THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES gHOl IT-HAND A COMPLETE TEXT-HOOK ON PHONOGRAPHY, ^- i r ;; r~ PRESENTING IN A CLEAR AND CONCISE MANNER PRINCIPLES BY THE USE OF WHICH PERFECT LEGIBILITY, AND THE HIGHEST SPEED MAY BE OBTAINED : ALSO, CONTAINING A SPECIAL CHAPTER -: ON : CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION. HY GEORGE W. DAVIS. BUFFALO, N. V.: THE BRYANT A- STKATTuN Pl'BLISHING CO., 451 Main Street. 1891. Copyright, 1891, by George W. Davis. | <;iv:s A <'o.. Printers, P.in.lrr- uii'l Klfcii-i' tv|.. The subject has been very carefully divided into lessons, each one complete in itself, with Reading and Writing Exercises, and questions at the end, by which the student may test his knowledge, and assure himself that he under- stands the principles therein contained before proceeding to the next lesson. The engraving has been done by an accomplished artist, and it is hoped that the character of the work will stimulate the student, and result in his acquiring a neat and compact style, which is in every way so desirable. A special chapter devoted to Capitalization and Punc- tuation has been added, which will be found a valuable reference by a large majority of those entering upon the duties of a stenographer. Buffalo, N. Y.. May, 1891. IRemarfcs to tbc Stut>ent. WHEN YOU ENTER upon the study of Short- hand, do so with a determination to stick to it till you can do good work. If, for any reason, it should take you longer to learn than you expected, remember success will surely follow earnest study and per- sistent practice. Do not get the erroneous idea that short- hand can be learned only by a talented few. There is nothing of mystery about the art; its principles are simple, and a given degree .of proficiency in it can be obtained more quickly than in either grammar or arithmetic. MASTER EACH LESSOX. If you will accept advice of the utmost importance, you will master each lesson as you proceed, no matter how long it may take you Do this, and you will be surprised at the ease with which short-hand can be learned. Many, in their eagerness to ' ' get through the book, ' ' skim over the lessons, and, as a result, get the principles confused; are unable to write correctly; consequently cannot read their notes; soon become discouraged and give it up. USE GOOD PAPER. This does not mean expensive paper, but that of a good, firm quality. The slight difference in cost of such paper, and of the soft, flimsy stuff now sold at many of the cheap stationers, will be made up, many times over, in the improved character of the work. Short-hand note books, opening at the end, can now be secured p. most everywhere, and should be used by the student, especially after he has completed the study of the text-book. Beginners will find the use of double or triple line paper of much assistance in making the consonant strokes of uniform length, and in getting words in their proper positions. PENCIL, PEN, AND INK. Many of the best stenographers use a pen altogether; others prefer a pencil. There is little doubt, however, that better and clearer work can be done with a pen than with a pencil. It is well to accustom one's self to the use of both. When pencils are employed, use a "Stenograph" of medium hardness. It is an excellent plan to have two or three always on hand. Keep them well sharpened, and your outlines will be clear and distinct. The "Fountain" pen is now largely used, as it can be carried in the pocket as easily as a pencil, and is always ready. When steel pens are employed, select one suited to your hand. Esterbrook's No. 128, and Gillott's No. 604, F, give excellent results. Use black ink, and that which flows freely. Poor ink not only gives unsatisfactory results, but seriously retards one's speed. MANNER OF HOLDING THE PEN. Hold the pen or pencil between the thumb and first finger, the same as when writing long-hand, except that the lace of the pen should be well turned to the left; this will enable one to shade the horizontal characters easily. SIZE OF CHARACTERS. Make small outlines; they will insure greater speed and accuracy. About one-eighth of an inch is recommended as the proper length for the consonant strokes. Words should be written about one fifth of an inch apart. PAGE. Preface 1-2 Remarks to students 3-4 LESSON No. i . . 9-12 Consonants, 9; Method of Writing, 10; Reading and Writing Exercise, n. LESSON No. 2 13-17 Word Signs, 13-14 ; Heavy Vowels, 14-15 ; Posi- tion of Words, 1 6 ; Reading and Writing Exer- cises, 16-17. LESSON No. 3 18-22 Light Vowels, 18 ; Vowels between Strokes, 18- 19 ; Diphthongs, 19-20 ; Pronoun I, 20 ; Vowel Word Signs, 21-22. LESSON No. 4 23-28 Brief Signs for S and Z, 23-24 ; Use of Stroke for S and Z, 25-26. LESSON No. 5 29-31 Uses of Ar and Ray, 29-30. LESSON No. 6 32-34 Uses of El and Lay, 32-33 ; Ish and Shay, 33. LESSON No. 7 35~39 H Represented by a Dot, 35 ; Uses of H stroke, 35-36 ; The, A, An or And, 36-37 ; Tick for He, 37 ; Word Signs and Contractions, 38-39. LKSSON No. 8 40-43 Brief Signs for W, 40-41 ; W Hook, 40 ; Weh and Wuh, 40 ; Circle Prefixed, 41 ; Guide to use of Hook, 41 ; To use of Weh and Wuh, Joined, 41 ; Brief Signs for Y, 41-42. LESSON No. 9 44-4^> Use of W and Y Strokes, 44-45 ; Brief W and Y in the Vowel Places, 45-46 ; Punctuation of Short- hand Notes, 46 ; Capitals, Emphasis, Accent, Word Signs, Contractions, 47. LESSON No. 10 49*53 L Hook, 49 ; R Hook, 50 ; General Use of L and R Hooks, Imperfect Hooks, 51 ; LESSON No. n 54-58 Special Use L and R Hooks, 54 ; Iss, Sez, and Steh prefixed, 55-57. LESSON No. 12 59-62 Enlarged L and R Hooks, 59 ; In, Un and En Hook, 59-60; Word Signs, Contractions, 61-62. LESSON No. 13- 63-66 Final Hooks, 63-64 ; Circles and Loops added to Final Hooks, 64-65. LESSON No. 14 67-69 Shon and Tiv, 67-68. 6 LESSON No. 15 70-75 P and B added to M, 70; Lengthened Letters, 70- 72 ; Word Signs and Contractions, 74-75. LESSON No. 16 76-82 Shortened Letters, 76-77 ; When not to Shorten, 77-79 ; Word Signs, 81 ; Derivatives, 82. LESSON No. 17 83-87 Brief Prefix Signs. LESSON No. 18 88-91 Affix Signs. LESSON No. 19 92-98 Phrase- Writing, 92-93 ; Omission of Consonants, 93-94 ; Omission of Words, 94-95. LESSON No. 20. Reporting Expedients 99-104 ADDITIONAL. Reporting Notes, with Key 105-111 Brief Word-forms 113-131 Practice Letters for Students 132-138 Guide to the Use of Capitals 139-141 Punctuation 142-156 Lesson No. 1. I. Learn the following phonographic characters. Phc Cl V \ / / V V ( ( nographic Consonant it laracter. Represents. Phonographic Consonant it Character. Represents. ) \ b J sh J d 1 / (called C/iay) ch f ' called Ar ~] k (called Gay) g " Ray f v as in thin (called ItJi) . th as in then (called The] . . th (called Ing) ng // . .h 2. Iii phonography the consonants of a word are always written first, the vowels afterwards. MKTHol) OF WRITING. 3. The / and s/i are written both upward and downward. When written upward. / i.s called Lay; and s/i, Shay. When written doicn~n'uni< I is called /:"// and s/i, hh. Always write / upward when standing alone. 4. Horizontal letters are written from left to right. 5. The ft and the straight line for r (Ray) must always be written upward. All other inclined letters, except Lay and Shav, are written downward. 6. Ray> being written upward, is more slanting, when standing alone, than Chay which is always written do:oi- :<.'anL They are thus easily distinguishable. Ray Chay Ray-Chay Chay-Ray Ray-k Chay-k The slant of a stroke may be varied in order to secure a sharper angle, as in DIRECTIONS. 7. Repeatedly write the phonographic characters, until they can be formed readily and accurately. Be careful to make them the same length as here given, about one-eighth of an inch. 8. Use a fine pen, or a stenographic pencil sharpened to a point. 10 g. Make the light lines very light, and give just shade enough to the heavy ones to make them distinguishable. Form the letters with one stroke of the pen or pencil; never go back to touch up a line. JOINING CONSONANTS. 10. The pen or pencil should not be lifted in writing any group of consonants; thus, pt pch pr pp pb bp mm nml brk fk Ish msh fv rl ii. Two or more consonants joined together are called an outline. READING AND WRITING EXERCISE. J^L^L "7 IX \JL 12. Read the exercise several times through; then write it over and over, until each outline can be written accu- rately, and read without hesitation. QUESTIONS LESSON No. 1. I. What letters are written both upward and downward? 2. I low may A\ir and C/inrlv distinguished? 3. In what direction is //always written? 4. What is / called when written upward? 5. In what direc- tion is A'liy always written? 6. What is an outline? 7. What length of stroke is recommended for the consonants? 8. In what direction are horizontal letters written ? Lesson No. 2. WORD SIGNS. 13. On account of the frequent occurrence of certain words, they are provided with brief signs in order that they may be written with the least effort and utmost speed. In the following list, each word is represented by one or more of its leading consonants. The signs are written in three positions; (i) above the line, (2) on the line, ( 3) through or below it. The hyphen indicates that the sign stands for two words; thus, thank-ed represents both thank and thanked. hope . be to be it ./.. . . do . had which them or they though or thou use or us _-_/. much /.._ advantage . . use, (pronounced itze) wish or she shall or shalt usual-ly will or wilt / , commonly ^^ am or him come - (ive or given . togeiher . any or in . . , own for ever V . , have V. however think x ... awav L. . vour 14. The above list should be written until every word can be expressed by its proper sign, and in its proper posi- tion, at the rate of at least fifty a minute. The ability to read the signs with equal rapidity after they have been written, is also very important. VOWELS. 15. Vowels are represented by light and heavy dots, and by light and heavy dashes. These are written in three posi- tions beside the consonant strokes, viz. : in the first place, or opposite the beginning; in the second place, or opposite the middle; and in the third place, or opposite the end. 14 LONG VOWELS HEAVY DOTS AND DASHES. Sound Sign Sound Sign "l e .... as in eat aw .... . as in all or laii' a .... ... .as in ale 6 . . as in oat, old ah ... . asin J/? oo .... _ ... as in mood 16. The T^stroke in the above, merely serves to indicate the position of the vowel but is no part of it. 1 7. The dots and dashes do not represent letters, but sounds. For instance, the heavy dot opposite the beginning represents only the long sound of e, as in eat, eel, etc. When e has the short sound (e/i), as in ell, fed, her, etc., it is represented by a different sign as noted hereafter. 1 8. In learning the vowels, remember the words given as examples ; they will serve as ' ' keys ' ' in case of doubt- ful sounds. 19. Since Lay, Ray, and h (and sometimes s/i) are written upwards, the rirst place vowels will be at the bottom of these strokes; thus, law raw haw 20. All words are spelled by sound, and all silent letters are omitted. METHOD OF PLACING THE VOWELS. 21. A vowel, to be read before a consonant, must be placed above a horizontal stroke, or at the left of any other. 15 A vowel, to be read after a consonant, must be placed bclo:e a horizontal stroke, or at the right of any other. POSITION OF 'WORDS. 22. The consonant outlines of words are written in three positions, according as the vowel or, if more than one, the accented vowel is first, second, or third place. The first position is al>o:'e the line ; the second position is on the line ; tlie third position, for perpendicular and inclined strokes, through the line ; and for horizontals behic it; thus, peak became boom coo ____________ V - v \ \ ' 23. When a word is composed of both horizontal, and perpendicular or inclined strokes, \\\e first perpendicular or inclined stroke should be written in the place denoted by the accented vowel ; thus, keep Dakota move veto Bailey ^ X ' READING EXERCISE. 2\. The foregoing, and all subsequent exercises, should be gone over until they can be read quickly and accurately. The most rapid progress will be made by him who masters every principle and exercise as he goes along, and reviews frequently all that he has been over. WRITING EXERCISE. Write the following words in their proper positions, tak- ing care to make the consonants the same size as those in the Reading Exercise. Make the heavy dots and dashes with one stroke of the pen or pencil. Never go over a line. This, and each subsequent exercise, should be written from forty to fifty times. Page, mole, pool, meal, ale, peach, reach, rope, aim, may, each, palm, 'came, woo, shaw, shoo, key, league, shame, leeway, fear, oath, Esau, thaw, obey, joke, peep, beam, dome, doom, meek, teem, cape, leave, below, Zeno, gnaw, dough, awed, knave. QUESTIONS LESSON No. 2. I. How are the vowels represented? 