UC-NRLF A mm mm ■T rata TOP '■•■■■ ; - : ■'■■'•'."■ ■ IBM fflgm .,■■•.'■'>•'.'■; ' '■ 3 ; ft h ; c»*f«si 2w ^ h TOMES No. » Buechner mMmksgm ■■■■-'■'■.■:■■■''■' • •'J-'if I » « "•%&' ' ''■•'•-'■'""'•'■ ;rt ■:.■■■■■ ^V- ■^■■:. V J ■.-.?;:;. .\^-' H " : " - ■ I a Eras ■■ - . :V^A**y*.^*^^^ 'BbBmB nMfiSX® mmSm HUHH ■■ ■V-- ; ' ■'= ■.■.■-.'.■^.; , ;.'v. ■•■'■-.■. •.;:.•-:-■ ■■.."■.■'.",■•■■:"•'...■. THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION OF KING DARIUS VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY STUDIES FOUNDED BY A. H. ROBINSON American Agent Lemcke and Buechner, New York Citt Foreign Agent Otto Harrassowitz, Querstrasse, 14. Leipzig A copy of this number of the series will be forwarded on receipt of aTostal Order for the price ( fifty cents) anywhere within the limits of the Universal Postal Union upon application to the agents or to Vander- bilt University. NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE PUBLISHED BY VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY 1908 THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION OF KING DARIUS TRANSLATION AND CRITICAL NOTES TO THE PERSIAN TEXT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RECENT RE-EXAMINATIONS OF THE ROCK BY HERBERT CUSHING TOLMAN PROFESSOR OP THE GREEK LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE NASHVILLE, TENN. PUBLISHED BY VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY 1908 THE VANDERBILT ORIENTAL SERIES EDITED BY PROFESSOKS Herbert Gushing Tolman, Ph.D., D.D., AND James Henry Stevenson, Ph.D. "The Vanderhi.lt Oriental Series deserves a word of welcome as an American it tide rt a h ing." — Th e Nation . Vol. I. Herodotus and the Empires of the East. Based on Nikel's Herodot und die Keilschriftforschung. By the editors. Price, $1. 'A careful assembling of the valuable references in Herodotus, and a comparison of the native sources." — Prof. Rogers, in History of Babylonia and Assyria, Vol. I., p. 264. Vol. II. Index, .to iiTjje Phandogya Upanishad. By Charles Edgar Little, Ph'.LV ''Price, $1. "The pi.tn .fys" c'oc»?e'ived/8,wei;( executed." — The Nation. Vol. III. Assyrian and Babylonian Contracts (with Ara- maic Reference Notes) Transcribed from the Originals in the British Museum, with Transliteration and Translation, by J. H. Stevenson. Price, $2.50. " Your professional colleagues ought to be very pleased with the whole book." — E. A. Wallis Budge, British Museum. " Dr Stevenson's book forms a most useful contribution to the study of Semitic epigraphy." — Luza&s Oriental List. Vol. IV. Homeric Life. By Prof. Edmund Weissenborn. Translated by Gilbert Campbell Scoggin, Ph.D., and Charles Gray Burkitt, M.A. Price, $1. "The American edition is especially valuable . . . and will prove a valuable help to every student of Homer." — The Outlook. Vol. V. Mycenaean Troy. Based on Dorpfeld's Excavations in the Sixth of the Nine Buried Cities at Hissarlik. By H. C. Tolman and G. C. Scoggin. Price, $1. "Laymen and even scholars will be thankful for this concise presenta- tion. The task has been fairly and successfully performed." — Prof. Rti- fus B. Richardson, in the Independent. 'A satisfactory description of the results of Drs. Schliemann and Dorp- feld's excavations." — Classical Review, England. Other volumes in t///' series are in preparation. NEW YORK: CINCINNATI: CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. ABBREVIATIONS. AF. =Arische Forschungen. AirWb.=Altiranisches Worterbuch (Barth. 1904). A JP.= American Journal of Philology. Bab. = Babylonian. Barth. =Bartholoinae. BB.=Beitrage zur Kuncle der indogermanischen Sprachen. ed. =recent edition or editions. Elam. =Elaniite or New Susian. GAv.=Ga0a Avesta. IF. =Indogermanische Forschungen. Jn.= Jackson, who made in 1903 a partial reexamination of the rock (JAOS., Vols. 24 and 27=Persia Past and Present). JAOS. = Journal of the American Oriental Society. JRAS.= Journal of the Royal Asiatic Soeiety. KT=King and Thompson; The Sculptures and Inscription of Darius the Great on the Rock of Behisttin, British Museum, 1907. KT have newly copied the Persian, Elamite, and Babylonian texts. KZ.=Zeitschrift fiir vergleichende Sprachforschung. Middle Pers. = Middle Persian. New Pers.=New Persian. PAPA. =Proceedings of the American Philological iissociation. WB=Weissbach und Bang; Die altpersischen Keilinschriften. WZKM. = Wiener Zeitschrift fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes. YAv. = Younger Avesta. ZDMG.= Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesell- schaft. 610760 SPECIMEN OF TEXTS. (Translation Col. iv. 14.) PEKSIAN. Qz U ~t 105. (in) da-ri-ia]-mus [sarru] ki-a-am i-kab-bi man-nu at-ta Sarru sa be-la-a ar-ki-ia ainelu sa u-par— ra— su u amelu UD-lg-A-NI 106. lata- + + + + + + + + THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION^ COLUMN I;, ; '. •_ 1. I (am) Darius, the great 1 king, the king of kings, the king in Persia, the king of countries, the son of Hystaspes, the grandson of Arsames, the Achae- menide. 2. Says Darius the king: My father (is) Hystaspes, the father of Hystaspes (is) Arsames, the father of Arsames (is) Ariaramnes, 2 the father of Ariaramnes (is Teispes 3 ), the father of Teispes (is) Achaemenes. 4 3. Says Darius the king: Therefore we are called the Achaemenides; from long ago we have extended; from long ago our family have been kings. 5 *vazarka (New Pers. buzurg). The word is probably thus to be read instead of the common transliteration vazraka (YAv. vazra, New Pers. gurz, Skt. vajra, Indrols thunderbolt) of the ed. and KT. Cf . Gr. Tawo$dpKr)s = Persian, tanu-vazarka, great in body. Noldeke argued against vazraka on the ground that it would give New Pers. *bazra or *guzra, not buzurg, but his phonetic objections are not clear to me. Cf. Foy, KZ. 37, 537; Barth. AirWb. 1390, n. 2 ariyaramna, not ariyaramna of the ed. Cf . KT, 2. 3 KT record room for restoration pit[a caispis] on the rock. c a is a p a i, read cispi (filam. zispis; Bab. si-is- pi-is] or caispi (Gr. TeiOTnjs). 