Ml JKARV 1 UK UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. vi KT < >K No. (cO^b- A METHOD OF INSTRUCTION IN LATIN BEING ^A COMPANION AND GUIDE IN THE STUDY OF LATIN GRAMMAR WITH ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION IN READING AT SIGHT, EXERCISES IN TRANSLATION AND WRITING, NOTES, AND VOCABULARY BY J. H. ALLEN AND J. B. GREENOUGH BOSTON GINN BROTHERS Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by J. H. ALLEN AND J. B. GREENOUGH, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, Cambridge : Press of John Wilson and Son., PREFACE. THIS book has been prepared under the conviction that too much time is generally spent upon the study of Latin Grammar. It is intended to be learned by a good class under good instruction where this is made the chief study in three months, or, if not so much time daily can be afforded, in six ; and, if well learned, it will prepare the student for any college enttance.-examination in this subject. A familiar and accurate knowledge of forms is first of all necessary, and is here fully provided for, by noting in detail and progressively the essential parts of the etymology to be learned. To learn the grammar in bulk, as is still sometimes attempted, we consider one of the most unhappy departures from the true method of a classical education. Some special features of this book may require to be pointed out. First, we have desired that all the instruction given should be founded on a strictly scientific etymology. With this view, we begin with the fundamental distinction of Root and Stem, the basis of all true philology, training the learner's eye from the start to recognize the radical forms of the language. Again, in indicating the quantity of syllables, we have marked all vowels naturally long, made so by laws of in- flection ("vowel-increase"), or by certain combinations, as /"and ns. With the same view, we have called special atten- tion to the development of the verb-stem from the root, and have given unusually full instruction on the principles of derivation and composition of words. The Lessons in this iv Preface. portion are not intended to indicate how much is to be learned at once, but only to divide subjects, and they may of course be subdivided at pleasure. The etymological part is accompanied with exercises upon each group of forms in detail. To avoid lengthening the exercises in mutilated extracts, the syntax is not so presented. Our view is that the learning of rules of syntax is useless except as explanatory of cases which the learner meets with in actual practice. A selection of passages is therefore given which affords one or more examples of all the syntactical principles considered necessary to start with in reading a Latin author, except two or three. A list of the sections of grammar containing all the necessary principles is given, something less than a quarter part in bulk of the entire Syntax, and this list is referred to by figures in each case. It is expected that the teacher will make the occurrence of the example the occasion to teach (or to require the pupil to learn) the general doctrine of the subject, so that after finishing these lessons he may have a body of syntax suffi- cient to begin authors. The details of syntax are of course to be learned in the course of reading and by exercises in composition, for which a book is now in preparation as a sequel to this. In the selection of examples we have rigidly avoided the artificial school-text-book Latin, which, with illusive sim- plicity and ease, only serves to " push forward " the diffi- culties which will, at any rate, meet the student on the threshold of his real reading. While we have sought to make the exercises easy and progressive, we have given (with very rare exceptions) only sentences from classical authors. The more difficult Selections which follow are, it is hoped, sufficiently annotated to serve the uses of an introduc- tory book. They may, however, be taken at sight, if pre- ferred, with oral exposition from the teacher; and, if well Preface. v learned, ought to prepare the pupil to take up any ordinary Latin prose without difficulty. Teachers will find the suggestions on reading at sight new, and it is hoped will constantly practise it with their assist- ance. They will be surprised at the result. We are persuaded that no thorough classical training, nor the full advantage of such training as we have, can be generally secured in this country until this practice becomes common. With the aid of the Supplement (taken from the authors' Latin Grammar) this book may be easily used in connection with any other grammar, though, of course, more conveniently with that to which it is especially adapted. CAMBRIDGE, January i, 1875. CONTENTS. PAGE INTRODUCTION: I. Pronunciation ......... I 2. Elementary Definitions ...... 3 LESSON i. The Root and Stem 5 2. Gender and Declension 6 3. First Declension of Nouns 7 4. Second Declension of Nouns 8 5. Adjectives of First and Second Declensions . . 9 6. Simple Sentence : Subject and Predicate . . . 1 1 7. Object Accusative 13 8. Questions ; Conjunctions . . 14 9. Third Declension of Nouns 16 10. Adjectives of the Third Declension 20 n. Comparison of Adjectives 21 12. Fourth and Fifth Declensions of Nouns .... 23 13. Pronouns : Personal and Demonstrative ... 24 14. Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite 25 15. Numerals 28 16. Verb-Forms 29 17. The Verb ESSE, to be 29 18. Moods and Tenses 30 19. Regular Verb: ist Conjugation, Active . . . . 31 20. Passive ... 32 21. - Noun and Adjec- tive Forms 34 22. Regular Verb : 2d Conjugation 36 23- 3d Conjugation 38 24- 4th Conjugation 39 25. Deponent Verbs 41 26. Irregular, Defective, and Impersonal Verbs . . 42 27. Formation of Verb-Stems 44 28. Particles 45 viii Latin Method. FAGR CONSTRUCTIONS OF SYNTAX 46 DERIVATION OF WORDS 52 READING AT SIGHT 56 SELECTIONS : i. A Haunted House 63 2. A Sharper of Syracuse 64 3. The Vale of Enna 65 4. The Earth is made for Man 67 5. The Heavens declare a Creator 69 6. An Active Old Age 69 INDEX OF CONSTRUCTIONS 71 NOTES 71 VOCABULARY: i. English and Latin 75 3. Latin and English 83 SUPPLEMENT (from Grammar) : Outline of Syntax. Synopsis of Constructions. UNIVERSITY INTRODUCTION. i . PRONUNCIATION. THERE is at present a strong tendency, among the best scholars, to pronounce Latin (as well as Greek) phonetically, giving to each letter of the alphabet the one sound which by the best authority most nearly represents that given it by Romans of the classic ages. These sounds are given in the grammar ( 2, i). Observing the rules of accent, it is only necessary to give each letter its proper enunciation. This is by far the easiest and simplest way. It may be acquired by any intelligent person, with a good ear, in ten minutes ; though practice will be required to make the reading fluent and agreeable. Many persons, however, prefer to retain the English Method, so called ; that is, the practice which has prevailed, with some variation, in England and among ourselves, for the last two or three centuries. In general, the following direc- tion is sufficient. Read a Latin sentence just as if the words were English , observing the rules of accent ( 4), and bearing in mind that there are no silent letters. This single precept would probably give a pronunciation as correct and about as uniform as can be had from any number of arbitrary rules. A few special points necessary to be observed are given in the grammar ( 2, 2). To read Latin easily and well is an accomplishment which must be taught orally, and acquired by practice. The directions which follow, accordingly, are not intended to be studied by the pupil, but to serve as a guide in cases of doubt. 2 Latin Method. 1. The chief difference between Latin (pronounced as in English) and English is that the former has no silent letters. Every vowel makes a syllable ; except in the combinations ae, oe, au, eu, ei, ui, and u before a vowel, and these are separata when marked with the diaeresis. Thus di-es, ma-re, pau-pe-ri-e-i. 2. The vowels always have their English sounds : a as in mane or man. ae \ ... > as e. e be or bed , oe ) i find or fin. au as aw in awe. o note or not. eu as ew in hew. u tune or tun. ei y as i. ui 3. An unaccented i before another vowel is in almost all cases changed into its semivowel y. In the same cases as in English this y blends with the preceding consonant, making the sound of sh, as in Maia (Ma-ya), Pompeius (Pom-pe'-yus), Harpyia (Harpi-ya), socius (so-shus), tritium (vish-yum), Asia (A-shya). Except such words as Fabius (Fa-be-us), where the y is less distinct; so Sextius, fiectier, where it is hardly distinguishable at all. Practice must be the guide in these cases. 4. Of the two sounds of the vowels above given the long sound (so called) ends a syllable, the short (" stopped ") sound is followed by a consonant: as pa-ter (pay-ter), mag-nus (mag-nus), de-dit (de-dit), reg-num (reg-num). But a at the end of an unaccented syllable has an obscure sound like English er in dancer: stella (stellar). 5. The combinations quad and quart are pronounced as in English (quart) ; arr is pronounced as in Harry ; es at the end of plural words has the long sound : pes (pease), pares (pay-reze), nos (noce) ; post (with its compounds) is pronounced like the same word in English. 6. The consonants are pronounced as in English. Thus, c is soft (s) before e, i, y, ae, oe, eu. Elsewhere it is hard (k\ and it blends with u in nearly the same cases as in English, as socius, conscius (pronounced shus) ; ch is always k, as in charta, mdchina; g is soft (/) and hard in the same situations respectively as c. 7. S is usually hard (sharp as in saw). It is sonant (soft, z) at the end of a word, after e, ae, au, n, r, as pes, audes, mons, pars, trans (even in composition). A few other words have also sonant 8 (z), as causa, rosa. 8. X has the sound of z at the beginning and of ks at the end of syllables : as, Xerx-es, pax. Introduction. 3 Since many of the sounds depend upon the open or close syllables, the following rules for the division of syllables may be observed, which are, however, the regular rules in English. 9. A vowel not accented and a penultimate vowel in any case complete their syllables without a following single consonant or mute with / or r, as socius, ratio. (This rule applies when the number of syllables is reduced by rule 3 above.) 10. A vowel accented, not penultimate, requires the following single consonant, or divides the combination of mute with / or r. 11. But a following i and e attract a consonant rather than an accented a, e, 6, preceding ; as me-di-d-tor, had-re-o pd-tri-us. u, on the other hand, repels a following consonant, as lu-ci-dus, du-ri-us. 12. A single consonant after any accented vowel except the penultimate is joined with that vowel. A mute and liquid in this position are separated. In other cases a single consonant or a mute and liquid belong to the following vowel. 13. Two consonants (except a mute and / or r as above) are divided : as, mag-nus, cor-pus. 14. Of three or more consonants, the last (or a mute with / or r as above) is given to the following syllable. 15. A compound word is divided between the parts if the first ends in a consonant, otherwise it follows the rules for single words : as, prod-est, circum-esse, prae-sto, ego-met, pro-sum. 2. ELEMENTARY DEFINITIONS. 1. GRAMMAR treats of the different forms of words (ETY- MOLOGY), and the mode of connecting them in speech (SYNTAX). 2. Words are either Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns, Verbs, Participles, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, or Interjec- tions. These are called PARTS OF SPEECH. 3. Words like Ccesar, consul, temple, virtue, which are names of persons, things, or ideas, are called NOUNS. 4. Words like brave, loud, strong, which express qualities, are called ADJECTIVES. 4 Latin Method. 5. Words which indicate any person or thing, without either naming or describing, are called PRONOUNS. These include PERSONAL, as I, thou, we, he, they ; and ADJECTIVE, as these, those (Demonstrative), my, your (Possessive), who, which (Relative or Interrogative). 6. Words like build, fight, stand, be, suffer, which express actions or conditions, are called VERBS. 7. Words like conquering, goi?ig, gone, beaten, which describe by means of actions or conditions, are called PARTICIPLES. 8. \Vords like nobly, well, very, here, now, to-day, which define an action or quality in manner, place, time, or die like, are called ADVERBS. 9. Words like/0r, with, by, against, which show the relation between a noun and other words in the sentence, are called PREPOSITIONS. 10. Words like and, or, if, but, theft, which connect words or sentences together, are called CONJUNCTIONS. 11. Some words as where, while, till, nevertheless, both define as adverbs and connect as conjunctions. These are called ADVERBIAL CONJUNCTIONS. 12. Words like ah I ho ! alas ! are mere exclamations, and are not strictly parts of speech, but are called INTERJECTIONS. METHOD. Lesson i . The Root and Stem. READ carefully 5, i and 2, of the Grammar.* 1. Distinguish the Root and the Stem, together with their meanings (as in 5), of the following: vox, a 'voice; vocis, of a 'voice. vocamus, we call; vbcatis, you call; vbcavi, I have called. vbcationis, of a calling; vbcationi, to a calling. vScalis, belonging to a voice; v5cula, a feeble voice. 2. Determine, by comparison with each other and with the preceding, the root of the following : amor, love ; amamus, we love; amator, lover ; amavi, / have loved; amat, he loves ; amant, they love. Let the teacher point out the stems of these words, and the meaning of the terminations. 3. Determine the root and stem of the following words : fert, he bears; est, he is ( 5, 2. c). regit, he rules ( 5, 2. c 3 ) ; rectus, straight (ruled') ; rex, king ( 1, 3. f*) ; regis, of a king; regula, a rule; regnum, royal power; dirigit, he directs ; arrectus, roused. dux, leader; ducit, he leads ; duxerunt, they led; duel, to a leader; reduces (plur.), brought back. fragllis, frail; frangit, he breaks ; fractus, broken; .fractura, breakage ; fragor, crash ; fregit, he broke. cadit, he falls ; cecidit, he fell; casus, chance; accldit, // happens. For the change of vowels in the foregoing, see 1, 3. a, b. For the change of consonants, compare 1, $.f. N. B. In the examples hereafter given, only the long vowels will, in general, be marked. Those not marked, whether or not long by position ( 3, 2. d\ are to be considered short by nature. * The references are to the Sections of Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar. 6 Latin Method. Lesson 2. Gender and Declension. i. LEARN 6, i, with a and c ; 2, with c; 3; 7, and 8, i, with a; 2. #, b, c. Questions on the above. 1. What is Natural Gender ? 2. What is Grammatical Gender? 3. What names are masculine? 4. What feminine? 5. What forms of expression are neuter ? 6. What is Common Gender ? 7. Repeat the names of Cases in their usual order. 8. Define the use of each. 9. How many Declensions of nouns are there ? 10. How distinguished? n. Give the genitive ending of each. 12. What is the rule for finding the Stem ? 2. Notice that Latin has six cases with a relic of a seventh, where English has only three. Conse- quently, many relations are expressed by case alone, which in English require to be translated by means of prepositions. In translating from Latin into English, the following observations will be found useful : a. The Genitive may usually be translated by the Possessive, or by the preposition OF, and is usually connected with a Noun or Ad- jective : as, timor belli, fear of war; avidus laudis, greedy of glory. b. The Dative is usually connected with a Verb or Adjective, and may be translated TO or FOR. It often, however, corresponds to the English Objective: as, carus amlcls, dear to friends j nocet inimicis, he harms his enemies. c. The Accusative is regularly connected with a Verb or Prepo- sition, and is translated most commonly by the Objective. d. The Vocative is translated by the simple Nominative. e. The Ablative is used with Verbs and Prepositions, and may oftenest be translated BY, WITH (means or instrument), AT (time and place), FROM, OF (cause and separation) ; with prepositions, by the Objective : as, occisus ferro, slain with the sword; dis satus, sprung from the gods ; tertia bora, at the third hour. f. The Locative is translated ox, AT, IN (time or place) : as, humi, on the ground ; vesperi, at evening. The meanings of the cases are so various that the context must very often determine the particular one. (See 50, 3. N.) First Declension of Nouns. Lesson 3. First Declension of Nouns. 1. LEARN 9, with i, and 2. c, e. Decline stella, giving the name and meaning of all the Cases. In like manner decline the following : porta (F.), gate. copiae (F. p\\x .\ forces. pila (F.), ball. patria (F.), native land. silva (F.), forest. Roma (F.), Rome. nauta (M.), sailor. terra (F.), earth. dea (F.), goddess (2. e). Athenae (F. pi.), Athens. filia (F.), daughter. via (F.), way. What is the stem of culpam (fault) ? of rosls (rose) ? of hastse (spear) ? In what case is each ? What is the ablative singular of hasta, and how does it differ from the nominative ? what is the genitive plural ? dative plural ? accusative singular ? What is the ablative plural of f ilia? What is the locative form of Roma ? of Athenae ? What do these forms mean ? Learn 3, and decline cometes, daphne, Aeneas. 2. Describe the following forms; that is, give their gender, number, and possible cases, with the meanings: I. portam; 2. porta; 3. pills; 4. copias; 5. Romae; 6. f ilia- bus; 7. Athenis; 8. nautas; 9. dearuni; 10. Roma; n. has- tarum; 12. copiis ; 13. daphnes; 14. cometen; 15. silva. NOTE. Most forms of nouns or adjectives which the pupil meets in practice are oblique cases, of which he must find the nom- inative and the declension. Since both of these are determined by the stem, it is the simplest way to find the stem first, and then find the nominative (which is in fact a derived form) from that. As the nominative in most nouns or the first declension is the same as the stem, it is not important in that declension ; but the advantage of the principle will be seen hereafter. In the study of inflections, it is well that the learner should ac- custom himself to write out the forms in full; and that this should be made, with the aid of the blackboard, a constant practice in the class-room. 8 Latin Method. Lesson 4. Second Declension of Nouns* 1. LEARN 10, with i and 2. Decline the following, giving the names and meanings of the cases : puer, liber, servus, donum. Notice that these are all declined alike, except in the nom. and voc. singular, and the nom. ace. and voc. plural ; and that in the neuter plural all these cases end in a, as in all neuter nouns in Latin. What is the stem of each ? Form the nominative from the following stems : taurS- (M.), bull; gener6- (M.), son-in-law ; apr&- (M.), boar ; humerS- (M.), shoulder; regnb- (x.), kingdom. 2. Learn subsection 3. a, b (including the lists), and 4. a, b, c, f. Decline (first giving the stem) the following : ager (M.), field (6). fllius (M.), son (4. ). bellum (N.), war. deus (M.), a god (4./). oppidum (x.), town. magister (M.), master. humus (F.), ground. periculum (x.), danger. equus (M.), horse. Corinthus (F.), Corinth. vir (M.), man (5. a). Gabii (M. plur.), Gabii. What is the stem of capris? in what case or cases can it be ? of generis? what is the nom. singular? accusative? nom. plural? dative ? genitive, of each of these nouns ? What is the stem of regnum? What is the genitive singular ? plural ? the dative plural ? What is the locative form and its meaning of Corinthus? of Tarentum ? of Gabii ? of bellum ? of humus ? of vesper ? What is the vocative of Marcus? of Tullius? of puer? Decline (7. d) lotSs, organSn, mixes. 3. Describe (as before) the following: i. viri; 2. taurorum; 3. dei; 4. equo; 5. caprum; 6. dei (di); 7. bellorum; 8. humi; 9. vento; 10. dis; n. viris; 12. deos, 13. Tarenti; 14 Gabiis; 15. filiis; 16. magistrorum; 17. bella; 18. fili; 19. vesperi (5, a)-, 20. periculis. Adjectives. Lesson 5. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions. 1. LEARN 16, with i (the teacher explaining the Note), and a. Decline (each gender by itself) the following, first giving the masculine and feminine stems of each : carus, miser, ater. Observe that the declension of Adjectives of this form is pre- cisely the same with that of the corresponding nouns, servus, puer, liber; stella, donum. Decline the above by cases (all genders at once). Decline (in either or both methods) the following, giving first their masculine stem : bonus, good. sacer, sacred. meus, my (voc. mi), magnus, great. longus, long. noster, our. parvus, small. gratus, pleasing. niulti (plur.), many. liber, free. validus, strong. pauci (plur.),/^/. 2. Learn 47, and cead Remark. Decline together the following, making the Ad- jective agree with the Noun in gender ', number ', and case : vir bonus ; hasta valida ; taurus niger ; bellum longum. Observe that in Latin a descriptive Adjective generally comes after the noun, not before it as in English. * ( 3. Learn the list, with significations^ in i, b; and decline the examples. Observe that these, except alius, differ from the regular declen- sion only in the genitive and dative singular. The peculiar forms belong properly to Pronouns, with which these words are allied also in meaning. Learn also the declension of duo (page 42), and decline together the following: unusvir; ullaporta; solus filius; altera f ilia ; duae hastae ; aliud bellum ; uter equus ? alia via ; ager utervis. Notice that utervis is compounded of uter and vis, which [of the \wo\you willj and that the first part only is declined. io Latin Method. 4. Many adjectives in the singular, and most ad- jectives in the plural, may be used as Nouns, the mas- culine meaning men, the feminine women, and the neuter things ( 47, 3, 4) : thus, liber, a free man. boni, the good. amicus, a friend. Latini, the Latins. Romanus, a Roman. Sabinae, the Sabine women. 5. Learn 46, with the examples; and translate the following phrases : Homerus poeta; Roma patria nostra; Gabii oppidum. Notice that the added noun (in apposition} does not express any relation such as is mentioned in Lesson 3, but is only another way of describing the same thing. 6. Describe (as before) the following : .1. filiocaro; 2. doms sacris ; 3. Stellas lucidas ; 4. unius libri; 5. nullis filiabus ; 6. alteri viro ; 7. alius portae; 8. sacris deabus ; 9. mi care fill; io. aliud regnum ; 11. tauris validis; 12. urbanum vulgus ; 13/totum pelagus ; 14. duobus viris. Learn the meaning of the following particles : et, and; sed, but; non, not; etiam, even. Translate into English. i. Terrae (Less. 3, 2. a) films. 2. Pericula belli. 3. Porta oppidi Tarenti. 4. Marci pueri magister. 5. Marce Tulli. 6. Somnia fabularum. 7. Gaius Marius inimicus bonorum. 8. Sthenelus non auriga piger. 9. Mora magnum irae 1 remedium. 1 The genitive is here to be translated for (see last paragraph of Lesson 2). Write in Latin. i. Alexander the Great, son of Philip. 2. Italy, the native land of the Latins. 3. Gifts of the good, pleasing to (Less. 2, 2. b} the gods. 4. Romans (ace.), sons of free men. 5. Dear to one, pleasing to many. 6. A great abundance of gold and silver. Subject and Predicate. n Lesson 6. Simple Sentence : 1. Subject and Predicate. LEARN 45, i and 2. 1. Every real sentence must contain at least a Subject and a Verb. The Subject of a verb is regularly in the Nominative case ( 49, 2): as, equus currit, the horse runs. regina sedet, the queen sits. NOTE. In certain constructions, a verb is put in the infinitive mood, in which case its subject becomes the Accusative ( 52, 4, b). 2. In Latin, the subject may be a personal pronoun contained in the termination of the verb itself: as, aro, I plough (am ploughing); sedemus, we sit; curritis,_y0# run. NOTE. This is true, in general, only when the verb is of the first or second person. With the third person, a definite subject must be expressed, unless implied in what goes before or follows. 3. Learn the following forms of the verb esse, to be: PRESENT. sum, / am. sumus, we are. es, thou art (you are). e&tis,you are. est, he (she, it} is. sunt, they are. IMPERFECT. erarn, / was. eramus, we were. eras, thou wast. eratis,j/0# were. erat, he (she, it} was. erant, they were. Upon comparing these examples, the learner will notice that the terminations are alike for each person : thus, SINGULAR i.-m PLURAL i.