A HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE COLLEGE OE CALIEORNIA 
 
 Samuel H. Willky, D. D. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO: 
 SAMUKL CARSON & CO, 
 
 Publishers and Booksellers. 
 
 1887. 
 
n 
 
 s^ 
 
 COl'VRIC.H'IKI) liV 
 
 SAiMUKi. H. WIIJ.KV, l» I ). 
 1SS7. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Introductory v 
 
 I. Preliminary Work i 
 
 II. The Incorporation of the College 8 
 
 III. Search for a Permanent Site i6 
 
 IV. Preparation of the First College Class 35 
 
 V. Appointment of College Professors 54 
 
 VI. New Efforts to Get Funds at the East C9 
 
 VII. The Appointment of Vice-President 78 
 
 VIII. Inside View of the College at Work 88 
 
 IX. The First Commencement 96 
 
 X. The Religious Spirit of the College 114 
 
 XI. Calls for Funds and Students. 130 
 
 XII. Progress in the College Work 145 
 
 XIII. The 'Ihird Com.mencement 153 
 
 XIV. The College Water Supply 167 
 
 XV. Graduation of the Fourth Class 175 
 
 XVI. The College Water Works 198 
 
 XVII. Origin of the University Idea 204 
 
 XVIII. The University Organized 214' 
 
 -XIX. Graduation of the F"ifth Class 222 
 
 XX. Summary of the Work of the College 232. 
 
 Appendix 249 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 The history of the College of California is an important chapter 
 in the educational history of the State. As such it deserves a 
 permanent record, which it has not hitherto had. It deserves it all 
 the more, because it belongs to the earliest period of that history, 
 and if unwritten would be forgotten. 
 
 Inasmuch as I was Secretary of the Board of Trustees from the 
 beginning, and the executive officer of the College for eight years, 
 the duty of writing this history seemed to fall to me. Perhaps I 
 am the only one who could write it with so full a recollection of the 
 facts. Besides,. I have carefully preserved the materials necessary 
 to its composition, such as the record of the transactions of the' 
 Board of Trustees, the Treasurer's books, the correspondence of the 
 College, its annual catalogues and occasional circulars, the reports 
 of the Faculty of Instruction, also copies of printed addresses, ora- 
 tions, poems. Alumni proceedings, reports, etc. These materials I 
 have freely used, guided by my own recollection of events as they 
 took place. It has been my purpose, not only to give a correct view 
 of the progress of the institution in a general way, but also a clear 
 idea of its prade of scholarship, and of its principles and aims, both 
 educational and religious. At the same time I have made it to rep- 
 resent quite fully the literature which grew up within the College and 
 around it, giving u\ full most of its publications. 
 
•' -EESITY 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PRELIMINARY WORK. 
 
 The idea of founding a college in California was entertained 
 as earlv as the year 1849. The emigration from the United 
 States, consequent upon the discovery of gold, brought some 
 people to this country who, even then, proposed to settle here 
 and make it their home. A few of these who became 'known 
 to each other, began at once to plan for the founding of a 
 college. They wanted it to start early enough to come into 
 actual existence, as a college, in their own life-time. But in 
 order to do this, they were well aware that it must be a col- 
 lege in which all could unite. Otherwise, in a country new 
 and remote, and likely to be settled slowly, it would have no 
 prospect of the desired growth within that length of time. 
 Nor was this any disadvantage or hindrance in their view, 
 because the sphere of a college education is common ground. 
 
 My own home was at that time in Monterey, the capital of 
 the country. Thomas O. Larkin resided there, and I found 
 on becoming acquainted with him, that he also felt a decided 
 interest in the idea of founding a college in California. He 
 may have been led to this partly through the influence of the 
 Rev. Dr. William M. Rogers, of Boston, who was a relative 
 of his. Dr. Rogers was at that time one of the overseers of 
 Harvard University; and I suggested to Mr. Larkin that he 
 should write to him, and get his ideas as to the best plan for 
 the organization of a college in a new country. Mr. Larkin 
 approved of the plan of writing, but referred the work of 
 doing it to me. Accordingly I wrote a letter to Dr. Rogers, 
 dated April 17, 1849. In due time, a carefully prepared reply 
 I 
 
 I 
 
2 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 came, dated Boston, June 25, 1849. The points as Dr. 
 Rogers made them, were these: — 
 
 " I. A college or University ought to be established, (a) 
 For the general good of California. Your distance from the 
 Atlantic renders it indispensable that you look to yourselves, 
 and not to us for the benefits of college education, {b) The 
 character and well-being of the people of Califonnia will de- 
 pend, as they have depended in New England, on the educated 
 men of the country, and on the educated sons of the country. 
 
 "II. The site should be .so chosen as to give the college 
 for all time the benefits of a country location. 
 
 "III. A University includes the studies compri.sed in a 
 liberal education, as well as schools of law, divinity, and 
 mciiicinc.and endowments to meet these wants, whether from 
 individuals or the Government, must be generous. Indeed, a 
 University with all its apparatus, mu.st be the growth of time, 
 and I think that the benefactors of the institution contem- 
 plated with you, ought to be content if, at the out.set, they 
 can secure what will equal a New England high .school, 
 waiting for the gradual growth of the country, and the insti- 
 tution, ia) All lands given for this purpose around the site, 
 should be inalienable, and the sale of such lands should be a 
 forfeiture to the heirs of the donors, or in their default, to the 
 commonwealth of Alta California. I write this because 
 landed property is safest, and because the college would 
 increase in wealth exactl\- in proportion with the country 
 {b) One quarter part of the yearly avails of lands other than 
 the site of the institution, should be devoted to the giving of 
 gratuitous instruction to indigent and promising young men. 
 
 "IV. Somebody must hold all funds, and be responsible 
 for their due apjilication. After watching very carefully the 
 result of many plans in founding colleges, I am satisfied that 
 it is unilesirable to have a State college, because, among other 
 reasons, such a foumlation will, of necessity, be affected by 
 the political agitations of the country. I suggest that a 
 definite number of gentlemen, say seven, to begin with, be 
 constitiitci! a Hoard of Trustees, with i)Ower to hold the prop- 
 
 / 
 
PKELnrrNAKY WORK. 3 
 
 crly and administer its affairs, and that the power and rights 
 of visitation and supervision, so far as to see that the trust is 
 fulfilled, be vested in the commonwealth of California." 
 
 The subject, as presented in this letter, was discussed 
 among us, by correspondence and otherwise, during the sum- 
 mer of 1849; but nothing could really be done in the matter 
 at that time. For, although we were under the United States 
 flag, we were still under Mexican law. The proclamation, 
 however, had been made, calling a convention to form a State 
 constitution. This convention was to meet in Monterey, in 
 the following September, and would bring together, as we 
 knew, many gentlemen from all parts of the country, and 
 among them might be found, as we thought, those who would 
 take an interest in the college plan. 
 
 At the proposed time the convention met, and brought 
 together a large number of able men, mostly young, and 
 nearly all entire strangers one to another. All who came 
 from the mines were in great haste to do their work and get 
 back to the placers, for then was their harvest season, and 
 days were precious. But in the hurry and rush of things, 
 some friends were made to the college enterprise. It was 
 easy to get attention to the matter of a foundation for com- 
 mon schools, and secure a generous provision for their support 
 by the setting apart for that purpose, through the constitution, 
 the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections of public land;- but, 
 in that hurrying time, to awaken an interest in the remoter 
 idea of building a college, was not so easy. It is not wonder- 
 ful that this was so. Indeed it is surprising that there were 
 any disposed to enlist in the work. There was not a single 
 school then, in the whole of California. There had been a 
 school in San Francisco, and perhaps in one or two other 
 places, temporarily, but at this time there was none. There 
 were very few children, very few certainly, except those of 
 the native Californians, using the Spanish language. And 
 there was no near prospect of a youthful population to need 
 a college. But there were some who foresaw that this coun- 
 try would soon attract hither a population, and hold it, and 
 
4 ///sioh-y or THE college oe ca/jfokx/a. 
 
 become a thriving State. To be sure, its great resources, as 
 they have since been developed, were not then known or 
 dreamed of; but the most discerning people felt assured of a 
 prosperous future for the country. And in that future, they 
 knew that a college would be a necessity. And they knew, 
 at the same time, that a college could not be built in a day; 
 and therefore deemed it wise to lay the foundation, so far as 
 possible, then, in order to have it somewhere near to readiness 
 when it should be wanted. 
 
 The State constitution, which was formed in September, 
 1849, and adapted by vote of the people, in November, made 
 San Jose the capital, and appointed the meeting of the first 
 Legislature there on the fifteenth day of the following Decem- 
 ber. At that session it was believed a law for the incorpora- 
 tion of colleges could be passed, under which, if it should be 
 desireii, a charter in pursuance of our plan could be obtained. 
 Meanwhile, efforts looking towards location and the beginning 
 of Ludowment were being made. 
 
 James Stokes and Kimball H. Dimmick owned land situ- 
 ated on the Guadaloupe River, in San Jose. Rev. S. V. 
 Hlakcslee obtained from them the promise of a gift of a gen- 
 erous portion of that land as a site, and for the use and 
 benefit of the proposed college as soon as a charter should be 
 obtained, and a Board of Trustees organized. The persons 
 named in the writing, as those who should be members of the 
 Hoard at the beginning, were: h'orrest Shepard, Chester S. 
 Lyman, John \V. Douglass, Benjamin Corey, Samuel H. 
 VVilley, T. Dwight Hunt, Thomas Douglass, and S. V. 
 Hlakcslee. The next movement was for a law providing for 
 college incorporations. When the time for the assembling of 
 the first Legislature came, a few friends of this college project 
 met at San Jos(5. To attend that meeting, I remember riding 
 to San Jose on horseback from Monterey, with the party of 
 officers who accompanied General Riley, when he went to 
 turn over the civil government into the hands of the recently 
 chosen Stale ofiicials. In the interviews that followed, touch- 
 ing the college matter, it was understood that a bill would be 
 
PRELIMINARY WORK. 5 
 
 introduced for a law under which colleges could be chartered, 
 and that one provision of the law should be, that the proposed 
 college should possess property to the amount of at least 
 twenty thousand dollars. It was found, at this meeting, that 
 some of the gentlemen who had been previously named as 
 Trustees, had, even so soon, left the country, and others had 
 gone where they could not act. Therefore a somewhat dif- 
 ferent list of names was agreed upon for the first Trustees, as 
 appears by a memorandum dated San Jose, December i8 
 1849. It reads as follows: — 
 
 " It is the understanding that Chester S. Lyman, Sherman 
 Day, Forrest Shepard, Frederick l^illings, and S. II. Willcy, 
 become a corporate body according to the laws of this State, 
 as soon as the Legislature shall have passed the necessary 
 acts, to hold property for the foundation of California 
 University or College, and to be part of a Board of Trustees 
 of such university or college. That as soon as convenient 
 after they have obtained the charter, they will meet and fill 
 the Board of Trustees, to the number stated in the instrument 
 of incorporation. That the Governor, and the Superintend- 
 ent of Schools of the State of California, be ex officio mem- 
 bers of the Board. That, at the same meeting, measures be 
 devised for raising funds for the endowment of the Univer- 
 sity. That the proposed plans be stated in a circular, and 
 sent to such persons in the State, as may be expected to co- 
 operate in founding such an institution." 
 
 The plan thus outlined was brought to the attention of the 
 Presbytery of San Francisco. The Presbytery consisted of 
 Rev. T. D. Hunt, Rev. J. W. Douglas.s,and Rev. S. H. Willey. 
 Acting with them at this time, were, Rev. J. A. Benton, Rev. 
 S. V. Blakeslee, and Hon. Sherman Day. At the meeting of 
 May 15, 1850, the following minute was adopted: — 
 
 " The members of the Presbytery, deeply impressed with 
 the need of common schools and higher institutions of learn- 
 ing being early established among us, for the purpose of culti- 
 vating the intellect and developing the genius, and securing 
 moral worth of the community, look with particular favor 
 
6 IIISTOA'V OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 upon every effort made to advance the interests of schools, 
 and will, as individuals, heartily co-operate with such as may 
 undertake to found a college or University on broad and lib- 
 eral principles, and would earnestly commend any such en- 
 terprise to the favor and support of their fellow-citizens." 
 
 In due time the bill providing for college charters was 
 passed, and became a law. It required that application should 
 be made to the Supreme Court, which was to determine 
 whether the property possessed by the proposed college, was 
 equal to the required twenty thousand dollars, and whether 
 in other respects it ought to be chartered. Not long after 
 this law went into effect, Frederick Billings, on behalf of the 
 proposed Trustees, applied to the Supreme Court for a charter. 
 He placed before that body the agreements which had been 
 entered into by parties, to give land and other property for 
 the foundation and endowment of the institution. 
 
 When the matter was considered by the court, the majority 
 of the judges chose to give so strict a construction to the 
 requirements of the statute, as to the property, that they 
 could not be complied with. There had then been no surveys 
 of lantl. or determination of titles, such as the court held to 
 be necessary to meet the requirements of the law under which 
 a charter must be granted, and for that reason they declined 
 to give it. The case is recorded in California Reports, I, 
 page 330. 
 
 It may throw some light on the prospects of the college 
 plans to indicate the Protestant Churches at this time existing 
 in the principal towns of California. There were, in San 
 I'Vancisco, two Episcopal Churches, one Methodist, one Con- 
 gregational, one Baptist, and one Presbyterian, each having 
 a chapel built of boards, and cloth lined; in Sacramento, one 
 Methodist Church, with a similarly constructed chapel, one 
 Congregational Church, with a chapel in process of construc- 
 tion; also small Baptist and Kpiscopal congregations; in 
 Stockton, a Presbyterian and a Methodist Church; in San 
 Jos<5, a Presbyterian and a Baj^ist Church; in Benicia, a 
 Presbyterian Chinch, with a convenient chapel. There was 
 
PRELIMINARY WORK. 7 
 
 a Presbyterian minister preaching in Napa Valley. There 
 may have been a few other Protestant clergymen in the State, 
 but a very few. 
 
 Another branch of educational work called for attention at 
 this time. It was that of organizing common schools, and 
 getting them into operation according to the laws which the 
 Legislature had enacted for that purpose. This was a work 
 of no little difficulty. It required a great deal of time, and 
 there were very few who had time to give. In San Francisco 
 the City Council hesitated to assess a tax for the support of 
 schools. Business men, in their hurry, said, " Schools arc not 
 needed." To show that they were needed, the pupils of three 
 or four private schools that had been started, were got to- 
 gether, and marched in a procession through Montgomery 
 Street. There were about one hundred in all. Men saw the 
 little procession, and said, " There are more children needing 
 schools in San Francisco, than we thought, after all." 
 Thereupon, the city government, in 185 1, adopted the schools 
 and provided for their support. But the question of their 
 continuance, and the adoption in the State of the common- 
 school system as it existed in the Northern States, was an 
 open one for several years. It had its advocates, and it had 
 warm opponents. Its friends were very earnest in its behalf, 
 and only carried their point against sharp opposition. It was 
 not possible for them to give attention to the founding of in- 
 stitutions for higher education until the question of popular 
 education was settled. Some of them, however, in the mean- 
 time, undertook the establishment of the Young Ladies' 
 Seminary, at Benicia, which was commenced and was well 
 under way in 1852, and continued to be, for more than thirty 
 years, an honor to learning in the State. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE INCORPORATION OF THE COLLEGE. 
 
 Early in the year 1853, the Rev. Henry Diirant came to 
 Cahfornia on purpose to teach and to give himself wholly to 
 the work of founding a college. Mr. Durant brought letters 
 of high commendation from officers in Yale College, where 
 he himself had once been a tutor, and from such ministers as 
 Rev. Dr. William Adams, of New York, and, of course, was 
 very cordially welcomed. liy the increase of population, 
 there were now .some boys here to be taught, and the question 
 was as to the best place for the opening of a school. In the 
 changetl circumstances of the time, it seemed to be Oakland. 
 Some attention had begun to be turned to that side of the 
 bay already. The mildness of the climate was observed. 
 The extensive forest of fine oak trees was especially admired. 
 One single wheezy little steamer had begun to cross two or 
 three times a day from San I''rancisco, to accommodate pas- 
 sengers, which she did well enough, save when she got aground 
 on the "bar" and luid to wait for a tide! But, all things 
 considcreil, Oakland was elecidcd to be the best place for the 
 school, and preparation was therefore at once made to open 
 it there. 
 
 The matter came up as one for consultation and advice 
 before the jcjint meeting of the I'resbytery of San Francisco, 
 and the Congregational Association of California, held in 
 Nevada City, in May, 1853. Mr. Durant was there. The 
 entiiusiasm of youth — for we were all young then — and the 
 stimulus of the mountain air, made the most difficult work 
 seem (juitc possible. S. H. Willey, S. B. Hell, T.D.Hunt, 
 and J. A. Benton, were api)()intcil a committee to co-operate 
 
INCORPORATION OF TIfR COIJ.EGE. 
 
 with Mr. Durant, and establish an academy. A Board of 
 Academy Trustees was soon thereafter organized, and Mr. 
 Durant went at once to work to find a house in which to be- 
 l^in. This proved to be not an easy thing to do. There were 
 then but few houses in Oakland, and they were mostly situ- 
 ated on Broadway, near the landing at the foot of that street. 
 A house was at last obtained, which stood on the corner of 
 Broadway and Fifth Street. The rent was one hundred and 
 fifty dollars a month, to be paid in gold coin monthly, in ad- 
 vance. The school opened with tJiree pupils, but increased 
 somewhat during the first two or three months, but at best, 
 was far from paying expenses. The balance was made up 
 regularly, for some time, by private contributions. But this 
 arrangement was only temporary. 
 
 Ground was selected for a permanent site for the school. 
 The spot chosen was the highest above tide-water in what is 
 now the city, and was covered with the very finest growth of 
 oaks. It consisted of four blocks, numbered one hundred ' 
 and seventy-two and one hundred and ninety-three, and the 
 included streets, and was found, when the streets were opened, 
 to be between Twelfth and Fourteenth, and between Franklin 
 and Harrison Streets. But the selection of a site was one 
 thing, and the getting possession of it was quite another. 
 Titles and claims on the " encinal " may almost be said to 
 have been knee-deep. Mr. Durant described one step in the 
 process, in this way: — 
 
 "Just at this time, 'the jumpers,' as they are called — a cer- 
 tain order of squatters — assembled in pretty large numbers 
 at the end of Broadway — two or three hundred of them. It 
 seems a plan had been arranged, and they had been gathering 
 in small numbers until there was a large crowd of them. 
 They were discussing, haranguing, and working themselves 
 up to the point of taking possession of all the unoccupied 
 grounds in Oakland. Learning what they were about — that 
 they were about to take possession of the various lands of 
 the city, and divide them off by drawing lots, giving each one 
 something — I went down into that crowd, took off my hat. 
 
10 HISTORY OF rilE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 got their attention somehow, and proclaimed that negotiations 
 were pending for the purpose of securing four blocks that had 
 been selected for the purpose of building a college. A mo- 
 tion was made that three cheers be given for the coming col- 
 lege. A committee was appointed to take charge of these 
 four blocks, to keep them safe from interference from any 
 quarter, and to hold them sacred to the use for which they 
 had been voted." 
 
 Funds were raised by 'Subscription, and after a great deal 
 of difficulty, a house was erected on one of these blocks, and 
 the school was moved into its own home. There it had a 
 better chance to live. One trouble encountered in getting 
 possession of this site and house, was characteristic of the 
 times, and is thus described by Mr. Durant: — 
 
 " The house was building, and it had been roofed in, the 
 outside of the house pretty nearly finished, some of the rooms 
 quite well under way, and one room finished inside. The 
 funds now gave out, and the contractors, as I understood, 
 were about making arrangements with some parties to let 
 them have the money to finish up the building — some six or 
 seven hundred dollars — and to take a lien on the building. 
 They pro[)osed to get the whole property for themselves in 
 thai way. This thing had been done, I knew, with regard to 
 a pretty good house that had been built a little while before. 
 The builder was not able to pay for it immediately, and the 
 contractors got somebody to advance the money to complete 
 the house. They put into the house a man armed with a 
 pistol to keep the proprietor away, and took possession of it 
 themselves; and lie lost the house. Knowing that fact, and 
 not knowing but something of that kind might occur, I con- 
 sulted a lawyer, who told me what I might do. Said he: 
 Vou go and take possession of that house. Be beforehand. 
 You have had to do with the contractors; you really may be 
 regarded as the proprietor of it.' I came over at night, took 
 a man with me, went into the house, put a table, chairs, etc., 
 into one of the rooms upstairs, and went to bed. Pretty 
 carl\ in tli.- in<.rniii<; the contractor came into the house and 
 
IiVCOKPOKAT/ON OF THE COLLEGE. 11 
 
 looked about. Presently he came to our door. Looking in, 
 said he : ' What is here ? ' 
 
 " I was getting up. I told him I didn't mean any hurt to 
 him but I was a little in a hurry to go into my new home, and 
 I thought I would make a beginning the night before. I 
 asked him if he would not walk in and take a seat. I claimed 
 to be the proprietor and in possession. He went off. My 
 friend went away, and in a little while the contractor came 
 back with two burly fellows. They came into the room and 
 helped themselves to seats. I had no means of defense ex- 
 cept an ax that was under the bed. The contractor said to 
 one of the men: ' Well, what will you do ? ' Said he: ' If you 
 ask my advice, I say, proceed summarily,' and he began to 
 get up. I rose, too, then — about two feet taller than usual; I 
 felt as if I was monarch of all I surveyed. I told him that if 
 I understood him, he intended to move into the room. Said 
 I: 'You will not only commit a trespass upon my property, 
 but you will do violence upon my body. I don't intend to 
 leave this room in a sound condition. If you undertake to 
 do that, you will commit a crime as well as a trespass ! ' That 
 seemed to stagger them, and finally they left me in posses- 
 sion." 
 
 California was not yet settled to any great extent with 
 families, and there were not many boys to be taught. The 
 school had up-hill work, and made slow progress for some 
 years. And yet it succeeded as well as any other school at 
 that time. It kept on slowly growing from year to year, in- 
 creasing its teaching force as its income would warrant, and 
 increasing its accommodation. It came to be the characteris- 
 ing feature of Oakland, and its anniversary occasions were the 
 great days of the year in the place. Through all these years, 
 the college plan was kept distinctly in view, and everything 
 was done with reference to it. It was kept before the boys, 
 and they were stimulated with the promise that if they would 
 fit for college, and go through the course, the college instruc- 
 tion should be made ready for them. A few resolved to pre- 
 pare for college, and began to shape their course of study in 
 that direction. 
 
12 niSTOR Y OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 In the year 1855, it was thought the time had come to re- 
 organize the Board of Academy Trustees, and obtain a col- 
 lege charter from the State. A petition was prepared and 
 presented to the State Board of Education, which at this time, 
 by a change of law, consisted of the Governor, the State 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, and the State Surveyor 
 General. This petition was signed by John Caperton, John 
 C. Hayes, J. A. Freaner, H. S. Foote, Joseph C. Palmer, Y. W. 
 Page, Henry Haight, Robert Simson, N. W. Chittenden, 
 Theodore Payne, J. A. Benton, Sherman Day, G. A. Swezy, 
 Samuel B. Bell, and John Bigler; and the gentlemen nomin- 
 ated in the petition as the first Trustees, were: Frederick Bill- 
 ings, Sherman Day, S. H. VVilley, T. Dwight Hunt, Mark 
 Brummagim, Edward B. Walsworth, Edward McLean, Joseph 
 A. Benton, Henry Durant, Francis W. Page, A. H. Wilder, 
 and S. B. Bell. After due examination, the State Board of 
 Education chartered the College of California, April 13, iS^S- 
 The following is a copy of 
 
 THE DECLARATION OF INCORPORATION. 
 
 " We, the State Board of Education of the State of California, in 
 accordance with the provisions of an act to provide for the incorpo- 
 ration of colleges, passed April 13, 1855, do hereby incorporate the 
 College of California, situated in the city of Oakland, county of 
 Alameda, of this State, of which college the following named persons 
 are the Trustees, to wit: Frederick Billings, Sherman Day, Samuel 
 W. Willey, T. Dwight Hunt, Mark Brummagim, Edward B. Wals- 
 worth, Joseph A. Benton, I'^lward McLean, Henry Durant, 1-rancis 
 W. i'age, Robert Simson, A. H. Wilder, Samuel B. Bell. 
 John Bigi.kr, Governor, 
 S. H. Mari.k'ITE, Surveyor General, 
 Paul K. Huhhs, Supt. Public lustruetion. 
 Dated, Sacramento, April /j, iS§^. 
 
 The ownership of all the Academy property was now 
 vested in this Board of College Trustees, and also the control 
 of the school. Anil while it continued to be the object to 
 give the best instruction in the ordinarj- branches of an En- 
 glish education, the work of preparing students for college 
 canw- into greater prdinincnce. 
 
/NCORPOKAT/ON (^/- THI-. CO/./EGE. 13 
 
 Thus, in the spring of the year 1855, the COLLEGE OK 
 California began its legal existence. Its first college class 
 was then to be fitted from the beginning. This would require, 
 as things were, at least four years. Meanwhile the Academy 
 had come to be self-supporting, though the erection of the 
 buildings had left a five-thousand-dollar debt upon the prop- 
 erty. But no great additional expense seemed likely to come 
 on the enterprise till the first classes should be ready to enter 
 upon college studies, and need the instruction of a college 
 faculty, and this was at least four years off. 
 
 At the time of the incorporation, and for the whole of the 
 year 1855 afterwards, I was at the East with my family. The 
 Board of Trustees, at their first meeting after their incorpora- 
 tion, sent a commission, asking me to solicit funds for the 
 College, hoping that I might obtain at least money enough to 
 pay its debt. It was autumn when I received it, and there 
 was but little time to work before my return home. I was 
 glad to give what then remained of my vacation to this busi- 
 ness, and did so. California was at that time very little 
 known except as a gold-producing country, and a country of 
 reckless adventure. To prepare the way for personal appli- 
 cation for money, I wrote a pamphlet circular, and sent it to 
 such people as I intended to ask. 
 
 The circular gave the reasons why a college was contem- 
 plated so soon. It told what had been done by the few on 
 the ground. It described the location of the preparatory 
 school, and told of the heroic work and manifest success of 
 its Principal, Henry Durant. It stated that soon classes 
 would be fitted to enter college, and that we could not get the 
 college ready for them without help. The fact that colleges 
 in all the newer .States had received help when they were be- 
 ginning, was referred to, and that it was not expected that in 
 their early settlement the )'oung States would be able to build 
 their own colleges. Much more, it was argued, must av look 
 to the East for help, because we were the farthest west, sepa- 
 rated from the rest of the country by a very long and expen- 
 sive journey, where settlement must necessarily be slow, and 
 
14 HISTORY or THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 everything must be built up from the very beginning. The 
 pamphlet stated the facts, showing that we were ready to help 
 ourselves up to the full measure of our ability, and asked aid 
 of our Kastern friends. 
 
 I followed the circular with personal solicitation, so far as I 
 had time. But I soon found that money would not be given 
 to California. California was famous as a gold-producing 
 country, and it seemed to people absurd that California should 
 be asking for money! There were other reasons for declining 
 our application of more or less weight, but this one, that Cal- 
 ifornia was itself a gold-producing State, stood in the way of 
 ever)' apjjeal. I obtained a few thousand dollars in small 
 sums, but my cause did not take hold as I knew it ought to 
 have ilone, and it never did afterward. 
 
 It seems somewhat singular, but no educational institution 
 of any kind in California has ever been able to get help, to 
 any consiilcrable amount, from the East ! It is not because 
 we have not sorely needed it, nor because we have not sent 
 the very best men to represent the facts, and ask for it. We 
 have done this over and over again, but nothing amounting 
 to an endowment has ever come of it. In making my appli- 
 cations for a week or two in the fall of ICS55, I had many 
 pleasant interviews with most excellent gentlemen. They 
 had not become millionaires as yet, as some of them became 
 afterwartl. but they gave the subject their attention, and gen- 
 erally contributed something. Mr. Aspinwall did so, cheer- 
 fully, perhaps because his connection with the Pacific Mail 
 Steamship Company mule him acquainted with the real need 
 of California. Mr. C. R. Robert, who, years afterwards, 
 founded Robert College, in Constantinople, listened with in- 
 terest to what I had to say, and so did William E. Dodge, 
 and Ansoji G. Thelps, and others, and all subscribed some- 
 thing, but the sums were not large. I went to see Commo- 
 dore Vanderbilt. I unfortunately found him in bad humor. 
 Things had* evidently been going wrong with his Nicaragua 
 Steamship line. He was very severe that day on California, 
 and in very emphatic words, not worth while to repeat, he 
 
lA'COA'FOh'ArJON O/-' 77//- COLLEGE. 15 
 
 wished the country no good. It was an odd interview, and 
 amused me very much, but it yielded no money. I went to 
 Rochester, New York, to present my case to Aristarchus 
 Champion, a man of well-known generosity in those days, 
 lie entertained me handsomely, and listened appreciatively 
 to what I had to say, and made a fair subscription. But 
 somehow he could not get over the feeling that it was rather 
 absurd to be sending money to California, when California 
 was shipping away millions of dollars in gold-dust every 
 month. 
 
 But in a few weeks my vacation-time was up, and we 
 sailed for our home in San Francisco. On January 29, 1856, 
 I met the Board of Trustees for the first time, and found that 
 I had been appointed Secretary. I made a report of what I 
 had done and learned at the East, and turned oVer to the 
 Treasurer what money I had brought. I was able to state 
 that the "Society for the Promotion of Collegiate and Theo- 
 logical Education in the West" had put our College on the 
 list of institutions deserving help, which meant that they 
 endorsed any application for funds that we might see fit to 
 make. This endorsement was important. Indeed, it was at 
 that time essential. But of itself, it yielded no funds, nor 
 was it sufficient to overcome the objection to giving money to 
 found a college in California. But notwithstanding the fact 
 that we found ourselves thus left substantially to our own 
 re.sources, we determined to go forward, and do the best we 
 could. With renewed energy we set to work to build up the 
 Preparatory School in Oakland as fast as possible, and supply 
 it with the best of teaching. According to the catalogue of 
 1855, the number of pupils in attendance was sixty. The 
 school was popular, well conducted, and self-supporting. 
 
 MIVEBaJT\ 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 SEARCH FOR A PERMANENT SITE. 
 
 In March, 1S56, there appeared a possible help from an 
 unexpected quarter. The Rev. Dr. Horace Bushnell came to 
 California for the benefit of his health. His lungs and throat 
 were in such a contlition that he did not wish to preach or 
 speak in public much, but he wanted rather " to rough it," and 
 live an outr-of-door life. The query arose at once whether he 
 could not be induced to join us, and in some ways aid in the 
 founding of the College. He and Mr. Du rant were members 
 of the same class in Yale, and were graduated together. They 
 were life-long friends. At once Dr. Bushnell was consulted, 
 lie took to the idea. He inquired into the facts of the situation. 
 After reflection, he told us that he would do what he could. 
 He said that he was a pastor of a church, and that he was 
 here seeking health. He could not tell what the California 
 climate would do for him. If he recovered sufficiently, he 
 would hasten back to I lartford U> his pulpit. If he did not, and 
 found he could live and be useful onlj' here, he might remain. 
 Meanwhile, if, for tiic time being, he could serve the College 
 plan in any way consistent with his purpose to regain his 
 health, he wouUl gladly do so. Acting upon these sugges- 
 tions, the Trustees thought best to invite Dr. Bu.shncll to the 
 Presidency of the College, in order that he might be in the 
 best possible [position to represent the institution to the com- 
 munity, and aid in its organization and endowment. Dr. 
 Bushnell's reply to the notice of his election was as follows: — 
 
 " July 10, 1S56. 
 "The resolution of your Hoard invitinji me to the Tresidency of 
 the College of California I have sufficiently considered to return the 
 
SE.tRCH FOK ,> PERMANENT SITE. 17 
 
 qualified answer that appears, by the terms of it, to be expected. I 
 am duly sensible of the honor conferred on me by their appoint- 
 ment, — an honor which is only the greater, in the fact that the Col- 
 lege can hardly be said to exist, and is, as yet, to be created. I will 
 interest myself at once in the institution, and will endeavor to do 
 what I can, privately, during two or three months to come, to excite 
 an interest in it, and to assist you in plans regarding its endowment, 
 and its final location, if a change in this latter respect should be 
 deemed desirable. In this manner I shall be able to learn what 
 friends it is likely to have, or whether it will have any whose views 
 are sufificiently expanded to fulfill the conditions that must be ful- 
 filled, in case I should finally assume the office. Further than this, 
 I can make no definite answer at present " ' 
 
 In the prosecution of the plan thus outlined, the first ques- 
 tion that presented itself was that of the permanent location 
 of the Collejre. The tract of eight acres heretofore described, 
 in the city of Oakland, was never considered as suitable for. 
 that purpose. It was not large enough; it was too low to 
 have a good outlook; it could have no stream- of running 
 water, and it was likely in time to be too much in town to 
 have the quiet desirable for a college. Where was the best 
 place for it? That was the question. To solve it by per- 
 sonal examination was the first work undertaken by Dr. 
 Bushnell. 
 
 In the " Life and Letters of Horace Bushnell," published 
 since his death, are given extracts from letters written by 
 him while engaged in this business: — 
 
 "San Fr.ancisco, July i8, 1856. 
 " I set off on Friday for Martinez, a small town with whose beauty 
 I had been struck in sailing by, some weeks ago. Here I have 
 stayed, examining, trying climate, riding over the whole region 
 adjacent, etc., till yesterday (Thursday). Last night I came down 
 in the steamer on my way back to the Mission, staying over to-day, 
 consulting, etc. In about three weeks I shall come up again to visit 
 Martinez with the Trustees, or with as many as can go. I have been 
 to two or three other locations near by, and there is also another 
 near the Mission. I have gone into this con af/iore, as you know I 
 naturally would. It is an occupation, and a most pleasant and 
 refreshing one." 
 
18 ULSTORY OF THE UNIVERi^lTY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 "Mission San Jose, September 3, 1856. 
 '• I went out yesterday morning to ray College paradise, to go 
 through a scries of levels and measures of distance, to find whether 
 the water will run to the ground, and how far it must be brought. 
 I drove a pair of mules ten miles and walked twelve miles, working 
 at the engineer's tools all the while, and keeping on my feet all day 
 from morning to night, exce|)t what time I was in the wagon. I ate 
 nothing till dusk, when, out of sense of need, when I did not want 
 it, I ate a pretty full dinner. But I had no power left for digestion. 
 I went to bed and rolled all night, sleeping only about an hour and 
 a half, just at dawn. I was never so completely fagged, though I 
 really did not know it till after I went to bed. This morning I was 
 obliged to go over again on horseback, and I have just now returned 
 (three o'clock i'. m.). I was obliged to press this matter so hard, 
 because Mr. McLean, an engineer, one of the Trustees, had come 
 up from San Francisco to make the examination, and could get on 
 with it only by the help of another. I hurried and pressed yester- 
 day afternoon to get on, but we could not finish. You would have 
 laughed to see me running with the rod from one station to another, 
 sometimes half a mile." 
 
 '■ Mission San Jo>i,. November 3, i<S56. 
 
 " I begin to guess that we shall finally settle on a site at Clinton, a 
 city that was to be on the opposite side of the bay from San Fran- 
 cisco. The last time I went up in the stage 1 noticed while passing 
 over the plain, about half a mile across, two promontories setting out 
 endwise towards it, and presenting beautifully graded eminences, 
 with a gently scooped valley between, which runs back upon the 
 same level six or eight hundred feet. I said, this must be- looked to. 
 1 rode out with Durant and McLean, two or three days after, and 
 found the view from these points magnificently beautiful. 
 
 " Hack in the hills I clambered down into a deej) ravine, and 
 found, to our surprise, a stream of mountain water that will run one 
 hundred and fifty thousand gallons per day, which can be brought in. 
 a distance of less than two miles, so as to have a head of at least one 
 hundred feet. I don't know, as yet, what terms we can get for the 
 plain. It was laid off, years ago, into a regular (juadrated city, but 
 has come to nothing and the owners talk well. Hut then we have 
 also to get the right of the stream, which I think will not be ditifi- 
 <:ult, because it sinks as soon as it reaches the plain and is seen no 
 
SEAKC// FOh' A PEKMANENT SITE. lU 
 
 more. . There is only one fault, viz., that the city is too 
 
 near, too easily reached by the ferry-boats continually plying. This 
 one fault staggers me; and yet it will make it more convenient to live, 
 and the College will excite a more living interest in the city, before 
 which it stands beautifully prominent. There is also more real 
 virtue and more of good influence in the city, with all its vices, than 
 anywhere else, — a more elevating and conserving power of society." 
 
 "San Fk.ancisco, November 15, 1856. 
 " I left the Mission a little more than a week ago, and since that 
 time I have been up again to take a more deliberate view of the 
 Petaluma and Sonoma Valleys. I have also taken the gauge of the 
 Clinton site, and of all the country north of it on the opposite side 
 of the bay, getting water levels, terms of cost, etc. . . . If I 
 can get a University on its feet, or only the nest-egg laid, before I 
 return, I shall not have come to this new world in vain. I should 
 like to be known as having started into life, on these new and distant 
 shores, a University that hereafter will be looked upon as a great • 
 source of light and Christian power; nor any the less to have done it, 
 when seeking my health, as a substitute for idleness." 
 
 "San Francisco, December 3, 1856. 
 " I am going to set off, this afternoon, up to San Pablo, east of the 
 bay, and north of the city, to see if I can discover another location, 
 so as to be ready, when the Trustees meet, to report another. . . . 
 The difficulty here is the wind of the summer months, which I think 
 is too cold and too continual, — the few trees of the region being all 
 combed in their tops in a slope, or slant away from it, and the very 
 stubble of the fields leaning off in the same direction." 
 
 " San Francisco, January 3, 1857. 
 " This is my la.-,t letter; I am down for a passage by the " Colden 
 date," of the 20th. I will give you a history of the last week. As 1 
 was going down to S in Jose last Saturday to preach, the captain of 
 the boat told me of a beautiful site about three miles northeast ot 
 Napa City, where there was a fine stream of water. I decided 
 instantly to go there on my return. I left San Jose on Monday 
 morning, and a terrible gale took us on the bay, that made rather a 
 serious time for us, carried off" one of the wheel-houses, poured a 
 heavy sea across the boat, carried off" the scuttles, and sent a grand 
 cascade into the hold, filling it ten or twelve inches deep. The 
 
20 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALlFORNLi. 
 
 prospect was that we should be swamped in the middle of the bay, 
 where it was ten miles wide. The sailors thought we were going to 
 ' Davy Jones's locker,' and began to get drunk. But we fenced 
 out the water, pumped out what we had taken, and in half an hour 
 were comparatively snuc, arriving only three hours behind our time, 
 all safe. Tuesday morning I set off by boat for Napa City, which 
 is a little western town at the landing, or head of tide-water, in the 
 valley of that name, and is the third in order of the three valleys 
 that open on the San Pablo Bay beginning at the west, — Petaluma, 
 Sonoma, Napa. I made a rush to the spot just in time to see it and 
 get back to the hotel before the rain of the night began to pour; 
 found a nice stream ol water, and nothing else ! Lay awake with 
 rheumatic pains, which for some reason took me that night, and 
 heard the roaring, driving storm all the night long. Thought I had 
 not exhausted the place, — that I might possibly take the water to 
 another place and get a good lookout. Gave the morning to another 
 trial. Forded the stream, when the water came almost to my saddle- 
 top, dipping in my knees, with my legs drawn uj). The new spot is 
 no improvement. Took the afternoon stage to Bcniria, thence to 
 go down in the night boat from Sacramento. 
 
 " Before leaving the hotel I pointed several persons to a fine, 
 lofty terrace in the hills on the other side of the valley, the western, 
 in(|uiring whether no water came out of the deep gorge close by it. 
 Some said, ' None;' some, ' A little.' All agreed that jhcre was no 
 good stream at all. I had made the same inquiry two months 
 before, with the same result. I found on board the stage a gentle- 
 manly pas.senger who lives right in the spot itself, who said there was 
 water there. Running water ? Yes. How much ? That he could 
 not find any terms to show. By and by, when about half-way down 
 to Benicia, it came out that there is a saw-mill on the stream ! I 
 reached San I-'rancisco that night, and took the steamer again the 
 next morning for Napa. Went to the ground as fast as I could ride 
 in the awful mud of three miles, and got back just at dark. Attended 
 a great ball that night, — /". <•., the noise of it, — went back to San 
 Francisco, wrote my report describing the place at> full length and 
 was ready for the adjourneil meeting of the Trustees last evening. 
 The climate is perfect, the scenery is beautiful; a fine, rich valley, 
 about eight miles across in all directions, surrounded by mountains 
 on .ill sides, sjjrinkled over with trees; the site imposing, the back- 
 ground magnificent, tidewater only three miles away." 
 
SKARC/I FOR A PERMANENT SITE. 21 
 
 These extracts from Dr. Bushnell's letters written at the 
 time, show how much pains was taken to find the very best 
 location for the permanent home of the College. They show, 
 also, what things were regarded as essential tea good location, 
 among which, an abundance of pure running water was 
 deemed indispensable. Members of the Board of Trustees 
 accompanied Dr. Bushnell, as they could from time time, in 
 his tours of observation, and no pains was spared to Hnd the 
 choicest possible College site. Just before Dr. Bushnell left 
 California, he made a detailed report of his observations to 
 the Trustees. It is to be found engrossed in the records of 
 t!ie Board, and covers over t\vcnt>- closely written pages. 
 Besides, in behalf of the College in which his pleasant sum- 
 mer's work had led him to become deeply interested, he ad- 
 dressed to the public the following " Appeal ": — 
 
 " Requested by the Trustees of the College of California to pre- 
 sent their cause to the public, I offer the following representation of 
 their designs and objects, and also of the steps they have taken t(j 
 prepare the founding of a University for the State. 
 
 " Arriving in California, some nine months since, as an invalid in 
 pursuit of health, I was chosen to assume the Presidency of the 
 College they have undertaken to organize and establish. My 
 answer to the appointment they have reported. 
 
 " In founding the proposed institution, it was evidently a first 
 point to select and secure a favorable site — the best site possible. 
 Regarding this out-door employment as precisely adapted to my 
 wants, and as being actually better than none at all, I entered imme- 
 diately upon it and without charge to the institution, which I am most 
 happy to have served in this manner. I have occupied my whole 
 time, down to the last of December, examining views and prospects, 
 exploring water-courses, determining their levels and guaging their 
 quantities of water, discovering quarries, finding supplies of .sand 
 and gravel, testing climates, inquiring and even prospecting to form 
 some judgment of the probabilities of railroads, obtaining terms, 
 looking after titles, and neglecting nothing necessary to jirepare the 
 question for a proper settlement. The labor, 1 believe, has been 
 faithfully done; and because it could be, has been the more enjoyed. 
 
 "The site of a University, I have not forgotten, can be chosen 
 
22 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 but once; or, that whatever disadvantages or incumbrances are once 
 assumed by the choice made must be borne forever after by it, as a 
 burden on its prosperity. Some such, I very soon learned, must be 
 borne; for no one, looking for a perfect place, will be long in discov- 
 ering that it does not exist. The only feasible and rational problem 
 is to find what sites unite the best advantages with the fewest and 
 most manageable defects. 
 
 " In this view I have reported on a site at Martinez; also another 
 in the Petaluma Valley ; on another in the Sonoma Valley ; another 
 in the valley owned by Senor Sunol, back of the Contra Costa 
 chain, and five miles distant from the Mission San Jose; another 
 at the Mission San Jose itself; another at San Pablo; still 
 another at Clinton, or Brooklyn, opf)osite the city ; and still another 
 in the Napa Valley. These places, it will be observed, all lie in a 
 circle round the bay, between the Mission San Jose and Petaluma. 
 T have examined the western side of the bay sufficiently to ascertain 
 that there is no place there which can be recommended for this 
 particular use. Some attention has been paid to the vicinity of San 
 Jose and the valley region south of it; but my explorations there 
 have not been pressed; partly from an apprehension thai, in taking a 
 position so far south, we might fall beyond the gravitating center of 
 capital and po])ulation, and partly from the consideration that there 
 are two institutions already at Santa ('lara, whose position there 
 ought not to be invaded by a third in close proximity. The two 
 great valleys, the Sacramento and the San Joaquin, have been 
 regarded as less appropriate to the condition of study, because of 
 the intense heat of their climate in summer. The upper parts of 
 the Napa, Sonoma, and Petaluma, or Santa Rosa Valleys, have been 
 omitted as being too much one side, or too much out of the line of 
 travel and public observation. Reducing, in this manner, the ground 
 to be gone o\er, I have made a very close and careful inspection of 
 the central region east and north of the bay, as above described. 
 
 "The |)rin(ipal points regarded have been these: climate, supplies 
 of heavy material for building, ease of access, proximity not too 
 close and yet surticicntly near to the centers of trade and public 
 influence, conspicuousncss of position, beauty of prospect, facility 
 in obtaining supplies of fuel, and, last but not least in importance, a 
 copious supply of pure running water, for purposes of domestic 
 convenience, of bathins^, irrigation, and ornament. An omission to 
 
 i 
 
SEARCH FOR A PRRMAXEXT SITE. '2.T 
 
 |)rovide for this, in such a country as California, would secure, I am 
 certain, to the Trustees of such an institution, the reprobation of all 
 their successors and, in fact, of the whole literary class of the ages 
 to come that may be trained up in its discipline. 
 
 " With all these points in view, the Trustees have carefully 
 examined, not by me alone but by others also of their number, all 
 the sites above named, with only one or two exceptions. The site 
 at Clinton, or Brooklyn, was, on the whole, preferred to any other, 
 as uniting the best advantages; but the endeavor to secure it was 
 obstructed by a demand so exorbitant for the small stream of water 
 which was indispensable to the feasibility of the site, that we were 
 obliged to surrender the place. In the meantime, while these 
 negotiations were pending, the site in the Napa Valley, which had 
 not before been discovered, was brought forward and conditionally 
 adopted. If the conditions are met to our satisfaction, the location 
 there will be absolutely determined. 
 
 " The spot chosen is about three miles northwest of Napa, in a 
 receding point or bosom of the hills, on the western side of the 
 valley. The background is impressive in the highest degree, and 
 the location itself is commanding. It includes an elevated plateau 
 or bench of land, on which the principal buildings may be erected, 
 and which seems, even beforehand, to be waiting for the arrival of 
 some great institution. The foreground is a rich valley, six or eight 
 miles in diameter, sprinkled with trees, and surrounded with a 
 picturesque mountain scenery. The supply of running water is 
 convenient and, according to the best testimony we have been able 
 to obtain, is ample at all seasons of the year. The formation of the 
 ground adjacent could not be more favorable for the growth of a 
 beautiful town, or village, such as must in due time, be gathered 
 around a distinguished institution of learning. 
 
 " The site has many advantages, compared with liie others pro- 
 jxjsed, and even with that at Clinton The raw winds of Clinton 
 are here avoided, and the summer heat is softened as compared 
 with the more interior and retired parts of the valley. 'I'he climate, 
 in short, apj)ears to be more nearly perfect in its e(iuilibritiin than 
 that of any other point in California. It is also a place suth( iently 
 withdrawn from the city to exclude those moral dangers that might 
 be a])prehended, at Clinton, from the too great facility of communi- 
 cation with it. At the same time, it will not be a point so far out ut 
 
24 niSTOKY or THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 the way of travel and public notice as, to most persons, it now 
 seems. It is only about half the distance from San Francisco that 
 New Haven is from New York, and only three miles from the head 
 of steamboat navigation. On the opposite side of the valley, and in 
 full view, are the Soda Springs, where the great watering-place, or 
 Saratoga of the West, is certain to be seen at some future day, lapped 
 in a fine airy bosom of thi- eastern hills; farther up the valley are the 
 Sulphur Springs, already become the place of general resort for all 
 who indulge in the luxury of summer travel; still farther on, opens 
 the Clear Lake region, which is the Switzerland of California. And 
 all who come and go, on these tours of pleasure and relaxation, will 
 be passing, in this manner, directly by the College, at a short dis- 
 tance from it, receiving the impression it cannot fail to make. 
 Meantime the contemplated railroad from Marysville to Vallejo, 
 uniting, probably, with that from Sacramento, will break into this 
 valley only a short distance below Napa, and from that point a road 
 must finally be constructed up the valley to Clear Lake, and another 
 from the same point, round through the Petaluma or Sonoma Valley, 
 to Santa Rosa and the Russian River, connecting all this produce- 
 growing region with San i*'rancisco by Vallejo, and also directly with 
 Sacramento and Marysville, which are its natural markets. 
 
 " The present impression of isolation or withdrawment, in these 
 northerly valleys ol the bay, will now give way to the impression of 
 their great activity and publicity. The proposed University might 
 excite a closer interest in the citizens of San Francisco, and so might 
 more easily gain its future endowment, if it stood in sight of the 
 city on the opposite side of the bay: though even this admits a 
 doubt. There is such a thing as losing interest or growing common, 
 from being always in sight; even as it has grown to be a proverb in 
 respect to persons, that familiarity breeds contempt. It might be 
 even better fur the institution, to be seen more occasionally, in 
 moods of leisure, to make its favorable impression, having that 
 impression |)ro|)agated by rei)ort and by terms of volunteer commen- 
 dation. It has been a pleasant confirmation of the judgment of the 
 Trustees, that their choice has been so generally approved by those 
 who have spoken of the jiroposed site, since the choice was made. 
 
 " Having decided, in this manner, their first question, the question 
 of location, the Trustees now proceed to one that is greater and 
 more difficult, viz.. the cjuestion of endowment; in which they will 
 
SKAKCJJ FO/k' a permanent site. 25 
 
 meet, as I earnestly hope, with a degree of sympathy and co-opera- 
 tion such as the very great importance of their undertaking, to the 
 name and future welfare of the State, entitles them to receive. 
 They propose to create, not an academy only, or a high school, but 
 a college; nor this only, in its most limited and historic sense, but a 
 college that will be the germ of a proper University, and will not 
 fulfill its idea till it becomes, on the western shore, what Harvard 
 and Yale are on the other, and finally a complete organization of 
 learning, such as even they are not, except in a rudimental and 
 initial way. The design of the Trustees, they are well aware, will 
 not be fulfilled for a long time to come; but they deliberately 
 measure their site and lay their plan, so as to leave room for unlimited 
 growth or expansion, believing that the spot on which they fix is to 
 become, at some future day, a renowned center of literature and 
 science — a name clothed with associations as profoundly historical 
 as Oxford, or Padua, or Salamanca, or Heidelberg. 
 
 " They are not unadvised of the immense expenditure necessary 
 to create such an institution, or the very considerable sum necessary 
 to create a beginning that can have the promise of a growth so 
 expanded. At the same time, they also understand that the true 
 way to carry a project often is, to make it difficult, and not to cheapen 
 it down below enthusiasm, where it will become feasible to the cal- 
 culations of mere selfishness or convenience. How often, too, is a 
 thing lost by making it virtually nothing in order to get it done. 
 They regard the people of California as having a more generous 
 temperament, preferring, if they do anything, to have it something 
 worthy of them and their public name. We believe, too, that after 
 such an institution as we contemplate is fairly started, and becomes 
 a cherished ornament of the State, men of wealth who wish to 
 become benefactors, will take it on them, as volunteers, to bestow 
 additional endowments; some while living, and others by their wills, 
 and that in this manner it will be fully endowed in a shorter time 
 and with greater facility than it could be in any other State of the 
 Union. 
 
 " At the same time, we are well aware that no one Christian sect 
 of the State can hope to carry a burden so heavy; and our object, 
 therefore, has been to unite all Protestant denominations in the insti- 
 tution, as being their common interest. They are all represented in 
 our Board of Trustees. We propose to elect professors in such a 
 
26 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 way as to accommodate, if possible, the feeling of benefactors. For 
 the Sunday worshi]), we propose to give sites for churches, to all the 
 Christian denominations, on a public square before the college 
 ground, allowing the students to attend on that form of worship pre- 
 ferred by their parents or guardians. There will be nothing sectarian 
 in the religion of the College, farther than is necessary to insure a 
 chapel exercise. United on the catholic basis, we shall be able to 
 concentrate, in the support of an institution, all the resources of our 
 commonwealth, instead of wasting it all in a minute sectarian dis- 
 tribution, that will give a vigorous life to nothing. 
 
 '' Nor is there any reason for concealing our arixiety, lest even so 
 we may not be able to secure the endowment necessary to a hoi)eful 
 beginning. The creation of a great University involves a much 
 heavier expenditure than is commonly supposed, and the income is 
 comparatively trifling. If I am rightly informed, Harvard College 
 has a property in lands, buildings, cabinet, apparatus, library, etc., 
 that is worth about $1,500,000. It hai] also the last spring, I believe, 
 $600,000 of active capital, and was still complaining of sore restric- 
 tions for the want of means. It is since that time reported to have 
 received a bequest of about $500,000. We are not to look for 
 any such outlay as this in California, at present; but we are to start 
 our beginnings on a scale broad enough to require it, by its'necessary 
 and natural growth. \\"c really want for this purpose $500,000. 
 We can possibly get on with $^00,000. If we are coiiij)elled to 
 begin with less, our restrictions will be a great deal more severe than 
 they ought. A considerable part of the sum proposed can be raised. 
 I am confident, in the Atlantic States, provided there is first dis- 
 played, by the people of California, some ju.st evidence of a disposi- 
 tion to do what they can. They are debtors all to California every 
 day of the year. Many of them have made princely fortunes out of 
 the trade and travel that connect the eastern with these western 
 shores. A still greater number are persons who have been raised 
 from |)ovcrty to riches by only a short stay in California, and have 
 gone bac:k there to enjoy their gains, creating thus a heavy drain 
 upon the State in the removal of that property which justly belonged 
 to the community in which it was acipjired. It is inconceivable 
 that so many men of wealth and romnierce, holding (California 
 tributary to their own advancement, and knowing the very great im 
 povcrishmcnt created here by the continual drain of earnings that go 
 
SF.ARCn FOR .1 PERMANENT STTE. 27 
 
 to their benefit and never return, should not he ready to acknowledge 
 the obhgation that rests upon them, by generous and substantial 
 endowments conferred on the institution now proposed. I think I 
 know, too, that the moneyed community of the Atlantic States very 
 commonly admit these obligations, and even customarily speak of 
 California in terms that imply a lively public interest, however much 
 they deplore the vices of trade and social disorder so often dis- 
 covered in her people. And these, in fact, should be an additional 
 argument with them, as they are with you. 
 
 " Is it, then, impossible to think of raising so great a sum as $300,- 
 000 ? If the city of New Orleans raised exactly this sum in a few 
 days, to secure hospital room and attendance for the sick in a mere 
 casual visitation of pestilence, is it impossible for the whole State of 
 California, assisted by what they may hope from the Atlantic side, to 
 do as much for the endowment of a great institution of beneficence 
 that will be propagating its blessings through all future ages of tfme ? 
 
 " I know very well the heavy pressure now felt of debt and dis- 
 couragement, the devouring rates of interest, the depressions of prices, 
 the uncertainties of titles, the cessations of profits, and the general 
 collapse of all that can be called prosperity. There could not, there- 
 fore, be a worse time, many will say, for the endowment of any such 
 institution. And yet, if all things were at the flood, how many would 
 be unable to part with their money, just because it is yielding so large 
 a profit ? We ask no one to do injustice either to himself or to his 
 creditors. But how many citizens are there now, even at your pres- 
 ent pitch of depression, who could endow a professorship without 
 feeling it. Are there not even .some who could give it the v/hole en 
 dowment asked for, and be only just as much lighter in heart as they 
 have a loftier consciousness, and are more effectually eased of their 
 cares? Let these do their full duty now, and the others who really 
 cannot do anything, come forward a litde farther on, when the stress 
 of their difficulty is cleared. These latter, too, we can accommo- 
 date in part, as regards the time of payment. Some, too, can give 
 us large tracts of land, which, as we can hold them without taxation, 
 will by and by become an important addition to our funds. Ii is 
 vain to imagine that we are going to impoverish or unreasonably dis- 
 tress California by asking for a sum, such that if only we had every 
 twentieth cigar consumed in the State, it would more than fill the 
 contribution. 
 
28 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 " It will be seen at once that we must look for an endowment in 
 large sums. It would even be fatal to our success to receive mites 
 and fractions, however sincere and real the beneficence of the givers. 
 We know already, and before solicitation, that one gentleman is pre- 
 pared to give us a professorship ($25,000), whenever he has reason- 
 able assurance that we arc to go forward and become established. 
 We hope there may be others. Or the beginning of a library may 
 be proposed: or the erection of an edifice on such a scale as to cost 
 even double the amount of a professorship. Could some rich citi- 
 zen, who can do ii without injury to himself, step forward at this 
 time of our beginning, and set his name upon the institution itself, 
 by the side of a Harvard or a Vale, by subscribing a large part of 
 the proposed endowment, giving us an opportunity, assisted by his 
 beginning and example, to carry up the subscription even to the 
 highest point we have named, he would be enriched by the sense of 
 his munificence, as no man ever was or can by the count of his 
 money. We have no delicacy in respect to the customary honors 
 conferred by Universities, when they set the names of their benefac- \ 
 
 tors on the halls, libraries, and professorships endowed by their mu- 
 nificence; or even when they drop the dry, impersonal name of their 
 charter for one that represents the public spirit, and the living heart 
 of a living man who could be more than rich, the patron of learning, 
 the benefLictor and father of the coming ages. These are monu- 
 ments,. I know, that may well provoke a degree of ambition ; not 
 even an Egyptian pyramid raised over a man's ashes could so far en- 
 noble him as to have the learning and science of long ages and 
 eternal realms of history superscribed by his name. And yet this 
 belter kind of monument is itself a power so beneficent that he 
 ought, even as a duty, to desire it, and for no false modesty decline 
 it. Such monuments are not like those of stone or brass, which 
 simply stand doing nothing; they are monuments eternally fruitful, 
 showing to men's eyes and ears what belongs to wealth, and what 
 the founders of the times gone by have set as examples of benefi- 
 cence. 
 
 "I believe it is the hope of some of your citizens, that a State 
 University is to be erected, and they will not, therefore, see any urgent 
 reason for a University to be endowed by private means. They have 
 some time heard that Congre.ss has bestowed on the State, for this 
 object, fifty thousand acres of land: hut they have not imiuired how 
 
 \ 
 
SE.IA'C// FON .1 PERM \NENT SITE. 29 
 
 far this will go, by itself, to create the necessary endowment, nor 
 considered how great an addition to the fund is likely to be sujjplied 
 from the State treasury. They have not even ascertained, it maybe, 
 that the land is not yet located, and probably will not be, till the pre- 
 emption rights have covered all the public lands that are of any value. 
 This hope of a State University is a hope that embraces the impos- 
 sible. Facts give it no complexion of favor. A remarkable fatality 
 has attended efforts to create Universities by State patronage. The 
 State of Alabama set a])art $500,000 for the uses of a University 
 which, I believe, has come to a full end already, both as respects the 
 fund and the institution. The Ohio University has fallen from a 
 state of temporary promise in the same manner. So of others. And 
 this for the manifest reason, that the State University becomes, of 
 course, a mere prize for placemen, subject to all the contests, agita- 
 tions and changes of dynasty that belong to party politics. There 
 is no place tor that quiet which is the element of study, no genuinely 
 classic atmosphere. The faculty come in at the same gate with the 
 constables and marshals. The professors that are ins, and the pro- 
 fessors that are outs, have the same things to say of each other as 
 other kinds of office-seekers, and their dignity is of the same order. 
 Meantime, the students are rushing into the cabals of party to oust 
 some obnoxious president or professor; and he, on the other hand, 
 is called to administer the discipline in peril of a retaliatory discipline 
 that takes away his bread. Elegant learning and science miss the 
 shades we sometimes speak of: there is no retirement for them here. 
 They are draggling always in the mires of uneasiness and public in- 
 trigue, sweltering always in the heat of some outdoor peril or disturb- 
 ance. It is little to say, that no University can live in such an ele- 
 ment. The sooner, therefore, you are disabused, as a people, of 
 any expectation of a University to be created by the State, the better 
 it will be for you. It can have no other effect than simply to post- 
 pone those private responsibilities which have been too long delayed 
 already. You can never have a University worthy of your place, as 
 the central and first State of the Pacific, unless you call it into being 
 by your own private munificence. 
 
 " The time for undertaking such a work in earnest appears now to 
 have come, and this, after a good deal of interchnnge of views with 
 the people of your State. I am hapi)y to believe, is their conviction. 
 They see their want in this matter with more or less distinctness, 
 
30 lllsroRY or the college of CALIFORNIA. 
 
 though no human mind can possibly conceive the full extent of its 
 import. The place of the University in society is like that of the 
 great powers of nature, which maintain their work in silence and to 
 a great extent unobserved. No one hears the pull of gravity on the 
 stars, or the secret quiver of those affinities that hold the atoms of 
 the world together. The needle settles to the pole in silence. The 
 life-powers build their bodies by a growth no eye can trace. The 
 electric rush that crystallizes matter and quickens vitality, and flashes 
 men's thoughts across the continents of the world, is never audible, 
 save when some interruption provokes thunder. So is it with the 
 great University. It falls into society at points too deep for observa- 
 tion. The noise of the world comes after it, and many will suppose 
 that the real world begins where the noise is first heard. Even what 
 we call history begins with the secondary matter of discoveries and 
 migrations, commerce and trade, battles and diplomacies, and other 
 like notorieties ; and can, by no means, find how to represent the sub- 
 tle affinities and silent constructive powers of learning that steal into 
 life before the noise of life begins. These are inappreciable, to a 
 great extent, and yet they are a kind of cjualified omnipotence. The 
 University is the womb in which society is shaped, and all the deter- 
 mining causes of its ojjcrativc and observable life are prepared by 
 the silent nurture and secretion of the matrix whence it came. 
 Here is the contact of universalities, whether in matter or mind. 
 Here principles are intellectualized, and thought embraces law; and 
 when peoples come into law, whether moral or civil, the University is 
 commonly the prior condition. The presence of the great minds of 
 the world is here felt in the languages and literature of the world ; 
 and the tastes and associations of youth are configured to them as 
 living in their noble company, apart from the more selfish and really 
 bad instigations of examples in the field of action. What we call 
 .self-education is, after all, a mere finding of one's way into the moulds 
 of the University, without being in it ; for the standards of thought, 
 the grammar of language, the measurements and regulative order of 
 true excellence, are here. And there is no one interest of society, 
 religion, medicine, law, agriculture, mining and metallurgy, mechani- 
 cal art and invention, that is not most interiorly related to the Uni- 
 versity life. 
 
 " Hence the immense importance of the Universitv to a new peo- 
 ple. They nevr Ixvome a peojile. in the proper and organic sense 
 
SEARCH /'OK . I rilRMANINT SI'l E. 31 
 
 of that term, as used by the modern world, until they begin to grav- 
 itate and settle into unity in terms of the University. Until then 
 they are incoherent and singular ; the bonds of good keeping are 
 loosened, and a considerable lapse toward barbarism is observed. 
 It was so even in New England, as any one may sec who will only 
 look into the i^ublic records of the courts and towns and churches 
 of the early times. The founders came over as a people strictly 
 homogeneous ; their leaders, in church and State, were men of the 
 highest personal accomjjlishments; they planted the University, as 
 we may say, the next day after they landed; and yet, before it could 
 attain to its legitimate power, a generation appeared who compared 
 with their fathers, were as daws to eagles. They spelled badly, wrote 
 bad English, tore themselves in barbarous neighborhood and church 
 quarrels, fell into base incontinence, and covered their names with 
 disgrace in the church records. It was only by a slow and gradual 
 process that the ground lost was recovered. Indeed, it is not fully 
 recovered, in some things, even now ; but this one thing is remarka- 
 ble, that the social improvement and culture have exactly kept pace 
 with the University culture, and have seemed to punctually wait upon 
 it in its successive stages of advancement. In all which may be dis- 
 covered the precise interest California has in the establishment of a 
 proper University. How can this new people, from so many differ- 
 ent nations of the world, exasperated by so many fierce passions and 
 preyed upon by so many vices, ever settle into order and unity under 
 righteous magistracies and terms of refined custom, without some 
 l)0wer of culture back of mere concert and contrivance, and the 
 calling hither and thither of leaders who cannot lead? No man can tell 
 a multitude in what way to make a happy, social Stale, When they have 
 no such common sentiments and virtues as are necessary to it ; and 
 when they have, the fact will come to pass without the telling. The 
 same is true of Legislation. We must go back to the silent world 
 of thought and reason, of religion, science and taste, a common 
 culture, and a regulated opinion, before we come to any power that 
 is capable of gathering towards the state of order and consolidated 
 happiness a new people. The trade of California can never make 
 the safety of trade; the gold can never make the golden riches; the 
 courts of justice can never establish and sanctify the justice. 'Ihere 
 must be a power come down out of silence, rapable of moulding 
 the people, and so the trade, the mining, the courts, and everything 
 
32 ///STORY O/-^ T//E COLLEGE OF CAL/FOKN/A. 
 
 that i^ertains to society. The doing world of California will be right, 
 when there is a right thinking world of California prepared, before 
 the doing, to shape it. 
 
 " There is also a very great importance to California in the estab- 
 lishment of a University, in the sense of stability and settlement it 
 will produce and the greater permanence it will give to her popula- 
 tion. While it invites emigration, it also fixes and retains the fami- 
 lies that arrive. How many families, and precisely those which you 
 most want to c:;tablibh society, are never brought to California, just 
 because there is no fit means of education here; and how many re- 
 turn, after a short time, for the same reason, carrying back with them 
 the fortunes they have made and, to just that extent, impoverishing 
 the country. Nor is tlie case very much belter where the sons are 
 sent back tu be educated, while the parents remain. They will like 
 thu riper forms of society in which they have been trained ; they will 
 be impressed, weaned from the State, and so will be finally lost to it. 
 And, what is worse, every such case of sending away for education 
 is a confession that California is only an outpost of the nation, 
 where some of the principal endowments of enlightened society 
 have not yet arrived. This reflects more and more depressingly the 
 longer it is continued on the public respect and confidence. For so 
 long a time, you are not quite ready to call the State your home. 
 How great a value to you, in this view, has a University. It has 
 been the common satire on Universities, that they are boats fast 
 anchored in the stream of time ; but how great a comfort would it 
 be to your eyes, as a people, to see the satire made good — to see 
 this mighty anchor of sound learning cast, and the tides of your 
 l)resent uncertainties and disorders hurrying by and leaving it un- 
 moved. There is great power, also, in symbols; and one such sym- 
 bol as this, set up in stone to meet the eyes of your people, would 
 do much to set them in the feeling that California is now established. 
 Until then yuu are a people away from home, irresponsible often, and 
 loose in your morality, because your character is left at home and is 
 only to be resumed when you return. Practices are fallen into in 
 trade that corresj)ond. Public trusts are opportunities of public 
 plunder, and public securities keep pace in quantity and quality with 
 the bad faith in which they originate. V'ou come and go, but your 
 wealth only goes. So that, between a continual loss by bad morality 
 here and another continu.il loss by drainage that never comes back, 
 yuu are kept in cumparative poverty, fast by a river of gold. 
 
SEARCH /-'OA' -■/ rr.mrjNF.NT SITE. 33 
 
 " How different your condition, when such families as look for the 
 highest advantages of education readily emigrate hither, to become 
 fixed as citizens of the State ; and when those already here can stay 
 and give to their sons and daughters as great advantages of culture 
 as they can receive anywhere at the East. Every man is now a citi- 
 zen of the State, having a property in its good name, its laws and 
 institutions, responsible for his own character, at work in his own 
 modes of industry, to acquire what is here to be retained and added 
 to the productive capital of the State. Business now is done for 
 California, and not for some other parts of the world to which she is 
 tributary. She is no longer an Ireland existing for England, and 
 kept poor by sending all her profits and rentals over to enrich the 
 owners there ; but she is an operative power in her own name and 
 right, unfolding her immense resources and gathering in her im- 
 mense stock of capital, to be in a very short time the richest com- 
 munity on the globe. Regarding the (juestion simply in this view, 
 as a question of profit and loss, the money we ask for a college, will 
 pay itself back million-folded and more, by the wealth it will add to 
 the State, (iood economy, if we say nothing of that which is higher 
 and more sacred, justifies and demands the ex[)enditure. 
 
 "I have only to add another consideration equally pressing. When 
 a new State is settled, its professional men, its clergymen, lawyers 
 physicians and editors, its orators and poets, and men of literature — 
 if it chance to have them — are men, of course, that were trained 
 elsewhere. But this cannot be true any longer than is necessary, 
 without suffering an incalculable loss. Saying nothing of the com- 
 paratively inferior fitness of men who were trained on the other side 
 of the world, how great a humility must it be to the feelings of a 
 State, to be obliged always to look on her learned class as men who 
 had to go elsewhere to get their accomplishments. They are step- 
 sons now of the State, and not her own children. Inasmuch, then 
 as the greatest wealth of any State is in its great men, those who are 
 most forward in the public departments of life, what will it sooner 
 look after than the education of its own sons } It is not in the gold, 
 nor the wheat, nor the cattle on a thousand hills, that California is 
 to find, after all, its richest wealth and its noblest honors. But it is 
 in the sons she trains up and consecrates to religion, as the anointed 
 prophets and preachers of Cod's truth, her great orators of every 
 name and field, her statesmen, her works of art and genius, the voices 
 
 3 
 
34 IlISTOK y OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFOKNL\ . 
 
 of song that jjour out their eternal music from her hills. Her pride 
 is not that wanting a Shakspeare, or a Bacon, or an Edwards, she 
 sent for him ; but that having begotten him and made him, he is 
 hers. This, I believe, will be the sentiment of California ; and I 
 confidently hope that she will give to it her solid and substantial 
 testimony, in the liberal endowment of the proposed University." 
 
 Dr. Bushnell left California in January, 1857, greatly bene- 
 fited in health. So much so, indeed, that he determined to 
 return once more to his pulpit in Hartford, and test again his 
 ability to preach. The experiment succeeded so well that we 
 in California were obliged to give up the idea of his returning 
 here to assume the duties of the Presidency of the College. 
 But the service he had already rendered was highly appreci- 
 ated, and his "Appeal," which was widely circulated, greatly 
 increased the public interest in the institution. 
 
 \ 
 
 |l 
 
 : 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 PREPARATION OF THE FIRST COLLEGE CLASS. 
 
 In the meantime, while all this outside work had been going 
 on through the year 1856, the preparatory school in Oakland 
 had been growing in numbers and scholarship, under Mr. 
 Durant, aided by an able corps of teachers. A class was now 
 formed consisting of those who proposed to fit for College, and 
 they entered vigorously upon their three years' work. 
 
 The whole number of pupils in attendance in 1857, was 
 forty. When the Academy opened in 1853, it was three ! 
 It was called the College School, because its prominent object 
 was to fit young men for the College proper. But it provided 
 instruction in the ordinary courses of English education. 
 The academic year was divided into two terms of five months 
 each, the summer term commencing op the twenty-eighth of 
 May, and closing on the third of October. At the close of 
 each term, there was a thorough examination of the pupils in 
 all their studies, by a committee appointed for that purpose 
 by the Trustees, After each examination there was a public 
 rehearsal, at which the mode of teaching and the general pro- 
 ficiency of the pupils were exhibited. It was the endeavor 
 cautiously to adapt the studies to the capacities and genius of 
 the pupils, but to consult neither ease nor pleasure merely, at 
 the expense of discipline and substantial improvement. The 
 government of the school was gentle and decided. It was 
 the purpose that the temper, heart, and the moral and religious 
 life of the pupils should be formed according to the precepts 
 and spirit of the Bible. The cost of board and tuition was 
 three hundred and sixty dollars a year. Oakland was then a 
 place of only a few hundred inhabitants. The school was 
 
m HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 away by itself in its own beautiful <^rove ; there was little to 
 disturb it, and its success was satisfactory. 
 
 In respect to the College proper, not a great deal was done 
 in 1857. The work for it was not immediately pressing- 
 The call for College instruction was three years off. And, be- 
 sides, business was exceedingly depressed. The preceding 
 year, 1856, was the year of the Vigilance Committee, and a 
 time of so great disturbance was not quickly recovered from. 
 Nevertheless, the College work was not lost sight of. Still 
 more attention was given to the selection of a site. Renewed 
 examination was given to the one at Berkeley. Its merits 
 were now compared with those of the choicest that had been 
 reported on by Dr. Bushnell. It was evident, on reflection, 
 that the Bcrkelc)' site combined the chief merits of the 
 best of the others in all respects except as to the quantity of 
 the water supply. And in respect to being accessible and yet 
 sufficiently removed from the disturbance of the city, it was 
 superior to any of them. It was found, moreover, that it 
 would be possible to obtain this ground. Those who owned 
 the titles and those who were in pos.session were favorable to 
 the idea of having the College there. Some of them were 
 an.xious for it. Therefore the water question, the only thing 
 that seemed to be in the way, was thoroughly investigated. 
 The quantity of water in Strawberry Creek, was noted through 
 the dry season. The springs in the hills were explored. E.\- 
 amination was maJc to ascertain whether there were other 
 sources of water sujjply available in the hills. It was never 
 intended to do so focjlish a thing as to locate a College, in this 
 State of long, rainless summers, on any site, without an abun- 
 dance of pure, flowing water. During the year it was satis- 
 factorily ascertained that a copious supply could be obtained, 
 back in the higher hills. When this fact was finally settled, 
 the opinion of the Trustees and friends of the College seemed 
 to gravitate towards this spot as the permanent site of the 
 C<illege. A notice of this general conclusion is found in the 
 racific, of November 26, 1857, but no formal action in the 
 matter was had by the Trustees during that fall and winter. 
 
 \ 
 
PREPARATION OF rilR FIRST COLLFGK CLASS. 37 
 
 The site, as contemplated at that time, consisted of one hun- 
 dred and forty acres. It was to include both banks of Straw- 
 berry Creek, and their fine bordering of oaks, sycamores, 
 bay-trees, and a plentiful growth of evergreen shrubbery. It 
 had to be purchased in five unequal parcels, of as many dif- 
 ferent owners. Messrs. Willey and Rankin were appointed a 
 committee to examine titles, ascertain terms of purchase, and 
 report to the Board. They presented their report at the 
 meeting of Trustees, held March i, 1858. In view of all the 
 facts, the Board then, by fc^rmal vote, which was unanimous, 
 adopted the Berkeley site as the permanent location of the 
 College of California. 
 
 At the same meeting it was resolved to proceed immedi- 
 ately to raise the sum of $10,000 with which to erect an ad- 
 ditional building, for the accommodation of the College School 
 in Oakland, and also to enlarge and refit the boarding- 
 house. Toward this sum, the following subscriptions were 
 obtained at once: E. B. Goddard, $1,000; Flint, Peabody 
 & Co., $i,coo; F. F. Low, of Marysville, $1,000; Mark Brum- 
 magim, $i,ooo; Ira P. Rankin, $400; J. Whitney, Jr., $250; 
 W. T. Coleman & Co., $200; Nathanael Gray, $200; J. H. 
 Coghill & Co., $200; R. F. Knox, $200; S. A. Hastings, 
 $100; A. B. Forbes, $roo; Geo. J. Brooks & Co., $100; A. J. 
 Easton, $100; J. B. Thoma.s, $100; Samuel J. Hensley, $100; 
 J. Belden, $100; and other subscribers, in smaller sums, 
 $1,500. 
 
 During the summer of 1858, a new building, called 
 Academy Hall, was erected and furnished for the use of the 
 school. It was a structure sixty by thirty feet, with wings, 
 ^affording a common study hall, and convenient recitation 
 rooms. This was a bus}' and prosperous year with the school. 
 The improved situation was announced in a handsome circu- 
 lar, headctl with a lithographic picture of the Academy build- 
 ings, and sent widely over the State. The anniversary of the 
 school was to be held this year in October. The increased 
 number of pupils and the new buildings encouraged the 
 Trustees to make more elaborate preparation for it than had 
 
 / 
 
38 
 
 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORXIA. 
 
 been worth while before. No literary festival like the Com- 
 mencement occasions in the Eastern States had as yet been 
 enjoyed in California. It was a new thing. The idea aroused 
 enthusiasm. It revived in many the associations of youth. 
 To have here, also, our intellectual feasts, seemed to make the 
 country more home-like. John B. Felton consented to deliver 
 the oration, and Rev. Mr. Benton, of Sacramento, the poem. 
 The notice was widely given, a platform was fitted up in the 
 Presbyterian Church, and all was made ready there for the 
 literary exercises, and the Academy grounds were supplied 
 with seats under the great trees, where a basket picnic could 
 be enjoyed, and impromptu speeches made. The boys were 
 fully in the spirit of the occasion, and made themselves well 
 ready with recitations and declamations. The expected da}' 
 came at last, a bright, clear, October day. A crowd of 
 people came over from San Francisco, and, as the tide would 
 have it, the boat did not get aground on the bar! All Oak- 
 land was out to meet them, though Oakland then could not 
 boast of many hundreds of inhabitants. The church was 
 filled to its utmost. The older College folks, as well as the 
 students, felt the spirit of the occasion, because it rekindled 
 the enthusiasm of other days. The exercises were all keenly 
 enjoyed. Mr. Felton, the orator, was at his best. His ora- 
 tion was published, and is added to the present volume, as 
 the first number of the Appendix. 
 
 After the oration, Rev. Mr. Benton delivered a poem en- 
 titled, "The Republic of Letters," closing with the following 
 stanzas: — 
 
 But, a truce to all this. Be our thanks manifold, 
 l''or the day, and the scene, and the light we behold; 
 'I'hat here on our shores, all prophetic of fates. 
 Our College hath lifted her beautiful i^ates. 
 
 An honor to founders, instructors, and patrons, 
 Oh. long may it thrive ' be the pride of our matrons! 
 To all cultured minds prove a scene of attractions. 
 Be enriched evermore by our wealth's benefactions ! 
 
PREPARATION OF THE FIRST COLLEGE CLASS. 39 
 
 And blest be this State of our hearts and our hands; 
 In her gold-spangled robes, how effulgent she stands ! 
 May her glories increase from mountain to main; 
 And aye in her palaces prosperity reign ! 
 
 May the Union endure of our federal States; 
 The power that inspires men, uplifts, re-creates; 
 And quick may some banner of pride be unfurled, 
 O'er the uprisen strength of a disenthralled world ! 
 
 Yet naught can endure, in these lands of decay, 
 That draws not its life from the regions away; 
 And for freedom and progress must peoples be debtors, 
 To such as compose the Republic of Letters. 
 
 And from those high realms, like some fire-sceptered kings, 
 Have marched they who pluck down the lightning's flame-wings, 
 And bid them, with tidings for man, swiftly flee. 
 Through the ambient air, and the green depths of sea. 
 
 Then be honored the realm, and its sons of great fame, 
 That have filled the whole earth with such joyous acclaim. 
 By an old world and new, clasped with thought-flashing fetters ! 
 Yea, live, live forever. Republic of Letters ! 
 
 From the church, which was situated near the present cor- 
 ner of Harrison and Sixth Streets, the people went, in pro- 
 cession, to the Academy grounds, several blocks away, though 
 at that time, neitiier the blocks nor the streets were marked 
 in any way, and the line of march was through a continuous 
 grove of oak trees. 
 
 After the lunch had been properly attended to, the school 
 buildings were examined, especially the Academy Hall, with 
 its new, airy school-room, and its recitation rooms adjoining. 
 All could sec that a decided step in advance had been taken. 
 From the buildings, the company returned to the grove, 
 where the seats had been provided, and indulged in informal 
 talk. Col. J. B. Crockett, of San Francisco, being first called 
 upon, led ofifin a train of thought, substantially as follows: — 
 
 " There is but one sentiment which fills our hearts and minds to- 
 day; and that is, an earnest and fervent interest in the success and 
 future usefulness of the institution whose anniversary we have met to 
 celebrate. After the chaste and beautiful oration which we have just 
 heard, I can say nothing on the great subject of education, which would 
 
40 HISTOR Y or THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 not appear tame and feeble, in comparison with the glowing eloquence 
 to which we have listened. Nevertheless, the important truth cannot 
 be too often repeated, that in California, our greatest want, our most 
 pressing need, is for institutions of learning, in which our youth can 
 receive a thorough and complete education. The future of our 
 young State stands upon a stable basis; and in my judgment, its 
 prospects are brighter now than at any previous period of its exist- 
 ence. The establishment of overland mails, the certainty of a 
 speedy telegraphic communication with the East, the planting of 
 military jiosts along the line of travel, and the opening of the ports 
 of China to our commerce, all demonstrate that we are soon to have 
 an immense accession to our population. Already we hear the din 
 of preparation from across the mountains and deserts, and very soon 
 our brethren from distant lands will be amongst us. They will 
 bring with ihem children to be educated and nursed into a vigorous 
 and useful manhood; and ours must be the pleasant duty to afford 
 them the opportunity to do it. 
 
 " During a recent visit which I made to the Atlantic States, I 
 met with a great number of valuable and substantial people, who 
 desire to emigrate to our land of gold ; but the first inquiry which 
 they made of me, was in respect to the number and character of our 
 schools ; and it is my deliberate opinion, that if we could convince 
 our distant friends that we have here institutions of learning of char- 
 acter, affording the most ample opportunity to ac(juire a liberal and 
 thorough education, we would at once attract hither a large and per- 
 manent population, composed of the most valuable elements for the 
 development of our physical wealth and the encouragement of a 
 sound moral growth. In this view, I hold the establishment of this 
 institution to be a matter of great public interest ; and every man 
 who connects his name with it, as one of its chief supporters and 
 friends, will have done something that he may be justly proud of. I 
 give you: The College of (California; may its future success and use- 
 fulness be commensurate with our hopes." 
 
 As Colonel Crockett concluded his remarks, tlircc hearty 
 cheers were given by the crowd in approval of his sentiments. 
 The Marshal, assuming all the responsibility, as men in office 
 arc wont to do, called upon Judge H. P. Coon, of San Fran- 
 ci.sco, who said: — 
 
 " Mk. I'rksiuknt: 1 am disposed to (Question the liberty you have 
 
 1 
 
PR EPA RATION OF THE F/RST COLLEGE CLASS. 41 
 
 taken with my name in publicly calling upon me for some remarks; 
 but being called upon, my inlerest in the occasion which has brought 
 us together, will not allow me to keep silence. I did not arrive until 
 the literary exercises in the church had been concluded, and have 
 not, therefore, had the opportunity to become animated by the en- 
 thusiasm which such exercises are adapted to inspire. The remarks 
 of the gentlemen who have preceded me have, however, given a 
 start to my ideas, and I propose the following as my sentiment: 
 Christian Education; the best guarantee for the permanent civilization 
 of California. The history of the world is full of proof that mere 
 material prosperity, or the development of the physical resources 
 of a country are not sufficient to insure a permanent and progressive 
 civilization; nor is a merely intellectual culture sufficient. Look at 
 the rise and downfall of the ancient Republics ; they acquired riches 
 and made great attainments in science and in art, but where are they 
 now.? It is the appropriate culture of the head and the heart of the 
 people in connection with the development of the natural resources 
 of the State, that is to give her the right moral elevation and secure 
 her permanent prosperity. 
 
 " The want of the best facilities for the education of children has 
 induced many families to remove from this to the older States. I con- 
 versed recently with a gentleman who for years felt that he ought to 
 remain in California, and exert his influence here, where good influ- 
 ence is so much needed, but who was constrained, finally, to remove 
 his family to the Atlantic States, because he could obtain better edu- 
 cational privileges for his children there. If we would retain such 
 families in California, we must furnish facilities for affording not only 
 an ordinary, but an accomplished education to their children. On 
 this account we rejoice in what we see to-day of the institution es- 
 tablished here, and of the bright promises which it offers for the 
 future. 
 
 " I remember meeting with the gentleman who is now Principal in 
 this institute in 1853, and hearing him say that he intended to found 
 a High School in Oakland, which should grow into a college, and I 
 confess ,that my remarks to him at the time were not encouraging; 
 but he went on with his work, and by his persevering toil and patient 
 endurance, he has succeeded in establishing an institution which is 
 to-day an honor to him and to all who have co-operated with him. 
 May they labor on with renewed zeal and find the blessing of Provi. 
 dence attending tiieir efibrts for the future." 
 
42 inSTOR y OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNLA. 
 
 After Judge Coon, Mr. H. B. Janes, Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction of San Francisco, was called for. He 
 spoke as follows: — 
 
 "Mr. President, Ladies, and Gentlemen: Years ago, while 
 wandering among the green hills of Vermont, had I been told that 
 to-day, on the then far-off shores of the Pacific, the preparatory class 
 of the California College would meet to celebrate the conquest of 
 the land of the hunter, the trapper, and the vaquero to knowledge 
 and to science, it would have seemed as some wild fancy of the 
 hour. 
 
 " Had it been further told me, that as citizens of a sovereign State, 
 numbering its forty thousand children enrolled at school, and employ- 
 ing its five hundred teachers, we should be participants in those 
 ceremonies, not even the indomitable energy of the American nation, 
 and its watchword, ' Westward, ho ! ' already echoed loud and clear 
 from the Rocky Mountains, could have given it the impress of truth. 
 Hut difficult as is the realization, such is the fact. 
 
 " Hundreds of thousands have been borne hither from the land of 
 schools, academies, and the ' Alma Mater,' to pitch their tents upon 
 the broad plains and rugged hills of California. They came with a 
 feeling of security, for here the flag of our Union signaled its pro- 
 tection to their persons, their property, and their household gods. 
 
 " No colony of Greece or Rome ever held the position for power 
 and influence upon the destinies of the world, that we, thus hastily 
 gathered from the North, the South, the East, and the West, from all 
 nations and peoples under heaven, now hold. Here, at home, the 
 discordant elements of a social organization are to be rearranged and 
 harmonized ; we are forming and are yet to perfect a society unlike 
 that known to the world; religions, philosophies, social and political 
 habits, and opinions as dissimilar as the varied themes of Christian 
 and pagan nations, are to be blended into one consistent whole. 
 From the Atlantic shores the vast tide still sets in upon us; its ele- 
 ments of power are to be shaped to our purposes of science, mechan- 
 ism, and agriculture. And still, far beyond us opens a new field of 
 labor; no sooner had the electric cable flashed its triumph over time 
 and space, to two worlds, than under ' the deep, deep sea,' over its 
 mountains, and through its valleys, speeds the news that China is 
 opened to the world, opened to its commerce, opened to its civil and 
 its social influence ; openeil to its ( "hristianity. To that region of 
 
PREPARATIOX OF Till-: FIRST COIJ.FGF CLASS. 43 
 
 darkness, it is in part our mission to bear messages of social order, 
 political freedom, and true religion. As the com mencement of 
 this great work, we hail all our institutions of learning. The College 
 of California will bear its part. To educate minds for such tasks is 
 no common duty. Not unlike the preparation and laying of the 
 wire whose success we so recently celebrated, is the work of the 
 teacher, preparing and coiling the thread of knowledge. Each strand 
 should be of pure metal, well tested, firmly bound; round all should 
 be a perfect coating of virtue and religion, that in a perfect insulation 
 from the dissipating influences of evil, its power may be retained; it 
 needs strength, too, or sudden billows of passion may sunder it mid- 
 ocean, and the hope of a world be lost. 
 
 " To those who so perseveringly labored in the cause of liberal 
 education here, I would unite with you in expressing heartfelt grati- 
 tude, and offer as a sentiment : The Educational Institutions of Cal- 
 ifornia ; may they prove as powerful in promoting the intellectual, as 
 her gold has in controlling the commercial, prosperity of the world.'' 
 
 Mr. I. P. Rankin was the next speaker summoned, and, 
 after protesting as well as he could, but to no purpose, lie took 
 up his march like those before him. 
 
 " Ladies and Gentlemen : I have been called upon to address 
 you, simply, I suppose, because I have the honor to be one of the 
 Trustees of the institution whose anniversary we celebrate to-day. 
 An honor I feel it to be to take any part, however humble, in pro- 
 moting the interests and prosperity of an institution so identified as 
 this is with the highest welfare of our State and of this Pacific Coast. 
 During the time I have held my present position I have been disposed 
 to do what I could to forward the objects we all have in view, and 
 have only regretted in time past, as I do now, that my ability has not 
 been equal to my wishes. We have not had the means to do what 
 we wish, but even with our limited resources, the good accomplished 
 and being accomplished by such an institution as this can hardly be 
 estimated. It does not yet afford the means of furnishing a com- 
 plete education, but it has already provided for many young men the 
 means of intellectual culture, which if not fitting them for the learned 
 professions, has furnished them a better practical education for the 
 ordinary pursuits of life than probably would otherwise have been 
 accessible to them. This is much, but we hope to do far more. We 
 have faith to look beyond our present means and position, and see in 
 
f 
 
 44 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 the future, amply qualified for its high mission of usefulness, the full 
 grown and well developed University. But to secure an end so de- 
 sirable for this young State, we need co-operation, sympathy, and 
 the means of all good men and lovers of education in the State. In 
 due time we hope the means will be furnished. 
 
 " Some one has said that the man who has no money is poor; but 
 that he who has nothing but money is poorer still. This is more 
 strikingly true of communities than of individuals. We may have 
 ships, and commerce, and merchandise ; we may have luxuriant and 
 waving harvests, and teeming mines, but with all the elements of 
 material prosperity, if we have nothing more, we are, as a State, poor 
 indeed. \Ve must have education sanctified by religion, or we are 
 entirely wanting in the elements of the highest prosperity or civiliza- 
 tion. 
 
 " I remember the substance of a remark by the venerable Josiah 
 Quincy. 'Civil liberty,' said he, ' has no security but in intelligence* 
 intelligence none but in virtue, and neither liberty, intelligence, nor 
 virtue has any firm and reliable foundation but in the power and 
 sanctity of the Christian religion.' This, ladies and gentlemen, is a 
 truth that cannot too deeply be laid to heart by the people of Cali- 
 fornia, and acting upon the belief of it, we cannot fail to become as 
 a people great and happy." 
 
 Right under the sound of Mr. Rankin's voice, was an in- 
 terested and animated hearer, Rev. Mr. Lacy. He was evi- 
 dently enjoying the intellectual repast spread before him — 
 .satisfied that the world was going on all right, and glad that 
 he was there to see and hear — when a startling and most 
 unexpected call or cry broke upon his ears. It brought him 
 to his feet, and in spite of well-laid plans, he was compelled 
 to speak. He said: - 
 
 '■ I have looked a whole measure of revenge at the man behind 
 me, who called my name. I thought myself safe. I cannot decline 
 to speak, for at such a lime as this, one cannot deny the feelings with 
 which his bosom overflows. 
 
 "Schools are the hope of our country. TJiese children are born 
 and grow up here; ihey see these skies and these mountains and 
 valleys; they have no remembrance of tln)se green lawns ami shady 
 forests, and sweet streams, that arise with enchantment in our mem- 
 
PKF.PAh'ATfON or TffE FIRST COLLEGE CLASS. 45 
 
 ory, associated with the affections of home ; this is their home, their 
 dear native land. They will form our society and our State, and 
 mould our institutions, and bear the honor and be the glory of our 
 land, in a few short years. 
 
 " I confess that I sometimes tremble when I look abroad over the 
 masses of the people, and consider the nature of republican institu- 
 tions. There is a man loaded with intoxicating liquors, utterly una- 
 ble to form any good judgment upon measures of public policy, or 
 to ' tell what he thinks concerning the commonwealth,' or to decide 
 upon the man fitted to administer upon these interests in integrity, 
 whose vote is just as decisive, of just as nmch worth, as that of any 
 one of you before me. It is alarming. The only remedy is in uni- 
 versal education. The forty thousand children of this State must be 
 educated, universally, in our common schools, and some of them 
 thoroughly, or our State will sink into absolute barbarism. Think of 
 what Cambridge and Yale have done for our country in their gifts of 
 statesmen, clergymen, teachers, who have made our country what she 
 is in the enlightened world. The same thing must be done for this 
 Pacific country. They commenced in poverty — small — struggled 
 through many years ; see what they are. Such must be our beginning 
 and our future. These vigorous youths must be educated, their in- 
 tellect developed, that they shall be known not merely in their own 
 circle and neighborhood, but rise high ; that their light may be seen 
 abroad, over the whole country, and over the world ; that they may 
 be known as stars of the first magnitude, shining for ages with original 
 and eternal light. This institution is to bring out such. I rejoice at 
 its prosperous and hopeful commencement; I look at it and feel strong 
 and confident as to the future of our State ; for these who are edu- 
 cated here will be taught the truth under the blessed influences of 
 the religion of Jesus Christ. I close with this sentiment: The Re- 
 public of Letters ; may it nestle in the Republic of the Pacific." 
 
 After Mr. Lacy, Rev. Mr, Walsworth, who had just arrived 
 from Honolulu, was politely and urgently requested to follow. 
 He had seen, by this time, such calls were inexorable and 
 merciless — they had to be complied with — and without any 
 unnecessary hesitation, remarked: — 
 
 "Mr. President: As you have called me up on the Sandwich 
 Islands, I suppose that it is that you may hear from me something 
 
46 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 about education there Two weeks ago I was in Honolulu, and it 
 was my pleasure to have made the acquaintance of the President and 
 a part of the Faculty of Oahu College, located in that city. Of all 
 things that I, as a stranger, found to interest me, among the Hawai- 
 ian people, there was nothing that had greater place in my regards 
 than this institution. And, indeed, sir, when I saw its buildings, its 
 library of two thousand volumes, its President and teachers, the 
 eighty students in attendance, the studies pursued, the attainments 
 already made, I was like the Queen of Sheba, when she saw the 
 wealth and glory of Solomon. There was no more spirit in me. 
 The persons connected with this enterprise have undertaken, in a 
 generous and manly way, to meet the educational wants of the peo- 
 ple, and they will do it. They are doing what we have attem-pted to 
 do in this institution, whose anniversary we this day celebrate. And 
 we shall succeed as well as they. I never, sir, come upon these 
 grounds but that I have new strength added to my faith, that we 
 shall fulfill the great design we have had in view. These students, this 
 new building which to-day we consecrate to science, this attendance, 
 the men who are pledged to this work and the interest which stirs in 
 all our hearts, are a proof that our College shall be to the Pacific 
 what Yale and Harvard are to the Atlantic side of our country. I 
 offer as a sentiment: Education; a light started in the East, and even 
 now kindled in the West; may it culminate with us in all its grandeur 
 and glory." 
 
 By this time the spirit was up, the enthusiasm alive and at 
 work, and many felt like speaking, felt even as though they 
 iniist speak. At once all eyes turned to Mr. Willey, and in 
 reply to earnest calls, he said : — 
 
 " I am not in the humor for making a speech, but I cannot remain 
 wholly silent on an occasion like this. I was struck this morning 
 with the force and justness, of the appeal in behalf of this institution 
 in the declamation of one of the young men, entitled, ' The Voice 
 of the School.' A thrilling voice was that ! The voice of youth, 
 thirsting for knowledge — asking for the means of acquiring educa- 
 tion, while they arc in the period of life in which alone they can ob- 
 tain it. And this brings out exactly the idea of this institution. 
 // it to meet the demand of the time, as it exists now, as it will exist in 
 the future. Nmv, a school is needed prej^aratory to a College, and 
 capable of giving instruction in all the branches of a common cdu- 
 
 I 
 
PREPAKATION OF THE I- IRST COLLEGE CLASS. 47 
 
 cation, fitting young men for the business of life. Such a school wc 
 are seeking to establish. Yonder neat and beautiful building has 
 been erected, finished, and paid for. Now, the boarding-house be- 
 yond must be enlarged and put in repair. The roof must be torn 
 off, another stor}- put on, and the whole finished and furnished. 
 
 " Yonder site for the future University so eloc^uently and truthfully 
 described in the oration to-day, is not entirely paid for, and the bal- 
 ance due must be at once raised. The improvements of this year, 
 projected and attempted by the Trustees, will not cost less than 
 $12,000, of which I believe something over $7,000 has been raised, 
 and the remainder must be forth-coming very soon. This, we be- 
 lieve, will make the school well able to meet the present want. It 
 will open the way for the able and devoted Board of Teachers en- 
 gaged, to give instruction to all who apply in the various branches 
 of education now most recjuired, and to complete the preparation of 
 the class now within one year of college standing so that they 
 may be admitted to the first Freshman Class one year from this time. 
 This work, so plain, so practical, immediately on our hands, I be- 
 lieve we ought to do, and can do. It is pleasant to know that this 
 is so. 
 
 " Now for the future. It will hasten on and make its demands 
 upon us. The College classes will be advancing, and calling for all 
 the facilities for a liberal education. The prospect of being able to 
 meet this demand may look doubtful, and the requirement formida- 
 ble. But when the time has come, and the demand is on us, I be- 
 lieve we shall be able to meet it. Let us have faith in the cause, 
 faith in each other, and faith in the people of the State. I believe 
 that no necessity will at any point arise, that with energy and perse- 
 verance, it will not be possible to meet. And this is, as I said, the 
 IDEA of our plan — to meet and provide for the necessity as it shall 
 arise. We have tried to do it, and what you see to-day bears wit- 
 ness in some measure how well we have succeeded. And we will 
 try yet more, and we appeal to the people of California to sustain 
 our effort, and give success to the cause. I conclude with this sen- 
 timent : The demand of our youth for the means of education; we 
 will supply it." 
 
 In response to a poetical sentiment from a lady, compli- 
 mentary to the orator and poet of the day, the Rev. Mr- 
 Benton spoke in substance, as follows: — 
 
I 
 
 48 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALlfORNLA. 
 
 "Ladiks and Gkntlemen: I always speak when I am called for; 
 and very often when I am not. I heartily thank the lady for her 
 graceful ( onipliment, and you for your kind appreciation. They go 
 beyond my merit; for in very truth making poetry is not my forte, 
 nor does it employ much of my time. The poetic faculty few have; 
 and fewer still, highly cultivated. We may have poetic ideas without 
 the power of poetic cxjjression ; both of which are essential to the 
 poetic faculty. 
 
 " Most of us have poetry in our natures, even if we do not pos- 
 sess full-winged poetic imaginations; and we do well to cultivate 
 what we have. It will become to us both a pleasure and a recrea- 
 tion, as some pleasure is not. ^Ve have need of poetry and its 
 charms. The world is a humdrum place without it. We meet sor- 
 rows ; we carry burdens; we go vexed with cares ; we are worn with 
 toils; we are borne down with ills; we are depressed, saddened, and 
 pained; and we need something to relieve, cheer, and inspire us; 
 something to engage and lift us; something to inspirit and glorify us ; 
 enfolding and enrapturing us; and we shall find it in our poetry. If 
 we can enter an ideal realm at will, peopled with fair creations, and 
 alive with beautiful forms, we may bid the dull world good-day, and 
 enter to roam, delight, and refresh ourselves at large. 
 
 " If this be in our power, if this become our habit, we shall not 
 pine; we shall not suffer from ennui; we shall not drag along; nor 
 shall life be to us insupportable. We shall keep our health; we shall 
 kcej) our spirits; we shall keep heart and hope; and drear and bar- 
 ren shall no tract of life seem. It is the poetic soul that drinks at 
 the fountain of perennial youth. It is the poetic heart that never 
 grows old. As there is a bright side and a poetic side to all things, 
 we may turn aside where we will to be regaled; and a touch of ro- 
 mance will not harm the oldest and soberest of us. There is a de- 
 mand for books of poetry and works of fiction. They will always 
 sell. We need them. But we cannot live on them, even the best 
 of them ; and the ])oorer .sort are execrable. They are for recreation 
 mainly; and fur naught beyond this can they avail much; but in 
 their sphere, what charms they arc ! Not to be tedious, I conclude 
 with tliis sentiment: Women; the poetic side of humanity, the won- 
 der of our childhood, the beauty of our youth, the brightness of our 
 maturity, and the glory of all our years; long may they flourish, and 
 their hearts never grow old ! " 
 
 \ 
 
PREPA RATION OF THE F/RST CO/./.EGJi C/..ISS. 4'.> 
 
 On being called upon next in order, Rev. H. Diirant re- 
 plied with much warmth and earnestness: — 
 
 " Mr. President : This call takes me by surprise. 1 had been so 
 absolutely absorbed in works anterior, and I may say interior to the 
 public exhibitions of the day, that the contingency of being sum- 
 moned before the scenes, to take part with the performers there, was 
 little to be thought of, much less to be provided for. That I should 
 be represented, in common with the other teachers, in the perform- 
 ances of the pupils, I anticipated. That in their exercises, I should, 
 in some sort, be exercised, in their exhibitions, be exhibited, and in 
 their persons, personated, I knew ; hut I had flattered myself, that 
 after these tasks of my proxies had been performed, as they have 
 been, I hope, without discredit to either of the parties, I was to 
 be discharged from further responsibility. 
 
 " But, Mr. President, I should be ashamed of myself, if, under 
 the circumstances of this moment, I could find nothing more to offer 
 than an apology for having been surprised, or an excuse for remain- 
 ing silent. I should certainly demonstrate that I was not one of 
 that class of teachers so graphically described by the eloquent orator 
 of the day, if, instead of picking up the veriest pebble from beneath 
 my feet, like the example quoted, to read from it, to enraptured list- 
 eners, a whole volume of new truth, a very bible of inspired revela- 
 tions, I have been presented with a University for a theme, and yet 
 have no heart, nor tongue to feel or to express a single sentiment! 
 
 " We shall not soon forget the orator's ideal of the true teacher, 
 ' the genial man,' the very soul itself of instruction. We accept 
 and reiterate his doctrines on this point. Whether, personally, we 
 stand or fall by them, they are true. The teacher must be a man of 
 sympathy, communicable, a 'genial man;' one, that is, who imparts 
 himself io his pupils along with his lessons, and wins from them re- 
 sponses of the heart, as well as of the lips. He teaches by infusion. 
 He imitates nature. The dews of heaven do not distill upon the 
 plant, nor the breezes fan it, nor the rays of the sun fall on it, to 
 show it how to grow; they enter into it; are assimilated to it; grow 
 together with it, and so become a part of its very existence. Such 
 are the relations of the teacher and his pupils. A correspondence 
 of thought and feeling is established between them, like the elective 
 affinities among the elements of matter, or the polar attractions, in 
 electricity and magnetism, by means of which, while they arc distinct 
 4 
 
50 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 and original in themselves, a new result is produced, greater and 
 better than either alone, combining and reflecting the powers and 
 characters of both. 
 
 "The sculptor works at his block, that he may realize in the forms 
 which he produces, the conceptions of his mind, and the sentiments 
 of his heart. He is content with his work only when it becomes a 
 transcript of himself. We have read of one who had so wrought his 
 soul into his marble, that with his last touch, he expired. But the 
 statue which he left instinct with his own life, re-animated him, in its 
 turn, and made him immortal. 
 
 " As the single teacher is to the individual pupil, or to the transient 
 class, the University is to the masses of mankind, through all gen- 
 erations. May our Alma Mater, and her teachers of every age, live 
 not only in the memory of her pupils, but in their lives and characters. 
 We ask for them no other |)raise, no other monument. I would 
 conclude, sir, by offering the following sentiment : The teacher and 
 his pupils, the University and the masses of the people ; all members 
 of the same family, parts of the same system, like the sun and the 
 planets, shining in each other's light, revolving in each other's attrac- 
 tions." 
 
 The followint^ address prepared especially for the occasion, 
 was delivered by Mr. Albert F. Lyle, one of the students 
 and is worthy of being remembered with the occasion: — 
 
 "Mk. President, Trustees, Patrons and Benefactors of 
 TiiK Coi.i.Kc.E of California, Ladies, and Gentlemen : We 
 Iru.sl it will not be deemed presumptuous in us^ the members of this 
 school, in behalf of whom 1 address you, that we should attempt to 
 express on this occasion our sense of obligation to you, for the part 
 you have taken in i)rocuring for us the advantages of this institution. 
 We are not content that you should be left to presume that we are 
 }^rate/ul: nor to infer our feelings, from such efforts to do our />est as 
 may have appeared to you in the examination that has past, or in the 
 exercises that are now transpiring. Besides the pantomime of our 
 regular performances, wc wish to express ourselves to you in articu- 
 late s|)ccch, and say in so many words: ' U'e fee/ j^rate////.' 
 
 " We have reason to feel so. We arc young students. Allow us 
 to say what we might not under other circumstances say, or to other 
 hearers, that we have of late, many of us, become most deeply inter- 
 ested in our studies ; that we have just been looking into some of the 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
PA'Er.lh'.lT/OX OF THE FfRST COLLEGE CLASS. 51 
 
 departments of knowledge, through the doors which others, going 
 before us, have left ajar; that through some we have taken a few steps ; 
 and that we are amazed, while we are delighted with the wonders 
 which show themselves on every side. But we are told, what excites 
 our admiration the more, that these wondrous sights are but the 
 s/iorv-picturcs of truths, and systems of truths, of relations, and de- 
 pendencies, processes and results which lie beyond, that these are for 
 the initiated, and the initiated alone. We ask to be initiated, to go 
 behind the scenes. We cannot be content, now, with looking at the 
 show-pictures, and nothing more; our interest in them now, arises 
 from their significance ; they are no XongQx pmuers to us, but exponents; 
 no longer pursuits, but indices by the way-side, to guide, and to ac- 
 celerate our progress. We seem to have come into a great and 
 beautiful city. Its stately dwellings, its massive temples; its spacious 
 courts, its long arcades and corridors, are wonderful ; but their charm 
 for us now is, that they are the shadows of another city that lives 
 within them; a city of intelligence and affections; a city oi the soul. 
 We cannot be willing, therefore, to remain in the streets, nor to have 
 entered some doorways and vestibules, and ante-chambers, where we 
 have caught glimpses, and broken cadences of a harmony and of a 
 beauty, which we cannot understand. We must go bnuard still. If 
 ' admiration ' and ' wonder,' as Plato is said to affirm, are the ' begin- 
 ning of philosophy,' they are not its ends. We cannot stop where 
 we are ; to have discovered mysteries is not sufficient. We must 
 enter into them, and though they involve us in others, still we are 
 impelled to persevere. We realize the story of the fabled Psyche, 
 who was doomed to a task which she could neither choose to aban- 
 don, nor find the means to perform. From a fountain drippinti at the 
 giddy top of a mountain precipice, she must fill a phial and bring 
 it back to men, and as she shall fail or succeed, lose or win the prize 
 of immortal life. Ready to despair, not finding any foothold on the 
 steep face of the rock, she hears gentle voices of love and encour- 
 agement. She searches here and there; at length a blind passage is 
 seen to open through a crevice. She enters; a winding stair-case 
 occurs ; this mounted, a landing is attained which shows a light. 
 
 " Thus far we seem to have come with Psyche, in our own expe- 
 riences. Shall we follow still ? The ray before us is growing feeble 
 while we delay. We feel a fire within us, but it gives no light. The 
 voices of encouragement and love which we followed at first, were 
 
52 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 the echoes of the rising school and of 'the coming College.' The 
 blind way, and the staircase in the crevice, were the old school-rooms 
 which we have left; the new 'Hall of the Academy' is the landing- 
 place with the light. Hut our task cannot be finished here. Psyche 
 pursues the light; it grows brighter as she advances; it opens at 
 length to her view the last stages, perhajts not the easiest of the way. 
 She reaches the summit; she comes to the fountain; she fills the 
 phial; she can now return and give the rare treasure to the world. 
 Her task is done. She has won the prize of immortality. Psyche 
 we are told, is a human soul. 
 
 " Mr. President, Trustees, Patrons and benefactors of the College 
 of California : The light before us you have kindled. The heat 
 uilhin us, that has given us no light, is our thirst for an education; 
 a liberal education, while yet the means of gaining it were not at 
 hand. The prospect of these means, as we have said, is in the light 
 of your munificence. For this we return you our thanks. We shall 
 watch the light, and wait on it still. We shall make our way by it, 
 as it grows broader and lighter, till it merges, where it must erelong, 
 in a full-orbed University. It is in the hope of this that we may re- 
 joice. It is this that we want. It is for this that we plead; nothing 
 else will avail to lift us to the summit of our task, where the waters 
 gush that we are to give to the world, and where we are to view for 
 ourselves the prize of life." 
 
 The occasion was one of such new interest that the lapse 
 of time was not noticetl till the shrill boat-whistles warned 
 the San Franciscans that it was time to be aboard for the 
 return homeward. But the day was a marked one in the his- 
 tory of the institution, and tijave the whole enterprise an 
 impetus which was manifest for a lontj time afterwards. The 
 special committee, consistin^j of David McClure and K. S. 
 Lacy, ap|)ointcd to examine the school at the close of the 
 precetliiifj term, closed their report, dated October 7, 1858, as 
 follows: "We are able to sa\', with confidence, that the favor- 
 able impression produced upon the minds of all present at 
 the recent anniversar\', is the natural result of tlic healthful 
 di.sciplinc and thorou^di instruction of the institution. The 
 course of study and the mode of presenting truth and elicit- 
 \x\\^ thought, meet our entire approbation. The liberal pro- 
 
/'/C/-:P.-iA'.l770JV OF THE FIRST COLLEGE CLASS. :..■} 
 
 vision which you have made for the education of the j'outh 
 of our State, as seen in the beautiful, commodious buildings, 
 and extensive grounds of the school, together with the learned 
 and beloved Principal, and the efficient teachers associated 
 with him, indicate a wise policy, and give us a token of the 
 blessings which are to flow through this channel to our State, 
 and to the world." 
 
 UNIVEKSITY 
 
C H A P r E R V. 
 
 APPOINTMENT OF COIJ.EC.E PROFESSORS. 
 
 The following fall term opened prosperously in November. 
 The number in attendance went up to sixty or seventy. The 
 classes preparing for college made good progress. The 
 senior class in this department was now so far advanced that 
 within a little more than a )ear it would be ready to enter 
 upon college studies. This would call for, at least, the be- 
 ginning of a college organization, anil the a()pointmcnt of 
 two professors to the Faculty of Instruction. This enlarged 
 work received the earnest attention of the Irustees and 
 patrons of the institution. 
 
 Meantime, another school year passed away, everything 
 going sinoothly and |)ro .perously. The anniversary was 
 this year, 1859, held in June. The following notice of this 
 occasion appeared in the editorial columns of the Pacific, of 
 June 23: — 
 
 "The annual examination of tlu> Preparatory Department of this 
 institution took place on .Monday and Tuesday of the present week. 
 We have always been deli^'hted with the exercises of this anniversary, 
 but were never more so than on the present occasion. The students 
 seem to have made a progress in their studies beyond that ot any 
 former year ; a progress that plainly indicates thorough drilling and 
 hard study. We were pleased with the resi)ectfiil deijortment, gentle- 
 manly l)caring, and manly self-respect of the j.upils, but we were 
 specially gratified with the accuracy, thought, and promptness which 
 characterized all their exercises. These e.xcellcncies demonstrated 
 that they were taught to know with certainty what they knew, to 
 know why they knew it, and to state it with case and precision, 
 which, together, constitute the sole end that ought to be aimed at 
 in every .system of lihenil education. 
 
APPOINTMENT OF COLLEGE PROFESSORS. :^V^ 
 
 " While nearly all the classes in the examination receive our un- 
 (.lualified approbation, we feel that several of them deserve our 
 special praise, among which may be mentioned the classes in En- 
 glish Cirammar, Cicero, Virgil, Xenophon, the Greek Reader, Green- 
 leaf's Arithmetic and Geometry. ,Many of the specimens of draw- 
 ing exhibited also were of a high order of excellence. The method 
 of teaching English Grammar, adopted in this institution, which 
 may be called the common-sense method, or, perhaps more correctly, 
 the science of the English language, is unsurpassed, we think, by 
 any method we have ever known. It is simple, natural, and plain, 
 yet goes down into the very elements of the language, and lays its 
 whole structure and philosophy naked before the mind. We sin- 
 cerely wish it might be embodied in book form, and become the 
 standard of instruction in all the schools of our State. 
 
 " On the whole we were never more impressed with the impor- 
 tance of this school, or felt more deeply its claims on the public. 
 None who are interested in the welfare of our people, or who would 
 make our golden hills and fertile valleys attractive to families as a 
 permanent home, it seems to us, can forget this infant institution 
 now struggling into existence among us. It should be dear to every 
 heart. It should occupy the first [)lace in the public care. It should 
 be cherished as the most important of those means which are to 
 give our young State character, dignity, and influence among her 
 sister States. 
 
 " The public or Commencement exercises were held in the Pres- 
 byterian Church, and consisted wholly of declamations by students, 
 appointed by a vote of the school. We cannot do justice to the 
 performances by merely mentioning a few of the principal speakers, 
 and we therefore give as full an account as our columns will admit, 
 and by giving a word to each we hope to present something like an 
 accurate idea of that high order of elocution, which already dis- 
 tinguishes this institution as foremost in this desirable part of the 
 education of our youth. 
 
 " The exercises were opened with prayer by Rev. A. \Villiams. 
 I'he salutatory was a poem delivered by Frederick W. Clarke, com- 
 posed by his mother for the occasion. The lad did credit to him- 
 self as a speaker, as well as justice to the poem. His enunciation 
 was easy, distinct, and his delivery animated, catching, sometimes, 
 the inspiration of the mother."' 
 
56 niSTORV OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 The exercises consisted entirely of declamations and ad- 
 dresses by the students. Among them, as their names ap- 
 pear in the Pacific, were Edward J. Carpenter, James A. 
 Dye, George E. Howard, Elijah Janes. Fr.ink Howard, John 
 R. Glasscock, G. F. Williams, Dyer A. Carpenter, Chas. V. 
 Howard, C. A. Lowe, Jose M. \"banez, Charles A. Garter, 
 and Albert F. Lylc. 
 
