its tail, (1) The articles Loading Animals on Cars, Loading Ambulances on Cars, Load- ing Wagons on Cars, Parking Trains, Care of Animals, Wagons and Harness in the Field and List of Articles to be Carried on Each Wagon, are reprinted from the Manual of Instructions for Quartermasters Serving in the Field. TRANSPORTATION AND CARING FOR MEANS 45 OF TRANSPORTATION and pushing it by main force into the car. Before loading see that the door on farther side of car is closed and fastened, and after loading is complete, fasten the second door. Where cars contain hayracks and water troughs, see that they are in good condition, and fill racks before loading. Animals should be unloaded and exercised at least once in twenty-four hours. They should be watered and fed twice a day. LOADING AMBULANCES ON CARS Except for short journeys, ambulances should be knocked down before loading. Secure a flat car 36 feet long by about 9 feet wide. Take the beds off the running gears by unscrewing nuts from the bolts that hold the sills of the beds to the running gears. Also take off the rear steps. Six beds can now be placed on the car by taking the first bed and placing it in one corner of the car (its length parallel to the car), the side of the bed coming out to the stakes, or the places for stakes on the side of car. Place the second bed alongside of the first, allowing it to slip back two inches on account of the sills. Arrange the other four beds behind the first pair, well closed up; then put in stout stakes and cover ambulance tops with paulins or old canvas, as a protection to the tops from sparks. It is very im- portant that the nuts should be put back in their proper places. Secure the water tanks on ambulances, and place the running gears in a box car and number them corresponding to the ambulances, if the ambulances are of different makes. For short journeys, take off wheels and rear steps and unyoke axles from springs. For the axles substitute a piece of hard wood, which should not be longer than the width of ambulance. Crate wheels and put inside of ambulance, bracing same, so there will be no liability of injury to sides. LOADING WAGONS ON CARS Remove the beds from the running gears and take off the rear end gates. Get a 36-foot flat car, or even a longer one. Place the first bed in one corner of the car (its length parallel to the car), so that its side will come out to the stakes or places for stakes on side of car. Take the second bed, reverse it so that the front end shall be 46 CHAPTER V. opposite rear end of first wagon, turn it bottom up, and place it partly inside and partly outside of the first bed, the inner sides being close together. This arrangement forms a box, with closed ends, which can be filled with parts of the body and running gear. Place the third, and fourth boxes, similarly arranged, alongside of the first and second, and continue the same arrangement to the other end of the car. In this way, 12 beds can be put in first layer on car. Arrange the second, third, and fourth layers similarly, and secure the beds by stout stakes and wire. Forty-eight beds, with parts, can thus be shipped on one flat car, the running gears being placed in a box car. Put back all nuts in proper place. Wagons that have been used should never have the bodies knocked down and loaded in box cars, because in endeavoring to take off the nuts, which are sure to be rusted, the outside braces and inside straps are twisted and the bolt ends broken off, rendering the wagons unserviceable. By loading as above described, no damage is done the bed or running gear, and the wagons are easily set up when destination is reached. It is not necessary to number the beds, running gear, etc., except when wagons of different patterns are shipped. If tunnels are on the line of road, load only three layers, or 36 wagon beds on each car. If cars containing stock and wagons accompany the regiment and it is necessary to run the train in several sections, the cars of stock and wagons should be the first section, and should be accom- panied by a sufficient number of men, say one company, to unload and care for stock and wagons, so that when the rest of the regiment arrives there will be no delay in moving baggage to camp. LOADING PROPERTY IN CARS The general rule for loading property is to put in first such articles as will not be immediately needed on arrival at destination. The following order of loading should be followed, unless there is a special reason for departing from it: Officers' baggage. 'Enlisted men's baggage. Ammunition. Rations. Hospital stores. Tentage. TRANSPORTATION AND CARING FOR MEANS 47 OF TRANSPORTATION By this arrangement the articles needed first will be unloaded first. Keep the property of each organization by itself, and mark on the car the letter and regiment of the organization whose property is in the car. The cars should be assigned and marked by the quarter- master before loading. If the regiment is to be shipped in two or more sections, see that the proper baggage cars accompany each section, so that when an organization arrives in camp its baggage will be with it. A couple of men should be in each car to guard its contents. PARKING TRAINS When the wagons of a regimental train have been unloaded, they should be parked in one line, if practicable, dressed to the right, with an interval oi two feet between hubs. The animals should then be unharnessed, watered, tied to picket line, and fed. When the animals are fed