-mus 2. - s 2. - tis 3--t 3--nt These terminations were originally personal pronouns, and still retain their force as such. They run, with some slight changes, through all verbal forms which have persons. 12 Latin Method. Notice that the plural of courtesy, used in addressing a single person, is not found in Latin. Hence you are corresponds both with es when one person is addressed, and with estis when more than one. NOTE. The verb esse belongs to no regular conjugation, but its inflection is older than that of the regular verbs ; just as in English love, loved is the regular, but know, knew the older form. 4. The verb esse has two meanings, which require different constructions (see 45, 2. b). When it means to exist, it may make a sentence either alone, or with only a subject-nominative : as, est luna, there is a moon. But it is also used, like the English to be, as a mere copula (link) between a subject and a predicate, which are then in the same case ( 46, 1.2): as, magister es, you are master. luna est lucida, the moon is bright. NOTE. The predicate and copula may, however, both be contained in a Latin verb : as, agricola arat, the farmer is ploughing. portae patent, the gates are open. Translate into English. i. Pueri sumus. 2. Stellae lucidae erant. 3. Laeti non eramus. 4. Viri boni sunt. 1 5. Patria nostra non est Roma. 6. Servus perpetuus mercenarius est. 7. Mnesarchus et Dardanus magistri erant ( 49, i) Athenis. 8. Saepe est etiam sub palliolo sordido sapientia. 9. Nullum magnum ingenium sine mixtura dementiae est. 10. Magnorum saevitia bellum est. 1 This sentence may be translated they (some persons previously re- ferred to, and implied in the termination) are good men; or, the men are good ; also (considering sunt as a substantive verb), there are good men. In the first case, boni and viri are both predicate ; in the second, viri is subject and boni predicate ; in the third, both are in the subject. Object- Accusative. 13 Write in L,atin. i. ^neaswas a good son. 2. We are free [men], not slaves. 3. The early Romans were farmers. 4. Rome was the native city (fatherland) of Marcus Tullius. 5. Delay is a cure for anger. N. B. In writing a Latin sentence, tisually put the verb at the end. Words in brackets are not to be translated. Lesson 7. Simple Sentence: 2. Object- Accusative. LEARN 52, and i. 1. The action of many verbs (called Transitive verbs) passes over upon an object, which must be expressed to complete the sense. This object is in Latin put in the Accusative : as, vocat filium, he calls (his) son; videmus Stellas, we see the stars. NOTE. a. With certain verbs, the genitive, dative, or ablative may be used as an object-case, where the corresponding English verbs require the objective. b. Many verbs transitive in Latin are translated in English by a verb requiring a preposition (intransitive) : as, peciiniam postulo, / ask for (demand} money j petit aprum, he aims at the boar. 2. Learn the following verb-forms of the First and Second conjugations : i. voco, 7 call. vocamus, we call. vocas.jjw/ call (thou callesf). vocatis, you call. vocat, he (she, if} calls. vocant, they call. n. video, I see. videmus, ive see. vides,^7# see (thou seest). videtis, you see. videt, he (she, it) sees. vident, they see. Upon comparing these forms, the learner will notice that the first has a and the second e before the terminations. These vowels belong to the stem of the verb (see Lesson i), and are characteristic of two different conjugations called the first and second. In the first person singular, voca-o has been contracted into voco. 14 Latin Method. Like voco inflect the following : amo, love. do, give. laudo, praise. aro, plough. juvo, help. pugno,y?///. Like video inflect the following : doceo, teach. noceo, injure. timeo,fear. habeo, have. sedeo, sit. valeo, be strong. Translate into English. I. Ludi magister pueros vocat. 2. Avaritia pecu- niae studium habet. 3. Manlius, vir bello egregius, Romanes ad arma vocat. 4. Unus e decemviris, Ap- pius Claudius, puellam plebeiam raptat. 5. Arma habemus non adversus pueros sed adversus armatos. 6. Contra naturam non pugno. 7. Nocet aliquando medicina magis quam juvat. 8. Laudamus claros viros, improbos vituperamus. 9. Lselia, Gai filia, paternam elegantiam habet. 10. Alienis incommodis pauci dolent. Write in Latin. I. The boys are fighting. 2. We love (our) children and friends. 3. The sound of the log frightens the silly frogs. 4. The timorous doe fears not the maiden. 5. The ancient comedy teaches wisdom. Lesson 8. Simple Sentence : 3. Special Forms. I. Questions. Learn 45, I, with a, b, c, d; and compare 71. a. A Question of simple fact, requiring the answer yes or no, is formed in Latin by adding the syllable -ne (enclitic) to the emphatic word : as, eratne Caesaris amicus ? 'was he (in fact) C Cesar's friend. tune eras Caesaris amicus ? were YOU a friend of Ccesar ? NOTE. Sometimes the interrogative particle is omitted, when no sign of a question appears except in the punctuation ( 71, i, R). Questions ; Conjun ctions . 1 5 b. A Question asking of some circumstance, about the fact is formed by prefixing to the sentence an in- terrogative word. Such words are quis ? who ? ubi ? where ? quaiido ? when ? quare ? why f quomodo? how? qualis? of what sort? quantus? how great? NOTE. A Question of the latter form becomes an exclamation by omitting the mark of interrogation, or (in speech) by changing the inflection of the voice. c. When the syllable -ne is added to a negative word, as nonne, an affirmative answer is expected. [For other interrogative forms, see 71, i, 2.] 2. Conjunctions. a. Two simple independent sentences are often connected by Conjunctions, and make coordinate clauses ( 45, 5. c) in the same sen- tence. Such conjunctions are et, and; sed, but; at, but yet ; aut, vel, or; nee (neque), nor and not; atque (sometimes ac before a consonant), and besides; -que (enclitic) and. b. Of these the following are often repeated in the different parts of the sentence, for the sake of distinc- tion or emphasis : et or -que, both . . . and; aut (vel), either . . . or; nee or neque, neither . . . nor. [See 43, 2. #.] c. It is very common, in sentences thus made up of two or more members, to express in one part what must be understood in the rest (ellipsis) : as, C. Gracqhus amicus plebis erat, Scipiones inimici [plebis erant], Caius Gracchus was a friend of the commons^ the Scipios [were their] enemies. Translate into English. i. Nonne laudant posted viros claros? 2. Quanta sunt amicitiae vincula ! 3. Videsne novum populum unius viri consilio ortum? 4. Nee optat vir bonus crastinum nee timet. 5. Virtus, Gai Fanni et Quinte 1 6 Latin Method. Muci, et conciliat amicitias et confirmat. 6. Miser ergo est Archelaus? 7. Non oculis sed animo vide- mus. 8. Graeci praeceptis valent, Roman! exemplis. 9. Extra invidiam sed non extra gloriam erat. 10. Nihil perpetuum, pauca diuturna sunt. Write in Latin. I. Neither Marius nor Sulla was a true friend of the Roman people. 2. Is not virtue a bond of friendship? 3. Do we fear the perils of war? 4. Who praises the bad? Who does not love the good? Lesson 9. Third Declension of Nouns. 1. LEARN 11, i. with i, 2 ; ii. iii. with i, 2, 3. The Third Declension includes all nouns having stems ending in a consonant (" consonant-stems "), and all those whose stem ends in i ("i- stems "). The consonant-stems are simplest, as the case- endings are added to the stem, and never confounded with it: hence they have one more syllable in the genitive. &c., than in the nominative. [Except pater, mater, frater, accipiter, which are syncopated : patris for pateris, etc.] 2. Decline the following Mute-stems (iii.) : ops, 5pis (p.), help. rex, regis (M.), king. princeps, Ipis (M.), chief. radix, icis (F.), root. custos, odis (M.), guard. apex, Icis (yi.) 9 peak. lapis, Idis (M.), stone. caput, Itis (x.), head. miles, itis (M.), soldier. cor, cordis (N.), heart. seges, etis (F.), crop. poema, atis Find the stem and nominative of the following: I . opes ; 2. forcipis ; 3. pede ; 4. legibus ; 5. pacem ; 6. mili- tum; 7 incudis; 8. corda; 9. poema (ace.) ; 10. praesidem ; ii. duces; 12. vadis; 13. quiete ; 14. parietum; 15. virtuti- bus; 16. mercedis ; 17. capite, 18. apices; 19. lapide ; 20. segete; 21. hiemis; 22. paludibus ; 23. equites ; 24. laudi Th ird Declension of Nouns . 17 3. Decline the following Liquid-stems (ii.) : consul, iilis (M.), consul. sanguis, Inis (M.), blood. nomen, mis (N.), name. caro, carnis (F.),_/^J// (iii. 4). leo, onis (M.), lion. senex, senis (M.), old man. virgo, inis (F.) , maiden. mel, mellis (N.), honey (ii. e). legio, onis (F.), legion. homo, inis (M.), man. Find the stem and nominative of the following : I. hominum; 2. ordines ; 3. virginibus; 4. semina; 5. del- phini; 6. Platonis; 7. cornicines ; 8. sanguinem; 9. senibus. Notice that sanguis and senex have two stems. 4. Decline the following original r- stems : pater, tris (M..}, father. nectar, aris (N.), nectar. mulier, eris (F.), woman. fulgur,uris(N.),//mwrtkr&?//. aiiser, gris (M..), goose. rhetor, oris (M.), rhetorician. crater, eris (M.), bowl. aer, aeris (M.), air. NOTE. Nouns with these terminations have an original r. In almost all other r- stems, the r takes the place of an original s, which is retained in the nominative and the other cases which are like it. In crater and aer, observe the Greek forms of the accusa- tive singular (a), and the nominative and accusative plural (es, as). 5. Decline the following, in which the stem has been changed from s : flos, floris (w?), flower. jecur, jecinSris (N.), liver. honor (houos), oris (M.), honor, aes, aeris (N.), copper. pulvis, eris (M.), dust. ebur, 6ris (N.), ivory. tellus, uris (F.), earth. corpus, Qris (N.), body. iter, itineris (N.), journey. genus, eris (N.), race. NOTE. All the above classes are regular consonant stems, without any trace of i in their inflection. Some consonant-stems originally i- steins, and having i in their inflection, will be given after the real i- stems. 6. Decline the following i- stems: turris (F.), tower. mare (N.), sea. sitis (F.), thirst (3, a). rete (N.), net. securis (F.), axe. calcar (N.), spur. ovis (F.), sheep. pulvmar (N.), cushion. clades (F.), disaster. vectigal (N,), revenue. i8 Latin Method. Observe that this class includes all nouns of the third declension which have the same number of syllables in the nominative and genitive (except patfer, etc.) ; also neuters in al and ar, which have lost a final e. They show the i of the stem in the following forms : 1. All have the genitive plural in -ium ; 2. All neuters have the nom. and ace. plural in -ia ; 3. The accusative plural (M. or F.; is often written -is ; 4. The accusative singular (M. or F.) sometimes ends in -im ; 5. The ablative singular of all neuters, and of many masculines and feminines, ends in -i (see lists a and b, p. 18 of Grammar). 7. Describe the following forms (as in Lesson 3), giving first the stem and nominative. i. tussim; 2. febrim; 3. ravi (abl.) ; 4. igni; 5. cladem; 6. imbrium; 7. puppis ; 8. sedium ; 9. animalia; 10. nava- libus ; ii. tribunal!; 12. exemplarium ; 13. Tiberim; 14. amussim; 15. lintri; 16. imbres ; 17. marl; 18. retibus. Decline together the following : i. bonus civis; 2. turrisalta; 3. amnislatus; 4. rite ra- rum; 5. clades magna; 6. oves multae ; 7. restis longa ; 8. animal nigrum ; 9. securis acuta; 10. novus homo; n. mag- num opus; 12. mulier Sabina; 13. Roinana virgo; 14. senex doctus ; 15. miles validus; 16. Marcus Tullius Cicero consul. 8. Some nouns originally i- stems retain traces of the i declension. Learn iii. note, with 2, c, 3, c; and decline the following : arx, arcis (F.), citadel. lis, litis (M.), lawsuit. aetas, atis (F.), age. mus, muris (M.), mouse. fauces, ium (F.), throat. os, ossis (N.), bone. gens, gentis (F.), nation. urbs, urbis (F.), city. NOTE. The genitive plural in many of this class is uncertain, and the ablative in i is very rare ; so that, except those mentioned (including monosyllables with stems ending in two consonants), it is better to follow the consonant declension. Decline bos, nix, vis, Juppiter (iii. 4). Third Declension of Nouns. 19 N. B. The teacher may (if he think desirable) require the Rules for Gender on pp. 23, 24 ; but it seems best to learn each word or class of words by itself, through practice in reading and composition. Translate into English. i. Militem vana gloriae imago tenet. 2. Nemovere aestimat tempus. 3. Habet philosophus amplas opes. 4. Caesar jus crudelitatemque victoriae temperat. 5. Rex honores dignis dat. 6. Non est voluptas sine virtute. 7. Medicina etiam sceleratis opem ministrat. 8. Apud Epicureos virtus voluptatum ministra est. 9. Genus ex alto sanguine deorum habemus. 10. Agricolam annonae caritas delectat. n. Di operum humanorum sunt testes. 12. Mira fulminis opera sunt : fulmina fatorum ordinem nuntiant ; olei et unguenti teter post fulmen odor est. 13. Fata nullae preces commovent. 14. Eloquentiae pretium auget litium numerus. 15. Institores delicatarum mercium juventus corrupta locu- pletat. 16. Non hospes ab hospite tutus erat, non socer a genero ; fratrum quoque gratia rara erat. 17. Boves et equos, ibes, accipitres, aspidas, crocodilos, piscis, canes, lupos, feles, multas praeterea beluas, barbari in deorum numero habent. Write in Latin. i. An omen recalls the superstitious man from a journey. 2. Young men delight in the precepts (#/.) of the old. 3. Is there any animal without a heart? 4. I approve seriousness in old age, [but'] bitterness by no means. 5. How great opportunities has friendship ! 6. Not the guards of the citadel, doubtless valiant soldiers ; not the dogs, a creature uneasy at nightly sounds ; but the sacred geese of Juno wake, scream [and] save the city. 2O Latin Method. Lesson i o. Adjectives of the Third Declension. 1. Learn 16, 2 (with the list in a) and 3, with a; and decline the accompanying examples. Notice : i. That these are inflected as i-stems throughout, except that the accusative singular is never found in im, while those in 2. a, differ from other i-stems only in having the nominative and vocative singular of the masculine in er. All other adjectives in er belong to 3. c (consonant declension). 2. That the adjectives in 3, #, have i inflections in the same cases as the preceding, except that the ablative has e as well as i [Notice rare exceptions in 3. c.~\ In other respects, these adjectives are declined precisely like the corresponding nouns (consonant- stems) of the third declension. 2. Learn 3. 3, and decline the examples. Notice that these comparatives have no forms of the i declen- sion, except i along with e in the ablative singular. [But plus, with its compound complures, is an exception.] Decline the following : omnis, every ; plur. all. dives, rich. brevis, short. potens, powerful. facilis, easy. praeceps, headlong. fortis, brave. pauper, poor. gravis, t-.eavy. sapiens, wise. equester, of cavalry. vetus, ancient. Decline together the following : vir sapiens, a wise man. vita brevis, a short life. Ira praeceps, headlong wrath. ager pauper, a poor field. rex potens, a powerful king. exsul inops, a destitute exile. terra palustris, marshy land. proelium acre, a fierce battle. Translate into English. i. Fortes fortuna juvat. 2. Sunt mitia poma, castarieae molles, et pressi copia lactis. 3. Milites proelio equestri pugnant. 4. Pauperes cum divitibus certant. 5. Viri fortes pericula non timent. 6. Triste remedium doloris ira est. 7. Non omnis via brevis Adjectives of the Third Declension. 21 est facilis. 8. Jovis omnia plena sunt. 9. Gustos es pauperis horti. 10. Sole sub ardenti resonant arbusta cicadis. u. Regem infernum terret cum conjuge lumen. 12. Silvae cum montibus ardent. 13. PecorL frondes, alimentaque mitia fruges humano generi, dels quoque tura ministrat tellus. 14. Atlas vix hu- meris candentem sustinet axem. 15. Phoebus equos amentes stimulo domat. 16. Di omnes deaeque Solem supplice voce rogant. 17. Julium sidus micat inter omnes velut luna inter minores ignes. Write In Latin. i. The mind of man is rich, not his chest. 2. Not every gathering of wild and barbarous [men] is a State. 3. All virtues are equal, and all vices are also equal : so the Stoics maintain. 4. Flattery is a fault of inconstant and deceitful men. Lesson n. Comparison of Adjectives* 1. Learn the regular forms of Comparison in 17, i , with a and b ; and compare the following : cams, levis, felix, hebes, miser, celer, felix, fiber, vetus, facilis, similis, humilis. 2. Learn the forms of Irregular and Defective Comparison, 17, 2, 3, (with a) ; and compare the following : bonus, magnus, malus, multum, parvus, prior, propior, inferus, superus. 3. Decline together also the following, forming the comparative or superlative according to the rules or examples given : vir bonus, a better man. filius parvus (3. b\ the younger son. copia magnus, the greatest forces, pugna acer, a very fierce fight. mos vetus, a most ancient custom, nox longa, the longest night. judex mitis, a gentle judge. carmen jucundus, a jollier song. 22 Latin Method. 4. Learn the regular comparison of Adverbs, 17, 4. Compare adverbs from the following: altus, high. fortis, brave. sapiens, wise. miser, "wretched. audaz, bold. malus, bad. Translate into English. i. Hominum est infinita multitudo in Britannia, cre- berrimaque aedificia, fere Gallicis consimilia. Loca sunt temperatiora quam in Gallia, remissioribus fri- goribus ; noctes breviores quam in continenti. 2. Suevorum gens est longa maxima et bellicosissima Ger- manorum omnium : centum pages habent ; quotannis singula milia sunt in armis. 3. Unius urbis omnium pulcherrimae atque ornatissimae, Syracusarum, direp- tionem commemoro. Ex quattuor urbibus maximis con- stat. Una est Tnsula; et in insula extrema 1 fons aquae dulcis incredibili magnitudine, 2 plenissimus piscium. In altera urbe, Achradina, forum maximum, pulcherrimae porticus, 3 ornatissimum prytanium, amplissima est curia templumque egregium Jovis Olympii. In tertia, Tycha nominata, gymnasium amplissimum est et complures aedes sacrae. In quarta {Neapoli nominata, quia pos- trema aedificata) theatrum maximum ; praeterea duo templa sunt egregia, Cereris unum, alterum Liberae; signumque Apollinis pulcherrimum et maximum. l 47, 8. 2 See 54, 7 ; G. 402. 8 See the next Lesson. TTrite in Latin. i. The most healthful of all winds is the North wind. By night the Southeast-wind, by day the North-wind is more violent. 2. Of the gods the Gauls worship Mercury most. 3. They endure every- thing more easily than delay. 4. This is a very ancient custom. 5. Near the border of the ocean is the last point of the Ethiopians, where mightiest Atlas whirls the axle on his shoulder. Fourth and Fifth Declensions. 23 Lesson 1 2. Fourth and Fifth Declensions. I. Fourth Declension. Learn 12, with I, 2, and d, e. Decline the examples, giving the stem and meaning of each ; decline together the following : 1. cantus dulcis ; 2. domus excelsa ; 3. cornu plenum ; 4. myrtus sacra ; 5. manus valida ; 6. portus tutus ; 7. idus Martiae ; 8. vultus tristis. a. What is the stem of domo ? of doinui ? of domi ? what is the meaning of the last ? b. What nouns of the fourth declension are feminine (2. a) ? Which are neuter (2. b) ? c. What nouns have the dative and ablative plural in -ubus ? . 2. Fifth Declension. Learn 13, with i and 2; and decline together the following : I. res angusta; 2. tertius dies; 3. species honestior. What is the dative singular of spes ? the ablative of dies ? the accusative plural of fades ? the genitive singular of meridies ? Translate into English. i. Vultum tristem ostentat. 2. Hieme breviores sunt dies, aestate longiores. 3. Myrtus sacras mani- bus portant. 4. In tutis portubus sunt naves nos- trae. 5. Species honesta magnas culpas celat. 6. Materiem superat opus. 7. Nee spes libertatis erat nee cura peculi. 8. Nostri vigiles nocturni quarta vigilia ad curas laboremque mortales vocant, diemque nuntiant cantu ; ipsum vero cantum plausu laterum. Write in Latin. i. The prisoner hides a glad hope with a sad coun- tenance. 2. Foreign nations fear the decrees of the Roman Senate. 3. Sweet songs of Sirens charm the ear of Ulysses. 4. On the fourth day (#/.) before the Ides of March he calls a meeting of the conspira- tors at his own (suae) house. Latin Method. Lesson 13. Pronouns : Personal and Demonstrative. Learn 19, i, 2, 3, with 0; also 20, i, 2, and de- cline the examples. Observe that the inflection of these words includes several forms occurring in alius, ullus, etc. (Lesson 5, 3). NOTE. I. The personal or demonstrative pronouns are in general used only for the sake of distinction or emphasis : as, te voco, I call you j but quis me vocat ? ego te voco : ivho calls me ? it is I. 2. The personal pronouns have the same construction as nouns, and their syntax in no respect differs from that of nouns. 3. The demonstrative pronouns are prcperly adjectives, and generally have a noun in agreement with them, either expressed or understood. But in the oblique cases they are often especially is used as personal pronouns of the third person : as, TL Gracchus et frater ejus Gains tribuni plebis eraut, Tiberius Gracchus and his brother Caius were tribunes of the people. [For the special uses of the demonstratives, study 20, 2. a-e.~\ Translate into English. I. Haec via nobis semper patet. 2. Senectus ipsa est morbus. 3. Scilicet res ipsa aspera est, sed vos non timetis earn. 4. Ilia urbis pars tuta erat. 5. Hie plus venustatis, ille plus virium habet. 6. Mors nobis semper impendet. 7. Nemo nostrum immemor est vestri. 1 8. Egomet me laudo. 9. Sibimet ipse arat agricola atque posteris suis. 10. Siculi auxilium sibi per me a vobis atque a populi Romani legibus orant. n. Te tua carmina, me mea delectant. 12. Vigilantiam tuam tu mihi narras ? 13. Hujus rei potestas omnis in vobis sita est, judices ; totam rem publicam vos in hac causa tenetis, vos gubernatis. 1 The genitive form in um is used as the partitive, that in i as the objective genitive ( 50, 2, 3.) Relative Pronouns. 25 Write in Latin. I. You (emph.) carry in your right hand \yonr\ liberty and fatherland. 2. You, Servius Tullius, reign by the will and consent of the citizens. 3. You are a foreigner; I a free citizen. 4. Physicians rarely treat themselves. 5. Now at last we please ourselves. 6. You have a leader mindful of you, forgetful of himself. 7. No one of us has the physical} strength of Milo. 8. You were a sharer with me of those dangers. Lesson 14. Pronouns : Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite. i. Relative. Learn 21, i, with the inflection of the relative pronoun qui. NOTE. The forms *yafa(who? or anyone) and quid (what? or any thing} are never relatives. But all the forms of the relative pronoun are also interrogative and indefinite. Learn 48, and observe that 1. Every relative implies some demonstrative word (or antece- dent) to which it refers. 2. A sentence containing a relative must have at least two verbs, one belonging to the relative. [Either of the verbs may, however, be understood.] 3. A relative pronoun is properly an Adjective, in agreement with some word either expressed in its own clause, or implied in the antecedent clause. This word is in Latin very frequently found in the relative clause, sometimes in that alone, though rarely or never in English : as, erant duo itinera quibus itineribus domo exire possent, there were two ways by which [ways] they could go out from home. [See examples in 48, 3. a, b, c.~\ 4. The relative clause in Latin oftener stands before the demon- strative (or antecedent) clause, while in English it more usually follows. 26 Latin Method. 2. Interrogative. Learn the inflection of the In- terrogatives quis, qui, with quisnam, ecquis, numquia. NOTE. Notice the difference in use between quis and qui, etc. (see a). Quisnam is emphatic, pray, who ? Ecquis and numquis are compounded from the indefinite and the interrogative particle, en and num ; and mean not who f but any (see 2. d) : as, ecquis nos videt? does any one see us? numquid hoc dubitaa ? do you at all doubt this ? 3. Indefinite. Learn the inflection of the follow- ing (2. c, d, e)\ quldam, a certain one. quisquam, any one (2, b). quivis, any one. aliquis, some one. quisque, every one. quis, one. unusquisque, each. siquis, if any. All these are construed either as simple adjectives or as nouns. But notice the difference in the use of quis and qui in these com- pounds (i, c). Learn 2, a, with the inflection of quisquis (2. b). NOTE. The indefinite relative in English whoever, whatever is in construction a true relative, of which, however, the antece- dent is very rarely expressed. Observe that it is regularly formed in Latin in two ways : i. by adding -cuxnque (-cunque) to the relative ; 2. by doubling the interrogative. [Compare the forms ubicumque or ubiubi, etc., in 22.] 