.V-- .*w >*. 4- *J^ H fsW" 4 ^Hl 36, C^ristcburcb Jlout), 4-, STAPLETON HALL ROAD, STROUD GREEN. N. A BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OP GUY'S HOSPITAL THOMAS GUV. See /net 62. A BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY GUY'S HOSPITAL SAMUEL WILKS, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. AND G. T. BETTANY, M.A., B.Sc. WARD, LOCK, BOWDEN & CO. LONDON: WARWICK HOUSE, SALISBURY SQUARE, E.G. NEW YOKK : EAST 12TH STREET MELBOURNE: ST. JAMES'S STREET. SYDNEY: YORK STREET, 1892 [All riyhff) rexerrrd'\ Eicscdhal FES' PREFACE. A N apology is due to the subscribers of this ^-^ work for the long delay in its issue. This has unavoidably arisen from the protracted illness and ultimate death of my late colleague Mr. Bettany, who left the portion of the book assigned to him unfinished. It is but fair to his memory, however, to state that we are indebted to him for the part requiring the greatest labour. I refer to the life of Thomas Guy, which now appears almost in the light of a revelation. Before Mr. Bettany commenced his investigations little more was known of Thomas Guy than was contained in a few stories enveloped in fable ; such, for instance, as that he was a bookseller, of not over-scrupulous honesty, who to appease his conscience built a hospital. The falsity of this belief is here shown, and Guy will henceforth stand out in history, as might have been expected, as a man of great intelligence, industry, and piety ; and, above all, as the greatest philanthropist of his day. The amount of arduous research which this biography entailed I know must have been great, judging by the numerous visits paid by Mr. Bettany to the 753470 vi PREFACE. British Museum and to the City Guilds, and Ironi liis correspondence with Mr. A. A. Clarson, of Tarn worth, which town Guy represented in Parliament. He was indebted to this gentleman for much information concerning Guy's almshouses there. Beside this life of Thomas Guy, Mr. Bettany wrote nearly all the biographies of the early physicians and surgeons to Guy's Hospital. He had promised also the lives of some of the most eminent members of the medical staif at the beginning of the present century. But as these had not been written, I had no hesitation in making use of several of the biogra- phical accounts contained in his ** Eminent Doctors." The principal value of the later biographies from my own hand lies in the fact that the subjects of them were personally known to me, and therefore all the chief points in their history still remain in my memory. My best thanks are due to Mr. Targett, who has assisted me in revising the proof-sheets, and has con- tributed largely to the concluding section of the work. The photographs from which the illustrations have been made were kindly taken by Mr. Haccpioil ; and for help in various ways while the book has been passing through the press I am indebted to Mr. C. H. Wells, of the School Department. S. W. Nov&niber 1892, CON^TENTS. BOOK I. LIFE OF THOMAS GUY. CHAPTER PAGE I. — Guy's Early Life 1 II. — Guy as a London Publisher 8 III. — Guy and Tamworth 17 IV. — Guy, Parker, and Oxford University Printing . 28 v.— Guy's Later Years 49 BOOK II. GUY'S HOSPITAL IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. I. — The Hospital — Rise of the Medical School . 75 II. — The Early Physicians to Guy's — Jurin to Thom- LINSON 99 III. — Guy's Physicians in the Latter Part of the Eighteenth Century — Saunders to Eelph . 109 IV. — The Early Surgeons to Guy's — Croft to Pierce . 119 V. — Guy's Surgeons in the Latter Half of the Eighteenth Century — Warner to Lucas, Jun. 128 BOOK III. GUTS HOSPITAL IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. I. — Guy's Hospitai. Property . . . . II. — The Office of Treasurer and Mr. Harrison III. — Development of Medical Education IV. — The Anatomy Act .... V. — Wakley and the " Lancet " . VI. — Development of Guy's Medical School VII. — Creation of Different Institutions 136 141 149 157 165 171 186 Tiii CONTENTS. BOOK IV. PHYSICIANS AND SUnOEONS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. CHAPTER PACK I. — The Physicians who have Died since the Commence- ment OF the Present Century — Dr. Babington TO Db. Golding Bird 199 II. — Dr. Owen Bees to Dr. Wooldridge . . . 251 III. — The Surgeons who have Died since the Commence- ment op the Present Century — Sir Astley Cooper to Mr. Cooper Forster . . , .317 IV. — Obstetric Physicians : Dr. Haighton — Dr. Blundell — Dr. Ashwell — Dr. Lever — Dr. Phillips . 363 V. — Pathologists : Mr. Wilkinson King — Dr. Hodgkin 378 VI. — Chemists : Mr. Allen — Mr. Aikin — Dr. Swaine Taylor 387 VII.— Dentists : Mr. Fox— Mb. Bell . . . .396 VIII.— Aurist: Mr. Hinton 400 IX. — Apothecary : Mr. James Stocker .... 410 X. — Artists : Mr. Towne — Mr. Canton — Mr. Hurst — Mr. Tupper 414 XI. — Surgery Attendant: Mr. Monson Hills . . 422 XII. — Other Distinguished ;Men connected with Guy's . 426 Appendix. — Mr. Edward Cock 434 BOOK V. LATER HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL AND THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. I. — The Hospital and School Buildings , . . 441 II. — The Hospital and its Work 451 III. — The Medical School — its Clinical Work . . 461 IV. — The Medical School and its Curriculum . . 471 V. — Prizes and Scholarships of the Medical School . 485 VI. — The Government of the Hospital and School . 490 Index ......... 495 BIOGEAPHICAL HISTOKY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. BOOK I. LIFE OF THOMAS GUY. CHAPTER I. GUY'S EARLY LIFE. IT seems very natural that a great hospital, like a great collegiate or religious foundation, should frequently originate with a single founder. It is given to many to have broad sympathies, keen intelligence, or elevated conceptions ; and these are combined in more cases than is generally believed. But the union of these with sound, practical judgment and business capacity, and with the powerful will which can carry out a great enterprise, is rare ; and that it should have been found in full vigour in Thomas Guy, at a period of life when most men's grip of practical affairs is weakening, is a strong testimony to his character, and a reason for hold- ing him in high regard, and for endeavom'ing to trace his life in some detail. The materials, however, for such treatment have hitherto been very scanty. Beyond the details given in Maitland's "London " (1739), evidently supplied by the 1 2 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. Hospital authorities, and in Guy"s own will, few authentic facts have been known, the stories given by Nichols in his " Literary Anecdotes " and " Literary Illustrations " not being traceable back to contemporary authorities. Diligent search has, however, revealed a number of in- teresting facts regarding the founder of Guy's Hospital, which we now proceed to relate. The family of Guy is said by Burke (" Founder's Kin ") ■ to have belonged to Egham, in Surrey. Our records begin with Thomas Guy the elder, who in Charles L's reign was a lighterman and coalmonger in Southwark. His position was more w^ell-to-do than his designation might at first sight indicate. At that time sea-borne coal alone reached London, and the trade was in the hands of lightermen, who transferred coal from the colliers to the wharves, and also vended it to consumers. Considerable capital w^as involved in the business ; and inasmuch as lightermen must have barges, involving a connection with carpentry and boat-building, we find that Thomas Guy the elder was enrolled as a citizen and carpenter, or member of the Carpenters' Company of the City of London, enjoying its franchise in the troublous times of the later part of Charles L's reign (Maitland).* We may picture him as having both a yard for selling coal and a wharf for land- ing it, unless perchance he combined the two, for his abode was not far from the river bank as it then existed. Fair Street, Horselydown, was then, as it is now, in an outlying part of Southwark, at the east of Tooley Street. AVe may imagine how many of the merchants and trades- folk of Southwark dissented from the Established Church from the number of their meeting-houses, which were thickly scattered about Southwark. Of one of these Guy * The existing records of the Carpouters' Conipany do not contain Thomas Guy's name ; but for the period of the Civil War they are less full and regular than at later dates. GUTS EARLY LIFE. 3 was no doubt a member, for it is distinctly recorded of him that he was " an anabaptist," and it is worth noting that there was a meeting-house of the Baptists in Dip- ping Alley, Fair Street, Horselydown, which went by the name of " The Dipping Place," on account of a baptistery there, which was used by several congregations in common for purposes of adult baptism. This baptistery, which is said to have been in the shape of a horse-pond, was situated in a burial-ground behind the meeting-house. We can only conjecture that Thomas Guy attended this place (which was only a little south-east of Pritchard's Alley, to be presently mentioned), while his young children would not be baptised there, nor in the Estab- lished Church from which their father dissented (see Wilson's *' Dissenting Churches," iv., 253). This, no doubt, accounts for our being unable to discover the precise date of Guy's birth. Thomas Guy, the future founder of the Hospital, was thus born less than a mile from the site on which he was destined to build it, in the north-east corner house of Pritchard's Alley in Fair Street, directly adjoining the main street, and two doors only east of the churchyard of St. John, Horselydown, which still exists, though no trace of Pritchard's Alley' is to be seen. The houses have doubtless been rebuilt since Guy's time, and the north side of the street is flanked by model dwellings of great height. W^e must not lose sight of the fact, how- ever, that Guy's birthplace was then on the very outskirts of London, and that fields were near and pure air was no stranger, as it is now, to the denizens of Fair Street, which, more than once in 1889 and 1890 when we passed through it, reeked with offensive odours, and was the reverse of " fair," owing to the quantities of garbage with which it, as well as the courts of the " model " dwellings, was strewed. It was in this locality that Thomas Guy, the eldest 4 BIOGRAPniCAL HISTOEY OF GUV'S HOSPITAL, child of his parents, was born in 1644 or 1645. His mother, whose maiden name was Anne Vaughton or Voughton, the daughter of William Vaughton, belonged to a very respectable and influential family in Tamworth, which had for generations furnished bailiffs (answering to mayors), capital burgesses, and churchwardens to that ancient borough. How her husband became acquainted with her we cannot gather ; whether he had relations at or was a native of Tamworth, or whether she met him during a visit to London. But it argues well for his established position and res})ectability that he should have married such a woman ; and it showed the strength of her attachment to her old home that she should have returned thither when she became a widow. Her early married life did not extend beyond nine years probably, her husband having died young in 1652 or 1653, when her eldest child was but eight years old, the younger ones being a son, John, and a daughter, Anne. Thus closed the first portion of Guy's London life, at an age when he had probably progressed no further in education than to attend a dame school, and could know little of London except in the immediate neighbourhood of his home, where fields and trees were still numerous, together with low-lying marshy ground, open ditches, and murky streams. To Tamworth, then, Mrs. Anne Guy returned, no doubt with a fair sum realised from her husband's busi- ness and effects, judging from the amount which was later forthcoming to apprentice her son and to start him in life. Where she lived in Tamworth we do not kuow ; but in all probability her son Thomas was educated at the Tamworth Free Grammar School, which he after- wards remembered in his benetactions. George Antrobus, M.A., was master of this school from November 7th, 1659, previous to which a certain Mr. Ellis was master. During Guy's youth the connection of the Tamworth GUY'S EARLY LIFE.] 5 School with the Church of England would probably be influenced by the Independent principles in vogue, especially at Tamworth, which had been a notable parliamentary and Independent centre ; and at any rate we do not find any special trace of churchmanship of the straiter kind in his subsequent life, though he appears to have been equally devoid of bigoted dissent. Possibly, from his subsequent connections and entry into parliament, he conformed to the Church of England, though retaining strong Protestant and liberal principles. At any rate, if he went to school at all, which he must have done to be a fit apprentice to a bookseller, he learned Latin, and possibly some Greek ; and this is all that can be said as to his education. In some way or other he acquired a keen practical intelligence well fitted for large undertakings ; he had been " carefully educated," as Maitland records. Shortly after the Restoration, on September 3rd, 1660, young Thomas Guy, being between fifteen and sixteen years of age, was apprenticed for eight years to John Clarke the younger, bookseller and bookbinder, in Mercers' Hall Porch, Cheapside, London.* In the next year, on June 18th, 1661, the register of the Collegiate Church of Tamworth records the marriage of "Mr. Joseph Seeley, of Coventry, and Mrs. Anne Guy, of Tamworth; " but it can scarcely be presumed that she went to live at Coventry, although we hear no more of her at Tamworth; for on November 6th, 1667, the marriage * Tlie following is a copy of the entry relating to Guy's apprentice- ship in the Apprentices' Eegister of the Stationers' Company :— 3 Septemb. 1660 Mr. John Clarke Thomas Guy sonne of Thomas Guy Citizen j"^^'- and Carpenter of London desed hath put* himselfe an appr unto John Clarke the younger for eight yeares from Midsomer day last 6 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. of John Varnam and Anne Guy is recorded at Tamworth, and the balance of probability appears in favour of Anne Guy's mother being then still resident at Tamworth. Thomas Guy then, as bookseller's apprentice, lived, no doubt, over or behind his master's shop, in the heart of London, during the gay early days of the Restoration ; but they did not inspire him with a similar disposition, if we may interpret his early days by his later history. He became a clear-headed, sharp-witted business man, and the excitements and gloomy events of the Plague year and the Great Fire probably intensified his habits of reflection. We ought not to forget, too, that towards the close of his apprenticeship Milton's great epic first issued from the press. But we will not expand our con- jectures further, having no data. We only know that, having duly completed his apprenticeship on October 7th, 1668, Guy was admitted a freeman of the Stationers' Company, and on October 14th of the same year was admitted a freeman of the City of London ; and further, that on October 6th, 1673, having been five years a free- man, he was received into the livery of the Stationers' Company.* Guy's active career began immediately after his apprenticeship closed. Being provided with means, he at once established himself in business, selecting a most advantageous position in a little corner house at the junction of Cornhill and Lombard Street, opposite the Mansion House, where he continued to do business and to reside throughout his life. A well-known spot in the last century, the site became absorbed into the street about 1834. This house was said to be one of the first built after the Great Fire. It received the * The Livery Fiiie {i.e. the customary payment on admission) was £20, and there was also a payment of twenty shillings more to the Renter- Warden, who gave a costly entertainment to the Company once a year. GUTS EARLY LIFE. large stock, for that time, of about two hundred pounds' worth of books ; and beyond this we know nothing of the means with which Guy started. From various con- temporary accounts, however, we learn that any book- seller at that time might publish books on his own account, and that the lines were by no means distinctly marked between publishers and booksellers, wholesale and retail. The wholesale trade was in its infancy, and a great portion of a bookseller's trade was retail, or was transacted with individual private customers. One favourite mode of trading was for booksellers to exchange with one another the sheets of the books they severally published, according to their respective values and needs. One man printed a saleable book, and, by exchanging the sheets with various other booksellers for their publi- cations, obtained a varied and assorted stock, which he bound up as his own sales progressed, in styles suitable. Frequently books bore on their imprint, "Printed by So-and-so for So-and-so (mentioning one or more book- sellers), and sold by the booksellers of London and West- minster ; " or it might be printed for and sold by a considerable number of booksellers, each having taken a share in the venture. But genuine booksellers and publishers, with a knowledge of books and interested in their production, were perhaps more numerous in proportion to the population then than now. CHAPTER n. GUY AS A LONDON PUBLISHER, WE have seen Guy established in bus^ioess, and made free of the Stationers' Company and a liveryman of the City of London. How did he proceed to show his business capacity ? Details are largely lacking, and we can only gather partial light. No doubt Maitland's account is to be taken as authentic evidence derived from those who knew. He says that at that time " the English Bibles printed in this kingdom being very bad, both in the Letter and Paper, occasion'd divers of the Booksellers of this City to encourage the Printing thereof in Holland, with curious Types and fine Paper; and imported vast Numbers of the same to their no small advantage. Mr. Guy soon coming acquainted with this profitable Commerce, became a large Dealer therein. But this trade proving not only very detrimental to the Publick Revenue, but likewise to the Kiug's Printer, all Ways and Means were devis'd to quash the same ; which being vigorously put in Execu- tion, the Booksellers by frequent Seizures and Prosecu- tions became so great Sufferers that they judg'd a farther Pursuit thereof inconsistent with their Interest." A large dealer in foreign-printed Bibles — probably also Prayer-books and Psalms ; that is all that we learn positively about Guy's early career as a publisher; and after some years he began to find the constant warfare GUY AS A LONDON PUBLISHER. 9 with the king's printers too harassing and risky. But we must not judge him and his fellow-booksellers by present standards as to piracy. They lived in a time when everything was claimed by the king as his special possession, and such privileges as the grant of a license for printing were regarded as opportunities for making as much as possible out of the persons privileged— whether for the king's privy purse or for that of his courtiers and officials. It was not to be expected that men who had for many years lived in the beliefs expressed in the " Areopagitica " should tamely abandon them, or consider the privileges claimed by the king and his printers as other than an unrighteous usurpation. Such regulations as the limitation of printing to London, York, Oxford, and Cambridge, and of the number of master printers to twenty, and the stern exercise of the censorship in all new works, were certain to provoke discontent, and secret or even open resistance. The fact that the king's printers and the Stationers' Company were in trouble at various times as to how they should proceed, shows that they were not on altogether safe ground legally. We find that those who invaded the privilege were often members of the Stationers' Company, which called them up before it to question and admonish them. Evidently the value accruing from the privilege was not distributed to every member of the Company ; in fact we believe it was shared by a privileged few, the holders of what was called the English Stock of the Company. On October 6th, 1678, we find that the court of the Company ordered that several members, including Guy, should be summoned to answer why they had invaded the property of Messrs. Newcomb, Hill, Bellinger, and others by printing their " copy '' entitled "The affidavit and certificate for burying in woollen according to the late Act of Parliament," without their leave. We do not know the result of this summons, but 10 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. a further stage of proceedings in the general question is marked by the opinion of counsel, Sir W. Jones, on November 1st, 1679, that seizing foreign -printed books was not safe, and that proceeding by action was the right course against any who should print or sell any books printed contrary to the king's patent. As to the actual publications of Guy, we have little light before 1677 and 1678, by which time the young bookseller had become pretty well established in business. But the fourth edition of Howell's ** Familiar Letters, Domestic and Forren," bears Guy's imprint, 1673 ; and he published an edition (the third) of John Ogilby's translation of Virgil, in 1675, in conjunction with Peter Parker. The next book is a copy of John Bond's edition of Horace, with variorum notes, " printed for John Seymour, Esq., and are to be sold by Peter Parker . . . and Thomas Guy . . . 1678." This edition contains a valuable " find " in the shape of a catalogue of " School-Books printed at the Theatre in Oxford ; and are to be sold by Peter Parker and Thomas Guy, in Cornhill, against the Royal Exchange." It includes the following : — Plinii Epistolae et Panegyricus. 8. Homer's Iliads with Didymus's notes in Greek. Theocritus in Greek, with large notes. 8. Herodian's History, Greek and Latin ; with large notes. 8. Thomse Lydiat Canones Chronologici, nee non Series Summorum Maglstratuum, et Triumphorum Romanorum. 8. Justini Historiarum ex Trogo Pompeio Libri 44 plus 100 Manu- script. Cod. CoUatione recogniti. 12. Comelii Nepotis Vitae Excellentium Imperatorum. 12. Salustii opera, with large notes. 12. QuiiitiUan's Declamations. 8. Maximus Tyrius, Greek and Latin. This list gives us an idea of the books in favour with Oxford University in Charles II. 's reign. It is by no means a narrow or uninteresting one. These books GUY AS A LONDON PUBLISHER. 11 were the undertaking of the University through its delegates, with whom we shall make acquaintance later. They have not been found bearing any special imprint of Guy or Parker, but the copy of Sallust in the British Museum has affixed on the title a separate imperfect label of Will (Leake) in Fleet Street ; indi- cating probably a habit of the London booksellers who sold Oxford schoolbooks. The list of books " printed at London " which follows the above is even more interesting. It runs thus : A Dictionary, English- Latin and Latin-English, containing all things necessary for translating either- language into the other. Together with an addition of Idioms, Particles, and Phrases, more than are in any other Dictionary extant. By Elisha Coles. 8. Price Is. Erasmi Colloquia Familiaria. 12 Scholc-e Wintoniensis Phrases, the Latin phrases of Winchester School, etc. By H. Robinson. 8. Godwin's Antiquities, complete — viz., Roman, Greek, and Jewish. 4. Martialis Epigrammata. 12. Quintus Curtius, in Latin. 8. The same in English. 8. Lucius Florus, in Latin. 24. The same in English. 8. Valerius Maximus, in Latin. 24. The same in English. 8. Cesar's Commentaries, Latin. 24. Mantuan's Eclogues, translated into English. 8. Sleidan de 4 Imperils, translated into English. 12. Juvenal's Sixteen Satyrs, translated into English by Sir Robert Stapleton. 8. Lucan's Pharsalia, translated into English by Thomas Mav Esq. 8. •^' Virgil's Works, translated into English by John Ogilby, Esq. 8. An EngHsh Dictionary; explaining the difficult Terms that are used in Divinity, Husbandry, Physick, Philosophy, Law, Navigation, Mathematicks, and Other Arts and Sciences. Containing many thousands of hard Words (and Proper Names of Places) more than are in any other English Dictionary or Expositor whatsoever. Together 12 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. ^vith the Etjinological Derivation of them from their proper Fountains; whether Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, or any other Language. In a method more comprehensive than any that is extant : by Elisha Coles. 8. Price 3*. Epiiitolaj Ho-Eliana3. Familiar Letters, Domestick and Forreign. By James Howel, Esq. We have seen a number of these books bearing the imprint of Peter Parker alone ; some are " sold by the booksellers of London and Westminster." Copies of Coles's English Dictionary, 1676-7, in the Bodleian bear, one, the imprint of Parker, the other that of S. Crouch, but this one contains Parker's catalogue. There are several details of interest about Parker's books, but we must not give them here. To complete here the notes of books published by Guy, we have found on going over R. Clavell's ** Catalogue of Books Printed in England 1666-95," the following additional titles : — Divinity in Folio : Roberts's Key of the Bible. P. Parker and T. Guy. Divinity in 8vo : Ellis's Catechism. T. Guy. Divinity in 8vo: Goodwill towards Men, a Treatise of the Covenants New and Old. T. Guy. Di\-inity in Twelves, etc. : Ellis's Christianity in Short, or the Way to be a Good Christian. T. Guy. History in Folio : Cleopatra, the most famed Romance, in twelve parts. P. Parker and T. Guy. History in Folio : Ibrahim, or the Illustrious Bassa. P. Parker and T. Guy. History in FoUo : Ligon's History of the Barbadoes. P. Parker and T. Guy. Miscellanies. Quarto : Case of Interest : or Usury as to the Common Practice, stated and examined. T. Guy. Poetry. Ogilby's Paraphrase on Vii-gil, with Sculptures also and Notes. P. Parker and T. Guy. It should be noted that the names of publishers of sermons, discourses against popery, plays, music, and some other classes, are not given in Clavell's list. GUY AS A LONDON PUBLISHER. 13 Three other books published by Guy belong to later dates, viz. : — Jacob's Ladder. By Jo. Hall, B.D., 1698; ninth edition. Printed by F. Collins for Thos. Guy at the Oxford Arms in Lumbar Street. A small quarto : Death's Vision, represented in a Philosophical Sacred Poem. Printed for Thos. Guy, 1 709. At Canterbury is a copy of the following : — Jesu Christi D. N. Novum Testamentum sine Novum Fcedus. Interprete Theodoro Beza. Lond. : Impensis Thomse Guy ad Insignia Oxoniensia in vico vulgo dicto Lumbard Street, 1705. This is Beza's Latin Testament. Its publication indicates Guy's continued interest in Bible publishing, though he had long since discontinued his Oxford agency. A further interesting detail about Guy's publishing career is made known — and, so far as we know, solely by this one incident — by the title-page of the copy of Coles's Latin Dictionary, 1677, at the Bodleian. It was printed " for Peter Parker . . . and Thomas and John Guy ; " thus showing that Thomas Guy had his brother John (referred to in the chapter on Guy and Tamworth) in partnership with him at that date. How long this continued we do not know. No other imprint has been discovered bearing his name. An entry in the Copyright Registry of the Stationers' Company, dated March 24th, 1710-11, records the whole copyright of " Emmenologia," as belonging to Thomas Guy; no doubt it was Dr. John Freind's well-known book, first published in 1703. It is of interest as being probably the only book Guy published relating to a medical subject. Some bibliographical details respecting Guy's books may be found interesting to book-lovers. The collection of various editions of " Howell's Letters " in the 14 DinCrRAPIIICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. Howley Library, Canterbury, is probably unequalled. On an added sheet of paper preceding the title of the First Edition, 1 645, Archdeacon Harrison wrote : " This collection of successive editions of Howel's 'Familiar Letters' was made by my Father, who, as Treasurer (for more than fifty years) of Guy's Hospital, took an interest in books published by Thomas Guy, the sole Founder of the Hospital. The fourth edition of the ' Familiar Letters,' and two subsequent editions, were published by Thomas Guy. — B. H." The fourth edition has the follo\ving title : " EpistoLne Ho-Eliana; | Familiar | Letters | Domestic and Forren | Divided into four Books j Partly /^ Historical < Political ( Philo.'^phical I Upon Emergent Occasions | By James Howell, Esq. ; one of the Clerks of his late Ma"^ most Hoiibie Privy Councell. The Fourth Edition. London : Piinted for Thomas Guy, at the corner shope of little Lumbard Street and Cornhill, near Woolcburch Market, 1673." It is a small octavo, 6| in. X 4 in. x 1| in. One copy has no plate, the other has an impression of the large good plate, badly printed or worn. Of the fifth edition, 1678, there are three copies at Canter- bury, two in the British Museum, and one at the Bodleian. The sixth edition, 1688, has the imprint, "Printed for Thomas Guy, at the Oxford Arms near Pope's Head Alley in Lumbard Street, 1688." The seventh edition is " Printed for T. G. and sold by S. Crouch at the corner of Pope's Head Alley, and William Davis at the Black Bull, both in Cornhill." Both these editions are also in the British Museum. The eighth edition, 1713, has the imprint : " Printed and are to be sold by the Booksellers of London and Westminster." One copy has the same plate bearing the legend, " Sold by Thomas Guy." The ninth edition, 1726, very much corrected, was printed for a number of booksellers, including J. Osborn, his friend's successor, and with Guy's name deleted from the plate, Ogilby's Virgil is a very rare book. The third edition has the title, "The | Works | of | Publius Yirgilius \ Maro : | Translated, | Adorned with Sculptures, and | Illustrated with Annotations : By John Ogilby, E.sq., His Majesties | Cosmographer, and | Geographique Printer | Ix)ndon : Printed by the Author, for Peter Parker and Thomas | Guy, and are to be sold at then- shops, at the Leg and | Star, over against the Royal Exchange, and at the Corner- | shop in Little Lombard Street and Cornhill, 1675." Tliis is an edition in lai-ge t}pe, with the annotations following GUY AS A LONDON PUBLISHER. 15 each book or eclogue ; and there are three sets of pagination, or three vohimes in one, though not so styled. The dedication is curious: "To the Illustrious and High-born Princess, the Lady Mary, Eldest Daughter to His Royal Highness James, Duke of York : This Elaborate Translation of the Prince of Latin Poets, Virgil, adorned with Sculpture, and Illustrated with Annotations ; In all ages worthily esteemed the Equal Standard of Virtue and Honour : Is most humbly Presented, Dedicated, and Devoted, By Her Highness most Humble and Obedient Servant, John Ogilby." There are two copies of this edition in the Bodleian, and one at Canterbury, A somewhat more interesting edition is one without date, but probably later than the foregoing. It is a small octavo 7 in. x 4| X 1| in., with an engraved title-page, having in the centre a bust of Virgil crowned with laurel leaves. At the foot, in one line, is the imprint : " Sold by Tho: Guy at y« Oxford Arms on y^ west side of the Royall Exchange," The general design shows Jupiter crowned, with his eagle, in the centre ; Juno on liis left, and Venus (with Cupid) as mother of ^neas, on the right. Below we see the Straits of Messina, and ^neas's fleet, of which one ship has foundered. At the left a great battle is taking place. In this edition, which has only 403 pages, there are copious marginal and foot notes to the verse translation, crowding the page inconveniently. There are thirty-two engraved plates, very crude and conventional, ten belonging to the Bucolics, ten to the Georgics, and twelve to the ^neid. The sixth edition of Coles's English-Latin and Latin-English Dictionary (at Canterbury), 1707, printed by F. C. for Tho. Guy, has a very full and interesting title-page, and an address " by the Bookseller " at the end of the preface as follows : " This book hath sufficiently commended itself to the world by the sale of almost 4,000 in less than two years' time " : and the following advertisement : '* Lately published by the same author, and sold by Peter Parker, an English Dictionary (as above), Nomenclatura Trilinguia — Anglo- Latino-Gra?ca : or a short vocabulary, English, Latin, and Greek, with a collection of Proverbs, also Examples of the 5 Declensions, and for declining Greek nouns Latinized. To which is added in this 6th Edition, Terms used in Rhetorick. The like for young beginners never before Printed. Price 10c?. Sold by T. Guy, P. Parker, A. Churchill, and G. Conyers. Collocpiia Trilinguia — Eng., Lat., Gr. Being Familiar Forms fit to bind with the Nomenclatura." 16 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. The full imprint of the copy of Coles's English-Latin and Latin English Dictionary in the Bodleian, referred to above, is : " Printed by John Richardson, for Pet«r Parker, at the Leg and Star, over against the Royal Exchange ; and Thomas and John Guy, at the Corner Shop of Little Lumbard Street and Corahill, 1677." The second edition of this book, in the British Museum (1679), has the same advertisement by the bookseller, which Ls still kept up in the sixth edition, " This book hath sufficiently commended itself," etc., so that it appUes to the sale of the first edition. It also has a commendation by " Dr. W." to Parker for publishing so usefvd a book, dated September 10th, 1677. It has a royal license prefixed, granting the sole pri\-ilege of printing the book for foui'teen years to E. Coles. February 27th, 1677. CHAPTER III. GUY AND TAMWORTH. "TTTHETHER Guy visited Tamworth during his V V apprenticeship or his early business life we do cot know, but it is at least probable that he did so, from the circumstantial interest he is found taking in the ancient town soon after he had passed his thirtieth year: and first in its Grammar School. George Antrobus, M.A., who was appointed master of Tamworth Grammar School in 1659, and held the post till 1708, appears to have been both a successful and an improving master. It is of interest also that William Whiston, the celebrated divine, was a pupil of his, and married his daughter. Antrobus added a bay and a half to the building in 1674, and in 1677 raised a considerable subscription and re- built the schoolroom. To this fund Thomas Guy con- tributed £5, and John Guy (who was now, according to other evidence, in partnership with his brother in London) £2, the Rev. John Rawlet gave £5, and John Vaughton, sen., and John Vaughton, jun., £\ each. The total sum raised was £158 16^. 6o?., so that the Guys' contribution was a substantial one, and it is an indication that their fortunes were already firmly established, that they were not niggards of their money, and that they were en- lightened enough to bestow it for the benefit of education in the town which was more truly their home than any other. 2 18 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. Guy soon followed up this gift by the first foundation of his almshouses. In 1678 he bought some ground in G ungate, Tamworth, " and did thereupon erect a comely large building, his almshouse, which cost about £200, where he doth bountifully provide for six poor women there inhabiting, and hath given a fair large room therein for a library. ""* The number seven poor women is more current, and it occurs in other documents of undoubted authenticity. Two of the rooms were thrown into one in 1688 to receive the library which the Rev. John Rawlet bequeathed in 1686 to the schoolmaster and the town Of Tamworth ; £10 19*. 4d. being raised by public subscrip- tion to fit up the room.f It was no slight or unnoteworthy phenomenon or indication of character, this foundation of an alms- house when Guy had not reached the age of thirty-five. Throughout his lifetime we shall find that " deeds rather than words " was the characteristic of Thomas Guy ; and it is interesting to see that his first care was for poor women rather than men. He who could feel for their poverty, in widowhood, or solitude, or age, was a man of true charity. He did not wait, as most men of thirty-three or four would do, to accumulate more money before he established a big charity, but he did what he could, and what was in his heart, at once. A remarkably successful, if an economical man was this Thomas Guy, and he showed the right kind of attachment to his native town. He aided the education of its children, he looked after its poor and infirm in the way that appeared to him wisest and kindest. He wished that there should be " no complaining " in its streets. The next mention of Guy in the Tamworth records * " Tamworth Corban, or List of Charities," 1671, and so continued by the Rev. S. Langley, vicar of Tamwortli, a contemporary MS. t The library was removed about fitty yeai-s ago to a suitable room at the Grammar School, wliich itself has been lebuilt on another site. GUT AND T AM WORTH. 19 relates to an equally beneficent endeavour, if it did not produce all the results anticipated. Lord Weymouth (previously, as Sir Thomas Thynne, long member for Tamworth) in 1686-7 gave the corporation a barn and fold to be converted into a workhouse, wherein the poor might be emplo3'ed and their children instructed ; and upon this site a new building was erected by public con- tributions, Thomas Guy giving £5 and John Guy £1, out of £119 given in money and material. This building, known as the "Spinning School," was used only for children (probably for their instruction and industrial training). In July 1693 we find the Corporation ordering that the £5 they contributed annually out of the town box to this school should be continued, and at the same time it was announced that Mr. Guy had added a contribution of £10 a year. In course of time the school declined and fell into disuse, till in 1719 the Corporation ordered the building to be converted into a number of houses for the poor. In 1692 Thomas Guy enlarged his original benefaction for the poor, now taking in men as well as women, and doubling the cost to himself. The Corporation, on August 1st, 1692, resolved: "That whereas Mr. Thomas Guy hath a further intention of Charity to this Borough by building Almshouses for some poor men and there being a spare space of ground at the north end of the women's Almshouses It is therefore ordered that the said spare parcel of ground be granted to the said Mr. Guy for the use of the said poor people as the said Mr. Guy shall see good to dispose thereof." Upon this ground Guy built seven additional rooms for seven poor men, the new building costing about £200, like the former. The estimation in which he was by this time held in Tamworth may be judged from the terms of a resolution passed by the Corporation on July 21st, 1693 ; 20 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUYS HOSPITAL. *' It is ordered that Mr. Thomas Guy, our incomparahle henejactor, liave I'ree liberty to erect a brick wall in the street in Gunijate on the west side of the Almshouses he hath there built." The election to the second Parliament of William and Mary, which assembled on March 20th, 1G90, was the first in which Thomas Guy sought the suffrages of the burgesses of Tamworth, but he was defeated by Sir Henry Gough, Bart., and Michael Biddulph, Esq. On March 24th his jjetition was read in the Commons, complaining that although he had the majority of legal votes, the bailiff, by undue practices, had returned Gough and Biddulph, The petition was referred to the Committee of Elections, but with no satisfactory result to Guy. In the third Parliament of \N illiam, November 1695 to July 1698, Guy was more successful, being returned with Sir Henry Gough apparently without opposition. A letter from Dr. G. Smalridge, afterwards Bishftp of Bristol, dated from Oxtbrd on October 28ih, 1696, written to his pupil Walter Gough, son of Sir Henry, contains an inquiry whether Lord Weymouth has sufficient influence at Tamworth to keep Guy out at the next election.* In the next (fourth) Parliament, which only lasted from August 24th, 1698, to December 19th, 1700, there was a fiercely-contested election, in which Guy obtained 221, John Chetwynd, Esq., 193, and Sir Henry Gough 184 votes. The latter petitioned against the return, on the ground that voters not duly qualified had been admitted to poll. The Committee of Elections reported on March 17th, 1699, unseating Mr. Chetwynd and seating Sir Henry Gough, on the ground that duly qualified freeholders had been improperly excluded from the poll. * Nichols, " Literary Illustrations,' iii., 253. GUY AND TAMWORTTI. 21 The narrative of the proceedings on this petition is exceedingly interesting reading ("Journals of the Commons," vol. xii., p. 584), and supplies one or two particulars specially relating to Guy, who was un- doubtedly present at the election, and who defended his seat vigorously and successfully. It was alleged before the Committee (Sir Rowland Gwynn, chairman) that the bailiffs, as returning officers, had unduly favoured the sitting members. On the preliminary question, as to the right to vote, it was decided that not only the bailiffs and capital burgesses were entitled to vote, but also all freeholders, whether resident or not, and all inhabitants who paid scot and lot. In relation to this matter it appeared that Mr. Chetwynd and Mr. Guy desired that the poll of out-freeholders might be separately taken, which accordingly was done. Then Guy's own vote was objected to, as he did not pay scot and lot, nor was he in any levy (of rates or taxes). The franchise was pretty wide, for many whose votes were examined paid only \d. or '2d. to the levies, and were very poor, and many were practically lodgers, several living in houses conjointly. The putting people into the levies for only \d. or M. was objected to as an abuse, to gi^ e a pretence for voting. Many who voted were disqualified as recipients of charity. One Richard Blyth was an inmate of Guy's almshouse, but was polled because he was in the constable's levy. An illegal adjournment of the poll took place, various votes being received on a second day. "Before the adjournment the bailitfs son broke the peace, and would shove and hinder those that came for the petitioner ; " and what the bailiff's son did we may expect found imitators. Various instances of partiality in the reception and rejection of votes were brought forward. As to the adjournment, Ave read that " the bailiff and the recorder were both ancient men, and the bailiff 22 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. having not dined was quite tired out about six o'clock. At the request and by the advice oi" the recorder, as well as lor his own ease, about six o'clock, after three proclamations in the Hall and at the Market Cross, he adjourned the poll until next morning." At this time many had got drunk, and there was a great disturbance, particularly among the petitioner's friends. There was some evidence of threatening, bribery, and treating by the petitioner's agents. Finally the petitioner's counsel gave up all attempt to question Guy's election, and the resolution seating Guy was passed by the House without a division ; the other resolutions, as to the right of voting, and unseating Mr. Chetwynd, by 176 to 150, and by 179 to 144 respectively. Not long before this Parliament was dissolved, Guy again signalised himself as a benefactor to Tamworth by undertaking to build a new town hall. There had been originally two public halls in Tamworth, one for the Statfordshire, the other for the Warwickshire part, this town being in the unpleasant position of being divided between two counties. The Warwickshire hall, however, fell into disuse, and the Staffordshire hall was let out in portions to private individuals, one room being occasionally used for public purposes. Guy having offered to erect a new town hall at his own cost, and in such a manner as might be most con- venient and advantageous for the town, the Corporation arranged to pull down the old (Warwickshire) hall and some adjacent houses belonging to the Corporation, and also two other houses bought for the purpose. Several exchanges of property were made by the corporation, and Lord Weymouth (in 1701) gave a piece of ground with a shop, which he directed to be pulled down, and the materials to be sold for the benefit of the poor. The Corporation allowed Guy to dispose of the materials of the old hall at his pleasure. The building of the new GUY AND TAMWORTH. 23 hall was begun in 1701, and completed by the summer of 1702. The edifice thus erected by Guy, says Palmer, " con- sisted of a room of considerable dimensions, supported by 'three rows of large pillars of stone with semicircular arches, each row containing six pillars. The ascent to the room stood at the east end ; and the space below was destined as a place wherein to hold the weekly market. In the centre of the roof was placed a large w^ooden glazed lantern, with a weather fane ; leading out upon a platform defended until lately (1845) by balustrades." In 1771 two new rooms were added at the east end, but in 1811-2 these were replaced by two larger ones, and a clock was placed in front. The space beneath the large room, occupied for market purposes, was enclosed in 1835. The building, without any pretence to architectural beauty, is substantial and useful. The old part is built of red brick with stone dressings, the new entirely of brick. In 1889 new Assembly Rooms and Municipal Buildings were erected, and Guy's Town Hall is now very little used. Among other minor notes of Guy's connection Avith Tamworth, in 1702 he was allowed to have a piece of waste ground, at a moderate price, on which to build several houses, and in 1703 a lease of two houses was granted to him at £1 rent, he intending to build on the site. In 1703 he is a party to some amicable proceedings before the Justices at Westminster for freeing certain property in Tamworth and neighbourhood from part ownerships, for which Guy and others were to pay £360 ; and in 1707 we find him appearing in a similar case, Guy paying £60 to free some property in Tamworth from rights which the Cawnes, probably relatives of his, possessed. We may note that there is a slight mention of John 24 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. Gu}' in January 1703-4; the Corporation desired him to deliver a letter for them to a Mr. Port, probably in London. For the fifth Parliament of William, February 6th, 1701 — November 11th, 1701, there was a^ain a severe contest, and the poll was as follows : — Thomas Gu}^ 222; Sir Henry Gough, 196; John Chetwynd, 136. " This election was by freeholders, as well those that live out of the town as within, scotters, lotters, and burgesses." On January 21st, 1701-2, a letter of thanks from Guy, dated January 13th, for his election was read in the Corporation. To the sixth Parliament of William, December 30th, 1701 — July 2nd, 1702, Tamworth returned the Hon. Henry Thynne (only son of Lord Weymouth) and Thomas Guy. This was " a popular election and no opposition." The same members were also returned to the first Parliament of Anne (August 20th, 1702 — April 5th, 1705), but the Hon. Henry Thynne being also elected for Weymouth, and choosing to sit for that borough, a new writ was issued, and Sergeant Girdler, Recorder of Tamworth, was chosen. Guy and Girdler were returned again in 1705 to the second Parliament of Anne (June 14th, 1705 — April 15th, 1708), after a severe contest with Richard Swynfen, Esq. (probably son of a previous Member, John Swynfen), who declared that he had been elected, but that Mr. Girdler had been returned by the undue practices of one of the bailiffs ; but his petition fell through. In the third Parliament of Anne, July 8th, 1708, Girdler and Swynfen were returned and Guy was rejected. We have seen no record of the poll. Palmers account of the matter (*' History of Tam- worth," p. 447) is as follows. In 1707 the burgesses — notwithstanding the many services of tlieir " incom- parable benefactor," and his repeated promises that, if GUY AND TAMWORTH. 25 they would support him, he would leave his whole fortune to the town, so that there should never be a pauper here — returned an opposing candidate. The cause of Guy's rejection is said to have been his neglect of the gastronomic propensities of his worthy, patriotic, and enlightened constituents, by whom the virtues of fasting appear to have been entirely forgotten. In the anger of the moment he threatened to pull down the town hall which he had built, and to abolish the alms- houses. " The burgesses, repenting of their rash act, sent a deputation to wait upon him, with the offer of re-election in the ensuing Parliament (1710) ; but he rejected all conciliation. Being advanced in age, he never repre- sented any other place. He always considered that he had been treated with great ingratitude ; and he deprived the inhabitants of Tam worth of the advantages of his almshouses." Mr. Palmer has been good enough to inform me that he gleaned the particulars of Guy's quarrel with the electors of Tamworth from an old lady who, in 1838, when he listened to her reminiscences, was about eighty years old. Her father was one of the leading inhabi- tants of Tamworth when the events relating to Guy were well known there. Her account was fully and independently confirmed by a gentleman of equal age, William Parsons, senior, who possessed the poll-books, etc., of the Tamworth elections in which Guy figured. What has become of these books and papers since his decease, and that of his son, has not been ascertained. Mr. A. A. Clarson, of Tamworth, is of opinion, however, that the causes which led to Guy's rejection must be looked for in the political history of the time rather than in local or personal matters. To complete here the history of Guy's connection with Tamworth, we may state that by his will Guy 26 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUYS HOSPITAL. established a trust, including three members of the Blood family, John Cheatly, Arthur Alcock, Thomas Orton, John Radford, and his trusty friend John Osboro, to maintain his almshouses for fourteen poor persons, men and women, who should be inhabitants of the townships of Wilnecote, Glascote, Bolehall Street, Amington, Wigginton, or Hop was, — Tamworth being left out, as we have noted before. His own relations were to be preferred, if any should offer themselves, and appeared to be proper objects of such a charity. The inmates might be removed for misbehaviour. Out of the perpetual payment of £'125 due from the Stationers' Company, by bond, dated February 3rd, 1717, £115 was assigned for the support of the almshouses, £S0 of it to be applied to maintaining the almspeople, by pay- ments of two shillings per week to each, and the surplus was for repairing the premises or other purposes. The remaining £35 was to be applied by the trustees to apprenticing children, nursing, or such-like charitable deed, of four, six, or eight persons of the families of Voughton or AYood, or proceeding therefrom, as the trustees thought fit ; and if no others could be found, of such other persons as were proper objects of charity. The almshouse, says Palmer, is said to occupy the site of the original Guild Hall of St. George, an im- portant religious confraternity in earlier times in Tamworth. It is a plain substantial building, present- ing two sides of a square, with a garden behind common to the fourteen poor. Each of the almspeople occupies one room, having a separate entrance. The front to- wards Gungate was rebuilt in 1827, and bears a tablet recording the foundation. Out of the annual income, and from savings during vacancies, etc., £1,400 was accumulated and laid out in the purchase of pro- perty in the parish of St. Martin's, Birmingham, on which leasehold houses have been built. The leases GUY AND TAMWORTH. 