 The consultations and correspondence that had been going 
 on for a long time, as to who should be professors in the Col- 
 lege, prepared the way for the meeting of Trustees, held 
 August 13, 1859, to make the choice. That Rev. Henry ; 
 
 Durant should be the first to be a[)pointed was simply a j 
 
 matter of course. Who should be the next man was a | 
 
 question. It was determined to have the very highest quali- 
 fications, and we did not want to deprive any one of our few 
 young churches of its minister. Hut there seemed to be no i 
 
 wa}- to avoid it. And so the Rev. Martin Kellogg, then 
 pastor of the Congregational Church in Grass V^allcy, was 
 elected. Mr. Kellogg, in connection with his letter of accept- » 
 
 ance, said, in a note dated Grass Valley, September 8, 1859: * 
 
 "The urgency of the appeal has been too great for resistance. \ 
 
 Yet this cliurch feels itself hardly u.scd. It wants me to stay \ 
 
 till January. Let me off til! then if you can possibl}-. We 
 shall expect )'ou to represent our case striMigl)- to the Home 
 Missionary Society, in order that a man may be sure to 
 come." 
 
 The action of the Trustees in organizing a College F'aculty 
 I))- the election of these professors was announced and com- 
 mented on in the Pacific oi .September 15, 1859, as follows: — 
 
 "The College was chartered in 1855, and to this lime the opera- 
 tions of the institution have been limited to the establishment of a 
 preparatory school, and bringing forward classes to a college stand- 
 ing. The first college (lass will he organized ne.xl June, and we do 
 not hesitate to say that probably no class in any school in the Union 
 will be better fitteil iluin this for the commencement of a college 
 course. To meet the wants of tliis class, the Trustees have elected, 
 as part of the Faculty of the College, the Rev. Henry Durant, the 
 
 > 
 
APPOINTMENT OF COLLEGE PROFEHSOKS. 57 
 
 present Princi])al of the school, and Rev. Martin Kellogg, the acting 
 pastor of the Congregational Church in Grass Valley. The chairs 
 to be filled by these newly-elected Professors, are those of Languages 
 and Mathematics. 
 
 " The choice of the Trustees will be heartily and warmly ap- 
 proved by all who are acquainted with Mr. Durant and his colleague. 
 It is needless for us to speak of them as thorough, critical, and 
 accomplished scholars, and eminently qualified to discharge the 
 duties of the positions they have been elected to fill. It will be 
 equally gratifying to the friends of the College to learn that both 
 have accepted, and will soon enter upon their duties. Other officers 
 will be elected as they are wanted. The Presidency may be filled at 
 any time when, in the opinion of the Board, it is deemed best. The 
 necessities of the College do not yet imperatively demand such an 
 officer, and probably will not till three or four classes have been 
 admitted, or the first class has advanced to a Junior or Senior stand- 
 ing." 
 
 About this time there sprang up a breeze of opposition to 
 the College, based upon the charge that, while professing not 
 to be sectarian, it was so in fact. It came from only one 
 quarter, and represented the opinion of hardly more than one 
 individual. Although the whole history of the institution, 
 from its first inception, was the most complete and perfect 
 refutation of this charge, it was thought by the Trustees 
 best to meet it by publishing the principles by which the 
 friends of the College had been guided, and according to 
 which everybody, at all informed in their course, knew that 
 they had acted. These principles were carefully formulated, 
 and then widely published, as follows, under the title of 
 
 ORGANIC BASIS. 
 
 " The College of California is an institution designed by its found- 
 ers to furnish the means of a thorough and comprehensive educa- 
 tion, under the pervading influence and spirit of the Christian 
 religion. 
 
 "The bonds which unite its friends and patrons are a catholic 
 Christianity; a common interest in securing the highest educational 
 privileges for youth; the common sympathy of educated and scien- 
 tific men. and a common interest in the promotion of the highest 
 
58 ///STORY OF THE CO/J^EGE OF CALIFORN/A. 
 
 welfare of the State, as fostered and secured by the diffusion of 
 sound and liberal learning. 
 
 " In accordance with these considerations, and in order that the 
 institution may never come under the control of Church or State, 
 or any branch of the one or denomination of the other, they adopt 
 the following Organic Rules, and to the observance thereof they 
 j)ublicly commit themselves, and so far as is in their power, they 
 commit their successors to the end of time." 
 
 Rule I. Such Trustees shall be elected, from time to time, as 
 shall fairly and equally represent the patrons and contributors to 
 the funds of the institution, provided — 
 
 1. A majority of them shall always be members of evangelical 
 Christian churches; and, 
 
 2. Not more than one-fourth of the actual members be of the same 
 Christian denomination. 
 
 Kui.K II. In the election of professors, preference shall always be 
 given to men of Christian character, and the President and a majority 
 of the Faculty shall be members of evangelical Christian churches. 
 
 Rule III. I'ounders of professorships shall have the privilege of 
 naming them, and defining the branches of learning to which they 
 shall belong, and prescribing the religious belief of the incumbents, 
 subject always to the acceptance of the Board of Trustees. 
 
 The Rev. iicnry Diirant having been elected to the first 
 profes.sorship in the College, it became necessary to obtain 
 some competent person to fill the position which he had 
 occupied from the beginning of I'rincipal of the College 
 School. The Trustees were fortunate in securing for that 
 important work the Rev. Isaac H. Brayton, who became 
 Principal of the institution before the close of the year 1859. 
 He antl Mr.s. Brayton took charge of the boarding-house, 
 now refitted and enlarged. They said in their prospectus that 
 "the disciplinr and instruction of the home here provided for 
 pupils, arc deemed an essential and important i^art of the 
 plan of educaticjn pursueil. Mvcry anangcmcnt has studied 
 reference to the physical, mental, anil moral well-being of the 
 student. No pains will be spared to make duty, regularity, 
 and obedience tiot onlj- a necessity, but a pleasure, and to 
 insure that attractiveness of intelligent, r fined <nri;d life, 
 
APPOINTMENT OF COLLEGE PROFESSORS. 59 
 
 which most belongs of riy;ht to the homes of scholars and 
 Christians, and ought always to form the atmosphere around 
 the young, who are fast growing up into fixednessof .character." 
 Students were charged $7.50 per week. It was further stated 
 "that the great aim of the Principal and his associates would 
 be to imbue the students with correct principles and tastes, 
 and form them to right habits of thought, study, speech, and 
 conduct. They are themselves all educated men, some of 
 whom have had considerable experience in teaching in East- 
 ern academies and colleges; they are devoted assiduously, 
 and it is trusted with high purpose, to their work, and they 
 expect to be sustained in their views and plans of instruction 
 and government by the parents and guardians of the young 
 men committed to their care." 
 
 It was further announced under this date, December 15, 
 1859, that the first college class would be formed in the fol- 
 lowing June, which was the close of the school year. In 
 anticipation of the entrance of this class, the Trustees formu- 
 lated and adopted, for the government of the institution, the 
 following 
 
 LA WS OF THE COLLEGE. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 G-OVERN MENT. 
 
 Section i. The government of the students and the internal 
 management of the College, shall devolve on the President, Vice- 
 President, Professors, and Instructors, who shall be called the Faculty 
 of the College. • 
 
 Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the Faculty to enforce all the rules 
 respecting attendance on the exercises of the College, and concern- 
 ing the manners, deportment, and moral conduct of the students. 
 
 Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the President to call and preside at 
 meetings of the Faculty, to provide for daily devotional exercises, to 
 communicate the orders of the Board of Trustees or of the Faculty 
 to the students, to conduct the correspondence of the Faculty, and 
 to exercise a general supervision in all matters of appointment and 
 discipline. 
 
 Sec 4. Whenever the ofifice of President is vacant, or in case of 
 
60 niSTORY OF THE COLLECI: OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 the absence of the President, the Vice-President, and after him the 
 senior professor present, shall have all the powers of the President 
 in the government of the College. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 ADMISSION TO COLLEGE, AND DISTINCTION OF CLASSES. 
 
 Section i. No person shall be admitted into the Freshman class 
 under the age of fourteen years, nor to an advanced standing with- 
 out a corresponding increase of age. 
 
 Sec. 2. Candidates for admission to College shall be examined by 
 the President, or under his direction by other instructors. 
 
 Sec. 3. No one shall be admitted without sustaining a satisfactory 
 examination in the following studies, or their equivalents: — 
 
 Latin Grammar; Latin Reader; Caesar's Commentaries, first five 
 books; Cicero's Select Orations; Virgil's Bucolics, and the first six 
 books of the ^'Eneid; Latin Prosody and Composition; Greek 
 Grammar; Greek Exercises; Xenophon's Anabasis, first five books; 
 (Jreek Testament, the two Gospels, Luke and John; the Greek 
 Accents; English Grammar; Elements of Rhetoric; Geography; 
 Higher Arithmetic ; Algebra to Quadratic Equations ; and the Rudi- 
 ments of French and Si)anish. 
 
 Nor shall any candidate be admitted to an advanced standing 
 without a corresponding preparation. 
 
 Sec. 4. No .student shall be permitted to attend on the College 
 exercises until he shall have i)aid his tuition fee for the term in 
 advance. 
 
 Sec. 5. Every candidate for admission shall be reciuired to pro- 
 duce satisfactory evidence of good moral character. 
 
 Sec. 6. The undergraduate students shall be divided into four dis- 
 tinct classes. The first year they shall be called Freshmen ; the 
 second, Sophomores ; the third, Juniors; and the fourth. Seniors. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 TERMS, VACATIONS, AND ABSENCES. 
 
 Section i. 'inhere shall be two terms in the College year, each 
 continuing twenty weeks, the second term closing with the public 
 Commencement. The winter vacation shall be of four weeks, and 
 the summer vacation of eight, or, as the case may be, of nine weeks- 
 
 \ 
 
.Wn^/N'rAfKyT OF COLLECr. rKOFESSOh-S. (;i 
 
 Sec. 2. No student shall absent himself in term-time without 
 special leave. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 COURSE OF INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Section r. It shall be the duty of the Faculty thoroughly to 
 instruct the students in the various branches of learning appointed 
 in the course, as published in the yearly catalogues. 
 
 Sec. 2. If any student shall be deficient in the studies of the 
 course, he may be removed at the discretion of the Faculty. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 attendance on religious worship. 
 
 Section i. All the students shall be required to attend divine 
 worship on the Sabbath, with some religious congregation. 
 
 Sec. 2. The students shall be required to attend morning prayers, 
 under the direction of the President of the College. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 deportment of the students. 
 
 Section i. Every student is expected to conduct himself as 
 becomes a gentleman; and is i)articularly required to avoid intem- 
 perance, profaneness, gaming, and all indecent, disorderly behavior, 
 and disrespectful conduct to the Faculty, and all combinations to 
 resist their authority. 
 
 Sec. 2. Any student guilty of lawless or improper conduct, may 
 be admonished, conditioned, or dismissed, at the discretion of the 
 Faculty; but any student so dismissed shall have the privilege of 
 appealing, in a proper manner and within four weeks, to the Board of 
 Trustees. 
 
 Sec. 3. During the hours of study, the students shall abstain from 
 noisy and boisterous conduct. 
 
 Sec. 4. The students shall report, at the discretion of the Faculty, 
 the places at which they board and lodge; and the Faculty shall have 
 power to prohibit any student from boarding or lodging at any 
 objectionable place. 
 
 Sec. 5. Extravagant habits or outlays, on the i)art of any student, 
 are prohibited, and shall be checked by the Faculty. 
 
62 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 THE COLLEGE LIBRARY. 
 
 Section i. The Faculty shall appoint one of their number 
 Librarian, and one of the students Assistant Librarian; whose duty 
 it shall be to take proper care of the library, to make an accurate 
 catalogue of its contents, and to keep an account of all books drawn 
 out by the students. 
 
 Sec. 2. The students shall enjoy the privileges of the library, 
 under such regulations as the Faculty may prescribe. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 REPORTS AND RECORDS. 
 
 Section i. The President shall lay before the Board of Trustees, 
 at least once a year, a report of the method of instruction, the 
 literary improvement, the state of discipline, the condition of the 
 College premises and property, and all matters of general interest 
 pertaining to the institution. 
 
 Sec. 2. The Faculty shall appoint from their number a Secretary, 
 whose duty it shall be to keep a record of Faculty meetings; also, a 
 record of the names of candidates admitted, the names of their 
 parents or guardians, their places of nativity and of present residence, 
 age, and school at which, or teacher by whom, fitted for College; 
 also, a record of the average standing of each student for every 
 term, and of the marks at the general examinations; also, a record 
 of premiums and appointments, and of such other items as the 
 Faculty may direct. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 commencement, and ACADEMICAL DEGREES. 
 
 Section i. The Commencement shall be on the first Wednesday 
 of June in each year. Such students shall take part in the public 
 exerci.ses as the Faculty may appoint. 
 
 Skc. 2. No student shall receive the degree of Bachelor of Arts, 
 without passing a satisfactory examination before the Board of 
 Trustees, in the studies of the full course. 
 
 Sec. 3. Candidates for the first degree must be personally present, 
 unless excused by the I""aculty; and no candidate shall receive a 
 degree unless he has i)aid all his dues to the College, and sustains a 
 good moral character. 
 
APro/.V/'AfEN/' ('/•' COLLEGE PRO LESSORS. (J.S 
 
 Sec 4. The degree of Master of Arts may be given at Com- 
 mencement to graduates of three years' standing, on condition of the 
 payment of the usual fee. 
 
 Sec. 5. Candidates for the second degree must have preserved a 
 good moral character, and must signify beforehand to the President 
 their desire for the degree. 
 
 Sec. 6. All academical degrees, regular and honorary, shall be 
 conferred by the President, by vote of the Board of Trustees. 
 
 SPECIAL RUI-ES. 
 
 1. Class Officers. — Each College officer who has the charge of a 
 class, shall keep a record of absences for that class, and receive their 
 excuses. 
 
 If practicable, excuses must be sought beforehand; otherwise they 
 are to be rendered at the earliest opportunity. 
 
 In the absence of the class officer, excuses may be presented to 
 some other member of the Faculty. 
 
 2. Divine Service. — The students are recpiired to attend divine 
 service each Sabbath morning, and to report their attendance to the 
 class officer, in such manner as he may appoint. 
 
 3. Absence from Town. — .\ny student wishing to be out of 
 town over night, is required to obtain permission from the class offi- 
 cer. 
 
 Exceptions may be granted when a written request for such 
 exception is made by the parent or guardian, living in Oakland, with 
 whom the student is making his home. 
 
 4. Absence in Term-time. — Every student must satisfactorily 
 account for failure to be present during any portion of the term. 
 Regular and full attendance will be insisted f>n, as essential to the 
 student's progress and good standing. 
 
 5. Omitted (Ground. — On returning from an absence of a whole 
 term, or a part of a term, a student will be expected to pass an 
 examination on the ground gone over during his absence. This 
 examination may be delayed only by special arrangement with the 
 Faculty. 
 
 6. Course of Discipline. — For repeated absences or irregular- 
 ities a student may be admonished a first and a second time and 
 then removed from College. 
 
64 HISTORY OF Tllh COL /./A,!: Ol- CALIFORNIA. 
 
 The Nevada Journal o{ December 2, 1859, contained the 
 following reference to the published "Organic Basis " of the 
 College, and its laws and rules: — 
 
 " The College of California, by the wisdom of those who 
 have it in charge, has been placed upon the most liberal and 
 enlightened basis. Instead of building up an institution for 
 the especial control and credit of one denomination of Chris- 
 tians, the gentlemen who are most zealous in the good work 
 are imbued with wise and liberal views of the proper objects 
 of a college, and have resolved to place the College of Cali- 
 fornia on no sectarian basis. All are made equal co-laborers, 
 if they will, in the best of works. The enterprise is thus one 
 in which every Californian may unreservedly take an interest. 
 It is an enterprise appealing to the patriotism and pride of 
 every one of us, if the higher motives which actuate the Chris- 
 tian and man of science are not ours. To be one of the 
 pioneers in building up the Harvard or Yale of the I'acific 
 Coast is an honor of which anyone may be proud, and which, 
 we trust, the fortune-favored will strive to gain. 
 
 " There are some whose minds roll along in the deep ruts of 
 the old road of sectarianism, who cannot get out upon the 
 more broad and smooth highway of modern liberalism. 
 They are at a loss to comprehend how a professor of Chris- 
 tianity can engage in any work designed for the public good 
 unless he can see an opportunity to aggrandize his own 
 denomination alone by his action. Thus we see a persistency 
 on the part of some liivines in pronouncing the College of 
 California the pet of a church — because, forsooth, men of 
 another sect, but of more liberalized ideas, are engaged in its 
 behalf Those men would have each denomination of Chris- 
 tians establish a college of its own — or rather the shadow of 
 one, which, for want of support, would exist only in name, and 
 be impotent for good for want of endowment. The popula- 
 tion of California is as yet too small for more than one col- 
 lege deserving the name. Let all men of whatever shade of 
 belief unite iheir means and efforts to .secure the establish- 
 ment of one and they will have done a deserving act. We 
 
ArrorvT.^rExr of college professors. 65 
 
 know of no better nucleus for that one at the present time 
 than the College of California presents, and therefore that 
 has our sympathies." 
 
 About the same time a business man at the East, unknown 
 to the Trustees, wrote as follows in the New York Independent^ 
 concerning the College: "The business of this new State of 
 California, as it may, more or less, affect six hundred million 
 souls across the Pacific, should be guided by holy hands, that 
 the lights of Christianity may glow in the wake of trade. 
 The Chinese lose their night only by the sun which rolls up 
 from the An";erican shore of the Pacific. The shaping of this 
 whole thing will be by that school in California which shall 
 best furnish the pulpit, the bar, the medical and teachers' 
 profession, the merchants, the mechanics, and husbandmen of 
 the State. This was long ago understood by a few men there, 
 whom God stirred up to good works and an unselfish life, 
 amid a wicked and adulterous generation, who for ten years 
 have been making haste to get rich. 
 
 " The College of California, at Oakland, eight miles from 
 San Francisco, was chartered in 1855. Commenced by Con- 
 gregationalists and N. S. Presbyterians, the plan is broad, un- 
 sectarian, and the invitation is thrown out for all Christians 
 to unite and share equally the struggle and the success. The 
 design is to lay the foundation for a first-class College, which 
 in time may rank with Harvard, Yale, or nobler Universities. 
 The modest beginning is now of about seventy pupils in the 
 preparatory school. These are furnished with good accommo- 
 dations. The first college class will be formed next June. 
 Two professors — of language and mathematics — are elected. 
 The buildings of the proper College are about commencing. 
 A definite amount of money is now needed to aid the build- 
 ing and endow its chairs. An indefinite amount of money is 
 needed to carry out the nobility of the plan. Sectarian schools 
 oppose the whole movement, but the wisest and best men of 
 the State gather round this corner-stone. 
 
 "When the agent of this College comes East to solicit 
 funds, we hope he will meet a right response. Nay, we would 
 5 
 
66 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNLi. 
 
 not wait his comiiij^, but forward gifts to cheer the cause, that 
 it may specdi!}- gain way to the immense good we pray for 
 on that coast. We take it, that a dollar invested there to-day, 
 will bring better usury, when our Lord's kingdom has fully 
 come, than one hundred cents laid out in any other place. At 
 the present period of the church, we deem this the most impor- 
 tant charity on the Christian list. We hope many i)astors 
 will place it on their books, to tease their people occasionally 
 on behalf of the College of California." 
 
 Although the understanding had come to be general that 
 the Berkeley site had been fixed upon as the final location of 
 the College, no action had as yet been taken setting it apart 
 for that purpose in a public and formal way. For the pur- 
 pose of having this action a meeting t)f the Board of Trust- 
 ees was called, to l)e held on the Berkeley grounds, April 
 1 6, i860. On that clear and beautiful spring day we met in 
 Oakland. Procuring carriages at Shattuck & Hillegass' 
 Livery Stable we drove out, taking the Tplegra[ih road to the 
 " Frjur Mile House," near Luke Doe's, and thence turning to 
 the left, fdllowing the country road past Captain Simmons', 
 there crossing Strawberry Creek, where we hitched our teams 
 under the trees. The day was fine. The Iandsca4j|p was 
 beautiful, and all were delighted with the location for the 
 College home. After taking a look here and there, and dis- 
 cussing^ the merits of tlie situation, we met on a great rock, 
 or outcropping ledge, situated about midway between the 
 two ravines-, '{'here tlu- lioard (jrgani/.ed for business. There 
 were present: Rev. I)i. W. C. Anderson, President ; Rev. S. 
 \\. Willey, Seen tary ; Rev. D. B. Cheney, Rev. E. S. Lacy, 
 Rev. Henry Durant, Frederick Billings, E. B. Goddard, Ed- 
 ward McLean, and Ira 1' Rankin. The purpo.se of the meet- 
 ing was fittingly stated by the President, Rev. Dr. Anderson. 
 A formal resolution was then presented, setting apart the 
 grounds as the location of the College of California. Upon 
 this resolution brief remarks were made by most of the mem- 
 bers of the Board. Then, by unanimous vote, the resolution 
 was passed. Thereupon the President, standing upon the 
 
APFOfNTMEXT OF COLLEGE PIWFESSOFS. 67 
 
 rock, surrounded by the members of the Board, with heads 
 uncovered, offered prayer to God for his blessing on what we 
 had done, imploring his favor upon the College which wc 
 proposed to build there, asking that it might be accepted of 
 him, and ever remain a seat of Christian learning, a blessing 
 to the youth of this State, and a center of usefulness in all 
 this part of the world. Returning then to our carriages we 
 reached Oakland in time to take the last boat to San Fran- 
 cisco, and so completed a day of important service in the in- 
 terest of the College, and also of recreation to ourselves. 
 
 The academic year of the College closed in June. On the 
 eleventh of that month the examinations commenced. The 
 characterizing feature of this occasion was the examination of 
 candidates for admission to the first Freshman class. Their 
 names were James A. Daly, D. L. Emerson, C. V. Howard, 
 Jose M. Y'Baiiez, Elijah Janes, Albert F. Lyle, Charles T. 
 Tracy, and George Wellington. The examination was rigid. 
 In Cicero, it was prolonged. It showed special thoroughness 
 in the grammar. The examination in Xenophon was a de- 
 cided success. The Anabasis is .seldom better handled by 
 beginners. The examination was conducted by the Principal, 
 Mr. Durant, and after him, by Rev. Mr. Willey, Rev. Mr. 
 Lacy, Mr. F. Billings, and Mr. Livingston, together with other 
 visitors. This examination organized the first Freshman 
 class of the College of California. 
 
 The next day, Thursday, was the great day. The Presby- 
 terian Church was filled at an early hour, to listen to prize- 
 speaking. The first speaker, Janes, was excused, owing to 
 ill health. Thomas C. Johnston, of Alamo, made the open- 
 ing speech. Albert F. Lyle, of San Francisco, followed, 
 showing many of the qualities of an omtor. His voice was 
 clear and flexible, and he kept it under good control. Hearty 
 applause greeted him as he left the platform. Then came 
 Jose M. Y'Baiiez, a native of Chili. Five years before he was 
 a total stranger to the English language. He had learned it 
 in this school. And now, for eloquence of diction, force of 
 expression, and purity of accent, he was second to none of his 
 
68 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 companions. His subject was, "The Republic of Chili," and 
 the love of country moved him, and found expression in his 
 speech. After Y'Banez came D. L. Emerson, whose subject 
 was, "The True Man." Then followed Chas. V. Howard, whose 
 theme was, " Continued Necessity for the Union." The 
 closing speech was by James A. Daly, on "The March of 
 Intellect." 
 
 In conclusion, Hon. Sherman Day addressed the College 
 class on their admission, in remarks full of sound, practical, 
 and well-expressed advice. After the benediction, by Rev. 
 Dr. Anderson, the public were invited to the College grove to 
 partake of refreshments provided by the ladies of Oakland. 
 All were ready with good appetites to enjoy them, and the 
 ladies received many thanks. When meats and fruits had 
 well-nigh disappeared, loud calls were made for "Billings." 
 and a speech. 
 
 Mr. Billings responded, as he was wont to do on all occa- 
 sions when the cause of education was the theme. His 
 speech was short, but telling. It was in earnest .sympathy 
 with the occasion. It stirred up enthusiasm in all who were 
 present. Hearty cheers followed it. After him came Pro- 
 fessor Durant, who spoke briefl}' but to the point. Then the 
 Rev. Mr. Myers, who was beginning to act as agent for the 
 College, sprang up and called for subscriptions, and in five 
 minutes the following sums were pledged : Professor Durant, 
 $500; Frederick Billings, $500; E. McLean, $500; C. A. Ely, 
 $500; G. M. Blake, ten acres of land adjoining the College 
 site, and $100; Dr. Anderson, $100; Rev. E. S. Lacy, $100; 
 W. K. Rowell, $100; and I. VV. Knox, $100; which sub.scrip- h 
 
 tion was carried up to some $15,000 within a few months. 
 Thus was happily passed another mile-stone in the life of the 
 young College. ft 
 
 II 
 
CH APTE R VI. 
 
 NEW EFFORTS TO GET FUNDS AT THE EAST. 
 
 In the month of June, i860, Professor Kellogg went to the 
 East, and was requested by the Trustees to endeavor to raise 
 funds there towards endowment. Much was hoped, and even 
 expected, from his presentation of the cause of the College 
 to Eastern Christian and patriotic men. Professor Kellogg 
 wisely explained the matter of the College, as to its history, 
 its constituency, its principles as set forth in its basis, and 
 other things relating to it, to leading and representative edu- 
 cational men, and obtained their written opinion upon them. 
 
 The opinions thus expressed were published by Professor 
 Kellogg in a pamphlet containing full information as to the 
 necessity of the College, and the progress already made to- 
 wards its establishment. President Woolsey, of Yale College, 
 said: " I am of opinion that it is in the highest degree desira- 
 ble that a College on a liberal and extended basis should be 
 established in California, as soon as provision can be made for 
 that purpose. The plan of embracing within the Board of 
 Directors of the institution representatives of all evangelical 
 denominations of Christians who will take part in the enter- 
 prise, and seek no exclusive college of their own, is, I think, 
 a happy one, and well calculated to meet the exigencies of a 
 region where Christian co-operation is pre-eminently wanted. 
 The great evil in regard to our country, and more particularly 
 in regard to the western parts of it, is not that there is a want 
 of colleges, but that there are too many of them; so many 
 that they must be starvelings and competitors, and must ap- 
 peal to sectarian love of power and of influence. 
 
 " I should give it as my advice, if it were asked, that tiie true 
 
70 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 policy is not for each denomination to have its own college, an}' 
 more than for each large town to have the same ; but to aim 
 to promoie the interests of education by common efforts. By 
 and by, if need be, the sectarian movement can have free ^ 
 
 course, whether it is found that co-operation is not easy, or 1 
 
 that religion does not flourish under it- I have examined the \ 
 
 leading principles of the plan devised for the College of Cal- ' 
 
 ifornia, and they approve themselves to my judgment- j. 
 
 Some of the men concerned I know well, and they have my * 
 
 confidence." ' 
 
 This view was concurred in by the Rev. Dr. Leonard 
 Bacon, by President Mark Hopkins, and by Dr. Edward 
 Hitchcock, formerly President of Amherst College. \ 
 
 Bishop Kip, who was then at the East, said: " I am happy 
 to express my interest in the effort you are now making in 
 behalf of the College of California. Eor some time I was a 
 Trustee, but was obliged to resign from not having time to 
 attend to the duties. There is no college on the Pacific 
 Coast, except the Romish institution at Santa Clara, and un- 
 til we present .some inducements to parents, many Protest- 
 ants will continue to send their children to that place. 
 
 "The Trustees have purchased a fine location opposite to 
 San I'^rancisco, and in the meanwhile the Grammar School is i 
 
 doing well at Oakland, and this autumn the first Freshman i 
 
 class will be prepared to enter college. I feel, therefore, \ 
 
 that we need a college on the Pacific, and except through the 
 success of this enterprise, I see no prospect of that want be- 
 ing supplied. I trust, therefore, that you will meet with every 
 encouragement in bringing forward this project, and asking 
 the aid of our friends on the Atlantic Coast." 
 
 Prof Henry B. Smith wrote: "The College of California 
 eminently deserves, as well as needs, the aid of the friends of 
 Christian learning in the different evangelical denominations 
 ul our older States. It is established on a liberal basis, and 
 is directcti by wise counsels. I'he professors already ap- 
 pointed give a guarantee of its high aims and character. 
 Aid rendered at this critical period of its history will enable 
 
NF.IV EFFORTS TO GET FUNDS AT THE EAST. 71 
 
 it to exert a most auspicious influence upon tlie religious 
 character and <;encral culture of the whole State of Califor- 
 nia." 
 
 From Prof Edwards A. Park came the following state- 
 ment: " I have examined, with much satisfaction, the plan 
 for the College of California. I have also been personally 
 acquainted, for several years, with two of the gentlemen 
 who are connected with the College as professors. The basis 
 of the institution is broad and catholic. The teachers are 
 men of high scholarship and of excellent character. The 
 most benign results may be anticipated from an institution 
 founded on such evangelical principles, and conducted by such 
 finished scholars. The institution needs aid from the older 
 States of the Union. I earnestly hope that it will receive 
 such help as is commensurate with its necessities, and with its 
 worth at present, as well as its promise for the future." 
 
 The letter of Professor Park was endorsed by his colleague 
 in the Andover Theological Seminary, Prof. William G. T. 
 Shedd. 
 
 Dr. J. P. Thompson, of the Broadway Tabernacle Church, 
 New York, wrote as follows under date of September 27, 
 i860: " P'or several years I have watched with interest the 
 movements of the friends of learning and religion in Califor- 
 nia towards establishing, in that State, a Christian college 
 upon a comprehensive plan, and an unsectarian basis. I have 
 felt it to be the duty of the College Society at the East, to do 
 all in its power to foster such an institution upon the Pacific 
 Coast. Every interest of education, of government, of 
 societ)', of religi' -n, demands that such a college as is proposed 
 under the charter for that at Oakland, should be established 
 at the earliest day, and beyond the possibility of failure. It 
 is impossible fi)r the Christian people of California to endow 
 such an institution according to its present needs. It is 
 equally impossible that the College Society should meet its 
 growing wants. The plea for its endowment now made by 
 the Trustees through Profes.sor Kellogg, appeals to men of 
 every nam-j who love their country and the cause of Christ. 
 
72 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 I will only add, from personal knowledge, that no college in 
 the East has in its service a riper scholar or a truer Christian 
 than Prof. H. Durant, of the College of California. His as- 
 sociates, also, arc entitled to the highest confidence of the 
 Christian public." 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Storrs, of the Church of the Pilgrims, ex- 
 presses his hearty concurrence in the statement made by 
 Dr. Thompson. The letter from Dr. Roswell D. Hitchcock, 
 professor in the Union Theological Seminary, New York, was 
 in these words: "A State like California without a college, 
 would be too much like a body without a brain. And, in 
 your circumstances, you can have a college on no other basis 
 than the one proposed. You have not asked me for a sub- 
 scri|)tion, but I desire to make one, which, small as it is, maj' 
 stand as a substantial proof of my heart}' interest in }'our en- 
 terprise. Please set me down for $2 >, with the assurance of 
 my best wishes for your success." 
 
 Under date of October 29, i860, the Right Rev. Wm. Ba- 
 con Stevens, D. D., of Philadelphia, sent the following letter: 
 "The project for building up the College of California is one 
 of those great plans which stretch far into the future, and the 
 influence of which can be gauged by no m ;asuring rod of 
 man's finite mind. In every aspect in which it can be pre- 
 sented, the importance of this enterprise looms up before me; 
 and if it can be founded and carried on upon the broad and 
 comprehensive principles set forth in the pamphlet, it will in 
 truth prove one of the richest blessings which the East can 
 confer on that land of the setting sun. Scarcely had Califor- 
 nia risen to the dignity of a State, before its citizens demanded 
 the establishment of a Mint there, that the golden ore dug 
 out of its bowels might be converted into marketable and 
 Government-recognized currency. The necessity is still 
 greater for the founding there of a mind-mint, where the 
 native tak-nt can be wrought oiit into shape and beaut), and 
 be made to bear, not the image and superscription of C.vsar, 
 but of the King of kings; and then be sent forth to circulate 
 as a life-giving and mind-enlightening medium throughout 
 the Pacific Coast." 
 
NEW EFFORTS TO GET FUNDS AT THE EAST. 73 
 
 In view of these unqualified endorsements, and (jf the 
 manifest merits of the case, it was anticipated that one pro- 
 fessorship at least would be endowed at that time, by the 
 able and liberal-minded friends of education in the East. 
 But that anticipation was disappointed ! No considerable 
 progress could, by means of any efforts, be made to- 
 wards realizing it. It was in the year before the war, or, 
 rather, of the commencement of the war. The enlarged 
 liberality which was afterward manifested in gifts to institu- 
 tions of learning had not yet appeared. And so, as in the 
 case of previous applications in the same quarter, it was not 
 successful, and we were obliged to fall back upon our own 
 resources, such as they were, and with them do what we could. 
 
 Professor Kellogg said in his report to the Board on his re- 
 turn to California: "Nine out of ten to whom I applied said, 
 ' You are rich enough to endow your own College. Why 
 come here for money when there is so much in California ? ' " 
 
 The College School, meanwhile, was prospering, and was 
 more than self-supporting. The most competent teachers 
 were sought in each department. Particular attention was 
 paid to the English and the mathematical course. As one 
 method of instruction in Spanish and French, the teachers of 
 these languages occupied the evenings with their pupils in 
 conversation, and in grammar and reading lesson.s. The play- 
 ground comprising the four blocks and included streets — 
 nearly eight acres in all — was now inclosed with a handsome 
 fence. Much of it was shaded with the great evergreen oaks, 
 and afforded the best facilities for healthful e.xercise. The 
 catalogue for this year shows the number of pupils in attend- 
 ance to have been one hundred and twelve. In May, i860, 
 Rev. Mr. Brayton was chosen Professor of Rhetoric, Belles- 
 lettres, and the English Language, in the College. Giving 
 only so much attention to the College School as his office of 
 Principal required, he was able to do also the duties of this 
 professorship, for which he was singularly fitted, both by his 
 taste and his acquirements. 
 
 The anniversary exercises of the School and College in 
 
74 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 1861 took place the second week in June. Then, on exam- 
 ination, the first Freshman class was advanced to Sopho- 
 more standing, and a new Freshman class was admitted. 
 The public exercises were held in the Presbyterian Church on 
 Thursda}', and the house was crowded. On the platform sat 
 the Trustees, Faculty, and distinguished guests, and the 
 American Flag was conspicuously displayed above them. 
 Good reaso.i was there for this in June, 1861, as all will re- 
 member, when the Rebellion was just breaking out in the 
 South, and tiie North was arming. It need not be told what 
 were the themes of the young speakers on that day, or what 
 was the tone and drift of feeling. The anniversary address 
 was delivered by Prof J. D. Whitney. After a cursory re- 
 view of our national progress in scientific and literary matters, 
 he discussed the various features of our educational system, 
 closing his address with foUo'ving paragraphs: — 
 
 " The last stage in our series is the university or the professional I 
 
 school, forming a division of the university system. Many of the » 
 
 professional schools in this country are entirely distinct and inde- 
 pendent institutions, while others are attached to colleges, under the 
 same government with them, and with some or all of their professors 
 serving in both the collegiate and university courses of instruction. 
 Thus, Harvard and Yale Colleges have, in addition to the under- 
 graduate course, a complete organization of the four university 
 schools, a condition of things peculiar to this country, and one which :, 
 
 has grown up rather under the pressure of circumstances, than with 
 any original aim at such a combination. 
 
 " In the newer States, where a foundation, at least, is provided lor 
 a State University, by the reservation of a portion of the public do 
 main, the maimer in whic h the organization of the higher institutions 
 of learning is to be effected becomes a question of vital importance, \ 
 
 and one of which the people, through the Legislature, have control. 
 In this State, especially, the question will not fail to come up again, 
 as it already has done, although as yet no final action has been taken, ■ 
 
 and every educated man will admit that the progress of science and 
 letters on the I'acific Coast is in no small degree dejjendent on its 
 solution. There are many reasons why we cannot advocate the plan 
 of making the State University an imitation of an Kastern rollege, 
 
,VF.ir EFFORTS TO GF7^ FUXDS A7 THE FAST. 75 
 
 with professional sciiools altaclicd; ii must be something above the 
 colleges, and supplementary to them, or else there will be a highly 
 injurious rivalry engendered between public and private interests, 
 which will have the most unfavorable results on both. The univer- 
 sity system of instruction is based on lectures, while the college disci- 
 pline is mainly that of recitation and committing to memory; hence, 
 the number of students who can be instructed at one university is 
 practically unlimited, while, on the other hand, the ideal of the 
 college demands that the classes should not be increased to such an 
 extent as to make the subdivision of each into a great number of 
 sections necessary. Again, the number of professional students is 
 always much less than of those graduating at the colleges; thus, in 
 Massachusetts there are about twelve hundred young men in the five 
 colleges of that State, but only three hundred in the schools of law, 
 medicine, and theology. Moreover, local, sectional, and denomina- 
 tional jealousies and rivalries are always at work to increase the 
 number of the colleges, sometimes, indeed, greatly beyond what the 
 necessity of the case demands, so that each is kept poor and depend- 
 ent; while the idea of an Orthodox, Unitarian, or Baptist, medical, law, 
 or scientific school, has not yet been broached, and the only flourish- 
 ing theological seminaries are those which are strictly independent 
 of all connection with any other department of instruction, or public 
 institution. Let the State extend a liberal hand to those of the col- 
 leges which show themselves worthy of it, and let private munificence 
 make up the deficiencies, while an honorable and generous rivalry 
 stimulates to an ever higher ideal of development. Let the State 
 University be in fact what it would be in name, the supplement of 
 the colleges, made up of the various schools of law, medicine, phi- 
 losophy, and the arts, all propelled around one center, aiming at a high 
 standard of acquirement, supported by liberally endowed libraries, 
 museums, and galleries of art. In this way the colleges and the uni- 
 versity will become essentially dependent on each other, and will 
 each, in its sphere, have the same high aim, to promote the cause of 
 sound learning and thorough discipline. We need not, indeed, flat- 
 ter ourselves that all that is desirable in this respect can be brought 
 about at once; but if the educated men of the State will keep this 
 object in view, and use their best efforts for its accomplishment, they 
 can hardly fail to meet with final success. 
 
 " I am not disposed to underrate the difficulties which lie before 
 
7(5 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 those who are to engage in the great work of elevating the standard 
 of intellectual and moral development in this region. An immense 
 and thinly populated territory, over which are distributed a greater 
 variety of nationalities than were ever before united to form a State, 
 of many languages and many creeds; the fact that so large a part of 
 the working men are engaged in a business which tends to render 
 them unsettled and migratory in their habits; distance from the cen- 
 ters of liberal culture, and the great store-houses of the world's 
 knowledge — these are all difficulties to be met, and, let us hope, to 
 be overcome. The greater the obstacles, the more imperative the 
 duty of battling against them, and the more honorable the position 
 of those who are willing to engage in the conflict. 
 
 " This institution, among the first on the Pacific Coast to organize 
 under the banner which has led the advance of American intellectual 
 progress, and assuming the proud name of The College of Califor- 
 nia, has taken a noble position in the vanguard of the army of pacific 
 conquest, — the conquest of mind over matter, of intellect over brute 
 force, of liberal, of Christian culture, over practical heathenism. 
 May the spirit guiding its progress be such as will lead to the happiest 
 and most comprehensive results May its Annual Commencements 
 ever gather together a larger and nobler bnnd of brothers, gratefully 
 acknowledging the claims of their Alma Mater on them for continued 
 sympathy and support. 
 
 " And you, young gentlemen, who will constitute its first graduat- 
 ing class, yours will be historical names on the records of the insti- 
 tution; strive to make them such in the annals of your State and 
 country ! Remember that you are in a position where your example 
 may be potent for good, if you are willing to exert yourselves to 
 make it such. The secret of success may be summed up in a few 
 words, so simple that it is hard to comprehend that they contain the 
 key to the world's progress, and your own. Judiciously select a pro- 
 fession or employment in life, in harmony with the natural bent of 
 your genius and the scope of your powers; concentrate every effort 
 on the one branch in which you aim to excel; strive to comprehend 
 the spirit of the country and of the age in which you live, that you 
 may be ready to seize upon the golden opportunity when it presents 
 itself; and through all, and in all, let the influences of Christianity 
 control your life, in all its relations, whether political or social, and 
 success is yours; if not always what the world will call success, 
 
.VFW EFFORTS TO GET FUA'DS AT THE EAST. 77 
 
 reckoning in dollars and cents, at least that which your own hearts 
 and consciences will recognize as such." 
 
 At the conclusion of the address, John R. Ridge, of 
 Marysville, recited a poem, of which this is the concluding 
 stanza: — 
 
 " And thus the proudest boast shall be 
 
 Of young Ambition crowned— 
 ' The woods of Oakland sheltered me, 
 Their leaves my brow have bound.' " 
 
 The College year 1861-62 opened prosperously. The 
 number of students in attendance at the College School was 
 larger than ever before. In the College the two classes pro- 
 ceeded enthusiastically with their work. The Sophomores 
 numbered six, and the Freshmen ten. Though the excite- 
 ment and anxieties of the public mind at that early period 
 in the War of the Rebellion were intense, still the College and 
 the school held steadily to their work. The fall term closed 
 with satisfactory examinations in all the departments. When 
 the spring term had opened, it was remembered that at its 
 end a third class would be ready for admission to College. 
 This fact raised new and serious questions. With the steady 
 growth of the institution, more means must be provided. 
 Every inch of room was now occupied, and therefore another 
 building must be put up. Moreover, as the classes advanced, 
 more instructors must be obtained, especially in the scientific 
 studies. 
 
 In those days of feverish excitement and financial uncer- 
 tainty the problem of ways and means presented by these 
 facts was a very difficult one to solve. The Trustees had 
 anxious consultations over it. Several methods of procedure 
 were proposed, but for one reason or another could not be 
 carried out. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE APPOINTMENT OF VICE-PRESIDENT. 
 
 At the time of these deliberations, it became known 
 that I was about to resign my pastorate of the Howard 
 Presbyterian Church, San Francisco, and go East for a term 
 of years. I had been pastor of that church twelve years, from 
 its commencement. They had been years of continued ex- 
 citement, as the city was passing through its great trials, and 
 the strain had been too severe and prolonged for m}- stretigth. 
 It was my purpose to go East for a few years, for a change of 
 scene and of work. I had engaged passage on the steamship 
 for myself and family. No sooner were these things known, 
 than the request came from many persons that I would re- 
 consider the question of going East, and see if some change 
 of occupation here would not effect the recovery of health 
 which I needed. The matter of the College was talked of. 
 Its critical condition and immediate wants were presented, 
 and it was urged that the Trustees would unitedly desire me 
 to take charge of it, at least for the time being, and that so I 
 could both get the needed change of occupation, and continue 
 to serve the common cause in California. At this time I re- 
 ceived the following letter from Rev. I. H. Brayton, which 
 was also cndorsctl b)' Professor Kellogg. 
 
 "Oakland, March 24, 1S62. 
 
 "Dear Hrh. W'ii.i.kv: Allow inc very earnestly lo urge sotne 
 arguments for your acceptance of the position which I am informed 
 the College Trustees are about to ask you to fill: i. \'ou ought 
 not to leave California. 'I'he return of no other person would do so 
 much to create the impression at the East that there is little or no 
 need or encouragement for ministers here. It would take a new 
 
TifF. ArroiNr.^n.y/T or \-icE-rR/-:s]nEi\T. 7« 
 
 man just thirteen years in the State to acquire the interest in its 
 moral and reHgious progress which you have (and they should be 
 years of the past when enterprises struggled and were doubtful ap- 
 parently), and it would take a new man thirteen years of living and 
 working here to acquire the powers of good in the State, and to dis- 
 pose men to labor and give which you already have. Add to these 
 public reasons, the personal protest of us all against your going. 
 You must not leave California. 
 
 "2. Is not the success of this great enterprise, this College, as im- 
 portant as your presence with an Eastern congregation, granted it 
 should be one influential in a very high degree.^ This success, 
 which no one desires more than you, depends very largely on the 
 suitable selection and securing, by the Board, of an efificient man in 
 the position now sought to be filled; and not his own individual ef- 
 ficiency alone, but upon his being a man in harmony with those now 
 engaged, and with the history and spirit of the College. We who 
 arc upon the ground can think of no one with whom we could 
 co-operate so perfectly as with you, and if you should decide to ac- 
 cept, we shall think it very providential that the place waited to 
 claim you. As for the motives more personal to yourself, let me 
 say, you have chosen preaching as a pastor for your work. Our old 
 teacher. Rev. Dr. White, used to say that nothing in his life had 
 ever fallen to him as he i)lanned it for himself. Yet we cannot 
 doubt that he followed the providential, and then most useful, path. 
 Should you wish still to turn 10 the pastoral work, and find yourself 
 not satisfied in this, from the position urged upon you, you could 
 turn as advantageously to the pastoral work again, as now to a new 
 field from your i)resent puljjit, having had the advantage of a change 
 which might work tlie effct of recreation, and having gratified your 
 friends in making trial of a work which they conceive presents j^rov- 
 idential claims on you. Yours truly, I. H. Bravton." 
 
 '' I most heartily concur. Do come. Martin Kki^logg." 
 
 Three days later the Board of College Trustees elected 
 mc Vice-President of the College, of which action I was duly 
 noli fled by the following letter from Rev. Dr. W. C. Ander- 
 son, President of the Board : — 
 
 "San Francisco, March 28, 1862. 
 
 " Rev. S. H Willev — My Dear Sir: The undersigned was di- 
 
80 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 reeled by the Board of Trustees to inform you of your election to 
 the office of Vice-president of the College of California and by sep- 
 arate resolution to the office of Financial Agent. The meeting at 
 which you were elected was held last evening, and was larger than 
 usual. There seemed to be a determination on the part of the 
 members to sustain you with all their influence, should you accept 
 the appointment. 
 
 "In expressing my earnest wish that you may see your way clear to 
 favor this call, I am sure I but express that of all the friends of the 
 College in the State. 
 
 " Hoping soon to receive an answer from you in accordance with 
 our wishes, I subscribe myself your friend and brother, 
 
 "W. C. Anderson." 
 
 The question of acceptance was a very difficult one for me 
 to decide. I was not trained for College work. I was wholly 
 1 unaccustomed to business management. I had no wish to 
 i leave my profession as a minister. And yet, if I could lead 
 the College work temporarily, and help it on at the same time 
 that I should be recoverin:,^ my health by a change of occu- 
 pation, my early California enthusiasm could hardly permit 
 me to decline the appointment, and leave the State, even for 
 a time. I therefore relinquished my Eastern plans and 
 wrote a letter of acceptance to the Trustees of the College. 
 Then followed my removal to Oakland, and getting settled, 
 which was accomplished in April. My first work was to 
 study the financial question, plan for the accommodation of 
 the College for the following year, and more immediately to 
 make ready for the near approaching College Anniversary, 
 which was to take place on June 4, 1862. It required but 
 little time to see that at the beginning of the next College 
 year there must be another recitation room, aNo the nucleus, 
 at least, of a College library, sufficient philosophical ap- 
 paratus to meet the wants of the Junior class, and before the 
 end of the year, a laboratory with chemical apparatus. These 
 things had been promised to the students, involving at the 
 same time a large teaching force. For means to provide 
 these things we could look only at home, and to our busy 
 citizens, then in the midst of the uncertainties of war-time. 
 
THE A PPO I N'T. ME NT OF \ ICE-PR ESI PENT. 81 
 
 At the same time everything inside of the College was en- 
 couraging. The Faculty reported of the two classes in at- 
 tendance during the College year 1861-62 that "their attention 
 to College duties has been worthy of praise." " Some," they 
 said, "especially certain members of the Freshman class, have 
 been remarkably regular and punctual. The state of disci- 
 pline has been exceedingly satisfactory. No serious misde- 
 meanor has been noted and no case of discipline has been be- 
 fore the Faculty as a body. During the year the students 
 have been required to attend church every Sabbath forenoon. 
 Morning pra\'ers have been attended (monitors keeping a 
 record of attendance) every morning for the five working 
 days of the week. Another year the Faculty expect to be 
 able to give the direct Biblical instruction which has been in- 
 corporated in the 'course' adopted last winter." 
 
 The annual examination closing the year's work began on 
 May 30 and continued till June 4 when the Anniversary took 
 place. The Pacific, in giving an account of it, says: "Early 
 Wednesday morning of last week we found ourselves with a 
 crowd on board the boat for Oakland. It was what was called 
 Commencement Day — although, strictly speaking, that day 
 will not be along for two years to come — and the friends of the 
 College were turning out by hundreds to enjoy the day as 
 best they could. The morning was lovely, and the ride across 
 the bay gave edge to the anticipated pleasures of the Com- 
 mencement. At the appointed hour, the Presbyterian Church 
 was filled to overflowing with as intelligent and fine appearing 
 an audience as we have ever seen in California. After the 
 exercises had begun, the crowd that could not be accommo- 
 dated with seats took the best outside seats near the windows, 
 while scores upon scores made the best of their disappoint- 
 ment by walking under the trees, which reminded one of the 
 academic groves of classic lands. The exercises were opened 
 with a short and impressive prayer by the acting President, 
 Rev. S. H. Willey. The speaking was led off with decla- 
 mations by members of the in-coming Freshman class. The 
 second set of speakers belonged to the in-coming Sophomores. 
 6 
 
82 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 The third division was composed of students who have just 
 completed the Sophomore year and are admitted now as 
 Juniors. After the speaking by the Colleij^e classes, the Rev. 
 T. Starr King was introduced, and for an hour held his audi- 
 ence with unabated interest to the rhetoric, logic, beauty, and 
 genius of his address. 
 
 "It was, perhaps with but one exception, the most eloquent 
 address we have ever listened to from Mr. King. Much of it 
 was specially adapted to the young men of the College, and 
 by them his counsels, so earnest, timely, and full of profound 
 reflection, will be long remembered, and it will be well for 
 them if they but resolutely and self-denyingly carry them 
 out." 
 
 It is a disappointment not to be able to present this ad- 
 dress here in full. Mr. King reserved it at the time for his 
 future use. If it was subsequently published, all the copies 
 have disappeared, for none can be found. 
 
 Then came vacation, during which the needed provision 
 had to be made for the new College year, with its three 
 classes. I immediately made the condition and wants of the 
 College the subject of careful study, and went to work to map 
 out the course that seemed to me the best to pursue. This I 
 presented to the Trustees at the next ensuing annual meeting, 
 held June 17, 1862, as follows: — 
 
 " To the Trustees of the Collci::;e of California — 
 
 "It gives me pleasure to make this, my first official communication 
 to you. In it I will present, as well as I can, the condition of the 
 College as I find it, and suggest such plans for your consideration 
 as seem to me best for its upbuilding. The institution has now 
 reached a point where its great work comes upon it. In giving in- 
 struction in it, we pass now beyond the region where other institutions 
 in the State are able to carry their pupils, and we undertake to lead 
 the way in conducting classes through the higher branches usually 
 studied in the colleges of our country. It has required years of 
 patient labor to bring classes on well and thoroughly prepared to 
 take this advance step, and thus complete the organization of the 
 College. We have been once reproached for the slowness of our 
 
THE APPOrNTMENl OF VrCE-PKESIDENT. 83 
 
 progress, but wo have chosen to be genuine and thorough, rather 
 than swift in our movements. To have reached our present stand- 
 ing, and to find ourselves in possession of the advantages which are 
 ours to-day, involves a trust of no ordinary magnitude. It is in our 
 power to continue in the lead in the work of educating young men 
 here in the higher courses of a liberal education, and thus influence 
 and shape the educational standards of the country. This vantage- 
 ground is of great importance. It has been well earned by timely 
 efforts in the earliest years, and by incessant and persevering work 
 ever since. We take pleasure in knowing, at the same time, that the 
 College has been from the beginning a Christian College, and yet in 
 no sense tied to any denomination. If it were so in this new coun- 
 try, where Christians all told are so few, and so little able, as yet, to 
 give, the circle of its sympathies and benefactions would be so nar- 
 row that its success would be impossible. As it is, the College 
 offers itself equally to all lovers of Christian and liberal learning, as 
 an agency of common good. 
 
 " From this point, therefore, and with these advantages, we are 
 now called to advance and fill out the full idea of a college organiza- 
 tion. We cannot delay, for if we should our classes would break up 
 and be lost, and with them everything. To hesitate would be to 
 surrender. To proceed is to build upon a good foundation already 
 laid. But to go forward, although in the way of duty, is in this case 
 a great undertaking. Left to ourselves, in this new State, nothing 
 can give us success but the most active and reliable co operation on 
 the part of all. For the time being there is no way of meeting our 
 current expenses but by subscriptions. We well know that this can 
 be but a temporary expedient. Three professors are now doing the 
 work of instruction, assisted by temi)orary teachers, and an additional 
 professor will soon be required in the department of Natural Sci- 
 ence. 
 
 " With this working force we can get on for the present. But for 
 its permanent success, the College must have a President. The key 
 of the situation is here. He should be a man trained as an educator, 
 one who has acquired a good reputation in the work, and who would 
 both bring it influence and give it a good executive leading. The 
 first thing necessary, in order to get such a President, is to endow 
 his chair. Therefore, next after providing for the current expenses 
 of the College, comes the work of endowing the Presidency. And 
 then a library must be commenced. The college that offers its 
 
S4 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 students the advantages of a well-selected library, will do much to- 
 ward making certain its permanent usefulness. And then, as to 
 room. If by possibility we can get on with our present buildings 
 one more year, we cannot beyond that time. Wc shall have to build. 
 Now, as to the raising of means for all these things. I will myself 
 do the best I can. I have neither experience in work like this, nor 
 fondness for it. and nothing but a commanding motive, such as the 
 upholding of this College presents, would induce me to undertake it. 
 Nor would I do it now, unless in confident reliance on the active co- 
 operation of the Trustees, Faculty, and friends of the College- 
 Tlie iin])ortance of the undertaking will be measured in the public 
 estimation by the efforts of its nearest friends. Any feebleness here 
 would render the work hojielcss at once. But boldness and decision 
 among its acknowledged friends, will send it abroad em])hatically 
 endorsed, and justify its claim before the public for large gifts." 
 
 This communication was accepted by the Trustees and re- 
 ferred to a committee. The committee subsequently reported, 
 recommending the adoption of the measures proposed, and 
 the immediate opening of a subscription to raise the necessary 
 funds. The report of the committee was adopted by the 
 Board, and determined the working plan of the institution. 
 The real property of the College at this time consisted of the 
 four blocks and the included streets heretofore mentioned, in 
 Oakland, and the buildings thereon, namcl\-, the Mansion 
 House, Academy llali, and the first small College Hall, vai- 
 ueil then at $18,000; and the Berkeley site, comprising then 
 one hundred and twenty-four acres, valued at $18,600, 
 amounting in all to $35,600. Against this property here 
 was very little, if an}', indebtedness. Toward current ex- 
 penses, I found a small amount of impaid subscriptions, pre- 
 viously obtained, a limited tuition income, and whatever 
 remained from the receipts of the College School, over 
 and above its expenses.^ Tiic catalogue for 1862-63 showed 
 that the Junior class consisted of six members, the Sophomore 
 cla.ss of eight, and the F'reshman class of three, and that the 
 number in the College School was one hundred and twenty- 
 eight. 
 
 iMy tirst work was to obtain an enlarged subscription to 
 
rilE ArrOINTMEA'T OF ]-ICE-PKESlDF.NT. 85 
 
 meet the current expenses of the College. It was war-time. 
 Things were uncertain. Interest was high. The public mind 
 was intensely excited. Very large contributions were called 
 for in various ways for carrying on the war. Consequently it 
 was thought best to ask individuals for an annual subscription 
 for a period no longer than three years. It was hoped that 
 before that time expired, affairs would be more settled, and 
 that the way would be open for obtaining funds for a more 
 permanent endowment. The three-year subscription was 
 fairly successful, notwithstantling the adverse times, not only 
 in San Francisco and vicinity but in the interior towns as 
 well- Wlien this subscription was far enough advanced to 
 meet current expenses, as proposed, the plan for a new Col- 
 lege building was taken up. Architects were consulted. 
 Drawings and estimates were studied. Finally a plan was 
 selected for a handsome two-story building, to contain a 
 chapel, recitation rooms, and a library room, to be built on 
 the northwestern block of the College property. The con- 
 tract price was $7,400. A subscription was at once opened to 
 raise the means to put up this building. It proved successful. 
 The building was erected. It was far more ornamental than 
 an)- that had preceded it. Its high tower overlooked the 
 oaks that then covered the entire encinal. It was a proud 
 day when the College entered its new and commodious rooms. 
 Next came the effort to raise the Presidential endowment fund, 
 which was placed at $25,000. The high interest paid for 
 money in California at that time made that amount sufficient, 
 certainly as a beginning. To obtain subscriptions to this fund, 
 in sums large enough to maki- it up within a reasonable time, 
 was a much greater undertaking than those that had preceded 
 it. Many day.s, and even weeks, I walked the streets, and 
 climbed stairs to visit offices, and press the claims of the Col- 
 lege upon business men. Sometimes it seemed as if all pros- 
 pect of success was shut uj). Then a successful application 
 would change everything, and I walked the streets as if upon 
 the tops of the mountains. At last the final sum was ob- 
 tained, and the endowment was subscribed. 
 
86 HISTORY OF THE COLT EC E OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 It was now the spring of 1863, and the way was open for 
 the election of a President of the College. The question as 
 to who should be chosen had been a good deal discussed from 
 the time that Dr. Bushnell declined the office, finding himself 
 sufficiently restored to health to be able to resume his pastoral 
 work in Hartford. Therefore, when the time for making the 
 choice came, the Trustees were unanimous in the election of 
 the Rev. Dr. William G. T. Shedd. This took place on April 
 27, 1863. When the election of the Board was communicated 
 to Professor Shedd, there were sent to him at the .same time 
 books and pamphlets descriptive of California, and of its 
 prospects, industrial, educational, and religious. Several gen- 
 tlemen here who knew Dr. Shedd wrote to him of the im- 
 portance of the College, a.sking him not to hasten to reach a 
 conclusion, but to take all necessary time, and give the merits 
 of the call a thorough examination. He was informed of the 
 fact that the College had not been able to .secure any consid- 
 erable amount of money from the East, notwithstanding 
 repeated efforts, but that we had so grown in our College 
 work that we wanted a President; that with a man like 
 himself, well known and trained to the educational work, 
 there was here ev^ery a.ssurance of our being able to build and 
 equip the College on the ground. 
 
 Having fully submitted the question in all its bearings, we 
 pressed on with the work in hand as best we could. It be- 
 came kin)wn to the Trustees through Rev. Dr. Anderson, their 
 President, that possibly William II. Brewer, then on the 
 working staff of the California State Geological Surve\', 
 might be induced to take the Professorship of Natural Science, 
 so necessary to be immediately filled. Correspondence was 
 opened with Mr. Brewer, resulting in his election in the month 
 of March, 1863. In due time his reply was received, as fol- 
 lows: — 
 
 "San Francisco, Cal., Ai)ril i, 1863. 
 "Rev. S. II. WiLLKV — Dear Sir: Your favor of yesterday is re- 
 ceived, informing me that the Board of Trustees of the College of 
 California al a rccL'iit meeting had honored me with the election to 
 
THE APPOINTMENT OF VICE-PRESIDENT. S7 
 
 the chair of the Professorship of Natural Science in the College. 
 In reply, I am happy to accept the appointment, subject to the con- 
 dition that during my connection with the Geological Survey, my 
 first duty will be to serve that, and that the time I may devote to the 
 instruction in the College shall be regulated by the wants of the said 
 survey. I will at all times endeavor to advance the interests of the 
 institution according to my abilities and opportunities. 
 " I am, sir, your obedient servant, 
 
 "Wm. H. Brewer." 
 
 The College year 1862-63 closed with its anniversary on 
 the tenth of June. The examinations preceding were thor- 
 ough and satisfactory. They brought into College the fourth 
 class, filling, for the first time, the full complement of the four 
 College classes. On this occasion the annual address was 
 delivered by Bishop Kip. 
 
 " The annual address, by Rev. Bishop Kip," wrote the 
 Pacific, in its account of this anniversary, "was gracefully de- 
 livered. Its subject was, ' The Discouragements of Scholar- 
 ship.' It is not a good time for an address, after listening to 
 a number of young masters, and just before a collation. An 
 orator always needs to collect his own audience. The nature 
 of the subject was such as to discourage very close thinking. 
 But it was grateful to listen to one whose style, all the color 
 and foam of whose discourse, and whose allusions came of 
 Greece and Rome and the old English authors of Milton's 
 classic days. 
 
 " The collation was served in the new College building, now 
 in process of erection, and did credit to the ladies who served 
 it. The College building will be an ornament to the place 
 and a great convenience. Messrs. Brodt, Tompkins, and oth- 
 ers made speeches of congratulation." 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 INSIDE VIEW OF THE COLLEGE AT WORK. 
 
 After the usual summer vacation, the College classes came 
 together and took up their work. They went about it with 
 energy and industry. During this term Professor Brewer 
 was so engaged with tht- Geological Survey that he was not 
 able to enter upon his duties in the College. But the corps 
 of instructors was able and laborious, and the hum of business 
 seemed to be heard every where about the College. So passed 
 the first term, closing with December. The examinations at 
 its end were prolonged, and were attended more largely than 
 usual. The reports of the Faculty and of the several profess- 
 ors and instructors, to the Trustees at the close of this first 
 term, December, 1863, best indicate the extent of this work. 
 They are given below: — 
 
 FACULTY REPORT FOR THE FIRST TERM, 1 863-64. 
 
 "The scheme of e.xercises for the term lias been as follows: — 
 
 SENIOR CLASS. 
 
 At 8 130 At 11; 15 At 3 : 30 
 
 o'clock, A. M. o'clock, A. M. o'clock, I". M. 
 
 M»nday Astronomy Moral Philosophy English Language. 
 
 Tuesday Chemistry lUitler's Analogy English Language. 
 
 Wednesday. . .Chemistry Butler's Analogy History. 
 
 Thursday I'hysiology Sutler's Analogy History. 
 
 P'riday ( ircek Testament Physiology Composition, etc. 
 
 JUNIOR CLASS. 
 
 At 8 : 30 At 1 1 : 15 Ai i : 30 
 
 o'flock, A. M. o'clock, A. M. o'clock, I'. M. 
 
 Monday (jerman Natural Philosophy Logic. 
 
 Tuesday Cierman Natural Philosophy Khetoric. 
 
 Wednestlay . . .(Jerman .Natural Philosophy Khetoric. 
 
 Thursday. . . .Germam Compositii)ii Dv OnUore. 
 
 Friday Creek Testanieiii. Natural Philosophy De (Jratore. 
 
INSIDE VIEW OF THE COLLEGE AT WORK. 
 
 89 
 
 SOrHOMORE CLASS. 
 
 At 8: 30 At II :i5 At 3:30 
 
 o'clock, A. M. o'clock, A. M. o'clock, p. M. 
 
 „ , \ Prometheus and "1 t,- „„ ,„»t,„ / Tusculan Disputations 
 Mondav \ ,^ t r- •.• > 1 ntronometry \ j t .• /^ 
 
 ^ j Greek Composition | '' I ^nd Latin Composition. 
 
 „ , \ Prometheus and | .,, . , ( Tusculan Disputations 
 
 Tuesday \ ,^ < .• ■.• r 1 riLronometry ■ i .• <- 
 
 ■' I Greek Composition \ '^ ( and Latin Composition. 
 
 „, ,. , ( Prometheus and / ,,, . , \ Tusculan Disputations 
 
 Wed day ^ ^^^^^ Composition | ' r.gonometry -^ ,^^^j ^^^j^ Composition. 
 
 Thursday. .Composition, etc Trif^onometry. . . . French. 
 
 Friday .... Greek Testament Elocution French. 
 
 FRESHMAN CLASS. 
 
 At 8:30 At II : 15 At 3: 30 
 
 o'clock, A. M. o'clock, A. M. o'clock, p. M. 
 
 Monday ] JI'^^J^"^ . . l... Livy Algebra. 
 
 ■' / Greek Composition \ •' 
 
 Tuesday i Jl'^^?-''^ T I"- -^i^y Algebra. 
 
 •' (^ Greek Composition J ^ ° 
 
 Wed-day ■! jl'^'^^'V} .^. \ . . . .Uvy Algebra. 
 
 -' ( Greek Composition \ ' 
 
 rr^i J S Iliad and / 1 ■ a i~„k.. 
 
 Thursday j ^^^^^ Composition f ' ' ' '^''^y ^'S^^"^"- 
 
 Friday. . . . Greek Testament Latin Composition. . . .Composition, etc. 
 
 "The work of the professors was as follows: Mr. Durant heard 
 thirteen recitations a week, with Senior debates; Mr. Kellogg, sev- 
 enteen; Mr. Hodgson, seventeen; Mr. Brayton, five; Mr. Des 
 Rochers, two; and Mr. Barker, three; which, together with one 
 common exercise, amounted to sixty in all. The exercises have pro- 
 ceeded with the usual regularity according to the foregoing scheme. 
 There have been no serious cases of discipline. In one or two in- 
 stances, continued irregularity of attendance has interfered with 
 individual and class progress, the irregularity being excusable, in part 
 at least, on the ground of ill health, but very unfortunate. Notwith- 
 standing the sinallness of the classes, there has been a fine esprit de 
 corps among the students. The examinations at the close of the 
 term were protracted and thorough. While some of the exercises 
 fell short of the corresponding ones a year ago, it is the impression 
 of the Faculty that, as a whole, the examinations were up to any 
 former average. Further information will be found in the appended 
 reports of the several instructors. The Juniors have recited three 
 times a week in Cierman to Mr. Barker, whose record gives them 
 credit for good proficiency and great regularity. The Sophomores 
 have had two recitations a week in French to Mr. Des Rochers. 
 
90 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 There is no report from him as yet, but the class seems to have made 
 very satisfactory progress for the time spent on the study. 
 
 " Martin Kellogg, Secretary T 
 
 RHETORICAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 " During the term just closed, I have heard the Seniors read com- 
 positions once each month. The Juniors have read disputes upon 
 subjects assigned them. From the Sophomores I have received reci- 
 tations twice a week in Manderville's Elements of Reading and 
 Oratory; a reading exercise was also connected with the recitation. 
 The Freshmen have presented compositions, and have attended, 
 thouii;h quite irregularly, an a]:)pointment for reading. In connection 
 with other members of the Faculty, I have heard all the classes each 
 month in the required declamations and orations. In this duty, and 
 in writing, they have commonly manifested a laudable fidelity. Pro- 
 fessors Durant and Kellogg have kindly heard some of the recitations 
 properly falling within the range of this department. I could wish, 
 and the interests of the College seem to require, that the services of 
 some professed or well-qualified elocutionist should be secured to 
 train the classes in speaking. It is all the more desirable, because 
 the classes are small, and no selection of speakers can be made fitly 
 to represent us on jjublic occasions, and because, for the same reason 
 there is a lack of example and incentive. I have devoted to the 
 College classes an average of four hours a week, besides the time re- 
 (juired for correcting and criticising the compositions and orations 
 presented. I. H. Bravton." 
 
 December 22, iS6j. 
 
 LATIN DEPARTMENT. 
 
 " On account of my absence, Rev. S. S. Harmon gave instruction 
 in my place during the first half of the term, 'i'he interests of the 
 classes seem to have been well cared for in his hands. I resumed 
 work about the middle of the term. The recitations falling to me 
 have been as follows : The Senior class has gone over about three 
 hundred and twenty-five pages of Weber's Outlines of History. 
 It reveiwed one hundred pages, on which.it passed examination. 
 By rec}ucst of the Faculty, I introduced Clark's Elements of English 
 Language, and heard the class in this during the latter part of the 
 term. We went through all the Lectures, but had not time to re- 
 view. In both studies tlie class has, as usual, done well. The 
 
INS/ HE V/EW OE THE COLLEGE AT WOK A'. 91 
 
 Junior class has read about fifty i)a;j;es of Cicero de Oratorc, and has 
 reviewed the larger part. The members have also furnished, once, 
 original Latin compositions. They passed a very good examination. 
 The Sophomore class has read, in Latin, the First Book of the Tus- 
 culan Disputations, and reviewed it all. After my return I could 
 not well shape the work so as to bring in the De Senectute. In 
 Greek, we have read all the Prometheus, and reviewed the greater 
 part. The examination in this was particularly good. Since my 
 return, the class has had lessons, mostly in advance, in both Latin 
 and Greek composition. Reviewing some ground previously gone 
 over, they were prepared, at examination, on twenty- five pages in 
 Latin, and forty pages in Greek. The Freshman class has given four 
 recitations a week to Livy, reading the First and Second Books, and 
 reviewing all but fifteen pages. The fifth recitation has been devoted 
 to prose composition, in which we have gone over about forty 
 pages. One of the class has been very irregular, and deficient in 
 preparation. Martin Kellogg." 
 
 December 22, l86j. 
 
 GREEK DEPARTMENT. 
 
 "The Freshman class has had five recitations in Greek each 
 week during the whole session, four in Homer's Iliad, and one each 
 week in the Greek Testament. In connection with each recitation 
 in Homer, a lesson in Arnold's Greek Prose Composition has been 
 recited, with a thorough drill in the exercises. Particular attention 
 has also been paid to composition, grammar, and etymology. It may 
 be remarked that all the members of the class have not done equally 
 well, but some have made an exceptionally good record. The Sopho- 
 more class has recited to me only once each week during the term in 
 the Greek Testament. The Junior class has recited to me the whole 
 of Whately's Elements of Logic, making clean work of those parts 
 which the previous class omitted, and coming out with a very good 
 elementary knowledge of the subject. The class has also read and 
 recited to me twelve of Blair's Lectures on Rhetoric, a part of the 
 Oration of Demosthenes concerning the crown (optional), and taken 
 its part with the other classes in the study of the Greek Testament. 
 In all these departments, the class has recited to me five times every 
 week. The recitations of the class are never brilliant, though the 
 last session has shown an improvement on the previous one. It is 
 
92 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGK OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Still a model class for punctuality, and illustrates in its general and 
 gradual progress how far persistence in one virtue helps to all others. 
 The Senior class has also recited to me five times each week during 
 the session, besides debating orally once every month. It has 
 recited four times in Hopkins' Moral Science and Butler's Analogy 
 and once in Greek Testament. The class has evinced a deep inter- 
 est in all these studies, as always heretofore, and made good progress. 
 The duty assigned me of conducting the devotional exercises in the 
 morning, during Professor Kellogg's absence, and twice each week 
 since his return, I have been able to attend to punctually in every 
 instance. The students are usually all present at the moment of 
 opening these exercises, and where they do not enter into the spirit 
 of them heartily, seem to pay them serious respect. 
 
 " Hknry Durant." 
 December 22, iS6j. 
 
 MATHEMATICAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 " The Seniors have had five recitations a week with me. They 
 have completed Olmsted's Astronomy with the chapter on Eclipses. 
 They have studied and reviewed Hitchcock's Anatomy and Physi- 
 ology, and have also studied W^ells' Chemistry as far as Organic 
 Chemistry, but have not reviewed it. The Juniors have had four 
 recitations a week. They have studied and reviewed Olmsted's 
 Natural Philosophy as far as Acoustics. Apparatus is greatly needed 
 to illustrate the various points of the study. Punctuality is still a 
 characteristic of the class. The Sophomores have had four recitations 
 a week. They have completed geometry, and have studied plane 
 and spherical trigonometry. The Freshmen have had four recita- 
 tions a week, and have studied Robinson's Algebra as far as required 
 for this term. Francis D. Hodgson." 
 
 REMARKS BY IHE VICE-PRESIDENT. 
 
 " According to the College Laws, it is my duty to accompany these 
 reports with such remarks as may seem to me necessary. In so do- 
 ing, I will say, in the first place, that the College is in excellent con- 
 dition and is growing into maturity as fast as time will allow. To be 
 sure, the classes are small, but they are well up to the standard in 
 scholarship, and it would be suicidal to lower this standard to gain the 
 doubtful advantage of the prestige of large numbers. It is very 
 clear to me, looking carefully at the working of the College, that the 
 
rxsrnF. rrF.ir of tiif college at work. 03 
 
 officers have too much to do. Mr. Durant, for example, filled his 
 own department and taught intellectual and moral philosophy, 
 together with Butler's Analogy to the Seniors, and Logic to the 
 Juniors besides. All this was a work impossible for any man to do 
 in his best manner. This difficulty will be obviated when the Presi- 
 dency is filled, and it is of the utmost importance that this should be 
 as quickly as possible. With a President teaching Senior studies, the 
 pressure of work will be relieved and the professors will be seldom 
 called out of their own departments. The Professorship of Mathe- 
 matics ought to be filled by the appointment of an earnest and ac- 
 complished mathematician. Temporary instruction is this year given 
 in that department which is fully as good as such temporary service 
 could be expected to be. But the same means would support a per- 
 manent professor, and one ought to be appointed as early as practi- 
 cable. 
 
 " Enough attention has not been paid to elocution in the College; 
 the requisite drill has not been kept up, and this again is because the 
 Faculty have more than they can do. A plan is on foot to remedy 
 this particular defect during the coming term. In fine, if any sup- 
 pose that it is an easy work to build a college, let them try it! 
 
 "S. H. WiLLEY, Vice-President:' 
 
 December 22^ 1863. 
 
 Further evidence of the character of the work miy be 
 drawn from the San Francisco Bulletin s account of the ex- 
 amination at the close of this first term of 1863: "On Thurs- 
 day the examination of the Freshman class in Latin was con- 
 ducted by Professor KclJofrg. The selections, made by lot, 
 were from the Odes and Epistles of Horace. The young 
 gentlemen showed themselves familiar with the versification* 
 as well as with the structure and meaning of the language, 
 and acquitted themselves well. In the afternoon the Junior 
 class was examined in German. Part of the class answered 
 every question readily, the others with some hesitation. Next, 
 the Freshman class was reviewed in Greek by Professor 
 Durant. The class was at home in this study more than in 
 any other, and particularly in Greek composition and etymol- 
 ogy. On PViday the PVcshmen were catechised, and with 
 gratifying results, in geometry, taught by Professor Kellogg. 
 
ti4 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 In the afternoon the Juniors were reviewed in natural philos- 
 ophy and astronomy, by Professor Hodgson. They were not 
 fluent in off-hand statements of their knowledge of subjects, 
 but answered most questions promptly, though not as they 
 would have done if these studies had been their favorite ones. 
 Next came an examination of the Sophomore class, in Greek, 
 by Professor Durant, in the oration of ' Demosthenes on the 
 Crown.' And this class exhibited, like the others, the pecul- 
 iar excellencies of this instructor's mode of teaching Greek, 
 his good judgment, and accurate scholarship. 
 
 " As a whole, the examinations have ranked high, and some 
 of the students have made remarkable attainments. These 
 classes would not suffer in comparison with those of the best 
 colleges in our country, for which statement we have the au- 
 thority and endorsement of some of the best scholars in San 
 Francisco, graduates of Eastern colleges. Their professors 
 have come from the best institutions, and were foremost in 
 rank in their own classes. 
 
 " The College of California has a curriculum not inferior to 
 that of Yale or Harvard. It is generally the same, the chief 
 difference being in the introduction here of modern languages, 
 not as optional but as regular studies. The College means to 
 keep the standard of scholarship as high as it is anywhere in 
 America, and promises to graduate no one who could not ob- 
 tain his degree with honor in any college in the land. As yet 
 no class has graduated from this College, the class which has 
 been with it from the start becoming Seniors to-morrow. 
 
 " The College proper is a separate affair from the College 
 School at Oakland, and is not a gathering of lads just in the 
 early stages of their classical course. It is composed of 
 young men of serious views and puri)oses, with sober energy, 
 iieart, hope, aspiration, and zeal, applying themselves to their 
 studies, intending to become honored citizens of the great 
 ' Republic of Letters.' There is a scholarly habit among 
 them, antl tln-y carry tlie air of classic groves with tiicm, and, 
 for the time, the world to them is a world of books and 
 studies, sciences and disciplines. 
 
INSIDE VIEW or THE COLLEGE AT UOKK. 95 
 
 "The College of California can make just as good scholars 
 as any other in the languages and mathematics, and in the 
 theories of the natural sciences, their history and literature. 
 It is only in buildings, laboratories, cabinets, apparatus, and 
 libraries that it is deficient. These are yet in their beginnings; 
 and the want of them is now severely felt. Bating the mat- 
 ter of experiments, and illustrations, and lectures of a brill- 
 iant kind in some departments of science, the College can do 
 for our young men all that is done anj^where by college study 
 and discipline. Should recent movements be crowned with 
 success, this College will soon have at its head a notable 
 scholar." 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 THE FIRST COMMENCEMENT. 
 
 Having in this manner completed the work of the first 
 term of 1863, there remained but one term more to carry us 
 to the time of the first real "Commencement" and the 
 graduation of the first class. We determined to make so 
 marked a period in the progress of the College as emphatic 
 and memorable as possible. Of course there would be the 
 usual " Commencement exercises," the graduating orations by 
 the young men, and the address and poem accompanying — all 
 which would occupy one day. But this would not command 
 the attention and secure the presence of very many more than 
 had been accustomed to come to the previous anniversaries. 
 How could we interest the educated men, generally? Some 
 of them knew of the College, and thought well of it, but in 
 the rush and strain of professional or business life there were 
 not many of them likely to break awa)' and give a day to 
 attendance upon our College Commencement. And yet it 
 was i)lain if they could be induced to do so, it would tend 
 more than anything else to interest them in the College, and 
 in College cause. It was well known that the number of lib- 
 erally educated men here was very large, but most of them 
 were strangers to us, and equally strangers to each other. 
 No occasion had ever called thcin together. Business alone 
 absorbed their attention. In the excitements and business 
 speculations of war-time, it was exceedingly tlifficult to call 
 off their thought to any other subject than business itself. 
 And to plan a literary occasion that would secure attendance 
 seemed at first to be quite out of the question. We thought 
 it over. We consulted educated men, as we could meet them. 
 
 II 
 
7//A F/A'Sr CO.\rMKNCEMRMr. 97 
 
 Some thought well of the idea, but all doubted whether there 
 could be any plan that would result in a success. I walked 
 along Montgomery Street one day, proposing the matter to a 
 learned judge of one of our courts, to get his opinion. 
 " Well," said he, when he had heard me through, " if you get 
 a good dinner over there, you may get them over to eat that, 
 but the literary part they wouldn't go across the street for." 
 Not all, however, talked in that way. The idea of an 
 occasion in this remote and business-ridden country, that 
 would possibly bring together the educated men, and cause 
 them to know each other, and know from what colleges or 
 universities they came, at length began to be attractive. It 
 awakened the memories of college life. It stirred that pecul- 
 iar enthusiasm that comes down from college days. It became 
 evident that there were educated men here that did care for 
 something besides a good dinner. It was determined to 
 attempt something in the way of such a literary gathering as 
 would embrace all college and university graduates. 
 
 Then came the business of planning it, and carrying it out, 
 in addition to all the other pressing duties that crowded upon 
 our first Commencement-time. The oration, that as a matter 
 of course; and the poem, equally of course! But what we 
 wanted most of all was to bring the Alumni of all institutions 
 of college rank together face to face and make them 
 acquainted with each other, and awaken their interest in our 
 College, and in the cause of the higher education in the State. 
 So, first, we consulted the ladies. They promised to provide 
 a collation, and see that it was served in our new chapel. Its 
 capacity was measured, and it was found that it would seat as 
 many at tables as were thought likely to come. Next came 
 the question of getting our San Francisco guests home, for 
 there was no train and boat from Oakland to San Francisco 
 then so late in the evening as to answer the purpose. Going, 
 however, to the railroad owners, we succeeded in inducing 
 them to agree, on specified terms, to make a night trip from 
 Oakland, and this removed that difficulty. Then came the 
 question of table furniture, etc. By inquiry we found a man 
 7 
 
98 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 in San Francisco who would rent it to us for the evening, 
 and so that matter was provided for. By correspondence, the 
 names of graduates were obtained as far as possible, and the 
 following invitation was sent out to nearly four hundred of 
 them: — 
 
 CoLLKGE OF CALIFORNIA, Oakland, , 1864. 
 
 Dear Sir: The Faculty of the College of California invite your 
 attendance at a general gathering of college graduates, to be held 
 at Oakland, May 31, at 3 o'clock p. m. 
 
 On the next day the College is to send forth its first graduating 
 class. It is thought that in lieu of the Alumni Meeting held by the 
 older colleges, and which, from the nature of the case, we cannot 
 yet have, there may be a large and interesting gathering of the 
 .Mumni of other colleges now resident in California. They cannot 
 attend the annual gatherings of their own institutions. The College 
 of California invites them to make here a second home, and to find 
 among the re|)rcscntatives of all our American Colleges a new and 
 wider circle of fellowship. In this way many pleasant recollections 
 will be revived; the educated men of this State will better appreciate 
 the value of their fraternity; and the lovers of a " good time," like 
 those of old college days, will be gratified by a superior literary 
 entertainment. 
 
 The Faculty take j)leasure in announcing that John V>. Fclton, 
 Esq., has consented to deliver the Alumni oration, and C. T. H. 
 Palmer, Esq., to furnish a jwem. After these exercises, there will be 
 a social repast with off-hand speaking. 
 In behalf of the Faculty, 
 
 Samuki, H. W'im.kv, 
 Vice- President^ CoUei::,e of California. 
 
 'I'he following gentlemen give their hearty approval to the forego- 
 ing invitation, and commend it to the attention of their fellow-grad- 
 uates: — 
 
 Kt. Rkv. W. I. Kip, 1). I)., S. L. CuTTKR, Esq., 
 
 Hon. 0(;nF,N Hoffman, Edward Tompkins, Esq., 
 
 Hon. O. L. Shafikk, Rkv. E. H. Walsworth, 
 
 Hon. M. C. Hi.akf, J. W. VVinans, Esq., 
 
 Rkv. W. C. Andkrson, V>. U., Rev. A. E. Kittredge, 
 
 Rev. J. A. Benton, Rev. (iEO. Mooar, 
 
 T. B. BiGELOW, Esq., George Tait, Esq, 
 
THE FIRST COMMENCEAfENT. 99 
 
 The interest awakened by this invitation was far t^reater 
 than was expected. While these preparations were going on 
 for the Alumni Meeting, those for the College Commence- 
 ment, which was to occur on the following day, were not for- 
 gotten. Hon. Newton Booth was secured as orator for that 
 occasion, and Bret Ilarte as poet, while the Seniors to grad- 
 uate were making ready their Commencement pieces. Their 
 graduating day was to be Wednesday, June i, and the 
 Alumni Meeting was to take place on the Tuesday afternoon 
 and evening before. First, the Presbyterian Church was put 
 in order for the Alumni address and poem, and for the Com- 
 mencement on the following day. The church was situated 
 down among the oaks, as before remarked, near the corner of 
 Sixth and Harrison Streets. Next the College chapel was 
 prepared for the collation and the evening entertainment. 
 Tables were arranged, scats were provided, and all was made 
 ready for the guests. Tuesday, the thirty-first day of May, 
 came at last. At the appointed hour in the afternoon the 
 assembly convened, and the church was filled to its utmost 
 capacity. The delivery of the oration and poem occupied 
 between one and two hours. The theme of Mr. Felton's 
 oration was, " The Position of the Educated Man in Califor- 
 nia, His Sphere of Activity, and His Duties." He treated it 
 in an able and scholarly manner. It was only criticised 
 unfavorably with respect to some reflections on the Govern- 
 ment, as to its exercise of its taxing power in the war-time, 
 which was then nearing its crisis. After the poem, which was 
 much admired, the invited Alumni went in procession, escorted 
 by the members of the College and the College School to the 
 College chapel. Among the guests from abroad were Gen- 
 era! Wright, U. S. A. Provost, Marshal Van Vost, Judge 
 F. M. Haight, and Rev. Dr. H. W. Bellows, of New York. 
 Dr. Bellows was President of the Sanitary Commission, and 
 was here for the purpose of raising funds for the prosecution 
 of the humane work of that organization. The guests filed 
 in and took their places, and at the signal from the President, 
 Hon. Edward Tompkins, were seated. No description can 
 
|(»0 firSTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNLl. 
 
 give an adequate idea of the scene that followed, for four or 
 five hours. A short-hand reporter was present and took 
 down all that was said and done, but at best it can only recall 
 some of the features of the occasion to those who were there 
 to enjoy it. It was altogether unique. The company con- 
 sisted mostly of young men. They were from various parts 
 of the United States and some were from abroad. Many of 
 them were making their acquaintance with each other for the 
 first time. It was a free and easy social time, that had no 
 rules of precedent to hamper it, and the expressions of 
 countenance, attitudes, tones of voice, and a thousand name- 
 less things have to be taken into acc(nint, in order to get the 
 real flavor of the occasion. Things that seem dry, and al- 
 most unmeaning in the reported account, were sparkling with 
 point and wit when uttered. It was the saying of all that 
 it was like no Alumni Meeting they ever attended in the East. 
 There was a spontaneousness about it, a freedom, a flow of 
 humor most rcfr shing, and yet never in violation of good 
 taste. The entire account of the evening, as it was published 
 in pamphlet form from the reporter's notes taken at the time, 
 is here reproduced as the second number of the Appendix. 
 
 The next day, Wednesday, June i, was Commencement 
 Day. The church was filled again at the hour appointed. 
 The editor of the Pacific ;?,ave the foilouing account of the 
 occasion: "At eleven o'clock the Trustees and students of the 
 College fount! a large audience of ladies and gentlemen col- 
 lected in the I'resbyterian Church. Perhaps it was a little un- 
 fortunate that the Alumni Meeting was held before the Com- 
 nieiicement, fiir few coinp.iratively of the noble number pres- 
 ent the ilay l)cforc were present at these exercises. Yet if 
 they had been present how could they have found seats ? 
 The house was filled in every part. The exercises of tl'e 
 graduating class were first in order. This was the pro- 
 gramme: — 
 
 Salutatory in l.aliii - J A. Daly, San l'"rancisco. 
 Natural Revelation — C T. Tracy, nownieville. 
 Alma Mater — A. K. Lylc, San Francisco. 
 
THE hIRST COMMENCEMENT. 101 
 
 Soul Power — J. A. Daly. 
 
 The Scholar, with the Valedictory Address — D. L. Emerson, Oak- 
 land. 
 
 " It appeared from the printed ' order ' that these young 
 men have maintained a high rank of scholarship ; for 
 though there are five grades of scholarship, these young men 
 all fall within the first two grades. Their speaking on the 
 present occasion, while not exceeding the expectations of 
 their friends, did them good credit. The first graduating 
 class of the College of California is one to rejoice in. We 
 could not desire to begin with a better one. Many warm 
 wishes and hopes accompany them into the future. May 
 a kind Providence spare their lives and make them very use- 
 ful. One of them goes immediately to Union Theological 
 Seminary, and another hopes to follow after a year of recrea- 
 tion. We are not informed of the destination of the other 
 two. 
 
 "A poem by Bret Harte, of this city, was read by Mr. 
 Hoit. It is always an infelicity not to have an author read 
 his own production. Even if read poorly, a poem is better 
 appreciated when the author reads it himself. No mean com- 
 mand of meter, easy transition, graceful and delicate expres- 
 sion, were certainly present. 
 
 '' Of the oration by Hon. Newton Booth, of Sacramento, it 
 is easy to speak praise. We were delighted with its fitness to 
 the occasion, scholarly character of all its allusions, apprecia- 
 tion of progress in our modern age, and no less acute appre- 
 ciation of the losses which come through its progress, losses 
 in individual force. We noted the carefulness with which the 
 whole oration was made a unity, while preserving all the 
 essential parts of an oration; we felt that the orator did his 
 occasion a compliment. The reverent and humble and yet 
 fearless spirit charmed us. Would that all who make 
 addresses on such occasions could as fully satisfy the just 
 expectations of those whom they address. The Degree of 
 Bachelor of Arts was then conferred according to the fine old 
 style of Latinity, and the assembly dispersed with the benedic- 
 tion." 
 
102 HISTORY OF THE COLT. EC E OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 So closed the College work for the year 1863-64. It left 
 the workers fatigued and weary enough. But there was no 
 time for rest. The vacation would soon be gone, and more 
 work was ahead. From the Faculty we were obliged to lose 
 Professor Brewer. He received an appointment to a chair in 
 the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale College, and we could 
 offer him, of course, no such inducement as would justify him 
 in declining an appointment like that. liis letter of resigna- 
 tion was dated April 22, 1864. In the following May, Prof 
 W. P. Blake was appointed to the place. It was hoped that 
 through him a Mining and Agricultural Department might in 
 time grow up. We did not succeed in obtaining Dr. Shedd 
 for President of the College. His letter declining to come 
 was as follows: — 
 
 " 258 Lexington Avenue, I 
 New York City, March 2, 1864. j 
 
 " Rkv. S. H. Willey — Deal- Sir: I have been intending to write 
 you in reply to your letter of last autumn, and to thank you for the 
 copy of HitteWs Resources, etc., which I understood to come through 
 you. But the crowd of engagements that has come upon me dur- 
 ing the last six months, must be my excuse, though I sent through 
 Dr. Anderson my acknowledgments to the gentlemen from whom I 
 received letters in reference to the College of California. These 
 letters, however, I regret to say, did not reach me till October. I 
 suppose Dr. Anderson has informed you of tlie rea.sons why I could 
 not see my way clear to accept your invitation. Providence seems 
 to me to liave indicated another field of labor than that of a presi- 
 dent of a college. As the years have passed along, I have been 
 carried more and more into scholastic fields and studies, so that now 
 it is pretty plain that I can be of more use to the church as a student 
 than a man of action. This conviction has led me to decline sev- 
 eral invitations similar to that which you have tendered me. ilui I 
 assure you that the cordial invitation from so many of my old friends 
 and from strangers on the Pacific Coast was very pleasant and 
 attractive. 
 
 " The more immediate object of my writing is to say that I am in 
 co-operation with my old friend, Mr. Billings, to help find the right 
 man. He has just called, and we have had a long conversation, 
 during which I mentioned some names of persons who are qualified 
 
THE FIRST COMMENCEMENT. 103 
 
 for the post. V'ou may not be able to get a President by your next 
 Commencement (Mr. Billings has showed me your last letter to him), 
 but I should think that by the following year you might be fully 
 manned. It is no light enterprise to transplant a well-rooted and 
 growing tree from the Atlantic to the Pacific Coast. The men that 
 you need are the men that we also need and it requires time for 
 consideration and decision. With many thanks for the book, which 
 I read with much interest, I am yours sincerely, 
 
 "W. G. T. Shedd." 
 
 Immediately on the receipt of this letter from Dr. Shedd, 
 the Board determined to try once more for a President, and 
 this time elected Rev. Dr. R. D. Hitchcock, taking measures 
 to place before him in a true light the importance of the Col- 
 lege in this far western world. Meantime I felt obliged to 
 remain in office till the Presidency could be filled, although 
 much of the work was very wearing and contrary to my 
 taste. To me, the soliciting of funds was extremely irksome. 
 And yet it must be done by someone familiar with the insti- 
 tution and known in connection with it, or it could not go on 
 a single term. It also happened that the Board of Trustees 
 was about that time singularly weakened by losing several 
 of its ablest and most needed members. Mr. Billings was 
 obliged to leave California, both on account of the failure 
 of his health and at the call of business. His place could 
 not be filled by any other man. He was a member of a 
 leading law firm, and his professional services were invalua- 
 ble. In money he gave more than any other individual. He 
 used his time and his influence cheerfully and freely in the 
 interest of the College. Nor was it for the College alone that 
 he was ready to work. He was foremost among the friends 
 of schools, libraries, asylums, and churches. He was very 
 frequently asked to deliver anniversary addresses and speeches 
 on important occasions, many of which were published. Not 
 many men in his profession in the earlier }'ears were ready to 
 give time and attention to these things. After it became 
 evident that Dr. Bushnell would not return to California, the 
 friends and Trustees of the College wished to elect Mr. Bill- 
 
104 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 ings to the Presidency, but he could not sec his way clear to 
 enter upon that work. And now to part with him altogether 
 was a loss quite irreparable. Mr. Goddard was taken away 
 by death. Rev. Mr. Lacy, pastor of the First Congregational 
 Church, San Francisco, was attacked with hemorrhage from 
 the lungs and was obliged to resign all work and try what 
 foreign travel inight do towan; his recovery. Failure of 
 health also obliged Rev. Dr. Anderson, pastor of the F'irst 
 Presbyterian Church, San Francisco, to resign and leave for 
 the East. Tiis successor. Rev. L. C. Kayles, was elected in 
 his place, but in a very few months broke down with con- 
 sumption and died. It was impossible fully to supply the 
 places of these long-tried, able, and familiar workers. And 
 so, just when the enterprise was growing most in magnitude 
 and difficulty, its essential helpers were taken away. Stand- 
 ing as I did at the helm of affairs, I felt all this most keenly. 
 Indeed it carried me almost to the verge of discouragement. 
 Hut there seemed to be but one thing to do, and that was to 
 stand firm and do the best I could, till relieved. 
 
 The College was as yet living mainly upon its temporary 
 endowment, subscribed to be paid in annual sums for three 
 years. Hut as the College year 1864-65 commenced, some 
 new and very important questions presented themselves. In 
 the first place, the College School had grown so large that 
 its Principal, Rev. Mr. Hrayton, found it vcrj- difficult to 
 manage it under the ownership of the Trustees. He felt the 
 need of having sole authority in respect to improvements, 
 additions to the buildings or furniture, and the control of the 
 teaching staff. The annual catalogue showed the number of 
 scholars for the year to have been two hundred and seven, 
 and the number of teachers, twelve, some, however, employed 
 only a part of the time. Negotiations were opened by Mr. 
 Hra}'ton with the Hoard of Trustees, for the purchase on his 
 part of the school, all its buildings aTid furniture, and the two 
 blocks of land on which it stood. 
 
 In the ne.xt place, the Herkeley property required attention. 
 A man claiming title to a portion of it had begun to cut 
 
 I 
 
THE FIRST COMMENCEMENT. 105 
 
 down the fine old forest trees for cord- wood. In these trees, 
 to a large extent, consisted the value of the location as a 
 College site. By a legal process this was quickly stopped. 
 But the property needed care. Furthermore, new questions 
 were presenting themselves with respect to it. The most im- 
 portant of these related to the water supply. Strawberry 
 Creek came down from the hills through another ownership, 
 before it reached our grounds. As the quantity of water was 
 limited in the dry season, it became very evident that ques- 
 tions of difficulty would be sure to arise with respect to the 
 use of the water. Besides, the proper places for water-works, 
 impounding the water, etc., were all above us under the other 
 ownership. The difficulty was formidable. No satisfactory 
 agreement could be made with this owner. And it was easy 
 to foresee that if the ownership should change, we might be 
 no better off. This uncertainty and liability to trouble about 
 so essential a thing as water, seemed to take away one of the 
 principal attractions in view of which we had chosen the site 
 for the College. 
 
 Long conferences were had, and repeated attempts at ne- 
 gotiation, but there seemed to be no prospect of a satisfactory 
 agreement. And yet the Board were of one mind that some- 
 thing must be done to settle satisfactorily the water question 
 or the site must be abandoned. They never for one moment 
 thought of locating a College in California where there was 
 not an abundance of pure water under the undisputed con- 
 trol of the institution itself One day, while we were in the 
 midst of this perplexity, I was riding with my friend J. W. 
 Towne, in the then open country west of the city of San 
 Francisco, and he pointed out to me a homestead tract, in 
 which he was the owner of some shares. The homestead 
 plan was new then, and this was one of the first attempts at 
 carrying it out. Mr. Towne explained to me the method of 
 incorporation, the way of dividing up the proposed property, 
 paying for it in installments, and in a comparatively easy way 
 acquiring a good title to a valuable homestead property. 
 The question occurred to me at once whether we could not 
 
lOG HISTORY OF THE COLLECF. OF CAIJFORXTA. 
 
 buy the entire property that was giving us so much trouble 
 with respect to the water, and pay for it by the sale of lots 
 through a homestead association organized in the same way. 
 I proposed the question to the business men, members of the 
 Board of Trustees, and others. They entertained it and in- 
 vestigated it thoroughly. There seemed to be merit in the 
 plan. If successful it would, in the first place, remove wholly 
 the difficulty arising from the water question. And then it 
 would draw attention to our grounds. It would lead to the 
 settlement of a community alongside of the College, which 
 was an essential thing. It would tend to bring the very class 
 of people we should want, people interested in the College. 
 The more the plan was studied the more it was favored. 
 The owner of the land in question was seen, and it was found 
 that he wanted to sell, and his terms were obtained. Then 
 the matter of the formation of a homestead association was 
 taken up in earnest. The lawyers on the Board looked the 
 matter carefully over. The advice of friends of the College 
 was asked. As a result, the "College Homestead Associa- 
 tion " was formed and incorporated, bound b}- contract to the 
 interests of the College, and then the land purchase was ef- 
 fected. 
 
 In my pocket memorandum, under date of August 14,1864, 
 I find written as follows: "The Simmons purchase is closed. 
 We were uncertain as to its consummation up to within a few 
 moments of the tiine the papers were signed. Negotiation 
 has been going on more than two months, with varying 
 prospects, always on our part with the idea of following the 
 openings of Providence, neither going before and forcing a 
 way of our own, nor being behind and thereby losing our 
 opportunity. When the thing was decided by the execution 
 of the papers in San Francisco at four o'clock to-day, I left 
 to come home on the boat, relieved of one burden of suspense. 
 While crossing the bay, although the vsky was overclouded 
 elsewhere, the evening sun shone down, clear and bright, on 
 the spot we had just been purchasing — the site and its sur- 
 roundings which we had consecrated to the purposes of 
 
HIE FIRST COMMENCEMENT. 107 
 
 Christian learning. ''jFrom my heart went up tlie prayer to 
 God to accept the transaction as a means of building the 
 College for his own glory, the good of this country, and the 
 world ; to make it safe and successful by his gracious bene- 
 diction upon all who may, in coming time, resort to that spot 
 to acquire learning; making it blessed most especially, by the 
 choicest influences of the Holy Spirit." 
 
 At the same time the sale of the College School, the build- 
 ings, etc., and the two blocks of land, was made to Rev. Mr. 
 Brayton. Thus the College work was simplified by being 
 relieved of the care of the College School, and enlarged in the 
 direction of the improvement of its Berkeley property. First, 
 the homestead grounds were surveyed, divided into lots, 
 mapped, and made ready for sale. After laying off taste- 
 fully streets and avenues, each lot was made to consist of a 
 little over an acre. A share in the Homestead Association 
 entitled the owner to one of these lots, to be paid for in 
 twenty monthly installments of $25 each, amounting to 
 $500 in all. It was represented that water could be brought 
 and distributed throughout the grounds for all the purposes of 
 cultivation and improvement. All question about water 
 rights, boundaries, etc., having been settled by this purchase, 
 the College went into possession and commenced its plans of 
 improvement. First came the business of selling the lots. 
 There were one hundred and twenty-five of them. One-half 
 of the entire number was sold in a very short time. The re- 
 mainder were sold at intervals as purchasers could be found. 
 Besides the homestead tract, the College property then con- 
 sisted of between three and four hundred acres of land, but a 
 large portion of it was eastward of the site, back in the hills, 
 and of little value save as it gave control of the water supply. 
 
 In my report to the Trustees at. the close of the College 
 year 1864-65, I suggested "that it would be possible to bring 
 the whole property under a survey adapted to its situation, 
 and gradually, with water and its use in ornamentation, make 
 it more and more valuable." At the request of the Board of 
 Trustees, Fred Law Olmsted, Esq., then in Nevada on busi- 
 
108 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALnK)KNIA. 
 
 ness, took our maps in hand, proposing to give his idea how 
 the grounds should be laid out. He visited the spot and 
 made a thorough study of the grounds and landscape. On 
 many occasions he expressed his decided conviction that a 
 plan of improvement could be made which would be exceed- 
 ingly valuable to the College and attractive to many citizens 
 of means and taste, who might desire a residence near the 
 city. Under date of June 26, 1865, Mr. Olmsted wrote that, 
 if practicable, he would soon visit San Francisco, when he 
 would show us what progress he had made in his work. 
 
 In anticipation of future wants in the line of trees, I had 
 obtained a variety of tree seeds, some here, and some through 
 Mr. Billings, in New York, and had them planted. From 
 them we had quite a quantity of young trees growing, — a 
 few cedars of Lebanon, some Italian pines, cypress, and 
 Monterey pines, olives, walnuts, pepper-trees, magnolias, and 
 a great many locust trees. 
 
 While this business was progres.-ing outside, within the 
 College work was going on through the fall term. The 
 printed scheme of examination at its close was as follows: — 
 
 COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA— WIN lER EXAMINATION, 1S64-65. 
 MONDAY, DFXEMBER 12. 
 
 At 9 o'clock A. M., Freshmen, Livy. 
 
 At lo o'clock A. M., Sophomores, Prometheus. 
 
 At II o'clock A. M., juniors, (ieorgics. 
 
 At 2 o'clock p. M., Seniors, Chemistry. 
 
 At 3 o'clock V. .\i., Freshmen, Algebra. 
 
 At 4 o'clock w M., Juniors, De Oratore. 
 
 rUKSDAY, DECEMBER 1 3. 
 
 At 9 o'clock A. .M., Seniors, History. 
 
 At 10 o'clock A. M., i'reshmen, Iliad. 
 
 At 1 1 o'clock A. M., Sophomores, French. 
 
 At 2 o'clock i>. M., Juniors, Logic. 
 
 At 3 o'clock p. M., Seniors, Physiology. 
 
 At 4 o'clock p. M., Sophomores, Tusculan Disputations. 
 
THE rik'Sr COMMI-.NCIiMEN'r. 109 
 
 WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 1 4. 
 
 At 9 o'clock A. M., Sophomores, Trigonometry. 
 At 10 o'clock A. M., Juniors, German. 
 At 1 1 o'clock A. M., Seniors, Moral Philosophy. 
 At 2 o'clock p. M., Juniors, Natural Philosophy. 
 At 3 o'clock p. M., Seniors, Butler's Analogy. 
 
 Concerning the term's work, Mr. Kellogg, Secretary of the 
 Faculty, reported to the Trustees as follows: — 
 
 " The classes have gone on as usual, chiefly under the same in- 
 structors as heretofore. German has been continued into Senior 
 year, and French into Junior, a manifest improvement on the pro- 
 gramme of last year. The Juniors have recited but once a week in 
 Greek and once a week in Latin, the time being thus limited by the 
 imperative demands of the other studies. Too little time is thus 
 left for Cicero dc Oratorc, and the Faculty have decided to take it 
 up in the Sophomore year, in place of the Tusculan Disputations. 
 That book is not found in the Yale curriculum, and the scope and 
 style make it less interesting to most students than the De Oratore. 
 The Sophomores will read the first term the De Senectute and a part 
 of the De Oratore, the latter to be taken up again in Junior year. 
 As most of the students expect to be public speakers, the Faculty 
 are anxious to have them receive the full benefit of Cicero's work on 
 the orator. Dr. W. P. Gibbons has lectured to the Seniors on phy- 
 siology, and gave them very thorough instruction. Mr. S. S. Sanborn 
 has taught the German. The general spirit of study has not been 
 quite what we wish. We have missed, in this particular, the influ- 
 ence of our last graduated class. Yet the recitations have been uni- 
 formly fair, and the attendance very punctual." 
 
 Professor Durant, in closing the term report from his de- 
 partment on this occasion, speaks of the Senior class thus: 
 " The efficacy of a College course of study and discipline in 
 producing manliness of mind and manners, has been well 
 illustrated in the case of this class. The change from its 
 original levity at the time of entering College to the sobriety 
 and earnestness of character which appear at the close of the 
 course should not be unnoticed, nor fail to show the patrons 
 of the College the hopefulness of their work." 
 
no HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Kinsley Twining, who was temporarily in Califor- 
 nia at this time, and was a member of the Committee to Ex- 
 amine the College, at the close of a carefully prepared report 
 to the Trustees, said: — 
 
 " On the whole I must congratulate you on the appearance of your 
 classes. They were evidently not got up to make a show, but stood 
 up well to a prolonged and quite promiscuous examination, and what 
 pleased me most of all was to see that they were animated by the 
 spirit of genuine study. The Faculty of Instruction are evidently 
 pursuing the same sound method of severe drill, which in other in- 
 stitutions has been found to be the only means of exciting and sustain- 
 ing the interest of the student at his work." 
 
 The Committee on Education of the Congregational Gen- 
 eral Association of California, reported concerning the Col- 
 lege at their meeting in San PVancisco, in October, 1864, as 
 follows: — 
 
 "7b///(f General Association oj California — 
 
 "Your Committee on Education submits the following report: — 
 "It is natural that all our committees on this subject should think, 
 first of all, of the College of California. We are proud and grateful 
 in remembering that in the joint counsels of this Association with 
 that ecclesiastical body with which it so long co-operated, this College 
 enterprise was conceived, and that by them it has been fostered 
 through its infancy. Even now, but for the sympathy and efficient 
 service of members of these bodies and of the churches they repre- 
 sent, we presume it to be no assumption to affirm that it could not 
 continue. Hut we do not on that account desire that it should be 
 regarded as accountable to these bodies in any other way than as 
 every public literary or charitable institution is accountable to a 
 Christian public sentiment. We are more than satisfied with its 
 Christian but non-sectarian basis, and with the working of it upon 
 that basis. We desire it to be, and we feel entitled to claim that it 
 must be, an earnestly Christian and evangelical institution, but wc do 
 not ask that it should be distinctively Congregational. 
 
 " It is in this spirit that we seek and receive from year to year re- 
 ports of its condition, watching with intense friendliness its progress* 
 and rejoicing in it. During the past year its first diplomas have been 
 awarded. It has now four Alumni. Of these one is already study- 
 
77/A FIRST COM .\rEXCEMENT. J 11 
 
 ing theology ; two are expecting to do so, and one is studying law. 
 There are at present upon its roll, four Seniors, three Juniors, three 
 Sophomores, and seven Freshmen. It is noteworthy that of these 
 undergraduates, one has come from Harvard College, one from 
 Princeton, and one from Oahu, in the Sandwich Islands. 
 
 " The funds of the College are in a hopeful condition. The salaries 
 of the professors are quite too small, but such as they are, are pro- 
 vided for for three years by the generous subscriptions of gentlemen in 
 San Francisco, Oakland, Sacramento, and Stockton. During the 
 past year, in anticipation that Professor Shedd could be secured as 
 President of the College, an endowment of $25,000 was secured. 
 We regret to say that he felt obliged to decline the call, but we un- 
 derstand that the endowment remains ready to be made good so soon 
 as the Trustees secure a President satisfactory to the donors. Six 
 hundred and fifty volumes have been added to the library by dona- 
 tion from the East, and are on their way hither. 
 
 '• The prospect of classes in the future is hopeful. About fifteen 
 are understood to be preparing in the College School to enter the 
 next Freshman class. And there is ground to expect that these pre- 
 paratory classes will increase from year to year. But there is great 
 need of more preparatory schools. They should be established 
 throughout all the central and more thickly settled portions of the 
 State, at least one in each county, as soon as possible. And provis- 
 ion should be made to bring these preparatory stages of a liberal 
 education together with its more advanced stages within reach of 
 persons whose means are limited. The work is not well done, if 
 even well begun, while only the rich can avail themselves of such ad- 
 vantages. 
 
 "The Congregational ministry have a work to do in this respect. 
 If we would be true to our denominational history, if we are not 
 unwilling to prove ourselves unworthy children of a wise, fore- 
 thoughtful, generous ancestry, we cannot neglect these indispensable 
 stepping-stones to a generous and Christian culture. We must not 
 wait for a demand. We must seek to create a demand. It is one 
 of the beneficent results of such schools that a demand for them, — 
 a general sense of need res])ecting them, — follows their establishment. 
 We cannot afford to wait till there is a prospect that such schools will 
 pay their way. We might wait thus in vain forever. Some must be 
 ready to go in advance of the demands of the people, in the way of 
 
Il-J HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 providing for their higher necessities. What method should be 
 adopted of establishing such schools must be determined by circum- 
 stances in each case. Sometimes it will be possible by uniting the 
 extra resources of several school districts, to establish a high school. 
 At other times endowments must be sought through private benefac- 
 tors. It is clear that such schools cannot be expected to be self- 
 sustaining in most portions of the State for a long time if ever. 
 
 " Primary and grammar schools are indispensable to these high 
 schools, just as these are to the College. We rejoice in a constantly 
 increasing interest on the part of the people in our public schools. 
 We congratulate the people on the passage of a law by the last Leg- 
 islature levying a tax for the increase of our State School Fund, by 
 which its amount will be nearly doubled. We observe with pleasure 
 improved school-houses, a higher standard of qualifications required 
 and obtained in teachers, and a more earnest and practical attention 
 to their duties on the part of school officers of every grade. This 
 is the foundation of all liberal culture, and indispensable to general 
 intelligence, to ])olitical freedom, to our national existence, and to a 
 developed, progressive, and fruitful Christianity. Christian ministers 
 should everywhere be known as the earnest and laborious friends of 
 public schools; as the projectors and patrons of high schools where- 
 evcr they can be established ; and as appreciating and stimulating 
 others to appreciate the most thorough discipline of the mind. 
 
 "The College cannot long stand alone. We understand it to be 
 the desire of its Trustees to associate with it, professional, scientific, 
 and agricultural schools. The fact that of its four Alumni three are 
 comtemplating preparation for the ministry, suggests that the time is 
 coming and now is, when a Theological Seminary should be a mat- 
 ter of definite consideration with reference to practical action. It is 
 needed not simply to educate those already desiring to enter the 
 ministerial service, but also in order to be the means of drawing to- 
 wards the work those who should enter upon it. We cannot but 
 anticipate a time when the ministry for this coast must be raised up 
 upon the coast; and we should be j)reparing to meet its demand 
 upon us. Without definitely proposing any present action, we have 
 felt that this topic should no longer be absent from our consultations. 
 We would recommend the appointment of a standing committee 
 wlio shall have this matter before their thoughts, and report progress 
 from year to year. 
 
THE FfRST COMMF.NCEME.VT. 113 
 
 " We observe with interest an increasing number and a higher 
 character in our Protestant institutions for female education, but 
 have been furnished with no facts respecting them. We are not able 
 to suggest any declarations additional to those hitherto adopted by 
 the Association. 
 
 " All of which is respectfully submitted. 
 
 Wm. C. Pond, ) 
 
 H. CuMMiNGS, \ Committee." 
 
 J. W. TOWNE, ) 
 
 After the usual winter vacation the College work went on^ 
 to come to a pause again at the graduating of the second 
 class in June. Before that time I made an agency report, a 
 single extract from which illustrates the uncertainties attend- 
 ing the progress of our enterprise. 
 
 " The Trustees will remember that I entered upon the homestead 
 enterprise last September. It was a piece of engineering I was not 
 used to, and it had about it so much of uncertainty that I did not 
 take hold of it save with apprehension. But I gained assurance as 
 I went on, and have lost none of it as yet. September was a good 
 month; so was early October. Then everybody stopped to elect a 
 President of the United States. That carried us close into winter- 
 Down came the rain, but on went the enterprise slowly. February 
 gave us a gleam of sunshine, and a couple of weeks of warm days. 
 Some of the Trustees visited the grounds. They got a good opinion 
 of them. Down came the rain again, but all the time new subscrib- 
 ers came in, not fast enough to flood us with cash, but sufficient to 
 enable us to meet demands It seemed certain that we should do 
 better in April. So into April we came, and were getting busy in our 
 spring work, when, lo ! on the thirteenth a telegram from Washington 
 made the stunning announcement, President Lincoln is assassinated ! 
 From that moment every thought, every feeling in the entire com- 
 munity was turned in one sad direction. There was no heart but for 
 one theme, and we all marched to the same sad music. Full two 
 weeks right out of the heart of this propitious month thus went by. 
 Only gradually did the elasticity of the public feeling return, and 
 business move again in its ordinary channels, so that I could do 
 anything more in my homestead work." 
 
CHAPTER X . 
 
 THE RELIGIOUS SPIRIT OF THE COLLEGE. 
 
 It is pleasant to recall the delightful religious interest that 
 pervaded the College and the College School in the spring of 
 1S65. I made a few notes of it at the time, from which I 
 quote here: — 
 
 "Monday Evening, March 21, 1865. 
 
 "Soi)hoinore , an earnest Christian, came to see me with Senior 
 
 , who is seeking the way of life. Spent a half an hour in con- 
 versation as to what it is to become a Christian and live a Chris- 
 tian. I then led in prayer, and both of the young men followed. 
 It was a delightful interview— a blessed beginning of the Spirit's 
 influence in the College. May this be but the commencement of a 
 series of meetings of this kind. May they bring us all, officers and 
 students together, into a nearer Christian intercourse. May it be so 
 through all the years and generations to come. 
 
 " So let the College prosper, as it is thus the light of the true life 
 in the world." 
 
 " Monday Evening, March 28. 
 
 " Sophomore called again and told me of a prayer-meeting held 
 
 last Friday evening by the students themselves. He gave me the 
 names of those who were there. It is cheering to see this spontane- 
 ous movement toward the new life." 
 
 " Monday Evening, April 3. 
 "The same young men came to see me as before. The interview 
 was stimulating and cheering in a high degree." 
 
 " Monday Evening, April 10. 
 
 " Sophomore called. He reported a continued attendance of 
 
 the students at their Friday evening prayer-meeting, and all evincing 
 an undiminished interest." 
 
 t 
 
THE RF.LIGIOUS SPIRIT OF THE COI LEGE. 115 
 
 " Monday Evening, May 8. 
 
 '' Our regular Monday evening meetings have continued, and so 
 has the students' Friday evening meeting, and one by one new at- 
 tendants have dropped in. Those students who have declared their 
 purpose to be Christians are abiding firm and hopefully. The inter- 
 est is growing in the College School. Three members of that de- 
 partment joined the Presbyterian Church yesterday. We are full of 
 joy. We commend ourselves to the watch and care of our merciful 
 Saviour." 
 
 " Monday Evening, May 14. 
 