4. Correlative. Learn 21, 2. g, and 22, so as to know the correspondence of the relative and demon- strative forms. Observe that 1. With the exception of quando (when?] the relative and in- terrogative forms are alike throughout. 2. The relative Adverbs as cum, when; nbi, where; quo, whither; unde, whence follow the same rules of construction as relative Pronouns. Translate into English. I. Insula natura triquetra, cujus unum latus est contra Galliam. Hujus lateris alter angulus (qui est ad Cantium) ad orientem solem, inferior ad meridiem Relatives ) Interrogates , and Indefinites. 27 spectat. Materia cujusque generis ut in Gallia est, praeter fagum atque abietem. 2. Est in Herc}mia silva bos cervi figura, 1 cujus a media fronte inter aures unum cornu exstat. 3. Sed quis hie est homo, quern ante aedes video? non placet. 4. Quo ambulas tu, qui volcanum in cornu conclusum habes? 5. Quis herus est tibi? Amphitruo, quicum nupta est Alcu- mena. 6. Sed cum cogito, equidem certo idem sum qui semper eram. 7. 'Studes'? 'Etiam.' 'Ubi'? f Mediolani.' 'Cur non hie'? ' Quia nullos hie prae- ceptores habemus.' 8. Illi falsi sunt, qui diversas res pariter exspectant, ignaviae voluptatem, et praemia virtutis. 9. Alia omnia vasta [erant], inculta, egentia aquae, infesta serpentibus, quarum vis, sic uti omnium ferarum, inopia cibi acrior [est]. 10. Portat maniplos, unde maniplarts nomen miles habet. n. Quilibet hie tutus est. 12. Quicumque nefas audent, morte jacent merita. Testes estis, Philippi, quorum sparsis ossibus albet humus. 13. Quot homines, tot sententiae. 14. Tale tuum carmen [est], divine poeta, quale sopor fessis in gramine. 15. Quo 2 quisque est sollertior et ingeniosior, hoc docet iracundius et laboriosius. 16. Neque ex castris Catilinae quisquam omnium trans- fuga erat. i Translate by OF ( 54, 7). 2 See 22, c. Write in Latin. i. Whatever is conspicuous among [its'] neigh- bors is great there where it is conspicuous. For greatness has an uncertain measure. A ship which is large in a river is small in the sea. A helm which is large for one ship is small for another. 2. As other good things, so every good book is better, the larger [it is~\. 3. I have frequent discussion with a certain learned man, to whom nothing is so pleasing as brevity. 28 Latin Method. Lesson 15. Numerals. 1. Learn 18, i, with the list of Cardinal Numbers, and the declension of those which are declinable (a, 3, , d, e). 2. Learn the method of forming the Ordinals, Dis- tributives, and Numeral Adverbs; and commit to memory the exceptional ones (i to 5). a. The cardinal numbers are constantly used in denoting meas- ures of time and space. In such expressions the accusative is generally used to denote duration of time or extent of space ; but sometimes the genitive (of quality, 55, 2. a) is used with nouns. b. To express miles, the phrase milia passuum is used ; one thousand passits, or paces, being the length of the Roman mile. c. Give in Latin the following numbers : I3> 5 8 > 8 7> 45> I2 > 625, 1560, 1874, 25,000, 1,000,000; 5th, 25th, i25th ; once ; twice ; 5 times ; 25 times ; 10 apiece. Translate into English. i. Mille meae Siculis errant in montibus agnae. 2. Bis senos quotannis nostra dies altaria fumant. 3. A lacu Lemanno ad montem Juram, milia passuum decem novem, murus in altitudinem pedum sedecim fossaque erant. 4. Tertia fere vigilia castra movet. 5. Re- liqua sunt tritici trecenta viginti quatuor milia modium. 1 6. Olympiade centesima quarta decima Lysippus erat. 7. Tullus regnat annos duos et triginta. l See 10, 4. e. Write in Latin. i. I see an army often thousand soldiers on [their] march. 2. One hundred and twenty-five men are in the citadel. 3. He gives to his [men] two horses [cacti], 4. The army has two camps. 5. Caesar was proconsul in Gaul twice five years (2, c). 6. We have a flock of six hundred sheep. Verb-Forms: the verb ESSE. 29 Lesson 16. Verb-Forms. 1. Learn the whole of 23, 1,2, with 24, and read the Notes. 2. Learn 27, i, 4, 5. a, b, c; 28, i (read a, &, c), 2 (read the sections a to h). Questions on the above. 1. What are the Moods of a Latin verb? What Tenses are wanting in the Subjunctive ? in the Imperative ? Which are the compound tenses of the Passive (2. )? how are they formed? 2. How is the Indicative Mood used? the Subjunctive? the Imperative? the Infinitive? 3. Which are the tenses of incomplete (or continued} action ? of completed action ? How are the latter formed in the Passive ? 4. Upon what stem are the tenses of incomplete action formed ? those of completed action ? the perfect participle ? 5. What are the Personal Endings of the active voice ? of the passive ? What changes are made in the verb-stem ? What is the formation of the so-called supine stem ( 28, 2. f) ? N. B. The learner is advised to study the forms given in the Table on page 56, and to keep them before his eye, in his reading of Latin sentences, until they are quite familiar. The four regular conjugations simply have these forms either in combination with the characteristic vowel or modified by it ( 30). Lesson 1 7. The Verb ESSE, to be. I. Learn 29, with the Principal Parts and the full Conjugation of esse, giving the meaning of each form in English ; also a and b. a. Notice the division of the tenses into two groups, one (the tenses of continued action) being formed from the root ES, found in the English am, is; the other (the tenses of completed action} being formed from the root FU, found in the English be. By noticing 30 Latin Method. these different roots, with the tenses formed from each, the learner will be guided in distinguishing the corresponding formations in other verbs, where the stems only and not the roots differ. b. Compare the inflection of esse with the table of verb-endings given on page 56. It will be noticed that the imperfect and future differ from the forms in -bam and -bo, which are compound forms ; and that these tenses of esse are used in forming the regular terminations of the pluperfect and future perfect : as, fu-eram, fu-ero. These terminations, with all those formed upon the perfect stem, are alike for all verbs in the language, whether regular or irregular. c. The Principal Parts (given at the head) should always be carefully committed to memory, as in these are found the different stems on which the several groups of tenses are formed ( 30, 5). 2. Give the mood, tense, &c., with the meaning, of the following : i. fuisti ; 2. eritis ; 3. fuissem ; 4. essemus ; 5. fueratis ; 6. fuisse ; 7. fuerim ; 8. smt ; 9. fore; 10. forent ; u. esse; 12. essetis ; 13. futurum esse ; 14. fuerimus ; 15. potjiit ; 16. possent ; 17. possint ; 18. prodestis ; 19. potuisse ; 20. po- tuisset; 21. esto ; 22. stmto ; 23. fuerunt ; 24. erimus ; 25. fuerit ; 26. proderit \ 27. prosimus ; 28. potuerit. Lesson 18. Moods and Tenses, Review 24; learn 25, i, 2, 3, 4; 26, i, 2; 27, i, 2, 3, 4. Questions on the above. 1. What are the chief uses of the Subjunctive? Express in Latin the words I may write; I can write; I would write. Give the English of the following : eamus ; adsum ut videam ; imperat ut scribam ; vereor ne eat; sunt qui putent 2. What is the termination of the present participle (-ns) ? its meaning ? Of the future participle (-turus) ? its meaning and use ? Of the perfect participle (-tus or -sus)? Of the Gerundive (-dus)? its adjective meaning ? its use in the oblique cases ? First Conjugation. 31 3. What is the Gerund form ? its meaning ? What is the Supine ? how is it to be translated ? 4. Which are the tenses of incomplete (continued) action ? of completed action ? of indefinite action ? 5. What distinction in meaning between the imperfect and the perfect ? Give examples. What are the two uses of the perfect ? Give an example of the perfect definite; of the perfect historical. Translate the words longius prosequi vetuit, quod loci naturam ignorabat ; and point out the use of the tenses. 6. How are the tenses of completed action formed in the passive ? Express in Latin, Ccesar was slain; he had been slain. Lesson 19. Regular Verb : First Conjugation. I. ACTIVE VOICE. Learn 30, with i. a, b, c; and compare 28, 2.f, with Note. a. Inflect the Active Voice of amo ( 31) as far as and includ- ing the Imperative Mood ; giving first the Principal Parts and the Synopsis ( 30, 5. a, b}. b. Compare the inflection with that of esse, noticing the two stems (present and perfect) corresponding to the two roots ES and FU (27, 5. *, *). c. Compare the inflection of amo with the Personal Endings in 28, i. a, b, c; also 2. c. d. Like amo inflect the following : axo, plough, paro, prepare. spero, hope. creo, create, appoint, pugno.yf^/z/. voco, call. e. Learn (from the list on page 67) the Principal Parts, and give the full Synopsis of the following: do, give. juvo, help, please, sto, stand. domo, subdue. seco, cut. veto, forbid. f. Describe the following forms : I. arabit; 2. amaverat (or amarat, 30, 6, #); 3. dedit; 4. paravisset (parasset) ; 5. steterunt; 6. juverint; 7. aperavisti (sperasti); 8. domuissent ; 9. secuerat ; 10. domabant ; u. vetuistis; 12. dedere; 13. paret; 14. juvarent ; 15. pugnabis ; 16. dato; 17. vocanto ; 18. secuerim ; 19. vocabitis. 32 Latin Method. Translate into English. I. Pausanias non mores patrios solum, sed etiam cultum vestitumque mutavit. Idem magnam belli gloriam turpi morte maculavit. 2. Dionis mors mira- biliter vulgi mutavit voluntatem. Nam qui vivum eum tyrannum vocaverant, idem liberatorem patriae tyrannique expulsorem praedicabant. 3. Non omnes arbusta juvant humilesque myricae. 4. Durus agri- cola nudus arato. 5. Pugna tecum ipse. 6. Jamque faces et arma volant; furor arma ministrat. 7. Popu- lus Romanus M. Tullium Ciceronem consulem 1 creavit. 8. Revocate animos : durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis. 9. Liberemus diuturna cura populum Romanum. l 46, 2, third example. Write in Latin. i. The sword gave to Cato the liberty which it could not to his country. 2. Ennius compares his own 1 [old age~\ to the old age of a spirited and victorious horse. 3. I shall often praise that sage Bias. He did not think these playthings of fortune even his own \_property~] which we even call blessings. 4. Let us sing the new trophies of Augustus. 1 Notice that (contrary to the English idiom) Ellipsis is more likely to occur in the first than the second of a pair of ideas. Lesson 20. Regular Verb: First Conjugation. 2. PASSIVE VOICE. Learn the forms of the Passive Voice of amo, cor- responding with those already given in the Active. Compare the personal endings of the active and passive ( 28, i); see also the signification of the passive form as given in the Note. First Conjugation. 33 Observe that 1. In the tenses of completed action in the passive, the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect, the participle (amatus, &c.) is treated as an adjective, agreeing in gender and number with the subject of the verb : as, bellum paratum est, war has been prepared. Galli domiti eraiit, the Gauls had been subdued. naves depressae aunt, the ships were sunk. 2. The passive construction is an inversion of the active, in which the object of the action becomes subject, while the subject (or agent) takes a dependent form, as follows a. If the agent is a person, or treated as a person (personified), it is put in the ablative with the preposition a or ab, BY : as, Caesar domuit Gallos, Cc. ; see Lesson 21, 2, /"). constitissent, novo genere pugnae perterritis nostris, per medios auda- cissime perruperunt, seque inde incolumes receperunt." B. G. v. 15. 52 Latin Method. DERIVATION OF WORDS. THE Derivation of Words is one of the most important branches of Grammar. No one can know a language by study unless he becomes able to analyze its. words and group them together, as "families," in their natural classification. Especially no progress can be made in reading at sight practically the most valuable thing in the knowledge of a language without a good acquaintance with its formative part. The exercises here given are intended to aid in acquiring this knowledge ; and they are followed by a selection of pas- sages, in reading which it is expected that the learner will be guided not merely by the dictionary mea?iing of the words, but (so far as may be) by the meanings of root or stem, and ter- minations, as explained by the laws of derivation and the groupings of families of words. As introductory to these, he should learn 44 (general definition), with i and a ; and read b carefully, with the Note. The teacher should illustrate the exercises throughout on the blackboard, so as to inculcate the true idea of language as built up from Roots by means of origi- nally significant terminations (" Stem-building "). NOTE. It is not expected that the pupil should fully under- stand the illustrations under b ; but only that he should learn to distinguish readily between the root and its derivatives. Even when the meaning of the root cannot be exactly determined, but is found in a group or family of words, or when the formative part is uncertain in the same way, the habit thus acquired is a very great aid in mastering the Vocabulary. i. Learn carefully tbe meaning of tbe following significant endings ( 44, i. c) , and show their force in the accompanying derivatives : 1. tor, trix : arator (aro, plough} \ cultrix (colo, cultivate). Notice that the t becomes B in the same verbs that have the supine in B (see 30, -$.f; 1. 3 / 4 ). 2. io, tio : opinio (opinor, thinK)\ sessio (sSdeo, sif). Derivation of Words. 53 3. men, mentum \flumen ($\u>, flow}; frutnentum (fruor, enjoy}. 4. ulus, olus, ellus, culus : rivulus (rivus, stream} ; gladiolus (gladius, sword} ; puella (puer, boy}; munusculum (rauiius, gift}. 5. itas, itudo, ia (of which the i belongs to the stem of the primitive): caritas (carus, dear}; magnitude (magnus, great); absentia (absens, absent}. 6. anus, ensis : Romanus (Roma, Rome} ; Siciliensis (Sicilia, sixfy). 7. ides, ades, is ; Priamides (Priamus, Priam} ; Tyndaris (Tyndarus); Atlantiades (Atlas). 8. alis, aris, ilis : tribunalis (tribunus, tribune)-, militaris (miles, soldier} ; hostilis (hostis, enemy} . 9. eus, aceus : aureus (aurum, gold} ; cretaceus (creta, chalk}. 10. osus, tus : copiosus (copia, plenty}; auritus (auris, ear). 11. ax, idus, bundus: pngnax-'(pn%iLO t Jig/it); lucidus (luceo, shine}; moribundns (morior, die}. 12. ilis, bilis (passive verbal) : fragilis (frango) ; nobilis (nosco). 2. Use the list given on pages 97, 98, in determin- ing the meaning of the following words, with the force of the significant ending (consulting the lexicon when necessary) ; bearing in mind that derivatives are formed from roots and sterns^ not from nominatives or present tenses, etc. I. victor; 2. censor; 3. genetrix ; 4. mensura; 5. demen- tia; 6. legio; 7. hospitium; 8. cognomen; 9. amplitude; 10. levitas; 11. innocentia; 12. spectaculum ; 13. f Iliolus ; 14. Atrides; 15. Nereis; 16. Creteiisis ; 17. Fidenas; 18. vitulma (caro) ; 19. ovile ; 20. arbustum ; 21. paluster; 22. patricius; 23. aerumnosus; 24. edax; 25. timidus; 26. egregius; 27. re- cidivus; 28. habilis ; 29. acidulus ; 30. divers orium ; 31. alumnus ; 32. argentarius ; 33. spectabilis ; 34. timor ; 35. majusculus ; 36. facilis ; 37. rapidus ; 38. trepidus ; 39. tre- mulus ; 40. diuturnus ; 41. apiarium. As an example of analysis for the purpose of determining meaning, take the word pabulatio. The termination tio is seen to be a " verbal abstract ; " that is, to express, in a general or abstract way, the action of a verb. The long a points to a verb of the first conjugation (2. #'), formed from an adjective or noun of the first or second declension. This leads us to the noun pabulum; and the verb would signify doing something 54 Latin Method. with that noun. In c* (last line), bulum is found as a termination of nouns of means : pabulum is the means of doing the action ex- pressed in the root PA. As roots are not given in our lexicons, \ve must learn to recognize them in the present steins of verbs (see Lesson 28). If the pupil now finds or has already learned the meaning of pascor, he can see that pabulum is a means oi feeding; pabulor (deponent) is to obtain (say) the means of feeding; and pabulatio (in the connection where we find it) can only mean foraging. Other examples might be found, as in donativus (from donum, root DA, termination na), through dono and part, doiiatus; pere- grinatio (from per-ager ; root AG, termination ra); and so on, to any extent. The teacher will do well to encourage the practice of analyzing words on the above model, but not of course to carry it so far as to weary the pupil. Even when the meaning of the root does not appear at all, the grouping of the derivations may still be very instructive. Thus, humus, ground; humilis, low (on the ground); homo (-in; see I, b, x.), man (creature of earth); humanus, gentle (as belonging to man in distinction from brutes); humanitas, gentleness or refine- ment. When the learner comes to the Greek xa/zm, on the ground, he will recognize it as of the same derivation ; and his curiosity may be gratified by learning that the same root is found in the German Brdutigam and the English bridegroom. The chief advantage, however, is in the knowledge of immediate and conscious derivatives. Thus, aedilicius can only mean belong- ing to an (zdile, while aedilis itself must have something to do with public edifices (aedi-ficia); sermunculus must mean a little talk; esurio, desire to eat, hence to be hungry ; emax, eager to buy, and so on. Compare, for illustration, the following words from one root : medeor. medicus medicina, medicmalis, medicor, medicamentum. medicamentarius, medicabilis, medicamento- sus. meditor (frequentative, with an earlier meaning preserved). Notice the modes of formation in the foregoing words. 3. Explain the meaning and force of the termination in each of the following derivative verbs, giving the form of the primitive : i. floresco; 2. capesso ; 3. dictito; 4. jacto; 5. cautillo 6. empturio ; 7. timesco ; 8. cesso ; 9. agito : 10. calesco ii. laudo : 12. milito ; 13. insanio ; 14. fi5reo ; 15. salveo 1 6. sector; 17. dominor ; 18. sitio. Derivation of Words. 55 4. Explain the meaning and derivation of the follow- ing compounds, using the vocabulary when necessary ( 44, 3): I. matriclda, 2. suSvetaurflia ; 3. longimanus ; 4. signifer; 5. aliger; 6. artifex; 7. cornicen; 8. princeps ; 9. praeceps; 10. discors; 11. pusillanimus ; 12. quintuples; 13. benefacio ; 14. adfero (affero); 15. aufero (abfero); 16. obfero (offero); 17. ambitus; 18. reditus ; 19. redditus ; 20. secerno ; 21. portendo ; 22. amputo ; 23. compute ; 24. credo ; 25. navigo ; 26. biennium; 27. semestris. The analysis of the above words will either suggest the meaning, or at any rate fix it in the memory. Thus, suovetaurilia can only mean something to do with a swine, a sheep, and a bull; and, if we learn the habit of the Romans to- put the names of sacrifices and feasts in the neuter plural, we shall know the word at its first appearance. Even if no advantage were gained in acquiring or retaining the meaning, yet the words become more interesting and lively, and the knowledge of them more intelligent and fruitful. Thus in redinte- gratio we have the prefix red-, back again (to its former state); the ending -tio (verbal abstract); the verb is integro (are), denomin- ative from integer, whole or sound (in, not; TAG, root of tango, touch; ra, participial = tus or nus): hence the meaning restora- tion (making uninjured again). In such derivatives as amputo, compute, the meanings seem absurdly inconsistent. But the verb is a denominative from the ad- jective putus, a collateral form of purus, clean (see I, b). The cor- responding verb (which would be puo) is lost ; but its original sense appears in puto, to clean up (as by trimming off a diseased branch), and also to clear up (as an account), and so to reckon, then to think, which meanings are divided between the above compounds. 5. Form words with the following meanings from the accompanying primitives: i. A reckoning (reor, reckon}', 2. An assembly (convenio, come together); 3. Arrangement (dispono, distribute}; 4- A change (verto. turn); 5. A joining (jungo) ; 6. A breaking (frango); 7. Length (longus); 8. Breadth (latus); 9. Power of holding (capax from capio, take); 10. Means of teaching (doceo); II. Means of support (colo); 12. Means of covering (tego); 13. Brightness (clarus); 14. Softness (mollis, soft); 15. Sweetness 56 Latin Method. (suavis); 16. Means of trying (ex-perior) ; 17. A tray (for carry- ing: fero) ; 18. A piece broken (frango); 19. Means of Jeeding (alo); 20. ^4 bramble-thicket (dumus) ; 21. ^ rose-garden (rosa) ; 22. 4 dove-cote (columba); 23. Lamentable (fleo); 24. Made of flowers (flos); 25. Blooming (floreo); 26. Sickly (morbus); 27. Commerce (mercor) ; 28. A mingling (misceo); 29. Belonging to a soldier (miles) ; 30. To grow mild (mitis); 31. A little measure (modus); 32. A little pattern (forma) ; 33. A little man (homo); 34. A little puppy (catulus); 35. A means of defence (munio); 36. Changeable (muto) ; 37. Teachable (docco) ; 38. With a large nose (nasus); 39. With horns (cornu); 40. Bearded (barba); 41. Belonging to a ship (navis); 42. Sinewy (nervus); 43. Snowy (nix); 44. A little eye (oculus) : 45. Son of Priam (Priamus). READING AT SIGHT. Constant practice in reading at sight is the surest way to secure a practical acquaintance with the vocabulary and grammar of any language. Much time and labor are wasted in learning merely about the languages we study, instead of studying the languages themselves, or the ideas expressed in them. It is one thing to be able to read passages which we have already studied ; but quite a different thing to have such knowledge of a language, that its words at once suggest cor- responding ideas, and its moods, tenses, cases, &c., suggest their right logical relations. Few learners are aware how much the latter kind of knowl- edge how much even of the power and skill (or knack) of getting it may be acquired by practice. To aid in its acquisition, the learner is desired to bear in mind the follow- ing directions : i. Look first at the endings of ivords^ so as to become instantly aware of their grammatical relations. This it is not natural for an English-speaking person to do. The habit of it must be formed by practice ; and the earlier the practice is formed, the better. Reading at Sight. 57 2. Observe the significant endings ( 44, I. c), and always connect obvious derivatives with their primitives. 3. Even where derivations are not obvious, group -words in families, so as to associate their meanings. In many cases, the succession of words in the lexicon will be sufficient to suggest these groups. Notice what in the words is like and what is unlike ; what words mean with a given root or stem, and what effect is given by a different termination. 4. Associate the Latin words with English deriva- tives, however remote ; and with other languages if you happen to know any. . 5. Use any mechanical device or "thumb-rule" possible, as to the position of words, or their probable meanings in such and such connections. 6. Commit to memory phrases, or (if possible) whole passages. To cultivate the memory merely in the way of learning the rules and principles of grammar is one great obstacle to the right knowl- edge of a language. A passage of Cicero, a dozen verses of Virgil, or an Ode of Horace, thoroughly studied and learned by heart, would, with far less outlay of labor, teach far more of the language than an equal bulk of grammatical rules. 7. Notice constantly such idioms, or modes of ex- pression, as are like or unlike our own. 8. In translating aloud, always use the English idiom ; but take in the Latin first in its own idiom; if possible, without even thinking of the corresponding English words. The form of expression, or the order of words, that seems most natural to us, is very rarely that which would occur to a Roman mind, or be found in a Latin sentence. The art of good translation consists first in adjusting ourselves readily to a foreign mode of thought or speech, and then reproducing it, independently, in the form natural to our own tongue. 9. In translating any word, always bear in mind its leading or principal meaning. 