27 will expire in 1920, and a considerable increase of income will then accrue. The weekly pay of the pensioners was increased about 1825 to 3s. 6d The £35 assigned to the benefit of Guy's poor relations was, when Palmer wrote, distributed to such annually, without reference to their place of residence, in sums varying from 5s. to £'2, and any surplus was laid by to add to the endowment. In 1845 the trustees had extended the property by the purchase of the old premises known as the Spinning School. A new scheme was framed by the Charity Com- missioners in 1879. It provides that the fourteen alms- people shall be poor men and women of good character, not less than fifty years old ; that Guy's poor relations shall have preference ; and then others of the family of Vaughton or Wood, and that not more than two such shall be inmates at any one time. Preference is to be given to those who have become reduced by misfortune from better circumstances. The weekly stipend is fixed at not less than 4s. Qd. or more than 8s. a week, with coal in addition. The present income of the charity is about £230 per annum, which will be very largely augmented about 1920, on the falling in of certain building leases in Birmingham, as above noted. There still remain a considerable number of people in and around Tamworth who claim to have rights in the charity as relatives of Guy or the Vaughtons or Woods. It was stated in the London Journal of January 2nd, 1725, that Guy " allowed £10 per annum to the minister of the town (Tamworth), and the like sum to a dissent- ing minister." CHAPTER IV. GUY, PARKER, AND OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRINTING. IN order to make this somewhat complex business intelligible, it is necessary to go back a good many 5'ears, and briefly trace the history of the various grants of the privilege of printing. The Church, inasmuch as it included almost the only learned persons, and was the guardian and judge of morals, assumed the censor- ship over books. At the Reformation this privilege was merged in the Royal prerogative, and no books could be printed without the king's license. In the reign of Queen Mary, the right of printing was granted as a monopoly to the members ol" the Stationers' Company, under regulations issued by the Star Chamber. But in 1585 Queen Elizabeth forbade printing except in London, Oxford, and Cambridge, and the licensing of books was still committed to the Church in the persons of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London ; in special cases books might be licensed by the king's printers, or by the chief justices. Passing over a good many years, we come to the Restoration period, when, by the Licensing Act of 1(362, the privilege of printing was limited to London, York, and the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge ; the number of master-printers was, as in 1037, limited to twenty, and all new works were submitted to an oflicial licenser. GUY, PARKER, AND OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRINTING. 29 From more than one of the MSS. contained in the Ballard Collection, vol. xlix., in the Bodleian at Oxford, particulars are derivable showing that there had before this been a long-standing jealousy between the king's printers, the Stationers' Company, and the University of Oxford. The latter claimed that it had an undoubted right to print all books not publicly prohibited ; but the interest and constant endeavour of the London printers was to restrict or put an end to this right. From early in Charles I.'s reign there was an agreement between the three parties that the University should forbear printing certain books, and that the Company should pay them £200 per annum for this forbearance, part being paid by the king's printers. But it appears that the Oxford University printers had been ruined during the Commonwealth period, and it was believed by the king's printers that the Oxford competition in printing Bibles was not likely to be effectual for a long time to come, and consequently they broke their share in the agreement and refused to pay their proportion any longer. They saw that the Uni- versity had only a cramped room in St. Mary's Church to print in, and that it was unlikely that much printing could be attempted till the new Theatre (Sheldonian) was finished. The king's printers, it is stated, raised the prices of Bibles, especially those of useful and portable sizes, so that the poorer people could not buy them. So matters appear to have proceeded till Dr. Fell was Vice-Chancellor of Oxford. Printing was gradually resumed, but not the printing of Bibles. The University was impoverished, and it was not till Dr. Yates, who had been appointed one of the delegates of the press with Dr. Fell, had brought into the printing business a capital of some four or five thousand pounds, that the printing of Bibles could be resumed. The first book undertaken was a quarto Bible, known 30 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUVS HOSPITAL. as the quarto of 1G75. The copy at Canterbury is bound up with a Common Prayer of 1675, printed at "Oxford at the Theatre," and having on the title-page the interior of a church with figures. The Old Testament and Apocrypha have an undated title-page, with a rude copy of Raphael's *' Transfiguration " above, and two female figures below — one, veiled, representing the Law ; the second, bareheaded, the Gospel. The New Testament, dated 1675, "At the Theater in Oxford," has a plate representing a young man writing on a dislocated obelisk with an arrow. The Metrical Psalms, also printed at Oxford 1675i are bound up in the same volume. This edition does not rank among the choicer specimens of printing, but is not without interest. At the same time Bibles in all forms were set up and issued at such a cheap rate that folios which had been £6 were reduced to £\ 10s. ; quartos of 135. 4- a LL o Q O O I cc o CO I o LU z THE HOSPITAL— RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 87 lectures were designed to make and educate surgeons. ''Medicine," to quote" Professor Quain (Introductory Lecture, University College, London, 1874), " was but little taught, and that little was intended for the general practitioner — then called apothecary — whose studies at a School needed not, at that time, to extend beyond six or twelve months. The physician then was, in a sense, foreign to London. He received but little of his educa- tion here, for he was compelled to resort to other places for the doctor's degree. His academical home, his " Alma Mater," was elsewhere. London was but his " place of business." One physician at that time not uncommonly lectured on medicine, on chemistry, and on materia medica, in addition to performing his duties at the Hospital. English students habitually went to Paris to study medicine, where the courses were complete and supported by government. It must be noted, to the credit of Guy's, that one of the earliest public courses of anatomy and surgery was given by Samuel Sharp, then rising into note. He relinquished his course in 1 746 to William Hunter. Chevalier in his Hunterian Oration tells us that "the syllabus of Mr. Bromfield's lectures (1743), in- cluding anatomy and surgery, comprises the whole in thirty-eight; that of Dr. Nicholls (1743) proposes anatomy, physiology, the general principles of patho- logy and midwifery, to be completed in thirty-nine lectures ; and the syllabus* of Mr. Nourse, in 1 748, * Totam rem Anatomicam complectens,' has twenty- three lectures." William Hunter says : " I attended, as diligently as the generality of students do, one of the most reputable courses of anatomy in Europe. There I learned a good deal by my ears, but almost nothing by my eyes ; and therefore hardly anything to the purpose. The defect was that the professor was obliged to demonstrate all 88 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. the parts of the body, except the bones, nerves, and vessels, upon one dead body. '* There was a foetus for the nerves and blood-vessels ; and the operations of surgery were explained, to very little purpose indeed, upon a dog. And in the whole course which I attended in London, which was by far the most reputable that was given here, the professor used only two dead bodies in his course. The con- sequence was, that at one of these places all was harangue, — very little was distinctly seen ; in the other the course was contracted into too small a compass of time, and therefore several material points were left out altogether." ("Introductory Lectures," pp. 88-9.) Fortunately there is extant a most complete review of the medical and surgical teaching at Guy's during the greater part of the last century. It was written by Joseph Warner, surgeon to Guy's from 1745 to 1790, and a pupil at Guy's as early as 1734. A dispute between John Hunter and his colleagues at St. George's Hospital about surgical teaching was the origin of this document, which is of great value to us now.* " Hatton-garden, Dec. 20th, 1792. "Dear Sir, — "When I first became acquainted with the two hospitals of St. Thomas and of Guy, which was in December, 1734, the established rules of those hos- pitals at that time were that each surgeon was permitted to receive four pupils and four dressers at a time, inclusive of apprentices. For instance, if a surgeon had one apprentice only, in such case he, the surgeon, might take three dressers ; if he had two apprentices, two dressers only ; if he had three apprentices, one dresser only ; if he had not any apprentice, he might take four dressers. No apprentice or dresser was ever known to pay a pupil fee. The names of the pupils were, upon * See also La/ncet, 1888, vol. ii., p. 642. THE HOSPITAL— RISE OF THE BIEDICAL SCHOOL. 89 their admission, entered in a book at the steward's office ; and it was expected that every pupil should bring with him a certificate from his late master, signifying that he, the pupil, had served five years with diligence and sobriety. If any pupil or dresser conducts himself improperly during his attendance upon the business of the hospital, such pupil or dresser renders himself liable to be reproved or even expelled by the treasurer, accord- ing to the nature of the crime. Until of late years it was not customary to enter the names of the apprentices or dressers at the steward's office ; but now it is. For many years past the pupil money has been and is still equally divided betwixt the six surgeons and the two apothecarys of both hospitals, but previously to this each apothecary was limited to three pupils only. — N.B. All the money received from apprentices and dressers is the whole and sole property of the surgeon, or surgeons, with whom such apprentices and dressers are entered at the steward's office of the respective hospitals. The number of pupils at these hospitals has for many years past been unlimited, but the number of apprentices and dressers is not unlimited. These rules and orders are made and ratified by a Grand Court of Committee of the Governors of the Hospitals, and are liable to be altered by them at pleasure. It is with pleasure I now comply with your request, and with respectful compli- ments to yourself and to every part of your family, *' Dear Sir, " Your most obedient and very humble servant, " Joseph Wakner. "To John Gunning, Esq., Old Burlington-street." " Surgeons. "Mr. Guy's Hospital, being modelled from St. Thomas's, differs very little in discipline. Each surgeon sees the whole number of his patients once a week, when 90 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. he presents out those who are cured, and gives directions for the rest. Particular bad cases are seen every day if necessary, because, by a rotation, one surgeon at least visits the hospital every day. On Saturday, the phy- sicians and surgeons all meet and go in pairs to visit all their patients. The hours of business are from 1 1 to 1 o'clock. There is no house surgeon. One of the dressers is in waiting for a week by rotation to take the care of accidents, and the surgeon of the week is always in readiness to be called on if wanted for an operation. Friday is the general day for operations and for grand consultations. The physicians nor their pupils have any concern with the surgeons' theatre. Notice of operations is put up in each surgery, and sent to the surgeons only. The hours of attendance at both hospitals are the same. " Surgeons' Pupils. ** Formerly they brought certificates of their appren- ticeships, but now they only bring their money. There are customs understood, but no rules; in the case of misconduct, beyond the power of the surgeons, applica- tion would be made to the grand committee of governors, who have the power of expulsion. The fees of apprentices and of dressers belong to the surgeon under whom they enter. . . . When a body is opened to inspect disease, anyone may be present. The time for opening a body is usually early in the morning, or after lecture at noon. All the pupils within a reasonable distance from the hospitals are called to accidents. The pupils are con- sidered as belonging to the hospitals, not to one par- ticular surgeon. The surgeons and physicians are only officers of the hospitals, and receive a salary of <£40 per annum. They are never present at courts or committees. The surgeons receive no other monies from the charity, and are amenable to the general court of the governors for their conduct. . . . The pupils do not bring any THE HOSPITAL— RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 91 certificate, but the gentleman's name with whom they served an apprenticeship, and the place of his abode, is entered in the steward's book at the time of his entry. . . . They are obliged to submit to the rules that regulate the hospital, and are subject to be expelled for any misbehaviour by the committee. ... All the fees for the admission of the apprentices and dressers are the sole property of the gentlemen under whom they enter. ... All the profits arising from the admission of pupils are shared equally between the surgeons of St. Thomas's and Guy's Hospitals with the apothecary of each, so that there are eight claimants on each division, which takes place on the first Monday in every alternate month. . . . The dressers and pupils cannot be admitted for a less term than six months. ... On leaving the hospital there is a certificate signed by each surgeon of St. Thomas's and Guy's Hospital, specifying the time for which they entered. In that certificate, the word diligently is expressed, which, I think, should be omitted, and a blank left for the surgeon to fill up if it meets with his approbation. The hand-writing of the surgeon would carry more weight with it, and we should be less liable to advance what was not a fact. . . . The dressers pay ^650 per annum, or ^31 10s. for six months; the pupils 24 guineas per annum, or 18 guineas for six months. The pupil's business is only to look on, and to make such an enquiry as he shall chuse of the surgeon who is then attending. . . . There are not many bodies opened for examination ; but where we can obtain leave for an inspection it is the business of the surgery man to acquaint the pupils with the intention, and all those that wish may attend. The time for doing it is not by any means fixed, but is generally done after the practice is over, and before the anatomical lecture for that day. . . . It is the business of the surgery man to make them acquainted with every accident immediately on its 92 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. entry, for which he receives '2s. 6d. per quarter. . . . They may quit the hospital whenever they please, and return again when they chuse. . . . When a pupil enters at either of the hospitals he is considered as belonging to both, and has the same privilege at each. It is the business of the surgeon who attends to give them the best instruction he is able without considering to whom they entered. The apothecary enters the greatest number of them, not for himself, but for the surgeons. . . . The surgeons do not receive any gratuity for operations. They find their own in- struments, and keep them in good condition. . . . They cannot become governors during their attendance as officers. There is not any contribution levied on them. . . . There is not any difference in the manner of conducting the business at either hospital. ... At St. Thos. Hospital the days of attendance are Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday at 11 o'clock. At Guy's Hospital the days are Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, at the same hour. At Guy's we visit the whole house every Monday and Friday. At St. Thos., I believe, every Tuesday and Saturday. The Thursday morning is employed in the admission and discharge of patients with them, and the Wednesday with us. The time in visiting the whole house is nearly one hour and a half. . . . There is not any house surgeon at either of the hospitals. . . . We have not any fixed days for consulta- tions and operations. If the former should be thought necessary it may be done with us either Monday or Friday, as the physicians should attend at the same time and on the same days. The operations are generally appointed at twelve o'clock on one of those days that is usual to see the whole house. If there should be any case that requires an operation which would be more conveniently performed at any other time of day than the Monday or Friday, it is always done by giving THE HOSPITAL— RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 93 a notice. . . . When any operation is to be performed the day is fixed that is most agreeable to the surgeons, and notice is stuck up at the surgery of each hospital mentioning the operation and by whom performed. There is not any notice given to the physicians, and it rarely happens that you see a physician in the theatre at the time. When any accident is brought in, the surgeon whose week it is receives notice, and according to the nature of such accident he either goes immediately over, or trusts the management of it to the dresser who is waiting there. . . . The hours of attendance are the same, but the days being different it gives the pupils the opportunity of attending every surgeon at each hospital. There have been lectures read in anatomy in which observations in surgery has ever been introduced from the beginning, first by Mr. Girl, then Mr. Sharp, Mr. Warner, Mr. Else, and at present by Mr. Cline. The fee for these lectures and for the dissecting room is twelve guineas. There are lectures read every morning at half-past seven on Midwifery by Dr. Lowder in the borough; they continue until half-past eight. At ten o'clock in the morning Mr. Babington, the apothecary at Guy's, gives a lecture on Chymistry, which continues until eleven, when the practice begins. Those mornings that pass without the lecture in Chymistry, Dr. Saunders supplys with one on the Practice of Physic. The Chymical lectures continue until there has been two courses given, which employs them from the 1st of October until the month of May. The anatomical lectures are every day from one o'clock until three. These are read at St. Thomas's Theatre by Mr. Cline, the former in Chymistry, and the Practice of Physic at the Theatre at Guy's. All the pupils that enter for the anatomical lectures pay seven guineas ; if they chuse to dissect and attend the dissecting-room they pay five guineas extraordinary. The terms for the Chymistry, 94 BTOGRAPniCAL HISTORY OF GUYS HOSPITAL. Materia Medica, and Practice of Physic are ten guineas. I cannot take upon me to say when they were first instituted, but there were lectures read before the year 1750. There are not any Chirurgical lectures given but those that finish each anatomical course by Mr. Cline. They have amounted hitherto to twelve in number to each course. The lectures have always been delivered viva voce." The above narrative omits the following important facts: — In 1760 there occurred a quarrel between Guy's and St. Thomas's about reciprocal attendance of students at operations, and all intercommunication was broken ofi". In 1768 it was resolved by the GoA^rnors of Guy's " that the barrier between this Hospital and St. Thomas's be taken down, and that the pupils of St. Thomas's have free leave to see not only the operations, but also all the other practice of this Hospital." St. Thomas's re- ciprocated these advantages, and thenceforward these Hospitals were known as the " United Hospitals " and the "Borough Hospitals"; they were, in fact, regarded as twins. We may here complete the notice, begun on p. 79, of the successive stages by which Guy's Hospital was com- pleted during the last century. On March 21st, 1731, the Governors approved of a model of a statue to the Founder by Scheymaker, who attended the meeting, and was commissioned to cast the statue in brass, at a cost of five hundred guineas. This statue, placed in the centre of the front quadrangle, on a square pedestal, represents Guy in his livery gown, with a small scroll in his right hand. In bas-relief on the pedestal, in the separate square panels, are representa- tions of the Good Samaritan, Christ healing the sick, Guy's armorial bearings, and an inscription on the front THE HOSPITAL-RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 95 panel to this ejffect : "Thomas Guy, sole Founder of this Hospital in his life-time, Anno Domini 1721." The eastern wing, designed by Mr. Stear, architect, was begun in 1738, and rapidly completed at a cost of ^9,300. The west side of the square, including the chapel, was not commenced till 1774, Mr. Jupp being then the architect ; but the design appears to have closely followed the plans made in 1738. This western wing was completed in 1780 at a cost of ^14,537. The centre fa9ade was at the same time altered and re- modelled into its present form by Mr. Jupp, and seems to have been rather dear at .£6,922. In 1774 also there was built a separate lunatic house for the accommodation of twenty confirmed lunatics, in accordance with Guy's will. From the minutes of the Court of Governors it appears that the lunatic house was rebuilt in 1797 by William Hobson at a cost of £4,388. Four years previously the Governors had resolved that only female lunatics should be admitted into the Hospital in future. But in Rees' Cyclopaedia (dated 1819) a "keeper of the lunatic men " is included among the officers of the institution. Possibly the explanation may be that, though no fresh male cases were admitted, it took many years to get rid of those occupying the house at the time when this resolution was passed. When the chapel and new fagade were completed, there came the question of statues. Mr. Bacon then executed his well-known statue of Guy (placed in the chapel and dated 1779), and the figures of Hygeia and iEsculapius in the niches of the liagade. The bas-reliefs between the pillars represent the prevailing practice of the time with regard to blood-letting. The model of the statue of Guy was approved by the Governors on November 6th, 1776. The cost was not to exceed ^1,000, but it actually cost £1,160 10s. The physicians and surgeons of Guy's presented a 96 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. memorial to the Court of Governors, dated October 13th, 1785, in which various alterations for the improvement of the wards were recommended. Among them the following appears: ** That beds be removed from the present wards into the old chapel, making that a con- valescent ward." This suggestion was carried out, and Chapel Ward, as it was called, was opened in 1 788. It occupied the whole length of the central corridor on the first floor. Though the name was subsequently changed to " Esther," the ward existed as such until a quite recent date. In Juh* 1788 the Treasurer reported " that four wards had been fitted up in this Hospital agreeable to the desire of the physicians and surgeons," as expressed in the memorial above mentioned. A later note says, " In consequence of which (i.e., the memorial) some new wards have been made and others altered." The sites of the new wards are not specified, but the allusion is no doubt to those on the ground floor, which were made by filling up the spaces between the pillars and arches around each quadrangle. The engraving by John Bowles shows that there was an outer wall to the corridors on the ground floor, and many windows in it. By bricking up these arches, with the exception of semi- circular spaces for windows, the passages were readily converted into wards ; and the spaces thus enclosed are now occupied by the Accident and Cornelius wards, the surgery, the medical library, and sundry oflftces. It may be noted in passing that the quadrangles and corridors are represented in the engraving as being neatly paved in a chess-board pattern, while the area in front of the building is covered with pitchings. The first record of the admission of patients into Cornelius Ward is on December 14th, 1808, at which time Accident Ward had been in constant use for some years. John Howard's visit to Guy's Hospital on September THE HOSPITAL— RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 97 17th, 1788, gives us the advantage of a skilled outsider's impression, and it is on the whole favourable. He found some of the wards too low, being only nine feet and a half high ; and the wooden beds and testers in the old wards he naturally condemns as harbouring bugs. The new wards, with their iron bedsteads and hair beds, he praises as being clean and fresh ; and he commends the method of ventilation. He was much pleased with the construction of the new water-closets, which were flushed with water on a self-acting system. The baths were ex- cellent, in clean and neat rooms. Various improvements were being carried out under Mr. William Blackburn, the architect. The number of patients in the Hospital at that time was 304. It is noted that both at Guy's and St. Thomas's large quantities of beer were brought into the Hospital from outside, and that the patients who were able easily got out and visited the adjacent gin-shops, there being no proper attention to the gates. Let us hope that this was but a temporary possibility. The Physical Society of Guy's Hospital was founded in 1771, and is therefore as old as the Medical Society of London, or even older according to some accounts. Its members M^ere composed for the most part of the officers of the two Hospitals, together with the general practitioners in their neighbourhood, although numerous other medical men of celebrity joined the Society. Its archives show that many distinguished men occupied seats on the benches of the present medical and chemical theatre of Guy's, when there were interesting subjects under discussion. Thus we read in the Life of Allen, the chemist, that he was elected a member of the Physical Society in 1794, and in 1802 went with Astley Cooper and others to hear a paper on the cow pox. A capital library belonged to the Society, and the books were allowed to be taken out for perusal by the 7 98 BTOGRArniCAL HISTORY OF GUT'S HOSriTAL. members. Again, Thelwall, the Radical friend of Cline, of St. Thomas's, received the privilege, not only of attending Cline's lectures and operations, but of becom- ing a member of the Physical Society of Guy's, ^vhich very rarely admitted a non-professional. Thelwall was even allowed to read a paper before the Society, entitled, " An Essay towards a definition of Animal Vitality." It was read on the 26th of January, 1793, and led to a memorable debate, being discussed for no fewer than six successive evenings. At the close a special vote of thanks was given to the author. CHAPTER IT. THE EARLY PHYSICIANS TO GUY'S. JURIN TO ThOMLINSON. IN selecting Dr. James Jurin as their first physician, the Governors of Guy's Hospital possibly were influenced by some expression of Guy's own opinion before his death. In any case, their choice was justified by his high scientific position and his rapid advance in practice. He was the son of John Jurin, a citizen-dyer of London, who was able to obtain his admission, when seven years old, to Christ's Hospital. After proceeding as scholar to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1702, he graduated B.A. in 1705, and was elected Fellow of Trinity in 170G. Dr. Bentley, the famous Master of Trinity, recommended him to the favour of the Governors of Christ's Hospital as " a youth of very great hopes " ; or, as we should now say, one from whom much might be expected. He found occupation in travelling as tutor with Mordecai Carey, a younger scholar of Christ's Hospital, during part of 1708-9. Having taken his M.A. degree in 1709, Jurin was appointed in the same year Master of Newcastle-on-Tyne Grammar School. His literary and scientific abilities were soon exerted, by Bentley 's advice, in editing, with considerable addi- tions, the " General Geography " (in Latin) of Bernhard Varenius, for the Cambridge University Press, which published the book in 1712. During his residence at 100 BioaRAriiiCAL n/sToRv OF arv's nosr/TAL. Newcastle Jurin also gave public- lectures on experimental philosophy. So successful was he as master, that he was able in a few years to save a thousand pounds, thus securing the means to follow out his original desire to study medicine. He resigned his mastership in 1715, and returned to Cambridge, where he graduated M.D. in 1716. Settling in London, he was admitted a candi- date of the College of Physicians in June 1718, and a Fellow in June 1719. Jurin was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society early in 1718, for his name appears as Fellow in the title of papers in the part of the " Philosophical Transactions " published for January — April 1718. The first of these refers to a subject still of importance to the medical profession — " An Enquiry into the Cause of the Ascent and Suspension of Water in Capillary Tubes " ; and the second, immediately following it, was "On the Motion of Running Water," in part of which he discusses mathematically the speed of the blood in the human body at different parts of its course. Later in the same year Jurin contributed an important paper on the power of the heart, addressed to Dr. Mead, in which he boldly asserted that the bodies of animals were machines, whose motions and actions could only be understood by the study of mechanical principles. He proceeds to expound and apply these principles very acutely, criticising pre- vious explanations. This brought him into controversy with James Keill, M.D. In a paper issued in 1719 Jurin exposed the current fallacy that the blood-clot was lighter than serum, and determined the specific gravity of cold blood as 1054; 1055 is now given as the average in Foster's " Physiology," showing how carefully Jurin's experiments were made. But when we see what Jurin thought was the composition of blood, we realise how far ])hysiology has travelled since his time. He describes blood as composed of *' Phlegm, THE EARLY PHYSICIANS TO GUY'S. 101 Oil, Volatile and fixt Salts, and Earth." Yet he was one of the most learned men of his time, and an acute Newtonian philosopher. He was elected Secretary of the Royal Society in 1721, and held the office till 1727, editing vols. 31 to 34 of ** Philosophical Transactions." In 1724 he proposed a plan for taking systematic meteorological observations at different places, and in the next year he persuaded the Royal Society to send barometers and thermometers to a number of their correspondents abroad, at the Society's expense, under- taking himself to see that they were safely despatched. Thus he may be credited with the parentage of our modern systems of accurate meteorological records. During these years he had been growing notable in medical practice, especially by the part he took in supporting and promoting the practice of inoculation for small pox. His " Letter to Dr. Caleb Cotesworth, F.R.S.," one of the physicians to St. Thomas's Hospital, containing "A Comparison between the Mortality of the Natural Small Pox and that given by Inoculation," with an account of the success of inoculation in New England, was followed by a succession of pamphlets recording the progress of inoculation in Great Britain during the years 1723-6. We learn from the former that Jurin was then (1723) Lecturer on Anatomy at Surgeons' Hall. Evidently, ai'ter the recognised heads of the profession, such as Radcliffe, Mead, and Cotesworth, there was no one more fit to be chosen first physician to Guy's Hospital. This office he held from its opening in 1725 till March 1732, when he was compelled to resign, owing to increase of private practice. Apart from his mathematical and physical investi- gations, and his belief in inoculation, we have little evidence as to Jurin's special talents as a practitioner beyond the fact of his success. In 1732 he published a collection of " Physico-mathematical Dissertations," 102 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. including his principal papers read before the Royal Society. A little later he entered into philosophical and religious controversy, under the pseudonym of ** Philalethes Cantabrigiensis," writing, under the title " Geometry no Friend to Infidelity," a defence of Sir Isaac Newton and the British mathematicians, in the form of a letter to the author of ** The Analyst " (Bishop Berkeley), attacking him for having accused mathe- maticians of infidelity. This was followed, in 1735, by " The Minute Mathematician, or the Free-thinker no Just-thinker ; set forth in a second letter to the Author of the Analyst." These pamphlets are of considerable force and merit. Under the same pseudonym Jurin carried on a spirited discussion with Dr. Pemberton, in defence of Newton, in '' The Works of the Learned " for 1737-9. Jurin was a good Latin scholar, and Thomas Bentley's edition of Caesar (1742) was undertaken at his sug- gestion, and consists in large part of his notes. One of Jurin's most important later contributions to science, " On Distinct and Indistinct Vision," was appended to Robert Smith's "Optics," 1738. It was criticised by Benjamin Robins, F.R.S., to whom Jurin, as was his wont, replied. We must leave mathema- ticians to decide regarding the merits of the controversy. A more congenial medical field is opened up by Dr. Jurin's ** Account of the Effects of Soap-Lye, taken internally, for the Stone," first published in 1742. He described his sufferings from gravel, allayed by purga- tives, followed by illness about Christmas, 1740, owing to the passage of a stone from the kidney to the bladder, and the voiding of a small red stone of the size of a pea. After subsequent severe sufferings, he would not take the then vaunted quack remedies of Mrs. Stephens, for which she received no less than ^5,000 from Parliament in 1789. But after reading the *' Ex])erimenls and Observations" of Dr. Stephen Hales, F.R.S., on the THE EARLY PHYSICIANS TO GUY'S. 103 dissolving power of soap-lees on calculi, Jurin resolved to take the same (containing both lime and potash in abundance), in gradually increased doses. After a few months he grew better, and voided a succession of small stones, showing signs of the solvent power of the lime, and a little later he considered himself perfectly cured. In 1745 he published a second edition, in which he confessed that he had given up the use of this drastic medicine (although it had conferred much benefit on many), owing to the extreme difficulty of obtaining it always of the same strength. But he had arranged with an apothecary to supply a substitute almost free from nauseous taste or smell. He apologises for con- cealing the manner of preparation, averring that it was only for the public benefit. He named it " Lixivium Lithontripticum," and took it daily himself. The "Lixivium," like the soap-lees, was destined to bring the controversial physician into one more contro- versy. When he was called in to attend Robert Walpole, Earl of Orford, in the latter part of 1744, he found reason to believe there was a stone in his bladder, and, in concert with Sir Edward Hulse, he administered his '' Lixivium." Although several stones were voided by the earl, John Ranby, sergeant- surgeon to the King, could not refrain from attributing his death, which took place on March I8th, 1745, to Jurin's strong medicine, and published a long " Narrative " of the case from his point of view. An " Epistle " to Ranby, defending Sir Edward Hulse and Jurin, and evidently inspired by them, followed. Ranby published an Appendix to his pamphlet, and the physicians replied in a long " Addi- tional Postscript." " Advice to John Ranby," " An Expostulatory Address to John Ranby," and two '* Letters from a Physician in Town to another at Bath," were followed by a humorous " Charge to the Jury, or the Sum of the Evidence on the Trial of 104 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. A. B., C. D., and E. F., all M.D., on the Death of one Robert at Oriud," from which we should like to quote, but that the case has no bearing on Gu3''s Hospital. Fortunately, in our days it is not necessary to take strong caustic lime to dissolve stones. Jurin was one of the Censors of the College of Physicians during several years ; he was a member of the Council in 1748-9, and was elected President on the death of Dr. Tyson, on January 19th, 1750. He only survived his elevation to the presidency a few weeks, dying at his house in Lincoln's Inn Fields, on March 29th, 1750, in his sixty-sixth year. He was buried at St. James's, Garlick Hill, E.C. His widow survived him till 1784, their only son, James, of the Hermitage, in Northumberland, having died childless in July 1782. Jurin left a considerable legacy to Christ's Hospital out of his ample fortune. A bust of him is in the library of Christ's Hospital. The Harveian Oration for 1761, delivered by Dr. (alter wards Sir George) Baker, contains an eloquent tribute to Jurin 's merits ; it is quoted by Dr. Munk in the " Roll of the College of Physicians," vol. ii., p. 66. We have much less knowledge about Dii. John Old- field, who was elected physician to Guy's at the same time as Dr. Jurin, but who stands second on the list. His lather, Joshua Oldfield, D.D. Edin., was the minister of Maid Lane Presbyterian Chapel, Southwark, for twenty- nine years, and died in 1729. He came of a family nearly the whole of whom had dissented from the Act of Nonconl'ormity, when several of them who were ministers were ejected. John Oldfield entered at Ley den in 1717, being then twenty-seven years of age, and graduated M.D. there in 1718, and ten years later received the same degree Irom Cambridge University, when he had already been some years physiician to Guy's. He was Fellow of THE EARLY PHYSICIANS TO GUY'S. 105 the College of Physicians in 1730, and Censor in 1735. His connection with Guy's lasted until his death on June 25th, 1748. Charles Jarvis'sfine edition of 'Don Quixote" (2 vols., 4to, 1749) gives us our only glimpse of Dr. Oldfield, in a character but slightly connected with Guy's. He was asked to write an " Advertisement " concerning the prints, of which there are many in the two volumes. He shows himself to be a discerning critic of the fitness of illustrations to such a work, and defends the choice of topics and moments adopted by the artists. He was on the alert to avoid the too frequent use of the same expression in the characters represented. He had made considerable use of his anatomical knowledge in the study of expression, — a knowledge which makes many medical men clever judges of engravings, and of pictures in general. It appears very probable also that Matthew Clarke, M.D., who was elected physician to Guy's in March 1732, on Dr. Jurin's resignation, was the son of an eminent dissenting minister, namely, Matthew Clarke, pastor of the Independent Church in Miles' Lane from 1692 to 1726. He was born in London, and entered at Leyden University as a medical student on September 5th, 1721, at the age of twenty. In 1728 he obtained the degree of M.D. from Cambridge University. He was elected physician to Guy's three years before he sought the licence of the College of Physicians, where he was entered as a candidate in 1735, elected a Fellow in 1736, and Censor in 1743. He retained his phy- siciancy to Guy's for twenty-two years, retiring in 1754. His practice must have been successful, or his fortune favourable, for he retired from practice soon afterwards, and lived at Tottenham to a good old age, dying in November 1778. 106 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. Charles Feake was another undistinguished man among the early physicians of Guy's. He was a member of Caius College, Cambridge, and graduated M.B. at Cambridge in 1738, and M.D. in 1743. He was elected a Fellow of the College of Physicians in 1745, and served as Censor in 1747, 1754, and 1758. He was Harveian Orator in 1749, and member of the Council in 17G1. He was elected physician to Guy's in 1745, and held the appointment till his death on August 2nd, 1762. His appointment was the first occasion on which a third physician was elected at Guy's, and the practice con- tinued until a fourth was added in recent years. Nicholas Munckley, M.D., was another worthy man who has left little trace behind him except the honours he received from the College of Physicians, and the exceptional fact that he was created M.D. of Cambridge in 1753 by express royal mandate, being already M.D. of Aberdeen in 1747. He had been partly educated at Leyden, where he entered in August 1745, at the age of twenty-four. He was appointed physician to Guy's Hospital in 1748, and retained the post till his death on February 20th, 1770. At the College of Physicians he was made a Fellow in 1754, was Gulstonian Lecturer in 1756, and Censor in four separate years. Dr. William Magie, or Magghie, was one of the Guy's physicians cut off too early by death to allow him to show his powers. He was the only physician to Guy's not a Fellow of the College of Physicians. He was educated at Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. in 1746. Appointed physician to Guy's in January 1754, he had filled that office for less than two years and a half, when his death took place, on June 7th, 1756. Henry Hinckley, M.D., educated at Magdalene College, THE EARLY PHYSICIANS TO GUY'S, 107 Cambridge, graduated B.A. in 1749, and, removing to King's College, took his M.D. degree in 1754. He had already been appointed physician to the Middlesex Hospital in 1752, but he was called to be physician to Guy's in 1756, whereupon he resigned the Middlesex appointment. At the College of Physicians he was elected Fellow in 1755, Censor in five different years, and he acted as Treasurer from 1762 till his death in 1779. Chablton Wollaston, M.D., was one of the Guy's physicians prematurely lost to science, who might have been expected to rank high among his illustrious family. He was the second son of Francis Wollaston, F.R.S., of Charterhouse Square, by Mary, daughter of Dr. John Francis Fauquier, one of the first Governors of Guy's. He was born in 1733, and educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.B. in 1753, and M.D. in 1758. In 1757 he was elected physician to the Middlesex Hospital, but gave up his post in a few months to live at Bury St. Edmunds, where he remained till 1762. He had been elected Fellow of the College of Physicians in 1760, and delivered the Harveian Oration in 1763, a high honour for a young man of thirty. In 1762 Guy's Hospital sought his services as physician, but his career was early terminated by an attack of fever, which cut him off on July 26th, 1764. He is described as uniting singular modesty with great ability, and as having charmed every one by his manners. The only fragment of his which we have found is a Latin letter on catarrh, addressed to Sir George Baker in 1764. It is worth noting that Dr. Charlton Wollaston was the uncle of William Hyde Wollaston, the eminent chemist and mineralogist, who was the son of his elder brother, a clergyman. De. Egbert Thomlinson, who closes our list for the 108 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. present, has left no trace of his medical ahilit)- for our inspection. He was a native of London, and proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.B. in 1760, but did not proceed to M.D. until 1766. He was elected phjsician to Guy's in 1764, and held his appointment till his death from "gout in the stomach" in 1788. At the College of Physicians he was in favour, for after becoming a Fellow in 1767, he was Censor in 1 769 and in three subsequent years, and Treasurer from 1780 to 1787. CHAPTER III. GUY'S PHYSICIANS IN THE LATTER PART OF the eighteenth century. Saunders to Relph. THE first physician of real eminence in his profession who became attached to Guy's after Jurin (who appears to have done nothing to make Guy's a medical school) was William Saundees, a Scotchman, who brought to London the results of the teaching of William Cullen. He was the son of a physician in Banff, Dr. James Saunders, and was born in Banff in the year 1743. Choosing the medical profession, he naturally went to Edinburgh University, whose medical school was then the only one in Great Britain worthy of consideration. He was not only a pupil, but also a friend of William Cullen, whose "Nosology" so long held the field in the classification of diseases. Saunders graduated M.D. at Edinburgh in 1765, his exercise for the degree being upon antimony. Coming to London, Dr. Saunders was no doubt commended to Dr. (afterwards Sir) George Baker by his chemical knowledge, and Baker availed himself of the young physician's assistance in the chemical investigations connected with his enquiry into Devonshire colic. He began to lecture on chemistry and pharmacy in Coven t Garden, and is said to have made £1,000 a year by his lectures. He published a "Syllabus of Lectures on no BIOGRAPHICAL HTSTORY OF dUY'S HOSPITAL. Chemistry and Pharmacy" in 1766, extending to twenty-four pages. The stage which chemistry had then reached may be judged from the fact that acids are said to effervesce with alkaline salts containing "air." Acids are enumerated as "Vitriolic, Nitrous, Muriatic, and Vegetable," the latter having four prin- cipal species: (1) "The Native," Succus Lemonum, etc.; (2) the Fermented, Acetum Tar tarn m ; (3) the Distilled, Acidum Ahietis ; (4) the Sublimed, Flares Benzoin. Still, the syllabus is quite up to the know- ledge of the time. Dr. Saunders also issued a " Cata- logue of the Materia Medica " for the use of his students. A long list of foods and fruits comes at the beginning, under the head of " Nutrientia," and " Bos, Beef and Veal ; Ovis, Mutton and Lamb ; Capra, Goat and Kid ; Cervus, Venison," are attractively set down. Of Birds and Fish a long list follows, concluding with " Volucrum Ova, Birds' Eggs." Materia Medica lectures have changed since Dr. Saunders' time. Dr. Saunders, after his first " Letter to Dr. Baker on the Endemial Colic of Devonshire," in 1767, returned to the subject in " An Answer to Geach and Alcock on the Endemial Colic of Devonshire," 1768. In 1770, largely through Baker's and Lord Mansfield's influence, he was elected physician to Guy's Hospital, where he had only Drs. Hinckley and Thomlinson as his seniors. He con- tinued his studies on antimony, and in 1773 published a little treatise on its use in the treatment of disease. Saunders' advent seems to have been the signal for novel arrangements at Guy's. He obtained permission to lecture, or announced his intention of lecturing, on the theory and practice of medicine at Guy's, the lectures being by special arrangement open to all medical pupils of both Guy's and St. Thomas's. His " Elements of the Practice of Physic," printed in 1780 for the use of his students, deals with general pathology in ten LATER PHYSICIANS IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. Ill introductory pages out of 136. He relies both on the dogmatical and the empirical methods, as giving, in combination, the best guidance. A disease he defines as " the impeded action of any one function of the body." According to an advertisement of 1783, his lectures were given at Guy's three times a week at 9.30. They included, in addition to physiology and medicine, chemistry and materia medica. These lectures were in addition to clinical lectures. Dr. Saunders was one of the early advocates of the value of red Peruvian bark as compared with the pale form in common use in agues, fevers, etc. ; but he supposed that the two kinds of bark were obtained from different parts of the same tree, instead of, as is now well known, from different species. He treated many cases successfully with the red cinchona, and had so many confirmations of his views from other doctors, that he was led to publish "Observations on the Superior Efficacy of the Red Peruvian Bark in the Cure of Fevers, Interspersed with Occasional Remarks on the Treatment of other Diseases by the same Remedy." The first edition appeared in 1782, and a fourth was called for in 1783. He dedicates this edition to his colleagues, Drs. Thomlinson and Hervey, and Messrs. Warner, William Lucas, and William Cooper, as a mark of his high esteem of their professional characters. The dedication is dated from Jeffries Square. In 1805 he was living in Russell Square. He had evidently taken great trouble to discover all he could about Peruvian bark. He collected as many specimens as he could, and arranged them "in the order of their goodness" for the benefit of his students. The appropriateness of the publication, and the demand for it, was further shown by its translation into French, German, and Latin. The first introduction of the red bark into England, as told by Dr. Saunders, was quite by chance. " In the 112 BIOGRAPniCAL HISTORY OF GrV'S HOSPITAL. year 1779, a Spanish ship from Lima, bound to Cadiz, was taken by the Hussar frigate, and carried into Lisbon. Her cargo consisted chiefly of this bark, and a considerable quantity was bought at a very low price at Ostend, by some of our London druggists. . . . The druggists in whose hands the red bark was found it difficult to dispose of it, its appearance being so very unlike that of common bark ; at last they offered it, by way of trial, to such apothecaries as reside in counties where agues are frequent. The success attending its use soon convinced them of its superior efficacy. It was early introduced into the hospitals, and its greater powers became universally acknowledged." An interesting testimony is given by Dr. Saunders in this book to Dr. Skeete, who afterwards became one of his colleagues. He writes : " By my desire Mr. Skeete, a very ingenious and attentive young gentleman from Barbadoes, and a student of medicine in Guy's Hospital, made several experiments to ascertain the comparative antiseptic power of red bark with the common Peruvian bark. . . . His experiments were conducted with great accuracy, and the result of them submitted to the examination of many gentlemen at Guy's Hospital." Dr. Saunders' next work, " A Treatise on the Structure and Diseases of the Liver" (1793), being the substance of the Gulstonian Lectures delivered by him at the College of Physicians in the previous year, is naturally of less value, owing to the extreme ignorance of that time as to the true physiology of the liver. Yet a number of interesting experiments were made or sug- gested by the author, and those on living animals (dogs) were made by "an ingenious friend, Mr. Haighton, Teacher of Physiology at Guy's Hospital." lu the therapeutical part of his subject Dr. Saunders is a great advocate of the drinking of warm water. He was LATER PHYSICIANS IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 113 strongly against the indiscriminate use of mercury as a specific for all diseases of the liver. One of Haighton's experiments with dogs consisted in injecting two drachms of "crude mercury" into the crural vein. Of course, the dog died in a few days, and its lungs were found crowded with tubercles, each surrounding a nucleus of mercury. Such was the crude vivisection of the end of the last century. A fourth and much enlarged edition of this " Treatise on the Liver " was published in 1809, with an account of the hepatitis of India. The last work of Dr. Saunders that we must notice is his "Treatise on the Chemical History and Medical Powers of some of the most celebrated Mineral Waters, with Practical Remarks on the Aqueous Regimen." It was published in 1800, dedicated to Sir Walter Far- quhar, Bart., his intimate friend for thirty years, and physician to the Prince of Wales. A second edition w^as published in 1805. Saunders seems to have given much attention to mineral waters, and to have analysed or obtained analyses of the most noted. For the latter he expresses his obligations to "my old pupil and ingenious friend, Mr. Charles Rochemond Aikiu." He comes to the notable conclusion that much of the effect of mineral waters is due to the constituent they all have in common, namely, water, and proceeds to advo- cate the drinking of water at various temperatures as a most valuable means of cure for many diseases. He also advocates cold bathing and cold affusion in many cases. There can be little doubt that Dr. Saunders, as he increased in practice, utilised the services of others to swell his books. W^e may remark here how vexed Dr. Haighton was at the slight mention of him in Saunders' " Treatise on the Liver." Sir Astley Cooper says of Saunders, " He was a most entertaining lecturer, but superficial person, with a considerable share of genius. 