4 haxamanis. For discussion of Achaemenidan dynasty cf. Prasek, Forsch. z. Gesch. d. Altert. 3, 24, vs. the extreme view of Winckler, Oriental. Litt. Ztg, 1898, 43; Weissbach, Assyriol. Bibl. 9, 86; Justi, Grundr. d. iran. Philol. 2, 416; Noldeke, Aufsatze z. pers. Gesch. 15; Tolman and Stevenson, Hdt. and Empires of the East, 73. 5 Barth. recognizes here a survival of the adjectival meaning in xsaya[0iya], i. e., our family was royal. THE BEHI8TAN INSCRIPTION 4. Says Darius the king: 8 of my family (there were) who were formerly kings; I am the ninth (9); long . afo retime \ we were (lit. are) kings. - 5, Says Darius the king: By the grace of Auram- azda I am king ; -Auramazda gave me the kingdom. 6. Says Darius the king: These are the countries which came to me; by the grace of Auramazda I be- came king of them; — Persia, Susiana, Babylonia, As- syria/ Arabia, Egypt, the (lands) which are on the sea, 2 Sparda, Ionia, [Media], Armenia, Cappadocia, Parthia, Drangiana, Aria, Chorasmia, Bactria, Sogdi- ana, Ga(n)dara, Scythia, Sattagydia, Arachosia, Maka; in all (there are) 23 countries. 7. Says Darius the king : These (are) the countries which came to me; by the grace of Auramazda they became subject to me; they bore tribute to me; what was commanded to them by me this was done night and (lit. or) day. 1 duvitaparanam, Tolnian. duvitaparnam, KT. The read- ing of ed. duvitataranauu with which the critics have operated is thus superseded. *duvita, adv. long, GAv. daibita, Skt. dvita (against Geldner, Ved. Stud. 3, 1; cf. Foy, KZ. 37, 546). The association with *dura is probably correct; cf. Brugniann, Gr. Gram 3 . 251; Hirt, Ablaut, 104; Gray, JAOS, 23, 63. The second member of the compound I take as paranam, before, an- tehac (cf. Bh. 1, 13, hya paranam bardiyam adana, who knew Bardiya formerly rather than the former Bardiya). WB's rendering, in zwei Beihen (Oppert, en deux branches), KT's in two lines, not only seems to be at variance with the Elam. samak-mar, but lacks historical support; cf . Tolman and Ste- venson, Hdt. and Empires of East, p. 74. 2 drayahya, loc. sg. + postpos. a; YAv. zrayah (Middle Pers. zray, New Pers. zirih), Skt. jrayas, an expanse. Wrongly ed. and KT, darayahya, Bab. ina mar-ra-ti; Elam. (m) AN- KAM(id)-ip. THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION 8. Says Darius the king: Within these countries what man was Watchful, 1 him who should be well es- teemed 3 I esteemed; who was an enemy, him who should be well punished 3 1 punished; by the grace of Auramazda these countries respected 4 my laws; 5 as it was commanded by me to them, so it was done. 9. Says Darius the king: Auramazda gave me this 6 kingdom; Auramazda bore me aid until I obtained 7 this kingdom; by the grace of Auramazda I hold this kingdom. 10. Says Darius the king: This (is) what (was) done by me after that I became king; Cambyses by 1 ag a r ft + +, KT, who record space for two characters. The emendation dausta of ed. is impossible. The Bab. translates by pi-it-ku-du, 'watchful. I would suggest the supplement agar[ta], nom. ag. of a+*gar, to wake (YAv. gar, Skt. gr), a watcher, wakeful, zealous. For idiom cf. ja n ta biya, {may Auramazda) he {thy) slayer, i. e. may he slay thee, Bh. 4, 11. I do not think [akka kannas], who was friendly -, of Weissbach and KT is the correct supplement for the corresponding Eiam. Should we, however, restore the verb kanne, its form would be kannes, aor. 3 sg. , not kannas. 2 ubaratam, part, with gerundive meaning; cf. Whitney, Skt. Gr. 1176, e. ubartam, well esteemed, ed., KT. 3 ufrasatam, cf. ubaratam. ufrastam, well punished, ed., KT. 4 apariyaya" (for ahapariya — , Skt. saparyati; cf. Barth. Studien, 2, 67; Justi, IF. 17, Anz. 106). apariyaya 11 , ed., KT. Hyana mana data, text (confirmed by KT), probably dittog- raphy for tya mana data (n. pi.), as pointed out as early as 1847 by Benfey (Pers. Keilinschr., 9), "Fehler des Steinmetz, welcher zuerst auf das gleich folgende mana abirrte." 6 auramazdam[aiy] ima; wrongly auramazda mana, ed. ; cf. KT, 6. 7 ha[ma]darayai[y], text (cf. KT, 6), mid. pret. 1 sg. This reading supersedes [ad]ary of the ed.- and the various attempts at emendation. 10 THE BE HI STAN INSCRIPTION name, the son of Cyrus (was) of our family; he 1 was king- here; of this Cambyses there was a brother Bardiya (i. e. Smerdis) by name possessing a common mother and the same father with Cambyses; after- wards Cambyses slew that Bardiya; when Cambyses slew Bardiya, it was not known to the people that Bardiya was slain; 2 afterwards Cambyses went to Egypt; when Cambyses went to Egypt, after that the people became hostile; after that there was Deceit to a great extent in the provinces, both in Persia and in Media and in the other provinces. 11. Says Darius the king: Afterwards there was one man, a Magian, Gaumata by name; he rose up from Paishiyauvada; there (is) a mountain Arakad- rish by name; from there — 14 days in the month "Viyakhna were in course 3 when he rose up; he thus deceived the people; I am Bardiya the son of Cyrus 1 hauv a m a , text, in place of [pajruvam of the ed. (ef. KT, 6). 2 avajata, KT, thus setting aside Bartholoniae's conjecture avajata and confirming Rawlinson's lithograph av a le £ t ° ei .j a t a . KT's cuneiform text shows no space between v a and j a . 3 viyaxnahya mah[ya] xiv raucabis 0akata aha 11 . In spite of the view now generally accepted which regards raucabis (instr. pi.) as subject of the following aha n , a use occasional in YAv. (Schmidt, Pluralbld, 98; Jn., Av. Gr. 229; Barth. Grundr. 231, 2; Caland, GGA, 401 for year 1893), I have often felt strongly tempted to return to the old theory of the instrumental of as- sociation but construe the case directly with 0akata (loc. sg. ); it was in course with lfy days when, etc. Against mahya (loc. sg. -f postpos. a) Gray (AJP. 21, 14) defends the former opin- ion that it is contracted from mahahya (them, gen. sg. ; cf . Skt. masa), thus avoiding the objection (if it be an objection) of the " appositional " genitive. For the question of the seasons of the Persian months, cf. KT, xxvi; Justi, ZDMG. 51; Oppert, ibid. 52; Prasek, Beitrage z. alt. Gesch. 