 " Our little gathering is the same as before. Three other members 
 have declared their purpose to be Christians. In the College School 
 the good work goes delightfully on. A prayer-meeting is being held 
 there at this very hour. I hear the pleasant sound of their hymns 
 which they are now singing. A similar meeting was held in the 
 Presbyterian Church last evening, when many of the young people 
 took part. 
 
 " Last Tuesday evening a prayer-meeting in the Congregational 
 Church was one of very decided interest." 
 
 These were all the notes I made of that season of religious 
 interest. But I am glad I made even these, for they serve to 
 recall those scenes of the College life that awaken the pro- 
 foundest gratitude. For myself I could enjoy them but little- 
 The out-of-door business of the College was getting now to 
 be so great that it employed every waking hour. It had to 
 be attended to, whatever else was neglected. But its weari- 
 ness was lightened and relieved when I could know that such 
 a spirit pervaded the institution, for which I was trying to do 
 the best I could. In all the years that we had worked to- 
 gether to found and build the College, it had been our hope 
 that the young men would not only be educated, but renewed 
 by the Holy Spirit, and go out manly Christians. It was our 
 hope that such changes in character and in deportment would 
 be seen in the young men as Professor Durant refers to as 
 taking place in one of the classes, in his term report to the 
 Trustees on a preceding page. To see them beginning in 
 the young men, and in the classes, made all work easy. It 
 lightened all burdens. Itgave courage to encounter difficulties. 
 
116 mSTORV OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNLA. 
 
 It Stimulated to undertake almost impossibilities. Tt is pleas- 
 ant to recall how this spring-time revival brightened every- 
 thing about our enterprise. The soliciting of subscriptions, 
 the collecting of money, the selling of homestead lots, the 
 measuring of land, the survey of springs, the transplanting of 
 trees, the borrowing of money, the paying of notes, the 
 searching of titles, the repair of buildings, the putting up of 
 fences, the making ready for Commenceinent and Alumni oc- 
 casions, involving attention to an untold number of things, 
 the settling of bills and the paying of salaries, — all this which 
 in itself would be servitude and drudgery, was made easy and 
 pleasant when minds and hearts, in the College itself, were 
 under the special influence of the Holy Spirit. 
 
 Thus the spring term passed swiftly and pleasantly, and the 
 Commencement of 1865 hastened on. The examination that 
 preceded it was prolonged and thorough, like the one which 
 closed the term before. It was in every respect as satisfactory 
 as that had been. Commencement was to be on Wednesday, 
 June 7, and the second meeting of the Associated Alumni 
 was to take place on the day and evening before. Prepara- 
 tion for both these occasions was carefully made, havmg in 
 view the experience of the preceding year. Rev. Horatio 
 Stebbins, D. D., was engaged to deliver the oration, and E. 
 R. Sill the poem befon^ the Alumni ; and Prolessor Durant the 
 oration, and William L. Crowell the poem before the College 
 on Commencement Day. This year the Alumni met for their 
 oration and poem in the l<"irst Congregational Church. From 
 there they proceeiied to the spacious new hall of the College 
 School, for their scc(jnd annual collation and evening enter- 
 tainment. Airiong the distinguished guests present were 
 Major-General McDowell, Gen. James Wilson, Prof C. T- 
 Jack.son, M. D.. Judge O. L. Shafter, Judge Wychc, of Wash- 
 ington Territory, and Rev. W. \\. Prown, of New Jersey 
 About as many graduates sat down at the table as the year 
 previous. After the company had done justice to the repast 
 the speaking began. Hon. Edward Tompkins again presided 
 as at the fust meetinjf the year before. His a|^tness in man- 
 
THE RELIGIOUS SPIRIT OP THE COLLEGE. 117 
 
 aging such a meeting was quite inimitable. He began his 
 greeting by saying: — 
 
 " Brothers : It is now one year since the Associated Alumni of the 
 Pacific Coast held their first meeting in this place. It was an event 
 of much more than ordinary interest, for it drew together, for the first 
 time, within limits extensive as those of a mighty empire, the intelli- 
 gence nnd education — not educated, not graduated here — but that 
 had been gathered from the ends of the earth, to find a home here. 
 It was unlike the gatherings of educated men in old States and old 
 countries. There they came together, hundreds of them, all edu- 
 cated in the same halls, same moulds, and making up a kind of mutual 
 admiration society, each praised the other and himself at the same 
 time, and went home thinking what a glorious occasion it was. But 
 when we met here last year, instead of being all representatives of 
 one school, or of one College, all thinking in one groove and moving 
 in one revolution, we were made up of the most heterogeneous, ele- 
 ments that were ever combined together in any community on earth. 
 Yale was here with its troops, and Harvard with its forces, and Union 
 with its duteous sons, and Wesleyan University with its children, old 
 Dartmouth and Brown, and all the rest, I cannot stop to name them, 
 but every one of you knows I mean your college too. All were 
 here, and each elated a little, perhaps, by that sort of spirit that 
 would stand up each for his own; and swords were drawn, and steel 
 glistened, and it was altogether the most sparkling, glowing, and 
 glorious meeting that I had ever seen of educated men on earth. 
 And I see before me now an assembly that can prove, if it will, what 
 was demonstrated then, that the spirit that animates men on such 
 occasions need not be all of the earth earthy, but may be that other 
 spirit of mental culture and intellectual rivalry that stirs men up to 
 higher and loftier and nobler utterances of thoughts than were 
 ever aroused by the malign influences that they have thought neces- 
 sary in times past to arouse them to action. . . One year ago, 
 although our hearts were lit up by the occasion, and we did enjoy, 
 reverently, as patriots might, that day and evening of relaxation, yet 
 there was upon all our hearts a weight and a gloom so threatening 
 that it was all that manhood could bear as it looked it in the face. 
 Then vast armies occupied our land ; then bloodshed was the order 
 and the rule, not the exception; then our Government, bleeding at 
 every pore, was struggling for life, and although hopeful and its eye 
 
118 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 steadily fixed on the result that has been achieved, yet it was a hope 
 that trembled as it knew the mighty burden that it had to carry 
 through to the end that it would attain. Every heart was heavy, 
 every eye was suffused with tears, as they thought of the loved ones 
 lost, the loved ones in danger, the wounds of our country, the in- 
 jury to the great interest of humanity that we believed was then going 
 on in our land. . . . This year the hatchet is buried. Peace 
 comes back with golden wing, and with eye of light. The heart of 
 the country beats full and strong; and our pride in our land is in- 
 creased a hundred-fold. . . . And so, friends, this year has 
 passed and gone. 
 
 " We have come together now to look forward, rather than back- 
 ward. Who can say, among those that we love and honor to-day, that 
 one year from now we shall not be learning from the lesson of their 
 lives other great truths, as we are learning these now ? It becomes 
 us with all reverence to remember the age that we are in, the events 
 that are crowding about us, that we are making history day by day, 
 and that the coming year is charged with the interests of all time, to 
 a degree so great that human wisdom trembles upon its very thresh- 
 old. If the educated men of this coast will keep this in mind, and 
 calmly, prudently, reverently do all that in them lies to steady public 
 sentiment, to give a healthy tone to public opinion, to protect the 
 right and resist the wrong, then it will be a glorious year, and the 
 beginning of other and more glorious years, for the Pacific Coast. 
 That such may be the result will be the wish of every educated man, 
 not only here but throughout all our country." 
 
 The President then read a dispatch from Governor Low, 
 expressing his regret that official duties rendered it impossible 
 for him to be present, as he had hoped to be, alsolettcrs from 
 Attorney-General McCullough and General Wright, U. S. A., 
 saying that they were sorry that business rendered it impossi- 
 ble for them to be present. Rev. Mr. Brown, who was here 
 on the business of the Christian Commission, responded to 
 the sentiment: " Our country; glorious ever as the home of 
 the free, doubly glorious as the home only of the free." 
 After an introduction full of sparkling points that many 
 times set the comjiany into a roar of laughter, Mr. Brown 
 came down to the sober consideration of his theme. " One 
 
 \ 
 
 \\ 
 
THE REIJGIOUS SPFKIT OF THE COLLEGE. !19 
 
 of the lessons," he said, " we have learned by the war is, that 
 it is more blessed to give, than receive. You on the Pacific 
 Coast have given of your abundance liberally, bounteously, 
 to the Sanitary Commission and to the Christian Commission. 
 We on the Atlantic Coast have done the same. Do you 
 know that five hundred millions of dollars have been volun- 
 tarily Contributed by the people of the United States in the 
 last four years in the carrying on of this war? h^ivc hundred 
 millions! A most significant fact. The people have learned 
 to give, and the people like to give when their hearts are in 
 the cause, as they have been in this great and glorious war." 
 In the course of the evening, one of the toasts was to " Our 
 Army," and General McDowell responded. He was received 
 with great applause. Among other things he said: — 
 
 *' Napoleon had his grand army when he went to Russia. If you 
 will take that as a measure, you will find how much greater the 
 armies of the United States have been and are now, than ever any- 
 where that he marshaled, — greater in number, greater in character, 
 and far greater in the objects which they had in view. In every 
 nation an army partakes of the character of the institutions of that 
 nation; and if our army is so much greater, as I have affirmed it 
 to be, than any other army ever was before, I think it comes 
 directly from the fact that it does partake of the institutions under 
 which we live. I do not think you will accuse me of egotism when 
 I say that I think there are few who know better than I do what our 
 army was in the beginning — I mean this great army that now exists 
 in the United States, not the little army to which I belong, and 
 have always belonged, but the one you mean now, when you speak 
 of the Army of the Union,— white and black, volunteer and regular. 
 In the beginning this little nucleus of the a^ and b^' graduates from 
 West l*oint, scattered all over the country or hid away in some little 
 frontier fort, unknown, not knowing themselves, were called suddenly 
 to take upon themselves immense responsibilities, and trusts they 
 never dreamed of, that no person ever thought possible they could be 
 called upon to assume. In Washington the Government was in the 
 hands of men unaccjuainted with military affairs, — Lincoln, Seward, 
 and others. Those gentlemen, who, like yourselves, were graduates 
 of institutions of learning, and had been called upon to administer 
 
120 IirSTORY OF THE COLLF.GF. OF CALIFOR.VfA 
 
 the affairs of the country, had need of the services of this other 
 class of people from West Point scattered all over the country, 
 neither knowing the other. I was witness myself personally of this 
 want of knowledge of these two classes, each of the other. It was 
 a curious scene. I do not think that any history will ever show a 
 nation suddenly wanting the force we needed, and its leaders know- 
 ing so little of what was necessary for such a force — how to organize 
 it, how to get it together, how to command it, or anything, in fact, 
 about it. And then those men who have become so great, the 
 Shermans, the Sheridans, the Cirants, they themselves not trusting in 
 their own power. One of these persons, to my knowledge, shrank 
 even from the command of a regiment, did not feel himself compe- 
 tent to lake upon himself that responsibility; but those men, obliged 
 to go forward, obliged by their education, and by the bond which 
 that imposed upon them, and accepting any responsibility that was 
 given them, have gone forward and attracted the attention and the 
 admiration of the whole world. I am certain there are many here 
 who know one of them, and will agree with me that there is not 
 a more gallant, straiuhtforward, loyal, deserving man in the whole 
 country than General Sherman. I have seen something of the 
 armies of Europe, and know something of their composition, and 
 therefore feel that I am not exaggerating when 1 say that no nation 
 in the world could have raised such an army as we have now. 
 No monarch could have done it — nobody but the grand people 
 could have done it. The army will soon pass out of existence, 
 I hope; liiat is to say. the larger i^rt of it It has been a great 
 weight anil burden ujjon the country, but I trust that it will always 
 be remembered that the army did not organize the Rebellion, but it 
 was the army that put it down. . . . One thing was always said 
 by Europeans and persons who thought and wrote about this country, 
 which was, that slavery was the great rock on which we were going to 
 split. Well, we struck on that rock and we struck it hard, but the 
 rock it was that was split, and not the country. And we did not only 
 split the ro( k but we ground it to powder." 
 
 The hour.s of the cvcnini^ flevv by, many speakers entertain- 
 ing the audience with wit and wisdom, with pleasantries and 
 repartees as well as more sober discourse, till all too soon the 
 President was oblijj^ed to rise and saj', " Two minutes only to 
 spare to train-time. I ain very sorr}- the evening was not 
 
THE RELIGIOUS SPIRIT OE PIIE COLLEGE. 121 
 
 long enougli for all the good speech' s that were here. I hope 
 those not delivered will keep until next year. And now, on 
 behalf of the Association, I thank )ou all for }-our presence 
 here and for the cordiality with which you have responded to 
 us; and we bid you an affectionate good-night." 
 
 The next day Commencement brought together its usually 
 crowded assembly. There was the enthusiasm which such 
 occasions usually inspire, with a good deal that was peculiar to 
 a young college in a young country. The graduating class 
 consisted of four young men: John R. Glascock, Elijah Janes, 
 George E. Sherman, and Gardner E. Williams. After the 
 speaking by the youiig men, the annual Commencement ora- 
 tion was pronounced by Rev. Professor Henry Durant. His 
 theme was, "The University." It was listened to with pro- 
 found interest. He seldom made public addresses, and this 
 fact made all more than usually desirous of hearing him. 
 And still further it may be said that, so far as I know, this is 
 the only piece of composition of his in prmt.' 
 
 After the oration, Mr. Crowell delivered a poem. The 
 degrees were then conferred, and thus ended the second Com- 
 mencement of our young College. " We had the pleasure," 
 said a writer in the Pacific, "of attending several of the 
 examinations of the Sophomore and Ereshman classes in the 
 College of California, and the Commencement exercises at 
 the close of the last term of that institution. It was really 
 gratifying to witness on these Pacific shores the venerable 
 and stately forms of a genuine classic Commencement. 
 There were the large and gay assemblage, the inspiring airs 
 of a trained band of music, the broad platform with its 
 sweeping semi-circle of Trustees, Eaculty, and invited guests, 
 the presiding officer occupying the elevated chair at the apex 
 of the arc, the youth on the stage in the last act of bursting 
 out into manhood and showing at the moment a novel mixt- 
 ure of the boy and the man — at once a history and a 
 prophecy and both in one — the generous and easily excited 
 applause, the bouquets of flowers showered on the stage, the 
 
 'Professor Durant's oration is produced as the third number of the Appendix. 
 
122 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 stately pronunciation of the Latin in conferring the degrees, 
 and the gaze of the audience on the President as a kind of 
 arbiter of destiny, whose mysterious, taHsinanic words changed 
 at will plain men into Doctors of the Law or of Theology. 
 It was to us who have been followed hither by many other 
 faces sacred by the old home life and associations, though 
 somewhat altered by time, as if a Commencement of old 
 Harvard, or Yale, or Dartmouth, had suddenly crossed the 
 continent, and thrown open its arms, and were greeting us, all 
 in its smiles and joy, in a renewed and young California 
 life. And to think of all this so soon in this new State, and 
 in connection with a real, substantial College, and crowning a 
 year's solid College work, made us at once thankful and hope- 
 ful. 
 
 " The exercises of Commencement passed off well. Four 
 young men graduated. They spoke well, and their addresses 
 were written in clear, intelligible English, and exhibited a fair 
 amount of thought and culture, and much more than an 
 average amount of ability in the way of putting things. 
 Some of their themes, however, were too large and rambling. 
 It is one of the objects of mental discipline to have an end 
 and a point, and to aim at that. 
 
 " It is our impression, from what we have seen, that j'oung 
 men can get a good and stimulating education in the College 
 of California, that the fact of the small size of the classes, 
 bringing each student in close personal and quickening rela- 
 tions to the professors, in great degree compensates for the 
 absence of some other advantages which long endowed insti- 
 tutions possess, and that there is now no need of looking 
 beyond our own State for a college to which to send our sons. 
 
 " Things are taking fixed shape in connection with this 
 institution; hopes are becoming facts; experiments, an insti- 
 tution; ami now that God has recognized it and breathed 
 into ii the breath of life by a revival of religion within its 
 walls, and endowed it with the institutional spirit of piety, 
 it should have a high place in the confidence and the sj-mpa- 
 thies of Californians." 
 
THE RELfGIOUS SPIRIT OF THE COLLEGE. 123 
 
 Without much time for recovery from the fatigue and 
 excitement necessarily connected with getting ready for all 
 these exercises, and going through with them, came the duty 
 of making u{) the reports and putting everything in readiness 
 for the annual meeting of the Board of Trustees. The sub- 
 stance of my report on this occasion was published, and is 
 given below:— 
 
 Abstract of the Annual Report of the Vice-President 
 of the College, to the Board of Trustees, 1864-68. 
 
 " The College laws require me to report annually to the Board, 
 ' the method of instruction, the state of discipline, the condition of 
 the College premises and property, and all matters pertaining to the 
 general interests of the institution.' 
 
 " With regard to the ' method of instruction,' the reports of the 
 professors and teachers, already read, are probably a sufficient indica- 
 tion. The recitations and lectures are systematic, thorough, and 
 punctual, as much so as they are in the oldest colleges of the coun- 
 try. The peculiar spirit and culture of college education are begin- 
 ning plainly to appear. 
 
 " The state of discipline in the College is all that we could desire. 
 The year has passed without any serious breach of decorum. The 
 students are attentive and respectful, and show a commendable 
 improvement in a scholarly spirit, and in gentlemanly manners. 
 
 "Of the departments filled by Professors Durant, Kellogg, Bray- 
 ton, and Hodgson, very little needs to be said here, since the facts 
 are familiar to all the members of this Board. It is in these depart- 
 ments that the College compares most favorably with the best col- 
 leges in the East. 
 
 " The Department of Modern Languages is satisfactorily filled, so 
 far as it can be in the time which it is possible to assign to it. As 
 the classes come into College with better preparation, it will be possi- 
 ble to push them further on in a knowledge of these languages, so as 
 to bring the student into the enjoyment of the literature which they 
 contain. 
 
 " In the Department of Natural Science the text-book instruction 
 has been given by Professor Hodgson. A course of chemical 
 lectures was given to the Senior class by Professor Kinney, now of 
 
124 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE Or CAf.IFORXLl. 
 
 the San Jose Institute. A course of lectures on anatomy and physi- 
 ology was given by Dr. W. P. Gibbons; and lectures on literature, 
 history, and the Scriptures, were given by several gentlemen invited 
 by the Faculty. It should be said just here, that in the Department 
 of Natural Science is where we should make immediate efforts to 
 increase the advantages of the institution. Special note should be 
 made of this by the Board, and proper measures to this end should 
 be immediately set on foot. 
 
 Moral and intellectual philosophy have been taught by Professor 
 Durant, while history and the Constitution of the United States have 
 fallen in Professor Kellogg's Department. In general it may be 
 remarked, that the college spirit more and more pervades the institu- 
 tion. It is pleasant also to be able to report that numbers begin to 
 increase. The entering Freshman class contains fifteen already. 
 The number coming forward in the Preparatory Department is 
 much larger than formerly, and is likely to increase. And touching 
 that department it may be truly said that it is in a very flourishing 
 condition. This the reports herewith submitted clearly enough 
 show. In this school the Classical Department has always, from 
 the foundation of the institution, been well taught. But now it is so 
 systematized under its present teacher, Mr. Sanborn, who devotes 
 his whole time to it, and who succeeds in inspiring the pupils with a 
 true scholarly zeal, that it is bringing forward regular annual classes 
 through a jjrolonged course of thorough classical drill. It needs 
 maturity, and this will come in time. Parents must be convinced of 
 the importance of holding their sons to a thorough preparation for 
 College, in order to their being able to receive the proper and full 
 benefit of the College course. At present this institution is the only 
 feeder of the College. Without it the College could find no stu- 
 dents. 'I'his, we hoi^e, will not be the fact. 
 
 "In this connection it may be remarked that the recently established 
 Classical Department in the San Francisco free schools seems to be 
 working admirably. It is to be hoped that the boys to whom this 
 great advantage is now offered, will show by their perseverance in 
 the course of classical study, that they appreciate its value and are 
 determined to make the most of it. The classics are taught to a 
 certain extent in the high schools of some of our other cities, but 
 not, so far as I am informed, to the extent of fitting pupils to enter 
 college. 
 
THE RELfGfOUS SP/AV7' OF THE COLLEGE. 125 
 
 "Something; should be said of the library. Our little collection of 
 books has been somewhat increased. In the spring came the fine 
 series of ' Coast Survey Reports,' with maps and profiles, from the 
 Department at Washington. Some valuable volumes were con- 
 tributed by Mr. Day, and some by Rev. Mr. Brodt. In May came 
 the books from Connecticut, the private library of the late Rev. Mr. 
 Hart -contributed by Mrs. Hart, through the agency of Rev. Dr. 
 Baldwin, Secretary of the Western College Society. These books, 
 numbering between six and seven hundred volumes, are a noble 
 addition to our list, and will increase largely the permanent value 
 of our library. 
 
 " Suitable shelves need to be provided for these books before our 
 ne.xt term commences. The cases for minerals and geological speci- 
 mens should also be extended, since all the room we now have is 
 packed full. I take pleasure in saying here, that the free use of the 
 Odd Fellows' Library, in San Francisco, has been tendered to the 
 P'aculty and to the members of the Senior class of the College, and' 
 has been used with great advantage during the year past. This 
 library would be considered a choice one for any college. It is one 
 of the best, if not the very best, in the State. It is so near to us 
 that it goes far towards supplying the deficiency of a well-selected 
 library of our own. Such a library we ought soon to have. 
 
 " A word respecting apparatus. Enough was procured two years 
 ago for Professor Brewer to serve the purpose of his excellent course 
 of lectures on chemistry. It was somewhat increased last year by 
 Mr. Kinney, who gave the lectures; and all we have is in good con- 
 dition and will serve hereafter. One new piece, at least, must be 
 procured immediately, and that is an air-pump. And it should be of 
 the best sort. What I have said before of our deficiency, as an 
 institution, in the Department of Science, pertains equally to our 
 apparatus. Our necessity must be made to aij])eal strongly to the 
 generous men of the State, till somebody is found to contribute the 
 means to enable the College to do its duty in this wide field of 
 science and scientific experiment. The institution ought not to be 
 left a single year so inadequately furnished in departments of knowl- 
 edge where the world requires special thoroughness. 
 
 "In reference to the College in general, the close of the year finds 
 its condition sound and healthful. The year past has brought about 
 decided advances in every feature of excellence. The examinations 
 
126 HISTORY OF TflF. COLLEGE OF CJ/JFORNLA. 
 
 at the close are fairly represented in the reports of Rev. Dr. Dwinell 
 and Rev. W. C. Pond, committee, submitted herewith. These 
 reports, as you observed when they were read, showed both their 
 good points for commendation, and their defects for amendments. 
 
 "The Commencement was superior to the former one, in the 
 character of the performances, and in the order and dignity with 
 which it was conducted. The degrees were conferred in course 
 upon the members of the graduating class, and the honorary degrees, 
 according to the vote of the Board, as follows: That of M. A.^ on 
 John Bidwell, Delos Lake, John Swett, Samuel I. C. Swczey, W. 
 H. L. Barnes, and S. H. Parker; that of LL.D., on Oscar T.. 
 Shaftcr; and that of I). I)., on M. C. Briggs. 
 
 " The meeting of College Alumni on the day preceding, was 
 again this year, as it was last, an occasion of great interest. The 
 numbers present were about as before, and the exercises were not a 
 whit behind in excellence. A permanent Association of Alumni 
 was formed, to meet annually with the College, on Commencement 
 week, to have its oration, poem, and supper, with accompanying off- 
 hand speeches, as heretofore. 
 
 " The condition of the finances of the College is shown in the 
 Treasurer's report and the accompanying papers, together with the 
 statement of the resources by which the institution is to be sustained 
 for the year to come. 
 
 "The Homestead Association, which has been organized during the 
 past year for the purpose of selling certain lands adjoining the per- 
 manent site of the College, in order to open the way for the removal 
 of the institution as soon as possible to its permanent home, is pro- 
 gressing well. By the terms of its subscriptions, its monthly install- 
 ments will close with Ai>ril next. 
 
 "When all its share.s are taken, and the dues thereon i>aid. a fund 
 will be accumulated with which to proceed with the improvements 
 necessary to placing the College where it is to remain. In antici- 
 pation of this, the survey and laying out of the College park, and, in 
 fact, of the whole tract of land owned by the College, has been put, 
 by direction of the JJoard, into the hands of Kred Law Olmstead. 
 Esq., who has already undertaken it. When this work is completed, 
 and a map shall be i)resented by which this |:)roi)erty can come into 
 market, it is believed that enough can be sold to realize the money 
 that will be still further required for contemplated improvements. 
 
Tlir-: REIJGIOVS SPIRIT or THE COLLEGE. 127 
 
 " Already considerable has been done in the way of starting orna- 
 mental trees in nursery. Seeds of several kinds of trees were 
 procured last winter — some from Europe, some from the Eastern 
 States, and some from this State, and from them a great many thrifty 
 young trees are now growing. The work of planting seeds should 
 be prosecuted next winter on a still larger scale. The growths will 
 then be ready for use in two or three years from this time, and be of 
 great value. 
 
 " With respect to water supply. Of the nine springs belonging to 
 us, one, the nearest to the College site, is only about three thousand 
 feet from the proper place of the reservoir. I have made some 
 inquiries and estimates as to the cost of bringing the water of this 
 spring into a reservoir, and leading it in iron pipe to the places on 
 the College grounds, or homestead tract, where it may be required 
 for use. I submit the figures from the engineer and others, here- 
 with, merely remarking in this place that for a few thousand dollars, 
 this spring alone can be made to yield an ample and unfailing supply 
 of water for twenty or thirty houses, including all uses for which, in 
 a rural residence, it may be wanted, the reservoir being at least one 
 hundred and fifty feet above the buildings or localities to be supplied. 
 
 "When the flow of this spring is not enough, the others can be 
 brought in, in like manner, along the same line from their greater 
 distances, and altogether, you will remember, they were flowing, last 
 October — the driest month of the driest year — over one hundred 
 thousand gallons a day. 
 
 '' Their daily flow is, at this time, probably two or three times 
 that, and by proper treatment it could be made much greater than 
 it is. Properly developed and managed, this water may be made a 
 very important, permanent, and useful part of the College property 
 
 " All of which is respectfully submitted. 
 
 "S. H. WiLLEY, Vice-President:' 
 
 College of California^ July 7, iSd^). 
 
 The reports of the examiners, Rev. Dr. Dvvinei! and Rev. 
 Mr. Pond, referred to, were as follows. First Dr. Dwinell 
 says : — 
 
 " The first examination I attended was that of the Freshman 
 in geometry. This showed faithful instruction and fair imi)rove- 
 ment. A few only, however, had mastered the subject, and these 
 
128 in.' TORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNLA. 
 
 were well trained in the processes of mathematical reasoning, 
 while some of the others had been carried so far beyond their 
 capacity or diligence as to suggest the inquiry whether the same 
 effort might not have been spent on less ground to better ad- 
 vantage. The examination of the Sophomore class in rhetoric 
 showed that the students had been benefited by the study of that 
 art by the rich and excellent instruction given them, but it occurred 
 to me whether the very affluence of it had not in part defeated the 
 end, by doing too much for the pupil. The Freshman class trans- 
 lated the ' Memorabilia ' finely, showing good training and good 
 results. I was particularly pleased with the exact rendering of the 
 Greek into pure English, and with the attention that had been given 
 to the etymology of English words derived from the Greek. The 
 pronunciation and some other minor matters relating to the rudi- 
 ments of the language had been too much neglected. The same 
 class did well in French so far as I was able to witness the examina- 
 tion, but as I was i)resent only a short time I cannot speak particu- 
 larly about it. The Freshmen exhibited fair results in Horace, 
 showing ni( c, exact, faithful teaching, yet in spile of that, a want of 
 familiarity with the grammar and the principles of construction which 
 indicated that the class had attempted to go over more than it could 
 master, or that the class had not been sufficiently well grounded in 
 the rudiments of the language at the time of entering College. The 
 Sojihomorcs seemed to enter into the spirit of Demosthenes' ' Ora- 
 tion on the Crown,' exhibiting enthusiasm, appreciation, and a lively 
 sense of the claims of the English tongue, while bringing out the 
 treasures of a dead one. The impression left on my mind on the 
 whole is, that the instruction in the College has been decidedly 
 thorough, stimulating, and suggestive, aiming rather to draw out the 
 powers of the student than to crowd him with learning, and that 
 most of the young men have met the effort of the professors with 
 appreciation, zeal, and earnest endeavor. The most obvious criticism 
 I have to make is that, in my judgment, most of the students were 
 not sufficiently prepared for college, and have never yet overcome 
 that want of preparation. It may well be a (juestion also whether it 
 would not be better not to attempt so much in the college course 
 proper. If two of the modern languages were omitted and more 
 time devoted to Latin and Greek and the remaining modern tongue 
 in the course, the young men might enter more fully into the advan- 
 
THE RELIGIOUS SPIN 11' OF THE COLLEGE. 129 
 
 tages of these studies, and be able to discover something more of 
 the wealth of the literature revealed in them. As it is, they are 
 occupied with the rudiments of several languages and enter into the 
 spirit of none, nor do they acquire that facility of translation in any 
 one which will be likely to lead them to continue to read it after the 
 demands of the recitation room are met. Either the qualifications 
 for entering College might be increased to advantage, or the ground 
 gone over in the course be made less." 
 
 Rev. Mr. Pond added: — 
 
 " My own views, after attending the examinations of the Freshman 
 and Sophomore classes, correspond closely with those expressed by 
 Dr. Dwinell. The classes are small, and on that account were ex- 
 amined more thoroughly, and criticized perhaps by examiners more 
 closely than is usual where the number to be examined is larger. 
 The proportion of those who did very well was fully equal to 
 that which obtained in the only college which I have had oppor- 
 tunity to compare with this one. But the proportion should be, if 
 possible, increased. But in Latin and Greek, it is my earnest con- 
 viction that the preparation should be more thorough and complete, 
 and a familiarity with syntectical principles and with the modes of 
 expressing shades of thought should be better maintained, and more 
 successfully developed in the exercises of the College itself." 
 
 il_. 
 
^^^ or Thi '1^ \ 
 
 UNIVEKSITY ) 
 
 CH7^rf¥Eir"xi. 
 
 CALLS FOR FUNDS AND STUDENTS. 
 
 Ill reviewing; the prot;re.ss of the College of California, each 
 College year appears to have had a history peculiar to itself- 
 And so it was with 1865-66. The catalogue records the 
 number of members of the College to have been twenty-five, 
 and \u the College School two hundred and forty-three. The 
 first, or fall term, opened prosperously, and the year's work 
 .started vigorously in all the departments. But our financial 
 outlook was not particularly animating. Our three-year 
 temporary endowment subscriptions were about to expire. 
 In the confusetl and uncertain condition of public and private 
 financial affairs at that time, it was quite impossible to renew 
 those subscriptions at once from the same individuals, and to 
 find others was out of the question. It was our belief all 
 along that when it was made clear t(j the [)ublic that the in- 
 stitution was doing the genuine work of a college, there would 
 come forward patrons to support it, as had been the case in 
 other new States. To be sure money was very valuable at 
 the time, and interest high. Hut there were many men who 
 had taken advantage ol the markets in war-time, and of the 
 price of exchange between gold here and currency in the 
 Kast, and had accumulated very largely. This was not so well 
 known at the time, but it became known afterward. Never- 
 theless the College asked support from them in vain. Nobody 
 came forward offering any endowments. Nobody proposed to 
 give to the College in sums such as would enable it to meet 
 its increasing expenses, and retain its real property. At that 
 very time gifts were pouring into the treasuries of the colleges 
 at the ICast, in unprecedented amounts. Just then it was re- 
 
 
 ■ I 
 
 II 
 
 ^ 
 
CALLS FOK FUNDS ANP STUPE NTS. 131 
 
 ported that Amherst had received $100,000; Princeton, $130,- 
 000; Robert College, in Syria, $103,000; Hamilton College, 
 $100,000; Rutgers College, $100,000; and Yale, $450,000 I 
 But none could come to us from that quarter, because Califor- 
 nia produced gold, and had plenty of rich men. But those 
 rich men were making; money too fast with their capital to 
 feel ready to invest any adequate sums in endowing a college 
 in California. It seems a little singular, even now, looking 
 back upon it, after the lapse of twenty years, that this should 
 have been so. But with a strong faith in a better time com- 
 ing, we were of one mind still to push on. 
 
 It had become evident that to carry out the plans of the 
 Trustees, in making the contemplated improvements at Berk- 
 eley, it would be necessary for the Vice-President to remove 
 and live there. Consequently I purchased ground of the 
 College and built the first dwelling-house in all that region. 
 It is still standing at the corner of Audubon Street and 
 Dwight Way, surrounded by the trees and shrubbery which I 
 then planted. Mrs. Chamberlain, who has been its owner since 
 I left, has carried out our plans of improvement, and has 
 added greatly to its attractiveness as a home. We moved 
 there from our residence in Oakland, which was at the north- 
 west corner of Ikoadway and Eleventh Street, near the end 
 of December, 1865.^ Some t'encing was done, and the Col- 
 lege land was rented for the year. 
 
 An earnest effort was made by some of the officers and 
 friends of the College at this time to attract the attention of 
 young men generally, to the importance of their acquiring a 
 liberal education. As one way of doing this, I went to the 
 High Schools in San Francisco, Stockton, Sacramento, 
 Marysville, and elsewhere, making the acquaintance of the 
 teachers and scholars, and talking to them of the importance 
 of making the best of the only opportunity they would ever 
 
 Ut happened that public duty called for this removal just at the wrong time for 
 me financially. The half block which I owned and sold for $5,000, in a few 
 weeks after brou{];ht $30,000 cash. It was the time of the great rise in real es- 
 tate prices in Oakland. 
 
f 
 
 132 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 have to get learning, which was in their youth. These visits 
 were very pleasant to me, and were not without good results. 
 Articles to the same effect were written and published in vari- 
 OU-. newspapers, intended to stir up the young people and 
 inspire them with an ambition to .study. As specimens of 
 these articles the following paragraphs are cited from the 
 Pacific: — 
 
 SEND THE BOYS TO COLLEGE WHAT EDUCATED MEN CAN 
 
 DO TOWARD IT. 
 
 " It is obvious enough that something needs to be done. The 
 boys of the State are not awake to their opportunity. AVhere it 
 would be natural to find, according to Eastern standards of judging, 
 ten of them fitting for college, we hardly find one. But the differ- 
 ence in their circumstances from what they would be at the East, and 
 the very different influences surrounding them, are sufficient in a 
 great measure to account for this. There the younger boys see many 
 of their older associates entering, or passing through, college. Elder 
 brothers are away at college, and the younger want to go. Fathers 
 who have graduated wish to have their sons also, lobe nursed at their 
 Alma Mater. More than all, bright boys who thirst for knowledge, 
 long for the opportunities of college life with intense desire. Many 
 of them are poor, and can hardly see their way clear to pay college 
 bills a single term, and yet with what little means they can get to- 
 gether, they set forward, determined to win, if industry and persever- 
 ance can do it. Academies and grammar schools abound in every 
 principal neighborhood, and there the boys of resolution and aspira- 
 tion are to be found preparing for college. The influences of the 
 home circle are generally in their favor, ond often the friendly advice 
 or enrouragcnicnt of some edurated man — perhaps the village law- 
 yer, the family physician, or the trusted pastor — de( ides a boy on his 
 undertaking. Many a modest, self-distrustful youth has been brought 
 forward in this manner, and made of inestimable value to his country 
 and the world. Telling instances of this kind come to mind, and 
 might be related here, but similar ones will ])robably occur to every 
 reader. If any educated man should recall the influences and cir- 
 cumstances that determined him, in his boyhood, upon pursuing a 
 course of liberal learning, he would find, upon reflection, that very 
 few such circumstances and influences surround the boys of Califor- 
 
CALLS FOR FUKDS AND STUDENTS. 1S3 
 
 nia. They are in the midst of those of a very different sort. Our 
 colleges here are young, and do not yet exert any such commanding 
 influence as do the noble old colleges at the East. They have not 
 even entered so much into the public thought as to be always distin- 
 guished from the many high schools, select schools, or academies 
 that have assumed the name of colleges without having one single 
 point of real resemblance to them. Such there are about us, in 
 great abundance, and a stranger coming to California would be led 
 at first to think from the ' announcements ' that it was the most re- 
 markable State in the Union, for its colleges. Time will correct all 
 this, but the present confusion in names is really mischievous, be- 
 cause it lets down the standard of estimation in which a college is 
 held, to the rank of .small village academies ! Youngsters who have 
 attended such schools a few terms, talk about the time when ' they 
 were in college.' Others, who have completed some kind of a 
 ' course,' speak afterward of their associates therein as their ' class- 
 mates in college ' ! While this is ridiculous enough, it is not harm- 
 less. Colleges that are really and truly such, will by and by 
 distinguish themselves from all these pretentious institutions, and 
 exert an influence accordingly. 
 
 " But this must necessarily be the work of time. Meanwhile 
 the great public influences that existing colleges at the East exert on 
 the youth about them, do not touch our California boys. 
 
 " None of us have an Alma Mater here, of which we speak to 
 our sons, as we should if living in our native State. Munificent 
 gifts and endowments are not here announced as bestowed on the 
 well-known and venerated college, thus impressing all the young men 
 with a sense of its value. No imposing structures appropriate to 
 their jjurposes are possessed by any college here, inspiring the young 
 witii a desire to belong to it. No great and rich library yet exists. 
 No cabinets in natural history are yet collected. We have scientific 
 and learned men enough among us, but they cannot be employed in 
 any college. There are no endowments, or other resources, with 
 which to pay them for their services, irade, or the professions, or 
 engineering pays them, and therefore they must be thus employed. 
 But if the wealth of the State would endow a college, so as to pay 
 them, then the college, through their talents, and the results of their 
 studies, instructions, and lectures, would exert a widespread and at- 
 tractive influence on the minds of the young. But it must he con- 
 
134 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 fessed that this power is not now exerted. And, as yet, there are 
 few, if any, well-taught academies or classical schools in the different 
 parts of the State, where boys can be fitted for college. They ought 
 to exist in every county, either in connection with the common school 
 or independently, and afford the boys everywhere the opportunity of 
 preparing to enter college. 
 
 " But, from all these circumstances, it is very evident that the 
 friends of sound learning have something to do. The lack of influ- 
 ences favorable to learning, above described, needs to be made up. 
 And who shall supply it unless it be the educated men of the State .'' 
 I will suppose that the reader is convinced that there is a great work 
 to be done here in behalf of learning, and is ready to ask how it can 
 be commenced. Let us see. It may be set down as the first thing, 
 to have the work definitely in mind ; to give it thought and reflec- 
 tion. This every man can do, however busy he may be in his pro- 
 fession or employment. He can be on the lookout how he can do 
 something toward making up for this great lack of proper influence 
 on the present generation of boys in the State, in favor of their 
 pursuing a thorough course of education at college. In pursuance 
 of this pur|)ose, he can watch for the bright boys, and become ac- 
 quainted with them, and set them to thinking as to whether they 
 might not gain a college education. The minister knows them in 
 the Sabbath-school, in the various families of his congregation. The 
 doctor finds them in the circuit of his practice. The lawyer remem- 
 bers them among his friends, or perhaps in the common schools where 
 he visits. More than all, teachers find them among their [)upils. 
 The idea of a liberal education should be presented to such boys in 
 time, and its great advantage described. No matter if there are dif- 
 ficulties in the way. No matter if poverty i)resents its formidable 
 discouragements. Tell a boy of his opportunity while it is his. Let 
 him resolve to encounter the difficulties in the way; if he has the 
 necessary resolution, he may conquer, and be all the better and 
 greater for it. A single conversation sometimes fixes the noble pur- 
 pose in a boy's mind. 
 
 " ' Come and ride with me ? ' once asked Rev. Dr. B. of a boy 
 whom he was about passing in the street. * With pleasure, sir,' said 
 the boy, glad enough of the opportunity. I he inijuiry was raised 
 with that boy as they rode along what he was going to make of him- 
 self. And that single conversation probably determined him on pur- 
 
 I 
 
CALLS FOR FUNDS AND STUDENTS. 135 
 
 suing a course of liberal education, making his way on by means of 
 his own industry — which he undertook and accomplished. None 
 should be discouraged because some, of whom they had high hopes, 
 prove unworthy. More than one man, to our knowledge, has under- 
 taken to help a boy to an education, in this State, and before the 
 work was far along, found his confidence misplaced. But that 
 should not deter them, or anybody else, from lending a helping hand 
 to the next promising youth who needs it, and wants to make his 
 trial. 
 
 " The importance of a college education needs to be held uj) in our 
 new State. Its acquisition should be made honorable. It is so in the 
 most enlightened parts of our country. It should be so here. Who 
 shall make it so, unless it be those who have enjoyed its advantages .? 
 As they regard it, so will others, especially the young. The two or 
 three thousand liberally educated men of California, of the present 
 day, are determining, and will determine, the estimate in which learn- 
 ing will be held by those who will be the men of the next generation; 
 If they take little interest in it, those who succeed them, having had 
 few oi)portunities of finding out its value, will take none at all. If 
 every one of these two or three thousand men of learning, scattered 
 all over the State, would do something in this matter, exert some di- 
 rect and positive influence, the good effect would very soon be seen. 
 We remember, for instance, a young man who went into a rural 
 neighborhood to teach a country school for a few months. His in- 
 fluence inspired half a dozen boys with the desire for a college edu- 
 cation, and most of them are now in the way of securing it. He 
 had no more opportunity of doing this than have hundreds of other 
 teachers, nor as much. Hundreds of ministers, and lawyers, and 
 doctors could be stimulating the minds, and elevating the purposes, 
 of the boys about them in the same way, if they only thought of it. 
 Let the influence be exerted upon the young men, directly, and 
 through them it will very surely reach the parents. And if both 
 children and parents agree upon the undertaking, it will create a de- 
 mand for academies and classical schools in which youth may be 
 fitted for college, which is the great desideratum at present. In this 
 work no time should be lost. Of the fifty thousand boys of Califor- 
 nia, under t-ightecn years old, very few will acquire an education if 
 things are left to their natural course. Rai)idly the years will be car- 
 rying them beyond the age when it is desirable to undertake a seven 
 
136 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 years' work, preliminary to the active duties of life. They should be 
 persuaded to seize upon the great opportunity now, while it is theirs. 
 
 " It should be said, also, that those who wish to see an adequate 
 number of ministers of the gospel trained up here, have a very 
 important jjart to perform in this work. \\'e must soun obtain them 
 in that way, or not have them. 'I'he East will not supply us always. 
 Nor ouglu we to ask it, if she would. If within a reasonable time, 
 a State does not jjroduce its own ministers, and build its own institu- 
 tions, it had better be left to try a taste of destitution. It is to be 
 hoped that we may not need to be left to that regimen. 
 
 " One thing more. It is, somehow, very often the case that boys 
 who are most anxious to gain a college education, are poor. Every- 
 body knows that this is proverbially true. But these are the very 
 boys who, if they succeed, make the most useful men. They, there- 
 fore, should have help. 'I'hosc that have the resolution to undertake 
 to work their own way through, encourage. When the exjjenses are 
 large and the earnings are small, stand by them; don't let them be 
 broken down in health, or courage, or scholarship, for the tack of a 
 little money to pay their necessary bills. 
 
 " 'i'hcre is agony in the suspense endured by many a young man 
 who dreads to give u|) his place in his class, and his cherished hopes 
 of learning, and who, nevertheless, knows not where to look for the 
 few dollars which he lacks, and knows not where to obtain, with 
 which to pay his expenses at the term's end. Young men of siiirit 
 will not say much about this. They will work, and they will suffer, 
 but you will have to inquire of others to learn their needs. yMready 
 there are meritorious youth amongst us, working their way to learning 
 through just these difficulties. The elements of true manhood are 
 in them. They need but little, but that little is essential to their 
 success. Other like cases will arise hereafter, without doubt, and by 
 promptly meeting them with the needed encouragement, we may se- 
 cure men of cultivation and excellence to the country." 
 
 HOYS OK CALIFORNIA. 
 
 " Did you read in the last week's Pacifu that call for ' help,' ad- 
 dressed to ' Educated Men ' — ' Send the Hoys to College ' ? We 
 trust you did. Then you have found out that the watchmen are 
 after you, posse-comitatus, detectives, and all; and that your chance of 
 escape is exceedingly small. If you take our advice, you will show 
 youi selves at once, and surrender at discretion. Vou are to be ar- 
 
CALLS FOR FUNDS AND STUDENTS. 137 
 
 rested, it sccins, and sent to college. He not alarmed. The college 
 is not a prison ; you are not suspected of any crime ; fio violence is 
 contemplated. The measure is a peaceable one — a sort of reunion, 
 by which it is proposed to initiate you into the Republic of Letters — 
 a policy like our national President's, in a different sphere; very 
 conciliatory and conservative. We endorse it with all our might. 
 We would have the boys taken and sent to college, to be sure, but 
 then we would also have them willing to be sent. In this way, you 
 see, they will be doing as they please. We would send you to col- 
 lege, for your own sake, and to gratify your own inclinations, as we 
 would send an arrow to its own mark, or drive a ball to its own goal, 
 by first giving you a direction of yotir own, and then an impetus of 
 your 07vn, to follow that direction. We would send you as we would 
 send a locomotive engine, by getting up a force within yourselves to 
 carry you. That is what wc would do, and with a due attention on 
 your part for a little time, we think we shall really do it. And how ! 
 do you ask? By winning your confidence, first; and then, coming 
 right home to your hearts. If in the appeal to ' Educated Men,' the 
 last week, you found yourselves put into the third person, grammat- 
 ically, to be spoken of, but not consulted, and into the third estate, 
 politically, to be voted on, but not represented, it is yourselves that 
 we address now — your innermost selves — your sympathies. We wish 
 to show you something that you may love, something that answers to 
 your own likeness; that was made for you, and without which to 
 yourself, as a helpmeet for you, you can never be more than half a 
 man. This is the college — a liberal education — the counterpart of 
 yourself — yourself grown into a cultivated, ripened manhood. We 
 would possess you with this sentiment; have your mind imbued with 
 the college idea; your soul inspired with the college spirit; and with 
 these forces working within you, you will surely go to college. 
 You will go of your own choice; you will go, as I was about to say, 
 without your own choice — instinctively — by an attraction of affinities; 
 as the lightning leaps from one of its poles to the other, over a con- 
 ductor, though it be round the world; as the rivers run to the sea; 
 as the fire, ascending, seeks the sun. But I seem to hear you ex- 
 claiming at this, ' Is there no help to come from without^ AVill a 
 boy's aspirations educate him } Must he not have facilities, as well 
 as fancies, and feelings ? A way as well as a will ? .A.re not the rivers 
 to which you refer, sometimes lost, or obstructed in their course, by 
 
138 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 reason of faulty channels? Does not the electric current sometimes 
 fail to flow, from want of a proper medium ? Are not the fires of 
 the soul, like those within the earth, surrounded by a cold world, 
 through which they cannot always rise?' 'Yes! ' we reply. 'Dear 
 boys, we are glad to have you reason so sensibly. You must have 
 means; but you vawsX feel your need oi them first, or you will hardly 
 use them. It is want that looks out for supply; and not supply for 
 want. It is a will that makes a way, and not a way that makes a will. 
 " The life is more than meat, and the body than raiment." Set your 
 heart upon going to college, and our word for it -nay, more, our ex- 
 perience for it — you will go.' 
 
 " We will speak to you more particularly about the reasons for 
 seeking a liberal or college education, next week. In the meanwhile, 
 think for yourselves, and converse with some friend who can enlighten 
 and advise you. 
 
 " If you have so far taken the hint intended, as to have raised the 
 question of your going to college, you have, doubtless, started a 
 multitude of other and lesser questions which belong to this, and 
 which, like so many bees, that swarm around a new-hatched queen, 
 must be settled, to gather in the same hive. ' What is the good of 
 going to college ? ' ' (^r whatever the good may be, will it pay ? ' 
 'Will it pay in such a country as this, California, and in this last half 
 of the nineteenth century ? ' ' Mining, farming, the mechanic arts, 
 railroads, steam navigation, electro-magnetic telegraphs, politics, com- 
 merce—are not all these practical matters to be learned by use, and 
 operated by men of practical experience?' ' Do we not even hear 
 it said that the learned professions, law, theology, and medicine, are 
 only mystified by Latin and Greek, i)hilosophy, logic, and metaphys- 
 'cs, and that they would be likely to fare much better if they were 
 left to the instincts of nature and the dictates of common sense ? ' 
 'Fire burns, water runs downhill, plants and animals grow and come 
 to their uses without going to college to learn liow: and why should 
 not the lords of this lower creation-, as well ? ' 
 
 "These doubting (juestions, called up, in your minds, by some 
 faint idea of college, vanish under a stronger application of the same 
 light; as the mists that are raised by the morning sun, melt away in 
 his noonday beams. 
 
 "The more .you see and know of college, the less objection you 
 
 _L 
 
CALLS FOR FUNDS AND STUDENTS. 139 
 
 will find to it. And in this fact lies the first of our reasons why 
 you should go to college. 
 
 " Reason First. — Go to college to learn (what you will be sure 
 to learn there, if nowhere else) that college is the right place for you. 
 No young man of intelligence, ambitious of making the most of 
 himself, can ever find another place, or process of education, so ade- 
 quate to his purpose, or so congenial with his heart in this respect, as 
 college. The force of this reason will further appear in the matter of 
 our next. 
 
 " Reason Second. — Go to college that you may learn how to 
 choose your profession, or especial business for life. You will find 
 college an excellent school, if not an indispensable one, for teaching 
 you this lesson. We are aware that most persons seem to think that 
 the choice of a profession is a matter of mere caprice, predisposi- 
 tion, or prejudice; or, at best, a thing of convenience, luck, or neces- 
 sity; and that a collegiate education should be sought, if .sought at 
 all, for the sake of its use to some profession or pursuit already 
 chosen. But we would ask you, boys, whether it stands to reason 
 that one should need a good education that he may know how to do 
 business well, and no education at all, or next to none, to know how 
 to choose what sort of business he ought to do. 
 
 " A man's profession will go far towards making the man himself; 
 in many cases, doubtless, much too far. And should a boy, while 
 yet he has scarcely any knowledge of the world, and even less of 
 himself, be capable of deciding so great a concernment wisely 7 
 
 " W^hether that broad survey of the whole field of life, and of 
 learning, and that large amount of culture which the college curricu- 
 lum affords, be indispensable or not, to the choice m question, you 
 can see that such an education is on the safe side, in a case where 
 you ought to run as little risk as possible. The more you know of 
 yourself and of the world, the better you can judge of what you can 
 and ot4ghi to do in the world. Do you find yourself already leaning 
 towards some one pursuit ? Very well, what we would say is, subject 
 this bias of yours to the test of study, the test of a well-informed 
 mind, an educated taste, and a thorough self-knowledge. You can- 
 not do otherwise in a matter so momentous, without great danger, 
 nor without sin. 
 
 " Reason Third. — A liberal education will not only help you to 
 decide safely and discreetly upon a profession, but go far towards 
 preparing you for it. It will soon afford, not only the principles that 
 
140 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 are fundamental to all professions, but much of that knowledge which 
 is especially useful to the one of your choice. It will increase your 
 facility to learn ; enable you to judge of what you want ; and teach 
 you how to apply your especial knowledge directly to your profes- 
 sional pursuits. But to have the knowledge of any particular branch 
 of business, so as to manage it for what it is in itself, is the smallest 
 part of even a business education. A tailor, for example, should not 
 only know how to fit garments to men's persons, but to fit his trade 
 to other men's trades, and to make it part and parcel of one great 
 public economy. It is in this organization of trades — this working 
 of them in the service of society as a whole, that they are truly no- 
 ble, and worthy of men. They cease to be mere servants and become 
 controlling powers. 
 
 " Rkason Fourth. — A man's profession or especial pursuit, how- 
 ever wide a space it may occupy in the outside world, does not fill 
 the whole measure of his own being. There is much besides his 
 trade that belongs to him, and for the sake of this, especially, he 
 needs to be educated. If he be a shoemaker he is also a man — a 
 social being. He must have a country, a home with house and 
 grounds, well ordered, convenient, tasteful, beautiful, and his house- 
 hold as much finer and more beautiful than his homestead as it is 
 better and higher in degree. It is but a very small portion of this 
 man's proper self that can be covered by his profession — about as 
 large a portion of it as his lap-stone, or the dust on it, to the whole 
 round earth, or the earth itself to the universe. 
 
 " Now, is it not reasonable that a boy should be educated with 
 reference to what lies outside of a profession, much rather than with 
 reference to what lies within it? Who shall say that the education 
 for which we contend, is too good for him ? too broad and too lib- 
 eral for the breadth and generosity of his nature, for the uses of such 
 an intelligence, such a responsibility, and such a destiny as his.? 
 But there is an especial reason why the boys of California should 
 be wide-awake to the education in question. 
 
 " Rkason Km- rn. — >Vhilc there are some good places in ('alifornia, 
 which may be filled, or if not filled, at least occupied, by partially 
 educated men, there are many others which cannot be so filled, and 
 will not, as a matter of fact, be so occupied. These places may be 
 ( ounted by hundreds now, and they are multiplying every day. If 
 you of California arc not prepared for them, boys of other States 
 and countries will be; and they will be im|)orted to occupy them 
 
CAI./S FOR FUNDS AND SIUPFNTS. Ml 
 
 over your heads. We are not disposed to lay an embargo upon 
 scholarship and genius, anywhere, but to offer them rather the free- 
 dom of the world. Let them go whithersoever they list, and subdue 
 and have dominion wherever they can. But we do protest against 
 your giving up the chief places of influence and trust, in the land of 
 your birth, to strangers and foreigners, without competition. We 
 shall not impute it to any lack of wisdom or ambition on your part, 
 if you should import John Chinaman to do some part of your handi- 
 work: but we shall impute it to a lack of every manly attribute if 
 you shall allow John Chinaman, or any other imported superior, to 
 do for you your head-work, too. Let the fame of California forever 
 be the supremacy of her sons, not merely for her adopted sons, as 
 now, but for those who shall be ' native and to the manor born.' 
 \\'hat say you, boys, to this ? When you want another orator, an- 
 other statesman, or another general, to represent your own generation 
 — another Baker, Sherman, or Grant — will you send abroad for the 
 men, or will you hope and strive to become such men yourselves ? 
 When you want the history of California written again, will you be 
 content that it should be written as it has been, more than a hundred 
 times, by wayfarers and sojourners, or will you provide a historian of 
 your own ? When you want another State Geologist to rectify and 
 perfect the work now begun, will you import one upon trust, who, 
 having no interest in the State, may still belie its geology to gratify a 
 personal pique, or to gain a temporary advantage in a private quarrel ? 
 Shall the State of California repose her trust in the genius and edu- 
 cation of her own sons, and be disappointed ? See to it, boys, that 
 you do not fail her in your duty." 
 
 It was by the publication of many .such articles as these in 
 various parts of the State, that it was sought to stir the 
 manly ambition of the boys, and excite them to seek learning. 
 And this use of the press was continued for years, and its ef- 
 fect was manifest. It was seen especially in oui College 
 School, in which, as before stated, there were at this time two 
 hundred and forty- three scholars. 
 
 If attention could have been spared from money-seeking 
 by the receiving of endowment from those who were amply 
 able to give it, and given continuously for a few years, in 
 these various ways, to enkindling a zeal for learning among 
 the young, the College itself would have come to count its 
 
142 11ISTCK\ OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 students by the hundred, just as well as the College School. 
 It needed only work of this kind to bring it to pass. But 
 there being no endowment, time and effort had to be concen- 
 trated on obtaining means to live. Every resource was tried. 
 I tried individuals, men of wealth, whether they were thought 
 to be likely or unlikely to give. I tried Mr. Lick. I had 
 known him somewhat for many years. I went to Alviso, 
 where iiis flour-mill was, and where he was building an 
 "earthquake proof " house, and found him in a little cabin. 
 He received me kindly, for he knew me. And he listened 
 patiently to all I had to say; but it made no more impression 
 on him than on the fruit trees we were walking under. He 
 had no idea of a college or what it was worth, none whatever. 
 He could see the use of a flour-mill, and of a fruit orchard, 
 and of a hotel, but as to a college, he knew nothing whatever 
 about it, and I have always thought that his providing in his 
 will for the endowment of an astronomical observator}- must 
 have been the idea of somebody else and not of himself I 
 went to see Mr. Clark, of Clark's Point, and got less satis- 
 faction by far than frorn Mr. Lick, because I was a stranger 
 to Mr. Clark, and he gave the subject no welcome whatever. 
 I went to see Hon. Horace Hawes. He objected to our Oak- 
 land side of the ba}-. It was all wrong, in his view, to locate 
 the College there. It was too far from San Francisco. It 
 would always be dangerous crossing. And then the "bar" 
 was in the way at low tide; the boats would always be get- 
 ting stuck on it. And besides all that, our "College jilan " 
 was all wrong in his view. And at that point he leaned back 
 in his chair and entered upon a detailed exposition of his 
 idea of what a college should be. It was a l<jng storj-, and 
 took me into cloudland, and that is all I remember about it. 
 Hut when Mr. Hawes' will was published after his death, I saw 
 that he had provided means for realizing, as he thought, his 
 ideal. But it proved to be too impracticable to be made real, 
 even with all his money. And so I went from one man of 
 means to another, failing with this one for one reason, and 
 with that one for another. Where I succeeded was with the 
 
CALLS FOl^ FUNDS AXD STUDENTS. WW 
 
 active business men of moderate means, and whatever sup- 
 port the College had, came from them. One business cor- 
 poraticn, the California Steam Navigation Company, doing 
 business on our bay and rivers, generously gave us a thousand 
 dollars once or twice. A thousand dollars was the largest 
 donation we ever had at once, except in one instance. That 
 instance was this: In the early autumn of 1865 the Trustees, 
 at my suggestion, appointed a committee to ask a donation 
 from the Pacific Mail Steamship Company of New York. In 
 due time came back the following very satisfactory reply: — 
 
 Office of Pacific Mail Steamship Co., \ 
 New York, November 21, 1865. j 
 
 To '^. H. WiLLEV, Anson G. Stiles, William Alvord, Committee 
 of the Board of Trustees of the College of California — 
 
 Dear Sirs : Your communication addressed to the President and 
 Directors of this company under date of October 16, 1865, was re- 
 ceived the tenth inst., and was referred by the Board of Directors at 
 their meeting held the fourteenth inst. to the undersigned, with power. 
 In accordance therewith, and in view of the important interests of 
 education on the Pacific slope involved in the prosperity of the Col- 
 lege of California, I have reciuested the company's agent, Oliver 
 Eldridge, Es(i., to place to your credit the sum of $5,000 in U. S. 
 gold coin, said donation to be for the sole use of the library of the 
 College of California. 
 
 " In conclusion, permit me to express the hope and expectation 
 that some of your able and public-spirited citizens will contribute a 
 sufficient fund for the additional purposes named in your letter. I 
 am, dear sirs, respectfully yours, Allan McLane, President.'' 
 
 This mark of appreciation from that great company, and 
 from its President, who knew California so well, and knew 
 .some of us engaged in building the College, was gratifying 
 and encouraging beyond expression. It was a surprise to 
 some that our enterprise was appreciated to this extent by 
 business men, many of whom were strangers and living so far 
 away. Concerning this donation the /"rtrZ/fr of January ii, 
 1866, said: — 
 
 "The Pacific Mail Steamship Company handsomely inaugurated, 
 
144 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 as we trust, a new era in California benevolence. We hope their 
 munificent gift of $5,000 to the College of California, for a library, 
 will generously provoke others to good works. 
 
 "During the past two or three years, our Eastern colleges have re- 
 ceived princely endowments. In the very shock and tumult of war, 
 there was a gentler inspiration, which led to a wonderful outpouring 
 of treasure in behalf of many of these institutions. But California, 
 which steadily rolled the great golden balance-wheel, keeping all the 
 little paper fly-wheels from going to smash — got very little back in 
 the way of thank-offerings, or eleemosynary contributions. But as 
 public watchmen, wc proclaim that the 'good time coming' //A'icome. 
 The era of handsome giving fairly opens with this year of grace. 
 The College library now has just the quarter part of a respectable 
 endowment. It needs an additional $15,000; or, rather, the public 
 needs to have it invested there, to meet, in some sense, the educa- 
 tional wants of this thronging company of young students already 
 hungry for books and doomed to famish if they cannot be fed. 
 
 " ^\'hat a grand opportunity to do good! We are painfully anxious 
 that some of our friends shall not miss it. In the name of more than 
 one hundred thousand of our youth, we send greeting to a score of 
 rich men — or such as are rich in devising and executing liberal 
 things. Better let the marble monument go unbuilt. If friends 
 put on the inscrijition, ten to one if they do not fib awfully. If one 
 wishes to be a power in the world, let him not only make, but exe- 
 cute, his will before he dies. What a lever of hidden forces in five 
 thousand books ! And what a glorious band of executors will these 
 youth be, whom he commands to read, emulate, and march on to 
 a better manhood ! Surely, a man may be a living power in the 
 world, and that to some purpose, who marshals five or ten thousand 
 books, so that they live and speak for him, for generations. We 
 want less obituary literature, and more ante mortem subscriptions. 
 There are men among us, providentially called to go out and feed 
 more than five thousand in the desert, and they can do it without 
 any miracle but that miracle of grace which overcomes self and makes 
 all good things jiossible. There will be more than twelve baskets 
 of fragments — more even of unbroken loaves to hand down to the 
 next hungry generation. Lest any should meditate too long on the 
 question of what constitutes a 'call ' to complete this work — we make 
 no doubt llial such as read this, and feel inclined to do this thing, are 
 s/yecially called." 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 PROGRESS IN THE COLLEGE WORK. 
 
 The first or fall term of 1865-66 closed with its appropriate 
 examinations, and in due time the Faculty's reports came be- 
 fore the Trustees: — 
 
 "In general," the Secretary, Professor Kellogg, said, "the records 
 of the Faculty show a healthful tone of discipline, and an absence of 
 offenses against the College laws. The marks for the term indicate 
 for the most part faithful and successful application on the part of the 
 students. The Freshman class marked lowest in scholarship, a fact 
 plainly owing chiefly to imperfect preparation for college. They 
 exhibited a marked improvement during the term. One, by advice, 
 has left the class to make better preparation for the next class. 
 Several others have been obliged to absent themselves for reasons 
 not connected with their college standing. One member of the 
 Junior class has gone to an Eastern college. The Senior class 
 made a good term's record except in connection with a single de- 
 partment. In this their rank was unhesitatingly cut down to a very 
 low point, although there will be a partial opportunity to retrieve the 
 ground lost at the Senior examination. The Faculty find that one 
 lesson a week, as in Senior German and French, and Junior French, 
 Latin, and Greek, is too little to keep up a continuous interest in the 
 study pursued. The German teacher has desired two recitations a 
 week for the Seniors, and the French teacher two for each of the 
 upper classes. If the Trustees do not see fit to allot more time to 
 these studies, the Faculty have it in mind to rearrange the schedule, 
 so that no study, while it is regularly pursued, shall have less than 
 two exercises a week." 
 
 Accompanying this Faculty report, came the several reports 
 
 of the individual professors and instructors. Professor Durant 
 
 said: — 
 
 10 
 
146 HISTORY or TI/E COIJ.EGF. OF CArJFORNTA. 
 
 " The lectures of President Hopkins on Moral Science were re- 
 cited through and reviewed by the Seniors during the session, and a 
 large part of Butler's Analogy was recited once. These studies were 
 not only interesting to the class generally for their scientific and 
 iterary value, but useful for their moral influence. The Juniors 
 continued the reading of Demosthenes concerning the crown. 
 Having only one recitation each week they could not bring the les- 
 sons into that close contact with each other which rhetoric must have, 
 like any other fuel, to burn, and therefore they made a frigid work of 
 it. A greater continuity of study might have afforded a better result. 
 This class also recited W'hately's Logic. But reciting only twice 
 each week they were obliged to pass over some parts of the work by 
 pretty long strides, which, however, as the author himself is not very 
 consistent or consecutive, they managed to do, with ' chopping ' the 
 book only and not the logic. The Sophomore class recited the 
 ' Prometheus Bound ' of ,4^"schylus. They performed this task well, 
 not only as a study of the original (ireek, but a practice of their own 
 English. Nor yet as a matter of mere language chiefly, nor of tragic 
 execution ; but as a philosophic ideal of humanity and of divine 
 Providence- The Freshman class recited Homer's 'Iliad,' (Ireek 
 Grammar, and Arnold's Greek Prose Composition. The class was 
 very deficient in preparation for college, and, of course, studied 
 during the term to disadvantage. More time was spent in drilling 
 on those elements which should have been thoroui^hly known al- 
 ready, than was consistent with the claims of the College curriculum. 
 The ])rescribed amount, however, was read, and the class passed a 
 very good examination. All the classes recited together every PViday 
 morning during the session in the Greek I estament, reading Matthew 
 nearly through. The classes were not examined in this study, a 
 jjersonal religious use of it being intended, more than a philological 
 or grammatical one. There is every reason to know that the relig- 
 ious studies and devotional exercises of the students as appointed in 
 the College and in their several places of Sabbath instruction and 
 worship, are eminently .salutary." 
 
 Professor Kellogg said : — 
 
 "The Senior class recited to me in Weber's Outlines of History, 
 going over most of the first three hundred images. They reviewed 
 the larger ])art of the term's work, and passed a satisfactory examina- 
 tion on the portions reviewed. They also recited to me the whole of 
 
 \ \ 
 
Clark's Lectures on English Literature, which they did not review. 
 The Junior class took up Weber's Outlines, one lesson a week for 
 two-thirds of the term, and made special study of English History. 
 Topics were assigned them for further investigation and independent 
 judgment, the result being communicated orally or in written essays. 
 The Latin for the term was the first twenty pages of Cicero de 
 Oratore, which they reviewed, and were examined on. It is unfor- 
 tunate to be limited, in Junior Latin, to one recitation a week. The 
 class did a fair term's work. The Sophomore class read with me the 
 whole of Cicero dc Scnectutc, which they reviewed for examination. 
 They read, also, the first chapters of De Oratore^ and completed the 
 usual course in Latin prose composition. The class reached a high 
 standard of excellence. The Freshman class read less than the usual 
 amount of Livy, but read it well, and passed a good examination. 
 They recited the syntax and prosody of the grammar, began prose 
 composition, and went over Piltz & Arnold's Cieography and History 
 of Greece." 
 
 Mr. Hodgsoi> reported : — 
 
 "The Senior class had three recitations a week. They completed 
 Olmsted's Astronomy and began reciting in chemistry. The Juniors 
 recited four times a week from Snell's Olmsted's Philosophy. They 
 studied and reviewed from the beginning to the subject of optics. 
 The Sophomores recited four times a week. They studied plane 
 trigonometry, spherical geometry, and trigonometry, and commenced 
 the study of surveying. The Freshmen with four recitations a week 
 passed over Robinson's University Algebra, from quadratics to sec- 
 tion 8 on the properties of equations. I have no reason to com- 
 plain of any class as a whole." 
 
 Mr. Des Rochers, from the French Department, said : — 
 
 " The Senior class has recited but one lesson a week during the 
 term. On account of the frequent absence of two members of the 
 class from their recitations, the Seniors did not, perhaps, do full 
 justice to themselves. The class translated a portion of Julius 
 Caesar, one of our most classic French works. The Juniors had, 
 also, but one lesson a week during this term. That class has done 
 very well indeed. Had they recited twice a week, the result would 
 have been remarkable. Both classes felt very much the want of two 
 recitations a week in order to keep up a greater degree of interest in 
 
148 HISTORY OF THE COLLF.GE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 that most important branch of education. The Sophomores have re- 
 cited three times a week, and the result has been very satisfactory. 
 They showed great interest in every lesson, writing all the exercises, 
 and learning the rules perfectly, so that, if the class continues with the 
 same good-will through the next term, I think it will be but little be- 
 hind the other two classes above mentioned. It would be very de- 
 sirable, on account of the increasing necessity of the knowledge of 
 French, that the Seniors and Juniors should have two recitations a 
 week if possible, in order to do full justice to the French Grammar, 
 translation, pronunciation, exercises, and composition." 
 
 Mr. Sanborn, Instructor in German, reported: — 
 
 " During the past term the Senior class has read twenty pages ot 
 Goethe's 'Faust.' The Junior class has recited one hundred and 
 twenty pages of Woodbury's German Grammar, with nearly all the 
 etymology, and several pages of reading lessons, making very 
 commendable progress." 
 
 In view of the .statements contained in thpsc reports, the 
 Trustees authorized a reconstruction of the schedule of recita- 
 tions by a committee consisting of members of the Faculty 
 and of the lioard. In summin<j u[) the work of the term 
 I reported to the Trustees as follows: — 
 
 "The examination was, on the whole, satisfactory. It was con- 
 tinued through two days. As conducted by the professors and in- 
 structors, it was impartial and searching. Its thoroughness in detail, 
 and the comprehensiveness of its range through the studies of all the 
 classes, bespoke the spirit and the reality of the ('olkge. No i)ne 
 could be present through it all, and not become aware that here was 
 the beginning of liberal learning. The foregoing reports of the pro- 
 fessors and instructors in the different dei)artments indicate that but 
 moderate satisfaction is fell by them with any degree of excellence 
 yet reached, but that their standard is high, and that no exertion will 
 be spared on their part to advance further and further onward every 
 term. 'I'he young men respond with scholarly zeal to these efforts of 
 the Faculty, and apply themselves with more than usual assiduity. 
 These facts all go to show to the Board, and to all thinking men, 
 that we have an institution of rare promise, and one that will 
 speedily mature if the pro|)cr exertion is made in its behalf. It is, 
 
PROGRESS IN THE COLLEGE WORK. U'J 
 
 possibly, a few years in advance of the common demand of the youth 
 of the State. The smallness of the classes indicates this There are 
 very few if any scholars in the various academies and high schools 
 who are within two years of being prepared to enter college. 
 
 " We have to depend solely on our own College School to supply 
 candidates for college. But the grade of schools above mentioned 
 is now found in most of our cities and towns, and youth are pursuing 
 their studies in them, aiming toward the College A few years hence 
 there will be applicants enough presenting themselves, if we hold 
 well to our standard and provide the proposed instruction. In fact, 
 we are not a day too early. This is the very hour in the progress of 
 things when the initial work we are now doing can best be done. 
 The college standard should be set up. The first attempts should 
 be made, and the institution reared and furnished. This is the time 
 for these things. A beginning could hardly be more proj>itious than 
 we have here. This indicates the responsibility resting on the officers. 
 Trustees, and friends of the College. The foundation now well laid 
 must receive brick by brick its superstructure. The work of the 
 past term must be repeated and improved upon in the terms that are 
 to follow. The importance of this whole matter must be so pressed 
 upon the attention of business men as to bring forth the means 
 wherewith to go forward in this work. We turn now towards the last 
 half of the current College year. 'I'he coming six months must 
 show the fruits of what has gone before." 
 
 And so we turned into the work of the new term, which 
 was to end with another Commencement, and the graduation 
 of tiie class of 1866. Not far had we gone in it before we 
 met with another great loss. I remember it as if it were but yes- 
 terday. It was on Monday, the sixteenth of April. I was in 
 Montgomery Street, on College business, when there came the 
 sound of a great explosion, and then a cloud of smoke rose up 
 from the vicinity of the crossing of California and Montgom- 
 ery Streets. Quickly it was ascertained that there had been 
 a nitro-glycerine explosion in the rear of Wells, Fargo & Co.'s 
 Express building, and that among the dead was G. W. Hell, 
 one of our College Trustees. It was a personal grief to us 
 all, and a very great loss to the College. Mr. Bell was one of 
 our generous men, and also one of our willing men, ready to 
 
150 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CAI iFORNLA. 
 
 help meet emergencies, punctual at Trustee meetings, and 
 patient to go through the sometimes tiresome detail of affairs. 
 He was the kind of man we needed. And to lose him in ad- 
 dition to the other able Trustees whose names have already 
 been mentioned, was a heavy blow to our cause. We felt it 
 to be so tiien. And we found it t(^ be so in the time follow- 
 ing. 
 
 At the ne.xt meeting of the Board of Trustees, held May 
 7, 1866, the following preamble and resolutions were adopted: 
 
 "Whereas, In the providence of God, since our regular meeting 
 in April, (iarrett W. Bell, a member of this Board, was, by a fearful 
 accident, removed suddenly from this life, 
 
 '■'■Resolved, That we put upon record our heart-felt sorrow at his loss, 
 and gladly bear our testimony to his distinguished worth as a man. a 
 Christian, and a lover of the cause of education, and a ready and 
 generous helper in its service ; studious, particularly of ways in which 
 most effectively to build up the institution under our charge. 
 
 " Resolved, further, 'I'hat we tender our sympathies to the family of 
 the dccca.sed, assuring them that their great sorrow is, in no small 
 measure, ours also, and that we shall ever fondly cherish the memory 
 of the departed with the tenderness of a personal friendship." 
 
 Ver\- soon afterward wc received word from Rev. Dr. Hitch- 
 cock," that he must decline the office of President of the Col- 
 lege, which we had tendered him. His letter to us was as 
 follows: — 
 
 " Union Theological Seminary, ( 
 New York, April 5, 1866. j 
 
 " Rev. S. H. Willkv — Dear Sir: I have not forgotten that 1 was 
 invited some time ago to the Presidency of the College of California. 
 Under ordinary circumstances the office ought long ago to have been 
 either accepted or declined. But my understanding of the matter 
 was that since I could not see my way clear to accept, I was desired 
 nut to decline so long as there remained any chance whatever of such 
 changes in my own situation or feelings as might turn my feet to- 
 wards the Pacific Coast. Such changes, of course, were jmssible, if 
 not very probable. But now there seems to be no good reason for 
 keeping the question any longer open. pA-erything conspires to keep 
 me on the .\tlantir seaboard. In a few days I leave for Europe to 
 
PROGRESS IN THE COLLEGE WORK. ir,l 
 
 be absent till autumn. Allow me therefore to return to the hands of 
 your Trustees the appointment with which they honored me, and be 
 good enough to express to them, not only my thanks for their kind 
 appreciation of me. but also my lively interest in the success of their 
 most interesting and important enterprise. Yours very truly, 
 
 " RoswELL D. Hitchcock." 
 
 Preparatory to the Commencement, which was to be on the 
 sixth of June, Hon. O. L. Shafter, one of the judges of the 
 Supreme Court of the State, was engaged to address the As- 
 sociated Alumni, and Rev. Frederick Buel to deliver the poem. 
 Rev. Horatio Stebbins, D. D., was also invited to address 
 the College on Commencement Day. 
 
 At the meeting of the Board of Trustees, on May 7, 1866, 
 the committee that had previously been appointed on naming 
 the streets in the Berkeley Homestead Tract, reported through 
 their chairman, Rev. Dr. Benton, recommending " that there 
 be scientific streets and hterary ways; the streets to run north 
 and south, and the ways east and west. That the streets be 
 called in alphabetical order after the names of American men 
 of science, and the ways in like order, after American men of 
 letters; beginning on the east side with the streets, Audubon. 
 Bowditch, Choate, Dana, Ellsworth, Fulton, Guyot, Henry, 
 etc.; and the ways, beginning on the north side, Allston, 
 Bancroft, Channing, Dwight, Everett, Fulton, etc. This re- 
 port was adopted and the streets and ways named accordingly. 
 The name of the proposed College town was not a matter so 
 easily determined. It was desired to find one not too com- 
 mon, and at the same time appropriate to the locality and to 
 the institution which we expected would characterize the 
 place. We consulted Mr. Olsmted. He wrote a letter discuss- 
 ing the principles of taste, according to which the selection of 
 a name should be made. He suggested a variety of names 
 which seemed to him appropriate. But for some rea.son no 
 one of them came to be the choice of the Board. Nor did 
 any name among the ,many that were hitherto suggested by 
 individual Trustees. T'.ic matter had been up sev^eral times 
 before, and every time laid over for future consideration. But 
 
152 HISTORY OF THE COLLRGE OF CALIFORXfA. 
 
 now, in the progress of our map-making, etc., we had come to 
 a time when we must have a name. In the pinch, Mr. Bill- 
 ings was casting about in his mind for lines of thought that 
 would suggest a name appropriate and unobjectionable, and 
 our far western location where we were trying to build a col- 
 lege brought to his recollection, " Westward the course of 
 empire takes its way." " Berkeley," he said to himself, " Berke- 
 ley, the author of those prophetic lines — why wouldn't Berke- 
 ley be a good name for our town?" And so he proposed it, 
 and it was talked over. The more it was considered, the more 
 it was favored. It seemed to meet the conditions of the case 
 better on the whole than any other name that had been 
 thought of And so " Berkeley " was the name unanimously 
 chosen for our new College town. This was at a meeting of 
 Trustees held on May 24, 1866.' 
 
 ' Although I have used tliis name " Berkeley," in speaking of the College site 
 hitherto, it has been merely Un convenience. Before this date the general loca- 
 tion was known only as " The College Grounds." 
 
UNIVEBSIT 
 
 ;§Ji.lFORK»' 
 
 CHAPTER^III. 
 
 THE THIRD COMMENCEMENT. 
 
 After the usual examinations at the close of the College 
 year, came the Commencement-time. A change was made 
 this year, and the Commencement was held in the large hall 
 of the College School in the forenoon, and the Alumni Ora- 
 tion was delivered there in the afternoon, and the collation 
 for the evening was spread as usual in the College chapel. 
 The day was auspicious and beautiful; the attendance was 
 large and cheering, the great hall being filled. Four young 
 men were graduated, namely, Charles A. Garter, Lowell J. 
 Hardy, William D. Harvvood, and Clarence F. Townscnd, all 
 of whom took part in the exercises. Their addresses did 
 them credit for ability, style, and delivery. The College ora- 
 tion was pronounced by Rev. Horatio Stebbins, D. D. It 
 was brief, pertinent, philosophical, effectively delivered, and 
 was warmly applauded. After the conferring of decrees on 
 the graduating class, the honorary degree of Master of Arts 
 was conferred on George W. Bunnell, E. D. Sawyer, H. P. 
 Carlton, H. W. Cleveland, and Charles A. Tuttle. In the 
 afternoon Judge Shafter delivered an address before the As- 
 sociated Alumni. His theme was: "The relations of human 
 progress to the reason, acting in right method." The discus- 
 sion was able and the style scholarly and beautiful. He spoke 
 to a crowded assembly, in which was an uncommonly large 
 number of educated men. Rev. Mr. Buel's poem, which fol- 
 lowed, surprised the audience with its humor, and often 
 brought forth laughter and applause. 
 
 These exercises over, the procession was formed and the 
 march taken to the chapel, where the festivities of the even- 
 
ir)4 insroRy of the college of California. 
 
 ing were to be observed. The attendance was larger than at 
 either of the Alumni meetings that had gone before, and was 
 one of great interest and enjoyment throughout. John W. 
 Dwindle, President of the Association, presided at the table, 
 supported by Bishop Kip and General McDowell. Every 
 chair was taken. The supper was pronounced excellent, and 
 the fair ladies of Oakland replenished the board. Then came 
 the speaking. The President opened by saying: — 
 
 " Brothers : Another year has completed its circle since we cele- 
 brated our last festival, and the Alumni of the Pacific Coast are once 
 more together. . . . Dear to the heart of an alumnus is his Alma 
 Mater, the nursing mother who first taught his tender feet to tread 
 the difficult paths of knowledge. Around her cluster his fondest 
 memories, and in that distant land from which we came, it was 
 among our most cherished hopes to return again and again to her 
 feet on annually recurring seasons of reunion, there to meet our fos- 
 ter brothers, who made us boys again in the renewal of old intimacies 
 and associations. But alas, our Alma Maters are far removed from 
 us, and the high places to which we went up to worship during the 
 summer solstice, sink fir, far in the distance, thousands of miles be- 
 yond the most distant horizon. We all love California as the seat 
 of our early homes, and the future field where our children are to 
 reap the harvests of life. Here will we live, and here will we be 
 buried. She was once to us the land of prom'ise which we were not 
 constrained to behold only from the distant mountain-top, and then 
 die, but have been permitted to enter; and which has already become 
 to most of us, in a blessed manner, the land of realized hoi)e. We 
 are bound to her by the s'trongest ties of attachment, and not less 
 because she so much resembles, in her physical features and produc- 
 tions, that other promised land of Israel, that hers, also, is a land 
 flowing with milk and honey; that the lion goes up to the mountains 
 from the swelling of her mighty rivers; that her cedars are loftier 
 and more ancient than those of Lebanon; that her stones are silver 
 and her rocks are gold; land of the fig tree, the olive, the orange, and 
 the vine, — Calilornia, next to our mother in the aflections of our 
 hearts! But even while we bend before her in homage, and pay her 
 the vow.s of our eternal fealty, as she sits enthroned beside the sun- 
 set sea; the crown of her young sovereignty glittering with jeweled 
 light; her bosom fiiloil uilh harvests, and her lap overflowing with 
 
THE THIRD COMMENCEMENT. I5r) 
 
 gold, we cannot forget that other, Eastern land, the land of our birth 
 and education, which, in our common speech, we still call by the 
 tender name of home. And as we turn our wistful, longing eyes to 
 the East, and, in imagination, behold the long processions of our 
 fellow Alumni, winding up the sacred hills to the sites of our Alma 
 Maters, we feel an irresistible impulse to send them messages of love 
 and affection. 
 
 • And we are fortunate in having present with us on this occasion 
 one who in position, character, and attainment we are proud to claim 
 as our representative; whose reputation as a writer and a scholar is 
 wider than the domain of our republic; and who, lately, in foreign 
 lands, and in the crisis of our country's destiny, in his own person, 
 illustrated the type of the American gentleman and patriot. I re- 
 quest the Bishop of California to respond to this sentiment : '' The 
 Associated Alumni of the Pacific Coast, to the Alumni of the East" 
 em States, send greeting." 
 
 Bishop Kip rising to respond, was greeted with long and 
 hearty applause. When this had subsided he spoke as fol- 
 lows: — 
 
 " Mr. Chairman and Brethren of the Alumni: I have been 
 honored by the request to reply to the sentiment which has just been 
 read, a sentiment most appropriate to this your annual festival. It is 
 one, too, to which I can most heartily respond. An occasion like 
 this banishes all feelings of strangeness, and enables those who never 
 before met face to face to realize that there is a golden chain which 
 unites them, as disciples in a common cause. In the Republic of 
 Letters there are no aliens, and in the brotherhood of scholars all 
 may claim kindred, however humble their efforts, if they are animated 
 by the right spirit, and are laboring for the common welfare. In the 
 name, then, of those who, like myself, derive their membership from 
 the tmie-honored institutions of the East, brethren of the Associate 
 Alumni, we would thank you for your greeting, for the right hand of 
 fellowship you have held out, for the kindly welcome you have given. 
 
 " Next indeed to the brotherhood of faith is that of letters. It is a 
 wide brotherhood, including within its ranks all who are striving to 
 diffuse sound literature, or to labor for the intellectual advancement 
 of themselves or others. It is, too, an ancient brotherhood. We 
 are no isolated laborers, but members of a mighty fellowship, whose 
 
156 IlISTORy OF THE COLLEGE OF CALLFORNIA. 
 
 origin is in far distant ages, and which is to go on long after we have 
 run our brief career. In us the dead have labored, and we hare 
 entered in to enjoy the fruit of their patient toil. And solemn it 
 is as we look to the past, to watch the progress and development of 
 that knowledge which we have inherited; to see how, through pass- 
 ing centuries, the noblest intellects were laboring in the mine of 
 thought, that we might stand upon a vantage-ground, and become the 
 heirs of treasures which they purchased by the strivings of a life. It 
 was a mighty struggle, with ever varying success. At times, as in the 
 days of (irecian glory, or the Augustan age in Rome, the human 
 mind advanced with a rapidity which all could mark, and lofty intel- 
 lects came forth, at the very mention of whose names we now rise 
 up and bare the brow in reverence. And then, for a time, it seemed 
 to suffer a defeat, and the cause went backward, when the journeyers, 
 like the schoolmen of the Middle Ages, were wandering in a mighty 
 desert, arid, trackless, and silent, with no gushing fountains to quench 
 their thirst, and no manna to relieve tlieir hungry souls. They had 
 struggled to leave the land of Egyptian darkness, but poor humanity 
 strove in vain to advance, and the promised Canaan of knowledge 
 ever receded from them. But this was not so. These were not only 
 as 'men beating the air' Those long and laborious years were not 
 wasted. These earnest thinkers, though they seemed to add nothing 
 to the sum of human knowledge, did not live in vain. They were 
 aiding in the education of the human mind, and though this disci- 
 pline was gained in the desert, still it fitted them for the conquest yet 
 before them. And when there came a law-giver like Bacon, who 
 pointed out the path they were to tread, they found themselves jirepared 
 to 'go up and possess the land.' And so the cause went on through 
 successive generations till it came to us. And now from the distant 
 past, from the populous centuries which have gone, there is wafted to 
 us a solemn and mysterious sound, which is the voice of these ancient 
 laborers. The field in which we are to toil is filled with their me- 
 morials, anil each moment of busy, eager, craving life, we are brought 
 into contact with the records of the dead. 'Ihis, then, is the tie 
 which links us together in one mighty fellowship. 
 
 " To recur, for an instant, to another illustration. Those who went 
 before us laid the foundation of that vast edifice which, through ages, 
 has been gradually rising into power and strength. And when they 
 were called away from their toil, others of the common brotherhood 
 
 i 
 
THE THIRD COMMENCEMENi: 157 
 
 who succeetleil them, took u]) the implements of labor which they 
 hud dropped, and built on where they had been forced to leave off, 
 until, at length, these too ceased from their work. And thus the 
 work was betjueathed to us, that we might do our share for the 
 world's welfare. In returning the greetings of our younger brothers, 
 may we not expect them, particularly those who to-day, for the first 
 time, have put on the toga, to live in accordance with the dignity 
 they have assumed? Here in this, the place where your youthful 
 powers have been nurtured, in these classic shades where many a day- 
 dream has been indulged, which you trust the future will change 
 into reality — determine to live worthy of the brotherhood to which 
 you belong. Turn from that shallow philosophy which would reject 
 the hoarded experience of ages and discard all that the world has 
 ever reverenced. In humility and distrustfulness of self, learn to be 
 Christian scholars. Then, laboring on with high and holy purpose* 
 whether success crowns your efforts or not, your rew'ard will be with 
 you. In the words of a living poet, we may say to you: — 
 
 " ' (Ireal duties are before you, and great works, 
 But whether crowned or crownless when you fall, 
 It matters not, so as God's will is done.' " 
 
 At the close of Bishop Kip's speech the President said : " Look- 
 ing around us upon our associates who crowd this hall, we 
 know who and what the Alumni of the Pacific Coast arc. Cicero 
 speaks of some of his younger friends as probable orators and as 
 possible statesmen, but we know that the Alumni of the future are 
 certain to succeed us. Their forms are already visible through the 
 parting mists of the future, but their faces are veiled. I ask Profes- 
 sor Durant. of the College of California, to answer for The Alumni 
 in esse^ and .\lumni in posse. 
 
 Said Professor Durant : " ' The Alumni in esse, and Alumni in posse.' 
 A phraseology, Mr. President, gotten up, one might suppose, on 
 purpose to provoke the speech of some classical professor ! Cottcn 
 up, I say, sir, for it never grew naturally from the classics, nor from 
 any other source of language. It is what you may call a hybrid — an 
 insolence to nature, and to all good usage as well. ' The Alumni ! ' 
 an English article with a Latin noun ! 'In esse and m posse!' — two 
 Latin phrases connected by an English conjunction ! ' /«* — a prep- 
 osition common to several languages, and made here to govern the 
 infinitive mood! — a construction tbund in no language, probably, 
 
158 ///STORY (?/•" THE COLLEGE OF CAL/EOK.VIA. 
 
 under the sun ! You intended it, I presume, sir, as an illustration of 
 that theory which your Honor detailed to us the last year, as your 
 theory of the Latin and Greek languages, that they were not the 
 l,atin and (ireek languages at all, but only a couple of /t'ngos, which 
 somebody had made /or /un, to play off upon young collegians, who 
 might be green enough, and gullible enough, to pore over them for 
 years, to be graduated finally, only to be laughed at for their pains 
 by those who, like yourself, sir, were in the secret of the game, and 
 had been pulling its wires ! We were much amused at the expose 
 which you thus made of these languages, and of yourself. Sir, ex- 
 cuse us; for while we laughed at the idea of thinking such a se// was 
 possible, we laughed still more that you should think it had been 
 practiced on yourself, when it never had been; and that you should 
 ( ommunicate such a fiction to the young bachelors as a fact ! It was 
 evident that you really believed in what you were saying. ' You had 
 been told it when you graduated,' and you took it in earnest. That 
 was what we laughed at most. And now our amusement amounts to 
 admiration, not to say amazement, that you come forward this year 
 with a practical illustration of what, the last, you confessed as a per- 
 sonal misfortune, namely, that you had been hazed in the matter of 
 your classical education, and that, in fact, you never had studied the 
 classical languages. Your sensibility to misfortune must be rather 
 small, sir, or else your love of consistency very great, that you take 
 such pains to show your past experience in your present practice. 
 
 " ' "^Phe Alumni in ^-.or, and Alumni in posse.' This means, we 
 suppose, the Alumni essentially, and the Alumni potentially — the 
 Alumni in essence, and the Alunmi in puissance! We shall speak to 
 that sentiment. The essence of an Alumvus is, that he is one who 
 has come to be what he is by alimentation, or l)y feeding and nursing. 
 If he is not that, then there is no reliance to be placed on Latin 
 philology; and the i-atin language is what you have taken it to be. 
 sir, a humbug! The learned author of what he himself has called 
 'The Intellectual Development of Europe,' which is, 'the intellectual 
 development' of Dr. Draper, of the University of New York, has 
 written this book (as not a little also of his Physiology ) on pur- 
 pose to show that to the nursery alone is due the difference, not only 
 between any one man and another, but between man and every other 
 animal, nay, between the animal and the plant, the plant and any 
 form even of inorganic matter. Whether nitrogen and oxygen shall 
 
T!fF. rillRI^ COAfMENCEMENT. 159 
 
 become common air, or a(jua fortis, depends on whether these ele- 
 ments arc mechanically or chemically mixed; whether they are mas- 
 ticated and swallowed together merely, or whether they arc digested 
 and assimilated as well. Whether the same egg, or larva, in a bee- 
 hive shall become a working bee, a drone, or a queen bee, depends 
 on whether it be crowded away into a narrow cell, and fed meanly, 
 that makes a worker; or introduced into a more roomy saloon, and 
 free-lunched, that makes a drone, a bee loafer ; or bestowed in the 
 regal pavilion, surrounded and sung to, fed and nursed by maids and 
 bachelors of honor, that makes a queen bee. Whether any given 
 germ cell of life (and all the germ cells are assumed to be identically 
 alike, whether animal or vegetable) shall become the merest blotch 
 of mold that ever sprouted or decayed in the core of an old cheese, 
 or the heart of an old bachelor, or the noblest soul of son or 
 daughter of Adam that ever trod the earth, or spurning its trash, 
 went up to the inheritance in the skies, is all a matter of feeding and 
 lodging — ' merely this, and nothing more.' Without running into any 
 such extravagance, I do say, Mr. President, that the college culturet 
 or what is tantamount in education, no matter where acquired (it is 
 not necessary that a man should go through college in order to get 
 the spirit or even the form of a collegiate education, but only that 
 the college go through him — a ([uestion, indeed, of swallowing and 
 digestion), but the thing itself, the college drift and habit of thought, 
 its compass and character oi knowledge, is essential to a full-grown, 
 thoroughbred orthodox man or woman, ' fitted, furnished, and 
 stablished,' as Paul would exhort, ' in every good word and work.' 
 It is the style and quality of our knowledge, more than its amount, 
 its consistency and unity of form and aim, that makes it a 'power.' 
 There is a lax, disjointed, slipshod knowledge, that weakens and 
 impedes our movements, like drastic laxatives and loose clothes. 
 There is another, which is organic, which, while it is pliant, is com- 
 pacted and strong. The one is a bundle of shreds, a rope of sand, 
 a skeleton without sinews or wires. The college, like the gospel, 
 gathers up the fragments into its baskets that nothing may be lost. 
 It weaves the scattered shreds into a seamless garment, which it were 
 sacrilege to part. It fuses the sands into the crystal glass, which, 
 through its coundess uses in science and the arts, is among the prime 
 civilizers of the world. It says to ' the dry bones. Live; ' and ' they 
 come together bone to his bone,' as it bids; and it clothes them with 
 
160 H/.STOKY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALLFOKXLA. 
 
 flesh, and it grows them into men. It fits man to man, organizes 
 men into society, and, true to its name of college and of university, it 
 collects and constructs the universal race at last into one brother- 
 hood. It is only in fitness, proportion, and combination that there 
 is power. No element, by itself, has any significance or efficiency. 
 Any other man may be this particular thing or that, a mere individual. 
 An Alumnus is, what one said of Burke, ' not a man, but a system.' 
 As gunpowder is not one thing, nor yet many, without union, carbon, 
 sulphur, or saltpetre, but all these substances massed, granulated 
 rather, and dried into so many intensified personalities, not to de- 
 stroy their common quality, but precisely to make them the more 
 active in it, the more easily communicable, and the more instanta- 
 neously one, when they are fired — such are Alumni in essence, and 
 such are they in power. Hut in speaking of their power, it becomes 
 us to speak modestly. It is a modest power. It makes little show 
 of itself even in its works. 
 
 "These are obvious enough, but the agency which operates them 
 is often concealed. That crashing reaper and thresher in the harvest- 
 field, drawn over the ground by twenty horses, prostrating the growth 
 of the year as by a hurricane, yet gathering it all up without waste, 
 driving away the chaff and broken straw, on the wings of the wind, 
 pouring out the golden grain in clear, full, and steady stream, amidst 
 choking dust, and giddy whirl, and deafening clatter, gives, to the 
 rustic observer, no hint of the far-off, silent college, from whose 
 mysteries of science it was evoked. ' The school-master is abroad, 
 mistaken by no one, yet few are they who seem to take knowledge 
 of the fact that the college, also, is abroad, more widely than he, 
 and much in advance of him, preparing the way for his coming; lay- 
 ing down its railroad tracks from city to city, and from State to State ; 
 stretching its telegraphic wires from continent to continent over the 
 ocean's bed, and from ocean to ocean across the continents; in our 
 fields of tillage, |)lowing, sowing, reaping, mowing, raking, threshing ; 
 upon our lakes and rivers, seas and oceans, driving our commerce, 
 surveying our coasts, and improving our harbors; in our battle-fields, 
 marshaling armies, figliting battles, or forestalling them; conciliating 
 enemies, constructing and reconstructing States, and what is better 
 than ' a congress of nations,' reading lectures, and indicting laws of 
 internationality, reciprocity, and peace for the whole world. Nor is 
 the college only abroad; it is at home with us, in our architecture 
 
THE THIRH COMMENCEMENT. IGl 
 
 and painting, our sculpture and music, furniture, instruments, and 
 books, making our houses convenient and beautiful, hanging them 
 with pictures, and filling them with song; the piano for elegant and 
 playful leisure ; the sewing-machine for elegant and amusing labor; 
 the cooking-stove and the bellows for economy; the fire-kindlers, and 
 the matches to kindle these; the lamps and the kerosene — all gradu- 
 ates of our colleges, domesticated with us, to serve us with their handi- 
 work, and to prove the busy manipulation of their myriad fingers, in 
 whatever is cunningly or usefully wrought under the sun. But per- 
 haps it was intended, Mr. President, by the language to which you 
 would have me speak, that the Alumni who noiv are have some 
 special relation to the Alumni who are yet to be ; that the one are 
 dependent on the other. If ever there was a consequent, Mr. 
 President, that had its own antecedent, a future that grew out of its 
 past, then the Alumni who are to follow us when we are in our graves, 
 have the possibility of their future in us while we are yet above the 
 sod. There should be graduated this year, in California, at least one 
 hundred men. I doubt if there will be seven. Next year the want 
 of Alumni will be much greater still. How shall this demand be 
 met.'' By immigration! And why not? The better the people im- 
 migrating, and the more of the better sort, the better for the country ; 
 and how can we induce a greater amount of this better immigration, 
 than by leaving the places which it must seek, unoccupied by our 
 own children ? Make a scarcity at home, and you invite abundance 
 from abroad. The reason that we have no thunder and lightning 
 in California is, that everything is ecjually electrified. If you would 
 raise the wind, create a vacuum. 
 
 " Our Congress at W^ashington has just now appropriated $240,000 
 in gold, to build and endow a High School at Pekin, the capital of 
 China, for the education of classes of ' ingenious Celestials,' to meet 
 the new conditions of the times. Would it not be well for us to for- 
 ward to that establishment a timely application to send its Alumni to 
 California, as fast as they are graduated? We are in a fair way of 
 wanting just such a supply, to fill the places for which our own sons 
 and daughters, it seems, through lack of brains, or education, are 
 incompetent. We repel the insinuation ! Congress may have meant 
 it or not. It shall only provoke us to a proper jealousy for ourselves, 
 our children, and our institutions. With such a resolution let us 
 leave these festivities to find, each one, if possible, some youth of 
 1 1 
 
162 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CAf.IFORNIA. 
 
 genius to endow with a liberal education. Rear him, if it may be, 
 from the wedded bosom of your own home. God grant you may. If 
 not, find him somewhere; send him to college to represent you there 
 — your spirit and your influence, what is and what can be. ' The 
 Alumni in esse, and the Alumni \n posset 
 
 , This speech of Professor Durant's surprised and delighted 
 
 j/^ us all. He very seldom spoke in public, and never before 
 amid the play of wit and repartee such as characterized our 
 Alumni meetings. He was rather a serious man, not over- 
 much so, but quiet and scholarly in his manner. You would 
 take him to be in his element in the lecture-room, with his 
 classes around him, intent upon some well-studied theme- 
 But though serious, he was cheerful, and about his work he 
 was intensely in earnest. Wc knew he was a man of resources. 
 But we had never quite supposed that they could lie espe- 
 cially in the line of free and easy speech after the manner of 
 this one reportetl here verbatim. /And as his oration, found 
 in the Appendix to this volume, is the only printed production 
 from his pen that I know of, so this speech of his is the only 
 one fully reported and in print. They both bespeak the fine 
 qualities, and especially the versatility, of his cultivated and 
 richly furnished mind. 
 
 '■ I have often thought," the ['resident said, "that the first Alumni 
 graduated in California were greatly to be envied. They may not- 
 win the great battle of life, or they may even not live to fight it at all. 
 Hut there is one distinction which will be theirs as long as literature 
 and education flourish on the borders of the Western ocean. Their 
 names are inscribed, and will forever remain inscribed, on the banner 
 which ihey bear aloft as they march at the head of that ' innumera- 
 ble caravan' of the future Alumni of the l\'icific C'oast, drawing re- 
 cruits by millions, ilownwards as far as the stormy cape, and north- 
 wards as far as the frozen sea. The honor of leading that column is 
 one which we may envy, but which we cannot share. I propose the 
 following: The Indigenous .Mumni of California; like Titans, gath, 
 ering freshness and strength from contact with their native soil, they 
 are the accessions to our ranks whom we are the most to welcome 
 and to fear." 
 
THE Tin KB COMMENCEMENT. 163 
 
 John R. Glascock, of the class of 1865, of the College of 
 California, replied as follows: — 
 
 "Mr. Chairman, Ladies, and Gentlemen: After listening to so 
 many eloquent speeches from those who have the honor and future 
 welfare of the College of California at heart, I am afraid that what 
 few remarks I may utter will fall upon unappreciating ears. But, sir, 
 as it is one of the recognized principles of this College never to back 
 down from what has been once undertaken, I consider it a religious 
 duty to speak for her, and I know I shall find it a pleasure. 
 
 " Every true lover of education must, and does, take an interest 
 in the cause of learning. And you who have issued from the portals 
 of old Yale, Harvard, Williams, Union, and a host of other grand cen- 
 ters of learning, give hearty cheer and sincere congratulation to our 
 young and glorious enterprise. But in comparison with this feeling, 
 what must be the interest taken in this College by us, who have seen 
 her spring, a new-born Venus, from the foam of California ignorance. 
 It is not strange, then, that we should entertain for her a deeper and 
 holier affection. It is not strange that every rude wind that jostles 
 her should send a chill to our hearts, for we love her with a * love 
 that passeth understanding.' We have watched her, this young 
 mother of ours — not as old as her children — from tottering infancy 
 to vigorous youth. And if at times she has seemed to falter, it was 
 not from lack of energy nor want of courage. If cares and troubles 
 have left their mark on her fair young brow, we feel a deeper venera- 
 tion for every furrow — for only that is worthy which has passed the 
 furnace of trial. 
 
 " It was held among the ancient Romans, as a law well defined 
 and beyond dispute, that to be horn in the purple was a higher mark 
 of dignity than admission to it. So we think. No '■ purpureus Pan- 
 nus ' for us, our whole cloak is royal. So we deem it a peculiar 
 honor that our lot was cast here at such an early period as to enable 
 us to witness the inception of this College, and so early to become 
 identified with her fortunes. x\nd toward the four short and happy 
 years spent under her tutelage, our hearts now beat with emotions of 
 pleasure, as we recollect and acknowledge her earnest, noble efforts 
 in behalf of virtue and manly honesty, and the pure spirit of Christian 
 philanthropy breathed through all her teachings. No sectarianism, 
 but a basis as broad as the Bible. No creed, but a love for the Book 
 of books. Governed by such principles, and guided by such men as 
 
1()4 HISTORY OF I HE rOIJ ECF. c^r (WLIFORNIA. 
 
 she is, can we predict aught for her but a brilliant future ? No, we 
 shall see her continue steadily on the course which she has marked 
 out for herself, still holding in view, and being swayed by, those 
 principles which presided over her birth ; and, piercing the dark, 
 misty ranks of ignorance, like the Macedonian phalanx, widen as she 
 penetrates, and make her influence felt throughout the length and 
 breadth of the land. Even now, young as she is, she extends to you, 
 sons of kindred Alma Maters, maternal greeting, and though her 
 grasp be not as forcible as others, it is none the less hearty. Though 
 her voice be not as strong, yet she gives you a welcome as broad as 
 our plains, as deep as our valleys, as rich as our mines, and as warm 
 as the pure, devoted love she bears her own offspring." 
 
 "This elocjuent and appropriate effort," continued the President, 
 '•convinces me only too well of my prescience, in saying that these 
 young accessions to our ranks are those ' whom we are must to wel- 
 come and to fear.' Cavete, pueros — beware of the bo)s — that is 
 Latin, isn't it, Professor? [To Professor Durant.] We see plainly 
 that the time is coming when the indigenous Alunmi will lake these 
 festivities into their own hands, and if we get any invitation to them> 
 it will be only to occupy the back seats. But our i)ersonal sadness 
 at our future fate does not hinder us from rejoicing at the intellectual 
 future of California. Let us rejoice, and rejoicing let us sing the old 
 familiar song of ' Gaudeamus.' " 
 
 And it was sung with great fervor by the audience, all 
 standing. 
 
 After as many inorc speeches as the evening would hold, 
 and a few parting words by the President, the Ahnnni sang 
 another song of the good old college times and then reluc- 
 tantly dispersed. Thus ended their third annual meeting; 
 more fully attended, and certainly not less enjoyed than th(isc 
 of the two previous years. 
 
 It was the habit of the College School to hold its annivcr- 
 sar)' exercises at the close of its school year in the week fol- 
 lowing that of the College Commencement These exercises 
 consistctl of declainations, dialogues, recitations, and the 
 speaking of original pieces by some of the inore advanced 
 students. At this time the school was ver)- large. The cat- 
 alogue gave the year's attendance as two hundred and forty- 
 
THE 77// RP LOMI^ENCEMENT. 1(>5 
 
 three, and the number of teachers, twelve. And this fairly 
 represents the size of the school for a series of years. After 
 the close of this year's work, 1865-66, and the usual anniver- 
 sary occasion, the Pacific <^ave the following account of it: — 
 
 OAKLAND COLLEGE SCHOOL. 
 
 " The first four days of last week were devoted to the examination 
 of students in the various de])artments of this institution. We could 
 not he present during the entire examination, but in these instances 
 we had accounts from gentlemen upon whose critical judgment we 
 can rely. The examination extended over a range of studies from 
 the primary up to the advanced English and Classical Course for busi- 
 ness, or for admission to the College, to which some are transferred 
 every year. This number we hope to see increased with each suc- 
 ceeding year. Our young people must not forget that while a thor- 
 ough and accomplished English education is a great thing, there is 
 no country in the world where a complete college education will be 
 more available than here. 
 
 " The examination showed as much careful training and thorough- 
 ness as we have ever seen. An excellent band of teachers has been 
 attached to the institution, and each one seems to have striven after 
 especial excellence. Of course, in so large a school, there are all 
 grades of mental development and native capacity, and no uniform 
 proficiency can be attained. Each student, as near as may be, is 
 put upon his possibilities after being furnished with the best aids the 
 school can command. We think it is fair to say that the results of 
 the examination fully met the just expectations of all who were 
 present. 
 
 " This institution has come to be the largest training school for 
 boys and young men on this coast. Commencing with a small num- 
 ber many years ago as the nucleus of the College, it has now becotne 
 a separate department, requiring the entire supervision of one of the 
 professors. Rev. I. H. Brayton, who brings to his assistance some 
 nine or ten teachers. Besides the ordinary routine of study, music, 
 French, and drawing are represented by teachers of the best attain- 
 ments. The pupils during the last term have averaged one hundred 
 and nfty, of whom eighty and upwards have boarded at the institution. 
 
 " The new school building furnishes additional facilities in the 
 way of class-rooms and dormitories, and has also one of the most 
 spacious and commodious halls in the State. 
 
166 IHSTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CATJFORNL\. 
 
 " During the exhibition, which occupied Thursday and Friday 
 evenings, every available seat in the great hall was taken. Dialogues 
 were spoken in both French and Spanish, and the music, vocal and 
 instrumental, ircluding that of a brass band, was furnished by per- 
 formers among the pupils in attendance. The one hundred and fifty 
 boys who filed in upon the stage and sang the opening piece with 
 their own band for an accompaniment, was something worth a jour- 
 ney to see and to hear. The declamations which followed were 
 more than up to the average of such performances, and not a few of 
 them showed decided rhetorical excellence." 
 
UNIVEfiSTTY 
 CHAPfEiR XIV. 
 
 THE COLLEGE WATER SUPPLY. 
 
 The work of this college year being thus completed in all 
 the departments, it became immediately necessary to prepare 
 for the next. In respect to the College, we had to face the 
 fact that the three-year subscriptions for the temporary sup- 
 port of the College had expired. There were special reasons 
 at that time why it was very difficult to renew them, or to 
 raise an income in that way. The consultations in the Board 
 and among the friends of the College were frequent and pro- 
 longed. The expenses of the College, as it grew, were neces- 
 sarily increasing. Especially was this so in the Department 
 of Natural Science. Costly apparatus for illustration and ex- 
 periment must be had. Nor would a little do. There must 
 be enough to enable the instructor to teach the classes suc- 
 cessfully. And also for several other purposes besides the 
 payment of salaries, money must somehow be raised. In the 
 pinch we felt keenly the need of endowment. After all, the 
 deliberations resulted in this only — they could result in nothing 
 else — first, resolutely to undertake to obtain for five years en- 
 suing an annual subscription of $15,000; and second, to sell 
 the remaining homestead lots, and other salable lots around 
 the College grounds, as fast as could be done to adv^antage. 
 On these two things as our working plan we set our faces 
 toward 1866-67. -^t this time came from New York the re- 
 port of the completed work of Fred Law Olmsted, who had 
 been employed to project a plan for the improvement of the 
 College property. The report is here reproduced as the fourth 
 number of the Appendix. 
 
 But the sale of the lots came now to depend on the intro- 
 
168 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 duction of water for their improvement. Those who had 
 bought many of them wanted to plant and adorn their lots, 
 and some were now proposing to buy and build, if they could 
 depend on having the water. Attention was therefore given 
 to the question of providing water. The fact met us at the 
 outset, that the College corporation, as such, could not effect- 
 ively manage this water business. 
 
 Though the College owned the land and the water fur- 
 nished by Stravvberry Creek and its sources, the nature of 
 their incorporation simply as a college, was not such that 
 they could well construct and control water-works, both to 
 supply themselves, and sell to those who might want to buy. 
 Besides, the College owned a copious spring on the Hayward 
 Ranch, a mile or two away in the hills, and in time it would 
 be necessary to get the right of way and construct and con- 
 trol Works to bring that water in. 
 
 What was fcjunti to be wanted was the rights and powers 
 possessed by water companies, inct^rporated under the law of 
 the State for furnishing towns and cities with pure, fresh 
 water. It was therefore proposed to organize a water com- 
 pany, which should be bound by contract to the College, 
 and consist mainly, if not wholly, of College Trustees, The 
 members of the College Board who were familiar with the 
 law took the proper steps, and in due time the " College 
 Water Company " was duly incorporated according to law, 
 and empowered to act under its provisions. The surveys, 
 measurements, etc., which had been previously made were 
 placed in the hands of this company. After verifying them, 
 the plan agreed upon was as follows: To cofiStruct a good 
 brick reservoir at such a point of elevation on the hill-side 
 as would furnish water to those who might build on tiie 
 higher levels, and be a permanent source of water supply to 
 them. To bring into this reservoir so much of the flow of the 
 u|)per and best springs running into Strawberry Creek, as 
 might be wanted. To have this water as a permanent supply 
 of that higher reservoir, from which those building on the 
 high levels might always draw; and then, later, construct 
 
THE COLLEGE WATEl^ SUPPLY. 101) 
 
 a larger reservoir, lower clown, to supply all who might wish 
 to receive below. To test the practicability of this plan, 
 accurate surveys were made. A point on the hill-side v/as 
 fixed upon for the small reservoir. A line from that point to 
 the point above, where it was proposed to take the water from 
 Strawberry Creek, was measured. The distance from the 
 proposed site of the reservoir to the College grounds was 
 measured, and also the distances to the various lots and 
 buildings where the water was already wanted. Then careful 
 estimates were made of the cost of the reservoir, well and 
 permanently constructed; of the iron pipe to take the water 
 from the reservoir and deliver it where it was to be used, and 
 of the flume through which to bring the water from the creek 
 and the springs to the reservoir. It was found that in all it 
 did not exceed such a sum as would receive a good paying 
 interest from the monthly water rates of those owners of 
 property who would pledge themselves in advance to receive 
 and pay for it, even then. Of course it was plain that the 
 number^of takers would increase, and therefore the money 
 required to build the works would be well and safely invested. 
 And more than that, as the use of the water increased, there 
 would be a rapidly growing income. On the ground of all 
 these well-ascertained facts, it was determined by the College 
 Trustees to lend to the water company the Five Thousand 
 Dollar Library Fund, with which to construct these works, 
 and use the entire income for the purpose for which the fund 
 was given. This imposed a threefold work upon me during 
 the autumn and winter of 1866-67. Fir^t, it was my duty to 
 push the subscription for obtaining the Fifteen Thousand 
 Dollar Annual Subscription for five years, with such help as 
 the individual Trustees could give. Second, to effect the sale 
 of the remaining homestead lots; and third, get all things in 
 readiness for the construction of the water-works as early as 
 might be during the next dry season. Meanwhile it belonged 
 to me to collect all subscriptions and dues, small and large, 
 and pay all salaries and bills when due, and .see that no taxes 
 went delinquent, or interest remained unpaid, or notes went 
 
170 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 to protest. Also it was made my duty to attend to the end- 
 less questions arising from defective land titles with which 
 we were pestered, and see that defects were corrected. At 
 the same time it was my duty to keep the run of all the 
 accounts, and at any time to explain them to the Board or 
 the Finance Committee, and also as Secretary of the Board 
 to keep in full, and write out, all the records. Furthermore, 
 when Commencement came, it fell to me to arrange all the 
 details, and see that everything was ready at the right time 
 and place, so that all the different exercises, meetings, colla- 
 tions, etc., might pass off smoothly and without hitch. This 
 light and easy duty accumulated upon me, while for years, 
 living at Berkeley, five miles from Oakland, I drove in my 
 buggy each morning to take the eight o'clock train to San 
 Francisco, where business of one kind or another was press- 
 ing every day. No grass grew under my feet in those days. 
 And the daily travel to and from Oakland in stormy weather, 
 and over roads sometimes well-nigh impassable, often before 
 it was fairly light in the morning, or after dark at night, was 
 something not to be undertaken except in the service of a 
 great cau.se. 
 
 The Trustees saw that I had more to do than I could 
 possibly get through with. And so they appointed a special 
 committee of their own number, business men, to aid in 
 securing the Fifteen Thousand Di)llar Annual Fund to meet 
 the current expenses of the College. 
 
 The fall term of the college year 1866-67 passed pleasantly 
 and successfully. The number of students was beginning to 
 be larger. There were at this time, according to the catalogue, 
 two Seniors, six Juniors, ten Sophomores, and six Freshmen. 
 The standard of preparation was gradually raised in the Col- 
 lege School, and consequently the College studies could go on 
 to better advantage. The examinations before the Christmas 
 vacation were prolonged and thorough as before, and not less 
 satisfactory than on an}' former occasion. 
 
 When the severity of the winter was over, preparation was 
 made to carry out the plans for constructing the water-works. 
 