2. What represents the sound of a? 3. Of ? 5. In how many positions are the vowels written? 6. Where is the first position? 7. Where must a vowel be placed to be read before a consonant stroke ? 8. What is the third position for perpendicular or inclined strokes ? 9. For horizontals ? 10. Incase a word is composed of both horizontal, and perpendicular or inclined strokes, which would be written in the position denoted by the accented vowel ? II. Do the dots and dashes represent letters or sounds ? Lesson No. 3. IJCIIT VOWELS. Sound. Sign. I . e ( . as in /.'(/ and h<~r \\ as in an aiul ,' ft .... as in at on . . as n 25. The same rules apply to both long and short vowels. Repeat the sounds both forward and backward, until they can be given quite rapidly. VOWELS BETWEEN STROKES. 26. When a vowel occurs between two consonant strokes it should lie written: (i) After the first stroke, if it is -A first place, or long second place vowel ; thus, beam rogue dame fear 18 (2.) Before the second stroke, if it is third place, or a short second place vowel ; thus, balm rug funny far 27. The above rule should not be used when its observ- ance would bring- a vowel into an angle, as in camera ; the main object of the rule being to keep the vowels out of the angles. DIPHTHONGS. Sound. Sign. Sound. Sign. V \ I 7 .... . as in tee and (>v on ... \\ . as in out and owl A I . . . as in oil and boy \ f'i< ... <| .as in tine and hue 28. The diphthongs are written in the first and third positions only. They are governed by the same rules as the vowels. 29. When two vowels, or a vowel and a diphthong, occur between two consonant strokes, it is advisable, when- ever possible, to place one to each stroke ; thus, chaos vowel poem Viola Cr 30. The direction and position of the diphthongs are never changed. 19 31. When convenient, i and oy may be joined at the beginning, and ou and ew at the end of consonant strokes. 32. When two vowels, or a vowel and a diphthong, have to be written to one consonant stroke, the one which comes next to the consonant should be written nearest to it ; thus, Leo Noah towel Maria _L ^ , THE PliOXOUN I. 33. /, when standing alone, may be represented by the diphthong z, or, better, by a light, perpendicular tick aborc the line. 1. When joined to a following word, the tick takes the direction of^> or Chay. 2. When joined to a preceding word, the tick takes the direction of / or k. I I will I think if I V, 3. Remember that /, when standing alone, or when joined to a following word, must be above the line. READING EXERCISE. * i u __j_ r: u S* WRITING EXERCISE. Fussy, shuck, gash, cash, shaky, gummy, bevy, putty, vivify, veto, bank, gang, cook, gag, gage, catch, bath, Fanny, boom, fang, abed, bung, tongue, many, aback, budge, coke, life, tiny, beauty, cue, bellow, Philo, Mary, muddy, puny, item, fume, adieu, Sue, annoyed, denude, Zion, cubic, Noah, Ohio, Genoa, assume, knife, voyage, dial, oceanic, bayonet. VOWEL WORD SIGXS. all \ already awe ougbt of \ on / too oh who two owe whom to but should ___\ J __/ \ I / 34. The dashes should be made only one-fourth the length of a consonant stroke. QUESTIONS -LESSON No. 3. i. Where should third place vowels be written when occurring between two consonant strokes? 2. Heavy second place? 3. First place? 4. I low long should the dash Vowel word-signs be made? 5. What is the difference between the diphthong signs for i and oy ? 6. In what direction does the sign for eiu point ? 7. When two vowels occur between consonant strokes, how is it customary to write them ? 8. When two vowels have to be written beside one consonant stroke, how do you denote which is read first ? BRIEF SIGNS FOR S AND Z. 35. On account of the frequent occurrence of s and 2, a brief sign is provided in the small circle, which is used for either s or 2. 36. No confusioVi will result from employing the small circle for both s and 2, as the context will readily show which one was intended. 37. The small circle is called Jss, to distinguish it from the stroke, which is called Es. 38. When joined at the beginning or end of a straight line, the circle should be made with a left motion contrary to that of the hands of a watch ; thus, Iss-T T-Iss Iss-K Iss-Ray Iss-H Iss-H-Iss 39. When joined at the beginning of h, the hook is made into a circle, thus forming an exception to the foregoing rule. See preceding illustration. Iss-h is never used for sh unless a vowel occurs between the .r and h. 23 4O. When joined at the beginning or end of a curve, the circle is written on the concave (inner) side ; thus, Iss-f The-Iss M-Iss Ar-Iss Lay-Iss _i_ JL .<=* ^ r 41. When the circle occurs between strokes, it should be written in the most convenient manner ; thus, Ray-Iss-K M-Iss-N N-Iss-M F-Iss-Lay-T F-Iss-El Between two straight lines, the circle will come outside the angle. ST, STR, SEZ. 42. St may be represented by a small loop, called Sti'h. joined at the beginning or end of any consonant stroke ; thus, Steh-T F-Steh state boast fast rest P L -P V / I Sa Vi I X^ VST 43. A circle or loop at the beginning of an outline is readyfrj/, at the end of an outline, last. 44. Str may be represented by a large loop, called Ster; thus, faster rooster Hester pastor master duster HS: ^ -~^-- -V- --^ " k - I. The large loop is never joined at the beginning of a word. 24 45- The large circle, called Si'z, is used to represent two ^ or z sounds, with a vowel between them, usually forming a syllable; as sys, sus, sis, etc. ; thus, system Susan desist races 1. The vowel is written inside the circle without regard to position 2. It is unnecessary to insert the vowel when the circle comes at the end of a word. A little practice will enable the student to omit it altogether. 46. The small circle may be added to the loops, and to the large circle; thus, tests dusters possesses jesters __JL ...... . ..... fc_ ........ Ja _____________ # ___________ 47. The small loop is also used to represent the sound of final st, and zt, as heard \\\ passed, raced, amazed, dazed, etc. i. It should be noticed that many words ending with d take the sound of/, as passed, raced, etc. USES OF S AND Z. 48. Use the strokes in the following cases : i. When s or z follows an initial or precedes a final vowel, as in escape essence racy cosy _JU -Ip- -^ JDL. 2. At the beginning of a word, when two sounded vow- els follow, or when s or z would be the only stroke conso- nant in the word. science seance sayings sciatica cease seize bL - Also in compound words formed from sea, as sea-sick, sea-service, etc. 3. At the end of a word, when two sounded vowels precede, as in bias, chaos, etc. 4. When the sound of z begins a word it must be rep- resented by a 2 stroke; thus, zest zeal zenith Zona _^_ ^ .....L b . (a.) Use the circle in all other cases. READING EXERCISE. \ ?. i_. **T? L' ^ t .. . _,_.^ V . ' v -~~ -v--^ -^ -- . C ^ WKITING EXERCISE. Soup, spoke, abuse, revise, device, obtuse, shows, mason dusk, suppose, palms, seal, loosely, dispose, sketches, schemes, cousin, pathos, chosen, missile, yes, husky, shies, oils, Silas, spies, mouse, step, just, nest, stake, stoop, steal, stools, stoops, yeast, stout. Pastor, pester, taster, roaster, castor, coaster, Lester, Baxter, Rochester, Custer, lustre, vases, adduces, loses, houses, voices, saucer, sausage, doses, season, exercise disease, necessaries, insist, successive, devices. Chests, rests, costs, roasts, exercises, abscesses, diseases, tasters, excesses, bossed, paused, effaced, encased, voiced, housed, kissed, missed, appeased, noosed, asp, assist, asks, Asa, easy, oozy, easily, mazy, gauzy, lazy, mossy, lessee, lasso, Jesse, seaside, Zeno. 27 QUESTIONS LESSON No 4. I. What is used as a brief sign for .r and z ? 2. A circle or loop at the IK ginning of an outline is read when? 3. At the end of an outline? 4. llmv should a circle be written when joined at beginning or end of a straight line? 5. When it occurs between two strokes? 6. Where will the circle come when it occurs between two straight lines? 7. What does the large circle represent? 8. The large loop represents what ? 9. Is the large loop ever joined at the beginning of a stroke? 10. Give the rules for the use of the s and z stroke. Lesson No. 5. USES OF All AND RAY AT THE BEGINNING OF A WORD. 49. i. After an initial vowel use the curve sign for r when it is the only stroke consonant, also after an initial vowel when followed by p, b, k, g, r, s, m, n, /, or sh; thus, array orb arm error arise 2. Also for r preceding m in such words as, Rome farm disarm remiss resume 3. Ray should be used in nearly every other case. AT THE END OF A WORD. 50. i. Use the curve sign for final r, unless the pre- ceding stroke is th, m, or Ray. 2. Also for final rs, when no vowel occurs between the r and s; thus, peer dire fire buyers desires sours 3. Use Ray in other cases. 29 R BETWEEN STROKES. 51. The general rule is to use Ray if a vowel follows, andyir if one does not. When difficult junctions, or loss of speed would result, use whichever may be most convenient. Ray should follow m, tk, and Ray in all cases. 52. The foregoing rules are very important, and should be so thoroughly memorized that they can be applied with- out hesitation. A careful observance of them will insure uniformity of writing, ease of reading, and greater speed. 1 1 HADING EXERCISE WRITING EXERCISE. Mirror, ark, arch, Aurora, curry, berry, bar, rack, rarer, arrow, furry, four, jury, ruin, urge, rich, rake, wretch, rash, shower, sower, arena, renew, irate, arnica, aright, Arabic, 30 oriole, irony, relay, rag, rainy, ramify, rapier, sherry, ream, bureau, mgher, marrow, bar, roar, wrong, rebuke, Peru, Darrow, Verona, remedy, steamer, source, barrier, furrier, soar, erased, store, storv, lures. QUESTIONS LESSON No. 5. I. What name is given to the straight line for ;- ? 2. What name is given to the curved sign ? 3. Is the straight line written upward or down- ward ? 4. Which sign is used when m follows ? 5. What is said about the use of r between strokes ? 6 Give rule for the use of r at the begin- ning of a word? 7. The curved stroke is generally used for final ;-, except when preceded by what three consonant strokes ? 31 Lesson No. 6. USES OF EL AND LAY AT THE BEGINNING OF A WORD. 53. i. The downward stroke should generally be used when / is preceded by an initial vowel, and followed by any consonant that can be conveniently joined, usually k, g> m, n, hs-n. Ing, or// thus, alike Elma allege alum 2. The downward / may also be used to advantage for initial /, when followed by n, Sss-n, or Ing ; thus, Leon lessen lung lank C C _ 3. Use Lay in all other cases. L AT THE END OF A WORD. 54. i. The downward stroke should generally be used to* final /, when preceded by any consonant that can be con- veniently joined, usually/", v, n, Ing, k, g, or Ray ; thus, tile vale Nile snail scowl 32 2. After n and Ing use the down stroke, whether a vowel follows or not. 3. Use Lay in all other cases. L BETWEEN STROKES. 55. Use whichever one will give the better junction. USES OF ISH AND SHAY. 56. Ish is written downward, and S/iay, upward. 57. i. Shay is generally used when preceded or fol- lowed by /, as in lash or shc/L 2. Shay is generally used when preceded by t, d, or f. 3. Ish is used in nearly every other case. READING EXERCISE. ZV / x i.^- r .- v- ------ K--H--K-- fci-'. 1- ^A^L^JL^L 33 WRITING EXERCISES. Malay, alchemy, relay, lace, bell, feel, slack, lame, knoll, poll, pale, gull, mealy, kneel, slash, fowl, ideal, elbow, allayed, loath, thill, ledge, allure, scale, abolish, foil, excels, laces, looser, alimony, fizzle, muzzle, lustre, slashed, assail, counsel, Basil, elm, alarm, solicit, solve, solitary, reveal, comely, tile, weasel, wisely, police, alack, billow, illness, null, polish, elope, alibi, Elias, cowl, viol. QUESTIONS LESSON No. U. I. What is the name of the downward stroke for I? 2. What is the name of the upward stroke ? 3. El should be used at the beginning of an outline when ? 4. What is the rule for the use of El, final ? 5. What is said of / between strokes ? 6. What is sh called when written downward? 7. When written upward ? 8. When sh is followed by /, should Ish or Shay be used ? 9. Which should be used when / precedes sh ? 10. Which should be used when sh follows / or d? Lesson No. 7. H REPRESENTED BY A DOT. 58. A convenient method of representing h before a vowel, is by a light dot written beside the vowel; thus, head hum Hume whistle whey USES OF THE II STROKE. 