1901. THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION H brother of Cambyses; afterwards all the people be- came estranged from Cambyses (and) went over to him, both Persia and Media and the other provinces; he seized the kingdom; 9 days in the month Garma- pada were in course — he thus seized the kingdom; afterwards Cambyses died by a self-imposed death. 12. Says Darius the king: This kingdom which Gaumata the Magian took from Cambyses, this king- dom from long ago was (the possession) of our family; afterwards Gaumata the Magian took from Cambyses both Persia and Media and the other provinces; he seized 1 (the power) and made it his own possession; he became king. 13. Says Darius the king: There was not a man neither a Persian nor a Median nor any one of our family who could make Gaumata the Magian deprived of the kingdom; the people feared his tyranny; 3 (they feared 3 ) he would slay the many who knew Bardiya 1 ayasata (inchoative pres. yasa — , to yam; cf. Barth. BB. 14, 246; Foy, KZ. 35, 33; Gray, AJP. 21, 14). This view, which seems most probable, receives support from the Bab. + + ti a-na sa ra-ina-ni-su ut-te-ir, he took it for himself; Elam. emitusa tuman-e, he seized as his possession. KT follow the old transla- tion, he did according to his will. Here and in all other cases of occurrence they seem not to be acquainted with the extensive literature concerning this word. 2 karasim haca darsma" atarsa; cf. Barth. AirWb. 700. Bang, ZDMG. 43, 534, is wrong in connecting sim (ace. sg.) with haca, for his parallel haca pirava nama rauta, Dar. Sz. c, is hardly justified. The old interpretation haca darsama, exceedingly, is retained by KT, who remark in their note to the Bab. version, many 'people feared him, that it is possible to regard ma-a-du, much, as an adverb. 3 Barth. is doubtless right in taking the opt. clause as object of atarsa. KT entirely miss the force of the opt. in their trans- lation, (for) he slew many, etc. THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION formerly; for this reason he would slay the people; "that they might not know me that I am not Bardiya the son of Cyrus; " any one did not dare to say any- thing' against Gaumata the Magian until I came; afterwards I asked Auramazda for help; 1 Auramazda bore me aid; 10 days in the month Bagayadish were in course — I thus with few men slew that Gaumata the Magian and what men were his foremost allies; there (is) a stronghold Sikayauvatish by name; 2 there is a province in Media, ISTisaya by name; here I smote him; I took the kingdom from him; by the grace of Auramazda I became king; Auramazda gave me the kingdom. 14. Says Darius the king: The kingdom which was taken away from our family, this I put in (its) place; I established it on (its) foundation; as (it was) for- 1 patiyavahyaiy (avahya-, denom. to *avak, A v. avah; cf. Skt. avasya), text as attested by Jn. (JAOS. 27, 190) and KT. This corrected reading removes all possible connection with the root van, Barth. ZDMG. 48, 156; Toy, KZ. 37, 518. 2 About the form n a am a , written n a am a a with a fern, noun, there has grown, as is well known, quite an extensive literature. J. Schmidt (Pluralbildung, 82) regarded it as forming the second member of a bahuvrihi— compound with a fern, formation in — *on. Thumb (KZ. 32, 132) would derive nama from *nomn. Foy (KZ. 35, 11) at first recognized a transition to the fern, of a sandhi-form *naman < nomnn; cf. later IF. 12, 172 and note various theories there cited. Barth. (Grundr. 403, 11) suggested a possible distinction of case nama (ace. sg.) and nama n (loc. sg.), but has later shifted his position, taking both forms as loc. sg. and transcribing nama" and nama 11 . I sometimes wonder if n a am a a be not simply scriptio ■plena influenced by fem. Cf . gen. sg. — h a y a a < Ar. sia, often written h a y a when immediately pre- ceding the noun on which it depends. UNIVE THE B EH I ST AN INSCRIPTION 13 merly so I madejit; the sanctuaries 1 which Gaumatathe Magian destroyed I restored; for the people the rev- enue (?) 2 and the personal property 3 and the estates 4 and the royal residences 6 which Gaumata the Magian took from them (I restored); I established the state on (its) foundation, both Persia and Media and the 1 ayadana; Elairt. a "ziyan an nappanna; Bab. bitati sa ilani. These places of worship can hardly be the temples of foreign gods; cf. Tolraan, PAPA. 33, 70 against the view of Foy, KZ. 35, 23. 2 abicaris, thus to be read as Rawlinson first recorded; cf. Jn. JAOS. 24-, 85; KT, 13. The reading abaearis with which critics have operated, Spiegel, Darmesteter (Etud. Iran. 2, 130), Justi (IF. 17, Anz. 105) is superseded. Elam. and Bab. give no assist- ance. Some of the various meanings proposed for the doubtful word are: Weidepldtze (Spiegel), cf. New Pers. caridan, to pas- ture; Ililfsmittel (WB); commerce (Tolman, OP. Insc. 121); i pascoU (Rugarli ) ; en sauveur (Oppert ) ; servitium— servos (Gray, AJP. 21, 17); Weide (Barth. AirWb. 89); pasture-lands (KT). 3 gaiflain. KT translate both the Pers. and Elam. , herds. The Bab. word is wanting. Darmesteter, les ferm.es; Rugarli, le campagne; WB, die Ilerden; T$&Yth..,fahrendeIfabe; Justi (IF. 17, Anz. 108), Gehofte. Cf. Av. gaetfa, life, subsistence, world, fr. ji, to live. For meaning (as well as etymology) note Gr. )8i-os, life, livelihood (/Si'otos); cf. Heracl. €vSeSiu)K(rra==e/u./3e/3ia>KOTa (tolvtol Se 7ravTa Tr€VTev/xiva irapk^ovTi Kal iv8e8iabisaca-cll (ZDMG. 54, 349), geschlechts- gefolgschoft, or viflbaisa, -peace (ZDMG. 50, 134), agrees more closely with the reading which we must now adopt. Can we read vitfbis (A v. vl^bls)? If so, we can take the instr. pi. for the ace. pi. according to the well-known Avestan use and trans- late as above; or as Justi (IF. 17, Anz. 108), einzelne Hciuser (viO ist in der Inschrift des Dareios palastes die Bezeichnung dieses Gebaude, nicht des ganzen Schlosses oder der Burg von Persepolis, welche in der susischen Bauurkunde an der siidlichen Mauer halvarras heisst). x ain a + + hya. KT record space for two characters, thus making the familiar supplement, aina[ira]hya certain. The name is clear in Elam. and Bab. texts. THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION 15 dintu-Bel; Babylon became rebellious; the kingdom in Babylon he seized. 