from feed box fastened to wagon pole, increase the interval between hubs to 20 feet. In a convoy, at the first sign of the presence of an enemy close up all the wagons and form a double column (columns of twos) if the ground will permit. This shortens the length of original column one-half. When the attack begins, or just before it, as the judgment of the commander dictates, form a park in the form of a square or circle, animals inside and their heads close together. Now lock and fasten the wheels together. In the case of a large train, park the first fifty, bring up the rest of the train and make additional parks, so as to contract as much as possible the space to be defended. In some cases it may be necessary to move the train to the right or left to secure proper parking grounds. Where proper grounds for forming wagons into circles and squares can not be found, form a double column of wagons, and turn them so that the animals will face inward, their heads close together. To unpark, back the wagons out of the park and have them take proper place in column. To form a circle from double column, the two leading wagons halt and the other wagons move outward to the right and left and come into the circle in their proper order. Light wagons, like ambu- lances and spring wagons, can be used to fill up any gaps there may be in the circle. 48 CHAPTER V. CARE OF ANIMALS, WAGONS, AND HARNESS IN THE FIELD In order that animals, wagons and harness should be always ready for service, it is very important that the Quartermaster should give them his personal attention. He can not delegate this responsi- bility to any one else, for he alone will be held responsible for their condition. He should give proper orders regarding the care of this property, and should see that his orders are executed. Animals Animals sufifer from neglect on the part of those in immediate charge of them, either from failure to water and feed them, or by not examining their feet and promptly attending to slight injuries. In the field all animals should be fed night and morning, the bulk of the feed being given at night, as the animals have more time to eat it than they have in the morning. The forage allowance is ample, and when animals are hard-worked this allowance should not be cut down. Water the animals before feeding and at least once during the day if it is practicable to do so. Many teamsters after a hard day's work neglect to water their animals, so that it is especially important to see that this duty is done. Make a rule that the animals should be fed and watered before the men get their meals. Have all animals thoroughly groomed at least once a day. In camp this should be done twice a day. Feed the allowance of salt twice a week. When animals eat the wagon beds and feed boxes, or lick one another's hide, it is a sure indication that they are not getting enough salt. The feet should be examined and cleaned every night. In a hot, dry country', if there is time to do so, their fore-feet should be poulticed with flaxseed twice a month. Great attention should be paid to shoeing the animals. The blacksmith should fit the shoe to the foot, not the foot to the shoe. Have the animals shod as soon as they need it. The time for shoeing will be governed by the amount of work performed and the character of the roads. Ordinarily once in three or four weeks will be sufficient. Teamsters should report to the Quartermaster the condition of the TRANSPORTATION AND CARING FOR MEANS 49 OF TRANSPORTATION shoes, and when camp is reached the blacksmith should attend to the animals at once. When it is necessary to have an animal shod on the march, turn the team out of the column, and instruct the teamster where and how to join the train. Park the train at night and tie the animals to the wagons so that the grain may be fed to them in the feed box. Where a picket rope is used, see that it is securely fastened so as to hang about 4 feet from the ground, and that the halter is sufficiently long to allow the animal to lie down. Animals' shoulders often become sore and the animals rendered unserviceable from the fact that the teamsters, when they take off the harness at night, instead of hanging it on a tree or putting it in the wagon, will throw it on the ground and make no attempt to clean the harness in the morning before using it. In consequence, dirt and mud get on the collars and harness and chafe the skin, resulting in sores that often take weeks to heal. It would be well to wash the shoulders frequently in strong salt water. Draft animals should not be driven out of a walk except in cases of urgent necessity. Exception is made in case of animals used on ambulances and spring wagons. Impress upon teamsters that it is necessary to be kind to all animals. Discharge any man who kicks an animal or strikes him with a club or otherwise mistreats him. Wagons When wagons are used every day, especially in a sandy country, have the wheels greased once a day. One to one and one-half pounds of axle grease per wheel per month will be found to be ample in all climates. It is of the utmost importance that the wheels should be kept thoroughly greased at all times, or the axle will be injured and the axle boxes worn out. Always carry with the wagon train a few extra wagon parts, so that minor repairs may be made at once. The wagons should be inspected morning and evening to ascer- tain if anything is broken about them, that the tires are tight, axle nuts well screwed on, etc. Scrape off all old grease before putting on fresh grease. 