8 114 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. He would give out that he should lecture next day on Absorption, and ask some one to get him Cruickshank, that he might not come down entirely ignorant." No such serious accusation, this. Dr. Munk says of him, judging from previous biographical accounts : ** His attainments in science were considerable ; his industry and exertions indefatigable. His progress to eminence was rapid, and in the course of a few years he was in the enjoyment of a very lucrative city business." He became a Fellow of the Royal Societies of London and of Edinburgh, and of the Society of Antiquaries. He was specially admitted a Fellow of the College of Physicians in 1790, on Sir George Baker, the Presi- dent's, nomination, having been content to remain a Licentiate since 1769. He was Censor during four years, Gulstouian Lecturer in 1792, and Harveian Orator in 1796. He was appointed physician-extraordinary to the Prince Regent in 1807, and retired to Enfield in 1814-. Till re he died, on May 29th, 1817, aged seventy- three. A portrait of him, presented by Mr. J. J. Saunders, his son, is in the College of Physicians. An important matter in which Dr. Saunders was concerned after leaving Guy's, was the foundation of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. On May 22nd, 1805, an inaugural meeting Mas held at Free- masons' Tavern, Dr. Saunders in the chair, at which it was determined to establish a society comprehending the several branches of the medical profession in London, to receive professional communications, and to form a library. The first meeting of the society, when consti- tuted, was held in Gray's Inn, in December 1805, but it was not till 1809 that the first volume of its well- known " Transactions " was published. Among the members of the first Council were : Dr. Saunders, President ; Charles Rochemont Aikin, Secretary ; Dr. William Babington, Vice-President ; Astley Cooper, LATER PHYSICIANS IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 115 Vice-President ; Dr. James Curry ; Dr. Alexander Marcet, Foreign Secretary ; with others, including many of the best names in medicine and surgery at that time. The names quoted show the influential part Guy's men played in establishing the society. In 1812 the society became " Royal," by obtaining a charter from the Prince Regent. Two features of originality have been lately brought to light in Saunders' views. Dr. A. E. Garrod, in his work on " Rheumatism " recently published, says : — " Although it has only recently received much attention, the miasmatic theory is at least as old as the present century. Dr. William Saunders, of London, writing to Haygarth in the year 1809, said : ' With respect to your inquiries on the subject of acute rheumatism, I am assured by much experience and accurate observation that, with all its inflammatory symptoms, it is an ague in disguise.' " In an " Essay on Delirium Tremens," by Thomas Sutton, M.D., in 1813, he says: "Delirium Tremens may be known to some medical men to a certain extent, but to many is wholly unknown." And he then has a note to this effect : — " Dr. William Saunders, late physician to St. Guy's {sic), and for many years lecturer on medicine at that Hospital, whose opinion I had the advantage of obtaining on this tract, considered the assertions in this paragraph to be perfectly correct ; but stated to me that he had mentioned the disease alluded to in his lectures for many years, and had been in the habit of noticing and distin- guishing it from phrenitis during forty years of his practice. It is a considerable gratification to me to be able to introduce the opinion of this respectable physician on some important points connected with this subject." In another note he says that " Dr. Saunders quite agrees with the accuracy of the description, but thinks some llfi BTOGRArrirCAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. oVisprvation like the following misht be given on the occasional employment of the hands, in addition to what I have stated. He has olten considered the motion of the hands in this state of disease, as if the l»atient misht, with imperfect vision, be searching for things, and occasionally rapidly catching or avoiding them. Such, for instance, as if in search for rats or mice, being things he wished partly to lay hold of and partly to avoid." In one or two other places he alludes to Saunders, always with respect. Of James Heeyey, M.D., who was the successor of Dr. Hinckley at Guy's in 1779, there is not much to record. A native of London, he was sent to Queen's College, Oxford, in 1767, at the age of sixteen, where he graduated M.A. in 1774, M.B. in 1777, and M.D. in 17S1. He was elected physician to Guy's in 1779, and continued to hold the post till 1802. He had a sufficient independence, and was not anxious to gain practice or distinction ; but he was reputed an able physician. It was his habit to spend the summer at Tunbridge Wells, where he had a select practice when that watering-place was greatly in vogue among London fashionables. The College of Physicians appears to have found him a " good fellow,"' for after becoming a Fellow in 1782, they chose him Gulstonian Lecturer in 1783, and Registrar in 1784, an office he filled for tMrty years. He was Censor of the College during six years, between 1783 and 1809, Harveian Orator in 1785, and Lumleian Lecturer from 1789 to 1811. He was, no doubt through the College of Physicians, appointed the first Registrar of the National Vaccine Establishment, His death took place at the beginning of 1824. De. Thomas Skeete is another of the Guy's physicians LATER PHYSICIANS IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 117 who showed much promise, but was untimely cut off by death at an early age. He was born in Barbadoes, in 1756 or 1757, being presumably the son of a sugar planter. He was a pupil for six years in Barbadoes with Mr. R. J. Farre, who was for many years a medical practitioner in Barbadoes. His son Dr. J. R. Farre, a pupil at Guy's, and his grandsons Drs. F. J. Farre and Arthur Farre, all attained eminence. Skeete was in due time sent to England, and entered as a pupil at Guy's. During this period he rendered great assistance to Dr. Saunders in chemical experiments relating to Peruvian bark, as acknowledged in Saunders' book on the subject. To obtain the M.D. degree with sufficient speed, Skeete resorted to Scotland in 1783 ; and, after a two years' course at Edinburgh, removed to Glasgow, where he graduated M.D. in February 1785. He appears to have made extensive studies on Peruvian bark on his own account. These he published in 1786 in a book of more than three hundred and fifty pages, entitled '* Experi- ments and Observations on Quilled and Red Peruvian Bark," etc., with remarks on the nature and treatment of a large number of diseases in which bark might or might not be given. Dating his dedication from Paternoster Row, he speaks of the advantages he had derived from Dr. Saunders' judicious practice, and from his engaging excellence as a teacher ; and he eulogises Mr. (afterwards Sir) Walter Fai'quhar for his disinterested kindness to him. He informs us that the book grew out of a dissertation which won a prize medal from the Harveian Society at Edinburgh. We also learn that he was experimenting with opium and studying its effects on men and animals, with a view to luture publication of his results. He was elected physician to Guy's in 1 788 on the death of Dr. Thomlinson ; but he fell a victim to a disease of the liver on May 29th, 1789, at the age of thirty-two. 118 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. Of Dw. John Relph, who succeeded Skeete in 1789, there is very little to record. He was a native of Cumberland, and became a medical student at Leyden in March 1778, graduating as M.D. in the same year. We may presume that he had had some previous medical education. He came to London, and was elected a Licentiate of the College of Physicians in 1784. We do not know by what influence he succeeded in obtaining the vacant post at Guy's in 1789; but in 1794 he showed that he was influenced by prevailing fashion at Guy's, by writing a treatise of his own on Peruvian bark, though he described it as ** An Inquiry into the Medical Efficacy of a New Species of Peruvian Bark." He was largely assisted, however, in the chemical part of his work by ** Mr. Babington, teacher of chemistry at Guy's Hospital, who very obligingly conducted all the experi- ments which were thought necessary." Of course Mr. Babington was the future physician to Guy's ; and indeed without his help, aud Relph's long historical quotations, the book would present but a sorry appearance. W^e gain one piece of information which may be new to many : " At Guy's Hospital I have had frequent oppor- tunities of treating agues of every description, for though this disease does not very frequently originate in London, yet it is often brought into the metropolis." Many cases it is said annually came in harvest time Irom the fenny parts of Essex and the hop-gardens of Kent. Dr. Relph died at his house in Mark Lane on March 24th, 1804. Thus ends the list of physicians to Guy's Hospital appointed during the eighteenth century. CHAPTER IV. THE EARLY SURGEONS TO GUY'S. Croft to Pierce. WE know very little about the first four surgeons elected to Guy's. The profession of surgery was not then looked upon as in any way equal to that of a physician. This was, no doubt, partly OMdng to the association of surgeons and barbers in one of the City Companies. William Cheselden, at St. Thomas's, first elevated the profession of surgery and made it respected. The surgeons at last succeeded in obtaining a separation from the barbers, a separate Company of Surgeons being formed in 1745, John Ilanby, sergeant- surgeon to George II., being the first Master of the new Company, and Messrs. Cheselden and Sandford being the first Wardens. (See '' The Craft of Surgery," by South and D'Arcy Power.) Neither Mr. Croft nor Mr. Cooper, the earliest ap- pointed surgeons to Guy's, held office long. It appears from the records that Croft was required to reside within the walls of the Hospital. Croft resigned in 1727, and Cooper in 1732. Mr. Baker, appointed in 1727, retired in 1733. Hasell Cradock, the next surgeon, appointed in 1732, was cut off by death on December 11th, 1736. In Read's Weekly Journal, or British Gasdteer, London, for Saturday, January 1st, 1737, appears the following epitaph on Mr. Hasell Cradock, more interest- 120 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL, ing for its intbrmation than charming for its literary style : — " In this Tomb HaeeU Cradock lies, Surgeon Senior was of Guy's — Hopes with the Just one Day to rise. A» 1745 Sir Edward Hulse, Bart. » 1748 Lewis Way . ■ » 1759 Robert Marsh )> 1771 Thomas Lucas 55 1775 Sir Lionel Lyde, Bart. . 5> 1784 Benjamin Way J» 1791 148 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S H0SPI7AL. Samuel Thornton . appointed 1808. Mr. Justice Pattison » 1837. Charles Barclay >> 1848. Bouamy Dobrt-e >> 1856. Sir Lawrence Peel . » 1863. John Gurney Hoare if 1867. Lord Lawrence »» 1875. Lord Cardwell >> 1877. H. Hucks Gibbs . >> 1880. Trkasurees. Charles Joy .... . appointed 1725. John Hollistor >» 1738. Dr. Benjamin Avery » 1742. Thomas Lucas >> 1764. George Brough » 1774. Benjamin Harrison, senior • » 1785. Benjamin Harrison, junior j> 1797. Bona my Dobree >» 1848 Major Grove » 1855. Tliomas Turner j> 1856 E. il. Lushington . 1 1 1 1876 The names of medical men who have been Governors of Guy's are : — Appointed in Guy's will : Drs. Crow, Hulse, Fauquier, and Mead ; Dr. Benjamin Avery, elected 1729 (afterwards Treasurer) ; Dr. Matthew Clarke, 1754; Dr. William Saunders, 1804; Dr. William Babington, 1819; Dr. Franck, 1834; Sir William Gull, Bart., 1887. CHAPTER III. DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL EDUCATION. EARLY in the century movements for medical reform arose in the body of the profession itself At this time there existed a General Practitioners' Society, which was mainly instrumental in the passing of the Apothe- caries' Act in 1815. They also brought about still further reforms in 1820, and up to 1833 were unre- mitting in their endeavours to improve the status of the apothecaries and the medical supervision of the poor. Contentions were then constantly going on between the Apothecaries' Hall and the Scotch colleges as to their re- spective powers and the rights of the northern graduates to practise in London. Before 1815 there was no check on any one practising, and the Apothecaries' Company therefore conferred a great benefit on the public by not permitting any but an educated man to take their licence. In their address issued in 1830 the Society spoke of the great improvements they had made, as far as circum- stances would permit ; as they insisted that a knowledge of the natural sciences and of Latin was indispensable, while Greek should be known if possible. The apprentice- ship, which had been for seven years, was reduced to five in 1831, two years being spent at a hospital instead. The different colleges and corporations were, at the beginning of the century, continually urged on to 150 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. inij)rove the status of" the profession, and about the time of the foundation of Guy's School there was a consider- able movement in this direction. Thus in 1825 an obstetric society was founded, not so much to make a study of the subject of obstetrics, as to impress both on tlie colleges and on the public the importance of this department of medicine. The association wished to act in unison with the three cor])orate institutions for the more effectual teaching of obstetrics and the examina- tion of students in this subject. These bodies did not sympathise, but gave unsatisfactory answers to the petitioners. In 1827 an appeal was made to the Govern- ment " to oblige all persons who present themselves for examination before the three corporate bodies, to pro- cure such information on the subject of midwifery as should give them competency to practise it, and to induce the examiners not to neglect the inquiry into such competency of those who present themselves before them as candidates for admission into their respective bodies." The memorial was received, and the col- leges were communicated with. The Apothecaries' Hall accepted its provisions. The College of Physicians said they already examined in diseases of women and chil- dren, and that delivery was a surgical operation. The Surgeons said they could not admit practitioners of mid- wifery into their council, but would re({uire certificates of midwifery for their diploma. Further pressure being put on the College of Physicians, it determined, in the year 1830, that if any one applying for a licence were about to practise midwifery, a special examiner should be appointed. The general object of this obstetric society having been attained, after another year or two the society became extinct. The present Obstetrical Society was founded in 1860. The foundation of the University of London, and the establishment of University and King's Colleges, did DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL EDUCATION. 151 much to promote medical education. It had been for a long time apparent that a new University, founded on a broad basis, was required for the Metropolis, and especially as regarded the profession of medicine. None of her Majesty's subjects could obtain an English degree without conforming to certain religious tests ; and of all the physicians and surgeons in London, only about one hundred were connected with Oxford and Cambridge, whilst the three hundred licentiates of the College of Physicians had obtained their degrees elsewhere. The scheme was supported by the most eminent Liberals of the day, as Brougham, Birkbeck, Grote, Hume, Z. Macaulay, James Mill, Tooke, and others. It was thought that the education of medical students would be systematised, instead of teachers being scattered all over London, and that their status would be raised by larger emoluments. It was not long, however, before a feeling of jealousy against the radical element governing University College arose, and the clergy set about forming a college on Church of England prin- ciples. The idea was soon carried into effect, and King's College was established in the east wing of Somerset House. The University College in Gower Street had from the commencement endeavoured to obtain a charter enabling it to give degrees. Failing this, it nevertheless determined in the year 1830 to institute a special examination and a more severe curriculum for those who wished to take a special diploma, designating them masters of medicine and surgery. In consequence of this proposal, meetings were held by representatives ol' the different medical schools protesting against the London L^niversity having a monopoly of giving diplomas. Petitions were sent in to the Privy Council signed by all the teachers of the Metropolis. The latter said they had as much right to give diplomas as " Brougham College " ; that the latter had no reason to 152 BIOGRAPnWAL HISTORY OF GCY'S HOSPITAL. call itself a University : it was a misnomer, and iliey were attempting to issue a sham diploma. The medical staff, headed by Dr. Conolly, defended themselves, urging their right to give certificates to the best men. It was suggested at that time that the College of Physicians might ask for a charter and have the power of confer- ring degrees. In consequence of these rivalries, the Government undertook to found a real University of London, to which all the medical schools, including University and King's Colleges, should be affiliated. An annual grant was allowed by Parliament, a chancellor and a senate appointed, and rooms in Somerset House lent for the purposes of examination. The charter was granted on November 28th, 1836, and the objects of the University were stated to be "the advancement of religion and morality and the promotion of useful knowledge," and ** to hold forth to all classes and denominations, without any distinction whatsoever, an encouragement for pur- suing a regular and liberal course of education " ; and the senate were appointed " for the purpose of ascertain- ing by means of examination the persons who have acquired proficiency in literature, science, and art, by the pursuit of such course of education, and of reward- ing them by academical degrees as evidence of their respective attainments and marks of honour propor- tioned thereunto." ITiis charter was somewhat modified in the following year. In order to fully understand the state of medical education at the early part of the century, it should be remembered that at the time of the formation of the School at Guy's a large number of smaller schools, quite unconnected with hospitals, existed in all parts of London. Amongst the best known were those at Wind- mill Street, to which Sir Charles Bell was attached ; Marlborough Street, the property of Mr. Brookes; DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL EDUCATION. 153 Aldersgate Street ; Charlotte Street ; Grosvenor Place ; and there were several others. The physicians and surgeons of the hospitals also gave private courses of lectures at their own homes — as, for example, Dr. Blun- dell. In the Borough there were lectures given in Croshy Row on materia medica and chemistry ; on all subjects in Dean Street ; and Dr. Whiting gave lectures at the Surrey Dispensary. The most famous of all the schools at that time was in Webb Street, Snows Fields. Students were obliged to show certificates of having attended certain courses of lectures, etc., and they could make their own choice of a lecturer, generally considering their own con- venience. The means and apparatus of teaching in these private schools were generally slender, the lecturer being content with pickles, dried plants, and drawings. The competition was very keen, and generally a free admission to a neighbouring hospital was given if the student took many courses. The Webb Street School was for a long time in- timately associated with the Borough hospitals. The origin of the school is thus stated by South : " In 1818 Edward Grainger became a pupil at the Borough hospitals ; he came from Birmingham, where his father was a surgeon. He did not, however, pay the large fee to any of the surgeons which generally entitled the student to some future appointment. When, therefore, he wished to join Key as demon- strator of anatomy, he was refused the appointment by Sir A. Cooper as having no right to it. Being highly distinguished as an anatomist, he started for himself by taking a room at a tailor's shop in St. Saviour's Churchyard ; this he converted into a dis- secting room, and began to teach anatomy." The attempt proved successful ; he soon obtained thirty pupils, and then opened a more pretentious school in 154 BTOGRAPniCAL niSTORY OF GrV'S nOfiPIlAL. Wehb Street in a buildiiifj which had once been a chapel, and which, we believe, again reverted to the same use when it ceased to be a medical school. Grainger's early success was due to his obtaining a large amount of subjects by bribing or paying well the resurrection men. In 1820 he built a theatre and got others to join him — notably Dr. Armstrong, who lectured on medicine, Dr. Richard Phillips on chemistry, Dr. Davis on midwifery, and some other well-known men. Grainger became one of the most renowned teachers of the day, but it was not for long. His health gave way, and he died of consumption, at the early age of twenty-seven, in 1824. At the Collea^e of Surgeons there is a bust of him by Peter Hollins, F.S.A. Edward was succeeded by his brother, Richard Grainger, who carried on the school with great success until it was closed in 1842. The fame of Webb Street was also created in part by Dr. Armstrong, who was one of the best lecturers on medicine of the day. He was already known in London by his book on the treatment of fever by bleeding, and, therefore, when he was asked to come from Newcastle his celebrity preceded him. The Lancet, in speaking of Webb Street School in 1830, says: "It was founded ten years ago by the late Edward Grainger, a man of splendid intellect, imagination, and industry. He raised his school to an eminence never before attained by any person unaided by an extensive hospital or by patronage. Associated with him was the late Dr. Armstrong, one of the greatest physicians of the time." Dr. Armstrong was born in Durham in 1784 and began practice in Sunderland, and afterwards came to London. It is said that he was rejected at the Royal College of Physicians. He practised in Russell Square, and died of phthisis, in December 1829, at the age of forty-six. He usually had a class of two hundred students, which he drew DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL EDUCATION. 155 from all parts of London, and we have heard Dr. Addison declare that he was indebted for his large materia medica class to Armstrong, who brought so many students to the Borough. His life was written by his colleague. Dr. Boot, who says of him : " The effect which his lectures produced was electric. The energy of his manner, the fine intonation of his voice, the facility and correctness of his diction, the strain of impassioned eloquence which often burst from him, would make even those who could not entirely adopt or appreciate his opinions sensible that he was uttering the deep convictions of his mind ; and there was so much of chaste and often of pathetic feeling, so much of the refined sensibilities of his nature blended with his discourse, that those who were compelled to admire his talents felt full confidence in his virtues, and whilst they revered the professor they loved the man." In 1842 overtures were made to Mr. Grainger to join St. Thomas's. This he did, and Webb Street was closed — being for a short time used as a Roman Catholic chapel, and afterwards pulled down to make room for the exigencies of the railway. Students were transferred to St. Thomas's, and Grainger held the Professorship of Anatomy until 1860, when he retired. Hodgkin had joined St. Thomas's for a time ; Martin Barry lectured also, and F. J. Wilks, nephew of Dr. Blundell, on materia medica. Grainger died February 1st, 1865, aged sixty-four. Few of the private schools survived much longer, for it was becoming evident that the pursuit of favourite lecturers by students all over London led to desultory habits, and also that many of the physicians and surgeons of the hospitals who took upon themselves to have private classes had not the gift of teaching. At this time the University of London was being estab- lished, and new methods of study were in vogue. One 156 BIOGRAPniCAL HISTORY OF GUT'S HOSPITAL. of the objects put forth by it was to encourage more uniform' teaching and make an end of private courses. A friend of the University (University College), speak- ing of too many lectures and lecturers, said : " Until lately the mania for lecturing became epidemic, and every one who could get himself recognised forthwith set up as a professor. If he could collect half-a-dozen hearers, between pupils and courteous friends impressed into the service, he thought himself a very fortunate man, but if his numbers fell short he went on notwith- standing. The use of his own parlour cost him nothing, and some notoriety, at all events, if but little profit, was gained by his advertisements in the daily and weekly newspapers. There were no appliances for teaching, and much less was there a hospital." CHAPTER IV. THE ANATOMY ACT. AMONGST the great reforms about the period of the foundation of Guy's School was the passing of the Anatomy Act. At all times the necessity for dissection was clearly seen by surgeons and the more enlightened members of the community, whilst the op- position to it was equally strong amongst the poor and the unenlightened. We find that centuries ago violent contentions went on about the practice of dissection, and anatomists were held up to the execration of the people. A strong hand was required to oppose the public fana- ticism. It was due to the insight of Pope Benedict XIV. that Bologna became so celebrated a medical school in the middle of the eighteenth century. Being himself devoted to science, he issued a decree commanding that all patients dying in the Bologna hospitals should be dissected. Great opposition was at first raised against it, but after quiet was restored large classes were formed in the city for teaching anatomy. At the same time, in his wisdom, Pope Benedict decreed that dissection was not to be made one of the penalties attaching to capital punishment. To endeavour to overcome the prejudices against dissection, we read occasionally of persons leaving their bodies to the anatomist, and amongst others one who was celebrated in his day. Dr. Monsey, physician to the Chelsea Hospital. He directed in his will, dated 158 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. December 1788, that his body should not be "insulted with any funeral ceremony," but should undergo dissection. In obedience to this, Mr. Forster, surgeon, of Broad Street, City, dissected the body, and delivered a lecture on it to the medical students in the theatre of Guy's Hospital. In modern times, one of the most celebrated cases of the kind was that of Jeremy Bentham. In the will which he made in 1769, he bequeathed his body for dissection, but he did not die until 183:2, when he was eighty-two years of age. Two months before his death he revised the terms of the bequest, thinking that some difficulty might be raised in opposition to his wish. So after leaving his body to his friend Dr. Fordyce, he called to his bedside three friends, and asked them whether their affection for him would enable them to brave any obloquy which might fall on them in carrying his will into effect. After his death his body was taken to Webb Street School of Anatomy, and a lecture delivered over his remains by Dr. Southwood Smith. His skeleton is now in University College, London. At the time when the present Act was passed, nothing could be more disgraceful than the mode by which bodies were obtained for dissection. Their supply to the medical schools was a regular trade, in which the very lowest of the community were employed, and at whose evil doings the teachers of anatomy connived. They could not help themselves ; they required bodies, they T)aid for those offered, and asked no questions. They could be procured for very little money, although some- times the prices were enormously raised, so that it was said twelve or fourteen guineas had been given ; five or six guineas was not an uncommon price, but three and a half guineas was more usual. In Dublin they could be got for twenty-five shillings, and sometimes ran as low as ten. Consequently there was a constant traffic THE ANATOMY ACT. 159 between the capitals, the subjects being packed in boxes so that their contents were unknown. The bodies were mostly taken from the graveyards, after burial, by men who went by the name of "resurrectionists." The most revolting stories were formerly extant as to their practices, one of which was in connection with our own Borough School. A noted resurrectionist brought to St. Thomas's the body of a female child about seven years of age, who had died of scrofula. The body in consequence was very distinguishable from any other. One of the students, on entering the dissecting room, at once recognised it as his sister's child ; the lecturer on anatomy had then to pacify him, urging him to hush the matter up ; and the body was taken out and buried in the grounds of the hospital. In consequence of this traffic the lecturers, their assistants and students, ran great risks. A dissecting room porter, named Millard, underwent three months' imprisonment for some of his transactions in dealing with bodies, and his grievances were subse- quently published to the world by his widow. Two young men were tried for dissecting bodies surreptitiously obtained, and attacks were frequently made on the medical schools by irritated mobs. One of the Dublin schools was in this manner almost totally demolished. The public alarm was at one time so great that a notice was put up outside Guy's, that no one who had died in the hospital would be examined after death. This was a temporary measure to appease public feeling. The following account of some of the resurrection men is taken from J. F. South's Reminiscences: — " Resurrection men professionally — body-snatchers vulgarly — designations of very useful people long lost to and all but entirely forgotten alike by the medical profession and the public : a set of wretched, clever, unprincipled rascals, resulting from professional and public need. When I came to the anatomical class in 160 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. October 1813, the supply of subjects was provided by four men, Ben Crouch, Bill Butler, Jack Harnett, and Bill Harnett. The first three usually worked together, the last was rather an eccentric, sometinies working with them and sometimes alone, under which circum- stances there were continual feuds. There was also Jack Crouch, a younger brother of Ben, who was a sort of irregular. Of the whole party Ben Crouch was the acknowledged head. He was the son of the carpenter of Guy's Hospital. How long he had been at the pro- fession I do not know — probably many years. He had been in the army, and been tried for robbery. Ben Crouch was a large, coarse, ill-behaved and impudent fellow, with a rough husky voice, not unfrequently drunk, and then more saucy and more boastful than ever. He managed the affairs of the brotherhood, re- ceived the money for the subjects, but often cheated them. Bill Butler was a short, very fat man, with bright mischievous eyes, good-tempered, but generally drunk or on the very verge ; he followed Ben Crouch like a dog. Jack Harnett was the most disagreeable of the party; he was of good height, carroty-haired, speckled, and very rarely had anything pleasant to say. Bill Harnett was the best of the lot ; he was an Irishman, of cheerful and generally respectful manners ; he was of slight wiry frame, but very strong and active, and a capital boxer ; in one of his quarrels he had two or three of his front teeth knocked out. He drank pretty hard, but was always good-tempered, and was a great favourite with the pupils. Jack Crouch was a little, saucy, silly fellow, who generally, but not always, sided with his brother. . . . "Such were the worthies by whom, with very few exceptions, all the anatomical schools in London were supplied — in general plentifully — with subjects. Ob- taining a subject from the deadhouse was a matter of THE ANATOMY ACT. 161 great rarit3% excepting at one hospital, which supplied its own school, till at last it was reported that the chaplain said he would not read the service over coffins full of stones any longer, . . . "Their principal source of supply was the London churchyards, and some of the cheap private burial grounds in the poorer parts of London. The sextons of those places which were robbed were usually in the pay of the resurrection men, and they afforded every facility they could for the purpose. A light cart, into which three or four subjects in as many coarse sacks could be crammed, was the ordinary means of transport; but hackney coaches were not unfrequently used for the same purpose. Their mode of conducting business was usually together as a joint stock company, who were under the entire control and direction of the greatest and cleverest rogue of the party." One reason which added to the dislike of dissection amongst the public was that it was regarded as a disgrace, being one of the penalties attached to capital punishment. All felons who had died by the hands of the law were handed over to the anatomist, and ve/y often some official of the College of Surgeons proceeded to Newgate to claim the body. When the first Anatomy Bill pasvsed, the clause for the dissection of criminals was retained ; but, owing to strong remonstrances by the leading surgeons and anatomists, the clause was removed. The only advantage which accrued was that of getting healthy persons for dissection. One young man was so well proportioned that immediately after execution casts were taken of various parts by an artist sent by the Royal Academy. What brought matters to a climax was the discovery of the lact that people were being murdered tor the sake of the value of their bodies, and great was the con- sternation produced in the public mind thereby. When 11 102 nioGRArniCAL history of guy's hospital. Burke and Hare wore convicted in 1829, at Edinburgh, of this practice, they had murdered more than a dozen people. Their habit was to allure beggars and wTetched unknown outcasts into their lodgings, smother them, and sell their bodies. Sir W. Fergusson was a demonstrator of anatomy at Edinburgh at the time when these atrocities were committed. About the same time it was believed that the practice existed in London, although there was no evidence to show that the case which brought the prisoners to the gallows was not the first. The men in London — Bishop, Williams, and May — were convicted of murdering an Italian boy, and taking the body to King's College for sale. Suspicions were aroused in the mind of Mr. Partridge, the demon- strator of anatomy, and the men were arrested. They had previously taken the body to Guy's, but Davis, the dissecting room porter, w^ould have nothing to do with it. After this a commission was appointed by Govern- ment to investigate the subject of the supply of bodies to the dissecting room, and from their Report the regula- tions of the Anatomy Act were framed. The Report is a very interesting one, and, were it not for the ghastly nature of the subject, very amusing, especially the examination of Sir A. Cooper, whose statements as to the risks and adventures of those engaged in the trade both shocked and terrified the members of the com- mission. It commenced by a resume of the history of dissection, and stated that by a statute of Henry VHI. protection was given to those who })ractised it ; but up to the time when William Hunter taught anatomy he was obliged to put up with one or at most with two subjects for a course of lectures, and as regards operative surgery, the lower animals were employed. At the time when the commission sat, at the end of the year 1828, there were about eight hundred students in London, and out of these only five hundred dissected. It was considered right THE ANATOMY ACT. 163 that every student should have three subjects — two for learning anatomy and another for modes of operating. When Hunter built his theatre in 1763, there were various modes of obtaining bodies, most of them illegal, but no punishment accrued until the decision of one of the judges pronounced these methods to be a mis- demeanour. This put great obstacles in the way of prosecuting dissection, and consequently a large number of students went to Paris to learn anatomy. At the time of the Report it Avas said that two hundred English students were generally in that capital. The committee advised that the same plan should be adopted in this country as in France, viz., that all persons dying in hospitals, if not claimed twenty-four hours after death, may be sent for dissection, and the same to apply to pauper institutions ; the distribution to be confided to a state official. It was thought better to make it only permissive on the part of the governors of these insti- tutions to send the unclaimed bodies to the dissecting room. The committee confirmed the wisdom of the law in making executed criminals the subjects for dis- section. Against this clause all the leading surgeons of the day petitioned, as this made dissection a penalty and an opprobrium. One of the great causes of the feeling against dissection was that it was a mark of ignominy. The first Bill was withdrawn, although supported by the Duke of Wellington, who was at the head of the Govern- ment, but finally passed the House of Lords in 1832. An inspector of anatomy was appointed to make a fair distribution of the bodies, and to see that the enactments were carried out. All the bodies were registered, and the remains buried after a certain time with the ordi- nary religious rites. When some one in the House in- quired the meaning of '' remains," the Bishop of London exclaimed " that which remaineth." The Anatomy Act did not apply to post-mortem examinations. Ifi4 DlOGRAniTCAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. It cannot be supposed that so good a measure in the interests of the prolbssion and the public could pass without much cavilling on the part of those who are always ready to oppose any object which has a scientific bearing. It may be instructive, therefore, to see what a daily ])aj)er could say in opposition to the Act especially as similar opinions are echoed at the present day. This paper is the Morning Herald. ** The Anatomy or Dead Body Bill. Putting aside for the present the question as to the generous and noble propriety ot the Government of the country taking aiight . „ Thomivs Addison . „ Benjamin Guy Babington „ George Hilaro Barlow . „ Henry ^Marshall Hughes „ Georgt' Owen Rees „ Golding Bird „ William Withey Gull . „ Samuel Osborne Habershon „ Samuel Wilks „ Frederick William Pavy „ Walter Moxon „ Charles Hilton Fagge . „ Philip Heiiry Pye-Smith „ Fi-ederick Taylor . „ James F. Goodhart „ Frederick A. Mahomed „ Robert Edmund Carrington „ William Hale White „ George Newton Pitt „ Leonard Charles Wooldridg „ Edwin C. Perry . „ Lauriston E. Shaw „ John W. Washboum Mr. Francis Croft „ Anchew Cooper . „ Robert Baker „ Hasel Craddock . „ Samuel Sharp „ John Belchier „ James Pierce „ Joseph Warner . „ Lewis Way . ,, James Franck „ William Lucas, sen. „ William Cooper . „ Thompson Forster „ William Lucas, jun. „ Astley P. Coop.-r . „ Charles Aston Key ,, John Morgan Assistant. 1819 1820 1824 1837 1840 1840 1843 1843 1851 1854 1856 1858 1866 1866 1871 1873 1877 1882 1884 1885 1887 1887 1887 1889 1890 Full 1819 1824 1837 1840 1843 1854 1856 1858 1866 1866 1871 1873 1880 1883 1885 1886 Resicrned or Died. 1840 1843 1860 1854 1866 1859 1873 1854 1866 1880 1885 1890 1886 1883 1884 1887 1890 — — 1889 1821 1821 1725 1725 1727 1732 1733 1736 1744 1745 1757 1768 1773 1783 1790 1799 1800 1824 1824 1727 1732 1733 1736 1757 1768 1745 1790 1773 1783 1799 1800 1824 1824 1825 1849 1848 DR. WILLIAM BASING TON. 199 Mr Assistant. Full. Resigned or Died. Bransby B. Cooper . 1825 1825 1853 Thomas Callaway, sen. . 1825 — 1847 P^dwaid Cock 1838 1848 1871 Johii Hilton 1844 1849 1870 John Birkett 1849 1853 1875 Alfred Poland . 1849 1861 1872 Thomas Callaway, jun. 1853 — 1857 John Cooper Forster . 1856 1870 1880 Thomas Bryant . 1857 1871 1888 Arthur E. Durham 1861 1872 — Hemy G. Howse 1870 1875 — John N. C. Da\'ies-Colley 1871 1880 — Richard Clement Lucas 1875 1888 — Cuthbert H. Golding Bird . 1875 — — Walter H. A. Jacobson 1876 — — Charters J. Symonds , 1882 — — William Arbuthnot Lane . 1888 CHAPTER I. THE PHYSICIANS WHO HAVE DIED SINCE THE COM- MENCEMENT OF THE PRESENT CENTURY. DR. WILLIAM BABINGTOIT. THIS estimable man and excellent physician was born May 21st, 1756, at Portglenone, on the river Bann, in Antrim. He was apprenticed to a practitioner in Londonderry, but completed his education at Guy's Hospital. Through the influence of kind friends, he received in 1777 an appointment from Government as assistant surgeon at Haslar Hospital, and being in the course of his duty ordered thence to attend the prisoners of war at Winchester, among whom a malignant gaol- fever had broken out, he became himself the subject of it, and narrowly escaped with his life. From Haslar he was, after four years' service, recalled to London, and was appointed in 1781 apothecary to Guy's Hospital. 200 BTOGRAPTTICAL FTISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. There is an entry in the oiRce books saying that after a short time he had fulfilled the duties so satisfactorily that the Governors ordered him a gratuity of j£50. Soon afterwards he was selected to assist Dr. Saunders in his lectures on chemistry. By the advice of his friends he purchased the valuable collection of minerals which had belonged to the Earl of Bute — perhaps the finest which existed at that time in England. On obtaining posses- sion of this purchase, he proceeded to class the minerals and to catalogue them. His attention was thus drawn to the science of mineralogy, and he studied the subject so well that he was able to publish in 1795 a work entitled •• A Systematic Arrangement of Minerals, Founded on the Joint Considerations of their Chemical, Physical, and External Characters." On March 13th, 1795, he took his degree of M.D. at Aberdeen ; in the course of the same year he was elected assistant physician to Guy's Hospital, and in June 1796 became a Licentiate of the College of Physicians. He then commenced practice in Freemason's Court, Cornhill, and in 1802 was appointed full ph5^sician to Guy's. He had then for some time lectured on chemistry, in conjunction with Mr. Allen, and published " A Syllabus of Chemical Lectures," which lectureship he now resigned. He removed then to Basinghall Street. His progress as a physician was rapid, and in the course of a few years he was in the possession of a large and lucrative city practice. In 1811 his private engagements had become so numerous that he resigned his appointment at the Hospital. He still, however, took a great interest in scientific medicine, and assisted much in the support of the Medical Society, with his friend and neighbour Dr. Lettsom. In the well-known picture to which allusion has been made Dr. Babington may be seen standing quite at the back, on the right. In 1807 he again moved to a larger house in Aldermanbury. To this house were DR. WTLLIAM BABINGTON. 201 invited a number of gentlemen distinguished for their zeal in the prosecution of mineralogical knowledge. " From such small beginnings," said a subsequent President, " sprang the Geological Society, and among the names of those by whose care and watchfulness it was supported during the early period of its history, that of Dr. Babington must always stand conspicuous." In 1822 he w^as the President of the Society, the '* Trans- actions " of which contain several papers by him. In order also to promote the advancement of science, Dr. Babington was mainly instrumental in instituting in the neighbourhood of his residence a society called the Hunterian, for the purpose of founding meetings and discussions on medical topics. He also became a mem- ber of the Medico-Chirurgical Society on its foundation, and in the first volume of the "Transactions" (1809) will be found a paper by him on the vapour of burning charcoal. He was made a Fellow of the College of Physicians in July 1827, and soon after F.R.S. In 1831 he moved to Devonshire Street, Portland Place. It should also be mentioned that he belonged to another society, where physical training was the attraction ; for Dr. Babington was a powerful man, and a good boxer and fencer. In common with most physicians, he had been much harassed by the epidemic of influenza which began in London in March 1833, and was prevented by the demands made upon him from giving to his own case the repose and care which it required. On April 24th, although ill, he went out, and in the evening presided over a Pharmacopceian committee at his own house. He went to bed exhausted, and on the following day he had all the symptoms of pneumonia, and died on April 29th, 1833, in the seventy-seventh year of his age. His death elicited a universal expression of regret from all ranks of the profession, and the medical press, without 202 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUYS HOSPITAL. an exception, did itself honour hy the enlos^ies that were penned to his worth. Dr. Munk quotes one of them as follows: "The character of Dr. Babington was probably as nearly without fault as is consistent with human nature. Benevolence was most strikingly depicted on his countenance, and it was also the leading feature of his mind. We allude not to mere sentiment or feeling, but to an active principle of philanthropy, which led him to do all the good he could to others : thus, we know that some of the last visits he ever paid, and at a time when he was himself suffering from the epidemic, were to persons whose circumstances prevented him from accepting any remuneration. No man in our profession was more extensively known, no man was more universally respected, none will be more sincerely regretted." History does not supply us with a physician more loved or more respected than Dr. Babington. When, soon afterwards. Dr. Monro gave the Harveian oration, he paid a well-merited tribute to the memory of his old friend : " Sagacitasque admirabilis, quo pluri- bus stipata virtutibus, eo amabilior ; et sive hominis fidem spectatis singularem, si apud suos morum comi- tatem, sive denique apud omnes probitatem, neque in uUo unquam gratior enituit neque pulchrior." Dr. Bright, in commencing his lectures at the College of Physicians, first spoke of the deceased Fellow : " He had such a sweet simplicity of character and so profound humility, that whilst thousands sought his aid as a pearl of inestimable price, he seemed unconscious of his own pre-eminence. He had such benevolence of heart as few have witnessed, an instinctive dread of inflicting pain and delight in doing good. He had so trained his mind to kindness, that a quick answer or an ill-tempered word was never heard to escape his lips. Sorrow always found s3-mpathy in his heart, his hand was ever open to relieve, and the register of heaven alone contains his DR. WILLIAM BABINGTON. 203 daily acts of professional charity. In him was to be found an excellent example of that wholesome and yet comparatively rare combination of knowledge which unites our professional pursuits with the study of the natural sciences, which connects the physician with the philosopher ; and thus he found time to gain a well- merited reputation not only as a chemist, but mineralo- gist and geologist, at a time when these were in their infancy. Such were a few of the characteristics of this truly great man, this almost perfect physician, who was an honour to our College and an ornament to our pro- fession. No man ever passed more hours in the con- scientious discharge of duty ; no man, by his personal exertion, ever did more good. The comeliness of virtue will always be felt and acknowledged by all whose esti- mation is worth the good man's desire. With regard to our departed friend this has proved the case ; for no man was ever more extensively beloved, no man's example has had more weight, to no one are we more indebted for supporting and exciting amongst us a high tone of moral feeling. Such is the man whom the good delight to praise, such the physician whom we deplore, and as long as the record of our profession shall exist, so long will his name be passed down as a bright glory on its pages." Sir A. Cooper, speaking of his former colleague Dr. Babington, said : " He was the most disinterested of creatures, and the most delightful of men ; I never knew so good a man. He had learned physic as apothecary at Guy's, and it was said that they had spoiled a good apothecary in trying to make him a physician. He was subject to frequent headaches, which deprived him of the power of pursuing his profession for a day or two at a time, and he told me the disease was incurable as far as he could learn from his own experience and that of others." 204 DIOGRAPniCAL niSTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. Dr. Babington's remains were interred in the family vault at St, Mary-the-Virgin, Aldermanbury, and a handsome monument by Behnes, with a full-length figure of the doctor in the academic gown of his degree, was erected by public subscription in St. Paul's Cathedral. The inscription recording his virtues and professional excellence is from the pen of Dr. Paris. Dr. Barlow, in his address to the students, after speaking of Sir A. Cooper, went on to say: " Go to the Cathedral of St. Paul's, the great national mausoleum, and there behold the monument of a not less distinguished man who, by diligent cultivation indeed of science, but by the no less diligent application of it to the advancement of medicine and the benefit of mankind, acquired the universal esteem and confidence of the whole community, and was so venerated by his professional brethren that they came forward at his death to erect the monument to his memory, lest posterity should lose the benefit of his bright example." The bust of Dr. Babington in the library of the College of Physicians was presented to the College through their chairman. Dr. Paris, by the committee for raising the monument to his memory in St. Paul's. The writer has in his possession a portrait in pastel which used to hang in the study of the late Benjamin Babington, and was regarded by him as a good likeness of his father. It was done by a well-known artist of the day, John Raphael Smith, in the year 1804. He holds in his left hand some mineral, and on the table are a blow-pipe, lamp, and capsule. DR. CURRY. James Curry was born in the north of Ireland, and graduated in Edinburgh in 1784. He first practised at Northampton, and then came to London, being DR. CURRY. 205 appointed assistant physician to Guy's in 1802. He was soon afterwards made full physician, and went to reside in Bridge Street, Blackfriars. He was one of the most distinguished physicians which the Hospital had had, being a man of good learning and mental capacity. We have before us a portrait of him done in pastel by Mr. J. Raphael Smith in 1804 He is a good-looking man with fine features, and beaming with intelligence. Dressed in wig, white neckcloth, and thick- rimmed spectacles, he has a remarkably " knowing " look. When Dr. Cholmeley succeeded him and published an outline of a course of lectures, he constantly quoted Curry, saying that the '' doctrines of a physician of such pre-eminence, of such indefatigable zeal and ardour, of such acuteness of mind and brilliancy of talent, so great truthfulness of observation, should not be permitted to die with him." Dr. Curry was especially known by his partiality for liver disorders, declaring that they lay at the bottom of all diseases, and therefore calomel should be a universal treatment. Sir Astley Cooper said : " With Curry there was only one organ discussed — the liver ; and only one medicine to be prescribed — calomel." He could not be corrected, for if one of his patients died and was examined, and Dr. Curry was told that no disease of the liver was found, he replied that he had cured it. Bransby Cooper says that a report prevailed that Dr. Curry sprinkled calomel on the meat of the sandwiches which he ate for luncheon, for he always believed he was labouring under a disease of the liver. South, in his Memoirs, says that when he went first to the Borough hospitals, Babington and Curry lectured at Guy's. Dr. Curry was a very different man from Dr. Babington, being a man of very extensive reading and observant habits. He handled his subjects thoroughly, discussed various theories of fevers, was fierce and uncompromising in his criticism of others, 206 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. but the whole of his treatment consisted of calomel, so that he was nicknamed ** Calomel Curry." Dr. Cholmeley, who had great faith in him, confirms this, and even says that Curry believed acute hydrocephalus was owing to a disturbance of the liver ; also that the proximate cause of hypochondriasis consisted in a slight and irregular state of the hepatic function. He also said that in many cases it was of no use giving quinine until the liver had been " emulged." In the library may be found a book entitled " Outline of Course of Lectures on the Practice of Medicine, delivered in the Medical School of Guy's Hospital, by William Babington, M.D., F.R.S.,and James Curry, M.D., F.A.S., Physician to the Hospital, 1802-6," dedicated to Dr. Saunders, M.D., F.R.S., the first Institutor and still the kind friend and adviser of the Medical School of Guy's Hospital. Bransby Cooper, in speaking of Curry, says he was a most eloquent lecturer and public speaker ; indeed, his diction was always elegant and powerful. He resided several years with Dr. Babington, being an Irishman and known to his family. No two men were more unlike — the one all meekness, simplicity, and benevolence of disposition ; the other irascible, peevish, and over- bearing, but yet possessing an honesty of purpose, a strictness and integrity of conduct which could not but create an esteem towards him. He was a most eccentric person in some of his habits, one of the most peculiar of which was an almost monomaniacal tendency to visit auctions. Although penurious in some respects, he would purchase at these places quantities of books which he would never unpack, electrical apparatus, microscopes, globes, folios of prints, etc., and these, crowded together, would occupy parts of every room in his house. His form was diminutive, his frame attenuated, and his countenance indicated a temper soured by ill-health and habitual dissatisfaction. He DR. MARCET. 