17. Says Darius the king: Afterwards I sent forth (my arm} 7 ) to Susiana; this Atrina was led to me bound; I slew him. 18. Says Darius the king: Afterwards I went to Babylon against that Nidintu-Bel who called himself Nebuchadrezzar; the army of Nidintu-Bel held the Tigris; there he halted and thereby was a flotilla; afterwards I placed my army on floats of skins; 1 one part I set on camels, 3 for the other I brought horses;" 1 maskauva, text as confirmed by KT, who fail to appreciate the value of their record, since they attempt no translation and even suggest the possibility of taking the obliquely meeting wedges of the cuneiform sign for u as the word-divider, thus giving maskft dava. This reading proves the correctness of Justi's conjecture (IF. 17, Anz. 125; cf. Foy, KZ. 37, 533) as loc. pi. of maska; cf. Assyr. mas-ku-u, skin, Aram, ineska. It is in Persian a loan word (New Pers. mask) and has reference to the manner of crossing the river, which has been in vogue from early times to the present day, i. e. on inflated skins or a raft or bridge supported by such skins. The meaning of the passage is now quite clear and this reading supersedes the various attempted emendations (cf. KZ. 35, 35; AJP. 21, 20; ZDMG. 46, 244). Jackson (JAOS. 24, 85) records that the first part of the word looks more like m a y a , but later writes in a personal letter to Justi; "Your conjecture is so brilliant that I am almost tempted to doubt my reading, but the y did seem quite certain in my notes, for I examined the word with great care." 2 usabarim, text as confirmed by KT; Jn. borne by oxen (Av. uxsan, Skt. uksan). The numerous conjectures, several of which seemed plausible before this confirmation of Oppert's reading, must now be set aside (cf. WZKM. 1, 220; ibid. 11, 252; AJP. 21, 20). Bartholomae's ustrabarim, mounted on camels, possible on the theory that the stone-cutter failed to write tr, agrees with the sense of the Elani. version; cf. KT, 18. 3 asam [fra]nayam. This is clearly the reading of the stone. 16 THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Anramazda we crossed the Tigris; there the army of Nidintu-Bel I smote utterly; 26 days in the month Atriyadiya were in course — we thus engaged in battle. 19. Says Darius the king: Afterwards I went to Babylon; when I had not reached Babylon 1 — there (is) a town Zazana by name along the Euphrates 3 — there this Nidintu-Bel who called himself Nebuchad- rezzar went with his army against me to engage in battle; afterwards we engaged in battle; Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda the army of Nidintu-Bel I smote utterly; the enemy were driven 3 into the water; the water bore them away; 2 days in the month Anamaka were in course — we thus engaged in battle. Jn. records; "The reading asm + + of Spiegel, Kossowicz and Tolman, or tasina[kam] of Fr. Miiller, WZKM. 1, 222; 11, 253; and as[pa] of WB, though the latter were on the right track, must be abandoned. The word is simply asam" ( JAOS. 24, 86). KT confirm Jackson's reading. The conclusion of Gray (AJP. 21, 7) as to a double representation by sp and s of Iranian sp is hereby shown to be correct; cf. Horn, Grundr. d. neupers. Etym. 160, 749. KT state that the prefix fra of the verb is probable from the traces on the rock. 1 a0iy babiru[m ya#a naiy up]ayam, KT. a Written on the stone ufrat u uva, KT, 19; probably a stone- cutter's blunder for ufrat a uva (ufratauva), or we have an in- stance here of anuv with instr. sg. 3 aniya api[y]a + + + + a, text. The mutilated word is restored as [ahyatja (Kern, ZDMG. 23, 239; cf. Foy, KZ. 37, 554; so Rugarli, il nemico fu gettato nelV aequo) \ Barth. (AF. 1, 61) first suggested ahadata, but later (AirWb., 279) favors Kern's reading; WB, [a]ha n [jat]a; Oppert (Le peuple — des M6des, 169) [a]ha[rat]a which is recommended by Gray (AJP. 21, 22), and KT who render the Elam. I drove them, into the river. THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION 17 COLUMN II. 1. Says Darius the king: Afterwards Nidintu-Bel with (his) few horsemen went to Babylon; afterwards I went to Babylon; by the grace of Auramazda I both seized Babylon and seized that ^idintu-Bel; after- wards I slew that JSTidintu-Bel at Babylon. 2. Says Darin s the king: While I was in Babylon, these (are) the provinces which became estranged from me, Persia, Susiana. Media, Assyria [Egypt], Parthia, Margiana, Sattagydia, Scythia. 3. Says Darius the king: There (was) one man Martiya by name, the son of Cicikhrish — there (is) a town in Persia Kuganaka by name — here he dwelt; he rose up in Susiana; thus he said to the people; I am Imanish king in Susiana. 4. Says Darius the king: Then I was on the march 1 to Susiana; afterwards the Susians [feared] me; they seized that Martiya who was chief of them and slew him. 5. Says Darius the king: One man Phraortes [by name, a Mede], he rose up in Media; thus he said to the people; [I am Khshathrita] of the family of Cya- xares; afterwards the Median people which [were in the palace] became estranged from me (and) went over to that Phraortes; he became [king] in Media. 6. Says Darius the king: The Persian and the Me- 1 adain asnaiy aham abiy uvajam; KT render, / was friendly with Susiana. Barth. (AirWb. 261) regards asnaiy as loc. sg. to asna, march. Elam. kanna enni git which Weissbach and KT translate, I was friendly. The Elam. passage is discussed by Foy (KZ. 35, 37), who favors the interpretation, auf dan marsche. The Bab. gives no assistance. Cf. Barth. Grundr., 1, 31; Foy, ZDMG. 52, 567. 