59. Use the stroke in the following cases: i. After an initial vowel, as in ahead ; also when it is the only stroke consonant in the word; thus, ahead hay hew high 2. When initial h is followed by s, as in housed hustle hoister hasp 3. When initial h is followed by a vowel, a consonant, and another vowel, as in halo harrow holiday Hollis 35 Also when followed by two vowels, as in Howell, haying, etc. 4. For initial h in the past tense of verbs of one syllable (unless m follows //.); as in hugged, hacked, heaped, heated, etc. 60. Experienced writers almost invariably omit the h-dot. When deemed necessary, the vowel following the dot is inserted. This, together with the context, is suffi- cient to indicate the word. The student, from the beginning of his writing, should omit the dot, at least from all familiar words, and he will soon be able to read without it. 61. Occasional cases may arise where a departure from the rules for the use of /, r, h, etc., will give some special advantage in joining, in speed, or in the forming of deriva- tives; but the rules here given will be found to cover, in the best manner, nearly every case. TIIK, A, AX. A AND. 62. The, when standing alone, should always be repre- sented by a light dot in the first position. The may be joined to a preceding icord by a light tick, written in the direction of p or Chay; thus, for the bakes the knows the which the show the 7 63. A, when standing alone, is represented by a heavy dot on the line. A may be joined at the beginning- or end of any word, by a light perpendicular or horizontal tick, thus, for a in a a face a newsboy ate a .A, :! ^> 64. An or and, when standing alone, is represented by a light dot on the line. Either may be joined at the begin- ning or end of words, by -A. perpendicular or horizontal tick, the same as a. TICK FOR HE. 65. The pronoun he is represented by a light tick on the line, written in the direction of p or ch. It maybe joined to a preceding or following word; thus, he will he may for he he should should he \j ^5, _S^ -/ . fc. READING EXERCISE. \. v ____ n _____ | ___ ....... __^ ___ -V ____ /~~> X_ ^ Tf r-P __________________________________ *- ---- - ____ WRITING EXERCISE. Hops, hooks, hacks, hawks, hoed, ham, hate, heel, whew, wheezes, hedge, Hicks, hums, hunks, hank, halves, hubs, hoops, hides, hang, huckster, horseshoe, Ohio, hoes, Hyson, hussar, Harris, hazy, hyacinth, hurried, housetop, hostile, horrify, horrid, harassed, highway, hissing, hobby- horse, honey-box, pass the, wish the, leave the, fix the, but the, and should, should an, owe a. WORD SIGNS- X^ several CONTRACTIONS. ~/.\5 . . . refers or reference highly preceding r. 3. For w between two consonants, the second of which is Lay, Ray, m, or n, providing the hook can be easily joined. GUIDE TO USE OF WEH AND WUH JOINED. 71. Use Weh and Wuh joined: 1 . For initial w, unless followed by the consonants, /, r , m, n, J, or z, or the combinations, y?, //, pr, chr, etc. 2. When initial so/ is followed by /, d, Chay, j, f, v, or M. 3. Sometimes in the middle of a word, as in inweave. BRIEF SIGNS FOR Y. 72. Y has two brief signs : Yek, opening upward, and yuh, opening downward. 73- Use Ych or Ynh as is most convenient, but join so as to form an angle with the consonant to which it is attached ; thus, yon yell unyoke youngster Yates vX --- s- - VJ 74. Ye A and Ynh are usually joined for initial j', unless followed by s, but rarely for y between strokes. 75. The foregoing rules for the use of Brief JFand Y, refer to these signs when joined to the consonant strokes. In a following chapter they will be given disjoined. Care must be taken not to get them confused. Let these be thor- oughly mastered before proceeding further. READING EXERCISE. WRITING EXERCISE. Well, wall, wheel, whale, war, wiry, warlike, windy, twin, wealthy, worse, Welsh, whine, whence, wines, wiles, unworthy, unwearied, quarry, wearily, weaver, warp, warmth, warwhoop, warty, welfare, wheat, wad, white, weak- nesses, whitewood, waxes, waggish, waive, wallower, walk, whack, wingless, whip, white- cap, whitewash, white- wine, whiteness, wood-house, swarthy, sweat, sweetness, swearer, sweet-wood, sweetish, yellow, yacht, yam, Eunice, yawns. QUESTIONS LESSON No. 8. I. W has how many brief signs ? 2. What is the one called opening to the right ? 3. To what strokes may the hook be joined ? 4. To the IV hook on what letter may the small circle be joined? 5. Give the rules for the use of the hook ? 6. How must Weh and Wuh be joined to the consonant strokes ? 7. How many brief signs has y? 8. How must they be joined to the strokes ? USES OF THE W STROKE. 76. Use the stroke for w: 1. When it is the only consonant in the word. 2. After an initial vowel : awoke await Owego Iowa X_ >|. 3. For initial w preceding ^ as in waste wiser wisely whiskey v _y _* ^ v v __ 4. For w following initial s, they being the only conso- nants, or being followed by any stroke (r excepted) that can be easily joined, usually, p, 6, k, g, th, /, m, n, ng ; thus, sweep swing swathe swale ^ 77. The use of the stroke will also be found convenient when w is followed byy?, z 1 /, dl, pr, etc., as in waffle, weevil, sweeper, etc., explained in a following chapter. 44 USES OF THE Y STROKE. 78. Use the ^stroke in the following cases: 1. When it is the only stroke-consonant in the word, or when it is followed by s, as in yes, yeast, etc. 2. When it follows an initial vowel, as in oyer. BRIEF W AND Y IN THE VOWEL PLACES. 79. W^or Y, and a following vowel, may often be advan- tageously represented by writing brief W or Y in the place of the vowel ; thus, dwell twist lawyer quick quota 80. W and Y, and a following diphthong, may be treated the same as W^and Kand a following vowel. 81. Brief IV or Y, may be joined to the diphthong, signs. 82. If the vowel following the w or y is a dot vowel, use Weh or Yeh as the case may be; if it is a dash vowel, use Wuh or Yuh; thus, we or wi way or weh wah or wa waw or wo wo or wuh woo or woo ye or yi ya or yeh yah or ya yaw or yo yo or yuh yoo or yoo 83. The semi-circles may be shaded for the long vowels if great accuracy is required. This distinction, however, is regarded as wholly unnecessary. 45 84. The Hrief \V Disjoined, is used principally for w between consonants, where the hook, or semi-circle, could not be joined to advantage; as in twist, du'dl, quick, etc. 85. Brief Y Disjoined, is used comparatively little, it generally being considered preferable to join ($ sf> excepted) where the junction will permit. 86. Brief y may also be advantageously employed to represent two vowel sounds, the first of which is z or e ; thus, ya for ia, as in opiate va " in, " Arahia 87. While the employment of brief Y, as above illus- trated, does not exactly represent the vowel sounds, it so nearly does so, as to fulfill all requirements, and result in the saving of one vowel, and sometimes one stroke conso- nant, as in the word "various. ITNCTUATION, PROPER NAMES, ACCENT, ETC. 88. Punctuation. The following are all the punctua- tion marks commonly used in shorthand notes: Period /or x Interrogation .... / or / Parenthesis I ash . If. Sg. If other punctuation is desired, the ordinary charac- ters may be used 90. Proper Names or Capital Letters, may be indicated by placing two lines beneath the name or charac- ter ; thus, Jennie James H. Cope Illinois 91. Emphasis may be indicated, as in longhand, by drawing one or more lines under the emphasized word. 92 Accent may be indicated by placing a small cross near the accented vowel ; thus, August august \^ WORD-SIGNSCONTRACTIONS. c I f~ ; we or witli . . . we will, or while .....c were ...' we are what __/_ where 3 would ./..._. aware ye _ . we may, or with me u yet ... when, or we know __._. beyond -TTV.. whenever n you ..C/.V. ._ - wherever NOTE: We, beginning a phrase, always takes the first position. READING EXERCISE. WRITING EXERCISE. Woe, weigh, awaits, awhile, west, whist, wooes, wheeze, wist, swab, swap, swath, yaw, oyez, yeast, yester-eve, yes- terday, quail, squeal, bewail, twitch, twists, equipage, equi- poise, bilious, superior, odium, maniac, ague, nephew, argue. QUESTIONS LESSON No. 9. I. How many rules are there for the use of the w stroke ? 2. Give them, with an illustration of each rule. 3. Give the sound represented by brief IV in the place of a. 4. Give the rules for the use of the _>' stroke. 5. If the vowel following the brief W is a dash vowel, which should be used, Wch or With ? 6. When is the brief W disjoined, used ? 7. Brief Y may also be used to represent what ? 8. How may an accented vowel l^e denoted ? 9. What marks are used for the period ? 10. How is the dash made ? 48 Lesson No. 10. L HOOK. 93. A small initial hook on the upper side of k and g, and the right side of any dowmuard straight line adds // thus, kl gl pi bl tl dl chl jl c_ *_ v \ r f / / 1 . A small initial hook on the concave side of/", v, ///, s/t, and 2/1 adds // thus, fl vl thl shl zhl V ^ C C ^ 2 . A large initial hook on m, n, and Ray adds /. The hook should be about one-half the length of the consonant stroke; thus, ml nl rl THREE THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT THE L HOOK. 94. I. That it is always at the beginning of a con- sonant stroke. 49 2. That it is on the right side of downward straight lines and the upper side oik and^. 3. That it must be made large on m, n, and Ray, to be distinct from the If hook on the same letters. R HOOK. 95. A small initial hook on the lower side of ft and g, and the leit side of any dow nward straight /me adds r; thus, l etc., should be expressed by a stroke, not with a hook. sinner sooner summer suffer io8. NAMES. Per, Bel, Kel, Ter, Ner, etc., with As- prefixed should be called Iss-Per Iss-Pel Iss-Kel Iss-Ter Iss-Xer, etc. It more convenient, and the syllable can be easily spoken, they may be called Sper, Spel, Skel, etc. READING EXERCISE. o, -&-\ V M: >. P-V WRITING EXERCISE. Turk, coal-black, coarsely, burst, charm, foolscap, occurs, shark, shares, gore, careless, church, apple-tree, 57 portray, sea- shore, filigree, filthy, fork, firmly, film, forsake, forkless, term, car, curb, chirp, pearl, carboy, appear, sharp, pioneer, courage, foolish, slavery, skirmish, endures, ungear, verily, torch, qualify, unfurl, curable, paralyze, sobriety, smoker, soaker, sunstruck, supplies, suppressor, superinduce, traceable, taxidermist, speaker, secrecy, strainer, stopper, stripper, outstretch, pasture, moisture, settle, descry, discourage, suitor, feasible, scare, depositor, distressed, supervisal, disagreeable, blissful, scrabble. QUESTIONS LESSON No. 11. I . H ow should a dot vowel be written so as to be read between a stroke and hook ? 2. When a is to be read between a stroke and hook, where do you place it ? 3. How do you indicate that o is to be read between a stroke and hook ? 4. How must diphthongs and semi-circles be written so as to be read between the hook and stroke ? 5. How is Sss prefixed to an initial A' hook on straight lines ? 6. Is Jss prefixed to the R hook on i,f, T, and th when the hook is initial ? 7. How may Iss be added to an L hook ? 8. How may st be prefixed to an R hook on straight lines? 9. Is the Ster loop ever prefixed to a hook? 10. How is r represented between D-Iss and K ? 1 1. How is Iss prefixed to an R hook between two straight lines in the same direction ? 58 Lesson No. 12. ENLARGED L AND II HOOKS. 109. L may be added to an R hook by making the hook twice the usual size. no. R may be added to a small L hook by making the hook twice the usual size. April mackerel abler dabbler ........ - ................. ................. S_ ........ in. .5* may be prefixed to an enlarged L or R hook by writing the circle distinctly within the hook. 112. When a vowel is placed after a consonant stroke with an enlarged hook, it is read between the / and r. See April and abler in preceding illustration. 113 P, with an enlarged R hook, may be called Prel; with an enlarged L hook, Pier: K with an enlarged Z, hook, Kler; with an enlarged R hook, Krel; etc., etc. If the circle is prefixed, then, Iss-Prel, Iss-Pler, etc. IN, UN, OR EN. 1 14. The initial syllable, in, tin, or en, when followed by Iss, may be prefixed by a curved hook, called the In hook. 59 I. To any straight line 7? hook-sign; occasionally to an L hook-sign : thus, unstring en.sober uncivilized unsettle X v (* 2. To any other consonant, to avoid turning the circle- on the back of X; thus, unsullied unseemly unsurmised n READING EXERCISE. ... -^ V -> /L v -r~- n t ..