50 CHAPTER V. Harness Harness should be examined every day. Note particularly if any stitches are broken, if any parts of the leather are worn thin, badly cracked, or cut, and if any of the buckles, toggles, snaps, hames, chains, bits, and rings are cracked or broken. Should any defect or weakness be noticed, have the same rem- edied at once. Do not allow the harness to be thrown on the ground where it will get muddy and dirty, for when the mud hardens and rubs against the skin sores will result that may render the animal unserviceable for weeks. In stitching harness, see that knots are not left on any part of the leather which may come in contact with the animal's body. Avoid these knots by using two double or back stitches at tHe beginning and end of each row of stitching. Sew the harness and do not use rivets, especially if the leather has plenty of life and is not extra solid. Use the best linen shoe thread with wax ends in sewing. The wax should be the spring, summer or winter kind, depending on the season. Buckle the collars when removed from the animals. CLEANING HARNESS Harness should be cleaned at least twice a month, and whenever it gets muddy. For this purpose use a bucket, lukewarm water, sponge, harness soap, harness dressing, neat's-foot oil, and lampblack. For ordinary cleaning the following instructions should be ob- served: Provide a rack to hang the harness on. Where no better arrange- ment is on hand, insert one end of the wagon pole between the spokes of one of the hind wheels, above the hub, and strap it to the axle. Hang a set of harness on the pole, dampen the sponge in clean water and pass it over the harness until the dirt has become soft. Rinse out the sponge as often as necessary, and replace the dirty water with clean water frequently. Now rub the sponge on the harness soap until you obtain a good lather, then give the harness a good heavy coating of it, and keep rubbing the harness until all dirt is removed. In some instances it may be necessary to use a thin piece of wood to remove the dirt. TRANSPORTATION AND CARING FOR MEANS 51 OF TRANSPORTATION After the harness is thoroughly clean, work up a very thick lather, coat the leather parts of the harness with it, and allow it to dry without further rubbing. After the lather has been absorbed and the leather is dry, put on a light coat of harness dressing. To do this, use a perfectly clean sponge, touch the harness lightly, just enough to spread the dressing, and do not rub. Keep the dressing in an air-tight package when not in use. When the harness has not been cleaned for some time, and is hard, it should first be cleaned as described above. Afterwards take a pint of neat's-foot oil for each single set of harness to be cleaned, pour it into a pan and mix with it lampblack in the proportion of one teaspoonful to each pint of oil, and stir this mixture until it has a glossy black appearance. In cold weather heat the oil until it is luke- warm, but never hot, before using on harness. Apply the mixture with a small sponge, rubbing it well in. Allow about forty-eight hours to elapse before using harness again. In cold weather allow harness, after being thus oiled, to hang near a fire for an hour. After the leather is thoroughly dried, apply harness dressing as described above. 52 CHAPTER VI. CHAPTER VI MARCHES In time of war, protection for troops on the march is provided by means of Advance Guards, Flanking Parties and Rear Guards. The average march for infantry is from 15 to 20 miles a day; for cavalry, from 20 to 25, and for artillery from 15 to 25. When practicable, marches should begin in the morning* after the men have had their breakfast, and the following general rules should be observed: / The canteens should be filled before the march begins. 2 Infantry should march about 3 miles an hour; cavalry about 5, alternating the walk and trot and occasionally dismounting and leading for short distances; the artillery about 4, the walk being the habitual gait. S The pace at the head of the column must be steady and the column must be kept closed up throughout its length. 4 After the first half or three-quarters of an hour's march, the command should be halted for about fifteen minutes to allow the men to relieve themselves and to adjust their clothing and accoutrements. 5 After the first rest, there should be a halt of ten minutes every hour. Immediately upon halting, the company should be cautioned, "Any man wishing to relieve himself, do so at once" — otherwise some will wait until the halt is nearly over. 6 Indiscriminate rushing for water upon halting should not be allowed — one or more men from every squad should be designated to fill the canteens of the squad. 7 No man should be allowed to leave the ranks without per- mission of his company commander. * If considerable distance is to be marched without water, the start should be made late in the afternoon and continued until night and then again early the next morning, halting before the sun gets hot. MARCHES 53 Men allowed to fall out on account of sickness should be given notes to the surgeon. If a man be very sick a noncommissioned officer or reliable private should fall out with him. 8 Whenever a stream is forded or any obstacle passed, the head of the column should be halted a short distance beyond, so as to enable the rest of the column to close up. p In crossing shallow streams, the men should be kept closed up and not allowed to pick their way. 10 All men should be made to keep their places in column. // A lieutenant or the first sergeant should march in rear of the company to look after stragglers. 