2 18 THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION dian army, which was by me, it was small; 1 afterwards I sent forth an army; Hydarnes by name, a Persian, my subject, him I made chief of them; thus I said to them; go, smite that Median army which does not call itself mine; afterwards this Hydarnes with the army went away; when he came to Media — there (is) a town in Media Marusli by name — here he engaged in battle with the Medes; he who was the chief among the Medes did not there [withstand]; 2 Auramazda bore me aid; b} r the grace of Auramazda my 3 army smote that rebellious army utterly; 27 days in the month Anamaka were in course — the battle (was) thus fought by them; afterwards 1113" army — there (is) a region Ka(m)pada by name — there awaited me 4 until I went to Media. 7. Says Darius the king: Dadars hish by name, an Armenian, my subject, him I sent forth to Armenia; thus I said to him; go, the rebellious army which does not call itself mine, smite it; afterwards Dadarshish went away; when he came to Armenia, afterwards the rebels came together (and) went against Dadarshish 1 kaninam, generally regarded as n. sg., sometlihtg small. For a like use of the neuter we can compare f t]ya ciyakaram a[va dahy]a[va], Dar. NRa. 4. Foy (KZ. 35, 38) would read kani- nama, regarding the word as a superl. formation. I suggest with some reluctance the reading kamnama (i. e. kamna, nom. sg. m. -j- ma = maiy), (the army was) small for me. I am well acquainted with the objections to assuming ma = maiy; cf. apanyakama, Art. Sus. a. 2 [a]vada + + , KT, for [a]da[raya] of the ed. KT record space for two signs, of which the last appears to be n a or h a . Can we supply aha, there he did not ahide? 3 [hya majna, KT, in place of vidarnahya of the ed. 4 mam araaniya yata, KT, for mam [cita amanaya yata] of the ed. THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION 19 to engage in buttle; there is a village [Zuzza] 1 by name in Armenia — here they engaged in battle; Au- ramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda my army smote that rebellious army utterly; 8 days 2 in the month Thuravahara were in course — thus the battle (was) fought by them. 8. Says Darius the king: A second time the rebels came together (and) went against Dadarshish to en- gage in battle; there (is) a stronghold, Tigra by name, in Armenia 3 — here they engaged in battle; Aura- mazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda, my army smote that rebellious army utterly; 18 days in the month Thuravahara were in course — the battle (was) thus fought by them. 9. Says Darius the king: A third time the rebels came together (and) went against Dadarshish to en- gage in battle; there (is) a stronghold, U[yam]a 4 by name, in Armenia — here the}^ engaged in battle; Au- ramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda my army smote that rebellious army utterly; 9 days in the month Thaigarcish were in course — thus the bat- tle (was) fought by them; afterwards, Dadarshish awaited me in Armenia 5 until I came to Media. 10. Says Darius the king: Afterwards Vaumisa by name, a Persian, my subject, him I sent forth to Ar- 1 + + + + y, text; Elam. zuzza; Bab. zu-u-zu. 2 vi[ii raucabijs, text. Elam. version makes supplement cer- tain. 3 arminiyaiy, thus to be read in text of col. n. , 11. 34, 39, 44, and to be supplied in 11. 48, 63, in place of armaniyaiy of ed. ; cf. KT, 29. 4 u + + + a, text. Elam. uiyama. There is no authority for u[hy]ama of the ed.; cf. KT, 30. 5 arjm'jnilyajiy, KT. 20 THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION menia; thus I said to him; go, the rebellious army which does not call itself mine, smite it; afterwards Vaumisa went away; when he came to Armenia, afterwards the rebels came together (and) went against Vaumisa to engage in battle; there (is) a region I[zar]a 1 by name, in Assyria — here they engaged in battle; Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Au- ramazda my army smote that rebellions army utterly; 15 days in the month Anamaka were in course — thus the battle (was) fought by them. 11. Says Darius the king: A second time the rebels came together (and) went against Vaumisa to engage in battle; there (is) a region Autiyara by name in Armenia — here the}^ engaged in battle; Auramazda bore me aid; b} r the grace of Auramazda my army smote that rebellious army utterly; at the end 3 of the month Thuravahara — thus the battle (was) fought by them; afterwards Vaumisa awaited me in Armenia until I came to Media. 12. Says Darius the king: Afterwards I went from Babylon; I went away to Media; when I went to Media — there (is) a town Ku(n)durush by name in Media — here this Phraortes who called himself king in Media went with (his) army against me to engage in battle; afterwards we engaged in battle; Aura- mazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda I l i + + a, text; i[zar]a, Tolman, in place of [iz]i[tus] of the ed. which the Elain izzila (wrongly read before izzitu) makes im- possible. KT's i[zat]a is later corrected. 2 jiyamanain, thus to be read for iyamanam of ed. and niya- manam (ni + *yainana fr. yam; Barth. AirWb. 1064): cf. KT 33. Elam. version, at end of the month Turmar; Bab. w> thirtieth day of the month Iyyar. THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION 21 smote the army of Phraortes utterly; 25 days 1 in the month Adukanislnr were in course — we thus engaged in battle. 13. Says Darius the king: Afterwards this Phra- ortes with a few horsemen fled; 3 there is a region Kaga by name in Media — along there 4 he went; after- wards I sent forth my army in pursuit; 5 Phraortes was seized 6 (and) led to me; I cut off (his) nose and ears and tongue, 7 and I put out his eyes; 8 he was held bound at my court; all the people saw him; after- wards I put him 9 on a cross at. Ecbatana, and what men were his foremost allies, these I threw within a prison at Ecbatana. 1 xxv raucabis, KT, in place of xxvi raucabis of ed. 2 aduka[ni]sahya, KT, for adukanais of ed. 3 amu0a, pret. 3 sg. ; cf. Hiising, KZ. 38, 258. So both Elam. and Bab. This interpretation is undoubtedly correct and super- sedes the former view of regarding amu0a as an adv. KT either fail to translate the word in the places of its occurrence or retain the old meaning, thence. 