\ GV f r N _ ^rv ^^ V, -Vp^j). WRITING EXERCISE. Pickerel, temporal, lustral, timbrel, Charles, gambler, clearness, colorless, smuggler, stickler, clerical, saddler, clergy, nibbler, ocular, buckler, straggler, cobbler, tippler, 60 tattler, implore, flourish, giggler, glare, implorer, jocular, jumbler, spicular, mangier, leveler, simpler, scribbler, un- struck, unsociable, insecurely, enslave, enscroll, insuper- able, unswung, enslaver. WORD SIGNS CONTRACTIONS. . . till, tell, it will .... until, at all . . . call, equally .... difficult-y full, fully , value . principle, principal . . everv. verv surprise .member, remember .... number-ed dear .truth during through _ . . their, there, they are . . . ' other _ sure, surely pleasure . . . . Mr., mere, remark , near, nor Mrs. Messrs. capable 61 -o-7~ care influential \ "\ from - proper CN \ - over N capability V "3_o~- transgress X probable-ility QUESTIONS LESSON No. 12. I. Enlarging an R hook adds what ? 2. Enlarging a small L hook adds what ? 3. How may Iss be prefixed to an enlarged L or K hook ? 4. When a vowel is placed after a consonant with an enlarged hook, where is it read? 5. What name would you give to /, :. ____________ p _________________________ This will bring the N hook on the under side of k, g, Ray, and h, and on the left side of all other straight strokes. 117. A 7 " may also be added to any curve by a small final hook on the inner, or concave side; thus, fine vainer minute Orrin assign ........ ^ .............. s* ......... _..._A .......... 1 ....... _ 1 1 8. The /"or V hook is rarely added to a curve sign, and then, usually, to denote the addition of have. 63 119. VOCALIZATION. A vowel placed after a stroke with an F, V, or N hook, must be read bchcccn the stroke and the hook. In other words, the hook must be read after any vowel placed beside the stroke. See preceding illustration. 120. USE THE STROKE for/, v, or n whenever these letters precede -A final vowel, as in coffee purify ' funny bevy ALSO when/", ?', or n precedes a vowel and final s, as in diffuse profuse revise denies CIRCLES AND LOOPS ADDED TO FINAL HOOKS. 121. S may be added to the .Pand V hooks, and to the TV hook on curves, by writing' the small circle distinctly within the hooks; thus, raves puffs means funs thins ..... 56.- ......... ^- ............. W- 122. S, s-s, s/, or sir may be added to the N hook on any straight line, by writing their respective signs in place of the hook ; thus, pens Kansas chanced spinster glanced 64 123. The loops and the large circle are never added to the For V hooks. CAUTION. The loops and large circle are never added to the A^hook behcccn strokes. The small circle may be added, but only when it can be distinctly written within the hook; thus, lonesome ransack 124. When the w stroke takes a final hook it should be called Way ; thus, Iss- Wayn or Swayn is the name of the outline for Szvoon. READING EXERCISE. V WRITING EXERCISE. Gave, rave, roof, staffs, braver, cough, rebuffs, call, siphon, heaves, cloves, roofless, divers, cleaver, edified, devoid, devote, graver, engraves, reverse, drives, endeav- ors, beverage, gloves, retrieves, bee-hives, prefers, prefer- ences, rougher, typhoon, fan, mine, cone, ran, span, door- man, wooden, urn, swan, economy, vainer, cleanly, brown- ish, vacancy, piquancy, dens, dances, danced, punish, French, quinsy, gleans, Spencer, shines, ozone, tenth, thrones, pancake, thinish, spinsters, bobbins, frowns, liken, knee-pan, kinsman, cancer, sustain, swollen, trepan, turban, unclean, uncrown, undriven, unanimous, volcanic, warn, yarn, sevens, profane, furnish, ferns, adjourn, advances, serenely, stanza, expanse, tenses, prance, trances, ingrain, wagons, melons, Lancaster, mechanic, enthrone, enlivens, silken, moonshine, appertain, oceans, lemonade, moss- grown, monopoly, sweeten, bounced. QUESTIONS LESSON No. 13. I. What dors a small book at the end, and on the circle side of a straight-line consonant represent? 2. A small hook on straight lines, and opposite the circle side represents what? 3. A small hook at the end of curves represents what ? 4. A vowel placed after a stroke having an /', / ', or JV hook is read where? 5. When must the stroke for f, v, or n be used? 6. How may the small circle be added to the f, V, and .A 7 hooks? 7. How is final hs added to an A" hook on a straight line? 8. I low is Sez added ? 9. How are st and str added ? 10. Are the loops and large circle ever added to the F or V hooks ? 1 1 . What is said about the addition of a small circle to the ^Vhook between strokes? GO Lesson No. 14. SYLLABLES, SHON AND TIV. 125. SHON This syllable, (spelled, tion, cion, dan, sion, etc. , in different words) may be added to any conso- nant by a large final hook, written on the circle side of straight strokes, and the inner, or concave side of curved strokes ; thus, motion coercion magician diffusion visionary <7 7; 126. Tiv, added to straight lines only, is indicated by a large hook, written opposite the circle side; thus, active defectiveness dative collective 127. The small circle may be written within the Shon and Tiv hooks to add s. \ SMALL HOOK FOR SHON CALLED ESHON. 128. When the sound of short is preceded by a vowel and s, it is usually best represented by a small hook added to the Iss circle ; thus, physician transition transitional suppositions succession 67 i2g. VOCALIZATION. Vowels occurring between the s and shon may be written at the left of the hook, if first place, and at the right, if second or third place. It is rarely necessary, however, to vocalize an Eshon hook. 130. The small circle may be written inside the Eshon hook to add a final s. See suppositions in preceding illus- tration. READING EXEKCISE. WRITING EXERCISE. Logician, ineffective, remission, rotation, delusion, restora- tive, Russian, ruination, submission, incarceration, inatten- tion, auction, attraction, negative, division, perfective, radi- ation, deception, regulation, palliation, vocation, version, 68 abrasion, assertion, eruption, irrigation, immersion, inspira- tion, illustration, perception, activeness, professional, recep- tive, suppression, instruction, duration, mansions, revisions, extermination, prosecution, deprivation, fermentation, desolation, desecration, additional, electioneer, ignition, sub-section, seclusion, population, friction, veneration, cap- tivity, restorative, distillation, cineration, collisions, exe- cution, opposition, persuasion, procession, acquisition, perquisition, moralization, indecision, imprecision, disqui- sition, authorization, relaxation, disposition, deposition, dispossession, dispensation, depreciation, crystallization. QUESTIONS LESSON No, 14. I. A large hook at the end of any curve consonant represents what ? 2. What does it represent on the circle side of straight lines? 3. A large final hook on straight strokes, and opposite the circle side, represents what^ 4. Is the Tiv hook added to curves? 5. How may ^ be added to the Shon and Tiv hooks ? 6. What is the Eshon hook ? 7. When is the Eshon hook usually employed ? 8. If a vowel occur between the .r and S/IOH, where should it be placed ? 9. May the small circle be added to the Eshon hook ? 69 Lesson No. 15, M SHADED TO ADD P OR B. 131. J/may be shaded to add/ or b ; thus, imp ambition bump stamp impose ^ ""S \ i .V s -^^ to add er ; thus, romper timber jumpers 70 2. Of Ing to add kr to gr; thus, finger flankers linger angers 3. Of ANY OTHER CURVE to add /;-, dr, or ////-/ thus, fetter older neither enters .-A.. *~ ' o 136. READING. The sound denoted by lengthening is read: 1. After any vowels placed beside the consonant stroke. 2. Before a final hook, loop or circle. 137. CAUTION. When gr, tr, dr, etc., are followed by a final vowel, or by a vowel and s, the stroke and R hook must be used; thus, hungry sentries mattress fortress 138. It is occasionally allowable to lengthen a stroke even when a vowel following /r, dr, or thr cannot be ex- pressed; as in alteration moderation federation This principle, however, should be confined to a few very familiar words. 139. The first half of a lengthened perpendicular or in- clined stroke should be written in the position denoted by the accented vowel; thus, 1st position 2nd position 3rd position THERE, THEIR, THEY ARE, OR OTHER. 140. Any curi'C or straight line, without a final hook, loop, or circle, may be lengthened to add thr for their, tJicir, they arc, or other; thus in tlu'ir bv ///< ir ... in there !>'v //,,vv check //iV m other Bother among,' The context will readily indicate which word, or words are added. 141. Straight lines may occasionally be lengthened to add /;-, dr, or thr, as in quarter, conductor, rather, etc. This principle is rarely used when the consonant is initial. NAMES. The lengthened strokes are called Timber, Inggcr, Layter, etc. ; the name of the consonant being prefixed to that of the added syllable. READING EXERCISE. - '^i -*- ^rS Uk WRITING EXERCISE. Damp, vamp, impute, ambitious, impede, clamp, sham- poo, shrimp, trump, cramp, imbues, embody, camp, clump, pomp, tramp, impish, mump, emperor, empty, redemption. Simper, limber, hamper, plumper, cumber, stamper, amber-seed, clamber, cumbersome, pamper, somber, whim- per, somberly, tramper, hanker, monger, languor, finger- less, canker, sinkers, clinkers, anchorless, franker, smother, render, slender, disorder, flutter, literary, fender, banter, loiters, water, diameter, swelter, motherless, fatherless, wanderer, Arthur, smoother, engender, wilder, molder, dissenter, defender, metrical, nitrate, orderly, promoter, recounter, shatter, shelter, slaughter-house, smother, stockholder, surrender, waterproof, wintry, Andrew, angry, artery, paltry, laundry, propagator, squatter; supporter, wood-cutter, spectre, speculator. In their, wish their, own their, while there, why they are, over their, whenever they are, in other, one other, black their, beg their, wreak their. To save useless repetition, ///; is used to represent there, their, they are, or other. From thr, whenever thr, in thr, do thr, know thr, was thr, use thr, hear thr, value thr, may thr, shake thr, through thr, fling thr, lay thr, when thr, why thr, have thr, own thr. WOKI) Sl( i NS ( '( )XTKA( TI( )XS. above \ N . attain another been careful -ly . . different ly . . . . entire farther, further . . ijeneral-ly important c<- opinion objection objective -Vo _ . . often, phonograph-y _ Vs ___ .... phonotjrapher phonographic a remembrance .-< \i .... representation _/..O representative .\i. subjection jO subjective .Jt__ truthful-Iy ---^^-- . . improve-ment, may be ^ upon - * I . . . . impossible-ility ' . whatever Vg investigation 6 whichever men 6 who have man , within QUESTIONS LESSON No. 15. I. yJ/may be shaded to add what? 2. Does Einp or Enib ever take an initial hook ? 3. Do they take the final hooks, loops and circles ? 4. Doubling the length of Eip or Emb adds what? 5. Doubling the length of Ing adds what ? 6. Doubling the length of any other curve adds what ? 7. Is the sound denoted by lengthening read before or after a final hook, loop or circle ? 8. Can the lengthening principle be employed where the tr, dr, etc., precede a final vowel ? 9. What is said about the posi- tion of a lengthened stroke? 10. May straight lines be lengthened? II. What is said about the lengthening of initial straight lines? 12. How may there, they are, or other be added to a full length stroke without a final hook, loop or circle ? 75 Lesson No. 16. SHORTENED LETTERS. 142. T or d may be added to any consonant stroke, except w anclj', by making- it half its usual length; thus, pet spade . spent plants refined The context will enable one to determine whether t or d is added. 143. METHOD OF READING. The t or d denoted by shortening, must be read after a final hook, but before a final circle; thus, band tufts bands rents heft 144. Emp and Emb are halved only when they take a final hook. 145. Shortened El, m, n, and Ar are generally shaded when d is added; thus, old mode need hard snowed T- * .> V- 76 146. Went or Wen must not be shaded when shortened, as they would' conflict with shortened ]\Icr and Ner. 147. A shortened s may sometimes be written upward to advantage when joined to an A 7 " or Shon hook, as in, fashionist factionisi canonist, etc. 148. The Ray stroke is not shortened when standing alone ; hence such words as right, rate, rod, etc., should be written with hco strokes. The Ray may, however, be short- ened when it has an initial or final hook ; thus, word rent rafts rounds 149. Final ted or dcd may be disjoined, when preceded by a downward stroke to which it cannot be joined at an angle ; thus, treated deeded awaited averted 150. For final rd, after k,g,f, v, or Lay, use shortened Ray (Ret"), not half-length Ar (Ard) ; thus, lured veered moored afford WHEN NOT TO SHORTEN. 