5 Latin Method. This is not always the etymological meaning, though it may be usually traced to that ; but it is the conscious meaning (as it were), the notion which the Roman himself attached to it. For example, the leading meaning of mitto seems to be, let go, either with or without accompanying effort ; and this meaning the Roman felt in it, though we may translate it by different expressions. Thus, mittere telum, to throw a weapon ; mittere legates, to send am- bassadors ; mitterc aliquam rem (often), to let a thing go, to omit or pass over a thing; hence, mittere lacrimas, to cease weeping; mittero dicere, to forbear saying (see mitto in Lexicon). You should never select a meaning in the dictionary, without seeing (as in this case) what the original meaning is, which we may be sure was present to the mind of a Roman. When we learn a language from the inside out* as \ve do our own, we do this by an unconscious generalization from a great number of usages. This is of course the best way to learn a language, if we have time ; but in order to learn a language from the outside in, as we do in the case of Latin, we must do the same thing by conscious study. We may even say that this is more necessary in using a good dictionary than in using a poor one ; for a good one .gives meanings which being correct in the corresponding English phrase give a very inaccurate reflection of the true meaning of the word. Thus, capere poeuas means in English to injiict punishment j but to a Roman it meant to receive or exact the penalty for a wrong. So also with the relations of words. Caesar says that Orgetorix was re- quired to plead his cause ex vinculis, for which our translation must be in chains ; though this is exactly the opposite of what Caesar says, viz. that, standing in chains, he should make his plea, from them. A few short passages are here appended, in order to illustrate the foregoing points, and show how to go to work. i. Matrem* Phalaridis 3 scribit c Ponticus Heracli- des, doctus^ vir, auditor et discipulus Platonis, visam esse' videre in somnis-^ simulacra^ deorum, quae* ipsa domi consecravisset ; ' ex iis* Mercurium' e patera,"* quam dextera manu teneret, sanguinem visum esse fundere," qui cum terram attigisset," refervescere^ videretur, sic ut tota domus sanguine redundaret.? Quod matris somnium r immanis* filii crudelitas com- probavit. De Divinatione, i. 23. Reading at Sight. 59 a. Notice that the first word is an accusative, matrem. This must probably be either the object of a verb, or the subject of an infinitive : it can remain in suspense till the verb appears. Its meaning, mother, naturally suggests a genitive : This we find in b. Phalaridis, which has the genitive ending of the third declen- sion ; its nominative must be Phalaris, obviously a proper name. We may learn elsewhere that it is that of a Sicilian tyrant. c. The verb scribit, writes, from its meaning naturally suggests an object-clause, accusative with infinitive. Such clauses are often best rendered by direct discourse in English. Thus we may trans- late as if matrem were nominative : the mother of Phalaris, writes Pontius Heraclides (obviously a proper name, and subject of scribit) . d. The next words, being nominative, are probably in apposition with the name : doctus (participle of doceo) is taught, but as an adjective must be learned; auditor (noun of agency from audio) is hearer ; discipulus (connected with disco) is clearly the same as our disciple; Flatonis (as Phalaridis, above) explains itself. e. As we have been expecting an infinitive for an object- clause, visam esse (having its participle in the feminine) is the natural verb for matrem; and as we have learned that the passive of video means seem, we may translate (in direct discourse, as above) with videre, seemed to see. f. In the phrase in somms, the noun is probably ablative, since the connection requires in rather than into; and comes from som- nus, or -a, or -um. Some English derivative will probably suggest the meaning sleep ; and the plural form, though odd, will give no trouble. g. The next is a new word, but may be analyzed. The ter- mination -crum, denoting means, is appended to a verb-stem simu- la- : hence the verb is simulo, are, suggesting the English verb simulate or perhaps the adjective similar. Its meaning will be something to represent; and we may render the phrase simulacra deorum, images of the gods. h. The relative quae naturally refers to a noun just preceding : this cannot be deorum, which is masculine, and must be simulacra; ipsa might agree with quae, but will be more easily taken with the verb next following. i. This verb, consecravisset, at once suggests the English consecrate. It is evidently a compound with con ; and if we remember the common change of vowel in compound verbs, and connect its meaning with sacer, sacred (already given), this mean- 60 Latin Method* ing will be confirmed. The subjunctive form (see above, 37) does not affect the translation, which is by the simple indicative, because our idiom does not require any other mood. k. The ablative iis will refer to the last or most important/////-**/ noun, either deorum or simulacra, it will not matter which. The phrase may be rendered one of these. /. Mercurium may be assumed to continue the same construc- tion as matrem, and will take the infinitive visum esse, below. m. Patera may be left as not important for the meaning of the 'whole : we may, for the present, call it "something" which he held in his right hand (the relative clause here explaining itself): in fact, a shallow bowl. n. The infinitive fundere must be guessed at from the context or given by the teacher, unless its meaning is known, to pour. o. The verb attigisset, as a glance shows, contains the root TAG found in tango, touch; the subjunctive is required by cuna, and does not affect the translation ; its subject is qui, referring to the masculine sanguinem. But as two relatives cannot come together in English, we translate, and when this had touched the ground. p. The verb refervescere should be seen to be derivative, and compounded from ferveo, which associates it with fervent, fervid; and its meaning, to boil up, is seen from our word effervescent. q. The meaning of reduudaret (over/lowed) may perhaps require to be given, though a tolerably close idea may be gained by conjecture. Following ut, it is subjunctive expressing a result. r. The phrase quod somnium may be either nominative or accusative ; but, as the verb is directly preceded by the nominative crudelitas, these words must be accusative, and the object of comprobavit. The meaning of somnium (dream\ if not known, may be easily inferred from sommis, above. s. The adjective immanis may be either genitive with fHil or nominative with crudelitas: consider which needs an epithet. Its meaning (monstrous) will require to be given, as also that of com- probavit (proved), which should, however, be explained through the adjective probus, and kindred English words. The above analysis is given in much greater detail than will often be required in practice. When the habit has once been formed, it is followed rapidly and almost unconsciously ; in fact, it is impossible, when once the mind has been trained to it, to read a single sentence without deriving help from it. In succeeding pas- sages, only a few hints will be given. Reading at Sight. 61 2. Hoc item in Sileni Graeca historia est: Hanni- balem, cum cepisset Saguntum, visum esse in somnis a Jove in deorum concilium vocari ; quo cum venisset, Jovem imperavisse ut Italiae bellum inferret ; ducem- que ei unum e concilio datum, quo ilium utentem cum exercitu progredi coepisse. Turn ei ducem ilium prae- cepisse ne respiceret ; ilium autem id diutius facere non potuisse, elatumque cupiditate respexisse. Turn visam beluam vastam et immanem, circumplicatam serpentibus, quacumque incederet omnia arbusta, vir- gulta, tesca pervertere ; et eum admiratum quaesisse de deo, quodnam illud esset tale monstrum. Et deum respondisse Vastitatem esse Italiae, praecepisseque ut pergeret protinus : quid retro atque a tergo fieret ne laboraret. id. i. 24. This passage may be somewhat harder than the foregoing, but a little attention will show that it is in the same general construc- tion, " Hannibalem . . . visum esse" like "matrem . . . visam esse t " and that it contains several of the words and phrases already explained. It will greatly simplify the rendering of a pas- sage like this, to drop the form of indirect discourse, beginning with the leading subject : Hannibal, having taken Saguntum, seemed in his sleep to be summoned^ &*c. ; all the infinitives being translated by indicatives, and the subjunctive laboraret as an infinitive, not to trouble himself. A number of words must of course be suggested. 3. L. Paulus, consul iterum, cum ei bellum * ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset, ut* ea ipsa die domum ad vesperum rediit,* filiolam^ suam Tertiam, quae turn erat admodum parva, osculans animum advertit c tris- ticulam. ' Quid est,' inquit, 'mea Tertia? quid tristis es?' 'Mi pater,' inquit, 'Persa periit.' Turn ille ar- tius puellam complexus, 'Accipio,' inquit, ' mea filia, omen.' Erat autem mortuus catellus eo nomine. id. \. 46. a. In this passage, as we find it hard, with our habit of speech, to carry so many words in the mind undisposed of, it may be 62 Latin Method. necessary after bellum to look for the verb to which it belongs. As ut is a relative word, the nearest verb will belong to that; so that we must take the next following, obtigisset, the meaning of which must be given (in connection with the root TAG); the object of gereret must be supplied from bellum ; and it will read, 'when the war had fallen to his lot to wage with king Perscs. This is not a good translation ; but, having seen the Latin idea in this way, you can easily find a corresponding English expression : // had fallen, &c. b. To translate ut, notice at once the mood of its verb ; because the two uses of ut have meanings very far apart in English, though the Romans did not probably feel the difference. As the verb is here indicative, ut means as or when.: rediit (red, back; eo, go) signifies returned. c. The word f iliolam, diminutive of if ilia, explains itself; while animum advertit, turned his mind, is to be rendered as a single transitive verb, observed; and its subject is I*. Paulus. 4. Scipio Nasica cum ad poetam Ennium venisset, eique ab ostio quaerenti a Ennium ancilla dixisset domi non esse;* Nasica sensit, illam domini jussu dixisse et ilium intus esse. Faucis post diebus, cum ad Nasicam venisset Ennius, et cum a janua quaereret, excl.amat Nasica, se domi non esse. Turn Ennius, 'Quid,' in- quit, * ego non cognosco vocem tuam?' Hie Nasica, 44 Homo es impudens ; ego cum quaererem, ancillae tuae credidi, te c domi non esse; tu mihi non credis ipsi.' a. To him inquiring, &*c. can only mean when he inquired for Ennius. b. The subject of the infinitive rs here wanting, a rare usage in Latin ; but it is obviously Ennius, to be supplied from the preceding. c. The clause te domi non esse is evidently a secondary object of credidi; but, as believe does not take two objects in English, some word like saying must be supplied. Selections. 63 SELECTIONS. [The figures refer to the Constructions of Syntax, pages 46-51.] I. A Haunted House. 1. Erat Athenis 26 spatiosa et capax domus, sed in- famis et pestilens : per silentium noctis sonus ferri, et, si attenderes 30 acrius, strepitus vinculorum, longius prime, deinde e proximo, reddebatur : mox apparebat idolon, senex made 20 et squalore confectus, promissa barba, 21 horrenti capillo : cruribus compedes manibus catenas gerebat quatiebatque. 2. Inde inhabitantibus tristes diraeque noctes per metum vigilabantur: vigiliam morbus, et, crescente formidine, mors sequebatur. Nam interdiu quoque, quamquam abscesserat imago, memoria imaginis oculis inerrabat ; longiorque causis 10 timor erat. Deserta inde et damnata solitudine domus, totaque illi monstro re- licta ; proscribebatur tamen, seu quis emere, seu quis conducere, ignarus tanti mail, 6 vellet. 29 3. Venit Athenas 26 philosophus Athenodorus : legit titulum ; auditoque pretio, 47 quia suspecta vilitas, per- contatus, 46 omnia 2 docetur, ac nihilo u minus, immo tanto magis, conducit. Ubi coepit advesperascere, jubet sterni (sc. lectuni) sibi prima domus parte : poscit pugillares, stilum, lumen : suos omnes in interiora dimittit; ipse ad scribendum animum, oculos, manum intendit, ne vacua mens audita simulacra et inanes sibi J7 metus fingeret. 37 4. Initio, 26 quale ubique, silentium noctis : deinde concuti 28 ferrum, vincula moveri. Ille non tollere 28 64 Latin Method. oculos, non remittere stilum, sed obfirmare animum, auribusque praetendere. Turn crebrescere fragor, ad- ventare, et jam ut in limine, jam ut intra limen, audiri. Respicit : videt agnoscitque narratam sibi effigiem. Stabat, innuebatque digito, similis vocanti. 7 Hie, contra, ut paulum 26 exspectaret 42 manu significat; rursusque ceris 3 et stilo incumbit. 5. Ilia scribentis capiti catenis insonabat. Respicit rursus, idem quod prius 13 innuentem : nee moratus, tollit lumen, et sequitur. Ibat ilia lento gradu, quasi gravis vinculis. 11 Postquam deflexit 34 in aream domus, repente dilapsa deserit comitem ; desertus herbas et folia concerpta signum loco ponit. 6. Postero die 26 adit magistratus; l monet, ut ilium locum effodi jubeant. 42 Inveniuntur ossa inserta cate- nis et implicita, quae corpus aevo 19 terraque putrefactum nuda et exesa reliquerat vinculis: 26 collecta 46 publice sepeliuntur: domus postea,rite conditis manibus,caruit. Pliny ) Epist. vii. 27. n. A Sharper of Syracuse. 1. C. Canius, eques'Romanus, nee infacetus, et satis literatus, cum se Syracusas, otiandi (ut ipse dicere solebat) non negotiandi causa, 19 contulisset, 35 dictitabat, se hortulos aliquos velle emere, 41 quo invitare amicos, et ubi se oblectare sine interpellatoribus, pos.set. 37 Quod cum percrebuisset, 35 Pythius ei quidam, qui argen- tariam faceret 38 Syracusis, dixit, venales quidem se hortos non habere, sed licere (sc. cfs) uti Canio, 3 si vellet, 39 ut suis: 5 et simul ad cenam hominem in hortos invitavit in posterum diem. 2. Cum ille promisisset, turn Pythius (qui esset, 38 ut argentarius, apud omnes ordines gratiosus) piscatores Selections. 65 ad se convocavit, et ab his petivit, ut ante suos hortu- los postridie piscarentur: 42 dixitque, quid eos facere vellet. 45 Ad cenam tempore venit Canius : opipare a Pythio apparatum convivium : cymbarum ante oculos multitude : pro se quisque, quod ceperat, adferebat : ante pedes Pytht pisces abiciebantur. 3. Turn Canius, 'Quaeso,' inquit, 'quid est hoc, Pythi? tantumne piscium, tantumne cymbarum?' Et ille, 'Quid minim?' inquit. 'Hoc loco est, Syracusis quidquid est piscium : haec aquatio : hac villa 8 isti carere non possunt.' Incensus Canius cupiditate, con- tendit a Pythio, ut venderet. Gravate ille primo. Quid multa? impetrat: emit homo cupidus et locuples, tanti, 22 quanti Pythius voluit; et emit instructos : nom- ina facit : negotium conficit. 4. Invitat Canius postridie familiares suos. Venit ipse mature. Scalmum nullum videt. Quaerit ex proximo vicino, num feriae quaedam piscatorum es- sent, 45 quod eos nullos videret. 39 ' Nullae, quod sciam,' inquit ille: 'sed hie piscari nulli solent : itaque heri mirabar, quid accidisset.' 5. Stomachari 28 Canius, sed quid faceret? 27 nondum enim Aquillius, collega et familiaris meus, protulerat de dolo malo formulas : in quibus ipsis cum ex eo quaereretur, Quid csset dolus mains; respondebat, Cum esset aliud simulatum, aliud actum. Cicero, De Of. iii. 14. in. The Vale of Enna. I. Vetus est haec opinio, judices, quae constat ex antiquissimis Graecorum litteris ac monumentis, insulam Sicilian! 41 totam esse 40 Cereri 3 et Liberae consecratam. Hoc cum ceterae gentes sic arbitrantur, turn ipsis 66 Latin Method. Siculis ita persuasum est, ut in animis eorum insitum atque innatum esse videatur. 38 Nam et natas esse has in iis locis-deas et fruges in ea terra primum repertas esse arbitrantur et raptam esse Liberam, quam eam- dem Proserpinam vocant, ex Hennensium nemore : qui locus, quod in media est insula situs, umbilicus Siciliae nominatur. Quam cum investigare et conqui- rere Ceres vellet, 35 dicitur inflammasse taedas iis ig- nibus, 20 qui ex Aetnae vertice erumpunt : quas sibi 3 cum ipsa praeferret, orbem omnem peragrasse ter- rarum. 2. Henna autem, ubi ea quae dico gesta esse memo- rantur, est loco 24 perexcelso atque edito, quo in summo est aequata agri planities et aquae peremnes, tota vero omni aditu circumcisa atque directa est : quam circa lacus lucique sunt plurimi atque laetissimi flores omni tempore 26 anni, locus ut ipse raptum ilium virginis, quern jam a pueris accepimus, declarare videatur. 38 3. Etenim prope est spelunca quaedam, conversa ad aquilonem, infinita altitudine, 2 qua Ditem patrem ferunt repente cum curru exstitisse abreptamque ex eo loco virginem secum asportasse, et subito non longe a Sy- racusis penetrasse sub terras, lacumque in eo loco re- pente exstitisse : ubi usque ad hoc tempus Syracusani festos dies anniversaries agunt celeberrimo virorum mulierumque conventu. 20 4. Propter hujus opinionis vetustatem, quod horum in iis locis vestigia ac prope incunabula reperiuntur deo- rum, mira quaedam tota Sicilia 26 privatim ac publice religio est Cereris Hennensis. Etenim multa saepe prodigia vim ejus numenque declarant : multis saepe in difficillimis rebus praesens auxilium ejus oblatum est, ut haec insula ab ea non solum diligi, sed etiam incoli custodirique videatur. 29 id. in Verr. v. 48. Selections. 67 iv. The Earth is made for Man. 1. Terra vero feta frugibus et vario leguminum genere, quae cum maxima largitate fundit, ea fera- rumne an hominum causa gignere videtur? Quid de vitibus olivetisque dicam? quarum uberrimi laetissi- mique fructus nihil omnino ad bestias pertinent. Neque enim serendi neque colendi nee tempestive demetendi percipiendique fructus, neque condendi ac reponendi ulla pecudum scientia est, earumque omnium rerum hominum 25 est et usus et cura. 2. Ut fides igitur et tibias eorum causa factas dicen- dum est, qui illis uti possent, sic ea, quae diximus, iis solis confiiendum est esse parata, qui utuntur; nee si quae bestiae furantur aliquid ex iis aut rapiunt, illarum quoque causa ea nata esse dicemus. Neque enim homi- nes murum aut formicarum causa frumentum condunt, sed conjugum et liberorum et familiarum suarum. Itaque bestiae furtim (ut dixi) fruuntur, domini palam et libere. 3. Tantumque abest ut haec bestiarum etiam causa parata sint, 43 ut ipsas bestias hominum gratia generatas esse videamus. 38 Quid enim oves aliud adferunt, nisi ut earum villis confectis atque contextis homines ves- tiantur? Quae quidem neque ali neque sustentari neque ullum fructum edere ex se sine cultu hominum et curatione potuissent. 31 4. Canum vero tarn fida custodia tamque amans dominorum adulatio tantumque odium in externos et tarn incredibilis ad investigandum sagacitas narium, tanta alacritas in venando quid significat aliud nisi se ad hominum commoditates esse generates ? 5. Quid de bobus loquar? quorum ipsa terga decla- rant non esse se ad onus accipiendum 48 figurata, cer- vices autem natae ad jugum, turn vires humerorum et 68 Latin Method. latitudines ad aratra extrahenda. Quibus, cum terrae subigerentur fissione glaebarum, ab illo aureo genere (ut puetae loquuntur) vis nulla umquam adferebatur. Ferrca turn vero f roles exorta rcpente est, Ausaque funestum prima est Jabricarier ens cm, Et gustare manu vinctum domitumquc juvencum. Tanta putabatur utilitas percipi ex bobus, ut eorum visceribus vesci scelus haberetur. 6. Longum est mulorum persequi utilitates et asi- norum, quae certe ad hominum usum paratae sunt. Sus vero quid habet praeter escam? Cui quidem, ne putesceret, animam ipsam pro sale datam dicit esse Chrysippus. Qua pecude, 10 quod 13 erat ad vescendum hominibus apta, 7 nihil genuit natura fecundius. 7. Quid multitudinem suavitatemque piscium dicam, quid aviuni? ex quibus tanta percipitur voluptas, ut interdum Pronoea nostra Epicurea fuisse videatur. Atque hae ne caperentur 37 quidem, nisi hominum ratione atque sollertia, quamquam aves quasdam et elites et oscines, ut nostri augures appellant, rerum 48 augurandarum causa esse natas putamus. 8. Jam vero immanes et feras beluas nanciscimur venando, ut et vescamur iis 5 et exerceamur in venando ad similitudinem bellicae disciplinae, et utamur domitis et condocefactis, 46 ut elephantis, multaque ex earum corporibus remedia morbis et vulneribus eligamus, sicut ex quibusdam stirpibus et herbis, quarum milita- tes longinqui temporis usu et periclitatione percepimus. 9. Totam licet animis tamquam oculis lustrare ter- ra m mariaque omnia : cernes jam spatia frugifera atque immensa camporum vestitusque densissimos mon- tium, pecudum pastus, turn incredibili cursus maritimos celeritate. Nee vero supra terram, sed etiam in inti- Selections. 69 mis ejus tenebris plurimarum rerum latet utilitas, quae ad usum hominum orta ab hominibus solis invenitur. id De Naturd Deorum^ ii. 62-64. v. The Heavens declare a Creator. I. Praeclare ergo Aristoteles : * Si essent,' inquit, ' qui sub terra semper habitavissent 39 bonis et illustri- bus domiciliis, quae essent ornata signis atque picturis, instructaque rebus iis omnibus quibus 20 abundant ii qui beati putantur, nee tamen exissent umquam supra ter- ram, accepissent autem fama et auditione, esse 41 quod- dam numen et vim deorum ; deinde aliquo tempore, patefactis terrae faucibus, 47 ex illis abditis sedibus eva- dere in haec loca, quae nos incolimus, atque exire potuissent : cum repente terram et maria caelumque vidissent, nubium magnitudinem ventorumque vim cognovissent, adspexissentque solem, ejusque turn mag- nitudinem pulchritudinemque, turn etiam efficientiam cognovissent, quod 44 is diem efficeret toto caelo luce 47 diffiisa ; cum autem terras nox opacasset, turn caelum totum cernerent astris distinctum et ornatum, lunaeque luminum varietatem turn crescentis 46 turn senescentis, eorumque omnium ortus et occasus, atque in omni aeternitate ratos immutabilesque cursus ; haec cum viderent, profecto et esse deos et haec tanta opera deorum esse arbitrarentur.' id. ii. 37* vi. An Active Old Age. i. Nihil 13 necesse est mihi de me ipso dicere, quam- quam est idquidem senile, aetatique nostrae conceditur. Videtisne ut apud Homerum saepissime Nestor de virtutibus suis praedicet? 45 Tertiam enim jam aetatem hominum vivebat, nee erat ei verendum ne vera prae- 70 Latin Method. dicans de se nimis videretur 42 aut insolens aut loquax. Etenim, ut ait Homerus, ex ejus lingua mclle lQ dulcior Jlucbat oratio, quam ad suavitatem nullis egebat cor- poris viribus. 18 Et tamen dux ille Graeciae nusquam optat ut Ajacis 6 simills habeat decem, sed ut Nestoris ; quod si sibi accident, 39 non dubitat quin brevi sit 46 Troja peritura. 2. Sed redeo ad me. Quartum ago annum et octo- gesimum Vellem 27 equidem idem posse gloriari quod Cyrus : sed tamen hoc queo dicere : non me quidem iis esse viribus quibus aut miles bello Punico, aut quaestor eodem bello, aut consul in Hispania fuerim, aut quadrienno 12 post, cum tribunus militaris depug- navi 35 apud Thermopylas M '. Glabrione consule 4T ; sed tamen, ut vos videtis, non plane me enervavit, non adflixit senectus ; non curia virls meas desiderat, non rostra, non amici, non clientes, non hospites. Nee enim umquam sum adsensus veteri illi laudatoque pro- verbio, quod monet mature fieri scnem^ si diu vclis^ scnex esse: ego vero me minus diu senem esse mal- lem, 27 quam esse senem ante quam essem. Itaque nemo adhuc convenire me voluit, cui fuerim 38 occu- patus. id. De Senect. 10. Index; Notes. INDEX OF CONSTRUCTIONS. A. Cases as Objects of Verbs. 1. Object Accusative ( 52, i. #, b). 2. Two Accusatives (id. 2). 3. Dative : Indirect Object ( 51, i, 2). 4. Object Genitive ( 50, 4). 5. Ablative with UTOR ( 54, 6. , is (M.). both, ambo ( 18, I. b), uterque ; on both sides, utrimque ; both . . and, ei . . et. boy, puer, eri (M.). bramble-thicket, dumetum, ti IN.) brave, fortis, e. bravely, fortiter. breadth, latitude, inis (F.). breaking, fractura, ae (F.). brevity, brecitas, atis (F.). brightness, claritas, atis (F.). broken piece, fraymentum, ti (N.). burdensome, gratis; less bur- densome. ievior, us. but, sed, autem ( 43, 3. &). by (agent, after passives), a, a6: by no means, nullo modo ; by night, noctu; by day, interdiu. C. Caesar, Caesar, aris (M.). Cams, Gaius, i (M.). call, roco. 1 camp, casti-a, orm (x plur.). can, possum, posse, potui. Cannae, Cannae, arum (F. plur). carry, porto. 1 cat, //x, is; (or ibid is ; F.). Ides, u/u.f, uum (F.). implore, imploro. 1 in, z;i (abl.), sometimes by ab- lative alone. inconstant, levis, e. into, in (ace.). it, see he : it is, est. Italy, Italia, ae (F.). J. joining, junctura. ae (F.). journey, iter, itineris (N.). June, (of) Junius, o, um (adj.). Juno, Juno, orris (F.). BL king, rex, regis (M.). labor, labor, oris (M.). land (native), patria, ae (F.). large, ma gnus, a, um ( 17, 2). last, ultimus, a, um: at last, de- mum. Latin, Latinus, a, um. lay aside, depono. 