207 was frequently consulting Dr. Babington about the state of his health and about his worldly affairs. In spite of the general feeling as to Curry's liking for calomel, his work in which he advocated it was fairly reasoned out. It was entitled " Examination of the Prejudices commonly entertained against Mercury as beneficially Applicable to the greater number of Liver Complaints, and to Various other Forms of Disease, as well as to Syphilis," 1809. Several years before he had written a book entitled " Observations on Apparent Death from Drowning and Suffocation, with an Account of the Means to be Employed for Recovery." This was written at the desire of the Northamptonshire Preserva- tion Society, and published at Kettering in 1792. A second edition appeared some years afterwards, for the use of the Royal Humane Society, and dedicated to the patron, the Duke of Kent. DB. MARCET. Alexander John Gaspard Marcet * was the son of a Swiss merchant, and born at Geneva about 1770. During the revolutionary period of 1793 he left Switzer- land with M. de Saussure, the naturalist, and came to England, but returned to Geneva in 1794. Having publicly opposed the popular party, he was thrown into prison, soon after his return, together with M. de la Rive. They concerted a plan for escaping, and for pursuing their studies in Great Britain. Soon afterwards their friends procured the change of their sentence to five years' banishment. They went to Edinburgh in 1794, where they both graduated M.D. in 1797. Dr. Marcet then came to London, settled in St. Mary Axe, and married the daughter of a wealthy Swiss merchant, * We are mainly indebted for this history to Dr. Munk's " Roll of the College of Physicians." 208 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. named Haldimand. He became Licentiate of the College of Physicians in 1799, and was appointed physician to the Carey Street and Finsbury Dispensaries. In 1807 he joined William Allen in delivering the lectures on chemistry at Guy's Hospital, and in 1809 he left for a time to take charge of the troops at Portsmouth which had just returned from Walcheren. In 1801 we find him reading a paper at the Medical Society on the " Use of Bismuth in Stomach Affections," and soon after joining himself with Dr. Saunders and Astley Cooper to found the Medico-Chirurgical Society, to whose " Trans- actions "he contributed many papers. In 1804 he was elected physician to Guy's Hospital, and remained in office until 1819, when he resigned. He was also elected F.R.S. and a Fellow of many learned societies on the Continent. In 1814 he returned to Geneva on the occasion of the declaration of independence of the city, and was warmly welcomed. He is said to have lectured there about the year 1820 with his friend M. de la Rive. In 1821 he returned to London, and then visited Scot- land. He was preparing to go back to Switzerland, when he died of gout in the stomach on October 19th, 1822. His reputation is chiefly that of a good experimental chemist, as shown by his numerous papers in the " Philosophical Transactions " and other scientific journals. His only extended work was " An Essay on the Chemical History and Medical Treatment of Cal- culous Diseases." In this work are to be found, described and figured, many of the calculi now pre- served in the museum of Guy's, and amongst these may specially be mentioned a beautiful bluish-green cystic oxide calculus, and a small calculus made up of a hitherto undescribed substance, which Dr. Marcet called xanthine. The present distinguished physician. Dr. Marcet, F.R.S. , is the son of. the subject of this memoir. DR. CHOLMELEY. 209 DR. CHOLMELEY. Henry James Cholmeley was a native of Lincoln- shire, and born in 1777. He was sent to Westminster School, and afterwards to Oxford, where he took degrees in arts and medicine. He was made Fellow of the College of Physicians in 1810. He died at his house in New Bridge Street, Blackfriars, in June 1837, aged sixty years. Dr. Cholmeley was elected physician to the Hospital in 1811, and retained the office for many years. He gave the lectures on medicine, and in 1820 he pub- lished, with Babington, a book entitled *' Outlines of a Course of Lectures on the Practice of Medicine." It was dedicated to Mr. Harrison as a tribute for the patronage bestowed by him on the school of medicine, and was written more especially to perpetuate the doctrines and teaching of his predecessor. Dr. Curry. We have always heard the name of Dr. Cholmeley spoken of by Mr. Stocker with great respect, especially as a good practical physician. His favourite medicine was the white mixture (the carbonate and sulphate of magnesia), and thus it was always known when Chol- meley had been round his wards by the commotioa produced by the patients in getting in and out of bed. The usual form for stating that a patient was to go on or proceed with his medicine was to place the letter P on his card, meaning " pergat." One day, on the doctor going his rounds, and after seeing a woman who was taking his favourite medicine, he gave the order " pergat," whereon the latter exclaimed, " I will take no more of that nasty 'purgate.'" Like most of his contemporaries, he despised the stethoscope, and would have nothing to do with the new-fangled innovation. Surprise, therefore, was in every one's countenance when he one day came into the Hospital flourishing a 14 210 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. stethoscope ; he said he had bought one of the fashion- able instruments, and, proceeding to the ward, phiced it on the table, at the same time inserting a flower into the top of it and exclaiming " What a capital bou(iuet holder ! " On leaving, he took it up and re- peated the process in the next ward. It is somewhat amusing to inspect the medical journals at that time, and read the controversies which took place as to the use and value of the stethoscope. Many of them were serious discussions, others were of the bantering kind, and intended to throw ridicule on the instrument or to regard it as a method of quackery. For example, in the Medical Gazette for 1828 we read: ''There is the stethoscope ready to soothe and to give the patient an easy and gentle decline ; let him but once feel its soft and gentle touch stealing over the seat of decay, and by a sort of magic influence drawing to itself the venom that lurks within, and he will rise like a giant refreshed." A Frenchman at that time related how he was first induced to listen to the sounds of the heart. One day, when he was taking leave of his mother, she laid his head upon her bosom and wept in an agony of maternal grief at parting with him, but her philosophic son was otherwise employed the while. He was struck with the distinct manner in which he heard the beating of the heart and the convulsive sobs of her breathing. He listened to her every sigh as illustrating the prin- ciples of acoustics : this, he assured his readers, was the origin of auscultation. We read in Sir Astley Cooper's Life that for some unknown reason Dr. Cholmeley was jealous of Sir Astley, and declared that the new School was fostered by him for personal motives. Sir A. Cooper, hearing of this, wrote thus to a friend: "Dr. Cholmeley, of Guy's, has had the impudence to charge me with acting interestedly in this affair. As soon as I heard of the charge against me, I had no hesitation DR. LAIRD— DR. BACK. 211 m making him retract his words or meet me. I there- fore sent Mr. Morgan to him to tell him he must publicly withdraw his accusation in the theatre of the Hospital or meet me hostilely ; and he fixed upon a Mr. Power to do what he thought right for him. Mr. Power said he thought Dr. Cholmeley was in the wrong and ought publicly to retract what he had said, to Mr. Morgan's satisfaction. Bransby read his recanta- tion in the theatre, and thus a^ duel was prevented." DR. LAIRD. James Laird. — There are no traditions whatever at Guy's Hospital concerning Dr. Laird, and therefore his must have been an uneventful life. The following is taken from Dr. Munk's '' Roll " : " He was born in Jamaica, and received his medical education at Edinburgh, where he graduated doctor of medicine June 24th, 1803. He was admitted a Licentiate of the College of Ph5^sicians March 31st, 1806, and was elected assistant physician to Guy's Hospital No- vember Uth, 1813, and full physician in 1819. On January 14th, 1824, he resigned his office from ill health, and at the same time withdrew from the practice of his profession and quitted London. Eventually he settled at Bognor, and died about 1840." DR. BACK. WiLLiAJNi Back was not known as a scientific physician, nor was he connected with the teaching department of the School. He was always spoken of by Mr. Stocker and others who knew him as a good, practical physician, who did his work well. He occupied a house in St. Thomas's Street, and he had a good practice in the south of London. He is remembered by many as driving in an open carriage, sitting very upright, with a cape over his shoulders. He had a thin austere lace 212 BIOGRAPHICAL niSTORY OF GUYS HOSPITAL. and a Roman nose. We do not know whether he was married, but it was said that the only living things to be seen in the house were his man-servant, housekeeper, and tame canary. He was a graduate ol" Edinburgh University, became a Licentiate ol' the College of Physicians in 1814, and was elected physician to Guy's in 1819. He subsequently went to live at Clapham, but came every morning to his consulting rooms in the Borough. He died at Clapham Park, November 6th, 1856, aged seventy-four. DR. BRIGHT. Richard Bright was born at Bristol in September 1789. His father was a member of the wealthy banking firm of Ames, Bright, and Cove, and his elder brother, he being the third, subsequently represented Bristol in three parliaments. He was educated at Bristol, and in 1808 entered at Edinburgh University and commenced the study of medicine. In 1810 Dr. Bright with Dr. (afterwards Sir Henry) Holland accompanied Sir George Mackenzie in his journey through Iceland, and contributed notes on botany and zoology, as well as other portions, to Mackenzie's " Travels in Iceland." Mackenzie acknowledges Bright's cheerful and ready exertion and undeviating good humour in the many cross accidents that befell the party. Several times the two medical I'riends were in imminent danger, and we cannot but be thankful that these lights of medicine were spared to do their life-work. Returning from Iceland, Bright's clinical work was commenced at Guy's Hospital, where he lived in the house of a resident ofiicer for two years, a foretaste of the Ibrty years' residence which he practically made within its walls. Astley Cooper was (hen in his best form, and young Bright was at once attracted to pathology and post- DR. BRIGHT. 213 mortem observation. At this early date he made a drawing of a granular kidney, one of the morbid condi- tions which he was afterwards to do so much to elucidate. In 1812-13 Bright was again a student at Edinburgh, and he graduated on September 13th, 1813, producing a thesis on contagious erysipelas. With the idea of graduating at Cambridge, he entered at Peterhouse, where his brother was a lay-fellow, but he only resided two terms, finding his studies impeded by college dis- cipline. In 1814 Bright was one of the crowd of English voyagers upon the Continent, and made himself conversant with French and German, attending profes- sional lectures, especially at Berlin and Vienna. In the spring of 1815 he travelled considerably in Hungary, and the result of his observations, for he was emphatically a true observer, was given to the world in his large quarto volume of "Travels from Vienna through Lower Hungary." Meanwhile Dr. Bright, in the winter of 1814, had been studying cutaneous diseases under Dr. Bateman at a dispensary. On his return home through Belgium, about a fortnight after Waterloo, he saw many interesting cases of disease among the sick and wounded from the late contending armies. In December 1816 he was ad- mitted a Licentiate of the London College of Physicians, and was soon after elected assistant physician to the London Fever Hospital, paying the frequent price of a severe attack of fever, which almost cost him his life. From 1820 we may date Bright's full entry upon his professional career, for he now took a house in Blooms- bury Square for private practice. His election the same year to the assistant physiciancy at (luy's Hospital led him to give up the Fever Hospital, and concentrate his attention on the work at Guy's. He became speedily noted for his diligent attention in the Mards, and for tracing the causes of his patients' symptoms in the post- mortem room when they unhappily arrived there. For '2U lUOGRAPIIICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. many years he spent six honrs a day in his beloved scene of investisjation, and long afterwards, when private practice absorbed more of his time, he longingly looked back npon the past years of cheerful research and suc- cessful toil. His progress, well prepared for, was now rapid. In 1821 he was elected F.R.i?. ; in 1822 he began to lecture on botany and materia medica ; and in 1824 he became j)hysician to Guy's and lectured on medicine, in conjunction at first with Dr. Cholmele}^ later taking the whole course himself. 8onie years afterwards Dr. Addison became associated in this lectureship, and the two famous men for many years njiheld and raised the fame of Guy's by their copartner- ship. According to the annual custom of the College of Physicians to elect a Fellow from the Licentiates, h>ir H. Halford elected Bright, July 1832, with universal aj)plause. In 1827 Bright published his ** Reports of Medical Cases," which at once made his name famous. These consisted of three quarto volumes, containing beautifully coloured j)lates painted by hand at a great expense. This work was too costly to permit I'urther editions, and a copy of the original one is now of great value both on account of its history as well as its intrinsic merits. These Reports contained cases of cerebral disease and liver disease, but above all a full account of the morbid conditions of the kidney with which the author's name will for ever be associated. Bright further developed this subject in his Gulstonian lectures in 1833, and in a paper in conjunction with Dr. Barlow in the " Guy's Hospital Reports." In these lectures Bright spoke as follows : " I enlarge a little upon this topic — the indica- tion of disease derived from an albuminous condition of the urine — for I am fully convinced that, however great njay be the difiiculties which jnesent themselves in ex- jjlainiug the de])endeuce ofdillerent symj)louisHnd tracing DR. BRIGHT. 215 the links by which they are united, it is a fact that much important disease arises in connection with those de- rangements of the kidneys which lead to the admixture of albumen with the urine, a connection which had not until very lately been in the least suspected, and that while it has been the habit of practitioners to read in every sallow or leucophlegmatic countenance an indication of some 'derangement of the liver, the spleen, or perhaps the uterus, the real cause of the symptoms often has been overlooked ; and even the anatomist has overlooked the most confirmed organic changes, and until the last five or six years there are scarcely three recorded instances of a disease which, now that it has been pointed out, fails not to show itself with the course of every month amongst the casualties of almost every hospital in the British dominions." This extract shows how thoroughly novel and original was Bright's discovery, but if any proof of it be wanting we may refer to the reviews of the time. One of them in the Lancet says: "Dr. Bright thinks that too little attention has been paid to disease of the kidney. To this point we call the attention of our readers, and hope that those physicians who are morbid anatomists will never open the body of a person who has died of dropsy without a careful examination of the internal structure of the kidney." It is strange, indeed, that dropsy should have existed so long and its cause been undiscovered, and that renal disease as we now understand it should have been almost unknown. For more than a century before Bright's work was published, the occurrence of albumen in the urine of dropsical persons had been known, and cases had been noted where convulsions and blood-poisoning had occurred when the kidneys were found small and granular after death. Morgagni had described this character of kidney, and Dr. Blackball had written a treatise on dropsy in 1813, but though he found the urine albuminous he 216 BIOGRAPinCAL HISTORY OF GL'Y'S HOSPITAL. rarely went to the post-mortem room and examined the kidneys, which indeed, ii" ins])ectious had been made, might often at that time have remained untouched. It was not, however, until Bright published his Reports that renal disease was considered an important malady. He first showed how to recognise it, and then described several varieties. He enforced the fact that, although in dropsy disease of the kidney was found, it was often met with, though under a very different form, where no dropsy whatever existed. He showed how in renal disease there was a failure in withdrawing from the system the urea and other products of waste, causing the blood to become poisonous, and often producing convulsions and inflam- mations at a distance from the kidneys. It might be here mentioned that Bright's apparatus for testing was of a very primitive kind, being nothing more than a candle and spoon — in fact, the only instruments in use at the time when the writer entered Guy's. Bright describes the method in these words : '' One of the most ready means of detecting albumen is the application of heat, by taking a small quantity of urine in a spoon and holding it over the flame of a candle. If albumen be present, you perceive before the fluid reaches the boiling point that it becomes opaque, sometimes presenting a milky appearance at the edge of the spoon, which extends inwards till it meets in the centre and then breaks into a white curd." He goes on to speak of the presence of phosphates causing opacity and the means of distin- guishing them. He gives also other tests for albumen, such as oxymuriate of mercury. Although Bright published nothing more in connection with renal disease, he still pursued his researches into the nature of the changes which take place in the kidney. It may be remarked that, at that time, the microscope was only just coming into use. In the same year in which he left the Hospital, 1842, he wrote an DR. BRIG FIT. iJl7 interesting letter to the Medical Gazette, in which he says that, in connection with Mr. Robinson and Mr. Toynbee, he had been making investigations into the morbid anatomy of the kidney, and during the last tew years had examined the injected kidneys of a hundred individuals. He says: "I have been able to trace out the gradual changes which the structure of the kidney undergoes during the successive changes of the complaint, and by the aid of engravings shall be able to show that some of the most interesting features in the morbid anatomy of the disease are to be found in the condition of the corpora Malpighiana." There was scarcely a disease of the body to which Bright did not pay attention, as we may find by referring to his large work and to the " Guy's Hospital Reports." The monographs on abdominal tumours were collected together, and published in a volume by the New Sydenham Society. This is a proof of their ever present value. Probably the diseases in which he felt most interest were those of the brain, and a perusal of his cases will show the w^onderful penetration he had into their nature, or rather the indefatigable industry he used in tracing them to their source. He also wrote good papers on sclerosis, hydrocephalus, apoplexy, etc. ; but we will refer merely to his keen observations with reference to what is now called localisation of func- tion. In his article on "Epilepsy from Local Disease," he says one means of diagnosis is " the degree of consciousness which is observed to be retained during the fits. The epileptic character seemed to point to the membranes and surface of the brain as the parts most affected ; for of this connection I have pretty well satisfied myself by an extensive induction of facts and the circumstance of the right hand having suf- fered more than the right leg, and the speech having been affected directed my views to the posterior rather 218 niOGRArniCAL TJISTORY of guys nOSPITAL. than the anterior portion of the left hemisphere." In another place he says : " As far as I have been able to infer from my own observation, I should say that the organic causes of epilepsy connected immediately with the brain are more frequently such as affect its surface than such as are deep-seated in its substance. Slow changes producing a thickened condition of the membranes will not infrequently be found attendant upon epileptic attacks. Tumours pressing on the sur- face or amalgamated with the cineritious substance will also be found in cases of epilepsy." Bright published many more original and important papers, such as *' Acute Atrophy of the Liver." His case was one of the first observed, and is accompanied by a drawing. He also read a paj^er at the Medico - Chirurgical Society in 1832, entitled " Cases and Observations con- nected with Disease of the Pancreas and Duodenum." It was written with special reference to the peculiar matter of the nature of adipocere, which he had observed in the excrement of three cases of disease of the pancreas. What one is struck with in reading Bright's writings is that his powers of observation were almost phenomenal; for, as most men find it easier to theorise than to see facts, Bright's mind was peculiar in his ability to photo- graph objects without altogether seeing their meaning. Thus, in perusing his great work, there is nothing to indicate that Bright attached more importance to his cases of disease of the kidney than those of disease of the brain or other organs. He described his cases and there left them ; thus, for example, his case of bronze skin, with destruction of the suprarenal capsules (now in the museum), is detailed without any comments. In this way he described and portrayed a i)igni('nted brain in miasmatic melantemia, condensation of the lung in whooping cough, the echiuococci in hydatids DR. BRIGHT. 219 of the liver, and several other morbid conditions now well recognised. In his early years, Dr. Bright's practice was not very extensive. He was disinclined to use aqy adventitious aids to popular reputation, and was content to pursue his scientific investigations. His publications on renal disease gradually attracted general attention, and the profession found him a most reliable and valuable consultant ; so that in later years he commanded a first-class practice. He was, however, in no way a specialist. He retired from Guy's in 1843, and was made consulting physician. He had for some time resided at Saville Row, where he died on December 16th, 1858. The post mortem revealed disease of the aortic valves and an enlarged heart. The kidneys were healthy. This is here mentioned, as it has often been said that Bright died of the disease which he had made his own, as is usual with medical men. This was not the case in the present instance. He was buried at Kensal Green, and in St. James's Church, Piccadilly, there is a mural tablet to his memory. He married, first, the third daughter of Dr. William Babington — his only son by this marriage died young ; and, secondly, a daughter of Mr. Benjamin Follett and a sister of Sir William FoUett, who, with a family of three sons and tAvo daughters, survived him. Of the sons, one was Dr. Bright, of Cannes ; and another, the Rev. James Franck Bright, the well-known historian and master of University College, Oxford. Bright is described as having had a remarkably even temper and cheerful disposition, most considerate towards the failings of others, but severe in the discipline of his own inind. He was sincerely religious both in doctrine and in practice, and of so pure a mind that he never was heard to utter a sentiment or to relate an anecdote that was not fit to be heard by the merest child or the 220 niOGRAPITICAL HISTORY OF GUYS TIOSriTAL. most refined female. He was an affectionate hnshand and an excellent lather, nut only taking the most lively interest in the welfare of his children and in their pursuits, but never so happy as when he had them around him. He was perhaps better known abroad throughout the civilised world than any other British physician of modern times, and in his own country was particularly sought after by his professional brethren in cases of difficult diagnosis. His eminent position was fairly, though tardily, won by his thoroughly practical writings and great discoveries, and was sustained by his amiable manners, by his uniformly honourable conduct to his professional brethren, by his sound judgment and knowledge of disease, and by the pains which he took in investigating the most minute particulars of every case which was brought before him. Dr. Barlow, in the preface to Bright's " Memoirs on Abdominal Tumours," remarks : ** There has been no English physician — perhaps it may be said none of any other country — since the time of Harvey who has effected so great a revolution in our habits of thought and methods of investigating morbid phe- nomena and tracing the etiology of disease as the late Dr. Richard Bright. To those who have received the knowledge of the connection of dropsy, albuminous urine, and disease of the kidney, among the first rudi- ments of medicine, the facts which establish that connection may appear so simple and easily ascertained that the amount of labour, -the accuracy of the obser- vation, and the rigid adherence to the inductive method which characterised the whole of Bright's researches, may hardly have been suspected, still less adequately appreciated." At the time of Bright's death the following eulogium to the memory of the great physician appeared in ihe Lancet: "The sudden anil uiiex|)ected demise of Dr. DR. ADDISON. 221 Bright has created a deep impression of grief and regret, such as only a sense of irretrievable loss could occa- sion. In him all feel that the medical profession of England has lost one of the most original, observant, and philosophic minds that have ever contributed to the glory and the usefulness of the body. A man of peculiar independence of thought, of high morale, and untiring energy, he has contributed more than, perhaps, any other to form the medical opinion of his day. With the acute application of truth which with him was almost an instinct, he was foremost to perceive that the progress of medical science must now greatly depend upon the successful study of pathological changes ; and by the singular devotion to pathological investigation which characterised his career, he was at once enabled to accomplish investigations which have immortalised his name, while he gave a beneficial impulse to the whole science. The life-history of Richard Bright is one of unswerving energy of purpose and increasing labour." DR. ADDISON. Thomas Addison was born in April 1793 at Long Benton, near Newcastle. He was descended from a family of yeomen who had resided for centuries at Lanercost, in Cumberland. In the Priory churchyard is seen the tomb of his uncle. Dr. Samuel Addison. His forefathers resided at the Banks, an elevated spot from which can be seen Carlisle and the country around ; below it is the river Irthing, separating Lanercost from the Castle of Na worth. His father, through his wife's family, had an interest in a grocery and flour business at Long Benton, and here by chance Addison was born. It was by accident of birth he was a Northumbrian, but in blood and origin he always regarded himself as Cumbrian. It was at the Banks 222 niOGRAPniCAL HIS TORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. at Lanercost where all Addison's interest was centred, and here his father died in 1823, and his mother in 1840. He often spoke of the place, with its deliijhtfnl and romantic scenery ; and being the site of the old Roman wall, many monuments and inscriptions were found there. Addison received his chief education at Newcastle, where he obtained a masterly knowledge of Latin, and from there he went direct to Edinburgh to commence his medical studies. He took his degree in 1815, and then came to London to enter upon the practice of his profession. He first, however, obtained the appointment of house surgeon to the Lock Hospital, and this gave him a great interest in the specific disease there treated, on which he always considered himself an authority. He then went to live in Skinner Street, Snow Hill, and joined the Public Dispensary, where he studied skin diseases under Dr. Batemau. He consequently acquired a great knowledge of cutaneous diseases, and had he wished to take up a special line of practice, would no doubt soon have become famous in this department. As it was he was frequently consulted in obscure cases, and he was probably the first physician in London to give occasional clinical lectures on diseases of the skin. He became a Licentiate of the College in December 1819, but was not a Fellow until 1838. He then moved to Hatton Garden, where he earned fifty pounds in his first year, in his second and third about a hundred, and this went on slowly augmenting. In 1820 he went to study at Guy's Hospital, but whether he entered himself as an ordinary student or not is uncertain. Very soon he attracted the attention of Mr. Harrison, the Treasurer, who appointed him assistant physician in 1824. This showed the Treasurer's discernment, for Addison had not been an original pupil, like the majority of the other DR. ADDISON. 223 members of the staff. We see again how a beneficent despotism acted for the welfare of the Hospital. There were other candidates for the appointment, and amongst them we believe Dr. Seymour, well known for his good West End practice. He worked up great interest on his own behalf amongst the Governors, and actually got a recommendation from the King, William IV. Harrison, however, asserted the power which had been virtually vested in him by the Governors, and elected Addison. Showing the estimation in which Addison was held. Dr. Seymour sent his son some years afterwards to Guy's, in order to study under his former rival. In 1827 Addison was appointed lecturer on materia medica. Here his attractive powers were made evident by the large class he drew around him at a period when medical students entered for individual courses of lectures, and did not take, as a rule, the whole of their instruction at one school. He must have received between £700 and £800 from these lectures in some years. It was then felt that he was the man to sustain and increase the fame of Guy's. In 1829 Addison published, in conjunction with John Morgan, surgeon to Guy's, an essay on " The Operation of Poisonous Agents on the Living Body." Strange to say, this was the first serious investigation in England into the phenomena of general poisoning. The authors believed that a direct influence on the nerve filaments distributed to the blood-vessels accounted for the rapid effects of some of these poisons. In 1830 Addison published a pamphlet on certain disorders of females, vigorously combating some received notions and object- ing to the system of depletion. This well-written and interesting essay still deserves perusal. In 1837 Addison was appointed full physician. He was then living in Spring Gardens, near Bransby Cooper. He was at the same time appointed joint lecturer with 224 niOGRAPniCAL HISTORY OF GTY'S nOSPITAL. Dr. Bright on medicine. Thej' agreed to write a book on the " Elements of* the Practice of Medicine," of which the first volume only appeared, and this was written by Addison. Valuable monographs came from his rich experience, especially on diseases of the lungs, in which he took particular interest. His essays on the "Anatomy of the Lung and Pneumonia," in 1837 and 1840, appeared in the " Medico-Chirurgical Trans- actions" and in the "Guy's Hospital Reports." Therein he demonstrated the mode of termination of the bronchial tubes in the air-cells, and how these were closely packed together ; it being a mistake, therefore, to regard pneu- monia as an inflammation of an imaginary parenchyma lying amongst them. He showed that the real seat of the inflammatory process was the air-cells themselves. In his paper in 1843, which he read before the Physical Society, he says : " There are probably some who remember the time and occasion when in this society, and in opposition to all existing authorities, I ventured to call in question the long-cherished notion that pneumonia had its seat in a supposed parenchyma of the lungs, and that the products of pueumonic inflam- mation were poured into the parenchyma. Since that time I have had the satisfaction of witnessing a gradual but comparatively rapid renunciation of the latter views, and the adoption of those advanced in this society so many years ago — viz., that pneumonia has its original and essential seat in the air-cells of the lung, and that the ordinary j)neumonic deposits are poured into these cells. It is nevertheless true that some of our most recent authorities are opposed to this opinion, and maintain that the pneumonic deposits are poured into an interstitial tissue; a conclusion which I find myself unable to reconcile with either the healthy or the morbid anatomy of the lungs." Dr. Hodgkin had already accepted this view, and said " he agreed with DR. ADDISON. 225 his friend Dr. Addison as to the seat of the disease to which the term pneumonia is applied ; that the major part of the deposit which occasions the increased weight and solidity of the lung is unquestionably poured into the cavities within which the inspired air is received — that is to say, into the air-cells themselves." Showing the originality of these views, we may mention that a reviewer of Dr. Barlow's '* Manual of Medicine," in 1856, said : " Dr. Barlow defines pneumonia to be inflammation of the air-cells of the lungs, a definition not only calculated to give erroneous ideas to the student, but certainly not correct. True pneumonia nearly all authorities we thought were now agreed in regarding as an inflammation of the interstitial tissue or parenchyma of the lungs, a view all but definitely settled by the experiments of Gendrin." As regards the chronic destructive diseases of the lungs, or phthisis, Addison was the great instigator and supporter of the view that the disorganising changes were due to inflammatory processes, whether tubercle was present or not, and that these changes were not due to the softening of tubercle, according to Laennec and his school. These doctrines were subsequently strongly upheld by Niemeyer, the translator of whose book on phthisis, Dr. Baumler, says : " The views insisted on by Professor Niemeyer have almost to their whole extent been confirmed by the results of recent investigations. But the renewed study of the whole question has led also to more just appreciation of the works of former observers. In this country the labours of Thomas Addison, which had almost been forgotten, and which had remained entirely unknown on the Continent, have been brought to light again, and show that already at a period when Laennec's teaching had just commenced to dominate over the pathology of lung diseases, an independent observer arrived at and firmly held the opinion which 15 226 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. in more rec(Mit times was established by Reinhardt, Virchow, and his disciples, and wliieh forms the key- note of these lectures — namely that, to use Addison's own words, * inflammation constitutes the great instru- ment of destruction in every form of phthisis.'" Addison also contributed valuable papers to Guy's Hos- pital Reports on the diagnosis of chest diseases ; also an original paper, with Dr. Gull, on " Vitiligoidea " ; and another on "Disorders of the Brain connected with Diseased Kidneys." Although he WTOte little on skin diseases, he was ever studying dermatology in order to perfect the collection of wax models made by Towne. The achievement of Addison which will ever immortalise his name was his discovery of a disease of the supra- renal capsules, which slowly proves fatal by exhaustion accompanied by a general discoloration of the skin. This discovery has often been spoken of either as a kind of guess or due to some peculiar inspiration with which Addison was endowed ; but so far from either of these suggestions being true, his memoir on the subject was the result of years of observation and painstaking. His book appeared in 1855 with a few but well-marked cases, so that by a candid and logical mind his con- clusion could not be gainsaid. It may be mentioned that five years before this publication he read a paper on the subject at the South London Medical Society, a short account of which may be found in the Medical Gazette of March 15th, 1849. After giving a clinical history of the cases, the report goes on : " In three cases only was there an inspection of the body after death, and in all of them was J'ound a diseased condition of the suprarenal caj>sules.* In two of the cases no disease could be found in any other part of the body. Dr. Addison in(juired if this could be merely accidental. It might be so, but he thought ♦ The italics ai-e in the original. DR. ADDISON. 227 not ; and making every allowance for the bias and pre- judice inseparable from the hope or vanity of original discovery, he confessed that he felt it very difficult to be persuaded that it was so. On the contrary, he could not help entertaining a very strong impression that these hitherto mysterious bodies — the suprarenal capsules — might be directly or indirectly concerned in sanguifica- tion, and that a diseased condition of them, structural or functional, might interfere with the elaboration of the body generally, or of the red particles more especially. At all events, he considered that the time had arrived when he felt himself warranted in directing the attention of the profession to these curious facts." Addison sub- sequently suggested that it might be the implication of the S3'mpathetic nerves which produced the symptoms ; or, in his own words, ** We know that these organs are situated in the immediate vicinity and in contact with the solar plexus and the semilunar ganglia, and receive from them a large supply of nerves ; and who could tell what influence the contact of these diseased organs might have on these great nerve-centres, and what share that secondary effect might have on the general health and on the production of the symptoms presented ? " Addison had not so precise an idea of the very special nature of the disease as we now have, for he asso- ciated it with " idiopathic anaemia," and he believed any disease which involved the structure of the organs might be productive of the symptoms. He himself styled the disease " melasma suprarenale " ; the term " bronzed skin " also came into use, and the term *' cutis senea " may be found in Oliver Wendell Holmes's *' Poet at the Breakfast Table." Addison's discovery was by no means universally accepted. Large treatises in Germany and France were written in disproof of its existence. In England specimens were exhibited for years at the societies, and discussions took place upon them before 228 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUVS HOSPITAL. doubts ceased to be tbrown upon its reality. Two or three papers read before the Medico-Chirurgical Society were not approved for publication, so that no record can be found in the " Transactions " of this remarkable discovery. Addison was deeply hurt at this, as he had not long before been president of the society. At Edinburgh, Hughes Bennett and other professors would not acknowledge the disease, but explained it away. It was diiferent, however, in France, where Trousseau gave it the name of " Addison's Disease." The professor, after speaking of the propriety of calling diseases after the names of the discoverers, goes on to say : " C'est encore pour obeir a ce sentiment d'equite que je vous propose aujourd'hui d'imposer a la maladie dont un individu couche au No. 5 de notre Salle Sainte-Agnes nous a oflfert un remarquable exemple, le nom du medecin anglais qui fa decouverte. Ce medecin est le Docteur Addison, le coUaborateur de Bright, le doyen des professeurs du Guy's Hospital a Londres, et depuis longtemps connu parmi nous par les travaux dont il a enrichi la science. Je propose done d'appeler Maladie d' Addison cette singulit-re cachexie specialement characterisee par un discoloration ou plutot par un coloration particuliere, par la teinte hronsee que prennent les teguments et qui a valu a la maladie la denomination de bronze disease, sous laquelle le docteur Addison fa designee." Upon the writings just mentioned will Addison's name in future years rest, but during his lifetime they con- tributed little to the reputation which he then enjoyed. This, which was very great, was entirely owing to the personal influence which he exerted on his pupils and others who came in contact with him. His original work on chest disease did not appeal to students, and his memoir on suprarenal disease did not appear until near the close ol' his career. The personal power which he possessed was the secret of his position, much superior DR. ADDISON. 229 to what Bright could ever claim, and equal, if not greater, than that of Sir Astley Cooper. For many years he was the leading light of Guy's, so that every Guy's man during the thirty or forty years of his teach- ing, was a disciple of Addison, holding his name in the greatest reverence, and regarding his authority as the best guide in the practice of the profession. Addison was not learned in the history of medicine ; whatever he said was his own, and his sayings were eminently practical. He was dogmatic in his teaching, and thus the pupils accepted as pure gospel every word which flowed from his lips. The force of his words was en- hanced by his mode of delivery and by the presence of the man himself. Addison was of good height and well made, stood erect, with coat buttoned up very high, over which hung his guard and eyeglass. He wore a black stock with scarcely visible shirt collar, and this further elevated his head. He had a well proportioned, good head, with dark hair and side whiskers, large bushy eyebrows and smallish dark eyes, nose thick, as were also the lips which enclosed his firmly knit mouth. His features were not refined, but belonged to a powerful mind, and showed no trace of any kind of sentiment. His penetrating glance seemed to look through you, and his whole demeanour was that of a leader of men, en- hanced by his somewhat martial attitude. It is not surprising that the students worshipped him, and feared him rather than loved him ; in fact, many thought him unapproachable, and never became closely attached to him. Many a student felt aggrieved, when bidding farewell to his master, that he failed in reciprocating the pupil's painful feeling of separation. It can also be well understood how his practice but slowly advanced, and also the force of his remark that he depended on the profession for his patients, for the public would have let him starve. He certainly had 230 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. none of the sympathetic nature of the Bahingtons, and belonged rather to the type of doctor who is ever trying to discover the derangement in a piece ot machinery, rather than the one who regards his patient as a suffering, sensitive human being who has got out of the lines of health. It must be remembered that the dark and swarthy countenance of Addison denoted the melancholic temperament, and that it was only to some of his nearest friends that he disclosed some of the secrets of his life, his awful fits of despondency associated with some fearful circumstances which made him wonder that he was still alive to tell the tale. He declared that he was a misunderstood man, when he had been walking the streets at night to get rid of his depression. And it is very possible that in professional intercourse his disposition presented peculiarities often misrepresented by the observer : the latter might see what ap}3eared to him a rudeness, a certain bluntness of expression conveying to him the idea of a haughtiness, or at least of Addison's assumption of superiority ; so that he parted with him impressed with the dignity of his bearing, a full appreciation of the accurate and well- sifted opinion which he had obtained, but at the same time carrying with him the notion that, judging from Addison's apparently unap- proachable manner and what seemed to him hauteur, he was a man of large esteem. This was misleading, and, as Addison himself declared, was a cloak for his nervousness. We know that to the last degree his mind was susceptible, and that, although wearing the outward garb of resolution, he was beyond most other men too liable to sink under trial. We lay some stress upon this peculiarity, for the purpose of vindicating his character from the reproach of being unamiable, with which he has been charged. In a medical journal published some years ago there DR. ADDISON. 231 appeared some scurrilous articles on some of our leading medical men, and, amongst others, Addison. The sketch may be regarded as a caricature, and written by one who intended to be hostile, but yet the exaggerated language will tend to show the impression which he first made. The writer says of Addison, " He is a fine, dashing, big, burly, bustling man, proud and pompous as a parish beadle in his robes of office. Dark, and of sallow complexion, an intelligent countenance and noble forehead, he is what the ladies would pronounce a fine man. He has mentally and physically a tall idea of himself Every sentence is polished, is powerful ; he prefers the grandiloquent. Slow and studied are his opening sentences, studied the regularity of his intona- tions. The advantages of his tall and graceful person are artfully employed to add to the favourable impression ; his attitudes, tones, and manner are studied and syste- matic." We quote this because it gives fairly enough some of the characteristics of the man, but it will never be admitted by those who knew him best that these were assumed, or that he posed for eti'ect. No one could ever fairly charge him with being anything but natural. In his professional life no character on record has presented in a higher degree the sterling, hard qualities of true professional honesty. We have never heard a single instance in which a word of disparagement against a professional brother escaped him. We remember that an unfortunate rupture occurred between him and another professor at Gruy's, and on a certain occasion this gentle- man's name was mentioned disparagingly by a person present. Addison at once stopped him by saying, "He is my colleague." That Addison was not deficient in kindness of heart or generosity pf disposition, the writer can testify. One day, whilst Addison was going round the wards, he was requested to see a young man in the south of London. He answered that il was ratiier 232 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. out of his beat, and that Dr. Barlow, who practised in the neio:hbourhood, should be asked to go. It was then told him that the young man was a student, when he immediately said he would visit him. His first belief was that it was an ordinary remunerative patient, which of course the student was not. On another occasion, meeting an old student who had commenced to practise as a physician, Addison congratulated him on being made a Fellow of the College. His old pupil answered that, owing to temporary pecuniary difficulties, he was afraid he could not accept it. Addison took him by the arm, led him into the museum, took out a cheque, filled it up for fifty guineas, handed it to the young man, and would not wait for any written receipt or acknowledgment. As a teacher, it is difficult to conceive a better. His lectures were of a very superior order, extempore, couched in good language, which amounted sometimes to real eloquence. The clinical lectures were most excellent, as he never failed to thoroughly unfold the case which he was discussing, and so, arguing both from positive and negative reasons, he placed the diagnosis on a sure foundation. His examination of the patient was of the most complete character ; possessing unusually vigorous perceptive powers, being shrewd and sagacious beyond the average of men, the patient before him was scanned with a penetrating glance from which few diseases could escape detection. He never reasoned from a half-discovered fact, but would remain at the bedside with a dogged determination to track out the disease to its very source for a period which constantly wearied the class and his attendant friends. This laborious inquiry was also somewhat augmented by the fact that Addison was slightly deaf in one ear, so that he was constantly passing from one side of the bed to the other, in order that he might make use DR. ADDISON. 