151. The halving principle should not be used in the following cases : 77 I. When the junction would not indicate the addition of a shortened letu-r, as in looked effect minute fati^iu- '!_ -no f 2. When the / or d is followed by a final vowel, or by a vowel and a final Sss, as in windy naughty Sundays ^-T M rt NTE. The object of the above rule is to make a distinction between monosyllables and words of two syllables ; as ?<'/;/ve rule is to make a distinction between such words as, foot, afoot ; T'cri'iv/, r<:'iv/.- l>c<{, abed. 4. When two vowels immediately precede the / or d ; as in Druid fluid (juiet Hyatt NOTE. The object of the alwve rule is to make a distinction between such words as quits and quiet : Jut,- tin ti Jewel t. 78 5- When /, r, or n is preceded by a vowel and a con- sonant, and followed by a sounded vowel and final d (not f); as in mellowed married renewed flurried NOTE I. The object of the above rule is to make a distinction between such words as marred and married; ruined and retmucJ. NOTE 2. If the vowels were always inserted there would be little need of the foregoing rules ; but as the advanced phonographer does not write one vowel in a hundred, such distinction becomes necessary to the easy and accurate reading of shorthand notes. NAMES. The shortened letters may be called Bet, Ret, Chet, Met, etc. When d is added, they may ( if preferred) be called Bed, Red, Ched, Jfed, etc. Shortened L, Ar, and Is/i are named Let or Eld, Art or Ard, and Is/it or Shet. 152. For the sake of speed and legibility, the rules gov- erning the use of R and L are sometimes disregarded when these letters are shortened; thus, peeled retard redeem boiled READING EXERCISE. ^ - -L \ ii ^ \ i* -i. ^ S~ ^ 79 .. , -. < V .U..-.X.T- i \ A^ I * i r i ^ 1 " C ' c ^x ' ^ 1 - -i I V* V A ^r_s_ 2:.. - '- i -, WKITIXd KXERCISE. Pad, boot, taught, elude, chide, dot, jot, caught, cute, foot, void, thought, eased, shod, light, hired, hunt, bound, spent, saddened, stunned, fanned, funds, paved, breathed, divested, patched, muzzled, defeated, islands, bumped, studied, rounds, lashioned, stride, stained, moment, potato, drowned, secrete, staggered, fitly, lived, skilled, roiled, lightness, coiled, glands, rants, protection, dedicate, bottom, indisposition, indigent, illegitimate (El jet-met)-, modify, meditate, plenitude, antedate, abdicate, obdurate, agitated, pottage, bitter, graduation, avidity, metal, indica- ted, ultimate, sold, plumed, bored, reasoned, barred, defined, tarred, scared, deemed, growled, curtailed, hardened, peeled, hard, loomed, resigned, descend, factionist, elocu- tionist, windward, twined, wand, vainest, excursionist, rowed, reed, route, ward, wired, round, rents, antedated, strutted, retreated, defrauded, inverted, amputated, undated, treated, mired, mart, suffered, slurred, immured, leered, fortified, forgot, (i) slacked, liked, flecked, evict, collect, clicked, cracked, crocked, gagged, bobbed, roared, (2) body, Betty, fatty, giddy, Cato, lady, motto, rudely, shady, lotus, lattice, meadows, veto, (3) allude, edit, assayed, aside, allied, elate, omit, equate, (4) riot, albeit, Piatt, (5) buried, denied, dallied, ferried, torrid, sallied, solid, carried, hurried, horrid, rallied. WORD SIC .... about \ _, ... account ;xs . iND COXT1 immediate-lv IACTIONS. .... put ^ acknowledged v_S> ... indiscriminate <\ --- - . . accordingly 3 ... . . that V. .... after -- .... till it Vj/ . . afterward 7 ---. . intelligible f fold astonish-ed- . . toward ment . . . . could ^/ . . throughout ....n^_. . . transcript J establish-ed- i ment V ... forward $ _ . . we are not . . gentlemen *\ . Lord read ---<*^-- - . . were not .... heard f~ .... world ) as it, has it, "\ . particular-lv hesitate-d-ion hundred-th, under ...V- practicable- 81 153- Derivatives of words represented by word-signs, may be formed by adding to the sign of the primitive the consonant necessary to form the derivative; thus, value valued call called world worldly 154. When a word sign or contraction does not contain the last consonant of the primitive word, the derivative is rarely formed by shortening; hence the signs for object, remark, etc., should not be shortened for objected, re- marked, etc., but a full length t or d should be added. 155. Great care should be taken to make the shortened letters only half as long as the full length strokes, as other- wise confusion will result. QUESTIONSLESSON No. !<;. I. What letters are not shortened ? 2. When must the / or d denoted by halving be read? 3. What is said about halving Enip and J^iiib ? 4. What letters may be shaded when halved ? 5. May shortened //\> ? II. What about inei^ne, inagni, etc? 12. How would you write foreseen? 13. How may self -con be expressed? 14. What is said about the joining of prefixes ? Lesson No. 18. AFFIXES. 157. Ing may be denoted by a light dot at the end of the consonant outline, when the stroke is not more conven- ient ; thus, tesing saying losing showing buying _4_ ...... ,) __________ ^ ___________ A ___________ v i. Ings should be expressed by the stroke Ing-hs, whenever it can be conveniently joined. In other cases a heavy dot may be used ; thus, writings sayings meetings holdings 2. Ingly may be denoted by a heavy tick at the end <>( the consonant outline ; thus, amazingly knowingly charmingly lovingly 3. Blc, Bly, when Bel can not be conveniently used, may be expressed by b joined. 4. Blcness, Fullness, Somcness may be denoted by a small circle at the end of the consonant outline ; thus, feebleness faithfulness lonesomeness tangibleness /? 88 L... 5. Lessness may be denoted by a large circle at the end of the consonant outline ; thus, lawlessness thanklessness carelessness 6. Ality, Ility, Erity, etc. These terminations may be represented by disjoining the stroke immediately pre- ceding them ; thus, principality disability prosperity stability 7. For and Fore terminating a word, may be repre- sented by f joined; as Ther-f, for therefore; Wer-f, for wherefore, etc. 8. Ology and Alogy may be represented byy, usually joined to the preceding part of the word ; thus, phrenology genealogy zoology 9. Ship may be represented by Ish joined to, or written near the preceding part of the word ; thus, partnership hardship penmanship -y -V 10. Soever may be denoted by Iss-v joined, or Iss disjoined ; thus, wheresoever whosoever whithersoever whosesoever t- - ^ 89 ii. Self and Selves may IK- denoted, respectively, by a small and a large circle, ioined if the junction is con- venient ; thus, myself thyself himself ourselves 12 WordSign8 may frequently be used to advantage as affix-signs ; t h u s , thereto thereafter wherever whenever 1 . -- ..^X.. READING EXERCISE. L *~ ^ -' a. K is also frequently omitted when it is the initial consonant, and followed by s; hence we write splcn for explain, spet for accept, Iss-B-Shon for exhibition, etc. 167. N may usually be omitted from the syllable trans, and from such words as atonement, husbandman, passenger, etc., where its representation would necessitate a difficult junction, or long outline, and where its omission would not endanger legibility. atonement husbandman identical passenger messenger ' 1). 168. R may be omitted from the syllable scribe in pre- scribe, transcribe, etc. Also in a few other cases, as in manuscript, proportional, etc. a. It is allowable to omit any consonant whose expres- sion would necessitate a difficult outline, and whose omission will not endanger legibility. OMISSION OF WORDS. 169. Of or of the, between words, may be omitted and indicated by writing the word preceding and the word following close to each of her; occasionally, by joining them; thus, price of coal days of the week one of the greatest bill of items X> 1 2 *f^ 1 170. To or To The may be implied by writing the word following just under the line of writing, to-day to know to blacken to say to show I " ~~~ ' ~^ )" " ^""" ' The above is called the fourth position. 7# should not be implied before an up stroke, as Ray, Lay, Hay, etc., and is rarely implied before k or g . 171. To, preceding have, is sometimes omitted, where have can be expressed with a V-lwok; thus, said to have ought to have was to have they arc to have f t ) D 172. Have may be omitted in phrase-signs when it precedes been and done; as, shall have been shall have done was to have been 173. A or and may sometimes be safely and advanta- geously omitted from phrases; as, for a time over and over rich and poor ever and ever 174. The may be omitted when preceded by to, and fol- lowed by an up stroke; also in a few other cases; as, to the lake to the races to the house in the world 175. From=to may be omitted in such phrases as, from day to day from season to season from week to week 176. Or may be omitted in such phrases as, more or less, sooner or later ; or may also be implied between two numbers by writing one under the other; thus, |, -three or four, etc. 177. In familiar work, the experienced phonograph er will omit other words; but the student should confine him- self, for some little time, to those here given. Experience will teach him how far he can safely go. READING EXERCISK WRITING EXERCISE. OMIT ALL VOWELS NOT NKCESSARY TO CORRECT READING. To the, on a, give a, it is, it is set, as soon as, (Sez- ns) in time, for the weather, we are inclined, he will be glad, in the summer, it was, he will know, I remain, if there is any, I was there, you will do, there is nothing, in this way, there must be, there may be, would be certain, does not know, cannot do, he was there, I think he was, by those who, in hopes, and at a, in every respect, with those who, in this, in those, in this position, give it, give those, and should, of much greater, in this case, I had, as if there, as though, as to be, as usual, as few, as far, as she, and in the, and for the, and teach, a place, and a, and the. Romped, co-emption, limped, attempt, stumped, Thomp- son, camped, lastly, vastly, mistake, justly, restless, post- pone, conjunction, compunction, production, restriction, deflection, inflection, construction, attraction, affliction, translate, transmit, transcribe, transplant, manuscript, proportion. Price of labor, fineness of the fabric, neatness of the writing, noise of the engine, one of the meanest, to-morrow, to advantage, to color, to compile, to instruct, five or six, eight or nine, big or little, large or small, dead or alive, I have been, we have been, may have done, will have been, never have been, black and white, summer and winter, red and white, to the road, to the shoulder, to the right, to the leader, to the rocks, from place to place, from city to city, from house to house, from street to street. 97 QUESTIONS LESSON No. 19. I. What is phrase-writing? 2. What is the object of phrasing ? 3. Does phrasing impair legibility ? 4. If a comma or pause of any kind occurs between two words, should they be joined ? 5. What is said about joining, where the junction would be difficult or imperfect? 6. What word usually determines the position of the phrase ? 7. What is the exception to this rule ? 8. When may / be omitted ? 9. When is it allowable to omit / ? lo. When may / be omitted ? II. N is usually omitted from what syllable ? 12. In what other cases may it be omitted? 13. When may r be omitted ? 14. Are of and of the ever omitted ? 15. When? 16. How may to or to the be implied? 17. What exception is there to this rule? 18. What is said about the omission of or ? 19. Of hare ? 20. Of a or and? 21. What is said about the omission of to preceding have ? 08 Lesson No. 20. REPORTING EXPEDIENTS. 178. The speed of writing may be greatly increased by employing the following expedients. They should be so thoroughly memorized that they can be applied without the least hesitation. 179. All or will may be added by an L hook to any sign taking that hook; thus, by all they will to all and all in all their \ f <:: ^_^s .................. _____ .( _______ .......... X ______________________ C ------------------ ..... . ........ . a. All or will may also be added to the simple R hook- signs by enlarging the hook; thus, there will, they are all which are all from all 180. Are or our may be added by an R hook to any sign taking that hook; thus, by our which are at our but are a. Are or our may also be added to the simple L hook- signs by enlarging the hook; thus, for all are, or our at all our by all our 99 iSi. Have or of may be added by a V hook to signs taking- that hook, also to the brief W word signs; thus, which have all have they have were of what have /. ^ JL_ -* -_ 182. Had, what or would may sometimes be added to full length signs by halving them ; thus, it had, or would in what, in it had had which had, or would --I- I Perpendicular and inclined strokes, when so treated, are generally written in the third position. 