3 lead, duco. 3 leader, dux, duels (M.). learn, disco. 3 learned, doctus, a. um. length, longitudo, inis (F.). less, ?nino>\ minus. letter, epistola, ae ; letters (lite- rature), litterae,. arum (F.). liberty, libertas, at is (F.). lie (speak falsely), menlior.* log, lignum, i (N'). longer (time), diutius ; no longer, non jam. [( M -) love, amo ; J (noun), amor, oris ML maiden, puella, ae (F.). maintain (keep), teneo, 2 (hold an opinion), disputo. 1 [7). make, /acz'o ; 3 passive, ^o ( 37, man, r/r, t-iri (M.); (person), homo, inis; (a little), homun- culus, i (M.); (in general), ex- pressed by masculine adjec- tive. many, multi, ae, a. march, iter, itineris (M.). March (of), Marlius, a, um (adj.). Marcus, Marcus, i (M.). Marius, Marius. i (M.). may, licet (impers. 39, rf); (in purpose clauses), ut with subj.; of wish, present subj. Vocabulary: English and Latin, 79 means (by no), nullo modo. measure, metior ; 4 (noun), modus, i (M.); (a little), modulus, i (M.). meeting, conventus, us (M.). Mercury, Mercunus, i (M.). mighty, magnus, a, um. mild (to grow), mitesco. 3 mind, animus, i (M.). mindful, memor, oris. mingling, mixtura, ae (F.). misery, miseria, ae (F.). Mithridates, Mithridates, is (M.). more, sign of comparative. most, sign of superlative ; max- ime. mourn, lugeo. 2 mournful, tristis, e. much,multum; (degree of differ- ence) multo. must, participle in dus. N. nation, gens, gentis ; natio, onis near, prope. neighbor, proximus, a, um. neither (of two), neuter ( 16, i.b); neither . . nor, nee . . nee (neque). new, novus, a, um. night, nox, noctis (F.); by night, noctu. nightly, nocturnus, a, um. no (adj.), nullus, a, um ( 16, i. b); no one, nemo, inis (M.). noise, atrepitus, us (M.). nor, neque, nee (see neither). north wind, Aquilo, onis (M.). nose (with a large), naso, onis (M.). not, non : interrogative, nonne. nothing, nihil (indecl.), nihilum, i (N.). now, nunc ; (already) , jam. number, numerus, i (M.). O. ocean, oceanus, i (M.). of, expressed by genitive ; (of separation), by ablative. often, saepe ; very often, saepis- sime* old, vetus, eris ; (man or men) , senex, senis (M.). old age, senectus, utis (F.). old man, senex, senis (M.). omen, omen, inis (M.*). on, in (abl.) ; (of time), ablative ; also where the thing on which is the instrument. one (opposed to many), unus, a, um ( 16, i. b); any one, quis; one . . another, alius . . alius; one . . the other, alter . . alter', no one, nemo. open, apertus, a, um; verb, aperio. 4 opportunity, opjwrlunitas, tatis (F.). other, alius; (of two), alter ( 16, i. b). our, noster, Ira, trum. ourselves (emphatic), ipsi (with ist person plur. of verb); (re- flex.), nos. own, proprius, a, um; or gen. of ipse. ox, bos, bovis ( 11, iii. 4) P. pattern (a little), formula, ae (F.). peace, pax, pads (F.). people, populus, (M.); common people, plebs, plebis (F.). peril, periculum, i (N.). Philip, Philippus, i (M). physician, medicus, i (M.). plaything, ludibrium, i (N.). please, placeo. 2 pleasing, gratus, a, um. point, locus, i (M.). politics, res publica. 8o Latin Method. possession (take . . of), occupo. 1 powers, vires, pi. of vis, vis (P.). praise, laudo. 1 precept, praeceptum, i (F.). prepare, paro. 1 Priam (son of), Priamides, is (M.). prisoner, captivus, i (M.). protection, jides, ei (F.). proconsul, proconsul, is (M.). prove, probo. 1 puppy (a little), catellus, i (M.). put on, induo. 3 Q. quarrel, rura, ae (F.). rampart, vallum, i (N.). rarely, rare. reach, pervenio.* recall, revoco. 1 receive, accipio. 1 reckoning, ratio, onis (F.). region, locus, i (F.). reign, regno. 1 remedy, remedium, i (N.). reply, respondeo.* rich, dives, ids. right. y,v, yris (N.). right hand, dextra (dextera), ae (F.). river, flu men, inis (N.). Roman, Romanus, a, um. Rome, lioma, ae (F.). royal, regius, a, um. Sabine woman, Sabina, ae (F.). sacred, sacer, era, crum. sad, tristis, e. sage, sapiens, tis. save, servo. 1 scream, clamo. 1 sea, mare, is (N.). see, video.* seem, videor.* self (emph.)* ipse, a, um ; (re- flexive), se. senate, senatus, us (M.). serious, severus, a, um ; gravis, e. seriousness, severitas, atis (F.); gra vitas, atis (F.). Servius, Servius, i (M.). set out, prqficiscor. 3 shall, sign of future tense. sharer, particeps, ipis. sheep, ovis, is (F.). shepherd, pastor, oris (M.). ship, navis, is (F.) ; (belonging to), navalis, e. shoulder, humerus, i (M.). Sicily, Sicilia. ae (G.). sickly, morbid us, a, um. sides (on both), ulrimque; (on all), undique. silence, silent ium, i (x.). silly, st ult us, a, MW. silver, aryentum, i (M.). sinewy, ncrvosus, a, um. sing, cano. 3 Sirens, Sirenes, um (F.). six, sea: ; six hundred, sexcenti, ae, a. slave, servus, i (M.). slay, interjicio. 3 small, parvus, a, wm ( 17, 12). snowy, nivosus, a, M//I. so, i/a, sic; so great, tantus ; so many, tot ; so, as, tain, quam. softness, molliiia, ae (F.). soldier, mile*, ids (M.); (belong- ing to a soldier), militaris, e. some time, aliquando ; (dura- tion), aliquamdiu. Bon,Jilius, i (M.). song, cantus, us, (M.). sound (general), sonus, i (M.); (sound of voice), foz, vocis (F.) ; sonitus, us (M. ; as of arms, &c.). Southeast wind, ^Vo/us, i (M.). speak, loquor. 3 spirited, fnrtis. e. state, deltas, atis (F.). Vocabulary : English and Latin. 81 stir up, cieo. 2 Stoic, Stoicus, i (M.). strength (physical), vires, turn (F. plur.). strong, validus, a, um. Suevi, Suevi, orum (M.). suffer, patior, i, passus. Sulla, Sulla, ae (M.). superstitious, super stitiosus, a, um. support (means of), columen, inis (N.). sure, certus, a, um. sweet, dulcis, suavis, e. sweetness, suavitas, atis (F.). sword, gladius, i (F.). T. teach, doceo.* teaching (means of), documen- tum, i (N.). ten, decem. than, quam, with same case following as preceding ; or ab- lative following comparative. that, iUe, a, um. themselves (emphatic), ipsi, ae, a ; (reflex.), se. there, ibi; there is, est ; is there, estne. they, see he. thing, res, rei (F.); good things, bona. think, puto. 1 third, tertius, a, um. thirteen, tredecim. this, Me, haec, hoc ( 20). those, illi, ae, a ( 20, 2. b, c, 6?). thousand, mille ( 18, I. c). three, tres, tria. time, tempus, oris (N.) ; times, see 18, 3 ; for some time, aliquamdiu. timorous, pavidus, a, um. to (of motion), ad (ace.); (of relation), expressed by dative ; (before a verb), by the infin- itive. tiay, ferculum, i (N.). treat, ewro. 1 tree, arbor, oris (F.). trophy, tropaeum, i (N.). true, verus, a, um. truth, verilas, atis (F.). try, experior,*iri, expertus. trying (means of), experimentum f i (M.). Tullius, Tullius, i (M.). twenty, viginti. twice, bis. two, duo ( 18, i. 6); two each, bini, ae, a. U. Ulysses, Ulixes, is or t (M.). uncertain, incertus, a, um. uneasy, sollicitus, a, um. untimely, immaturus, a, um. V. valiant, sfrenuus, a, um. very, expressed by superlative. vice, vitium, i (N.). victorious, viclor, oris (M.) ; vic- trix, ids (F.). victory, victoria, ae (F.). violent, violens, tis. virtue, virtus, utis (F.). W. wake, vigilo. 1 war, bellum, i (N.). we, nos ( 19, i). weep, fleo? what? quid? whatever, quicquid. when, ubi. where, ubi. whirl, torqueo.* who, which (relative), qui, quae t quod. who, what (interrogative), quis (f/ui), quae, quod (quid). wild, /eras, a, um. 82 Latin Method. will, voluntas, atis (p.); (verb), volu, velle, volui. wind, ventus, i (M.). wisdom, sapientia, ae (F.). wish, volo, velle, volui : cupio. 3 with, cum ; sign of ablative ; with me, mecum. without, sine (abl.). wolf, lupus, i (M.). woman, mulier, eris (p.). worship, co/o. 3 wrong (do), pecco. 1 wrong (is done), impersonal passive. Y. year, annus, i (M.). you (sing.), tu: (plur.), vos ( 19, your (of one person), tuus, a, um; (of many), vester, tra, trum. young man, juvenis, is (M.) ; adulescens, tis (M.). II. LATIN AND ENGLISH. a, ab (abl.), from, away from, by ; in compos., away, off. abdo, 3 dere, didi, ditum, put away, hide. abeo, Ire, ii, itum, go away. abfero (aufero), ferre, tuli, la- turn, bear away. abicio 3 (abjicio), icere, jeci, jec- tum, throw away, cast down. abies, etis (?.}, fir-tree. abripio, 3 [rapio], ripere, ripui, reptum, snatch or drag away. abscedo, 3 cedere, cessi, cessum, move off, withdraw. ab&ens, tia (part, of absum), absent. absentia, ae (F.), absence. absolve, 3 solvere, solvi, solu- tum, relieve of an obligation or burden, pay off, complete. abundo, 1 are, avi, atum, over- flow, abound. ac (atque), and, as. accido, 3 [cado], cidere, cidi, casum, befell, happen. accipio, 3 [capio], cipere, cepi, ceptum, take in, receive, accept. accipiter, tris (M.), hawk. acer, acris, acre, sharp, eager. Achradina, ae (F.), Achradina, a quarter of Syracuse. acidulus, a, um, rather sour. acidus, a, um, sour. acriter (acrius, acerrime), sharp- ly, eagerly. acus, us, F., ne"edle. ad (ace.), to, at, towards, about (to the number of), for; in compos, in, upon, to, with. adeo, ire, ii, itum, go to, ap- proach. adfero, ferre, tuli, latum, bear to, bring. adficio 3 (afficio), produce in, affect with. adfligo, 3 fllgere, flixi, flictum, dash against. adhuc, hitherto, till now. aditus, us (M.), access, approach, entrance. admiror, 1 ari, atus, wonder at, admire. admodum, to a degree, quite, very. adsentior, 4 sentlri, sensus, agree with, assent to. adspicio, 3 spicere, spexi, spec- turn, look at, view. adulatio, onis, (F.) , fawning, flattery. advento, 1 are, come to, approach. adversus (ace.), turned towards, against. adversus, a, um, turned to, op- posite, in front. adverto, 3 vertere, verti, versum, turn to ; animum adverto, turn the mind to, notice. advesperasco, 3 [vesper], ere, approach ecening, to grow late. aedes, is, (F.), temple; plur., house. aedificium, i (N.), building, edi- fice. aedifico, 1 are, avi, atum, build, erect. aequo, 1 are, avi, atum, make equal. aequus, a, um, level, even, equal, just. aerumna, ae (F.), sorrow, grief. aerumnosus, a, um,full of grief, wretched. aestimo, 1 are, avi, atum, value, esteem, reckon. aetas, atis (F.), age, period of life. aeternitas, atis (F.), eternity, im- mortality. Aetna, ae (F.), Mount Etna. Latin Method. aevum, i (x.), age, period, lapse f'f time. afficio 3 [ad, facio], facere, fed, f ectum : see adficio. ager. agri (M.),Jield. agito, 1 are, avi, atum, drive, move, stir, agitate, pass. agna, ae (F.), eice-lamb. agnosco, 3 noscere, novi, nitum, recognize. ago, 3 agere, egi, actum, lead, drive. agricola, ae (M.), farmer. aio (defect. 38, 2. a], say, say //<".?, asxert. Ajax, acis (M.), Ajax, a Grecian hero. ala, ae (F.), wing. alacritas, atis (F.), activity, eager- ness, alacrity. albeo,' 2 ere, ui, be white. albus, a. um, white (dead white), alea, ae (F ), die (of a pair of dice), hazard. ales, itis (C.), winged creature, bird. Alesia, ae (F.), Alesia, a city of Gaul. alienus, a, um, belonging to another, foreign. aliger, gera, winged. alimentum, i (x.), food; pi. kinds of food. aliquando, at some time, some- times, at length. aliquis, qua, quod, or quid (G. p. 48), some, some one. alius, a, ud (Gr. p. 34), other, another; al. . . al., one . . another. alo, 3 alere, alui, alitum, feed, keep (of animals). altaria, ium (x.) ; plur., altars. alter, tera, terum (Gr. p. 34), other (of two), second, the other ; alter . . alter, the one, the other. altitude, dinis (F.), height, depth. altus, a, um, high, deep. alumnus, i (M.), footer-child. amans. tis. loving, fond. ambitus, us (M.), circuit, going around. ambulo, 1 are, avi, atum, walk. amens, tis, distracted, insane, frantic (of horses) . amicitia, ae (F.), friendship. amicus, a, um, friendly, fond ; a friend. amo. 1 are, avi, atum, love. Amphitruo, onis (M.), Amphi- truo, husband of Alcmena, the mother of Hercuhs. amplitude, inis (F.), fulness, grandeur. amplus, a, um, full, abundant, grand, large. amputo, 1 are, avi, atum, prune away, cut off. anas, anatis (M.), duck. aucilla, ae (F.), handmaid (Fern, of servus, slave). angulus, i (M.), corner. anima, ae (F.). breath, life. animadverto 3 [ani m um ad verto], vertere, verti, versum, per- ceive (accusative). animus, i (M.), mind, soul, cour- age ; ani mum ad verto, perceive. anniversarius, a, um, yearly. amiona, ae (F.), the grain-crop, grain (in market), price of grain. annus, i (M.), year. ante (ace.), before (prep ; and adv.); ante . . quam, before (rel. adv.); non ante . . . quam, not . . . -until. antiquus, a. um. ancitnt. apage (def. 38, 2. /), away! begone ! aperio, 4 Iri, ui, apertum, open. apertus, a, um (part, of preced- ing), opened, open. apiarium, i (x.), bee-house, apiary. apis, is (F.), bee. Apollo, inis (M.), Apollo, god of music and art. appareo,' 2 ere, ui, appear. apparo, 1 are, avi, atum, make read i/. appello, 1 are, avi, atum, call. Appius, i (M.), A ppius (Claudius), a man's name. Vocabulary : Latin and English. aptus, a, wm, fitted, fit. apud (ace.), at, near, among, ivith, in (of authors). Apulia, ae (F.), Apulia, the South East part of Italy. aqua, ae (F.), water, spring. aquatic, onis (F.), watering-place. aquila, ae (F.), eagle (the Roman standard). Aquillius, i (M.), a proper name. Aquilo, onis (M.), Aquilo (the North wind), the North. arator, oris (M.), ploughman. aratrum, i (N ), plough. arbitror, 1 ari, atus, judge, think, suppose. arbor (6s), oris (F.), tree. arbustum, i (N.), orchard. ardens, tis (participle of ardeo), blazing. ardeo, 2 ere, arsi, arsum, blaze, burn. area, ae (F.), open space, area, court-yard. argentarius, a, um, pertaining to silver or money; argentarius, a money lender ; argentaria (sc. res), banking business. argentum, i (N.), silver. Aristo teles, is (M.), Aristotle, a Greek philosopher. arma, drum (N.), arms, weapons ; ad arma, to war; in armis, under arms. armatus, a, um, armed. aro, 1 are, avi, atum, p&ugh. ars, artis (F.), art, skill. arte (tius, tissime), closely. artifex, ficis (M.), artist, artisan, workman. asinus, i (M.), ass, donkey. asper, era, erum, rough, harsh, sharp. aspernor, 1 ari, atus, spurn, scorn. aspis, idis (F.), asp (a poisonous serpent). asporto ! [abs, porto], are, avi, atum, carry off. astrum, i (N.), star, heavenly body. at, bnt, but yet, still. Athenae, arum, Athene, the most famous city of Greece. Athenodorus, i (M.), a proper name. Atlantiades, is (M.), descendant of Atlas (Mercury). Atlas, an tis (M.), Atlas, a Titan, changed to a mountain. atque (ac.), and, as, and even. Atretis, i (M.), Atreus, father of Agamemnon. A tildes, is (M.), son of Atreus. attendo, 3 dere, di, turn, stretch towards. attingo 3 [tango], tingere, tigi, tactum, touch upon, touch, reach. audeo, 2 audere, ausus sum, dare, venture. audio, 4 Ire, Ivi, Ttum, hear. auditio, onis (F.), hearsay. aufero [ab, fero], auferre, abs- tuli, ablatum, bear away, re- move. augeo, 2 augere, auxi, auctum, increase. augur, uris (M.), augur (inter- preter of omens). auguror, 1 ari, atus, interpret omens, interpret, predict. aureus, a, um, golden, of gold. auriga, ae (M.), driver, charioteer. auris, is (F.), ear. auritus, a, um, having ears. aurum, i (N.), gold. ausus, a, um (part, of audeo). aut, or; aut . . . aut, either . . . or. autem, but, however, now, more- over. auxilium, i (N.), aid, help. avaritia, ae (F.), avarice, greed. avarus, a, um, greedy, avaricious. avis, is (F.), bird. axis, is (M), axle, axis (of the earth). B. Babylon, onis (F.), Babylon. barba, ae (F.), beard. bar bar us, a, um, barbarian. 86 Latin Method. beatus, a, urn, blessed, happy, wealthy. bellicosus, a, um, warlike. bellicus, a. um, warlike. bellum, i (x.), war. belua, ae (F.), beast, monster, strange animal. bene, well. benefacio, facere, feci, factum ; pass, benef io, do good, beuejit. bestia, ae (F.), animal, beast, brute. biennium, i (N.), two years (period of), bis, twice. bonus, a, um, good, kind, fine. bos, bovis (Gr. p. 22; c.), ox, cow ; plur. cattle. brevis, e, short ; brevi, in a short time. Britannia, ae (F.), Britain. C. C, initial for Gains (Cains). The spelling Gaius is the correct one, but need not be preserved in English. cado, 3 cadere, cecidi, C3.sum,fall. Caecilius, i (M.), Caecilius, a family name. caedo, 3 caedere, cecidi, caesum, fell, cut down, A-fV/, beat. caelum, i (x.): pi. caeli, orum, (M.), sky, heaven. Caesar, aris (M.), Caspar. caleo, 2 ere, ui, be hot or wann. calesco, ' ere, grow hot or loarm. campus, i (M.). field, plain. candens (part, of candeo), tis, glowing, hot. canis, is (M. ; gen. pi. um), dog. Canius, i (M.), a proper name. Cannae, arum (F.), Can nee, a town in S. E. Italy, when the Romans were defeated by Han- nibal, B. c. 216. cano, 3 ere, cecini, cantum, sing, sound, play. cantillo, 1 are, sing feebly, chirp, warble. Cantium, i (x.), Kent, the S. E. part of Britain. canto, 1 are, avi, atum, sing. cantus, us (M.), song, chant, in naic. capax, acis, capacious, roomy. capesso, 3 ere, Tvi, Ttum, take of, seize, yra$p. capillus, i (M.), hair. capio, 3 ere, cepi, captum, take t catch. caput, capitis (x ), head. careo,' 2 ere, ui, lack, be free, be relieved (of annoyance, p. 64), do without. caritas, atis (F.), dearness, both as affection and as high price. carmen, inis (x.), song. caro, carnis (F.), flesh, meat. castanea, ae (F.), cheat nut. castra, orum (x. pi.), camp. catellus, i (M.), little puppy. catena, ae (F.), chain. Catilina, ae (M.), proper name. catulus, i (M.), whtlp, fuppy. . causa, ae (F.), cause, nwtiue, care ; causa, for the nake of. cedo, 3 ere, cessi, cessum, move, move away, yield, retire, re- sign. celeber, bris, bre, thronged, cele- brated, numerous. celerita>, atis (F.), siciftncss. celo. 1 are, avi, atum (with ace.), hide, cover. cena, ae (F.), dinner. ceno. 1 are, avi, atum, dine, sup. censor, oris (M.), censor (a Roman officer). centesimus, a, um, hundredth. centum, a hundred. cera, ae (F.), wax; pi. wax tablets (for writing). Ceres, eris (F.), Ceres, goddess of grain. cerno. 3 -ere, -crevi, -cretum, dis- tinguish, descry, decide. certe, surely, al any rate. certo, certainly. Vocabulary: Latin and English. certo, 1 are, avi, atum, decide, strive, contend. certus, a, um (part, of cerno), decided, certain, sure. cervix, Icis (F. ; generally plur.), neck, shoidders. cervus, i (M.), stag. cesso, 1 are, avi, atum, cease. [ceterus], a, um (masc. sing, not used), other, the rest. Chrysippus, i (M.), Chrysippus, a Stoic philosopher, cibus, i (m.),food. cicada, ae (F.), tree-locust, katy- did. Cicero, onis (M.), Cicero. circa, about. ciicurn (ace.), about, around. circumcido, 3 ere, cldi, cisum, cut or trim around. circumcisus, a, um, cut off all around. circumplico, 1 are, avi, atum, fold round, wrap round, sur- round. clades, is (F.), massacre, loss. clarus, a, um, bright, famous, loud. Claudius, i, Claudius, a Roman family name. cliens, tis (c.), client, dependent. coctilis, e, baked. coepi (def. Gr. p. 81), began. cogito, 1 are, avi, atum, think, reflect. cognatio, onis (F.), relationship (by blood), cognomen, inis (N.), surname, family name. cognosce, 3 ere, novi, nitum, learn, recognize, know. collega, ae (M .), colleague. collego, 3 ere, lexi, lectum, gather, collect. colligo, 1 are, avi, atum, bind together. colo, 3 ere, colui, cultum, cherish, till, worship. comes, itis (c.), companion. commemoro, 1 are, avi, atum, call to mind, relate, recount. commilito, onis (M.), fellow-sol- dier, comrade. commodicas, atis (F.), conven- ience, advantage. commoveo, 2 ere, movi, motum, move, disturb (violently). communis, e, common. compes, eclis (F.), fetter. complector, 3 ti, plexus, embrace. complures, ia, very 'many. comprobo, 1 are, avi, atum, make good, prove, verify. compute, 1 are, avi, atum, reckon, compute. coucedo, 3 ere, cessi, cessum, allow. concerpo, 3 [con, carpo], ere, cerpsi, cerptum, pluck, gather. concilio, 1 are, avi, atum, win, call together, unite, conciliate. concilium, i (N.), council. concito, 1 are, avi, atum, rouse, excite (strongly). conclamatum incendium, a cry of jire (lit. Jire crie little sword. gladius, i (M.), sicord. glaeba, ae (F.), sod, turf (of untilled ground). gloria, ae (F.). glory. glorior.' ari, atus, glory, glory in (abl.), boast (with accus. or a neuter pronoun). gradus, us (M.), step. Graecia, ae (F.), Greece. Graecus, a, um, Greek ; Graeci, pi. the Greeks. gramen, inis (x.), grass. gratia, ae (F.), favor, influence, good will; gratia, (with gen- itive), for the sake of. gratiosus, a, um, favorite, pop- ular. gratus, a, um, pleasing. gravate, reluctantly. gravia, e, heary, weighed down. grex, gregis (*.), flock, herd. guberno, 1 are, avi, atum, steer, govern. gusto, 1 are, avi, atum, taste. gymnasium, i (N.), gymnasium. habeo, 2 ere, ui, itum, hold, have, keep, imply, have in itself, consider, have for. habilis, e, handy. Vocabulary : Latin and English. 93 habito, 1 are, avi, atum, inhabit, live. Hannibal, alis (M.), Hannibal, a Carthaginian general. baud, not (modifying only one word). Henna, ae (F.), Enna, a vale in Sicily. Hennensis, e, of Enna. Heraclides, is (M.), a name of a philosopher. herba, ae (F.), grass, turf. Hercynia, ae (silva), Hercynian (a German forest). heri, yesterday. herua, i (M.), master (less ap- proved spelling for eras). heu, alas ! hie, here. [speaker). hie, haec, hoc, this (near the hienips, hiemis (F.), winter. hilaris, e, cheerful. Hispania, ae (p.), Spain. historia, ae (F.), history. hodiernus, a, um, to day's; ho- dierno die, to-day. Homerus, i (M.), Homer, the Greek poet. homo, hominis (M.), man (as a human being), person, fellow (in contemptuous sense). honestus, a, um, becoming, hon- orable. honor, oris (M.), honor. horreo, 2 ere, horrui, bristle up, shudder. hortulus, i (M.), little garden. hortus, i (M.), garden. hospes, itis (M.), host, guest. hospitium, i (N.), office of host. hos tills, e, of an enemy. hostis, is (M.), enemy (public). hue, hither. humanitas, atis (F.), courtesy, re- finement, culture. humanus, a, um, of man, human. humerus, i (M.), shoulder. humilis, e, low, lowly. humo, 1 are, avi, atum, bury. humus, i (F.), ground ; humi, on the ground. ibis, is (F.), ibis, a sacred bird of Egypt. idem, eadem, idem, the same. idolon, i (N. ; Greek noun), image, apparition. igitur, therefore. ignarus, a, um, unaware, ignor- ant. ignavia, ae (F.), sloth, cowardice. ignavus, a, um, sluggish, cowardly. ignis, is (M.), fire; pi. (fires of the sky), lights. Hie, ilia, illud, that (away from speaker). illustris, e, bright, well lighted, illustrious. \_tion. imago, inis (F.). image, appari- imitor, 1 ari, atus, imitate. immanis, e, monstrous. immemor, oris, unmindful. immensus, a, um, measureless, immense, unbounded. immo, nay, on the contrary, nay rather. immutabilis, e, unchangeable. impendeo, 2 ere, pendi, overhang, threaten. imperator, oris (M.), commander (in chief). imperium, i (N.), authority, com- mand, state (as a power). impero, 2 are, avi, atum, com- mand, require. impetro, 1 are, avi, atum, accom- plish, obtain (a request). impetus, us (M.), attack, violence, impulse; animi impetus, im- petuosity of feeling. implico, 1 are, avi, atum, entwine, entangle. improbus, a, um, wicked, bad. impudens, tis, shameless, impu- dent. in (ace.), into, for, towards; (abl.), in, in regard to. inaiiis, e, empty, unreal. incendium, i (N.), fire (confla- gration). 94 Latin Method. incendo, 3 ere, di, sum, set on fire, inflame. incolo, 3 ere, colui, cultum, in- habit. incommodum, i (x.), annoy- ance, inconvenience , disaster (by a euphemism). incedo, 3 ere, cessi, cessum, move on, advance. incredibilis, e, incredible. incultus, a, um, uncultivated, rude. incumbo, 3 ere, cubui, cubitum, lie upon, devote one's self to (dative). incunabulum, i (x.), cradle. inde, thence, then. inerro, 1 are, avi, atum, wander in or over, pass before (dative). infacetus, a, um, icithout humor. infamis, e, ill famed, infamous. infelix, Tcis, unfruitful, unfor- tunate, unhappy. inferior, ius (comp. of inferus), lower, inferior. Infernus, a, um, of the world below. Infero, ferre, tuli, latum, bring in or upon ; bellum infero, make war. iuferus, a, um, lower. infestus, a, um, hostile, danger- . ous, in a dangerous condition. infinitus, a, um, unlimited, in- finite, immeasurable. inflammo, 1 are, avi, atum, set on flre. ingeniosus, a, um,full of genius. ingenium, i (N.), nature, mind, genius. inhabito, 1 are, avi, atum, inhabit. inimicus, a, um, unfriendly, hys- tile ; (as noun), personal enemy. initium, i (N.), beginning; initio, at frst. injussu (abl.), without orders (with genitive froni). innatus, a, um, inborn. innuo. 