THE COLLEGE WATER SUPPLY. 171 
 
 Those plans, however, contemplated a great deal more than 
 the bringing in of the waters of Strawberry Creek and its 
 tributary springs in our own ravine, more, even, than adding 
 to them the flow of the large Hayward Springs. It was be- 
 lieved that farther on in the hills, the waters of Wild Cat Creek 
 could be reached by our line of works, at some future time, and 
 that that stream could be brought into our larger reservoir. 
 The flow of this stream had been carefully measured when it 
 was smallest, during the preceding dry season, and it was 
 then found to be four hundred thousand gallons of water 
 every twenty-four hours. To ascertain whether this water 
 could be brought into our large contemplated reservoir, an 
 accurate survey was ordered. Hon. Sherman Day, one of 
 the Trustees, was employed to superintend it. The proposed 
 reservoir for this large flow of water seemed to have been almost 
 constructed for us by nature. It required only a dam to fill a 
 space some sixty feet wide between two rocky walls, where 
 Strawberry Creek breaks through in its course down to the 
 lower plain, to create a lake covering several acres of level 
 land, apparently useful for no other purpose than this. This 
 large body of water empounded there, it was ascertained by 
 measurement, would be at such an elevation that it could be 
 introduced into the highest stories of buildings that might be 
 erected on the College grounds, or be thrown all over them in 
 case of fire. There proved to be no engineering obstacle in the 
 way of commanding the copious water supply of Wild Cat 
 Creek, in addition to our own springs, and that at a very 
 moderate cost. Steps were forthwith taken by the College 
 Water Company, according to the law of the State, above 
 referred to, in the county of Contra Costa, where the stream 
 was situated, to acquire the right to take and appropriate the 
 waters of Wild Cat Creek. 
 
 This work required a good deal of time, and a good deal of 
 travel. We found that at that time the owners of land bor- 
 dering on the stream were but few. And what was more, 
 when the object of the College Water Company was explained 
 to them, they did not object, or propose to contest the matter 
 
172 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 before the court, or claim any damages. The nature and use 
 of the land in question seemed then to be such that no injury 
 appeared Hkely to arise from the carrying out of the plans of 
 the water company. Consequently the application before the 
 court for the right to appropriate the waters of the creek 
 was not contested, and the proceedings went on in due form 
 to the end. 
 
 Then, by order of the court, the water company was author- 
 ized and empowered to take and use the waters. Meanwhile, 
 the owners of all the land through which th^^ surveyed line for 
 the aqueduct passed, from the point in the stream where the 
 waters were to be taken, to our contemplated large reservoir, 
 were negotiated with, and the right of way along the whole 
 line was secured. When this was done, it seeined to the 
 Trustees that the foundation was indeed laid for securing such 
 a water supply as had from the beginning been considered 
 the only thing wanting to make the College site very nearly 
 perfect for its purpose. With all its other fine advantages, as 
 before remarked, it would never have been chosen as the loca- 
 tion of a great institution of learning by the l^oard of Trust- 
 ees without a more copious and reliable water-supply than 
 that furnished by Strawberry Creek alone. They would have 
 felt that they never could have excused themselves to the 
 generations of coming time for placing such an institution as 
 a college where there was not a copious flow of pure, fresh 
 water. And in those early years, when they had the whole 
 State to select from, they knew well that it would be judged 
 as a folly unmitigated to build a college where the water was 
 liable to run short in the dry .sea.son, putting the institution 
 and its surrounding community on short allowances every 
 now and then. Hut when this last source of supply was 
 assured, the College site was judged to be possessed of every 
 advantage as the j)ermancnt location (^f the College and the 
 College town. Plans could now be made for improvement of 
 grounds and building lots without fear of drought or scarcity 
 of water. While these proceedings were going on the con- 
 struction of the preliminary water-works before ilcscribed 
 
THE CO/J.EGE WATER SUPPLY. 173 
 
 was commenced. There being no haste, only a few men 
 were employed, and the work went on but slowly. 
 
 The summer college term was by this time drawing to a 
 close, and another Commencement-time was at hand. Every- 
 thing connected with the College was moving prosperously, 
 except the endowment subscription. This held back. The 
 committee appointed by the Trustees from among their own 
 number failed of success. It was easy to see that there were 
 reasons for this, but these reasons did not make the lack of 
 resources less trying. Among these reasons was the fact that 
 the entire business community had for years been heavily 
 drawn upon b)' war taxes. At the same time very large con- 
 tributicjns had been asked for the Sanitary and the Christian 
 Commissions of the army, and they had been freely and 
 generously given. Within a few years, also, all the San 
 Francisco churches, co-operating in building the College, had 
 changed pastors, receiving new ones from the East. Under 
 their administration it was not possible that the College cause 
 could be viewed in quite the same light as under those who 
 knew it historically and by experience. The indispensable 
 necessity of concentration upon this one cause for the time 
 being, did not, probably, appear to them all, as it was. It is 
 likely that the College itself appeared to strangers to be more 
 firmly established than it had actually come to be. It had 
 become somewhat generally known at the East. It had its 
 grounds and its buildings. It had its annual literary festivals, 
 largely and enthusiastically attended. And it would not be 
 strange if it made the impression upon new-comers that it 
 was past the period of uncertainty. So that it was said: "Of 
 course the College of California will be sustained. Of course 
 an institution that has got on as far as that, will be carried 
 forward. The public would not let that suffer." And so 
 attention began to be directed to other new institutions that 
 were needed, as well as a college. Their importance was 
 manifest enough, especially to those recently from the full 
 equipments of the East, where they had been accustomed to 
 all the ample methods of church extension, as well as work 
 
174 IIISTOKY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 in behalf of education. And these new enterprises made 
 their appeal to the same class of givers as had stood by the 
 College for fifteen years or more. This was one thing that 
 made it at this time more difficult to get subscriptions to the 
 temporary endowment fund, than before. \ I 
 
 The situation presented a problem that it was hard to 
 solve. Business prospects after the war were unsettled. In 
 the sudden changes of fortune, not a few of the most generous 
 givers to the College were now utterly disabled. It was not 
 easy to find others to take their places. The vast national 
 debt was a matter of concern, and fluctuations in the value of 
 currency unsettled business in every department. Recon- 
 struction was in its earlier stages and its outcome could not 
 be foreseen. What was needed then was a permanent en- 
 dowment, to yield an incomp to meet current expenses — 
 even a small one, such as had been given to several young 
 Western colleges within a year or two before that time, would 
 have sufficed. It seemed as if it had been earned by this 
 College, and would certainly come from some quarter. 
 
 ' 
 
 I 
 
Of THi 'r 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 GRADUATION OF THE FOURTH CLASS. 
 
 The consideration of these matters, however, was put aside, 
 for the time, by the occurrence of Commencement. The ex- 
 amination that preceded it being over, the Commencement 
 occurred on Wednesday forenoon, June 5. The two Seniors 
 of that year, Marcus P. Wiggin and Wilh'am Gibbons, de- 
 hvered their addresses, and then Prof Benjamin Silliman 
 pronounced the annual oration before the College, on the 
 theme : " The truly practical man necessarily an educated 
 man." After its conclusion the degrees were conferred. The 
 honorary degrees conferred on this occasion were as follows: 
 that of Master of Arts, upon F. M. Campbell, George Tait, 
 James Wylie, Freeman Gates, and Henry Hillebrand; and 
 that of Doctor of Divinity, upon Rev. John Chittenden. 
 
 In the afternoon the Associated Alumni assembled. It 
 was their fourlh annual meeting. The orator was the Rev. 
 Dr. A. L. Stone, and the poet, Bret Harte. The oration by 
 Dr. Stone and the poem by Bret Harte constitute the fifth 
 number of the subjoined Appendix. 
 
 At the close of the morning exercises, a processicjn was 
 formed under the direction of F. M. Campbell, marshal of 
 the day, and marched to the place of the evening's enter- 
 tainment. 
 
 Hon. John W. Dwindle, Alumnus of Hamilton, class of 
 1834, President of the Association for 1866, presided at the 
 table, in the absence of the Hon. Oscar L. Shafter, LL.D., 
 Justice of the Supreme Court, President of the Association 
 for 1867, and Alumnus of VVesleyan University; and was 
 supported by His Excellency Gov. F. F. Low, and Prof. 
 
176 
 
 IlI:,rOKY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 B. Silliman, of Yale College. Every chair was filled. The 
 supper was excellent, and was worthy of the fair hands 
 by which it was furnished. After the supper came the speak- 
 ing. 
 
 The President. — "Brothers: We greet you well. An- 
 other year, with its inevitable changes, has completed its 
 circuit since we last parted in this hall, and we are permitted 
 to meet once more. Death has meantime visited our ranks, 
 and has nipped buds of unusual promise, which were just 
 expanding into inatured usefulness ; we miss also the forms 
 and faces of several of our most cherished and useful mem- 
 bers, but we are grateful that their absence is only temporary, 
 and that we may expect them to rejoin us at our next anni- 
 versary. 
 
 "We are drawn together to-day and on this occasion by 
 the combined influence of a memory, a resolve, and a hope. 
 We are Californians ; to this fair land, fairest of all earth's 
 dowries, we have succeeded as our heritage, prepared for us 
 by the providence of God, and fostered for us by the paternal 
 care of the American Union. Here have we concentrated 
 all our hopes ; here have we embarked all our enterprises ; 
 here have we anchored our destiny. To California we pay 
 the tribute of a grateful and undivided allegiance ; we have 
 shared the hidden treasures of her mountains ; we have 
 reaped the golden harvests of her plains ; we have partaken 
 of her wine, her oil, and her honey; here will we live, here will 
 we die, and here will we be buried. Still we cannot forget 
 the land of our boyhood, youth, and manhood — the land 
 where we were born and educated — over which memory sheds 
 an aurora of soft and radiant light. And as reminiscences 
 come crowdin.; upon us from that far distant land which we 
 can never call by any other name than that of home, we can- 
 not forget that this is the season at which the educated men 
 of the United .States, the Alumni of their Colleges, return to 
 their Alma Maters, to celebrate their anniversaries, and to hold 
 social communion with the brotherhood of letters. If the 
 electric telegraph could flash visions upon our sight, and sound 
 
GRADUATION OF THE l-OUKTl] CLASS. \Ti 
 
 upon our hearing, as it flashes thoughts into our souls, we 
 should behold the fires burning upon a hundred altars, and 
 hear the grand symphony of ten thousand voices, where our 
 fellow Alumni at the East — priests and hierophants — are of- 
 fering their annual sacrifice, above them hovering the assist- 
 ant spirits of our mighty dead. With them in spirit, although 
 absent in the body, we resolve that we will found in this young 
 Pacific republic the same institutions of culture around 
 which clustered the hopes and aspirations of our youth. 
 Hence we have invoked the principle of voluntary association; 
 and, as the ancient colonist of Greece reared in his new home 
 an altar consecrated to the religion of the mother-land, so 
 have we here erected an altar to culture, with the inscription, 
 H(EC sit patria mea, and, lighting upon it the sacred fire, 
 with the invocation esio pcrpeina, have consecrated it to the 
 hope of the future. 
 
 "The Associated Alumni of the Pacific Coast, then, consists 
 of those who in academic, military, naval, medical, law, and 
 scientific institutions of collegiate rank, have received those 
 testimonials of acquirement, training, and skill which entitle 
 them to be styled educated men. Adopting as its means 
 social reunion, frequent intercommunication, and united effort, 
 it has for its object the dififusion of education and culture 
 throughout the State of California, and all the States of the 
 Pacific Coast. 
 
 " In proposing our beloved State as the first sentiment, we 
 are fortunate in having present one to whom we are largely 
 indebted for the fact that while she has rushed on in her orbit, 
 mighty, swift, and ponderous, she has yet noiselessly obeyed 
 the restraining influence of the central law. I propose, 
 California; with a luminous past and a still brightening 
 present, she promises a future of dazzling brilliancy." 
 
 His Excellency Governor Low, being loudly called for 
 spoke as follows: — 
 
 " When I look around me upon tliis highly cultivated audi- 
 ence, and remember the exercises of to-day, I am glad that 
 my fortunes are cast with you this evening, and rcgiet more 
 12 
 
178 I/JSTOKV OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFOL^NIA. 
 
 than ever the rijjor of that earlier fortune which denied me 
 the advantage of a collegiate education. Those early defects 
 I have done what I could to remedy since I arrived at the 
 age of manhood. It is now eighteen years and a day since I 
 first saw this land. Literature, science, and art have grown 
 up here since that time, and everything has combined to make 
 California a giant among her sister States. To us has been 
 confided the task of building up a State which shall exist 
 long after we shall have ceased to exist, but when, I trust, we 
 as its founders shall not be forgotten. It is true, as has been 
 said here to-night, that the present generation can never ap- 
 ply to the land of our birth any other term less tender than 
 that of home — and this is one strong ligament that has ever 
 bound, and will always bind, California to the American 
 Union, and which in some degree explains the intense feeling ^ | 
 
 of loyalty which pervaded her during the Rebellion. Hut a 
 new ligament will be possessed by the next generation, and 
 that will be the overland railroad. Then, when the iron car 
 shall have passed from ocean to ocean, over mountain, river, 
 and plain, upon the broad iron band which spans the continent, 
 we may well exclaim, 'What God has united, let no man put 
 asunder.' 
 
 "Without education, republican institutions woukl be 
 e[)]iemeral, and di.ssension would break up the union of the 
 States. America stands stronger to-day \^y its enlightened 
 .system of education than even by its republicanism. And 
 seeing Mr. Swett, Superintendent of Public Instruction, here 
 present, I cannot refrain from saying that in my official rela- 
 tions with him I have had occasion to entertain a high appre- 
 ciation of his talents antl attainments, and of his labors in the 
 cause of education. I was glad to hear Professor Silliilian, 
 in his orati(Mi to-el.i)-, speak so highly of Mr. Swett'- plans, 
 which I hope he will be i)ermitted to carry cnit. P'inally, I 
 h ipe that the acorn planted in Oakland may grow until it 
 rivals the grand old colleges in the I'2ast, which have sent forth 
 their Alumni to all jjarts of the earth." 
 
 TliK PRESlDliNT. — "In all our previous gatherings, we 
 
GRADUATION OF THE FOURTH CLASS. 171) 
 
 have been fortunate in havin^^ with us as guests some of our 
 distinguished brethren from the East and from abroad. This 
 good fortune has attended us to-night, in the presence of one 
 who represents the second generation of a family which is 
 already more than half a century illustrious in the annals of 
 science, literature, and the arts. Will Professor Silliman, of 
 Yale College, Alumnus of that College, of the class of 1837, 
 favor us with a response to the following : The United States 
 geological exploration of the fortieth parallel; lately arrived 
 on these shores, bears clear testimony to the fruitfulness and 
 thoroughly practical tendencies of those schools of science 
 which have trained the men fitted to grapple with the grand- 
 est problems of physical geography, astronomy, geology, and 
 metallurgy the world has to offer, and the solution of which 
 will vindicate equally the claims of science, the honor of the 
 institutions which have trained the men, and the sagacity of 
 the Government in anticipating and prc^viding for the wants 
 of the coming tide of emigration to follow in the path of the 
 continental railway." 
 
 Professor Silliman arose amid great cheering, and when it 
 had subsided, spoke as follows: — 
 
 " I wish I could reply to the sentiment as ably as I can 
 heartily. The expedition alluded to is partly composed of 
 young men who obtained their eminence in those halls where 
 I have passed the greater part of my life. The eN;pedition is 
 so new, and so little knowi', that a few words of explanation 
 will not be out of place. Its head is Clarence King, a man 
 well known in California, who has gained a part of his 
 scientific education in the mountains of California, Nevada, 
 and Arizona, in concert with Brewer, as members of the State 
 Geological Survey. Wc have, in the arrival of this expedi- 
 tion in California, a signal proof of the necessity of such in- 
 stitutions as we have met to encourage. It is only from such 
 institutions that we can insure the fitness of men for such 
 work. One object of the expedition is to triangulate the zone 
 l}-ing within one hundred miles along the fortieth parallel, and 
 to examine geologically a strip of country one hundred miles 
 
180 rnSTOKY OF THE COLLICCE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 in width across the continent. The object is not only to ex- 
 amine the mineral features, but also to connect by a great 
 network of triangulation all the chief localities within that 
 zone ; to make a scries of geographical observations for de- 
 termining with exactitude the status of the different localities, 
 and their bearing toward each other. It will surprise many 
 to know that we are in almost absolute ignorance of the actual 
 position of most places in the interior of this country. The 
 existing maps arc mostly mere figments of the brain, rather 
 than true exponents of localities, and are unworthy of the 
 nation. The work will begin from a base obtained by actual 
 mca.surcment near Pyramid Lake, and then proceed in two 
 directions, and will occupy probably five or six years. The 
 work will be done by men of experience and fitness; and when 
 completed, we shall know more of that part of the country 
 than we know of any other portion, except that upon the co.ist 
 and its immediate vicinity. Combined with the settlement of 
 the status of the various geographical points, information will 
 be gathered regarding coal, lead, copper, silver, and other 
 minerals. You may esteem it a high satisfaction to have 
 those gentlemen as guests. They are men of high capacity 
 and great zeal. Of the metallurgical wealth of this country, 
 we as yet know only the skirts of the garinent. It is our 
 interest to develop them. Connected with this exploration, 
 minute studies will be made of the great mines on the Com- 
 stock lode, as also of all the important mines of Reese River 
 and the Humboldt. 
 
 In reference to the endowment of litgrary and scientific in- 
 stitutions, it must be admitted that there is a great work to 
 do in educating rich men, in teaching them their duties to the 
 cause of science, o{ literature, and of society generally. Their 
 attention is to be drawn, not by appeals made in a mercenary 
 spirit, but in the broadest sense. There are neither titles nor 
 entailed estates in this country, and knowing how wealth 
 tends to melt away ami find the general level, even in a single 
 generation, there is no better way bj- which a portion of the 
 family property can be kept together and associated with the 
 
GRADUATION OF TITE F0CIR77/ CLASS. 181 
 
 family name, than by intrusting it to the hands of an institu- 
 tion of learning, where it will endure throughout all perpetuity. 
 Yale and Harvard have not always received out of the abund- 
 ance, but out of the largeness of the hearts of the donors. 
 Every dollar given to those colleges for special objects is 
 there to-day, and will be there for all time. There is no se- 
 curity for a principal sum to be found equal to such an invest- 
 ment. No insurance companies, banks, or mines can show 
 such security and perpetuity of investment for principal and 
 interest, as has attended college benefactions in the older in- 
 stitutions of America. I hope the colleges of the Pacific 
 Coast will have their Harvards, Lawrences, Yales, Sheffields 
 and Peabodys. 
 
 The Presidi^nt. — "I propose, The clergy; we echo the 
 cry of the Pilgrim Fathers, ' Save us from an uneducated 
 ministry ! ' As I observe several clergymen present, and 
 one Mooar besides, I will call upon the Rev. George Mooar, of 
 Oakland, Alumnus of Williams, class of 185 1, to respond." 
 
 Rev. Mr. Mooar. — "Mr. President: I should have much 
 preferred to be introduced with a new joke. 
 
 " With reference to the sentiment which has just been pro- 
 posed, it is rather a trite thing to argue that the American 
 clergy have a very special interest in colleges and institutions 
 of liberal learning. It is one of the open lessons of our his- 
 tory that the colleges owe their foundation to ministers of the 
 Gospel. We may instance the older institutions — those of 
 New England. The same is true in the Middle States. The 
 colleges of the new States westward have been founded by 
 the same class of men. It may not well be forgotten, like- 
 wise, that this College of California, with which our yVssocia- 
 tion is connected, had a similar origin. Such facts are 
 specimens of the class of facts which abundantly attest the 
 interest which the clergy feel in the College. 
 
 " Nor can this other fact be easily lost out of sight — these 
 institutions have always been, they still are, largely under the 
 instruction of the ministry. The presidents of the colleges 
 have alnujst universally been ministers — they still arc nunis- 
 
\82 HISTORY OF THE COLT.ECK OF CALIFORXTA. 
 
 ters. It is sometimes said, quite generally it is supposed, that 
 the influence of the clergy has relatively declined in the prog- 
 ress and wider ranges of our age. The press and other 
 great influences have put the clergy in the shadow. However 
 that may be — and, doubtless, there is piausibilit)- in the sup- 
 position — the fact to which I have just alluded, remains; and 
 it is a great fact. 
 
 "The reason why the clergy take so much interest in the 
 College, lies not merely in the fact that they desire that theirs 
 should be an educated profession. That is a strong desire 
 indeed. But the American college has been, in a marked 
 manner, a place of great moral and spiritual changes. Dur- 
 ing their stay within college walls, hundreds ha\'e passed 
 through that change of character which is deemed the essen- 
 tial preparation for entrance into the ministerial calling. 
 Much as I owe to my Alma Mater, in supplying the means 
 and incentives of literary discipline, I owe more to the 
 fact that while there I came to take new views of the great 
 purposes of human life. Because the American college has 
 been so often hallowed by these great changes of character, 
 it holds the affection of the ministers of Christ. 
 
 " Let me advert also to one more thought in the same gen- 
 eral line. On such occasions as these we are reminded fre- 
 quently of the great material and intellectual progress of our 
 times, and here, especially, of the important relation which 
 California, from its position, must hokl to that progress in the 
 future. It is a natural strain of remark. I confess to my 
 full share in the enjoyment which comes from it. But it has 
 sometimes seemed to me that, in stating the vast ends of 
 commerce antl science, there was a sort of allusion to the old 
 religious ends which our fathers scnight to gain in the estab- 
 lishment of colleges, an allusion which wore the appearance 
 of being almost contemptuous. It is said that they planted 
 the college ' for the conversion of the heathen,' as if that were 
 some narrow, outgrown notion. It does not so seem to us. 
 When we think of the position of California with respect to 
 the three or four hundred millions of Asia that lie across the 
 
 ij 
 
CRA D UA TION OF T/fE FO UR Til CLASS. 1 Sn 
 
 sea, we do not wonder that the possible commercial, indus- 
 trial, social, and political results should have absorbing inter- 
 est. But the ministry have an interest in these possibilities 
 as well. They look upon these millions of Asia as so many 
 immortal souls, capable of being rescued from idolatry and 
 superstition and sin. They see a momentous work to be 
 done, in redeeming them to holiness and purity. If our 
 fathers planted the college to convert the heathen, that was 
 no narrow, no unworthy aim. Neither has the progress of 
 the age since then diminished either the nobleness or the 
 necessity of such an aim. Rather, standing where wc of 
 California do, and looking at the great possibilities in connec- 
 tion with the Asiatic populations, we would, like the Fathers, 
 dedicate the College, ' Christo et cciiesiai\ and take a lively and 
 warm interest in it, because it may have so important an in- 
 fluence upon the conversion of the heathen world." 
 
 The President. — " It is a conceded and a most gratifying 
 fact that the regular army of the United States contains men 
 who, for culture and acquirements, are not surpas.sed in the 
 whole world ; and we need not go beyond the limits of Cali- 
 fornia to convince ourselves of this truth. But, as we owe 
 ever}'thing to our army, so it owes everything to the training 
 and culture of the military academy. I give, Our Army; 
 the nation's iron hand, noiv wearing the velvet glove. Will 
 Major-General McDowell, Alumnus of West Point, class of 
 1838, favor us in reply? " 
 
 General McDowell. — " I have always heard that stand- 
 ing armies were scourges, and that Oliver Cromwell, Napoleon 
 Bonaparte, and Julius Caesar were tyrants. But these men 
 were not causes, but effects. Cromwell did not commit the 
 crimes of the Stuarts, nor Napoleon cause the revolution of 
 the eighteenth century; nor was it the generals of the United 
 States Army who caused the war to break out, but rather the 
 politicians. There have been two instances of late years — 
 Napoleon and Washington — of great men choosing arms as 
 a profession; but, as a rule, it is a bad thing for a nation when 
 one man becomes necessary to its existence. If generals of 
 
184 msTORV OF THE COLLEGE OF CALLEORXL'X. 
 
 the present day have not the ability of Cromwell and Napo- 
 leon, neither have they their ambition. That great army of 
 nearly a million men has drawn the velvet glove over its iron 
 hand. Tho country has been diseased and required the 
 scalpel, but its recovery has beeti so rapiil thai the services of 
 the surgeon are no longer in recjuest." 
 
 The President. — " It almost always happens that we 
 have among our guests distinguished brethren who have 
 within the year come to cast their lot with us. They bring 
 with them distinct recollections of the Eastern slope of the 
 continent, and their impressions of the Pacific Coast are still 
 fresh and sharp. We always listen to them with interest and 
 instruction. The Rev. Dr. James Eells, Alumnus of Hamil- 
 ton, is such a guest this evening, and I ask him to favor us 
 with a reply to the following: The Republic of Letters; a 
 true, world-wide union, from which California must never be 
 allowed to secede." 
 
 Rev. Dr. Eells. — "Mr. President and Gentlemen: 
 A year or two since, in company with several literar}' men, it 
 was remarked that the College of California had just cele- 
 brated its Commencement, and a large number of Alumni 
 had been present at a meeting in connection with the exer- 
 cises. 
 
 " Some one asked how that was possible, since the College 
 was still in its infancy ? And an explanation was given, of 
 which I could not realize the propriety until I came to this 
 coast and myself witnessed the facts everywhere apparent. 
 
 "California has never had any infancy. It has not known 
 growth in the sense in which other States have gnvvn, but 
 has .seemed to spring in full stature into the sisterhood of the 
 Union. It was fit, therefore, that its College should not wait 
 for graduates after the ordinary manner, but should adopt 
 those furnished from abroati, and lay upon them, as her own 
 children, the responsibility of caring for her great and press- 
 ing interests. And while I have been here to-night, forecast- 
 ing the future somewhat, while enjojing the present, a story 
 has occurreil to mc which I will give )'ou. A man was mak- 
 
GRADUATTON OF THE FOURTH CLASS. 185 
 
 ing the tour of Europe, and visited a convent in which were 
 many celebrated relics. In one room he saw a small skull, 
 and asked the guide whose it was. Answering by rote, the 
 guide replied, 'That is the skull of St. Patrick!' The trav- 
 eler thought it rather small for so distinguished a saint, but 
 said nothing, and passed on. Soon, in another room, he saw 
 another skull, evidently that of a man, and he asked again 
 to whom it had belonged, and was answered, in the same 
 careless manner, ' That is the skull of St. Patrick ! ' ' What ! ' 
 said the tourist, 'did not you tell me that the little one I 
 saw first was the skull of St. Patrick ? ' ' Oh, yes ! but that 
 was his skull when he was a baby ! ' If what we see to-night 
 is California College when a baby, what may we expect to see 
 when it shall become an adult ! 
 
 "On my first appearance among you as educated men, rep- 
 resenting in this new land so large a number of States and 
 nations, in which letters have long been fostered and highly 
 esteemed, I could hardly have desired a sentiment upon which 
 to make a few remarks, more appropriate than that which 
 }-ou have assigned to me. The presence here of this large 
 association — the interest taken in this institution — the very 
 existence of this institution, with others like it, in the pur- 
 pose to give a liberal culture to the youth of California — all 
 furnish proof that this State is not willing to be without its 
 place in the world-wide Republic of Letters. And were the 
 question asked any one of us, ' Shall California ever secede 
 from it ? ' the answer would be as emphatic as that which 
 rolled across the continent, when some expressed the fear, and 
 some the hope, that she would secede from the Union of 
 States. It will not be by direct designed withdrawal, if the 
 evil shall ever come. The danger, if danger there be, does 
 not lie in tiiat direction. We shall never positively secede 
 from the Republic of Letters, but a result equally disastrous 
 may come through mere neglect. A constellation in the 
 galaxy need not conspire against the brilliant sisterhood in 
 which it has a place, and force itself out from that glorious 
 belt of light across the heavens. Let but the means by which 
 
186 HISTORY OF THE COLLECT. OF CAL/F0RXL4. 
 
 it i.s retained there no longer act — let but the forces bearing 
 up each star be paralyzed — and it will drop from its station 
 and expire in night. A mighty gravitation, that bears on 
 every constituent of this beautiful belt of letters, must be 
 counteracted, and forces in perpetual and vigorous exercise 
 must hold each in its place while it shines, or it will fall and 
 vanish. I imagine here is the possibility of peril to Califor- 
 nia. 
 
 " There may not be attention enough given by a people 
 devoted to the work and enterprise of life, to the thorough 
 establishment of those means by which a worthy place among 
 the countries that foster an advanced system of learning may 
 be gained and retained. There is danger that, while all would 
 be glad to see such institutions as are necessary to this end, 
 each one may expect some others to have them in charge, 
 and contribute chiefly to their endowment and support, and 
 the result will be that we shall not have these bulwarks 
 among us of that republic which we honor. A dominie was 
 once so much beloved by his people that they resolved to 
 present him with a cask of wine, each one furnishing a bottle, 
 which he should pour into the cask. Thus the amount was 
 collected, and the present dispatched to the parsonage, and 
 immediately opened, when it was found to contain nothing 
 but water! Each parishioner had thought that in such a 
 quantity of wine, his single bottle of water would not be no- 
 ticed, and the poor parson was thus minus the whole that they 
 all would have been rejoiced to see him possess. Is there no 
 possibility that California maj' fail of a worthy university, 
 through like readiness on the part of her men of wealth that 
 some others may pay what will be of cost, and they may 
 escape with a trifle? Is there no possibility that the very 
 business, enthusiasm, and zeal of the people will eat up the 
 conviction felt here of the necessity for these broadly based 
 institutions, so that the)' will be neglected till we suffer and 
 are brought into disgrace? There is no lack of interest re- 
 specting anything that bears directly on success in business 
 and practical life. Hut the mistake will be vital, if onl\- these 
 
GRADUATION OF THE FOURTH CLASS. 187 
 
 elements of future prosperity and j^rowth are regarded essen- 
 tial; and should higher education be prevented or discouraged 
 here, no man can estimate the loss. 
 
 " I admire the devotion to business which has made this 
 State the wonder of the world, but it may become destructive 
 of what it should especially conserve. Our business men 
 furnish our life-blood, but they must not forbid it to flow into 
 every part of the body, and cause all to be healthy and well 
 developed. There are other interests than those of trade and 
 commerce and money-getting, and it is a fearful calamity 
 when rich men place on their purses and on their hearts those 
 words so often seen on the doors of their manufactories, and 
 offices, and mills, ' No admittance, except on business.' 
 
 " We must have admittance, and they must bid us w elcome, 
 when we come to plead for those grand and majestic interests 
 which lie at the foundation of whatever we shall view hereaf- 
 ter with satisfaction and pride. They must not suffer this 
 State to be magnificent in everything but the ripe education 
 of her sons, and her proper position in the sublime Republic 
 of Letters. This University must be nobly and speedily en- 
 dowed, to do its mighty work in the future that is at our very 
 doors. Broad views of what we are here to be and do, must 
 be the stimulus to our care of such agencies in the process of 
 development, and all must be thankful for the privilege of 
 building at the base of what I believe is here to be reared, as 
 the most splendid superstructure that has ever stood in honor 
 of Christian civilization. Then no cloud will pass over the 
 glory that attracted to us the attention of the world, and there 
 will be no occasion for a fear that we may not prove equal to 
 the opportunity God has thrust upon us. For we should ever 
 recognize our obligation to God, and always remember that 
 he will hold us to account, and in that account will be found 
 items respecting what we might have done, as well as those 
 which record what we have really accomplished." 
 
 The Prksiuent. — " This is what our newly arrived guests 
 all tell us: that we have energy of character, are prompt in 
 decision, and rapid in execution, but are not preparing proper 
 
188 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGJ: OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 culture for the future generations of California. Let us take 
 the lesson to heart. I next propose, Rulers; the true repre- 
 sentatives of nation.s. We shall be glad to hear from the 
 Rev. Dr. Briggs." 
 
 Rev. Dr. Briggs. — "Mr. President: You have surprised 
 me, not by the matter, but by the moment of your call. I 
 brought neither the full-clothed speech nor the skeleton; but, 
 bringing the speaker (all there is of him), 1 hoped that the 
 inspiration of the festival would serve my occasion. And, 
 indeed, it was serving me well. There was every prospect 
 that in the course of fifteen minutes, more or less, I should 
 be full and ready to overflow. You have taken me at half- 
 tide; which makes it the more fortunate that, of your clem- 
 ency, you gave me a shorter text than was assigned to 
 Professor Silliman. 
 
 " To go straight to the main purpose: I wed my faith to 
 the sentiment which you have read, paradox and all. Albeit 
 there lingers upon my mind .something like a scruple of con- 
 science about the propriety of supporting it with argument, 
 chiefly because it leads into the domain of politics. If 1 
 must touch these explosive and forbidden topics, it is fortu- 
 nate that my maiden effort is to be made in such a presence. 
 
 " ' Like people, like priest,' is an ancient maxim of experi- 
 ence. I^Vom the necessary relations of men, rulers are no 
 more than indices of great aggregates of thought and senti- 
 ment, conviction and purpose. The average intelligence and 
 uprightness of a nation, as a rule, determine the character ami 
 official conduct of both elected and hereditary rulers, but 
 more obviously the former. Power springs not from abstract 
 law, but fiuin the convictions of loyal supporting masses, 
 i Icnce, improve the general mind and conscience, and you 
 necessarily improve, in a corresponding degree, the entire civil 
 administration. Elevate the great body of the people, and 
 the Government will rise by sequence. To raise nations and 
 their institutions, we have but to lift up the substratum — the 
 lowest ranks of the people. Gradations of intelligence and 
 worth will preserve themselves through all possible stages of 
 
CRAPUAJ /0.\ OF THE FOURTH CLASS. IS'.l 
 
 progress. Nothing is gained by changing the machinery of 
 government, while the character of the governed remains un- 
 changed. It is therefore easy to perceive that tJie work of the 
 patriotic and Christian scholar is to instruct and ennoble the 
 lowly, toiling ranks of society; to go down where Jesus and 
 Paul, Calvin and John Knox and Wesley went, to the neg- 
 lected and poor, and feed them with wisdom and understand- 
 ing. Sanctified knowledge is the bread of life. If our 
 colleges fail to promote this reformatory work, they need 
 themselves to be reformed. His Excellency spoke a great 
 truth when he said that the nation was incalculably indebted 
 for the resolute loyalty of this State during the recent strug- 
 gle, to the love which we still cherish for the homes of our 
 childhood. But henceforth patriotism and every virtue are to 
 be cultivated as a growth of our own clime. Free institutions 
 arc to find an adequate support in the knowledge and virtue 
 of the generations reared upon the soil. And next to the 
 Christian pulpit with its free Bible in the vernacular, institu- 
 tions of learning are to hold the highest place among the 
 agencies through which our hopes are to be realized. Disci- 
 plined and richly furnished minds are to come forth from the 
 halls of classic learning, to organize and lead the working 
 forces by which our manifest destiny is to be achieved. Al- 
 ready society has derived incalculable benefits from institutions 
 of a high grade supported by private and denominational 
 liberality. They meet a demand for which the State as yet 
 has been unable to furnish a supply. But for these, popular 
 intelligence had never risen to its present level. But for them, 
 the admirable common-school .system, so justly compli- 
 mented here in the person of the Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction, would have lacked the nourishment requisite to 
 its growth, and the skill necessary for its organization and 
 constant improvement. So much is due, and more, to the 
 Christian zeal which has outrun the State in the work of edu- 
 cation, paying its full share for the support of common 
 schools, and at the same time, with a foresight and munifi- 
 cence worthy of all praise, rearing its seminaries and univer- 
 
191) IIIS'I ORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNLI. 
 
 sities on every hand. They have done, and are doing, a work 
 which ought to make their founders immortal. Yet it is a 
 favorite theory and a cherished hope with mc, that the time 
 will come when they will no longer maintain isolated positions 
 illustrative of class and denominational liberality, but will sink 
 into the one great national system of free education. Not- 
 withstanding the alarming discovery of 'the first gray hair,' 
 I, sir, hope to see the good day when the college and the 
 district school-house will be parts of the same beneficent 
 whole — the one as free as the other. We are rich, and can 
 afford it. VVe are self-t^overning, and cannot afford to incur 
 the risks of an opposite policy. Free immigration, free bal- 
 lots, and free schools, must be inseparably conjoined. 
 
 " Let us be thankful that, on these rare occasions, lamplight 
 answers as well as sunlight, and it is never late. I have tried 
 to touch the kernel of my theme. ' Enlargements ' must be 
 left to the calmer thinking of a less hurried hour. The theme 
 and the occasion are great, our work greater, and our country 
 greatest. Apropos \.o ' Our Country :' Bethink you that you 
 are helping to provide aliment for the hungry minds of a 
 continent ! This fair land we call our own is bounded on the 
 south by an ever-receding line, kissed by three oceans, and 
 glorified with the North I'ole for a corner-stake. The extent 
 of its final area, and the number of its teeming millions, who 
 can foretell ? Throughout this vast domain, and for all the.se 
 millions, a work of conservation and education is to be done; 
 done in part by every honest worker, but with greater emi- 
 nence and responsibility by an ever recruiting army of ripe 
 scholars, and by ministers who, eschewing partisan politics, 
 will nevertheless hold aloft true standards, and stretch the in- 
 flexible rules of rectitude across every field of human action, 
 without favor, fear, or com[)roinise." 
 
 TllK President. — "We must not forget the beautiful city 
 amidst whose academic groves we are gathered. I propose, 
 Oakland ; let the rural city be proud to-day of her feast and 
 of her guests." 
 
 Hon. W. VV. Crane, Jr., Mayor of Oakland, and an bono- 
 
CK.AnU.mcKV OF THE FOURTH CLASS. lUl 
 
 rary member of the association, rose in reply, and spoke as 
 follows: — 
 
 " Mr. President: Possibly the sentiment which you have 
 just announcecl may, for the first time, inform many of those 
 present to-day that we have a full-fledged city here among 
 the oaks; and no doubt you pronounce it a city of magnifi- 
 cent distances, while those of us who are its citizens consider 
 it one of magnificent prospects. The occasion justifies me 
 with your permission, in indulging in a little civic egotism, 
 and telling of the things which we have, and those which we 
 have not. Of those things of which we are proud, besides 
 those named in the sentiment, we are proud of having a 
 municipality nearly as venerable as that of our domineering 
 neighbor over the bay; and we are thankful that it escaped 
 strangulation in its infancy, though I must confess that its 
 good fortune in this particular was not owing to any lack of 
 killing kindness on the part of those who nurtured the bant- 
 ling. We also have a water front- — at least we think we have, 
 though this is still an open question. We have gas works 
 and gas lamps, as you will perceive if you are careful not to 
 stray away from Broadway. We have a police department, 
 consisting of three police commissioners and one policeman. 
 We have a city debt, though I am ashamed to say that it is 
 yet small; but we hope, by diligent effort, to have it keep 
 pace with our growth. I could continue the enumeration of 
 our many blessings, but will not weary you, merely mention- 
 ing a few things we do not have. P^or instance, we have no 
 outside lands, no pueblo, no custom house, and no poor- 
 house; and no need for any of them. Many in the midst of 
 us, of sanguine dispositions and ardent imaginations, picture 
 to themselves a grand future for our youthful city; a dense 
 population, rows of warehouses, shipping and busy commerce; 
 but I, for one, am content that she should always remain, as 
 the .sentiment happily expresses it — 'the rural city;' a quiet 
 eddy beside the noisy rapids of the metropolis of the Pacific. 
 
 " As has been frequently stated to-day, what we need in 
 California is beauty, cultu'C, repose. No stimulus is neces- 
 
192 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CAL/F0RNL4. 
 
 sary to urge men along the highways of material prosperity. 
 On the contrary, our special need is rather to furnish incen- 
 tives for turning aside and cultivating the homely virtues. 
 
 " In this view, we are proud of the small band of noble 
 and disinterested men among us, who have voluntarily fore- 
 gone the many inducements to a life of personal aggrandize- 
 ment, so freely presenting themselves in a young community, 
 and have zealously devoted themselves to fostering an insti- 
 tution devoted to the higher culture of our youth. The Col- 
 lege of California is now, and will be, a monument of their 
 devotion. Througli it and them we confidently anticipate the 
 day when Oakland will be the Cambridge of the Pacific slope. 
 In conclusion, sir, I can, with all sincerity, say, on seeing so 
 many of the men of intellect and culture upon this coast col- 
 lected here, that Oakland is proud of her feast and of her 
 guests to-day." 
 
 Here the Latin ode, " Gaiideanius" was sung by all the as- 
 sembly with great spirit. 
 
 The President then gave. The Law; the battle-ground 
 of noble champions of right, and of the meanest cunning of 
 bad men; and called upon Judge Hrockway, of the Eleventh 
 Judicial District. 
 
 Judge Bnjckway said all were not aware of the fact how 
 much they were indebted to the law, but all were aware how 
 much the law had made them indebted. He said the law was 
 not only the battle-ground, but the battle itself In nine 
 cases out of ten, deceit, injustice, and crime went down before 
 it, and innocence and justice triumphed. He gave some illus- 
 trations of what the law had been in this. Speaking of the 
 Supreme Court, he said law was not only the battle-ground, 
 but the protection of the weak and innocent. All would ac- 
 knowledge that law is the refuge of hope and home where 
 the weary can find rest if they can pay their lawyer's fees. 
 We regret that we have no fuller report of this, one of the 
 most successful speeches of the evening. 
 
 The President.—" I will ask the Rev. H. A. Sawtelle, 
 Alumnus of Colby University, class of 1854, to respond to, 
 The College; its great class beyond the class-room." 
 
 i 
 
GRADUATION OF THE FOURTH CLASS. l'J3 
 
 Rev. Mr. Sawtelle. — " I am naturally gratified that my 
 own congregation is represented among the under-graduates 
 of this College. But we need no merely personal attachments 
 to keep alive our interest in the higher institutions of learning. 
 All of the great company that surround this board to-day, 
 have a particular interest in the College. We are all its 
 debtors for no small measure of intellectual quickening and 
 discipline. 
 
 " Overlooking the old division of Freshmen, Sophomores, 
 etc., we shall find that the College has three principal classes 
 intimately related to it. There is its immediate circle of 
 under-graduates subject to the recitation-room drill. There is 
 its growing list of graduates who affectionately count it their 
 Alma Mater. And there is, in the third place, the whole fra- 
 ternity of literary men in the State who, more or less, revolve 
 about it, and consciously or unconsciously, are really its pupils- 
 These are life-long students. They never graduate. Finis 
 coronat opus. 
 
 " What is the College doing for this latter class ? It is 
 exerting upon us a silent elevating influence by the simple 
 fact of its existence. We say that a Christian temple cannot 
 be erected in a community without diffusing a wholesome in- 
 fluence by its very existence. It points heavenward. It 
 speaks of a religious want in man. It is an institution. It is 
 not otherwise with the College, when fairly established and 
 developed as an institution. It becomes the highest embodi- 
 ment of the idea of mental culture. It points to high possi- 
 bilities in the intellectual world. It silently, potently, draws 
 our minds upward. Who can but glance at it without feeling 
 stimulated to higher aims, and exhilarated with the literary 
 spirit ? 
 
 " Furthermore, the College is reaching out beyond itself, 
 and calling the literary public up higher through the yearly 
 recruit of graduates it is sending into the community. These 
 do their part in various ways in raising the public standard of 
 education. And as through them the people are elevated in 
 their intellectual tastes, literary and professional men feel a 
 13 
 
194 HISTORY OF HIE COLLEGE OF CALLFOL<NIA. 
 
 necessity laid upon them to keep up with the times. They 
 are borne upward by the popular demand. 
 
 " There is a third grand influence the College is having 
 upon us. I refer to the stimulating and educating influence 
 of its periodical literary gatherings, like those in which we 
 delight this day to mingle. What one of us is there who will 
 not go away from this choice season with a higher resolve for 
 study, a nobler ambition, a revived literary spirit? The 
 educative power of these social literary festivities is scarcely 
 appreciated as it should be. For the interests of higher learn- 
 ing in the State, the College does as much ihrough one such 
 gathering as the present, as it would by sending forth a half- 
 dozen disciplined graduates. We see each other, preserve 
 our literary associations, recall the noble strifes of our young 
 college days, revive the old student fire, and go home to take 
 down, perhaps, the dusty Latin text-book, and outline fresh 
 projects of study. We all need such stimulus. 
 
 " Let us, then, classmates in the great school at large, let 
 us keep a warm place for the College in our affections. The 
 more v\ e keep ourselves in sympathy with it, the more familiar 
 it is to us, the more we gather ourselves unto it at times like 
 these, the more of necessity arc we stimulated to such a cult- 
 ure as alone is worthy of us. Let the College, too, in view 
 of its possible influence over its great class beyond the recita- 
 tion-room, do its best to preserve a high standard of scholar- 
 ship, and make its literary spirit intense. Let it show the 
 very highest discipline. Let it stand like a pillar against 
 popular tendencies to dilute the course of stutly, never sacri- 
 ficing abstract discipline for mere practicalness. In the 
 method and severity of its culture, let it keep above all other 
 schools, above all tiie people, and be a leader, and not a fol- 
 lower of the spirit of the times. Go on, College of Califor- 
 nia, in the work )ou have begun, and keep high your mark." 
 
 TlIK Prksiuent. — "I propose. The College Spirit; a 
 liamlmaid of the spirit of the age ; and call upon Prof 
 Martin Kellogg, Alumnus of Yale, of the class of 1850." 
 
 rKOJ'EssoR Kellogc;. — "Mr. President: One of the 
 
GRADUATION OF THE FOURTH CLASS. r.t5 
 
 young men who spoke to us to-day [at the Commencement 
 exercises], spoke of human progress. It is a favorite theme 
 with young men, and with older men also. Few are willing 
 to forego the good cheer of faith in the future of our race. 
 This element of progress is the chief constituent in what is 
 called the spirit of the age. 
 
 " It has been said that this spirit finds a foe in colleges; 
 that they are not in sympathy with the fresh, living present; 
 that their instructors are mere book-vvorms, looking always to 
 the past, and never toward the future. Mr. President, I claim, 
 on the contrary, that colleges are in truest sympathy with the 
 spirit of the age. There are no better friends of human ad- 
 vancement than those who have been nurtured in our Ameri- 
 can colleges. 
 
 " I speak of those who have the true college spirit. I do 
 not claim this spirit for any one college, or for those only who 
 are technically Alumni. The constitution of your associa- 
 tion, gentlemen, illustrates this point. You have graduates, 
 not of colleges alone, but of professional and scientific schools; 
 you welcome to your ranks all who are of like spirit with 
 yourselves. 
 
 " There is a reason, Mr. President, for the sympathy of such 
 men with the spirit of the age. Right progress must have 
 truth for its basis; and I may claim that college men are pre- 
 eminently seekers for truth. They do not isolate a pet frag- 
 ment of truth ; they try to adjust it in its right place, that so 
 the building may be fitly framed together, and the whole 
 superstructure rise in symmetry and grandeur. They do not 
 content themselves with one star, however bright, that is but 
 a planet [wanderer] ; they search for the whole balanced and 
 harmonious system of worlds. They are lovers of truth in 
 equipoise, and so they are at once most truly conservative and 
 most truly progressive — the best advisers and guides to the 
 struggling, advancing human race. The men of our colleges 
 are not wedded to the past. They revere it, and try to catch 
 its noble inspirations, but they believe in a better future, to 
 which they devote their life and toil. 
 
196 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 "The sentiment uses the word 'handmaid.' It is the right 
 word. The college spirit does not claim to be an equal asso- 
 ciate, or partner, with the spirit of the age. It is content to 
 serve. There is a lesson of self-sacrifice, of devotion, which 
 the world has needed ; a lesson once perfectly, once divinely 
 taught, on the dusky banks of the Jordan and by the blue 
 waters of Galilee. The spirit of devotion, of self-sacrifice, of 
 willingness to serve, has ever since been winning its way. 
 Often obscured, it has become more and more luminous, es- 
 pecially in these later ages, and is now a recognized power in 
 the world. 
 
 " This spirit, I venture to assert, is fostered in our colleges. 
 It takes the place of a true pedagogue {paidagogos), not 
 ruling as a tyrant over its pupil and ward, but leading it to 
 the place where the fountains of knowledge are opened; will- 
 ing to hold the satchel, or to perform any menial office, for 
 the good of its young but illustrious charge. The college 
 spirit is willing and eager to serve; it burns to lay its best de- 
 votion at the feet of the young genius of the present, in whose 
 hands are the hopes of the future. 
 
 " Do we need proofs? Look at those who have gone forth 
 from our colleges to bless the world, — inventors, like Morse, 
 who have rejoiced to promote human welfare; men of earnest 
 voices, some of eloquent tongues, who have enforced right 
 princi[)les in the pulpit, at the bar, on the bench, in delibera- 
 tive and legislative asscinblies, in the varied walks of public 
 life. Many of these men have shown the moral power of 
 goodness — a power greater far than that of eloquence or 
 genius. Such were those college presidents whose eulogies 
 we heard at our last meeting, Nott and Wayland ; such has 
 been another, whose nam •, alas ! I fear we must soon place 
 amongst the starred ; the venerable man who for many years 
 presided with .so much wisdom in the halls of my own Alma 
 Mater. Such men have shown the nobleness of devotion to 
 a high cause. Their spirit has been reproduced and perpetu- 
 ated in the lives of hundreds of their pupils. 
 
 " Do we need another proof? Look at the young men 
 
GRA D UA TION OF THE FO UR TH CLA SS. 1 97 
 
 whose record was so eloquently spoken of to-day [by Rev. 
 Dr. Stone], who went fresh from their college studies to the 
 field of battle; who offered their services and their lives on 
 the altar of their country. 
 
 " It is the glory of the college spirit that it rejoices to serve, 
 that it is proud to be a handmaid of the spirit of the age." 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE COLLEGE WATER-WORKS. 
 
 During the following week, the closing examinations and 
 exhibition of the College School took place. These exercises 
 were thronged by audiences even more crowded than those of 
 Commencement and Alumni meetings. The school was so 
 large, and the exercises so varied, and so many friends of the 
 pupils not only in Oakland, but froin San Francisco, and else- 
 where, were in attendance, that the occasion was one of great 
 spirit and enthusiasm. The very air seemed to be electric. 
 The following remarks were made concerning the school and 
 the exersices in the Pacific of June 20, 1867: — 
 
 " This institution enjoys what all first-class institutions sooner or 
 later attain, a high degree of popularity and substantial success. A 
 generous provision for a great public want has met with a fit response 
 from those who prize the benefits of a sound school education. The 
 examinations of last week, as we are informed, and the exhibitions 
 whicli wc liad the pleasure of witnessing, gave proof of the variety 
 and thoroughness of the course of instruction in this institution. 
 We know of no similar school on the Pacific, which in its liberal ap- 
 pointments, its thorough discipline, and in the rare competence of 
 its Board of Instructors, equals this. The seal of public approval is 
 seen in the number of its scholars, and in the gratified concourse of 
 its friends, who, on two successive evenings, filled its spacious Ex- 
 hibition Hall to overflowing, speaking more forcibly in its behalf than 
 any words of ours. The remarks of the Principal, Rev. Mr. Bray- 
 ton, on the last evening, that he felt that the school was only in its 
 inf;incy, gave token of the true educational spirit — ever and infinitely 
 l)rogressive. Wc offer one suggestion: that as the school has already 
 attained so high a rank, the parts of its graduates should be more 
 distinctly marked at its annual exhibition. We were pleased to 
 
THE COLLEGE IP ATE R- II ON KS. i'.V.) 
 
 learn that five young gentlemen leave the College School for the 
 College of California. It seems very desirable that a much larger 
 accession to the latter should come year by year from Mr. Brayton's 
 school, and such doubtless will soon be the case. The attendance of 
 pupils during the past session has been one hundred and seventy." 
 
 But the Principal, Professor Brayton, looked worn and 
 weary. He was a man of delicate health, at the best. And 
 the care of so large an institution, both executive and pecun- 
 iary, was too much for him. He never could have carried so 
 great a burden for a single year, had it not been for the assist- 
 ance of his wife, who was a woman of rare executive ability- 
 In the large boarding-house, she was the ruling spirit, and she 
 controlled without seeming to do so. Neither she nor her hus- 
 band was strong; but by excellent judginent and mutual 
 helpfulness, they managed to carry on for years a great insti- 
 tution. But the work was beginning to tell heavily on both 
 of them at this time. They, however, would not admit it, 
 even to themselves, but planned their vacation full of work 
 for putting everything in readiness for the next term. 
 
 In the College it became necessary to obtain an instructor 
 in the Department of Natural Science. Through correspond- 
 ence, Willard B. Rising, of Michigan University, was recom- 
 mended, and he was sent for, and agreed to come. 
 
 Early in the month of August, the water-works were so 
 far completed that they were ready for use. But few resi- 
 dences besides my own had at that time been built in all that 
 region, though several were commenced, and the owners of 
 many lots proposed to improve them by the use of water, and 
 have them in readiness for future building. But when the 
 water was first turned from the reservoir into the pipes, and 
 went up in spray under a hundred and fifty feet pressure, at 
 various points on the homestead tract and College site, pla)- 
 ing jets fifty or seventy-five feet in the air, it was a sight novel 
 and animating enough. It was a demonstration that water- 
 works thus begun could be carried to any desired extent. 
 The water could be conducted down wherever it was wanted, 
 all over the plain, and to Oakland itself if it should appear 
 
200 IlISTOR Y OF THE COLLEGE OF CALLFORNIA. 
 
 that it could be done to advantage. It would first be for the 
 use of the College, on its own grounds, not only for domestic 
 purposes, but for irrigation, for security against fire, for fount- 
 ains, and ornamentation <Tenerally, and then for the supply of 
 the public at a fair rate. At the suggestion of the members 
 of the College Water Company and Trustees, a kind of bas- 
 ket picnic was planned on the College grounds for a pleasure 
 day, and an exhibition of this commencement of the carrying 
 out of the water plans. The following notp of invitation was 
 printed and circulated among the friends of the College, in 
 Oakland and San Francisco: — 
 
 A day's recreation in the country. 
 "A rural picnic is proposed at the grounds of the College of Cal- 
 ifornia, on Saturday, August 24, 1867. On that day, at 2 o'clock 
 p. .M., the water-works of the College Water Company will be in- 
 augurated. The friends of the College and their families are cor- 
 dially invited. Bring a basket of lunch, and let the children have a 
 whole day's enjoyment. Boats leave San Francisco at 9 and 11:15 
 A. M., and returning, leave Oakland at 5:15 and 6:30 \\ m. Convey- 
 ances will he provided, at moderate charge, from the railroad station 
 in Oakland to the grounds and back. 
 
 "In behalf of the College Trustees, S. H. Willey." 
 
 In response to this invitation a goodly number of people 
 assembled beneath the trees on the College grounds on the 
 day proposed. It was a windy, blustering day in San Fran- 
 cisco, and on the bay, but all remarked how still it was, and 
 how sunny and genial on the College grounds and in the 
 neighborhood around. The water was turned on, and the 
 jets and fountains were playing to the utmost satisfaction of 
 all who came to see them. It was acknowledgetl by everyone, 
 that if plenty of water could be supplied for use in this way, 
 the only possible objection to this as the location of a College 
 and College town was manifestly removed. The Pacific, of 
 August 29, made the following note of this occasion : — 
 
 WArKR-WOkK Kl" TE Al HERKELEY. 
 
 " A goodly number of the friends of the College of California 
 were gathered in a rural picnic at the charming locality which is to be 
 
THE COLLEGE WATER-WORKS. 201 
 
 the future site of the College, on Saturday last. The special occa- 
 sion was to celebrate the completion of the aqueduct, which leads 
 down from the beautiful valley included in the grounds of the insti- 
 tution, the clear, sweet waters that issue from several living and copi- 
 ous springs. 
 
 "A reservoir, holding thirty thousand gallons, has been constructed 
 at an elevated point, and from there the water is conveyed in iron 
 pipes for the present and prospective use of the neighborhood. The 
 supply is ample, and can readily be almost indefinitely increased by 
 the construction of a dam in the valley above. When the water was 
 let on, a jet of sparkling water rose nearly seventy-fire feet above the 
 fountain at the lower end of the pipe. 
 
 " The occasion, under the auspices of Rev. S. H. Willey, Vice- 
 President of the College, was one of much interest and pleasure. 
 The fine groves, the abundance of refreshments, and eloquent 
 speeches, furnished more than ordinary picnic attractions; while the 
 broad, varied, and unrivaled prospect spread out before the eyes of 
 the guests, inspired an elevated and glowing admiration. 
 
 " We trust this pleasant fete may call to the remembrance of the 
 friends of education, the wants of the College of California, and, 
 may it not be said, its claims upon their liberality and that of the 
 State. Shame to us, if, while providing so generously for many other 
 worthy objects, we neglect to lay broad the foundations of our high- 
 est form of education. Our common schools and our high schools 
 need the influence of the College, our liberal professions need it, our 
 better social life needs it — the great and growing interests of the 
 State require it. 
 
 " And now that a good beginning has been made, and this College 
 stands forth as a fit recipient of public support, when a locality has 
 been secured equal to all our hopes and wants for the future, let not 
 the institution languish like the parched field in time of drought, 
 but flourish in generous rivalry with the elder colleges at the East." 
 
 And the reporter for the Alta California wrote in that pa- 
 per as follows: — 
 
 A DAY AT THE COLLEGE GROUNDS — COMPLETION OF THE 
 WATER -WORKS. 
 
 "About one hundred persons of the number of invited guests, 
 found time on Saturday to visit the grounds of the College of Cali- 
 fornia and the adjoining College Homestead Association. The 
 
202 HISTORY OF THE COLLliCE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 special interest of the occasion was the completion of the water- 
 works designed to supply the future College buildings and the sub- 
 urban town which is destined to spring up in the vicinity. The 
 location is about five miles north of Oakland, just where climate, 
 scenery, and living water have combined to furnish every desira- 
 ble requisite for the site of a great university. The Deaf and Dumb 
 Asylum is located a few hundred yards south, and the farm recently 
 purchased for an agricultural school, is located a few hundred yards 
 northward. The grounds of the College of Calilornia and the 
 homestead, amount to about four hundred and seventy-five acres, 
 the College site having separately about one hundred and thirty 
 acres. In the hills, or mountains, which form the background, are 
 numerous springs and rivulets of water. The largest of these have 
 been taken up and conducted over the grounds in a four-inch i)ipe of 
 about three thousand feet in length. 'I'he present capacity of the 
 works is about three hundred thousand gallons a day; but by making 
 a reservoir in the hills, which can be done at any future lime at small 
 cost, the sui)ply can be increased to any desirable extent. These 
 works have been completed under the superintendence of Rev. S. 
 H. Willey, Vice-President of the College. The successful introduc- 
 tion of water has so much to do with the comfort, health, and 
 prosperity of the people, and as the progress of this enterprise is of 
 public importance, it was deemed worthy of a public celebration> 
 The fountain at the lower end of the grounds attracted attention 
 from a great distance. The jet was about seventy-five feet high, and 
 the head can at any time be increased so as to throw the water over 
 the highest building which will be erected for public or private use in 
 that vicinity. Of the ninety-six lots laid out originally, none of 
 which were less than an acre, and some of them containing five acres, 
 eighty have been taken by the ' solid men ' of San Francisco and 
 places about the bay. Another tract of still greater elevation has 
 been subdivided to meet the wants of those who will be drawn to 
 this charming locality. 
 
 " Of course, the picnic was a mere incident of the occasion. It 
 is wonderful what stores these Californians can spread out on such 
 occasions. A shrewd commissary would have fed a thousand people 
 with such resources, or, at least, charged for that number. Elderly 
 people tried to be young and succeeded tolerably well; but a few 
 hours hastily snatched from business is not enough to enable one to 
 
THE COLLEGE WATER- WORK'S. 203 
 
 do his best in juvenile performances. It requires the first few hours 
 when out of harness to realize that play is not hard work. Several 
 prominent gentlemen being on the ground, made impromptu speeches, 
 for which we regret that we have not room to-day. They all testified 
 to the exceeding beauty of the locality, and expressed the strongest 
 convictions that upon that spot would grow up the great educational 
 establishment of California. When its attractions as a place for 
 suburban residences arc fully known, people will make their future 
 homes there, because nowhere within a reasonable distance of the 
 city, is there another place possessing so many desirable advantages. 
 The city within sight, the bay and Ciolden Gate in front, and the 
 mountains for a background, sending down living water, with a fore- 
 ground already the garden of the State, a college within speaking 
 distance, and a climate of surpassing loveliness all the year round, — 
 these were some of the considerations so well attested, both by ob- 
 servation and by the remarks of the speakers, as not to leave room 
 for a dissenting opinion." 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSITY IDEA. 
 
 The fall term in the College opened with five Seniors, four 
 Juniors, three Sophomores, and nine Freshmen. Professor 
 Rising had arrived, and was ready for work in the Depart- 
 ment of Natural Science. But that work required tools, con- 
 sisting of far more furniture and apparatus than we then had. 
 To procure these, money was needed immediately. This 
 brought us face to face again with the question of difficulty. 
 Provision was first made for immediate wants in the labora- 
 tory, and then the matter of raising funds for defraying cur- 
 rent expenses was taken up anew. The special committee 
 of Trustees heretofore mentioned as appointed to assist in 
 this business, entered upon their work resolutely. Their ef- 
 forts were seconded by other friends of the College. But 
 they met with only limited success. Meeting after meeting 
 of the Board was held, to hear their reports and compare 
 views as to what it was best to do. While courage and reso- 
 lution were not one jot abated, the stern fact could not be 
 hidden from any of us, that our expenses were increasing — 
 must increase — and at the same time our income was dimin- 
 ishing. It was plain that we could not carry on the College 
 in a genuine way without an assured income of at least twenty 
 thousand dollars a year. Hitherto the work had been done 
 at an expense of from twelve to fifteen thousand dollars a 
 year. 
 
 While we were all busy at this hard financial problem, the 
 Commissioners appointed by the State to locate the Agricul- 
 tural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College, consisting of 
 Gov 1^'. F. Low, and others, made choice of the Burns' 
 
ORIGLV OF THE UNIVERSITY IDEA. 205 
 
 Ranch, situated a mile or two north of our College site, for 
 that purpose. The movement of the State to establish such 
 a college was much talked of by us all. The State had 
 made many attempts at founding some kind of an institution 
 that should entitle it to its share of the United States' Agri- 
 cultural Land Grant. At the same time the State itself had a 
 small Seminary Fund, which had never been used, but which 
 had been accumulating in the State Treasury. But these at- 
 tempts had failed hitherto, for lack of unanimity in the suc- 
 cessive Legislatures. Still the subject was not dropped, but 
 was referred from time to time to committees and commissions. 
 In the year 1863 it was given into the hands of a commission, 
 of which Prof. J. D. Whitney was chairman. The work of 
 that committee was done in a thorough and elaborate way, 
 and seems to have resulted in the law to establish the Agri- 
 cultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College, which was 
 approved March 31, 1866. This law constituted a Board of 
 Directors, at the head of which was the Governor of the 
 State. It gave the Directors power to locate the institution, 
 and to organize it. Only it was provided that "it should not 
 be connected with any other institution of learning, nor be in 
 any manner connected with, or controlled by, any sectarian 
 denominations." Acting under this law. Governor Low, with 
 the other Directors, selected the Burns' Ranch, as before stated, 
 as the site and farm of the proposed institution. 
 
 Of course the nature and scope of this new institution were 
 much inquired into and discussed. It was clear, however, 
 from the terms of the law, that it proposed to be only a 
 scientific and industrial institution and not literary, and there- 
 fore would not occupy; in an)- full measure, the ground of our 
 College. And yet in the whole field of natural science, the 
 work of the two institutions would be in common. And the 
 State, with its unlimited resources, would occupy it with over- 
 shadowing advantages. All this brought up the general 
 question of State colleges or universities. It was discussed a 
 great deal. It was a subject written about very frequently in 
 the public journrds throughout the ountr}' about that time. 
 
206 niSTOKY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 The Rev. Dr. John Todd, of Massachusetts, having spent some 
 time at Ann Arbor, Michigan, wrote a series of letters giving 
 in detail the results of his observations in the University of 
 Michigan. These letters were in the highest degree com- 
 plimentary of the working of that institution. Other State 
 universities were talked of also, but most of them seemed to 
 be conspicuous for their failure rather than their success. 
 Still it was urged by not a few that, with their ample means, 
 the best of them, at least, would supersede in new States the 
 necessity of colleges endowed by private means. Professor 
 Whitney said in his report to the Legislature, before alluded 
 to, that "the State University of Michigan is far in advance 
 of any other Western institution of learning, brought to its 
 condition by the zeal and admirable ability of the Rev. Dr. 
 H. P. Tappan, the chancellor." And Professor Silliman, in 
 his Commencement address before the College of California 
 oijly a few weeks before this, in speaking of the disposition of 
 the religious question, remarked that "certain religious per- 
 suasions named in the Michigan University law hold sway in 
 rotation, and for a prescribed time," and furthermore, "that 
 the same was true in the University of Virginia." This he 
 said in defense to the principle which he stated thus,—" in 
 the very constitution of human nature, some form cif religious 
 belief must prevail." And he gave these instances to show 
 that it could be provided for, even in State universities. 
 
 Out of all these things sprang the question whether the in- 
 stitution proposed by the State of California, and our College 
 of California, could not be joined in one, and become a uni- 
 versity. It was a question that struck .some of us with con- 
 sternation and alarm. We knew too well what was involved 
 in the proposition. The work of years had not been laid out 
 with any such end in view. The very highest and most im- 
 portant objects which induced its founders to begin the Col- 
 lege could never be secured in a State university. That some 
 of us, at least, well knew. But the College of California hav- 
 ing offered itself in all sincerity to the Christian community 
 c)l the State, accortiing to its well-known basis, the sincerity 
 
ORiarM OF THE UNIVERSITY IDEA. 207 
 
 and force of which had been witnessed by many years of ex- 
 perience, and now failing to receive adequate support from that 
 Christian community in developing its work, what could it 
 i\y) ? Besides, if the State was coming with its unlimited 
 means, to build a college of science alongside of us, how in 
 that case could we expect that private citizens would con- 
 tinue to subscribe to the temporary support of the College of 
 California? 
 
 These stubborn facts compelled us, even those of us most 
 unwilling, to study this subject in the search for the best 
 course to pursue. It was thought by many, that if the State 
 would aban<lon its plan of an exclusively scientific and in- 
 dustrial institution, and organize, instead, a university, after 
 the pattern, for example, of the University of Michigan, and 
 make the College of California the center of it, building the 
 various departments of science and the professions around it> 
 that most of the work of the College might thus be done, and 
 its ends be measurably answered. Whether the State would 
 do this, however, no one could tell. 
 
 Among the confidential conversations on these important 
 matters, I remember one with Governor Low. The Governor 
 had been a friend to the College of California from the be- 
 ginning. He had all along been one of the most liberal con- 
 tributors to its support. He knew its character, the magni- 
 tude of its work, and appreciated its success. He had at- 
 tended our last Commencement, and addressed the Alumni 
 at their meeting in the evening. The substance of what he 
 said was this : " You have here in your College, scholarship, 
 organization, enthusiasm, and reputation, but not money; we, 
 in undertaking the State institution, have none ofthe.se things, 
 but we have money. What a pity they could not be joined 
 together!" Yes, what a pity surely, if only the motives and 
 objects that had brought the College on through so many 
 years could continue in the ascendant. But how could there 
 be any assurance of this? Of course we could not make 
 terms with the State, or expect the State to make terms with 
 us. And who would administer the affairs of State in the or- 
 
20b niSTOKY OF 'I HE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 ganization of a university, if, at our suggestion, the State 
 should establish it, n j one could tell. At that very time 
 Governor Low was about to go out of office, and the election 
 only could determine who would be his successor. Indeed, 
 on account of division in the then dominant political party — 
 the Republican — there was more uncertainty than usual. At 
 the same time it was thought to be probable by the few in 
 positions of influence who would be likely to know best, and 
 who were consulted, that the State would change its plans, if 
 asked, and instead of organizing a school of science only, 
 would establish a university. But if so, what would be its 
 complexion and spirit, who could tell ? We knew what un- 
 certain powers State administrations and Legislatures in 
 California were. And with some of us, at least, it was hard 
 beyond expression to think of intrusting the disposal of the 
 College of California to such hands. And yet, "the univer- 
 sity" was the popular idea for the higher education at that 
 time. And there were a few shining examples of success. 
 This could not be denied. Why could there not be another 
 example of success in this State .'* It was plainly possible. 
 And then, if the College of California should propose it, and 
 offer itself \.o become its beginning, would it not be conceded 
 as her right and privilege, as a matter of course, to have her 
 due share in forecasting the character of the proposed uni- 
 versity? Some thought that her position of influence would, 
 in such a case, be, naturally, very great. 
 
 Though not rich in funds, the College of California had a 
 great deal to give, liesides the things embraced in the re- 
 marks before quoted, of Governor Low, she had a great deal to 
 give. Ilcr ample and carefully chosen site vvas in itself a great 
 deal. Of course it was far preferable in many respects to the 
 one fixed upon for their institution by the Directors of the 
 Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College. It was 
 more accessible, more suitable for building sites, having a fine 
 grove of noble trees, and now possessed of water rights secur- 
 ing an ample supply of pure running water the year round, 
 and a complete owm rship and control of the water-shed of 
 
OR/GfN OF THE UNIVERSITY IDEA. 209 
 
 Strawberry Creek, affording facilities for any works, reser- 
 voirs, or other improvements that might be needed. For the 
 improvement of this property the Trustees had procured, at 
 large expense, the elaborate plan, heretofore given, from 
 Fred Law Olmsted, of Olmsted, Vaux & Co., landscape 
 architects, New York. This was the firm that designed 
 Central Park, New York, and were regarded as authorities in 
 their business. The plan presented contemplated no imme- 
 diate expensive work, but showed how improvement could be 
 commenced, and carried on in a comprehensive and symmet- 
 rical way, as the means and wants of the institution might re- 
 quire. The entire ground-plan was shown in detail on a very 
 large map some nine feet by five, also engineer's plans for 
 road-ways, avenues, stairs, drains, etc., etc., also the location 
 and most effective grouping of the buildings that would be 
 likely in time to be needed. Besides what might be called 
 its "good-will," consisting in its influence, and its patronage, 
 and the confidence reposed in it by the public, together with 
 its four well-trained classes, it had this choice property founda- 
 tion for future use to give. And we did not esteem it as but 
 a little. Nor will the scholars and lovers of learning in the 
 State in coming time esteem it to have been but a little ! It 
 seemed almost like taking life, to think of parting with the 
 control of an educational institution so well grown, and pos- 
 sessed of such opportunities. But without money in increas- 
 ing amounts, it could not be held, f And the amount available, 
 instead of increasing, was, as has been said before, diminish- 
 ing ! Besides, if anything was ever to be done with the State, 
 it must be done immediately. The Legislature was to meet 
 in the fall, and the agricultural college Directors would have 
 to make their report. If they should report favorably to 
 proceeding on the Burns' Ranch, the Legislature, if they 
 could agree upon anything, would undoubtedly adopt that 
 report, and the only opportunity to join with the State in the 
 organization of a State university would pass. 
 
 At this time it was ascertained that the Directors of the 
 proposed agricultural college would be glad to recommend 
 14 
 
210 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 the abandonment of the plans for the building of a separate 
 scientific institution, and the organization, instead, of a State 
 university on our site, if we would yield our ground and in- 
 stitution to it. Now, therefore, was our opportunity for doing 
 that, if wc thought best. And it would be the only one. 
 For this reason a special meeting of the Board of Trustees of 
 the College of California, duly called and notified, was held 
 on October 8, 1867, to determine the question as to what 
 should be done. Nothing new could be said, for the whole 
 subject had been thoroughly canvassed in private conversa- 
 tion before, and the friends of the College had been generally 
 consulted. But notwithstanding the general unanimity in 
 favor of the contemplated transfer, it was the least cheerful 
 meeting, certainly, for some of us, that the Board ever held. 
 Part of the record of that meeting runs thus: — 
 
 " An institution able to afford the varied facilities for higher 
 eiiucation possessed by the most enlightened States has been 
 the aim of thi.s Board from the beginning. To endow it with 
 adequate means, through private munificence, seems to be im- 
 possible at present, and the prospect of doing so in the future 
 is remote. The question before us just now is whether this 
 object, or the main part of it, may not be secured in another 
 way, namely, by uniting with the State." While ihe discus- 
 sion of the subject was in progress, Governor Low and Mr. 
 Reed, members of the State Commission for organizing the 
 agricultural college, who had been previously invited to 
 meet with us, came in. The views of the Board, so far as 
 they had been arrived rit, were stated to them, to the effect 
 that the College of California was never more tenderly alive 
 to the importance of its work than now; but that it had out- 
 grown our means, so much so that the prospect of our being 
 able to carry it on in a genuine and progressive way was not 
 encouraging. This being so, wc were constrained to say tha' 
 if the State would come upon our ground, and with its ample 
 means assume this, our work, and develop it as the central 
 College in a first-cla.ss University, we wtjuld give place to it. 
 We would donate our Berkeley site, consisting of the re- 
 
ORIGfN OF THR UNIVERSITY IDEA. 211 
 
 quired one hundred and sixty acres of land for it, and when 
 the University was established thereon, we would donate to 
 it the remaining property of the College. 
 
 Governor Low expressed his high appreciation of this offer, 
 remarking that it had been a favorite idea with him to com- 
 bine the educational efforts of citizens, and the means at the 
 command of the State, in one enlarged literary and scientific 
 institution, and he regarded this proposition as fully opening 
 the way for so doing. He said that he would summon Mr. 
 Ryland, of San Jose, who was a Commissioner with himself 
 and Mr. Reed, for locating the Agricultural, Mining, and 
 Mechanical Arts College, and that if the Board of Trustees 
 would adjourn till to-morrow, the proposition could be further 
 considered. It was thereupon voted by the Board that 
 a committee of three be appointed to draw up a report 
 embodying the views of the Board, to be presented the next 
 day. The committee having been appointed, the Board 
 adjourned. 
 
 At twelve o'clock the next day, October 9, the Board met 
 with the Commissioners as before, and Mr. Ryland was pres- 
 ent. The proposition, as agreed upon the day before, was 
 presented in form by the coinmittee, of which Mr. Dwinelle 
 was chairman, in the following resolutions, viz : — 
 
 " Resolved^ That the President and Board of Trustees of the 
 College of California hereby offer to donate and convey to the State 
 Board of Directors of the Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts 
 College, one hundred and sixty acres of land in the township of 
 Oakland, Alameda County, including the lands between the two 
 ravines, commonly known as the California College site, for the site 
 and farm of the said State College. 
 
 " Resolved^ That in making this donation, the College of Califor- 
 nia is influenced by the earnest hope and confident expectation that 
 the State of California will forthwith organize and put into operation, 
 upon this site, a University of California, which will include a Col- 
 lege of Mines, a College of Civil Engineering, a College of Mechanics^ 
 and a College of Agriculture, and an Academical College, all of the 
 same grade, and with courses of instruction equal to those of Eastern 
 colleges. 
 
 ^ 
 
212 HISTORY OF THE COLLECT OF CALIFORNLA. 
 
 ^* Resolved, That the President and Secretary of this Board be 
 authorized to enter into a contract with the State Board of Directors 
 of the Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College, to the 
 effect that whenever a University of California shall be established 
 as contemplated in the next preceding resolution, then the College 
 of California will disincorporate, and after discharging all its debts, 
 pay over its net assets to such University." 
 
 It was remarked that these resolutions were not in exact 
 accordance with the pr vious understanding, in this, that they 
 seemed not to give the College the ranking place among the 
 departments of the University. The agricultural, mining and 
 engineering colleges seemed to be given the precedence. In 
 explanation of this it was said by the chairman of the com- 
 mittee, that the several proposed colleges were named in this 
 order in deference to the United States land grant, and to 
 the terms in which the objects to which it could be applied 
 1 were expressed. And furthermore, the chairman of the com- 
 mittee thought that the Legislature, which would be com- 
 posed of practical men, would be more likely to vote for the 
 establishment of the University, if its departments were pro- 
 posed in this order; but at the same time that inasmuch as the 
 College was already organized with all its four successive 
 College classes, and would therefore lead all the other depart- 
 ments, it would necessarily take and hold the first rank in the 
 University. This was not wholly satisfactory to all, because 
 it did not guard sufficiently the perpetuation of the specific 
 work of the College as the leading thing in the University. 
 The Trustees and friends of the College of California had no 
 idea of surrendering the College for the sake of getting a 
 university without a college, or with one esteemed only 
 secondary and " optional," and inferior in value to the best 
 New England colleges. The distinctive and uniform four 
 years' training of young men in the earlier part of their 
 student life, as it has been maintained for so many genera- 
 tions in those colleges, we enthusiastically believed in, and 
 meant to secure. 
 
 But then there was no time now for debate. The State 
 
OR f GIN OF THE UNIVERSITY IDEA. 213 
 
 Commissioners were present. They were obliged to decide 
 at once what their report should be with respect to the State 
 institution, for the time of the meeting of the Legislature 
 was near. On the whole, therefore, it seemed best to wave 
 objections as to the form of the report and not to delay action 
 by proposing any change in the resolutions, but rather to 
 trust the working outof the true and well-known understanding 
 in the matter to the State and to the officers it should appoint 
 to organize and conduct the proposed University. 
 
 Therefore, on motion, these resolutions were adopted, and 
 the work was done. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY ORGANIZED. 
 
 And n(nv it became the duty of all to do their best to 
 make the University a success, if the State should respond 
 to our proposition and establish it. It was the expressed be- 
 lief of the gentlemen Commissioners that the State would do 
 so, and that the motives and the action ot the College of 
 California in the premises would be very highly appreci- 
 ated. Of course no terms could be made with the State, as 
 before remarked, or conditions laid down; but the Governor 
 and the Commissioners seemed fully to coincide with our 
 Board in the idea that a college in the main, like the College 
 of California, or like the best Eastern colleges, should be the 
 leading and central College in the University, and that all other 
 required departments for instruction in the sciences, arts, 
 and professions should be grouped around it. That tiiis 
 would be in accordance with the best models of university 
 organization, and in justice due to the College of California, in 
 view of the action she had taken. After the Commissioners 
 had retired, the Board appointed committees necessary to the 
 carrying out of the transfer. One of these was a committee 
 to draw up the outline of a university law to be submitted as 
 expressing the views of the Board, if thought best, at the 
 proper time. The Rev. Dr. James Eells was made chairman 
 of this committee. 
 
 From this point, a new work, that of the transfer itself, had 
 to be done, and if any should suppose it to have been an eas)' 
 one, they would be very much mistaken. In the first place, 
 the State election, which soon came on, unexpectedly left the 
 Republicans out, ami ])ul a Democratic administration into 
 
 _... _ . 11. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY ORGANIZED. 215 
 
 office, with Henry H. Haight as Governor. This brought 
 men into office of whom we knew httle, and who knew very 
 Httle indeed of the College of California. Governor Haight 
 knew most, but even he had never been a contributor to our 
 funds, or visited our institution, not even to attend the meet- 
 ings of the Associated Alumni, though he himself was a grad- 
 uate of Yale College. Nevertheless when the leading newly 
 elected gentlemen were consulted and were made acquainted 
 with the university proposition that was to come before them, 
 they at once approved of it, and promised freely their influ- 
 ence in carrying it out. The Pacific, of about this date, closed 
 an article highly appreciative of the action of the College in 
 making this transfer to the State under the circumstances, for 
 the sake of creating a university, in these words : — 
 
 " There are some instances of eminent success in institu- 
 tions of this kind, built by the State. The most notable one 
 of modern times is that of Michigan. It is but little more 
 than a dozen years old, and yet it is thronged by hundreds of 
 students, anxious to share the rare advantages of its well pro- 
 vided departments. California is able to do as well. The 
 way is open. The time is propitious. The enterprise awaits 
 the response of an intelligent people and the action of our 
 Legislature." But this sentiment concerning the transfer was 
 not .shared by all the friends and patrons of the College. 
 Some of those who were ab.sent from the State at the time, 
 as soon as they heard of it, expressed their regret in emphatic 
 terms. Among these were Frederick Billings and Rev. E. S. 
 Lacy. Later on, when they learned all the circumstances, 
 they saw that the thing was inevitable^ 
 
 The first thing to be done preparatory to making the dona- 
 tion of the one hundred and sixty acres of land proposed, was 
 to obtain a survey of the particular tract and make a map of 
 it. It was to consist of the land between the two ravines, 
 including both banks of the streams, with the groves of 
 trees and shrubbery, and extend eastward toward the hills 
 far enough to amount to the proposed number of acres. A 
 surve)'or was at once employed to do this work. At the 
 
216 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 same time, the titles must be re-searched and an abstract 
 made. To make this search and abstract, the law firm of 
 Crane & Boyd, in San Francisco, was employed. The pro- 
 posed tract consisted of portions of purchases from several 
 original owners. Consequently the search necessitated the 
 tracing back of several lines of derivation, and the discovery 
 of all defects and errors, that they might be corrected, and a 
 perfect title be made ready for presentation. The law firm 
 mentionetl was urged to make the search immediately, in 
 order to give time to make corrections and have everything 
 in readiness for the meeting of the Legislature, which was to 
 take place in December. But for one reason or another, their 
 work was delayed. Everything possible was done by us to 
 hasten it, but weeks went by before we could get even the 
 beginning of the searchers' report. Meanwhile the survey 
 was completed, and the map of the property made, according 
 to which the deed of conveyance could be drawn. But the 
 work of the searchers was painfully prolonged. It had not 
 been given to us completed up to the time of the meeting of 
 the Legislature. And when at last it came, it contained a 
 list of sixteen points of defect to be remedied. These were 
 mainly formal, but their correction required a great deal of 
 travel to get signatures of previous owners, or corrected con- 
 veyances, etc., and visiting San Lcandro, which was then the 
 county seat of Alameda County, twelve miles away. 
 
 Before all the.se matters could be satisfactorily settled, and 
 papers and titles and maps set right, the whole month of Jan- 
 uary, 1868, was gone, and more than a month of the session of 
 the Legislature had passed. The rain was falling in torrents 
 about this time, and traveling was both laborious and expos- 
 ing, but 1 pushed matters night and day, till I got the com- 
 pleted deed of the one hundred and sixty acres duly signed 
 and executed, conveying to the " Directors of the Agricult- 
 ural, Mining, and Mechanical y\rts College," the site for the 
 proposed university. On P'ebruar\- 20, I went to Sacramento 
 with the deed, maps, etc., and delivered them to the above- 
 named directors. But even then it was found that Crane & 
 
THE UNU'ERSirV ORGANIZED. 217 
 
 Boyd's transcripl of the search of title had not been received, 
 according to expectation. 
 
 While awaiting its arrival, it was discovered that the 
 " Directors of the Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts 
 College " did not constitute a body corporate, to which the 
 deed of the one hundred and sixty acres could properly be 
 made. In view of this, it wastlien agreed that another meet- 
 ing should be held in San Francisco on February 24. I 
 immediately returned to San Francisco and set agoing the 
 work of engrossing a new deed on parchment, conveying the 
 ground in question as a vmiversity site, directly to the State 
 of California. The motive for making the conveyance was 
 declared, in the deed, as follows: — 
 
 "In making this offer of donation the President and Board of 
 Trustees of the College of California are influenced by an earnest 
 hope and confident expectation that the State of California will 
 forthwith organize and put into operation upon the aforesaid site and 
 grounds, a University of California, which shall include a College of 
 Mines, a College of Civil Engineering, a College of Mechanics, a Col- 
 lege of Agriculture, and an Academical College, all of the same 
 grade, and with courses of instruction at least equal to those of 
 Eastern colleges and universities." 
 
 This deed, after careful examination, was signed and exe- 
 cuted, and made ready to be delivered. During this time the 
 Legislature accepted an invitation of the citizens of Oakland 
 to visit the site proposed to be given for a university. This 
 they did on the twenty-second of February, and on their 
 return from Berkeley to Oakland, they sat down together to 
 a dinner, which had been provided for them by the people of 
 Oakland, in Brayton Hall. On February 24, the Governor 
 and the Directors met in San Francisco according to adjourn- 
 ment. The new deed was examined, approved, and then 
 delivered. 
 
 Now came up the matter of legislation. It must be 
 accomplished quickly, if at all, for it was doubtful how long 
 into March the Legislature would continue in session. I went 
 immediately to Sacramento to do anything I could to for- 
 
218 ///STORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CAL/FORN/A. 
 
 ward it. The shape and the provisions of the proposed law 
 for organizing the University were now to be determined. 
 The drawing up of the bill was in the hands of John W. 
 Dwinelle, Esq., member of the Assembly from Alameda 
 County. I found that Mr. Dwindle had already outlined the 
 frame-work of a bill manuscript. How much work the com- 
 mittee that was appointed by the Trustees of the College of 
 California to assist in framing a University Bill had done, I 
 do not know. I find, however, a rough draught or outline of 
 such a bill in the handwriting of Rev. Dr. Eells, who was 
 chairman of that committee. It is now among the papers of 
 the University library. The substance of it is as follows: — 
 
 Article I. Establishing the University. 
 
 Article II. Defining its courses of instruction. First, collegiate 
 or classical education. Next, scientific and industrial, and then pro- 
 fessional. Each course to terminate with the appropriate degree. 
 
 Article III. The government of the University to be vested in 
 a Board of sixteen Regents, classified as to their terms of office, of 
 which Board the President of the University should be one, but 
 without a vote. The powers of the Board should be to appoint and 
 remove the President, professors, teachers, officers, agents, etc. To 
 determine the courses of study, define the professorships, fix the 
 conditions of admission, confer degrees, manage funds, fulfill the 
 conditions of endowments, erect and care for buildings, improve 
 grounds, purchase library and apparatus, fix and pay salaries, make 
 by-laws, and report to the Governor of the State once in two years. 
 
 Article IV. The internal government of the University to be 
 in the hands of the Faculty, consisting of the President and pro- 
 fessors, they to report at specified times to the Regents. 
 
 Article V. The conditions of graduation specified, together 
 with the tests of examination. 
 
 Article VI. Provides for scholarships, established either by the 
 State, or by individuals, or by associations, affording free tuition. 
 The advantage of at least a part of these to accrue to such scholars of 
 the public schools as distinguish themselves in study and by good 
 conduct. 
 
 Article VII. Specifies sources of endowment, including dona, 
 lions to found professorships, whether given by individuals or associa- 
 tions. 
 
THE UNIVERSITY ORGANIZED. 219 
 
 Mr. Dwinelle's first " project " for a bill made the University 
 to consist of a College of Arts, a College of Letters, and the 
 Professional Colleges. The College of Agriculture was given 
 the first place, in deference to the United States land grant. 
 The Colleges of Mechanics and Mines came next, for the 
 same reason. And then, with regard to the Academical 
 College, this language was used : " The Board of Regents, 
 having in regard the donation of one hundred and sixty 
 acres for the University site by the College of California, and 
 the proposition of that institution to surrender its property to 
 the State University, shall establish the College of Letters, 
 to be co-existent with the Colleges of Arts, and it shall em- 
 brace a liberal course of instruction in language, literature, 
 and philosophy, leading at the end of the usual four years' 
 course of study, to the degree of Bachelor of Arts." In this. 
 " project," also, provision was made for the founding by the 
 State, by associations, or by individuals, of professorships 
 and of scholarships. 
 
 Out of these preliminary studies grew the University Bill. 
 I reached Sacramento again on February 27. Mr. Dwinelle 
 had the completed bill in manuscript. Very soon it came from 
 the hands of the printer in " proof." Then it was studied, 
 and marked with changes and emendations, as the papers in 
 the University Library now show ; after which it came from 
 the printing office complete. 
 
 Mr. Dwinelle introduced the bill in the Assembly on 
 March 5, 1868. It was read a first and a second time 
 and was referred to the joint committee of both Houses 
 on the University. This committee took it up at its meet- 
 ing on Saturday evening, March 7. It was considered as 
 generally satisfactory. A few changes were made. But 
 a further consideration was postponed to March 12. This 
 seemed likely to endanger the passage of the bill very much, 
 on account of the shortness of the time of the session remain- 
 ing. But there was no help for it. On the evening of the 
 twelfth the committee met, according to adjournment, and 
 gave the whole evening to the bill. I was present at this 
 
220 HISTOR'^ OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNLi. 
 
 meeting, and gave the reasons for haste in respect to the 
 matter. I stated to the committee the circumstances under 
 which the College of California had given a large portion of 
 its property to the State, and for what purpose. But that, at 
 the same time, the College had a family of thirty .students 
 on hand whose instruction it was pledged to carry on, conse- 
 quently it was of the utmost importance that the University 
 should be now organized to take this work off our hands. 
 The committee expressed a readiness to press the matter 
 with all possible haste, and voted to report the bill as 
 amended. On March i6 the bill was reported to the Assem- 
 bly, and the rules were suspended, and the bill was read a 
 third time and passed without opposition. 
 
 It came up in due course in the Senate on the twentieth, 
 and was read a third time and referred to the University 
 Committee of the Senate. From this committee the bill 
 was reported back to the Senate on the twenty-first with the 
 recommendation that the rules be suspended and the bill 
 considered. Mr. Maclay, of Santa Clara, objected. He 
 wanted more time. He himself had introduced a^University 
 Bill in the Senate on March i8, and he wished to have that 
 considered. The main features of his bill were the establish- 
 ment of a central school of science, to be maintained by one- 
 half of the State University funds, the other half to be 
 divided among the chartered colleges of the State, and all 
 such colleges to report to the Regents of the University, and 
 be, in certain respects, under their supervision. But Mr. Ma- 
 clay's objection to taking up the report of the committee at 
 that time was not sustained, and the motion to consider it 
 prevailed. Mr. Maclay called for the reading of the bill, say- 
 ing that he wished to propose amendments. The reading 
 thereupon began. But as it proceeded Mr. Maclay was con- 
 sulted privately as to his real points of objection. It was 
 ascertained that they had been already removed, whereupon 
 he withdrew his call for the reading, and the bill was taken 
 up and passed. In the afternoon of the same day, March 21, 
 the bill came up in the Assembly, as it had been amended 
 
THE UA'/l'EFSJTV ORGANIZEP. 
 
 221 
 
 and passed by the Senate. Mr. Dvvinelle asked for unan- 
 imous consent to take up the bill and place it on its final 
 passage. This was agreed to. The amendments were then 
 read, and the bill was passed and went to the Governor. In 
 due time Governor Haight signed the bill and it became a 
 law. On March 27 a bill was passed making an appropri- 
 ation for the support of the University. 
 
 This also became a law, and the institution was thus fairly 
 launched. 
 
 ■^ or Tt.f 'r 
 
 NIVEBSITY 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 GRADUATION OF THE FIFTH CLASS. 
 
 While all these outside changes were going on, great as 
 they were, the inside college work proceeded undisturbed. 
 And almost before we knew it, another Commencement-time 
 was at hand. 
 
 After the year's final examinations, the day came. It was 
 June 3, 1868. The hall was filled, and the exercises were as 
 usual. The members of the Senior class, five in number, 
 gave their addresses, and received their degrees. Their 
 names were: John L. Beard, Clinton Day, Charles A. Dud- 
 ley, Richard E. Poston, and Charles A. Wetmorc. The 
 annual address before the College was given by Rev. J. A. 
 Benton, D. D. He took for his subject, " Some of the 
 Problems of Empire." His address is contained in the sixth 
 number of the Appendix to this History. 
 
 In the afternoon the Associated Alumni assembled in the 
 hall, which was filled by an appreciative audience, assembled 
 to listen to the annual oration. It was delivered by Rev. I. 
 E. Dwincll. D. D. His theme was, "The Relation of the 
 Acceptance of Supernatural Ideas to Institutions of Learn- 
 ing." The oration is given in the seventh number of the Ap- 
 pendix. 
 
 At the close of the exercises in the hall, the audience 
 dispersed, and the members of the Alumni Association 
 proceeded to the College chapel to participate in the festival. 
 
 Five long tables were spread with taste and ornamented 
 with flowers. One hundred and fort)'-onc persons joined in 
 the feast, which was watched with interest by many ladies, 
 who had accompanied them. Rev. A. L. Stone, D. D., Presi- 
 
GRADUATION OF THE FIFTH CLASS. 223 
 
 dent of the association for 1867-68, an Alumnus of Yale, 
 class of 1837, presided at the table. After all had liberally 
 partaken of the repast, the President arose and spoke as 
 follows : — 
 
 " Gentlemen and Friends: It is the first duty and highest privi- 
 lege of the President of the Associated Alumni of the Pacific Coast 
 to extend the hand of greeting, and to give the salutation of this hall, 
 this scene, and this fellowship to all who come hither this day, drawn 
 by the love of letters and the bond of this fraternity. Accept an 
 earnest and cordial welcome. It is good to look again upon your 
 faces, to hear again your voices, and to feel as we sit side by side 
 in these festivities, that we are brothers in the community of a 
 hearty devotion to the cause of liberal learning and in all the tender 
 reminiscences of youthful student life. If some of the places in our 
 ranks are vacant to-day, because of temporary absence of those ac- 
 customed to gather with us here, or of that unreturning absence that 
 shall give us back their faces and forms at this high festival never 
 more, still we may congratulate ourselves that our numbers seem to 
 have suffered no diminution. 
 
 " Some of you have heard a little army song, whose burden is, 
 'Touch elbows, comrades ! ' and know well its occasion and signifi- 
 cance. That little refrain is the word of command to soldiers in 
 action, when one and another falls slain, leaving the line of battle 
 thinned, gaping, and waning. Close up, then, boys I Touch 
 elbows, comrades ! Keep the battle line full and firm. We can 
 touch elbows still. Nay, though we sit closer, we have I believe no 
 room to spare. And we hasten to make our greeting so large and 
 catholic that it shall give to every laborer in the fields of literature 
 and science, who has sought our circle to-night, whether in the 
 learned professions or the walks of practical industry, or any whose 
 relations to the institutions of learning are those of patrons or 
 guardians, the name of comrade and brother. 
 
 ' "We shall need, gentlemen, to have large hearts and large hospital- 
 ities on these shores for months to come. The old ' California 
 fever,' and yet not the old, for it has a higher and more permanent 
 inspiration, is kindling in the veins of multitudes in the East and on 
 foreign shores. Germany is looking hither and asking room for her 
 thrifty sons. From the British Isles the cry is still, ' Give us room ! ' 
 The tillers of New England's rocky hills, and her many-fingered 
 
224 H/STOfy'V OF THE COIJ.EGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 cunning artificers, lift up their voice, ' Roonri for us ! ' They crowd 
 the wharves of the steam-ships at the other end of the Pacific line, 
 struggling with one another to see who shall be first for the new 
 promised land, and shouting to the Titan boats that they are yet all 
 too small, ' Room ! Room ! ' And is it the echo that comes back 
 from the Occident ? No. Old gray-haired China stirs from her 
 dull sleep of ages, and her crowded people in a chorus that strength- 
 ens day by day, send over the meeting and mingling sound, ' Room, 
 give us room!' And our hills welcoming the hand of the husband 
 man to their very coasts, answer, ' Room enough ; ' and our broad 
 valleys with their black fertility of generous earth, answer, ' Room 
 enough;' and our illimitable grain-fields — emerald and tawny 
 oceans — shout with all their waves, ' Room enough;' and our glit- 
 tering ravines, with every stroke of the miner, pulse out the deep, 
 muffled sound, ' Room ! room ! room ! ' Why, these responses are 
 like that which that old patriarch of the ministry, Dr. Lyman 
 Beecher, in one of his visits from Ohio to the East, gave to a young 
 minister who asked him confidentially if there was any place for him 
 out there. ' Place, sir ! why, it is all place at the West I' 
 
 "And what the hills say, and the valleys and all workshops of art, 
 we, the brotherhood of letters, must take up and repeat, 'Room 
 enough for young men and maidens in the halls of study ; room 
 enough for preachers, and teachers, and healers, and law makers, 
 and law expounders; room enough for explorers in every field of 
 thought and miners in every vein of science.' We want to send 
 over the mountains and across the breadth of the continent, a wel- 
 come to every intellectual aspirant to enter with us here upon the 
 work of building the fair symmetry of a Christian State : a work 
 than which there is for the patient scholar none more inspiring and 
 none more rewarding beneath the cope of heaven. 
 
 " But I trespass both upon your patience and the limits of the oc- 
 casion. Indeed, I do not see but that we must take the whole of 
 the British people in, for our orator of to-day (Commencement 
 orator, Rev. J. A. Benton) in arranging his new system of world 
 empires, has left out the distinctive English sovereignty altogether ! 
 This is a more effectual way, perhaps, of dis])osing of England than 
 one insisted upon by a western orator, when English provocations 
 stirred the American bile so deeply. 
 
 "'When I look upon our ger-reat and gel-lorious Kedntry,' said 
 
GRADUATION OF THE FIFTH CLASS. 2-2.". 
 
 the orator, ' whar's Europe ? Europe's no-whar ! Whar's England ? 
 England's no-whar ! She calls herself the mistress of the seas ! 
 What's the seas? Don't everybody know it is nothing but the 
 emptyin's of the Massasappy River ! All you've got to do, is to turn 
 the Massasappy River into the Mammoth Cave — and then, whar's 
 England ? A-floundering about with her ships in the mud as she 
 ought to be ! ' 
 
 " But if the whole British Empire is to be blotted out, that will do 
 as well ; only we shall have to take them in." 
 
 The Chairman proposed : The University of California; 
 the first opened fountain, from which streams of intelligent 
 life will flow forth, to gladden and refresh all the western 
 slope of the continent. Edward Tompkins, Esq., was called 
 upon to respond. The subject, he said, was too vast for 
 discussion in one evening. The Chairman had said that 
 from all quarters the cry for "room" was coming, and most 
 truly had he given the answer of California. If, however, 
 such an exodus was coming, what so important as that they 
 should be met at the Golden Gate by the domes and pin- 
 nacles of the noble building that in a few \'ears would grace 
 the slope above them. A broad university education should 
 be there ready for them when they came; and such an ed- 
 ucation should be given to every son and daughter of Cali- 
 fornia. The time had gone by when the American people 
 could truly be said to be nothing more than hunters after 
 dollars, and their children, "little hunters after dollars." 
 Now, they required dollars to build universities. They 
 required universities to lead them above and beyond the care 
 and anxiety for mere dollars. California ought to have the 
 highest reputation for learning, the best teaching, the highest 
 cultivation, of any country in the world, within the next forty 
 years. 
 
 The Chairman now called upon Prof. E. Knowlton to lead 
 the assembly in singing the old and well-known College 
 song, Gaudeamus igiUir. All arose and the hall resounded 
 with sounds which are heard only at these annual gatherings. 
 At the conclusion of this song, the following toast was pro- 
 15 
 
226 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 posed : The Eastern Colleges ; our far-off nurseries of edu- 
 cated mind ; we have their best fruits, their living sons. 
 
 Rev. James Eells, D. D., who was called upon, said that 
 he responded to a toast which he had not seen before and 
 therefore without any preparation. He said he always 
 managed to get into such scrapes, but unlike his namesake 
 of the lower kingdom of vertebrates, he could not get out of 
 them. There could be no monument in praise of Eastern 
 colleges greater than that before him, the Associated Alumni 
 of the Pacific Coast. Nor was there anything of brighter 
 promise for the future. Talent and energy w^ere displayed 
 by their educated minds, and one of their greatest triumphs 
 should be the foundation of the State University. 
 
 The Chairman then arose and spoke to the memory of one 
 whom many present had known, Jeremiah Day, late Presi- 
 dent of Yale College. His address was in the following 
 appropriate language: — 
 
 " There are some of us who remember him in his full and vigorous 
 prime, while his eye was yet undimmed and his natural force un- 
 abated. There are more of us who recall him in the mellowness 
 and richness of his autumn, and the serene beauty of his age. 
 
 " Somehow, President Day never seemed, I believe, even to the 
 young, to be an old man. One reason may have been that he did 
 not wear the white witness of age on his head. A better reason is, 
 that though his natural force did become abated, his eye never did 
 become dimmed. Perhaps also his association with the successive 
 generations of young men helped to keep his heart and sympathies 
 young. And then it would have been hard to associate decline and 
 decay with such a mind ; always there seemed to be upon it the 
 freshness of its own immortality. 
 
 " How wise he was in the government of the college. I have heard 
 it said, by one who was of the Faculty, that in cases difficult to deal 
 with, when each officer of the college had given his opinion, the 
 view of the President, given last, whether confirming the major 
 view, or suggesting some other conclusion, seldom failed to carry 
 the conviction and assent of all. 
 
 •' How fatherly also in that government, uniting paternal fidelity 
 and paternal toii(Urni>s ! There were no harsh words even to the 
 
GRADUATION OF THE FIFTH CLASS. 227 
 
 erring, but a gentleness of consideration and treatment that left 
 them always filled with love and veneration toward him. 
 
 " There was no weakness in his gentleness. When he had occasion 
 to assert authority, the assertion could not be questioned. There 
 was a not in the college chapel between the Freshmen and Senior 
 classes, and the collision was sharp and furious. The President 
 pushed his frail form among the contending athletes, and his voice 
 rang like a trumpet above the tumult, and the wildest rioter cowered 
 before his look and tone. 
 
 " He had great simplicity of character ; but, as 1 have heard it 
 said of a member of the Boston bar in whom that quality was also 
 eminent, 'It was a simplicity that a great many cunning men 
 could not trip up.' 
 
 " Perhaps the rarest thing about him was the symmetry of his 
 nature. Often men have been more eminent for single gifts, more 
 remarkable for some one faculty, but itw have possessed minds so 
 complete and so well balanced in the sum total of intellectual 
 endowments. 
 
 " I feel how utterly impotent are the few words which can be 
 spoken here, to give any just portraiture of one whom all revered 
 and loved. Any such attempt must be a failure and injustice. I 
 shrank from, it when I began. I feel more deeply convicted now 
 that I pause. Let me give you his name : The late President, 
 Jeremiah Day, of Yale College. Claruni et vetierabile nomen. The 
 man whose life has written on the hearts of many a new and brighter 
 De Seneciule." 
 
 Hon. Sherman Day, the son of the deceased, was called 
 to respond, which he did in the followincr words : — 
 
 " Mr. Chairman: If there be any time in a man's life when he 
 feels disposed to weep and to rejoice, to bow his head in humility, 
 and raise himself in pride and joy, that moment is present to me 
 now. I weep that the venerable father is gone, and rejoice that 
 he has kept the faith and finished his course so triumphantly; I 
 feel deeply humble to think that I have followed his precious e.xam- 
 ple with such unequal steps ; and yet my bosom swells with pride 
 and joy to hear his name thus honored on these distant shores by 
 this association. I feel deeply grateful, sir, for the honor thus 
 conferred upon his memory. And yet I feel, sir, that in all that 
 
228 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNLA. 
 
 you have said, and in all that has been more elaborately set forth in 
 the funeral discourse of President Woolsey, there is not the slightest 
 exaggeration. 
 
 " I suppose for what I have to say, I may find a justification in one 
 of the ten commandments, more especially as obedience to that 
 command is coupled with a promise of long life to him who has 
 emigrated to a new home in this far-off land. You have sketched 
 the public career of my father ; indulge me in a few words con- 
 cerning his private life. An old proverb says that ' no man is a 
 hero to his valet de chatnbre.' The glitter of public greatness 
 sometimes fades amid the intimacies of private life. It was not so 
 in his case. There were neither private vices nor private weak- 
 nesses to be concealed by his family, and glossed over by his biog- 
 rapher. There were no sharp bargains with neighbors, to be 
 extenuated by the subtleties of the law ; there was no miserly hoard- 
 ing of the gains of literary toil ; no skulking from public service and 
 public charity when it was needed. The dignity of official station 
 was in a measure laid aside, and in its place there was a loving 
 kindness, intensely affectionate, towards his family, and a gentle 
 Christian simplicity of manner, without a particle of noise, or 
 bustle, or hasty temper, or indecorous levity, which won the love 
 and esteem of his family ; and as years rolled on, this esteem 
 ripened into reverence. 
 
 " Reticent, as wise men often are, his children did not often obtrude 
 upon his privacy; but when he was approached, and the crust of 
 silence broken, the genial smile that broke forth, and the pleasant 
 flow of conversation, showed that he was not naturally haughty, nor 
 artificially repulsive, but that his silence was the result of pensive- 
 ness. In a letter at an early day, to Professor Silliman, he describes 
 himself as ' the same steady, silent, slow-moulded jogger ' that he 
 had always been, and ' as affectionately yours as ever.' The silence 
 had not smothered the affections. His charities were both liberal 
 and voluntary, and the child, or relative, or friend in need found in 
 him a friend in deed, who did not wait for assistance to be solicited, 
 but anticijjated the solicitation by supplying the want in advance. 
 
 "He held decided political opinions, with sound reasons behind 
 them. Although never disposed to obtrude his political opinions 
 upon others, he was not, on the other hand, one of those political 
 nonentities who sometimes boast that they have not been to the 
 
GRADUATION OF THE FIFTH CLASS. 229 
 
 polls for the last ten years. He never believed in that pernicious 
 policy that clergymen should have nothing to do with politics — 
 using the word politics in its proper and not in its bad sense — and 
 that it is unseemly for them to mingle with their fellow-citizens at 
 the polls. That doctrine was not taught in the school of Doctor 
 Dwight, who had been a chaplain in the Army of the Revolution. 
 My father was in the habit, yearly, of casting his vote at the polls, 
 resolved that the wrong side should not triumph for want of his one 
 vote. And even in his later years, more especially during the Re- 
 bellion, he needed no solicitation to draw him out to the polls; he 
 scorned the aid of a carriage, or even of a friendly arm to lean upon, 
 but marched alone to the polls, with a proud consciousness of his 
 right. Who doubts that his vote was on the side of ' Liberty and 
 Union — one and inseparable, now and forever' ? 
 
 " When his country called for something more than voting he did 
 not excuse himself from duty by the prerogatives of the scholar or 
 the clergyman, but on a sudden alarm, during the war of 1812, he 
 marched out, with his colleagues of the Faculty, armed and equipped, 
 and toiled in constructing ramparts on the heights commanding New 
 Haven Harbor. During the War of the Rebellion his letters to me 
 showed the deep interest he took in the contest, and how thoroughly 
 he kept himself posted in its details. 
 
 " How a man originally with feeble lungs and a delicate constitu- 
 tion managed to extend his life so long, and keep his intellect so clear 
 to the last, is well explained by President Woolsey, and may, perhaps, 
 be worth knowing to other scholars. 
 
 " President Woolsey says his early ill health ' rendered great pru- 
 dence necessary, and that prudence became a watchful sentinel over 
 his whole life. It required him to find out what he could and what 
 he could not bear in the way of intellectual and physical labor, to 
 understand himself, to have fixed habits of life, to adopt great sim- 
 plicity in his habits, to control himself with a firm hand; all which 
 redounded to the benefit of his inner man, and from being a trial 
 grew into a blessing. It seems strange that a man of feeble lungs, 
 given over to death by his friends and himself, always unable to 
 bear the night air, should have lived beyond the age of ninety, and 
 should be at his death the oldest man in New Haven. Yet, under 
 God, this was mind concjuering matter, soundness of judgment coun- 
 teracting debility of constitution; and in the quiet effort, not only 
 
230 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 did the body become invested with longer life, but the mind also, 
 and character, received back the power themselves, for their own 
 benefit, which they had put forth to maintain the mortal part in its 
 vigor.' ' He had the gratification of assembling at his study, from 
 week to week, a company of elderly gentlemen (known as " the Ex 
 Officio Club ") who had retired from the active duties of life, and of 
 spending the forenoon in debating some question in theology, mor- 
 als, or politics. Here, too, he was as fresh, it is believed, and as 
 ready, even in the closing years of his life, as he had ever been, and 
 the difference between his age and that of the youngest of the club 
 seemed hardly perceptible.' 
 
 " His character seemed to have been moulded and built up in strict 
 conformity with that precept of the apostle: ' Giving all diligence, add 
 to your faith, virtue; and to virtue, knowledge; and to knowledge, 
 temperance; and to temperance, patience; and to patience, godliness; 
 and to godliness, brotherly kindness; and to brotherly kindness, char- 
 ity.' All these things were in him, and abounded to the completion 
 of a perfectly symmetrical character. 
 
 " In consequence of my own residence in this State, he ever took a 
 deep interest in our political and educational advancement, especially 
 in our earlier struggles against the introduction of slavery, and in 
 later years in the i)rogress of this college. 
 
 " He began his official connection with Yale College in 1798, and 
 was tutor for three years, professor for fourteen years, and President 
 twenty-nine years. At the age of seventy-three he resigned the 
 Presidency, still retaining a membership in the Board of Trustees. 
 He spent the remainder of his life to the age of ninety-three, in re- 
 vising his mathematical and metaphysical works, and enjoying the 
 society of his family and friends. Last year, warned by increasing 
 infirmity that his end was near, he resigned his connection with the 
 Board of Trustees, whereupon the Board passed the following reso- 
 lution: — 
 
 " ' Rcsohcd, That we recognize the goodness of God in giving to this College, 
 for the space of seventy years, first as tutor and professor, then as President, and 
 for just half a century as a member of this corporation, the services and counsels 
 of a man such as President Day, so pure, so calm, so wise, so universally belovetl 
 and honored.' " 
 
 The Chairman then proposed : The Judiciary; its fear 
 lessness and purity are the safeguard ami hope of American 
 libertv. 
 
GRADUATION OF THE FIFTH CLASS. 231 
 
 A response was made by Hon. Lorenzo Sawyer, Judge of 
 the Supreme Court of California, in the following words: — 
 
 '' Mr. President, and Gentlemen of the Associated Alumni: 
 The sentiment just read meets my hearty concurrence, and will, I 
 doubt not, find a ready response in every mind that duly appreciates 
 the relation of the judiciary to the freedom of man. 
 
 " In my judgment, Mr. President, it is impossible for an enlight- 
 ened people to prize too highly a thoroughly capable, watchful, hon- 
 est, independent, and fearless judiciary. Such a judiciary is not only 
 ' the safeguard and the hope of American liberty,' but is the principal 
 stay and support of freedom, and of the social fabric, ei'try^chere. 
 The administration of justice, and its handmaid, religion, although, 
 perhaps, in a form in some degree rudimental, march hand in hand 
 in the van of civilization. They also, in their more perfect develop- 
 ment, constitute the crowning glory in the meridian splendor of every 
 enlightened age. As these elements in the social economy become 
 corrupt, gradually decline and disappear, the twilight of a waning 
 civilization again shades away into the night of barbarism. There 
 can be no assured enjoyment of civil liberty, no social security, no 
 permanently advanced stage in the development of our race, no 
 stability in the institutions of civilization, where there is no honest, 
 effective, and fearless administration of the law; where the fountain 
 of justice is not pure, and where its stream is not allowed to flow 
 freely, without obstruction, and unaffected by disturbing influences. 
 On the other hand, sir, wherever the laws are faithluUy administered 
 by a capable, independent, and fearless judiciary; wherever strict 
 justice is meted out to every individual, whether rich or poor, high 
 or low; wherever 'the thatched cottage of the lowest born is the 
 castle of the proprietor, which, while the winds and the rain may 
 enter, the king may not;' wherever the judiciary is no respecter of 
 persons, always holding the scales of justice even, with an eye single 
 to the ' trepidations of the balance' — there^ no remnant of barbarism 
 will be found. In the words of one who clothed his great thoughts 
 in language second only, in terseness and felicity of expression, to 
 that of Him who spake as never man spake: 'Justice is the great 
 interest of man on earth. It is the ligament which holds civilized 
 beings and civilized nations together, ^\"herever her temple stands, 
 and so long as it is daily honored, there is a foundation for social 
 security, general happiness, and the improvement and progress of 
 
2?,2 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 our race. And whoever labors on this edifice with usefulness and 
 distinction — whoever clears its foundations, strengthens its pillars, 
 adorns its entablatures, or contributes to raise its august dome still 
 higher in the skies — connects himself in name, and fame, and char- 
 acter, with that which is, and tnust i>e, as durable as the frame of 
 human society.' 
 
 " This language, Mr. President, is not too strong. The adminis- 
 tration of justice is a leading attribute of Deity himself, and we are 
 informed by the inspired word that the last act in the terrestrial 
 drama will be the awarding of judgment for the deeds done in the 
 flesh. He who, in the administration of justice, most nearly approx- 
 imates this divine attribute, does most toward perpetuating the bless- 
 ing of good government among men. 
 
 " Mr. President, since 'justice is the great interest of man on earth,' 
 it is gratifying to know that wherever and whenever the judiciary has 
 been independent and untrammeled, except so far as it is bound by 
 the just principles of the law itself, there have been found men fully 
 equal to the task of its intelligent and pure administration. Such 
 were Hale, and Hardwick, and Mansfield, and Stowell, and a host of 
 others in England; and Parsons, and Marshall, and Kent, and Story, 
 with others too numerous to mention, in our own country. No page 
 in the history of man is more heavily freighted with the lessons of 
 wisdom, and an elevated morality, than that inscribed by the hand of 
 such men, whereon is expounded and illustrated the ethics of the law 
 — none more glorious than that which borrows its luster from the 
 great lights of the judiciary. True, sir, it falls to the lot of but few, 
 in any one generation, to officiate in the higher sanctuaries of justice, 
 and to fewer still to rival those judicial Titans, 
 
 " 'The law's whole thunder born to wield.' 
 
 " It is too much, sir, to expect of human nature, that all who at- 
 tain judicial position should be Mansfields and Marshalls, Stowells 
 and Storys. The great majority of us must be content to follow such 
 luminaries at a distance, and with unequal steps — non passibus crguis 
 — approaching as near our great exemplars as our limited abilities 
 and training will admit. But, sir, I cannot believe it possible that 
 one endowed with fair natural abilities, a sound and unbiased judg- 
 ment, who has cultivated his talents with diligence and care, and 
 become well grounded in the ethics of the law — who has risen to a 
 true conception of the magnitude, and become thoroughly penetrated 
 
GRADUATION Of TUF. FIFTH CLASS. 233 
 
 with the vast importance, of the mission of the judiciary in its rela- 
 tion to the well-being of man, and the stability and durability of all 
 good government, can make a bad Judge. Such a man may not at- 
 tain the summit of judicial greatness; he may not be a brilliant 
 luminary, shedding his light afar, and imparting aliment and genial 
 warmth which shall nourish and promote the administration of justice 
 in distant lands; but he cannot fail to be a worthy Judge, and useful 
 in the immediate sphere of his influence; he cannot fail to contribute, 
 in some degree, to the perpetuity of free institutions. 
 