183. How may be represented by a light tick just under the line, written upward or downward in the direc- tion of Ray or Chay; thus, how how many how much 184. In and in the may frequently be represented to advantage by an In hook; thus, in the same place in the construction in the smallest _J3. 3L -T r ... 185. In may also be added to here and there by an N hook; as Arn for here-in, Arn-Bcffov here-in-before. 186. Ing thr may be expressed by a heavy dash at the end of the preceding part of the word; thus, facing their eating their raising their placing their .V. I... -A- a. No confusion will result between this and "/;/;>/]'," as the context will indicate which is intended. 187. Ing the, Ing a. The affix i/i' 5 his 190. Not may be added by an A^ook to dash- vowel and half-length signs. a. Not may also be added to full-length signs by halving them, and attaching the //hook; thus, or not ought not if not be not have not ....... _._ J _ ________________ ____* _____________________ ^ __________________ * _________________ !_. 191. Numbers. The following method will greatly facilitate the rapid expression of figures. 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 a. In expressing round numbers, write Ned for hundred, Ith % for thousand, and Mel 1 f6r million; thus, 300 6,oco 7,ooo ; ooo 300,000 40,000 3- 6 ( 7^ <^ 101 b. In writing dollars and cents, omit both dollar sign and decimal point; thus, four hundred sixty-seven dollars, twenty-nine cents. 467 2 9 c. Solid figures, as three thousand four hundred sev- enty-seven, are expressed best in the ordinary way; thus, 3477 192. Own may be added by an A 7 " hook to a full-length, or lengthened curve stroke. a. Oivn may also be added by an TV hook to any stroke to which O2ir or their has been added; thus, our own my own in their own at our own by their own N \ D ..... a 193. One may often be advantageously added by an JV hook; thus, any one at one another one each one a. In practice, no confusion will result from representing own and one by the same hook, as the context will clearly indicate the word 194. Past Tense. Many phonographers frequently write the present tense for the past, depending upon the context to denote which was intended; as, demand for demanded, regard for regarded, etc. a. The extent to which this principle may be carried with safety will depend upon the aptness of the writer; all can safely use it in familiar matter. 195. Syllables disjoined. It is sometimes con- 103 venient to disjoin two parts of a word, writing them close together; thus, draughtsman non-forfeitable non-payment ^ 5^,.. : -v, ._ 196. Thr Tick. There, their, they are, or other may often be expressed to advantage by a heavy tick, joined to the preceding word; thus, since thr face thr upon their gave thr 197. Than may be added to comparatives by an hook; thus, greater than sooner than more than better than 198. Us may sometimes be conveniently represented by a small circle, joined to a preceding-word. Sometimes by enlarging a circle; thus, give us before us gives us upon us 199. We, you and were. The signs for these words are sometimes reversed, in order to secure a phrase; thus, shall we come there were since you you have - 2. Writing an enlarged brief IFsign, in the direction of Ray, denotes an added brief K word-sign; thus, with you were you would you 3. Enlarging a brief )^denotes an added brief [For Y word-sign; thus, ye were you would you were beyond you _______ _V_ _______________ n. _________________ u _____________ _? _____________ 4. Names. Wch and IVuh, enlarged in their natural direction, are called, respectively, U^r/i- \Vch and Wuh- ]] r ith. \Vlu-n written in the direction of Ray, they may be called m'/i-Ynhan<\ With-Yiih. Ycli and Yuh enlarged may be called Ych- IVch and Yit/i- Wuh. 104 Go tbc Stubent You have now been over all the principles, and it is presumed that you have a good knowledge of them. Much work, however, remains to be done before you will acquire sufficient speed to do practical work. Let your motto be practice, practice, practice. Remem- ber, too, that speed does not come from mere writing, but from intelligent study combined with it. In your writing thus far you have expressed all, or nearly all the vowel sounds. You should now omit them entirely, except where the insertion of one is necessary to the correct reading of the word. Great care should be taken, however, to write the outline in the position denoted by the accented vowel. Apply all the "Reporting Expedients." Do not use a long outline where a short one will do as well. Do not write "of," "of the, " "to," or "to the," where you can imply them. These are little things in themselves, but they make a great difference in one's speed. The following pages are given as samples for your guid- ance. It would be well to study the first one till you can read it readily; then write it over and over, each time trying to write a little faster than you did the preceding time, yet never faster than you can form the characters well. After you have practiced the first one faithfully, take the second, and after this, the third. A portion of each day should be given to memorizing the "Brief Word-Forms," beginning on page 113. Practice these till you can write them at a high rate of speed. 105 J 106 451 Main St.. Buffalo, N. Y., Apr. 17, 1891. Mr. Jas. H. Cole, Box 29, Nunda, N. Y. My dear Sir: I am in receipt of your letter of the I3th inst., and am pleased to learn that your progress has been so rapid. Let me caution you, however, to be very sure that you understand the principles thoroughly. If you do, and can apply them readily, you may congratulate yourself on having accomplished the first, and perhaps most important step in the study of Short-hand; if you do not, review carefully from the very beginning of the book. Any attempt at further progress before the principles have been mastered will be quite likely to result in failure. Resolve to become a good stenographer. The market is overstocked with poor ones. It will pay you to put forth earnest and persistent effort, as the higher speed you obtain, and the more proficient you make yourself, the better place and the larger salary you will be able to secure. Make it a practice, not only to read over a large portion of everything you write, but to make frequent transcripts, ex- ercising the utmost care in spelling, punctuating and capital- izing. These are very important, and if you find yourself deficient in this part of the work, take immediate steps to remedy the defect. The demand for competent stenog- raphers was never so great as at the present time, and you need have no fear that your services will not be needed, it you prove yourself capable. Do not, however, expect a position until you can do good, and fairly rapid work. Yours truly, 107 I \. , i /, ' I c V * ,- r * x , I .....V-i.- ... ...7L.....-X I \ 1 v: \s ^ "7 J, Q / Q_D. -Y- ^ 7-S" (^ v- -Y . . . California \> _ civilization _ co-executor /^_. collateral ^ .... combine-d-ation c - 3 . . . call off, call forth \ Catholic-ism / . certain-ty Vy .... comfort-ed-able >\ .... certificate ^^7 .... commence-ment . . . commonest \ . cessation J chair ^^ . . . commercial . . .company .... _. IK; r complete completion \ ...... compliance ...... comply-ied "N, .... comprehend-ed ^ . . comprehension-ive *N concern conclude 2_ concluded 1 conclusion . . . . . conclusive-ness D L/ condition-al _c _ congress ._.... conscientious-ly 77^_. consequence ^___ consequent _) . . . consider-able-ness . . . . considerate-ness P J consist P consistence P constituent constitute-ed , constitution-al I construct-ed (j..._ construction ]U_-_ix> (or in the) construction consume g~^ consumption contain _ | contract-ed [}_ contraction . . . . contradict-ed-ory ;. contradiction 1 contnve-ance control-led controversy converse-ant convert-ed . . . . correct-ed-ness correclion corrects counsel for the defense 117 _.ZL. counsel for the d efendant . counsel for the plaintiff .... countenat;' [ V ...V 1 - k i- : f . . . ('eficient-cy . . . deform-rd-ity .... defraucl-ed . . . degeneration degree . . . delight-ed countryman . . . . countrymen . . . . . . county court . . cross-examine-ation cure ^ ,f . . delinquent-cy . . . . delinquents _J J . . . . deliver-ed-y .... deliverance D danger dangers-ous u. . . . . democrat-ic-cy . denominate-d-ion .... depravity . derived-derivative .derive-dcrivatiun . . determine . . . determination . . . develop-ment .... describe d ^ J -1 i ; dark ' darken-ed 1 J -V Dear Sir 1 Dear Madam ..... Decemlx-T defeat defendant L 4 i 118 descript'on I direct-ed U direction o __r... feel feel it ^- felt C^ . . . . explore-d-ation express-ed-ive exquisite ^o fell in X V>_^ linancial Q . footstep _.v_ -V- 1 extraordinary . . . . extravagant-ce extreme Vj, for instance d ^ . : . . . . for all for all are F . fact V^ .... for the plaintiff __S*-_ . for the defendant 12O .^ . for all it, or for all had G ^\/~ v formal- ity y formation -Sy_ former-]y formless ^ p . "lorious ? govern -merit ^ fortune-ate-ly I= Y . . ... grandchild Jj fraction _ .c^j _. .... granddaughter c-e^^ grandson -r\ Great Britain <=- guilt-y H __df^=-_ habeas corpus |..._ had had, or it \- ha ppy Q_ fuller ~ frantic . . . ... from it \o have ing been V^_P henceforth i .... furnish-ed-ture ___y future-ity ._../\ heretofore 131 . . history-ical holy holier . holiest horticulture-al .j___- House of Representatives ..A hopeful ness I v-^o .^1 am in receipt of your letter r I idle ness .'-- . . . . if all are, or our identical ^---^Tbo. . . . if the court please _ ignorance ignorant .(_.__ illegible ity -~i/- imagine-ary-ation /---- imaginative ,/. imagined immoral-ity _ immortal ity immortalize .... impatience impatient . . improper-ly-riety . . in all .... indefatigable indenture .... independent .... indescribable . . . indignant ... . individual .... inliabit-ed-ant inquire . . . . insignificant .... . instant I/.. integrity intellectual in (or in the)consideration ... inconsiderate-ness _ information . . informed inform-ant 183 in it ... in one, any one in our in relation . . in reply to your letter . . . in reply to your favor inscribe-d i inscription insecure in so far as .... in the first place i . in (or in the) second place interior .:r. ! \.... interpret-ed-ation H> intestate intolerable "~-'v_ invite-ation f irreligious ... is known, or none is said . . is said to have t --L-- is there is it issue issued . . . is just at hand ... it had or would . it had or would not it ought it ought not ... it ought to have it ought to have had . . it would have had itself J January Jehovah Jesus . . . Jesus Christ . . Jesus of Nazareth joint stock judicial 183 -X lengtliv lengthen lengthened ---/ jury -... on (or on the) one hand -/. . .one other, or another ?..- only opposition ?\^-~ .... oppression J. order ordinary organ organize organization over it . overtake ...\ __ preliminary .. C \.._ parallel ._(\ parliament-ary . \ . . . party, patent-ed - ....^. . . party of the first part party of the second part partake passenger people perfect perfected perfection Pennsylvania .... perform-ed-ance .... permanent-ly-ce .... perpendicular-ity person . . . philanthropy-ic-ist ' . . . phenomena-on-al Philadelphia . . . photography-ic-er popular-ity power powerful practice 130 _V -v .V present prejudice-d . . prepare-d-atory-ation Presbyterian pretty prima-facie professor profit-ed proof-prove prominent ce property proportion protection production .... punish-ed-ment purpose R real-ity realize .... recollect-ed-ion recover-ed . . reform-ed-atory religion c/ / (S- . relinquish-ed-ment . . . remonstrate-d . . . republican ^ /\ . . . repute-d-ation . respect- ed-ing-ful , .... revenge-d ^ 2 . . ^ C 1 . . Roman Catholic s . . . said to have salvation . . . San Francisco .... satisfy-ied 187 R-- satisfaction -L- N __ scripture-al ..~c^f. . . . Secretary of State ...ex/-.. . . . Secretary of War . scientific ^o south-eastern ( <: \^> '- . . . . south-western .1> September ....A serious - ... set off \ p u set fotth J shall it I J . . she had, she would \ V- .---"... ..... significant-ce-cy X - .. - . .... spiritualistic signification ...\_ spontaneous _.. ^... standard similar-ity simple-icity single-d singular-ity P ~ _ situation - C ~~ 3 skillful ..-.^_^ stenography-er-ic ....