3 ere, ui, utum, nod, hint. innoceus, tis, harmless, innocent. innoceutia, ae (F.), innocence. inopia, ae (F.), want, need. iiiquam (def. Gr. p. 81), say (always in direct discourse and following some of the words said), said he, c. insanio, 4 ire, Ivi, itum, be insane. insanus, a, um, not sound, insane. insero, 3 ere, serui, sertum, weave in, bind in. insero, 3 ere, sevi, situm, im- plant. insidiae, arum (F.), ambush, plot. insitus, a, um (part, of insero). insolens, tis, unused, insolent, arrogant. insono, 2 are, sonui, sonitum, re- sound over, rattle (dative). institor, oris (M.), trader (travel- ling) , vender. instruo, 3 ere, xi, ctum, furnish. insula, ae (F.), island. intendo, 3 ere, tendi, tensum, strain, devote. inter (ace.), between, among; inter se, with each other. interdiu, by day, in the day time. interdum (adv.), sometimes. interior, ius, inner. interpellate^ oris (M.), inter- rupt or ; sine interp., without interruption. intimus, a, um, inmost. intra (ace.), within. intus (adv.), within. invenio, 4 ire, veni, ventum, come upon,flnd. investigo, 1 are, avi, atum, track, trace, investigate (following a scent). invidia, ae (F.), envy, jealousy. invito, 1 are, avi, atum, enter- tain, invite. ipse, a, um, se//" (emphatic), him- self, herself, &c. iracunde (adv.), wilh irascibility, with little patience. iracundus, a, um, irascible, highr tempered. ira, ae (F.), anger. is, ea, id, he, she, it, that. Vocabulary: Latin and English. 95 iste, ista, istud, that yonder, that of yours. ita, so, thus. Italia, ae (F.), Italy. itaque, therefore, accordingly. item, likewise, also. iterum, again, a second time. jaceo, 2 ere, jacui, jacitum, lie, be low, lie low. jacio, 3 ere, jeci, jactum, throw, cast. jacto, 1 are, avi, atum, cast, toss. jam, now, already; jam non, no longer (with present) ; jam vero, then again ; (with future), presently. janua, ae (F.), doorway, door. jocor, 1 avi, atus, jest, joke. Jovis, see Juppiter. jubeo, 2 ere, jussi, jussum (ace. and infin.), order. judex, ids (M.), judge, juror (in plural properly jurors). judico, 1 are, avi, atum, judge, decide. jugum, i (N.), yoke, ridge (of hill). Julius, i (M.), Julius, a man's name. Julius, a, um, of Julius. Juppiter, Jovis (M'.), Jupiter, king ot the gods. Jura, ae (M.), a mountain of Gaul. jus, juris (N.), right, privilege. jussu (abl.), by command. juvenis, is (M.), young man. juvencus, i (M.),' bullock. juventus, utis (F.), youth. juvo, 1 are, juvi, jutum, aid, help, do good, favor, please. Karthago, inis (F.), Carthage. labor, oris (M.), toil, hardship. laboriose (adv.), with great labor. laboriosus, a, um, toilsome. laboro, 1 are, avi, atum, toil, labor, trouble one j s self. lac, lactis (N.), milk. lacus, cus (M.), lake. Laelia, ae (F.), proper name, daughter of C. Laelius. laetus, a, um, glad, blooming, gladdening (by abundance), abundant. largitas, atis, generosity, bounty. largus, a, um, broad. lateo, 2 ere, latui, be hidden (with ace.). later culus, i (M.), brick. latitude, inis (F.), breadth. latrociiiium, i (N.), robbery. latus, eris (N.), side. latus, a, um, wide. laudatus, a, um (part, of follow- ing), much praised. laudo, 1 are, avi, atum, praise. laus, laudis (F.), praise. legatus, i (M.), lieutenant. legio, on is (F.), legion. lego, 3 ere, legi, lectum, read. legumina, um (N.), pi. vegetables. Lemanuus, i (lacus), Lake Gen- eva. lentus, a, um, slow. levis, e, light. le vitas, atis, lightness. lex, legis (F.), law (written). Libera, ae (F.), Proserpine, daughter of Ceres. liber, bri (M.), book. liber, era, erum, free. liberator, oris (M.), deliverer. libere, freely. liberi, orum (M.), children. libero, 1 are, avi, atum, set free. Hbertas, tatis (F.), freedom, liberty. licet, licuit, it is permitted, one may. [trance. limen, inis (N.), threshold, en- 9 6 Latin Method. lingua, ae (F.), tongue. Us, lltis (M.), lawsuit, quarrel. litera, ae (F.), letter; plur. epistle, literature. literatus, a, um, lettered, learned. locuples, etis, wealthy. locupleto, 1 are, avi, atum, enrich. locus, i (M.) ; plur. loca, drum (N.), place, region. loiige, ius, issime, far, by far, at a distance. longimanus, a, um, long-handed. longinquus, a, um, distant, long (of time), longus, a, um, long ; longum est, it would take too long. loquax, acis, talkative. loquor, 3 i, locutus, speak, talk. lubet (or libet), it pleases, one is glad. lucidus, a, um, bright. lucus, i (M.), gi'oce. ludus, i (M.), play, school. lumen, inis (N.), light. luna, ae (F.), moon. lupus, i (M.), wolf. lustro, 1 are, avi, atum, purify, survey. lux, lucis (F.), light. Lysippus, i (M.), proper name. ML M7. abb rev. of Manius, a man's name. macies, iei (p.), leanness, ema- ciation. maculo, 1 are, avi, atum, stain. magis, more. magister, tri (M.), master, teacher. magistra, ae (F.), mistress. magistrates, tus (M.), magistrate, office. Magnesia, ae (F.), a town in Asia Minor, magnitude, inis (F.), greatness, size; incredibili magnitudine, of marvellous size. magnus, a, um, great (in all senses), powerful. majusculus, someichat large. malo, malle, malui, wish more, choose rather. malus, a. um, bad, malicious (i. e. intended). maneo, 2 ere, mansi, mansum, wait, stay, remain. manes, ium (M.), a departed spirit. Manlius, i (M.), a proper name, maniplaris, e, belonging to a company, maniplary. maniplus, i (M.), wisp of straw (used as a standard for a military company), hence later the company itself. manus, us (F.), hand. Marcellus, i (M.), a famous Roman. Marcus, i (M.), a Roman proper name. mare, is (N.), sea. maritimus, a, um, of the sea, on the sea. mater, tris (F.), mother. materia, ae ; ies, iei (F.), timber, material. matricida, ae (M.), matricide. mature, early, hastily. maximus, a, UITK, greatest. medeor, 2 eri, heal. medicabilis, e, curable. medicamen, inis (N.), remedy. medicamentarius, a, um, per- taining to (dealing in) reme- dies. medicamentosus, a, um, cura- tire. medicamentum, i (N.), remedy. medicina, ae (F.), medicine. medicmalis, e, medicinal. medicor, 1 ari, atus, heal. medicosus, a, um, curative. medicus, i (M.). physician. meditor, 1 ari, atus (devote one's self" to), practise, meditate. Medic-lamina, i (x.), Milan (a city of North Italy), medius, a, um, mid, middle, middle of (in agreement with noun). Vocabulary: Latin and English. 97 mel, mellis (N.), honey. memini (defect. Gr. p. 81), re- member. memor, oris, mindful. memoria, ae (F.), memory. memor o, 1 are, avi, atum, call to mind, relate. xnens, mentis (F.), mind. mensura, ae (F.), measure. mentior, 4 iri, itus, lie (speak falsely). mercenarius, i (M.), hireling. merces, edis, pay, wages. merces, ium (F.), plur. commo- dities, wares. mercor, 1 ari, atus, trade, buy.. Mecurius. i (M.), Mercury, god of trade, &c. mer idles, iei (M.), midday, noon, south. meritus, a, urn (part, of mereor), deserved. -met, intensive syllable added to pronouns. metior. 4 iri, mensus, measure, measure out. metus, us (M.), apprehension, fear. meus, mea, meum, my, mine. mico, 1 are, micui, quiver, shine, glitter. miles, itis (M.), soldier. militaris, e, military. milito, 1 are, avi, serve (as a soldier). mille, plur. milia, thousand. Minerva, ae (F.), Minerva, god- dess of arts and wisdom. minister, tri (M.), attendant. ministra, ae (F.), handmaid. ministro, 1 are, avi, atum, serve, supply, afford. minor, minus, smaller, lesser. minus, less, with adj. not so (much). mirabiliter, wonderfully. mlrcr, 1 ari, atus, wonder. nan us, a, um, wonderful, mar- vellous ; quid mirum, ivhat won- der? miser, era, erum, wretched. mitigo, 1 are, avi, atum, mellow, tame down. mitis, e, mild, gentle, mellow. mixtura, ae (F.), mixture. Mnesarchus, i (M.), a proper name. modius, e (M.), modius, a meas- ure of grain, modo (in a manner), only, just now. moenia, ium (w.}, fortifications. mollis, e, soft, smooth, mealy (of fruits, &c.). moneo, 2 ere, ui, itum, warn, ad- monish, advise. monitus, us (M ), admonition. mons, mentis (M.), mountain. monstrum, i (N.), prodigy, monster. monumentum, i (N.), record, monument. mora, ae (F.), delay. morbus. i (M.), disease. moribundus, a, um, dying. morior, 4 Iri, mortuus, die. moror, 1 ari, atus, delay. mors, mortis (F.), death. mortalis, e, mortal. mos, moris (M.), custom; plur., also character. motus, us (M.), disturbance (of insurrections and the like). moveo, 2 ere, movi, motum, move (in all senses), moz, presently. Mucius, i (M.), a proper name, mulier, eris (F.), woman. multitude, inis (F.), multitude, great number. multus, a, um (generally plural), much, many. multo (adverbial ablative), by much, much. mulus, i (M.), mule. munio, 4 ire, ivi, itum, fortift/. muiiusculum, i (N.), little gift. murus, i (M.), wall. mus, muris (M.), mouse. muto, 1 are, avi, atum, change. myrica, ae (F.), heather. myrtus, us or i (F.), myrtle. Latin Method. N. nam, for. nanciscor, 8 ci, nactus or nanctus, catch, get, find. nares, ium (M.), nostrils, nose, scent. narro, 1 are, avi, atum, tell, relate, talk of (with ace.). nascor, 3 ci, natus, be born. Nasica, ae (M.), Naslca, a name of one of the Scipios. natura, ae (F.), nature. nafcuralis, e, natural. natus (part, of nascor), a, urn, born. navigo, 1 are, avi, atum, sail, navigate. navis, is (F.), ship. ne, lest; (with imperat.), not; ne . . quidem, not . . even, not . . either: (with subj.), not to. -ne (enclitic), mark of interroga- tion. Neapolis, is (F.), name of a city (Newtown). nee (neque), and not, neither, nor. nee emm,for . . not (you see), necesse (indec.), necessary. nefas, moral wrong, impiety. negotior, 1 ari, atus, do business. negotium, i (x.), business, task. nemo, inis (M ), no one, no (in apposition with noun), nemus, oris (x.), grove. nereis, idis (F.) , nereid, sea- nymph. Nereus, i (M.), Nereus, god of the sea depths. Nestor, oris (M.), Nestor, a wise and aged Greek chieftain. nihil, ind., nothing; (as adv.), not at all. nihilum, i (N.), nothing. nimis, too, too much. nobiiis. e, well known, noble, famous. noceo, 2 ere, nocui, nocitum (dat), do harm, hurt, injure. nocturuus, a, um, nightly, of the night. nomen, inis (N.), name, bill (of exchange). uomino, 1 are, avi, atum, name. non, not. nondum, not yet. nonne, not f (in questions : does . . not, do . . not, &c.). nos, nostrum (i), nobis (Gr. p. 44), we. nosco, 3 ere, novi, notum, learn; perf. know (as an acquaintance), noster, tra, trum, our, ours. novem, nine; decem novem, nineteen. novus, a, um, new. nox, noctis (F.), night. nubes, is (F.), cloud. nubo, 3 ere, nupsi, nuprum (dat), marry (of the woman). nudus, a, um, naked, bare, unclad (without the outer garment), nullus, a, um (gen. lus), no, none. Numantia, ae (F.), a town in Spain. num, sign of question expecting negative answer: translate in indirect question, whether; in direct, by denial and question together, i* not, is it ? numerus, i (M.), number. numen, inis (x.), nod, will, divine being, divinity. numquam (nunquam), never. nunc, noiu (emphatic). nuntio, 1 are, avi, atum, bring news, announce, report. nupta, ae (F.), married, bride (lit veiled). nusquam, nowhere. nux, nucis (F.), nut. O. O, interjective Oh! ob (ace.), on account of. obfero, ferre, tuli, latum, bring in the way of, offer. obfirmo, 1 are, avi, atum, strengthen against, strengthen. Vocabulary : Latin and English. 99 oblecto, 1 are, avi, atum, delight, amuse. obsequium, i (N.), indulgence (of whims), deference. obtiiigo, 3 [ob, tango], ere, tigi, tactum,/u^ to the lot of any one (dative). occasus, us (M.), setting, west. occulo, 3 ere, cului, cultum, hide. occultus, a, um, hidden; in oc- culto, under cover. occupo, 1 are, avi, atum, seize, take possession of. occupatus, a, um (part, of pre- ceding), engaged. octo, eight. octogesimus, a, um, eightieth. oculus, i (M.), eye. odium, i (N.), hate, hatred. odor, oris (M.), smell. offero, see obfero. oleum, i (N.), olive oil, oil. olivetum, i, olive-orchard. Olympias, adis (F.), Olympiad (Greek measure of time). Olympius, a, um, of Olympus, Olympian, an epithet of Jupiter, omen, inis (N.), omen. omnino, altogether, at all. omnis, e, all, every; omnia, every thing. onus, eris (N.), burden. opaco, 1 are, avi, atum, darken. opes, opum (F.), plur., wealth, resources. opifex, ficis (M.). workman. opmio, onis (F.), notion, idea (not opinion). opiparis, e, sumptuous. oppidum, i (N.), town (fortified). oppugno, 1 are, avi, atum, attack, besiege (in the modern sense), [ops], opis (F. ; only used as name of a goddess in the nomin- ative ; in the other cases), help. opto, 1 are, avi, atum, choose, desire, wish for (with ace.) optime (superl. of bene), best. optimus, a, um, best (superl. of bonus), opus, eris (N.), work. oratio, onis (F.), speech, oration, plea, discourse. orbis, is (M.), circle, world : or- bis terrarum, the earth. ordo, inis (M.), order, rank, class. oriens, tis (M.), rising, east. orior, Iri, ortus, rise (inflected in 3d conjugation). oruatus, a, um (part, of orno), adorned, well furnished, highly ornamented. ornatus, us (M.), ornament. 6ro, 4 are, avi, atum, pray, en- treat, pray for. ortus, us (M.), rising. ortus, a, um (part, of orior), risen, rising, hatched. 6s, oris (N.), mouth. os, ossis (N.), bone. oscen, inis (N.), a bird giving omens by its note (technical word of augury). osculor, 1 ari, atus, kiss. ostendo, 3 ere, di, sum, and turn, show. ostento, 1 are, avi, atum, display. ostium, i (N.), door (outer). otior, 1 ari, atus, be idle, enjoying leisure. otium, i (N.), leisure, ease, peace. ovile, is (N-), sheep/old. ovis, is (F.), sheep. ovum, i (N.), egg. P. P. for Publius. paene, almost. \canton. pagus (M.), i, village, district, palam, openly. palliolum, i (N.), robe. palus, udis (F.), marsh. paluster, tris, tre, marshy. Papirius, i (M.), Papirius ; Papi- ria (F.), Papirian, title of a Roman law from the name of its mover. paries, etis (M.), wall (of house). pario, 3 ere, peperi, partum, bring forth, produce. TOO Latm Method. pariter, equally, alike. paro, 1 are, avi, atum, get, pre- pare. pars, partis (F.), part, share. parvus, a, um, small. pascua, uum (x. plur.), pastures. passus, us (M.), step, pace; mille passus, a mile. [a slave). pastor, oris (M.), shepherd (usually pastus, a, um, fed, pastured. pastus, us (M.), pasturage. patefacio, 3 facere, feci, factum, lay open. pateo, 2 ere, ui, lie open. pater, tris (M.), father. patera, ae (F.), lowl (sacrificial). paternus, a, um, of a father, of one's father, patria, ae (F.), fatherland, native city or land. patricius, a, um, patrician. patrius, a, um, of a father, of one's native city. pauci, ae, a, few, a few (only), paulus, a, um, small ; paulum, a little, a little while. Paulus, i (M.), a man's name, pauper, eris, poor, Pausanias, ae (M.), a Spartan commander, pecuiium, i (N.), property (private savings of a slave). pecco, 1 "are, avi, atum, do wrong. pecunia. ae (F.), money. pecus, udis (F. ), creature (in a flock or herd), domestic animal. pecus, oris (N.),^/Zodb. penetro, 1 are, avi, atum, pene- trate. per (ace.), through (also in sense by means of); throughout (in adverbial phrase). peragro, 1 are, avi, atum, travel over. percipio 3 [per, capio], ere, cepi, ceptum, learn, gather, gain, receive. percenter, 1 ari, atus, inquire (particularly). percrebresco, 3 ere, thicken, be- come frequent, spread. peregriuus, a, um, foreign. perennis, e, perennial. pereo, Ire, ii, perish; (in the per- fect), be dead, be destroyed. perexcelsus, a, um, very high. pergo, 3 ere. perrexi, perrectum, keep on, proceed. periclitatio, onis (F.), trial. periculum, i (N.), trial, danger. perpetuus, a, um, perpetual, eternal. Persa, ae (M.), Persa, a name (of a dog) ; also the same as Perses, name of a king. persequor, 2 sequi, secutus, pur- sue, follow out. Perses. sis (M.), Perses, a king of Macedonia. persuadeo,- ere, suasi, suasum, persuade. pertiueo, 4 ere, tinui, tentum, reach, extend ; pertineo ad, be- long to, have to do inth. perverto, 3 ere, ti, sum, overturn, overthrow. pes, pedis (M.), foot (also as a measure). pestilens, tis, infected, unwhole- some. peto. 3 ere, petlvi, petltum, aim at, seek, ask. Phalaris. idis (M.), Phalaris, a name of a tyrant. Philippi, orum (M ; plur.), the place of the battle between the assassins and the partisans of Caesar. philosophus, i (M.), philosopher. Phoebus, i (M.), Phoebus, a name of Apollo. pictura, ae (F.), painting^ picture. piger. gra, grum, sluggish, in- active. pingo, 3 ere, pinxi, pictum, paint. piscator, oris (M ), fisherman. piscis, is (M.).ykA. piscor, 1 ari, a.tus,jish, catch fish. placeo, 2 ere, ui, itum, please; mi hi placet, / like. plane, plainly, wholly, absolutely. plauities, iei (F.), plain, level. Vocabulary: Latin and English. 101 Plato, onis (M.), Plato, a Greek philosopher. plausus, us (M.), clapping (of hands), applause, flapping (of wings) against the side (late- rum), [plebeian. plebeius, a, um, of the people, plebs, plebis (F.), common people, commons. plenus, a, um, full. -plico, 1 are, ui, itum (in compos.), wrap. plurimus, a, um, most, very much (plur ), very many. plus, pluris (comp. of multus ; N. in sing.), more. Foenus, a, um, Carthaginian. poeta, ae (M.), poet. polliceor, 2 eri, itus, promise (freely), offer. pomum, i (N.), apple, fruit. pono, 3 ere, posui, positum, leave, put, place. Ponticus, i (M.), Ponticus, name of a Greek philosopher. populus, i (M.), people (organized community). por- (in compos. ), forward. porta, ae (F.), gate porticus, us (F.), gallery, porch, colonnade. porto, 1 are, avi, atum, carry. portus, us (M.), harbor. posco, 3 ere, poposci, poscitum, claim, demand, call for. possum, posse, potui, can, be able ; past tenses, could. post (ace.), behind, afler. postea, afterwards. postquam, after, when, as soon as (always in subordinate clause). posterus, a, um, later (with dies)? next. poster! (plur. of preceding), pos- terity. postremus, a, um (sup. of pre- ceding), last. Postumus, i, a Roman name. postridie, the next day, or the day after. potestas, atis (F.), power (over, with gen.). prae (abl.), before, in comparison with, considering. praeceps, cipitis [prae, caput], headlong. praeceptor, oris (M.), instructor. praeceptum, i (N.), instruction, precept. praecipio, 3 ere, cepi, ceptum, instruct (dative), prae clare, nobly, handsomely. praeclarus, a, um, glorious. praedico. 1 are, avi, atum, tell, boast, speak of with praise. praedium, i (N.), landed estate. praefero, ferre, tuli, latum, hold before, bear before, prefer (dat.) praemium, i (N.), reward, prize. praeseiis, tis (part, of prae- esse) , present. praetendo, 1 ere, tendi, tentum, hold before, close (dative). praeter (ace.), beyond, besides, except. [this). praeterea, besides (lit. beside precis, um (F. ; plur. of prex, not used), prayers. pressus, a, um (part, of premo), pressed. Priamides, is (M.), son of Priam. primum, primo, first, at first. pretium, i (N.), price. princeps, cipis, chief. primus, a, um, first; primo, at first. prius, before, sooner. privatim, privately. pro (abl.), before, for, instead, or in behalf of. prodigium, i (N.), prodigy. prodo, 3 dere, didi, ditum, give forth, betray. proelium, i (N.), battle. profecto, as a fact, surely. prSfero, ferre, tuli, latum, pub- feft. proficiscor, 3 ci, profectus, set forth. progredior, 3 di, gressus, ad- vance. 102 Latin Method. proicio 3 (projicio), ere, jeci, jec- tum, cast forth, throw. proles, is (p.), offspring. promitto, 3 ere, rmsi, mlssum (let go forth), promise. promissus, a. um (part, of pre- ceding), long. promptus, a, um (part, of promo), drawn out (from the store), ready. Pronoea, ae (P.), divine provi- dence. prope (ace ), near, near by. propter (ace.), tiear, on account f- proscribe, 3 ere, scripsi, scrip- turn, post up (in writing), ad- vertise. Proserpina, ae (p.), Proserpine, daughter of Ceres, and queen of the lower world. protinus (adv.), further on. protuli (profero), put forth. proverbium, i (x .), proverb. provincia, ae (P.), province (sphere of action). proximus, a, um, nearest, next; e proximo, /row near by. prytanmm, i (x.), town hall. publice, publicly, officially, at the public expense. publicus, a. um, public. Publius, i (M.), Roman name. puella, ae (P.), girl, maiden. puer. i (M.), boy. pugillaris, e (belonging to the hand), plur. note-book. pugno, ae (P.), battle, fight. pugnax, acis. pugnacious. pugna, 2 are, avi, a.tum,jight. pugnus, i (M.), m /?x. pulcher. chm, chrum, beautiful. pulchritudo, inis (p.), beauty. pullus, i (M.), chicken, duckling. Punicus, a, um, Carthaginian. Pyrrhus. i (M.). a king of Epirus. pusillanimus, a, um, feeble- hearted. pusillus. a. um, feeble, slight. putesco. 3 ere, ui, grow offensive (in smell), rot. puto, 1 are, avi, atum, think. putrefacio, 3 ere, feci, factum, corrupt. putrefactus, a, um (part, of pre- ceding), rotted. Pythius, i (M.), Pythius, a man's name. Q qua, where, in what way. quacumque, wherever. quadriennium, i (N.), (space of) four years. quaero, 3 ere, quaeslvl, quaesi- tuin, seek, ask. quaeso, 3 ere, ask, pray, inquire. quasstio, onis (P.), investigation. quaestor, oris (M.), qutestnr, Roman officer like paymaster. quails, e, as, what (correl. to tails) ; tale . . quale, such a thing as; often alone, im- plying its correlative, such as. quara, how, as, than. quamquam, although (lit. how- ever), though (corrective). quantus, a, um, how great (in all senses), how strong, &c. quartos, a, um, fourth. quasi, as if, as it were. qiiatio, 3 ere, shake, rattle. quattuor, four. -que (enclitic), and. queo (def. Gr. p. 82), can. qui, quae, quod, who, which, that, as (rel.) : quod, so far as. qui, old ablative form of quis ; quicum, with whom. quia, because. quicumque, quaecumque, quod- cumque, whoever. quidarn, quaedam, quoddam, a (certain) one. quidem, in fact, to be sure, at I en at ; ne . . quidem, not even followed by sed. c., may of- ten be translated though. quilibet, quaelibet. quodlibet, who you wUl, any (whatever). Vocabulary : Latin and English* 103 quin, why not, but that. quinam (quisnam), (emph. inter- rog.), who (tell me). quintuplex, plicis, five-fold. Quintus, i (M.), Roman proper name. quintus, a, um, fifth. Quirites, ium, (Roman) citizens. quis, quae, quid, who ? what f quisquam, quaequam, quod- or quidquam, any one (with neg. cond. and interrog.). quisque, quaeque, quodque, every, each. quisquis ( 21, 2), whoever. quo, whither ; with comparatives, e'6 . . quo, the . . the, in pro- portion as. quoque, also, as well. quot, how many, as (many), quotarmis, each or every year, yearly. rapidus, a, um, swift. rapio, 3 ere, rapui, raptum, seize, carry off ( with force). rapto, 1 are, seize (with violence). raptus, a, um, caught. raptus, us (M.), carrying off. rarus, a, um, rare. ratio, onis (F.), reckoning, rea- son. ratus, a, um, confirmed, fixed. re- or red- (in compos.), back or again. recens, tis, recent. recidivus, a, um, restored, re- vived. recido, 3 ere, cidi,/aZZ bade. redditus, a, um, restored. feddo, 3 dere, didi, ditum, give back, restore, give out, produce (as of sounds). reditus, us (M.), return. redeo, Ire, ii, itum, return. redundo, 1 are, avi, atum, over- flow. refero, ferre, tuli, latum, bring back, relate, represent, restore to (ace.). refervesco, 3 ere, boil up. regma, ae (F.), quc.en, princess. regno, 1 are, avi, atum, reign. Regulus, i (M.), a Roman name. religio, onis (F.), religion, wor- ship, reverence. relinquo, 3 ere, llqui, lictum, leave, abandon. reliquus, a, um, remaining. remedium, i (N.), remedy. remissus, a, um, slack, remiss ; comparative, less intense. remitto, 3 ere, misi, missum, send back, let go, relax. repeiite, suddenly. reperio, 4 ire, reperi, repertum, find, discover. repono, 3 ere, posui, positum, put by, store. res, rei (F.), thing, property, event; (in plural), circumstance*. res publica , commonwealth, pub~ lie life. reserve, 1 are, avi, atum, reserve, keep back, preserve. resono, 1 are, sonui, sonitum, re- sound. respicio, 3 ere, spexi, spectum, look back. respondeo, 2 ere, spondi, spon- sum, reply. retro, back, backward, behind (adv.). revoco, 1 are, avi, atum, recall, renew (by calling back). rex, regis (M.), king. rite, rightly, duly. rivulus, i (M.), little stream. rivus, i (M.), stream, brook. rixa, ae (F.), brawl, quarrel. rogo, are, avi, atum, ask, de- mand, entreat. Roma, ae (F.), Rome. Romanus, a, um, Roman. rostrum, i (N.), beak-, pi. the platform (the raised place from which Roman orators addressed the people). rursus, again. 