 " Mr. President, 1 am sensible that the great importance in the 
 economy of organized civilization which I have attributed to an able, 
 pure, and independent judiciary, may seem extravagant to some, but 
 I am persuaded that such have not duly pondered the nature of man, 
 or the lessons of the past. But however this may be, it cannot be 
 denied that the judiciary is an important element in the framework 
 of human society. This fact, however, is not pressed upon your at- 
 tention, to-night, from any desire to deal in panegyric towards that 
 department of the Government with which I happen to be, for a brief 
 period, connected. If one can know himself, and the remark may 
 be pardoned, my course on this occasion is inspired by other, and,.! 
 trust, worthier motives; I desire to make a practical, and if it may be 
 so ordered, a useful application. 
 
 '' This association is an aggregation for the purposes of mutual con- 
 sultation and improvement, with a view to promoting the future well- 
 being of its members, and through them, of the State, of the grad- 
 uates residmg on this coast, of all the higher institutions of learning in 
 our country. And this occasion celebrates the development of the 
 first College of California from the chrysalis state into the more 
 perfect University, wherein the future youth of our great State are to 
 be educated and trained for the responsible duties of life. This audi- 
 ence, and those who may hereafter supply, in this association, the 
 places sooner or later to become vacant, whether children of the 
 institution now about to be launched upon its great mission of edu- 
 cation, or of her elder and more renowned sisters in the East, may 
 be taken as a fair average of the liberally educated intellect of our 
 country. It is fitting, therefore, in view of these facts, that you, 
 gentlemen of all others, should earnestly consider all means requisite 
 to lay the foundations of social order and security in this new State 
 broad and deep; that you should take measures adequate to secure the 
 
234 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 perpetuity of the social edifice now being erected; that you should 
 not be mere passive observers but active co-laborers in the great work. 
 If I am right in my views as to the importance of the judiciary as 
 an element of strength and durability in this vast edifice, then you, 
 gentlemen, and those who come after you, and read in your records 
 the minutes of this day's proceedings, must take care that none but 
 the pure, the learned, those who are thoroughly imbued with just 
 principles, shall ever find a seat in your sanctuaries of justice. Your 
 judiciary will henceforth be, whatever yoit may choose to make it. 
 From your ranks, and yours alone — the Alumni of our institutions of 
 learning — with rare exceptions, must come the future judiciary of 
 our State. In your ranks the bar, the worthy and conservative hand- 
 maid of the courts, is now, and ever must be, mostly found. This 
 is the fountain from which the judiciary is to be continually replen- 
 ished, and as it is a well-established principle in natural philosophy, 
 that the stream can never rise higher than the fountain which supplies 
 it, so the bench can never rise far above the level of the bar. 
 
 '' Again, the educated intellect of the country must, of necessity, 
 if true to its mission, exercise a controlling influence over those 
 of inferior development and culture, in all the social relations. It is 
 your vocation, therefore, whether you fulfill it or not, to mould public 
 sentiment; to inculcate and disseminate the principles of public and 
 private virtue; to instill into the minds of the people a comprehen- 
 sive and just appreciation of the advantages of a free and pure gov- 
 ernment; and above all, thoroughly to inoculate the public mind 
 with a reverential respect for the majesty of the law ; and as an 
 essential condition ol such respect, imbue it with a profound rever- 
 ence for its ministers. And in order that the Unv may be respected^ 
 and its ministers venerated, you must see to it, that the former are 
 just, and that none may attain a seat among the latter who are not 
 calculated to insi)ire confidence — who are not in every way worthy 
 the high calling. As you value the future of your country, then, 
 shrink not from your noble mission, but do all this, I beseech you, 
 brethren; for be assured, of such material is the 'immortality of 
 nations ' fabricated. 
 
 " Your associatic^n either does, or should, embrace within its fold 
 the great mass of cultivated mind that has found a lodgment on this 
 coast. By means of your organization, your influence should pene- 
 trate the most secluded recesses of the land, and permeate all the 
 
GRADUATION OF THE FIFTH CLASS. 235 
 
 arteries of social life. With so much n^ental culture at their coni- 
 niand — so much intelligence thoroughly organized and widely 
 disseminated among the people — if the Associated Alumni of the 
 Pacific Coast cannot control for good the elements now crystallizing 
 into more perfect and permanent social forms, they are unworthy the 
 care heretofore bestowed upon them by their fostering mothers, and 
 richly deserve to be disowned and spurned from the portals of our 
 colleges and universities as no progeny of theirs. But, Mr. Presi- 
 dent, and gentlemen, I do not believe you will prove recreant to the 
 great trust reposed in you — that you will desert the noble cause for 
 which you were educated. I cannot think that any Alumnus of this 
 association will consent to bring everlasting disgrace upon his beloved 
 Alma Mater by failing to perform well the part assigned him in our 
 nascent social polity. 
 
 " Mr. President, you have toasted the judiciary, and you, gentle- 
 men of the Associated Alumni, applauded the sentiment. The 
 theme, in its ultimate relation to the general good, is too vast to be 
 compassed in an after-dinner speech ; but I have endeavored in my 
 feeble way, and as well as I might in the brief time allotted, to make 
 you deeply sensible, if you are not already so, of the profound signif- 
 icance of the sentiment with which you were pleased to honor the 
 judiciary. If I have measurably succeeded, my object is accom- 
 plished. A word more as to your own relation to the subject matter 
 of the sentiment, and I have done. 
 
 " Upon you, gentlemen of the Associated Alumni, and upon those 
 who succeed to your places in this society, rests the grave, I might 
 well say the awful, responsibility of henceforth making the judiciary 
 of the State all you desire — all that the great interests of the human 
 family demand. Upon you rest the duty and the obligation to make 
 it both respectable and respected — worthy of profound veneration, 
 and duly venerated. Upon you devolves the momentous duty of 
 securing the sanctuaries of the temple of justice from profanation — 
 of vigilantly guarding its portals and sacred approaches from the 
 intrusions of the unworthy, and of proclaiming to the unsanctified, 
 Frocul, O procid este, profani! So long as you, and those who come 
 after you, effectually do all this, so long will there be a substantial 
 and reliable guarantee for the continuance of civil and political 
 liberty, ' social security and general happiness,' and for the still 
 further ' improvement and progress of our race.' " 
 
236 HISTORY OF THE COIJ.RGK OF CALIFOR.V/A. 
 
 Thus closed the fifth and the last of the meetings of the 
 " Associated Alumni of the Pacific Coast," held under the 
 auspices of the College of California. The list of Alumni 
 resident on the Pacific Coast so far as could be ascertained 
 was reported at this meeting. The list is given in the eighth 
 number of the Appendix. 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 SUMMARY OF THE WORK OF THE COLLEGE. 
 
 After Commencement came the annual meeting of the 
 Board of Trustees of the College. At that meeting I made 
 my last annual report to that body. In it I went more into 
 detail than ever before, having made a careful study of the 
 history of the College and its financial progress. Commenc- 
 ing with the College School, or Preparatory Department, the 
 report went on to say: "It began in 1853. It was slowly 
 built up to a self-sustainin;.; point. Besides instructing many 
 hundreds of young men in the ordinary branches of useful 
 knowledge, it brought forward students ready to enter upon 
 college standing in the year i860. Since that date, although 
 this Board thought best to part with the ownership of the 
 College School, it has always been recognized by its proprie- 
 tor. Professor Brayton, and by the public, as still the Prepara- 
 tory Department of the College. In fact, it has been, itself, 
 as truly a college all this time as the other institutions in 
 this State known as "colleges" have been, with only this 
 difference, that in individual cases some of them have ad- 
 vanced some students through the usual college course to 
 graduation. The College of California alone has gone 
 beyond this, and maintained the regular college organization 
 of the four annual classes, taught separately by a Faculty ex- 
 clusively employed in their instruction. This organization 
 was established by this Board, in the year i860, and has 
 been maintained to this time (1868-69). The Faculty con- 
 sists of its executive officer, the Vice-President, three professors, 
 two of whom have been employed in the College exclusively, 
 and three instructors, one of whom has been wholly employed 
 
288 IIISTOR V OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIE-OKNIA. 
 
 in the College, and the other two a portion of the time. Six 
 classes have completed their course of education in the 
 College, and have been graduated, receiving the appropriate 
 degree. Three of the young men have already entered the 
 ministry of the gospel, seven have commenced the practice 
 of law, and one has become a physician, and one a mining 
 engineer. Others more recently graduated are prosecuting 
 their professional studies. A bold stand has been made, thus 
 early in the history of the State, in favor of liberal education. 
 In our historic system of education in America the college 
 has its well-defined place. It does not propose to fit young 
 men directly for specific business or professional life. This 
 is the work of high schools, seminaries, scientific and profes- 
 sional schools. But the college undertakes to train men as 
 men. It undertakes to do for the mind what the gymnasium 
 does for the body. It seeks to develop and strengthen the 
 mental faculties by exercise, by systematic and prolonged 
 training. There are those among our youth who seek such a 
 culture. They take delight in this inspiring mental exercise. 
 And they grow by means of it into a s)-mmetrical and well- 
 rounded manhood. To be sure, the number of such is small 
 as yet. The whole spirit of society is for the practical, the 
 material, for enterprise, money-making, and using money. 
 But those who do seek this liberal education among us, 
 ought not to seek it in vain. Young men of capacity ought 
 to be encouraged to undertake it. They should be persuaded 
 to take time for it, while they are young, and before they 
 come to the age when business requirements forbid this use 
 of time. If they follow this course in their earlier years, 
 then, when they come to their professions, or have to assume 
 the responsibilities of business life, it is with an ample and a 
 generous preparation. They come to their life-work trained 
 to perceive, to reason, to discriminate, to judge, and to ex- 
 press themselves in writing and in speech. With this 
 preparation they are expected to excel, and, as a rule, they 
 do excel. The College of California has declared for this 
 education, strictly so called. This has been its standard. It 
 
SUMMARY OF THE WORK OF THE COLLEGE. 239 
 
 may have been set up too early. The expensi\e work may 
 have been assumed some years too soon, but we did not 
 think so. When there were young men wanting a college 
 education, we believed that citizens would see that there 
 should be a college made ready for them. We believed that 
 the generous East, endowing their own colleges with millions, 
 and sending hundreds of thousands of dollars to help the 
 young colleges in the interior, would stand by us, too, in the 
 beginning of our work on this remotest ocean shore. And so 
 this college standard of liberal education was here set up, 
 and has been here maintained firmly for these nine years. 
 And now, for reasons which we have canvassed well, it is 
 thought best to hand the work over to the State. 
 
 " We have in view a university. There may need to be a 
 Department of Agriculture, and of Mining, and of Engineer- 
 ing, and of Mechanics, etc., but there must be an Academical 
 College, with its standard of scholarship and moral training 
 high, or it will not meet the expectations of the State. And 
 more especially, it will not satisfy the friends of this College 
 who have ventured to invest so much in it. 
 
 " In its nine years' work, the College of California has 
 rallied many supporters around it. In this it has done a 
 great deal more than any other institution on this coast. 
 And when we compare it with the beginnings of colleges in 
 other new States, I cannot find the statistics of one that has 
 grown faster, or that has acquired more property on its own 
 ground in its first ten years. At the same time the College 
 has become known, and honorably known, among the young 
 institutions of the country. The Alumni meetings tl at have 
 been invited and held with us, have had a very great influence 
 in combining the influence of educated men in the interest of 
 higher learning in this State. Large numbers of the Alumni 
 of American and European colleges and universities resident 
 here have assembled at our Commencements, and in many 
 ways have manifested sympathy with the College. This 
 working together of the.se men with us, was eloquently 
 alluded to by President Hopkins in a recent sermon before 
 
240 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 the Western College Society, as illustrating the ' sympathy 
 of educated men with each other, and their readiness to work 
 together in everything that will enlighten and elevate the 
 community.' In fact the published addresses and proceed- 
 ings of these literary festivals of ours have awakened a lively 
 interest abroad; and they constitute no unimportant part of 
 the best home literature of the State. As to its funds, the 
 College has derived them, in the first place, from direct con- 
 tributions. These have been solicited, from time to time, ever 
 since the commencement of the Preparatory Department six- 
 teen years ago. In all the earlier years this soliciting was 
 done voluntarily by members of this Board. The funds have 
 been obtained in small sums. From the b<joks it appears 
 that the whole number of subscriptions collected is four hun- 
 dred and thirty-one; and their total amount is $58,825.77. 
 The largest of these donations, and the only one above 
 $1,000, was that of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, 
 which was $5,000. Of donations varying from $500 to $1,000 
 there were eight; between $100 and $500, there were fifty- 
 three ; in just $100, two hundred and thirty-one ; in sums 
 less than $100, one hundred and thirty-eight. This analysis 
 points to th • amount of work it has cost to obtain so many 
 subscriptions and collect so many small sums. Not more 
 than one person in four applied to subscribed, and therefore 
 to obtain a favorable answer from as many as four hundred 
 and thirty-one, took a great deal of time. In many cases it 
 took several conversations to bring the desired answer, and 
 very often all the conversations went for nothing. No, not 
 quite for nothing, for they contributed to make the College 
 known, and awaken a feeling of responsibility to sustain it. 
 
 " A further analysis of these contributions shows whence 
 they came. Oakland, where the College is situated, has given 
 $1,208; San Francisco, $47, 147 ; Sacramento, $4,450; Marys- 
 ville, $1,443; Stockton, $400; from miscellaneous sources, 
 $2,177.77. To this add $7,000, received at various times 
 from the Western College Society at the Fast, and with the 
 exception of a limited sum which I cannot exactly give, 
 
SUMMARY OF THE WORK OF THE COLLEGE. 241 
 
 received for tuition, it makes the total amount of cash con- 
 tributions to the College in sixteen years since the commence- 
 ment of the Preparatory Department, $63,825.77. Within 
 the nine years since the organization of the College, there has 
 been paid out for salaries of professors, instructors, furniture, 
 apparatus, buildings, books, printing, repairs, and insurance, 
 $93.0777^. which sum is more, by $29,522.49, than the entire 
 amount of cash contributions to the College. This latter 
 sum is a part of the income derived from the sale of portions 
 of land owned by the College. The College has donated the 
 Berkeley site, one hundred and sixty acres of choice land, for 
 the location of the State University, and has remaining 
 property in value, above its liabilities, estimated at $50,000- 
 It thus appears that after paying all the expenses of the 
 College for nine years, and donating the above-named site 
 for the University, the College has left property very nearly 
 equal in value to all the cash contributions ever made to it. 
 
 The property allifded to in this last paragraph consisted of 
 the tvyo College blocks, with the College buildings, etc., in 
 Oakland, and in unsold building lots at Berkeley, together 
 with the hill land jeast of the College site, and the water 
 works already in operation, and water rights, some of which 
 were perfected and others still under negotiation. I have no 
 copy of the schedule of this property which was presented to 
 the Trustees with the foregoing report, but the estimated 
 value was as above stated — a value probably not to have 
 been realized under a forced sale, but by being disposed of as 
 private property would naturally be to the best advantage. 
 Of the hill land, the portion lying farthest east — a tract con- 
 sisting of something over one hundred acres — was owned in 
 common with several others, being a part of a large tract 
 of undivided mountain land. 
 
 This hundred-acre tract, however, was fenced and in our 
 possession, and had been in the possession of the owner 
 before us, being used as pasture. Many efforts were made to 
 get a division of this entire tract between the owners, but up 
 to that time it had not been accomplished. I consulted all 
 16 
 
242 fllSTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALLFORNLA. 
 
 the owners, and they agreed that when the division should 
 take place, they would concede to the College the inclosed 
 tract in question as that which should be set off to it 
 This was important because one of the best springs of water 
 was on this tract. And it needed only that the College 
 should appear as one of the parties, at the time of division, to 
 select this as its portion, and perfect in the College its sepa- 
 rate ownership. But at that time no one could tell when an 
 agreement would be made by the owners in common to 
 divide. It was necessary that this matter should be watched, 
 and attended to in time, and then the ownership could be 
 made perfect. It was intended also to bring Strawberry 
 Creek and the ravine under the control of the College Water 
 Company, according to the law for supplying towns and 
 cities with water, and it would have been done if the College 
 had gone on, but in the crowd of things during the last year, 
 it had not then been actually accomplished, and the transfer 
 to the State suspended all proceedings. The Tru.stees of the 
 College alwajs set a very high value on the hill land, and re- 
 garded the unquestioned control of it as necessary to the 
 proper development and undisturbed use of the College 
 grounds. 
 
 The following is a list of the members of the Board of 
 Trustees of the College of California, and of the Faculty and 
 teachers, and also a list of its graduates, and of those u[)on 
 whom the College conferred honorary degrees. 
 
 ROLL OF TRUSTEES. 
 
 Heg.in. Ktidc'I. 
 
 Hon. Frederick Billings 1855 1870 
 
 Hon. Sherman Day 1855 1870 
 
 Rev. Samuel H. Willey, I). I) 1S55 1870 
 
 Rev. T. Dwight Hunt 1855 1856 
 
 Mark Hrummagim, Escj 1855 1864 
 
 Rev. E. H. Walsworth, 0. i) 1855 1870 
 
 Rev. Joseph A. Benton, J). 1) 1855 1870 
 
 Edward McLean, Esq 1855 1870 
 
 Kcv. Henry Duranl, LL.l).... ,..1855 1870 
 
SUMAfARY OF THE IfOKA' OF THE COLLEGE. 24S 
 
 Francis W. Page, psq 1855 1862 
 
 Robert Simson, Esq 1855 1870 
 
 A. H. Wilder, M. D 1855 1856 
 
 Rev. Samuel B Bell, D. D ., 1855 1864 
 
 Hon. R. H; Waller .-1856 18C5 
 
 Hon. J. B. Crockett 1856 1858 
 
 Ira r. Rankin, Esq 1856 1870 
 
 E. B. Goddard, Esq 1856 1864 
 
 Rev. W. C.Anderson, D. D 1858 1864 
 
 F. W. Macoodray, Esq 1856 1 860 
 
 Rt. Rev. W. Ingraham Kip, D. D 1856 1859 
 
 Rev. Benjamin Bfierly - 1859 1859 
 
 A. B. Forbes, Esq .-. 1859 1864 
 
 Rev. E. S. Lacy ._ ....-1859 1864 
 
 Peder Sather, Esq _. i860 1863 
 
 Rev. D. B. Cheney, D. D... i860 1864 
 
 Hon. Edward Stanley -. 1 860 1 864 
 
 Hon. John C. Fremont i860 1862 
 
 J. B. Thomas, Esg i860 1864 
 
 Rev. T. Starr King^. 1862 1864 
 
 Rev. C. R. Hendrickson - .1862 1864 
 
 Rev. Laurentine Hanjilton - -1864 1870 
 
 Rev. L C. Bayles ..1864 1864 
 
 Thomas Hardy, E^ij 1864 1870 
 
 N'^'illiam Norris, Esci - .-- 1864 1870 
 
 Robt. B. Swain, Es.q - - 1864 1S70 
 
 R. B. ^Voodward, Esq 1864 1870 
 
 ^\■illianl Sherman, Estj - . 1864 1870 
 
 Anson G. Stiles, Esq 1864 1870 
 
 Jacob Underbill, Esq . - . . 1 864 1870 
 
 Hon. William Alvord - 1 864 1870 
 
 Gerritt W. Bell, Es^ . . . . . . _ 1864 1866 
 
 W. C. Ralston, Esq 1865 1870 
 
 Rev. Horatio Stebi^ins, D. D 1865 1870 
 
 J. W. Stowe, Esq --1865 1870 
 
 Hon. J. W. Dwindle, LL.D 1866 1870 
 
 Rev. A. L.Stone, D.D-.-, - 1867 1870 
 
 Rev. H. M. Scudder, D. D 1867 1870 
 
 Rev. James Eells, D. D ! 1867 1870 
 
244 r/ISTOKV OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 SECRETARY OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 
 
 Rev. S. H. Willey 1855 1869 
 
 TREASURERS. 
 
 Edward McLean .- 1855 1859 
 
 Mark Brummagim 1859 1865 
 
 W. C. Ralston 1865 1870 
 
 FACULIY AND TEACHERS. 
 
 Vice-President. 
 
 Rev. Samuel H. Willey, M. A ^- 1862 1869 
 
 Professor of I he Greek Language and Literature. 
 
 Rev. Henry Durant, LL.D 1859 1S70 
 
 Professor of the Latin Language and Litiraturt. 
 
 Rev. Mariin Kellogg, M. A - 1859 1870 
 
 Professor of Rhetoric and English Language. 
 
 Rev. Isaac H. Bray ton, M. A i860 1869 
 
 Professors of Natural Science. 
 
 William H. Brewer, M. A - -1863 1864 
 
 WillardB. Rising, Ph. D 1867 1868 
 
 Instructor in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy. 
 
 Rev. Francis I). Hodgson, M. A- - i86i 1865 
 
 Teacher in French. 
 
 C. L. Des Rochers i860 1870 
 
 Teachers in German. 
 
 Thomas C Barker . . - 1863 1.S64 
 
 S. S. Sanborn, M. A -1865 1866 
 
 Henry Hillchrand, M. .'V .1866 1868 
 
 Teacher in Mathematics. 
 
 \V. K. Rf)woll. M. A i860 1862 
 
 Teacher in Spanish. 
 Jose Manuel Y'banez .i860 1863 
 
SUMMARY OF THE WORK OF THE COLLEGE. '245 
 
 ALUMNI. 
 
 1864 — James Alexander Daly, David _ Leeman Emerson, Albert 
 Franklin Lyle, Charles Turner Tracy. 
 
 1865 — John Raglan Glascock, Elijah Janes, deorge, Edwin Sher- 
 man, Gardner Fred Williams. 
 
 1866 — Charles Ashley Garter, Lowell James Hardy, William 
 Douglas Harwood, Clarence Fonteneau Townsend. 
 
 1867 — William Gibbons, Marcus Phillips Wiggin. 
 
 1868 — John L. Beard, Clinton Day, Charles A. Dudley, Richard 
 E. Poston, Charles A. Wetmore. 
 
 1869 — Nathaniel D. Arnot, Jr., Douglass T> Fowler, John Burke 
 Reddick, Samuel M. Redington. 
 
 HONORARY DEGREES. 
 / 
 
 1865 — M. A. — Hon. John Bidwell, Hon. Aaron A. Sargent, Hon. 
 Delos Lake, Hon. John Swett, Samuel L C. Swezey, Esq., Wm. H. 
 L. Barnes, Esq., Samuel Hale Parker, Esq. 
 
 1865— D. D.— Rev. Martin C Briggs. 
 
 1865— LL.D.— Hon. Oscar L. Shafter. 
 
 1866— M. A.— George W. Bunnell, Esq., Hon. E. D. Sawyer, H. 
 P. Carlton, Esq., H. W. Cleveland, Esq., Hon. Charles A. Tuttle. 
 
 1867— M. A. — F. M. Campbell, Esq., George Tait, Esq., Rev. 
 James Wylie, Freeman Ciates, Esq., Henry Hillebrand, Esq. 
 
 1867 — D. D. — Rev. John Chittenden. 
 
 After considerable delay, the Board of Regents of the Llni- 
 versity of California was organized. As soon as they had 
 taken a careful survey of the situation, they sent a communi- 
 cation to the Trustees of the College of California, stating 
 that the University could not be put in readiness to take up 
 the work of the College at once, and asking that the College 
 would continue on instructing the classes through the college 
 year 1868-69. This request the Trustees of the College voted 
 to comply with, and so the exercises of the College went on 
 through that year, as before, without interruption. At its 
 close, in June, 1869, the sixth class was graduated, consisting, 
 as above stated, of Nathaniel D. Arnot, Jr., Douglass T. 
 Fowler, John Burke Reddick, and Samuel M. Redington. 
 
 In the spring of 1869 the Trustees of the College received 
 
246 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 from the Regents of the University the following communi- 
 cation, dated — 
 
 "San Francisco, April 6, 1869. 
 " To the President and Trustees of the College of California — 
 
 " Gentlemen : At a meeting of the Board of Regents of the Uni- 
 versity of California held on this 5th inst., the following resolutions 
 were unanimously adopted : — 
 
 ^^ Resolved, That the Board of Regents take this occasion to repeal (lie ex- 
 pression of their profounil appreciation of the far-seeing public spirit, devotion to 
 learning and to the good of the commonwealth manifested by the Trustees of the 
 College of California in tlie resolutions passed by their Board, October 9, 1867, 
 to 7vil: 
 
 " ^Resolved, That the President and Board of Trustees of the College of Cali- 
 fornia hereby offer to donate and convey to the State Board of Directors of the 
 Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College, one hundred and sixty acres 
 of land in the township of Oakland, Alameda County, including the land between 
 the two ravines, commonly known as the California College site, for the site and 
 farm of the said State College. 
 
 " ' Resolved, That in making this donation, the College of California is in- 
 fluenced by the earnest hope and confident expectation that the State of Cali- 
 fornia will forthwith organize, and put into operation upon the site, a University 
 of California which shall include a College of Mines, a College of Civil Engi- 
 neering, a College of Mechanics, a College of Agriculture, and an Academical 
 College, all of the same grade, and with courses of instruction equal to those of 
 Eastern colleges. 
 
 " ' Resolved, That the President and Secretary of this Board be authorized to 
 enter into a contract with the State Board of Directors of the Agricultural, Min- 
 ing, and Mechanical Arts College to the effect that whenever a University of Cali- 
 fornia shall be established as contemplated in the next preceding resolution, then 
 the College of California will disincorporate, and. after discharging atl its debts, 
 pay over its net assets to such University.' 
 
 And that we recognize in those resolutions the incipient germ of the .State Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 " Resolved, That in view of these important trusts prospectively confided to us 
 by those resolutions, we do hereby signify to the Trustees of the College of Cali- 
 fornia our sense of responsibility, and our purpose and intent to preserve, cherish, 
 and carry forward to jiosterity those trusts in the same enlightened spirit in which 
 they are confided to us. 
 
 " Resolved, That for the purpose of simplifying our relations, and for the 
 greater facility in the management of our affairs, we do hereby express to the 
 Trustees of the College of California our readiness now to conclude the transac- 
 
SUMMARY OF THE WORK OF 'I HE COLLEGE. 247 
 
 tions by which their institution and its eflFects are to be transferred to the Univer- 
 sity. 
 
 ^^ Resolved, That the Regents will, in case of these conclusive acts, carry for- 
 ward, without interruption, as classes in the University those now in the College 
 of California, and such as may join them, in the buildings of the College of Cal- 
 ifornia, until this Board shall be ready to receive those classes and such students 
 in the contemplated University buildings at Berkeley. 
 
 " Resolved, That if the Trustees of the College of California are pleased to 
 accept this proposal and stipulations made in these resolutions, we do hereby re- 
 quest them to signify the same to this Board, and to communicate their wishes 
 concerning time, place, and occasion for that important transaction. 
 " I am, gentlemen, very truly yours, 
 
 "Andrew J. Mouluer, 
 '■'■Setretary of Regents, University of California.'''' 
 
 After a delay of some months for th^ purpose of settling 
 certain legal questions involved, the final transfer was made, 
 and all th e assets o f Jthe^Xollege pLCalifornia were turned 
 over tojhe UniversLty of California. 
 
APJfifeipiX. 
 
 ff ^' Of Tui 
 
 Xjy iVEESIJ 
 
 I. ANNIVERSARY ORATION, 1858. By John B. 
 
 Felton - 251 
 
 II. ALUMNI MEETING, 1864 263 
 
 III. COMMENCEMENT ORATION— "THE UNI- 
 
 VERSITY." By Henry Dur.vnt 320 
 
 IV. THE PROJECr FOR THE IMPROVEMENT 
 
 OF THE COLLEGE PROPERTY. By Fred 
 L.wv Olmsted, Esq 334 
 
 V. ADDRESS BEFORE THE ASSOCIATED 
 
 ALUMNI. By Rev. A. L. Stone, D. D 360 
 
 VI. POEM. By Bret Harte 375 
 
 VII. REV. DR. BENTON'S COMMENCEMENT ORA- 
 TION .. . 3S0 
 
 VIII. ADDRESS BEFORE THE ALUMNI ASSOCIA- 
 TION. By Rev. I. E. Dwinell, D. D. 397 
 
 IX. ALUMNI RESIDENT ON THE PACIFIC COAST, 
 
 1867- -- -- - 412 
 
I. ANNIVERSARY ORATION." 
 
 By John B. Felton. 
 
 Mr. President and Trustees: A week ago I went to visit 
 the spot which you have selected as the site of the future University 
 of California. I was accompanied by one of your number, one of 
 the pioneers in the great and sacred cause of education in California, 
 Early in 1849, when the thousands who flocked to these shores saw 
 in them but a dreary place of exile, where they were to dig and to 
 delve wearily for a few years — when but one picture filled the imagi- 
 nation of the Californian, and that was his return to his home laden 
 with the glittering spoils of our rivers, our plains, and our mountains 
 — amid all the exciting turmoil and agitation of the California pioneer 
 life, this gentleman, the Rev. Mr. Willey, with one or two kindred 
 spirits, conceived and matured the plan of a great California Univer- 
 sity. As we rode along, he told me of his alternate hopes and dis- 
 couragements, of the heroic men who had, one by one, associated 
 themselves in the great enterprise, of the munificent donations 
 already made, and the gradually yet surely spreading enthusiasm in 
 the cause of education. He told me of the modest and learned 
 preceptor of your preparatory school — how quietly and noiselessly, 
 but with how earnest and unflagging zeal, he had worked in his holy 
 mission; and in yon neat and tasteful building, its ample play-grounds, 
 and, more than all, in the intelligent and happy faces of the scholars, 
 I saw the success that had already crowned his work. 
 
 We came at length to the spot which the taste of one of New 
 England's ripest and choicest scholars has selected for the future 
 home of California science and letters. It would be risking little to 
 
 'This oration was delivered on Friday, October i, 1858, at the fourth anni- 
 versary of the College Sclioi •!. 
 
252 JJISTOKY OF THE COLLEGE OF CA LIFORAUA. 
 
 say that nowhere in the world could a place be found more lovely or 
 more exquisitely adapted to its repose. Sheltered by the mountains 
 from the winds of the ocean, the student will drink in health and 
 strength from a climate more beautiful, and an air more pure, than 
 that which attracts to Italy the death-shunning invalid. Copious 
 streams, that shall hereafter be classic, descend from ravines in the 
 mountains, and long lines of majestic trees stand like sentinels on 
 the banks. At a short distance stretches the great harbor of San 
 Francisco, whose broad breast can bear the navies of the world; and 
 on its other side is that restless and agitated city which, having known 
 no infancy, but leaping into existence, as Minerva sprang from the 
 brain of Jove, fully armed and matured, seems to crave the healthful 
 and calming influence of a great university. In full view, towards 
 the ocean, beyond where the fort of Alcatraz points its threatening 
 guns, the Golden Gate lies lapped in the glorious light that gave it 
 its prophetic name. And the last glance of the future student of 
 California as he leaves his native shore — his first returning glance as 
 he welcomes home — shall fall on the spires of his own Alma Mater. 1 
 There is one striking feature in the system of education as you 
 have planned, which struck me on my visit so forcibly that I have 
 made it the subject of my address to you to-day. I mean, that part 
 of it which unites the preparatory school for children with what, in 
 common language, is called the university. It is a great defect in 
 the systems of collegiate education in Eastern States, that they begin 
 only with the youth as he approaches manhood — that they do not 
 embrace in their scope the infant and growing boy. The student 
 commences what is called his "education " at the average of sixteen 
 years; and the four years between that and twenty, spent within the 
 walls of a college, entitle him to claim the distinction of calling him- 
 self a "liberally educated" man. But at the age of sixteen, the stu- 
 dent is rather a man than a boy, so far as regards the purpose of 
 education. He is still in the spring of life, if you will; but it is the 
 late spring as it verges on summer. The time for planting the seed, 
 and nursing and tending the young plant on which the hope of an 
 abundant harvest depends, has long since past, and past irrevocably 
 and forever. For, as nature divides, by her inexorable laws, the 
 seed-time from the growing-time, and the growing-time from the reap- 
 ing, in the physical world, so, certainly, by laws equally immutable, 
 has she divided, in the mental world, tlie time for |)lanting, for ma 
 
APPEND IX. 253 
 
 luring, and the time for harvest. And equally hopeless would be the 
 task to harvest in the spring, and plant in the autumn, as to attempt 
 to imiiart, for the first time, to the mind of tlie man, the knowledge, 
 information, impulses, and habits of thought for the acquirement of 
 which nature created the age of childhood. 
 
 It is a truth which cannot be too strongly impressed on the mind 
 of the teacher, and of those who are maturing a system of education, 
 that vast and most important branches of learning must be learned 
 by the child under fourteen years old, or they must be abandoned 
 forever. Recollect that all the facts of the external world, all those 
 facts which, generalized, constitute the physical sciences, arc acquired 
 by the mind through the mediums of the physical organs of the 
 senses — through the mouth, the nose, the eye, the ear, and the hand. 
 Recollect, too, that these same organs, plastic and easily moulded to 
 every shape and every habit in the child, readily taught to obey with 
 instinctive quickness the least promptings of the mind, become but 
 rigid and unimpressiblc pieces of flesh and bone in the untrained 
 man. The habits which these organs acquire in childhood, become 
 the fi.xed, unchangeable habits of mature life; and unless the scientific 
 teacher begins his work early, and in time, the eye will forever be dull, 
 the ear will hear but a confused and clashing mass of sounds where 
 it should revel in exquisite harmony; the voice will refuse its intona- 
 tions to respond to the emotions of the heart, and the whole body 
 will become a reluctant and hesitating servant of the mind which it 
 enfeebles. 
 
 The habit of scientific observation — of discriminating differences 
 in color, distance, size, shape, perfume, sound, smell, and touch — the 
 habit of dexterously using all the limbs and members of the body, 
 without which no one can become a successful scientific operator or 
 manipulator, are habits which should be acquired in childhood, be- 
 fore the senses are palsied by disuse, and while the body is pliant and 
 ductile. To aid in forming these habits, you have the eager, grasp- 
 ing, irrepressible, and audacious curiosity of the child — that desire to 
 see and know everything in this great museum into which he has 
 been ushered, to trace all causes and see all effects. It has often 
 seemed to me that it should be the one great end and aim of educa- 
 tion to keep alive this curiosity as long as possible; that the true 
 function of the teacher is not so much to make the child a man, as 
 it is to keep the man a child. For, while this curiosity is fully alive. 
 
2.)t HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 the whole mind and the whole body of the child are stimulated to 
 an exertion healthful and playful, of which the matured man is in- 
 capable. The motives which stimulate the adult to exertion, the 
 necessity for food and shelter, the desire of riches, the love of glory, 
 or learning, and even the still more elevated incentive of philanthropy 
 are feeble in comparison with this instinctive grasping for knowledge, 
 which nature has placed in the mind of the child. Under its influence 
 the quick memory of the infant, though left to itself without a teacher, 
 grasps more facts, catches more sounds, learns more motions than 
 are acquired in the entire after life. The grown-up man may spend 
 his night and years in study, yet he cannot acquire a new language so 
 perfectly, he cannot incorporate it so completely into his mind, he can- 
 not so thoroughly imbue himself with its spirit, as does the child when 
 in its moments of play, unconscious of work, it catches the thousands 
 of dissimilar words, the countless analogies, the vast and complicated 
 relations of its mother tongue, and lays them up in the vast store- 
 house of its mind, there to remain forever. Metaphysicians tell us 
 that when the faculties of the old man are decayed, when memory 
 grows dim and reason falters, his mind loses the memory of all that 
 he has acquired in his riper years, and, leaping over the interval that 
 separates his age from his childhood, returns to the images, the facts 
 and impressions which in the first dawn of life were stamped there. 
 So, as nature takes her leave of the pilgrim whom she has conducted 
 from childhood to the tomb, she asserts even in her last moments 
 that the first age of man is the age for acquiring knowledge, that 
 what is then learned is more firmly fastened, more indelibly stamped, 
 more a part of the man, than those later acquisitions, made with toil 
 and brain-fatiguing study, which form the boast of the man. 
 
 The age of childhood — and. by the age of childhood I mean to 
 include, at most, the first ten or twelve years of life — is the time 
 when the powers of observation must be cultivated; and those 
 branches of knowledge which are acquired by observation, by imita- 
 tion, and l)y memory, must be learned. This truth is a familiar one 
 to all teachers; yet, strange to say, it is disregarded in practice. It 
 is disregarded, both in the mode in which the young scholar is taught 
 the studies proper for his years, and in the order in which these stud- 
 ies are arranged. 
 
 The jjhysical sciences, which have grown up first from the obser- 
 vation of the isolated facts, and then by the grouping together of 
 
ArrEA'D/X. 255 
 
 these facts, until a law or general lact is obtained, why should they 
 not be taught in the order in which man has learned them ? If you 
 wish to teach a child electricity, give him the sealing-wax, the electrical 
 machine, the Lcydenjar, and the battery. Let him, through his own 
 observation, through his own fingers, eyes, mouth, and ears, acquire 
 delight, as he will — for man has never yet invented toys that catch 
 the fancy of the child like these — the physical facts which form the 
 basis of this branch of science. If he be learning geology or botany, 
 carry him, with his hammer and basket in his hand, on your rambles 
 in the field — see that his pockets are stuffed with specimens, and 
 that on his return they are scientifically arranged on his shelves. In 
 geography, give him the globe. Point out to him th'^.c grand analo- 
 gies in form and grouping of rivers and niountains, of islands, seas 
 oceans, and continents, which, although they required the mind of a 
 r)acon or a Humboldt to discover, once discovered, arc as interesting 
 and intelligible to the child as to the grown-up man. Then you will 
 bring into play those pliant fingers, those restless eyes, and those 
 delicately attuned ears. So, knowledge will enter into the mind 
 mrough its proper avenues. So, the curiosity of the child will be 
 kept stimulated, active, and alive; and so, and so only, will the child 
 give unimpaired to the man the faculties which nature gave to the 
 child. Is this the mode in which the sciences are taught in our 
 schools and colleges ? Is it not a fact that the most abstruse books 
 of science are put into the hands of the scholar; and that, in an in- 
 verted order, both to the nature of the child and the nature of the 
 science itself, the child commences with the abstract theory ere a 
 single fact is brought to his observation ? Is it not true that even 
 those facts which he acquires, he learns not through the medium of 
 nature, but by the painful, dry, discouraging process of tracing them 
 through tediously lettered diagrams and long and barren descrip- 
 tions? 
 
 I go back, as I speak, to my own experience. I recall our pub- 
 lic examinations where parents went into ecstacies at the prodigious 
 ]jrogress of their boys. I remember those astonishing feats of mem- 
 ory, of which childhood alone is capable. How we went, unfalter- 
 ingly and accurately, through long and bewildering experiments in 
 chemistry, ere we had ever seen the vivid light or the electric flash, 
 or : hivered to the shock of the electric batter)'. How learned!}' and 
 glibly we talked of plants phanerogamous and plants cryptogamous ; 
 
256 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORMLA. 
 
 yet in the garden near, that in summer filled the school-room with 
 its perfume, we could scarcely have told a rose from a hollyhock. 
 
 As I have said, it is not merely in the manner in which the stud- 
 ies are taught that the nature of .the child and the nature of the 
 science are ignored. There are certain branches of learning, and 
 these among the most important, which are for the first time taught 
 to the grown-u]) boy, when they should be the very first imparted to 
 the child. Among others I will instance the modern languages, — the 
 I'rcnch, German, Spanish, and Italian. The facilities for intercom- 
 munication between all parts of the world, the necessities of com- 
 merce, the sympathies which are rapidly binding the great nations of 
 the world into one common family — all require, imperatively, that 
 the educated man of one nation should be able to communicate 
 freely and easily with the educated man of the others. Public at- 
 tention is greatly attracted to this requirement of education ; and 
 there is, I am sorry to say, a growing disposition to sacrifice the 
 cla.ssics to modern languages. Perhaps those who have defended 
 the utility of the classics have, by their erroneous reasoning, done 
 much to weaken their cause. They have alleged as one of the great 
 uses of classic study, the facility which their acquisition gives to the 
 acquirement of the modern languages, because, as they say, so ninny 
 of the words and constructions, and so much of their spirit, are de- 
 rived from the Greek and Latin. Yet everyone knows that in expe- 
 rience, similarity in words, derivations and construction in two 
 languages, serve to bewilder, perpleX; and confuse. Much as I value 
 the classic studies, high as I e.steem those master languages and those 
 master works, which the common consent of all civilized nations has 
 for centuries given for food to the growing and ingenious mind of 
 youth, I would not contend that the Greek and Latin scholar, how- 
 ever deeply he may have drunk from the j^ure fountain of antitjuityi 
 has the least advantage over the educated man in the acquisition of 
 the living languages. 
 
 How well I remember my mortification, when, fresh from my 
 college education, proud of my little store of Latin and Greek, with 
 an implicit belief in what my teachers had told me, that in them I 
 possessed the key of all languages, I found, while traveling in France, 
 my most vigorous efforts in acquiring the French, easily eclipsed by 
 one of my comrades who had never been accustomed to study of 
 any kind. On my return to my native land, some little children of 
 
APPENDIX. 257 
 
 five or six years old, who, when I left, were ignorant of any language 
 but their own, had, in the meantime, without book or study, without 
 losing a moment from play, acquired in all its purity and grace — ac- 
 (juired so that it seemed not an acquisition, but their mother-tongue 
 — the language which I had almost uselessly toiled to learn. Why 
 was it that the grown-up man, accustomed to labor and study, had 
 seen his most strenuous efforts so easily surpassed by the play of the 
 child? 
 
 Yet the reason of this, when we reflect on the nature and struct- 
 ure of language, is so evident that it seems astonishing that the 
 teacher has ever fallen into the monstrous error of deferring the in- 
 struction of French, German, and Spanish, to the late age of sixteen 
 and seventeen — an age when, I say it boldly, it is impossible to learn 
 a living language. For I do not call to have learned a language, to 
 be able to speak bad grammar, in broken accents ; to use words and 
 phrases without feeling their force and appropriateness, and to task, 
 at every moment, the politeness and risibles of your hearers. You 
 have only learned a language when the word and the idea come as 
 simultaneously as the shock and the electric flash ; when, of two 
 words, whose meanings the dictionaries will tell you are identical, 
 the use of the one, in a certain connection, will seem to you dull and 
 commonplace, while the other will leap at once from the ear to the 
 heart, setting in motion in its passage whole torrents of emotions, of 
 feelings, and of passions. 
 
 What mother is there here who will not tell us the lesson she 
 learned from her first-born, that nature intended the age of the very 
 first childhood for being the time for acquiring languages? Then the 
 ear catches and distinguishes every sound; then that infinite power 
 of imitation seizes every shade of intonation, every variety of ex- 
 pression. The French " u," which we spend weeks in practicing, 
 twisting into sad contortions the tongue, mouth, and face — the En- 
 glish " th," with which we take an ample revenge on our French 
 neighbor — are alike to the child. He knows nothing about position 
 of teeth, tongue, or palate. He wants no rules of articulation. His 
 nurse or mother smiles or frowns upon him, as she pronounces 
 the shibboleth impossible to the grown-up man, and instantaneously, 
 as if by magic, the true, pure sound comes rolling from his lips. 
 The man may search uselessly through lexicons to find the exact 
 shade of meaning of a foreign word, and consult every author who 
 
 17 
 
258 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 has ever employed it ; but the child who has heard it carelessly used, 
 has seen the emotion, the gesture, the look that accompanied it, and 
 the word in its true significance, with all its hidden meaning, has 
 taken its place in the mind forever. All this we see and know. In 
 families whose lot has led them into foreign lands, we find children 
 at the age of seven or eight — children, too, endowed with nothing 
 but the ordinary faculties of children — who speak three or four lan- 
 guages. And yet we allow the ear to grow dull and listless, the eye 
 to become unobserving, the power of imitation to decay, and, at the 
 age of fifteen or sixteen years — when the mind has become so im- 
 bued with one language that, to acquire another, it must go through 
 the double process, first of clothing the idea in the language natural 
 to it, and then of translating the natural language into the foreign — 
 we commence the tardy and ungrateful task. 
 
 It may be asked in what manner, practically, and without a great 
 expense, the child can enjoy the advantages of teachers in foreign 
 languages at so early an age .-' I will throw out a passing suggestion 
 on the subject. Instead of employing American teachers to instruct 
 in the alphabet, the grammar, the primer, the easy lessons in geog, 
 raphy, a French, Spanish, or German school-mistress, fully compe- 
 tent to the task, could easily be obtained. It should be her duty to 
 forbid the child, either in play-hours, in the recess, or in the school, 
 to use any other than her language ; and the little sums, the easy 
 phrases, the descriptions of the earth, should all be recited and ex- 
 plained in the same tongue. Placing thus the mind of the child 
 under the constant necessity of finding a new outlet, it is astonishing 
 how soon it will roll its marbles and fly it,^ kite in French, and coax 
 and entreat in Spanish, and vent its dissatisfaction and its tears in 
 the gutteral German. So, then, by dexterously economizing the play 
 and the school-time of the child, without imposing upon it a suscep- 
 tible increase of toil, without retarding it in what are usually consid- 
 ered the grave branches of study, you can put to their legitimate use 
 these astonishing faculties, which last but for a season, unless most 
 carefully nurtured ; and you can give to the child what will be in the 
 man the most inestimable of all advantages, the power to roam at 
 will in all countries and in all literatures; to put himself and his 
 mind in direct communion with the great men and the great works 
 of all civilized countries; and you will have rescued the classics from 
 the unjust arriisations cast upon them, that they usurp and intrench 
 
ArrE.yniw 259 
 
 upon the time which would be more profitably given to the modern 
 tongues. 
 
 I have thus far contended that the teacher must recognize in the 
 child a being who has not only all the physical and mental faculties 
 of the man, but who has them in such a peculiar state that they can 
 be moulded at will to any habits and any developments; and that 
 these physical and mental faculties are under the direct control of a 
 powerful instinct, called curiosity, which, left to itself, soon decays 
 into listlessness and indifference, but becomes, by skillful training, 
 the strongest of all permanent motives — the love of learning. I 
 have urged as a corollary to this, that the true course of education is 
 to adapt itself to these facts ; to take advantage of the wonderful 
 physical and mental flexibility and pliancy of the infant, ere it is gone 
 forever, and to economize, develop, and give permanency to this 
 strange and all-controlling instinct of curiosity. This can be done 
 only by making the preparatory school for infants and growing boys 
 a necessary part of a university; and hence it is that I congratulate 
 you on the wisdom of the plan which you have marked out for the 
 future College of our State. 
 
 I pass over, for want of time, the countless advantages which will 
 spring from this union, and come to the one which seems to me the 
 most inestimable of all. It is this — that the child, in the age of all 
 others the most important, will be placed in direct communion with 
 the great literary and scientific minds of the country in which he 
 lives; that the man filled with genial learning, the ripe scholar whom 
 you have deemed worthy to be a professor in your University, shall 
 become the companion, the friend, and the teacher of the child. I 
 know that the idea will seem to many chimerical and visionary. The 
 practice of confiding the education of the infant to the weak and in- 
 competent, is so common that a certain sort of social inferiority 
 attaches itself to the very name of teacher of children. The very 
 refuse of our colleges — the minds which the professions reject with 
 disdain, the student who has contentedly taken his place at the bot- 
 tom of his class, the broken-down lawyer, the minister whose pews 
 are vacant — all look to teaching for their scanty support ; and the 
 more they are incompetent, the younger are the children committed 
 to their care. The profession of teaching has become a kind of 
 hospital for the blind, the lame, and the halt among liberally educated 
 men. As I have seen poor, tortured children, repeating, parrot-like, 
 their wearily learned lessons, that have tasked their memory, and 
 
260 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNL\. 
 
 wearied and discouraged every other faculty of mind and body — as I 
 have seen gaping school-masters look longingly at the clock, that told 
 them how much of their three hours' toil remained — as I have seen 
 the (juick, living mind of the child brought into contact with the 
 sluggish, dead mind of the teacher — it has seemed to me that here a 
 greater atrocity was committed than those which the terrible ingenuity 
 of the In(]uisition suggested when it tied the healthy man to the loath- 
 some corpse, and left the living and the dead to corrupt together. 
 
 Turn for a moment to a more agreeable jMcture. Come with me 
 to the pleasant fields of our own classic Cambridge, and join with 
 me the noisy, turbulent troop of children, who are running eagerly at 
 the call of a genial man of some fifty years, who has just picked up 
 a stone from the ground. The man towards whom the boys are 
 running as to a father, is the friend of Cuvier and Humboldt, the 
 honored of scholars — one whom France has sought by bribe of place 
 and rank to win to her own country, already so rich in scientific men 
 — he is the learned Agassiz. With what eager delight these young, 
 fresh minds hang on the lips of the genuine teacher ! With what a 
 thirst their young souls drink in the clear stream that flows over from 
 the exhaustless mind! The scientific truth hid in that humble peb- 
 ble has been imparted, and joyfully the search for new stones and 
 new truths is resumed. And so, alternately, the teacher and the 
 taught, the honored, scientific man and the unfledged boy, refresh 
 themselves together at the i)ure founts of nature. The boy catches 
 from the man that quickness of investigation, that activity of eye, 
 finger, limb, and i)rain, that restless longing to explore and discover 
 all that this world has of hidden beauty, which the man has learned 
 in years of close communion with nature alone in the solitary Alps, 
 and by the heaving glacier. And the mind of the man, hardened 
 by the wear and tear of half a century, acquires a new freshness and 
 a new life from its contact with these young and glowing minds. 
 
 And this scene, the union of the preparatory school and the col- 
 lege, in the University which you are now rearing, will make a fre- 
 (juent one on our California shore. The learned professor of Creek 
 will unbend from his studies to tell the delighted scholar, in the 
 genial language which true learning gives, the glowing stories of the 
 Iliad and the Odyssey; the learned astronomer will sometimes at 
 night point his telescope to the heavens, and the wonders of science 
 will fill the dreams of the astonished and awe-struck child, and in 
 the pleasure which the child sees radiant in the face of the teacher, 
 
APPENDIX. I'ei 
 
 as some new idea is developed, some scientific fact discovered — the 
 voluntary homage he beholds surrounding learning — will he find his 
 own incentive to progress and his own future reward. 
 
 And now, Mr. President and Trustees, it remains for me to wish 
 you a heart-felt godspeed in your great enterprise. In the carrying 
 out of your plans you will hav'e many difficulties to meet, many 
 prejudices to encounter. I do not speak of those physical difficul- 
 ties, such as the providing money, libraries, and suitable buildings. 
 The munificence of a proverbially munificent people will amply sup- 
 ply these wants. Nor do I speak of the difficulty of finding suitable 
 teachers — men of learning and science will gladly rush into this great 
 and yet untried arena. But I speak of the prejudice which recreant 
 men of education have instilled with all an apostate's zeal against the 
 system of university education. Newspapers and the press, speeches 
 audaciously delivered before literary societies in leading universities, 
 teem with indirect abuse of liberal education. Now, the classic 
 studies are attacked, and the time spent in their acquisition is stigma- 
 tized as lost. Men use their eloquence which they owe to the great 
 masters of Greece and Rome, in attempts, that I trust — that I know 
 — will be in vain to hush the music of ^'irgil and Homer, and still 
 forever the echoes of the thunders of Demosthenes that have rever- 
 berated through centuries. Now, the attempt is still more insidiously 
 and indirectly made by demagogical praises of what is called the 
 ' dignity ' of labor. \'et, if you analyze carefully what is ordinarily 
 meant by the phrase, you will find that it is simply the praise of the 
 body, at the expense of the mind; that what is called dignity of 
 labor would with more propriety be called the dignity of ignorance. 
 
 There is a prejudice, too, in favor of the self-educated man, which 
 has done much to disparage the advantages of the university educa- 
 tion ; and heaven forbid that I should refuse my sincere tribute of 
 admiration to the noble spirit that stems adversity and rises superior 
 to obstacles ! Yet, while I give to the self-educated man my admi- 
 ration, I give him also as sincere a pity. The child and the more 
 matured youth were not meant by nature to endure privations, either 
 mental or physical — to steal hours from sleep, to overwork their 
 brains by the eye-destroying flicker of the candle, when the fatiguing 
 work of the day is done. Nature never intended that the age of 
 childhood and youth should pass uncheered by the smile and bereft 
 of the inspiring influence of the teacher. Kindness, ease, freedom 
 from care, encouragement, and love, are essential to a well-developed, 
 
262 IIISTOR V OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 symmetrical growth; and the absence of any one of these in child- 
 hood is sure to leave on the mind of the man, strong though it be, 
 some great deformity. Analyze carefully the minds of the great 
 self-educated men, and you will find, I believe, almost universally, 
 that each privation which the child has suffered has engendered a 
 corresponding vice in the mind of the man. Now, it is a wild reck- 
 lessness that drives the heaven-turned mind of Burns to revel in sen- 
 sual delights ; now, a gloomy, morbid imagination that buries the 
 despair of Chatterton in a suicide's grave. 
 
 When in the valley near us we see a symmetrical, wide-spreading, 
 majestic tree, each branch, bough, and twig rising gracefully to 
 the heavens, we know that genial rains watered it when a sapling; 
 that it grew in the smile of the sunshine, caressed by light, soft 
 winds. Half way up the hill there stands another tree, bent like an 
 old man, whose branches, leaves, and boughs seem fleeing in terror 
 from some invisible enemy. Strong, yet unsightly, we read in its 
 whole aspect how painfully in youth it lifted its still half-recumbent 
 form, while the angry and the perpetual winds and the fierce tempest 
 strove in vain to keep it down. In one of these two trees you have the 
 type of the university, the universally and symmetrically educated 
 mind, whose every branch, twig, and fiber rise in upward aspiration. 
 In the other, you have the self-educated man, strong, rugged, and 
 unyielding, yet bent, jagged, and gnarly, from premature, unnatural 
 struggle. 
 
 All these prejudices, kindled and fanned into flames by the selfish 
 demagogue, as he pours into the ears of unthinking crowds the gross 
 flattery that they are the equals of educated men, it will be your 
 task to encounter — it will be your glory to conquer. And under 
 your guidance, by the blessing of (iod, this beautiful State of Cali- 
 fornia — whose children, as yet only adopted, stand, like the Janus of 
 old, with two faces — one turned admiringly on her smiling valleys, 
 her broad rivers, and her gold-teeming hills ; the other face turned 
 longingly and regretfully towards their own native land, to the hal- 
 lowed homes of their old recollections and the graves of their fathers 
 — this glorious land shall see spring from her loins a race in who.se 
 love she shall know no rival, a race all her own, a race of child-like 
 men — children in flexibility and pliancy of bodily organs, children in 
 simplicity, in re.stless curiosity and glowing mental fervor — and men 
 of stature, j)Ovver, and grasji of mind. 
 
II. ALUMNI METING. 
 
 May 31, 1864. 
 
 At half-past five o'clock the Alumni entered the hall, and 
 ranged themselves along three parallel tables. At the head 
 of these, on a raised platform, was spread a fourth table. At 
 the center of this sat Hon. Edward Tompkins, President of 
 the evening. On his right he was supported by Rev. Dr. 
 Bellows, and on his left by the Vice-President of the College, 
 Rev. S. H. Willey. The head of the table was occupied by 
 the Mayor of San Francisco. The other guests at this board 
 were General Wright, Provost Marshal Van Vost, United 
 States District Judge F. M. Haight, Ira P. Rankin, Sherman 
 Day, and Professor Durant. About one hundred and twenty- 
 five were seated at the tables. A few ladies graced the 
 occasion with their presence, occupying seats on the side of 
 the room. Those of them who had prepared the collation, 
 and adorned the hall, volunteered also to act as cup-bearers. 
 
 After the invocation of a blessing by Mr. Willey, the 
 President of the evening invited all to " help themselves," and 
 all did help themselves. The collation consisted of substan- 
 tials, and berries, and country cream, besides coffee and pure 
 water. At the conclusion of the repast the President said: — 
 
 Brothers: If you have all "helped yourselves" long enough, 
 we will now proceed with the business of the evening. You are 
 aware that for several months an effort has been making, on the part 
 of the Faculty of the College of California, to gather together the 
 names of all the graduates of the State. To a certain extent they 
 have succeeded. In a few moments the roll will be called, and each 
 
264 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 person is requested to answer when his name is reached, to name his 
 college and the year he graduated. 
 
 Before the roll is called, I am requested by Professor Kellogg to 
 state that as this meeting has opened so auspiciously, and as it is 
 intended to inaugurate a series of such gatherings, each to be more 
 agreeable than those that have preceded it, a meeting of all interested 
 will be held in this hall on the first Tuesday of March next, at 3 
 o'clock p. M., to make the necessary arrangements for the meeting 
 one year from to-day. The roll will now be called. 
 
 GRADUATES PRESENT. 
 
 Name. Residence. College. Year. 
 
 Rev. J. M. Alexander San Francisco Williams 1858 
 
 Rev. Dr. W. C. Anderson . . San Francisco Washington 
 
 J. Snowden Bacon San Francisco Vale i S45 
 
 Rev. H. C. Badger San Francisco 
 
 E. P. Ratchelor San Francisco Vale 1858 
 
 Rev. L. C. Bayles San Francisco N. V. Free Academy. . 
 
 Rev. E. G. Beckwitii San Francisco Williams 1849 
 
 D. P. Bei.KNAI' .San Francisco University N. ^'. City. 1844 
 
 Rev. Dr. H. W. Bellows. . .San Francisco Harvard 1832 
 
 Hon. John E. Benton Folsom University N. Y. City. 184? 
 
 Rev. Joseph A. Benton San Francisco . . . .Vale 1842 
 
 T. B. BiGELOW Oakland Harvard 1820 
 
 W. I. Binnev .San Francisco Amherst i860 
 
 Hon. M. C. Blake .San Franci.sco Bowdoin 
 
 Rev. S. V. Blakeslkk Oakland Western Reserve 1844 
 
 W. P. Blakeslee Oakland Western Reserve 1861 
 
 J. S. Blatchley -San Francisco Vale 1850 
 
 Hon. Newton Booth Sacramento Ashury University 
 
 S. D. Bosworth Grass Valley Union 1S51 
 
 J. F. Bowman San Francisco University N. V. City. 1844 
 
 Chas. E. Brayton Oakland Hamilton 1S52 
 
 pROK. I. H. Brayton Oakland Hamilton 1S46 
 
 John H. Brewer Oakland Vale 1850 
 
 Rev, p. G. Buchanan Watsonville University Michigan. . . 1846 
 
 Rev. Frederick Buel San Francisco Yale 1836 
 
 Milton Bulkley San Francisco Yale 1861 
 
 Hon. Calek Buk BANK Virginia City Waterville 1829 
 
 Dr. Wm. Carman San Francisco Yale 1842 
 
 H. W. Cari'ENTIER Oakland Columbia 1848 
 
 S. J. Clark Oakland Trinity 1845 
 
APPENDIX. 265 
 
 Name. Nesidence. College. Ytar. 
 
 Dr. B. B. Coit San Francisco Yale 1822 
 
 Hon. H. p. Coon San Francisco Williams 1844 
 
 Col. J. B. Crockett San Francisco 
 
 1 )ANIEL A. Crosby San Francisco Dartmouth 1857 
 
 S. L. Cutter, J r San Francisco 1 larvard 1854 
 
 Hon. Sherman Day New Almaden Yale 1826 
 
 A. N. Drown San Francisco Brown 1861 
 
 Prof. Henry Durant Oakland Yale 1827 
 
 John W. Dvvinelle San Francisco Hamilton 1834 
 
 Dr. Aug. R. Egbert San Francisco College of New Jersey. 1850 
 
 Rev. Alex. Fairbairn Vacaville Lafayette 1848 
 
 John B. Fel ton San Francisco Harvard 
 
 Capt. Hugh B. Fleming San Francisco West Point 1852 
 
 Rev. Walter Frear Santa Cruz Yale 1851 
 
 C. G. W. French Folsom Brown 1842 
 
 Robt. M. Gallaway San Francisco Yale 1858 
 
 Dr. John F. Geary San Francisco London University .... 1842 
 
 Dr. H. Gibbons San P'rancisco University Penn 1829 
 
 Dr. W. p. Gibbons Alameda University New York. . 1845 
 
 Giles H. Gray San Francisco N. Y. Free Academy . . 
 
 Hon. Fletcher M. Haight.. Monterey Hamilton 1818 
 
 Rev. L. Hamilton San Jose Hamilton 1850 
 
 Rev. S. S. Harmon . . .Oakland Union 1843 
 
 John W. Hendrie San Francisco Yale 1851 
 
 Prof. F. D. Hodgson Oakland Wesleyan University. . . 1853 
 
 Hon. Ogden Hoffman San Francisco Columbia 
 
 C . T. Hopkins San Francisco University Vermont . . . 1847 
 
 H. B. Janes San Francisco University Vermont. . . 1838 
 
 Rev. Wm. L. Jones Eureka Bowdoin 1849 
 
 L. M. Kellogg San Francisco Columbia 1848 
 
 Prof. Martin Kellogg Oakland Yale 1850 
 
 Rev. a. E. Kittredge San Francisco Williams 1854 
 
 H. B. Livingston San Francisco Williams 1844 
 
 Rev. David McClure San Francisco Delaware 1848 
 
 Calvin B. McDonald San Francisco Dickinson 1847 
 
 Edward McLean Silver City Yale i{>43 
 
 Dr. John T. McLean San Francisco Wesleyan University. . . 1845 
 
 Rev. J. H. McMonagle. . . .San Francisco Knox 1857 
 
 Annis Merrill San Francisco Wesleyan University. .. 1835 
 
 Geo. B. Merrili San Francisco Harvard 1859 
 
 Rev. Geo. Mooar Oakland Williams 1851 
 
 Nathan W. Moore San Francisco Brown 
 
 Dr. J. MORISON San Francisco Harvard 1844 
 
266 HISTORY OF TIIK COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Name. Residence. College. Year. 
 
 James Naphtali San Francisco Yale 1863 
 
 Hon. a. C. Niles Nevada City Williams 1852 
 
 Felix O'Byrne San Francisco Trinity, Dublin 1858 
 
 J. C. Olmsted San Francisco Williams i860 
 
 C. T. H. Palmer Folsom Yale 1847 
 
 Rev. Geo. Pierson Brooklyn Illinois 1848 
 
 E. J. Pringle San Francisco Harvard 
 
 John Reed Santa Clara Williams 1848 
 
 Rev. II. Richardson San Pablo Dartmouth 1841 
 
 Wm. K. Rowell Brooklyn Dartmouth 1855 
 
 S. S. Sanborn Oakland Dartmouth 1863 
 
 Rev. John .Sessions Oakland Dartmouth 1822 
 
 Rev. B. N. Seymour Alvarado Williams 1852 
 
 Rev. N, Slater Liberty Union 1S31 
 
 Wm. M. Smith San Francisco Miami University 1844 
 
 Frank Soule San Francisco Wesleyan University. . 
 
 Hon. Edward Stanly San Francisco University of N. C. . . . 
 
 J. W. Stephenson San Francisco Harvard 1859 
 
 Dr. J. D. B. Stillman Kan Francisco Union 1843 
 
 Geo. Strong San Francisco Dartmouth 1859 
 
 Dorson E. Sykes Nevada City Yale 1833 
 
 George Tait San Francisco University Virginia .... 
 
 R. H. TiBiUTTS .San Francisco Bowdoin 1848 
 
 Hon. Edward Tompkins Oakland Union 1834 
 
 Dr. Edward Trask San Francisco 
 
 J. P. Treadwell .San Francisco Harvard 1844 
 
 Hon. Geo. Turner Carson City Washington. ., 1848 
 
 Dr. F. Tuthill San Francisco Amherst 1840 
 
 Rev. Kinsley Twining San Francisco Yale 1853 
 
 Capt. J. H. Van Vost San Francisco Union and West Point. 1852 
 
 Rev. p. V, Veeder Napa Union 1846 
 
 J. H. Voorhees San Francisco College of New Jersey. 184I 
 
 Rev. E. B. Walsworth Oakland Union 1844 
 
 Rev. J. 11. Warken San Maleo Knox 1847 
 
 F. H. Waterman San Francisco University Vermont. . . 1S54 
 
 Rev. S. T. Wells San Francisco Union 1839 
 
 Wm. White Walsonville Williams 1858 
 
 Rev. S. II. Wii.LKV Oakland Dartmouth 1845 
 
 Prok. W. J. G. Williams San Francisco 
 
 Chas. a. Wilson S.an Francisco Amherst 1854 
 
 Gen. George Wrkimt San Francisco West Point 1852 
 
 At least thirty-four institutions, all but two of them Ameri- 
 can, arc here leprcscntcd. Yale liad twenty sons present. 
 
APPENDIX. 267 
 
 Williams eleven, Harvard and Union nine each, Dartmouth 
 seven. Fifteen institutions (thirteen of them American) had 
 each a single representative. At the conclusion of the roll- 
 call, the President said: — 
 
 Friends, Brothers: In the name and on behalf of the Faculty 
 of this institution of learning, I now bid you welcome to the halls of 
 the College of California. Remembering the pleasure and pride 
 with which the colleges of the old States, once in each year, gathered 
 their children together, and knowing that many of those children 
 were scattered upon the shores of the Pacific, too far from the old 
 hearth-stones to admit of their returning thither, the Faculty con- 
 ceived the happy idea, inasmuch as their own family was not so large 
 as to render it inconvenient, of adopting all these stray children of 
 the sister colleges of the East, and inviting them to find here the 
 home they had lost. And so they gathered up the names of all of 
 whom they could hear that belonged to these several families, and 
 invoked the aid of the Press to reach the rest, with a full,, warm, 
 cordial, and affectionate invitation to them all to meet here this day, 
 and find a new Alma Mater that was ready to be as tender to them 
 as they would be filial and faithful to her. 
 
 In response to that invitation we meet here to-day. The farmer 
 has left his fields, the miner his mines, the physician his patients, the 
 lawyer his clients, the minister of God has turned his work of love in 
 a new channel, the judiciary by its honored representatives, the State 
 by its executive officers, the nation by the president and author of 
 the greatest movement for the humanization and Christianization of 
 the race that the world has witnessed for eighteen centuries; and 
 all — hand to hand, eye to eye, heart to heart — are now here to renew 
 their allegiance to the great cause of education, and to swear, each 
 with the other, that as for them and their house, they will henceforth 
 labor more earnestly than ever for its diffusion throughout the world. 
 
 It is impossible to overestimate the importance of this meeting. 
 We stand now as they stood, who, at the first commencement of 
 Yale or Harvard, looked down the line of the ages that have led to 
 us. Who then dreamed of the mighty influence that was thus put 
 in motion ? Who, to-day, dare to estimate the results that are to 
 follow from this beginning? It is as if we stood among the little 
 springs in the far North, where, bubbling out of the unconscious 
 earth, they quietly glide away from our feet, scarcely heeding their 
 
268 HISTORY OF THE COLLECT OE CALIFORNIA. 
 
 presence and utterly unconscious whither they are bound; and then, 
 taken by the spirit and carried up into a high mountain, we have 
 their course traced out before us. And lo! the little rivulets gather 
 strength and power at every mile of their progress ; now sweeping 
 through and fertilizing broad and beautiful plains, now turning the 
 wheels of busy industry, and now widening into the mighty Mis- 
 sissippi bearing upon its bosom the commerce of half the world. 
 Who that has seen all this dare to think lightly of the little springs 
 whence flow the streams that water the earth .? And so with 
 us; we stand, to-day, among the springs of education in California, 
 but far before us the spirit shows us the mighty stream, bearing upon 
 its bosom the rich freighted argosies, laden with the refined gold of 
 intellectual culture, and the precious stones of pure and lofty 
 thought. Who will not exult, when years have gone by, in the mem- 
 ory that he was one of those who stood at the fountain and helped 
 guide the waters of this " river of life " .'* 
 
 It has seemed to me, as I have thought of it, and from day to 
 day have listened to the tones of the College bell, as if // had caught 
 the spirit of this great occasion, and was swelling and pealing in har- 
 mony with it. And one evening, as with the twilight I caught its 
 tones, in some way — I shall not undertake to explain how — the 
 thoughts that arose found expression thus: — 
 
 The College bell's ringing — ding-dong ! ding-dong! 
 Its peals are merry, and loud, and long; 
 On the wings of the wind they reverberate 
 O'er each hill and vale of the Golden State. 
 The ocean waves, with them, keep measure and time — 
 Nevada re-echoes the silvery chime; 
 In the " home of the angels " they catch the refrain — 
 Old Shasta repeats it again and again. 
 Where " the Oregon rolls " the dark forests are stirr'd, 
 And Washington's pines the sweet music have heard : 
 And throughout this vast realm, it's unstintedly given 
 To ears that are tuned — a strain caught from Heaven ; 
 No meaningless sound has it spread on the air, 
 But words of deep moment its mellow tones hear ; 
 Let us listen an instant — if now in our ear 
 There's an echo from Heaven — " It '\% good to be here." 
 
 Brothers, come ! for years we've labored 
 
 In the parch'd and thirsty soil, 
 Sowing seed —the crop ungathered 
 
 From our life-exhausting toil — 
 
APPENDIX. 269 
 
 Now we reap, oh, brothers ! come, 
 To share our joy at " harvest home." 
 
 Brothers ! you have drank at fountains 
 
 That have tilled your souls with Ught — 
 You have climbed the lofty mountains, 
 
 Whence you've gained the glorious sight 
 Of that fair land of promise, where, on every hand. 
 Science and learning, truth and virtue stand. 
 
 Brothers ! you have seen the madness 
 
 Ignorance breeds in human breasts ; 
 You have felt, with crushing sadness, 
 
 All humanity depress'd, 
 By sin and crime's resistless fetter. 
 That pleads but this — it kneiv no better! 
 
 Brothers ! we would rear a bulwark 
 
 'Gainst this flood of sin and crime — 
 Come and help us in the good work, 
 
 In this glorious spring-time. 
 Now, in humanity's great hour of need, 
 As you would have the crop, so sow the seed ! 
 
 Come and help us — hearts are open — 
 
 All throughout our halls to-day ; 
 Our country, virtue, truth, are hoping 
 
 That with us you'll work and pray, 
 That soon may dawn that bright and blessed time 
 When earth shall know no more of ignorance and crime. 
 
 This is what the bell said ; this is what the Faculty now say to 
 every educated man in California ; this is what our old mothers 
 would enjoin upon all their children : this is what humanity, lieaven, 
 demands of us all — affection, truth, and faith to this new mother ; 
 for thus only shall we secure the blessing of liberal education, of 
 enlarged culture for our children, and our children's children, forever 
 
 The first sentiment, brothers, to which I shall ask your attention — 
 the first in every gathering of true men — is : Our Country ; great in 
 all the arts of \iQ2Lce— greater, when at the call of truth and principle 
 she drew the sword in defense of human rights — greatkst, when 
 she organized the ministry of mercy to temper war's ferocity, and 
 made even the horrors of the battle-field the means of developing 
 the highest and noblest fruits of the gospel of peace. 
 
 I but repeat the words that rise to the lips of every one of you, 
 when I call on Dr. Bellows to respond to this sentiment. 
 
270 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CAI.IFORNLA. 
 
 Dr. Bellows. — Mr. President, Gentlemen, and Brethren : 
 I wish I felt myself more worthy to answer to that sentiment which 
 my friend and old parishioner, Mr. Tompkins — your President — has 
 given you, and which I see he has flavored with an affectionate ref- 
 erence to me, whom, doubtless, he remembers because associated, 
 with his old home, and the earlier years of his life on the other side. 
 
 "Our Country." Well, that is a word that ought to be first in the 
 mouth, as it is deepest in the heart of every American citizen at an 
 hour like this — first in the mouth of every educated man especially ; 
 and I thank God that in the great crisis out of which we are not yet 
 passed, if there has been any portion of our people faithful to their 
 duty, any portion whose hearts have beat in warm sympathy with 
 each other, and who have come up like men to give their time, their 
 thoughts, their safety, to the interests of this glorious war, it has been 
 the educated men of the country. I have noticed, with the great- 
 est possible attention, how this thing has worked at home, and I 
 have given to it as much attention as I could here, and I say that 
 there never was a time when one class of educated men, that class 
 occupying the pulpits of America in particular, were ever so united 
 upon any one field — never a time when that class has broken down 
 so many partitions, leaped over so many barriers, overcome so many 
 partialities and preferences, encountered so many obstacles, as in the 
 field of the country and the war. Men who looked upon it almost 
 as a social crime to use the word politics in the pulpit, have, since the 
 war began, found that the citizen and the Christian, at a time like this, 
 are so nearly identical that it is not worth while to stop and trace the 
 dividing line between them — have found that a man does not cease 
 to be a man because he stands in the j)ulpit, or is a minister of the 
 gospel, but ought, all the more on that account, to be ready to give 
 his heart, his life, and his substance for that which alone renders the 
 preaching of the gospel jiossible in this land, the stability of our 
 civil, political, and social institutions. 
 
 And so it has been with the medical profession. I have had 
 about as much to do with that as with the ministry itself since the 
 war began, and I thank God that the medical profession has been 
 ready to rush from its duties, making sacrifices — great pecuniary 
 sacrifices — surrendering practice, hurrying to the battle-field to carry 
 there the alleviations which they have it in their blessed power to 
 render, and uniting at home in all sorts of associations to lend aid 
 
APPEiVD/X. i'71 
 
 and comfort to those laboring in behalf of our sick and wounded 
 soldiers. The law — I am not so well acquainted with what the law- 
 yers are doing, I confess — I cannot speak quite so confidently about 
 that, but I do meet here and there men who act with them some- 
 what. I think that they generally [the conclusion of the sentence 
 was lost in laughter, which was occasioned by the Doctor's humor- 
 ous manner]. Softly, softly, my friends. The law was born out of 
 the bosom of God, and I do, in all seriousness, hope it will be sa- 
 cred as a profession. And I will not consent to any even jocose 
 sneer upon what, in a company like this, ought to be held high be- 
 side the very gospel itself, as the ark — and the banner, too — of all 
 that is great, and strong, and sacred in the interests of the Pacific 
 Coast. But the law, as a profession, is more associated with the 
 money-making callings of life, and I admit that if a lawyer keeps his 
 conscience and his patriotism clean from those with whom he is 
 compelled constantly to associate in the minor pursuits of life (here 
 we are shut up, and we can talk of the educated professions with a 
 little of that sort of pride that it becomes educated men to feel); I 
 say that if lawyers do keep themselves unspotted from the world, 
 and pure in their patriotism, and firm in their devotion to God and 
 the country at a time like this, they are the most honorable of all. 
 The professions are bound to stick by each other, brethren. I be- 
 lieve in holding up the law if it needs anything in this way, because 
 I do believe that at times educated men ought to be clannish and 
 stick by each other, and I confess I am for the regular professions 
 practiced in the regular way. 
 
 The cause of education is the cause of patriotism in California. 
 There is nothing in the world, in even the war itself, that claims 
 your courageous and cheerful support more than the cause of edu- 
 cation. But I declare that my solicitude and anxiety about it have 
 been greatly diminished by hearing that most remarkable catalogue of 
 graduates of colleges that has been called here to-day. I never knew 
 before the capabilities of the alphabet. I was absolutely astonished at 
 the way it held out. Why, we had a whole swarm of " B's," a whole 
 sea-coast of " C's," and I don't know how many hissing " S's " at the 
 end. I thought, in truth, that we should never get through ; and if 
 that is an imperfect list of the graduates. I don't know how long a 
 full one would be ; and as for San Francisco, why it ought to blaze 
 out an illuminated coj^y of literature and learnmg undei the- thou- 
 
272 ff /STORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFOFNLA. 
 
 sand or more, are there not ? — graduates on that list who belong to 
 that comparatively small city. 
 
 In respect to education, I confess I feel exceedingly cheered by 
 what I see. I find that it has been attended to in a remarkable 
 manner, like most other things in this new country; for if there is 
 anything that has struck me here, it is that the Pacific Coast has 
 begun in the middle and not at the beginning to do everything- 
 Things are not raised here from the acorn. You transplanted the 
 oak from your homes in the East. You felt the want of the institu- 
 tions and society that you had been accustomed to. You had the 
 basis for them — had it in the East, and you supplied the rest here. 
 And, therefore, I find the most substantial kind of civilization amongst 
 you. That, it seems to me, is a reason why you ought to hurry up 
 your University here. You must not let this University grow by slow 
 degrees. It must begin in the middle, too; otherwise it will not ful- 
 fill the high but sacred function which you are gathered here in hopes 
 that it will render to our country. There ought to be a vast endow- 
 •ment, and no effort should be spared to make this a University 
 worthy of the Pacific Coast. It may just as well be done in a year 
 as in twenty, and I hold thai the educated men are bound to make 
 -. some one university. You don't want a dozen different institutions, 
 every one of them "a little" — as they say in the West— " one-horse 
 concern." You want one Christian university, that shall break down 
 all little, petty, professional narrowness, and all the dividing lines 
 that spring up inevitably in the less educated portions of the country. 
 To that end, I say — and it is not because I do not represent any of 
 the evangelical denominations, as they are called, for in my own esti- 
 mate I hold myself just as evangelical as the best man here — but 
 because I think it is right and necessary; and I say there ought not 
 to be a single proscription of any Christian denomination — that this 
 University ought to take the widest possible ground, and have not 
 one letter in its programme that seems to slant in the least degree 
 towards any denominational or sectarian domination. Heavens! is 
 education to be under the patronage of this sect, or that sect, or the 
 other sect ? The object of it is to break down the barriers between 
 us and truth; to place truth upon her own great mountain, with 
 nothing between her and God but the open heavens! Let the whole 
 thing be open to infjuiry. The gospel is safe everywhere; God will 
 take care of that. Truth is safe everywhere; Ciod will take care of 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 that. The only dangers to either in the world are 
 ance, and proscription. Let us have done with these on this great, 
 free, new, t'resh soil, and then we shall rear a body of men here 
 worthy to conduct the events of this new empire. 
 
 One word about another subject. I am trespassing, I know, but 
 — [Go on, go on.] You have mines here which attract the attention 
 and occupy the feelings, and interests, and sympathies of all classes 
 of society. In God's name do not forget those richer mines which 
 you have in your population. Do not let the soil, or anything that 
 is in it, divert your attention from the fact that the greatest power on 
 earth is n\an-power; the richest mine on earth is man's mind devel- 
 oped by education. Mind before mines ought to be the great motto 
 written upon the heart of every educated Californian. I wish suc- 
 cess to this University with all my heart and soul, although I cannot 
 quite adopt the language of my brother and say that we have left our 
 old mother and want another, because there is a something in my soul 
 when the word Harvard is mentioned that I never shall feel when 
 any other college is named. You remember what John Paul Richter 
 said: "You won't persuade me to forget my own mother by telling 
 me how many others there are in the world." You cannot make us 
 forget the Alma Mater that nursed our infancy; and the man that 
 does forget her will never be half loyal to any other institution. 
 
 The President. — The next sentiment is: California; her loyalty 
 as pure as the gold in her hills; her liberality as broad as her beauti- 
 ful valleys; her future as secure as the bases of b.er mountains ; and 
 her people equal to the magnificent destiny that is before them. 
 
 It was expected that His Excellency the Governor would be here 
 to respond to that sentiment. In his place we have a letter, which I 
 will read : — 
 
 State of California, Executive Department, 1 
 Sacramento, May 30, 1864. / 
 
 Rev. S. H. Willev — My Bear Sir : I shall be prevented by oflficial duties 
 from availing myself of the kind invitation extended me to be present at Oakland 
 to-morrow, and participate in the exercises and festivities arranged for the gather- 
 ing at the College of California of graduates of older colleges now resident in this 
 State. 
 
 This I regret exceedingly, for the occasion will be a rare one, graced as it 
 will be by the first minds of the State, and having for its object the christening, 
 as it were, of the pioneer college of the Pacific Coast. 
 
 I take this occasion to express my warmest wishes for the prosperity nf the 
 18 
 
274 ///STORY ()/' 7///-: COLLEGE OL' CAL/FO/^NIA. 
 
 College of California, and my earnest hope ihal it will in its future usefulness 
 fulfill the most sanguine hopes of those who have warmed it into existence. 
 
 I shall he gratified if you will do me the honor, when sentiments are in order, 
 to propose as mine: Education; its general diffusion can alone give assurance that 
 self-government will he good government; may its light extend more and more, 
 until every people under the sun shall he fitted for and shall enter upon the enjoy- 
 ment of republican freedom, justice, and order. Faithfully yours, 
 
 F. F. Low. 
 
 Since that was received, having the good fortune to have the 
 President of the Telegraph Company here so that messages could be 
 dead-headed, a dispatch has been received saying that the Mayor of 
 San Francisco was next in dignity to the Clovernor of the' State, and 
 that as he was very likely to be Governor himself in a little while, it 
 might stand him in good stead to play (lovernor now. Mayor Coon. 
 
 Manck ('(>on. — Mr. Prksidknt: I consider that an introduction 
 of that kind hears internal evidence of malice aforethought. Twenty 
 years ago, when 1 graduated at Williams College, in Berkshire County. 
 I believe that I thought myself capable of responding to such a senti- 
 ment as that in the absence of the (Governor of California, but con- 
 siderable ex|)erience since that has convinced me that it is more ap- 
 propriate f(jr me to say merely that I will do what I can in response 
 to the call that has been made upon me since I came into this room. 
 A little paper was served upon me while sitting at this table, contain- 
 ing the sentiment which has been read, " to be responded to by 
 Covcrnor Low, or his attorney-in-fact." If I am the Governor's at- 
 torney-in-fact, I am not aware of it; but to such a sentiment a man 
 must have been tongue-tied from his birth if he could not say some- 
 thing. 
 
 In regard to the Ujyalty of California, it is unnecessary to say a 
 word. Her own acts demonstrate that most conclusively. Califor- 
 nia has been too generous of her gold — she has been too brave and 
 l)atriotic in offering her sons to defend the nation, to have anyone 
 (luestion her loyalty, or to need any lip evidence on this occasion. 
 
 The sentiment which has been read speaks of the liberality of 
 California, and it speaks of it truly. Providence has so arranged 
 and ordered it; has so constituted the minds, and feeling.s, and asso- 
 ciations of men, that in a new country, whore generosity is most 
 needed, to found institutions of learning, benevolence, and religion, 
 there the |)eople really are the most generous; and this is true of 
 California. The liberality of California is proverbial, and it exhibits 
 
APPENDIX. '21^ 
 
 itself not only on such great occasions as the great crisis through 
 which our country is passing has presented, but upon all occasions 
 when that liberality has been appealed to. And here I may say that 
 it is the duty of educated men, observing the need of founding in- 
 stitutions here whose influence is necessary to the permanent pros- 
 perity of the State, to turn this liberality into rightful channels — to 
 cultivate it, and through it promote these institutions of learning, and 
 the institutions of benevolence and religion, without which civiliza- 
 tion will not be permanent in any country. 
 
 The sentiment also speaks of the future of California. Now that 
 is something of which a rnan ought to speak modestly ; but it seems 
 to me that the occasion that has called us together has much to do 
 with the future — with the great future to which reference is made 
 in this sentiment. I am thankful that it is my privilege here to-day 
 to make mention of what has occurred to my mind since here — that 
 about twelve years ago I was introduced to a stranger in the city 
 of San Francisco, who said he had come from New Haven to estab- 
 lish a school in California — the site was not yet selected — and that 
 with (iod's blessing he intended to devote himself to the work of 
 promoting this school — building it up until it should become a col- 
 lege. I speak of the Rev. Mr. Durant. I am thankful that it was 
 my privilege to talk with him, to give him my own views, and to 
 give him what encouragement I could at the time ; but I must say 
 that it looked very discouraging to me at that moment. He estab- 
 lished his school at this place ; and afterwards on visiting him, 
 about eight or nine months after he commenced it, though I found 
 him in a sick room, prostrated by disease, yet he was cheerful, 
 determined, and persevering in this matter. That school has grown 
 into this college, and I dare say that the present exceeds the most 
 sanguine anticipations which he indulged in at the time he began 
 it. I believe I am correct, entirely historically correct, in what I 
 have said in relation to the establishment of that school, and its 
 relations to the present college. 
 
 Now, we may have different views in regard to some features con- 
 nected with the great cause of education, but that does not hinder 
 our working for it. It does not harm the cause of education in the 
 least because Yale, and Harvard, and Princeton, and Columbia, and 
 other colleges that I could name, are under peculiar influences, 
 denominational or otherwise. I would not say one word tl.at 
 
276 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CAfJFOK.YIA. 
 
 would discourage the utmost liberality from having the broadest 
 foundation in this institution ; but at the same time I wish to say 
 that it is no stigma on the cause of education that it is represented 
 by any respectable religious denomination — that it is under the pat- 
 ronage of any religious denomination. That is all, friends, that I 
 have to say upon this subject. 
 
 In regard to the security of California, to which reference is made 
 in the sentiment, we ought to reflect that the security of the future 
 requires that we should not only take care of our State physically, 
 — this we should do —but we ought not to allow her borders to be 
 neglected ; her harbor, the entrance to the State, to any extent to 
 remain un))rotected. AVe ought to be formidable as against for- 
 eign foes or domestic foes. But there is a higher kind of security 
 to which our attention should be directed. If we are to be secure 
 for the future — internally, socially, morally — we must attend to those 
 rights of property to which reference was so eloijuently made in the 
 oration which has been delivered this afternoon ; to maintaining the 
 supremacy of the law, to seeing that it is thoroughly executed 
 throughout the State. It was said that men were sometimes a law 
 unto themselves; and in the absence of law thoroughly executed by 
 the proper agents, Californians, thank (lod, have been a law unto 
 themselves. But I hope that that day is past; that the law has been 
 so firmly established, and that the people will so attend to their 
 duties under the law, that it shall be effectually administered through 
 out the State by the proper agents of the law. And then, when the 
 rights of all have been secured as far as they can be, and titles to 
 land have been perfected, and when the law shall be administered as 
 well as in the older States, we shall need something more. We 
 must have a people that shall be intelligent and moral; and we must 
 have a people not only intelligent and moral, hut also having the 
 fear of Almighty (lod. With our institutions established upon a 
 sound morality, a widespread intelligence, and a pure religion, we 
 will be secure indeed. 
 
 Tmk President. — The Colleges of the East; their sons are their 
 jewels, and the College of California shares their maternal pride as 
 she combines them into a more than regal diadem this day. 
 
 We have read, and from very high authority, that " day unto day 
 uttereth speech."' We would like to hear what the venerable Jere- 
 miah Day has said in years gone by to Sherman Day, of California. 
 
Ari'KNnrx. 277 
 
 Mr. Day. — Mr. President: The paper containing the noble sen- 
 timent which you have read, was handed to nie, previous to my 
 sitting down, with a request that I would respond to it. I do not 
 know, Mr. President, I do not now remember, whether or not there was 
 a word in my Latin dictionary for "shoddy," but it seems to me that 
 when that Campanian dame came to the mother of the Gracchi and 
 displayed her jewels, that she must have been one of the shoddy per- 
 suasion. And, sir, with what pride can the representatives of the 
 Alma Maters, the beautiful mothers of the East, look around upon the 
 diadem which is here gathered and beautifully set. With what more 
 than (iracchian pride can they look around upon this diadem of jewels 
 here set before them. These are our jewels. It is in this kind of 
 men that California puts her pride. It is in her men of education, 
 her men of practical knowledge, her men who combine the utile 
 with the duke — the finished and polished education with the practi- 
 cal arts of life. We all know, sir, that the diamond, or any other 
 jewel, is not always found as brilliant as when it is placed in use 
 upon the crown. It does not bear all its brilliancy, it does not 
 show all its points, all the beauties of its crystallization, all its 
 purity, until it has been submitted to trituration, to the rough 
 handling of the artisan ; and, sir, the jewels of the Alma Maters of 
 the East have been brought out here, some of them, perhaps, not 
 in an entirely i)olished state, to be triturated, to be polished, and to 
 be raised to the highest points of perfection by the trituration upon 
 the rough points of life ; and when these gems, if any of them 
 should be, are returned to the East, the mothers themselves will 
 acknowledge that they sparkle brighter and better for having been 
 dipped in the Pacific Ocean — brighter for having been rubbed 
 among the sands of the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 I did not come here to-day, Mr. President, with the intention of 
 making a speech. I came with the deliberate intention of not mak- 
 ing one ; but I had resolved that if I did say anything, it should 
 be suggested by the circumstances of the hour. I came with my 
 head full of my own business. I have never yet attained to the 
 dignity of my venerable sire; but, sir, I am principal of a prepara- 
 tory school, and I have to announce to you, sir, that we are prepar- 
 ing jewels in California for our Alma Mater. When the orator of 
 the day, sir, went through his brilliant peroration, and described to 
 us that other great battle in which the people and the educated men 
 
278 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 of the country are engaged— that battle witli the great material 
 interests of life — there was brought up to my mind an instance of 
 a private in that army, sir, fighting that battle, whose virtues I wish 
 on this occasion to exalt; and I wish to hold him up, Mr. Presi- 
 dent, as an example to California. He is not alone, either; he has 
 a comrade in his fight. But the young man of whom I would speak 
 on this occasion was a laborer, a practical miner in the mine of New 
 Almaden. I have watched him there, sir, a young man not yet 
 arrived of age when I first became acquainted with him ; not yet 
 being entitled to vote at that time, but since arrived at his majority, 
 who was toiling in that mine in drifts, and passages, and dark holes, 
 and dirty labors, which few of you, brothers, would be willing to fol- 
 low him in even as a spectator. Amid danger, and sweat and dirt, 
 that young man was toiling at his arduous trade until he became of 
 age. The first step that he took after that was to marry a beautiful 
 maid. He went on with his labors, still accumulating for the sup- 
 port of his family and himself, and his child when it came. After 
 that he still toiled year after year — he was a good worker, he was 
 young, he was stalwart, he had muscle, had mind, had common 
 sense — until he had toiled under my superintendency for some four 
 or five years. I suppose he is not twenty-three years old now. He 
 came to me about six months aiio and told me that he was about to 
 retire from the mine. This is a common occurrence, and I know 
 that in almost every instance they will come back again before a 
 great while. But he told me that he was going to leave the mine ; 
 that he had acquired sufifirient to take him to college, and he was 
 going to sit down with his wife alongside of the Methodist College 
 at Santa Clara, and with the means that he had gained in that mine 
 he was going to educate himself for the [irofession of x mining engi- 
 neer. There, gentlemen, is a young man, the product of Califor- 
 nia life — California practical life. There is the union of an able 
 and practical man; beginning in his case with the practical. There 
 is a young man of twenty two or three years of age, a father, a hus- 
 band, a miner, and going to be a scholar. Go and imitate liis ex- 
 ample. 
 
 A Voice. — All but the miner, and in reverse order — scholar, hus- 
 band^ Father ! 
 
 Mr. Dav (continuing). — Now, Mr. President, when that young 
 man gets through his rhetoric, his grammar, his arithmetic, his trigo- 
 
APPENDIX. 279 
 
 nometry, his Latin, and the other elementary branches through 
 which he is destined to go, where, I ask, sir, is the institution in 
 which he will fit himself for the higher branches of his education ? 
 Where, sir, is your mining college, your laboratory, your geological 
 cabinet, with those professors, and appliances, and appurtenances 
 which we need for the education of not only that young man, but a 
 thousand of similarly situated young men who are toiling in the dark 
 holes of the mines of this State? Where is that institution? It is 
 not here. It is not even in this College, although we wish that it 
 may be ; and I wish upon this occasion to call upon the educated 
 men of this State — call upon the successful men, those who have 
 been successful in business, those who have been successful in min- 
 ing speculations, to come up and aid us in a work of this kind, and 
 supply a demand, a practical business demand, for something that 
 we have not got here, an institution of home manufacture ; and I 
 ask them to come and bring to the work not only their heads and 
 hands, but I would like to ask those who have been successful to 
 bring also the aid of their y^<'/, if they have any. The demand upon 
 the feet is reciprocal in this case ; for it is necessary for the develop- 
 ment of more feet, the generation of more feet, that we should have 
 a mining college. 
 
 Mr. President, if you wish to see how this diadem of jewels will 
 sparkle, sir ; if you will be good enough to set it in motion, you will 
 see its brilliancy. 
 
 The President. — There is a gentleman here present who was 
 present at a meeting of the Alumni of Hamilton ('oUege, in the 
 State of New York, some time since, and who, I notice, on that 
 occasion stood up manfully for California and her sons. I am sure 
 we shall all be glad to hear from the Rev. Mr. Hamilton, of San 
 Jose. 
 
 Rev. Mr. H.A.Mii.roN. — Mr. President : This certainly is rather 
 unexpected to me, and yet what has been said respecting my pres- 
 ence at the serai-centennial Commencement of my Alma Mater is 
 strictly true. So far as any andence in that announcement is con- 
 cerned, I am fully satisfied that our excellent President is a man of 
 truth, bating any extraordinary speech that I made there which he 
 seems to indicate. 1 did get up there in the j)resence of perhaps 
 three thousand persons gathered in a tent — because there was no 
 room in the place large enough to hold us — and, assuming the ken 
 
280 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 of a prophet, I told them 1 would venture to prophesy that on this 
 Pacific Coast, in due time, they would hear of an Alumna of my 
 Alma Mater at the East. I further solemnly promised them that if 
 I spoke as a prophet, I should return to this coast with the firm 
 purpose of fulfilling my own prophecy so far as my own efforts 
 would go. I do not mean by this that the College of California is 
 an Alumna exclusively of my own Alma Mater; but I have some- 
 where read in a book of a certain wonderful young man, who was 
 very bright indeed, and who lost his father by some means or 
 another, and came to be the child of thirty six fathers before he 
 found his own. Now I hope that this Alumna may become the 
 child of thirty six mothers, without having any cloud cast upon her 
 pedigree either. I am glad to see the representatives of so many 
 colleges here claiming a share in the honor of building up college 
 on this coast, and I wish I might say something on this great occa- 
 sion — which may never happen again — about this College, that might 
 stimulate an interest ; and I wish to say to those noble laborers 
 here who have raised this goodly tree, go on with your work, dig 
 about its roots, don't get discouraged ; and I want to say to the 
 men of wealth, pour into their treasury your golden stores ; and I 
 want to say to those who have sons that they wish to be men, send 
 them here to be grafted into this tree — to be ripened and developed 
 until they shall be prepared for the use of the great world; and I 
 want to say further, that if there are any rich old bachelors here 
 to-night that have got plenty of money and don't know what to do 
 with it, and, having graduated in the East, cannot make this College 
 exactly their Alma Mater and support her in her old age, let them 
 make her their cara sposa, and see that you give her a good loyal 
 maintenance, and Cod prolong your days. And when you die, don't 
 forget to leave a good, legal, loyal, liberal portion of that which Cod 
 has given you as the portion of your said cara sposa. 
 
 Thk Pkksidknt. — The Judiciary; the safe depository of the 
 nation's honor and the States' rights. W'c exult in its independence, 
 and glory in its purity, when it dare be unpopular, but dare not 
 be wrong! Judge Hi^ight, of the I'ederal Judiciary will respond. 
 
 JuDCK Haighi'. -The gentleman who was to respond to this is, 
 I believe, absent, and I have been called u])()n to do it, to which 
 arrangement I have no particular objection. I did not know that I 
 should have a chance to make a speech when 1 came. When you 
 
APPENDIX. 281 
 
 heard the names of the graduates of the different colleges as they 
 were read, perhaps you observed that I was the oldest graduate here 
 present, and I might well say as the boy, " You'd scarce ex[)ect one 
 of my age." But I claim to be something like the prophet, with an 
 eye not dimmed, nor natural strength abated. In natural strength, 
 probably, I am more fortunate than some of my juniors. 
 
 It was said in the oration to-day, that the decisions of the Courts 
 of California would be the guides in future litigation. I doubt not 
 but that is quite true; though I must confess, so far as my own de- 
 cisions are concerned, if they guide anybody they will do more than 
 they have done for me. Still, so much has been said and written 
 about the purity of the judiciary, the ermine — I don't know whether 
 I have got any ermine or not — that it is hardly necessary to dilate 
 upon the subject to intelligent men. You all know, or ought to 
 know, that we want upon the bench of our several Courts learned, 
 honest, impartial men. Not having had much to do with our State 
 Courts, lately, I don't know much about them. In regard to the 
 Federal Courts, the Supreme Court of the United States enjoys a 
 jurisdiction upon which depend the great interests of the country. 
 Although its jurisdiction is limited to particular cases, yet it is exactly 
 those cases which enter into and become part of the political history 
 of the country. It is, therefore, eminently proper, eminently desirable 
 I should say, that that Court should be composed of this class of 
 men. 
 
 This toast has a sentiment. [Taking out his glasses.] I don't 
 like to show my glasses, but I shall have to in this dim light. 
 [Reading.] "We exult in its independence." "The Judiciary; 
 the safe depository of the nation's honor and the States' rights." 
 Well, now, I suppose — I don't know— I don't exactly know what 
 that means. The nation's honor — it is in the keeping, I suppose, 
 somewhat, of the Supreme Court of the United States; and the 
 States' rights may come before that tribunal. I presume that was 
 intended for the Federal judiciary. " We exult in its independence 
 and glory in its purity when it dare be unpopular, but dare not be 
 wrong." Well, that is a noble sentiment. " When it dare be un- 
 popular." I tell you, as long as you have an elective judiciary, you 
 won't find many Judges that dare to be unpopular. The Govern- 
 ment of the United States, you know, appoints her judges during 
 good behavior. If that was strictly followed, though, a good many 
 of us wouldn't hold office for a very long time. 
 
2S2 ///STORY OF I'H/-. CO/J.EGE O/- CAL/FORNIA. 
 
 However, really, to speak seriously, it is hardly necessary to try to 
 say — it is too trite for this occasion — that upon the judiciary we have 
 to depend for life, liberty, and property, honor, and reputation. It 
 is one thing to organize anything — the judiciary for instance — and it 
 is another thing to put its execution into the right hands. Now, 
 although I say it myself who ought not to say it, I am inclined to 
 think that California is fortunate in her Courts, that we probably 
 shall have nothing to complain of for the want of wisdom, integrity, 
 and learning, because, as one gentleman has said this evening, he 
 believed in following out the regular practice; and I suppose that 
 that man will make a better Judge who has studied some law than 
 one who has not — other things being equal. It depends a little, 
 perhaps, upon the place where he kept his office. 
 
 However, gentlemen, as I have already said, it is rather late in the 
 evening, and entirely unnecessary for me to go into an elaborate 
 argument upon this sentiment. With thanks for your attention 
 to the little I have said, I close. 
 
 The President. — We are honored by the presence of a repre- 
 sentative of the judiciary of Nevada. We would like to hear from 
 Judge Turner. 
 
 Judge Turner. — Mr. President and Brethren of the 
 Alumni : I shall ask your attention for a very few moments only, 
 and I wish to expresss my thanks iji limine to the society for its 
 kind invitation, which crossed the mountains twice before I received 
 it. I am indebted to a sort of accident, even now, for the privilege 
 of meeting with you upon this occasion, and as Nevada regards Cal- 
 ifornia in the light of an Alma Mater so we, the graduates of 
 various colleges now resident therein, desire ever to be remembered 
 when the Alumni of California meet in festivity and counsel. 
 
 This is a beautiful scene to me, brethren, we the children of the 
 colleges of the Orient meeting together in fraternal concord in the 
 Occident, and that, too, almost upon the borders of the very gardens 
 of the Hesperides. Nothing is more tasteful and appropriate than 
 the gathering together of educated men in a clannish guild for mu- 
 tual pleasure and improvement, as well as for the purpose of devis- 
 ing ways and means for the advancement of learning, and the educa 
 tion of after-coming generations. 
 
 It is fitting, gentlemen, that you to-day open a new I/eliiOtiian 
 fount — it is appropriate that you open a new Pierian spring. Why, 
 
APPENDIX. '283 
 
 sirs, your California is entitled to be considered a classic land; your 
 valleys of the San Joaquin and Sacramento are smoother than the 
 vales of Arcadia; your peak of Shasta is statelier than Parnassus; your 
 mammoth trees than the sacred groves of Academus; your Almaden is 
 stranger than the fount of Helicon; your Geysers than the Delphic 
 caves; and while your lofty Sierras, clad in cloud and snow, lift them- 
 selves toward heaven more grandly than ever did Olympus, your won- 
 drous harbor and Golden Gate are ampler than any Roman port, or 
 even the historic Pinieus of the Athenians. Oh! wonderful California; 
 so beautiful in thy youth, so youthful in thy beauty — esto perpetua, be 
 thou eternal. No history records so rich, so grand, so fair a land; 
 behold her sitting like a queen beside the sea, bearing in her right 
 hand the peak of Shasta upon the north, while in her left are clus- 
 tering the green grapes of Los Angeles upon the south, and her young 
 brow is lifted to heaven upon the summits of her own Sierras, whilst 
 her virgin feet are laving in the waters that Balboa saw and loved. 
 Breathes there a man that would not love a land so rich and bright 
 as this ? 
 
 But, gentlemen, we are gathered together at a strange period in 
 history; we, a company of educated men, are meeting in peaceful 
 convocation, while our country is rocked by the throes of a rebellion 
 as with an earthquake; and this recalls to my mind some remarks 
 which were dropped by the worthily distinguished gentleman who 
 first addressed you — I mean the Rev. Dr. Bellows. My honorable 
 friend, the Doctor, rather twitted the legal profession, and I propose 
 to pay my respects to him. He paid a merited compliment to the 
 clergy for their good works, passed an unctious eulogium upon the 
 brethren of the medical profession for their services, and rather 
 " hung fire " when he came to the bar. He said several things for 
 which I propose here and now to call him to account; for instance, 
 he remarked that "he did not know what the lawyers had done in 
 this war;" again, " the practice of law is connected purely with the 
 money-making department; if they keep themselves unspotted from 
 the world, I presume this is doing very well for them;" and yet again, 
 " if the lawyers need any defense, however, we of the other profes- 
 sions ought charitably to help them out.'' I do not pretend that 
 these are his exact words, but they embody the spirit of what he 
 said, and lest judgment be entered by default, I propose to enter 
 right here a plea of the " general issue," as lawyers call it. .'\nd now. 
 
I 
 
 284 HISTORY OF 'J' HE COLLEGE OE CALIIORNIA. 
 
 my dear Doctor [and saying this the speaker turned smilingly toward 
 him] I propose to tell you what the lawyers have done in this war, 
 and in this world; and I propose to show that not only in this Re- 
 bellion have the lawyers done manly work, but that they have been in 
 the van of all political, social, moral, and educational movements 
 for the amelioration of the race ever since the world was made. 'I'his 
 is a bold boast, and I propose to prove it now. 
 
 When Philip of Macedon was moving forward to subjugate all 
 Greece, whose burning lips aroused the fires of valor in Athenian 
 breasts? Those of Demosthenes, a lawyer. When Catiline had 
 pushed his conspiracy against Rome into the very Senate house, 
 what clarion voice proclaimed his guilt, and what gallant arm drove 
 him from the forum 1 Those of Cicero, a lawyer. When the French 
 Revolution shook that beautiful realm, and blood flowed shoe-mouth 
 deep in the streets of Paris, who stood for the people against the 
 patricians with the valor and eloquence of a demigod? Mirabeau! 
 How has it been in England, Ireland, and our own land ? Need I 
 tell an audience like this of Pitt, and Fox, and Burke- of Mansfield, 
 Erskine, and Buller in the first-named country; or Curran, and Em- 
 met, and Grattan, or Phillips, Shiel, and O'Connell in the second? 
 But let us come at once to America, and tell our dear beloved 
 friend, the Doctor, for he is dear to us all and beloved by us 
 all, although he upbraids us without cause — " with all his faults 
 we love him still." I said I would come to America and see what 
 lawyers had done tor her. Has anyone forgotten how in the early 
 days of the Revolutionary struggle, the gifted Otis, with tongue of 
 fire, aroused the i)atriotism of Massachusetts, while at the self same 
 time, as if by providential order, the thunder tones oi Patrick Henry 
 fulminated over Virginia, calling his countrymen to arms? Has any- 
 one forgotten what lawyers lived, and ruled, and labored in that fear- 
 ful struggle, and up till now in American history? The judiciary of 
 America has given us a Marshall, a Bushrod \\'ashington, and a 
 McLean, and a list that it would be tedious to name to you. [The 
 Doctor here interrupted the speaker and added, audibly, Hamilton 
 and Burr. In reply the Judge said, I thought the Doctor was going 
 to quote Nicodemus on me, for I believe the brethren of the cloth 
 were always prejudiced against him because he was ignorant oi the 
 second birth.] 
 
 But how is it in this present terrible and iriuiinal Rcbelliun ? Have 
 
APPEND IX. 285 
 
 the members of the legal profession done nothing for our land? 
 Who gave you a Halleck at the council hoard, and a Butler at 
 Fortress Monroe ? The bar ! [At the mention of the name of But- 
 ler, cheers and shouts for a long time resounded through the hall.] 
 Who gave to the nation General Schenck, who has lost one arm in 
 his country's service and is ready to part with the other? Who 
 gave you General Frank Blair to oscillate between Congress and the 
 battle-field ? Who gave you the McCooks, those six gallant men- 
 father and sons together -all from that dear old State of Ohio, some 
 living and some dead, who have been fighting this battle from the 
 first ? And yet, again, who was that valiant man who uttered that 
 sentiment now historic — " If any man attempts to lower the Amer- 
 ican flag, shoot him on the spot " ? General Dix, a lawyer. All, 
 all were lawyers; the gifts of a patriotic profession to a bleeding 
 country. These are the kind of men of whom the bar is made ; 
 these are the godlike men, brave in the forum, and braver on the 
 
 field. 
 
 " These are among the immortal names 
 That were not born to die! " 
 
 Surely, Doctor, it was not to such as these that it was said of old, 
 " Woe unto you, lawyers." 
 
 But I have reserved my best argument for the last; for there is yet 
 another name that I would recall to your recollection. Who has 
 stood in the storm for the last four years ? What man is that who 
 has stood upon the deck of the old Ship of State, while she has been 
 raked this way by canister, and that way by grape, and tossed upon the 
 wildest tempest of rebellion that history records — his hand upon the 
 helm, and his eye upon heaven — guiding and guarding that sacred 
 vessel ? I refer, as you already know, to Abraham Lincoln, a law- 
 yer ! The speaker, in conclusion, made some remarks as to the ven- 
 eration and respect which he felt for the gentleman to whom he had 
 replied, and cautioned him pleasantly never again to snub the bar, 
 and wound up by saying, in a most pleasant manner, that if he had 
 known the Doctor was coming over here to crack a joke upon his 
 beloved i)rofession, he would have remained one day longer, last 
 week, at the (ieysers, with Doctor Bellows, and put him in the 
 \\' itches' Cauldron, or he should have i)Ut the speaker in. Thanking 
 the audience for their kind attention, the Judge then resumed his 
 seat, amid cheers and applause from all the gentlemen present. 
 
286 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 The President. — Our Army; glorious teachers of the power of 
 patriotism and education combined. The bright pages of history 
 that they are writing will have no weightier truth for the ages than 
 that the more men knoiv, the better they fight for the right. Repre- 
 sented on our coast by a commander who is always right, there 
 can be no mistake in our asking now to hear from General Wright. 
 
 General Wright. — I thank the gentlemen for their kind greet- 
 ing and acceptance of the sentiment which has just been announced. 
 I might plead surprise at being called out before this distinguished 
 as.sembly, but it is unsoldierlike for one to suffer himself to be sur- 
 prised. The soldier must always be ready for any emergency. He 
 must be always ready either to meet the flash of the red artillery, or 
 the sometimes more dangerous flash of bright eyes. Since this arm 
 had thirteen years' pith, a soldier I have been. My duties have called 
 me into every section of our country, but whether serving in the 
 sunny South, or in the frozen regions of the North, or looking out on 
 our own loved Pacific, my thoughts have daily wandered back, and I 
 have offered up a prayer for the prosperity of my dear old Alma Mater 
 on the banks of the Hudson. Soon I leave you, gentlemen, for serv- 
 ice in the East, but if God spares my life, I hope to return to this 
 coast at the close of this contest, to spend the remainder of my days. 
 
 But, gentlemen, I do not rise to speak of myself I was called 
 upon to respond to, " Our Army." Oh! how much is embodied in 
 those two words! On our army depends the fate of this country. 
 On our army hangs the very life of this nation. The armies of the 
 Republic are now teaching both rebels within our borders and their 
 sympathizers abroad, that patriotism and education are all-powerful, 
 and sufficient to preserve our glorious and free institutions, and main- 
 tain the integrity of this nation through all coming ages, and for all 
 coming generations! Our army is fighting for right! Our enemies 
 have appealed to the sword, and let the sword decide it. My faith 
 has never wavered, since the commencement of this great struggle, 
 as to its final result. We shall pass through this fiery ordeal un- 
 scathed. We shall emerge, bright, pure, and etherealized, and re- 
 sume our old natural standpoint as a beacon of hope to the op- 
 pressed nations of the whole world. 
 
 But I will detain you no longer, gentlemen. [Go on, go on.] 
 It is already i)ast 9 o'clock, and I will close. 1 return my thanks 
 for myself and the gentlemen who have accompanied me, to the 
 
APPENDIX. 287 
 
 Faculty for their kind invitation to be present on this occasion; 
 hoping that the College of California may long prosper and flourish 
 amid these peaceful groves of Oakland, and that its graduated class 
 may go forth to-morrow strongly armed with patriotism and educa- 
 tion, and become useful members of society, and reflect credit on 
 the distinguished Faculty of the College. 
 
 The Presidknt. — The Clergy; truth is the first fruit — the 
 preachers of truth the crowning glory of all true education. There 
 is a gentleman present whose heart is so full of love for every 
 good word and every good work that I know that it is just as much 
 as he has been able to do to keep quiet until now. I ,et us hear 
 from the Rev. Mr. Kittredge. 
 
 Mr. Kittrkdge. — Mr President : You have chosen a very 
 small s[)ecimen of a clergyman to respond to that sentiment. I 
 know, sir, that it is said that the richest articles are done up in the 
 smallest parcels, l)ut you know very well that there are exceptions to 
 all general rules, and the present company is always excepted. But, 
 sir, I am very happy to respond to the toast which you have just 
 read. According to the idea, sir, of the Old World, wc have come 
 dmvn from the j)osition of the old priesthood to the common peo- 
 ple ; according to the American idea, the clergy have gone up to the 
 common people — to their hearts and into their hearts. 
 
 If I understand the theory and the constitution of this College, 
 and of all our New England and United States colleges as distin- 
 guished from others, it is this, that religion and education join 
 hands ; and that Faculty and students, not only on California's 
 shores, but throughout our loved America, in principle and in fact, 
 are ever sending up, sir, to the great Teacher — looking away from 
 metaphysical works and the dead languages, and looking up as 
 little children to the Great God to ask, " What is truth ? " And, sir, 
 the contest in which we are now engaged is bringing us closer to 
 that great Teacher. I have seen, sir, and conversed with the 
 American missionary in almost every missionary field, over whom 
 there is the care of almost every denomination, and I can testify 
 here to-day that those who have borne our loved religion to other 
 shores are the noblest specimens of American men — true patriots, 
 sir, to the very core — loving man, loving God ; and I have seen the 
 tear glisten and fall from the eye as home and country have been 
 mentioned. I was present, sir, in Syria, at a little prayer-meeting 
 
2.SS HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 over which the American Minister presided ; and if you could have 
 seen those men bowing in supfjliance in a heathen land, with but 
 one petition, but one prayer, " God bless our country,'' you would 
 have known that there are hearts beating for us and with us far 
 away to-night. 
 
 It seems to me, sir, that there is this peculiarity of our Govern- 
 ment which has been brought out more clearly in this crisis — the 
 lack, of monuments. We are very poorly off, sir, for monuments. 
 You can walk through the cities of the Old World and be fascinated 
 by the crumbling monuments ; or you can stand within the aisles of 
 Westminster Abbey, your heart and mind enchanted with its won- 
 drous beauty and solemnity ; or you can gaze, enraptured, through 
 the cathedral-like, palace-like, church-like ruins of Italy, Greece, 
 and Egypt ; and you can ask yourself, sir, as many a traveler does, 
 why with all this education, why with the pyramids, and these 
 Egyptian ruins, and that solitary pyramid, the Heliopolis, giving 
 witness, perhaps, that we are only going up the ladder which has 
 been traversed before — and yet, sir, the question comes again and 
 again. Why has Greece fallen } why has Rome fallen .-' why has 
 Egypt fallen .^ And upon the (irecian ruins, amid the ruins of the 
 Acropolis, upon the fallen j)illars of Rome, you will read the 
 answer : " Their people wandered far away from their God." And 
 among the ruins of Egypt you read the solemn warning, '' The cow 
 and wolf, and the God-cursed serpent are the gods of the Egyptian 
 people." And, sir, that is the glory of America to-day, that her 
 people are coming closer to God, and that, as my brother has said 
 to-night, although of a different denomination from me, the sectarian 
 walls are being broken down as far as it is right to break them 
 down ; and, sir, the people are beginning to feel that a preacher of 
 the gospel is a man like themselves, and that he is beginning to 
 emerge from his long seclusion. Where, sir, is there a more beau- 
 tiful picture than an American student to-day as he walks forth from 
 the shadows of our colleges, with his conscience unfettered, with 
 his mind opened to all the streams of learning that are pouring into 
 his soul; with his heart beating with a patriotism, a love of country, 
 that he never thought or dreamed of, until God brought this blessed 
 crisis upon us; and, sir, with the dews of truth upon his white 
 brow, and it seems to me with a dove resting upon his head, and a 
 voice coming through the open lieavens, " That is my dear son " — 
 mind open, heart open, conscience unshackled, to be a blessing to 
 
APPENDIX. 289 
 
 the world and a servant of man ! Why, sir, has there ever been a 
 more sublime picture than that witnessed ? 
 