4 avapara, KT, for avada of the ed. 5 nipadiy. KT, for tyaipatiy of ed. The word hardly means, on foot, as given by KT and the ed. Both Elam. and Bab. ver- sions furnish no warrant for this old interpretation. Barth. (AirWb. 1083) happily compares Lesb. Boeot. TreS-a (instr. sg. to 7rous; for stem-grade 7reS-cf. Hirt, IF. 7, 153.) To this I would add, for sake of comparison, the Lat. pedisequus, folio-w- ing one's steps. 6 agarbi[ta], KT, for agarbayata of ed. 7 harbanam, KT. The lacuna should now be removed from the ed. and the various theories concerning supplement are thus superseded. s [ucsa]m, col. n., 13; [ujesam, 14, KT, who regard the sign s as quite clear and c as fairly certain, while the first sign appears to be u. Cf. Jn. JAOS, 24, 88. 9 pasavasira, KT, for pasava adam of ed. 22 THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION 14. Says Darius the king: One man, Citra(n)takhma by name, a Sagartian, he became rebellions to me; thus he said to the people; I am king in Sagartia, of the family of Cyaxares; afterwards I sent forth the Persian and the Median army; Takhmaspada by name, a Mecle, my subject, him I made chief of them; thus I said to them; go, the rebellious army, which does not call itself mine, smite it; afterwards Takhmaspada went away with the army (and) engaged in battle with Citra(n)takhma; Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda my army smote that rebellious army utterly and seized Citra(n)takhma (and) brought (him) to me; afterwards I cut off his nose and ears, and put out his eyes; he was held bound at my court; all the people saw him; afterwards I put him on a cross in Arbela. 15. Says Darius the king: This (is) what (was) done by me in Media. 16. Says Darius the king: Parthia and llyrcania became rebellious to me and declared allegiance to Phraortes; my father Hystaspes, he was [in Parthia]; the people abandoned 1 him (and) became rebellions; afterwards Hystaspes [went with his army] which was loyal; there is a town Yish[pa]uz[a]tish 2 by name [in Parthia] — here he engaged in battle with the Par- thians; Auramazda [bore] me [aid]; by the grace of Auramazda Hystaspes smote that rebellions army 1 av a h a [r + + ], KT, in place of avjarada] of ed. KT record traces of r with room for one more sigu. The Elam. version makes the meaning plain. I should feel tempted to read ava- harja, Skt. avasrjat (the people) cast him of) i. e. cast off alle- giance to him, if it were not for the violent action in this root. 2 vis[pa]uz[a]tis, KT. THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION 23 utterly; [22 days 1 ] in the month Viyakhna were in course — thus the battle was fought by them. COLUMN III. 1. Says Darius the king: Afterwards I sent forth the Persian army to Hystaspes from Raga; when this army came to Hystaspes, afterwards Hystaspes took 3 that army (and) went away; there (is) a town Pati- grabana by name in Parthia — here he engaged in bat- tle with the rebels; Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda Hystaspes smote that rebellious army utterly; 1 day in the month Garmapada was in course 3 — thus the battle (was) fought by them. 2. Says Darius the king: Afterwards it became my province; this (is) what (was) done by me in Parthia. 3. Says Darius the king: There (is) a region Mnr- giana by name; it became rebellious 4 to me; one man Frada, a Margian, him they made chief; afterwards I sent forth Dadarshish by na me, a P ersian, my subject, Ay^>^>a^ satrap in Bactria against him; thus I said to him; go, smite that army which does not call itself mine; after- wards Dadarshish with the army w T ent away (and) en- gaged in battle with the Margians; 5 Auramazda bore 1 So Elam . and Bab. versions. 2 ayasata; see col. i., 12, note. 3 Written on the rock a k a t a m a , a stone-cutter's blunder for flakata; cf. KT 43. 1 hami0 r iya, text as confirmed by KT in place of hasitiya of the ed. KT leave no doubt as to the reading which thus re- moves hasitiya from the Persian vocabulary. 5 margavaibis, text as confirmed by KT, in place of marga- yaibis of the ed. , which word is now removed from the Persian vocabulary. JLn THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION . j. me aid; by the grace of Auramazda mj army smote that rebellious army utterly; 23 days in the month Atriyadiya 1 were in course — thus the battle (was) fought by them. 4. Says Darius the king: Afterwards it became my province; this (is) what (was) done by me in Bactria. 5. Says Darius the king: One man Vahyazdata by name; there (is) a town Tarava by name; there (is) a region Yutiya by name in Persia — here he dwelt; he was the second 3 to rise against me in Persia; thus he said to the people; I am Bardiya the son of Cyrus; afterwards the Persian army which (was) in the palace cast aside their loyalty; 3 they became estranged from me (and) went over to that Yahyazdata; he be- came king in Persia. 6. Says Darius the king: Afterwards I sent forth the Persian and the Median army which was by me; Artavardiya by name, a Persian, my subject, him I made chief of them; the rest of the Persian army went with me to Media; afterwards Artavardiya with the army went to Persia; when he came to Persia — there (is) a town Rakha by name in Persia — here this Vahyazdata who called himself Bardiya went with (his) army against Artavardiya to engage in battle; afterwards they engaged in battle; Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda my army smote 1 atriyadiyahya, KT, for atriyadiyahya of the ed. 2 duvitiyam, ed., KT, a second time. Rather read duvitiyarua (i. e. duvitiya, nom. sg. -f ma, abl. sg. ); cf. Barth. AirWb. 964. 