233 of his best organ. This he did use with surpassing skill in auscultation of the heart and lungs. He felt vexed if he could not thoroughly make out a case, and would return to it day after day to perfect his diagnosis. He was accustomed to tell his class that when returning from the Hospital, or from a visit to a private patient, he revolved in his mind every pos- sible condition to account for the symptoms. He was doing this once during the sleeping hours of the night, and was pondering over a case in the wards, when he remembered he had not examined the patient for hernia. There was no rest under such a thought, so he rose and dressed himself, took a cab, and went straight to the Hospital. Great was the surprise of the sister of the Clinical Ward to see Addison enter the ward in the middle of the night. If Addison could lay his finger on the seat of the disease, his victory was attained and his painstaking satisfactorily rewarded. To those who knew him best, his power of searching into the complex framework of the body and dragging the hidden malady to light appeared unrivalled ; but we fear that the one great object being accomplished, the same energetic power was not devoted to its alle- viation or cure. If he did not see his way to the use of a drug he would not give it, and thus committed an unpardonable fault in the eyes of his patients. We remember a medical man who had never met Addison, but wishing to do so owing to his growing fame called him in to an obscure case of abdominal disease. The doctor spent a long time in unravelling it, and pro- nounced it to be cancerous disease of the peritoneum. He discussed it with the patient's medical attendant, saw the friends, and was departing, when he was called back and reminded that he had not written a prescription. Addison asked the medical man what he was giving, and he said " magnesia mixture " ; to 234 BIOGRArniCAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. which Addison replied, " A very good medicine ; go on with it." Dr. Addison did not marry till some years after he was fifty. His wife was the widow of W. W. Hauxwell, Esq. The weddini? took place in Lanercost Church, in September 1847. Mrs. Addison, who had two children by her first husband, survived Dr. Addison twelve years. In the spring of 1860 Addison was compelled to retire from his hospital duties by a threatening of brain disease. He had recently removed from Spring Gardens to Berkeley Square, and then went to Brighton, for the benefit of his health. Here he died, June 29th, 1860, aged sixty-seven, and was buried at Lanercost on July 5th. A marble tablet in the chapel of Guy's Hospital records his merits, and one of the wards of the Hospital is named after him " Addison Ward." A portrait exists of him when quite a young man ; it probably was not a good likeness, as very little of the characteristic features of Addison is seen. The bust in the museum, by Towne, is remarkably true, and portrays Addison's face and expression admirably. It was placed there by his colleagues in 1852. A few months before his death he paid his last annual visit to his ancestral home, and there he was met by his old friend Dr. Londsdale, who afterwards wTote as follows : " I cannot help recalling my last day with Addison at Banks House, on the eve of his departure for Loudon in September 1859. It was Sunday, the atmosphere clear and balmy, and the sun descending, when we walked upon the lawn in front of the family residence. Looking from this high position — one of the most picturesque aud extensive views in Cumberland — Addison regarded it with intense delight, and, as if prophetically impressed with its being the omc(ja of his home joys, exclaimed, * What can be more heavenly than this ! ' " DR. BABINGTON, JUN. 235 DR. BABINGTOK", JUN. Benjamin Guy Babington was one of the several sons of Dr. William Babington. He was born in 1794, and educated at the Charterhouse. On leaving there he entered the Royal Navy as midshipman, and was present at the battle of Copenhagen. He retired from the ser- vice and went to the East India College at Haileybury, and so passed into the Indian service, obtaining an appointment in the Madras Presidency in 1812. He soon became an accomplished Oriental scholar, and published an Indian grammar. After spending some years in the East his health began to suffer, and he returned to England. He went to Guy's Hospital, de- termined to follow his father's profession, and at the same time entered at Pembroke College, Cambridge. In 1825 he took his degree, and in 1831 became Fellow of the College of Physicians. His favourite subject was chemistry, and this he applied to the analysis of the blood and animal fluids. In a paper contained in Vol. XVI. of the '' Medico-Chirurgical Transactions," he made the first analysis of the blood into red corpuscles and liquor sanguinis ; the latter term, being quite original, at once came into use. He also wrote an article on ** Morbid States of the Blood" in Todd's ''Encyclopiedia." He took a great interest in cholera, having seen much of this disease in the East. He gave a capital description of it, and more especially of the secondary fever and exanthem which sometimes accompanies it. He M^as one of the first who described this rash ; some good wax models displaying its character may be found in the museum. He subsequently translated Hecker's work on " The Epidemics of the Middle Ages." On the death of Dr. Cholmeley in 1837, he was appointed assistant physician to Guy's, Dr. Hodgkin being also a com- 236 BIOGRArniCAL TJISTORY OF GUYS nOSPITAL. petitor ; and in 1840 he became full physician. Several papers of great interest by him may be found in the ** Guy's Hospital Reports " on epilepsy and chorea. When the Epidemiolojiical Society was founded, Dr. Babington was elected first President, and gave an ex- cellent address, which was subsequently published. In 1865 he was a member of the "Contagious Diseases Act " Commission. Dr. Babington was not only a highly intellectual man, but he was endowed with a remarkable facility in the use of his hands, so that in everything he was a good manipulator. He could draw and paint well, besides being a good sculptor. He also invented many and curious instruments for all kinds of purposes. Amongst others, he invented an instrument for seeing the throat. This was a small mirror attached to a wire and placed in the throat, and in order to throw a light upon it whilst the patient lay in bed with his back to the window, he used a small looking-glass. In connec- tion with this instrument Dr. Hodgkin writes that, at the meeting of the Hunterian Society in March 1828, ** Dr. Babington submitted to the society a curious instrument for the examination of parts within the fauces not admitting of inspection by unaided sight. It consisted of an oblong piece of looking-glass set in silver wire, with a long shank. The reflecting portion is placed against the palate, whilst the tongue is held down by a spatula, when the epiglottis and upper part of the larynx become visible in the glass. A strong light is required, and the instrument should be dipped in water, so as to have a film of fluid upon it when used, or the halitus of the breath renders it cloudy. The doctor proposes to call it glottiscope." Dr. Hodgkin also refers to it in a lecture as ** the Sjtecnlum laryiKjiSj or laryiKjiscope^ invented by my friend Dr. Babington in 1829." DR. BABINGTON, J UN. 237 Dr. Babington was a tall, dark, powerful-looking man, with a profusion of black hair. Although possessed of a great sense of humour and fun, he had not the vivacity of his father, who showed at once his Irish origin. He was more quiet and reflective, but he inherited all the good qualities of his father, such as his modesty, his kind- ness, his amiability. He had had a better education, and therefore his acquirements were greater, whilst he was not inferior in the goodness of his heart and benevo- lence. To what extent these virtues went can never be known, as his practice was large, and he made many visits quite unrequited by fees. After his death, Sir Thomas Watson made a eulogistic speech upon him, and more especially dwelt upon his manipulative skill : "Excelling in those things that require perfection of the senses, accuracy of eye, agility of limb, delicacy of touch, he was in sportsman's phrase a good shot, a skilful billiard player, and no mean modeller ; nor were the higher gifts of poetry and music unknown to him, as he published an anonymous volume of verses, trans- lated from different languages." One who kneAv him well wrote as follows : " Dr. Babington was universally beloved, for a more amiable and genial temper than he possessed could not be imagined. He was overflowing with fun and good humour, and his benevolence was carried to a fault. In common with his father, he had the most generous spirit. Every poor person received his commiseration. Like his father, he gave an im- mense amount of gratuitous advice, not at his own home ostentatiously, but by his kind visits to the needy. Like his father, he would remit fees if he discovered he had been impoverishing his patient. Although so large and unknown an amount of unrewarded advice is given by our profession, yet Dr. Babington's virtues in this respect were so remarkable that they formed a striking trait in his character, and his friends could no doubt 238 lilOGRAPIIWAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. show that ho had failed to enrich himself by his benevo- lence, and too often, perhaps, through the niggardness of those whom he benefited. In this respect he deserves a memorial, if it were for nothing else than his kindness of heart." It was not an uncommon thing to see some poor jx'rson waiting for Dr. Babington's arrival at the Hospital. He would then take him or her aside into a private room, and presently he would be seen emerging with a bottle to get filled with medicine from the dispensary. His humour once cost him the subsequent friendship of a very able man, and the occurrence took place the first time we went round the wards with Dr. Babington. The patient was a chlorotic girl suffering from numerous ailments, the most striking of which was erythema nodosum. The student (a novice, and a very serious man) said, ''How much of that, sir, depends on the stomach ? " Whereupon Dr. Babington measured about an inch with his forefingers and said, " So much." In 1854 Dr. Babington resigned his appointment at Guy's. This was partly due to an unpleasant disagree- ment between the authorities and the School, some new rules having been made restricting the students' entry to the Hospital to certain hours, and other harsh measures ol' which Dr. Babington disapproved. These were, how- ever, soon afterwards abrogated. For some long time he had been troubled with vesical and renal troubles, and from these he died at his residence in George Street, Hanover Square, on April 8th, 1866, in the seventy-third year of his age, and was buried at Han- well. His wife was Miss Fayle, who died before him, leaving three sons. DR. BARLOW. 239 DR. BARLOW. George Hilaro Barlow was the son of a clergy- man living near Exeter, and was born in 1806. He was named after Sir Hilaro Barlow, a former chief of one of the Indian Presidencies. He commenced life in the navy, but, not liking the sea, he determined to enter the medical profession. His father therefore sent him to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in arts and medicine in 1829. He came to Guy's in 1830, and took his final degree in medicine in 1840. He was then appointed assistant physician, and became full physician in 1843. Dr. Barlow being short in stature had nothing of the commanding appearance of his colleagues Addison and Babington ; his manner, too, was retiring. His counte- nance, however, showed great power and intelligence ; he had a large head and expansive forehead, with pleasing features, so that he soon won over those towards whom he had shown at first an apparent coldness. He was soon seen, indeed, to be a philosopher and a man of great intelligence and judgment, so that if he had had a little more " go " in him he would have surpassed many of his contemporaries in public fame ; but he was modest to a fault. As a physician he was most careful and painstaking, but by no means held the current opinions of the day on many questions of pathology and treat- ment. This was especially the case in the matter of diseases of the heart, about which he held many original opinions. Several of his papers on this subject may be found in the " Guy's Hospital Reports," and are well worth perusal ; some have reference to the causes and diagnosis of murmurs, others to enlargement of the heart in connection with Bright's disease. In his Gulstonian Lectures he described in a very philosophical 240 niOGRAPIIICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. manner the association of a small chest with corre- sponding changes in the heart and lungs ; these showed how in the commencement of his career he could take a large and comprehensive view of morbid processes. He wrote also a most scientific article on the pulse, and another on the eflfects of pericardial adhesions ; also a very important paper on the laws regulating the development of tubercle, his conclusion being that its growth was in relation to the functional activity of the organs. Dr. Barlow was the first editor of the ** Gu3''s Hospital Reports," and introduced the volume by a most philosophically written preface on the true method of studying medicine. He was also one of the first promoters of the Clinical Report Society, and became its President. He gave a learned and scholarly introductory lecture in the session of 1843, He was long associated with Bright in his work on the kidneys, and, with him, reported a large number of cases, together with most important clinical observations. These are to be found in the Reports for 1836. When Mr. Churchill was seeking for an accomplished and experienced physician to write a manual of medicine, he selected Dr. Barlow. In this work is to be found a great store of knowledge and learning, but perhaps scarcely dogmatic or elementary enough to make it a good teaching book for students. It can be easily imagined that he had nothing like the following of Addison, whose dashing style and readiness attracted the mass of students ; Barlow, however, in his quiet and retiring manner, had a select and small class com})osed of the elite of the School. The superior men, anxious to work and gain knowledge, always sought out Barlow, as in him they found a congenial mind with whom they could converse over some of the more abstruse subjects in medicine. The majority naturally preferred Addison's ex cathedrd style, writing down his remarks DR. BARLOW. 241 in their note-books, never questioning their absohite truth ; whilst the few preferred discussing points with Barlow, for whom they soon had the most profound admiration, when they discovered his learning, his judgment and his moral worth. Dr. Barlow's consulting rooms were in Union Street, Borough, and his private residence at Sydenham. He had a considerable practice in the south of London, being much respected by the medical men in the i neighbourhood for his high professional bearing and conduct. It would no doubt have been still larger had it not been for his wavering and hesitating manner, so that, although he would thoroughly investigate a case and talk it over with great judgment, he would hesitate as to the exact diagnosis, for the object of determining which he had been called in, and in the same way would hesitate to give a name to the complaint, which is always a desideratum to the patient's friends. Those who knew Barlow will call to mind his characteristic attitude, standing rubbing his hands, or rather con- tinually folding them one over the other in a nervous manner, whilst he expressed his views on the case. This was often a scholastic exercise, and not appreciated by doctor or patient : the one wanting a definite diagnosis, and the other a name. A friend, writing of him at the time of his death, said only a limited number of persons were cognisant of Barlow^'s merits. He was an example of integrity, of honour, and of all that a consultant should be ; it W'Ould be difficult to find a more irreproachable cha- racter. His chief feature was thoughtfulness, called by most indecision. He could argue closely to the point, and so much the worse, thought some, for the subject, for when to a narrow intellect it had been all plain and clear, it came out of Dr. Barlow s hands with so many new bearings that it appeared as if he had IG 242 niOGRAPF/fCAL HISTORY OF GUY'S ITOSriTAL. rendered it difficult and complex, and in this manner resulted that expression of his character which was considered by some indecision. No man could argue a subtle question better ; he would see it in all its aspects, and thus ever failed in expressing a positive opinion on difficult subjects such as is so often delivered us by more hasty men. No better instance could be given of his turn of mind than the paper he read before the Hunterian Society on the pathology of cholera — a more thoughtful and more closely argued essay than the majority which have appeared on the subject, and perhaps for this reason unread and for- gotten. He was the exact opposite of a hasty man, and his slowness of drawing conclusions corresponded with his physical constitution ; he was of a languid temperament, was liable to dyspepsia and its attendant nervous affections, with a tendency to gout. On leaving the Hospital one afternoon to return home by train, he took cold, which resulted in acute pneumonia, and proved fatal in a few days. He died October 16th, 1866, aged sixty years, and was buried at Forest Hill. To the last he preserved the sweetness of his disposi- tion, for he was never known to let fall a harsh expres- sion or improper word. Placid and calm he pursued the even tenor of his way, a perfect gentleman in his manner and bearing to others, " wearing the white flower of a blameless life." He married the niece of Dr. Babington, and she survived him some years. His eldest son was a clergyman, since deceased, and there were several other sons and daughters. DR. HUGHES. Henry Marshall HuGnp:s was born at Ashford, in Kent, in the 3'ear 1805, and was articled to Mr. Prance, of iMaidstoue. He entered Guy's as a student in 1827, DR. HUGHES. 243 passed the College and Hall, and then proceeded to Glasgow to obtain the doctor's degree. This he took in 1832. He then became a member of the College of Physicians, and commenced practice in the Borough. He obtained the appointment of physician to the Surrey Dispensary in 1836, and on the retirement of Dr. Back in 1840 was elected assistant physician to Guy's Hos- pital ; in 1854, on the retirement of Dr. Babiugton, he became full physician. Dr. Hughes was devoted to his profession, and was a most indefatigable worker. At the time he commenced his medical studies the stethoscope was only coming into use. He became an ardent culti- vator of auscultation, and was soon an authority on diseases of the lungs and heart. Several papers on these subjects were read before the Physical Society. He was certainly one of the best-informed men of his time as regards the physical examination of the chest when he M'as elected assistant physician ; to this he owed the greater part of his consulting practice. He naturally wrote a book on the subject, which was entitled "Clinical Introduction to the Practice of Auscultation, and other Modes of Physical Diagnosis." This was very good at the time it was published, although long since superseded. Many medical men now living can testify to Hughes' enthusiasm whenever he had a good case of chest disease in the wards, and how persevering he was in making sure that the students thoroughly understood the merits of the diagnosis. Should there be any hesitation, he would take hold of the student's head and force it down on the patient's chest, until he felt satisfied that a particular sound was heard. He was thus regarded as one of the best clinical teachers at Guy's, and indeed he had few equals in the pains he bestowed on his patients and the students. Beside articles on chest diseases, he wrote a capital digest of a large number of cases of chorea, a paper which is still consulted in 244 BlOGRArillCAL JIISTORY OF GUY'S JIOSPITAL. reference to statistics. He also read a good paper on a peculiar form of fever then raging in the neighbour- hood, and especially amongst the Irish who were coming to London to escape the famine. This was indeed the " relapsing fever," then unknown to him by that name. In appearance Hughes was rather small and slightly built, his manner was very quick and irritable, and he talked usually in a high shrill voice. This irritability was in part due to a great affliction, which he had almost all his life — a chronic universal eczema. It varied in intensity — at times being so bad that he was obliged to be invalided. He took various remedies, but all without success. Arsenic he pronounced as perfectly useless. To his patients with similar complaints be gave pitch pills, and an external application of tar ointment : this he declared was the best treatment. His long service as assistant physician was a constant annoyance to him ; so that he could not hide his delight when he was made full physician in 1854. He started at once a new carriage. In this year he was Censor, having been a Fellow of the College since 1844-. Owing to his affliction he remained unmarried, and no doubt his solitary life made him a little more irritable and peculiar. He was always regarded as a little eccentric, both in person and manner. He was given to a light necktie and dress coat, with very short lavender-coloured trousers, showing white stockings and shoes ; he walked quickly, was fussy in his habits, and argued points of diagnosis with his colleagues, and especially with Addison, in an irritable and excitable manner, making gesticulations all the while. This description is not intended to be ill- natured, but as characteristic of the man, for Hughes was generally liked and much esteemed for his integrity and high professional conduct. W'hen at the height of success, his skin disease became more intense, he de- veloped purpura, and died of haematemesis on October DR. GOLDING BIRD. 246 21st, 1853, at the age of fifty-three. A friend writing of him then said : " If it be of any comfort to his aged father, who survives him and is now at the age of eighty-two, and to his large circle of relatives and friends, let them dw^ell upon the knowledge that he has passed through life as a Christian gentleman ; that as a phy- sician he stood high in his profession, and adorned the same ; that he lived and died esteemed by his colleagues, beloved by his friends, admired by his pupils, and regretted by all." DR. GOLDING BIRD. GoLDiNG Bird was the son of a gentleman holding office in the Inland Revenue Department, and was born at Downham Market, December 9th, 1814. He was educated at Wallingford in the house of a clergyman, and there obtained a considerable knowledge of botany, together with much other learning. He entered Guy's as a medical student in the year 1832, where his intelli- gence and industry obtained for him numerous prizes, as well as the Apothecaries' Company's medal for botany. He took this Company's licence whenhe was twenty-one years of age, and at the same time (1836) was appointed lecturer on natural philosophy at the Hospital. In 1838 he took his M.A. and M.D. degrees at St. Andrews, became physician to the Finsbury Dispensary, and lecturer on the practice of physic at the Aldersgate School of Medi- cine. In 1840 he became Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, and four years later was elected Fellow. In 1843 he was appointed assistant physician to Guy's Hospital. In 1839 he had brought out *' Elements of Natural Philosophy," a work which had a wide cir- culation and went through many editions, the last being edited by Mr. Brooke. He gave lectures at the College of Physicians on the blood, and on electricity and 240 BIOGIiAPlIICAL fflSTO/^Y OF GCY'S IIOtiPlTAL. galvanism, and about the same time was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. He began practice in the house of his father in Wellington Square, and afterwards moved to Myddle- ton 8({uare. Some years later he removed to his final residence in Russell Square. Personally, Golding Bird was a man of middle height, and of a singularly delicate conformation : no man could have worked harder under such trying physical disabilities. When young he had rheumatic fever with endocarditis, and often spat blood. He was always more or less crippled from chronic rheumatism, so that he alighted slowly from his car- riage, and then shuffled along in a stooping posture as if in pain. But with all this constant suffering his energy and power of work never left him ; for besides all the subjects just mentioned on which he had written, he now undertook to analyse all the calculi in the museum, and soon after published his well-known book on ** Urinary Diseases." He communicated several papers on these affections to the medical journals, and considerable controversy went on in connection with the various conditions he had described, more especially the presence of oxalates in nervous or hypochondriacal persons. He also published many papers in the " Guy's Hospital Reports," amongst the most original being one on the treatment of disease by electricity, for Bird was the founder of the electrical department of Guy's Hos- pital. He was mainly instrumental in rescuing the subject from the domain of quackery, and placing it on a scientific basis. He invented a new galvanic cell and coil, and discussed with much acuteness and originality the power of the battery in healing an ulcer, a subject further elaborated by his son, the present surgeon to Guys. As much discussion has of late taken place with respect to the invention of the flexible stethoscope, it may be mentioned that Bird gives uu account of the DR. GOLDING BIRD. 247 instrument in the Medical Gazette for December 5th, 1840. We well remember the instrument. It was about eighteen inches long, with a cup-shaped piece at one end to apply to the chest, whilst the other was inserted in the ear. Bird would sit in his chair seeing out-patients, and placing the funnel end over the chest, he would hold it there whilst he passed the other end to the students standing round, and by this means all heard the same sound. It was a most convenient instrument for Bird himself, as it prevented him from stooping or making much movement of his stiffened limbs. A question arose as to his priority in the invention of this instrument, and Dr. Burne, of the Westminster Hospital, maintained that he had used a similar one for years. It is probable that such an instrument might have been made, although this was unknown to Golding Bird, for we find in the Lancet for August 1829 — more than sixty years ago — an account of a flexible stethoscope by Dr. Comins, of Edinburgh, and also a suggestion for a double one, but he does not say that he had actually used the latter. Golding Bird, after giving up the natural philosophy course, assisted Mr. Johnson in his botanical lectures, and subsequently succeeded Addison in materia medica. He was a capital lecturer, being fluent and impressive, as well as using good and graceful language. Dr. Clarke says that at the Medical Society he was a prominent and effective speaker. He never knew any man who could at once bring out his knowledge to bear upon the point in dispute as Bird could. It was a remarkable gift, and gave him great power and influence in debate. We cannot do better, in setting forth the character of Dr. Golding Bird, than quote from the biography given in the Lancet, and from a short account written by Dr. Balfour, of Edinburgh, on his personal and religious life. Speaking of his work at the Hospital and of his practice, it is said : ** A path was thus opened for his indomitable 248 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. energy; he left nothiiifi; unheeded, no hour unemph^yed. Each day had its appointed work : the early morning saw him attending to the sick poor who thronged to his house, his private professional engagements and literary labours eniiaged him until evening, and many hours of the night, and too often the entire night, were passed in unbroken study. Soon his reputation extended ; success never stayed but only stimulated labour ; he worked on, and the eifect of so much mental toil soon became ap- parent. The youthful aspect which for some brief time barred his advance into practice, was quickly replaced by the first indication of that failing health which in a few short years was to carry him to an early tomb. It was at that time that he was, on walking home from Guy's one night, attacked with slight haemoptysis, and although he never afterwards presented any symptoms of pulmonary disease, yet from that time he always looked upon his health as too feeble to promise length of years. The conviction never depressed him, but probably caused him to devote every hour of his life to the still harder pursuit of medical knowledge. He never went into society, scarcely ever allowed himself a week's repose, but when the signs of an exhausted brain became too evident to be overlooked, his only relaxation was a tem])orary attention to the lighter studies of botany, natural history, and electricity. But such resources were insufficient ; they relieved his mind by change of thought, but they did not bring it repose. His already weak constitution became more enfeebled, and in this powerless state he was after slight exposure to cold attacked with acute rheumatism, complicated with en- docarditis. His convalescence was slow, and long inter- rupted by frequent attacks of palpitation. As soon as he could do so, he again adopted his old course of work. His practice daily increased, until, in 1850, he was obliged to leave Myddleton Square, his reception rooms DR. GOLDING BIRD. 249 being too small to contain the patients who flocked to him for assistance. He removed to Russell Square, and his engagements continued to increase, until in the last 3'ear, when compelled by illness to retire from practice, his income was little less than £6,000 a year. During this time he had given lectures at the College of Physicians, published three editions of his 'Natural Philosophy,' composed his work on * Urinary Deposits,' and all this before he had attained his thirty-ninth year. Robust health had scarcely been adequate to labour such as this, and his feeble powers gave frequent and certain indications of rapid exhaustion. Often during the last three years he had been compelled to seek repose by visits to the country, notably to Tenby, where he interested himself in all the objects of nature around him ; but no sooner did he find himself free from suffering than he at once returned to London and to labour. He was obliged soon to retire from the Hospital, and finally left practice in June 1854, and took a small estate near Tunbridge Wells. After a time he became better, but he always carried with him the expression of physical suffering shown by his attenuated frame and shrunken, bent form. The action of his heart became distressing by regurgitant disease of the aortic valves. Then hsematuria occurred, and an impacted calculus with pyelitis were the next links in the chain which dragged him to the grave. He died in October 1854." The author of his biography in the " National Dic- tionary " speaks of Golding Bird as a remarkable instance of intellectual precocity. His foible was perhaps am- bition, which led him to overstrain his powers in the twofold object to obtain a large practice and also to make a name in science. Dr. Balfour says : *' Lastly, we must speak of him as one not only eminent in science, but eminent in piety. Religion with him was not a holiday garment to be 250 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GCY'S HOSPITAL. exhibited on great occasions, to be publicly displayed or degraded by subserving to professional advancement. It influenced him through life, and when his health yielded beneath the pressure of bodily sutfering, it so sustained and comforted him that no word of complaint, no murmur either in sickness or on his bed of death ever escaped him. Words of thankfulness and hope, of reliance on divine mercy, proved the contentment of a mind which remained undisturbed and happy to the last moment of life." Golding Bird was deeply interested in the religious welfare of the students ; he called them together at his house, and thus was formed, we believe, '* The Christian Medical Association." CHAPTER II. THE PHYSICIANS WHO HAVE DIED SINCE THE COM- MENCEMENT OF THE PRESENT CENTURY [continued). AFTER the decease of Golding Bird, thirty years elapsed before another death took place on the medical side of the Hospital staff; but during the last few years the history of Guy's shows a continued loss. Not only have such masters as Owen Rees and Gull disappeared from the list of the consulting staff, but some of the most brilliant and solid men Guy's has ever produced have been cut off while in the plenitude of their intellectual powers. In the following pages we attempt to tell the tale, but no record can express the grief that fell upon colleagues and students, old and young, as physician after physician passed away. For- tunately the recuperative energy of the School has proved able to survive these repeated shocks, and to call to its aid fresh talent, which bids fair to fully sustain its traditional reputation. DR. OWEN REES. George Owen Rees was born at Smyrna in November 1813, where his father was British consul, being also a Levantine merchant, and married to an Italian lady. Owing to the circumstances of his birth, Owen Rees knew something of Greek and Italian, besides being a fair French scholar. On Mr. Rees' return to London, 252 niOGRAPlirCAL nfSTORY OF aflY'S JTOSPITAL. he met witli great business losses, and went to live in the Clapham Road, in which neighbourhood Owen went to school. It may be noted that his uncle, belonging to the firm of Longman, Rees, and Co., rendered him assist- ance in his education. Subsequently the family of Rees moved to Guilford Street, Russell Square, and here in after years the son commenced practice; In 1829 he entered at Guy's Hospital as an apprentice to Mr. Richard Stocker, the apothecary. In 1836 Rees went to Paris, and afterwards to Glasgow, where he graduated in the year 1837. The Rees family, it may be stated, were Unitarians, and many of their most intimate friends belonged to this body, whilst Owen's motlier was a Roman Catholic. There can be little doubt that, owing to his father's failure, a very heavy pressure was put upon him in the care of the family, and it is thought by many of his friends that it was this burden which caused him to remain unmarried. His mother, sisters, and a brother lived with him for many years. All these are now dead, leaving, we believe, only one surviving member of the family, Josiah, the present Chief Justice of Bermuda. After he took his degree, Rees commenced practice in Guilford Street. He subsequently removed to Cork Street, and finally to Albemarle Street. After entering at Guy's it was soon seen that Rees' bent was towards scientific work, and especially chemistry. At this time animal chemistry was in its infancy, and therefore what he did was both important and original. He attracted the attention of Dr. Bright, who recj nested his assistance in the analysis of the secretions in diseases of the kidneys, and in this way a life -long friendship arose between them. The analyses which he then made were cpiantitative as well as qualitative, demonstrating the actual amount of albumen and urea poured out in a given quantity of secretion. He jiKned the j)resence oi DR. OWEN REES. 253 the latter substance in the blood in many cases, a fact which created much interest at the time, as may be seen by the controversy which took place on the subject between him and two other rising young men, Mr. Brett and Mr. Golding Bird. The correspondence may be found in the Medical Gazette for 1833. In 1836 he published a little book entitled " Analysis of the Blood and Urine in Health and Disease," then quite a new branch of inquiry deserving the attention of the student. In it he described the methods employed in the analysis, and how fibrin and the red globules were separated and examined. In a paper published in the "Guy's Hospital Reports" for 1838, he showed how sugar could be obtained from diabetic blood, for hitherto its presence had been doubted; and in 1841 he, together with Mr. Samuel Lane, made some very careful microscopical and chemical observations on the blood-corpuscle. He subsequently prosecuted his researches as regards urea, and discovered its presence not only in the blood, but in the milk and other secretions. In many cases, however, of Bright's disease he failed to find urea in the blood, and could discover none in the subjects of puerperal convulsions, where Lever had previously found the urine albuminous. In February 1842 a paper was presented to the Royal Society by Dr. Roget, secretary, on behalf of Dr. Rees, entitled " On the Chemical Analysis of the Contents of the Thoracic Duct in the Human Subject." The fluid, which amounted to six drachms, was obtained from a criminal executed at Newgate, an hour after his death, and Dr. Rees made a chemical and micro- scopical examination of it. The paper will be found in the "Transactions" of the Society. It may be here mentioned that in the year 1842 Rees was physician to the Northern Dispensary, and in 1843 254 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. was appointed assistant physician to Guy's Hospital, and in the i'uUowing year was elected Fellow of the College of Physicians. In the Gulstonian Lectures for 1845 Rees again took up the subject of the blood. He described the nucleus of the red corpuscle as seen in some of the lower animals, and suggested that the white corpuscle had a close rela- tionship to the lymph and pus globule. In his various lectures Rees lays great weight on what he calls animal extractives, which are found in the urine after the usual ingredients have been separated. In the year 1847 Dr. Rees communicated a paj^er to the Royal Society *' On the Function of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood, and on the Process of Arterialisation." His theory was that the corpuscles of the venous blood contained fat in combination with phosphorus, and this was acted on by the oxygen. Dr. Rees also wrote in the year 1850 a treatise on the nature and treatment of disease of the kidneys connected with albuminous urine, and in 1850-51 he gave the Lettsomian Lectures at the Medical Society. Another work, " Calculous Disease and its Conse- quences," consisted for the most part of his Croon ian Lectures for 1856. He therein endeavoured to disprove the existence of the diatheses as given by Prout founded on an excess of particular ingredients in the urine. In his work on calculous diseases he alludes to the cystic oxide or cystic calculus discovered by Wollaston, and refers to the beautiful specimen in the museum of Guy's, semi-crystalline in structure and of a greenish hue. This body Dr. ^Vollaston called cystic because it was formed in the bladder, and oxide because it was soluble both in acids and alkalies ; but Rees considered the name objectionable, and adopted the term cystine. In the year 1856 he became full physician to the Hospital. In the "Guy's Hospital Reports" will be found DR. OWEN REES. 255 numerous papers by Owen Rees relating to the chemical analyses of* various organic substances, amongst others the fluid of a milky ascites which he pronounced to be chyle ; also an analysis of the bones in mollities ossium, where he found the animal matter in large excess over the earthy. It is well known that Rees proposed the treatment of acute rheumatism by lemon-juice, and gave it in very large quantities. He was able to show very favourable results in numerous cases, but unfortunately for its reputation a like success can be found to accompany various other remedies. Rees wrote the articles on lymph, chyle and milk in Todd and Bowman's " Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology," and these remained authori- tative for many years. His chemical knowledge was not only employed for clinical work, but was occasionally required for public purposes. Rees was thus constantly associated with Dr. Alfred Taylor in important criminal investigations — notably in the trial of Palmer for the murder of Cook by strychnine in May 1856. He also joined Taylor in editing Pereira's large work on materia medica. Having now made mention of his scientific work, we may turn to more personal matters. Amongst Rees' oldest friends was Dr. Roget, secretary to the Royal Society, author of the " Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases " and of the '* Bridge water Treatise," who now proposed him for the Fellowship, to which he was elected on February 2nd, in the year 1843, for the good work he had done in animal chemistry. He was then brought under the notice of Sir Benjamin Brodie, who was subsequently President. This distinguished surgeon, being asked to name a young scientific physician to take charge of the new prison at Pen- ton ville, as many hygienic questions referring to food, exercise, clothing, solitary confinement, had to be 2o() lilOGRAPIIICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. i n vest i orated, immediately named Rees, who held the appointment lor many years. It was his experience at this place which gave him his marked facility in "spotting a gaol-bird" when he came as a patient to the Hospital. Rees thns became ac(juainted with the other members of the Brodie iamily, as well as with Mr. Charles Hawkins, Sir Benjamin's biographer. In the year 1859 Rees was appointed Censor of the College of Physicians, and Senior Censor in 1863. At Guy's Hospital he lectured on the Practice of Medicine from the year 1856 to 1873. In this year he resigned his physicianship. Personally Owen Rees was small in stature and slightly built. He was agile and active, and in his prime could do a good day's shooting. His delicate-looking frame, however, caused him to be regarded by his friends in London as fragile, and not able to cope physically with the rough usages of the outside world. There was a certain amount of truth in the belief, for he would Dot of late years walk if he could drive ; but this might be due in part to the fear of soiling his clothes, for he was very fastidious in his person, and would never have entered a drawing-room in soiled boots. He always dressed well, it might be said smartly, and in his younger days was called a "dandy." He was given as a rule to light trousers, bright waistcoat and necktie, with drab overcoat. His boots always presented a bright polish, and his hat preserved a marvellous freshness. This last article of attire produced the most marked impression of Rees on the mind of a gentleman who hapi)eued one day to be visiting the wards of the Hospital with him. He says he shall never forget the awful imprecations poured on the head of an unfor- tunate patient who happened to touch Rees' hat. These particulars of the outward man are mentioned on the princij)le that the vestments in a manner characterise DR. OWEN REES. 257 the individual. His clothing showed that he was always moving in the upper and more refined circles. One never heard Rees relate his experiences, as so many physicians do, amongst the courts and alleys of St. Giles or Clare Market, and similar wretched districts. The out patients at the Hospital were quite low enough for Rees, and to these he was not attracted. It was no doubt owing to his highly sensitive nature that he had an antipathy to all things disagreeable. He had a horror of bad smells, and though his professional duties obliged him to come in contact with them, he avoided them as much as possible. He naturally dis- liked the post-mortem room, and if a clinical case required his inspection of the body, his visit would be short and sometimes not extend beyond the door, where he would stand for a few moments with ears open but with fingers to nose. After his visits to the Hospital, however, a change of coat and a good washing of hands in the sister's room, first with oatmeal and then with plain water, would soon fit him for a good appearance in the outer world. His spare habit made him very susceptible to cold, so that in winter he always wore a fur-lined coat, and wrapping himself up in this he would sink into the corner of his carriage and be lost to view. The green brougham, however, was always recognisable, as well as the green livery and rubicund face of the coachman. Rees said he never could lecture unless the thermometer reached a certain height, and lately the lecture room attendant has confessed that when the thermometer ran low he would warm it up with his hand or a lamp to raise it to the doctor's standard. Owen Rees was a well-educated man; he was a fair classic, and had a good knowledge of modern languages. He had picked up some colloquial Greek, but never studied it, so that in after years, when he tried to speak it, a friend observed that his pronunciation was 17 258 BIOGRAPniCAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. good, but his grammar was execrable. His acquaint- ance with chemistry and natural philosophy was in his younger days much beyond the average. He had an aversion to low and ignorant persons, and always cul- tivated good society. He was fond of pictures, did a little painting himself, and made the acquaintance of many artists at the Athenaeum. Although learned he was not pedantic, and had no respect for a man who had no common sense. He once said, in an audible whisper, of a gentleman who was making a long speech, " That man is the most learned fool of my acquaint- ance." With all his sensitiveness and irritability, he was not a passionate man, unless his ire was roused by some unprofessional act of a brother practitioner. His wrath then seemed to have no bounds, judging from the voluminous vocabulary of unpleasant words which would flow from his lips. He was naturally kind-hearted, and being a thorough gentleman in his feelings, would never do any act to offend another person. We have never heard of Rees behaving in any but the most courteous manner to all his professional brethren. This explains what he meant when the word ** etiquette " was once mentioned in his presence, and he denounced the word and assigned it to everlasting perdition, saying he never understood its meaning. He intended no doubt to express the opinion that if true gentlemanly feelings exist in one's breast, no rules are required to regulate the conduct. This was quite true as regards himself, for his own innate sentiments towards others were sufficient to guide him in the path of rectitude and honour. That this was fully appreciated by others is evidenced by the fact that his name was often men- tioned as a probable future President of the College. Outwardly light, airy, and brisk, Uees was the same in his mental attitude. Although he had severe lamily troubles, he tried to take lile easily and gaily. After DR. OWEN REES. 259 seeing his private patients at home, he would proceed to the Hospital, where he was most regular in his attendance, but was probably too rapid in his rounds. In the session would come his lectures, which he was never known to prolong, but would rather take advan- tage of the striking of the clock (which was always too fast) to bring them abruptly to an end. In the afternoon he visited his private patients among the upper classes, and then returned home to dinner. After this his rule was to proceed to the Athenaeum Club, where he might be found every evening, in the smoking-room, enjoying his cigar. He was often the life of the circle, as his conversation was at times brilliant. If ever there was a question as to some movement, Rees was twitted with the remark that •*' he would do the right thing." This was apropos of his speech to a well-known offensive person, who was canvassing for his election into the club. When asking Rees for his vote, the latter said, " My dear sir, be sure I shall do the right thing " ; whereupon the can- didate let it be everywhere known that Rees was his friend. Though convivial and a gourmet he was a small eater ; he was particular in his food and his wine, also in the character of the cigar which he invariably smoked. He was a member of the St. Alban's Club, one com- posed of the elite of the profession, and here as at other societies he was always greeted with welcome. His merry laugh, his repartee and humorous speeches were always delightful, for Rees was essentially a humorous man. This was seen in his expression, — his long face and long upper lip told it before he spoke. His memory was good, and he had a fund of good stories, besides being always ready for any occasion that might arise. When a well-known obstetric physician came to London to practise, a dinner of greeting was given to him, and 260 BIOGRAPniCAL HISTORY OF OnV'S HOSPITAL. Rees on behalt' of the company held out the riiiht hand of fellowship. He wound up his discourse by declaring that the guest would find himself quite at home, for they would greet him in language with which he was most familiar, '* Welcome, little stranger ! " On another occasion, when dining with him, the conversa- tion turned on aristocratic connections and high birth, when Rees defied any one in the room to be able to boast of as noble a family as himself. He then related how in remote times a "Welsh ancestor of his was beheaded. The company yielded the palm to Rees, all agreeing that such a mode of punishment indisputably proved his title to nobility. Owen Rees' father, we might add, came from Pontardawe, Gla- morganshire. From what has been said of Owen Rees, his character and habits, it may be imagined that a doctor's life was not congenial to him. This feeling he often expressed, and many of his friends remember his lamenting his father's wish that he should enter the medical profession. His own inclination was towards the Bar. In the beginning of 1886 Dr. Owen Rees was seized with a slight attack of left hemiplegia, but he soon recovered, and took a short holiday in the country. He afterwards relapsed into a very weak condition, and during the last year of his life seldom went out ; his appetite was of the smallest, and he became exces- sively emaciated. His old friends and colleagues — Messrs. Brodie, Aikin, Pollock, and Cock — as often as he came to town, constantly visited him ; but it was the son and married daughter of his old friend Mr. Spurgin to whom he was indebted for all his last comforts. Mrs. Simond took him to her house after he left Albemarle Street, and it was at Mr. Spurgin's house at Watford, where hn had gone only a few days before on a visit, that he had a fatal attack of SIR WILLIAM WITIIEY GULL, BART. 261 apoplexy on May 27th, 1889, when he was in his seventy-sixth year. He was buried in the family grave at Abney Park Cemetery. SIR WILLIAM WITHEY GULL, BART. A remarkable man, in some respects the counterpart of Sir Astley Cooper, his equal in the confidence he inspired in his patients and in the confidence he had in himself, unsurpassed for the skill with which he played alike upon the minds of patients and patients' friends, possessed of a fortune hitherto unheard of in the annals of medicine, whose career was one which is all the more striking from the comparatively humble circum- stances out of which he arose. William Withey Gull was born at Colchester, on the last day of 1816, and it was soon after his birth that his parents removed to Thorpe- le-Soken, where his childhood was spent. His father, who was a barge- owner and wharfinger on the river Lea, in Essex, died when William was ten years old. The village school afforded his first scholastic experience ; but his mother's care, aided afterwards by the instruction of the Rev. Shadrach Seaman, gave him his real start in life. It is perhaps not surprising, when we consider his father's avocation, that young Gull should have wished to go to sea, but circumstances occurred which determined his course towards the medical profession. His classical training was greatly helped forward by the Rev. Mr. Browell, rector of the neighbouring village of Reaumont ; but Gull has often been heard to say that his real education was given to him by his mother, to whose careful training he owed much of his future success. This is confirmed by a relative of the rector, who remembers well Gull's mother, declaring that she was one of nature's gentlewomen, and had a sweet 2G2 DIOGRAPIIICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. face and mannor. She used to come to Beaumont Church constautl)' in Quaker-like costume, driven in a cart by one of the two very nice daughters who accompanied her, and the rector had a ^reat regard for them. What first brought Gull and Mr. Harrison, the Treasurer of Guy's Hospital, together, is not very clear, but it is most probable that, as the Rev. Mr. Browell was nephew of Mr. Harrison, it was in one of his visits to Beaumont that Mr. Harrison first heard of Gull. The story which Mr. Shattock, the old hospital clerk, used to tell, was that Mr. Harrison went doAvn to Beaumont to see his nephew, and that on alighting from the coach he was directed by young Gull by a near path to the village. Mr. Harrison being much struck by the youth's intelligence, made further inquiries about him when arriving at the rectory. Another story was that Gull was simply sent up by Mr. Browell to his uncle with a letter of introduction to procure him a situation. However this may be. Gull came to London in 1834, and was sent by Mr. Harrison to Mr. Abbott's School in Grange Road, Bermondsey (Mr. Abbott was the well-known friend and correspondent of Faraday), as an usher. He is well remembered by Dr. Daniel Hooper, who was a pupil at the school, and who says Gull was then about eighteen. He often went to Guy's to see his patron and attend lectures on chemistry and elementary subjects, besides reading Celsius and Gregor}^ the books prescribed for medical students. Mr. Abbott afterwards went to Lewes, taking Gull and his scholars with him. He was there a short time, and then came up to Guy's to enter as a regular student, in 1837, under the patronage of Mr. Harrison, who then used the w^ords so often quoted by Gull in later 3'ears: **I can help you if you will help yourself." Gull at once began to display that remarkable intelligence, assiduity, SIR WILLIAM WITHEY GULL, BART. 263 and power of work which were his great characteristics through the whole of his life. He gained prizes, as will be seen by the Hospital records, in ophthalmic surgery, midwifery, and other subjects. In 1841 he became M.R.C.S., and in the same year he took his degree of M.B. at the University of London, obtaining honours in medicine, surgery, and physiology. In 1846 he proceeded to the M.D., and was awarded the gold medal for his commentary on medicine. About this time he had rooms fitted up in a house at the corner of King Street (now Newcomen Street), where the porter's lodge stands. He acted as tutor, and held various subordinate appointments to which small salaries were attached, which enabled him to live. Then he was assistant to Mr. Stocker ; therefore one of his duties was to go round the wards daily and see the urgent cases. In this manner was laid the foundation of that great experience which he was afterwards seen to possess. He was also made physician to the Lunatic Ward, and appointed to the post of librarian. In 1843 he gave some lectures on natural philosophy, in succession to Dr. Golding Bird. The Treasurer subsequently offered him the house in St. Thomas's Street, at the corner of the quadrangle, after- wards occupied by the chaplain, and here he commenced to practise. From the very beginning his manner Avas winning, for a medical man in the Borough, who by chance called him in to see a patient, never afterwards deserted him, because, as the medical man told the writer. Gull always gave satisfaction. In this house he married, in 1848, the daughter of Colonel Lacy. Dr. Gull had scarcely recovered from the shock he experienced at the death of a previous fiancee, whose father was so attached to him that he left him a considerable legacy, when an old friend and fellow-student. Dr. Lacy, invited him to his wedding. Gull went reluctantly. 