104 Latin Method. sacer, era, crum, sacred. sacerdos, otis (M. or F.), priest, priestess. saepe, often. saevitia, ae (F.), cruelty. saevus, a, urn, cruel. sagacitas, atis (F.), keenness of scent, sagacity, keenness. sagax, acis, keen, sagacious. Saguntum, i (N.), Saguntum, a city of Spain. sal, salis (M.), salt. salus, utis (F.), health, safety, preservation. salveo,* ere, be well. salvus, a, um, safe and sound. sanguis (sanguen), inis (M ), blood (in the veins, or fresh), also in the sense of stock or race. sapiens, tis, wise. sapientia, ae (F.), wisdom. satis, enough, sufficiently. scalmus, i (x.), thole-pin. sceleratus, a, um, guilty. scelus, eris (x.), crime, guilt. scientia, ae (F.), knowledge. scilicet, that is to say, forsooth (ironical). scio, 4 sclre, scivi, scltum, know (a fact). Scipio, dnis (M.), Scipio, a Roman name. scribo, 8 ere, scripsi, scriptum, write. se, sui, sibi, self (Gr. p. 44). semet, see -met. sed- " n com P s -)> a P Qrt - sector, oris (M.), divider, buyer. secundum (prep, ace.), along. secundus, a, um, following, second, favorable. securis, is (F.), axe. securus, a, um, secure. sed, but. sedecim, sixteen. sedeo, 8 ere, sedi, sessum, sit. sedes, is (F.), seat, abode. semestris, is, six months, half- year. semper, ahoays. senatus, us (M.), senate. senectus, utis (F.), old age. senesco, 3 ere, grow old, wane. seuex, senis (M.), old man. seal, ae, a, six (each, at a time), (often in Eng. by the cardinal number), senilis, e, of an old man, characteristic of an old man. sententia, ae (F.), opinion. sentio, 4 Ire, sensi, sensum,/ee/, notice. sepelio, 4 Ire, ii, sepultum, bury. septem, seven. sepulcrum, i (x.) , tomb. sequor, 3 sequi, secutus, follow, ensue. sero, 3 ere, serui, sertum, weave. sero, 3 ere, sevi, satum, plant, sow. serpens, tis (M.), serpent. servilis, e, of slaves. servo, 1 are, avi, atum, serve, keep. servus, i (M.), slave. sessio, onis (F.), sitting. seu, or; seu . . seu, whether . . or, if either . . or if, sometimes to see if either . . or. severe, with severity. severus, a, um, stern. sic, so, thus. sicuti, just as, Sicilia, ae (F.), Sicily. Siciliensis, e, Sicilian. Siculus, a, um, Sicilian. sicut, as, as also. sidus, eris (x.), star, constella- tion. significo, 1 are, avi, atum, make a sign, signify, indicate. signum, i (x.), mark, sign, stand- ard, statue. silentium, i (x.), silence. Silenus, i (M.), S Menus, a man's name. silva, ae (F.), wood, forest. Vocabulary: Lai in and English. 105 similis, e, like, similar. similitude, inis (F.), likeness, simul, at the same time ; simul ac, as soon as. simulacrum, i (N.), image, im- aginary sounds. simulo, 1 are, avi, atum, feign, pretend. sine (abl.), without. singuli, ae, a (distributive num- eral), one by one, one (though plural). sino. 3 ere, slvi, si turn, lea.ve, let, permit. sitio, 3 Ire, thirst, sitis, is (F.), thirst. situs, us (M.), neglect, dust. situs, a, um (part, of sino), placed ; est situs, rests, is situated. socer, ceri (M.), father-in-law. sol, solis (M.), the sun. soleo, 2 ere, solitus, be accustomed, be wont. solitude, inis (F.), solitude.. Boilers, tis, skilful, sollertia, ae (F.) , skill. solurn, only. solus, a, um (gen, ius), alone. solvo, 3 ere, solvi, solutum, loosen, settle (a dispute), somuiuni, i (N.), dream. somuus, i (M.), sleep. BOUUS, i (M.), sound. sopor, oris (M.), sleep. sordidus, a, um, dirty, wean, sparsus, a, um (part, of spar go), scattered. spatiosus, a, um, spacious. spatium, i (N.), space. spatiosus, a, um, spacious. spatium, i (N.), space. species, iei (F.), show, appearance. spectabilis, e, of noble aspect. spectaculum, i (N.), spectacle. specto, 1 are, avi, atum, view, behold, look, face. spelunca, ae (F.), cavern. spes, ei (F.), hope. squalor, oris (M.), wretched plight, Jilth, mourning apparel. static, onis (F.), post, station, picket. statua, ae (F.), statue. Stella, ae (F.), star. steruo, 3 ere, stravi, stratum, strew, spread a couch. stilus, i (M.)> style (writing im- plement). stimulus, i (M.), goad. stirps, is (F.), shrub, stock, race. sto, 1 stare, steti, statum, stand, stop stomachor, 1 ari, atus, be vexed. strepitus, us (M.), noise, rattling. struo, 3 ere, struxi, structum, build. studeo, 2 ere, ui, be earnest for, favor (dat), study, be a student. studium, i (N.), earnestness, fondness (for) study. suavis, e, sweet. suavitas, atis (F.), sweetness, sweet taste. sub (abl.), under. subigo, 3 ere, egi, actum, subdue, break in,, subito, suddenly. Suevi, orum (M.), Suevi, a Ger- man tribe. Sulla, ae (M.), Sulla, a Roman general. sum, esse, fui, / am, be. sumraus, a, um (superl. of superus), highest, greatest, highest part. sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum, take. Buovetaurflia, ium (N. ; plur.), a solemn sacrifice of the Romans. supero, 1 are, avi, atum, surpass. supplex,icis (adv.), suppliant. supplicium, i (N.), supplication, (capital) punishment. suppono, 3 ere, posui, positum, put beneath (dative). supra (ace.), above, on the sur- face of. surculus, i (M,) sapling. BUS, suis (c.), swine. suspectus, a, um (part, of follow- ing), suspicious. io6 Latin Method. suspicio, 3 ere, spexi, spectum, look up to or at, suspect. sustento, 1 are. avi, atum, sus- tain, keep alive. sustineo 2 [sub, teneo],. ere, ui, tentum, .sustain. suus, a. um, his (her or their), reflexive. Syracusae, a, um (F.), Syracuse, a city of Sicily. Syracusanus, a, um, Syracusan. T. taberna, ae (F.), shop. tabula, ae (F.), plank, panel (for pictures), picture. taeda, ae (F.), pine-tree, torch. tails, e, such ; tale, such a thing. tamen, yet, nevertheless, however. tamquam, as if. tandem, at length. tango, 3 ere, tetigi, tactum, touch. tautum, so much, only; (with partitive gen.), so many; tan- turn abest, it is so far (from being the case). tantus, a, um, so great. Tarentum, i (N.), Tarentum, a town of South Italy. taurus, i (M.), bull. tectum, i (N.), roof, dwelling. tecum = cum and te from tu. tell us, uris (F.), earth. temperatus, a, um (part, of tempero), tempered, temperate. tempero, 1 are, avi, atum, mode- rate, control, restrain. [son. tempestive, seasonably, in sea- templum, i (N.), temple. tempus, oris (N.), time. tendo, 8 dere, tetendi, tentum, hold, strain. tenebra, ae (F.), darkness, dark recess. teneo, 2 ere, tenui, tentum, hold, possess, have in one's power. ter, three times. tergum, i (N.), back ; a tergo, in the rear. terra, ae (F.), earth, land. terreo, 3 ere, ui, itum, alarm, terrify. terror, oris (M ), alarm, terror (object of alarm). Tertia, ae (F.), a woman's name. tertius, a, um, third. tesca, orum (N.), thickets. testis, is (M.), witness. teter, tra, trum,/ow/, horrible. theatrum, i (N.), theatre. Themis tocles, is, and i (M.), Themislodes, a Grecian states- man. Thermopylae, arum (F.), Ther- mopylae. tibia, ae (F.), pipe. timeo, 2 ere, t\mu'},fear. timesco, 3 re, take alai m. timidus, a, um, fearful, timid. timor, oris (M.),/ear. titulus, i (M.), placard. tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatum, raise, take up, take away. tot, so many. totus, a, um, whole, entire; often with the force of an adverb, wholly. tragoedia. ae (F.), tragedy. trans (ace.), across, beyond. transfuga, ae (M.), deserter. trecenti, ae. a, three hundred. tremo, 3 ere, tremui, tremble. tremulus, a, um, trembling. trepidus, a, um, timid. tribunalis. e, of a tribune. tribunus, i (M.), tribune. triennium, i (N.), (space of) three years. triginta (indec.), thirty. triquetra, ae, three-cornered. tristiculus, a, um, a little sad. tristis, e, sad, cruel. triticum, i, wheat. Troja, ae (F.), Troy. tu, tui, tibi, te, thou (Gr. p. 44). Tullius, i, name of Cicero. Tullus, i (M.), a Roman king. turn, then ; turn . . turn, now . . now. turpis, e, ugly, disgraceful, evil. Vocabulary: Latin and English. 107 tus, turis (N.), incense. tutus, a, urn (part, of tueor), safe. tuus, a, urn, thy, thine, your (almost always). Tycha, ae (F.), name of a city, tyrannus, i (M.), tyrant. Tyndaris, idis (F.), daughter of Tyndarus. U. uber, era, erum, rich, fertile. ubi, where , when, where ? when ? (interrogative). ubique, even/where. ullus, a, um (gen. ius), any. umbilicus, i (M.), navel, centre. umquam, ever (with negatives and conditions), unguentum, i (N.), ointment. universus, a. um, all together. unquam, see umquam. uaus, a, um (gen. ius), one. urbs, urbis (F.), city. usquam, anywhere. usque, even, up to. usus, us (M.), use, advantage, experience. ut (with subj.),. that, so that; (with indie.), when, as, how, as if. uterque, utraque, utrumque (gen. utriusque), both (changing the verb to the plural). uti (ut), that, so that. utilis, e, useful, advantageous. utilitas, atis (F.), utility, advan- tage, usefulness. utor, 3 uti, usus, use, employ. V. vacuus, a, um, empty, unoccu- pied. valde, strongly, very, quite. valeo, 2 ere, valui , be strong, be well, be worth. validus, a, Mm, strong (in almost all senses). vanus, a, um, empty, idle, vain. varietas, atis (F.), variety, varia- tion. varius, a, um, various. vastitas, atis (F.), devastation. vastus, a, um, vast, waste, deso- late. vel, or, even; vel . . vel, either . . or. velut, as. venalis, e,for sale. [sale, sell. veiido, 3 dere, didi, ditum, put to venio, 4 ire, veni, ventum, come. venor 1 , ari, atus, hunt. venustas. atis (F.), grace, ele- gance, polish. vere, truly, with truth, rightly. vereor, 2 eri, itus, respect, fear. veritas, atis (F.), truth. vero, in truth, in fact, but, and (with an emphasis on the word which precedes). verus, a, um, true. versus, us (M.), verse, [vertex. vertex, icis (M.), head, top, vescor, 3 vesci (with abL),/eerf upon. vesper, eri (M,), evening; ad ves- perum, at evening. vespera, ae (F.), evening. vestigium, i (K.), foot-print, trace. vestio, 4 ire, ivi, Itum, clothe, cover. vestis, is (F.), clothing, raiment. vestitus, us (M.), clothing, garb, covering (as by woods or the like). veto, 1 are, vetui, vetitum, forbid. vetus, eris, old, ancient. vetustas, atis (F.), antiquity. via, ae (F.), way, road, course. vicinum, i (N. of the following), neighborhood. vicinus, a. um, neighboring; (noun) neighbor. victor, oris (M.), conqueror; (as adj.), victorious. victoria, ae (F.), victory. video, 2 ere, vldi, visum, see. videor 2 (passive), eri, visus, be seen, seem. [ne. videsiie = vides, with enclitic io8 Latin Method. vigil, ilis, watchful, watchman. vigilantia, ae (F.), watchfulness. vigilia, ae (F.), watching, watch (the divisions of the Roman night). vigilo,' are, avi, atum, watch, wake, pass (a time) in wake- fulness. viginti (indec.), twenty. vilis, e. cheap. vilitas, atis (F.), cheapness. villa, ae (F.), farm-house, villa. villus, i (M.), shaggy hair (of animals), wool. vincio, 4 ire, vinxi, vinctum, bind. vinco, 3 ere, vici, victum, con- quer. vinculum, i (N.), bond, tie, chain. vindico, 1 are, avi, atum, assert, claim, punish. vir, viri (M.), man. vires, ium (vis), (F.), strength. virgo, inis (F.), maiden, virgin. virgultum, i (N.), shrubbery. virtus, utis (F.), manliness, valor, excellence, virtue. vis, vis, vim, vi (F.), force, vio- lence ; (plur.), energy, strength, power. visne = vis (from volo) and en- clitic ne. viscera, um (N.), flesh. vita, ae (F.), life. vitis, is (F.), grape-vine. vitupero, 1 are, avi, atum, blame, censure. vivo, 3 ere, vixi, victum, live. vivus, a, um, alive, living. vix, with difficulty, scarcely. voco, 1 are, avi, atum, call (in all senses). volcanus, i (M ),^fre (Vulcan). volo, 1 are, avi, atum,^. volo, velle, volui (Gr. p. 79), wish. voluntas, atis (F.), will, wish, feeling. voluptas, atis (F.), pleasure. vos, vestrum (i), vobis, you (Gr. p. 44). vosmet, yourselves (emphatic; see met). voveo, 2 ere, vovi votum, vow. vox, vocis (F,), voice. vulgus, i (N.), the lower classes. vulnus, eris (N.), wound. vultus, us (M.), expression, coun- tenance, face. Cambridge: Pre&s of John Wilson and Son. INDEX TO THE SYNTAX OF ALLEN AND GREENOUGH'S LATIN GRAMMAR, WITH PARALLEL REFERENCES TO GILDERSLEEVE'S GRAMMAR. A. & G. G. A. &G. G. A. &G. 45 i 192 48 3 50 c a f| a 617 R 3 284, 326 b 618, 622 4 4 c 622 * 5 474 d 618 6 475. 612 616 R 2 - R 7 201, 202 R I 4 6l2 R I 51 8 5 613 R I 46 202, 319 49 2O2 i 318 R 319 R * 2 I97> 324 I 28t & R 2 a 39 a 283 b 412 R 2 b ,, R 2 c 319 R2 c 202 R I N 3*9 d 281 Exc. i R 47 202, 285 2 94 R 2 R 324 a 198 R 3 I 28l b 199 R 3 b 2 286 c 688,200 c a 281 Exc. a 50 357 d | 282 i 360 R I c a R I R2 d 202 R X b R3 e e 202 R 5 c 365 6i6R3 d R I R f 202 R 2 R w R2, 3 f 3 195 R I e 367 R N f 359 e a b 293 R 2 f 364 R 3 c 284 R i 379 R 440 R 372 a 4 2 366 3 a 195 R 2 a 369 4 b b 368 a c 202 R 4 c 37i 6 d 423 R R c 535 d 371 R N 95 R4 e R7 5 5 360 R i R I ., RS R a R 2 370 R2 6 b 363 R3 368 R 2 a c R I R4 361 R 2 * 6 324 R 6 3 36l t 7 34 a 357 R i R a b 373. 374 4 b c 374 R 2 e 8 2? 7 R R , R 3 7 9 306 d 356 R i N 48 616 R 361 R i a N 4 I 616 375 c 2 > "3 R > R i a , R 2, 3 c 332 a 364 R N 271,4 R R 2 b 335 e 527 4 3 342, 384, 388 N 276 a 340 N 413 R I 535 R 2 b 527 a All R 2 '97 R * c 335-8 b 410 527 R 3 53 194 R 3 R 436 y 34i R a ^ 412 424 R 4 b 54 3" X d 39 R 412 R I R 34' N e M R 3 N 534, 560 X I 388-9 f 385-6, 384 R 2 h 650 a 388 R 410 R 3, 4 58 213 b 411 R I X 270 c >t 4 387 2 218 d 390 56 4'3 a 221 R j b 2l8 R 2 e 389 R 2 a 4*7 c 219 R 373 R 6 b 418 d 220 2 394 c 419 e > R x a 395 R 384 R i f 511 R X R d 419 3 222 b e - a C 396 & R 2 f Appendix 3 225 d ,, R I g 418 ^ 224 3 406-7 R ,, end d M 383 2 416 R e 246 R 2 a 308 R 2 a App'x; 356 R 4 4 2U b 407 R I 3 418 R 5 226 c 372 & R r 417 R a 228 4 a 403 205 R I ^ 3 416 R 566, S7 6 b c 569 228 R 2 b 403 4 403 d 224 5 399 R ,, R 227 R 2 397 5 4I4R 6 233 a 311 R i 57 245 R 7 2 3 6 R ,, R 2 t 246 R R2-4 b C 399 R 3u R 4 2 a 247 250-258 8 9 244 271 N 6 399 R i 401, 403 3 597-599 509, 469, 562 xo a 510, 216 S'i R2 a 391, 401, 403 N b 5 tO R R f 346 R 2, 348 3 N 256 266 R 2 c R 5 ,' 3 c 389 & R I a 266-7 d d 373 R 6 405 3 c 266 R 2 575 e 5 II R X 599 R 5 400 d 4 2 6 R 3 253, 255 i 5.7 R 2 519 &R 7 402 ,, R X a b 253 254 a 276 246 Parallel References. A. &G. G. A. &G. G. A.&G. G. 58 b 277 & R 62 R 582 68 i 253-4 530 R I R 254 R 3 e 274 R 2 581 R 2 256 d R3 582 266 R >f c 579, 574 R 264 e M R 577-9 546 R I f 240 d 574-5 3 655 59 590 e 58 7 &R 69 i 626 i N ._ 2 a N i?;** 3 63 589 538 8 628 b 590 I 539, 587 R 632 2 59 6* 2 541 * 633 a ,, 636 ^ 634 b 568-9 587 d 636, 637 N 596* 64 T 544 e 582 C 596 R 545 (3 3 597 N ,, 509 a 99 a 545, 2 b 599 b 688 R 70 507 N it R 484 R 2 R 526 C RI 546 I d R2 2 544 R I & 2 2 5 2 7, 53* e 246 R 3 65 i 553, 554 528 f 599 R 3 5 R 543, 558 R 4 99 ** 4 597-8 a 547, 549 c 652 R 2 597 b 550, 551 d 527 R 3 b 598 2 633 3 546 c 236 R 2 N &RI d 597-8 634 532 t 195 R 6 633 c | f 598 R I c 313 R 608 5 596* d 629 R 0* 424 a 597 R 3 e 637 546 & R 2 b 569 R 2 f 556 R a 2OO c 246 R 4 66 i 509, 3, 4 * 547, 549 60 594 a 59, 2 f 552 i i b 509,3 R 546 R 3 a u c 547 R 2 b 600 d 54i g 532 R 4 c H R 539 R 4 557 2 602 541 R I 558 R 613 R 2 N 3 647 R 4 a 602 2 666 ^ 560 * 252 R I N 665 R c 246 R 1-3 67 651 tf- 558 R i R n R I e 557 61 604 f oil i a 653 424 R 3 f g 559 55'. I 604 5 2 7 R 2 R 2 R R 644 A 546 R 2 2 606 foil. If 630 R i, a N 3 575 R 638, 644 5 525 4 592 f 659 R 2 a 592 R a, 5 N R 2 3 542, 533 c , R4 597 R 4 0* R 654 R I R 2 71 " 45i foil- 499 2 469, 654 X 456-8 d 606-10 R 454 R 455 62 6l2 R 2 a 514, 515*3 462 561 t 654 R 2 f 469 i 563 470 R 454 568-9 R 469 R 3 f 460 a 522, 2 d R I d 459 R M 582 R I. 633 N 2 460 a 563 ,, R 2 R 461 R I 564-5 f 462, 603 460 R 2 563 R 3 655 f 459 b 664 C 461 R Parallel References. A.&G. G. A.&G. G. A.&G. G. 71 d 460,463 72 390 73 2 428 3 473 b 230 R R3 a c 537 N 427 R * 72 i 278 d comp. 275, 2 536, 524 R I 3 a 4-q tell. 429 & R a .. 373* 4 279 K b 7 8R a 239, 673 ft .450 & R c 572 R, 586 b 599 R 3 C 433 2 438 5 *43 d 43?, 434 1 439 a 439 R b K b 2 43 N e 242 R M R 74 435 d i R 428 R 3 i 496 3 667 c 43 1 K RI X RX 73 i 4*7 2 437 m > K a X ., R I, 436 s R I SUPPLEMENT. OUTLINE OF SYNTAX. I. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. 46. NOUNS. A Noun used to describe another, and meaning the same thing, agrees with it in Case (p. 103). 1. When in the same part of the sentence (subject or predi- cate), it is called an appositive, and the use is called apposition. 2. When used to form a predicate, with a copulative verb, it is called predicate nominative (or other case, as it may be). a. Agreement in gender and number ; b. with locative; c. genitive in agreement with possessives. 47. ADJECTIVES agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case (p. 105). 1. With two or more nouns the adjective is plural. 2. When nouns are of different genders, an attributive adjec- tive agrees with the nearest. a. Of predicate adjectives ; b. masculine or neuter ; c, abstracts with neuter adjectives ; (I. agreement by synesis; e* with appositive or predicate ; f. with partitive genitive. 3. Adjectives are often used as nouns, the masculines to de- note men, and the feminine women (chiefly plural). a Possessives ; b. Demonstratives ; c. Nouns as adjectives. 4. A neuter adjective may be used as a noun : a. Use in the singular; b. in the plural; c as appositive or predi- cate ; d. in agreement with a clause or infinitive. 5. Adjectives denoting source or possession may be used for the genitive. a. For genitive of personal pronouns ; 6. genitive in apposition ; C. for objective genitive (rarely). 6. An adjective is often used to qualify an act, having the force of an Adverb. 7. When two qualities are compared, both adjectives are in the comparative, connected by quam. a. Not with magis ; &. Positives with quam. 8. Superlatives denoting order and succession often designate what part of an object is meant (so medius, ceterus, &c.). 9. Alius . . . alius, &c., may be used reciprocally, or may imply a change of predicate as well as of subject. 238 SUPPLEMENT. 48. RELATIVES. A Relative agrees with its antecedent in gender and number ; but its case depends on the construc- tion of the clause in which it stands (p. 10i)). 1. A verb takes the person of the antecedent. 2. A relative generally agrees in gender with the appositive. a. Agreement in case by attraction ; 6. with implied antecedent. 3. The antecedent noun sometimes appears in both clauses ; usually only in the former ; sometimes it is wholly omitted. a. When repeated; b. a relative clause (is or hie, antecedent; R., order of clauses) ; c. antecedent omitted; d. predicate adjective (superlatives) ; id quod or quae res* 4. A relative often stands at the beginning of a clause or sentence, where in English a demonstrative must be used. 5. An Adverb is often equivalent to the pronoun (relative or demonstrative) with a preposition. 49. VERBS. A verb agrees with its subject-nominative in number and person (p. 112). 1. Two or more singular subjects take a verb in the plural. . Rule for persons; &. with disjunctives; c. collective nouns, &c. ; d. action belonging to the subjects separately. 2. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative. a. Omission of personal pronoun ; 6. of indefinite subject ; c of verb in certain phrases (especially of the copula). II. CONSTRUCTION OF CASES. 50. GENITIVE. A noun used to limit or define another, and not meaning the same thing, is put in the genitive (p. 113). 1. Subjective. The Genitive is used to denote the author, owner, source, and (with an adjective) measure or quality. ft. Use of possessives ; b. omission of limited noun ; c. genitive in predicate ; opus and usus ; egeo and indigeo with genitive (so other words of separation and want). 2. Source. The ablative is used to denote source or material. . Participles of birth and origin ; b. place of birth ; c of mate- rial, with const are ; d. with facere, &c. 3. Cause. The ablative is used to express cause. a. dignus, indigiius, and certain verbs; b. motive expressed with ob or propter ; c. causa, gratia. 4. Agent The voluntary agent after a passive verb is put in the ablative with ab. . So with neuters; b. agent as instrument with per or opera. 5. Comparison. The comparative degree is followed by the ablative, signifying than. d. Use of quam ; b. idiomatic ablatives, opinione, &c. ; C. con- struction of plus, amplius, &c. 6. Means. The ablative is used to denote accompaniment, means, instrument. a. Accompaniment with cum (misceo, jnngo) ; b contention with cum ; c. with words of fulness ; d. utor, &c. ; e. abl. of degree of difference (eo, quo, &c.). 7. Quality. The ablative is used (with an adjective or limit- ing genitive) to denote manner and quality. a. Physical characteristics ; b, manner with cum ; modo, &c. OUTLINE OF SYNTAX* 241 8. Price. The price of a thing is put in the ablative. d. Certain genitives of quantity are used to denote indefinite value ; 6. so of certain nouns. 9. Specification. The ablative denotes that in respect to which any thing is or is done, or in accordance with which any thing happens. 10. Locative. The ablative of the place where is retained in many idiomatic expressions. a,. Verbs and Verbals. b. ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE : A noun or pronoun, with a participle [form- ing the subject and predicate of a subordinate clause] may be put in the ablative to define the time or circumstances of an action ; c. Ablative of neuter adjective ; d . Ablative of place where and time when. 55. TIME AND PLACE. 1. Time. Time when (or within which) is put in the ablative ; time how long in the accusative. a. Use of preposition ; b. Ablative of duration. 2. Space. Extent of space is put in the accusative. d Genitive of measure ; b Distance in accusative or ablative. 3. Place. To express relations of place, prepositions are necessary, except with the names of towns and small islands. t. The name of the place from which is in the ablative. b. The name of the place to which is in the accusative (so certain phrases ; also the former supine). The name of the place where takes the locative form, which in the 1st and 2d declensions singular is the same as the genitive ; in the plural and in the 3d declension, the same as the dative (or ablative). d. domi, belli, militiae, humi, ruri, &c. ; e possessives with domus; /. special phrases. 4. Way. The way by which is put in the ablative. 56. PREPOSITIONS. 1. Prepositions govern the accusative or ablative (p. 146). d. Those governing accus. ; 6. those governing abl. ; c in, sub (pono, statuo, &c.); d. super; e. subter; /. Dates; g. tenus. 2. Many words may be construed either as prepositions or as adverbs. a, pridie, propius, &c., with accus. ; b. palam, &c., with abl. ; C clam; d Prepos. as adverbs (ante, &c). 3. Prepositions or adverbs implying comparison are followed by quam. 4. The ablative with a or ab is regularly used after passive verbs to denote the agent (if a person). 5. Many prepositions sometimes follow their nouns. 242 SUPPLEMENT. III. SYNTAX OF THE VERB. 57. MOODS. The Moods of a Latin verb are the Indica- tive, Subjunctive, Imperative, and Infinitive (p. 148). 1. INDICATIVE. The Indicative is the mood of direct asser- tions or questions. 2. SUBJUNCTIVE. The Subjunctive is used in special con- structions, both in dependent and independent clauses. a. INDEPENDENT: hortatory, optative, concessive, dubitative; also in apodosis ; b. DEPENDENT: purpose or result, temporal clauses, indirect discourse, intermediate clauses. 3. Hortatory. The Subjunctive is used (present or perfect) to express a command or exhortation. a. Second person of indefinite subj.; 6. perfect in prohibitions ; C. proviso ; d. past obligation. 4. Optative. The subj. is used to denote a wish: primary tenses when conceived as possible; secondary, as unaccomplished. . Old use of periect ; b. ut, utinam, O si ; velim, vellem. 5. Concessive : the subjunctive is used to express a conces- sion (with or without ut, quamvis, quamlibet, &c.). 6. Dubitative: the subjunctive is used in questions imply- ing doubt, indignation, or an impossibility of the thing being done. 7. IMPEPATIVK. The Imperative is used in commands; also, by early writers and poets, in prohibitions. a. Prohibitions (perf. subj., noli, cave, fac ne) ; b. use of pres. subj. ; c. future imperative ; d. future for imperative. 8. INFINITIVE. The Infinitive denotes the action of the verb as an abstract noun. d. As subject or object (esse and impersonals) ; *7>. with imperso- nals as subj. or complement ; Complementary Infinitive ; d. used optionally ; e. with subj.-accus., after words of knou-ing, thinking, and telling ; /*. Purpose ; y. Exclamations ; h Historical Infinitive. 58. TENSES. The Tenses are the Present, Imperfect, Future of incomplete action, and the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect of completed action (p. 157). 1. The tenses of the INDICATIVE denote absolute lime. 2. Present The Present denotes an action or state as now existing, as incomplete, or as indefinite. ff. Action continuing; b. Conative Present ; c. Present for future ; d. Historical Present; e, with dura ; /. of extant writers. 3. Imperfect The imperfect denotes an action or condition continued or repeated in past time. a. Descriptions; &. action continuing ; c. conative; d. surprise; in narrative (comic). OUTLINE OF SYNTAX. 243 4. Future. The Future denotes an action or condition that will occur hereafter. 5. Perfect. The perfect definite denotes an action as now- completed; the perfect historical, as having taken place indefi- nitely in past time. a. As no longer existing; b. of indefinite time; c. of general truth (gnomic), especially negations; d. in negations preferred to imperfect. 6. Pluperfect. The Pluperfect is used to denote an action com- pleted in time past; sometimes also repeated in indefinite time. 7. Future Perfect. The Future Perfect denotes an action as completed in the future. 