3 v^apatiy haca yaclaya fratarta, text as confirmed by KT, thus making impossible Foy's emendation vitfiyapatiy (vitfiy + apatiy) haca ya[u]daya {ka/m/pf; cf. Skt. yodhana -\- aya, gang) frarixta (part, to ric, verlassen); cf. also KZ. 37, 556 (where he later returns to the reading fratarta); ZDMG. 54, 350. THE BE HI STAN INSCRIPTION 25 that army of Yahyazdata utterly; 12 days in the month Thuravahara were in course — thus the battle (was) fought by them. 7. Says Darius the king: Afterwards this Vahyaz- clata with few horsemen fled (and) went to Paishiyau- vada; from thence he took an army (and) again went against Artavardiya to engage in battle; there (is) a mountain Parga 1 by name — here they engaged in battle; Auramazda gave me aid; by the grace of Au- ramazda my army smote that army of Yahyazdata utterly; 5 days 2 in the month Garmapada were in course — thus the battle (was) fought by them and they seized that Yahyazdata and what men were his fore- most allies they seized. 8. Says Darius the king: Afterwards — there (is) a town in Persia Uvadaicaya by name — here, that Yah- yazdata and what men were his foremost allies, them I put on a cross. 9. Says Darius the king: This (is) what (was) done by me in Persia. 3 10. Says Darius the king: This Yahyazdata, who called 4 himself Bardiya, he sent forth an army to Ara- chosia — there (was) Yivana by name, a Persian, my subject, satrap in Arachosia — against him (he sent an army) and one man he made chief of them; thus he said to them; go, smite Yivana and that army which calls itself of Darius the king; afterwards this army, which Yahyazdata sent forth, went against Yivana to 1 parga, in place of paraga of ed. and KT; cf . New Pers. purg. 2 v raucabis, KT, in place of vi raucabis of ed. 3 This ninth section, which was before omitted, is recorded byKT. 4 Written on the stone agaur a ta by stone-cutter's blunder for agaubata; cf. KT, 51. 26 THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION engage in battle; there (is) a stronghold Kapishaka- nish by name — here they engaged in battle; Aura-- raazda bore me aid; by the grace of Anramazda my arm} 7 smote that rebellions army utterly; 13 days in the month Anamaka were in course — thus the battle (was) fought by them. 11. Says Darius the king: Again the rebels came together (and) went against Vivana to engage in bat- tle; there (is) a region Ga(n)dutava 1 by name — here they engaged in battle; Auramazda bore 3 me aid; by the grace of Auramazda my army smote that rebel- lious army utterly; 7 days in the month Yiyakhna were in course — thus the battle (was) fought by them. 12. Sa3 r s Darius the king: Afterwards this man, who was chief of that army which Vahyazdata sent against Vivana, he fled 3 with a few horsemen (and) went away — there (is) a stronghold Arshada by name in Arachosia — he went thereby; 4 afterwards Vivana, with an army went in pursuit of them; 5 here ^aMutava (Elam. kantuma + + ), KT. This reading sets aside Justi's theory (ZDMG. 51, 240) connecting the emendation ga n dumava with YAv. gantuma, wheat, possible on the supposi- tion of a local change of surd to sonant after the nasal. Cf. Foy, KZ. 37, 518. 2 Written on the stone ar a r a by stone-cutter's blunder for abara; cf. KT, 54. 3 ain[u#a], KT, in place of maflista of ed. 4 avapara, text as confirmed by KT, thus setting aside Foy's conjecture avadapara. 5 nipadi[y] t[ya]iy. WB's auf dem Fusse and KT's on foot is not the idea. See col. n., 13, note. t[ya]iy as confirmed by KT makes impossible Bartholomae's emendation avaiy (Stud. 2, 68). The Persian tya (I. E. tio), originally a demon, pron. but generally used as a rel., shows here an undoubted example of its historic meaning; cf. Delbriick, Vgl. Syntax, 3, 311. THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION 27 he seized him and what men were his foremost allies he slew. 13. Says Darius the king: Afterwards the province became mine; this (is) what (was) done by me in Arachosia. 14. Says Darius the king: When I was in Persia and in Media, a second time the Babylonians became estranged from me; one man, Arakha by name, an Armenian son of Haldita, he rose up in Babylon; there (is) a region, Dubala by name — from here he thus lied to the people; 1 I am Nebuchadrezzar, the son of .Nabu-na'id; afterwards the Babylonian people became estranged from me (and) went over to that Arakha; he seized Babylon; he became king in Babylon. 15. Says Darius the king: Afterwards I sent forth my army to Babylon; Intaphernes 2 by name, a Per- sian, 3 my subject, him I made chief of them; 4 thus I said to them; go, smite that Babylonian 5 army which does not call itself mine; afterwards Intaphernes with an army w T ent to Babylon; Auramazda bore me aid; by the grace of Auramazda, Intaphernes smote the Babylonians; 6 and [he led them bound to me]; 7 1 [k]arahya, KT, for udapatata of ed. 2 vi n dafar[na]; [v]i D da[farn]a, 1. 86; vi n da[far]na, 1. 88; text as confirmed by KT, thus removing vi n dafra of ed. from the Persian vocabulary. 3 pa[rsa], KT, in place of mada of ed. 4 avamsam, KT, for avam of ed. 5 babiruvi[ya]m, KT, for babirauv of ed. 6 babiruvi[y]a aja, KT, in place of babirum agarbaya of ed. 7 KT, record space for fourteen or fifteen signs. The supple- ment uta [basta anaya] or [anaya abiy mam], he brought them THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION 22 days in the month + + + + 1 were in course — that Arakha, who called himself Nebuchadrezzar, and the men who [were his foremost allies they seized and bound]; 3 [this Arakha] and what men were his fore- most allies were put on crosses at Babylon. 3 COLUMN IV. 1. Says Darius the king: This (is) what was done by me in Babylon. 2. Says Darius the king: This (is) what I did; by the grace of Auramazda it was (done) in every way; after that I became king, I engaged in 19 battles; by the grace of Auramazda I waged them 4 and I seized 9 (hound) to me, I would suggest as in full accord with the Elaru. and Bab. versions; cf. anaya abiy ma[m] in Persian text of col. v., 1. 12, and [ba]sta [anayata a]biy mam, 1. 26. Either supple- ment would still leave space for the Persian name of the month. 1 The Elam. version gives the month Markazanash. 2 Supplied from Elam. version. 