264 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. but there met Dr. Lacy's sister and his future bride. ^Vheu he lei't the B(>roujj;h he moved to Fiusbiiry Square, and there Mrs. Gull had several children. Two or three died of diphtheria, to the great grief of their parents, leaving a son and dauirhter, — the former the present Sir Cameron Gull, Bart., and the latter married to Dr. Aeland, son of Sir George Acland, of Oxford. Hitherto there had been no lecturer on physiology at Guy's, the subject being associated with anatomy, but in 1846 Gull was appointed to the chair, and held it for ten years. He was also chosen Fullerian Pro- fessor at the Royal Institution, in the years 184-7-9. In 1848 he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, in 1851 was appointed assistant physician to the Hospital, and in 1858 full physician. In 1856 he left the chair of physiology to join Dr. Rees in the course of practice of medicine. It may also be men- tioned that Gull was the first graduate appointed on the Senate of the University of London, and from 1871 to 1883 sat in the Medical Council. At this Board he was opposed to the Apothecaries' Company taking rank amongst the qualifying bodies of the country. He admitted that it had done the work well which had been entrusted to it ; but now that the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons had combined to give a complete qualification, the Apothecaries' Company should drop out, or, as he expressed himself in his usual aphoristic manner, ** The road to medical knowledge is through the Hunterian Museum, and not through an apothecary's shop." He was also made F.R.S. and LL.D. of Oxford and Cambridge. I'he principal event of Gull's life was his attendance on the Prince of Wales during his severe attack of typhoid fever. It has been more than once said in biograi)hies of Gull that he was called in owing to his having made a special study of typhoid. In all SIR WILLIAM WITIIEY GULL, BART. 265 probability the mistake was made from the fact of Sir W. Jenner being an authority on the subject. The truth is that the Prince of Wales, being taken ill at Sandringham, sent for his local doctor, Mr. Lowe, and then telegraphed for Sir Oscar Clayton. The latter sent for Dr. Gull, and shortly afterwards Sir William Jenner was also summoned. It is well known that we are indebted to the latter for the first clear exposition of the disease, and its characteristic distinctions from typhus. At Guy's the two diseases were associated under one name — common continued fever — and in this light were lectured upon by Bright and Addison. The other physicians also held to the same view ; so when Jenner's papers first appeared they were criticised by Gull adversely, and it was not for some time that he admitted their correctness. After the Prince's recovery Gull was created a baronet and appointed his physician and Physician Extraordinary to the Queen. Amongst Gull's medical works, one of his earliest and most important efi"orts was the Report on Cholera, in conjunction with Dr. Baly. This contains a large amount of valuable information relating to the pathology and treatment of the disease. His other contributions to medicine are mostly in the " Guy's Hospital Reports," the most valuable and original of which are those on diseases of the spinal cord. It was constantly lamented that Gull did not pursue this work, as the pathology of the cord was then only in its infancy ; and it is remarkable to see the care with which Gull must have made the sections displaying degenerative changes in the several tracts before microtomes and staining agents were in vogue. The work which is perhaps best known to the medical world is that which he under- took with the late Dr. H. G. Sutton, in order to show that morbus Brightii is not a local and primary disease 266 BIOGIiAPJIICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S nOSPITAL. of the kidney, but one of a more general nature and having its patliology mainly in degeneration of the vascular system, to which they gave the name " arterio- capillary fibrosis." Another subject which caused much discussion in the profession, and was propounded by the same authors, was the expectant treatment of acute rheumatism. This was called " Gull's treatment of rheumatic fever by niint water," in consequence of its being the only thing in the pharmacopceia which the patients took. Being dissatisfied with the treatment of this disease by so many remedies, he wished to try the effect of abstinence from all medicines, and to satisfy the patients' minds he ordered mint water. From whatever point of view Gull is regarded, he remains one of the foremost men of mark of his time. When in practice, there was no one whose opinion was sought for with greater eagerness, and when obtained more relied upon, than Gull's. This was due to his extensive and thorough acquaintance with every subject in medicine, gained by his indefatigable industry when a young man, aided by his natural acumen, which gave him wonderful powers of penetration. Yet this was not sufficient to ensure him success, as these qualities were possessed by Addison and others ; but he had besides a personal power or influence over his fellow-creatures such as few men can lay claim to. This belonged to him, and was a part of his nature, quite irrespective of his professional surroundings. At his own dinner-table he would command the attention of the whole company by some clever little speech, and we have heard a young lady declare that when Gull was on a visit at her house, her conversation with him was the most striking event in her life. It was so with the pupils, who eagerly fol- lowed his words and w^ere much impressed with his sayings. Not many years ago, we heard an old student of Guy's descant on his beautiful lectures, and especially SIR WILLIAM WITIIEY GULL, BART. 267 those on fever. On being questioned as to what Gull said which most struck him, he said he could not remember anything in particular, but he would come to London any day to hear Gull reiterate the words in very slow measure, " Now typhoid, gentlemen." With his patients this influence was unbounded ; many went to see him to have a talk for whom he never prescribed medicine. When once they had seen him they remained steadfast, and seldom repaired elsewhere. When Gull left the bedside of his patient and said in measured tones, " You will get well," it was like a message from above. It is well known that many popular doctors have pos- sessed this personal power without having any pretence to much medical knowledge. But Gull not only had all the characteristics which render a man popular, but at the same time had a thorough and comprehensive acquaintance with medicine as a basis for his action. We often meet with the thoroughly scientific man who may pass through life almost unknown, and another man, with the most superficial knowledge, gain a great name by his personal manner. Gull possessed both the science and the art, and thus carried all before him. Gull was much amused one day, going down St. Thomas's Street, on being addressed as the Rev. Mr. Spurgeon, although the resemblance between the two men M^as not very evident. Of late years, the general remark was his likeness to the first Napoleon. His dark hair was combed straight over his brow, beneath which shone his expressive eyes, and below his firmly closed lips. It is noteworthy that these two men had in their diiferent spheres a remarkable personal power over their fellows. This natural gift of Gull's strengthened with years, but whether in any way cultivated has always been a matter of opinion, and perhaps he himself could not have settled the question. As a matter of fact, it was this remarkable power, to which a great part of 2G8 DIOGRAP/IICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. his success was owins:, that was also the cause of all the professional troubles which fell to his lot. Whether intentional or not, his superiority, which made itself felt by patients, often contrasted strongly with the manners of others, and the contrast was not altogether congenial to those professional brethren who were on an equal footing with himself. It was not often perceived by general practitioners, to whom he was always courteous, nor by pupils, who adored him. From his habit of speak- ing authoritatively, he would forget that others possessed an amour propre besides himself, and thus some very trivial act or word might lead to most painful results. In a well-known case, which long occupied the professional and public mind, the cause of the quarrel seemed of the most trivial character. It was nothing more than that Gull asserted, before a coroner's jury, his ready discern- ment of the nature of the case, and forgot to associate the name of his colleague in the diagnosis ; and yet no one was more distressed than Gull, during the investigation of the charge of unprofessional conduct made against him, to have it thought that he had any enmity against his friend, declaring that he would do anything to serve him. Gull was indeed paying a penalty for his own greatness, which made him a little egotistic, and which had the effect sometimes of placing others in an inferior light. It was this egotism, repeated on other occasions, which brought upon him the few professional troubles which he had in his otherwise most successful career. Trivial as these appear now, the events spoken of became public property, and therefore cannot be overlooked in writing the history of Sir William Gull. His force of character is that which a biographer most dwells upon, and the following story may be given in illustration. The circumstances are well renicnibered by the writer, but the ])articulars Mere given to him at the time by Dr. Bealey, late of Harrogate, who accompanied SIR WILLIAM WITHEY GULL, BART. 269 Gull on the expedition which we are about to relate. When he was assistant physician, and interested in Addison's discovery, a young man (Charles W.) was admitted into the Hospital with all the symptoms of suprarenal disease. As he was gradually getting feebler, and it was evident that he would not live long, he was taken home to his father's house, some distance from London. Gull kept himself informed, through a local practitioner, of the further history of the case, and when he heard of the young man's death set out one morning with his friend to make a post-mortem examination. On entering the house and stating the object of his visit, he was at once met by a repulse, and was absolutely refused permission by the father to make an inspection. Gull talked in his most persuasive manner, but without effect. He then sat down, as if determined not to leave the house. After an interval he spoke to the man, saying he should feel sorry if the latter broke his word, seeing it was clear that he was sworn to a refusal. Under these circumstances Gull said he would ask his permission no more, but go upstairs and do the little operation he wanted. The man said nothing to him, but told an old woman who was present to follow the doctors upstairs to see that they took nothing away. After the usual incision, the capsules were taken out and found to be characteristically diseased ; whereupon Gull took out a bottle from his pocket and put them into it. The old woman looked at him with amazement and said, ** You are surely not going to take that away ; what will Mr. W. say ? " Gull looked at her and replied, " He will say nothing ; I came down here on purpose to fetch this aAvay. I shall not tell Mr. W., and surely you will never be so foolish as to do so." She looked aghast, spoke not a word, took her fee, and Gull returned to town with his well-earned prize. The preparation and history are in the museum. 270 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. Gull took thu widi'st and most comprehensive view of the medical man's function. It was his duty to look into the patient's organisation and temperament to discover the cause of the ailment, and treat the case accordingly. He had the greatest hatred of the charlatan i>m which has a remedy for every malady, and therefore was conscientiously opposed to the homoeopathic system of affirming the existence of a medicine for every symptom. He once showed the writer a note-book in which cases were recorded, and he said how strangely this would be regarded by any one who did not unravel its meaning. For example, " Name, Mr. ; disease, loss of favourite dog ; treatment, Isthmus of Suez." The ex- planation was, that a gentleman of no occupation came to him complaining of his wretched state of health, and Gull soon found on conversation that his mind had been much worried by the loss of his favourite dog. Gull saw he wanted some distraction, and as just at that time all the world was hastening to Suez to inaugurate the opening of the Canal, he advised his patient to go there. But it was not penetration only which Gull possessed, but endurance. It was ever being remarked with what deliberate care he went over every case, as if that par- ticular one was his sole charge for the day. On the occasion of a consultation, he was asked into the draw- ing-room prior to his entry to the bedroom of the patient, who was not quite prepared for the doctor's visit. After waiting some little time, he took out his watch and looked at it. A lady present remarked, " Sir AVilliam, you are in a hurry ! " To which he replied, " No, madam ; I am not in a hurry, but I cannot wait." Of the same kind, also, is the following : on being accosted as the "■ fashionable physician," he replied, " No, the physician in fashion." Stories are extant referring to Gull's discernment and epigrammatic speeches. As regards tlie lornier, he had SIR WILLIAM WITHEY GULL, BART. 271 great power in distinguishing real disease from the imaginary and hysterical ailments. A lady (Mrs. A.), a highly neurotic woman, had been known to Gull for many years as subject to a great variety of nervous troubles. On one occasion, when very ill in the country, she had all the doctors in the neighbourhood to see her, when at last Gull was sent for to explain the case. After seeing her he said to the other doctors present, " I know Mrs. A. well ; there is nothing the matter with her, but at present she is Mrs. A. multiplied by four." His deal- ing with this class of persons was most excellent, and in one case gained the confidence of a hypochondriac where every other physician had failed. The patient, like all of his class, wished doctors to believe in his different ailments, and at the same time would have been alarmed if he had been informed that there was anything the matter with him. Gull at once saw his frame of mind and said, "■ You are a healthy man out of health." He asked the writer why other doctors could not have told him that before. A young man belonging to the upper classes, and whose intemperance was marked on his face, failed in consequence to get his life insured at a particular office. He was indignant, and wished to know the cause of the refusal. He said he had long known Sir W. Gull, and was sure he could get a good certificate from him. He then brought from Sir William the following form thus filled up : " Life good, but might be injuriously affected by the use of stimulants, if his habits should become or continue intemperate " ; and a certificate as follows : " 1 beg to state that I this day made a medical examination of Mr. A. C, and excepting a disordered condition of stomach and liver, which may be corrected and its recurrence prevented by a strictly abstemious regimen, Mr. C. is free from disease." His caution, too, is shown in his reply to the Duchess 272 nrOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S nOSPITAL. of Cambridge, when she asked him what his politics were, and he said, the same as the Queen's — ** colour- less." A lady much out of health, and having palpitation of the heart, believed she had disease of this organ, and consulted various physicians accordingly ; at the same time telling them of the unheard-of trials and worries she had undergone. They were all agreed that she had nothing the matter with the organ on which her whole thoughts w^ere concentrated. She was dissatisfied, and determined to go to Gull. On her return home she said he at once perceived her ailment, for he said to her, ''Madam, you have a tired heart." There was also a great sense of humour in many of Gull's sayings. A friend related one day, with great gusto, the particulars of a consultation with Gull over the case of a very old dowager in her second childhood. In a mumbling voice, owing to her being toothless and having nothing but gums to show, she inquired what she should do about eating and drinking. Gull whispered in his friend's ear, " Shall we order her a wet nurse ? " Gull was very fond of old and quaint literature, also of the poetry of former days. At one time he was full of George Herbert, and at another time of his con- temporary, Yaughan. We met him once when he was in the Miltonic vein, and the quotation he made in reference to a lady friend was most apposite. She had died in childbed, and there was a question as to the skill displayed in her medical treatment, when Gull exclaimed : — " But whether by mischance or blame, Atropos for Lucina came." Although Gull's was an eminently scientific mind, he was fond of discussing philosophical questions ; he never felt content with what is tiie materialistic view SIR WILLIAM WITIIEY GULL, BART. 273 of the world around us, and he would dip into the mystery of things and always maintain there was much beyond our ken. He first felt an interest in mental philosophy and metaphysics when reading for the M.D. degree, and at that time was in the habit of holding long conversations with the Rev. F. D. Maurice, the chaplain. His wide and philosophical treatment of medicine and the allied sciences may be seen in two very noteworthy essays — the address at the British Medical Association and the Harveian Oration. In writing to his friend Dr. Hooper, he refers to the death of Moxon, and adds: "We look through a glass. Spencer and Maudsley are earnest students, but they and all of us are apt to think our views are equal to the whole realities, but they are only equal to what the}' are equal. I can only teach as one of the older scholars in this great school. To me life in all its phases seems but a revelation of more than it seems, and demonstratively so when I see that the moral law dominates the physiological laws. Hence suicide ; hence the law of duty and the high sacrifice of life to it ; hence heroes and martyrs ; hence the backbone of daily life in the home and in the work. I would rather believe in Moses and the Prophets than in the demonstrations of science and logic as thus far exhibited." Sir W. Gull had had two or three short illnesses before the one which was the commencement of his fatal malady, but at this time he was well and enjoying him- self in Scotland, near Killiecrankie, when he was seized with slight paralysis of the right side and aphasia. This was in October 1887. He recovered in great measure and returned to London, where he remained for some months comparatively well. Friends who then saw him did not discern much difference in his looks and manner, but he said he felt another man, and gave 18 274 BIOGRAPniCAL HISTORY OF (7 FY'S HOSPITAL. up his practice. He subsequently had three epileptiform attacks, from which he rapidly recovered, but on January 29th, 1890, he was suddenly seized with an apoplectic attack, fell into a state of coma, and gradually passed away. He was buried, according to his wish, at Thorpe-le- Soken, in the churchyard of his native village, beside his father and mother, on February 3rd, 1890; and was followed to the grave by the President of the College of Surgeons, Sir James Paget, Sir Henry Acland, and numerous friends and old pupils. He left a fortune of £344,000, unprecedented in the history of medicine. His son. Sir Cameron Gull, wishing to perpetuate his memory at Guy's, has founded a studentship of pathology which is worth about £150 per annum. DR. HABERSHON. SA^aEL Osborne Habekshon was born at Rotherham in 1825, where his father was an ironfounder; and w^as educated at Brampton and at Ongar, in Essex. After leaving school he was articled to Mr. Pye-Smith, of Billiter Square, in the City, and during his pupilage attended lectures on botany at the London Hospital Medical School, gaining a silver medal as first prize at the end of the session. Haberslion entered at Guy's in the year 1842. He was at once distinguished as a young man of remarkable application and industry, but it was scarcely known w^ith what resolution and method he applied himself until he went up for the first M.B. examination at the University of London, when he came out first in all subjects, with two exhibitions and three gold medals. ^Vhen he sub- se(iueutly set to work at more prolessional subjects, it was with like success, for at the second MB. exam- ination in 1848 he gained two more gold medals, with DR. HABEIiSrWN. 275 the scholarship in medicine. In the following year he went with Dr. Wilks to Paris, in order to see the practice at the French hospitals, and whilst there saw the famous physiologist Bernard perform for the first time his experiment on the rahbit for the production of artificial diabetes. Their stay was short, owing to the presence of cholera in Paris, and on his return Habershon was seeking for a practice when Mr. Aston Key fell a victim to the prevailing epidemic of cholera. Promotion then took place amongst the junior members of the staff, leaving a vacancy in the dissecting room, which was naturally offered to Habershon as the most distinguished student of the School. This demonstrator- ship he held for five years in conjunction w^ith the younger Callaway. In 1851 he took the degree of M.D., and after two years became demonstrator of morbid anatomy and curator of the museum. At that time he also became physician to the City Dispensary, but was obliged to resign it after two years. He had, however, so endeared himself to the patients and others that a handsome testimonial was given to him. He had already started in practice in Fiusbury Circus. In 1854 he was elected assistant physician to Guy's, and then left his former appointments for the chair of materia medica. In 1866 he became full physician. From the year 1873 he gave the course of medical lectures in conjunc- tion with Dr. Wilks, and in these as well as clinical lectures he went steadily on instructing the students until the year 1879, when, in consequence of disagree- ments with the governors of the Hospital, the senior' physician and surgeon were requested to resign. Shortly afterwards a reconciliation took place, and the request was withdrawn ; but both Dr. Habershon and Mr. Cooper Forster felt deeply what had occurred, and determined to resign when their clinical lectures came to an end in November 1880. 276 niorrRAPniCAL UTf^Tony of orvs ho^pttal. Here we may (juote I'loni Dr. (iooilhart's brief reler- ence to this subject in the "Guy's Hospital Reports" for 1889 ; " The resignation of Dr. Habershon and Mr. Cooper Forster was not only unhappy in the occasion of its announcement, but an error of judgment for which they obtained a good deal of credit with many to which they were not entitled. It is no un- kindness to say that neither Dr. Habershon nor Mr. Cooper Forster, good men as they were in their re- spective lines, was versatile in his gifts ; and they were but little suited for steering themselves or others through a time so critical for C4uy's Hospital and its medical school as was 1879-80." In this we full}' agree. The occasion of the announcement referred to was after an arrangement had been made by which a large influence in the Hospital internal administration had been secured for the medical staff, and all bade fair to work well. It was not true, as the profession insisted on believing, that Dr. Habershon and Mr. Forster adhered to a position originally taken by the staff whilst all their colleagues forsook it, and that their resignation was a result of the steadfastness of the latter : they, equally with their colleagues, accepted the governors' plan of a mixed board of hospital government. It was subsequent to this, and after the new management was in operation, that they resigned their appointments, as they originally intended when their forced resignation was cancelled. It must not be overlooked that Dr. Habershon was highly sensitive to any apparent attempt to introduce a High Church organisation under the guise of a nursing institute. At the College of Physicians Dr. Habershon received all the honours it could confer. In 1856 he was made a Fellow; al'terwards he became Censor, then Senior Censor, Lunileian Lecturer, Harveian Orator, and finally he was elected to iiil the newly created office DR. HABERSIION. 277 of Vice-President. He was President of the Medical Society of London in 1873, and in 1880 President of the Metropolitan Branch of the British Medical Association. His lectures as well as his writings showed his character for accuracj^ and painstaking. As a student he was one of the most indefatigable and industrious men that ever entered the walls of Guy's ; he was never known to trifle away a moment, and his power of application was remarkable. He would devote hour after hour to the driest subjects, and would then ask to be questioned upon them to see if his answers were perfect. It was herein that probably lay the secret of his success. Many students are satisfied with getting up the subjects for examination, but do not submit themselves to continual tests of their knowledge. Dr. Habershon requested Dr. Swayne Taylor to examine him on chemistry, Mr. Hilton on anatomy, Mr. Johnson on botan}^, and Sir W. Gull on materia medica, at a time when such a proceeding was novel, and thus he was better prepared than most students for his university examina- tions. In after life his knowledge of disease was most accurate, and he would spare no time nor trouble at the bedside in unravelling an intricate case. He was also most excellent in treatment, for he always felt con- scientiously responsible for the welfare of his patient, leaving nothing undone that could possibly benefit him in the way of medicine, diet, and attention. It may be believed, therefore, that the greatest trust was placed in him by his patients, and his practice became very large. His especial attention had been drawn to afl'ections of the stomach, and on these he wrote several papers in the " Guy s Hospital Reports," and communicated others to the medical societies. He wrote a book on diseases of the abdomen in the year 1857, and this went through several editions. In connection with his particular sub- ject it may be mentioned that, takmg into consideration 278 lilOGRAPIIICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. the fact that several patients had lived many years with perforations of the stomach, he suggested that an artificial opening might be made in that organ, for the purposes of feeding in all cases of impassable stricture of the oesophagus. Shortly after a man came into the Hospital with this condition, and he requested Mr. Cooper Forster to consider the propriety of perform- ing this operation of gastrostomy. This was done with temporary success in 1858 for the first time in England. Habershon was one of the first who undertook to investi- gate the morbid changes in the secretory structure of the stomach, a subject of most difficult inquiry, and his papers may be found in the " Guy's Hospital Reports." All his writings, if not es|)ecially interesting, were sound, cautious, and worthy of careful consideration. After leaving the City, he resided for a short time in Harley Street, and subsequently went to Brook Street on the death of Dr. Brinton. As regards Habershon's personal character, it stands beyond all praise by any biographer. All his time not devoted to practice was given to the benefit of others. Possessed by deep religious feelings, he never forgot the spiritual side of man's nature, and therefore in the wards, by conversation or by means of books, he was ever regarding the higher welfare of his patients as well as their bodily infirmities. Towards the students likewise be considered he had other duties besides imparting to them professional knowledge, and he therefore took all opportunities at his own house and elsewhere of con- ferring with them upon the highest themes. This was done with so much earnestness and steadfastness that no one ever for a moment doubted Habershon's sincerity. He was attached to many religious institutions for the care of the poor, and not only personally worked with them but contributed money largely. An old pupil said of him, " He was always a very great favourite DR. MOXON. '21 'd with the students of his hospital, and was looked up to as a careful and painstaking clinical teacher, and on going round the wards he had always a large and ap- preciative following. Very many of them esteemed and loved him, because they felt that he had always their best interests at heart ; and when, as one of the origi- nators of the Christian Medical Association, he invited to his house on Sunday afternoons the students of Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, they were so impressed with his sincere and heartfelt words, so free from any- thing like cant, that they could not but feel that he was a true friend, interested in their welfare for this world and the next." Dr. Habershon always had the appearance of a delicate man, stooping as he walked, so that it was often remarked when he was young that he looked as if he would fall into a consumption. He had had one or two severe illnesses when he was seized, about two years before his death, with haematemesis. From this he re- covered, but gastric symptoms, due to a chronic ulcer, subsequently supervened, with return of the haemorrhage. From this he died on August 22ud, 1889, leaving one son, Dr. Herbert Habershon, and three daughters, DR. MOXON. The following account of this remarkable man is, except where indicated, condensed (by permission) from the notice of him by Mr. Clement Lucas, in the *' Guy's Hospital Reports," vol. xliv. One of a large family, Walter Moxon was born on June 27th, 1836, at Midleton, co. Cork, but both his parents were English. He died on July 21st, 1886, having thus just completed his fiftieth year. His father was employed in the civil service, and migrating to London, became chief accountant of inland revenue, 2H{) liinnUAPIIICAL HISTORY OF fiUY'H HOSPITAL. and one. of the original founders of the civil service co-operative system of trading. His mother was a fair maid of Kent, a lady of tender heart, strong faith, and true virtue, who by her gentle teaching and loving nature exerted a powerful and ]astin4 BTnGRArniCAL HISTORY OF GrV'S HOSPITAL. impressioD that such versatility meant insincerity, but no more erroneous opinion could be formed of Moxon s true character. Strictly honourable in all his dealinijs, he was a type for consultants to act up to, and equally popular both with practitioners and patients. At table he frequently relieved conversation by some witticism. Especially, as I have before stated, he excelled in giving a new meaning to an old saying. Some one referring to two parted lovers once made the old quotation, " Absence makes the heart grow fonder." " True," said Moxon, " but of somebody else " ; a view of the matter which, however it may jar on the sentiment of the old line, has proved sufficiently often true to excite laughter. These sudden surprises, flashed over a beaten track of thought, always drew listeners to his conversation. Sensitive and tender-hearted, he was deeply atfected by the sight of pain, and his spirit rebelled against anything akin to oppression. It will be remembered how, when two of our profession were prosecuted and persistently persecuted by a father for not having sufficiently warned him of his own danger, when asking his assistance in an operation to save his child's life, — how he stirred the Royal College of Physicians, and moved the whole pro- fession to contribute to their defence. In this, unselfish defence of the profession he expended much time and labour. He brought out in strong colours the type of father who thought more of his own life than of saving that of his child, and who then proceeded to compass the ruin of the medical men who had honourably done their best for his son. A large subscription list Avas obtained, and the Home Secretary made a promise that in future the Public Prosecutor should not act against a member of the profession before the case had been submitted to some one capable of judging of its merits. This triumphant result was mainly due to his able advocacy. DR. MOXON. 295 The following sketch of Dr. Moxon's character, by Dr. Wilks, appeared in the British Medical Journal : — **It is impossible in a few lines to portray the character of so remarkable a man as the late Dr. Moxon. His was no ordinary mind, and I feel sure there is not any one unfamiliar with his conversation and writings who could form any conception of its wonderful acuteness and depth. When I say his was no ordinary mind, I intend rather to convey the idea that Moxon could in no way be summarised as an eminent doctor or dis- tinguished scientist. He was thus totally different from his late colleague Fagge. The latter had a most orderly mind, of great acuteness, and threw aside everything he could not clearly bring to reasonable proof. Of such composition are most of our best scientific men — men whose methods of procedure are clear to all ; and, if one judge by results, in the complete overthrowing of old modes of thought, must be regarded as possessing the best minds of the age. Moxon was not one of these ; and, in one sense, might be called superior, for he belonged to a class of persons whose mental processes are beyond analysis : he was essentially a genius ; he could elaborate doctrines out of a brain which was always dealing with the most subtle problems. Just as the poet is born and not made, so is it with every genius. Moxon was thoroughly outside all that was commonplace, and touched as he was with a spark of the celestial fire, he could pour out his thoughts with a brilliancy that often amazed his hearers. ... His intellect was of that high order that whatever he touched he needs must have adorned, and therefore all his contributions were of the most valuable kind. It is possible that he might have excelled still more at the Bar, or in literature have become another Carlyle. . . " His mode of expression, humour, and wonderful fancy made his writings read sometimes more like a 296 BIOnRAPHICAL niSTORY OF GCY'S II(>F>PITAL. romance. I do not consider that he had the ordinary scientific mind ; it was too slow lor him, and, moreover, he was not in accord with the doctrines of the leaders of science. His side-hits at these men are seen throuijh all his writins^s. He was truly a metaphysician, and therefore, in many wayG 306 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. DR. MAHOMED. Frederick Horatio Abku Mahomed was born at Brighton in April 184-9. His paternal grandfather, \vho married an Englishwoman from Bath, was a native of Patna, in India, and this Oriental strain gave a distinctive aspect to his looks and character. He dis- tinguished himself at school, and then went to the Sussex County Hospital. He thus described his early character in his own "Life-history Album": '* As a child, rampagious, irritable, and passionate ; always restless and excitable, and giving them no peace in his home ; in early boyhood not remarkable for any brilliancy, maintaining a good average place at school, with a tendency towards mathematics, weak in languages, fond of mechanical toys, and apt in constructing them " : thus he foreshadowed his bent towards making and improving physiological apparatus. In 1869 he entered Guy's as a student, and very soon made his mark, gaining prizes and showing very superior talents. This displayed itself by his efforts to work out problems for himself and undertake novel investigations. He constructed an apparatus of bags and pipes to show the circulation of the blood, and from this deduced many interesting and instructive conclusions. He then set about working at the sphygmograph, and, believing it capable of improvement, he engaged an instrument maker to introduce certain alterations, Mhich were of so much value that an improved Marey's sphygmograph, known by his name, came into general use. Having qualified in 1872, and desiring to marry early, he sought appointments which might support him. In 1872 he became medical officer to the Highgate In- firmary, and in April 1873 resident medical officer at the London Fever Hospital. He subsequently (1875) DR. MAHOMED. 307 took the M.D. degree at Brussels, and obtained the appointment of pathologist and medical tutor at St. Mary's. During this time his home was broken up by the death of his wife, leaving him with three infants. He had a great yearning to be attached to Guy's, and • when a medical registrarship became vacant there he asked for it, and was elected. He then found that for any further promotion something more than his Brussels M.D. degree would be required. How to obtain this now occupied his thoughts. He would have liked to have graduated at the University of London, but he would have had to begin his studies again, and several years must have elapsed before he reached the final degree. If he had gone to Edinburgh he must have resigned his appointment at Guy's, which he could not aiford to do, and therefore he determined upon a plan which no one who had not an immense amount of energy w^ould have dared to entertain. That was to do his work at Guy's as registrar, and yet keep his terms at Cambridge. This he commenced to put in force in 1877. He left London for Cambridge regularly every other afternoon after a hard day's work at the Hospital, returning to town on the following morning ; and in this way he managed to complete his terms, and so finally to obtain his M.B. degree. At Cambridge he made the acquaintance of Professor Humphry, who remained his steadfast friend and assisted him in many ways until his death. In 1881 he was elected assistant physician to Guy's, and soon afterwards he married again. Mahomed was altogether a large type of man, tall and stout, so that his presence was always very notice- able when walking in the colonnade or going round the wards. His great characteristic was his indomitable energy. He would put into his work an ardour and enthusiasm not often met with. Scarcely any obstacle 308 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. could stand in the way of the attainment of his object. He always had in hand some new enterprise or scheme for improving methods of investigation or teaching. As registrar he initiated improved modes of reporting cases, and introduced new apparatus for testing, such as the new sphygmograph, to which reference has been made. When the idea of the Collective Investigation of disease was started, he at once threw himself into the scheme, and commenced a journey through England and Scotland to proclaim its objects and its merits. He called meetings of the medical men in the larger towns, and before many months had elapsed he placed the association on a firm footing. It was refreshing, when going to the Hospital, to meet Mahomed, who always had some new scheme in hand whereby he was going to regenerate the whole place ; for although it might be all in the air he indicated the possibilities of improvement. Of course there were those amongst his colleagues and students who had no sympathy with his enthusiasm and were more content to run in the old ways. These men regarded him as somewhat of a visionary and wanting in judgment. He no doubt often justified this opinion when he made a rash diagnosis or pro- nounced upon the fatal indication given by a sphygmo- graphic tracing taken from the pulse of a patient who would soon afterwards leave the Hospital well. The same thing was noticeable at the Fever Hospital, where on one occasion he called the committee together to sanction his buying sheep, in order to wrap up dying patients in their warm skins, as soon as they had been removed by the butcher. Before the project came into operation he had improved his method and forgotten about the sheepskins. In spite of a little want of balance his enthusiasm was of great value to all those DR. ^MAHOMED. 309 around him, and especially to the students, some of whom caught his fire ; his presence was everywhere felt, and for a time no one was more missed than Mahomed. It is impossible to say what such a man might not have done. In all probability there was a notable future before him, and undoubtedly his loss to the School was great. The work he did accomplish was most excellent. His papers on Bright's disease, read before the medical societies and to be found in the "Guy's Hospital Reports," testify to his acumen and his power as an original worker and thinker. That on scarlatinal dropsy was introduced at the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society by Dr. Broadbent, his friend and colleague at the Fever Hospital and at St. Mary's, to whom Mahomed owed much, and of whom he always spoke in the highest terms of esteem and gratitude. He was made a Fellow of the College of Physicians as soon as the rules regarding time allowed, but at first he was obliged to refuse the honour, as he was not in a position to pay the fees. Later he attended the meetings of the College, and was ever ready to speak on any subject in which he felt an interest. We have spoken of Professor Humphry as his steadfast friend, and it was by his assistance that Mahomed was enabled to proceed to the International Congress at Copenhagen to enforce the merits of Collective Investi- gation. As its President he thus spoke of Mahomed after his decease : "He was the genius and great su])porter of Collective Investigation. The sugges- tions came chiefly from him, and the carrying them out was in the main his. The international extension of the movement was by his wish, and he went to the International Conference at Copenhagen at much in- convenience to set it on foot, and was very successful in the effort. He threw himself heart and soul into 310 BIOGRArillCAL UlSTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. the movement, and laboured hard at it, simply because he was convinced that it was a good work — good for the advancement of medical science and good for those who would take any part in it. He would have replied to those who doubted its efficacy — and the chill and lassitude that ushered in his fatal illness stopped a reply which he was beginning — that they must look for no golden treasures, no startling dis- coveries, no new revelations as to the manifestations of disease or the methods of treatment, no redundant harvests ; but that by careful tilling of the ground all over by many hands and better husbandry better crops will be sure to follow. He knew well that in such a work there must be many imperfections, many short- comings, many failures, but his faith in an ultimate result and his fond, cheerful, enthusiastic spirit carried him over all difficulties and disheartening criticism, and through an amount of labour that few other men would have undertaken." As already said, Mahomed's great characteristics were ardour and enthusiasm. He also had a high ideal of honour and chivalry. On one occasion, thinking he had been unjustly attacked, he would have openly resented it had not his more judicious friends dissuaded him from it. Those who were his most intimate friends had the highest opinion of his noble character, and many were the instances of his kindliness and energy in the cause of others. At the beginning of November 1884 Mahomed began to be ill. It was probably owing to this that he had a melancholy presentiment, when seeing a hearse drive out of the Fever Hospital, that it would be his turn next, and that he should die of intestinal haemorrhage. He then rapidly sickened with typhoid fever, which continued its regular course, with occasional slight haemorrhage, until a collapse suddenly occurred, probably DR. CARRINGTON. 311 from perforation of the bowel, and the end soon came. He was attended by his colleagues Drs. Broad- bent and Cayley. He died on November 22nd, 1884, and was buried on the 28th at Highgate Cemetery. The funeral was attended by crowds of friends and devoted pupils. Thus ended, at the age of thirty-five, a career begun with great promise. A sum of money was subscribed for the benefit of his children, and his staunch friends Dr. Cayley and Mr. Field became their trustees. Further particulars respecting Dr. Mahomed may be found in the biography written by Dr. Goodhart and Mr. Jacobson in the " Guy's Hospital Reports." DR. CARRIWGTOnsr. The name of Robert Edmund Carrington recalls that of his grandfather, Noel Thomas Carrington, the Devon- shire poet, whose " Dartmoor," and many other poems depicting the rural life and scenery of his own county, deserve to be remembered. The subject of this notice was born on May 10th, 1853, at Bath, his father after- wards removing to Gloucester, where he was the editor and proprietor of the Gloucestershire Chronicle. As a child, Carrington was markedly characterised by both amiability and love of work, the latter quality earning for him the sobriquet of " Studious Bob." He had a way of learning his lessons with an amusing book by his side, which he alternated with his studies, taking one up and then the other till his work was done. He inherited a taste for literary work, which his father fostered and improved by giving prizes for the best- written tale or essay on some historical subject in con- nection with a manuscript school magazine. Soon after he entered the Gloucester Cathedral School. He lost his lather in 18G4, but his headmaster, the Rev. Hugh :iV2 DlOCrRAnnCAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. Fowler, carried on the youth's education most suc- cessfully ; and as he grew up, while full of life and fun, he was yet a '* glutton for work." After brief study at the Grloucester Infirmary, Carrington entered at Guy's, winning the second prize in arts ; in 1872 he carried off the exhibition in both chemistry and zoology at London University preliminary scientific examination. He followed up this success by winning the exhibition and gold medal in chemistry and materia medica at the 1st M.B., and a gold medal in medicine at the 2nd M.B. In 1877 he was appointed demonstrator of anatomy at Guy's, and in this post, which he held for five years, he spared neither time nor strength. His knowledge of anatomy was thorough and precise, while his gentleness and patience of temper made him peculiarly useful to students. His "Manual of Dissections," published in 1881, was described by a reviewer in the British Bledical Journal as being " as solid a piece of work as was ever put into a book, accurate from beginning to end, and unicjue of its kind." In 1880 Carrington was elected physician to the Seamen's Hospital (formerly the Dreadnought) at Greenwich. In 1881 he became medical registrar at Guy's, afterwards demonstrator of pathology, and in 1883 assistant physician. Both in the post-mortem room and in the wards he showed the qualities of a sound thinker and good teacher, and was beginning to take higher work as curator of the museum and joint editor of the " Guy's Hospital Reports," and no doubt overworked himself. He became sleepless, and began to be w^orn and jaded. While suffering from a slight attack of fever owing to getting wet, in March 1887, he aggravated the attack by performing a post- mortem examination. Pleuro-pneumonia came on, under which he sank on March 16th, in his thirty-fourth year. He was buried at Norwood on the 19th. We cannot do better than quote a few lines by Mr. DR. WOOLDRWGE. 313 Jacobson describing Carrington s personal character : — " In him were singularly combined the spirit of charity (rare in every age), a profound humility (especially rare at the present day), which played softly over every day of his life, great simplicity of character, tender domestic affection, unwillingness to think evil of any, even of those of whose conduct he disapproved, habitual consideration for the welfare and interests of others, and a most consistent shrinking from anything like self- assertion, self-interest, and show." With his thorough- ness of character and patient perseverance he could not have failed to do useful work as a physician if he had been spared to work at medicine as thoroughly as he had done at anatomy. DR. WOOLDRIDGE. Leonard Charles Wooldridge, the youngest of those whose loss Guy's has had to deplore, was the son of a medical man in Overton, Hants, and was born on December 16th, 1857. His father dying early, his mother removed to the neighbourhood of London, and the boy was edu- cated at the Surrey County School, Cranleigh. Entering at Guy's in October 1875, after having already won the Neil Arnott exhibition in physics at London Uni- versity, Wooldridge soon showed powers of application, became laboratory assistant in physiology, and in 1879 went to Leipsic, where he studied physiology to such good purpose, under Professor Ludwig, that in 1880 he took the high degree of Doctor of Science in that subject at London University. He had previously been elected to the George Henry Lewes studentship in physiology. Resuming his medical studies in order to qualify, he took the M.B. degree at London in 1882, with the gold medal in medicine and first-class honours in forensic medicine. In 1883 he returned to Germany 314 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. and spent several months at Berlin, stndyino: pathology under Yirchow. In 1SS4 he was appointed to one of the research scholarships instituted by the Grocers' Company, and in the same year became demonstrator of physiolos:y in Guy's Medical School. Here his work was excellently done, his laboratory teaching being especially zealous. In 1884 he married a daughter of Sir Edward Sieveking, physician to St. Mary's Hospital. Physiological research, however, was Wooldridge's predominant delight. He had already, while at Leipsic, made some original contributions to science, published in Ludwig's and Du Bois Reymond's journals, and in 1883 he came before the Royal Society with a paper on the " Origin of the Fibrin Ferment," following it up in later years by papers which caused him to be elected Croonian Lecturer in 1886, — a very unusual honour for one so young, — when he delivered a lecture on the " Coagulation of the Blood." This was a question which he made peculiarly his own. He became joint lecturer on physiology at Guy's, assistant and full lecturer at the College of Surgeons, and examiner in physiology at the College of Physicians; and his success in research seemed likely to lead him speedily to the fellowship of the Royal Society. But the lamented occurrence of Dr. Carrington's death was followed by the announcement of three vacancies in the staff of assistant physicians, and Wooldridge thought the opportunity was one not to be missed. He consequently applied and was elected in 1887, and at once threw himself ardently into medical and pathological work, studying the coagulation of the blood in -disease, making experiments on haemorrhage and dropsy, dis- covering new methods of sterilising infusions containing germs of disease, and he even thought he saw his way to a reconstruction of the whole theory of cardiac disease. ** Ilis indejx^udent and suggestive way of DR. WOOLDRIDGE. 315 looking at all pathological questions, whether old or new, his boldness in speculation and grasp of physio- logical principles and methods, made him a fascinating and inspiring teacher," says Dr. Pye-Smith, " and never were his remarkable powers of thought and of exposition more manifest than in the last year of his life, when he was" lecturing on physiology, teaching and working in the laboratory, and stirring all the best minds among the students by his conversation in the wards or the clinical rooms. He felt his own powers, and believed himself capable of far greater work than he had yet done ; and in this belief all who knew him shared." A senior student wrote, " Conversations with him I always look back upon as time spent to the very best advantage. An hour's talk with him was worth a whole day's reading." Unfortunately, Wooldridge, who was slightly built and rather below the medium height, worked too hard, without showing fatigue or overwork very obviously, and he had no taste for outdoor amusements or any kind of sport. Towards the end of May 1889, when exhausted with work, he ate something which dis- agreed with him and appeared to set up serious bodily disturbance, against which he continued to work for more than a week. On June 6th he had to leave the clinical wards ill, went home and projected a holiday journey, was suddenly seized with faintness, fell back in bed, and died almost at once. It was afterwards found that he had extensive ulcera- tion of the intestine. His friend Dr. Pye-Smith has appreciatively summed up Wooldridge's mental character and powers in the following words : — " With a little of the waywardness, and more of the defects in exposition, which sometimes mark original power, Wooldridge had the temperament, the insight, and the resources of genius. He looked 31G BIOGRAnilCAL niSTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. at everj' question from a fresh and independent point of view, while, well acquainted with what had been done in modern physiology and medicine, he was not overborne by its authority nor overweighted by its voluminous mass. He was always inventing new methods, throwing out new conjectures, attacking old problems from a new side. His patience and skill in carrying out experiments were scarcely inferior to the fertility of his brain in devising them. Some- times the fulness of his knowledge, the brilliancy of his hypotheses, and the enthusiasm he threw into all he said supplied the place of orderly arrangement and finished rhetoric, and made his lectures truly eloquent. That is what all who heard them say of three clinical lectures on aneurism, enteric fever, and haemoptysis in cardiac disease, which he delivered almost imme- diately before his death. In him we have lost more than the world will ever know." A list of his scien- tific papers will be found appended to Dr. Pye-Smith's obituary notice in " Guy's Hospital Reports for 1889." CHAPTER III. THE SURGEONS WHO HAVE DIED SINCE THE COM- MENCEMENT OF THE PRESENT CENTURY. SIR ASTLEY COOPER. ASTLEY PASTON COOPER was the grandson of a surgeon at Norwich. His father was a very estimable clergyman in Norfolk ; his mother wrote novels of some repute, and was noted for her benevolence and unselfishness. Astley, the fourth son of a numerous family, was born at Brooke on August 23rd, 1768. At fourteen years of age he went to Yarmouth, where his father was instituted rector. His boyhood was marked by a succession of hairbreadth escapes and exploits de- manding coolness and audacity. He had no great taste for classics or literature in youth or through life. As a youth he had a handsome and expressive countenance, with much openness of manner and liveliness of conver- sation, so that he often charmed those who disapproved of his wild freaks. Like John Hunter, he had a free youth, and if unimproved was likewise unspoiled by systematic training. Both the grandfather and uncle of Astley Cooper — the latter a lecturer at Guy's — are credited with some share in exciting a surgical bias in the boy's mind. Visiting the Norwich Hospital one day and seeing a striking operation, he was strongly impressed with the utility of surgery. In 1784 a visit from his uncle, the London surgeon, led to the nephew 318 niOGRAPHICAL niSTOPxY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. being articled to him, but he was soon afterwards trans- ferred to Mr. Cline, one of the leading surgeons of the day. Under Cline, young Cooper imbibed the spirit of Hunter's teaching from one of his most enthusiastic pupils ; for Cline's judgment about Hunter was, that there seemed no comparison between his great mind aud all who had preceded him. Young Cooper was soon actively engaged in dissec- tion, and his adventurous nature found scope in many a night expedition with the body-snatchers, or resur- rectionists, in their search for " subjects." He spent one winter session (1787-88) at Edinburgh, having already made considerable progress in anatomy and surgery. Having returned from Edinburgh, he attended John Hunter and other celebrated lecturers ; and in 1 789, being then twenty-one, he was appointed demon- strator at St. Thomas's. Two years later Mr. Cline obtained for him the joint lectureship with himself in anatomy and surgery. In December 1791 he married Miss Anne Cock, whose father had amassed a consider- able fortune as a Hamburg merchant, and having retired from business some years, had taken up his residence in "West Green Lane, Tottenham. The wedding was per- fectly quiet, owing to the recent death of the lady's father, and on the evening of the same day Astley Cooper lectured on surgery with his usual composure without any of his pupils becoming aware of his mar- riage. In June 1792 the young surgeon and his bride visited Paris, and were there during the three terrible months which followed. Cooper spent much time in studying French methods of surgery, and in attending the debates of the National Assembly. His safety was declared by a democratic badge and by friendship with leading revolutionists in England to w'hom Cline adhered. In addition to his income from his hospital lectures, SIR ASTLEY COOPER. 