8. Epistolary Tenses. In Letters, the perfect or imperfect may be used for the present, and the pluperfect for past tenses. 9. SUBJUNCTIVE. In Independent clauses, the Present Sub- junctive always refers to future time, the Imperfect to either past or present ; the Perfect to either future or past ; the Pluperfect always to past. In Dependent clauses, the tenses of the subjunctive denote relative time, not with reference to the speaker, but to the action of some other verb. 10. Sequence of Tenses. In compound sentences, a pri- mary tense in the leading clause is followed by a primary tense in the dependent clause ; and a secondary tense is followed by a secondary (p. 162). L Perfect definite ; 6. Perfect subjunctive ; Perfect in clauses of result (compared with imperf.); d. general truths; e. historical present; /. Protasis and Apodosis ; gr. imperfect subjunctive in lead- ing clauses ; h secondary tenses by synesis. 11. INFINITIVE. The tenses of the Infinitive are present, past, or future relatively to the time of the verb on which they depend. . Present, following verb in past tense ; &. Perfect (memini) ; C. Present, without reference to time ; d Perf. with verbs of wishing, &c. ; e. Perf. with verbs of feeling (poetic) ; /. Future (fore ut). 59. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. A conditional sentence (or clause) is one beginning with IF or some equivalent. 1. Protasis and Apodosis. The clause containing the con- dition (IF) is called the Protasis; that containing the conclusion. is called the Apodosis. . Protasis : IF or indef . relative ; &. Apodosis the main clause. 2. Particular and General Conditions: . A particular supposition refers to a definite act (or series of acts) occurring at some definite time. b A general supposition refers to any one of a class of acts which may occur (or may have occurred) at any time. C* Classification of conditional sentences (p. 167). 244 SUPPLEMENT. 3. Present and Past Conditions. 0. In the statement of a condition whose falsity is not implied, the tenses of the indicative are used. 6. In the statement of a supposition known to be false, the imper- fect and pluperfect subjunctive are used. Impert'. subj. referring to past; d. Indie, in apodosis ; ex- pressions of necessity, duty, &c. ; / Fut. part, with fui = plup. subj. 4. Future Conditions: a Use of future indie. ; 6. of present subj. ; c. of future perf. d. Form of Apodosis; e. Perfect indie, in apodosis; /. Imperf. (or pluperi'.) subj. by sequence of tenses. 5. General Conditions: a* Indefinite subject (2d person singular) ; 6. repeated action (im- perfect subj. and indie.) ; c. in other cases, indicative. 60. IMPLIED CONDITIONS. In many sentences, the con- dition is stated in some other form than a conditional clause, or is implied in the nature of the thought (p. 172). 1. Condition Disguised: a. In a relative or participial clause ; 6. in a wish or command ; C. in an independent clause. 2. Condition Omitted: a Potential Subjunctive; &. Subjunctive of modesty; c. Indic- ative of necessity, duty, &c. ; d mixed constructions. 61. CONDITIONAL PARTICLES. Certain particles implying a condition are followed by the subjunctive (p. 174). 1. Comparative: tamquam, &c. (withpres. orperf. subj.). 2. Concessive: quamvis, ut, licet, etsi 3. Proviso : modo, dum, dummodo. 4. Use of the Conditional Particles: . si, nisi ; b. nisi vero (objection) ; c. sive (alternative) ; d. con- cessive particles. 62. RELATIONS OF TIME. Temporal clauses are introduced by particles "which are almost all of relative origin; and are usually construed like other relative clauses (p. 176). 1. Temporal particles are used as indefinite relatives. 2. Temporal clauses of absolute time take the Indicative; those of relative time, the Subjunctive. a. postqnam, ut, ubi ; &. cum temporal ; c. anteqnam, prius- quam ; d. dum, donee, quoad ; e cum causal ; /. cum . . . turn. 63. CAUSE OR REASON. Causal Clauses may take the Indica- tive or Subjunctive according to their construction (p. 181): 1. Indicative in direct construction; 2. Subjunctive of indirect discourse. a. Relative clause of characteristic ; b. cum causal OUTLINE OF SYNTAX. 245 64. PURPOSE. 1. Final clauses take the Subjunctive after relatives, or the conjunction ut, -ne (p. 182). a. Use of quo; b Suppression of principal clause. 2. Purpose is expressed in various ways; but never (except rarely in poetry) by the simple Infinitive (p. 183). 65. CONSEQUENCE OR RKSULT. 1. Consecutive Clauses take the Subjunctive after relatives or the conj. ut, ut non (p. 183). . quominus; b. quiu (substantive clause). 2. A relative clause of Result is often used to indicate a char- acteristic of the antecedent. a. General expressions of existence, &c. ; 6. unus and solus; C, Comparatives with quain ; d restriction or proviso ; e* cause or hinderance ; /. dignus, aptus, idoiieus, 66. INTERMEDIATE CLAUSES. A subordinate clause takes the Subjunctive when it expresses the thought of some other person than the speaker or writer ; or when it is an integral part of a subjunctive clause or an equivalent infinitive (p. 185). 1. The Subjunctive is used in intermediate clauses to express the thought of some other person. . Indirect discourse ; b. depending on implied wish, command, &c. ; c main clause merged in a verb of saying ; rf. reason with quod (non quod, non quin). 2. A clause depending on another subjunctive clause (or equiv- alent infinitive) will also take the subjunctive if regarded as an integral part of that clause. 67. INDIRECT DISCOURSE. A Direct Quotation is one which gives the exact words of the original speaker or writer. An Indirect Quotation is one which adapts the original words to the structure of the sentence in which they are quoted. 1. Indirect Narrative. In a declaratory sentence in indirect discourse, the principal verb is in the Infinitive, and its subject in the Accusative. All subordinate clauses take the Subjunctive. a. Subject-accusative ; b. Relative clauses ; c. Conditional Sen- tences ; d. Questions : indirect or rhetorical. 2. Indirect Questions. An indirect question takes its verb in the Subjunctive. a. Future participle ; b. Dubitative Subjunctive; c. Accusative of anticipation ; d. Early use of indicative ; e. Indefinites (nescio quis) ; f. clauses with si (whether). 3. Indirect Commands. All imperative forms of speech take the Subjunctive in indirect discourse. 68. WISHES AND COMMANDS. 1. Wishes are expressed by the Subjunctive : the primary tenses in reference to future time, the secondary to express a hopeless wish (p. 192). 246 SUPPLEMENT. 2. Commands are expressed by the Imperative or Subjunc- tive ; Prohibitions by the sub j unctive or a periphrasis with noli, cave. The Object of a command is given in a purpose-clause. 3. Indirectly quoted, all these forms take the Subjunctive. 69. RELATIVE CLAUSES. 1. A simple relative, merely in- troducing a descriptive fact, takes the Indicative. 2. In relative clauses with the Subjunctive, the relative is either in protasis, or expresses some logical connection, or has no effect on the construction (as in indirect discourse). 70. SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES. A Substantive Clause is one which is the subject or object of a verb, or in apposition with a subject or object (p. 193). 1. Classification : 1. Infinitive Clauses; 2. Indirect Ques- tions; 3. Clauses of purpose or result (ut); 4. Indicative of fact (quod). 2. The Infinitive (with accusative) is used as the Subject chiefly of esse and impersonal verbs; as the Object, 1. of verbs and expressions of knowing, thinking, and telling; 2. jubeo, veto, &c. ; 3. of verbs of wishing. a. After passives ; b. poetic extension ; c verb of saying im- plied ; d* verbs of promising, &c. 3. Clauses of Purpose are used as the object of all verbs de- noting an action directed towards the future. a Verbs of commanding, &c. ; b, of wishing, &c. ; C. of permission, &c. ; d. of determining, &c. (decreeing, with part, in dns) ; e. of cau- tion and effort ; f. of fearing (ne, ut) ; ff. poetic use of infinitive. 4. Clauses of Result are used as the object of verbs denoting the accomplishment of an effort. a. Verbs of happening, &c. ; 6. following quam ; C. in exclama- tions (elliptically); d. tantum a best ; e. facere ut; /. instead of accus. and infin. ; g. hindering (quin ; non dnbito) ; h. Use optional. 5. The Indicative with quod is used (more commonly as sub- ject) when the statement is regarded as a fact. tt. As accus. of specification ; b. with verbs of feeling (miror si). 71. QUESTIONS. Questions are introduced by interroga- tive pronouns, adverbs, or particles, and are not distinguished by the order of words (p. 200). 1. Interrogative Particles : a. num in indirect questions ; b form of indirect questions ; C. enclitic -ne; d. nescio an, &c. 2. Double Questions (utrum . . . an) : . Omission of former particle; b of first member; c of sec- ond member ; d. forms of alternative. 3. Question and Answer. In answering a question, the verb is generally repeated. OUTLINE OF SYNTAX. 247 72. PARTICIPLES. The Participle expresses the action or the verb in the form of an adjective (p. 202). 1. Distinctions of Tense : a. Present ; b. Perfect (deponent) ; c. Pres. passive (dam, -dus). 2. Adjective Use, attributive : a. As nouns ; b. as predicate with esse ; c, periphrastic perfect ; cZ. two forms of perfect passive. 3. Predicate Use. The present and perfect participles are often used to express time, cause, occasion, condition, conces- sion, characteristic, manner, circumstance (especially in the Ablalice Absolutt). . Passive part, containing the main irlen ; 6. Perfect part, with habeo ; c. with volo; Present part, for infin. (with fucio, &c.). 4. Future Participle : a. Periphrastic conjugation; b. with fui, &c., for pluperf. subj. 5. Gerundive (denoting necessity and propriety) : fl in simple agreement ; 6. periphrastic conjugation (impersonal use) ; C. with verbs of undertaking, demanding, &c. 73. GERUND AND GERUNDIVE. 1. The Gerund, in gram- matical construction, follows the same rules as nouns (p. 206). 2. Gerundive. When the Gerund would have an object in the accusative, the Gerundive is generally used instead, agree- ing with the noun, in the case which the gerund would have had. 3. Construction. The Gerund and Gerundive are used in the oblique cases in the constructions of nouns : a. The Genitive is used as objective genitive after nouns or adjec- tives, as a predicate with esse, or as a genitive of quality. b. The Dative is used after the adjectives (rarely nouns) which are followed by the dative of nouns ; sometimes also after verbs. c. The Accusative is used after several prepositions; most fre- quently after ad denoting purpose. (I. The Ablative is used to express means, instrument, or manner, after comparatives, and after several prepositions. The Gerund is occasionally found in apposition with a noun. 74. Supine. 1. The Former Supine is used after verbs of motion, to express the purpose of the motion (p. 209). 2. The Latter Supine is used only after a few adjectives and nouns, to denote that in respect to which the quality is asserted. 248 SUPPLEMENT. SYNOPSIS OF CONSTRUCTIONS. [The figures refer to pages.] I. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. f abL with 104. !1 Annncitirm ) ul ** ul ' W|LU 1WJJ1LIVB, JLU-*. >n | of gen. with possessive, 105, 2. Predicate Agreement, 104. ( Attributive ADJECTIVE: < Predicate ( Appositive Q^ Vmin n masc. or fern., of persons, 106. neut as object, quality, c.. 107. Possessive, as genitive (subj. or obj.), 108. as Adverb, qualifying the act, 108. RELATIVE : ( A . ( with appositive, 110. . Agreement ( IQ ^j attraction, 110. Antecedent noun omittedj 110< da II. CONSTRUCTION OF CASES. NOMINATIVE: as Subject of a Finite Verb, 112. 1. Subjective (source, possession, quality), 114. 2. Partitive (with numerals, superlatives, &c.), 115. GEXTTIVE : DATIVE: !with nouns and adjectives of agency, 117. with vprhs I of memory and feeling, 119, 120. bs i of charge and penalty, 119. with transitives, 121. wkh intransitiveSj 122 . 1. Of Indirect Object n ~. . ( with esse. 126. 2. Of Possession j w;th ^^ ^ 1: with gerundive, 127 with other passive forms, 127. 3. Of Agency 4. Of Service (denoting purpose or end), 128. s, fitness, likeness, &c., 128. 5. Of Nearness 6. Of Reference (dativus coouNodi), 129. 1. Of Direct Object (including cognate accusative), 131. 2. Of Apposition or Secondary object, 132. ACCUSATIVE: { 3. Adverbial (including accusative of specification), 133. 4. Of Exclamation, 133. 5. As subject of Infinitive, 133. VOCATIVE : of Direct Address. of separation and want, 135. 1. Original of source, 136. Ablative of cause, 137. (FKOM) of agent (with oJ), 138. of comparison (than), 138. of means and accompaniment, 139. ABLATIVE: ui intuit auu ;IH;ic Reader, is also adapted, under a competent instructor, to be used in High Schools where no previous syste- matic instruction has been given. To this end a brief but thorough elementary course is eiven, with musical theorv, original solfeggios, a con. pletesyf tern of triad practice, and sacred music and song, with accompaniment for the piano. The nitric introduced is of a high order, and by the best masters, and is calcu- lated to cultivate the taste, as well as to extend the knowledge and skill i pupils. THE ABRIDGED FOURTH MUSIC READER !<*> SECOND MUSIC READER 32 .40 THIRD MUSIC READER 32 .40 THE NATIONAL MUSTC CHARTS. By LUTHER WFTTTTNO MASON. An invaluable aid to Teachers of Common Schoolsm impart in a practical knowledse of Mu'ic. and teaching Children to sing at sight. Iu Four Series. Fortv Charts each Price. ? 10.00 each Series. FTRST PEKTES. SECOND SERIES, and THIRD SERIES, each . . . FOURTH SERIES, by L. W. MASON and J. B. SHABLAXD -W EASEL ...... THE NATIONAL MUSIC TEACHER. A Practical Guide for Teaching Vocal Music to Young Children. By L. W. MASON . . * GREEK. Wholesale. RetaD. GOODWIN'S GREEK GRAMMAR. By WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, Ph. D., Eliot Professor of Greek Literature in Harvard University. Halt morocco $1.25 $1.56 The object of this Grammar is to state general principles clearly and distinctly, with special regard to those who are preparing for college. In the sections on the Moods are stated, for the first time in an elementary form, the principles which are elaborated in detail in the author's " Syntax of the Greek Moods and Tenses." GREEK MOODS AND TENSES. The Fonrth Edition. By WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, Eliot Professor of Greek Literature in Harvard Uni- versity. 1vol. 12mo. Cloth, pp.264 140 1.75 This work was first published in 1860, and it appeared in a new form much en- larged and in great part rewritten in 1865. In the present edition the whole has been again revised ; some sections and notes have been rewritten, and a few notes have been added. The object of the work is to give a plain statement of the princi- ples which govern the construction of the Greek Moods and Tenses, the most im- portant and the most difficult part of Greek Syntax. GOODWIN'S GREEK READER. Consisting of Extracts from Xenophon, Plato, Herodotus, and Thucvdides ; being a full equivalent for the seven books of the Anabasis, now required for admission at Harvard. With Maps, Notes, References to GOOD VIN'S GIIEEK GK AMM A K, and parallel Ref- erences to CROSBY'S and HADLEY'S GRAMMARS Edited by PROFESSOR W. W. GOODWIN, of Harvard College, and J. H. ALLEN. Cambridge. Half mo- rocco 1.60 2.00 This book contains the third and fourth books of the Anabasis (entire), the greater part of the second book of the Hellenics, and the first chapter of the Memorabilia, of Xenophon ; the last part of the Apology, and the beginning and end of the Phaedo, of Plato . selections from the sixth, seventh, and eighth books of Herodotus, and from the fourth book of Thucydides. LEIGHTON'S GREEK LESSONS. Prepared to accompany Goodwin's Greek Grammar. By R. F. LEIGUTO\. Master of Melrose High School. 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The text consists of about a dozen of .flCsop'a Fables, translated from the Greek for these Lessons ; extracts from L'llomond's Viri Ltomae (llouiulus aud Remus) ; lloratii and Curatii ; Lives* of Cato, Pouipey, Caesar, Cicero, Brutus, and Augustus; the Helvetian War, from Wood- ford's Epitome of Caesar. All luily illustrated with Notes, References, and Maps. Full Vocabularies accompany the book, with questions for Examination and Review of the Grammar , 1.25 1.56 MADVIG'S LATIN GRAMMAR. Carefully revised by THOMAS A. TEACHER, Yale College. Half morocco 2.40 3.00 The most complete and valuable Treatise on the language yet published, and ad- mirably adapted to the wants of Teachers and College Classes. THE LATIN VERB. Illustrated by the Sanskrit. By C. H. PARKllURbT. Cloth 40 .60 WHITE'S JUNIOR STUDENT'S COMPLETE LATIN-ENGLISH LEXICON. Morocco back 2 40 300 Sheep 2.bO 3.50 WHITE'S JUNIOR STUDENT'S COMPLETE LATIN-ENGLISH AND ENGLISH-LATIN LEXICON. By the REV. J. T. WHITE, D. D of C. C. C. Oxford, Rector of St. Martin, Ludgate, London. Re- vised Edition. Square 12mo. pp. 1058. Sheep 3 60 4.50 11 The present work aims at furnishing in both its parts a sufficiently extensive vocabulary for all practical purposes. The Latin words and phrases are in all cases followed by the nnme of some standard Latin writer, as a guaranty of their authority 5 and as the work is of a strictly elementary character, the conjugations of the verbs and the genders and genitive cases of the substantives are uniformly added. In the preparation of this portion of the book, DR. WHITE has had the assistance of some of the best scholars both of Oxford and Cambridge." Guardian. WHITE'S JUNIOR STUDENT'S COMPLETE ENG- LI^H-LATIN LEXICON. Sheep We have contracted with Messrs Longmans, Green, & Co., of London, for the sole agency in this country for the above Latin Lexicons, and shall endeavor to meet the demands of the trade. THE GEDIPUS TYRANNUS OF SOPHOCLES. Ed- diteu, witn an Introduction, Notes, uul fiul exp.aua.tioa of the metres, by JOHN \\ '. U'niTi, A. 51.. i'ruieo*or of Uie Greek Language and Literature in Baldwin Uuiveis:ty. 1.20 1.50 WILKIN'S MANUAL OF GREEK PROSE COM- .S. Ivoi. liuio. Uoth 2.00 2.50 LATIN. ALLEN & GREENOUGH'S LATIN GRAMMAR. i'ouuded on Comparative Grammar. By J. it. AU.JE.N, Cambridge, and J. B. GKLr..\ouGH, Instructor iu Latin in Harvard College, aud Lecturer on Comparative Piiiiolugy iu the University course, pp. 2b'3 l.'^o 1-56 *' A complete Latin Grammar to be used front the beginning of the study of Latin till the triad of the college course." Toe forms of the language and tUe constructions of Syntax are fully illustrated by classical examples and by comparison with paral- lel forms of kindred languages. ALLEN & GREENOUGH'S SELECT ORATIONS OF CICERO. Lio-onoAOgicaliy arranged, covering tiie entire } enoJ of his Public Life. Edited by J. U. & W. V. ALU;.\ and J. B. 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Cloth .$1.00 $1.25 This book includes a careful review of the Principles of Syntax, as contained in the Grammar, with practice in various sty les of coin position (from classical models), Vocabulary, and Parallel References to other Gram mars. ALLEN'S MANUAL LATIN GRAMMAR. Prepared by W. F. and J. 11. ALLEN. 12nio. 148 pages, with Index. Cloth. . 1.00 1.26 Approved by Harvard College as indicating the amount required for admission. ALLEN'S LATIN LESSONS. I2mo. 134 pages . . i.oo 1.25 LEIGHTON'S LATIN LESSONS. Prepared to accompany Allen & Greenough's Latin Grammar. By K. J?. LEIGHTON, Melrose High School. This work presents a progressive series of exercises (both Latin and English;, illus- trating the grammatical forms and simpler principles of syntax. Synonymes and rules of quantity are introduced from the first. The text consists of about a dozen of JEsop's fables, translated from the Greek for these Lessons ; extracts from L'liouioud's Viri Itouiae (lioumlus and Remus) ; lloratii and Curatii ; Liven of Cato, Pom pe.y, Caesar, Cicero, Brutus, and Augustus; the Helvetian War, from Wood- ford's Epitome of Caesar. All lully illustrated with Notes, References, and Maps. Full Vocabularies accompany the book, with questions for Examination and Review of the Grammar 1.26 1.56 MADVIG'S LATIN GRAMMAR. Carefully revised by THOMAS A. THACHER, Yale College. Half morocco 2.40 3.00 The most complete and valuable Treatise on the language yet published, and ad- mirably adapted to the wants of Teachers and College Classes. THE LATIN VERB. Illustrated by the Sanskrit. By C. H. PARKUURNT. Cloth 40 .50 WHITE'S JUNIOR STUDENT'S COMPLETE LATIN-ENGLIdH LEXICON. Morocco back 2 40 300 Sheep 2.bO 3.50 WHITE'S JUNIOR STUDENT'S COMPLETE LATIN- ENGLISH AND ENGLISH-LATIN LEXICON. By the REV. J. T. WHITE, D. D of 0. C. C. Oxford, Hector of St. Martin, Ludgate, London. Re- vised Edition. Square 12mo. pp. 1058. Sheep 3 60 4.50 11 The present work afms at furnishing in both its parts a sufficiently extensive vocabulary for all practical purposes. The Latin words and phrases are in all cases followed by the name of some standard Latin writer, as a guaranty of their authority 5 and as the work is of a strictly elementary character, the conjugations of the verbs and the genders and genitive cases of the substantives are uniformly added. Jn the preparation of this portion of the book, DR. WHITE has had the assistance of some of the best scholars both of Oxford and Cambridge." Guardian. WHITE'S JUNIOR STUDENT'S COMPLETE ENG- LISH-LATIN LEXICON. Sheep 2.00 2.50 We have contracted with Messrs Longmans, Green, & Co., of Ixmdon, for the sole agency in this country for the above Latin Lexicons, and shall endeavor to meet the demands of the trade. Wholesale. Retail HUDSON'S SCHOOL SHAKESPEARE. 3d Series . . 2.00 Containing MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DRKAW, CYMBELINE, MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING, CORIOLANUS, KI>G HENRY VllI , OTHELLO, THB MOOR of VENICE. ROJIEO AND JULIfTT, SEPARATE PLAYS FROM HUDSON'S SCHOOL SHAKESPEARE. In pamphlet form, 40 cents each. As Yoc LIKE IT, MUCH ADO ABOUT NoTHma, HENRT IV. Part I. ROMEO AND JULIET, KING LEAR, OTHELLO, THE MERCHANT OF VENICE, THE TKMPEST, JULIUS CAESAR, MACBETH, HAMLET, HENRT VIIL STEWART'S ELEMENTARY PHYSICS, with QUES- TIONS AND EXERCISES. By PROP. G. A. HILL, of Harvard University. The Questions will he direct and exhaustive upon the text of Mr. Stewart's work. After the Questions will be given a i^ries of easy Exercises and Problems, designed, in the hands of a good teacher, to arouse and strenutiien in the student's mind the power of reasoning in accordance with sound scientific methods. THE (EDIPUS TYRANNUS OF SOPHOCLES. Edited, with an Introduction, Notes, and full explanation of the metres, by JOHN W. WHITE, A. M., Professor of the Greek language and literature in Baldwin Uni- versity. The text will depart as little as possible from MS authority. The Notes, with grammatical references to Goodwin and Hadlev, will aim at giving the student all the help necessary to a clear understanding of the text. The metres will be explained on the recentlv advanced theory of PR J HEIN'RICB PcHMinT, ot Berlin To thi* end a c wtridenblv abridged translation of his " Leit- faden in der Rhythmik und Metrik " will be added to the Notes. OUTLINES OF THE COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF SANSKRIT, GREEK, AND LATIN, embracing in small compass the gen- eral principles of Etymology, with full references to authorities and larger works ; designed as a text-book or for self-inhtruetion By J. B. GRKENOCGH. OUTLINES OF ASTRONOMY. By ARTHUR SEARLE, As- sistant at Harvard College Observatory. This work is intended to eive such elementary instruction in the principal branches of Astronomy as is required in High Schools or by any students not far advanced in mathematics. It will be illustrated bv engravings carefully prepared with a view to accuracy, and will contain some information on each of the following subjects : _ 1. The chief results of astronomical inquiry up to the present time wi'h regard to the general constitution of the universe, and, in particular, with regard to the stars, planets, nebulae, comets, ami meteors. 2. The methods of astronomical research, and their application to the arts. 3. The general principles of theoretical astronomy. 4. Tne history of astronomy. 5. Astronomical statistics. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE RHYTHM AND METRE OF THE CLASSICAL LANGUAGES, on the Theory of Dr. J. H. Heinrich Schmidt, of Berlin. To which will be added the Text of the Lyrical Parts of some of the more generally read ot the Greek Dramas, with l