3 Both the Elam. and Bab. versions point to an imperative, I decreed, saying, let them, etc., although there may not be an exact correspondence here. KT confirm the old reading asari- yata as the last word in the text. I would adopt the reading akariya n ta (Barth. ), which may seem almost presumptuous against so excellent authority as KT, who have had years of ex- perience in the copying of tablets. I do this the more boldly because of the slight differentiation of s and k which involves, of course, simply the middle horizontal wedge in the cuneiform sign for s, and because Jackson in his reexamination of the rock regards k as quite certain; cf. JAOS. 24, 89. Whatever read- ing we accept, there is no evidence for a final m in the word as given in the ed. 4 adamsim, KT, in place of adamsam of ed. KT wrongly translate, I overthrew nine kings. — sim is used as ace. pi. n. referring to hamarana. THE BEHISTAN INSCRIPTION 29 kings; there was one, Gaumata by name, a Magian; he lied; thus he said; I am Bardiya the son of Cyrus; he made Persia rebellious; there (was) one, Atrina by name, a Susian; he lied; thus he said; I am king- in Susiana; he made Susiana rebellious to me; there (was) one, Nidintu-Bel by name, a Babylonian; he lied; thus he said; I am Nebuchadrezzar the son of Nabii-na'id; he made Babylon rebellious; there (was) one, Martiya by name, a Persian; he lied; thus he said; I am Imanish, king in Susiana; he made Susiana rebellious; there (was) one Phraortes by name, a Mede; he lied; thus he said; I am Khshathrita, of the family of Cyaxares; he made Media rebellious; there (was) one Citra(n)takhma by name, in Sagartia; he lied; thus he said; I am king in Sagartia, of the family of Cyaxares; he made Sagartia rebellious; there (was) one Frada by name, a Margian; he lied; thus he said; I am king in Margiana; he made Margiana rebellious; there (was) one, Vahyazdata by name, a Persian; he lied; thus he said; I am Bardiya the son of Cyrus; he made Persia rebellious; there (was) one, Arakha by name, an Armenian; he lied; thus he said; I am Nebuchadrezzar the son of Nabu-na'id ; he made Babylon rebellious. 3. Says Darius the king: These 9 kings I seized within these battles. 4. Says Darius the king: These (are) the provinces which became rebellious; the Lie 1 made them rebel- 1 drauga di[s harni# r iy]a akunaus, wrongly translated by KT lies made them revolt, drauga is certainly a personification of Deceit which found, as we should expect, no correspondence in Babylonian thought. How strikingly is this seen in the con trast between drauga dahyauva vasiy abava, the Lie dominated 30 THE BE HI STAN INSCRIPTION lious so that these deceived the people; afterwards Auramazda gave them into my hand; as was my will so [I did] unto them. 5. Says Darius the king: O thou who shalt 1 be king- in the future, protect thyself strongly from Deceit; whatever man shall be a deceiver, him who deserves to be punished, 2 punish, if thus thou shalt think " may my country be secure." 6. Says Darius the king: This (is) what I did; by the grace of Auramazda I did (it) in every way; O thou who shalt examine this inscription in the future, let it convince thee (as to) what (was) done by me; regard it not as lies. 3 7. Says Darius the king: I appeal to Auramazda 4 the provinces, col. i., 10, and the lame Bab. version par-sa-a-tu ina niatati lu ma-du i-mi-du, in the land lies became numerous; cf. Tohnan, PAPA. 33, 69; Wilhelm, ZDMG. 40, 105; Bang, ibid. 43, 533; Foy, KZ. 35, 69; Horn, Beilage z. Allg. Ztg. 1895; Jackson-Gray, JAOS. 21, 1T0; Jn., Grundr. d. iran, Philol., ii, 630. ^Ihy; wrongly KT, Jn. (JAOS. 24, 94), and ed. transcribe ahy. The subjunctive (ahy for a h ahiy) is certain, as seen in such a phrase as tuvam ka hya aparani imam dipi[m] patiparsahy, thou whosoever shalt hereafter read this inscription. 2 Written here ufrasatam; cf. KT. 66. 3 [draujjiyahy (denom. pres. to drauga, the Lie; cf. Rawlin- son, JRAS. 12; Barth., Grundr. 152) is here to be read instead of [duruxtam man]iyahy of WB. KT read [duruj]iyaby, but the context as well as the Elam. version shows a meaning im- possible for this verb. 4 auramazd a + + + + + rtaiyiya, text as confirmed by KT, who record space for four or five letters in the lacuna, but attempt no supplement. I regard + + + + + rtaiyiya as dittography (cf . tyana mana, col. i., 8, note) for + + + + + rtaiy and suggest the reading auramazd[am upava]rtaiy, / turn unto (i. e. appeal to) Auramazda. For this meaning of upa -f a -f- vart in Skt., cf. THE BEHI8TAN INSCRIPTION SI that this (is) true (and), not false (which) I did in every way. 8. Says Darius the king: By the grace of Auramazda much else (was) done by me 1 that (is) not written 2 on this inscription; for this reason it (is) not written lest whoever shall examine this inscription in the fu- ture, to him what has been done by me should seem too much; 3 and it should not convince him 4 but he should think (it) false. 9. Says Darius the king: Who were the former MBh. 5, 1679, and examples quoted in PWb. The clear record of d a makes impossible the supplement auramazdiya of WB, which otherwise might receive some support from the Elam. ankirir au uramasta-ra sap appa, I state as a follower of Aura- mazda. KT's + + + + rtaiyiya supersedes the many former discussions of the passage (e. g. Foy, KZ. 35, 44; ibid. 37, 539; ZDMG. 52, 565; Gray, JAOS. 23, 61; Fr. Miiller, WZKM. 1, 59). 1 [ap]imaiy aniyasciy vasiy astiy kartam, KT, thus setting aside Gray's emendation ava (abl. sg.) aniyasciy, else than this. 2 nipistam. The primitive meaning of the root pis (I. E. peik) seems to be cut, trim rather than farbig machen which Barth. gives. A survival of this signification we see in such a passage as RV. 1, 161, 10, maiisam ekah pingati, the one cuts the meat; in Old Slav, pisa, pisati, to scratch in, write; in Gr. ttoiki'Aos, as applied to work in metal, stone, and wood, and tuk- pos (nil grade), cutting, sharp, stinging. The transfer to the familiar adorn (Middle Pers. pesit, ornamented) which is the meaning of the root in YAv. is, of course, natural and seen in many of the cognates; e. g. Skt. pig, to ornament, Goth, filu-faiha translating 7roAvn-oiKiAo:•> r fa^ ^H ? V ■ ■ ■•••5i?,..iS ? 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