^U. stranger q q .... stupendous-ness .JU J* . tendency elegraph-ic tament-ary siihlimp-itv V % ft - substantial f . f that thr anksgiving henceforth icre ought lave been the other s Q V . . substantiate-d-ation J So. . . ... substitute-d -^ th < t ft such had 5" ...A... there ought to 1 6 ft such oiujht to have such ought to have had a there will uld or had icy are all I or would ;y had not lousand-th have been ite-d-ation tolerance . . took transient .... . ./~. . . . such would have _JL-/_. .... sufficient-cy-ly e .... suggest-ed-ion . . there wo ..... t . . . they hac th tl ov . . . superintend-ed-ent ~4 \ supreme-acy -v- r to .... toler c- .].... swindle-d-r ...... take take it taken tragedy . . . trans- Atlantic ..r\._ -. virtuous -fe= . . virtuously visible JL. . . . . . transcend -ed . . . transfer-red w - - - .... warrant-ed-able -v . ; . . transform -ed u . . . . . under . . . . United States ^ . . . . universe-al . . . universalism university "^ of your valued favor . . we are to have V, we know 3 unless .... we have known uniform ...L. welcome we made -V - - V . . vegetate-d-ion . . . vegetable-rian .... vengeance .... vice-versa Virginia . . . we may have been we may, with me or my -s- - V . we may not, we meant we mention __(/____ . were it 13O were made > were meant 5 - .... were mentioned ^ were no -iX . what is your occupation . . where do you reside .... . where it . which are to have . which had cr would not . . which ought to have / which ought to have had, or it which ought not ... which have had which will it ... which will not . . which would have which would have had or it ._ while it ._ wish it _ with him ...61.. women work-ed .... workman-men year-s yes sir - . . . your valued favor ... your letter at hand . . your communication . . your esteemed favor 131 Practice Letters for Students. LETTER OF APPLICATION. 341 Watson St., May 3, 1891. The James Jackson Co., City. Gentlemen : Mr. Many informs me that you are desirous of securing the services of an amanuensis. I have recently completed a thorough course in short-hand under the direction of Prof. Chase, and wish to procure employ- ment. I am permitted to refer you to the above named gentlemen; also to Mr. Cassel, President of the Marine Bank. Hoping for a favorable response, I am, Respectfully, HENRY KEEPER. 13 a LETTER OF APPLICATION. 39 Maryland Ave., March 29, 1891. Messrs. Harris & Bro., 14 Board of Trade Bldg., City. Gentlemen: I am desirous of securing a position as stenog- rapher, and am informed that there is a vacancy in your office. Should you desire an interview, I shall be pleased to call at such time as you may designate. References. Barnes, Hengerer & Co., John T. Noye Mfg. Co., Tonawanda Lumber Co., Tonawanda, N. Y. Respectfully, MAUD EMERSON. 133 COMMENDATORY LETTER, (SPECIAL). Office of H. B. CLAFLIN & CO., New York, April 20, 1891. Messrs. Wood & Co., Chicago, Ills. Gentlemen: Your letter of the i8th is before us. We can recommend Mr. Harvey Hale as a young man of unusual ability, and strict business integrity. He has been in our employ, as stenographer, for three years, during the past two of which he has had entire charge of the correspond- ence, and has filled this difficult position with perfect satisfaction. Yours truly, H. B. CLAFLIN & CO. 134 COMMENDATORY LETTER, (GENERAL.) COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, Coleman, N. Y. , April 27, '91. To the Business Public : This is to certify that Miss Jennie Hood is a graduate of the Short-hand Department of this Institution. She has a speed of about one hundred thirty-five words per minute on miscellaneous matter, and can transcribe her notes rapidly and accurately. During the time spent under our direction we have always found her punctual, and ready to perform any task imposed upon her. Respectfully, LETTER OF INTRODUCTION, (BUSINESS.) JAMES' BUSINESS COLLEGE, Bennett, N. Y., May, 1891. John Mooney, Esq., Johnstown, Pa. Dear Sir : This will introduce to you Mr. David E. Bell, the young man we send in answer to your application for a stenographer. Mr. Bell is well prepared, and we are sure you will find him, in every way, a desirable assistant. Yours truly, JAMES BROS. 136 LETTER OE INTRODUCTION, (SOCIAL.) Grand Rapids, Mich., April 23, 1891. Dear Charles, This will introduce to you my much esteemed friend, Mr. George Reed. He is taking a business trip to New York, and I have persuaded him to spend a day with you. I have pictured in glowing terms your beautiful home and genial hospitality, and I bespeak for him a very enjoyable time. Yours very truly, J. C. WINTER. Dr. Charles Meade, Cleveland, Ohio. 137 LETTER ulJDEUiNi; GOODS. Summit, Pa., Apr. 13, 1891. Messrs. Granger & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Gentlemen : Please ship at once, by fast freight, the following: 15 boxes M. Soap. 5 chests Best Oolong Tea. 10 bbls. Granulated Sugar. 3 " Light Brown Sugar. We wish you would exercise special care in the selec- tion of the tea, as our customers complained that the last lot was not up to the usual standard. Draw at 30 days' sight for amount of bill. Respectfully, }. O. WAKEFIELD. 138 Guide to the Use of Capitals. The following rules for the use of capitals have been very carefully prepared, and, with the copious illustrations, will be found of much assistance to the young stenographer. 1. Every Sentence and Every Line of Poetry should begin with a capital. 2. Proper Names should begin with capitals; as, John and James went to the White Mountains. The city of Cincinnati is on the Ohio river. 3. Proper Adjectives and Words derived from Proper Names should begin with capitals; as, American, Roman, Bostonian, Swedish, Smithsonian, to Christian- ize. 4. Direct Quotations. When the exact words of a speaker or writer are used, the first word should begin with a capital; as, James said, "Come with me." 5. The pronoun / and the interjection O should be capitals. 6. Names of God, words denoting or referring to the Deity should begin with capitals ; as, ' 'Trust in Providence. ' ' "For in Thee, O Lord do I hope." "Thou wilt hear, O Lord my God." "Trust in Him and He will give you rest." Jehovah, Creator, Almighty. 139 y. Months of the Year, Days of the Week, days, and Speeial Seasons shouid begin with capitals; as, January, Monday, Christmas, Fourth of July, Good Friday, Lent, Advent, Trinity. Spring, summer, fall, autumn, and tender, should not be capitalized unless personified. 8. Titles of Honor and Office should begin with capitals; as, Dr.; Mr.; Rev.; General Hood; Sergeant Mills; Peter Chase, D. D ., LL. D.; Hon James Dn-c; President Madison; His Honor, the Mayor. 9. Names Personified. The name ot anything spoken of as a person should begin with a capital; as, "Come gentle Spring," "Then Hope said." 10. In Headings and Titles the important words, (usually nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs) should be capitalized; as, "An Illustrated History of the State of Vermont," Pope's "Essay on Man," "His Majesty, Myself." In books, the titles and heads of the principal divisions are printed in small capitals. 11. Names Composed of Proper and Common Nouns; such as, Junior course, Cayuga creek, Andes moun- tains, etc., should have the first word only capitalized, (unless used in a title or in an address) because it may be used alone. In such names as Rocky Mountains, Jersey City, Black Hills, etc., both parts should be capitalized, as both are necessary to describe the place. 12. Religious Sects, Political Parties, Organi= nations, Societies and Companies should begin with capitals; as Methodist. Catholic, Republican, Prohibition 140 party, Band of Hope, Radicals, Conservatives, The Courier Co. 13. Distinct Regions ; as, Pacific Coast, the North, the Southwest, A T orf/i Siberia, etc., should be capitalized. In the sentence, He was traveling west, west should not be capitalized as it denotes simply direction. In the sentence, He went West, west should begin with a capital, as it here denotes a certain part of the country. 14. Words of Special Importance describing great events, or special things which have acquired a distinct name should be capitalized ; as, Blue Jlfonday, Gulf Stream, the Dark Ages, the Revolution^ the Civil War. 15. It is sometimes allowable to capitalize a word in order -to give it special emphasis ; as, Write every. /V^ter Name, and every Adjective derived from a Proper Notin with an initial-capital. Swintori s Grammar. 1 6. In display advertisements, important words are generally capitalized. It is also customary in writing amounts in checks, notes, etc., to capitalize each word ; as, Four Hundred Thirty ; also different items and important words in bills ; as, 3 Ibs. Tea, 4 bu. Potatoes, etc. 141 Punctuation. Punctuation is so important a part of the education of the stenographer, and so few have a practical knowledge of the art, that it has been thought advisable to give in this book a series of rules which, it is hoped, will be found of great benefit to the stenographer, and enable him to render better transcripts than he otherwise could. THE COMMA. The comma denotes the least of the divisions of a sen- tence. The following rules will show its principal uses. RULE i. When words or phrases are not essential to the meaning or structure of the sentence in which they stand, but are merely thrown in, as it were, they should usually be set off by commas ; as, It is said, however, that the con- ditions are favorable. He has just heard, evidently, of the late disaster. A practical education is, in fact, the key to success. He went, accordingly, and made arrangements. RULE 2. Clauses or Phrases coming between the subject and predicate of a sentence, or between any of its principal parts, should usually be set off by commas. 143 EXAMPLES. The painter has, with perfect reality, depicted the horrors of war. "The sun, with all its train of attendant planets, is but q small portion of the universe. John, who had studied faithfully, secured the prize. The book, though not a new one, was highly prized. RULE 3. The Ellipsis of a Verb should be marked by a comma ; as, James went to France; John, to England. He has one book ; she, two. Commas indicate the closest connection ; brackets, the remotest. RULE 4. Relative Clauses, not Restrictive, should usually be set off by commas. EXAMPLES. The young man, who seemed very bright, found ready employment. They intend to go in the spring, which is the most delight- ful season of the year in that country. The giant trees of California, which are the largest in the -.'orld, are falling victims to man's greed. NOTE i. A clause is restrictive when it limits the meaning of some par- ticular word to some particular sense ; as, Books which tire full of knowledge are valuable. Here the author does not say that all books are valuable, but merely those that are full of knowledge. The clause is, therefore, restrict- ive, and should not be set off by commas. Some authors would, however, place a commit after knowledge to mark the logical subject. NOTE 2. If several words come between the relative and its antecedent,, a comma should precede the relative even if it is used restrictively ; as, He is the best man, who does the most good. NOTE. 3. A comma should always be placed before the relative, if it is- immediately followed by a word or phrase set off by commas; as, The 143 engineer, who, through gross carelessness, wrecked the train, deserves the ^veicst censure, lie met with a painful accident, which, however, did not permanently injure him. Rule 5. Ail Appositive Word, together with its adjuncts, should usually be set off by commas. Titles, when affixed to a noun or pronoun, should also be set oft by a comma, or commas. EXAMPLES. Gladstone, the noted statesman, lives in England. Victoria, The Queen of England, is very wealthy. Rev. James Russell, D. D., LL. D. Harold Hunt, Esq. NOTE I. When the appositive consists of only one word, or only one word preceded by the article //it', no comma is usually required ; as Jesus the Saviour was crucified. NOTE 2. In sentences like the following, the appositive is not set off by commas; as, Goldsmith Maid was called the queen of the turf. lie- was chosen king. They elected him president. RULE 6. The Simple Members of a Compound Sentence, unless short and closely connected, are gen- erally divided by commas. EXAMPLES. The machine is a marvel of simplicity, but its work is truly wonderful. "Life is short and time is fleeting." Short, no comma needed. Be charitable, meet your obligations promptly, and you will be respected. He speaks earnestly, and his words carry conviction with them. NOTE. When the members have commas within themselves, a semi- colon is usually placed between the members ; as James, though younger / was soon noted for his fine wortc ; but John, being lazy and indifferent, met with little success. 