319 Mr. Cooper came into possession by his marriage of a fortune of £14,000, so that he was at once placed beyond any pecuniary anxiety. He was consequently able to devote himself mainly to study and teaching. He went to the Hospital before breakfast to dissect for lectures, and he also demonstrated to students before the lecture hour. He injected their subjects, lectured from two until half-past three, and on three evenings a week he lectured on surgery. Further, he persevered in visiting the interesting cases in the Hos- pital and making notes of them. His lectures on surgery — which he was the first in the Borough hospitals to separate from anatomy and physiology — were not at the beginning a conspicuous success. He found that he had been too theoretical, but soon changed his plan, and selected cases in the Hospital as the basis of his lectures. From this moment his class increased and became interested. He himself acquired a facility in recalling cases and circumstances illustrative of the disease under consideration which greatly added to the attractiveness of his style. The fact is, that he was not the intellectual successor of John Hunter, and could not succeed by similar methods. Yet the influence of Hunter upon him was unmixedly beneficial ; he had the wit to perceive that Hunter was not *'an imaginative specu- lator, and any one who believed in him a blockhead and a black sheep in the profession." The improved lectures on surgery attracted twice as many entries as in previous years, and when twenty years afterwards he gave a course, which was published in the Lancet, he had a class of four hundred students. Mr. Cooper was besides selected as lecturer on anatomy at the College of Surgeons. An important part of his duty in this latter capacity was to lecture on and dissect the bodies of executed criminals. The lectures were most successfully given to crowded audiences. In 1797 320 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. the now rising surgeon removed from his early residence to Jeffries Square, St. Mary Axe, long occupied by Mr. Cline, who now moved westward. Cline was becom- ing very jealous of Guy's, as it was growing into fame ; he had a great predominance at St. Thomas's, for although the two institutions were considered in unison, yet to have been a pupil of Cline and to have carried a box under his superintendence always gave a man a character and lift in after-life. In 1800 Astley Cooper was appointed surgeon to Guy's, and it was at that time that Mr. Travers, who became his articled pupil, said of him that he was the handsomest, most intelligent-looking and finely formed man he ever saw. According to the custom of the time, he wore his hair powdered, with a queue, and had always a glow of colour on his cheeks. In his daily ride he wore a blue coat and yellow buckskin breeches and top-boots. He was remarkably upright, and moved with grace, vigour, and elasticity, and would not unfrequently throw his well-shaped leg upon the table at lectures to illustrate some injury to or operation on the lower ex- tremity. Cheerfulness of temper, amounting to vivacity and a relish for the ludicrous, never deserted him, and his chuckling laugh, scarce smothered whilst he told his story, his mirthful look and manner, and his pun- ning habit, were well known. His personal habits were very simple ; he drank water at dinner, and took two glasses of port after. A good digestion never forsook him ; as he said, " he could digest anything but saw- dust." He was remarkable for requiring little amuse- ment or company beyond what he found in his profes- sional pursuits, and he read comparatively little medical literature. Dr. William Roots says : *' From the period of his appointment to Guy's until the moment of his latest breath, he was everything and all to the suffering and SIR ASTLEY COOPER. 321 afflicted. His name was a host, but his presence brought confidence and comfort ; and I have often observed that on an operating day, should anything occur of an un- toward character in the theatre, the moment Sir Astley Cooper entered, and the instrument was in his hands, every difficulty was overcome, and safety generally ensured." No doubt reference is here made to the fact recorded by Sir Astley Cooper himself as follows: "I was always of opinion that Mr. Cline and I gained more reputation at the hospitals by assisting our colleagues than by our own operations, for they were always in scrapes, and we were obliged to help them out of them." We may also quote South, who described Sir Astley as bright, quickly stepping upstairs, surrounded by an admiring crowd, always kind and symi)athetic to his patients. After going round the wards he walked across to St. Thomas's to give lectures on anatomy. To Sir Astley Cooper, as to most men who rise to eminence, remunerative practice came but slovvly. " My receipt," says he, " for the first year was £5 5s. the second, £26; the third, £54; the fourth, £96 the fifth, £100 ; the sixth, £200 ; the seventh, £400 the eighth, £610 ; the ninth (the year in which he Mas appointed surgeon to the Hospital), £1,100." This was in 1800, when his uncle, William Cooper, resigned the surgeoncy. He never, however, forgot the scientific side of his profession, even though it cost him money. Thus we read the following entries in regard to obtain- ing the body of a man on whom he had operated twenty-four years before : '' Coach for two there and back, £3 12s. ; guards and coachman, 6s. ; expenses for two days, £1 14s. Qd. ; carriage of subject and porter, 12s. Qd. ; subject, £7 7s. ; total, £13 12s." The earliest of Mr. Cooper's literary productions appeared in a volume of papers, entitled "Medical Records and Researches," published in 1798. In 1800 21 322 BIOGRArniCAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. he made his first conimiuiication to the Roj'al Society on the effects ol' destruction of the tympanic membrane of the ear. He had found that considerable openings might be made in the membrane without impairing the hearing power. He consecpiently applied this operation to certain kinds of deafness resulting from disease or obstruction in the Eustachian tube, and in 1801 sent in another paper detailing the results of twenty cases. Al- though his success in restoring lost hearing was much less than he anticipated, the operation has since been frequently performed ; and the Royal Society in 1802 awarded him the Copley medal for these papers. In the same year he was elected a Fellow. Astley Cooper s activities were at this time strongly directed towards the improvement of the profession by intercourse and discussion at societies of several of which he was the life and soul. The Physical Society at Guy s afforded him the earliest opportunity of this kind and long retained his active interest. The most im])ortant Society with which he was connected M^as the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, which originated in a secession from the Medical Society of Loudon. He became Treasurer of the Society, Dr. Saunders, his colleague, being the first President. The earliest volume of the Transactions in 1809 contains a paper recording his first operation for the relief of aneurism of the carotid artery by tying it below the sac. But he had previously published a work on " Hernia," which largely contributed to his reputation. The expense of the illustrations to this work was so great that Mr. Cooj)er lost a thousand pounds by it when every copy had been sold. In 1806 Mr. Cooper left St. Mary Axe to occupy the house in ISew Broad Street, which for nine years was crowded by his patients during the most remunerative years of his life. In those years he rose at six, dissected SIR ASTLEY COOPER. 323 privately until eight, and from half-past eight saw large numbers of patients gratuitously. At breakfast he ate only two well-buttered hot rolls, drank his tea, cool, at a draught, read his paper a few minutes, and then was off to his consulting room, turning round with a sweet benign smile as he left the room. Patients crowded his rooms and besieged " Charles," using manifest devices to get the earliest interview possible. At one o'clock he would scarcely see another patient, even if the house was full, but if detained half an hour later, would fly into a rage, abuse Charles, and jump into his carriage, leaving Charles to appease the disappointed patients. Sometimes the people in the hall and ante-room were so importunate that Mr. Cooper was driven to •escape through his stables and into a passage by Bishopsgate Church. At Guy's he was awaited by a crowd of pupils on the steps, and at once went into the wards, addressing the patients with such tenderness of voice and expression that he at once gained their confidence. His few pertinent questions and quick diagnosis were of themselves remarkable, no less than the judicious, calm manner in which he enforced the necessity for operations when required. At two the pupils would suddenly leave the ward, run across the street to old St. Thomas's Hospital, and seat themselves in the anatomical theatre. After the lecture, which was often so crowded that men stood in the gangways and passages near to gain such portion of his lecture as they might fortunately pick up, he went round the dissecting room, and afterwards left the Hospital to visit patients or to operate privately, returning home at half-past six or seven. Every spare minute in his carriage was occupied with dictating to his assistants notes or remarks on cases or other subjects on which he was engaged. At dinner he ate rapidly and not very elegantly, talking and joking ; after dinner he slept for ten minuies at will, and then started to his surgical lecture, if it were a lecture night. 324 BIOGRAPHICAL n/STOIiY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. In the evening he was nsually again on a round of visits till midnight. ** Charles," of whom we have above spoken, was his servant Charles Osbaldeston, a name which in practice softened down to Balderson. He was keenly alive to his master's interest, and had much tact and disposition for manoeuvre. He boasted that in twenty- six years he never lost a patient for his master whom it was possible to retain. Wherever Mr. Cooper was, Charles would start after him, if urgently required, and at any cost of post-horses track him out and bring him triumi)hantly to the fore. It was said that he made an income of £600 a year by being paid to usher patients into the presence of the surgeon before their time. When he was retiring from practice a good deal of scandal was excited by its being said that Sir Astley allowed him to see patients when he was not at home. It is probable that Balderson's son might have done so, for he had been educated and brought up to the profession by Sir Astley and lived close by in Poland Street. Dr. Pettigrew, in his " Medical Portrait Gallery," thus describes the overpowering influence Sir Astley Cooper had upon his pupils : " I can never forget the enthusiasm with which he entered upon the performance of any duty calculated to abridge human suffering. This enthusiasm by the generosity of his character, his familiar manner, and the excellence of his temper, he imparted toall around him, and the extent of the obligations of the present and of after-ages to Sir Astley Cooper in thus forming able and spirited surgeons can never be accurately estimated. He was the idol of the Borough School. The ])upils followed him in troops; and like to Linn»eus, who has been described as proceeding upon his botanical excursions accompanied by hundreds of students, so may Sir Astley be depicted traversing the wards of the Hospital with an equal number of j)upils listening with almost breathless anxiety to catch the observations which lell from his lips. But on SIR ASTLEY COOPER. 325 the days of operation this feeling was wound up to the highest pitch. The sightwas altogether deeply interesting; the large theatre of Guy's, crowded to the ceiling, the profound silence obtained upon his entry, that person so manly and so truly imposing, and the awful feeling connected with the occasion, can never be forgotten by any of his pupils. The elegance of his operation, without the slightest affectation, all ease, all kindness to the patients, and equally solicitous that nothing should be hidden from the observation of the pupils, rapid in execution, masterly in manner, no hurry, no disorder, the most trifling minutise attended to, the dressings generally applied by his own hand, the light and elegant manner in which Sir Astley Cooper employed his in- struments, always astonished me, and I could not refrain from making some remarks upon it to my late master, Mr. Chandler, one of the surgeons to St. Thomas's Hospital. I observed to him that Sir Astley's operations appeared like the graceful efforts of an artist in making a drawing. Mr. Chandler replied : ' Sir, it is of no consequence what instrument Mr. Cooper uses ; they are all alike to him, and I verily believe he could operate as easily with an oyster-knife as the best bit of cutlery in Laundy's shop.' There was great truth in this observation. Sir Astley was at that time certainly one of the best operators of the day, and this must be taken in its widest sense, for it is intended to include the planning of the operation, the precision and dexterity in the mode of its performance, and the readiness with which all difficulties were met and overcome." Astley Cooper reached his zenith in Broad Street. In one year his income reached £21,000; for many years it was £15,000. One merchant prince paid him £600 a year. The story of another who tossed him a cheque for a thousand guineas in his nightcap after a successful operation for stone is well known. 320 uroGRAriTirAL hirtory of nuY'^ nnspiTAL. In 1815 he moved to Spring Gardens, and subsequently to Conduit Street. He lectured for two seasons at the College of Surgeons on comparative anatomy, in succession to Sir Everard Home. Not being deeply read in the subject, he resolved to see what industry would do, and restricted himself to three or four hours' sleep, that he might gain additional time for the dis- section of animals. He also employed several assistants to dissect for him, and the result was that his specimens came by coach loads to each lecture. Mr. Clift remarks of one leqture, " This was an overpowering discourse and highly perfumed, the preparations being chiefly recent and half dried and varnished." His lectures were very successful, although he would have preferred lecturing on surgery, which was allotted to Abernethy. At this time he signalised his skill by his celebrated operation of tying the aorta for aneurism in a case in which life was in the extremest peril. He says in his lectures : " I was sent for one day to the hospital to see a man with violent bleeding from just above the groin, in consequence of a rupture of the external iliac artery ; the integument had sloughed, and bleeding was going on ; I thought myself justified, therefore, in tying the aorta." He gives his reasons for the propriety of the operation, viz., his having ligatured the aorta with impunity in dogs, and also his having found it totally obliterated from disease in the human subject. The ease with which he prepared for the operation and the masterly skill and success with which he completed it — without the aid of chloroform, be it remembered — excited admiration throughout the profession, who could best judge of the difficulties which had to be overcome. Some years later, in 1824, he amputated at the hip joint, the first time, we believe, the operation had been performed. The whole operation, with the dressing of the wound, took SIR ASTLEY COOPER. 327 half an hour. The patient bore it with extraordinary fortitude, and after all was finished said to Sir Astley ** that it was the hardest day's work he had ever gone through," to which Sir Astley replied that it was almost the hardest that he had ever had. Sir Astley 's fame was European, so that distinguished foreign surgeons never failed to visit him at the Hos- pital. We read of Dupuytren going round the wards with him and seeing Mr. Key perform lithotomy. When he took leave he saluted the worthy baronet on each cheek. The manner in which Sir Astley submitted to the ceremony afforded no small share of amusement to the pupils standing round. The baronet was also presented with a copy of the "Pharmacopoeia Guyensis," by the venerable Stocker. Baron Larrey also went round with Sir A. Cooper. He believed much in the efficacy of the moxa, and showed how it should be used, also his manner of putting up fractures. After having some years attended Lord Liverpool, Mr. Cooper was called in to remove a small tumour from the head of George IV. His success was followed by a baronetcy, and in 1822 he was appointed Examiner at the College of Surgeons. In the same year his important work on " Dislocations and Fractures of the Joints" appeared. In January 1825 he resigned his surgeoncy at Guy's and lectureship at St. Thomas's, owing to the impairment of his health. He bought an estate at Gadesbridge, near Hemel Hempstead, and spent as much time there as possible. Lady Cooper having lost her adopted daughter, Mrs. Parmeter, and their only child having died in infancy, could not endure being in London. Her death in 1827 was a heavy blow to him, and he was so much affected by it that he resolved to retire altogether from practice. Before the end of the year, however, he found the ennui of retirement insupportable, and returned to 328 BTOGRAPUrCAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. town, and was soon in full practice again. He was married a second time to Miss C. Jones in July 1828. Having no lectures, he still dissected and occupied himself largely with completing his various works for the press. His work on " Diseases of the Breast" appeared in 1829, and was followed by ''Diseases of the Testis" in 1830, aud ''The Anatomy of the Thymus Gland " in 1832. He was a second time President of the College of Surgeons in 1836. In 1833 he received the decoration of the Legion of Honour from the King of the French. At the beginning of 1841 Sir Astley became ill, and soon dropsy set in, and on February 13th, 1841, he died. The funeral took place on February 2oth. The body was brought from Conduit Street, and the coffin placed in the board room of Guy's Hospital. At three o'clock the funeral took place, in presence of a large number of visitors as well as colleagues and students. He w^as buried beneath the chapel, where a tablet is placed in memory of his services to the Hospital. A statue of him by Baily was erected, chiefly by members of the medical profession, in St. Paul's Cathedral, near the southern entrance.* An admirable portrait of him by Sir Thomas Lawrence exists. There is also a bust by Towne in the museum of Guy's, dated May 7th, 1841, with the inscription, "Alumni gratoanimo hoc marmor posuere." A full account of the post-mortem examination by Mr. Hilton will be found in the sixth volume of the " Guy's Hos- pital Reports." Sir A. Cooper left amongst his private papers an estimate of himself, written in the third person, which is worth quoting : — " Sir A. Cooper was a good anatomist, but never was a good operator where * By some mistake the date of Sir A.. Cooper's death is given as 1842, iuhtead of the previous yetir. MR. ASTON KEY. 329 delicacy was required. He felt too much before he began ever to make a perfect operator. Quickness of perception was his forte, for he saw the nature of disease in an instant, and often gave offence by pouncing at once upon his oj^nion. The same faculty made his prognosis good. He was a good anatomist of morbid as well as of natural structure. He had an excellent and useful memory. In imagination he was vivid. His principle in practice was never to suffer any who consulted him to quit him without giving them satisfaction on the nature and proper treatment of their case. My own success depended upon my zeal and industry, but for this I take no credit, as it was given to me from above." MR. ASTON KEY. Chaeles Aston Key was the eldest son by his first wife of Mr. Thomas Key, a general practitioner first in the Borough, afterwards in Fenchurch Street, who late in life took the degree of M.D., and carried on a lucrative practice as obstetric physician in Lombard Street. He was born in Southwark on October 6th, 1793, and educated at Buntingford Grammar School. He was apprenticed to his father in 1810, and entered as a pupil to the lectures of the United Hospitals in 1812 and as a pupil of Guy's medical and surgical practice in 1814. He afterwards, in 1815, gave a large premium to Sir Astley Cooper as his apprentice. In 1819 he, in company with Mr. Morgan, opened a dis- secting room in Maze Pond, but this was closed after two years. In 1820, when Mr. Joseph Henry Green succeeded Mr. Henry Cline as lecturer on anatomy at St. Thomas's Hospital, Aston Key was appointed demon- strator, and this post he held for two years. In 1821 he became a member of the College of Surgeons, and 330 BIOGRAPniCAL mSTORY OF GUY'S nOSPITAL. commenced practice in St. Thomas's Street. He sub- sequently moved to St. Helen's Place, where he practised until his death. He married, in 1818, Mrs. Anne Cooper, the niece of Sir Astley and sister of Bransby. In 1821 he was appoinied assistant surgeon to the Hospital, an office specially made for him, but ostensibly for the better attendance of surgical out-patients, and in 1824 full surgeon. He shortly afterwards gave the lectures on surgery, in conjunction with Mr. Morgan, and continued the course for some years. In 1845 he was amongst the first elected Fellows of the College of Surgeons, and was in the same year chosen to a seat on the Council. In 1847 he was appointed surgeon to Prince Albert. On Wednesday morning, August 22nd, 1849, after seeing some patients, he began to feel unwell and retired to his room. Very soon afterwards the worst symptoms of cholera appeared, and he died on the following morning, after twenty hours' illness, in the fifty- sixth year of his age. He was buried in St. Dionis churchyard, St. Mary Axe. He left a wife, who still survives, and nine children. His son, Admiral Sir A. Cooper Key, died in 1888. Aston Key's father had married twice, and so he had for a half-brother Thomas Hewitt Key, for some years Professor of Latin and Head Master of University College School. Key very soon began to make himself distinguished as a surgeon, one of his most important operations being a successful ligature of the subclavian artery in a case of axillary aneurism, in the year 1823. The case is described in the 13th volume of the "Trans- actions of the Medical and Chirurgical Society," and the dissection of the arm, twelve years afterwards, in the 1st vol. of the " Guy's Hospital Reports." It was remarkable as the first successful case which had occurred in London. The man had been under a MR. ASTON KEY. 331 practitioner in the neighbourhood who had endeavoured to cure the aneurism by pressure, having bound a piece of cork over the vessel for several days. Mr. Key in subsequent years himself tried pressure, and in the year 1845 had various instruments made of the tourniquet character to compress the femoral artery in case of popliteal aneurism. There was some want of skill, and more want of perseverance, which caused his failure. It may be here worthy of remark that the ligaturing of a vessel for a certain time, instead of permanently tying it, had been supported and tried by Sir A. Cooper. In the year 1816 this surgeon had in the Hospital a case of popliteal aneurism, in which he exposed the femoral artery and put a ligature around it. After two days he loosed the ligature, but the blood soon again flowing into the aneurismal sac, he tightened it once more. After another twenty-four hours — that is, seventy-two from the first ligaturing — the vessel was found closed, and therefore the ligature was altogether removed. No further pulsation occurred, and the man got well. In connection with Key's first operation, there is a charming bit of romance as told by Mr. Bryant. When lately visiting Mrs. Key, she related how well she re- membered this first famous operation of her future husband, of his anxiety day by day whilst he was paying his visits of courtship, and how he told her that he was waiting for the ligature to come away. One day he went in smiling and exclaimed, "The case is all right, and here is the ligature." The lady took it from him and kept it as a souvenir. Then, turning to a box, Mrs. Key put in her hand and pulled out a string, saying to Mr. Bryant, ''And this is the ligature." Mr. Key contributed also to the first volume of the 332 nionRAruTCAL nisTonr of guvs hospital. " Gu)''si Hospital Reprts " in 1836 some valuable papers on hernia, and subsequently on lithotrity and other subjects. He was then made F.R.S. He also read an elaborate paper on " The Pathology of the Ulceration of Joints," showing the formation of vascular fringes and their power of absorption. He was one of the first to use ether as an aniesthetic, soon following Liston, his operation being one of lithotomy. Key was a splendid operator, and above the average of surgeons in this respect ; he had a power and dexterity with the knife which few possessed, and, in common with other superior operators like Liston and Ferguson, had immense hands. These he knew how to use, so that it was a real pleasure to see him handle a limb for examination ; it seemed to bend and move under his manipulation in a manner which gave a new aspect to the part. An anonymous writer in one of the journals said : " Key is a neat, elegant, finished operator ; he was never known to bungle from any ignorance of details. He handles his scalpel with singular ease and grace, and waves it in semicircles as the painter his pencil, and has the art to invest with interest by his exquisite execution an operation that in other hands would appear hideous and revolting ; every moment proclaimmg the perfect artist." In the year 1831 he performed a tremendous operation, which became " the talk of the town." A Chinaman named HooLoo,set.32, came to England with an enormous elephantiasis scroti, to see if it could be removed. Mr. Key undertook to do it, and the operation lasted one hour and three-quarters. The tumour, on removal, weighed 56J lbs., a quarter of the weight of the man's whole body. He continually fainted during the operation, and artificial respiration was kept up. Transfusion was had recourse to, but he quickly died, apparently from loss of blood. The operation excited much interest MR. ASTON KEY. 333 in the medical world, and was commented on especially by Professor Delpech, of Montpellier, who wrote to Sir A. Cooper on the subject, as he was present during its performance. He thought a better success might have been obtained by a dissection of the parts, leaving the sound organs and removing the morbid tissues. He said, " I was surprised on reading that a similar operation had been performed in the United States, and my astonishment was much increased when I learned that in the first hospital in England, under the eyes of the first surgeon of the age, and by the hands of one of the most skilful operators of London, the operation had been repeated in the same manner." To speak now of Key from a personal point of view : it was said that when young he was a smart man and fond of dress ; as we knew him in middle age, he was a tall, upright man of commanding appearance. His slightly aquiline nose, approaching to the Wellington type, added to his general imposing effect. He wore for a considerable part of the year shepherd's plaid trousers, but darker ones in the winter. As the spring appeared the season was announced by Key's freshly washed plaids, which also became somewhat tighter every year. These made his feet look extraordinarily long, corre- sponding with his large hands. The latter were remarkable — big, like those of other good surgeons, but very mobile though powerful, so that his manipulation of a limb was something interesting to see He wore generally a grey striped necktie or stock, which threw up his head and produced two folds on his cheeks. He had a merry twinkle in his eye, with a nervous twitch in his face ; this became very marked if anything ruffled him, as was often the case, as his temper was not one of the sweetest. When arriving at the Hospital, he walked into the colonnade with a long stride and majestic air, his class waiting for him, and taking off their hats whilst he 334 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. extended his lelt liaud or lurefinger lor his dressers to shake. He then proceeded into the wards, pleasant in his manner, hut altogether dictatorial, so that an admiring class gathered round him to catch every syllable that fell from the oracle. He did not familiarly discuss subjects with the students as did some others of his colleagues, but did little more than lay down the law, and all obeyed. Vi'oe to the man who came in collision with him. In speaking of the surgeons forty or fifty years ago, much must be said for the times in which they lived. It was the habit to show more brusqueness and roughness, in- stead of the kindness of manner and consideration of the present day. At that time the use of strong words and oaths towards patients and subordinates was not at all uncommon. Some excuse, therefore, may be made for Key when he exemplified the manner of the day on occasions when he was irritable or a little ill-tempered. ^Ve can never forget how on one occasion, when a patient had not received his allowance of wine, because the steward said it was not signed for, seeing that one or two scratches did not in his eyes constitute a signature, Key turned white with rage and asked for a pen and paper, on which he wrote C. A. K. in gigantic letters, crushing the pen into splinters while he did it, and at the same time uttering objurgations on the head of the unfortu- nate steward, the nurses, patients, and pupils standing aghast at his wrath. Even in private practice the new manners may well contrast with the old. Mr. Cleveland, an old dresser of Key's, informs us that on one occasion having to assist him at an operation where the patient — a lady — was to have a small tumour removed from the neck, she exclaimed, " I don't think I can have it done," and in spite of his remonstrances repeated it several times, whereupon Key, making use of a very decided though unparliamentary expression, ieit the house. MR. ASTON KEY. 335 When at the height of his fame the Medical Times gave a description of him. The writer caught the peculiarities and characteristics of the man, although some features are exaggerated. The picture, although strongly drawn, conveys a fair impression of this great surgeon. " Mr. Key is a thin, spare man, with long visage and narrow forehead, the range of the organ over the eye prominent, which is small and sunken ; nose high, large, and prominent. The perceptive are com- paratively much larger than the reflective faculties, forehead high but declining backward, face narrow and sharp, with a general expression of quickness and sagacity. To be seen to perfection you must follow him to the Hospital. Napoleon's eye was never lighted with purer ambitious pleasure when, at the head of a brilliant cortege, he dashed on his gallant charger into the centre of the square of the Tuileries, to review his devoted veterans after some glorious campaign, than Key when he steps along the wards with his head erect, with his numerous suite or staff of admiring students. He marches along as if he felt himself every inch a king. There is an air of conceit, a conviction of self-import- ance, an arrogant pretension of optimism which would be regarded by his equals as an assumption, — we will call it usurpation, — but is regarded and recognised as his right by his subjects. Every look is here law, every diagnosis infallibility, every prognosis life or death. Doubt is treason, scepticism infidelity. If an error now and then occurs, it is one of nature's freaks. She departed from one of her fixed laws ; she might be wrong, but her interpreter, her prophet. Key, never. Every word he utters is manna, molten gold. Observations the most trivial become aphorisms. He is, indeed, the epicycle of his own uncle ; they revolve round like satellites around the sun." The present writer gave a short account of Key at the 336 BIOGRAPniCAL nJSTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. time of his death. He then said : " It" a stranger had for the first time met Mr. Key, and observed his figure, tall, upright, and commanding, he would at once have declared that he was looking upon no ordinar}- man, but upon one accustomed to rule, upon one from whom he would instinctively retire, feeling himself an inferior being. Nor would this impression, gained from external ap- pearances, have deceived him ; for if he but marked the first utterances of his lips, he would have perceived that they were words of authority, and came from a man who was asserting his superiority and his right to com- mand. Mr. Key's knowledge of his profession was in the fullest sense profound. He had not studied surgical diseases in a large hospital in vain. Nothing worthy to be acquired could have escaped his quick and penetrating mind ; and with this quickly perceptive faculty there was a wonderful power of diagnosis and an extraordinary tactus ernditus. In operating he had not a rival ; his power of handling the scalpel was only surpassed by the wisdom which directed it, and by the resolution which never for a moment could make it waver, but rather made it a stronger instrument in his hand in proportion to the diflficulties which it had to encounter. The ascend- ency which he acquired, therefore, was due in part to the energy and force of character which was natural to him, and also to the intuitive feeling that knowledge was power. Such a mind properly cultivated must carry its owner to high professional fame, especially in the surgical department. Those who remember his colleague Mr. Morgan must have observed what a striking con- trast there was between the two men : the one a slow, contemplative man, heavy in structure ; and the other a tall, spare man, of vigorous and mobile intellect. In speaking of Key's characteristic and haughty manner we would not wish to convey the impression of coldness or hardhearteduess, for there are many gentlemen now MR. MORGAN. 337 living who can testify to his friendship and to his un- broken steadfastness in assisting them whenever occasion required." MR. MORGAN. John Morgan was the son of Mr. Morgan, of the Equitable Insurance Society, the most celebrated actuary of his day. \Ve have no history of the son's perform- ances as a student, but he had distinguished himself so much as to be elected assistant surgeon in 1821 with Aston Key, and full surgeon in 1824, at the same time as his colleague. These two surgeons lectured on surgery at the opening of Guy's School, and continued to do so for many years. Morgan also gave lectures on ophthalmic surgery, there having been built two special wards for eye diseases. In 1839 he published a work on diseases of the eye, containing some very good plates by Canton — a sub- sequent edition was brought out by Mr. France, his successor in the ophthalmic department. He was elected on the council of the College of Surgeons in 1843, but never became President. Mr. Morgan was a plodding, hard-working, and intelligent surgeon ; his judgment was always regarded as important, and his operations were most skilfully performed. He was wanting in the brilliancy of Aston Key, who was regarded as the successor of Astley Cooper ; but there were many of Morgan's dressers who maintained that, take him for all in all, Morgan was the better operator of the two. There was no pretence and no flourish, but he went to work in a solid manner, and completed his operation to perfection. He was one of the first who amputated by the flap method, whilst his colleagues continued the accustomed circular operation. At that time, before the introduction ol anaesthetics, 22 338 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. rapidity was a great merit, as well as certainty, about first incisions, so as to avoid cutting the skin a second time. The students alwa)'s thronged the theatre if it were known that Morgan was about to amputate, especially if it were the leg ; and it was said that passing his knife over the front and then thrusting it through to make a flap, with a subsequent circular cut around the bone, and the insertion of the point between them, occupied only a few seconds, and the very slow and deliberate sawing of the bones only a few seconds more. Key often consulted Morgan as to the nature and treatment of his cases, and was much influenced by his judgment. He had a good following, because he was methodical in his teaching ; and, although no doubt this was imperfect according to modern lights, was much appreciated by the students. He could tell when to give calomel and opium and when to withhold them ; what cases required a cold lotion, and which a warm poultice. A few of his lectures were published, and showed much judgment and intelligence : one especially on hydrophobia, in which he advocated the trial of many remedies, amongst these being "woorari." In July 1834 he had in his ward a young man suffering from tetanus, whom he made inhale nitrous oxide gas. Having had a discussion with Dr. Addison as to the operation of poisons, they determined to perform some experi- ments — the question between them being whether the ■poison acted at once upon the nerves or was carried by the blood into the circulation. In 1829 they undertook these experiments by uniting the carotid arteries of two dogs, each divided portion being attached to the vessel of the other dog. On intro- ducing the poison, the one which was inoculated died ; the other escajDed, showing that the poison acted immediately and not by absorption or by being 3rR. MORGAN. 339 carried to the brain, as was generally thought. Tliey performed other experiments with the same object, but these were not altogether conclusive. Mr. Morgan gave all his spare time to natural history, and published several papers in the "Trans- actions of the Linnsean Society," of which he was a Fellow. One very interesting paper was on the mammary organs of the kangaroo, in which he stated that the marsupial bones form a fixed point for re- sistance, against which the mammae are squeezed by the muscular girdle enclosing the glands. The female is thus enabled to employ by compression the excretory ducts of its mammse. The mammse were formed of double glands on each side. Some of these were small and inactive, whilst the low^er appeared to perform exclusively the office of preparing a nutritious fluid for the young animal. The museum at Guy's contains " the pouch of a young and virgin kangaroo showing the teats in the undeveloped state, one of them artificially drawn out " ; and another preparation " the mammary gland of an adult kangaroo showing the marsupial teat in its developed state, the ducts filled with mercury." He had also a good collection of stuffed birds. In person Morgan was of middle height and a thick- set, heavy man of leucophlegmatic temperament, very different from his colleagues Key and Bransby Cooper, the one striding in with head erect waiting for every one to do him reverence, the other in a jaunty manner, greeting those around him in familiar and pleasant tones ; whilst Morgan walks straight in with a white impassive face, goes to work without a v/ord of gossip, taking heed of nothing or nobody, gives his opinion of the case and the treatment in a few words, and then goes on to the next. His work was done well and in a business-like manner, his colleagues 340 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. h\sh\y respecting his opinion, and his pupils being much attached to him. They probably did nothing more than respect him, for his heavy and sallow countenance, dull eye, and hypochondriacal expression could not possibly excite any vivid emotion in others. Thomas Bell, however, said that between him and Blorgan a true friendship had existed for many years, and that he was a man of great sincerity and of warm heart. As Key was all nerve and vivacity, so was Morgan all dulness. As it was the habit of the surgeons then to take snuif, so did Morgan in excess ; you could often mark his traces in the wards by the snuff he let fall. The snuff-taking was so much the practice that many students caught the habit, and snuff-boxes were seen continually going round the lecture room. Morgan practised in Fiusbury Square and had a country-house at Tottenham, where he died of (we believe) Bright's disease, October 14th, 1847.* MH. BRANSBY COOPER. Bransby Cooper was the son of the Rev. Samuel Cooper, vicar of Yarmouth, and brother of Sir Astley Cooper. He was born at Yarmouth on September 2nd, 1792. Being inspired by the naval power of England during his boyhood, he went to sea as a midshipman, and made his first voyage in 1805. Being tired of the occupa- tion, he paid a visit to Sir Astley in Broad Street, who interested him in the medical profession and sent him to Norwich Hospital. Subsequently, in 1811, he came to London and entered the Borough Hospitals. After that he joined the army as assistant surgeon, and was present at many battles in the Peninsular Wars, * S«>e Life of Morgan in his " Lecturas on DLseases of the Eye," 2iul edition, 1848 ; edited by John F. France. MR. BRANSBY COOPER. 341 for which he was decorated. After having heen sent to Canada, he retired from the army and proceeded to Edinburgh to pursue his studies further. He then came to London and assisted his uncle in the dissections for the anatomical course, as Sir Astley was then lecturing to four hundred students. He subsequently gave a part of the course, but a disagreement springing up, as has already been mentioned, it was determined to build a separate anatomical theatre at Guy's, and when this was completed Bransby was appointed lecturer. In this year (1825) Sir A. Cooper gave up lecturing and re- tired from the Hospital. Bransby was elected assistant surgeon and went to reside in Spring Gardens. Soon after Sir Astley retired from practice, and his nephew hoped to succeed him in it, but he soon came back and took a house in Conduit Street. At his death Sir Astley 's museum passed to Bransby, and then most of it to the College of Surgeons. Whilst lecturing Bransby wrote a book on anatomy, and was made F.R.S. in 1828. His early career was marred and soured by his quarrel with Wakley and the Lancet. The incident, no doubt, did him much harm with the public, although it endeared him the more to his pupils. Immediately after the close of the trial, a letter appeared in the Morninff Herald, signed by Mr. Hilton on behalf of one hundred and fifty students, in which they expressed their utmost confidence in their master. A few years afterwards his portrait was painted by subscription ; the artist was Mr. Eddis, and the engraver was Simmonds. The portrait, as well known, is most excellent and life-like. No man Avas more beloved than Bransby Cooper : he was a very different man from his cold and haughty brother-in-law Key ; he was warm-hearted, sympathetic, and jocular, and by no means laid down the law unless he was quoting from his uncle, whom he adored, and w^hose w^ords were gospel to him. Indeed he was wanting in confidence in 342 niOGRAPUICAL IIISTOliY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. himself, and therefore o^ained little from his patients ; this was not remarkable, when he would say, " Let us try this medicine," and, on the following day, " Let us try that." His devotion to his uncle partook of actual love, for he could not mention his name without a tear starting in his eye. " As my poor uncle used to say," was the ex- pression always on his lips, accompanied by a faltering of the tongue, denoting his emotion. After hearing of his son's death in India, he was for a long time depressed, and on mentioning his name one day in going round the wards he was so much aff'ected that he lay down on one of the beds. If a poor dying patient said, " Goodb3^e, I may never see you again," he took out his handkerchief and wiped his eyes. He always seemed in his tender- heartedness as if unable to brook the troubles of the world, and as if it were a misfortune that he had been placed in a position of such responsibility as surgeon to a hospital. His appointments there, however, materially assisted in keeping him, as his private practice was never great. He also had much family trouble. The writer of these lines will never forget how Bransby told him of his perturbed life both in public and private, and well he remembers the melancholy impression it made upon him. Towards the latter part of his life he interested himself in chemistry, and made analyses of the animal fluids and calculi ; of these he had a good collection, as well as some admirable drawings. He was a well-made man, muscular, a good boxer, rower, and a good shot. There is a story told of his prowess when demonstrator of anatomy, how, during a fight between St. Bartholomew's and Guy's men, Bransby came to the rescue and thrashed the enemy. One day, on coming to the Hospital, he said he could not amputate as his hand was unsteady, having rowed down from Westminster Bridge ; on another day he would driv" down in a gig and fast horse, although his usual MR. CALLAWAY. 343 vehicle was the old-fashioned large yellow chariot. He would enter the Hospital in a jaunty manner, with his hat on one side and with a comical expression produced by his blind eye, and ready to shake every one b)' the hand. He was never called Cooper, but always by the more endearing name Bransby. His last public act was the delivery of the Hunterian Oration on February 14th, 1853. At this time he was hoarse, and he declared that he had a fish-bone in his throat. As the trouble increased he submitted to examination, Mdien some ulceration was seen at the back of the throat ; he also got out of health and grew thinner. It was evident that he was the subject of some serious disease, but he con- tinued to go out, and on August 11th, 1853, he went to the Athenaeum, and while crossing the hall he asked for a glass of water, as blood was spouting from his mouth ; he fell down and shortly died. There was found a deep-seated cancerous ulceration at the root of the tongue, with implication of the neighbouring glands ; the right lingual artery was laid open, and the stomach and lungs were full of blood. The funeral took place in St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, the coffin being placed in the same vault as that of John Hunter's before its removal to Westminster Abbey. A procession was formed at his house in Spring Gardens, headed by the Guy's staff and pupils. His personal estate was sworn under £6,000. MR. CALLAWAY. Thomas Callaway, senior, was born in 1791 of Isaac and Alicia Callaway, who both died young. He was consequently brought up and educated by his grand- father, who was steward of Guy's Hospital. He was thus always amongst the sick, and acquired from childhood a taste for surgery. In 1809 he was appren- 344 niOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. ticed to Sir A. Cooper, and thus acc|uired, accordinTORY OF GUY'S nOSPITAL. greatest of all problems requiring solution — and he always spoke of his indebtedness to Coleridge, for aflfording him the true interpretation of this great mystery. Coleridge had regarded life as an all-pervading essence, but more concentrated or * individualised ' in man. Man, there- fore, became the possessor of consciousness, and obtained of necessity an erroneous idea of the living world around him. That the whole world, organic and inorganic, was living, was the centre round which Hinton's mind re- volved, and this idea pervaded the whole of his writings. The subject is fully developed in ' Man and his Dwelling- Place.' I fear that I have not a full conception of his views, and am not sure that I have ever grasped them, for all his doctrines are very visionary, and his writings * m3'stic, wonderful.' ** Scientific in the ordinary sense of the word, as ap- plicable to those who are engaged in the investigation of ditfereut departments of nature, he was not. It was the ideal rather than the real which he endeavoured to grasp. He never argued a point, but he discoursed ; he was eminently a seer, so that his acquaintances were divided on the question as to whether his writings were little better than oddities, or whether he was not propagating a new gospel, which would soon number its countless devotees. It is very difficult to form a correct judgment of men of Hinton's mould, and therefore it is that the world is divided in opinion upon the merits of Irving, Comte, Swedenborg, and the like. ** In purely speculative subjects, when a mind is richly furnished with a mass of material gained from nature's storehouse, it is impossible to say how far its visions are gained from a clear insight into nature's depths, or how far they are the creations of a fantastic brain. Time alone can tell. Hinton maintained that the human mind had a power of penetrating into the ab3ss and unveiling the m3'sterit's there. He one day, whilst MB.. HINTON. 