 I think it was in the city of Richmond, when that younj^' man 
 from one of our colleges, an American, a Christian young man, 
 taken as a spy — and I knew him well — confined in that low and 
 abominable prison, was at last led out to execution; after having 
 written a letter — which I wish I had with me to-night that I might 
 read it to you — and while standing on that ground which he knew 
 was to drink his blood, and from home — only, I think, eighteen 
 years of age — and with as much love for life as have you or I, when 
 asked if he had anything to say before he passed into eternity, he 
 stopped, looked around ujjon that mute and blinded assembly, and 
 said: ''I have one thing to say: Three cheers for the stars and 
 stripes ! " No sooner, sir, had he uttered it than he fell, pierced by 
 more than twenty bullets. Such are the young men that America 
 has produced, and over whom as they pass out to the battle is 
 spoken the blessing of the minister of God. And religion, sir, is 
 exalted to-day in that she is permitted to walk through the fields of 
 blood, and, though blood, not one thread of her garments, is 
 stained. 
 
 Mr. President, I have been with you in this State but a little 
 over four months. I listened this afternoon with intense interest to 
 the oration by him whom you selected to re[)rcsent you on this 
 occasion. Unknown personally, sir, to myself, I know that he will 
 take whatever I say only as the utterances of a heart that I know 
 is true to our country. If I know anything, sir, of California, if I 
 can judge anything, sir, from the beating of my own heart — a heart 
 that is telling me every day more and more that I am a citizen 
 among you— California, Mr. President, at the present hour has no 
 complaints to make to the general Government, not even for five 
 per cent tax upon the mines. Mr. President, no ! Right or 
 wrong as is the measure that has been spoken of, never in an hour 
 like this, never when the altars of the general Government and the 
 great national altar are trembling under the blows of treason, never 
 when the ocean of blood has nearly overtopped that altar — that 
 blood of our own sons and brothers — never in such an hour would 
 California, can she go to the Federal Government and say : "There 
 will be anarchy if you do not attend to our legislation. We don't 
 care, sir. what she does to us, if she saves our blessed Union.'' 
 
 19 
 
290 II r STORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORmA. 
 
 Mr. Chairman, I have been struck with the fact that California, sir, 
 more than any other State, but San Francisco more than any other 
 city, has erected on her houses and her pubHc buildings the staff 
 upon which to unfurl the national banner; and anyone visiting this 
 State from the East is struck with the fact. And I feel that I can 
 appeal safely to those here this evening, whether it is not true that as 
 she lifts up the staff and unfurls the banner over thousands of houses 
 in her golden city, so, sir, her loyal hearts are going upwards the 
 way that staff points; and to our brotlier and loving friend of the 
 Sanitary Commission, and to other commissions, she is showing that 
 she loves our country, by pouring out from her loaded stores those 
 blessed little mementoes, not only of California's affection, and the 
 blessed soothers of soldiers' sufferings, and telling him to-night on 
 the field of battle that whatever may be true of the South, the far- 
 thest State in our Union — far off on the Pacific— is as true, as noble, 
 and as devoted to the interests of country as my own Massachu- 
 setts, as our brother's of New York, as any State in our glorious 
 Union. 
 
 TnK Pkksidknt. — The Law; a sword and a shield! They who 
 wield the one worthily, will never fail to use the other to ward off 
 every assault of i>ublic treason or private wrong. Mr. John W . Dwi- 
 nellc will respond. 
 
 Mr. Dwinklle. — Mk. Chairman: I have had process served on 
 me here since I sat at this table — what we lawyers call a short sum- 
 mons. Now, Mr. Chairman, do you think that is fair? You call 
 this a kind of " free collation ! " It don't cost anything ! Why, sir^ 
 did you ever hear of an Arab trying to cut the throat of a man who 
 had eaten his salt.? AVhy.the meanest Piute Indian, when he shared 
 his roasted dog with a white man, would be above trying to roast him 
 alive. A free collation ! Next time I hope you will allow me to 
 pay for my ticket. But I remember when I was in college they used 
 to roast Freshmen, and I presume that trotting out an old fogy is a 
 correlative process. Now, I came here to speak my mind, and I am 
 going to do it. I was retained on the "other side," and you know 
 we have always to speak for the first retainer. Now, I came here to 
 be impressed very much in favor of this College. I knew some of 
 the {professors, all of them gentlemen, and some of them good-look- 
 ing. Then this free collation rather impressed me favorably. 1 like 
 to collate, myself. Very favorably impressed 1 was — asked my son 
 
APPEA'D/X. ':>0I 
 
 to ijo down with me and be entertained. The music was good; the 
 oration was splendid; the poem was a gem; procession large and fine; 
 audience numerous; pretty ladies there ; grounds looking fine, build- 
 ings fine, new thing apparently; very much impressed; collation first- 
 rate; waiters splendid. But it happens sometimes to a traveler that 
 while everything looks all right and nice, there is a pistol ready to be 
 presented at his head. I used to be inspector of a lunatic asylum; it 
 was in first-rate condition ; everything looked in perfect order when 
 I took charge, yet it was not always safe to look behind the beds or 
 into the closets. But there is another thing that has impressed me 
 very much. Look at that picture [pointing to a large painting of the 
 State arms] — a picture of Eureka, twice as large as life, and about as 
 natural, too, and tending bar at that ! I think, now, for the honor of 
 the College with which the future of California is so much interested 
 and involved, that we ought to take a silent vow to say nothing about 
 it. 
 
 It is very hard for me to say anything under these circumstances, 
 particularly as I have been preceded by Judge Haight and Chief 
 Justice Turner on the subject of the judiciary. But there is one 
 thing well known to lawyers, which for the honor of the clergy we 
 have kept secret, but which, after the attack made on the profession 
 by the Rev. Dr. Bellows, I am not going to keep any longer. You 
 are all aware that the Saviour denounced lawyers — even went so far 
 as to say, '' Woe unto you lawyers." Now, who were the lawyers of 
 those days? Why, they occupied the very position that the clergy 
 occupies now. There were no lawyers in those days as we under- 
 stand the term. There was a class of men that expounded the law, 
 but they were the clergy. That was the class of men that the Sav- 
 iour denounced, and you know what a catastrophe they brought upon 
 the world about eighteen hundred years ago. We had nothing to do 
 with that. It was that profession that has so well represented itself 
 here to-night at both ends of the room. They took us by the beard, 
 and said, " How is it with you, now?" 
 
 I regard the law, Mr. President, as one of the noblest, the highest 
 branches of knowledge. What is the Judge? What does he as- 
 sume ? Why he assumes one of the highest attributes of Deity, so 
 far as man can assume it. He assumes to sit like a god in his impar- 
 tiality, in his inflexibility, in his justice, and in his truth. His infalli- 
 bility and omniscience man cannot assume; but he swears to ass'ime 
 
292 /ffSTORV OF TIfE COLTEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 those other qualities, and tliat he will administer justice with truth 
 and impartiality. 
 
 A man who is a lawyer is always becoming belter or growing worse. 
 The discipline of his ])rofession is such that he cannot stand still. 
 We have secrets intrusted to us such as clergymen never reach. The 
 lessons of life come home to us in such a way, wickedness is so sure 
 to get its reward, immorality is so sure to breed vengeance, I hat a 
 man, if he takes that discipline to his heart, is always becoming bet- 
 ter; and the man who deviates from his oath and violates the confi- 
 dence re[)Osed in him is becoming worse. 
 
 Dr. Bellows suggested to Judge Turner the names of Hamilton 
 and Burr as examples of lawyers. I'rom the time that Hamilton 
 came to the bar until he committed that fatal error of his life, he was 
 becoming better; and from the time that Burr came to the bar with 
 his inii)erfect morality until the time he sank into an ignominious 
 grave, he was becoming worse and worse, and he became so bad that 
 his character stank before his carcass did. 
 
 It is said that in some of the States — and I am sorry to believe 
 that it is true, for I went home once with all the fortune I wanted, to 
 settle down there in the practice of the law, and I came back because 
 I believed it — that the profession is broken down. And I will tell 
 you why it is broken down. It is because of those changes in public 
 sentiment which brought about the elective judiciary, broke down 
 those barriers, those credential rules that required that lawyers should 
 be educated men — which recjuired students to be in the otitice of re- 
 spectable attorneys, and associated with them for a certain number 
 of years, before they should be entitled to admission to the bar, in 
 order that they should be in some measure competent to discharge 
 the high and honorable duties of the profession — until their character 
 should become fixed, their morals firmly established. In many of 
 those States if a man can go into an obscure court and get admission 
 to the bar, he is as good a man as one who has be-jn matriculated 
 and got his degree. Well, such men come to the bar with their im- 
 perfect training and imperfect morals, and that is the reason why the 
 profession is broken down in some of the States, and probably will 
 be broken down in others And, therefore, I say that lawyers are as 
 much intere.sted in the cause of education as any class of people; 
 and for my part I am willing to pledge mystlf to devote myself to 
 the interests of this institution, and of kindred institutions, as far as 
 1 shall ever be able to do so. 
 
APPENDIX. 293 
 
 The President. — We have heard from the oldest member of the 
 profession here. I think that the younger men connected with the 
 bar should have a word to say. Will Mr. Blatchley favor us with a 
 further response to this toast 1 
 
 Mr. Blatchley. — I don't know as I can avoid accepting your 
 very polite invitation. I do not know how to express the pleasure 
 I feel, that it is my privilege to attend the first Alumni gathering u])on 
 the Pacific Coast, under the auspices of this institution, in which 
 thousands of the people of this coast have an interest. I trust, Mr. 
 President, that we are witnesses of the inauguration, as it were, of 
 an institution which, one of these years (and the time which shall 
 elapse, I think, will not be measured by centuries) will afford means 
 of education as good; which will afford means as ample for prose- 
 cuting studies in science, in literature, and in art; which will be an 
 institution as rich and as proud — as any institution anywhere in the 
 land. Certainly, sir, Eastern institutions, let them be as excellent as 
 they may, cannot take the place of educational institutions in Cali- 
 fornia. The Eastern-educated gentleman is not necessarily just like 
 what a California-educated gentleman should be. I take it, sir, .that 
 a man who would pass muster as an educated gentleman in New 
 England might not be qualified to discharge the duties of the posi- 
 tion of a trustee of a mining company. Every land, sir, has its 
 peculiarities ; California has her peculiarities— her peculiarities of 
 soil, and climate, and productions, and people — and there must be 
 corresponding peculiarities of education. He cannot be considered 
 a well-informed Californian who is not well acquainted with matters 
 peculiar to the State — matters which cannot be as well learned any- 
 where else as in this State. Our mines, sir, are certainly peculiar, 
 and there is little danger that anyone thoroughly acquainted with 
 all matters pertaining to them, will not be able to find employment 
 for all his knowledge. We may go a thousand miles in any direc- 
 tion, and not go beyond mines of gold and silver, which send for 
 their supplies to California. The people of this coast must study 
 mining, sir — must study those arts and sciences immediately con- 
 nected with mining. The educational institutions must act accord- 
 ingly, and there is ami)le evidence that they are acting accordingly. 
 
 But there are other peculiarities connected with this coast. One 
 need not walk a great way in any of our principal cities, to hear at 
 least five different languages spoken — English, Cerujan, French, 
 
294 JlJ6JORy OJ- 'I HE COLLEGE UF CALll'OKXfA. 
 
 Spanish, and Chinese, and, probably, Itahan and Danish. Libraries, 
 to rei)resent properly the literature of the country, would have to 
 represent some half a dozen languages. It seems to me, therefore, 
 that the study of the languages will have an important place in the 
 education of this country. I do not know, sir, admitting that we 
 had the books and the teachers, of any city in this country, or in 
 the world, which affords facilities for the study of the modern lan- 
 guages equal to those afforded by San Francisco. And when we 
 recollect that the living languages are all, to some extent, connected 
 with, and some of them wholly based upon, the dead languages, I 
 think there is little danger that we shall attempt strictly to pursue the 
 study of living languages, merely for the sake of expressing in dif- 
 ferent ways our ideas, rather than to study language as a science — 
 to study the facts for the sake of the facts as truth. 
 
 But, Mr. President, I believe that I am waxing somewhat didactic, 
 so, thanking the meeting and you, Mr. President, for the honor you 
 have conferred upon me by inviting me to address the meeting, 1 
 take my seat. 
 
 Thk Pkesidkni'. — The Medical Profession; sharers in earth's 
 most blessed mission, " going about to heal the sick." The educa- 
 tion that fits them for their work is but the prelude to that higher 
 culture of the heart that adorns and crowns it. Dr. Henry Ciibbons 
 will respond. 
 
 Dr. Gibbons. — Fkiknds .\nd BkorHEKs: I believe it is, I know 
 it is customary, in arranging a feast or a meal, to deal out certain sub- 
 stantials — to begin with such as meat, and bread, and ]jotatoes„^nd to 
 leave the tarts and dainties until the appetite is somewhat sated with 
 solid food. But it appears to me that the order of things — so far as 
 calling upon me to perform my part in this intellectual feast— the 
 order of things on the present occasion is somewhat reversed; that, 
 after the ruddy dumplings, and the luscious tarls and sweetmeats, 
 you call upon me to distribute a few cold potatoes, or a sort of din- 
 ner-pill, after eating so heartily, or a dose of Seidlitz powders to 
 carry off the load. 
 
 However, without any further preliminary remarks, I will proceed 
 to .say what little I have to say, and I shall make but a very small 
 dose, for I have studied, in the latter i)art of my career as a physi- 
 cian, to put the medicine in as small a dose as possible, and to dis- 
 guise it with as much sugar as possible. 
 
APPENDIX. 295 
 
 1 was very near committing a grievous sin to-day. In this quiet 
 place, and in the presence of so many clergymen, I am permitted to 
 come to the confessional, particularly as I didn't commit the sin. 
 I was very near it, but I am not quite guilty. For some time past 
 I have had my mind directed toward this occasion, or toward some 
 occasion in the future, about which I had a vague idea, but in refer- 
 ence to which there was something attractive. I had been over on 
 another occasion similar to this, some time since, when we, or many 
 of us that are here assembled, listened to the silvery tones of a dear 
 friend now no more, but whose memory is fresh in the heart of every 
 individual present. I was, I say, here once, on an occasion similar to 
 this, and an impression was left on my mind so agreeable that I 
 wanted to be present at this. But I have got so in the habit of run- 
 ning around like an old horse in a bark-mill, in the streets of San 
 Francisco, that, although I wanted to come, I could not make up my 
 mind to break through the fence of habit. There I was, thinking 
 whether I would come or not. I felt the responsibility of the du- 
 ties of a medical man; I thought I was under obligation to those 
 who depended upon me for professional aid — that it was not right to 
 be running away from the po.st of duty, and all that. Well, this 
 kind of idea, dictated by habit more than anything else, by and by 
 was encountered by the opposite sentiment, a sentiment which is rep- 
 resented in this toast — the part which refers to the higher culture. 
 [Looking at a slip of paper, as if reading.] I have the advantage of 
 my friend. Judge Haight, who, although he quoted Scripture and 
 compared himself to Moses, in reference to his vision, had to take 
 out his glasses in order to read his " summons." Now, my eyes are 
 good yet — they arc actually improving. A few years ago, when I 
 wanted to read a paper like that, I was under the necessity of holding 
 it at about that distance [holding the paper near his eyes]. Now I 
 can see a great denl better when I hold it off there at arm's length. 
 This is a fact of science which I announce for the benefit of stu- 
 dents in this college. The idea of the "higher culture" struck my 
 mind, and I felt that whatever the duties of a physician were, bind- 
 ing him to his home — to the rounds of his profession — there were 
 higher duties requiring his attention at times. This view of the case 
 crept over my mind, until I concluded I could come and would 
 come. I had no e.xpectation of being able to throw any of my light 
 to aid proceedings in any way. I came with the selfish feeling 
 
296 HISTOR y OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 of benefiting myself — of cultivating those higher motives, those 
 better feelings — taking advantage of that culture which we al- 
 ways derive from personal intercourse. And I came; but, gen- 
 tlemen, I was so honored in coming that I trembled almost at the 
 very idea of almost having committed that sin, and I hope that it 
 will be voted a sin hereafter, not to come to meetings of this kind. 
 Why, look at the advantage that we derive from it. Who is there 
 in this room that has not enjoyed himself on the present occasion ? 
 and who is there here that does not feel that there is enough in the 
 human mind and brain from which to derive enjoyment, without re- 
 sorting to any factitious source ? Was there ever, where the tables 
 groan beneath the weight of other articles than we find here — 
 stimulating drinks, and so forth — was there ever an occasion in 
 which there was more social, and pure, and sound enjoyment than 
 we have had here to-night? Would it be possible to aid by any 
 artificial means the rich feast that everyone here has imbibed this 
 evening — the rich intellectual least imbibed from all sources, and 
 all professions. 
 
 A word in regard to the list, which was deemed interminable by 
 some of our friends. It is a long list, but it is still not large 
 enough. Some of the names even are not sufficiently multiplied ; 
 and I wish to make a complaint in regard to my own name, which 
 occurs on that list three times only. I protest against that ; it 
 ought to appear there four times — for there is another graduate of 
 a California school, whose name should have been there. I am 
 proud to mention the name — indulge me in a little paternal vanity 
 — Henry Gibbons, Jr., M. 1)., a graduate of the Medical Depart- 
 ment of the University of the Pacific in 1863; not present, nor 
 having it in his power to be present, because, I presume, at this 
 very moment he is occupied in the Douglas Hospital at Washing- 
 ton. And there are more to come. And within these walls there 
 is another one of the tribe, who, in the course of three years, will 
 have his name down on that list. Then I will be proud to say there 
 are five of them — representatives, too, of the littlest State in the 
 Union, Delaware. South of thai wonderful line, it is true ; but 
 true and loyal to the core. 
 
 Now, since I have been here, looking around and thinking, I 
 have reflected upon what a motley crowd we have got here, and 
 what occasion there can be or could be, to bring together such a 
 
APPENDIX. -2^17 
 
 hcteroi^eneous mass ot people — military men and (Quakers, lo some 
 extent antipodes everywhere else. Here is my friend, General 
 Wright ; we never, I believe, stuck together, except when we used 
 to play chess together in Philadelphia; I think I beat you, General, 
 then, if I mistake not. 
 
 The President. — I would suggest, Doctor, that the General 
 belongs to an army that never knows when it is beaten. 
 
 Dr. Gibbons. — Well, it is a good thing that such opposite mate- 
 rial should be thus brought together. What is there on earth, 
 except an occasion of this sort, that could bring together such a 
 heterogeneous mass, unless it be — and I do hope that the spirit of 
 patriotism and loyal devotion to the stars and stripes might do it. 
 In every other pursuit of life we are antipodal, many of us ; but 
 here can be brought together the entire head and brains of the 
 entire community, for there never was before, I suppose, on this 
 Western coast, such an amount of human brains in a room twenty 
 by forty. W'hy, gentlemen, here is a mighty power in this room at 
 the present moment — a mighty power — a power capable of wielding, 
 and which will, to a great extent, wield the destinies of California. 
 Never before was congregated on this copst the means of accom- 
 plishing so much good in one small room as now in this room. Let 
 the programme be carried out that has been read by the Chairman ; 
 let this thing be repeated — repeated with additions year by year. 
 Let it go on in arithmetical, if not geometrical, progression. Let us 
 a year hence have another gathering of this kind, but of necessity 
 in a larger room. Let the brains of California and of this Western 
 coast congregate here. Let them call each other by that blessed 
 and endearing title with which the Chairman commenced his 
 address, "Friends and brothers." Let occasions of this kind, my 
 friends and brothers, never be allowed to fail; and depend upon it, 
 we shall in the end have accomplished more for the good of Cali- 
 fornia than by any labor that can be performed under sordid mo- 
 tives in connection with our business, our trade, our occupations, or 
 any other means whatever. 
 
 The President. — The Press; the great educated and the great 
 educator; all colleges have helped to make it what it is, that it may 
 help to make all colleges what they should be hereafter. Dr. Tut- 
 hill will respond. 
 
 Dr. Tuthill. — Mr. President and Brethren : It is eminently 
 
 \\ ._ 
 
298 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 proper, of course, that if a poiver is talked about you should put 
 the press on. It is not quite so certain, however, that I should be 
 called on to speak for the press, especially as there are members of 
 the press present who must be a great deal older than I am, 
 though they may use more hair-dye. I have seen a miracle wrought 
 here to-night — no reference to the sudden disappearance of the 
 edibles that lately loaded these tables — but I entered this room a 
 youth, and now I discover that I am old. Thanks to Judge Haight, 
 personal thanks to General Wright and our venerable friend Mr. 
 Sessions, who confess that their college age is greater even than 
 mine. 
 
 This is a splendid toast. I remember the beginning of it per- 
 fectly. It starts off with " The Press," and then it states something 
 about the "great educated " and the "great educator." Now, if I 
 understand the toast, it means this : Whereas the press is an 
 engine of tremendous suction power, it is equally remarkable for the 
 force with which it returns to the public all that it receives ; and, 
 whereas, it was once in leading-strings and went to school and got 
 birched by libel suits, now it has become its own master and plays 
 the birch itself and teaches manners and morals. It more than 
 intimates that the colleges have made the press the great institution 
 that it is — that it speaks for itself and don't have to pitch into the 
 clergy to protect its merits from depreciation. That may be true ; 
 first, there is a large number of college men who are controlling the 
 press as editors, though it still remains that there is a great quantity 
 of old brains editorially employed that never were bred in college ; 
 but the length of that list of Alumni on the Pacific Coast suggests 
 another way that the colleges have affected the press — the mixing of 
 so many educated, cultivated men in with the reading community 
 has compelled a better taste to guide and supervise its issues. 
 
 Mr. President, as I perceive that I am unable to remember the 
 balance of the toast, and as it is so excellent, I shall have to treat 
 it as (leneral Lee w'as treated when he got in between the two 
 Annas. When CJeneral CJrant came down and saw what a fine 
 position Lee was in. he said, " Let him alone," and Hanked him and 
 went around him. Will you permit me, sir, to Hank that toast and 
 go around it } You intended it as a compliment — you compliment 
 your own taste by the intention. It is a handsome compliment to 
 our profession, that every other profession; while thinking its own 
 
APPENDIX. 299 
 
 the clenched nail and glue that holds society together, gives ours 
 the second place. If it were not for this self-satisfaction of every 
 other profession, what would become of ours I What a rush there 
 would be to it of briefless lawyers, of clergymen with harrowed 
 throats, of physicians chagrined at seeing patients slip through their 
 hands into health — or the hearse ! In consideration for the press, 
 a kind Providence has ordained that when a little removed from the 
 l>etty annoyances of their daily business, the members of these 
 other professions should fancy their own more important and de- 
 sirable even than ours. But being the second choice of all out of it, 
 and first in our own conceit, is it not proven that the first and most 
 potent of modern professions is the press ? You all have your little 
 jealousies of us, of course. The doctor is naturally annoyed to see 
 the quack advertising himself into a practice and wealth. Many a 
 lawyer curls his lip with scorn at the mention of a newspaper, yet 
 when he is going to defend a particularly hard case, he will tempt 
 and egg on the honest, unsuspicious press to flame with indignation, 
 and denounce his client, for the sake of getting the whole commu- 
 nity so down on him that it will be impossible to select an unbiased 
 jury to try him in the county. The clergy believe in us. They 
 know what helps we are to forward every good work, and yet I am 
 not amazed that they do not on every Sunday advise their people 
 to subscribe to all the papers. It must abate somewhat from the pure 
 pleasure with which they look upon some eloquent sermon of theirs 
 faithfully reported in their favorite newspai)er, to see it flanked in 
 one adjoining column by a brilliant sketch of a horse-race, and in 
 another by the charming details of the last prize-fight. Such things 
 will happen sometimes. 
 
 It cannot be denied that public speakers do sometimes suffer at 
 the hands of persons who, mistaking themselves as reporters, are 
 not even fair porters. I remember the horrified aspect of a distin- 
 guished clergyman at a great public meeting where, because the 
 press had not been invited, the orators had presumed they were to 
 have it all their own way. He entered, walked forward upon the 
 platform, shook hands with his brethren, then peering over the altar 
 rails caught sight of the table where sat the representatives of the 
 entire daily press of New York. He smote his hands together, and 
 exclaimed : '• Is it possible that we are at the mercy of these men !" 
 They had dropped a comma out of one of his previous speeches in 
 
300 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE Of CALIFOKNLA. 
 
 reporting him, and made him a heretic by omitting a " not " in the 
 rendering of his faith on a deUcate point. I am going to get through 
 in a moment. 
 
 Voices — Go on, go on. 
 
 Dr. Tuthill. — In honor of Uncle Abraham, then, may I tell 
 you a story ? It is a very little one. It shows how the common 
 mind is above the jealousies of the members of the learned profes- 
 sions. After one of the naval conflicts of this war, as t'.iey were 
 clearing up the ship's decks, and the doctor had passed along and 
 pointed out those who were dead and those at whom he would have 
 to take another turn in the hospital, they came to one poor fellow 
 who, though numbered among the dead, showed such resistance as 
 only a live man makes. " What are you up to ? " asked Jack, with 
 a growl. " We are going to put you in a sack and bury you," they 
 replied. "But I'm not dead," exclaimed Jack. "Can't help that," 
 answered his companions, " the doctor said you were dead, and our 
 orders are to bury you." "Is that so ? Did the doctor say I was 
 dead ? Then I am dead ; the doctor knows what he's about, but 
 hang me if I knov/ myself, so pitch me overboard." He had faith 
 — he believed in the regular doctor ; and what the doctor was to 
 Jack, the press is to the jjeople. 'J'hey believe in the newspapers. 
 The press is expected to tell a man all that he knows and that he 
 wants to know. I would like to have you consider what a fix you 
 would be in to-night, if it were not for the press. How would you 
 be situated to-morrow, if the press should omit to make mention of 
 this collation ? How could you prove al home tliat you had not 
 been at your club as usual .-* How could any one of these gentle- 
 men face his cara sposa or his Alma Mater with his own testimony, 
 unaided by the ever-faithful press ? Then, again, 1 hope we all 
 understand how nobly the press treats us when it refrains from tell- 
 ing all it knows — when it doesn't take down speeches that it might 
 report if it chose. 
 
 Nothing seems more ephemeral than the daily paper. It is old 
 before it is fairly dry ; stale the hour it is read. If you have ever 
 read, sir. you cannot have forgotten Hugh Miller's magnificent 
 sketch of a tertiary landscape in Scotland. On the bank of a river, 
 burrowing its roots among the already crumbling old red sandstone, 
 stood a stately pine of a species now extinct, which, when touched 
 with slight decay, bled amber. The golden gum trickling from its 
 
APPENDIX. 301 
 
 side attracted myriads of insects, arrested the leaves of ferns, bits 
 of shrubs upturned mosses that the wind wafted near, pieces of 
 bark, and cones, and spikes dropping from its parent tree, and the 
 shed scales of rei)tiles. Whatever touched it adhered and was 
 embahned. So that now. after clusters of centuries have passed, 
 after the solemn procession of icebergs over the submerged land 
 has ceased, and the island rising again has parted with its last gla 
 cier : after coast lines have been raised again and again, and the 
 last formed rocks are crumbling into soil, the amber still remains, 
 preserving its burden of ephemera and extinct species. The amber 
 pine of the Historic Era is the press. Its attractive issue draws to 
 it and embalms all passing news — all current events. A great deal 
 of what it embalms is trash, I admit. Every one of you has con- 
 tributed to the press. Much of it will never see the light again, yet 
 out of the stratified collections of libraries — out from under corner- 
 stones, and from the rubbish of antiquarian museums, historians 
 will exhume some of them, and with them unearth the only memo- 
 rials of a thousand events that have greatly stirred us in their day. 
 The most hastily-jotted paragraph may be the sole authority to settle 
 tjuestions centuries hence, of which only the seeds arc in our time. 
 Mr. President, remembering what has been said to-day, let me 
 state that information has just been received by telegraph that the 
 five per cent mining tax which was going to ruin California — and 
 I believe myself that it would have been playing it down jiretty low 
 on us, though our patriotism is not to be measured by any tax — tax 
 us to the utmost that the Union requires, is our doctrine — is not to 
 be levied after all. The United States Senate, yesterday, finding 
 how California felt about it, waived its un(]uestionable privilege, and 
 agreed to tax the gold product but one-half of one per cent ! — just 
 one-tenth of the figure originally proposed ! There is an Alma 
 Mater for you ! And now, sir, let me give you a toast — not that 
 it concerns my subject at all, but because one must conclude with 
 something. While we have been silting here, our thoughts have 
 wandered back to college groves and old homes, and not seldom 
 have turned to our brethren who in \irginia are struggling to 
 bring this infamous Rebellion to an end. Let me give you a senti- 
 ment which I know you will all respond to in every struggle for the 
 right, especially in this Virginia campaign : (iod — Grant — Vic- 
 tor)'. 
 
302 HISTORY OF THF. COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 The President.— We cannot let the j^ress off so. Mr. Living- 
 ston is here. 
 
 Mr. H. B. Livingston. — Mr President : This is hardly fair. 
 F^veryone else here has had either a long or a short summons ; 
 but, with me, the summons and response are simultaneous. I call 
 that rather severe on the junior member of the profession. 
 
 As an humble member of the press, however, I am exceedingly 
 happy to respond to this toast. As one of the earlier, if not the 
 oldest member now in this State, 1 feel grateful for the privilege of 
 responding to the sentiment : and particularly in behalf of the 
 cause of education, ^^'hen first I landed on these shores — without 
 the pale of San Francisco, and north of the Bay of San Francisco 
 — I think there was not a single log cabin or tenement that was 
 used as a school-house ; not even a tent, not a collection of chil- 
 dren to receive education, from Shasta to the mouth of the Sacra- 
 mento River. By degrees the immigrants came in across the plains; 
 in the month of July or August, I think, the first came in, who 
 settled in the upper country. As early as July, there was a little 
 school established in Sacramento, and afterwards one at Marysville 
 
 A Voice. — What year ? 
 
 Mr. Livingston. — 1849. At all events there were very few 
 common schools in existence before the spring of 1850. Since 
 then, I have .seen the common-school system established and put 
 into operation, which is the glory and honor of our State. I have 
 seen the preliminary preparations for the establishment of this 
 College, now confirmed as one of the institutions of this coast. 
 I have marked the progress of the graduates who are to leave, 
 to-morrow. I had the pleasure of being present at the time they 
 entered the institution ; I have been present at all their examina- 
 tions since ; and I think I can safely say, that they go forward 
 to-morrow to mingle in the battles of the "world, as well prepared and 
 as thoroughly educated as are a great majority of the students who 
 graduate at our colleges in the East. 
 
 Mr. President, before I take my seat, I wish to say a word in de- 
 fense of the (lovernor. I thought there was a sinister smile playin;^ 
 upon your countenance, when you said thai my worthy friend, who 
 sits at the end of your table, the Mayor of San Francisco, was the 
 next in lii lenity \.u the ( lOvernor of the State. I don't think the 
 (iovernor is much of an "indignity;" and if he is, is the Mayor of 
 
Arrr.A'/ux. ms 
 
 .San I-rancisco one also? He and I were in the same class in "Old 
 \\'illiams," and he was never considered an " indignity" there. 
 
 Mr. President, is it fair or honorable to call upon the bachelors 
 tills evening to state the dates at which they graduated.^ I saw then 
 a smirk or a smile upon your countenance, and a frown upon many 
 around — some whose years are even fewer than mine. 1 believe that 
 about one-third of those here are in the happy condition in which I 
 am myself In conclusion, let me propose as a sentiment: The 
 Harvard of the Pacific; may these first graduates present be spared 
 to attend the first semi-centennial anniversary celebration of their 
 institution, and witness it then in as flourishing a condition as is 
 now the parent university of the Union, on the shores of the Atlan- 
 tic Coast ! 
 
 TnK pRKsiDKNT. — Comuion Schools; the nurseries of the colleges; 
 may they speedily become as free as the air, and as universal as the 
 race. 
 
 Mr. Swetl, the State Superintendent, will respond. 
 
 Mr. Swki'I'. — Mr. President: After some little experience in 
 keeping school, I have learned to know when the boys get uneasy, 
 and when they think it is about time that school should "let out." 
 I think it is now about time that the boys here should be let out, for 
 they seem to be getting somewhat tired, and even my excellent friend, 
 Rev. J. E. Benton — who, the politicians allow, is a first-rate boy — is 
 getting uneasy and playing under the table. Therefore I shall make 
 my remarks very brief. 
 
 If it is true that the public schools are the nurseries of colleges, I 
 hardly need invoke the aid of all the graduates of colleges and uni- 
 versities here in behalf of the public schools of our State. The best 
 and shortest way in which to make this college worthy of the State, 
 is to foster the ])ublic schools which must develop the minds that are 
 to come here to be polished off. I think that it is an indisputable 
 fact, that in those States where the public schools are the best sus- 
 tained, the most students come forward to fill the colleges. And 
 while money is needed to organize, and support, and sustain this in- 
 stitution, it needs no less talent, and mind, and brain, and heart, and 
 soul to fill these walls and to build up a model university. And I 
 say that can only be gained by develoi)ing the great mass of mind 
 through the public schools. In this State heretofore it has been too 
 much the custom of those who are founding our institutions of 
 
304 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 learning, to build up a wall of exclusiveness and to turn the cold 
 shoulder against our public schools, and against anything which 
 would aid and strengthen them. I am aware that it never has been 
 said, cannot be said, of the men who are interested in this institution; 
 for the Vice-President and the teachers are all men who have cheer- 
 fully given their aid and countenance to any and every measure for 
 the maintenance and support of the public schools. Therefore let 
 me invoke you as men who can look abroad over the public in this 
 State, and can comprehend in some measure the interests of the 
 State in supporting and maintaining the public schools. Let me in- 
 voke you, wherever you are, to give your aid and your influence. It 
 is needed here. We have in every part of the State hundreds and 
 hundreds of children who are not educated at all; and we have 
 thousands more that only receive a miserable apology for an educa- 
 tion. And we need the aid — not the mere sentiment of men, not 
 the mere sentiment of the tongue — that the people should be edu- 
 cated. We need the living faith of educated men, and of the gradu- 
 ates of universities, in public schools; not only as the nurseries of 
 colleges, but as the nurseries of men. And let me remind you here, 
 gentlemen, that the public schools sometimes give to the boys who 
 attend them the right to issue their own diplomas by their acts in the 
 great battle of life. 
 
 Let me remind you that our State of California is represented in 
 the Senate of the United States by a poor boy, who came from Ire- 
 land and entered a little public school in New York; and we owe it 
 to that public school that we are represented to-day by a man whose 
 loyalty and devotion to the Union is exceeded by none, and whose 
 character in all that constitutes manhood is equaled by few. And 
 we may bear in mind here, that one whose voice was the first to be 
 heard for freedom in this our golden State — whose voice was heard 
 in the canons and on the mountain-tops — he, too, was indebted to 
 the public schools for his education. And further, we might remem- 
 ber that the man to whom it was given first in this State to strike 
 down the influences which might have driven us out of the Union 
 before this day, was not a man bred in the polishing schools. It was 
 not given to the polished blade, flashing in the sunlight, but to the 
 mighty sledge-hammer which ground the power into the dust — ground 
 it down as the stone-cutter's hammer breaks the massive granite. I 
 refer to David C. Broderick. I beg pardon for alluding to those 
 
APPENDIX. 305 
 
 names and those instances here; but I only name them to show that 
 it is the duty of educated men, of professional men, to sustain, and 
 foster, and protect the public schools — not only as the nurseries of 
 colleges, but as the nurseries of men. 
 
 The President. — Mr. Swett wondered what brother Benton was 
 doing under the table. I can tell him. He was stirring up that 
 speech that is in him, and that he was afraid would not keep much 
 longer. I have got a sentiment here that will bring it out: Our Best 
 Teachers; our mothers, our sweethearts, and our wives. 
 
 Rev. J. E. Benton. — Mr. President: If there is any sentiment 
 in a man, a mother, a wife, or a sweetheart will be sure to bring it 
 out of him. But, sir, I have no sentiment in me, notwithstanding 
 all that has been said; and I doubt whether you can bring any out 
 of me at this stage of the meeting. My feelings were hurt, however, 
 by the allusion of the School-master General, and I must explain to 
 you. I saw him with a lean and hungry look in the hall a short dis- 
 tance from me, and I passed him over a couple of quarts of straw- 
 berries, and that is the pay he gave me for them. He called it 
 •'' playing under the table ! " And then, sir, he alluded to me as ■ a 
 boy, and he allowed that the politicians regarded me as considerable of 
 a boy — and that brings me to our Alma Maters and to the subject of 
 boys. He has found, and so have all his friends, the politicians, 
 that the boys of California are able to clean out the men every time; 
 and he will find that it is not only true of political, but also of edu- 
 cational matters all over the United States. Why, sir, I can't attend 
 even an examination of a high school, nor can I even go into one of 
 our public schools here in California, without finding that not only is 
 the boy father to the man, but that the boys are becoming the fathers 
 of the men. Some of you were trying to play smart about the time 
 when you graduated, and all of you were pretending that you were 
 not fogies. You are fogies, and the boys have got you. You may 
 just as well surrender, and the only business that you have got now 
 to attend to is to see that these boys have a fair start, and you have 
 got to clear yourselves out of the way. Give up what you have got 
 in your pockets — give up what you have got anywhere, and make 
 way for the boys as soon as possible. There is no other way to 
 do it. 
 
 Now you think you are smart, and that your old Alma Maters 
 trained you well and cultured you; but I tell you that there are men 
 
306 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 here that I see that don't know as much as they knew when they 
 graduated — as much as would let them into the College of Califor- 
 nia. Oh, you needn't laugh; it is the honest truth, and I will take 
 you and turn you over to-morrow for examination, and you can't get 
 into the College of California ! "Why, now, look at it! Why — I am 
 going to tell you a secret now — ihe boys of Yale College have taken 
 that old Faculty, and that set of old fogies, and they have absolutely 
 run 'em out. What have they done in New Haven.? You talk 
 about boys ! They have got a ten-pin alley in New Haven. I tell 
 you the boys have got possession. What's the use of fighting? 
 They are bound to have possession of the college, and the only re- 
 sponsibility we have is to clear the way and sliow them what there is 
 to learn. 
 
 Now, one man speaking of the kind of men that ought to come 
 out of our California colleges, says it is perfectly indispensable that 
 we should raise up a set of civil engineers. Felton, the orator of 
 the day, tells us that the miner of California is to develop the sinews 
 of war, that shall save this great nation. Day, the superintendent 
 of the Almaden Mine, tells us that the only way we can get out this 
 gold that is contained in our veins, is to raise up a race of geologists 
 and mineralogists — young men with wives and children, etc. Dr. 
 Tuthill undertakes to tell about what Hugh Miller found in the re- 
 mains of An old Scotch forest; and then he tries to ring in the press 
 as the amber drops that can save for future ages the foot-prints of 
 the ephemeral beings of the times. Let Dr. Tuthill go home and 
 undertake to give a description in the Bulletin of the kind of men 
 that ought to grow up in California. Talk about his describing them ! 
 He can't draw a charcoal sketch of the first graduate of a California 
 College. Why, he and Hugh Miller may dig up all the amber chock 
 down to the old red sandstone; Day, of the Almaden, Whitney, the 
 State Oeologist, Earl, the President of the Gould & Curry, may go 
 through all the mines they have got, and what do they know about 
 it ! They all come out acknowledging that there isn't a man on this 
 coast that knows anything about the mines. And that blundering 
 old Butternut, who, when he went to some boys camped up there on 
 the river, and asked them where was a good place to mine, was told 
 by them for a joke that there was a good place right across the river, 
 where they supposed there wasn't anything, and went over and dug 
 out an eight-pound lump of gold — puts them all to shame. They 
 
APPENDIX. 307 
 
 don't know anything. Now, up in the little mountain town of Fol- 
 som, where I live, I can fairly hear the electricity passing down from 
 the North Pole, cutting into the veins of gold, and copper, and iron, 
 and criss-crossing into silver veins, and then it gets into the air, and 
 it spreads out the horses' tails; and I get up in the morning and 
 comb out my whiskers, and it cra-a-a-cks ! Why, it is an absolute 
 fact. I mean it. I can comb the fire out of my whiskers every 
 morning; and there is not a man on this coast that knows anything 
 about the electrical currents and their connections with mineral veins. 
 And who is going to tell about that? Dr. Tuthill, come, and Hugh 
 Miller, and tell us — all you graduates of colleges, that think you have 
 exhausted the wisdom of the world. There's Dr. Coon says when 
 he graduated he thought he could respond to a toast for any Gov- 
 ernor, and now he has found out he don't know anything. And 
 there's General Wright, who graduated in 1822, when I was about 
 two years old, thinks he knows how to fight ! Why, little Ellsworth 
 could teach him more somersaults, more falling down, rolling over, 
 more lying on his back, more uses of the bayonet, more running here 
 and there, than he ever knew ! These boys are the men now. We 
 have got to retire. But there is one thing that we have got to do 
 before we retire, and that is, we have got to lay out the field of 
 knowledge, and we have got to come out with the spondulics to build 
 up the College of California. Good-by ! 
 
 The President. — I told you that speech would not keep any 
 longer. The poet of the day has sent up a sentiment, and with it 
 the name of a gentleman to respond: The Roger AVilliams College; 
 Providence gave it to New England. Toast it brown. Mr. J'Yench. 
 
 Mr. J. E. Benton. — French is a feeble young man. 
 
 Mr. French. — Mr. President : In view of the long-continued 
 time that these exercises have lasted, it seems to me that I shall serve 
 the company best by declining to speak further this evening; and I 
 hope that you, sir, will excuse me. 
 
 The President. — Gentlemen have been twining wreaths, each 
 for his own loved profession, to-night; we would all be glad if the 
 Rev. Mr. Twining would add another to the chaplets that have been 
 woven. 
 
 Mr. Twining. — Mr. President : I cannot but express my deep sat- 
 isfaction and very great pleasure in what I have enjoyed and what I 
 have seen to- night. I must say, however, that a very large part of 
 
308 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 my enjoyment has come from the feeling that I had from the first, 
 that I would not be called upon to make a speech. I have in my 
 mind the same feeling expressed by Mr. French, that this meeting 
 has been prolonged long enough already. I feel that we have got 
 ready to go home. 
 
 I should like, however, to express the hope that if I am in this 
 country next year at this time, I shall be able to meet with those who 
 are here to-night, and as many others as can be assembled at that 
 time, in the repetition of this meeting. As I was coming in here this 
 evening, and, indeed, while we were crossing the bay, a number of 
 persons suggested the idea that an association should be formed for 
 that purpose, and that steps should be taken to secure the regular 
 attendance of college graduates at these Commencement occasions. 
 I hope this will not be neglected. I hope that those present here 
 this evening will make it a point to carry the meeting in their minds, 
 and that we may have next year as full and happy a meeting as we 
 have had this. It reminds me of the happy times I have had in my 
 own college. It makes me feel that California is going to produce 
 here a race of educated men to shape her destinies for her. I feel 
 very sorry that the orator of the day did not deal more at length with 
 the subject he announced in the beginning of his oration, and show, 
 as he might have done, the great power and influence which the edu- 
 cated men of this State must have in developing the civilization of 
 the State. What is needed here in California is educated men — men 
 who are acquainted with the world and the history of the world. We 
 need not merely energetic, active men, but we need wise men — men 
 who know what they are about, and who can give a permanent char- 
 acter to this civilization, and guide it in the right direction. 
 
 In conclusion, I would express the hope that this College will de- 
 velop in the minds of its graduates that same feeling that has been 
 spoken of here to-night — that clannishness, if you choose to call it 
 so — which will adhere to them, as my feeling for my Alma IVIater, 
 Yale, adheres to me; and that those graduates, in whatever part of 
 the world they are called to serve God and man, will look to this^ 
 their Alma Mater, with that peculiar feeling which is developed in 
 them by a long and peculiar discipline of college life; and that that 
 feeling may all their life long be a bond strong as life itself, of con- 
 nection with this, their Alma Mater. 
 
 The President. — We have heard from quite a number of our 
 
APPENDIX. 309 
 
 clerical brothers to-night, and yet I think we all want to hear 
 " Mooar." 
 
 Rev. Mr. Mooar. — I am quite sure that the President of this 
 meeting is wrong ; I do not believe that there are any persons here 
 that want to hear more. But I wisli to express one practical thought 
 that has followed me through the exercises of this evening, and that 
 is, that this general Alumni gathering ought to have some practical 
 fruits visible. It has been always true of the Alumni meetings of 
 my Alma Mater at Williamstown, that on almost every occasion 
 some person has brought forward some practical suggestion with 
 reference to the increase of the endowment of the institution. If I 
 were a moneyed man, I should know how to do that for this College 
 to-night. As it is, I can only hope that somebody will do it for me. 
 Perhaps one way of organizing these Alumni meetings so that they 
 shall be permanently connected with the institution, would be for all 
 of us who are Bachelors of Art, to enter ad eundeni — to take the ad 
 eundem degree, and pay for the privilege our five dollars, which per- 
 haps in this State would be twenty. 
 
 The President. — Education has had no better friend in this State 
 than the Rev. Mr. Walsworth. Let us hear from him. 
 
 Rev. Mr. Walsworth. — As I was not down on the " slate," and 
 as it is so very late, I hoped I should escape altogether; and now I 
 can say but a word. 
 
 You have called me up on the subject of education. I suppose 
 you mean by that to refer to this College, and what has been done in 
 relation to it. A little knot of us met together twelve years ago on 
 the twenty-seventh of this month, and talked over the necessity 
 which existed for the establishment of some such institution as this ; 
 and at that time a committee was appointed to devise ways and 
 means. As a result of that meeting we have what you have seen 
 to-day, or what you can see here on the grounds where we are assem- 
 bled. First we bought these blocks, getting the squatters' right; 
 then, next, the right of the Peraltas. Then after that there was a 
 decision of the Supreme Court which seemed to throw everything 
 open again, and we were threatened with the loss of the whole by 
 squatters, so we took the money that we had raised and built the 
 fence around it, and in that way we saved it. Since then we have 
 gone on building — first one, and then another, and then another, 
 
310 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 and then another, and this is now the crowning glory; and we are 
 to-morrow to send forth our first class — those of whom we are proud, 
 whose training thus far we have watched with all the interest with 
 which a parent would watch the growth and education of a child. 
 And they are worthy of the institution. We believe they will go forth 
 and bear throughout their lives the banners that we have put into 
 their hands. 
 
 But, Mr. Chairman, while I have tried to do, in my humble 
 sphere, all that I could for this institution, I have always felt' that 
 there was one thing more that ought to be done, and the past year 
 my thoughts have rather turned into that direction. I have thought 
 that some provision should be made for the education of the women 
 of California, more than is at present afforded; and out of that 
 thought has come the female college that crowns the first hill as you 
 go north from Oakland — the building of which is now done — com- 
 pleted this week at a cost of about $30,000, and will be opened 
 about the first of July with accommodations for one hundred and 
 twenty-five young ladies. Now, in this endeavor we seek to do for 
 the Alumni of this institution what this College cannot do. You 
 perhaps know what I mean. We want to place upon their heads a 
 crown that this College cannot supply. This is their Alma Mater, 
 but we want to give them also their cara sposa. We want to give 
 each of the Alumni of this College an educated, polished female 
 mind, to give intensity, and worth, and brilliancy, and power to the 
 brains that the young men are getting here. If it were not so late I 
 would talk more. 
 
 The President. — There is one source from which we have heard 
 nothing. We can all understand that within a very small circuit here 
 there are at least four anxious individuals; and there are the Faculty 
 and the Trustees of the College of California, who are listening with 
 all their ears to the picking against the shell of the four fledgelings 
 that are to spread their wings to-morrow. I think that we should 
 hear from somebody on behalf of those Trustees, and I will call on 
 Mr. Rankin. 
 
 Mr. Rankin. — Mr. President : This audience cannot desire a 
 speech from me at this late hour of the evening, nor am I disposed 
 to try their patience by any prolonged remarks. I cannot, however, 
 refuse to say a few words in response to your call upon me as one 
 of the Trustees of the College of California. In behalf of this insti- 
 
APPENDIX. 311 
 
 tution I am always willing to do what 1 can. My interest in it is only 
 what should be the interest of every good citizen of this State — 
 every friend of good morals, education, and religion. But possibly, 
 from the fact that for several years I have been connected with it in 
 the capacity in which you have called upon me, I do feci an interest 
 in its prosperity and success so deep and intense that I would gladly 
 communicate it, if I could, to others. 
 
 In a new State like California, Mr. President, with a population 
 active, energetic, and impulsive — with society and institutions only 
 partially formed and consolidated — with a civilization, though vigor- 
 ous and progressive, as yet in the rough; in a community like this, 
 beyond most others, is there a most urgent necessity for precisely 
 that influence and culture which flow from well-organized and well- 
 endowed institutions, capable of laying the foundations of a liberal 
 education. 
 
 If ever I feel disposed to envy rich men, it is in view of both the 
 pleasure and the power for usefulness which they have at their com- 
 mand in the ability to build up and endow institutions like this. 
 And, sir, if men would do good from lower considerations than those 
 of duty and beneficence, why does it not occur to our rich men that 
 there is no such sure way to secure immortality as by liberal 
 educational benefactions. A donation of $25,000 to this Col- 
 lege for the endowment of a professorship, which I will en- 
 gage shall be called by the name of the founder, would keep a 
 memory fresh for ages, which otherwise would in a few years be 
 utterly lost. Let one rich man think of these things, and though 
 there may not be many here present who are able to do the large 
 tilings to which I have referred, all can do something. You can give 
 some money, and you can give us, what in behalf of the College I 
 most earnestly ask of all of you, your sympathies, your influence, 
 your good wishes, and your prayers. 
 
 It was now time for the San Francisco train to leave, and 
 the assembly reluctantly broke up. Necessity alone prevented 
 another four hours of speaking as good as that which had 
 been enjoyed. The President of the evening had not nearly 
 gone through the list of such as " imist be called out." Those 
 whose lips inexorable time kept sealed must wait their oppor- 
 tunity ; they shall have it another year. 
 
312 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 The meeting adjourned after singing "Gaudeamus" and 
 " Auld Lang Syne," and left the hall marching to the song of 
 the "Battle Cry of Freedom." 
 
 The Faculty of the College were not represented among 
 the speakers of the evening, and did not care to be. They 
 had done their part in preparing the way for so pleasant a 
 reunion. Delighted to see their guests so happy, they much 
 preferred to have them fill up the speeding hours. And in 
 closing this account of the gathering, they have only to say 
 that they were more than satisfied with the success of what 
 had seemed a doubtful experiment. It is now certain that 
 the liberally-educated men of California remember the ties of 
 their common brotherhood, and have not lost the relish for 
 the sweetest and purest literary enjoyments. The Faculty 
 will be most happy to welcome them all another year. 
 
 This occasion, moreover, elicited written responses from the 
 gentlemen named in the following list: — 
 
 Name. Residence. College. Year. 
 
 His Excellency Gov. F. F. Low 
 
 Ch. Justices. W. Sanderson Placerville 
 
 Gen. L. H. Allen San Francisco 
 
 Pres. W. E. Barnard Seattle, W. T Dartmouth 1856 
 
 William D. Bliss Petaluma Harvard 
 
 Rev. J. H. Brodt Marysville Rensselaer Institute . . . 
 
 Dr. Benjamin Cory San Jose Miami University 
 
 Ex-President Jeremiah Day New Haven 
 
 Rev. I. E. Dwinell Sacramento University Vermont. . . 1S43 
 
 Rt. Rev. W. I. Kip, D. D San Francisco Vale 1831 
 
 Rev. Prk.s. S. H. Marsh Forest Grove, Or. . .University V^ermont. . . 
 
 Rev. W. M. Martin Columbia University N. Y. City. 1837 
 
 Rev. W. W. Martin Sonora Yale 1S60 
 
 Rev. W. C. Pond Downieville Bowdoin 1848 
 
 Rev. F. S. Rising Virginia City N. V. Free Academy. . 
 
 D. R. Sample Marysville University Michigan. . . 
 
 Prof. E. D. Sanborn Hanover, N. H Dartmouth 1832 
 
 Rev. H. a. Sawtelle San Francisco Waterville 1854 
 
 Dr. a. F. Sawyer San Francisco Harvard 
 
 Wm. H. Scott Grass Valley Oberlin 
 
 Prof. B. Sii.liman, Jk Yale 1837 
 
 D. C. Stone Marysville Marietta 
 
 Prof. H. B. Smith New York 
 
 Pres. J. M. Sturtevan r 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 Name. Residence. College. 
 
 Jackson Temple Santa Rosa Williams 1851 
 
 Edwin Tyler Michigan Bluff Vale 1848 
 
 Rev. D. E. Willes Marysville Yale 1S50 
 
 Hon. James Wilson San Francisco Middlebury 
 
 J. W. WiNANS San Francisco Columbia 
 
 Of these letters a few arc here reproduced: — 
 
 New Haven, Conn., April 30, 1864. 
 
 Rev. Henrv Durant — Dear Sir: I have been requested to 
 write a letter to the Alumni of different colleges who may meet at 
 Oakland on the first of June. The notice is so late that my com- 
 munication must be very brief. This is of no consequence, as men 
 in middle life are in a better condition to aid in laying the foundation 
 of a new college than those who are more than ninety years of age. 
 A college cannot be got up at once io order^ as may a steamboat or 
 railroad car. It must have time to grow. Yale College, though it 
 began on a small scale, has been growing for more than a century 
 and a half, is now very prosperous, and its course of instruction, in 
 its various departments, is more thorough than ever. Its graduates 
 disperse throughout the United States of America, and throughout 
 the w^rld. Wherever they go I hope they will be zealous in pro- 
 moting sound learning and elevated education. 
 
 I am gratified to learn that the Alumni of different colleges pro- 
 pose to assemble at Oakland. They may throw light upon a com- 
 mon cause by bringing forward the peculiar features of their various 
 institutions. I hope they will unite in recommending measures for 
 laying a solid basis for a college in California ; such a basis as will 
 favor a long-continued growth in superior excellence. To obtain a 
 goodly number of pupils, it ought to furnish such facilities of educa- 
 tion as will be attractive even to young men who, in so new a 
 country, have strong inducements to enter early into the active busi- 
 ness of life. A general diffusion of knowledge is necessary to the 
 preservation of republican forms of government. The education in 
 our common schools will be under the infiuence of our higher sem- 
 inaries of learning. With high regard, affectionately yours, 
 
 Jeremiah Day. 
 
 Illinois College, May 11, 1864. 
 Rev. Henry Durant — My Dear Sir: Your esteemed favor of 
 the thirtieth of March postmarked April 5, did not reach me till 
 
314 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 May 5. As your "good time coming" is to be on the thirty-first 
 inst., there is no hope that this letter can arrive in time to represent 
 me on that occasion. If you say I have delayed the answer for six 
 days, I reply that a prompt answer could hardly have been in time, 
 and I have been so busy during those six days in duties growing out 
 of sending off to the war one of our professors and a large portion 
 of our students, that I could not give earlier attention to your much 
 esteemed letter. 
 
 My heart sends an earnest greeting to the college Alumni who 
 are about to enjoy a reunion on the shores of the Pacific. Breth- 
 ren, we are just beginning to value and love our country as we 
 ought. America has long been known as the " New World," but the 
 events of the last three years, and a brief sojourn during last year 
 on the other side of the Atlantic, have taught me that it is the " New 
 World " in a sense much more comprehensive and important than I 
 have been accustomed to think; — new not merely in the fact of its 
 recent discovery, but still more new politically, socially, and morally. 
 God grant that our American colleges may do their whole duty to 
 the youth of our country, in teaching them to love and cherish as 
 they ought, a great American Republic — bounded only by the 
 oceans, founded on a full, practical recognition of the equal rights of 
 all men. This should have been my sentiment if my letter could 
 have reached you in time. 
 
 And never was there a better time for such a sentiment. We are 
 living in hourly hope of hearing that " Ceast " Butler has marched 
 into Richmond at the head of his victorious negro army. Gou grant 
 it. I am sure that liberty, true Christian liberty, is to have a hoine 
 on earth, and that home is to be North America; and if our schools, 
 colleges, and churches are true to their trust, a magnificent home it 
 will be. 
 
 My thoughts are often on the shores of the Pacific, and I have a 
 strong desire to stand there and look out on its waters before I die. 
 I am sure that land is a part of the promised inheritance of Chris- 
 tian freedom, and no schemes of a French despot, an English aris- 
 tocracy, or an American slavocracy shall be able to alienate any part 
 of that inheritance. Yours very truly and affectionately, 
 
 J. M. Sturtevant. 
 
 Hanover,. N. H., May 5, 1S64. 
 Rev. S. it. Wii.i.kv — Dear Sir: Your letter reached me on the 
 
APPENDIX. 315 
 
 first instant, having been a month on the way. This leads me to 
 doubt whether a reply will reach you in season for your festival. I 
 will, however, write a few words for your own eye. Since the com- 
 mencement of the civil war I have often thought of the comparative 
 (]uiet which California enjoys, and in attempting to form some idea 
 of the future greatness of our country, the conviction has never de- 
 serted me that the territory west of the Rocky Mountains is destined 
 to be the richest portion of this continent. Its soil, climate, and 
 mineral resources make it a very desirable place of residence. There 
 is no gi-eat " West " beyond it. Here the old and the new civiliza- 
 tions meet. In its ports will be moored the ships of all nations. 
 The commerce of the world will ultimately center here. Those vast 
 mountain ranges, which were once regarded with terror and awe, are 
 now supporting large inland cities, and yielding up their " un-sunned 
 treasures " to stimulate the enterprise of the civilized world. The 
 institutions which the pioneer settlers of this territory establish will, 
 hereafter, determine the happiness and destiny of the coming mill- 
 ions. It is a delightful thought that the educational interests of Cali- 
 fornia have not been overlooked; that wise master-builders have been 
 laying, strong and deep, the foundations of a college which will yet 
 prove a Pharos to the shores of the Pacific seas. It was only about 
 ten years after the arrival of the Massachusetts Bay colonists before 
 they founded Harvard College. The same spirit, in about the same 
 time, has established the College of California. Its plan is all that 
 could be desired. A liberal platform is laid; literature and science 
 here find a congenial home, and it is to be hoped that the '•'■ commimc 
 vmcuhiniy^ which Cicero speaks of, will forever unite them in fraternal 
 bonds. You can hardly expect too much from this infant college. It 
 must become one of the great lights of this western continent. You 
 may not live to witness its complete growth, but its progress, it seems 
 to me, is among the certainties of the future. I rejoice in your suc- 
 cess. May God prosper you and all the friends of sound learning 
 in your new land of promise. " In due season ye shall reap, if ye 
 faint not." Yours very truly, E. D. Sanborn. 
 
 Union Theological Seminary, New York, May 3, 1864. 
 
 My Dear Professor: I am honored by your kind request to 
 
 send you a word of greeting for your first College Commencement. 
 
 Several of my former pupils are now among the honored names of 
 
 your new and prosperous State. We feel a just pride in them as the 
 
316 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 representatives of our Seminary, and cordially bid them godspeed 
 in the great work they have in hand. 
 
 Your very name — The College of California — stirs the pulse of 
 every Christian scholar. It is a most auspicious omen for the future 
 of our country that there should be such a college, modeled, as your 
 excellent catalogue shows, after the best institutions of our Eastern 
 States, and firmly planted on the western slope of this magnificent 
 continent. By such institutions, established for classical culture on 
 a generous Christian basis, the East and the farthest West will be 
 more closely bound together than even by the telegraph or the rail- 
 road, for these are but the arteries — the life-blood of union must be 
 moral and spiritual. 
 
 I have often imagined the feelings with which some of the noble 
 Englishmen who early foresaw the future expansion and culture of 
 this land, would look upon our present unequaled growth. The well- 
 known lines of the great and good Bishop Berkeley come to all our 
 minds, though I hope none of you will cite them as they were once 
 repeated at a meeting of one of our historical societies, thus: 
 
 " Westward the course of Empire takes its way^ 
 Time's latest offspring is its last." 
 
 George Herbert, the dearest and best of all the old church poets 
 of England, in his Church Militant has the noted lines : 
 
 " Religion stands a tiptoe in our land, 
 Ready to pass to the American strand." 
 
 It is said that when the devout Mr. Ferrar sent the book contain- 
 ing this (it was a posthumous publication) to Cambridge to be 
 licensed for the press, that the Vice-Chancellor, Doctor Laney, 
 would by no means allow these verses to be printed, and Mr. Ferrar 
 " would by no means allow the book to be printed and want them." 
 But after some time the Vice-Chancellor said: "I knew Mr. Her- 
 bert well; and know that he had many heavenly speculations, and 
 was a divine poet, but I hope the world will not take him to be an 
 inspired prophet, and therefore I license the whole book." What 
 would the Vice-Chancellor now say to see religion " standing a tip- 
 toe " on the weslirn shores of this continent, ready to pass on, as its 
 divine mission, 
 
 "To unpathed waters, undreamed shores." 
 
 We at the East, in our most thoughtful moods, are almost inclined 
 
APPENDIX. 317 
 
 to envy you — so far distant, yet so near in heart — your great privi- 
 lege and opportunity. You are truly laying the foundations of em- 
 pire. All that the old civilization can give you is now, or will soon 
 be, at your feet. May you appropriate whatever is excellent, and 
 know how to reject what is noxious. Tacitus gives us the secret of 
 Rome's hold over the nations it subdued — that it was : Transferendo 
 hue quod usquam egregium fuit. Here, too, under Providence, is the 
 secret of the real progress of mankind as it passes round from East 
 to West, in its unfaltering course, subduing it in the name of civil- 
 ization and Christianity. In that progress your State and your Col- 
 lege may have no insignificant work to do. 
 
 Let me greet you, too, not only in the name of good learning, and 
 of Christian brotherhood, but also in the name of our common Re- 
 public — one and indivisible. Your State has done nobly for that 
 Union which we have all learned to love and honor more deeply in 
 the hours of its adversity than we ever did in the pride of its pros- 
 perity. Our great conflict with this terrible Rebellion approaches its 
 crisis. The news from our Potomac army is most encouraging; 
 never has it been in so high a state of vigor, and discipline, and unity. 
 We hope and pray for its success in the imminent struggle, because — 
 as an officer of the army said to me — " because we believe in God." 
 Our national cause is identified with the principles of republican 
 government, of civil liberty, and of human freedom; and so, too, 
 with the progress of civilization and Christianity. And when this 
 cause shall triumph, then the Atlantic States and the Pacific States 
 will clasp inseparable hands. 
 
 May the College of California help to bind these States together 
 in the name of good letters and of one common Christian faith. 
 Yours most truly, Henry B. Smith. 
 
 Prof. Martin Kellogg. 
 
 Bear Valley, Cal., May i8, 1864. 
 
 My Dear Sir : I do not see that it is possible for me to discharge 
 my obligations to Mr. O. and return to San Francisco in season for 
 the festival at Oakland. Do tell Mr. A\'illey how willingly I would 
 make the journey, seeing how much (too much) importance he at- 
 taches to my being there, if it were possible for me to do so. Your 
 poem would be to me the strong inducement on the occasion. I 
 might, perhaps, tell them how we have watered, and sowed seed, and 
 waited until the time of germination, which story has a moral, viz : 
 Labor and wait; patience, there's a good time coming. I hardly dare 
 
318 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 hold out the faintest hope of my being there. If by any means I 
 can squeeze out the days needed to reach San Francisco, I will do 
 so you may be sure; but I despair of doing so. 
 
 Yours truly, B. Silliman, Jr. 
 
 C. T. H. Palmer, Esq. 
 
 San Francisco, May 27, 1864. 
 
 Rev. Mr. Willey — Dear Sir: I received your note this morning, 
 and doubly regret that I shall not be able to be at Oakland next 
 Tuesday. I have an old engagement on hand to give the diplomas, 
 etc., at the Benicia Seminary (as you did last year), and I find that 
 the time is the same as that of your festival. 
 
 I wrote up a few days ago to be released from my engagement, 
 not with any reference to your Commencement, but because I have 
 been so ill, lately, that I do not want to leave home. I received, 
 however, such a protest against it that I feel bound in honor not to 
 disappoint them, but to keep my original engagement; of course I 
 cannot be at Oakland. 
 
 It is, I assure you, a great disappointment to me, but I must ask 
 you to make my apologies to your gathering. 
 
 Yours faithfully, Wm. Ingraham Kip, 
 
 Bishop of California. 
 
 Seattle, \\. T., May 24, 1864. 
 Rev. S. \\. NVn.LEV, A. M. — Dear Sir: I am happy to acknowl- 
 edge the circular addressed to college graduates, inviting their at- 
 tendance at a general Alumni meeting to be held at Oakland May 31. 
 It would afford me great jjleasure to share in the festivities of that 
 occasion, and by my presence add one to the throng of the many 
 graduates who on that day shall assemble to do honor to their re- 
 spective Alma Maters, but owing to the pressure of my official du- 
 ties just at this particular season, I can only send my cordial greeting 
 to the common brotherhood, while my heart throbs with especial 
 yearnings toward the honored sons of "Old Dartmouth," who shall 
 on that occasion, in common with the sons of Harvard, Yale, and 
 other institutions, less venerable but none the less honored, hasten 
 to this new shrine erected on the Pacific, to pay their vows and offer 
 their oblations. Let us ever cherish with fondness and alTection the 
 memory of our respective Alma Maters, under whose fostering care 
 the early years of opening manhood were so pleasantly spent, and 
 manifest our devotion by being ever found doing faithful service in 
 the cause of sound learning, religion, and progress, and hearty sup- 
 
APPENDIX. 311) 
 
 porters of the general Government, so that our mothers — both marital 
 and educational — may, with pride and exaltation, say of us as did 
 the Roman matron. "These are my jewels." 
 
 Hoping that at some future reunion I may be permitted to enjoy 
 what on this occasion I so much regret to lose, I will close this com- 
 munication, expressing the desire and hope that I may be privileged 
 to welcome at the University of Washington Territory some, if not 
 all, of the college "boys," of whatever name, that shall assemble on 
 the thirty-first. May none of them ever grow old, but annually 
 plunge into this fountain of youth, which, not like that myth of Ponce 
 de Leon, shall ever renew their youth. 
 
 Trusting that I may hear the result of this first, but ever-to-be-con- 
 tinued meeting of Alumni on the Pacific, 
 
 I remain very respectfully, W. E. Barnard, 
 
 Pres. University of W. T. 
 
 The Grove, Oregon, May lo, 1864. 
 
 Rev. Samuel H. Willev — Dear Sir: I have received an invita- 
 tion to attend the first Commencement of the College of California 
 on the thirty- first inst. It would give me great pleasure to do so. I 
 think I could sympathize with the joy that you will all feel on that 
 occasion. I know the thankfulness that you all feel for the success 
 that has so far crowned your efforts in so great and noble an enter- 
 prise. None of you even would be disposed to more magnify, in 
 thought and speech, the far-reaching importance of these colleges, 
 which, amid all kinds of discouragements, we are trying to found 
 upon this coast. 
 
 You could have no guest more heartily in sympathy with the oc- 
 casion, if I could attend, but it is impossible for me to take such a 
 journey this summer. 
 
 I should like much to represent in person our college among you, 
 and claim fraternity in ai/iis and labors, for I should feel that we were 
 actuated by a common sentiment, which I might express thus: That 
 men of an intellectual adhere, that was spiritual :\\so, and a character 
 that was the growth of a religious as well as highly intellectual cult- 
 ure, were the great want of society here as well as elsewhere in our 
 country, and that under God the college was the instrument for ob- 
 taining them. May the College of California be the means of 
 bringing forth many men of wisdom and might, to do great things for 
 the cause of truth und the best interests of man in the times to come. 
 Very sincerely yours, etc.. S. H. Marsh. 
 
III. COMMENCEMENT ORATION-" THE 
 UNIVERSITY.'" 
 
 By Henry Durant. 
 
 Mr. President, Ladie.s, and Gentlemen : Were it "The Univer- 
 sity," as contra-distinguished from the more common methods of our 
 popular education, that I were about to discourse of, I should hardly 
 introduce the fact directly, and to begin with (invidious as this would 
 be), but only through some sort of insinuation by which I might 
 seem to have won your sympathy, or your prejudice, in its behalf. 
 But as it is of "The University," in connection with the popular 
 methods, and not in contrariety to them, as working with them and 
 for them, fostering them in its loving care, drawing them into its 
 own life, and growing them, with itself, into the same structure, that 
 I venture to speak, may I not hope to have given no offense to the 
 partisans of either a common or a liberal education, possibly to 
 have conciliated both in the interest of a common cause, in having 
 thus announced my theme. 
 
 It has seemed strange to some persons, that " the tree " (if it 
 were a tree) " whose mortal taste brought death into the world, and 
 all our woe," should have been " the tree of the knowledge of good 
 and evil," and that man should not have found, in the fruit of that 
 very tree, a proper preventative to his fall, and all the ills which have 
 followed in its train. But if we no longer make the eating in ques- 
 tion, and the knowledge, interchangeable terms; if by the eating of 
 good and evil, we understand a practical experiment at living, in the 
 contradiction of the two, and by the kno7c>ledge that observation of 
 nature and that light of the reason and of the conscience which, 
 preliminary to choice, and anticipating its consequences, should have 
 
 I This oration was delivered June 7, 1S65. 
 
.APPEXD/X. 321 
 
 forestalled any such exi)criment — then we have a distinction, which 
 shows us the nature and the origin of evil, the sphere of good, and 
 vindicates knowledge as a faithful monitor and a righteous judge — the 
 tiery cherubim set in the milder form of fruit and flower, in the midst 
 of the garden, to keep the thoughtful soul in " the way of the tree 
 of life." 
 
 But knowledge, to serve such a purpose, must be knowledge in the 
 proper sense of the term; knowledge in the sense of science; 
 knowledge not of things, merely, but of principles; not of elements 
 alone, but of organisms ; not of parts only, but of wholes. There 
 are three states, or moods, of matter, as likewise of humanity, and 
 of universal mind, in the distinctions of which we have the charac- 
 teristics, also, of three methods of education (the only methods pos- 
 sible), and in the history of which moods, as developed by these 
 methods, all knowledge and all good and evil. The Jirsi of the 
 moods is that of merely occupying space, or simple existence, with- 
 out distinction of form or sort, everywhere the same, homogeneous. 
 The second is that of elements — individuals, and is a progress upon 
 the first by the intervention of the law of species, or specialization. 
 The third is that of organisms, under a law of proportion or har- 
 mony, constructing the simple forms of the second into unities and 
 wholes. This last mood is the proper ultimatum of all existence, 
 the perfection of all ends, the ideal and the realization of good and 
 of right, the soul and the embodiment of science. It is the fulfill- 
 ment, as we see, of the two laws of which we have spoken, which are 
 the two laws of all develoi)ment and progress — the right hand, if I 
 may so say, and the left hand of the Creator and of his providence, 
 and of all subordinate, responsible power working everywhere through 
 the realm of created existence, in the first mood of it, producing 
 thence, on the one side, individuality and multitude; on the other, 
 society — organization; in the one of which we have the higher law, 
 in the other the lower ; in the subordination of the lower of which 
 to the higher —all good ; in that of the higher to the lower — all evil ; 
 in the conflict and alternation of the two — the whole history of the 
 world — the eating of good and evil. 
 
 Of the three methods of education answering to these distinctions, 
 one limits itself to the sphere of the lower law, and is special ; 
 another allows neither of the laws, and seeks to suppress all devel- 
 opment and progress ; the other unites the two in itself, and affords 
 the idea of the true university. 
 
322 Ill^rORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Now, it is obvious that any education which denies all liberty to 
 its subjects, allowing them neither to run into diversity, nor to grow 
 into union, but attempts to coerce them into sameness or uniform- 
 ity, must be wrong, inasmuch as it is contrary to destiny, which im- 
 plies progress ; contrary to nature, which is a something yet to be- 
 come, and not already finished — contrary to creation itself, crushing 
 back its beautiful order into chaos. It is equally obvious that any 
 education which has for its sphere that merely of the lower law, or 
 which revolves about the lower as its center, at whatever distance, is 
 wrong, and just in proportion wrong, as it disallows the domination 
 of the higher; and that the true method is one which unites and 
 fulfills in itself the two laws — is at once elementary and construct- 
 ive, the one for the other, in the interest alike of the parts and of 
 the whole. 
 
 This idea of education will startle no one, we trust, as seeming 
 new ; for it is new only to those who are ignorant of what is the 
 very first and most fiimiliar of all the ideas that have ever been in 
 the world. It is new only in the sense in which love was new as a 
 proclamation of gospel, only because it had been blindly overlooked 
 from the beginning, or grown obsolete through long disuse. It is 
 that very light in whose shining man woke to his first consciousness 
 of himself as man — as an individual, that is to say, responsible to 
 the law of his whole kind ; that light which already confronted his 
 very first outlook upon life, and anticipated even the first step of 
 what was yet to be his eventful, adventurous career : " Be fruitful 
 and multiply and replenish the earth, and subdue it " — di\ide and 
 conquer, by virtue of the lower law; by that of the higher, ncon- 
 s/ruct, uni/c, a?id '' have doininiotiy 
 
 Give to every clime and zone its own especial type of man — to 
 every place its especial individual, till the whole earth is filled with its 
 peoples, and every son and daughter of Adam has wrought the special 
 task assigned to each in subduing it, so it be subdued for a/l as a 
 common good, and ruled for all by the higher law of a common 
 right and a common duty. A work for everyone and everyone for 
 a work, so the division of labor merges private convenience into pub- 
 lic economy, and makes private advantage promotive of the common 
 weal. A place for everything and everything in its place; a use for 
 every talent and every talent to its use ; a sphere for every social or- 
 der; a polity for every State; the greater the number, and the greater 
 
APPENniX. 3L'3 
 
 the liberty of each — the better the union of all, provided the union 
 be impartial, and provided it be maintained. Analyze and differen- 
 tiate to any extent; disintegrate the masses; break down the sects 
 to their lowest denominations — even to insects— so you construct 
 from these lower forms which you have destroyed, the higher unities. 
 If there be a harmony of colors more beautiful than the unity of 
 light in which the colors are all lost, it is well that light should re- 
 solve itself into its elements, so it paint in that higher beauty the 
 world which it reveals. It is well that water should give up its oxy- 
 gen to the fire, and its hydrogen to burn with it, that in the heat of 
 its own elements thus reunited it may spring again into steam, to 
 drive the ships of commerce over its own wide wastes, so it near the 
 nations which it has been wont to separate, and annihilate itself as a 
 barrier between them, and " there be no more sea." Sharpen the 
 points of character in everything and every person, no matter how 
 acutely; project them, no matter how extremely; diflerentiate them, 
 no matter how widely, so you hold them in their due relations to 
 one another, and unite them in beauteous, loyal consistency of sys- 
 tem, to serve the uses, not of your single self, indeed, nor of a sin- 
 gle people, nor of a single color or type of men, but all the proper uses 
 together of the whole human race. So win, so wear your crown. 
 This be your culture, this your Alma Mater, this your degree. Edu- 
 cated thus in processes of thought and of practice so special and yet 
 so comprehensive, so particular and yet so liberal — true Alumnus of 
 such a university graduate, at once, a subject and a king. 
 
 This is the idea — the normal idea — of a truly liberal education, 
 set forth in the basis and curriculum of God's own university. 
 
 As opposed to this, the other two methods must be noticed again, 
 and with more particularity. First, the special method ; and I know 
 not how I may better introduce it in this connection, or illustrate it 
 at all, than by recalling the very brief history of its origin. Its best 
 exponent, I would observe, is to be found in the cognomen of its 
 author, Diabolos — derived, no doubt, from the peculiarities of his 
 own profession — the divider.^ dissipater, analyzer. It followed into 
 the world immediately upon the first method; indeed, as an experi- 
 ment—an accomplished fact — it anticipated the first and superceded 
 it. It took the form of a private enterprise, on the very plausible 
 line of observation and exjiCriment; the Baconian method anticipated 
 — all but the method ; the farts and phenomena the same, without 
 
324 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 the laws — a i)olytechnic school; rolling stock, without a railway; a 
 curriculum without a basis. It began with object teachings in the fa- 
 vorite way of analysis and specialization — the grand significance of 
 the object, its own integrity, and its relations to other objects, as 
 parts of a greater whole - left out. It was to have nothing to do 
 with wholes. " Take care of the parts ; wholes take care of them- 
 selves : " " Masticate well ; digestion follows, of course : " " Or 
 whether it follow or not, the whole interest in eating ends with the 
 pleasure of the palate : " " All beyond is ferra incognita: " " Life and 
 assimilation are neither here nor there :" " These do not come within 
 the range of observation : " " We have to do with phenomena : " 
 " Substance is a mystery or a myth : " " The tailor makes the man : " 
 "Society is nothing better than a dress parade, if it be anything bet- 
 ter than a parade of dress : " "The kingdom of heaven cometh by 
 observation : " " The life is not more than meat : " " Nor the body 
 than raiment." This we suppose to have been the introduction of his 
 first lecture, delivered to his auditory, Adam and Eve. The lecturer 
 proceeds : " Lady and Gentleman : Rare tree is this which we have 
 here in the midst of the garden — this ' tree of the knowledge of 
 good and evil ' — fine shade — fine fruit ! Rare apple this which 
 reaches itself down to us on this bending bough! Let us pluck it 
 and analyze it. Handle it, weigh it, measure it, look at it, smell it, 
 taste it, eat it — and be wise. Mellow tints ! What a fragrance ! 
 How delicious it must be to the ta-ste ! Paragon of fruits ! Crown- 
 ing luxury of Paradise ! Who would be a drudge, a slave to re- 
 claim the earth, in the preposterous hope of emerging, at some time 
 or other, from such a degradation, a king ! when, if you only eat 
 this a])ple, just now, forthwith ye become as gods, knowing good and 
 evil." 
 
 Never was special pleading more specious. Never was specific 
 more plausibly ])almed upon the world. The first of the quacks may 
 have had his imitators in abundance, scarcely his equals, either for 
 the magnitude of the mischief compressed into the minuteness of 
 his doses, or the amounl of credulity with which his patients were 
 made to swallow them. 
 
 It was a special point which the tempter pressed u])on man. It 
 was a special passion in man which was touched by the temptation. 
 " Only eat (a felicity in itself) and the keys of knowledge and of 
 heaven are your own." Self-aggrandizement by self-indulgence. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 The bait is no sooner taken than the death-fall is sprung; the tie 
 that binds man to his Maker, and to his kind, is severed; the law 
 of separation becomes supreme; society is dissolved; the age of 
 individuality, carried to its ultimatum, in absolute selfishness, ensues. 
 Cain and Lamech and the Giants become its representatives; lust 
 and license prevail, and run riot; and ruffianism rides rough-shod 
 over the world. Costly experiment at specialty! Cheap, had it 
 been the last! 
 
 It will help us still the better to appreciate the method which we 
 have assumed to be the true method of education if we notice more 
 particularly than we have done that other false one which we have 
 characterized as the method of uniformity. Despairing of any 
 orderly reconstruction, by force of the higher laws, when once the 
 elements are set loose under license of the lower, it goes back for 
 relief to the first mood of all things, homogeneousness. Unlike con- 
 servatism, which it assumes to be, which, at the worst, only stereo- 
 types humanity where it is, this method, so far from fixing the types, 
 which it finds already set up, breaks down and fuses them into the 
 mass from which they were originally molded, to secure them against 
 collision on the one hand, or dissipation on the other. It would 
 reproduce the old glacial period, and stiffen our fluent seas and 
 oceans into solid ice, to save the fishes from running wild through 
 the deep, or making havoc upon one another. It is the recoil of 
 timidity and distrust from what seems to have happened so dis- 
 astrously to the world through its attempts hitherto at progress. 
 It seeks peace and stability in consolidation. This has had much 
 to do with the social life and civilization of the race; it must have 
 something to do with our estimate of the true university. It crops 
 out into history, for the first, in the institution of Babel. That "the 
 whole earth was of one language and of one speech," implies nmch 
 less a community of mere words or leticrs than of beliefs and sen- 
 timents; just as language and speech are matters much less of sound 
 and sight than of significance. The people were one in their pro- 
 fessions, their formularies of faith, and their terms of social inter- 
 course; they had not yet fallen to wrangling about usages and doc- 
 trines; their faith in each other had been implicit. But a new era 
 has come. Some signs of disaffection appear; some fears of it, at 
 least, are felt. Prudence dictates the adoption of some means to 
 forestall the recurrence of the late disastrous adventure of the race. 
 
326 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 What shall it be? Individuality had wrought the mischief before; 
 individuality must therefore be repressed. Personal liberty must 
 be denied. Society, which results from the interflow and interaction 
 of individual wills, ideas, and affections, is impracticable. The 
 conflict between " the law of the members," and " the law of the 
 mind," is irreconcilable. The parties to it can never be pacificated; 
 they must both be emptied of their respective i)Owers, and then 
 fused or compressed into one brute mass. The idea of Babel, 
 doubtless, was to destroy the individual and the kind, alike, in an 
 absolute consolidation. What could not be held in one, by mutual 
 attractions, like the molecules of a crystal, must be piled like bricks, 
 and cemented together by slime. The living body of society must 
 be reduced to a petrifaction; or rather its vitalities, its liberties, its 
 wishes, and its wills, like the fossils of the old geology, must be 
 caught and entombed in a formation of rocks. " Go to, let us make 
 brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, 
 and slime had they for mortar. And they said, Go to, let us build 
 us a city, and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let 
 us make us a name \she7n — ism — charm — /ah's}nati\ lest we be scat- 
 tered abroad upon the face of the whole earth." 
 
 "They formed the design," suggests Morison, author of "The 
 Religious History of Man," " of rearing a building, or temple, 
 whereon the insignia, or sensible images, of a common faith and a 
 common practice, should be portrayed, and a standard erected, that 
 non-conformity might be prevented, schisms avoided, and diversities 
 of sentiment and culture averted from the world." The execution 
 of such a scheme would, of itself, unite them in a work of many 
 years; and then standing before them visibly, as the realization and 
 triumph of their common hoi)es and labors, how would this temple 
 with its ^'■insignia" emblazoned upon its walls for belles-lettres alike, 
 and ritual, liturgy, and cook-book, Lord Chesterfield, and " States- 
 man's Manual," serve as a charm — a talisman — to draw them together, 
 and to trance them it might be into uniformity! With their eyes 
 all fixed on the same objects, like any modern circle of mutual mes- 
 merizers, spelling out the same characters, and their lips all rehears- 
 ing the same sounds, their minds also following after each other in the 
 same rounds; and their hearts all flowing together in the same mold, 
 would they not soon become as uniform and. fixed in idea and char- 
 acter as in ceremony and disriiiline? No circle of mesmerized 
 
APPENDIX. 327 
 
 mortals would be more likely to fall into common ropport, and to 
 lose their personal faculties in a common passivity and stupefaction, 
 than these formalists of Babel. We recall, as an illustration of the 
 talismanic force that might be expected to result from this contrivance, 
 the rallying center of the Mohammedan world, the city of Mecca, 
 to which, from every quarter of the earth, the Moslem pilgrim 
 rej^airs to drink of its holy zemzem, or well; to stand in its sacred 
 mountain, Arafat; to enter its consecrated Kaaba, and there to kiss 
 the black stone — Kebla — which was dropped from heaven, and 
 towards which, as towards heaven itself, the eyes and the hearts of 
 the flxithful are turned forevermore in their devotions. 
 
 Such was the idea of Babel. It must be arrested. It is no less 
 hostile to the genius and the mission of man than the scheme before 
 the flood. " And the Lord came down to see the city and the 
 tower which the children of men builded. And the Lord said, 
 Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and 
 this they begin to do; and now nothing will be restrained from them, 
 which they have imagined to do. Go to, let us go down, and there 
 confound their language, that they may not hearken to each other's 
 speech. So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face 
 of all the earth.' Not, however, that they began to talk in unknown 
 tongues, or in different dialects — a difficulty easily to be overruled — 
 their written signs, or hieroglyphics, remaining the same to all, as now 
 is the case with the many dialects of China, but began to hold a differ- 
 ent lafigiiage, or to express a disagreement between themselves, as to 
 the objects and merits of the enterprise in hand. Their individual- 
 ities began to appear. They were not to be forced or cajoled by a 
 few usurpers, into an unnatural uniformity. From this point dates a 
 new era — the era of that conflict, which events are now fast bringing to 
 a close — the conflict between the spirit of independency in man, 
 roused and fired by the providence of God, yet guarded by the same 
 providence; and the idea of uniformity, as laid down in the founda- 
 tions of the tower and the city of Babylon. Into this great structure — 
 Babel and Babylon — no mean Bastile of Paris, or Tower of London — 
 this world-prison, were the whole human race to be cast, as beasts 
 into a den, by that "mighty hunter before the Lord," or to follow 
 the Hebrew closely, "that mighty religious marauder, Nimrod." 
 This was the beginning of the Papacy. In Babel and Babylon we 
 have the germ of " world-cmjiirc," and of the C^hurrh of Rome. 
 
328 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 So long does this establishment antedate its name. Nimrod, the 
 father ypapd) of this scheme of uniformity, and the first persecutor 
 to sustain it, was the first Pope. Shall it prevail ? Not without 
 resistance. The spirit that is stirred up against it, and in behalf of 
 the individual, and of the human race alike, shall be allayed only in 
 reaching its own ends. Its destiny is that of man himself, — "to be 
 fruitful and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it and 
 have dominion." Sliding down from Nimrod and his times, through 
 many centuries, along the line of prescription and conformity — a 
 facilis descensus — we reach the fatal break, which no ages shall ever 
 repair — the defection of the Greeks from the Romish Church, and 
 the fall and partition of the Roman Empire. In these great events 
 which inaugurate our own era, the many causes which had long been 
 threatening dismemberment, culminated, not to find a level where to 
 rest, but a head, from which to flow the more freely and widely over 
 the world; as if the bands, which had held the fountains of the great 
 deep to their places, had been broken up, and the waters had come 
 over the earth, to sap and loosen its solidarities of Church and 
 State, and to set its peoples afloat, each in their own ark, to drift 
 their several ways, upon new coasts of life, there to settle themselves 
 apart, and there to grow the more freely out of centers of their own, 
 according to their own understanding, and after the desires of their 
 own hearts. 
 
 And what a spectacle of peoples and of human developments it 
 is, with which the world is presenting us to-day ! Not a continent, 
 nor a peninsula, nor scarcely an island; not a mountain range, nor 
 outspread valley; not a desert waste, nor forest wild, without its 
 own special nmltitude of men — not less peculiar to itself in type 
 of constitution, than in circumstance and place, nor more peculiar 
 in either, or in all, than in language, sentiment, and character. 
 Diversity and multitude would seem to have approximated their 
 limits. What peculiarity of station for a man to fill, without its 
 peculiarity of a man to fill it ! What peculiarity of a task for 
 humanity to achieve, without its peculiarity of human talent to 
 achieve it ! What place so eccentric, or outlandish, that the 
 "schoolmaster abroad" does not find it? What field of observa- 
 tion, on land or water, which the prospector does not traverse, with 
 the merchant, or the settler in his tracks, to appropriate his dis- 
 coveries ? Scarcely a rood of the ocean's bed tiiat has not been meas- 
 
APPENDIX. 329 
 
 ured, and its substance analyzed, and booked. The very winds are 
 identified, and traced to the places whence they come, and whither 
 they go. The climates, the fauna and flora of each, this soil and that, 
 adapted to this and to that sort of vegetation — all have been dis- 
 covered and reported, and the whole earth is being comprehended 
 and possessed. The poet's wail over the waste of nature's profu- 
 sion scarcely excites sympathy any more — scarcely longer is it true, 
 
 that 
 
 " many a gem of purest ray serene, 
 
 The dark, tnifathomed caves of ocean bear; 
 
 Full many a flower is born to blush unseen, 
 And waste its sweetness on the desert air." 
 
 But what of it all ? " Counting 07ie by one, saith the preacher, to 
 find out the account " — what of it all ? That the human race have 
 replenished the earth ? that men have subdued it piecemeal ? 
 that they possess it all, \nfee simple^ between themselves, as so many 
 individuals 1 This were a poor dominion over it, to have realized. 
 It may be well that the emperor of the French should have given 
 to each of his Algerines a freehold in the soil of their own native 
 land. F(e simple is a first step in progress from solidarity^ but fee 
 simple is the lowest of all titles. What signifies fee simple without 
 the State to uphold and ennoble it } Who so mean as to be content 
 with a homestead without a country } or with a country for the sake 
 of a homestead ? or for the sake of country itself? There is a 
 wider range of sentiment. There is a higher organism; a unity 
 answering to all the possibilities of man's social being — made 
 immortal and illimitable, as it is, in the image of God. Is it that 
 we may sit, each of us, under " our own vine and fig tree, having 
 none to molest us or make us afraid," that we sacrifice vine and fig 
 tree, that our country may be saved .'' Is it that we may have a 
 country to live in^ that we die for our country's sake? and not, rather, 
 that there is a higher principle that survives the grave — that lives 
 after us — for our country to perpetuate — that lives on in us, immortal 
 as ourselves ? What humanity now needs is its reconstruction upon 
 this enduring principle: The education of its peoples in that which 
 shall make them one, and one forever — that which shall bring to 
 pass, as a universal fact, the sentiment, so familiar to us all, as the 
 ■motto writtten in the scroll of our national escutcheon, so prophetic 
 of our destiny, and of our part, we trust, in the destiny of the race 
 — E Plvrihus Unuin. 
 
330 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 And ihia wc assume is lo be the work of what I would call the 
 University — that institution which every man, who is a man, and 
 every woman, who is a woman, has at least entered — from which I 
 knwo not who has graduated. Not a local institution, nor a 
 material one, but the educational power of all legitimate and loyal 
 institutions — not the close corporation of a few partisan educators, 
 but the '■'open conunufiion^' of all denominations of genuine instruc- 
 tion and enlightenment in the world, with those light-giving, life- 
 giving influences of divine grace which come directly from above — 
 the pulpit with its sanctities, and its inspirations; the press, with its 
 liberty, restrained only by the truth; the common school, and the 
 college; the nursery, and the play-ground; the whole apparatus and 
 economy of life, with whatever of instrumentality or influence may 
 incorporate itself into the same method, to work out the grand 
 result. 
 
 Nor is there little in the spirit of the age to encourage our hope 
 of such a co-operation. Never before were the agencies for good 
 so numerous in the world as now; never before were these agencies 
 so active in their several spheres as now ; never before did they 
 ensphere themselves in combinations of such a compass and of such 
 a unity as now; never before, as now, did the spirit of union flow 
 through them all and overflow them, like a baptism, to consecrate 
 them all — to initiate and enchurch them, if I may so say, in one 
 communion. What was once attempted occasionally and by here 
 and there an individual, in the way of doing good, is now pursued 
 as a business by large associations. The spirit of philanthropy that 
 embodied itself in the person of a single Howard, nay, rather in that 
 diviner form wliich stood so conspicuously alone before the world 
 in the person of Christ, is now represented by multitudes, not of 
 individuals only, but of organized committees, of churches, national 
 and international societies, and world-wide missions, that no human 
 woe or want may escape its notice or fail of its relief. What, a gen- 
 eration ago, afforded only a playful experiment to a Franklin flying 
 his kite, is putting minds and hearts, the world over, into commu- 
 nication with one another, and into each other's moods, and this by 
 millions, at the same moment. Commerce, which began in piracy 
 between near neighbors who had hated each other, has become, like 
 the ocean itself which once separated nations, one of the great 
 pacificators of the world. Steam- power, whose first historic ob- 
 
 ^ 
 
APPENDIX. 331 
 
 server, a century since, was the youthful Walt, watching its play on 
 the lid of his aunt's tea-kettle, and thought to be an idler at that, 
 is known and read of all men now as the grand motor of commerce, 
 travel, and the industrial arts; and as a socializer, though less ob- 
 served, is not less efficient or less extensive in its influence. If it 
 has increased mechanical production a million-fold, and distribution 
 in the same ratio, it has done much to retire servile toil from the 
 field of competition, and to lift the menial classes into something 
 like society. It has given to mind its proper liberty and leisure for 
 study; to social life, its proper means of enjoyment and culture; 
 has broken down partitions and annihilated distances which alienated 
 men; and set the same men, face to face, and side by side, together, 
 to contemplate each other, to study and understand each other, and 
 to accept each other as neighbors and brethren. 
 
 Arkwright invented the spinning-jenny, and realized a private 
 fortune from the sale of his patent to a few subordinate monopolists. 
 Wheelwright, our own countryman, if it be lawful to identify such 
 a man with any country, is laying down his railroad systems along 
 the mountain slopes, and over the table-lands, and through the wide 
 savannas of South America; building school-houses and churches 
 alongside of his depots of business, for the home instruction of the 
 people, while, by the inter-oceanic steamship systems which he has 
 organized, he is giving locomotion, as it were, to the continent itself, 
 and putting the people into correspondence, commercially and so- 
 cially, with whatever is progressive or productive elsewhere in the 
 world. If Arkwright was justly famous, in his time, for the con- 
 tribution which he sold to the arts, Wheelwright deserves to be 
 famous through all times — immortal honor to his name — for he is 
 working not for himself, as his friends who know him well well know, 
 nor yet for the development of so small a field as South America 
 alone; but (we speak in the style of his own modesty) "to con- 
 tribute his mite," in this auspicious day, to the education of the 
 whole world. 
 
 While many of our own countrymen, like Wheelwright, are de- 
 voting themselves to the common interests of humanity, what shall 
 we say of our beloved country herself.? For what is she beloved 
 the most ? The great and bloody sacrifice which she has made— 
 shall we say,/^?;- herself, or for vinversal right and liberty as well? 
 To maintain the Union of her States? or to mnintain the /principles 
 
332 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 on which that Union rests? — principles on which States everywhere 
 may rest, and rest forever. Had it been a Union on narrower 
 grounds, like that of the German independencies, a mere compact; 
 had it been a holy alliance, to crush out the liberty of the masses, 
 or to absorb the weaker powers; or, like that provided in "The 
 Pragmatic Sanction " of Charles of Austria, to secure the succession 
 of a crown after an arbitrary line; or, like that of the late confed- 
 eracy of our own Southern States, built on a foundation of cotton 
 and State rights, in the pragmatic sanction of treason, secession, and 
 rebellion ; to perpetuate its crown of slavery, after the arbitrary line 
 of a spurious chivalry — would our loyal Unionists have fought for it ? 
 Would they have won in it what they have won — a Union worthy 
 of our love ? We love our country for the moral of her example. 
 We love her, that while she rises among the nations, as a power, she 
 rises also as a light; that having honored God as his magistrate, 
 "not bearing the sword in vain, but as a terror to evil-doers, and a 
 praise to them that do well," she is honored of him, in turn, as his 
 own chosen type of the beautiful consistency possible between the 
 independence of a free people and their loyalty to the State — be- 
 tween civil liberty and constitutional law. We love her, because He 
 who has chastened her and taught her to see and recognize His 
 hand, in her discomfitures and reverses, as well as in her triumphs, 
 and to center all her hopes and wishes on His blessing still — that 
 He who brought the light out of darkness at first, — the natural light, 
 — and thereupon the harmonics of nature, out of chaos — is bringing 
 her forth, a moral light in these latter days; and crystallizing around 
 the principles which she illustrates, the social order of the world. 
 
 With such a prestige, and such a responsibility, how well may we 
 feel not only what the poet has written for us, that 
 
 " \Vc are living 
 In a grand and solemn time; " 
 
 but that we owe the privilege and the sublimity of our position, and 
 should look for grace, that we be true to it, to Him whose is the 
 kingdom, for which we have been taught to pray ever since we lisped 
 the prayer, " Thy kingdom come ; thy will be done on earth as it is 
 in Heaven." 
 
 We give the thanks, O God, to ihce — 
 
 The glory of our nation's birth; 
 It was thy power that made us free — 
 The i)ower that guides the rolling earth. 
 
APPENDIX. 333 
 
 As planets prove thy wise control, 
 
 As if in love together bound; 
 And the successive seasons roil 
 
 In harmony and beauty round; 
 
 Empires, in all their changes, show 
 
 The law of thine unerring will; 
 They rise and fall, decline and grow, 
 
 A perfect order to fulfill. 
 
 Yes, order here shall rise at last, 
 
 And wars and party strifes be done; 
 A few more revolutions past, 
 
 And all mankind shall be as one. 
 
 And higher this than nature^s plan — 
 
 Perfection of our social good — 
 Enthronement of the rights of man — 
 
 A universal brotherhood. 
 
 We give the thanks, O God, to thee — 
 
 The glory of our nation's birth; 
 It was thy power that made us free — 
 
 The power that yet shall free the earth. 
 
IV. THE PROJFXT FOR THE IMPROVE- 
 RNT OF THE COLLEGE PROPERTY. 
 
 By Fred. Law Olmstead, Esq. 
 
 Rev. S. H. Willky, Chairman of Committee — Sir: The portion 
 of the estate of the College of California, for the improvement of 
 which a plan is required, lies immediately below the steep declivities 
 of the coast range, north and east of that which has already been 
 laid out m rectangular blocks and streets, and sold in village house 
 lots by the Trustees. No change is proposed to be made in the 
 existing public roads and streets, with which, therefore, any improve- 
 ments to be made are required to be conveniently associated. 
 
 When I first visited the ground at your request, it was proposed 
 that the buildings to be erected for the institution should be placed 
 upon a site which looked down upon the surrounding country on 
 every side except that which would be to iheir rear, and that the re- 
 mainder of the property should be formed into a park, for which it 
 was desired that I should furnish a plan. 
 
 After some preliminary study, I advised you that whatever advan- 
 tages such an arrangement might have in a different climate and soil, 
 it would in my judgment be innppropriale to your site and inconven- 
 ient to your purposes, while it would permanently entail burdensome 
 expenses upon your institution. 
 
 My objections to the original project having been deemed conclu- 
 sive, I was ret]uestcd to review the whole question of the placing of 
 the College buildings and the disposition to be macle of the tract 
 w:thin which it had beeri determined that a situation lor them should 
 be selected. The general conclusions to which I was brought by 
 this review having been verbally presented to your committee, I was 
 instructed to draft a plan in accordance with tliem. This I have 
 done, and in the present report I have to show how this plan is 
 adapted to serve the main purposes of your corporation, as well as 
 some others of public interest. 
 
APPENDIX. 335 
 
 The (juestion as to the local circumstances that would be most 
 favorable to the attainment of the objects of a college, is mainly a j / 
 question of adjustment between a suitable degree of seclusion and a ' 
 suitable degree of association with the active life of that part of the 
 world not given to the pursuits of scholars. The organic error in 
 this respect of the institutions of the middle ages and the barrenness 
 of monastic study in the present day, is loo apparent to be disre- 
 garded. Scholars should be prepared to lead, not to follow reluc- 
 tantly after, the advancing line of civilization. To be qualified as 
 leaders they must have an intelligent apj^reciation of and sympathy 
 with the real life of civilization, and this can only be acquired through 
 a familiarity with the higher and more characteristic forms in which 
 it is developed. For this reason it is desirable that scholars, at least 
 during the period of life in which character is most easily moulded, ' 
 should be surrounded by manifestations of refined domestic life, 
 these being unquestionably the ripest and best fruits of civilization. 
 It is also desirable that they should be free to use at frequent inter- 
 vals those opportunities of enjoying treasures of art which are gener- 
 ally found in large towns and seldom elsewhere. 
 
 Such is the argument against a completely rural situation for a 
 college. 
 
 On the other hand, the heated, noisy life of a large town is obvi- 
 ously not favorable to the formation of habits of methodical scholar- 
 ship. 
 
 The locality which you have selected is presumed to be judiciously 
 chosen in respect to its proximity to San Francisco. Although it has 
 the advantage of being close by a large town, however, the vicinity 
 is nevertheless as yet not merely in a rural but a completely rustic 
 and almost uninhabited condition, two small families of farmers only 
 having an established home within half a mile of it. This is its 
 chief defect, and the first requirement of a plan for its improvement 
 is that it should present sufficient inducements to the formation of a , 
 neighborhood of refined and elegant homes in the immediate vicinity 
 of the principal College buildings. 
 
 The second requirement of a plan is that, while presenting advan- 
 tages for scholarly and domestic life, it shall not be calculated to 
 draw noisy and disturbing commerce to the neighborhood, or any- 
 thing else which would destroy its general tranquillity. 
 
 The third requirement of a plan is, that it shall admit of the 
 
336 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 erection of all the buildings, the need of which for college duties 
 can be distinctly foreseen, in convenient and dignified positions, and 
 leave free a sutticient space of ground for such additional buildings 
 as experience may hereafter suggest, as well as for exercise grounds, 
 gardens, etc. 
 
 I proceed to a consideration of the means of meeting the first of 
 these requirements. 
 
 San Francisco is so situated with regard to the commercial demands 
 of various bodies of the human race, that it may be adopted as one 
 of the elements of the problem to be solved, that many men will gain 
 wealth there, that the number of such men will be constantly increas- 
 ing for a long time to come, and that a large number of residences 
 will be needed for these, suited to a family life in accordance with a 
 high scale of civilized requirements. If these requirements can be 
 more completely satisfied in the neighborhood of the college than 
 elsewhere, it may be reasonably anticipated that it will eventually be 
 occupied by such a class as is desired. 
 
 We have to consider, then, what these requirements are, and 
 whether, by any arrangements you can make or initiate, they may be 
 provided for in an especially complete way on the property which 
 you have to dispose of. 
 
 We shall gain but little light in this matter by studying the prac- 
 tice of those who have had it in their power to choose the circum- 
 stances of their residence, the difference in this respect being very 
 great, and leading to no clear, general conclusions. Some, for in- 
 stance, as soon as they are able to withdraw from the active and 
 regular pursuit of their business in towns, seem to have cared for 
 nothing but to go far away from their friends, and to rid themselves 
 of the refinements of life and the various civilized comforts to which 
 they have been previously accustomed. Others can only make a 
 choice among lofty structures, the windows of which look out on 
 busy streets, so that the roar of toiling, pushing crowds is never es- 
 caped from, while for any enjoyment of natural beauty, the occupants 
 might as well be confined in a prison. 
 
 In England, the prevailing fashion of wealthy men for several 
 centuries has been to build great stacks of buildings, more nearly 
 represented by some of our hotels than anything else we have, and 
 to place these in the most isolated positions possible, in the midst of 
 large domains, with every sign of human surroundings not in a con- 
 
Arrj-:x/>/x. 337 
 
 dition of servility or of friendly obligation lo themselves, carefully 
 obliterated or planted out. 
 
 This fashion, growing, as it doubtless has, out of a conservative 
 disposition in regard to feudal social forms, has also been frequently 
 followed in a chea]) and shabby way by many in America, especially 
 in the Southern States, yet no argument can be needed to show its 
 utter inadaplation, even with profuse expenditure, to the commonest 
 domestic requirements of our period of civilization. 
 
 The incompleteness of all these arrangements is easily traced to 
 the ordinary inclination of mankind to overestimate the value of 
 that which happens to have been difificult to obtain or to have seemed 
 to be so, and to overlook the importance of things which are within 
 comparatively easy reach. 
 
 It is only by reference to some general rule that will satisfy the 
 common sense, that the comparative value of one or the other of 
 the possible conditions of a residence can be safely estimated, so that 
 those things which are essentially important may not be sacrificed to 
 matters which are of value only as they gratify a temporary personal 
 fancy or caprice of taste. 
 
 Such a general rule may, I think, be stated as follows: — 
 
 The relative importance of the different provisions for human 
 comfort that go to make up a residence is proportionate to the degree 
 in which, ultimately, the health of tl.e inmates is likely to be favor- 
 ably influenced by each, whether through the facility it offers to the 
 cheerful occupation of time and a healtliful exercise of the faculties, 
 or through an\' more direct and constant action. 
 
 Every civilized home centers in an artificial shelter from the ele- 
 ments; a contrivance to shutout rain, and wind, and cold. But little 
 judgment is required to make a shelter sufificiently large and effective. 
 To accomplish this in a way that will be com.patible with a due pro- 
 vision of sunlight and fresh air, however, is more difficult. In fact, 
 perfect shelter at all times and as free a supply of fresh air and sun- 
 light as is desirable to be used by every human being at intervals, is 
 impossible. Yet, as their use seems to be always free to the poorest 
 and least intelligent of men, it seldom occurs to such as are intent 
 on making good provision in other respects for the comfort of their 
 families, to take great care to make the use of sunlight and air ea.sy 
 and agreeable. The consequence is that their houses are really no 
 better in this respect than those of careless and indolent men; often 
 22 
 
:;.3S HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 not as good, the advantages of the latter in this one particular being 
 sacrificed by the more prudent to more complete arrangements for 
 accomplishing the primary purpose of shelter. 
 
 More unhappiness probably arises from this cause, in houses which 
 are in most respects luxuriously appointed, than from any other which 
 can be clearly defined and guarded against. 
 «^ Atlractvve open-air apartments, so formed that they can be often 
 occupied for hours at a time, with convenience and ease in every re- 
 spect, without the interruption of ordinary occupations or difficulty 
 of conversation, are indeed indispensable in the present state of 
 society to the preservation of health and cheerfulness in families 
 otherwise living in luxury. The inmates of houses which are well 
 I built and furnished in other respects, but in which such apartments 
 ' are lacking, are almost certain, before many years, to be much troub- 
 led with languor, dullness of perceptions, nervous debility or distinct 
 nervous diseases. The effort to resist or overcome these tendencies, 
 except by very inconvenient expedients, such as traveling abroad, or 
 others of which it is impossible to make habitual use without a sacri- 
 fice of the most valuable domestic influences, leads to a disposition 
 to indulge in unhealthy excitements, to depraved imaginations and 
 appetites, and frecjuently to habits of dissipation. 
 
 It may be thought that this is a defect which, in most houses with 
 private grounds about them, might be so easily remedied that it is 
 hardly credible tliat I do not exaggerate the degree in which it mars 
 the happiness of families who are so fortunate as to live out of the 
 midst of towns. But it is a great mistake to suppose that it is a 
 simple matter to njake it convenient and agreeable, to delicate women 
 especially, to spend much time healthfully in the open air. Lord 
 Bacon, three hundred years ago, sagaciously observed: — 
 
 " God Almighty ^Vj^/ planted a garden, and, indeed, it is the purest 
 of human pleasures; it is the greatest of refreshment to the spirits 
 of man, without which buildings and palaces are but gross handi- 
 works ; and a man shall ever see that when a^^es ^row to civility 
 and elegance, men come to build stately sooner than to garden finely — 
 as if gardening loere the greater perfection.^'' 
 
 In the formation of country residences of the smallest i)retcnsions 
 far greater study and a far larger proportionate expenditure is generally 
 made in England, and in most countries where civilization has been 
 long established, upon matters of out-of-door domestic convenience 
 
ArrKXPIX. 333 
 
 than in Anioiicn. Vet the difficulties to be overcume and the need 
 to overcome them are incomparably greater in America, and espe- 
 cially in California, than in England. The truth is they are so great 
 that they are commonly regarded as insurmountable, and a deliberate 
 effort to make sure that the out-of-door part of a residence shall be 
 conveniently habitable and enjoyable is not thought of. The "gar- 
 den " and " grounds " are regarded merely as ornamental appendages 
 of a house, marks of the social ambitions of the owner, like the plate 
 and carpets within, rather than as essentials of health and comfort, 
 like the beds and baths. Yet the frequent action of free, sun-lighted ' 
 air upon the lungs for a considerable space of time is unquestionably 
 more important than the frequent washing of the skin with water or 
 the [)erfection of nightly repose. 
 
 Another class of civilized requirements frequently forgotten by 
 men who have earned, by their skill and industry in providing for 
 the wants of others, the right to live luxuriously, consists of those 
 which can only be met by the services of numerous persons who are 
 not members of the family requiring them, such as purveyors of 
 various articles of food and bodily refreshments; artisans, musicians, 
 nurses, seamstresses, and various occasional servants. (Physicians, 
 teaciiers, and clergymen might be added, but the absence of these 
 from a neighborhood is less frequently overlooked. J Townspeople 
 who have been accustomed to find those able to render such services 
 always within ready call are particularly apt to neglect to consider 
 how much of their comfort is dependent on this circumstance, and 
 often discover it only after they have, by a large expenditure, made 
 a home for themselves in which they are obliged to live in a state 
 which, by comparison with their town life, seems one of almost sav- 
 age i)rivation. 
 
 The first of the two classes of reciuirements to which 1 have re- 
 ferred, it is obvious, can never be* satisfactorily provided for in a 
 town house, as towns are usually laid out. Hence, as statistics testify, 
 families living in such towns, except where habitual resort is had to 
 parks or garden, or to annual journeys in the country, constantly 
 tend to increasing feebleness of constitution, and generally become 
 extinct from this cause in a few generations. The second class can- 
 not be provided for in an isolated country house. Hence, in a great 
 measure the frequency with which wealthy men who have spent 
 enormous sums to provide themselves country houses abounding in 
 
340 HISTORY OF THE CO 1. 1. EG K OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 luxury, are willing, after the experience of a few years, to dispose of 
 them at great pecuniary sacrifice. 
 
 It is true that, by great expenditure, many of the usual inconven- 
 iences and deprivations of a residence in the country may be made 
 of small account. But often it is found that with double the current 
 expenditure in a country house of the most luxurious equipment, the 
 same variety of civilized enjoyments cannot be obtained as are to 
 be had in town houses of a much more modest description. There 
 are certain very desirable commodities, indeed, that very poor fami- 
 lies can enjoy when living in or near large towns, that even the very 
 rich commonly dispense with when they live in the country. These 
 constitute a large part of the attractions which such towns have for 
 poor and rich alike. 
 
 There can be no question that, as a general rule, jjeoi~>le of easy 
 circumstances, especially those who have the habits of townspeople, 
 if they want to make the most of life, should not undertake to live 
 where they will be necessarily dependent in any degree much greater 
 than is usual in towns for the supply of their everyday material re- 
 quirements upon labor performed within their own walls, nor where 
 they can be deprived at any time of year, much more than they 
 would be in towns, of good roads and walks, and other advantages 
 for exercise, and easy, cheerful use of whatever advantages there 
 may be near them for social intercourse. Yet it is equally certain 
 that if they fail to secure fresh air in abundance, pleasant natural 
 scenery, trees, flowers, birds, and, in short, all the essential advan- 
 tages of a rural residence, they will possess but a meager share of 
 the reward which Providence offers in this world to the exercise of 
 prudence, economy, and wi.se forecast. But if we are thus compelled 
 to seek the site for a residence " out of town," and to take care that 
 ' all effort to secure comfort in it is not exhausted in the plan of the 
 mere house, or shelter from the* elements, we must also remember 
 that to keep extensive- private grounds in good repair, and perfectly 
 frcsli and clean, requires more skill and labor, as well as administra- 
 tive ability, than all the rest of the ordinary housekoei)ing affairs of 
 a moderate family. And as, unless tliey are so kept, extensive i)ri- 
 vate grounds are not simply useless, but absolutely irksome, when 
 associated with a family residence, and as it is hardly possible in 
 America to maintain for any lengthened period a large body of effi- 
 cient domestic servants, however extravagantly disposed a man may 
 
APPENDIX. 341 
 
 be in this particular, the folly of attenii)ting to imitate the aristo- 
 cratic English custom which has been referred to is evident. 
 
 It may be laid down, then, as a rule, lo which there will be but few 
 exceptions, and these only in the case of families not only of very 
 unusual wealth, but of ijuile exceptional tastes, that for the daily use 
 of a family, no matter how rich, if the site be well chosen, and the 
 surroHnding cinunistances are favorable, a space of private ground of 
 many acres in extent, is entirely undesirable. 
 
 If the surrounding circumstances are not favorable — if there are 
 dirty roads, ugly buildings, noisy taverns, or the haunts of drunken 
 or disorderly people near by, ground w'hich it would otherwise be 
 undesirable to hold may be wanted in which to plant them out of 
 sight and hearing; if the country in the neighborhood is not agreea- 
 ble to walk, ride, or drive through, a large space may be wanted in 
 which to form extended private walks, rides, and drives, which shall 
 be artificially agreeable; if one's neighbors are of surly, hot-blooded, 
 undisciplined, quarrelsome character, he will want to buy them out 
 of their land in order to have ihem at a greater distance, and to be 
 free from the danger of their return. If he is himself of an osten- 
 tatious, romantic, and dramatic disposition, he may require, more 
 than any other luxury, to have a large body of servile dependents 
 about him, and may want to disguise the fact of his actual insignifi- 
 cance among his neighbors by establishing his house at a distance 
 from anything that he cannot think of as belonging to himself or 
 subordinate to his will. But the great majority of men who have 
 the ability to gain or held wealth in America come under neither of 
 these heads, and in the choice of a place of residence will find it 
 best, at the outset, to avoid, if they have the opportunity to do so, 
 all such conditions as have been enumerated. 
 
 A respectable college could not be established in any locality with- 
 out bringing to it a certain amount of nei.uhborhood advantages, 
 while if it is not positively repellant to, it at least can have no direct 
 attraction for, the more common constituents of a bad neighborhood, 
 that is, for those things which every man must wish to keep at a great 
 distance from his house. If, then, you can make your neighborhood 
 positively attractive in other respects, especially if you can make it in 
 important particulars more attractive than any other suburb of San 
 Francisco, you can offer your land for sale, for villa residences, in 
 lots of moderate size, with entire confidence that you will thus cause 
 
342 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 to grow up about it such a neighborhood as is most desirable, with 
 reference to your first purpose. 
 
 What, then, are the requisites (exterior to private ground) of an 
 attractive neighborhood, besides good neighbors, and such institu- 
 tions as are tolerably sure to be established among good neighbors? 
 The most important, I believe, will be found in all cases to be that 
 of good fljif-i^oiiii^s from the private grounds, whether with reference 
 to social visiting, or merely to the pleasure and healthfulncss of oc- 
 casional changes of scene, and more extended free movement than 
 it is convenient to maintain the means of exercising within private 
 grounds. 
 