144 RULE 7. Similar Phrases forming a Series should have a comma after each phrase. EXAMPLES. He has sailed the seas in merchantmen, government cruisers, and fleet ocean racers. An earnest purpose, a desire to excel, and persistent application, will win success. RULE 8. Words or Phrases in Pairs should have a comma after each pair. EXAMPLES. Minute by minute, day by day, and week by week, the work goes on. He has studied Latin and Greek, philosophy and chem- istry, and drawing and music- RULE 9. Similar Words in a Series should usu- ally be separated from each other by commas. EXAMPLES. Men, women, boys, and girls were there. He spoke rapidly, distinctly, and forcibly. The sun, moon, planets, and stars are objects of earnest study. Love, faith, hope, and charity are written on their banner. NOTE I. In a series of similar words no commas are required, if the con- nectives are all expressed. (See example I below.) If the connectives are all omitted, the words must not only be separated from each other by com- mas, but a comma must be placed after the last one to separate it from what follows (see example 2.) EXAMPLES. i. Every thought and every word and every action will be brought into judgment. 145 2. Every thought, every word, every action, will be brought into judgment. NOTE 2. If the terms are adjectives, no comma should be inserted between the last one and its noun, if the latter \sfinal ; as, She was a kind, generous, noble woman. RULE 10. Independent Elements should be set off by commas. UNDER THE ABOVE HEAD ARE INCLUDED : 1. The nominative case independent ; as, I believe, Mr. Secretary, an error has been made. James, go at once. 2. The nominative case absolute ; as, He being deaf, we talked without fear of being heard. 3. Independent adverbs ; as, WJiy, how well you look. 4. Unemphatic Interjections ; as, Oh, how kind you are. RULE n. Dependent and Conditional Clauses are usually set off by commas. EXAMPLES. I will go early in the morning, if I can secure a horse. I will not go, unless he returns by this evening. Educate a man., and you increase his usefulness. NOTI: i. In the preceding sentence the condition is implied ; the mean- ing being, "//run educate a man," etc. NOTE 2. A clause is dependent when it requires another to complete its meaning. A dependent clause usually begins with if, unless, where, when, until, in order, etc. NOTE 3. If the sentence is short, and the connection close, no comma should be used; as, He will come as he went. You may return when you can. RULE 12. Transposed Phrases or Clauses placed at the beginning of a sentence, should usually be set off by a comma. 146 EXAMPLES. At the end of a feic hours, they reached the cabin. Hunted by every one, there seemed little chance ot escape. To tell the truth, his record was never brilliant. To be plain, I cannot say I like it. " Who icouldbefree, themselves must strike the blow." NOTE. In making out catalogues, and lists of names, the last name is generally written first, and a comma placed after it ; as, Brooks, James A. Luce, Messrs. E. cV J. Hood, Dr. O. B. Case, Geo. M., Jr. RULE 13. A Short Quotation, or a sentence resem- bling a quotation, should be introduced by a comma. EXAMPLES. He said, " I will be there." Resolved, " That we tender our thanks." I say, " You ought not to go." He began his speech by saying, "It is a pleasure to be with you again." Rule 14. The Comma should be used to pre= vent ambiguity, and to make prominent emphatic or contrasted parts. EXAMPLES. He is liberal, not lavish. (Contrasted parts.) The convict walked, and slept upon his bed. ' ' Every lady in the land Has twenty nails upon each hand, Five and twenty upon hands and feet ; This is true without deceit." 147 NOTE EFFECT OF PUNCTUATION. " Kvery lady in the land Has twenty nails ; upon each hand, Five; and twenty upon hands and feet: This is true without deceit.'' THE SEMICOLON. The Semicolon is used to mark the division of a sentence next longer than that indicated by the comma. RULE i. Subdivided Members. A semicolon is generally used between members that are subdivided by commas, unless the connection is very close. EXAMPLES. The model, though in a crude state, was exhibited a year ago ; and now, for the first time, a perfect cast has been secured. Garfield, like Lincoln, was born of humble parents ; and, like Lincoln, was killed by an assassin's bullet while hold- ing the highest office in the gift of the nation. RULE 2. Clauses and Expressions in a Series, having a common dependence upon another clause, are separated from each other by semicolons, and from the clause upon which they depend, by a comma. EXAMPLES. He said, that you agreed to furnish fifty tons of coal ; that you were to deliver in five-ton lots ; and that you accepted his offer of four dollars, net. 148 They claim, that the instrument is superior to all others ; that it is simpler in construction ; that its action is easier and quicker ; and that its tone is fuller and richer. NOTE. If the clause upon which the others depend, comes at the end of the sentence, it is usually separated from them by a comma, followed by a dash. Thus : " To give preference to honor above gain, when they stand in competition ; to despise every advantage which cannot be attained without dishonest acts ; to brook no meanness ; and to stoop to no dissimulations, are the indications of a great mind. RULE 3. A General Term in Apposition is usually separated from the particulars under it by a semicolon, and the particulars, from each other by commas ; as, He selected three books ; Pilgrim's Progress, David Copperfield, and Recreations in Astronomy. NOTE. Jf the particulars contain commas within themselves, they should be separated from each other by semicolons, and from the general term by a colon ; as, He selected three books : Pilgrim's Progress, by Bunyan ; David Copper- field, by Dickens ; and Recreations in Astronomy, by Warren. RULE 4. Short Sentences, without grammatical de- pendence, yet connected in meaning, are usually separated from each other by semicolons. EXAMPLES. The winter has gone ; the summer is here with its sun- shine and flowers. I know the morning ; I am acquainted with it and love it, fresh and sweet as it is ; a daily new creation, breaking forth and calling all that have life and breath and being to new adorations, new enjoyments, and new gratitude. Daniel Webster. NOTE. When the sentences are short, and the connection very close, a comma is generally used ; as, The sun is shining, trees are budding, birds are singing ; all the earth seems glad. 149 RULE 5. An Additional Clause. When a clause stating a reason, explanation, or enumeration is added to a preceding sentence, it should be preceded by a semicolon, if introduced by a connecting word, but by a colon if not. EXAMPLES. You should gather all you can ; for it will be needed. You should gather all you can : it will be needed. NOTE I. A comma is sometimes used when the sentences are very short and the connection close ; as " Be just, and fear not." " Think much, speak little." NOTE 2. As, namely, -thus, and that is, when used to connect an example with a rule, should be preceded by a semicolon, and followed by a comma; as, There are two divisions of Grammar; namely, Etymology and Syntax. THE COLON. The Colon is used to mark a division next greater than that indicated by the semicolon, and next below that of the period. Two rules have already been given for the use of the colon, see RULE 5, also NOTE, RULE 3, under "Semicolons." RULE i. Greater Divisions. The Colon is gener- ally used between the divisions of a sentence that are sub- divided by semicolons. EXAMPLE. ' ' The three great enemies to tranquility are vice, super- stition and idleness : vice, which poisons and disturbs the mind with bad passions ; superstition, which fills it with imaginary terrors ; idleness, which loads it with tediousness and disgust." RULE 2. Direct Quotations, if long, or formally introduced, should be preceded by a colon. NOTE i. "If, in reading, the introduction takes, on the last word, the falling inflection, it is formal; if it takes the rising inflection it is informal, and requires a comma.'' Westlake. EXAMPLES. He rose and said: "I did not come here this evening with the intention of speaking," etc. Thomas Jefferson, in speaking of indolence, said: "Of all the cankers of human happiness, none corrodes with so silent, yet so baneful an influence as indolence. NOTE 2. If the quotation begins a new paragraph, or if it consists of sev- eral sentences, a dash is sometimes placed after the colon. EXAMPLE. When the meeting was called to order, the president rose and said: "Gentlemen, it is with great pleasure that I introduce," etc. RULE 3. Yes and Xo. These words should be fol- lowed by a colon when equivalent to an answer that is afterward expressed in full. EXAMPLES. Will he go now? No: he cannot go now. Are you nearly ready ? Yes, kind friend: I will soon be ready. NOTE. In such cases as, "Yes, sir," "Xo, my lords," etc., the colon should come after the last word ; thus. Yes, sir : I will go with you. Xo, my lords : I cannot agree to your proposition. RULE 4. The Expressions, as follout .-!>e are followed i>\ a i onmia. ('seldom takes any point immediately after it. I \.\MIM.KS. Alas! I am no longer rich. Oh! it hurts. Oh, yes: we will go. O my country! NOTK 2. \Yheie tin- inteijcetion forms part of the clause or the exelamation point should In- placed at tin- end ol'llie elanse. or ion; as, t > vain man ! ( >h that 1 amid make him happy I TIIK DASH. This point is j^n-atly inisuscil by many, especially by young writers, and considerable cari- should be exercised in its use. Do not employ the dash where another ]>oint eould be substituted for it without chan^inq the meaning. RULE i. Abrupt Changes in construction or senti- ment should be marked by a dash. I \AM1M. !>. Could it have been James but no, I do not believe he would go. He was iMvat in his own estimation. RULE 2. Use the dash to denote a summing up of par- ticulars; as, You will be supplied with paper, pens, ink, and pencil, everything needed. He has lost home, friends, wealth, everything. 184 RUI.K ,v Parenthetical Expressions, less closely connected with the rest of the sentence than would he indicated by commas, should he inclosed in dashes; as, I saw probably owing to the rellocted light -tin- li-uiv of a man. "Religion who can doubt it? is the noblest I henu- lor the exercise of the intellect." Kl l.i'. .). The dash is sometimes used in the following: 1. Afters. )iani,-l\\ ax follow '.v, etc., when the example, enumeration, or quotation begins a separate line. See OS, below. 2. At the end of an extract, before tin- name of the author or work ; as, Tin' rose is finest when 'tis budding new. MARKS OF PARKNTHKSIS, ( ). RULE i. The curves are used to inclose \\ords or figures inserted in a sentence by way of comment, but having little or no connection with the .sentence; as, This error uf error it were) caused the loss ot twenty lives, and the destruction of much valuable property. Please send us (if you have in stock ) thpv do/en "Ideal" Copy Holders. NOTE. YVlirn a [mint would U- required I ;, 'tween the puts i if a sentence, no parenthesis \vcn- llicii-, tlicn saiil puiiil sluiulil follow llii'lust curvr, unless there is ;i point ;,'/'////;/ . . in \vhieh oisr i( sliou'id fir,;;/.-- f/n' /i rs/ //<>;;; as, \\'hilc tlif si-ll' ii'speetiiiL; man seeks tile L;mitted 93 Ted, Ded, Disjoined Thr Tick 103 Than, Added to Comparatives 103 There, Their, etc., Added by Lengthening 72 The, A, An, And 36 Tick for He . . . . 37 Tiv Hook 67 To, To the, Implied 95 Tr, Thr, Added by Lengthening . 71 Two Vowels After One Stroke 19 Un, In, En Hooks ...... 59 Uncom, Incon, Represented by In Hook ... 4 Us, Represented by a Small Circle 103 Use of S and Z Strokes 25 Use of Ar and Ray . 29 Use of El and Lay 32 Use of H Stroke 35 Use of W Stroke - 44 Vowels, Long 14 Vowels, Light 18 Vowels Between Strokes . 18 V Hook 63 Vowel Word Signs . . . 21 \V, lirief Sicns for 40 W, In the Vowel Places 45 We, Vou, Were, Signs Reversed 103 What, Would, Had, Added ,00 Will, All, Added 99 V, I!rief Signs for 41 V, L'se of Stroke 45 V, In the Vowel Places 45 You, We, Were, Signs Reversed 103 /, Hrief Expression of . . 23 /, I'se of Stroke 25 TOO UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. MAY Form L9-25m-9,'47(A5618)444 UNIVERSITY of CALlKUKMiA AT T.OS ANftETJBS . Short -hard sinpl if led. MAY 2 Z56 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY A 000 564 857 1 ft ,K . ATYER DALLAS, TEXAS