12 Nibbling while actually marching should be prohibited. 13 When the troops march for the greater part of the day, a halt of an hour should be made about noon, near wood and water, if practicable. 14 The halt for the night should be made in plenty of time to allow tents to be pitched, supper cooked, etc., before dark. 75 Since marching at the rear of the column is more disagree- able and fatiguing than marching at the front, organizations should take daily turns in leading.* ARTICLES OF WAR Art. 54. Every officer commanding in quarters, garrison or on the march, shall keep good order, and, to the utmost of his power, re- dress all abuses or disorders which may be committed by any officer or soldier under his command; and if, upon complaint made to him of officers or soldiers beating or otherwise ill-treating any person, disturbing fairs or markets, or committing any kind of riot, to the disquieting of the citizens of the United States, he refuses or omits to see justice done to the offender, and reparation made to the party injured, so far as part of the offender's pay shall go toward such reparation, he shall be dismissed from the service, or otherwise pun- ished as a court martial may direct. Art. 55. All officers and soldiers are to behave themselves or- * See "Marches" in the Infantry, the Cavalry and the Artillery Drill Regula- tions, in Field Service Regulations and in the Army Regulations. See also "The March in Campaign," in Munson's Military Hygiene. U CMAfTERVI. derly in quarters and on the march; and whoever commits any waste or spoil, either in walks or trees, parks, warrens, fish ponds, houses, gardens, grain fields, inclosures, or meadows, or maliciously destroys any property whatsoever belonging to inhabitants of the United States (unless by order of a general officer commanding a separate army in the field) shall, besides such penalties as he may be liable to by law, be punished as a court martial may direct. cammng ss CHAPTER VII CAMPING Forms and Dimensions of Camps. The forms of camps given in this book are from the Field Service Regulations (1910). It must, however, be remembered that these forms are not fixed and that they must often be materially modified so as to conform to the nature of the ground, the amount of space available and other circumstances. Infantry : 1. Wall Tents. If wall tents are used, the tents of companies are usually pitched in two lines 15 to 20 yards apart, facing each other. 2. Shelter Tents. If shelter tents are used, they are usually pitched in two lines facing each other, or in a single line facing the head of the column. Cavalry and Field Artillery : 1. Wall Tents. If wall tents are used, the tents of troops and bat- teries are pitched either in one line or in two lines as in the case of infantry. 2. Shelter Tents. Same as Infantry. In laying out a camp the picket lines of troops are placed about 40 yards apart; those of batteries about 100 yards apart. With ample ground the picket lines may be placed on the flank beyond the latrines. On marches from day to day the battery picket lines may be run through the rear wheels of the carriages, thus greatly reducing the size of the camp and economizing labor. Regimental Camp. A normal regimental camp is a column of battalion camps. The tent of the colonel is 10 yards in rear of the line of the battalion field and staff, as shown in diagram. The tent of the lieutenant colonel is on the right, that of the adjutant on the left of the colonel's tent. The tents of the other staff officers are on the left of the adjutant's tent. The noncommissioned staff, band, hospital, etc., are placed approximately as shown in the diagram for the camp of a regiment of infantry. Animals of the sanitary troops are tied to the train picket line. When the camp is for one or two nights only, the field wagons may be placed on the flanks of the com panics. 56 CHAPTER VII. CAMP OF A SOUADHON OF CAVALRY " Picket Line " 1st. Serft. c. n n aaaD[T]gpaq % air "u ' ^8-' -I5--A-H0-J^--Z5 --* Capt fa D D n D t!] D D a a o . a S a.,,.,..^. eo Pit Adjtb bMess Majora a Office SupOD a N.C.S. ♦-' r,r^^ PoSu^l^ DOrd.etc. IK ^° — --d aaaaDDDa "^ra □ Train & Stores aaanD'anna d a □ Distances in yards. Dimensions of Camp 150 x ZeOyai-ds. for 65 men to the troop. The horses of the commander and staff may be tied to the troop picket lines. CAMP OF A BATTAHOlSr OF ARTILLERY qaaanDDaaaaaDDaaaaDDpa ff^e?^ oCapt. a.Lieuts. I fbr^e ' m tl ^ t t t t i: $:&""* ~ii\ ix t t A t ± ^ ±±± Store Wa|pn Adjt.o a Mess MaorQ Q Office Sup.0.a QN.CS SurgP POrcl.etc n iaaDDnnaaaDDaaaDDPDaaa M gH5-W-10*i- -60 4»j Train & Stores QaDDaDDDaaaanDDanaDDan »,° Distances in yards. Dimensions of Camp 280" 370 yards. War strength. A? a rule the horses of the commander and staff are tied to the battery picket lines. CAMPING 57 a4MP OF A REGIMENT OF INFANTRY r- l 3 3 ; ; ; FireS iTent n , , ~I »-8-« tlS-'HO-Ji-— 25 — -^---15— •-.--lO-fr -60- -50— --onaaanaaa a □ ! K D.i i lst.Ser|t. aaanannaa oa naaaanaDn o o aaaaDDnaa o.a aaaaaaaaa o.o Battalion naDDaDDDD o.o aaDDDanan o.o a ' V a I Batta/ion '' a ^ ^ ' a £□ I _ _□_□_□ Q Q_a_Q Q.n_ » . ^ ^^S§-^il I Q <^° aOrd.etc. aaaaaDDaa d.q Battalion ° aDanaDDna o a a a Scouts a a DDD a a □ Guard ° fl'Ht] Machine Gun Co. DDaaaaDDD oat tn r. ^ '^• °