 For this purpose the common roads and walks of the immediate 
 neighborhood, at all times of the year, must be neither muddy nor 
 dusty, nor rough, nor steep, nor excessively exj.osed to the heat of 
 the sun or the fierceness of the wind. Just so far as they fail in any 
 of these respects, whatever is beautiful in the neighborhood, what- 
 ever is useful — churches, schools, and neighbors included — becomes 
 in a certain degree disagreeable, and a source of discomfort and 
 privation. No matter what a neighborhood may be in all other re- 
 spects, therefore, if it fails in these it must be condemned as unfit 
 for a civilized residence. It is folly to suppose that compensation 
 for the ill health and the vexations that will daily arise from a poor 
 provision in this respect will be found in such other circumstances 
 as a beautiful prospect from a house, or a rich soil, or springs of 
 water, or fine trees about it, or any other merely private or local pos- 
 session, for the lack of these can generally be remedied in large de- 
 gree by individual wisdom and expenditure, while the lack of good 
 out-goings cannot. 
 
 The desideratum of a residence next in importance will be points 
 in the neighborhood at which there are scenes, either local or distant, 
 either natural or artificial, calculated to draw women out of their 
 houses and private grounds, or which will at least form apparent ob- 
 jects before them when they go out. It will be all the better if many 
 are likely to resort to these points, and they thus become social ren- 
 dezvous of the neighborhood. 
 
 Next to points at some distance from a house commanding beau- 
 tiful views, it is desirable to be able to look out from the house itself 
 upon an interesting distant scene. This is generally not too little 
 but loo much thought of, the location of many houses being deter- 
 
.APPf'NniX. 343 
 
 mined by regard for this circumstance alone, and things of far greater 
 importance being sacrificed to it. It will be found that when this is 
 the case — when, for instance, a house is placed in a lonely, bleak po- 
 sition, on the top of a hill difficult to ascend — the most charming 
 prospect soon loses its attractiveness, and from association with pri- 
 vation and fatigue becomes absolutely repulsive. 
 
 Nor is it desirable that a fine distant view should be seen from all 
 parts of the house, or of the grounds about it. 'I'his, indeed, is im- 
 possible, if the house and grounds are in themselves completely 
 agreeable. The first and most essential condition of a home is do- 
 mestic seclusion. It is this which makes it home, the special belong- 
 ing of a family. If it is not attractive within itself, and chiefly and 
 generally within itself, and made so by, or for the sake of, the family, 
 it is no home, but merely a camp; an expedient of barbarism made 
 use of to serve a temporary purpose of a civilized family. Yet it is 
 a good thing to be able at times, without going far, within or without 
 the house, to take a seat from which, while in the midst of the com- 
 fort and freedom from anxiety of a home, a beautiful or interesting 
 distant scene can be commanded. It is not desirable to have such 
 a scene constantly before one. If within control, it should be held 
 only where it can be enjoyed under circumstances favorable to sym- 
 pathetic contemplation. 
 
 The class of views most desirable thus to be had within easy reach 
 is probably that which will include all well-balanced and complete 
 landscapes. The general quality of the distant scene should be nat- 
 ural and tranquil; in the details, however, there had better be some- 
 thing of human interest. But whatever the character of the distant 
 outlook, it is always desirable that the line or space of division be- 
 tween that which is interior and essential to the home itself and that 
 without which is looked upon from it, should be distinct and unmis- 
 takable. That is to say, whenever there is an open or distant view 
 from a residence, the grounds, constructions, and plantations about 
 the house should form a fitting foreground to that view, well, defined, 
 suitably proportioned, salient, elegant, and finished. 
 
 It may be observed that such an arrangement is not compatible 
 with what some writers on landscaj^e gardening have said of " appro- 
 priation of ground ; " but it need hardly be argued that a man is 
 going wrongly to work to make a home for himself when he begins 
 by studying how he can make that ajipear to be a pari of his home 
 which is not so. 
 
314 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALLFORNLA. 
 
 Even if this appropriated around were public ground, to look at it 
 from a private house without seeing a well-defined line of separation 
 between it and the family property, or without a marked distinction 
 of character between the two, in the details of the scenery, would be 
 to have the family property made public rather than the public prop- 
 erty made private. 
 
 If it is desirable that the distinction between the character of the 
 ground which forms a part of the home and of that which forms a 
 part of the neighborhood beyond the home, should be thus empha- 
 sized, it is also desirable, and for a like reason, that there should be 
 a somewhat similar gradation between that which constitutes the 
 neighborhood and that which is more distant. In other words, a 
 neighborhood being desirable, the existence of a neighborhood should 
 be obvious, and for this reason the scenery which marks the neigh- 
 borhood should be readily distinguishable. The view from the win- 
 dow or balcony should, in short, be artistically divisible into the three 
 parts of, first, the home view, or immediate foreground ; second, the 
 neighborhood view, or middle distance; and third, the far outlook, or 
 background. Each one of these points should be so related to each 
 other one as to enhance its distinctive beauty, and it will be fortunate 
 if the whole should form a symmetrical, harmonious, and complete 
 landscape composition. 
 
 Of these three desiderata, the first only can be supplied by private 
 effort. A site for a residence, therefore, should be selected, if possi- 
 ble, where the other two are found ready to hand. 
 
 For the purpose of ascertaining what was necessary to be supplied 
 upon your ground to give it the advantages which have been described, 
 and others, generally recognized to be essential to a neighborhood 
 of the best form of civilized homes, I visited it under a variety of 
 circumstances, in summer and winter, by night and by day, and I 
 now j)ropose to state what are its natural conditions, what are the 
 artificial conditions required, and how these may be best secured: — 
 
 FirsL In resjiect of soil, exposure, natural foliage, and water 
 sui>ply, your ground is, to say the least, unsurpassed in the vicinity 
 of San Francisco. 
 
 Second. 'J'here are few if any suburbs which comYiiand as fine a 
 distant prospect. The undulations of the ground and the difierence 
 of elevation between the ujjper and the lower parts give the advan- 
 tage of this i)rospect in its main features to a large number of points 
 
APPENDIX. 345 
 
 of view, so situated that the ere( tion of buildintis and the growth of 
 trees at other j)oints will be no interruption to it. 
 
 Third. With respect to climate and adajjtation to out of door 
 occupation, persons who had resided upon the ground or who had 
 had frequent occasion to cross it, having stated that the sea-winds 
 which nearly everywhere else near San Francisco are in summer ex- 
 tremely harsh, chilling, and disagreeable to all, and often very trying 
 to delicate persons, were felt at this point very little, I gave this 
 alleged advantage particular consideration. 
 
 During the month of August I spent ten days on the ground, 
 usually coming from San PVancisco in the morning and returning at 
 night. The climate of San Francisco was at this time extremely 
 disagreeable, while that of the College property was as fine as possible. 
 One morning, when I left San Francisco at 9 o'clock, though the 
 air was clear, a light but chilling northwest wind was blowing. The 
 same wind, somewhat modified, prevailed at Oakland. At Berkeley 
 the air was perfectly calm. Ascending the mountain-side a few 
 hundred feet, I again encountered the wind. Descending, it was 
 lost, and the air remained calm until I left at 5 in the afternoon, 
 the temperature being at the same time agreeably mild. During all 
 the day I observed that San Franci>co was enveloped in fog and that 
 fog and smoke drifted rapidly from it over the bay and over Oak- 
 land. At 5 o'clock, in returning to San Francisco, after driving 
 two miles toward Oakland, I had need to put on my overcoat. In 
 the cabin of the ferry-boat, with doors closed, I saw women and 
 children shivering, and heard the suggestion that the boat should be 
 warmed in such weather. At San Francisco I found a blustering, 
 damp wind and my friends sitting about a fire. The following day 
 there was in the morning a pleasant, soft breeze at Berkeley, but late 
 in the afternoon it fell to a complete calm. I determined to remain 
 on the ground for the purpose of ascertaining whether this would 
 continue or whether it preceded a change of temperature and a visit 
 of the sea-wind after night-fall. At sunset the fog clouds were roll- 
 ing over the mountain-tops back of San Francisco, gorgeous in rosy 
 and golden light; the city itself was obscured by a drifting scud. At 
 Berkeley the air remained perfectly serene, and, except for the fog 
 banks in the southwest, which soon became silvery and very beautiful 
 in the moonlight, I never saw a clearer or brighter sky. It remained 
 the same, the air bcinu still of a delightful temperature, till morning, 
 
\y 
 
 346 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 when the sun, rising over the mountains in the :ear, gave a new glory 
 to the constant clouds overhanging the heights on each side of the 
 Golden Gate. Going back in the afternoon to San Francisco, I 
 again found the temperature in contrast to that of Berkeley disagree- 
 ably chilling, though the day was considered there an uncommonly 
 fine one and the wind was less severe than usual. 
 
 I have visited the other suburbs of San Francisco and studied 
 them with some care, and without being able to express a definite 
 estimate of the degree of difference bt tween their climate and that 
 of Berkeley, nnd without being able to assert from my limited obser- 
 vation, that the immunity of the latter from the chilling sea wind is 
 absolutely complete and constant, I think that I am warranted in in- 
 dorsing the opinion that the climate of Berkeley is distinguished for 
 a peculiar serenity, cheerfulness, and healthfulness. 
 
 I know of no entirely satisfactory explanation of the fact. But it 
 may be observed that it lies to the northward of the course of the 
 northwest wind which draws through the Golden Gate and which 
 sweeps the peninsula to the southward of the city and the Contra 
 Costa country south of Oakland, and that there are to the northward 
 and northwestward of it several spurs of the Monte Diablo range, 
 the form of which is calculated to deflect currents of air setting down 
 the bay from the northward. The form of the trees on the top of 
 the nearest of these hills indicates an upward deflection of the north- 
 erly wind. 
 
 It will be seen that the natural advantages which led to the choice 
 of the locality for the College, adapt it still more for a neighborhood 
 of luxurious family residences. 
 
 The disadvantages of the site, as compared with districts in other 
 parts of the world, which are considered to be of choice character 
 for rural or suburban residences, are those which are common to all 
 the country near San Francisco, and most of these it possesses in less 
 degree than any other I have seen, while, at the same time, there are 
 in the local conditions unusual advantages for overcoming them. 
 If, therefore, these advantages are made use of in a large, bold, and 
 resolute way, the neighborhood will ultimately possess attractions, 
 especially for those with whose memories of childhood the rural 
 scenes of the Atlantic States, or of most of Northern Europe, are 
 associated, with which there will be nothing else to comi)are in the 
 vicinity. I say tliis, not out of regard for the charm which such 
 
APPENDIX. 347 
 
 scenes would have from mere association with youthful j^leasures, 
 but tor the fact that there is a real relationship of cause and effect 
 between the conditions which are necessary to the elements of those 
 scenes, and those which are required to contribute to the comfort of 
 mankind. For instance, the ground will not often be found hard, 
 nor harsh, nor sticky, and neither mud nor dust will cause annoy- 
 ance when a ramble is taken over surface all of which is either shel- 
 tered by foliage, or covered with turf. Again, in a country of thick, 
 umbrageous, pendulous woods, coppices, and thickets, protection 
 from severe winds, and from the direct rays of the sun everywhere, 
 appears to be close at hand, and wc feel less instinctively disinclined 
 to venture forth freely in it. Moreover, when these elements of 
 scenery are found in profusion, the scene before us, as we move in 
 any direction, is constantly interrupted by the bodies of foliage, and 
 re-arranged into new combinations, and these often have a proportion 
 and relation of parts which satisfies the requirements of an artistic 
 instinct, and which, in a complete realization, constitutes what is 
 technically termed a composition. For this reason, although it may 
 not command our wonder, or any profound feeling, it gives promise 
 of constant interest, and cheerfully influences the imagination. 
 There will be greater interest, also, in the details of such scenery, 
 which must be closely observed, than in any other. Birds and flow- 
 ers, for instance, will be more evenly distributed over it, so that even 
 in their absence we never know that we may not, at the next moment, 
 come upon them. 
 
 But let anyone go out into the country near San Francisco, in 
 any direction, and he will rarely find his interest thus stimulated. 
 At one season he will everywhere find abundant flowers, and in some 
 of the gulches he may always find bushes and birds. Looking at 
 the distant hills from a high position again, he may see a certain 
 beauty of scenery, yet it can seldom be said that he has before him 
 a completely beautiful landscape, j^robably never, in any place other- 
 wise suitable for a home, and during any considerable jiart of the 
 year. The nearer part of the natural landscape will nearly every- 
 where be coarse, rude, raw; grand or picturesque possibly, but never 
 beautiful or appropriate to a home. Nor, however great the beauty, 
 in certain states of the atmosphere, of the distant hills and water, 
 is there anything in nature which seems to invite or welcome one to 
 ramble. The suriaco of the L^rDund beyond the immediate fore- 
 
318 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 ground conimotily se ;nis liard, bare, dead, und bleak. What few 
 trees there are appear stiff and rigid, and are as dull and monotonous 
 in color as they arc ungraceful in form. Even the atmosphere, when 
 it is not foggy and chilly, is colorless and toneless. Only in the far 
 distance is there any delicacy and softness. 
 
 Thus, however grand it may be, and whatever interest it may 
 possess, the region about San Francisco is peculiarly destitute of 
 what I may deno'ii'nate domestic beauty, and of that kind of interest 
 which is appropriate to domestic occupation. 
 
 It would be audacious to suppose that even in a neighborhood of 
 a mile or two in extent these defects could be completely remedied, 
 or that they could be remedied in any notable degree in a very short 
 time, or without much judiciously applied labor. But if what is 
 proposed to be accomplished is modestly conceived, and the requi- 
 site effort is made and sustained for a sufficient period, it is un- 
 questionable that the more uninviting elements of the existing scenery 
 may be reduced in importance, and its more attractive features pre- 
 sented to much greater advantage than they are under merely natural 
 circumstances, or under any artificial conditions yet in existence. 
 It may also be confidently anticipated that the result will be pecul- 
 iarly home-like and grateful in contrast to the ordinary aspect of 
 the open country of California. 
 
 For instance, if we imagine the greater part of your j)roperty to 
 have passed in tracts of from two to five acres into the possession 
 of men each of whom shall have formed, as a part of his private 
 residence, a proper foreground of foliage to his own home outlook, 
 it follows, from what I have before argued, that one of the chief 
 defects of the scenery would be in a great degree remedied; for 
 these bodies of rich and carefully nurtured foliage would form part 
 of an artistic middle distance to all other points in the vicinity which 
 would overlook them, and would so frame under the more distant 
 prospect from these exterior points of view that a strong gradation 
 of aerial perspective would occur. And the fact will be observed 
 that if the range of the eye is thus carried but to a certain distance, 
 especially to the westward or southward, the view is everywhere 
 exceedingly beautiful, both in respect to the form of the hills and 
 their beauty of color and tone, under all atm .spheric conditions. 
 Iacu in stormy weather there is great grandeur in the movement- 
 of the clouds rolling over their somber sIojjcs and declivities; and 
 
APPEND/X. :U'.> 
 
 I nMncmbcr a single scene of this kiiul as one of ilie most impressive 
 that I have ever witnessed. But on ordinary occasions the view to 
 the westward, if the eye does not regard the dullness of the nearer 
 part of the landscape, while it is one of great depth and breadth, is 
 also one of peculiarly cheerful interest. 
 
 The main requirements of a plan, then, for the imjirovement of 
 this region, with reference to residences, must be, first, so to arrange 
 the roads upon which private property will front as to secure the 
 best practicable landscape effects from the largest number of points 
 of view; second, so to arrange the roads and public ground as to 
 give the owners of the private property satisfactory outgoings in 
 respect, first, to convenience of use; second, to attractiveness in 
 their borders; and, third, to command of occasional distant views 
 and complete landscapes. 
 
 To meet the second of these requirements, the borders of the 
 roads should be absolutely neat, or even nice. There should be no 
 raw banks or bare, neglected-looking places, nor drifts of rubbish 
 by their side. 
 
 This, in the climate of the locality, implies one of two things, 
 either that the whole road-side is watered daily during several months 
 of the year, or that it is closely lined and draped over with living 
 foliage. 
 
 The latter might be undesirable if there were pleasant open scenery 
 along the road; but where, as it must be supposed will be the case 
 here, there will generally be within a distance of a hundred feet or 
 more of the road only a choice between a harsh, brown surface, as 
 at present, or a private garden (it may be a vegetable garden), or a 
 continuous grove, it will be the more agreeable as well as much the 
 cheaper arrangement. 
 
 I can think of nothing to which the imagination turns with more 
 eagerness in the bleak and open scenery, and the exceeding and all- 
 pervading lightness of the daylight of California, than to memories 
 of shady old lanes running through a close and overarching bowery 
 of foliage, and such an ideal should be fixed before whoever is placed 
 in charge of your improvements. Until the experiment has been 
 tried on your soil, [)erfect success cannot be predicated, perhaps, 
 with entire confidence, unless you should conclude to lay on water 
 in such a way that it would be applied freely and without fail, by 
 mechanical action, to your road borders. That the ideal might be 
 
350 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALLFORNIA. 
 
 thus perfectly realized will be evident to anyone who will follow up 
 the water-course in the ravine a few rods below the Simmons house, 
 near the point where a bridge is indicated on the plan. Here water 
 stands near the surface of the ij;round during the entire summer, 
 even when it disappears further down the arroyo, and trees in the 
 rear shade the undergrowth, which is consequently thick, intricate, 
 luxuriant, rich, and i^raceful, completely sheltering the visitor from 
 the sun. and all the ordinary untidiness of the surface of the ground 
 is lost. Hut I do not suppose that any artificial application of water 
 would he necessary on any of the ground where in the i)!an roads 
 are laid down, to secure a high degree of the desired effect, if prop- 
 erly selected shrubs are once well established on the soil and backed 
 u]) with trees such as have already spontaneously grown in it, in 
 many cases to good size. 
 
 The course of the roads, as laid down in the plan, generally fol- 
 lows the natural depressions of the surface; and I am strongly of 
 the opinion that in these situations, if not on the more elevated 
 parts of all the ground included in the plan, there would soon be a 
 natural growth of trees and shrubs, if perfect protection were secured 
 for a few years from the action of fire and the close cropping of 
 animals. And I can have no doubt that when the ground shall 
 have been well trenched, nearly all the trees and shrubs which grow 
 naturally in the more favore ! canons of the Coast Range, as well 
 as many others, if planted and carefully tended for two or three 
 years, would thereafter grow healthfully, rapidly, and in graceful 
 forms. 
 
 It will be seen, by reference to the large drawing, that all the 
 ground not required for other purposes is laid out in a number of 
 divisions, varying in length and breadth, but each of such a form 
 that it could be ea'-ily subdivided by simple lines into lots, each of 
 one to five acres in ex'ent, of suitable shape and favorably situated 
 in all resjiecls for a family home. The relative jjosilion of the 
 houses erected, and trees grown upon the dilferent lots, may be such 
 that the best view from each site will remain not only uninterrupted, 
 but rather im|)rovcd. b> that below it. The divisions are separated 
 one from the other by lanes bordered, as already explained, on each 
 side by continuous tiiick groves, and access to each private lot from 
 these lanes is arranged by short approaches. brandling from them. 
 The area of ground contained in these divisions is 195 acres (in- 
 
APPENDIX. 3-) I 
 
 eluding nearly 90 acres belonging to private owners between the 
 college property and the adjoining public roads), and might with 
 advantage be occupied by from 50 to 100 private families. 
 
 The lanes are arranged with reference to continuations to the 
 northward and southward, should additional accommodation of the 
 same character be hereafter found desirable. Connection is also 
 made by shaded roads with thevil'age already laid out in the vicinity, 
 and a public garden, containing a children's play-ground, with a series 
 of shaded walks and arbors about it, is provided for, adjoining this 
 village. Between the garden and the village, a street is widened so 
 as to form a small plaza or village market-place. 
 
 There are three entrances to the series of lanes from the general 
 direction of San Francisco. One of these is intended to be ap- 
 proached by a projected street railroad, and also by a direct avenue 
 from the proposed steam-boat landing at that point of the bay which 
 is nearest to the property. The second approach is through the 
 midst of the village. The third is by a new road which I recom- 
 mend should be laid out as a pleasure drive from Oakland. This 
 road would be to the southward of, and run parallel with, the present 
 telegraph road, until after it has passed the vicinity of the new cem- 
 etery, where it would curve upon a long radius to the left, and pass- 
 ing to the eastward of some of the lowest foot-hills, cross the Tele- 
 graph road near the foot of the mountains, and approach Berkeley 
 on a line parallel with the range, passing along the east side of the 
 public garden, and reaching the vicinity of the College without en- 
 tering the village, as shown upon the plan. Such a road would form 
 a drive much more attractive than any now in use out of Oakland, 
 and would lay open a most desirable region for residences all along 
 the foot of the mountains. 
 
 One of the neighborhood lanes is extended eastwardly to the 
 mouth of the valley or gorge in the mountains, which is a part of 
 the property of the College, but which it would be inconvenient to 
 show upon the drawing. This lane is intended to be extended up 
 the gorge, first, however, crossing to the other side, not far beyond 
 the point at which it terminates in the drawing. Thence it is in- 
 tended to follow up the course of the brook as I have verbally ex- 
 plained to you, and as close ujjon its banks as is practicable, until 
 the point is reached at which the branch enters from the left. There 
 the lane should fork, being carried up the branch to the left with 
 
35li HISTOR Y OF THE COLLEGE OF CALII^RNIA. 
 
 such ( uives as will be necessary to reach the small table-land at 
 present occupied by a grazier's house. From this it would return 
 on the left bank of the southerly branch of the stream to the main 
 stem, crossing near the fork by a bridge. 
 
 There should be a convenient stopping-place for carriages upon 
 the table-land, from which a walk should be formed to the highest 
 point of the knoll around which the lane passes. At this point 
 there is a very interesting view through the gorge and out upon the 
 bay, and it would be a suitable place for a small summer-house or 
 pavilion. The lane within the gorge would have to be formed by 
 excavation in the hill-side, and a thick plantation should be carefully 
 established on the uj)pcr slope so as to confine attention to the damp 
 ravine below and the opposite bank, which to a considerable height 
 is abundantly covered with native foliage of a very beautiful char- 
 acter. 
 
 As this road follows a stream of water from the open landscape of 
 the bay region into the midst of the mountains, it offers a great 
 change of scenery within a short distance, and will constitute a 
 unique and most valuable appendage to the general local attractions 
 of the neighborhood. 
 
 The plan, as shown in the drawing, encroaches slightly upon the 
 land which does not at present belong to your corporation, on the 
 westward and northward, but you advise me to assume that you 
 would be able to acquire possession of this land if desirable. 
 
 The extent of the .sylvan lanes which I have described, exclusive 
 of the village streets, the avenue to the bay sbore, and the road into 
 the mountain gorge, would be about five miles. At several points 
 upon them there would be very fine distant views, each having some 
 distinc live advantage. The local scenery would also at many ]:)oints 
 be not only quite interesting, even without any effort to produce 
 special effects by planting, but it would have considerable variety, 
 nuich more .o than might bt: supposed tioni the drawing. The road 
 is designed to be laid out in such a way as to make the most of the 
 natural featuies, while preserving their completely sjlvan and rural 
 character, being carried with frequent curves in such a way as to 
 make the best use of the picturesque banks of the arroyos and the 
 existing trees upon them. These are sometimes allowed to divide it 
 intu two parts. Notwithstanding the varied curves which the ar 
 rang* ineiit involves, the general course of the lanes will be found 
 
Arr/-:x/)/x. 3r,3 
 
 simple and the connection between the more important points suffi- 
 ciently direct. This is especially the case with the approaches to the 
 College site from the points nearest it at which the neighborhood is 
 entered. 
 
 A tract of low, flat ground, twenty-seven acres in extent, pleasantly 
 surrounded on three sides by moderate elevations, two of which 
 retire so as to form a long bay or dell, is proposed to be formed into 
 a small p;irk or general pleasure grounil. The site is naturally more 
 moist, fertile, and meadow-like than any other in the vicinity, and a 
 considerable number of old and somewhat quaint and pictures(|uc 
 oaks are growing in a portion of it. This occurrence, with a thick 
 growth of underwood and of rank, herbaceous plants, leads me to 
 think that if it were thoroughly drained, cleaned, and tilled, trees 
 would naturally grow u[)on it in more umbrageous and elegant forms 
 than elsewhere, and that turf could be more easily formed and 
 maintained upon its surface. I recommend that it should be sur- 
 rounded by a thick plantation similar to that proposed to be formed 
 by the side of the lanes, and that in the front of this, trees should 
 be planted singly and in small detached groups, as they are often 
 seen in open pastures in the East, while in the central portions of it 
 a perfect living greensward should, if possible, be formed. 
 
 For this purpose, after the thorough under-drainnge of all parts of 
 the ground, it should be trench-plowed as deeply as possible, or 
 trenched with a spade to the depth of two feet or more, manure or 
 rich, loose soil being placed at the bottom. The surface should then 
 be worked very fine and assorted grass seeds of the kinds which ex- 
 perience in Oakland and San Francisco indicates to possess the most 
 enduring vitality in the climate, should be ?own very thickly — at the 
 rate at least of three bushels to the acre. The surface should then 
 be rolled with a heavy roller. As soon as the grass has grown to an 
 average height of two inches, it should be mown and rolled again 
 with a lawn machine, dniwn by a horse with his feet mufiled. The 
 mowing and rolling should be repeated at inter\vils of from three to 
 ten days, whenever the grass is growing fairly, and it should never 
 be allowed to reach the height of three inches or to form seed, ^^'ith 
 this treatment it will i)robably form a firm sod which will remain 
 green, soft and velvety during the greater part of the year. At the 
 height of the dry season, however, it would, I presume, rctjuire daily 
 watering, and for this purpose there should be a scries of hydrants 
 
 23 
 
354 niSTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 concealed in the shrubbery around it, and others at intervals in the 
 midst of it, the latter being set entirely below the surface of the 
 ground in cases covered with a small cap, by lifting which the butt 
 of the hose could be inserted. 
 
 1 would strongly urge that not the least ground should appear out- 
 side of the necessary walks and roadway anywhere within your 
 property, which cannot be hidden from sight by the foliage of trees, 
 shrubs, or vines, except so much as you feci confident you can afford 
 to treat in the manner which I have thus suggested. The expense 
 of such a treatment is so great, and it is so unlikely to be constantly 
 maintained through a long series of years, that I have reluctantly 
 embodied any greensward at all in the plan. I am influenced to do 
 so, however, by regard not only for your original desire for a much 
 larger extent of it than is now projiosed, but for the very great addi- 
 tion to the general beauty of the neighborhood which would be 
 gained by such an arrangement and by a consideration of the ad- 
 vantages which would come from it to the institution, by supplying a 
 suitable field for athletic games and other agreeable exercises, and 
 the effect which it would thus have upon the health and spirits of 
 the students and those who would be associated with them. 
 
 If this part of the plan should not be approved on account of the 
 expense which would be required to properly carry it out, then I 
 would suggest that at least so much turf should be formed and kept 
 as would be contained in the strip immediately in front of the cen- 
 tral College building, in the line of the Golden Gate. Arrangements 
 could be made by which this might be all sprinkled, with very little 
 labor. The remainder should be planttd with trees, except an arena 
 a little south and east of the center, to be made perfectly level and 
 used as a ball-ground. The whole of the ground not covered with 
 turf should be very thoroughly cleaned by repealed plowings and 
 harrowings, then covered with three or four inches of gravel /rom 
 which sand and dust, as well as all pebbles larger than a small olive, 
 should have been removed by a double screening. This should be 
 heavily rolled, and every spring afterwards it should be scuffled, 
 dressed with salt, and again rolled until liard enough and smooth 
 enough to be swept with a common corn-broom. It might, in this 
 way, i)robably be kept clean enough for use, and surrounded, or over- 
 hung, by trees, it would not be offensive to the eye. 
 
 \ part of the ground (I)) reserved for general College pur[)oses on 
 
APPEXniX. 355 
 
 the high land to the eastward of the park may be used for a garden 
 if required, or if the plan neither of a jjark nor of a glade of turf 
 extending to the westward, before the College site, should be approved, 
 a garden would more appropriately occupy that position than private 
 residences, or a road or walk with coppice border. A garden, how- 
 ever, of the same extent, whether a scientific garden, or an orna- 
 mental flower garden, would be even more expensive to maintain 
 than good turf, while it would add nothing like as much to the beauty 
 and interest of the neighborhood and would be less directly useful 
 to your students. 
 
 The main features of the plan have thus been sufficiently ex])lained 
 to show how it is intended to meet the principal requirement, namely, 
 to offer inducements which will draw about the College a neighbor- 
 hood of refined and elegant homes. 
 
 The second requirement of a plan was stated to be that, while 
 presenting domestic attractions, the improvements prci'oscd should 
 not be of a character to draw about your College a noisy, disturbing 
 commerce, or anything calculated to destroy the general tranquillity 
 of the neighborhood. It will be observed, that with reference to this 
 requirement, while the roads are so laid out as to afford moderately 
 direct routes of communication between the different paits of the 
 neighborhood, they would be inconvenient to be followed for any 
 purpose of business beyond the mere supplyirg of the wants of the 
 neighborhood itself,^ — that is to say, it would be easier for any man 
 wishing to convey merchandise from any point a short distance on 
 one side of your neighborhood to a point a short distance on the 
 other side, to go around it rather than go through it. As a further 
 protection, when it shall be found necessary, the }>roix'rty may be 
 inclosed and gates established at the entranci.s, so as to exclude from 
 the lanes whatever it may be thought undesirable to admit. This pre- 
 caution would probably be unnecessary, however, for many years to 
 come. 
 
 As you have been unable to instruct me what College buildings 
 should be introduced, I have been obliged to trust to my own judg- 
 ment of your prol able requirements, and form a general building 
 plan accordingly, taking care, however, that the area and the shape 
 of the ground proposed to be reserved for the purpose, while fitted 
 to such an arrangement as I conjecture will be satisfactory, should 
 at the same time leave you witli considerable freedom to vary 
 from it. 
 
356 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 I have thought it best to assume that two considerable buildings 
 would be required at an early period of the history of the College. 
 One designed to contain its library, records, and scientific collections, 
 and therefore constructed of brick, stone, and iron, and as nearly fire- 
 proof as you could afford to make it; the other to contain a general 
 hall of assembly, and a series of class-rooms, lecture-rooms, and 
 rooms for the use of your Faculty. 
 
 Whenever it should be found necessary, in the future, to enlarge 
 the library accommodations, the scientific collections might be re- 
 moved to a new building, to be erected especially for that purpose, 
 and the whole of the original building thus devoted to the library, or 
 if less than this should be required, a smaller building might be 
 erected for a special division, or for certain departments of the scien- 
 tific collections, as has been done at Amherst College, a single large 
 building being there devoted to a special class of fossils, while the 
 general geological collection remains in another. Whenever, also, 
 the accommodations of the second building should be found insuffi- 
 cient, a new one may be erected for the purpose of general assembly, 
 and the class-rooms be enlarged by the addition of the space occu- 
 pied by the assembly hall in the original building. 
 
 With regard to dwellings for the students, my inquiries lead me to 
 believe that the experience of Eastern colleges is equally unfavorable 
 with regard to the old plan of large barracks and commons, and to 
 the plan of trusting that the student will be properly accommodated 
 with board and lodging by arrangements with private families or at 
 hotels. Establishments seem likely to be finally preferred, in which 
 buildings erected by the College will be used, having the general 
 np|)earance of large domestic houses, and containing a respectably 
 furnished drawing-room and dining-room for the common use of the 
 students, together with a sufficient number of private rooms to ac- 
 commodate from twenty to forty lodgers. 
 
 If a similar plan should be adopted at Berkeley, there need never 
 be any very large buildings erected there in addition to the two cen- 
 tral ones which have been proposed, and as it would be equally con- 
 venient for all purposes, as far as I can see, and much more consistent 
 with the character of scholarly and domestic seclusion, which it is 
 desirable should [)crvade the neighborhood, I should contemplate the 
 erection of no buildings for college purposes, whether large or small, 
 
APPENDIX. 357 
 
 except as detached structures, each designed by itself, and as would 
 be found most convenient for the purpose to which it was to be de- 
 voted. In other words, I would propose to adopt a picturesque, 
 rather than a formal and perfectly symmetrical arrangement, for the 
 two reasons that the former would better harmonize artistically with 
 the general character desired for the neighborhood, and that it would 
 allow any enlargement or modification of the general plan of build- 
 ing at present adopted for the College, which may in the future be 
 found desirable. 
 
 I may observe that in the large Eastern colleges the original design 
 of arranging all the buildings of a growing institution in a symmetri- 
 cal way has in every case proved imi)racticable and been given up, 
 while so far as it has been carried out it is a cause of great incon- 
 venience and perplexity to those at present concerned. 
 
 With these views, having fixed a center with which the different 
 buildings to be hereafter erected as from time to time shall be 
 found necessary, may be expected to have convenient connection, I 
 propose to reserve from sale for private residences as much ground 
 in the vicinity of this center as is likely to be needed for all purposes 
 by your corporation in future. 
 
 The central buildings are intended to be placed upon an artificial 
 plateau at the head of the dell before described. This site, while 
 moderately elevated, yet appears slightly embayed among the slopes 
 of the hills on all sides except that toward the park, over which the 
 outlook to the westward is unconfined and reaches to the horizon of 
 the ocean. The west front of this plateau is designed to take the 
 form of an architectural terrace from which two broad walks between 
 the lines of a formal avenue lead directly to the head of the dell in 
 the park. At the foot of these walks appropriate entrances are pro- 
 vided from a carriage way. 
 
 The general arrangement is shown more fully in a working plan 
 drawn to a larger scale than the principal drawing. 
 
 The construction of the necessary plateau ujion the site proposed 
 will not be an expensive undertaking, as the working plan will show, 
 and the terrace may be finished, if desired, very plainly and cheaply. 
 At the same time the introduction of a high degree of art, at any 
 time in the future, will be practicable, in the form of st.Uues, fount- 
 ains, and a highly decorated parapet with tile and marble pavement 
 
358 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 upon the terrace, and on each side of the broad walks, the interme- 
 diate quadrangle and the stair and entrance ways. 
 
 Respectfully, Fred Law Olmsted, 
 
 Olmsted, Vaux & Co., 
 Landscape Architects, 
 no Broadway, New York, June 2p, iS66. 
 
 To the foregoing report as published, the following note 
 was added : — 
 
 San Francisco, September, 1866. 
 
 An edition of the foregoing report is printed by order of the Cor- 
 poration of the College of California, for general distribution. 
 
 With it, there was furnished, by Mr. Olmsted, the plan in detail, 
 for the improvement of the central portion of the proposed site for 
 the College buildings; also the engineer's plan (on linen) to be used 
 in the field in laying down the road-lines, and photographic copies 
 of the large map, presenting, a general view of the improvements 
 contemplated. 
 
 The Trustees of the College desire to commence the proposed 
 work on these grounds immediately, and prosecute it as fast as possi- 
 ble. But, for the means to do so, they will depend on sales of land, 
 in building lots, to those who may wish, by and by, to avail themselves 
 of the fine advantages of this location. 
 
 Therefore, the rapidity with which the improvements will go for- 
 ward will be in proportion to the interest manifested by the public in 
 purchases of property to be benefited. 
 
 A portion of the ground is already divided into lots, and may be 
 sold at once, so that improvements on them may be commenced 
 during the coming rainy season. 
 
 The Trustees of the College consider themselves exceedingly 
 fortunate in having been able to secure the services of Mr. Olmsted, 
 to make this survey and plan for the im[)rovement of their grounds, 
 and they are confident that the public will appreciate the enterprise 
 according to its high value, and readily invest the necessary means to 
 carry it on successfully. 
 
 To accomplish this, the Trustees themselves will spare no pains, 
 and they hope to meet with the prompt and efficient co-operation of 
 citizens generally. 
 
APrEXDIX. 359 
 
 Photographic copies of the map of the grounds and proposed im- 
 provements will be sent to those desiring them. 
 
 Any further information may be obtained on application to Will- 
 iam Sherman, Esq., Chairman of the Finance Committee of the 
 Board, 412 and 414 Sansomc Street, or to S. IT. Willey, Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the College, on the College grounds, or at Towne & Bacon's 
 printing office, 5 ;6 Clay Street, near Montgomery. 
 

 V. ADDRESS BEFORE THE ASSOCIATED 
 ALUMNI. 
 
 Bv Rev. A. L. Stone, D. D. 
 
 Mr. President, and Gentlemen of the Alumni: In the ordi- 
 nary habit of our thought, we do not associate maternity with youth. 
 A mother's welcome, while it breathes the cherishing tenderness 
 which never grows old, has in it also, as we usually conceive it, some- 
 thing of the venerableness of age. All the more is this true, if we 
 speak the word not in reference to the household tie, but as express- 
 ing the gentle providence of institutions which have moulded and 
 nurtured our intellectual life. But as we turn back this day from the 
 manifold dusty paths our feet have been treading, to keep the annual 
 tryst of our literary memories and fellowship, the genius of this scene, 
 greeting us at her gateway, is so young and fair that it seems a liberty 
 for bearded lips to offer filial salutations. Youthful vows were a more 
 appropriate tribute to this girlish matron than the sentiment of ven- 
 eration. Here are no ancient academic shades, keeping in their 
 whispering leaves, and telling to-day on the summer air, the memorial 
 of classic generations. Our grove wears, indeed, the honors of many 
 years, but the antiquity is of nature, not of humanity, much less of 
 the lineage of student life. 
 
 We have a new College and a new State, adventuring the future 
 together. If here are no smooth-worn thresholds of halls of learn- 
 ing, here also around us are no moss-grown walls of empire. The 
 youngest of these " tnagisiri artium " is older than California as an 
 American State, and thrice as old as the young mother dismissing 
 him to-day with the laurels of her favor, to work out practically the 
 horoscope of his destiny. 
 
 Let me keej) hold of this association of civic and literary life, and 
 detain you, for a while, upon this theme — The relation of the College 
 to the State. AVhile I use the term " State " in its fuller and more 
 comprehensive meaning, the discission will have its chief bearing 
 
APlEkDIX. 3G1 
 
 upon the growth and fortunes of our own Pacific commonweaUh. 
 Certainly, unless all our hopes deceive us, unless the bright prophe- 
 cies of our brief but rapid and almost miraculous progress speak 
 with lying lips, unless the indomitable energy and enterprise of our 
 American character fail this once, and on a theater so inspiring, there 
 is before us, on these shores, a splendid and marvelous future. If 
 we measure our coming advance only by the past, what a prodigious 
 growth in all the fruits of a prosjiering and victorious civilization v.ill 
 not the next score of years display. Before we shall have exhausted 
 the last third of this declining century, the waters of this bay will be 
 girded with one almost unbroken zone of population and wealth; 
 around this serrated margin of twice a hundred miles, parted only by 
 the seaward gate and the northern strait, village will stretch its hand 
 to village, and town to town; the gardens of fair country seats will 
 touch one another; yonder metropolis, crowned Queen of the Pacific, 
 will be peer in her jeweled magnificence to any throned rival on 
 this Western Continent; a hundred convoys of trade, travel, and 
 treasure will tread, with flashing feet, the length and breadth of this 
 sunny harbor; from these mountain-sides, tolerant of culture to the 
 very summit, and on the twin rivers that drain our broad interior 
 valley, will pour down agricultural supplies enough to fill the granaries 
 of a nation; the marshy wastes of tule lands, redeemed from winter 
 overflow and cleared of their reedy forests, will show the bloom of 
 boundless garden-prairies; the torn ravines of mining regions will be 
 built into picturesque and populous towns; iron tracks will stretch 
 away through the interminable northern forest, making Oregon and 
 Sitka our neighbors; between the snowy peaks of the Sierra Nevadas, 
 shaking the dust of the desert from his mane, the iron horse, capar- 
 isoned in our farthest East, will thunder down these Western slopes; 
 the confluent streams of a world-wide immigration will pour in their 
 floods of vigorous life; the peaceful ocean will empty through the 
 ever-open Golden Gate the spoils of fleets freighted in China and 
 the Indies; and the ceaseless enginery of our mints will coin from 
 out our hills the shining currency of a wealth to ',\hose copiousness 
 God and nature alone can set bounds. 
 
 I know the American dialect is thought to have a large capacity 
 for boastful periods, and this picture which I have sketched may 
 seem to some colored with hues of dreamland. But only recite the 
 sober record of facts wliidi half the life-time of a generation has 
 
362 IirSTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 chronicled auiid these homes, and we have .i more wondrous poem 
 than I have sung for twice that range of future years. 'J'o this large 
 coming development, we of the present stand in the relation of fos- 
 ter parents. We are architects and builders of this rising greatness. 
 Not that in our indolence or neglect the august fabric will not go up, 
 but that the strength of that fabric and the moral aspect of that 
 greatness will depend upon the foundations thus early laid, and the 
 aims and uses which the builders propose. The determinate influ- 
 ence of educational institutions upon the whole problem, we cannot, 
 without underlying the just imputation of folly and crime, refuse to 
 weigh. Our citizenship in the State, as well as our allegiance to let- 
 ters, or, in fewer words, our duty as patriot scholars, constrains the 
 discussion to which we now advance. 
 
 I. We want the College in the new young life of the State, as ^ 
 bond with the past. There is no such thing as a full and complete 
 life for the individual or for the State, if that life does not join itself 
 to the whole life of humanity. Much of the past will, indeed, empty 
 itself in upon us without our consciousness. The rudest will inherit 
 more generously than he knows of the treasures accumulated in by- 
 gone ages. He is the child of a long line of progenitors, though he 
 cannot name his ancestry. But in proportion as his ignorance iso- 
 lates him from the results of the sum total of human progress, must 
 his life be fragmentary and unendowed. He is a foundling, for 
 whom there is waiting an heirship of riches and honors unrevealed 
 to him, and by which, therefore, his poverty and obscurity will never 
 be relieved. 
 
 By our circumstances and history, this same isolation characterized 
 our early beginnings as a commonwealth. Our infancy was that of 
 a foundling. We were disconnected with the old. Laws, religions, 
 home-ties, and all the sweet and solemn voices of philosophy, faith, 
 and letters, were left behind when we were flung upon these Western 
 shores to struggle as we could out of anarchy and barbarism. Our 
 social being was not the onflow of a stream holding in its deep and 
 broad channel the tributaries of all past times and growths, but a 
 solitary fountain, gushing single, fitful, and turbid, in the wilderness. 
 We have to connect the issue of this fountain with that grand cur- 
 rent bearing on its bosom and mingling in its waters the world's full 
 life and thought. Deny to us, deny to any people, no matter what 
 their origin and story, the record and knowledge of the past, the 
 
APPENB/X. 3G:} 
 
 testimony of humanity's long cnii)iric travail, and such connection 
 remains impossible. How great the forfeiture! "When ancient 
 opinions and rules of life are taken away," says Burke, "the loss 
 cannot possibly be estimated. From that moment we have no com- 
 pass to govern us; nor can we know distinctly to what port to steer." 
 Lost are the influence and example of the illustrious dead, the heroic 
 deeds that kindle and feed the flame of valor and self-devotion, the 
 quickening and instructive annals of history, the songs of the bards 
 — stairways to the heaven of imagination — the warning voiced forth 
 in the reiterated lessons of man's errors, frailties, and passions; the 
 teachings of philosophy wrestling with the great questions of truth 
 and the soul, the painful but resolute steps of explorers and discov- 
 erers leading on the ages after them up the heights of science, the 
 full intelligence of causes, natural and philosophic, seen at work in 
 the present, but whose origin, nature, and alliances lie remote up the 
 centuries; the slow but grand drama of the mute earth, proceeding 
 under the twin ministry of two great magicians — fire and water — 
 from her primal chaos to the fair completeness of her verdurous 
 hills, her islanded deep, and her steadfast mountains, and the length- 
 ening golden chain that makes us one in blood and sympathy, history 
 and heritage with the whole human family. 
 
 Would it be but a trifling bereavement of our modern civilization 
 thus to orphan it from the maternity and nurture of the past ? As 
 well girdle an oak, and expect its branches to bear up the same 
 wealth of frondent and lusty life; as well cut off in mid-length that 
 northern river that empties the great lakes, and expect its channel to 
 bear on the same majestic stream to the sea. 
 
 But the guardianship and transmission of this dowry of the past 
 are in the hands of the world's teachers as trustees for mankind. 
 These treasures are locked up in the languages of dead empires, the 
 systems of buried sages, the alcoves of old libraries, the laboratories 
 of science. The halls of liberal culture open backward into these 
 galleries of antiquity, and onward into the life of the present, giving 
 to the exploring eye, beneath their arches, the long vista of the prog- 
 ress of the race. 
 
 What is our sacred trust for the future ? What have we to transmit 
 to those who come after us ? A name only, and a clear field for ad- 
 venture? or the entire riches which the ages have accumulated, and 
 for which the generations which have gone down to the dust have 
 wrought through the heat of great harvest-days ? 
 
364 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 We ask no unreasoning homage for the wisdom of the elders; but 
 a little more reverence for the antiquity will not hurt us in our per- 
 sonal and national development. It is needed as a corrective of that 
 flippant self-sufficiency that dashes with arrogance our confident 
 American energy, and of that smattering of universal knowledge 
 that conceives it has nothing to learn. The spirit of the true scholar 
 is the spirit of humility, and the reverent inquirer after truth finds 
 
 that— 
 
 " Study is like the heaven's glorious sun, 
 That will not be deep-search 'd with saucy looks." 
 
 2. We want the College, again, in alliance with the life of the 
 State, for the security and honor of republican principles. We be- 
 lieve in a Government not of despotic force, nor of kings enthroned 
 '■'■jzire divino," nor of a privileged class, of better blood and clay and 
 larger political rights than the mass of the governed, but of equal 
 laws, framed by the popular will, expressing and guarding popular 
 rights, and administered by representatives elected by popular suffrage. 
 It is one of the commonplaces of political truths, that despotism can 
 maintain itself only in the unreasoning debasement of its subjects. 
 Ignorance and superstition are the twin pillars of all unequal and 
 oppressive political systems. These sayings are as familiar with us 
 as household words, but they need continual and emphatic re-utter- 
 ance. Against every form of unjust privilege and political absolutism, 
 the one conquering and invincible champion is popular education. 
 Light antagonizes force with a soft and silent but resistless mastery. 
 It debates the questions of privilege, it examines the foundations of 
 caste; it sifts the theories of special and restricted rights; it illumines 
 and di.spels the illusions of kingcraft and tyranny, as the beams of 
 morning the dark retiring shadows of night; it discovers the true 
 sources of political power, and gives voice to the deathless instinct 
 of humanity, pleading before in dumb murmurings for its inalienable 
 endowments of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." 
 
 Education, especially where it is large and liberal, gives the broad 
 mind and the catholic spirit, enlarges from all narrowness, emanci- 
 pates from i)rejudice, and nurtures universal sympathies. This is the 
 original force of the term liberal education, the fine and true philos- 
 ophy shut up in language itself Education is a liberator; it makes 
 thought free, inquiry free, belief the child of light and full conviction, 
 the whole manhood free. .\nd in this disenthralling process it 
 
 I 
 
APPENDIX. 365 
 
 quickens in us the fraternal recognition of all other manhood. 'Ihe 
 close, encircling barriers that isolate man from man, by the accidents 
 of birth and place, of race and color, are thrown down by this ex- 
 pansive force; and a large and just view of our common nature, as 
 in origin, faculties, and possibilities one, sweeps all who wear the 
 image of (lod within the wide horizon and the tender bonds of the 
 universal human family. 
 
 By such enlargement, we touch the deep, vital principle of genuine 
 Republicanism — the true doctrine of political ecjuality. That doctrine 
 is the equality of man with man, as a creature of God — in all the 
 powers of a reasoning mind and an immortal soul ; an equality which 
 titles and purples, and political prescriptions, and social interdicts, 
 however they may overlay and obscure, cannot disturb. A republi- 
 can equality thus discerned and understood will be fearless and con- 
 sistent. It will outlaw all caste. It will suffer no brand of serfdom 
 and villenage, and no shadow of such a brand to rest upon any fore- 
 head that covers a human brain. In due proce'-s of enfranchise- 
 ment, it will crown with the full honors and immunities of citizenship 
 all within the bounds of the State whom it calls its fellow-men. 
 
 But the provision for liberal culture does not content itself jvith a 
 mere proclamation of republican equality, however true in principle 
 and noble as a testimony. It works out the practical elevation of 
 the lowly. It lets down a ladder to the very lowest grade of social 
 life, on which the humblest aspirant may climb to the highest. In 
 lands where aristocratic institutions order the social scale, as in En- 
 gland, the chief places of honor and emolument are awarded, as the 
 rule, by interest, and birth, and titled precedence. With us the class 
 is larger than with any other people, of those who are dependent 
 upon self-help for all personal and professional success; and while 
 our political theories say to the brown son of penury and toil, the 
 child of the plowman and the artisan, " You are the peer of the heirs 
 of wealth and station," our system of education offers to his hand 
 the prizes which the slack fingers of effeminate fortune reach after 
 in vain. The wealth of a nation's intellectual life is thus immeasur- 
 ably increased, and she is served in her high places of trust and duty 
 by the most vigorous of her sons. The succession of her great men 
 and strong leaders is veined continually by fresh blood. There is no 
 ruling class, keeping its overshadowing ascendency long after it has 
 become effete with indolence, luxury, and vice. New names and 
 
36G niSTOR y OF THE COLLEGE OF CALLFORNIA. 
 
 new families rise out oi the stern schools of want and hardship, 
 bringing up from such nurture men of bone and muscle for the 
 charge of great enterprises, and the tasks of public life. The purest 
 gems of mental brilliance, which had else kept their lusters hid in 
 "dull imprisonment," are thus unearthed, wrought, and polished, and 
 set to shine with guiding splendor in the nation's coronet. Nor is 
 this the triumph of plebian weakness, the crowning of rudeness and 
 rusticity, to the shame and discountcnanc ing of elegance and court- 
 liness. It is the promotion and the accrediting of the only worthy aris- 
 tocracy, the peerage of intellect., the nobility of learning and thought, 
 starred with the brilliants of wit, and crmined with the refinement of 
 lettered culture. 
 
 And this issue guards our republican development from peril on 
 another side. The wide diffusion of popular intelligence overthrows 
 the supremacy of tyrannic force, but does it not create the ambitious 
 demagogue, and lead to a war of factions and parties ? Where the 
 many are stimulated by uncontrolled aspirations, and thf prizes of 
 advancement, free to all, are the reward of the strongest and most 
 resolute, what is to prevent that war of Titans in which the many 
 shall contend with equal arms, as when Greek meets Greek, each for 
 his own pre-eminence. And when it is found (as it soon n.ust be 
 found in such a conflict), what force there is in combinations, what 
 shall prevent the renewal of the strife, with broader front and more 
 formidable tactics, by those stronger spirits who will seize the trun- 
 cheon of command, and march against their rivals with a partisan 
 host at their heels.? But this same intelligence gives authority to the 
 calm counsels of reason, inspires just conceptions of the public good, 
 connects that common welfare with the best hopes of all and of each, 
 instructs the popular mind as to the horrors of anarchy, evolves the 
 true nature and limitations as well as the proper beneficence of the 
 social com|jact, and cuts short the career of selfish ambition, by a 
 demand for what is just and eciual for the commonwealth. The 
 demagogue finds no leadership save with those whom he can deceive 
 and beguile ; and anarchy seeks its throne in Mexico, rather than 
 under the shining heavens of the land of \^'ashington. 
 
 Thus our Rei)ublicanism is not only conserved, but ennobled. Its 
 institutes and laws are not the creatures of ignorance and prejudice, 
 carrying on their front, as they invite the scrutiny of mankind, the 
 confession of weakness, coarseness, and puerility. Self government 
 
APrEXn/X. 3(i7 
 
 with us is the governuicnt of a nation of readers, a nation of think- 
 ers, a nation of debaters, guided by the freest and fullest philosophic 
 discussion of every great measure incorporated in its treaties, statutes, 
 and policies. Let the archives of courts and cabinets, kingly and 
 imperial, the world over, be challenged for a code of jiublic laws sur- 
 passing in dignity, purity, and wisdom, the written scrolls and annual 
 State papers of our Republican legislation. Thus do the security 
 and honor of free jirinciples go hand in hand under the reign of light 
 and knowledge. 
 
 Nor need it be feared that this full and broad culture of letters 
 will, in the supreme stress of some great crisis of danger, enervate 
 the military arm, and train a race of citizens of too delicate a mould 
 of spirit and muscle to defend the life of the republic against the 
 weapons of war. Those words of the Athenian commander and 
 orator, words as instinct with martial ardor as with true homage to 
 letters, we may repeat after him — " We are not enfeebled by philoso- 
 phy." When the clarion sounded "to arms" in the nation's death- 
 grapple with treason, the loyal ranks were filled, not with stolid and 
 reluctant conscripts, but with thinking, reasoning volunteers, every 
 man of whom saw and weighed for himself the grandeur of the stake 
 for which the deadly game was played. Among all the strong-limbed 
 youths that rose up at the call, there were none that gave a more 
 jubilant response than the dwellers in our peaceful academic shades. 
 They laid aside the toga of quiet study for the steel of the soldier's 
 harness as though robing for a feast; and on the march, and around 
 the camp-fires, and at '' the perilous edge " of the fight, sang, till 
 every heart was stirred and the heavens rung again, old battle chimes 
 of freedom. They had caught from the storied dead the inspiration 
 of the martyred patriots of all time, and self-devotion for the coun- 
 try's life was as honorable to them as when Curtius leaped, man and 
 horse full armed, into the chasm of the Forum ; and treason as in- 
 famous as when the great Roman orator thundered in the Senate 
 against Catiline and his fellow-conspirators. If we needed such con- 
 firmation to our faith and hope, we shall henceforth have no question 
 concerning the alliance of letters with loyalty and valor, since the 
 close of that great struggle that has hung the porches of our college 
 halls with laurels of youthful valor, and thick starred our catalogues 
 of student life with the imperishable honors of youthful heroes, 
 whose blood has crimsoned a hundred battle-fields for union and 
 liberty. 
 
368 IJISTOKY OF THE COLLEGE OF CA LI FORM LI. 
 
 3. Another office of the College in its influence upon the State 
 will be to correct the tendency to materialism, against which all new 
 communities have to guard. That tendency is especially visible in 
 our own local commonwealth. It is, perhaps, inseparable from the 
 tasks first fronting the settlers on this coast; certainly a legitimate 
 issue of the objects at first pursued. The explorers of a new coun- 
 try naturally find their material wants the most immediate and im- 
 l)crative. They must have food and fire, shelter and water, wharves 
 and roads. If in addition to this necessity their crowning aims are 
 low and material, it will be hard to impregnate their minds with lofiy 
 and ideal as[jirations. They may display a wonderful diligence, but 
 always with their eyes fi.xed upon the earth. Their industries, their 
 hopes, their prizes arc of the earth, earthy. If one of them shout 
 " Eureka," it is not over some victory of science making its labora- 
 tory luminous with some precious secret wrested from nature's keep- 
 ing, nor some fresh demonstration of philosophy establishing a truth 
 for the faith of men; but only that his hand has clutched a lump of 
 gold. Bring before such a mind a scheme to elevate the moral and 
 intellectual life within him and around him, and you talk in riddles. 
 "The future ! " it only reaches, before him, to the next rainy season. 
 " His children ! '" thoy are on the other side of the mountains, wait- 
 ing for him to come and empty his gold-dust at their feet. " .V 
 Christian civilization ! " all that he wants of it is law enough to guard 
 his miner's tent for a year or two, and then the busy ravine where he 
 digs may relapse into utter barbarism. He is indeed no miser. 
 Show him a sick comrade — tell him of wounded and suffering sol- 
 diers, and famishing rebels — and he scatters his hoard with generous 
 hand. Hut ask him to build institutions, and you get no audience, 
 scarcely a comjirehending intelligence. He is building his ''pile," 
 making haste to cap up its pyramidal completeness, and transfer it 
 to the distant spot he still calls "home.'" Shall we rise no higher 
 than this fitful, fluctuating life of materialism, this ebb and flow of 
 successful or unsuccessful immigration ? 
 
 The very presence of an institution of learning suggests other 
 nobler and more permanent than material interests. Its walls of 
 mute masonry are lettered with proclamations visible from afar, that 
 declare man's higher needs and more exalted capacities. There is 
 an atmosphere around it that thrills through the flesh to the impris- 
 oned soul. The dullest eye asks, For what do those walls stand? who 
 
APPRNnrX. 360 
 
 are the workers within ? in what mines do they dig? and the strange 
 utterances that float out from the quiet cells waken echoes in torpid 
 breasts that give the consciousness of a life whose pulses are immor- 
 tal. From the vantage of its dome, the outlook is wider and keener 
 over the domain of man's being. The horizon broadens from the 
 narrowness of the present and the material to the boundlessness of 
 the sjnritual, vital after the body is dust ; and the cope that carried 
 only the clouds lifts to take in the orbed spheres of truth, the starry 
 wonders of science, the great arch toward which the soul wings an 
 endless flight. 
 
 The clasped books of knowledge have only to be seen to tempt 
 curious fingers. Their very titles stimulate the desire for possession* 
 Their pictured pages appeal to the esthetic clement, and it breaks 
 through the crust of materialism. The sweet breath of the Ionian 
 Isles wakes still and forever the sense of beauty. Art is wooed as a 
 mistress. Temples rise in pillared majesty; statues leap forth from 
 shapeless marble; and life looks and speaks from the canvas. Tune- 
 ful hands take the lyre, poets sing, and literature is born. Voices, 
 whose accents can never die, sweep down the yellow current of the 
 Tiber, and Right, Duty, Fidelity, Constancy, Law, brides of the 
 storied river, lift, on the prow of their barge, sailing ever on, a scroll 
 luminous with their names, demanding men's homage to their queenly 
 rule. 
 
 The College is thus the court of the ideal. Its ministers serve 
 the scepter of the unseen as though they .saw the invisible. Its 
 splendors are not jewels dug out of the earth, nor specimens of 
 golden veins branching among the hills, but gems of ethereal luster, 
 which the seers have plucked from the heaven of God's thoughts, 
 and brought down to shine for the guidance of human feet. Its 
 edicts give laws to taste, establish methods for the reason, decree 
 honors to intellectual triumphs, and declare the just rules of civil 
 and social life — the codes of all right legislation in every department 
 of human being. 
 
 Under its shadow the mere material type of living is shamed and 
 rebuked. The higher nobility of serving truth and right, and the 
 growth of the soul, assert themselves without a question; and not ma- 
 terial success and barbaric comfort, but spiritual culture, is seen 
 and acknowledged to be the only worthy end of living. 
 
 4. Nor do we in this plea overlook the needs of practical life. 
 24 
 
370 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 We provide, in the most effectual manner, for those needs. The 
 College trains the men of practical science who hold the secrets of 
 all useful art, the most fruitful methods of every branch of industry. 
 The time has been when the tillers of the soil preferred the lessons 
 of mother wit and daily experience to all the wisdom of the books, 
 and scouted the learning that wrought its field tasks and raised its 
 crops only in the laboratory. But scientific farming has carried the 
 day. We have had blunders enough of ignorance and self-sufficiency 
 in working the peculiar wealth of our own State, and but a moiety of 
 the legitimate proceeds of our industry is gathered as a practical 
 result. The other moiety is drained off in sluices of untutored 
 negligence, or empty quackery; and if science itself has sometimes 
 gone astray, or stood at fault before its problems, we have only in 
 this fact a fresh demonstration of the need of more patient and ex- 
 haustive study. There was never an industry that more imperatively 
 needed the conduct of exact science to make it safe and profitable 
 than that of this people. If our aims were only practical in the 
 grosser sense, mercenary and material, the shortest avenue to their 
 attainment were through the porches of liberal learning. 
 
 The ideal leads the practical; men of thought go before men of 
 action ; the student is elder partner of the craftsman, furnishing him 
 his tools and supi)lying his models, and forever it is true that "where 
 there is no vision, the people perish." A man with no visioned ex- 
 cellence before him, as yet unattained, is at the end of his growth, 
 and has begun to decay. The same is true of communities and 
 nations. All the triumphs of human progress, all the increments of 
 practical growth, are in the inspiration of ideals. Pure intelligence 
 is itself with us ultimately and intensely practical — not merely in 
 the sense that all work stands still if this mainspring be withdrawn ; 
 nor that life is so individualized with us men, laboring not in groups 
 and associations under the intellectual headship of a superintendent, 
 or like a t-ang of slaves beneath the eye and lash of an overseer, but 
 each his own employer and master — I mean that intelligence has its 
 own sphere of practical work, in which it is a day laborer, and of 
 which the products are as solid and substantial, and as much a matter 
 of common want, as plowshares and reaping-hooks. Need we 
 catalogue these wants, in the sujiply of which intellectual culture 
 comes into immediate contact with the getting of our daily bread ? 
 Why, we want engineers, and surveyors, and chemists, and assayers. 
 
APPEND IX. 371 
 
 and metallurgists, and machinists, and draughtsmen, and interpreters, 
 and editors, and school-teachers, and a host of fellow-laborers, and 
 whole departments of professional scholars, whose day's work is of 
 the brain more than of the hand, and all of whom are more nearly 
 or more remotely pensioners upon science and liberal learning. I 
 am almost ashamed to argue so narrowly and upon so low a scale, 
 but the argument is pertinent to what we have all seen and felt of 
 pojmlar prejudice and misconception in our former public sentiment. 
 And you who are my auditors to-day, will agree, without argument, 
 that the noblest practical growth of the State, its truest wealth, and 
 its fairest honor, are not only conditioned upon, but identical with, its 
 highest intellectual advancement. 
 
 5. I have one more thought to suggest in the line of our theme: 
 the relation of the College to the permanent and peaceful order of 
 society. For itself, the College demands a settled public tranciuillity. 
 Study craves a quiet atmosi)here. It must sit down to its work, if it 
 is to work effectively, calm, patient, and secure. It seeks, naturally, 
 the most sequestered scenes of nature for its bowers. The whisper- 
 ing grove, the bank of the murmuring river, the silent shade, the in- 
 closed guarded quadrangle, rural towns far from the rattling wheels 
 of commerce and trade, and the jar of machinery, are its immemorial 
 retreats. Wake the tempest of commotion and change in the heav- 
 ens over it; let the lightnings of political storms flash beneath its 
 drooping eyelids, and the bolts and shouts of popular revolution 
 crash in upon the absorbed and musing thought; let war blow his 
 trumpet, and the fierce pulses of cannon shake the air, and the spell 
 is fled, the charm is broken, the rapt devotee is dragged rudely back 
 to the loud, clamorous present, and action, instead of study, is the 
 call of the hour. What testimony was that which reached us from 
 distracted Naples at the beginning of this present decade, when the 
 guns of four great forts threatened its streets and dwellings? " Our 
 colleges are comparatively abandoned, and our learned societies exist 
 but in rtame." What testimony is that, within the decade, from our 
 own rocking land } ' The Muses fled when the war eagle screamed ; 
 science deserted her laboratory for the armory and the bastion ; the 
 flood of patriotic ardor drowned out the monkish scholar from his 
 cell ; the halls of learning were depopulated ; the young recluses sal- 
 lied forth ; the pen and the inkhorn were exchanged for the rifle and 
 the cartridge-box; the student's cassock for the soldier's uniform, and 
 
372 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CAL.TFORNTA. 
 
 the leaders in the world of letters for the leaders in arms and the field. 
 For its own sake, therefore, the college favors peace and public com- 
 posure, that its own morning and evening bells may ring clear on the 
 quiet air. It is not an institution for nomadic tribes. It cannot 
 pitch a tent at nightfall and strike it with the next dawn. It must 
 dig for foundations, and rear solid walls, and lift its steady domes 
 with windows opening to the blue fields above and the blossoming 
 constellations. It asks therefore for restful times, for the hush of all 
 overturning tumults, and seeks to insure settled civil order and the 
 steadfastness of the State. 
 
 And what it asks, it helps to give. Where popular intelligence is 
 diffused, revolutionary ideas may be started, but they have to be 
 canvassed. When the demagogue encounters the school-master, his 
 arts are powerless. ^Vhen priestcraft meets the spelling-book and 
 the Testament, its glozing addresses are silenced. In an enlightened 
 community, each individual feels competent to ask questions and try 
 issues. If he be called upon to join a revolutionary faction, his re- 
 ply is, " Let's look at that." The appeal must be to his rea.son, not 
 to his passions He has learned to read, and the ability to read is a 
 demand which creates its supply. All public measures are put on 
 trial before this wide public tribunal. This reader uses his eyes, and 
 every novel idea of the day is his by nightfall, and he has a judgment 
 upon it. His stock of ideas and judgments, as to public and general 
 economies and policies, grows by continual accessions, and becomes 
 a privy council which he can summon to a session upon every ques- 
 tion of doubtful advantage and expediency. 
 
 But let it still be remembered that the amount and scope of pop- 
 ular intelligence depend upon the higher institutions of learning 
 among a people. It is the standard in every department of life and 
 manners that determines all beneath. Our judgments of what is 
 comparative are governed by our conception of the superlative. 
 What is high in the presence of great mountains ? What is deep 
 when we are sounding the ocean? The college not only systema- 
 tizes popular education, but sustains it; nay, stimulates and elevates, 
 drawing up the general level toward its own crested summits. They 
 arc the great glaciers, and the domed snows of the upper .Mpine 
 heights, that keep the valley streams so full and cool; and our col- 
 leges are the primal fountains whence flow so far and wide in this land 
 the streams of knowledge for the people. 
 
APPENDIX. 373 
 
 It would be a grand omission in this argument, if we failed to re- 
 mark that the element of light alone is insufficient to establish and 
 insure public tranquillity. One other element must be added. Light 
 and love must be in partnership for this work. Light without love is 
 but archangel ruined — the baleful flame of a mighty but malign in- 
 tellect. Love without light is blind, and may do the work of hate. 
 Love to prompt, light to guide — these together do their work well, 
 and make it permanent and abiding. Associate them in human en- 
 terprises, and they are strong as God is strong. Light and love come 
 into bridal union in the Christian college. The intellectual element, 
 of course, is present. But Minerva rules not here alone. It is the 
 pre-eminent distinction of the colleges of our land, that they embody 
 so much of the moral and the Christian element. They were not 
 the creatures of State, action, and endowment. They were founded 
 by pious men who cut the inscription deep over their portals, 
 '■' Christo et Ecclesice.''' Through them run, for the thirst of ardent 
 and accjuisitive natures, not only the streams from classic springs, but 
 the waters of 
 
 " Siloa's brook that flowed 
 Fast by the oracle of Ood." 
 
 'I'hey are pervaded in a wonderful degree with the beneficent and 
 evahgelizing spirit. They stand in closest connection with the min- 
 istry of divine truth. They utter not as partisans and agitators, but 
 as commissioned prophets, the sacredness of universal law guarding 
 universal right. They strike thus at the root of all evil, and sow the 
 seeds of all righteous reform. The work of reform may indeed seem 
 to be a disturbing instead of a tranquilizing work, but it tends wisely 
 and directly to abiding peace and solid security. For wrong is an 
 element always of weakness and change, and nothing is settled per- 
 manently, under the reign of God, until it is settled right. 
 
 So do our colleges league the State with the ultimate issues of 
 human progress, and with the immovable steadfastness of the throne 
 supreme. They shine as shine the stars of night, not mere revela- 
 tions of far-off, upper spheres, but as lamps of guidance to wanderers 
 in the desert and on the sea. They shine as shines the sun by day, 
 not to display his own royal magnificence, but to bless the waving 
 corn and blushing orchards, to ripen golden harvests, and keep alive 
 the cheerful hum of honest human industry. 
 
 Brothers and fellow-students, were we to spend this festival day 
 
374 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 simply in the exchange of fraternal greetings, we might doubtless 
 make its hours pleasant in passing, and fragrant in memory. But 
 the pressure of a peculiar and sacred obligation rests upon us. By 
 our double fealty to letters and the State, we owe a debt to the cause 
 of liberal learning. Let us not part from this scene and irom one 
 another, without giving and taking pledges to meet this claim to its 
 full discharge. 
 
 We are "The Associated Alumni of the Pacific Coast," gathered 
 from many and widely separated beginnings of youthful life and 
 chambers of study. Beloved and venerable to each is the name of 
 that cherishing mother far away, who calls us still her sons. But we 
 are not to-day so much sons of Harvard, or Yale, or of any of the 
 honored sister band of Eastern colleges, as we are by our new local 
 designation, " Resident Alumni of the Pacific Coast." 
 
 To whom shall this College of California look for the love and 
 duty of foster-children, if not to us 1 Who shall feel her bondage 
 to want, and pay the ransom price of her redemption, if not we ? 
 Can she underlie the degradation of such a chain, and we keep our 
 honor untarnished? In all her affliction shall not we be afflicted? 
 What shall we answer? 
 
 Shall we say that this age and this land are too young and new for 
 the prosperity of letters; that our first needs are material, and that 
 institutions of learning must wait ? l>ut because of this newness of 
 the ])rescnt, it is the era of foundations. If we do not now dig deep 
 and build strong, what shall become of the next age ? We are fathers 
 of the coming generation — that is, educators — and we must take care 
 that our children rise uj) and call us blessed. 
 
 Shall we say that this is an age of action, too busy for literature 
 and the still life of study and thought ? But never was there an age 
 so crowded with thought, emotion, sentiment, purpose, ideas, and 
 utterance as the present; and never one that called so solemnly for 
 teachers of right thought, true ideas, noble purpose, and wise and 
 temperate speech. Our actors are thinkers, orators, poets, philoso- 
 phers, inventors, discoverers, and men of science. Action with us 
 has a living tongue in the press, an echo in the books by our fireside, 
 an immortal chronicle in history. It cannot, therefore, be dissociated 
 from schools and mental life. 
 
 Shall we say that the men of the lime can only be stirred to en- 
 thusiasm about works which they can complete themselves — the full 
 
APPENDIX. 375 
 
 consummation of which they can look upon a;\d rejoice over— that 
 they may be made willing to sow for s|)lendid harvests, if they may 
 be permitted to reap and bind and garner with their own hands ; but 
 that to plow for others to sow, or to sow for other hands to reap, re- 
 quires a more thoughtful and patient ambition than the masses pos- 
 sess ? But who then shall feel the ardor of such a distant but noble 
 hope, and wait with far-seeing sagacity and faith for such a crowning 
 as the world's benefactors? Are we also unequal to this investment 
 in the future ? Shall we have nothing germinating in this spring-time 
 for the autumn of human advancement, because we ourselves may 
 not live to see harvest-days ? 
 
 I summon you, brothers in letters and fellow-patriots, to turn the 
 sentiment with which this hour finds our hearts aglow into a holy 
 purpose ; that for the sake of all the high interests of the common- 
 wealth, with whose honor and whose story our lives are now blended, 
 we will take each in his sphere, and with whatever of personal influ- 
 ence and personal means he can devote, the fortunes of this young 
 College of the State as a sacred charge henceforth upon our hearts ; 
 and (iod make her the mother of coming and countless generations 
 of strong workers for human good and the divine glory ! 
 
 POEM. 
 
 THE LOST GALLEON. 
 
 BY BRET HARTE. 
 
 In sixteen hundred and forty-one, 
 The regular yearly galleon, 
 Laden with odorous gums and spice, 
 Indian cottons and Indian rice, 
 And the richest silks of far Cathay, 
 Was due at Acapulco Bay. 
 
 Due she was and over-due, 
 Galleon, merchandise, and crew, 
 Creeping along through rain and shine, 
 Through the tropics, under the Line. 
 The trains were wailing outside the walls. 
 The wives of sailors thronged the town, 
 The traders sat hy their empty stalls, 
 
376 nrsTOR y of the college of cai^ifornia. 
 
 And the viceroy himself came down. 
 The bells in the tower were all a-trip, 
 Tc Deums were on each father's lip. 
 The limes were ripening in the sun 
 For the sick of the coming galleon. 
 
 All in vain. Weeks passed away, 
 And yet no galleon saw the bay . 
 Indian goods advanced in price, 
 The Governor missed his favorite spice, 
 The Senoritas mourned for sandal. 
 And the famous cottons of Coromandel . 
 And some for an absent lover lost. 
 And one for a husband — Donna Julia, 
 Wife of the captain — tempest-tossed. 
 In circumstances so peculiar. 
 Even the Fathers, unawares, 
 Grumbled a little at their prayers, 
 And all along the coast that year, 
 Votive candles were scarce and dear. 
 
 Never a tear bedims the eye 
 That time and patience will not dry; 
 Never a lip is curved with pain 
 'I'hat can't be kissed into smiles again. 
 And these same truths, as far as I know. 
 Obtained on the coast of Mexico 
 .More than two hundred years ago, 
 In sixteen hundred and fifty-one — 
 Ten years after the deed was done. 
 And folks had forgotten the galleon . 
 The divers plunged in the gulf for pearls. 
 White as the teeth of the Indian girls; 
 The traders sat by their full bazaars; 
 The mules with many a weary load. 
 And oxen dragging their creaking cars. 
 Came and went on the mountain road . 
 
 Where was the galleon all this while — 
 Wrecked on some lonely coral isle ? 
 Burnt by the roving sea marauders? 
 Or sailing North under secret orders ? 
 Had she found the Anian passage famed. 
 By lying Moklonado claimed. 
 
 And sailed through the sixty- fifth degree, 
 Direct to the North Atlantic Sea ? 
 Or had she found the " River of Kings," 
 Of which De P'nnti' toKl such strange things 
 
APPENDIX. Til 
 
 In sixteen-forty ? Never a sign, 
 
 East or West or under the Line, 
 
 They saw of the missint^ galleon. 
 
 Never a sail, a plank or chip, 
 
 They found of the long-lost treasure ship, 
 
 Or enough to build a tale upon . 
 
 But when she was lost, and where, and how. 
 
 Are the facts we're coming to just now. 
 
 Take, if you please, the chart of that day, 
 Published at Madrid — por el Key — 
 Look for a spot in the old South Sea — 
 The hundred and eightieth degree 
 Longitude, west of Madrid;* there, 
 Under the equatorial glare, 
 Just where the East and West are one. 
 You'll find the missing galleon. 
 You'll find the San Gregorio, yet 
 Riding the seas with sails all set. 
 Fresh as upon the very day 
 She sailed from Acapulco Bay. 
 
 How did she get there? What strange spell 
 Kept her two hundred years so well. 
 Free from decay and mortal taint ? 
 What— but the prayers of a patron saint ! 
 
 A hundred leagues from Manila town. 
 
 The San Gregarious helm came down. 
 
 Round she went on her heel, and not 
 
 A cable's length from a galliot 
 
 That rocked on the waters, just abreast 
 
 Of the galleon's course, which was west-sou-west. 
 
 Then said the galleon's conimandanle, 
 
 General Pedro Sobriente 
 
 (That was his rank on land and main, 
 
 A regular custom of old Spain): 
 
 " My pilot is dead of scurvy — may 
 
 I ask the longitude, time, and day ? " 
 
 The first two given and compared, 
 
 The third — the commandante stared ! 
 
 " The first of June ? I make it second." 
 
 Said the stranger, " Then you've wrongly reckoned, 
 
 •In the charts of " that day "- ■/. £., 1640— Spanish navigators reckoned Longitude East 360 
 degrees from the meridian of the Isle of Ferro. For the sake of perspicuity before a modern 
 .audience, the more recent meridian of Madrid w.xs substituted. The custom of droppine; a day 
 at some arbitrary point in cro.ssing the Pacific, westerly, I need not say, remains unaffected by 
 any change of meridian. 
 
378 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 I make \\. first; as you came this way, 
 
 Vou should have lost — d'ye see — a day — 
 
 Lost a day, as you plainly see, 
 
 On the hundred and eightieth degree." 
 
 " Lost a day ? " " Ves, if not rude. 
 
 When did you make east longitude ? " 
 
 "On the ninth of May — our patron's day." 
 
 "On the ninth ? — there was no ninth of May ! 
 
 Eighth and tenth was there — but stay " — 
 
 Too late — for the galleon bore away. 
 
 Lost was the day they should have kept, 
 Lost unheeded and lost unwept, 
 Lost in a way that made search vain — 
 Lost in the trackless and boundless main ; 
 Lost like the day of Job's awful curse, 
 In his third chapter, third and fourth verse; 
 Wrecked was their patron's only day. 
 What would the holy fathers say ? 
 
 Said the Fray Antonio Estavan — 
 The galleon's chaplain — a learned man— 
 " Nothing is lost that you can regain; 
 And the way to look for a thing, is plain — 
 To go where you lost it, Iiack again. 
 Back with your galleon till you see 
 The hundred and eightieth degree. 
 Wait till the rolling year goes round. 
 And there will the missing day be found. 
 For you'll find — if computation's true, 
 Not only one ninth of May, but two — 
 One for the good saint's present cheer, 
 And one for the day we lost last year." 
 
 Back to the spot sailed the galleon — 
 
 Where for a twelve-month, ofl' and on 
 
 The hundred and eightieth degree, 
 
 She rose and fell on a tropic sea. 
 
 But lo ! when it came the ninth of May, 
 
 All of a sudden liecalmed she lay 
 
 One degree from that fatal spot. 
 
 Without the power to move a knot; 
 
 And of course the moment she lost her way. 
 
 Gone was her chance to save that day. 
 
 To cut a lengthening story short, 
 She never saved it. Made the sport 
 Of evil spirits, and baUling wind, 
 .She was always before or just behind. 
 
APPENDIX. 3-;, 
 
 One day too soon or one day too late 
 
 And the sun, meanwhile, would never wait. 
 
 She had two eighths, as she idly b^-, 
 
 Two tenths— hut *ncver a ;/////// of May. 
 
 And there she rides through two hundred years 
 
 Of (Hreary penance and anxious fears; 
 
 Yet through the grace of the saint she served, 
 
 Captain and crew are still preserved. 
 
 By a computation that still holds good, 
 
 Made by the Holy Brotherhood, 
 
 The San Gregorio will cross that lin-. 
 
 In nineteen hundred and thirty-nine; 
 
 Just three hundred years to a day 
 
 From the time she lost the ninth of May. 
 
 And the folk in Acapulco town, 
 
 Over the waters looking down. 
 
 Will see in the glow of the setting sim. 
 
 The sails of the missing galleon. 
 
 And the royal standard of I'hilip K.y: 
 
 The gleaming mast and glistening spar. 
 
 As she nears the surf of the outer hnr, 
 
 A 7> Deuiii sung on her crowded deck, 
 
 An odor of spice along the shore, 
 
 A crash — a cry from a shattered wreck — 
 
 \nd the yearly galleon sails no more, 
 
 In or out of the olden bay, 
 
 For the blessed patron has found his day. 
 
 Such is the legend. Hear this truth — 
 Over the trackless past, somewhere, 
 Lie the lost days of our tropic youth. 
 Only regained by faith and prayer, 
 Only recalled by prayer and plaint: — 
 Each lost day has its patron saint 1 
 
VI. REV. DR. BENTON'S COMMENCEMENT 
 ORATION. 
 
 Mr. President, Officers and Trustees, Ladies and (jEN- 
 tlk.mkn: The world was made for man, and not man for the world. 
 The world studied in the light of this maxim leads to true science, in 
 the light of any different maxim, to sciolism. The world was so 
 made for man that it was intended to be in subjection to him. All 
 right-minded persons respect that venerable authority which assigns 
 to man dominion over air, earth, and sea. Legitimately and theoret- 
 ically, man is lord of the world. It is his asserted privilege and right. 
 But, as yet, this is only a predicament of the possible. The pre- 
 rogative has been very imperfectly maintained. Through one lapse, 
 dispersion, confusion, and alienation, and another, the failure to 
 maintain the prerogative, has been very marked. Beginning fre- 
 (juently with the rudest forms, the attempt to maintain the preroga- 
 tive has been the grand struggle of the ages. 
 
 The desire for dominion naturally concerns itself first with the 
 more tangible forces of nature which offer themselves to be harnessed 
 and guided, and then with the more tamable parts of the animal 
 kingdom. But these successes are too few and the processes too 
 rude to give satisfaction to the heart ; and so, from the earliest times, 
 the ambition to rule has, for its gratification, turned away too much 
 from earth, air, and sea, from brute and clime, to the assertion of 
 doniinioti over man himself — as an inferior, or as a captive, or as 
 one unskilled in the use of arms. In this direction, in fact, have 
 been turned many of the great heads and hearts, the strong arms and 
 resolute wills, of the race in all the centurit'« of time. Empires have 
 been built on man overthrown, rather than on chui.ied seas and con- 
 tinents subdued, and forests hewn down, and mountains leveled, and 
 rivers spanned, and nature wooed into the bondage of sweet and 
 tireless servitude. 
 
APPEND rX. 381 
 
 The old dream of empire seems to have been a magnificent 
 rather than a grand one. It was continental, not univer -' Its 
 horizon was scarcely wider than that set by the common th. for 
 power, and the probable sweep of armies, though new nelds of 
 empire shaped themselves from chaos as the centuries rolled. And 
 when, at length, imagination had plumed her wings for adventurous 
 flight, the habitable world had outgrown human conceit, and the 
 possibilities of men had become immeasurable. 
 
 Profane history knows nothing of any very early empire. There 
 was none. There could be none. Empire is impossible where there 
 is not some sort of culture to become its nucleus, and then its center. 
 Barbarism, by its very terms, excludes organization, culture, and art. 
 Men must begin, at least, to think, to study, to project, to combine, 
 and organize, before they can render war andconcjuest even dignified, 
 and before any permanence can be given to their results. As soon 
 as it is known how conquests can be held, as well as made, the act 
 of governing men has been found, at least in its rudiments. 
 
 The desire to rule men, and the thought that force must needs 
 carry over the desire into effect, because nothing else could, long 
 held sway in the world. For generations the art of war was almost 
 the one study of the race, outside of the number that must be, in every 
 age, hewers of wood and drawers of water, mere plodders of the 
 earth. Yet, slowly, the desire to have dominion has widened out, 
 and risen up, and refined itself, and the knowledge of what dominion 
 might become has increased, and the dream of empire has grown 
 heavenwide. The great empires of the world, those that have been 
 nK)st directly in the line of authentic human history, have shown a 
 kind of progress toward some true ideal, and have illustrated also the 
 fatality of the wrong idea. They have, in their own ways, been ful- 
 filling that wise and good providential purpose which seems to us to 
 have been, and to be, to bring the human race finally into the fullness 
 of that dominion which was made at the first its distinguishing and 
 grand prerogative. It is one of the rights of mankind to have all 
 things put under itself in air, and earth, and sea. And we are to re- 
 gard all the assertions of power, all the struggles for i)re-eminence, 
 even in their frequent failure, but as so many foreshadows and proph- 
 ecies of that glorious dominion which is to be, and is becoming, as 
 the generations go marching along. 
 
 Glancing at the ancient world, we see its five more noted empires, 
 
382 niSTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CAL.TFORNLA. 
 
 and turning to the modern world we behold other five, as well as 
 regions and peoples that have, at this stage of remark, no classifica- 
 tion. We assume that every distinguished, mighty empire has had 
 its own meaning, and has illustrated some dominant truth or law; 
 not to the exclusion of every other, but in the forefront of all others. 
 The empire of the Assyrians, Babylonians, and Chaldeans, for in- 
 stance, represented the idea of absolutism — both in war and peace 
 — the monarch being regarded as the owner of his empire, all its 
 land, all its property, all its men, and all their powers, and all their 
 products. The empire of the Medes and Persians represents the 
 idea of destination, the immutable frame of things — legalities and 
 institutions stereotyped, the unalterable sacredness of what has been. 
 The Grecian empire represents the idea of culture, beauty, and sat- 
 isfaction, to be obtained through game, ex{)loit, development, art, 
 and generous training, and even war as an art. The Roman Empire 
 represents the idea of power asserting itself magnificently, in struct- 
 ures of con(}ue.st, laws, institutions, cities, aqueducts, roads, and other 
 monuments. The Chinese Empire represents conservatism ; the no- 
 tion that perfection has been reached; that the best is possessed; 
 that the highest possible or practicable has been gained, and that 
 men have nothing to concern themselves with but the traditions of 
 the past and the maxims of the sages. So much, in few words, do 
 the five governmental empires of the ancient world signify to us. 
 
 The five modern governmental empires on the same fields of ac- 
 tion, in the main, are the Turkish, the British, the French, the Rus- 
 sian, and the German; and if we recognize the Chinese as modern, 
 there will be six. The Turkish Empire represents the idea of fanati- 
 cism, growing out of a fatalistic i)hiIosophy, and the sword regarded 
 as the weapon of Church and State, and hewing the way for men into 
 a future heaven of sensual delights. The British Emi^ire represents 
 possession, wealth, rank, and asserted superiority, with a patronizing 
 regard for the great masses of the people. The French Empire 
 rejiresents brilliant achievement, progress, aspiration, steadiness in 
 the pursuit of fame, along with great unsteadiness of method. 
 The Russian Empire represents the idei of dominion, vastness, 
 numbers, grandeur undeveloped, and novelty of position, and some- 
 thing of the rawness of a people unu.sed to their place. The Ger- 
 man Empire rei)resents historic pride, the power of great memories, 
 and the affinities of race, language, and literature. And the modern 
 
.irPF.xnfx. 
 
 i§5-'F0RNlA 
 
 empire of China represents the force of ideas, institutions, and ( har- 
 acters, in holding their way, Hke a gulf stream, through oceans of 
 time, in con([uering their conquerors, and living on through changes 
 of dynasties and invasions of philosophies. If we introduce this 
 New World of ours into the view, we have the empire of liberty for 
 the northern part of America ; and the Brazilian Empire of hope 
 and promise and growth, law and light, for the southern part of 
 America. 
 
 In this brief glance we have, of course, passed over the smaller 
 parts of the civilized world, and all those parts of the globe which 
 are half-civilized or barbarous. 
 
 One grand problem just now before mankind is a confederation of 
 the great nations, and a reconstruction of governmental empires. 
 The smaller a nation is the more it costs in proportion to wealth and 
 population to maintain its government. Hence, for economical and 
 for other reasons, there should be no small nations. Other things 
 the same, the governments of great countries are the best and 
 cheapest. And it should be the aim of mankind to consolidate and 
 diminish governments, not to increase them; and to build out great 
 empires of constitutional freedom, law, and power, which shall re- 
 spect themselves, and shall command the respect of all others in 
 existence. 
 
 Were I to indicate my views of the proper division and adjustment 
 oi mankind into economical and grand empires, I should premise a 
 few things. There is no longer any need of defining national bound- 
 aries by the physical features of the globe, such as seas, rivers, and 
 mountains. Blood, language, and religion are commonly the ties 
 that must bind empires together, in addition to economical reasons, 
 and those of local necessity and sympathetic history. On the con- 
 tinent of Europe, then, I would consolidate all the peoples whose 
 language is of Latin origin into one empire: France, Belgium, Spain, 
 Portugal, and Italy, and parts of Austria and Switzerland. Austria 
 should cease to be, and its parts go, according to language and blood, 
 into Italy, Germany, Greece, and Russia. The German Empire 
 should have all the Teutonic peoples for its own, taking in portions 
 of Austria, Switzerland, and Holland, and all of Norway, Sweden, 
 and Denmark. Russia is so huge in proportions- as to need no en- 
 largements, but should take to itself all such Scandinavian and 
 Sclavic peoples as are not necessary to the symmetry and local 
 
384 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 requirements of any other nation. Turkey should be thrust out of 
 Europe, and sent to the regions east of Asia Minor, where an Arabic 
 Empire might live and flourish. A new Grecian Empire should then 
 replace Turkey in Europe and Asia Minor, in Crete, and in Cyprus. 
 The Uritish Empire, insular and Asiatic, might, for the present, con- 
 tinue as it is. In the course of another century a new empire of 
 India may arise; when Brahm and Kudh shall have made their bed 
 together in nubibus, and floated away into oblivion. An empire yet 
 to be should hold the bulk of Africa; Australasia should be erected 
 into a power by itself; all South America be given to Brazil, and all 
 North America to the Great Republic. The unenumerated fractions 
 of the world would remain to be adjusted by elective affinities and 
 by economical considerations, as time advanced. If it should be 
 objected that some of these empires might be grand despotisms, it 
 can be said that grand despotisms are not half so bad as small des- 
 potisms, not half so expensive, and not likely to last half so long. 
 
 It is obvious that one of the earliest measures of necessity before, 
 and in, such a re-adjustment is that of a common agreement amongst 
 all the nations upon a unit of value, a good money standard, and a 
 world coinage, a general system of weights and measures for all sorts 
 of commodities and business, for estimating the tonnage of ships, 
 and for deciding upon every other matter important in the intercourse 
 of men in trade, travel, science, and philosophy. 
 
 Another, and perhaps a more difficult problem to be .solved, in 
 this order of things, is that of an international or universal langua^-e, 
 and a general grammar. The race must regain what it lost — cer- 
 tainly as long ago as when the tower in the plains of Shinar was 
 building. It must, practically, become again, for its grand affairs, 
 "of one speech and one language." The time must come speedily 
 when a cultured man can go around the world, with the same lan- 
 guage, the same money, the same dress, the same methods of living, 
 the same modes of travel, to which he has accustomed himself at 
 home, as a cosmopolitan in prospect, and a lord of the world. 
 
 It is not desirable, if it were possible, to abolish the indigenous 
 speech, the vernacular tongue, of any people. The traditions, 
 habits, language, and style of peoples are necessary to their national 
 life, literature, and best peculiarities; and these ought not to be 
 rudely, or otherwise, crushed out, or driven away. But the common 
 language of the world could be naturalized, by being made the 
 
APPENDIX. 38r. 
 
 written language of Indians, Islanders, and other tribes, brought, for 
 the first time, into the realm of civilization, and while in the process 
 of being transformed into new peoples. And so in" the process of 
 time it might come to pass that the universal language proposed 
 should become the language of second nature to multitudes and 
 nations. 
 
 At the present time, the French is the more common language of 
 the social and polite world — so far as there is any; and the English 
 is the common language of commerce and trade — so far as there is 
 any. But neither of these is simple enough in its structure for the 
 universal language. It may be too soon to show how such a language 
 ought to be constructed, from the languages of modern fLurope; but 
 philologists might prepare one for trial — simple in its structure and 
 of broad application, which should be written in the Roman char- 
 acters, and still be such that the telegraphs might employ it, and save 
 all trouble of changes and translations in every new kingdom which 
 the lightning has traversed with measured step. A very wonderful 
 thing for our advancement, to-day, were a language known the world 
 round; a language lofty enough for worship, dignified enough for 
 courts and diplomacies, concise enough for science, explicit enough 
 for commerce, and smooth enough for art, and tuneful to the musical 
 ear. It is a pressing want of our time, and will be of all the coming 
 times, till itself has come. 
 
 The progress of man toward dominion is greatly hindered by the 
 slowness of communication, travel, and transportation; by the ques- 
 tion of fuel, the question of friction, and the question of safety. A 
 few centuries will exhaust the coal beds of the world, practically. 
 Light and heat obtained by artificial processes will be in demand, in 
 a geometrical ratio of increase in the centuries before us. We know- 
 perfectly well where these exist, in unlimited quantities, and how to 
 release them from their bonds. The great lakes and oceans are re- 
 positories of oxygen and hydrogen, and comparatively of little else. 
 And these are just the gases needed for light and heat. All that is 
 required to enable us to turn rivers and oceans into light and heat, 
 is a cheap way of decomposing water into its elements. Any chem- 
 ist can decompose water ; but every known way is an expensive way. 
 The question of cheap fuel and high speed is therefore a sim|)le 
 question of chemistry. When the ocean steamer can pump her own 
 fuel from the sea she rides, all the trouble of loading herself with 
 
 25 
 
386 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 coals will have passed away. It seems to one, when he thinks of it, 
 a small and simple thing to do, to cheapen the process for the de- 
 composition of water, so that its elements may be gathered up and 
 used in largest quantities. Yet it is certain that such a discovery 
 as this requires would revolutionize the industry of a country like 
 England, and modify the travel and traffic of all nations. Neverthe- 
 less, this problem is before the world, and our science ought to be 
 modest till it has solved it. It used to be enough to say of a man, 
 " He will never set the ocean afire," to consign him to a place below 
 mediocrity. Till he does set the ocean aflame, let no man of science 
 now be accounted wise above his generation. 
 
 There is, also, a grand advance to be made into the unknown 
 powers, qualities, and applications of electricity. These ten years 
 we have seemed to be on the verge of some remarkable discovery in 
 the way of making the prodigious forces of electricity of some bene- 
 fit to the world. The fleetness of the lightning we have secured ; 
 but the power of it we have never firmly grasped and managed. 
 That which has such velocity, which instantaneously makes iron run 
 like water, must have the most terrific energy folded up in it; must 
 have a hundred times the power of steam ; must carry a storm in the 
 hulk of a hogshead. 
 
 The intense light and the consuming heat of electricity we are 
 finding out, and we are learning every year some of its numerous and 
 marvelous applications. But the sublimest use has not been discov- 
 ered — that which shall make it by far the most efficient motive ]iower 
 ever known, and, at the same time, the cheapest, gentlest, safest, and 
 most manageable power possible to be conceived of, absolutely refus- 
 ing to be a party to an accident. 
 
 There is much study now given to this agent. The experiments 
 with it are very numerous. It is already made to drive machinery, 
 but only in a child's way, and in the movements of a playlhing. 
 The secret of its power is yet locked up in its bo.som. With many 
 batteries, or voltaic-piles, and numerous helices, we corner it for an 
 instant, or c?itch it on points of charcoal : and then it eludes us, and 
 we are compelled to lay our gins and snares for it, and trap it over 
 again, in the hope to get it in possession long enough to torture the 
 wonderful secret out of it. \Ve feel, every day of our lives, the throb 
 of this, the most puissant thing in all nature, no doubt; yet while we 
 pulse it we know not where the heart is, nor what is the law of its 
 
APPENDIX. .187 
 
 inmost movement, nor how tremendous its circuits, nor where are 
 the nerves that give its arteries such awful impulses, nor how their 
 mysterious center shall be fpund. 
 
 When these problems in physical science shall have been hand- 
 somely solved, we may conclude that we have, as a human race, won 
 our empire of the sea, as well as our conquest of the land. 
 
 The atmosphere yet remains, the splendid home of airy creatures, 
 and man has almost no dominion there. Hut he must have it. It 
 is too broad a domain to continue as a mere repository for human 
 breath and an ex[)anse for winged fowl. It was meant for man, not 
 only as a robe of life, warmth, and beauty, wrapped round the world 
 he treads, but also a scene of exploit, and a highway of swift travel, 
 and a sphere of artistic disi)lay and beautiful exihibition. The same 
 atmosphere which man defiles and disfigures, he ought to be able to 
 gild and adorn; and rainbows, and painted clouds, and pictured 
 skies are not beyond the reach of art, though, like fire-works, possi- 
 ble only as the brief pageantry of hours, and the intimations of glories 
 unrevealed. All our ballooning is a bulky and awkward business, 
 and all our flying machines are but costly failures. We can look for 
 no success in aerial navigation, of any lasting and constant benefit, 
 in our present state of discovery and attainment. Balloons are too 
 cumbrous and unmanageable to be of regular use in the conveyance 
 of passengers ; and no flying machine will ever succeed, beyond a 
 flattering experiment, until we know more than we do now. Even 
 the birds of the air, whose skill men try to imitate, can carry no large 
 weight, can convey no considerable burdens, and arc, literally, but 
 birds of passage. Were machines constructed by which one could 
 fly like a bird, each one must still fly for himself; and that would be 
 hard work ; too much like a long land journey on foot, or crossing 
 seas by rowing skiffs. 
 
 The successful, swift-as-meteor, cheap, and safe navigation of the 
 air must be postponed until further research into the elements, and 
 the elimination of new elements, or combinations, or the release of 
 some new gas, cheaply and safely procured, and in large quantities, 
 which shall be ten times lighter than hydrogen gas, or one hundred 
 times. Then air ships can be floated that will carry loads of passen- 
 gers, and electric motive forces can drive them, like lightnings, 
 athwart the cope of heaven. Nor need we deem this altogether a 
 dream of the fancy. Somewhere, amid the elements, there surely 
 
388 HTSTOR V OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 must be a vapor that shall lift our air ships on high, like as air does 
 now our steamers above the ocean deeps. 
 
 From the air the transition is easy tcv the light, in which beauty 
 and mystery are more charmingly combined than anywhere else in 
 nature. We take up its braided beams upon our hands, and hold 
 them as patiently, and gaze at them as tenderly, as we should at a 
 tangled skein of glossy silk and a charming girl trying to wind it off. 
 AVe begin to analyze it, and it becomes more like a wonder and a 
 romance at every stage of our investigation. Lending grace to the 
 form which the touch can outline, and giving brightness to all its 
 tints and hues, by blush and change of color telling the secret of its 
 love for the electric force, in what is known as its polarity, it finally 
 begins to disclose to us the nature and composition of the materials 
 of the sun itself, and thus delights us with news from that which is, 
 beyond all doubt, "a far country." 
 
 But this light, already revealing much, already a i)Owerful agent in 
 vegetable and animal chemistry, and in other natural chemistries, is 
 even now employed as an agent, not very extensively, indeed, in some 
 of the arts, in bleaching, dyeing, painting, and the laboratory of the 
 |)hotographer. The .solar spectrum is a marvelous thing, and there 
 is no end to the i)ossible adaptation of it to human amusement, sat- 
 isfaction, instruction, and benefit, both natural and moral. The 
 secret of landscape i)ainting is certainly in the light ; and our inven- 
 tion ou^ht to do more than simply shade it off, as in the pearl pict- 
 ure. The time must come when the sun and the prepared canvas 
 shall furnish us better colors and forms, and groups and combinations, 
 than ever grew up under the hand of Zeuxis or Appelles, Raphael or 
 Titian. And we are not to scorn the idea that, if the light can do 
 such homely work as to bleach clothes and assist the laundress, there 
 may be further great utilities and facilities in it, which shall work as 
 many more transformations than the rains of heaven do, as the floods 
 of light exceed the floods of rain. In the wonderful chemistry of 
 the world, no doubt, as in the composition of the diamond, the light 
 plays some active part, almost beyond our present ability to conjec- 
 ture. And it may yet be found that the sunlight, which can warp 
 planks so as to draw spikes from compact timbers, has in it a i)hys- 
 ical force which can lift mountains. At all events our speculation 
 has no need to fold its wings, until it has alighted in the farthest 
 East, where " morn exulting springs." 
 
APPENDIX. 38<» 
 
 Within the cin|)irc uf the air is embraced, also, the department of 
 sound and the science of music. As yet, the music of the spheres, 
 and the harmonies of space, and the melodies of the interstellar re- 
 gions, if any music they have, is all unwritten music, mere improvisa- 
 tion, or, more likely, imagination; and we cannot venture away from 
 our more solid footing into those realms of fancy. We are so far 
 realists that we cannot be sure that there is any possibility of light, 
 or sound, where there is no atmosphere. Yet we cannot certainly 
 affirm that light and sound are impossible where atmospheres exist 
 which are unlike this of the earth. And our thought is, that the 
 possibilities of music as a science have not been, all of them, reached 
 hitherto. There are peoi)le who have no ear for music, it is said ; 
 and there are still more who have no pleasure at all in it, and com- 
 paratively few are they who have any special delight in it. If all 
 the possibilities of the science were reached already, and if all the 
 possible instruments for the expressing of music were known, it is 
 proper to infer from analogy that every ear should be opened, and 
 every nature charmed by it, in some of the varieties. There are 
 sights and scenes which every eye loves to behold. There are some 
 articles that are agreeable to every palate. There are some odors 
 that come up as fragrance into every nostril. 'There are articles 
 that give delight to every hand that touches them. And while it is 
 so comparatively easy to find those things which shall regale all the 
 senses of the great majority of any community at once, except the 
 sense of hearing, it has frequently been a matter of surprise that 
 there was no music which would find a willing ear in every individ- 
 ual. It would seem, therefore, from the analogy of nature and fact, 
 that our music has not reached its limits in development, and that 
 there are yet possible inventions of musical instruments, and speci- 
 mens of musical composition, which shall have a power over all of 
 us, most subduing, or exciting; a power more fraught with spells and 
 witcheries than was ever the fabled har[) of Orpheus, or the song of 
 the siren. The best music is too much a monopoly; that which is 
 common is much of it too rude. In the good time coming, our 
 houses shall be full of the best musical instruments, and our hearts 
 and mouths full of glorious songs. 
 
 Turning the attention again to things more palpable and material, 
 has it never occurred to you that men, the masses of men, live al- 
 most like the troglodytes still.? What are human abodes made of? 
 
390 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 What are our dwellings? What are our cities ? What more melan- 
 choly things are there than the sites of some of the famed cities of 
 anticjuity ? How mortifying is it to think that mankind can build of 
 nothing that will last ! Going to the places where mighty cities once 
 flourished, what do we find? Usually fragments of stone, and brick, 
 and pottery, and heaps of rubbish, and dust and desolation. If we 
 look forth among the stars, among the clouds, along the mountain- 
 toi^s, and upon the grand old woods, and then turn to our abodes — 
 how mean they seem ! How like the structures children rear of 
 cobs, and blocks, and splinters! Humcfri abodes and human mon- 
 uments should be built of the earth's metals or crystals; of metals that 
 cannot be corroded by air and water, as iron is ; of metals that can- 
 not be easily tarnished at all; of metals that are as sweet and beautiful 
 to the eye as Corinthian brass or choicest silver ; and of metals that 
 can be everywhere produced in abundance and at the cheapest 
 rates. 
 
 All our clay beds and sand-hills afford the raw material for the 
 beautiful products we are in need of. These deposits we resort to 
 now, and by a primitive artificial process we produce from clay and 
 sand and heat so marvelous a thing as an almost " perfect brick," 
 with which to build our houses, construct our public edifices, and 
 rear our great monuments ! Could we release it from its bonds, we 
 might procure from these sand-hills the purest rock crystal and flint 
 in vast quantities; and from these clay beds the bright, workable, and 
 beautiful metal, aluminum, in so large a way that houses, and ships, 
 and other structures might be made of it, and made as it were for- 
 ever. Not corroded like more common metals by the water of the sea, 
 scarcely gnawed by the tooth of time, eaten by no rust, needing no 
 repairs, plaster, paint, or wash, this metal and like ones, and this 
 crystal and flint, with their modifications, produced abundantly and 
 cheaply in every land, would be sources of profit, comfort, and enjoy- 
 ment to the human race, beyond all our present power of e.stimation. 
 Certainly it is not asking very much of our science, grown so great 
 and so proud in these later years, that it shall furnish us, out of its 
 more than two score of metals, one at least that shall be fit to build 
 our houses of, and our cities of, so that they may continue after us, 
 and be a joy forever. It is time we were building of something be- 
 sides "wood, hay, and stubble," brick and niortar, and broken frag- 
 ments of crumbling rock. The huge sand-tiunes and nmving sand- 
 
APPENDIX. 391 
 
 hills of the globe must have in them possibilities of use beyond that 
 of the furnishin^ of raw material, in i)art, for glass, pottery, and the 
 like manufactures; and it remains for mankind to learn how to utilize 
 them and to rejoice in them, rather than to continue to mourn over 
 their desolations, when they drift upon cultivated acres, and bury 
 once fruitful soils hundreds of feet below the light of the sun. 
 
 Moreover, our chemistry has been teaching us, for a generation, 
 how like, in their chemical ecjuivalents, are the substances known as 
 starch and sugar. Of course they cannot be identical ; but they are 
 so nearly so that the suggestion was long ago made that they might 
 be transmuted, each into the other. Chemistry knows, no doubt, al- 
 ready, how one may be changed into the other, in a small way, and 
 by costly manipulation; but no [irocess has yet been made public, 
 that I am aware of, in America, by which starch can be made into 
 sugar, in a large way and cheaply. The question of the supply of 
 sugar for the increasing use in the colder climates of the world, 
 without resorting to the cane growths of the tropics for the saccharine 
 matter, is an important one, which may create revolutions in com- 
 merce and modify the industries of some of the races of mankind. 
 When fine sugars can be made from artichokes, potatoes, corn, wheat, 
 and other cereals, as well as from sap, sorghum, beet-root, and sugar- 
 cane, the sugar supply will be a question of chemistry, and ample for 
 the largest consumption and the sweetest tooth, and it will forever 
 cease to be a source of perplexity. 
 
 And this particular chemical change, so near to discovery, if not 
 already discovered, and soon to be utilized, suggests ideas that range 
 over the entire field of experimental chemistry, but especially in re- 
 gard to the matter of artificial compounds and the manufactures of 
 articles, chemically, in imitation of such as are made by i)rocesses 
 more natural, or nearer to nature. It is considered an honor to be 
 able to construct instruments of music that shall imitate the human 
 voice, the thunder, the sea, the cataract, the sounds of the more musical 
 animals, the songs of birds, and all the pleasing and sublime voices 
 of nature. For the eye, also, nature is copied, imitated, plagiarized, 
 and followed artificially in statuary, painting, etching, architecture, 
 and the decorative arts, as well as by miniature representations of 
 her scenery, of almost every kind, as in the Villa Pallavicini, near 
 Genoa, in Italy; and men obtain place, name, honor, and wealth, for 
 doing these things artistically, beautifully, successfully, and with 
 
392 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 enthusiasm. It is perfectly well known that the laboratory of the 
 chemist can produce, by mainly artificial processes, all the flavors, 
 and odors, and pleasant aromas that are found among the world's 
 leaves, roots, flowers, earths, minerals, and elsewhere, distilled by 
 nature. Nor do people care a straw how the odor has been com- 
 pounded whose fragrance is that of violets, roses, or new-mown hay. 
 And the nostrils are educated by these fabrications to the enjoyment 
 of sweet sensations, and are not disturbed by an inquiry into the 
 history and extraction of the perfume. Thus, by art, artfully and 
 artificially, we minister to the seeing, hearing, and smelling organs. 
 But when we come to the tasting organs, to mouth and palate, we 
 are very fearful of the laboratory of the chemist, and of things arti- 
 ficially made. We are governed by our prejudice, when our reason 
 will teach us that our prejudice is absurd. Slowly, indeed, we are 
 coming to eat chemically prepared food, and to drink chemically 
 compounded drinks. Nature's processes are, all of them, largely 
 chemical in their way; and because the human chemist reaches 
 results by more direct ways, we are childish enough to reject the 
 products even when we are not able to distinguish the artificial from 
 the natural. I had occasion to look into the purchase of mineral 
 waters, some years ago, and then I learned that every celebrated 
 medicinal spring of Europe was imitated by chemists, and that the 
 waters artificially prepared were not commonly distinguishable from 
 the genuine by the taste, were not inferior in medicinal effects, and 
 were used (juite indiscriminately by physicians themselves. I met 
 persons in Italy and France, who said that most of the best wines 
 were so exacdy imitated that few, if any, could tell the imitation from 
 the original, and that they preferred the use of the artificially con- 
 cocted — that which was professedly so — because they knew what it 
 was made of, when and where; and nobody knew what was in much 
 of the wine of the markets, which was almost wholly spurious, but 
 jiretended not to be, and had to be much drugged to make it seem 
 not to be*. The Old World is probably fuller, even than the New, of 
 all sorts of imitations and adulterations of meats, drinks, drugs, 
 medicines, cosmetics, and all articles for ornament and luxury. 
 Many of the articles with which food is adulterated, and drugs are 
 adulterated, are, in fact, just as good, for the ends proposed, as the 
 genuine article. 'I'hey are cheaper in price, and are, therefore, im- 
 properly palmed ofT as genuine. And there is the wrong. If those 
 
APPESDIX. \\%\ 
 
 who find out these cheaper articles would manufacture and sell ihein 
 as substitutes for the real ones, but equally as good for the ends pro- 
 posed by the use of them, while less costly, there would be good 
 done and not evil. And it may be regarded as one of the coming 
 certainties that we shall go to the chemists for a hundred things 
 needed for the table, the chamber, and the nursery, which now we 
 cultivate slowly, rear painfully, import expensively, or distill watch- 
 fully, because we can have them made to order artificially, of the 
 best quality, and can pay for them out of a moderate income— sci- 
 ence and art having made many of the most sumptuous articles and 
 greatest luxuries of the olden times, the common possession of all 
 laboring men. 
 
 Last of all, and greatest, is the dominion over man, over mind, 
 over all the inner world, the problem of a true philosophy. The 
 human mind has never been able to satisfy itself in regard to the 
 origin of its ideas, and has never held to any self-consistent theory 
 of mental development. Human speculation has flowed mainly in 
 two channels, running nearly parallel, sunk deep into the heart of 
 things, with a high promontory between them, difficult, or impossible, 
 to be passed over. 
 
 The two philosophic tendencies are as old, certainly, as the schools 
 of (ireece ; and Plato is the leading early man of the one school, 
 and Aristotle of the other. Under each general division there were, 
 and have always been, various subdivisions. The one large class 
 regarded the mind itself as tlie source of its chief ideas, as soon as 
 it came into certain conditions and relations. The other large class 
 contended that the mind derived all its ideas from its sensations, di- 
 rectly or indirectly. 
 
 The one class maintained the a priori method of reasoning as the 
 grand one. The other planted itself squarely upon the a posteriori 
 method. The one professed to deal with causes, essences, substances, 
 and realities, rather than with facts and appearances. Tjie other 
 professed to concern itself with phenomena, observed facts, things as 
 they seem, and their connections, laws, and sequences. The one 
 class deduced — descended from general statements to the particu- 
 lar Ones, from principles to their applications. The other class in- 
 duced — ascended from particulars to the general law, and from 
 observed facts \x\, to the great principle. These classes were some- 
 times known as idealists and realists, or as spiritualists and material- 
 ists. 
 
394 niSTORV OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Now, the contest that was carried on so long in Greece and re- 
 newed in the after ages, has been a lively one in Europe, since the 
 Reformation, and has been maintained with no little vigor. In our 
 time, the two styles of philosophy are often known as the transcen- 
 dental and empiric, or, better, as absolutism and positivism. The 
 prominent modern names — on each side — are, some of them — He- 
 gel, Hamilton, Cousin, Comte. The positive philosophy is particu- 
 larly aggressive in the more recent years. It is advocated in England 
 by Mansel, Spencer, Lewes, and Mill. Ic is a fruitful philosophy in 
 the sphere of natural science, and what is termed the practical side 
 of things; but it limits itself so much, and conditions its knowledge 
 so repeatedly, that it tends to lower and dwarf the immortal soul 
 and the spiritual nature of man. In regard to the validity and extent 
 of our knowledge, we can more readily sympathize with the other 
 class, who have more to do with the mind itself, and employ the rea- 
 son largely, hold to intuitions, make reflections, believe in insight, 
 practice synthesis, indulge m hypothesis, stand by genius, and admit 
 a revelation. But we cannot go wholly with either great party ; nor 
 can peo[)le generally do so. The world has groaned long with this 
 struggle. Civilization has been retarded by it. Truth has suffered 
 from it. The church has gone laboring between the philosophies 
 like an ocean steamer in rough seas, with now one wheel clean out, 
 and now the other, while the opposite one has been at the same mo- 
 ment so submerged as to do poor service or none. There is need, 
 therefore, of a philosophy which shall not call itself the philosophy 
 of the absolute, nor the philosophy of the conditioned, which shall 
 take, if possible, middle ground between them, and take all the truth 
 from both of them, and combine them into a harmonious whole. 
 And this is the probLm in mental philoso|<hy now before mankind ; 
 and all metaphysical men should give long and earnest attention to 
 it. It may be true that eclecticism has heretofore [)roved a failure; 
 but a new eclecticism is possible now. The world is belter prepared 
 for it. "Melaphysicians ought to re-examine the possibilities of the 
 ca.se. They .should do so all the more hopefully, because the extreme 
 absolutists and the extreme posilivists have rushed around in differ- 
 ent directions from opposite positions into nearly the same cavern of 
 darkness — falling off into almost the same black abyss. The extreme 
 positivist, at the end of his research, can find no god at all. The 
 extreme absolutist, at the outmost line of his speculation, as yet, can 
 
APPENDIX. .10.-. 
 
 (Ind no god but Pan. Between the two wc should utterly refuse to 
 make any choice. It belongs to our time to frame and build out 
 that philosophy which can logically distinguish between essence and 
 phenomena, substance and property,, the Creator and the creation, 
 the Maker and the man, the human being and the divine Person, 
 and rightly deal with them. The chariot of our progress cannot 
 long go upon a single wheel. The movements of both of the philo- 
 sophic tendencies are required to roll on the vehicle to concjuest. 
 And if wisest hands shall guide its steeds, its track shall smoke ere- 
 long, but with the dust of stars. And then, one of the grandest 
 conditions of rest, joy, and hope for our human race, will have glad- 
 dened the world. 
 
 It is, as I suppose, by glances like the.se at the situation, at the 
 possibilities and needs of our age, at the empires to be, that we, as 
 the advanced and thoughtful men of our day, forelooking the future, 
 anticipating the grandeurs, may learn whither to direct our energies, 
 how to employ our several abilities, how not to throw our short lives 
 away, and may project ourselves farthest into the future, do our best 
 for the sake of our long-burdened humanity, and most fitly prepare 
 the way of the Lord upon the earth. 
 
 It is by looking away from the accomplished to the unaccomplished, 
 from the known to the unknown, from the seen to the unseen, from 
 the little that is to the much that needs to be, that we get our bear- 
 ings, lose our pride of attainment, sec our failings, admit our deficien- 
 cies, and regulate our attitudes. We have need to remind ourselves 
 that our century is only one of the centuries of time, and not a very 
 advanced one at that; that we simply walk the corridors and enter a 
 few of the outer courts of the great temple of truth eternal ; that it 
 is reserved for those more favored, if not better men, who shall live 
 many ages after us, to possess themselves entirely of the glorious 
 structure, penetrate to its interiors, behold its splendid adytum, han- 
 dle its sacred arcana, and congratulate, di.-port, and regale themselves 
 within that vast rotunda, whose light streams through a 'dome of 
 solid crystal, without flaw or fracture, and paints the scene within 
 with such a charm, in such a beauty, as never was on land or sea. 
 
 And thus, also, in our little individualities, each working so much 
 alone toward his destiny, we cling and creep, snail-like, up the steep 
 and broad incline of fact, and thrust out for a time, tentatively, into 
 these empires to be, the long antenn;t of our knowledge gained, tipped 
 
396 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 with the eyes of our faith. And then we retire, leaving at least our 
 shells as the waymarks of progress, to grow more shining and trans- 
 lucent in the light of suns, and as clear white specks signaling the 
 march of the Eternal Wisdom across the wastes of time. 
 
VII. ADDRESS HFFORIi THE ALUMNI 
 ASS()(^IATION. 
 
 By Rev. I. E. Dwinkll, D.I). 
 
 Mr. President, Brethren ok the As.sociated Alumni, and 
 Ladies and Gentlemen : Milton, in his ideal university, counsels 
 that, while the " young and pliant affections '' of the pupils "are led 
 through all the moral works of Plato, Xenophon, Cicero, Plutarch, 
 l.aertius," they shall still "be reduced in their nightward studies 
 wherewith they close the day's work, under the determinate sentence 
 of David or Solomon, or the Evangels and Apostolic Scriptures."' 
 The institution was to have the atmosijhere and inspiration of the 
 presence of divine ideas. It was to be built from above downwards, 
 as well as from beneath upwards. 
 
 We have been wearied of late years with discussions on the rela- 
 tions of faith and reason, and faith and science. Rut there is a 
 deeper question lying back of these, that is (juite neglected. It is 
 the relation of the acceptance of supernatural and divine ideas to 
 the very exisfetice of science and learning. In this deeper relation 
 the two do not ajjpear in conflict, but in their natural relationship as 
 mother and daughter. When we get back to .seminal principles, we 
 find that the apprehension and entrance into men of divine faiths is 
 the seed from which all efforts to know, all methods of incjuiry, 
 all institutions of learning best spring. 
 
 I propo.se to consider this subjed, and it is one which I hope you 
 will feel appropriately addresses itself to scholars, and especially the 
 Alumni on the Pacific Coast, when building a home for learning in 
 this new world. The apprehension and entrance of divine faiths, of 
 which I speak, exists when the soul holds itself lovingly under the 
 
 1 Works, Vol. I., p. 162. 
 
398 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CAIJFORNIA. 
 
 power of spiritual truths, on evidence which addresses it as a 
 spiritual being. It does not come from authority or force. It is the 
 result of freedom and spirituality. Regarded as a habit of mind, it 
 differs from credulity in this, that it does not make haste to believe 
 and believe without evidence; and from superstition, in not putting 
 spiritual or supernatural things back of material ones when there are 
 no such things there. It believes and believes on evidence, and 
 there are spiritual or supernatural things there, beyond sight, where 
 it claims to find them. 
 
 It would be a sad i:)erversion and profanation to advocate super- 
 natural and divine ideas as a means or instrument for building uni- 
 versities. Better make them the end, and the university the means. 
 Yet, if their presence is a necessary and vital element in our .seats of 
 learning, it may be well to know it, that we may be the more willing 
 to welcome them, and give them a generous and grateful home. 
 
 Their influence in founding schools is remarkable. Men who are 
 imbued with them take kindly and naturally to learning. They 
 have ever before them, back of the facts and forces of nature and 
 history, a higher realm, an outlying world, and they try to thread 
 their way through the intermediate chaos and darkness as far as pos- 
 sible uj) towards it, resolving ignorance, and making nature and 
 history a transparency and not a curtain. Thus science is begotten 
 not of curiosity to know so much, as of faith in theknowable and in 
 what is beyond sight. Combine such believing spirits, let them 
 touch and insi)ire one another, let them attempt in numbers the 
 upward march together, and they will forthwith employ dWleges as 
 stafis to assist them in the journey, or as lanterns to light up the way. 
 Institutions of learning spring up s]»ontaneously almost, as one of 
 the fore-settled facts, in communities and ages in which men's 
 minds arc alive with the things of Clod. The very air in such a 
 region is institutional, educational, constructive. Men consciously 
 groping through the world, holding on to God, rear from the eartli 
 with foundations dcc])ly bedded in it these light-houses, the summits 
 of which, while looking out towards the heavens and the higher 
 realms, may yet throw down light on the darkened path of man. 
 
 Unbelief, on the other hand, severed from all quickening contact 
 with faith by unconscious influence or antagonism, exhibits no such 
 constructive tendencies. It does not run to schools and colleges of 
 its own motion. It may overcome its indifference and build them, if 
 
AhPENDfX. 3.)9 
 
 put to it, and for a purpose ; but it is urj^cd on or attracted by no 
 drawings from higher realms, and its college is only a vanishing 
 torch, by which it tries to relieve the gloom as it travels towards dis- 
 solution, gazing at the sands beneath it. And misbelief or infidelity, 
 in its ultimate forms, is in spirit unsocial, centrifugal, divisive, not 
 tending to discipline or institutional life. It does not knit the 
 human kind, but unravels it. It scatters society into spray, into 
 repcllant and irreducible ])ersonalities. It would itself never suggest 
 or undertake a university, and if pushed into organization by the 
 combining influences about il, the effort necessary to maintain the 
 spasm after the grit is gone soon limits and wastes the enterprise. 
 It rarely reaches, however, a positive organization, and most of its 
 ideas perish long before they handle brick or marble, like Comte's 
 religion, which was to do away with Christianity and absorb all man- 
 kind, but which was represented, last summer, when it turned out in 
 force to celebrate the birthday of its founder, by a score, more or 
 le.ss, of queer-looking men and women past the prime of life, who 
 met in a hired hall, on an obscure street, in Paris. Infidelity is not 
 self-moved to lay foundations for the training of future generations- 
 The eye which cannot look above does not look far before it. It 
 lives in the present and for the present, under the power of no 
 spiritual ideas or realities, of no future. 
 
 Where we come on the domestication of divine ideas, there we 
 come then upon the real organizer and builder. These are institu- 
 tional. There is something about an age swayed by them that 
 cau.ses it to take to the higher walks of learning, and construct them 
 joyously and bounteously. Such ages are dotted with these light- 
 houses, which, then springing into being, flash out their light on the 
 eye. The ages of unbelief give us no new lights, .ind d.-irkcn the 
 windows of the old ones. 
 
 But sui)pose the institutions founded, endowed, furnished. Let 
 us enter them, and consider the influence of the ideas on their 
 workings, and the necessity of their presence for their highest 
 success. 
 
 They have an effect on the very quality of the />cr.wnm-i of the 
 institution, both professor and student. Their presence opens, 
 deepens, enlarges, intensifies manhood, by letting in the powers of 
 the spiritual world upon it, and at the same time centering and 
 calming the soul in its assured gaze at them. It does not let in the 
 
400 rnSTOR V of the college of CALIFORNIA. 
 
 supernatural and divine, and leave one in a whirl and tumult of 
 uncertainty, but gives him composure and rest in the sweet fellow- 
 ship. At the same time his mind runs out on lines of thought and 
 confidence into unseen realms, and draws nourishment from afar. 
 And it can be aroused to its highest activity and broadest culture 
 only when solicited and sustained by the felt nearness of something, 
 a companionship of something, greater than itself and the worlds 
 around it. As the brain of prisoners separated from human society 
 by long solitary confinement, is said to soften, and they gradually 
 lose the power of thought and will, and the soul seems to sink into 
 the body, so men, when no longer inspired by commerce with God's 
 ideas, either directly or indirectly, and wholly and long secluded 
 from him by unbelief, gradually sink below their level. Our 
 intellects must be fed from the heavens, as well as from the earth. 
 We walk among the stars in our true greatness, not altogether on 
 the sward. Consequently the same friendly and familiar touch from 
 God which shakes out the soul from the folds of stupor and inactiv- 
 ity, and gives it wakefulness, intelligence, and poise, gives it enlarge- 
 ment and vigor also, and prepares it for the struggles of letters and 
 learning. A college filled with such instructors and scholars is pre- 
 pared for work and means work. The great, ever obtrusive spiritual 
 questions are settled. 'J'here is no occasion for facing them over 
 again, and fighting them down in some new way, only to find that 
 they come back with fresh torment. There is no necessity of going 
 out in weariness and at uncomfortable hours, to picket the famish- 
 ing soul in a fresh and unexhausted spot. It has, indeed, its fasten- 
 ing, but it is th,e throne of God, and from that center it has the 
 whole range and liberty of truth, and the nourishment of all worlds 
 within reach. 
 
 'i'he working spirit of an institution so handled and pervaded 
 must be of a (juickening sort. 'l"he very place — the courts, the 
 halls, the rooms, the chairs, the forms, the alcoves, the chapel— all 
 are freighted with the ministry of higher ideas. The atmosphere is 
 pervadeil with an unseen electricity which unconsciously charges 
 those who linger within its influence. Thought is stirred, aspiration 
 enkindled, character moulded, as by an invisible presence. The 
 jui( as of manhood, so far as they are dependent on surroundings, 
 are not sought from afar, but play around in a continuous flow, and 
 are absorbed at every turn. Order, discipline, drill, fall easily into 
 
APPEjVn/X. 4^j|j 
 
 
 place in an atmosphere instinct with the thinps of (iod; and it is lu.i 
 difficult for the professors to secure what Milton describes ' as "the 
 main skill and groundwork," viz. : " to temper " the students " such 
 lectures and explanations upon every opi)ortunity as may lead and 
 draw them in willing obedience, inflamed with the study of learning 
 and the admiration of virtue; stirred up with high hopes of living to 
 be brave men and worthy patriots, dear to God and famous to all 
 ages." All things head upward in an institution in which the ideas 
 of God and duty reign. A work is done, larger and better far than 
 can be distinctly traced to any of its specific ministries or all of 
 them combined. It works as a whole, as a subtle but mighty 
 spiritual power. It throws, unseen, ceaseless persuasions and 
 attractions around the yearning soul to lead it upward. 
 
 And this higher spirit, hardly corporeally present, nowhere 
 mechanically obtrusive, playing around common themes, lighting up 
 with strange splendor the instructions of sciences and letters, radiant 
 all along the daily routine and drill, and somehow — no one knowing 
 how — lifting the heart up into the presence of God, — this is as pow- 
 erful and effective in weaving the fiber of a vigorous and tough 
 institutional life, as in awaking mind and developing character. It 
 gives the institution unity, compactness, and growth around ideas 
 and out of ideas. It causes it to be itself one of the living things, 
 not a constructed thing — its law life, not decay — its ligatures the 
 vitalities of common sympathies, purposes, faiths, not civil parch- 
 ments, subscriptions, constitutions, acts of incorporation. Its vigor 
 is compact, unwasteful, self-contained, self-replenishing. Such an 
 institution, having its roots in the faith of the age, and having the 
 sap of divine ideas ever flowing through it, vitalizing and shaping it, 
 plants itself as one of our Calaveras trees, for the centuries and ages. 
 It does not grow old any more than truth grows old, or duty, or 
 God; but increases in influence and power, throws out larger and 
 broader branches, and States pass under it, and civilizations make 
 prilgrimages to it. 
 
 Hut there is no such institutional life in the colleges of unbelief. 
 The very philosophy of unbelief in respect to institutions may be 
 styled the philosophy of Slark-hi'ist. It relaxes everywhere the 
 organic fiber. It slackens the constructive tendencies. It opens 
 
 ' Works, Vol. I., p. i6i. 
 26 
 
402 If /STORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 numberless invisible apertures in the veins and arteries through 
 which the life-giving tide circulates, and permits it to waste imper- 
 ceptibly away. It brings humanity to a feeble pitch, and, of course, 
 keys the institutions of humanity, which depend on the simple love 
 of ideas, to a pitch still more feeble. Slack-hvist makes a man of 
 weak fiber, and Slack-twist makes the rope or cable, formed by such 
 fibres as they naturally twist themselves together, still more weak 
 relatively, and unable to resist the strains and chafings of use. 
 
 Unbelief has also a chilling effect when it prevails as the atmos- 
 phere in a college. It closes up the vista of outlying realms. It 
 takes one up to the top of an observatory, amid the bending and 
 arching worlds, and curtains him off from communion with them, 
 and bids him study the mechanism of the observatory, even telling 
 him that the glass that brings the distant orbs nigh was a mistake 
 and is worthless. It beggars his soul of the great thoughts and the 
 great inspirations, And if he falls, amid the general slackness and 
 want of healthful moral tone, making the college drill difficult and 
 the college discipline troublesome, he thinks he has fallen only a few 
 steps down the observatory stairs, and does not reckon his distance 
 from the stars. 
 
 'J'he subject which we are considering receives not a little elucida- 
 tion from history. By comparing broadly the peoples and ages of 
 faith with the peoples and ages of unbelief, so as to be able to see 
 something of the ultimate effect of each, we shall have no doubt of 
 their respective bearings on the interests of learning. If, however, 
 we contract our view to particular institutions and brief periods, it 
 will be more difficult to measure the real tendencies of the two 
 opposing principles, for we may find now and then one in an 
 exceptional altitude — a university of unbelief in an age or among a 
 people of faith, nourished from abroad by the very spirit which it 
 repudiates; or a university of faith in an age or among a people of 
 unbelief, stifled and gasping by the thinness of the air which sweeps 
 through it from without ; and in such cases we really have the work- 
 ing of the rule, but must wait for time to give us the ultimate facts. 
 History, broadly and fairly interpreted, shows that religious ideas, 
 when grasped by the real will-power of a people, are among the most 
 active and effective to go through a country, arouse and shape its 
 thought, and plant or occupy its seats of. learning. The zones of 
 faith around Christendom sparkle with these brilliants; those of 
 unbelief arc dim by their absence or want of luster. 
 
APPENDIX. 403 
 
 In the fourth century, in some portions of the Roman i:mpire, 
 there were pagan civil schools. These schools had the protection, 
 support, and special civil immunities of the State. Such emperors 
 as Augustus, Gratianus, Valentinian, and Thcodosius II. had fav- 
 ored them with imperial aid; and the decrepit form of paganism, 
 with trembling hope and frantic expiring zeal, lingered around them. 
 But paganism was sick at heart, and its ideas were dead. Over 
 against it was the youthful, aggressive, determined Christian faith, 
 having at first no civil support or encouragement. " It was necessary." 
 says Guizot, describing this conflict,' " that the Christians should 
 draw everything from themselves. Their doctrines, and the empire 
 of their doctrines over the will — the desire which they had to projja- 
 gate themselves, to take possession of the world — that was their 
 whole power." But mark the issue in the realm of learning, as 
 described by the same author: ^ "For a time the pagan schools still 
 existed, but they were void — the soul had quitted the body." " The 
 activity and intellectual strength of the two societies were prodigiously 
 unequal. \Vith its institutions, its professors, its privileges, the one 
 was nothing, and did nothing; with its single ideas, the other inces- 
 santly labored and seized everything." 
 
 Subsequently, and in consefjuence, the cathedral and conventual 
 schools — the ark that was to carry letters and learning across the 
 Dark Ages — sprang into being. They were hardly completed, how- 
 ever, when the power which had grasped the divine verities, degen- 
 erating to superstition, bewildered by imperial favor, and lowering 
 its gaze from heavenly to earthly courts, retired with its entangle- 
 ments and degradation into the ark, closed the doors, and went down 
 the medieval flood. That was a dark zone for Christian learning — 
 some five centuries wide — unrelieved except by gleams of light in 
 the reign of Charlemagne, especially in connection with the schools 
 of Paris. That monarch had in his palace a movable school, taught 
 by Alcuin, from England, which accompanied him in his travels and 
 camjjaigns, and which he sometimes attended and encouraged by 
 attempting, late in life, to overcome the stubbornness of his hand 
 and fingers, stiffened by the use of the sword, so as to learn to write.' 
 
 But during this period there was a streak of light from an unex- 
 
 ^ History of Civilization, Vol. II, p. 9°- 
 
 •^ Ibid. 
 
 ^ Ilase's History of the Christian Church, p. 179. • 
 
404 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALLFORNIA. 
 
 pected quarter. In portions of Southern Europe and Western Asia, 
 the Saracens had no sooner sheathed the sword than they made 
 haste, while their faith was yet warm, to found schools, which soon 
 became famous. From Cordova and Bagdad the stern one-God 
 faith, which had gleamed on ten thousand Damascus blades, lighted 
 the torch of learning and relieved the darkness of the world. Furi- 
 ous Mussulman leaped from their chargers and paced academic 
 groves; and chemistry, algebra, medicine, Plato, and Aristotle per- 
 plexed brains that had been in the habit of reasoning with the 
 scimiter. When the Mussulman faith languished into the Mussul- 
 man creed, the glory of the schools departed, the torch went out. 
 For five centuries, however, it burned brightly. 
 
 As early as the eleventh century we begin to see evidences of a 
 Christian awakening in the mind of Europe. It is hardly a phcenix 
 rising from its ashes; but the ashes are stirring and giving proof that 
 there is a living thing beneath. Amid the endless rounds of super- 
 stition and dialectic skirmish, generation after generation going 
 over the same foolish and unprofitable discussions, an Ansclm 
 appears, and we see that the age is once more reaching out to put its 
 hand in the hand of God. But the surgings and restlessness even 
 of this grotesque and half-formed faith were marked by a wonderful 
 temporary rush to schools. Early in the twelfih century, says 
 Hallam,' " the golden age of the universities commenced, and it is 
 hard to say whether they were favored most by their own sovereigns 
 or by the See of Rome." In a short time the universities at Pari.s, 
 Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge, Padua, Naples, Toulouse, Montpelier, 
 Salamanca, and Prague, were crowded with students and their attend- 
 ants. At one time there are said — witli some exaggeration, Hallam 
 thinks — to have been in Oxford thirty thousand, and at the Uni- 
 versity of Paris more than the rest of the population of the city. 
 
 But the reviving was arrested. The higher ideas were dimly seen 
 and feebly grasped, 'i'he Arnolds of Brescia, the Wycliffes, the 
 Husses, the Jeromes of Prague, were not welcomed. And though 
 the universities had great power while the scholastic was a living 
 faith struggling to its culmination, the plethora did not show intellect- 
 ual health, but dropsy. The students, wherever they began, ended 
 with scholastic theology resolved through the interminable subtleties 
 of Aristotelian metaphysics. 
 
 Int. tu Hist, of Lit., Vol. Ill, \>. 525, 
 
APPENDIX, 405 
 
 Here was a narrow zone of light, with more promise than reaHty, 
 followed by another broad belt of darkness. 
 
 As might be expected, the Reformation, when men's minds once 
 more touched spiritual realities, ushered in a new era. All the 
 schools and universities in countries which subsequently became 
 Protestant were at that time in the interest of Rome; but the Roman 
 faith had passed out from its internal supremacy over the spirit and 
 become a system of credenda — things to be believed, but not 
 believed. The consequence was that the new faith, fresh from the 
 mount of fire, glided into the halls of learning and took possession. 
 In (ierinany an impulse was given which finally resulted in placing 
 that country in the front ranks for research, criticism, and philosophy. 
 Germany, however, was Protestantized more than Christianized, and 
 it trailed after it into the new era much of the old scholasticism, as 
 seen in the love of speculation, baseless system-building, and sub- 
 jective philosophizing, though it infused into them an improved 
 spirit. In England also the work of reformation was incomplete. 
 Yet, from 1521, when Henry VIII. wrote his book to oppose the 
 Protestant doctrine, there were added, in the next one hundred years', 
 while the Reformation was in progress, to the University of Oxford 
 six new colleges, and to that of Cambridge three. 
 
 And the period lying around the revival of spiritual ideas up to 
 the close of the sixteenth century, and while England looked with a 
 more adventurous and eagle eye than ever before or for a century 
 afterward at thing?, was the age of its intellectual glory. In its 
 firmament shone then, and shine still, and will ever shine — stars of 
 the first magnitude : Spencer, Shakespeare, Milton, Bacon, Barrow, 
 Cudworth, Bunyan, Baxter, and most of the life of Newton. And 
 those who were in the vanguard in breaking away from the forms and 
 incrustations, and in striding forward to the naked truths, were also 
 in the vanguard in the cause of learning. " A Puritan," says 
 Palfrey,' " was the first founder of a college in an English university." 
 Yet the Puritan interests, the Puritan manners, the Puritan energy, 
 the Puritan mind, the Puritan love of learning, were jealously 
 excluded from the universities. Francis W. Newman more than 
 intimates * that even the Thirty-nine Articles were not made promi- 
 nent in the courses of instruction and the basis of theological 
 
 ' History of New England, Vol. I, p. 279. 
 
 '' Introduction to Huber's English Universities, p. 27. 
 
406 mSTOR Y OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNLA. 
 
 studies at Oxford and Cambridge, mainly through the influence of 
 Archbishop Laud, who, not believing the Articles himself, feared the 
 Puritans would gain too much influence by the inculcation of Cal- 
 vinistic doctrine. 
 
 Protestant Europe, therefore, failed of receiving the largest possi- 
 ble benefits from the Reformation. But mark the coincidence. 
 The jjremature arrest and subsidence of divine ideas were at once 
 followed by an equal arrest and subsidence of learning. The age 
 that followed, from the latter part of the seventeenth to the end of 
 the eighteenth century, was a period of stagnation, the dark age oi 
 Protestantism, intellectually as well as spiritually. 
 
 The revived, deepened, purified religious feeling of the present 
 century in Europe, enabling multitudes of persons in comparison 
 with the former age to live under the power of supernatural ideas, 
 permits us to look across the ocean and see great activity and vigor 
 in the institutions of learning. The prospect is mixed, compared 
 with what should be, but hopeful compared with the last century. 
 
 In America, not descending to fluctuations but selecting a single 
 section and people where spiritual realities have been most vigor- 
 ously grasped and handled — the English and Puritan belt of Amer- 
 ica — and contrasting this with other portions, we see that this and 
 this only is dotted from ocean to ocean with schools and colleges 
 and universities. In America it is clear that those who have most 
 felt the power of divine things arc the ones who have shown most 
 energy and self-sacrifice in preparing the means that other minds 
 may grasp them, and be moved by them. 'I'he wide reaches of 
 sui)erstition, and the vast stretches of unbelief, in America, have 
 done little for education. The mind that is stirred, directly or 
 indirectly, by reading the mind of Clod is the one to take its neigh- 
 bor by the hand and lead him up where he can learn the alphabet, 
 by means of which he may read it for himself. 
 
 Even we, who meet here to-day, are proofs and illustrations of 
 this truth. We come bringing with us the signals and effects of the 
 faith of our fathers, a faith which has awakened our power to think 
 and shaped our thinking, formed our methods and directed our 
 tastes, moulded our hearts and made our manhood, far more than 
 we may be conscious of or allow — and behold, true to our origin, 
 and to the faith that is in us, packed it may be in our bones, we 
 meet under the shadow of a college, as brothers of the republic of 
 
APPENDIX. 407 
 
 letters, the friends of liberal learning, and to join hands around the 
 altar of a new university. And it is written in us — in our anteced- 
 ents, history and traditions — that if divine sanctities loosen and dis- 
 solve their hold upon us, if this power which has crowned our lands 
 with seats of learning ever dies out — dies out of us or those that 
 come after us, dies out of the land — we shall build no more schools 
 and colleges, and we shall close those we have, and another dark age 
 will set in. We belong to an institutional race; we have inherited 
 divine institutional ideas; and while this spirit is in us— while we see 
 beyond the shadows the assured rays of celestial light, while we look 
 through the gloom of nature and see divine forms beckoning to 
 us — we shall feel the institutional inspiration, and shall build for 
 our sons and daughters, and for the coming ages. 
 
 Such is the interpretation of history. It comes to us with all the 
 force of prophecy. It says to us: The believing ages — not the 
 credulous ages, not the superstitious ages, but the ages that come 
 lovingly under the power of supernatural ideas, divine revelations, 
 the ages that touch God — these shall ever be the building ages, and 
 the believing people the building people. 
 
 Since, then, our seats of learning can permanently thrive only 
 when surrounded and penetrated by an atmosphere of supernatural 
 ideas, it is a practical question of no little interest, What are some of 
 these ideas which should be welcomed and encouraged in them ? 
 Of course I am saying nothing about the means to be employed to 
 put them in. I am not about to advocate the imposition of credenda, 
 and subscriptions, and mechanical prelections. I refer to a principle 
 of life working freely within the institution, not to any letter imposed 
 from without. And in reference to this, I agree with Francis W. 
 Newman,' that the value of a faith for university purposes " is not to 
 be measured by the numl>eroi articles in a creed, but by i\\& intensity 
 with which the grand ideas of God, and duty, and holiness are 
 realized; and that the scanty belief of an Abraham or a Job may be 
 worth more than the full confession of a Bull or a Hooker." At 
 the same time it should be borne in mind that to broaden out a 
 faith to a few points is not necessarily to intensify it. To broaden it 
 out by loosening its specific holds is to destroy its power of holding on 
 and give it no hold, and reduce it to general exhaustion and worthless- 
 
 ' Introduction to Huber's History of English Universities, p. 13. 
 
408 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORlflA. 
 
 ness. To have a strong and intense faith, we must have a faith that 
 is not afraid of attaching itself to specific points. 
 
 I shall begin the rapid enumeration by referring to a few philo- 
 sophical principles and ideas, lying above sense, and coming down 
 from above, which we must welcome as at the foundation of any 
 successful working of colleges and universities, and which are closely 
 related to religious truths. 
 
 The first is faith in our intuitive or necessary ideas. Without this 
 there can be no sound philosophy, no spiritual philosophy — only 
 sensationalism, empiricism, positivism, the collection and classifica- 
 tion of material facts. 
 
 The second is faith in nature, as having a cause, a purpose, an 
 end, and pervaded by an energy above sense, above the range and 
 play of material forces, and revealing the presence and power of a 
 rational mind, the life of nature. ^Vithout this, science is impossible; 
 for it is impossible to trace the phenomena of nature back to any 
 fixed and intelligible laws, order, or unity, only as we accept and have 
 confidence in the verities underlying them. 
 
 The third is faith in man — in his spirituality, accountability, im- 
 mortality, high origin, and possible destiny. If we dig him out of 
 the ground to lead him up to the university, rather than take him 
 from the hand of God ; nay, if we allow him to struggle up by him- 
 self from the base elements beneath, rather than come bounding 
 down with a celestial shout from above, our respect for him and hope 
 for him will differ only in quantity, not in quality, from that for the 
 deer, or the cedar, or the crystal, that he has chanced to outstrip in 
 the upward march. All systems of morals and moral government, 
 all distinctions of goodness and virtue and their opposites, all theo- 
 ries of a higher and a lower, break down on so hopeless a subject. 
 There is nothing in him to awaken the enthusiasm or concern of a 
 university. He is a part of the great progressive universe, and he 
 will work him.self into his proper position without any concern of 
 ours, as much as the dew-drop or aroma of the rose. Better far is it 
 to accept at once even the sternest Calvinistic or scriptural idea, 
 and see him come tumbling down from a paradisiacal estate; for 
 then there is an electric ring in his half human, half divine wail, 
 which summons to his relief all the instruments of learning, art, and 
 grace. 
 
 At the same time the individual is recojrnized as comiiu' down 
 
APPENDIX. 40<> 
 
 from above in all the splendor of endowments reflecting the nature 
 of God, the race should be regarded as working up, under a great 
 guiding and beneficent plan, by interminable interactions and intri- 
 cate methods and dove-tailings and unfailing connections, to a noble 
 destiny — the whole creation of rational beings and all history groan- 
 ing and travailing in pain together in the great birth. Any lower 
 conception breaks the race into fragments, destroys the unity of his- 
 tory, makes philosophy of life impossible, and the mission of indi- 
 viduals and nations unintelligible. Each is a letter or word by itself, 
 and not in its place in the divine poem, and as such worthless for the 
 inspiration or uses of learning. 
 
 Such a philosophic basis, which itself has connections with a 
 higher belief, is a suitable and necessary preparation. Penetrating 
 and overrunning this there should be a warm theistic presence in all 
 our seats of letters and science — a belief in a personal, rational, liv- 
 ing (lod. This should be something more than an architectural or 
 formative conception — a logical matrix in which to mould a theory 
 of the universe otherwise inexplicable — but a being of the most dis- 
 tinct and immediate personality, coming into the closest relations to 
 each human being, and working everywhere about us in nature and 
 humanity. There must be the influence of a jjcrsonal theism at 
 every point confronting, inspiring, guiding the inquirer. The con- 
 ception of pantheism, of the mere essence of a divinity that has 
 bewildered and lost itself, its personality and consciousness, in its 
 works, and comes the nearest to finding itself in man, has no insti- 
 tutional force. It places the individual who needs to have his eyes 
 opened and his faculties educed and strengthened, and his capacities 
 of worth wisely occupied, at the top of the universe, with no (lod 
 above him —with no law, no truth, no beauty that does not have its 
 highest authentication in himself; and there it leaves him, with noth- 
 ing to lean on, no hand to grasp, no sympathizing Presence beckon- 
 ing him on — leaves him to grope and stumble among the mysteries 
 of a headless universe the best he can. Man, so left, striking upon 
 no lines of Ciod's thought, having no sense of a present Father lead- 
 ing him on to the holy of holies of his abode, makes a few aimless 
 turns and staggers, and soon sinks upon the incoherent mass beneath 
 him, dragging schools and colleges down with him. Thought must 
 turn Oodward, science must point Godward, literature must look 
 Godward, history must be interpreted Godward, the whole educa- 
 
410 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 tional movement must be conducted Godward, or the highest insti- 
 tutional influence is barred out, and the professors' chairs and stu- 
 dents' seats are hastening on to their doom of dissolution. 
 
 While the flower of learning can be made to bloom only in a warm 
 theistic atmosphere, it is necessary in order to mature and ripen its 
 fruits, that there should be also confidence in the revelations of God. 
 These are designed to make known, not only the truth, but also the 
 will of God. The glimmerings of such revelations are found in nat- 
 ure, our intuitions, conscience — in our reasonings, possibly, duskily — 
 but the full orb appears in the Bible. The spirit of unquestioning 
 faith in this, not as suspending reason or contrary to it, but the high- 
 est act of reason— this and the system growing out of it — this and 
 the rich and g lowing religion made known in it — should meet and 
 guide the curious, restless mind of the inquirer from the moment he 
 enters the temple of learning till he leaves it. His spiritual, immor- 
 tal nature cannot be cribbed in with the things of sense; and if you 
 do not give him the means of unmasking his vision and seeing and 
 moving along the lines of revealed truth, he will be sure to burst 
 through his visible bounds and rove in wild and treacherous specula- 
 tion through the realms of the unknown. Without the Bible he is 
 an orb floating through the spaces of eternity, surrounded with a 
 blinding atmosphere, not knowing where he is nor whither he is going- 
 Strip off the bewildering darkness; let him see the center he is 
 moving around, the fellow orbs, the interstellar system; let in the 
 Cosmic light. In God's light let him see light. It is necessary to 
 his peace, poise, power, as a scholar. If this is not done, his restless 
 nature will accept something else for light — anything that strikes his 
 fancy — possibly some phosphorescence that breaks into his atmos- 
 phere from the outer realms — possibly some electric or auroral 
 glimmerings that have their origin in it — or perchance the lurid 
 gleams of volcanic eruptions belched from his own passionate nature. 
 Where you can, by all means give the soul the benefit of the revela- 
 tions which God has made. Every inspired truth welcomed is so 
 much added to the intellectual nourishment and force, so much vital- 
 ity infused into the university, so much strength rescued from the 
 mazes of unbelief, and saved for high philosophical, scientific, and 
 literary thought. The more a student helps himself up to God by 
 means of authoritative statements of truth and duty, the more he 
 comes in quickening contact with the source of all true ideas in 
 
APPENDIX. 411 
 
 man, nature, and history, and the more extended the contributions 
 which he can make to learning. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, would 
 have been able to do inconceivably more for (Ireece and the world, 
 could they thus have ascended the mount of (lod, left behind them 
 all perplexing mazes, and spoken thence to mankind on themes of 
 sober interest and profit alone. We shall do well to build our col- 
 leges on mounts of God — never down in the dark and damp jungles 
 of unbelief. 
 
 These, and such as these, are some of the supernatural ideas and 
 truths which we should domesticate in our literary institutions. They 
 have, indeed, intrinsic worth and virtue at the same time that they 
 grace and invigorate a college or university, and give it its highest life. 
 By all means, therefore, they should have a home in it. 
 
 And if divine ideas, the accumulated verities and facts underlying 
 the highest spiritual training of the ages, can come from near and lar, 
 bringing with them, in true, loving fellowship, all the instruments, 
 facilities, and enthusiasm of modern learning, science, letters, philos- 
 ophy, the highest respect for man, and the most royal use of reason, 
 and center around our new University, brood over it, and nourisli it, 
 it will have a noble career, and usher in a new era for learning, and 
 university life will rise to a higher position on these western shores 
 than it has attained elsewhere. Methinks I see it on this new and 
 higher mission, as Milton, while bringing " his helpful hand to the 
 slow-moving reformation " which England was laboring under, had a 
 vision' of the rising glory of that nation. " Methinks I see in my 
 mind," to adopt with a slight variation his words, " a noble and jiuis- 
 sant University rousing herself like a strong man after sleep, and 
 shaking her invincible locks; methinks I see her as an eagle mewing 
 her mighty youth, and kindling her undazzled eyes at the full midday 
 beam ; purging and unsealing her long-abused sight at the fountain 
 itself of heavenly radiance." 
 
 ' Liberty of Unlicensed Printing: Works, Vol. I, p. iSS. 
 
VIII. ALUMNI RESIDENT ON THE 
 PACIFIC COAST. 
 
 Name. Residence. Occupation. College. Year. 
 
 Abbott, John E Benicia Lawyer Dartmouth 1858 
 
 Ackerly, iienjamin . . . Oakl.ind CIerg}'man 
 
 Adams, Robert E . . . Crescent City Williams 1858 
 
 Aiken, W. II San Francisco. . .Lawyer Appleton Univ., Wis. 1863 
 
 Ainsa, James San Francisco . .Cust. House. St. John's, N. Y. . . . 1S61 
 
 Allen, J\Iaj-Gen. Robt..San P'ranci.sco. . .U. S. A West Point 
 
 Alexander, James AL. .San Leandro. .. .Clergyman ..Williams 1S58 
 
 Allen, Maj. II. A 2dU. S.Artil.West Point 
 
 Allen, Cen. L. II Sr.n Francisco. . .U. S. A West Point 1S38 
 
 Allyn, John San Francisco Lane Thco. Seminary. 1848 
 
 Ames, Charles G Santa Cruz Clerg)-man . . Honorary , 
 
 Applegate, J. 11 San Francisco. . .Lawyer I'nion 1^37 
 
 Archer, L .San Jos6 Lawyer University of Virginia. . . . 
 
 Ashburner, William. . . San Francisco. . . Min. Engineer 
 
 Atkinson, G. ll.,D. D.Portland, Oregon. Clergyman . .Dartmouth 
 
 Avery, B. P San Francisco. . . Editor Honorary 
 
 Avery, Henry R Pacheco Clergyman . .College of New Jersey 1853 
 
 Ayer, W., M. D San Francisco. . . Physician. . . .Harvard Med 1847 
 
 Ayers, W. O., M. D. .San Francisco. . . Prof. Toland's 
 
 Med. Col . .Yale 1837 
 
 Babbitt, Gen. E. B. . . Portland, Or U. S. A West Point 
 
 Babbitt, Lieut. L. S. . Benicia U. S. A West Point 
 
 Bachelder, T. F San Francisco . . . Lawyer 
 
 Bacon, J. S .San Francisco. . .Merchant. . . .Vale J845 
 
 Bailey, James .Sacramento Hamilton 
 
 Bailey, Prof. Mark .... Petaluma Teacher Brown University . . 1849 
 
 Bailey, Whitman U. S. E.xpl. E.xp. Botanist 
 
 Baker, Capt . E. M 1st U. S. Cav. West Point 
 
 Baldwin, A. S., M. D.Snn Francisco. . .Physician. . . .Western Res. Med 
 
 Baldwin, Hon. A. W. VirginiaCity,NevU. .S. Dist.Ct.University Virginia. . 1858 
 
 Baldwin, D. M., M. D.Columbia 1 hysician Dartmouth 1845 
 
 Baldwin, Lloyd San Francisco. . .Lawyer Union 1800 
 
 Bannister, E., D. D. .Santa Clara Clergyman . .Wesleyan University. 1838 
 
 Barnard, W. E Seattle, W. T. . .Collector I )arlmouth 
 
 Barnes, W. II. L San Francisco. . .Lawyer Collegeof Cal., M. A. 1865 
 
 Barstow, D. P Oakland Lawyer Honorary 
 
 Barstow, Hon. Geo. . .San I'rancisco. . Lawyer L)artmouth 
 
 Barstow, Wm., M. D.San Francisco. . . Editor Dartmouth 1842 
 
 Bartlett, W. C San Francisco. . .Editor Marietta, M. A 1855 
 
 Balchelor, V.. P San Francisco. . .Lawyer Vale 1S58 
 
 Bates, Asher B San Francisco. . .Lawyer.. . . '. .Union 1828 
 
 Bates, George San Francisco. . .Teacher Cambridge 
 
 Bat's, fos. C San Irancisco. . .Lawyer liowdoin 1863 
 
 Beard, "John L Centerville Coll. of Cal 1868 
 
APPENDIX. 413 
 
 Name. ResUnuc. 0,,ii/;7tioii. Coll<\i;e. Year. 
 
 Beckwith. Rev. E. ( '. .O.iklan.l . . ,. . Teacher. ...Williams..! 1849 
 
 Bcechcr, Lyniau Santa Cruz Williams 1857 
 
 Behr, H ., M. D San Franciso > . . . Physician 
 
 Belcher, Hon. I. S . .Marysvillc Lawyer University Vermunt .. 1S46 
 
 Belcher, William C. . .Marysvillc Lawyer University Vermont. . I8.J3 
 
 Belknap, D. P San Francisco. . .Lawyer University N. Y. City. i.'-44 
 
 Hcn.-on, H. C, D. D.Portland, Or Editor Ashiiry University. . .1S42 
 
 Mcnton, Rev. Jos. A. .San I'rancisco. . .Clergyman . .Vale 1842 
 
 ])cnton. Rev. John E.Dutch P'lat Clergyman .. University N. Y. City. 1S47 
 
 Hergin, Thomas I. ...San Francisco. . .Lawyer Santa Clara iJ'57- 
 
 Hidwdl, Hon. John... Chico M. C Coll. of Cal., M. A. . ih'65 
 
 IJigelow, Samuel C...San Francisco. . .Merchant Williams 1S45 
 
 Bigelow, T. B Oakland Merchant. . . .Harvard 1820 
 
 Binney, W. I San Francisco Amherst i S60 
 
 Bissell, Ixlwin C San Francisco. . .Clergyman . .Amherst 1855 
 
 Blake, Charles T Idaho City, L T. Banker Yale 1847 
 
 Blake, G. M Oakland Lawyer Honorary 
 
 Blake, Hon. M. C. . . .San Francisco. . .Lawyer Bowdoin 1838 
 
 Blake, Theo. A San Francisco. . .Mining Eng'r.CoU. City of N. V 
 
 Blake, Prof. Wm. P . .Oakland Mining EngV. j Srtmout'hf M." a'. !^^' 
 
 Blakeslec, Rev. S. V. .Oakland Editor... ...Western Reserve. .. .1844 
 
 Blanchard, N. W Dutch Fl.at Miner Colby University 1854 
 
 Blatchlcy, J. S San Francisco. . .Lawyer Yale 1850 
 
 Bliss, William D Petaluma Lawyer Harvard 
 
 Boise, Hon. R. P Salem, Or Sup. Court. . Williams 1S43 
 
 Buoraem, H. T San Franci.sco. . .Lawyer 
 
 Booth, Hon. Newton. Sacramento Merchant. . . . Asbury Univc sity. .... 
 
 P>osworth, S. D Grass Valley Miner Union 1851 
 
 I'.owman, Maj. A. W .Fort Gaston 9th U. S. Inf. West Point 
 
 Bowman, ].Y San Francisco. . .Editor University N. Y. City. 1844 
 
 Bradbury,"C. W Virginia Clergyman . .Colby University 1834 
 
 Bradbury, \V. J Milwaukee, Or. .Merchant. . . .Bowdoin 
 
 Bradley, Theodore San Francisco. . .Teacher Honorary 
 
 Braley, Prof. J. H Mountain View. .Ter.cher Cumberland Univer.sity. . . 
 
 Brayton, Chas. E Oakland Hamilton 1852 
 
 Brayton, I. H Oakland Prof. Coll. of 
 
 Cnlifornia. . Hamilton 1S46 
 
 Brazer, John Santa Cruz Merchant . . . Dartmouth 1845 
 
 Breed, Henry L San Francisco. . .Broker Yale 1859 
 
 Brewer, John H Oakland Lawyer Yale 1S50 
 
 Brier, W'. W Alvarado Clergyman . . Wabash t?46 
 
 Brier, C. C Oakland Teacher Honorary 
 
 Briggs, M. C, D. D . . San Francisco. . .Clergyman 
 
 Briggs, O. W San Francisco.. .Clergyman. . .Brown University.. . 1S40 
 
 Brockway, Hon. S. W. Placerville Lawyer 
 
 Brooking, J. H San Jose Teacher Univ. Rochester ....i£64 
 
 Brown, J. N., M, D. .San Francisco. . .Prof. Toland 
 
 Med. Coll. Miami University 
 
 Brown H W Clergyman .. Harvard 1852 
 
 Buck, Thomas B Big Oak Flat Colby University . . . 1851 
 
 Buehler, J. M San Francisco. . .Clergyman . .Concordia iS(hd 
 
 Buel, Rev. Frederick .. San Francisco. . .Ag't American 
 
 Bible Soc. .Yale 1836 
 
 Bulkley, Milton San Francisco. . .Merchant. . . .Yale... . . . . . ..... . . 1861 
 
 Bunnell, Geo. W San Francisco ... Teacher Coll. ofCr.l., M. A..18C.6 
 
 Burbank, Hon. Caleb. VirginiaCity,Nev.Law^-er . . . .Colby University. . . . i8::9 
 
 Burr, G, E., M. D... Oakland Phy>ician. . . .Univ. ^. \ . City. ... 1^40 
 
 Bush, J. P., M. D San Francisco. . .Physician 
 
I 
 
 414 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Name. Residence. Occupation, College. Year. 
 
 Butterworth, S. 1'', . . .New Almaden Union 
 
 Byrne, II. H San Francisco. . .Lawyer Chambly 
 
 Caffrcy, Piiilip S rortland,Oregon.Clcrg)man. . .College N. J 1854 
 
 Cak-f, Licul. J. II . . . .San Francisco. . .2d U. .S. Artil.West Point 
 
 Camphcll, Alex San Francisco. . .Lawyer 
 
 Campbell, F. M Oakland Teacher.. ..Coll. of Cal., M. A.. 1867 
 
 Caperton, Maj. John. .Oakland Lawyer University Virginia 
 
 Carlton, II. P San Francisco. . .Teacher ..... Coll. of Cal., M. A. 1866 
 
 Carman, \Vm., M. D.San Francisco. . .Physician. . . .Yale 1842 
 
 Carpenter, Dyer A. . .San Francisco. . .Lawyer . . . .Rochester Univ 1864 
 
 Carpenlier, H. W Oakland Lawyer Columbia 1848 
 
 Casserly, Hon. Eugene.San Francisco. . .U. S. Senate 
 
 Cavis, lion. J. M. . . .Columbia Lawyer Dartmouth 1846 
 
 Chandler, G. C, D. D.McMinnville, Or.Clergyman. . .Brown University 
 
 Chapin, Col. G Arizona 14th U. S. Inf. West Point 
 
 Chase, Albert, M. D. .Austin, Nev Physician. . . .Dartmouth 1844 
 
 Chase, Dudley Pctaluma Clergyman 
 
 Chase, Geo. C., M. D.Downieville Physician. . . .Dartmouth 184 1 
 
 Chase, Marshall S. . . .Martinez Lawyer Colby University. . . . 1S40 
 
 Childs, Perry G VirginiaCity,Nev.Miner Wcsleyan Univ 1846 
 
 Clark, J. \V., M. D. .San P'rancisco. . .Merchant Yale Med 1S37 
 
 Clark, Orange, D. D. .San Francisco. . . Clergyman 
 
 Clarke, Lieut. A. S ist U. S. Cav.Wcst Point 
 
 Clarke, Rev. Chas. R.San Francisco. . .Teacher College N. J 1S53 
 
 Clarke, Jeremiah San Francisco. . .Lawyer Dartmouth 1S37 
 
 Clarke, Samuel J Oakland Lawyer .. . .Trinity 1845 
 
 Clarke, \Vm. H San Francisco. . .Lawyer Bowdoin 
 
 Cleveland, H. W. . . .San Francisco. . .Architect Coll. of Cal., M. A. . 1866 
 
 Cleveland, J. J Humboldt Co. . .Clergjman. . . Wesl. University 1S49 
 
 Cobb, Moses G. . . . .San Francisco. . .Lawyer. ..... Harvard 1S43 
 
 Cobb, J. C, M. D. . .San Jose Physician. . . Rens. Institute 1S31 
 
 Coffee, Col. A.J Oakland West Point 
 
 Cohn, E., D. D San Francisco. . .Clergyman. . . Berlin University 1S49 
 
 Cole, Hon. Cornelius. Santa Cruz U. S. Senate. Wesl. University. . . .1847 
 
 Cole, R. E Oakland Dentist Honorary 
 
 Collins, John A VirginiaCity,Nev.Lawyer 
 
 Comte, A., Jr Sacramento . . . .Lawjer Harvard 1863 
 
 Coon,IIon.II.P., M.D.San Francisco. . .Mayor S. F. .Williams 1844 
 
 Cooper, J. G., M. D..San Francisco. . .Physician. .. .N. Y. Coll. P. & S. .1S51 
 
 Cornelius, Bernard . . . Oswego, Oregon . Teacher University Dublin 
 
 Cornelius, S., Jr Salem, Oregon. .Clergyman. . .Columbia 
 
 Cory, A. J., M. D San Jose Physician Mi.imi University . . . 1855 
 
 Cory, Benj., M. D. . . .San Jose Physician. . . .Miami University . . . 1842 
 
 f'ory, J. Manning. .. .San Jose Lawyer Miami University ... iS.;8 
 
 Cowcs,Sam'lF.,M. D.San Francisco. . .U. S. N Harvard 1845 
 
 Crawford, T. H Salem, Oregon. .Teacher Willamette Univ. . . . 1S63 
 
 Creigh, J. D., Jr. . . .San Francisco. . .Lawyer Washington 1S4S 
 
 Crocker, Hon. E. B. .Sacramento Lawyer Kens. Institute 1833 
 
 Crockett, Col. J. 15 . . San Francisco . . . L.iwycr Univ. Tennessee .... 1S28 
 
 C^rockett, John San Francisco. . .Sup. Court 
 
 Crook, Gen. G Idaho Territory. .U. S. A ... .West Point 
 
 Crosby, 1>. S San Bernardino. .Clergyman. . .Oberlin 1857 
 
 Crosby, Daniel A San Francisco. . .Lawyer Dartmouth 1S57 
 
 Crowell, B. W Austin, Nevada. .Miner Rutgers 
 
 Cunningham, Rev. W. .Sonoma Teacher Cumberl.-.nd Univ 
 
 Curry, Hon. John. . . .San Francisco. . .Sup. Court. . .Honorary 
 
 Cutter, S. L., Jr San I-'rancisco. . .Lawyer Harvard 1854 
 
 Daggett, Ellsworth. . . VirginiaCity,Nev.Min. Engin'r. Yale, Ph. B 1864 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 415 
 
 Name. 
 
 Dangerlield.IIon.W.r 
 
 Daly, Jas. A 
 
 Damour, F., M. D. . , 
 Davis, Lieut. Murray. , 
 
 Davis, Horace 
 
 Day, Hon. Sherman . . 
 
 Day, Clinton 
 
 Dean, Benj. D., M- D. 
 
 Dean, Charles 
 
 Dearborn, Alvah B. . . 
 Deering, Hon. Alex. . 
 Decring, James H, . . . 
 Des Rochers, C. L. . . 
 Deuprcy, Eugene N. . . 
 
 Dickinson, O 
 
 Dillon, Isaac 
 
 Dobbins, Hugh H . . . . 
 
 Dodge, Edward E 
 
 Dodge, Hon. Henry L. 
 Dodge, Lieut. H. C . . 
 
 Dodge, W. G 
 
 Donaldson, Z. B 
 
 Douglass, Thomas. . . . 
 
 Doyle, John T 
 
 Drew, J. W 
 
 Drown, A. N 
 
 Du Bois, A. S., M. D. 
 
 Dudley, A. P 
 
 Dudley, C. A 
 
 Dunn, T. S . . 
 
 Durant, Henry 
 
 Resutence. 
 San Francisco. . 
 
 Stockton 
 
 San Francisco . . 
 San Francisco . . 
 San Francisco. . 
 
 Oakland 
 
 Oakland 
 
 San Francisco. . 
 San l-'rancisco. . 
 San Francisco. . 
 
 Mariposa 
 
 San Francisco . . 
 
 Oakland 
 
 San Francisco. . 
 Salem, Oregon. 
 Salem, Oregon . 
 Sutter Creek. . . 
 
 Portland 
 
 San Francisco. . 
 
 Oakland , 
 
 Folsom 
 
 San Jos6 
 
 San Francisco . 
 San Francisco. , 
 San Francisco . 
 
 Lincoln 
 
 Mok. Hill 
 
 Mok. Hill.. .. 
 
 San Josij , 
 
 Oakland 
 
 Dwinell, L E., D. D. 
 Dwindle, John W. . . 
 Dwindle, Hon. S. H 
 Eastman, Lieut. J. E. 
 
 Easton, G. A 
 
 Eddy, Col. A. R 
 
 Edwards, John 
 
 Eclls, Cushing 
 
 Eells, James, D. D. . , 
 Elliott, Capt. G. H. . , 
 
 Ellsworth, Stukely 
 
 Ely, P,. E. S 
 
 Emerson, D. L 
 
 Emmons, S. F , 
 
 Ernst, Lieut. O. H. . , 
 
 Ewer, W. B 
 
 Fabens, F. A 
 
 Fairbairn, Alex 
 
 Felton, [ohn B 
 
 Fidd, lion. S. J 
 
 Sacramento 
 
 Oakland 
 
 San Franci.sco. . . 
 San Francisco . . . 
 San Francisco. . . 
 San Francisco. . . 
 
 Visalia 
 
 WallaWalla,\V.T 
 San Francisco. . . 
 San Francisco. . . 
 Eugene City, Or. 
 
 Hcaldsburg 
 
 Oakland 
 
 U. S. Expl. Exp.. 
 San Francisco. . . 
 San Francisco. . . 
 San Francisco. . . 
 
 Bloom field 
 
 San Francisco. . . 
 San Francisco . . . 
 
 Fisher, L. P , 
 
 Fisher, , 
 
 Fisher, H. P., M. D. 
 Fitzgerald, Rev. O. P, 
 
 .San Francisco. 
 
 Coloma 
 
 San Francisco. 
 San Francisco. 
 
 Oicupatitm. College. Year. 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 Clergyman. . Coll. of Cal 1864 
 
 Physician. . . .Tolanil Med 1865 
 
 U. S. A Kenyon 1861 
 
 Merchant Harvard 1849 
 
 Min. Engin'r Yale 1826 
 
 Coll. .if Cal 1868 ^ — — .^^ 
 
 Physician Berkshire Mt<l ^^'^Yc^^ i.\'d>H/\L 
 
 Columbia .< ^^ of rnt 
 
 : Bowdoin '^3 L N I V E K S r 
 
 l^awyer }. . 
 
 Merchant Bowdoin 184; 
 
 Real Est. Agt. Honorary 
 
 Law}'cr University Coll 1868 
 
 Clergyman . .Marictia 1849 
 
 Clergyman . . Dickinson 
 
 Clergyman . .Jefferson 1858 
 
 Willamette Univ 1866 
 
 Merchant .... University Vt 1S46 
 
 2d U. S. Artil.West Point 
 
 Teacher Honorary 
 
 Pacific Methodist 
 
 Teacher. . . . Yale 1831 
 
 Lawyer 
 
 U. S. A Dartmouth 1844 
 
 Brown Univ 1861 
 
 Physician. . . .Toland Med 1865 
 
 Lawyer Honorary 
 
 Col. of Cal 1S68 
 
 Clcrg)'man 
 
 Prof. Coll. of 
 
 California. .Yale 1827 
 
 Clergyman . .Univ. Vt 1S44 
 
 Law)'er. Hamilton 
 
 Lawyer Honorary 
 
 U. S. A West Point 
 
 Clergyman . .Trinity 
 
 West Point 
 
 Coll. ofi\. J I04S 
 
 Williams 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 U. S." A W'est Point 
 
 I -awyer Yale 1 847 
 
 Clergyman . . Honorary 
 
 Real Est. Agt.CoU. of Cal 1864 
 
 Geologist. . . . Harvard 
 
 U. S. A West Point 
 
 Editor Colby Univ., AL A. .1866 
 
 Lawyer Harvard 1865 
 
 Clergyman . .Lafayette 1848 
 
 Lawyer Harvard 1847 
 
 U.S. Supreme 
 
 Court Williams 
 
 Advertis. Agt. Honorary 
 
 Clergyman ..Genesee 
 
 Honorary 
 
 State Supt. of 
 
 Pub. Schools 
 
 U. S. A. 
 Clergyman 
 Clergyman 
 Clergyman 
 
416 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALLFORNIA. 
 
 Name. Residence. Oicufatioti . College. Year. 
 
 Fletcher, J. A San Francisco . . . Lawyer 
 
 Flint, E. D San Franciscc . . . Engineer .... Harvard 
 
 Foster, Maj. S. A. . . . San Francisco. . . U. S. A West Point. 
 
 Frambes, Kev. O. S. .Portland, Or. . . .Teacher Ohio Wesl. Univ 
 
 Eraser, Thos .Santa Rosa Clergyman . .Union 1842 
 
 I""rcar, Walter. Santa Cruz Clergyman . .Yale 1851 
 
 Freelon, T. W San Francisco. . .Lawyer Dartmouth 1843 
 
 French, C . G. W Folsom Lawyer Brown Univ 1842 
 
 French, Gen. W. H. .San Francisco. . .U. S. A West Point. . . 
 
 Frink, M., Jr Dutch Flat Brown Univ 
 
 Frisbie, W. R San Jos(5 Merchant... Yale 1858 
 
 Fry, Gen. J. B San Francisco. . .U. S. A West Point 
 
 Callaway, R. M San Francisco. . .Merchant. . . .Yale 1858 
 
 Galloway, Jas. E San Francisco Miami Univ 1844 
 
 Gamble. Alex San Francisco. . .Merchant. . . .Colby Univ 1847 
 
 Gamble, John Oakland Colby Univ 1851 
 
 Garcelon, S., M. 1). . .Oakland Bowdoin Med 1830 
 
 Gardner, J. T U. S. Expl. Exp.Topograph'r 
 
 Garter, Chas. A Shasta Lawyer Coll. of Cal 1866 
 
 Garter, Hon. E Shasta Lawyer Honorary 
 
 fiassman, J. II Stockton Clergyman 
 
 Gatch, T. "M Portland, Or. . . .Teacher Ohio Wesl. Univ 
 
 Gates, Freeman San Josd Teacher Coll. of Cal., M. A. . 1S67 
 
 Gear, Hiram L Downieville .... Lawyer Marietta 1863 
 
 tieary, Edward R . . . .Albany, Or Clergyman. . .Jefferson 1S31 
 
 Geary, J. F., M. D. . .San Francisco. . .Physician. . . .I.ond. Univ 1S42 
 
 Cicnung, A. W San Francisco. . .Cust. House. Wesl. Univ 1846 
 
 (Jibbons, E., M. D. . .Oakland Physician 
 
 Gibbons, II., M. D.. .San Francisco. . .Physician. . . .Univ. Penn 1S29 
 
 Gibbons, II., Jr., M. D..San Francisco ... Physician .. .Univ. Pacific 1863' 
 
 (libbons, William . . . .Alameda Law Student. Coll. nf Cal 1867 
 
 Clibbons, W. P., M. D.Alameda Physician Univ. N. Y 1845 
 
 (iibbs, Fred. A Sacramento Merchant. . . .Harvard 1850 
 
 ( iibson, M. M San Francisco. . .Clergyman 
 
 Gilcrest, S. F Oakland Lawyer Honorary' 
 
 (liles, J. II San Jos6 Clergyman . .Bristol, Eng 
 
 Gillespie, Rev. E. J. . .Sonoma Teacher Cumberland Coll 
 
 (ilascock, John R. ...Oakland Coll. of Cal 1865 
 
 ( jlascock, Wm. H. . . .Oakland Lawyer Honorary 
 
 Goodwin, H San Francisco . . Clergyman ..Union 
 
 Goodwin, Hon. Jno. N.Arizona Ter.Delcgate.Dartmouth 1844 
 
 (joodyear, W. A San Francisco. . .Min.and Civil 
 
 Engineer. .Yale, Ph. B 1863 
 
 Gough, H. D Napa Teacher Dickinson 185S 
 
 (iraham, Robert San Francisco. . .Clergyman . .Bethany 
 
 Gray, Geo. D San Francisco Amherst 1865 
 
 Gray, Giles H San Fr.ancisco. . .Lawyer Coll. of City of N.Y. 1853 
 
 Gray, Henry M San Francisco. . .Merchant. . . .Dartmouth 
 
 Green, Wm. II Stockton Lawyer Bowdoin 1863 
 
 Grovcr, Hon. !>. F. . .Portland, Or. . . .Lawyer Bowdoin 1844 
 
 ( Irover, W. A. , M. D. San Francisco. . . Physician .... Berkshire Med 1843 
 
 < Jrubbs, Francis A. . . .Salem, Or Professor . . . .Willamette Univ. . . . 1863 
 
 Gunn, L. C. San Francisco. . .Internal Rev. 
 
 Office Columbia 1 829 
 
 T, _ A , , IT c T? 1 17 S Mining En- 1 Yale, Ph. B 1863 
 
 Hague, Arnold U. S. Lxpl. Exp. i • "^ -1 r- 1 
 
 ** ( gmeer. . . ( r reiburg 
 
 Hague, James D U. S. Expl. Exp. Geologist 
 
 Ilaight, II. H San Francisco. . .Governor. . . .Yale 1844 
 
APPEXIUX. 417 
 
 Name. ResUence. Occupation. Collft^e. Year. 
 
 Hailc, Henry, M. D. .Alanuda I'liysiciaii Middlelniry 1823 
 
 Hr.ll, II. E Stockton Union 
 
 IIalleck,MajGen.II.\VSan Francisco. . .U. S. A Union and West Point... 
 
 Hamilton, li Idaho City, I. T. Clergy man ..Univ. Mich 1848 
 
 Hamilton, L Oakland Clergyman ..Hamilton 1S50 
 
 Handy, D. C, M. D.. Angel Island Toland Med 1865 
 
 llanna, Jos. A Corvallis, Or. . . .Clergyman ^ 
 
 1 lanson, T. C, M. D.Oakland Physician. . . Toland Med 1867 
 
 Hardy, Jacob Oakland Real Estate. .Honorary 
 
 Hardy, Lowell J., Jr.. Oakland Coll. ofCal 1866 
 
 Harkness,H.W.,iM. D.Sacramento Physician Berkshire Med 1847 
 
 Harmon, Rev. S. S. . .Oakland Prof. Pac. F. 
 
 College.. . .Union 1843 
 
 1 larpending, O. G. . . .Forest Grove Professor Rutgers 1864 
 
 1 larris, .Stephen R.M.DSan Francisco. . .Physician 
 
 Harrison, R. C San Francisco. . .Lawyer Wesl. University. ... 1853 
 
 Ilarte, F. Bret San Francisco. . .Mint Honorary 
 
 Hartson, Hon. C Napa Lawyer Hamilton 
 
 Harwood, William D.Oakland Editor Coll. ofCal 1S66 
 
 Hastings, Horace M. .San Francisco. . .Lawyer Union 1857 
 
 Hatch, V. W., M. D .Sacramento Physician Union 
 
 Hathaway, E. V.,^L D.San Francisco. . .Merchant Brown University 
 
 Haven, E. D Oakland Teacher Hamilton 1865 
 
 Head, E. F San Francisco. . .Lawyer Harvard Law 1842 
 
 Henderson, E. P Belpassi, Or. . . .Teacher Waynesburg 
 
 IIendrickson,C.R.,DDSan Francisco. . .Clergyman 
 
 Ilendrie, J. W San Francisco. . .Merchant. . . .Yale 185 1 
 
 Henry, IL A., D. D..San Francisco. . .Clergyman ..England '835 
 
 Herrick, Portland, Or Univ. Vermont 
 
 Hickman, Lewis .Stockton Merchant. . . .Coll. N. J 1852 
 
 Higby, Hon. W Mokeliimne Hill.M. C Univ. Vermont 
 
 Ilillebrand, Henr>'. . . .Oakland City Clerk. . .Coll. of Cal., M. A. .1867 
 
 Ilillycr, C. J Virginia City. . . .Lawyer Yale 1850 
 
 Hilton, Rev. S San Francisco. . .Editor 
 
 Hinchman, A. F San Francisco.. .Lawyer Harvard 1845 
 
 Hittell, J. S San Francisco. . .Editor Miami University. .. . 1843 
 
 Hittell, T. H San Francisco. . .Lawyer Yale 1S49 
 
 Hodges, Lt.-Col. II. C.Vancouver, W. T.U. S. A West Point 
 
 Hoffman, Hon. O San Francisco. . .U. S. District 
 
 Court Columbia 
 
 Hogc, Col. J. P San Francisco. . .Lawyer Jefferson 1829 
 
 Hoitt, Ira G San Francisco. . .Teacher Dartmouth ii6o 
 
 liolman, Geo. P Salem, Or Lawyer 
 
 Hopkins, C. T. . . . . . ..San Francisco. . .Insurance. . . .Univ. Vermont 1847 
 
 Houghton, Hon. J. F.Sacramento Surv.General.Rens. Institute 184S 
 
 Howe, J. M Sacramento Teacher 
 
 Howell, Lieut. R. G 2d U. S. Artil. West Point 
 
 lluddart, R. T., M. D.San Francisco. . .Teacher Trinity, Dub 
 
 Hughes, Capt. W. B. .Fort Yuma U. S. A West Point 1856 
 
 Huntington, C. A Olympia, W. 1" Univ. Vermont 
 
 Ilurd, I. N San Francisco. . .Clergyman 
 
 Huse, Chas. E Santa Barbara. . .Lawyer Harvard 1848 
 
 Hyde, Jer. D Santa Cruz Lawyer Williams 1859 
 
 Irvine, "S. G Albany, Or Clergyman . .Ohio Univ 1844 
 
 Irving, H. P San Francisco. . .Lawyer • • • 
 
 Irwin, William Yreka Merchant Marietta 1S48 
 
 Janes, Elijah Oakland Teacher Coll. ofCal 1865 
 
 Janes, H. B San Francisco. . .Lawyer ''niv. Vermont 1838 
 
 -7 
 
418 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Name. Residence. Occupation. College. Tear. 
 
 Janes, Capt. Lcroy L 2d U. S. Artil.West Point 
 
 Jarboe, J. K San Francisco, . .Lawyer Yale 1855 
 
 Jennings, Joel San Francisco. . .Merchant. , . .Williams 
 
 Johnson, J. A Santa Barbara. . .Clergyman . .Bangor Theol 
 
 Jolmson, John W McMinnville . . . .Teacher Yale 1862 
 
 Johnson, Sidney L.. . .San Francisco. . .Lawyer Yale 1827 
 
 Jones, Addison Santa Clara Clergyman . .Dennison University 
 
 Jones, Hon. L. F Mariposa Lawyer Wesl. University. . . . 1846 
 
 Jones, Maj. R San Francisco. . .U. S. A West Point 
 
 Jones, R. E Redwood City Colby University. . . . 1862 
 
 Jones, W. L Eureka Clergyman . .Bowdoin 1849 
 
 Jordan, Maj. W. II gih U. S. Inf. West Point 
 
 Kellogg, L. M San Francisco. . .Cust. House. Columbia 1848 
 
 Kc.logg, Martin Oakland Prof. Coll. of 
 
 California.. Yale 1S50 
 
 . K .'.y, J. K Dalles, Or Lawyer Coll. N. J 1839 
 
 Kcndig, Daniel .San Francisco . . . Clergyman . . Univ. of Penn 1844 
 
 Keycs, W. S San Francisco Yale 1S60 
 
 Kil.iournc, Lieut. C. E.San Francisco. . .U. S. A West Point 
 
 Kiiiiberlain, J. M Santa Clara Professor. . . .Dickinson 
 
 UiLtg, Clarence Head U. S. Expl. 
 
 Exp. ,40lh Parallel Yale, Ph. B 1862 
 
 King, Gen. John H. . .San Francisco. . .U. S. A West Point 
 
 King, Rev. R. M Alamo Teacher Nashville Univ 
 
 Kingsley, Calvin S.. . .Bannock City. . .Clergyman . .Univ. Michigan 
 
 Kinney, Capt. S. 11 ...San Francisco. . .2d U..S. Artil.West Point 
 
 Kip, Kt. Rev. W.L, D.D.San Francisco. . .Clergyman . .Yale 1S31 
 
 Kip, William I., Jr. . .San Francisco. . .Merchant. . . .Yale i860 
 
 Kirkiiam, Gen. R. W.Oakland U. S. A Wesl Point 
 
 Kirklaud, Rev. Thos. .San Francisco ... Teacher . . ..Univ. Edinboro 
 
 Klink, N. B Vallejo .Clergyman.. .Union 1849 
 
 Knowlton, Eben San Francisco. . .Teacher Amherst i860 
 
 Knox, L W San Francisco. . .Iron Works. .Honorary 
 
 Knox, II. E San Francisco. . . Dentist Philadelphia 
 
 ~i.aine, T. II San Jose Lawyer Univ. Pacific 1858"" 
 
 Lake, Delos .San Francisco. . .Lawyer Coll. ofCal., M. A..1S65 
 
 Lander, C. W Martinez Lawyer Walervillc (i^. . .1S54 
 
 Lander, J. H Los Angeles Lawyer Harvard 1849 
 
 Landcsman, John . . . .San I'rancisco. . .Lawyer 
 
 I*', jc, L. C, M. D . . . San Francisco . . . Physician 
 
 Lr Towe, M. D Austin, Nev. . . .Lawyer Yale 1S54 
 
 Lawrence, Jos. E San Francisco. . .Editor Columbia 1S42 
 
 I^iiwrence, E. A .San Francisco. . .Lawyer Univ. Michigan 1S40 
 
 L:'\ res. Prof. Aug. . . .San I'Vanc'sco. . . Auliiur i 
 
 Lippinscott, B. C . . . . Portland, Or. . . . Clergyman. . .Dickinson 
 
 Lipiiitl, Rev. E. S. . . .Petaluma Teacher Wesl. University. . . . 1S47 
 
 Litl'.e, Col, W. C . . . .Oakland Honorary 
 
 Livcrmore, II. G Folsom Bar.ker Colby Univ 
 
 Livingston, H. B San Francisco. . .Editor Williams 1844 
 
 Lockwood, J. A,,M.D,Napa Physician. . . .Union 1830 
 
 Lock wood, T. W San Francisco. . . Printer ..... Univ. N. Y. City . . . .1854 
 
 Loomis, Rev. A. W, ..San Francisco. . .Missionary to 
 
 Chinese . . .Hamilton 1S41 
 
 Lord, Lieut. J. II. , . ,.S.in Francisco. .2d U. S. ArlikWest Point 
 
 Loucks, Lieut. M. R 2d U. S..\rti!.West Point 
 
 Lovct t, I Ion. W, E . . . .San Juan I .awyer . . . .- 
 
 Low, 1 Ion. Fred. F . . , San Francisco . . . Merchant .... 1 lonorary 
 
 Lowndes, A, S San Francisco. . . Merchant , . . .Oxford 1848 
 
APPENDIX. xv^ 
 
 Name. Residence. Ocaipatiou. Colic e. Year. 
 
 Lucky, Rev. W. F San Francisco. . .Teacher M'Kendree Cul] 184 1 
 
 Ludlow, James V San Francisco. . .Clergyman.. .Univ. Rochester 1S61 
 
 Lull, Louis R San Francisco . . . Lawyer Univ. Vermont 1846 
 
 Luplon, Samuel L San Francisco. . .Lawyer Dickinson 1853 
 
 Lyle, A. F San Francisco Coll. of Cal '. .1864 
 
 Lyman, Horace Forest Grove, Or.l'rof. Pac.Uni. Williams 
 
 Lyon, Hon. Caleb Idaho Territory. .Gov. of Ter. . Univ. Vermont . 
 
 McAllister, Cutler San Francisco. . .Lawyer Columbia 1854 
 
 McAllister, Hall San Francisco. . .Lawyer Vale 
 
 McCann, I*". J Marysville Lawyer Mt. St. Mary's 1S45 
 
 McChesney, J. B Oakland Teacher Union 
 
 McClure, Rev. David. Oakland Teacher Delaware 1S48 
 
 McCormac, Johnston . Eugene City, Or.Clerg}TOan. . .Trinity 1853 
 
 McCreary, II. C Sacramento Vale 1865 
 
 McCullough, Robert. .Vreka Clergyman. . .Belfast Coll., Ireljind 
 
 McCullough, Hon. J.G.Sacramento Atty. -General 
 
 McDonald, C. B Salem .Editor Dickinson 1847 
 
 McDonald, James S. .Sacramento Clergyman. . Miami University 1859 
 
 Macguwan, Dr. D. J.Shanghae N. Y. Coll. 1'. and S. . . . 
 
 McFarland, lion. S.B.Nevada Lawyer 
 
 Mclntyre, Capt . S . B 2d U. S. Artil.West Point 
 
 McKaig, \V., D . D . . Marysville Clergjman 
 
 McKee, Hon. S. B. .Oakland Lawyer 
 
 McKee, W. R San Francisco. . .Lawyer 
 
 McLaughlin, Rev. J . . Red BlufT Teacher Illinois 1857 
 
 Maclay, W. J Napa Clcrg}'nian. . . Dickinson 
 
 McLean, Edward Oakland Merchant .Vale 'S43 
 
 McLean, J. T., M.D.San Francisco. .Surv. of Port.Wesl. University. .. .1845 
 
 McMillan, R., M. D.San Francisco. . .Physician '. . 
 
 McMonagle, J. H San Francisco. . .Clergyman.. .Knox 1S57 
 
 McRuer, Hon. D. C.San Francisco. . .Merchant. .. .Honorary 
 
 Mann, Azro L San Francisco. . .Teacher Middlebury 1860 
 
 Marr, Rev. J . II San Francisco. .Clergyman 
 
 Marrincr, R. K .San Francisco. . .Teacher Colby Univ 1855 
 
 Marsh, .S. II., D. D.Forest Grove, Or.Pres. Pac. Un.University Vl 
 
 Marshall, Maj. L. H.Idaho Territory. .14th U. S. I. West Point 
 
 Martin, J. M Abingdon 1859 
 
 Martin, Rev. B. T. . .Oakland Mint Honorary 
 
 Martin, II. A Bear Valley Univ. N. V. City . .1854 
 
 Maryc, Lieut. W^ A. Benicia U. S. A West Point 
 
 Massey, A. P San Francisco Yale, Ph. B 
 
 Merrill, Annis San Francisco. . .Lawyer Wesl. Univ 1835 
 
 Merrill, Geo. B San Francisco. . . Lawyer I larvard 1S59 
 
 Merritt, Sam'l, M . D .Oakland Merchant Bowdoin Med 1S43 
 
 Mesick, Hon. R. S. . VirginiaCity,NevLawyer Vale 
 
 IMiel, Prof. Chas Sari Francisco. . .Teacher Univ. France 1838 
 
 Miller, W. G., M. D. Grass Valley Physician. . . .Hobart Free i860 
 
 Mills, Rev. Cyrus T. .Benicia Teacher \\ illiams 1S44 
 
 Mooar, Geo Oakland Clergyman . ..Williams 1851 
 
 Moore, Eliot J San Francisco. . .Lawyer Marietta 1S45 
 
 Moore, Gideon E Virginia City,NevChcmist Yale, Ph. B 1861 
 
 Moore, Henry K San Francisco. . .Lawyer Dartmouth 1S61 
 
 Moore, James B San Francisco. . .Merchant University Vl 1842 
 
 Moore, |os. H San Francisco. . .Lawyer Woodward 
 
 Moore, J. P San Francisco. . .Clergyman. . .Colby University 
 
 Moore, f- Preston San Francisco. • . Merchant College N . J 
 
 Moore, N. W San Francisco. . .Teacher Brown University 
 
 Moore, Robert S San Francisco. .. Reporter Yale 1859 
 
420 FITSTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Name. Residence. Occupation. College. Year 
 
 Morrison, James, M. D.San Francisco. . .Physician. . . .Harvard 1845 
 
 Morris, Maj. Wm. G. Suscol Harvard Law 1854 
 
 Morse, Aug., Jr Martinez Teacher Trinity 
 
 Mosher, Rev. W. C. .San Francisco. . .Teacher Union 1844 
 
 MuHge, B. F Benicia Lawyer Wesl. University. . . . 1805 
 
 Miilk' y, Marion F Portland, Or Lawyer Yale 1S62 
 
 ■"Murphy, James, M. D.San Francisco. . .Physician. . . . University Pacific. .. . 1861 
 
 Naphtaly, Jos San Francisco Yale 1 863 
 
 Newcomb, W. , M. D. Oakland Physician .... Castleton Med 1 832 
 
 Nichols, Elijah San Francisco . . . Lawyer Rutgers 
 
 Nichols, James San Francisco . . . Lawyer 
 
 Nicholson, A. S Stockton Teacher 
 
 Niles, Hon. A. C Nevada City Lawyer Williams 1852 
 
 Nooney, Prof. Jas. . . .San Francisco. . .Mining Eng'r.Yale 1838 
 
 North, Hon. J. W. .. .Virginia City ... .Lawyer Wesl. University. ... 184 1 
 
 Northrop, D. B San Francisco. . .Lawyer University Vt 1844 
 
 Nutting, H. N Redwood City. . .Teacher. . ; . .Colby University. . . . 1863 
 
 Nye, Stephen G San Leandro . . . .Lawyer Alleghany 1858 
 
 O'Connell, Capt. J. D 14th U. S- L.West Point 
 
 Oliver, Aug. W San Jos6 Lawyer Bowdoin i860 
 
 Olmsted, J. C San Francisco. . .Merchant. . . .Williams i860 
 
 "^wen, Hon. J. W. . . .San Francisco. . .Lawyer University Pacific . . . 185S 
 
 Palmer, C. T. H Folsom Banker Yale 1847 
 
 Parker, Alex Los Angeles Clergyman . .Oberlin 
 
 Parsons, Lf vi San Francisco . . . Lawyer 
 
 Peabody, W. F., M.D.Santa Cruz Physician 
 
 Peachy, Hon. A. C . . . San Francisco . . . 1-awyer 
 
 Pearson, Wm San Francisco. . . Custom HouseYale 1S41 
 
 Peck, A. W Vallejo Clergyman . . Madison University 
 
 Peck, Geo. H San Francisco. . .Merchant. . . .University Vt 1837 
 
 Peirce, Edward San Francisco Harvard 1866 
 
 Perrin, — , M. D Physician Toland Med 1865 
 
 Phelps, J., D. D San F"rancisco. . .Clergyman . . Union 1838 
 
 Pierce, C. C Placerville Clergyman 
 
 Pierpont, Jas San Francisco . . . Clergyman . . Hamilton 
 
 Pierson, Geo., M. D. .Brooklyn Clergyman . .Illinois 1S4S 
 
 Piatt, Lieul.-Col. E. R 2d U. S. Artil. West Point 
 
 -^tomeroy, A. E San Jos6 University Pacific 
 
 Pond, Wm. C Petaluma Clergyman . .Bowdoin 1848 
 
 Pool, I-awrencc J San Francisco Rutgers 
 
 Pope, C. H Benicia Clergyman . . Bowdoin 1S62 
 
 Porter, Norman San Jos(5 Merchant. . . . Union 1844 
 
 Poston, R. E Marysville Land Office. .Coll. of C^al 1868 
 
 Potter, Geo. C Oakland Engineer .... Rens, Institute 1840 
 
 Powell, Leonard Salem, Or Teacher Delaware 
 
 Power, Frank Nevada City. . . .Teacher Univ. Mich 1856 
 
 Powers, (jeo. H., M. DSan Francisco. . .Oculist Harvard 
 
 Pratt, Amasa San Francisco. . .Teacher Williams 1865 
 
 Pratt, Hon. O. C San Francisco. . .Lawyer Honorary 
 
 "-Prevost, J. R San Jos(5 Santa Clara i86i 
 
 Pringle, E. J San Francisco. . .Lawyer Harvard 1845 
 
 Putnam, R. F San F'rancisco . . .Clergyman 
 
 Pyle, T. W Salem, Or Clerk P'armers" Ohio 1864 
 
 Reno, Gen. Marcus A.Vancouver, W. T.U. S. A West Point 
 
 Quinlan, A. G., M. D.San Francisco. . .Physician. . ...Jefferson Med '844 
 
 Rankin, Ira P San Francisco I lonorary 
 
 Rayle, P. W. S Napa Lawyer Missouri Univ 1854 
 
APPENDIX. 421 
 
 Name. Residence. Oattpation. College. Year. 
 
 Reardon, T. H San Francisco . . . Lawyer Kenyon 1 859 
 
 Reddington, A Sacramento C. S. N. Co.Honorar)-. ........!.. ._ 
 
 Reed, J ohn Santa Clara Farmer Williams . ! ! 1848 
 
 Rees, C . W Loyalton Clergyman . . Kalamazoo 
 
 Reynolds, J . M Placerville Lawyer ! . ! ! 
 
 Reynolds, Hon. S . F. . San Francisco . . . Lawyer Union isji 
 
 Rhodes, Hon. A. L...SanJost? Sup. Court.. .Hamilton. .... ...... 
 
 Rice, D. W. C, >L D.San Francisco. . .Merchant Union 
 
 Richardson, H Oakland Clergyman . .Dartmouth 1841 
 
 Rising, Willard B Oakland Prof.CoU.Cal. Hamilton 18O4 
 
 Rising, Hon. R. S Virginia City Lawyer Coll. City N. V 
 
 Ri.\, Hon. Alfred San Francisco . . .Lawyer Univ. Vermont 1848 
 
 Roberts, — San Francisco. . . Banker Coll. City N. Y 
 
 Rodgers, Maj. J.J 2d U . S. Arti.West I'oint 
 
 Rodgers, James San Francisco. . .Cust. House. Wesl. University 1847 
 
 Rosecrans, Gen. \V. S.San Francisco. . .U. S. A West Point 
 
 Rosier, Charles. Michigan Bluff. .Merchant University Paris 1843 
 
 Ross, J . W Sacramento Clerg)'man 
 
 Rowell, C ., M . D San Francisco . . . Physician 
 
 Rowell, Joseph San Francisco. . .Seamen's 
 
 Chaplain . . Yale i S48 
 
 Rowell, W. K Oakland Teacher Dartmouth 1855 
 
 Sample, D. R Marysville Lawyer Mich. University 
 
 Sanborn, S. S Oakland Lawyer Dartmouth 1863 
 
 Sanderson, Hon. S. W.Placerville Sup. Court- 
 
 Sanger, Charles, W. . .San Francisco. . .Sec- W. Pacf. 
 
 R. R. Co. Union 1856 
 
 Sargent, Hon. A. A. . .Nevada City Lawyer Coll. of Ma. .\L A. . . 1865 
 
 Sawtelle, H. A San Francisco. . .Clergyman ..Colby University ...1854 
 
 Sawyer, A. V. , jNL D. . San Francisco . . . Physician ... Harvard 1 849 
 
 Sawyer, Hon. E. D. . .San Francisco. . .Lawyer Coll. of Cal. M. A. ..i860 
 
 Sawyer, Hon. L San Francisco. . .Sup. Court . .Honorary 
 
 Saxe,Arthur, W.,M. D.Santa Clara Physician. . . .Wesl. University 
 
 Schultz, Oakland .Merchant. . . .University Pesth 
 
 Scott, Chalmers San Francisco. . .Lawyer University N. Y. City. . . . 
 
 Scott, H. W Portland, Or. .. .Editor Pacific University 1863 
 
 Scott, Wm. H Grass Valley Oberlin 1861 
 
 Scudder, H. M., D.D.San Francisco. . .Clergyman. . .UniversilyN. Y. City. 1840 
 
 Sea well, James M. . . .San Francisco. . .Lawyer Harvard '^55 
 
 Seawell, Gen. W San Francisco. . .U. S. A West Point 1825 
 
 Selfridge,J. M.,M. D.Oakland Physician Jeff. Med 
 
 Selwood, J. A Salem, Or Willamette Univ^. . 1S66 
 
 Selwood, J. R. N Salem, Or Teacher Willametfe^TTnTv. . . '.iSGO 
 
 Sessions, John, D. D.. Oakland Clergyman . .Dartmouth 1822 
 
 Seymour, F San Francisco Amherst 1867 
 
 Seymour, B. N Haywood Clergyman . .Williams 1852 
 
 Shafter, Hon. J. McM.San Francisco ... Lawyer Wesl. University 1838 
 
 Shafter,HonO.L.LLDOakland Sup. Court. .. Wesl. University 
 
 .Sharp, W. H San P'rancisco . . . Lawyer 
 
 Shattuck, Hon. E.D.Portland, Or Sup. Court. . .University \t 
 
 Shearer, Lewis Oakland Lawyer Harvard Law 1855 
 
 Sheil, Hon. Geo. K... Salem, Or Lawyer Miami University. .. .1842 
 
 Sheldon, Rev. H. B. San Francisco O. Wesl. University. 185 1 
 
 Sherman, Geo. E Colusa Coll. of California. .. 1865 
 
 Shorb, J. C, M. D . San Francisco -St. Mary's 
 
 Shorb, J. DeB San Francisco St. Mary's 
 
 Sibley, J. M San Francisco. . .Teacher Yale 1843 
 
422 HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Name. Resilience. Occuf>alioii. College. Year. 
 
 Simonds, Rev. S. D . .San Francisco. . . Editor 
 
 Simpson, S. C Salem, Or Lawyer Willamette Univ. . . .1864 
 
 Simson, Robt San Francisco . . . Lawyer Columbia 
 
 Sinex, T. IL, D. D. . .Santa Clara. . . .Pros. Univer- 
 sity Pacific. Asbury University. . 1842 
 
 Skinner, J. A Stockton Clergyman . .Hamilton 1857 
 
 Slater, N Liberty Clergyman . . Union 183 1 
 
 Smith, Elbert J Stockton Co. Surveyor. Yale 1847 
 
 Smith, J. C. F San Francisco Amherst 
 
 Smith, Sidney V., Jr. .San Francisco Vale 1865 
 
 Smith, Wm. M .San Francisco. . .Lawyer Miami University. . . . 1837 
 
 Snodgras, W. J Orodell, Or Merchant . . .Farmers' Ohio 1S63 
 
 .Snowden, R. B Redwood City. . .Clergj'man . .Williams 1854 
 
 Soule, A. G., M. D. . . San Francisco. . . Physician. . . . Berkshire Med 1846 
 
 Soule, Frank San Francisco Wesl. University. ... 183S 
 
 Southard, Hon. J. B . . Petaluma Lawyer 
 
 Stanly, lion. E San F'rancisco. . .Lawyer University N. C 
 
 Starr, M. B Saticoy Clergyman 
 
 Stebbins, Alfred San P'rancisco. . .Librarian,Mer 
 
 Library . . . Amherst 1S60 
 
 Stebbins, Horatio. . . .San Francisco. . .Clergjman . . Harvard 1S48 
 
 Stillman, J. D. B., M.DSan Francisco. . .Physician. . . .Union 1S43 
 
 Stinson, J. H Portland, Or. . . .Teacher College N. J 
 
 Stivers, C. A., M. D. .San Francisco. . .Physician. . . .Toland .Med 1S65 
 
 Stoddard, Chas. W. . .San Francisco. . .Author Honorary 
 
 Stone, A. L., D. D. . .San Francisco. . .Clergyman . .Vale 1837 
 
 Stone, D. C Marysville Teacher Marietta 1846 
 
 Sloy, W. H i'ortland. Or. . . .Clergyman 
 
 .Strong, Geo. H. . . . .San Francisco Dartmouth 1859 
 
 .Strong, Wm Portland, Or. . . .Lawyer Vale 1S38 
 
 Stump, J. W Carson City, Ncv.Clergj'man 
 
 Swett, Hon. John. . . .San Francisco. . .Teacher Coll. of C.il., M. .'\. .1865 
 
 Swezey, S. L C San Francisco. . .Lawyer Coll. of Cal. , NL A. . iSGs 
 
 Sykes, D. E Nevada City Vale 1838 
 
 Sykes, L. W., ^L D. .Santa Clara Physician. . . .Amherst 
 
 Tail, Geo Oakland Real Estate. . j Univ. Va 
 
 I Coll. ofCal.,M.Ai. 1867 
 
 Taylor, Col. J. McL. .San Francisco. . .U. S. A West Point 
 
 Taylor, Rev. T. E Oakland H. M. Agent. Middlebury 1S44 
 
 Temple, Jackson San Francisco. . .Lawyer Williams 1851 
 
 Tcnbroeck,!'.(i..S.,.M DSan F'rancisco. . .U. S. A 
 
 Tcnny, W. A San Francisco. . .Clergyman . . Bangor 1856 
 
 Thatcher, T Cache Creek .... Clergyman 
 
 Thayer, A. E San Francisco. . . Lawyer Harvard 1842 
 
 Theobalds, W. W . . .San Francisco. . . Editor 
 
 Thomas, E., I). D. . . .San Francisco. . .Editor 
 
 Thomas, F. F San Francisco. . .Chemist Yale, Ph. B 1866 
 
 Thompson, Lewis Astoria, Or Clergyman . .Centre 
 
 Thompson, Hon. R. A.San Francisco. . .Lawyer 
 
 'Ihorne, L N San F'rancisco . .Lawyer Union 1S43 
 
 Thr()ckmorton,S.lv.,Tr.San Francisco Vale 1S63 
 
 Tidb.ill, Gen. J. C. .' 2d U. .S. Anil. West Point 
 
 Tilden, W. P., M. D..Chico Physician 
 
 Toland, H. H., M. l)..San Francisco. . .I'res. Toland 
 
 Med. Coll 
 
 Tompkins, I'.dwaiil. . .Oakland Lawyer t'nion 'S34 
 
 Tompkins, \i. A., ^L !>.( irnss Valley . . . .Physician. . . .Geneva Med 
 
APPENDIX. : '^"^[^ ' 'MT^^ 
 
 Name. Residence. Occupation. College., ^^f.yEK.SITY 
 
 Towusend, Clarence F.Saii Francisco Coll. of Cal . . . Nsj^iiflBORNl^ 
 
 Townsentl, J as. 15 ... ..San Francisco. . .Lawyer Honorary ^""-7 ^7 
 
 Tozer, C. W Virginia City. . . .Lawyer Univ. Midi 
 
 Tracy, Chas. T Uownicville Lawyer. ...Coll. of Cal 1864 
 
 Tr.ask, Edward, M. D.San Francisco. .. Physician Univ. N.N' '^39 
 
 Trask, J. B., M. l)...San Francisco. . .I'liysician Yale Med 1859 
 
 Tread well, J. V San Francisco. . .Lawyer Harvard 1844 
 
 Trenor, D. E., M. D. .San Francisco. . .I'hysician. . . .Columbia l8i)2 
 
 Turner, Hon. Geo Carson Lily, Nev. Lawyer Washington 1848 
 
 Turner, Henry H. . . .Woodland Teacher Yale 1858 
 
 Turner, W. S Napa Teaclier Asbury Univ 
 
 Tuthill, Rev. L> Santa Clara. .. . I'rin. Female 
 
 Coll. Inst. . Univ. N. Y. City .... 1854 
 
 Tuthill, M. T Sacramento Editor Hamilton 1S50 
 
 Tuttle, Hon. Chas. A.Oakland Report. Supr. 
 
 Court Coll. of Cal., .M. A..1S66 
 
 Tyler, Edwin Michigan Bluft". .Banker Ya|e 1S4S 
 
 Tyler, Geo. W. .... ..San Francisco. . . Lawyer Harvard Law 1S57 
 
 Underhill, Hon. H. B.Stockton Lawyer Amherst 
 
 Van Doren, Prof. W. . Visalia Teacher 
 
 Van Wyck, J.C.,M. D.Oakland Physician Univ. .Md 1S4S 
 
 Veeder, Rev. P. V. ...San Francisco. . . Prin. Univer. 
 
 College.. . .Union 1S46 
 
 Ver Mehr, T- L., Ph.D. Sonoma Clergyman ..Univ. Leyden 
 
 Voorhees, |. H San Francisco Coll. N. J 1S41 
 
 Vose, Capt. W. P 2d U. S. Artil. West Point 
 
 Wadsworth, C, D. D.San Francisco. . .Clergyman . . Union 1837 
 
 Wadsworth, E. M Yreka Phy.sician 
 
 Wainwright.Lt.ColKABenicia U. S. A West Point 
 
 Walker, L Oakland Clergyman 
 
 Walker, Hon. Asa Brooklyn Lawyer 
 
 Wallace, C. C Placerville Clergyman ..Univ. N. V. City 1853 
 
 Walsworth, Rev. E. B.Oakland Clergyman ..Union 1844 
 
 Ward, Hubert C Vale, I'h. B.. 1S62 
 
 Warren, Rev. J. H... San Mateo A. H. M. .S. 
 
 Agent . . . Knox 1847 
 
 Waterman, F. H San Francisco Univ. Vt 1S54 
 
 Watson, Sereno Sacramento V.ale 1847 
 
 WV-lmore, C. A Oakland NewsReport'rColl. of Cal i8()8 
 
 Webber, L. P Santa Clara. . . .Clergyman . .Williams 
 
 Webster, Geo. G Forest Hill Banker Vale 18.^7 
 
 Weeks, F. L., M. D. .San Francisco. . .Physician Toland .Med 1805 
 
 Weeks, Lt. Col. G. H.Sitka U. S. A West Point 
 
 Wells, S. T Brooklyn Clergyman ..Union 1839 
 
 Wellsi Wm. R., M. D.Petaluma Physician Harvard 
 
 West, C. N Santa Cruz Clergyman .. Alton 
 
 Webb, M. S San Francisco Harvard.. 1863 
 
 Wetherby, Hon. O. S.. San Diego Lawyer Miami Univ 1836 
 
 Wheeler, Lieut. ..San Francisco. . .U. S. A West Pomt 
 
 Wheeler, O. C San Francisco. . .Clergyman . Madison Univ 1843 
 
 Whitcomb A. C San Francisco. . .Lawyer. . ..Harvard 1S47 
 
 White, A. F Carson City, Ncv.Clergyman . . \\ abash 104.? 
 
 Whitei E. L San Francisco. . .Lawyer Harvard 1854 
 
 White, Wm Watsonville Teacher Williams 1858 
 
 Whiting, W. P. C San Fr.ancisco. . .Lawyer Univ. Mich 
 
 Whitman, Hon. B. C. VirginiaCity, NevLawyer llarvard. . . 1840 
 
 Whitney, Geo. E .San Francisco ... Lawyer Wesl. University ... 1857 
 
224 HISTOR V OF THE COLLEGE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Name. Residence. Occupation. College. Year. 
 
 Whitney, Jas. P., M.D.San Francisco. . .Physician. . . .Jefferson 1834 
 
 Whitworth, Rev. G. F.Seattle, W. T. . .Pres. Univer. 
 
 Wash. Ter 
 
 Wiggin, Marcus P Alameda Law Student. Coll. of Cal 1867 
 
 WiJles, D. E Brooklyn Clergyman . .Yale 1850 
 
 Willey, Rev. S. H Oakland VicePresident 
 
 Coll. of Cal. Dartmouth 1 845 
 
 Williams, Andrew. . . .San Francisco. . .Lawyer Union 1819 
 
 Williams, Gardiner F. .Oakland Coll. of Cal 1865 
 
 Williams, J. F Martinez Lawyer 
 
 Williams, .Samuel San Francisco. . .Editor Williams 1851 
 
 Williams, Prof. W. f. G.San Francisco. . .Teacher 
 
 Williamson, Lt. Col. RSSan Francisco. . . U. S. A West Point 
 
 Willis, P. L Salem, Or Lawyer Willamette Univ 1865 
 
 Wilson, Chapen Santa Cruz Lawyer Union 
 
 Wilson, Chas. A San Francisco Amherst 1S54 
 
 Wilson, D. S San Francisco. . .Lawyer 
 
 Wilson, Cien. Jas San Francisco. . .Lawyer Middlebur}' 1820 
 
 Wilson, Lieut. J. E 2d U. S.Artil.West Point 
 
 Wilson,Ilon.J.G. LLDDalles, Or Sup. Court. . .iNIarietta 1846 
 
 Wilson, Jas. H San Francisco Harvard i860 
 
 Wilson, .S. M San Francisco . . . Lawyer 
 
 Winans, J. W San Francisco. . .Lawyer Columbia 
 
 Withington, Jas. H. . .San P'rancisco Har\-ard 1865 
 
 Wittram, Chas San Francisco. . .Lawyer Union 1850 
 
 Woodbridge, S., D. D. Benicia Clergyman . . Union 1830 
 
 Woods, Lt.-Col. Saml. Oakland U. S. A West Point 
 
 Woodward, Luther T.Jacksonville, Or. Clergyman . .Wabash 1817 
 
 Wright, C. K Downieville Middlcbury 
 
 Wyatt, C. B San Francisco. . . Clergyman 
 
 Wychc, Hon. J. E. . . . Washington Ter.U. S. Judge.. Granville 
 
 Wylie, James Napa Clergyman . .Coll. of Cal. , M. A. .1867 
 
 Wylie, Jas. S San Jos(5 Clergyman . .College N. J 1861 
 
 Wylie, Richard Napa Clergyman . .College N. J . 1861 
 
 Wyman, H . N San Francisco Amherst 
 
 Wythe,Rev.J.H.,M.D Salem, Or Pres. Willa- 
 mette UnivDickinson 1854 
 
 Wythe, Wm Salem, Or Willamette Univ 1866 
 
 Young, R. S. , M. D . .San Francisco. . . Physician. . . Harvard 1833 
 
 i 
 
INDEX. 
 
 J'Af.E. 
 
 Aijricultural, Mining, anil Mechanical Arts College 205 
 
 Altii California on the Completion of the Preliminary Water-works for Col- 
 lege of California 301 
 
 Alumni Association Planned — Difficulties in the Way of it — How Overcome 97 
 
 Alumni, List of, Present at First Alumni Meeting 264 
 
 Alumni Meeting — The First General Description of It icx) 
 
 Alumni of the College of California, List 245 
 
 Alumni Resident on the Pacific Coast, 1867 4'2 
 
 Alvord, William, Committee on Application to P. NL S. S. Co 143 
 
 Anderson. Rev. W. C, Pres. Board of Trustees of College of California. 66, So 
 
 Anniversary — First of College School, 1858 37 
 
 Off-hand Speeches 39-52 
 
 Anniversary, 1859 54 
 
 Anniversar)', 1861 74 
 
 Anniversary, 1862 81 
 
 Anniversary, 1863 87 
 
 Apparatus Needed but Not Forthcoming 204 
 
 Aspinwall, W. H. — Interview with 14 
 
 Barnard, Pres. W. E. — Letter to the Associated Alumni 318 
 
 Bell, Garrett W. — Death of and Memorial Resolutions on 149-150 
 
 Hell, Rev. Samuel B., Academy Trustee, 1853 8 
 
 Petition for College Charter 12 
 
 Trustee First Board 12 
 
 Bellows, Rev. Dr. H. W.— Alumni Speech, 1864 270 
 
 Benton, Rev. Joseph A. — Proposed Trustee, 1849 5 
 
 Academy Trustee, 1853 8 
 
 College Trustee, 1855 12 
 
 Poem, 1858 38 
 
 Speech at College School Anniversary, 1S58 47 
 
 Suggests Names for Streets in Berkeley ' 5 ' 
 
 Commencement Oration, 1868 222, 380 
 
 Benton, Hon. J. E.— Alumni Speech, 1864 3^5 
 
 Berkeley— The Name Selected '52 
 
 Site Selected 3^ 
 
 Publicly Set Apart 66 
 
426 INDEX. 
 
 PAf;E. 
 
 Streets Named 151 
 
 Water Introduced 200 
 
 Berkeley Property — Attention Required for Its Protection and the Further 
 
 Security of the Use of the Water 105 
 
 Billings, Frederick, Proposed Trustee, 1849 5 
 
 Applies for Charter 6 
 
 Trustee First Board 12 
 
 Speech 68 
 
 Donor 68 
 
 Leaves California 103 
 
 Names the Town I'.erkeley 152 
 
 Interviewed Whether He Would Accept the Presidency 103 
 
 Regret at Transfer of the College to the State 215 
 
 Blake, Prof. W. P., Appointed to Professorship of Science 102 
 
 Blakeslee, Rev. S. V., Obtains Promise of Land, 1849 4 
 
 Proposed Trustee 5 
 
 Blatchley, J. S.— Alumni Speech, 1864 293 
 
 Booth, Newton, Orator at First Commencement, 1864 99 
 
 Bray ton, Rev. Isaac H., Appointed Principal of College School 58 
 
 Appointed Professor 73 
 
 Letter as to the Vice- Presidency 78 
 
 Term Report ... 90 
 
 Buys College School 107 
 
 Increases the School 165 
 
 Brewer, Wm. II., Elected Professor of Natural Science, 1863 — His Letter of 
 
 Acceptance 86 
 
 Goes to Yale 102 
 
 Briggs, Rev. Dr. M. C. — Degree of D.D. Conferred on Him 126 
 
 Speech before the Alumni Meeting, June, 1867 188 
 
 Brockway, Judge^ — Speech at Alumni Meeting, June, 1867 192 
 
 Brummagim, Mark ." 12, 37 
 
 Buel, Rev. F., Poet before Alumni Meeting, 1866 153 
 
 Buildings Erected in Oakland, and Subscriptions for the .Same 37 
 
 I'uildings, New and More of Them Retjuired 77 
 
 Ihtllttiii, Comments on Examinations, Fall Term, 1863 93 
 
 Burns' i\.anch Chosen as the Agricultural Farm and Site of College liy the 
 
 State Commission 205 
 
 Bushnell, Rev. Horace, Comes to California 16 
 
 Is Chosen President 17 
 
 Letters of 17-20 
 
 Appeal 21-34 
 
 C.italogue— Of College and College .School, 1S62 63 84 
 
 Record of Numbers in College and College School, 1865-66 130 
 
 Champion, Aristarcus — Interview with 15 
 
 Charier Our .Application Denied — Why 6 
 
INDEX. 427 
 
 lAi.K. 
 
 Churches, Protestant, in California in 1850 6 
 
 Class, the F"irst to Prepare for College 35 
 
 First Freshman, Examined for Admission — Names o( Members, Kank of 
 
 Scholarship — Addressed by Hon. Sherman Day 67 
 
 " College Blocks " Purchased for the College School 9 
 
 Commencement — the First, 1864 loi 
 
 The Second, 1S65 116 
 
 The Third, 1866 153 
 
 The Fourth, 1867 175 
 
 The Fifth, 1868 222 
 
 Commencement — The First — Special Preparation 96 
 
 Concentration, Lack of in the Support of the College in 1S66-67 173 
 
 Congregational — General Association of California Receive a Report of a 
 
 Committee Concerning the College of California, 110 
 
 Constitutional Convention, Monterey, 1849— College Consultations There.. 3 
 
 Contributions to the College of California, Analysis of 240 
 
 Coon, Hon. H. P., Alumni Speech, 1864 274 
 
 Speech at Anniversary, 1858 40 
 
 Crane, W. W., Esq., Mayor of Oakland — Speech before the Alumni Meeting, 
 
 June, 1867 191 
 
 Crockett, J. B 39 
 
 Crowell, W. L., Poet before the College at Commencement, June, 1S65. . . . 121 
 
 Curriculum, 1863-64 88 
 
 Day, Hon. Sherman, I'roposed Trustee 5 
 
 Trustee First Board 12 
 
 Address to First Class 68 
 
 Superintends .Survey for Water-works . 171 
 
 Remarks at Alumni Meeting;, 1868, on the Death of His I-'ather, 
 
 Pres. Jeremiah Day 227 
 
 Alumni Speech, 1864 277 
 
 Day, Pres. Jeremiah, Letter to the Associated .\lunini 313 
 
 Remarks on Death of 226 230 
 
 I )egrees. Honorary, Conferred, 1S65 126 
 
 1866 152 
 
 1867 175 
 
 List 245 
 
 Dodge, \Vm. E., Interview with '4 
 
 Durant, Rev. Henry, .\rrives in California 8 
 
 Takes Possession of School Building 10 
 
 College Trustee, 1855 12 
 
 Anniversary Speech, 1858 49 
 
 Appointed Professor 5^ 
 
 Donor 68 
 
 Term Report 9 • 
 
 " «' 109 
 
 " «45 
 
428 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Alumni Speech, 1866 157 - 
 
 College Oration 321 r 
 
 Dwindle, Hon. John W., Presides at Alumni Meeting, 1867 175 
 
 Presides at Alumni Meeting, 1866 154 
 
 Opening Speech 176 
 
 Mis " Project" for a University Law 219 
 
 Alumni Speech, 1864 290 
 
 Dwinell, Rev. I. E. — Committee Report on Examination, 1865 127 
 
 Alumni Oration, 1868 222, 397 
 
 Eells, Rev. James, D. D., Speech at Alumni Meeting, June, 1867 184 
 
 Project for a University Law 218 
 
 Examination, Winter Term, 1864-65, Scheme 108 
 
 Faculty — Organization of. 56 
 
 Choice of Professors Durant and Kellogg 56 
 
 List 244 
 
 Faculty Reports to Trustees 109 
 
 Fall Term, 1866-67, Number of .Students 170 
 
 Fclton, John B., Anniversary Address before the College School, 185S...3S, 252 
 
 Orator before the First Meeting of the Associated Alumni 98 
 
 Financial Problem — Growing Difficulty 1 30 
 
 Its Perplexing Aspect, 1866-67 167 
 
 Funds Running Short in 1866-67 — Reasons Why 173 
 
 Funds Sought at the Fast — Professor Kellogg Appointed to Apply for 69 
 
 Gibbons, Dr. Henry, Alumni Speech, 1864 294 
 
 Glascock, John R., .Speech at Alumni Meeting, 1866 163 
 
 Haight, Henry H., Governor 215 
 
 Haight, Judge F. M., Alumni Speech, 1864 280 
 
 Hamilton, Rev. L., Alumni Speech, 1S64 279 
 
 Harte, Bret, Poet at the Alumni Meeting, June, 1867 375 
 
 His Poem at First Commencement, 1864 375 
 
 Hawes, Hon. Horace, Asked to Give to the College, but Declines 142 
 
 Hitchcock, Rev. Dr. R. D., Elected President of the College, 1864 103 
 
 Declines 1 50 
 
 Homestead Plan — How It Originated, How It Was Carried Out, and" How- 
 It Solved the Water Problem 106 
 
 Hopkins, President Mark — His Indorsement of the College Basis 70 
 
 Hunt, T. Dwight 8, I2 
 
 Incorporation of the College, 1855, the Declaration, Names of Petitioners 
 
 and Trustees 12 
 
 JiiJi/'cndent, The, of New York, Comments on the College and its Impor- 
 tance 65 
 
 James, H. B., Speech at Anniversary, 1858 42 
 
 " Jumpers," Trouble with 9 
 
 Kellogg, Rev. Martin, Appointed Professor 56 
 
 Pamphlet I'ublished at the East, with Indorsements of Leading Edu- 
 cators 69-73 
 
INDEX. 420 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Seeks Funds in the East 69 
 
 Term Report 91 
 
 " 109 
 
 Faculty Records 145 
 
 Term Report 147 
 
 Alumni Speech 1 94 
 
 King, Rev. T. Starr, Anniversarj- Address, 1S62 82 
 
 Kip, Bishop W. I., Indorses the College Basis 70 
 
 Annual Address before the College, 1863 87 
 
 Speech before the Alumni, 1866 155 
 
 Letter to the Associated Alumni 318 
 
 Kittredge, Rev. A. E., Alumni Speech, 1S64 2S7 
 
 Lacy, Rev. E. S., Speech at College School Anniversary. . . 44 
 
 Setting Apart the College Grounds 66 
 
 Loses Health and Leaves for Foreign Travel 104 
 
 Regret at Transfer 215 
 
 Larkin, Thomas O i 
 
 Law for College Charters, 1856 6 
 
 Laws of the College of California 59-63 
 
 Legislature Visit University Site at Berkeley 217 
 
 Lick, James, Solicited to Give to the College ... 142 
 
 Livingston, H. B., Alumni Speech, 1864 302 
 
 Low, Gov. F. F., at Alumni Meeting, June, 1867 175, 177 
 
 Conversation with, about the University Plan 207 
 
 Lyle, Albert F., Speech at College School Anniversary, 185S 50 
 
 Lyman, Chester S., Proposed Trustee, 1849 5 
 
 Maclay's University Bill 220 
 
 Marsh, Pres. S. H., Letter to the Associated Alumni 319 
 
 McClure, David, and E. S. Lacy, Report of 52 
 
 McDowell, General, Speech before Alumni, June, 1865 119 
 
 Speech at the Alumni Meeting, June, 1867 183 
 
 McLane, Allan, Donation P. M. S. S. Co. as President 143 
 
 McLean, Edward 12, 18, 66, 68, 242, 244 
 
 Mooar, Rev. Dr., Speech before the Alumni Meeting, June, 1867 181 
 
 Navigation Company, California Steam, Donates Liberally 143 
 
 Nevada Journal, Comments on the College and its Basis 64 
 
 Nevada Meeting Indorses the College Project 8 
 
 Olmsted, Fred Law, Landscape Study of College Grounds 108 
 
 Is Engaged to Make Topographical Survey 126 
 
 Suggests Town Names 151 
 
 Plan Reviewed 209 
 
 His Completed Report 334 
 
 " Organic Basis " of the College 57 
 
 Pacific Mail Steamship Company Makes the Largest Single Donation 143 
 
 Pacific — The Remarks on the Condition of the College School, 1859 54 
 
 On the Members of Faculty 56 
 
430 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Account of Anniversary, 1862 , . 81 
 
 Of Commencement, 1864 100 
 
 Of Commencement, 1865 121 
 
 Educational Articles 132-141 
 
 On P. M. S. S. Donation 143 
 
 On the College School for 1865-66 165 
 
 On College Water-works 198, 200 
 
 On the Transfer of the College to the State 215 
 
 Palmer, C. T. li., Poet at the Meeting of Alumni, May, 1S64 98 
 
 Park, Prof. Edwards A., Indorses the College Basis 71 
 
 Plan of Work Adopted, 1862-63 85 
 
 Pond, Kev. W. C, Committee Report i ro 
 
 Presbytery of San P'rancisco Approve Action tf) I'uund a College 5 
 
 Presidency — Endowment 85 
 
 Property, Estimate of, in 1862, in Oakland and in Berkeley 84 
 
 Rankin, Ira P., Elected Trustee — Speech, College School Anniversary 43 
 
 On Committee on Site 37 
 
 Among Donors 37 
 
 Alumni Sjieech, 1864 3ro 
 
 Regents of the University of California, Organized 245 
 
 Accept the College of California 246 
 
 Religion in the College and College School — Some Memoranda Made at the 
 
 Time 114 
 
 Report of Examiners, 1S58 52 
 
 Report of Examiners, Rev. Dr. ] »uini.ll and Rev. Mr. Pond, to Trustees. . . 127 
 
 Report of Faculty, 1861-62, to the 'J'rustees 81 
 
 Report of Faculty, 1865-66 145 
 
 Reports of Faculty to Trustees, Covering the Fall Term, 1863 89 93 
 
 Report of Vice-President Relative to Hindrances and Interruptions 113 
 
 Report of Vice-President t'> Trustees, June, 1862 82-84 
 
 June, 1865 123 
 
 June, 1868 237 
 
 Review of Entire Work of College 237 
 
 Ridge, John R., Poet, Anniversary, 1861 77 
 
 Rising, Willard B., Comes from Michigan University to Teach Natural 
 
 Science 1 99 
 
 Robert, Christopher R., Interview with 14 
 
 Rogers, Rev. Dr. VV. M., Letter Concerning the Organization of a Colitgc 2 
 
 Sanborn, Prof. E. D., Letter to the Associated Alumni 314 
 
 Sawtelle, Rev. H. A., Speech at the Meeting of Alumni 193 
 
 Sawyer, Hon. Loren/.o, Alumni S|)eech, 1S68 ... 231 
 
 School, College, Anniversary, 1866, Account Given by the riuijic 165 
 
 Anniversary, June, i860 73 
 
 Commenced in Oakland, 1853 8 
 
 Sold to Professor Brayton 104 
 
 School-huiise First Rented in Oakland 9 
 
INDEX. ^. UNlvWfl.SITY 
 
 Schools, Common, Organizcil in San Francisco, 185 1 ; — 7 
 
 Sectarian Breeze, Mow Met 57 
 
 Seminary, Young Ladies', at Benicia, 1852 7 
 
 Sliafter, Hon. O. L., Orator before the Ahimni, 1866 153 
 
 Shctld, Kev. Dr. W. G. T., Elected President, 1862 86 
 
 Declines 102 
 
 Sill, Y.. R., I'oel before the Alumni, June, 1S65 1 16 
 
 Silliman, Prof. B., Speech before Alumni Meeting, June, 1867 179 
 
 Orator at Commencement, 1S67 175 
 
 Letter to the Associated Alumni 317 
 
 Simson, Robert, Petitions with Otliers for College Charter 12 
 
 Is Appointeil on First Board of Trustees 12 
 
 Smith, Prof. Henry B., Indorses the College Basis 70 
 
 Letter to the Associated Alumni 315 
 
 Society "for the Promotion of Collegiate and 'Iheological Education in the 
 
 West " Indorses the College 15 
 
 Slebhins, Rev. H., D. D., Orator before Alumni, June, 1865 116 
 
 Orator before the College, 1866 153 
 
 Stevens, Bishop W. B., Indorses the College Basis 72 
 
 Stiles, Anson G., Committee on Application to P. M. S. S. Co 143 
 
 Stokes, James and K. II. Dimmick, Ofler Land (df College .Site in San Jo^m- 4 
 
 Stone, Rev. Dr. A. L., Orator before the Alumni Meetin;^, June, 1S67 175 
 
 Presides at Alumni Meeting, 1868 223 
 
 Alumni Oration 360 
 
 Storrs, Rev. R. S., Indorses the College Basis 72 
 
 Strawberry Creek Utilized 168 
 
 Sturtevant, Pres. J. M., Letter to the Associated Alumni 314 
 
 Subscriptions Made, Names and Amounts 68 
 
 Survey Comprehending the Whole Property, Size of Homestead Lots, Price 
 
 and Terms of Payment — Water Supply to Be Furnished 107 
 
 Swelt, Hon. John, Alumni Speech, 1864 303 
 
 Tappan, Dr. II. P., Chancellor Michigan University 206 
 
 Thompson, Rev. J. P., Indorses the College Basis 71 
 
 Todd, Dr. John, Letters from .Michigan University 206 
 
 Tompkins, Hon. Edward, President at P'irst Alumni Meeting 99 
 
 Presides at Second Alumni Dinner, June, 1865 — Speech Reporteil 117 
 
 Remarks 225 
 
 President at Second Alumni Meeting 116 
 
 President of Alumni Meeting, 1864 263 
 
 Address 267 
 
 Transfer of the College to the State, Motive of 217 
 
 Resolutions for 211 
 
 Trustees Agree to Aid the Vice-President in Securing Income 170 
 
 Trustees, Board of Academy, 1853 8 
 
 Trustees, First List of Names Proposed 4 
 
 Second List . 5 
 
432 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 List of, from 1855 to 1870 242 
 
 Officers of 244 
 
 Trustees, First, of College of California 12 
 
 Trustees, Meetings of 66, 210, 237 
 
 Trustees, the Large Number of Able and Kxpericnced Members Lost from 
 
 the Board, in 1864 103 
 
 Turner, Hon. George, Alumni Speech, 1864 282 
 
 Tuthill, Dr. Franklin, Alumni Speech, 1864 297 
 
 Twining, Kev. Kinsley, Report Examining Committee no 
 
 Alumni Speech, 1864 307 
 
 University, the Idea of Organizing One 205 
 
 Influence Due to College of California in Organizing 208 
 
 Pattern Idea of a University, That of Michigan 207 
 
 Organized 215 
 
 Bill Signed 221 
 
 Vanderbilt, Commodore — Interview with 14 
 
 Vice-President Appointed, Rev. S. II. Willey — Letters Concerning Action 
 
 of the I'rustees and the Reply 78, 79 
 
 Walsworth, Rev. E. B., Applies for College Charter 12 
 
 Appointed on the First Board of Trustees 12 
 
 Speech, College .School Anniversary 45 
 
 Alumni Speech, 1864 309 
 
 Water Company Organized f68 
 
 Water Supply Acquired by the Water Company, Value of 172 
 
 Water Supply and Properly Improvement at Berkeley 167 
 
 Whitney, Prof. J. D., Anniversary Address, June, 1861 . . 74-76 
 
 Chairman of State Commission to Report on Agricultural College. 205, 206 
 
 Wild Cat Creek Measured, and a Survey Made to Bring It in 169 
 
 Court Authorizes Use of Its Waters 172 
 
 Willey, Rev. S. H., Proposed Trustee 5 
 
 Trustee First Board 12 
 
 Appointed Secretary 15 
 
 Speech at College School Anniversary, 1858 46 
 
 Appointed Vice-President 79 
 
 Report to Trustees, 1862 82 
 
 Term Report 93 
 
 Alumni Initiation 98 
 
 Annual Report, 1865 123 
 
 Vice-President's Report 127 
 
 Removal to Berkeley 131 
 
 Inauguration of Water-works 200 
 
 Woolsey, President — His Indorsement of the College Basis 69 
 
 Work, Inside View — Scheme of College Exercises 88 
 
 Wright, General George, .\lumni Speech, 1864 286 
 
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