405 discoursing to me on cycles and epicycles, exclaimed, * Don't you see ? ' and on replying that I did not, he affirmed that such as I could only see a foot before us. " I say I believe it is good for such men to sometimes fall amongst us, for we see what speculative philosophy will do with some of the common facts of human nature ; and I do not hesitate to say that the whole tone of Hinton's mind, mystic though it would some- times be, was kindred to that of some of the best thinkers of the day — I mean in the matter of the uniformity of nature's working in the organic and inorganic world. If I remember rightly, it was Hinton who maintained how much higher and grander is the investigation of this universal spirit pervading all things than the older and vulgar teleological method, which is always seeking for final causes. Of course he ignored the conception of a special vital principle. In his paper on Morphology he shows how growth is influenced by least resistance ; and having the passage before me, I will quote it as an illustration of the power of generalisation which he possessed : ' The most super- ficial glance reveals a spiral tendency as a general characteristic both of the vegetable and animal creation, but a minute examination traces it in every detail. The beautifully spiral forms of the branches of many trees, and of the shells which adorn the coast, are striking examples of a nearly universal law. But the spiral is the direction which a body moving under resistance ever tends to take, as may be well seen by watching a bubble rising in water or a moderately heavy body sinking through it ; they will rise or sink in manifestly spiral curves. Parts which grow freely show it well — the horns of animals or the roots of seeds when made to germinate in water. The expanding tissue, compressed by its own resisting external coat, wreathes itself into spiral curves. The formation of 406 BIOGRAPHICAL IIISTOIiY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. the heart is an illustration of the law of spiral growth.' ** I should mention that Hinton had latterly devoted himself to social subjects and to the art of painting, on both of which topics he has written largely. His predilections might be anticipated from his turn of mind, and he might be known to be an interpreter of Turner and of the modern school of French landscape. ^Vhen the British Medical Association met at Bir- mingham, I went into the town museum, and there saw Hinton gazing rapturously at a misty sunrise of Turner, when, seeing me, he exclaimed, * Good God ! how did he do it ? ' It was in the afternoon of the same day when, not meeting him at any of the medical sections, he told me that he had bi^en having a most interesting conversation with Father Newman. " Hinton's views of living nature were those which animated not only his writings, but his own existence. He was accustomed to say that he was perfectly indif- ferent as to whether he died the following day or not, and then he would declare that he was beginning a new life in order to regenerate his race. Life and death were to him all the same as part of his philosophy, and now, contemplating his unexpected end, I am re- minded of his own words : * It is a wonderful thing — Life ever growing old, yet ever young ; ever dying, ever being born ; weakest and strongest of the things that God has made. Life is the heir of Death, and yet his conqueror. Victim at once and Victor. All living things succumb to Death's assault ; Life smiles at his impotence and makes the grave her cradle.' " Hinton had indeed a great love of music and of art. He was also of a poetic mind, although he seldom launched into verse. He said music represented the universe ; it embraced discords, things evil in themselves yet making an essential part of the perlection of the MR. HIN.TON. 407 whole. One day, after hearing some high-class music by Beethoven and Mozart, he came home and wrote a poem which he gave to his wife. It embodied the idea just mentioned, and ended thus : — " So listenest Thou, 0,Chiist, with heart intent, But knowing all the chords ; the passionate cry Of hearts grown sick with hoping, tears unspent, Weakness, oppi'ession, ruin, purpose high Frustrate and vain : all, all Thou knowest. Lord, Thou hearest — we the music — one accord." Although Hinton was a good observer, and did not despise the ordinary scientific methods of acquiring knowledge, he believed the intellect supreme which could give us a deeper insight into things. Whilst walking to the Hospital he would stop, take a piece of paper out of his pocket, and, placing it against a lamp-post, write down some idea which had passed through his brain. He would say when he saw the smile on his friend's face, " That which I have written down is as much a truth as anything you have ever discovered in your laboratory." In this way much of his work was done. At a friend's house, in the street, at church, at a concert, he would jot down his notes on scraps of paper, backs of envelopes, bills, and pro- grammes, writing them out in full in the evening. The first book which he wrote, " Man and his Dwelling- Place," was a key to all his philosophy. " That what we see around us," he said, " is phenomenal. That what we call the material and dead world is owing to our own ignorance." In the words of Miss Haddon, one of his interpreters, James Hinton's view is this : " The spiritual (or moral) alone truly exists; the material is the phe- nomenon of the spiritual : it is from a ' passion ' in our spirit (the action of God the world-spirit) that we are made to perceive the material. The existence of a material world is an unwarranted inference from this 408 BIOGRAPHICAL UISTORY OF GCY'S HOSPITAL. perception. The true order is from the psychical to the ph3'sical, not vice versd, so that we should not ask, ' What is this material which I perceive ? ' but * What is that actual which causes me to see such and such material things ? " Hiuton used to say, '* It is the sense and the intellect which raise us to a scientific appreciation of the mechanical relations of things ; but it is genius and intuition which enable us to penetrate to their higher meaning." Sir W. Gull said of Hinton : " He was not a man of science, but a philosopher. Science was to him the servant of philosophy. He felt himself to be an interpreter of nature, not in the Baconian sense by the collection and arrangement of facts, the sequences of causes and effects, but, like the Hebrew seer of old, penetrating through appearances to their central cause." Hin ton's biographer in the " National Dictionary " says: *' Hinton's analysis of scientific methods coincides in a remarkable way with the Hegelian idea of a ' dialectic movement ' in- herent in thought itself — a coincidence the more striking as he was unacquainted with the Hegelian philosophy." Naturally to medical men one of the most interesting essays which Hinton wrote was the introductory lecture at Guy's. Therein was much of his high-flown philo- sophy, but portions of it more applicable to the pro- fessional calling were expressed in very beautiful and poetical language. He says : " More than ever now the medical man becomes, or should become, the friend, the confidant, the counsellor of his patient. A place too seldom filled by him, yet impossible to be filled except by him, stands vacant — that of a friend whose trained knowledge and quick sympathy should be able to unravel for each man and each woman in these perplexed and restless days what is mere physical, what mental in their distresses ; where a simple im})aired digestion fills the mind with morbid phantoms, and where excessive MR. IIINTON. 409 care makes discord in the delicate harmony of the nerves and sends perverted currents to every organ. . . . " More than ever now the physician must have know- ledge of the soul ; must feel with finer senses other pulses, and measure heats and chills which no thermometer can gauge. The mind, the burning passions, are his study ; unwitting of these or unregardful, half his work — often the larger half — is unperformed. Calm himself, he must for his fellow know ambition and despair, must feel how fiercely burns desire and with what a leaden weight failure seals up the springs of life. Into the depths of another man's remorse he must enter, or how can he know how it corrodes the frame and turns the healing waters themselves into bitterness .P And his soul, too, must thrill with another's joy, lest he ascribe fancied powers to his drugs and turn the very gladness of one man to the mortal damage of another. For who will tell us how much medicine has sufiered by false virtues ascribed to remedies because, perhaps, the doctor has wrapped up hope with his pills, or a sudden gladness has turned into the very elixir of life an ordinary draught. . . . " The needs of man interpret the laws of God. And who stands so close to the needs of man as you will, gentlemen ? to whom, in their very direst need, all will cling ; to whose voice sick hearts will listen as if it were the very voice of God declaring judgment or mercy ; the very skirts of whose garments — if only a heart beats beneath them — faint hands will be raised to touch. Closest to the very sources of the life of the human soul you will stand : it is the physician's place. Of the highest law he is made interpreter." When Sir William Gull heard of the end of his old friend, he wrote : "Thanks for letting me know of Hinton's death. His was a strangely metaphysical brain-organisa- tion. He thought our intellectual vision absolute. The torch is out." CHAPTER IX. APOTHECARY. JAMES STOCKER, for many years apothecary at Guy's, succeeded his father in the same office, and continued in it until shortly before his death in December 1878. His father died in 1834, aet. 73, and was buried in the chapel. No one during this long period of years was better known at Guy's than James Stocker, owing to his multiplicity of offices. He was seen in the dispensary superintending the making up of medicines, then everywhere in the wards when a fresh case came in, being at the same time resident medical officer, and finally giving a kindly regard to the students, as he was the Secretary of the School. The first introduction to the Hospital which a new student had was to Stocker ; and this was fortunate, for he was kind in manner, sympa- thetic, and at once made the 3'oung man at home. His affability, however, and the courteous and considerate manner in which Stocker put down his name and took his money, looked sometimes like the bearing of a shop- man to a new customer. But his kindness was very genuine, for at all times he was ready to see the students, give them a helping hand, and offer them a word of encouragement. Owing to his numerous duties, together with a little muddleheadedness, his office-books became somewhat puzzling, although in a remarkable manner they came out all right at the end. As a medical practitioner he was, as may be supjwsed, JAMES STOCKER. 411 most excellent ; having been brought up in the Hospital, his knowledge of disease was great, his diagnosis was always good, and his treatment judicious. He had no pretensions to scientific methods, in fact he abjured them, but rather let his own experience and instincts guide him. He gave no reasons for his opinions, although it was often evident that these existed, yet he never could be made to put down on paper the items of his knowledge or in any way formulate them. His remarks, however, were always good, and many of them were long remembered ; for example, if a young person was brought to the Hospital with symptoms doubtfully suggestive either of cerebral disease or fever, he would say that if on attempting to raise his shirt to look for an eruption the patient assisted you, it was a case of fever ; if he resisted, it was one of head disease — meaning, of course, that in one case the patient was simply lethargic and acted in an automaton-like manner, in the other he was irritable and full of pain. Stocker attached much importance to the odour of patients, declaring that there was a distinctive smell of liver disease, kidney disease, pyaemia, etc. If a patient was brought in insensible, and on having his clothes removed these were found soiled, he diagnosed apoplexy. One day we remember a young girl being taken in as an urgent case because the medical man who sent her pronounced the case one of pyaemia. On looking at her Stocker shook his head, and, on inquiring the reason, he said a patient with pyaemia never did up her hair in that manner. It was in the evening, when Stocker went his rounds, that the best opportunity occurred for seeing his practice and learning from him ; he did not, however, often prescribe, for he was unwilling, unless the occasion pressed, to alter the medicine of the physician. His task was in this respect rather a difficult one, for he feared to place himself in any way in opposition to the methods proposed 412 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. by the proper attendant of the case. This perhaps rather added to the humble position whicli he took ; but having naturally no force of character, he never would have opposed his opinion to that of others. In this way he manaijed to steer a quiet course amongst many con- flicting elements ; he was a peaceful man, and often said liie w^as too short for quarrelling. Every fresh patient he saw he prescribed for, and his method was so routine that there was no difficulty in deducing Mr. Stocker's diagnosis from the medicine he gave. Being friendly with all, he was well acquainted with everything that was going on in the Hospital amongst the staff, officials, and students. He was thus able to impart important informa- tion to the Treasurer, who gave to him a ready ear, and no doubt Stocker in this way exerted upon him much quiet influence. It was often thought that he was partial in his judgments, but if so, it was with no sinister intention; for having no very great strength of character, he was naturally attracted towards those who possessed it ; and thus he did not fairly appreciate the quiet and unobtrusive men amongst the medical staff", any more than he did amongst the students. As regards the resident officials at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, a very bitter feeling, or actual hatred, sprung up between those attached to each in- stitution. There was no unfriendly feeling amongst the members of the medical and surgical staffs of the two hospitals ; but it was not so with the subordinates, for from the apothecaries downwards the ill-feeling existed. The porters were not above endeavouring to influence the police as to the superiority of their own hospital in case of accidents, and the one at Guy's said he had often known patients pass from St. Thomas's to Guy's because they got better beer. We believe that tlie apothecaries, with their wifes and families, were not on speaking terms, and many were the stories afloat among JAMES STOCK ER. 413 the tradesmen in the Borough as to the air of superiority which one assumed over the other. It must be remembered that ever since the separation of the two hospitals Guy's flourished and St. Thomas's sank. This did not add to the kindly feeling between them. Stocker never concealed his animosity, and as everything was excellent at Guy's, so was it bad in St. Thomas's. When the latter published a report on cholera, Stocker had no hesitation in saying it was untrue. He no doubt felt much comforted when St. Thomas's departed and the walls were demolished, but he was not too well pleased to see it rising in fresh glory on the banks of the river. He had lived long enough to see it com- pleted, and on the last occasion when the writer saw Stocker he twitted him upon it, when Stocker exclaimed, " I see no beauty in it ; it reminds me of the toy houses I used to buy for my children." When Guy's adopted the new system of having house-physicians, many of Stocker's duties were taken off his hands, and he was merely required to superintend the dispensing depart- ment. These new arrangements were not agreeable to him ; he failed to see the value of the innovations, and his position was becoming untenable. He therefore re- tired on a handsome pension. No man was ever more attached to the Hospital than Stocker, and all his time and energy were given to promoting its interests. A subscription was set on foot shortly before his death, by old Guy's men, to commemorate his services. He left a large family. CHAPTER X. ARTISTS. yOSEPH TOWNE, the distinguished wax-modeller, did ^ much to enrich the museum by his works of art, and at the same time afforded the students increased facilities for gaining a knowledge of anatomy, to say nothing of diseases of the skin, by means of some of the most remarkable models ever made. His introduction to the Treasurer and his early struggles have an air of romance about them. He was the third son of a dissenting minister at Royston, in Cambridgeshire, and was born on November 18th, 1808. As a child his great amuse- ment was modelling in clay animals and various other objects. His first work of any importance was the model of a human skeleton, which now stands in the museum at Guy's, and this he made when seventeen years of age. He modelled it secretly, and at night by candle-light. He was recommended to bring it to Loudon and to compete for the medal offered by the Society of Arts, but before doing so he thought he should like to show it to some well-known anatomist. He took it to Sir Astley Cooper, who was so pleased with the work that he gave him a certificate as to its accuracy, and sent him with a note of introduction to Mr. Harrison, the Treasurer of Guy's Hospital. It may be mentioned that the Society of Arts had for some years been otfering prizes for works of this kind, naturally asking why they could not be done in England as MR. TOWNE. 415 well as on the Continent. The first candidate who was rewarded by the Society for anatomical wax-modelling was Mr. J. Rutherford Alcock, to whom was given the gold medal, and the second prize was given to young Mr. Towne. In the report of the Society for May 29th, 1826, which was read by the Secretary, Mr. A. Aikin, it was said : " It was considered desirable to introduce into this country the art of modelling in coloured wax the parts of the human body in their natural and morbid or dissected state, the many advantages of which will be manifest to all conversant with such studies. Mr. Alcock has sent in a model in coloured wax which well entitles him to the medal, and the silver medal is awarded to Mr. Towne, for a very beautiful small model of a skele- ton." This model, now in the museum, is accompanied by the letter of recommendation from Sir A. Cooper. In the following year he executed some models of the brain in wax, and these gained him the gold medal of the Society. We may regard the work of Mr. Towne as the first real or serious attempt to introduce wax-modelling into this country. It is true that some attempts had been made by Sir Charles Bell and Mr. Elderton, of North- ampton, but all important models had come from abroad. For example, Trinity College, Dublin, contained wax models as long ago as the commencement of the last century, the work of M. de Roue, and these were bought for a large sum by the Earl of Selborne. Another donation was made by the Duke of Northumberland to the College of Surgeons of Ireland, in order to purchase a series of anatomical figures in wax, and the curator was sent to Paris, Vienna, and Florence for the purpose. Long prior to this there had existed wax models in Florence, made by Zambo, a Sicilian artist, and also some in Paris, made by Dupont ; his models of the sympathetic nerve, nerves of the face, and some diseases of the skin 416 niOGRAPnrCAL HISTORY OF GFY'S HOSPITAL. being justly admired. It was the wish of the Society of Arts to encourage similar work in this country, and Mr. Towne considered himself fortunate in first obtaining the silver medal of the Society, and then the gold medal. In the same year (1826) he was appointed mofleller to Guy's Ho.^pital, and rooms were found for him to work in. From this time until his last illness, fifty-three years afterwards, he continued his art. For the museum he must have constructed more than a thousand models, and several copies of these he was allowed to re})eat for foreign countries; these may now be found in India, Russia, America, etc. His earlier models were copied from dissections made by Mr. Hilton, and these, for beauty and accuracy, may be justly compared with similar ones in all parts of the world, some of them being quite unsurpassed. These gained for Towne a prize at the first International Exhibition of London in 1851. Having early modelled the brain, he continued with the sections of the several parts, and then made a com- plete series of the development of this organ from the first traces in the ovum until birth. He also constructed models of the brains of the principal types of mankind. His models of skin diseases are equally celebrated ; indeed, amongst the profession they are more highly valued than the anatomical, being of great practical use owing to their thorough accuracy. An amusing instance of this appreciation was given by the celebrated Hebra, the Viennese specialist. It may be mentioned that most of the models were taken at the instigation of Addison, he being the best authority on the subject in London ; Addison had been a pupil of Bateman, and naturally adopted his classification. This continued to be used until Addison's death severed him from the Hospital. Whenever Addison heard of an interesting case, he would send to Towne to have it modelled, first describing its MR. TOWNE. 417 nature and then adding the name. When Hebra went round the museum and examined the models he was delighted, and exclaimed how good and truthful was the artist, but how unfortunate it was that the doctor did not know what to call them when they were made. Towne also made a large number of models of new growths and diseases of different organs, but these are not. so satisfactory as those of the skin, it being scarcely possible to exhibit morbid processes in wax. Mr. Towne was likewise a sculptor ; he made the marble busts of Sir A. Cooper and of Dr. Addison which now adorn the museum. A bust by Towne may be seen in Chichester Cathedral of Bishop Otter, who was the first Principal of King's College. It is dated 1844. Towne w^as also interested in many other subjects besides his own special art, as may be seen by his papers on vision and the stereoscope in the " Guy's Hospital Reports." He was a good talker and fond of metaphysical discussions, but at the same time he was reserved and self-sustained. On arriving in the morning he would, shut himself up all day in his studio, into which no one dared enter, so that no one had ever seen him at work or had had an opportunity of knowing how he developed his art ; and yet, as regards colours and material, he was always making improvements. No doubt he accomplished much by quiet labour, but this he never talked about. Consequently many of the staff never knew Towne beyond the complimentary ** Good morning," and regarded him and his workshop as a hidden mystery. Towne had not been long at Guy's before Hodgkin perceived liis great merits, and in his lectures said : " Towne is an artist who has the signal merit of having both created his art for himself and arrived at such a proficiency in it that his works, already numerous, 27 418 niOGRAPIIICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. rival, it' Dul surpass, those ol" the best or most (Jis- tiiiguished masters of Florence and Bologna." He continued at \vork until near his death, which took place on June 25th, 1879, at the age ol" seventy- one. His wife died in 1881, leaving several children. Of the character of Towne's work there never have been two opinions ; all those who know it testify with one accord to both its realistic and artistic value. Mr. C. J. Canton. — At the time that Guy's School was founded the Treasurer, having a comprehensive view of its wants, obtained the services of Mr. C. J. Canton. His ability as an artist was well known, and his drawings, now in the museum, testify to the ac- curacy and skill of his pencil. He illustrated Bright's famous " Medical Reports," and those who are ac- quainted with this work are agreed as to the correctness and beauty of the drawings contained therein. Like many otiier men of artistic nature and possessing a spark of genius, he was somewhat eccentric in his habits. Mr. Bransby Cooper, writing of him, said : " Canton was one of the cleverest but at the same time one of the idlest fellows in existence. In his room there was not an inch of wall that had not some skeleton of rabbits, kangaroos, etc., drawn upon it. His paint- ing box appeared one mass of cakes of paint, their colours blending in such chaotic confusion that it demanded considerable knowledge of the art to select from the mass that whicli might be required. Pieces of stale bread, rind of cheese, and a pint pot (hid somewhere to prevent its being detected by Sir Astley) formed a still-life interior of the Canton boudoir." Canton was certainly one of the best-naturefl creatures in the world. He remained the draughtsman of Guy's Hospital until his death in 1840, the cause of which we believe was a tumour of the brain. MR. HURST. 419 Mr. William Hurst succeeded, and it may be said literally that Canton's mantle fell upon him, unless it be that he was selected on account of his resemblance, both in his art and manners, to his predecessor ; for, judging from Mr. Bransby Cooper's description of Canton, no two men could be more alike — that is, not in appearance, but in character and habits ; both excel- lent draughtsmen and colourists ; at the same time indolejit, careless, dirty, and fond of beer. Hurst was always regarded as a handsome man, of good figure and black, bushy, and curly hair ; a most devoted admirer of the fair sex, who, it was said, reciprocated his adoration. He was several times married, frequently being seen in the black dress of a widower ; and we remember once, when Addison was more than usually irritated by his carelessness, that he turned round and exclaimed, " What can you expect of a man who has had four wives ! " As an artist he was admirable, as the drawings in the museum and in the *' Guy's Hospital Reports" show, and whenever any work of Hurst's was exhibited at the medical societies there was a general expression of assent as to its accuracy and beauty. This more especially applied to his watercolours, which had a delicacy of touch not often seen in anatomical drawings. Personally he had the character of his predecessor — indolent and quite careless of gain, so that he missed several opportunities of advancing his interests. He had a yearly salary at Guy's and a spare day for himself. On this day he might be seen adding to his coffers by making a copy of a picture at the National Gallery, and these copies were so good that a rich American would have employed him at this work for some years at a high salary, but Hurst declined. He also had a good offer to copy the Flaxman models in 420 BrOGRAriJTCAL ITTSTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. University Colle2:e, but tailing in his enojagements the business fell through. It was impossible for him to get work, for when his patron called at a given time he would have forgotten the appointment and be out fishing. And yet, with a house and family at Hamp- stead, he was often impecunious, requested that his salary might be paid monthly, and before long asked the further favour that it might be paid in advance. His rooms were a picture of confusion, his portfolios filled with half-finished drawings, and his tables covered with every imaginable substance in the way of colours, brushes, chalks, dry bread, rusty knives, bottles, oil varnish, and medicines for the gout. It was perfectly impossible to bring his room to order, and great was the trouble to get his drawings finished or to discover for whom they had been made. We are sorry to think that he was much imposed upon, and asked to make drawings which were wanted for private purposes and ought to have been separately paid for. Indolent and slovenly, he never soared above making friends with those of an inferior station in life. One scarcely ever escaped meeting him in the grounds of the Hospital either coming or going to the ''Ship and IShovel " for a glass of beer. It seemed most lamentable that a man with Hurst's talents should never have raised himself into a higher position ; but he was quite destitute of ambition, had no push, and, being the best-natured man possible, was at every one's beck and call — was ready to do anything for anybody, or at least he promised to do so, but as often tailed. Nothing could be done with a man who was naturally indolent, who would leave his work unfinished and not care to undertake a remunerative job if there were a chance of a day's fishing. He continued to work until almost the last, dying of apoplexy on P'ebruary 8th, 1886, aged seventy-five. MR. TUPPER. 421 Hurst had a colleague who did work for Guy's. This was John Lucas Tupper, a man of a very different stamp. He was a most excellent draughtsman, and his drawings were faithful, but he had not the delicate touch of Hurst, some of whose transparent tissues were most beautifully displayed, whilst Tupper worked mostly with body colour. Tupper belonged to the " Pre-Raphaelite Brethren," and carried to an extreme the tenets of the school. He would rigidly draw what was put before him, and if you asked him to portray a particular part in order to display some special feature in the case, he would regard it as an affront, as if he had been requested to tell a lie. He assisted Holman Hunt and Rossetti in the publication of their journal the Germ, the organ of the " Pre-Raphaelite Brethren." A poem by him on Spring, as well as essays on the subject of Art, may be found therein. He was appointed drawing master at Rugby in 1865, where he died on September 29th, 1879, leaving a wife and a son and daughter. CHAPTER XL SURGERY ATTENDANT. MONSON HILLS. — Those who remember Guy's during the days of some of its most distinguished surgeons would not consider the picture of the Hospital complete without a prominent position being given to the first Monson Hills, His reign was previous to the time of house-surgeons, and therefore one of great distinc- tion. From the time the School was founded until his death no one was better known at Guy's than Monson Hills. He was born in Suffolk in 1792, and being known to Dr. Babington, was appointed cupper to the Hospital. In 1832 he published a little book on cupping, in which he introduced a mode of simplifying the opera- tion. On the publication of this work he received the following testimonial : " Sir Astley Cooper thanks Mr. Hills for his able work on cupping, which he considers highly creditable to himself and to Guy's Hospital." During the years of his office he attended diligently to the practical part of surgery, especially to the diagnosis of fractures and dislocations, and soon acquired such a proficiency that Sir A. Cooper advised him to quality for the College of Surgeons. On four separate occasions he received testimonials from the dressers for his able assistance in cases of emergency and his readiness to communicate practical information. In this position as cup])er he was resident at the Hospital, and consequently always in conlact with MR. MONSON HILLS. 423 those students whose duty it was to act as clerks and dressers to the ph3^sicians and surgeons. The experience of Mr. Hills and his possession of all that knowledge requisite to meet emergencies as they daily occur in a large hospital was duly appreciated and sought after hy the student. With Mr. Hills at his right hand he would act with coolness and decision, without him with tremb- ling and doubt. When we remember that the house- surgeon at Guy's was merely a dresser, it will be seen that a great responsibility rested upon his shoulders, and when we think how few mishaps occurred we shall know what was due to the supervision of Mr. Hills. The Hospital authorities were perhaps hardly aware how much of the general order of the establishment was due to him. In the dead hour of the night perhaps, when a bleeding insensible body was brought in from the streets, and the dresser at his wits' end to know whether it was a case for the stomach pump or the trephine, or whether or not the case was one of apoplexy — at such a time could the presence of the "Governor" alone restore calm and decision to the troubled mind of the dresser. We speak of the " Governor," for by this name was he best known at Guy's, and those who have experienced his fatherly care and regard will feel how well his actions responded to this honourable title. Only those who were acquainted with him could know and appreciate the kind and affable way in which he dropped a hint or suggestion into the pupil's ear when he saw him in a strait, or how he could direct his mind into the right channel, without even the student being aware that he was being instructed or had acted upon another's will. This modest method of imparting his knowledge was a remarkable trait in Mr. Monson Hills' character. What difficulties, what blunders have been avoided, and what consequent annoyances spared the authori- ties, by the presence of the ever watchliil " Governor " 424 niOGRAPIIICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. ^vitllill the walls of Guy's ! At all hours of the night he was ever ready to give his friendly advice. To a stranger his position in this respect niight have appeared anomalous, but the circumstance is explained by his aflability of manner and great surgical ex- perience. Ever recognising his own position in the due deference he paid to the medical officers, his gentlemanly behaviour and professional knowledge were ever tending to make them forget it. The friendly shake of the hand with which he was greeted by all testifies more than words can do to the feeling which animated those who came in contact with him. The students, too, made him their confidant, for free as is the intercourse between officers and pupils, still the connection seldom goes beyond purely profes- sional matters. All those questions which have to do with the pupil's prospects in life, his hopes and his fears, are not suited to the time or the occasion of the pro- fessor's visit. Mr. Hills was there, however, with an open ear to listen to all the private wants of the pupil, and ever ready to caution and advise. Thus he became most intimately acquainted with the students, and dwelt closer to their hearts than any officer in the establish- ment. For this reason they respected him, they revered him, they loved him. AVhen at last his pupilage had expired and the young practitioner was looking abroad in the world for a position in which to start, the " Governor's " advice was once again sought, for his observations of the rise, progress, and success of so many men had given him an experience of the utmost value. His benignity was equally displayed towards the patients, to whom he was remarkably kind and indulgent, and so far from growing callous from a constant association with disease, the suffering of others only increased his sym- pathy. He gave his children a good education ; his MR. MONSON HILLS. 425 eldest son succeeded him in his post at the Hospital, but has since died, and another Dr. William Hills became medical superintendent of the Norwich Hospital. Mon- son Hills died of bronchitis, in January 1853, aged sixty-two. All the students formed a double line, through which the coffin passed, and more than a hundred members of the profession were present at the grave. The Lancet said of him : " In our frequent visits to Guy's Hospital, whilst collecting facts for the * Mirror,' we often came in contact with Mr. Hills. He had won for himself the esteem of all the medical officers, and was very much liked by the pupils ; and it affords us much pleasure to state that we found him ever ready to assist us, in the most kind and willing manner, whenever an opportunity presented itself. We often had occasion to convince ourselves how extremely useful Mr. Hills made himself in the surgery, the operating theatre, and the wards, and to what extent he had dignified a secondary station by his gentlemanly manners and respectful courtesy." CHAPTER XII. OTHER DISTINGUISHED MEN CONNECTED WITH GUY'S. IN SO large a School as Guy's, it is evident that it must have sent out into the world a great many students who afterwards rose to celebrity and held offices and appointments elsewhere. It would be a pleasant task, therefore, to look around and select all those men of eminence in every part of the world who might at one time have been styled Guy's men ; but it would be beyond the scope of this work to attempt, even were it possible, to go on such a voyage of discovery. We should have liked, however, to have enumerated all those who have at any time been connected with our own School, even for a short period ; but un- fortunately our records do not allow us to do even this, and therefore we must be content to mention the names of one or two men known to fame, more especially those which appear in our " Guy's Hospital Reports.'" Amongst the eminent men of former times was Sir JaxMes Edward Smith, the founder of the Linniean Society, and the most famous botanist of his day. He it was who bought the collection of Linmeus, and pub- lished a splendid work on botany. He lectured at Guy's in the beginning of the century. He was succeeded by Dii. Rubeut John Tuuunton, DR. THORNTON— MR. JOHNSON. 427 who was also a celebrated botanist. He entered at Guy's as a medical student, and took his degree at Cambridge in 1797. He gave as his thesis a discovery which he himself had made contrary to the received opinions — that the animal heat arises from the oxygen imbibed from the air in the lungs by the blood flowing through them, and that in its circulation through the body the blood becomes decomposed. He gave lectures on botany at Guy's about 1804. His portrait may be seen in the celebrated picture at the rooms of the Medical Society already mentioned. He is seen on the right side, Avith his hand to his chin. In 1807 Dr. Thornton published an illustrated folio entitled " New Illustration of the Sexual System of Linnaeus," the frontispiece of which contains an engraving of the author, together with a representation of the " Entrance into that most noble Public Charity and admirable Medical Establishment Guy's Hospital." The latter is a beautifully clear line engraving of the front quad- rangle, with its iron railings and gates. The handsome central facade seems to be much the same as it is now, except that its outline is not spoilt by the skylight of the present operating theatre. An injured man is being carried through the front gates on a stretcher by two stalwart youths, and at his side walks his weeping wife. The clock over the chapel is shown. The date of publication on the plate is May 1st, 1799, and the engraver is W. Woolnoth ; but at the foot of the frontis- piece stands the name of Bartolozzi. Most of the older Guy's men will best remember Mr. Charles Johnson, who was lecturer on botany for a great many years. Amongst the chemists the name of Dk. Bostock ought to be mentioned. He was a Liverpool man, sou 428 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. of Dr. John Bostock, sen., and came to London in 1817, when he succeeded Dr. Marcet, joining himself afterwards with Mr. Aikin. Pie did much analytical work of the animal secretions for Dr. Bright. His name will be seen in connection with that of Mr. Brett, a rising young chemist who died early. The name of Dr. Thomas Williams will be known to the readers of the " Guy's Hospital Reports " as the author of some very original papers. He entered Guy's in 1837, and soon showed the great talents with which he was possessed. He took several prizes and his M.D. at the University of London. At an early period of his life he had renal dropsy, from which he recovered, and he recorded his case in the medical journals. He was a most remarkable man, striking in his appearance and manner ; indeed, he came under the denomination of genius. It was grand to see him at the Physical Society standing up with long, flowing, black hair, making a speech on some abstruse question, having an air of inspiration as the eloquent phrases flowed from him. But it was not all talk : he was eminently scientific, and was one of the first at Guy's who could be said to have under- stood the full powers of the microscope. Having grasped the new cell-doctrine of Schwann, he wrote some capital essays on the subject in the " Guy's Hospital Reports," 1846-48 ; also another paper on aquatic breathing. Showing how extensive his physiological knowledge was, we will merely quote from one of his essays a few sentences proving, as already mentioned in con- nection with the names of Blundell and Hodgkin, how the doctrine of evolution was beginning to be considered. He says: "It is now a fundamental principle in the science of embryology that the ovum of the mammiferous animal durmg the progress of development exhibits DR. WILLIAMS— DR. CHEVERS. 429 phases of structure which, although transient induration, present the most remarkable correspondence with types of structure which belong persistently to animals inferior in the scale. It is therefore admitted to be necessary, in order to the attainment of the greatest perfection in the detail of organic structure, that nature should first realise the simplest formative idea, and subsequently make advance along the typical gradations of the ex- tended scale which so remotely separates the most simple from the most complex and perfect of living forms," etc. Dr. Williams being only tutor at Guy's, and seeing no opening for any higher position, joined Grainger's School in Webb Street as demonstrator of anatomy. We remember seeing him dissecting the body of Richard Carlile, after Grainger had pronounced an oration over it. Richard Carlile, who was a bookseller in Fleet Street, had been prosecuted for his infidel publications. He left his body for dissection. This was February 14th, 1843. Dr. Williams edited for the Lancet lectures on the ear by Pilcher, the principal aurist of that day. When Grainger's School broke up. Dr. Thomas Williams went back to his native country. South Wales, and commenced practice at Swansea. He soon got into a large practice, and even became famous in the neigh- bourhood, but never ceased to work at science in the department of natural history. His life was short, however, for he died at the age of forty-six, on May 23rd, 1865. No more valuable and original papers are to be found in the " Guy's Hospital Reports " than those by Dr. Norman Chevers, especially those on diseases of the pulmonary artery. Had he remained at Guy's he would have been one of its most distinguished physicians, but he accepted an appointment in the Indian Service and remained in it the whole of his life. He was Secretary 430 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTOIiY OF GTY'S nOSPITAL. to the Medical Board aud wrote a book ou medical juris- prudence, and contributed otherwise to medical literature. Dr. Edward Bentley entered as a student at Guy's in 1842, and afterwards took his degree at St. Andrews. He was secretary of the Clinical Society, and published a report in the " Guy's Hospital Reports " for 1 846. He was remarkable in always being occupied with the or- ganisation of the profession rather than with the scientific study of medicine. During the few years of his life he always had some project in hand for the formation of clubs and societies. Amongst these was the Pathological Society. He saw an opening for such an institution, and called a meeting at his house in Trinity Square, Borough, with Dr. Barlow in the chair, according to a circular which we still possess. After two or three meetings the society was founded, and Dr. J. C. B. Williams was invited to be President, and the first general meeting took place at 21, Regent Street, at the end of the year 1846. Bentley undertook the duties of secretary together with Mr. Nathaniel Ward. Dr. Bentley then seeking for another outlet for his special talents, conceived the idea of a consumptive hospital for the City. He at once set about getting subscriptions and was eminently successful, and in 1848 the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest was founded in Victoria Park. He, of course, was one of the first physicians. He died soon afterwards of spinal disease. Another contributor to the " Reports " was Dr. Guy, who afterwards Ix'came physician to King's College Hospital. His paper on the pulse became classical. He wrote a book on medical jurisprudence, and was President of the Statistical Society. Readers of the " Guy's Hospital Reports " will have DR. DICKSON, 431 observed that the second volume, published in 1837, had for its editor James P. Babington, M.A. Cantab, and M.R.C.S. To this volume he wrote a preface settinof forth the value of the work and of the Clinical Society which was providing materials for it. It seems that he was a candidate for the assistant surgeoncy which Mr. Birkett obtained. Failing in fulfilling his wishes, he left the profession and gave himself to scholastic pursuits. We believe he was a younger brother of Dr. Benjamin Babington, He died in 1890. Dr. Thompson Dickson was lecturer on mental diseases before Dr. Savage succeeded to the chair. He was M.A., M.B., Cantab., 1867, and M.R.C.P. 1868; he was also medical superintendent of St. Luke's Hospital. He gave the lectures at Guy's from 1871 to 1873, and they were in course of publication at the time of his death. He had suffered from mitral disease since an attack of rheumatic fever in childhood, but had fairly good health until his death at the age of thirty, which took place on January 5th, 1874. He was with his wife in his brougham, when he suddenly fell forAvard dead. Dr. Dickson was a very acute thinker, and wrote many excellent papers in the Journal of Blental Science and elsewhere. A leading article in the British Medical Journal called " A Social Blot," and written by Dr. Dickson, called forth some angry remonstrances. There is a paper in the ** Guy's Hospital Reports " by him well worth perusal on the " Dynamics of Epilepsy and Convulsions." Herein he controverts the opinion of Dr. Hughlings Jackson that convulsion is due to an explosion of nerve force in some region of the brain which affects certain muscles, arguing that it is rather the failure of a part of the brain over certain muscles which allows them to undergo convulsive movements under the m- fluence of reflex excitation. 432 BIOGEAPniCAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. The Rev. Frederick Denison Maurice was elected Chaplain of Guy's Hospital in March 1836, when he was thirty-one years of age. It is stated in his bio- graphy that, having previously paid a visit to the Hospital, he wrote to a friend as follows : " I was delighted with the establishment, and I think I should prefer it to a parish, because I am not skilful in sug- gesting improvements in the temporal condition of the poor ; a serious deficiency in the country, but one that will not affect me here. If I could get any influence over the medical students, I should indeed think myself honoured, and though some who have experience think such a hope quite a dream, I still venture to entertain it." After being at the Hospital a month he wrote: "I like Guy's increasingly." He was much interested in the students, and, with the approval of Mr. Harrison, gave some lectures on moral philosophy. Some of these the present writer remembers to have heard. Mr. Maurice's sister, Priscilla, kept house for him until his marriage, and his relatives and friends often came to visit him, such as Mr. Sterling, Mr. Carlyle, etc. In 1840 he was appointed Professor of English Literature and History at King's College. In 1845 he was appointed Boyle Lecturer, and the writer remembers hearing him deliver his lectures on " The Religions of the World " in Guy's Chapel. In 1846 he resigned his appointment at Guy's, on being elected to the Chaplaincy of Lincoln's Inn. In mentioning some of the celebrated men who have been connected with Guy's Hospital, it is impossible to overlook the name of John Keats, the poet — "A loose, slack, not well-dressed youth, with large and lustrous eyes, and hair of golden brown." He was born at Moorfields, October 29th, 1795, went to school at Enfield, and was apprenticed to a surgeon at Edmonton. He afterwards entered as a student at the L'nited Hospitals, and became JOHN KEATS. 433 a pupil of Mr. Lucas. In South's " Memoirs " we read the following account of Keats as a student : " George Cooper, of Brentford, told me that whilst at Guy's Hospital, where he was dresser to Sir Astley Cooper for eighteen months, he lived in St. Thomas's Street, at a tallow-chandler's named Markham, and where John Keats the poet lived with him, having been placed under his charge by Sir A. Cooper." Lord Houghton says : " It soon became apparent that the profession for which young Keats was destined was too unsuitable to be main- tained. There remain careful annotations of the lectures he attended, but when he had once entered on the practical part of his business, he found his mind so oppressed with an overwrought apprehension of doing harm, that he determined on abandoning the course of life to which he had devoted a considerable portion of his small fortune." Although he served a long apprentice- ship and was diligent as a student, he apparently abandoned the profession before he took any medical qualification. Professor Masson has clearly shown that there is no reason to suppose that Keats was at all affected in health or that he was in any way touched by the harsh and ignorant criticism of his poems which appeared in the Quarterly and Blackwood maga- zines ; that, in fact, he was not " snuffed out by an article," according to Byron's fancy. Keats had long suffered from consumption, and died of this disease on February 23rd, 1821, at Rome, in which city he was buried. "Oil, weep for Adonais — he is dead ! Like a pale flower by some sad maiden clierish'd And fed with true-love tears, instead of dew. The Soul of Adonais, like a star, Beacons from the abode where the Eternal are." 28 APPENDIX. MR. EDWARD COCK. Whilst this work is going through the press there has passed awa}' the Nestor of our medical staff, one who has held a prominent position in the school since its establishment, and one who has occupied the warmest place in the heart of every student for the last half-centtiry. Mr. Edward Cock died at Kingston-on- Thames on August 1st, 1892, at the ripe age of eighty- seven. We have more than once alluded to him in this work as still amongst us, but beibre we end its pages it behoves us to devote a short space to his memory, leaving a fuller biography to be written for the " Guy's Hospital Reports." No Guy's man now living ever speaks of him but with esteem and love. His large experience as a surgeon, his clear- ness of vision in unfolding any difficult case before him, his natural abilities and sense of humour, com- bined with a supreme kindness of heart, made up a character and name which met with universal venera- tion. Moreover, his general appearance and manner were such as to prevent his assumption of a superiority over others — an attitude always conducive to a feeling of antagonism. Although he had a noble head and handsome face, his figure appeared mean as he stooped and shuffled along ; associated with this was a hesita- tion in his speech which made all that he said and did characteristic of the man. His drooping, slouch- ing gait caused him to be called *' old " Cock in MR. EDWARD COCK. 435 his early years, although the more familiar and endearing name of "Teddy," which he retained to his latest days, is sufRcieut to show the place he held in the hearts of all. Mr. Cock was the nephew of Sir Astley Cooper, and, as may be supposed, worshipped the name of his uncle. Unlike the latter, however, who in his early life was a Radical in politics, and in his pro- fession was ever in search of new physiological truths and improved methods of treatment, Mr. Cock was an extreme Conservative in most things, and there- fore did not look with much favour on innovations in surgery, whether they had reference to operations or other modes of treatment. His name is not, therefore, known in connection with any great advancement in his art. What he did, however, he did well, so that his clinical lectures were models of precision and distinguished for their practical aim. They were also most excellent in style, for Mr. Cock was possessed of much literary power, and his reading was extensive. When he warmed up after a public dinner, no one could make a better speech, for he then became fluent, and his stammering was hardly noticeable. He was a man of cultivated taste and a connoisseur of painting ; possessing an excellent collection of pictures. For some reason which he could never himself explain (except in humorous and colloquial phrases) he fell into the practice of a speciality. This in one sense was fortunate, for he made a good income by it, which probably he never would have done as a general surgeon. Almost of necessity this speciality extended to the treatment of diseases of the urinary organs, and of these he had a good practical knowledge. Consequently it might be surmised that stricture be- came a subject of interest to him, and that his name would be associated with its treatment. For some time 4;ifi BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF .GUY'S HOSPITAL. he practised the puncture per rectum lor retention of urine, but afterwards he elaborated a more perfectly contrived " perineal section," which has since borne his name. On this and allied subjects he published several papers in the *' Guy's Hospital Reports." Mr. Cock became attached to the school about the time of its openino^, and contributed to the formation of the museum by his dissections and other work. He afterwards became demonstrator of anatomy, and was regarded as one of the best anatomists of the day. His "Head and Neck" became a favourite book with students. His lectures were exceedingly good in spite of his hesitation of speech, and these he continued for many years, until it was considered advisable to separate the anatomical from the physiological course. Whilst assistant surgeon, from 1838 to 1849, he spent a large part of liis time in the hospital, and in this way gained the vast experience for which he was famed, his colleague, Mr. Callaway, doing very little of the work. He lived for many years in St. Thomas's Street, until the governors of ??t. Thomas's Hospital turned him out to make room for one of their own younger men. Then he took consulting rooms in Dean Street, and went to reside at Kingston. His house there was well known as the home ot hospitality, for Mr. Cock was never so happy as when surrounded by his friends at his dinner table. After having lived there some time as a bachelor, he married about 1870 Miss Nunn, the sister of Mr. Nunn, of Colchester ; she predeceased him by several years. We have said that Mr. Cock was universally beloved not only by his professional brethren, students, and friends, but by all who came in contact with him, especially the poor and the needy. This was owing to his excessive kindness of heart. The irritability of his manner was mainly due to his difficulty in speaking. MR, EDWARD COCK. 437 His interlocutor often answered him before his sentence was complete ; then followed a sharp or contradictory- word, which somehow never produced annoyance, but on the contrary much mirth, for the oddity of the expression delivered with a stammering tongue was often extremely ludicrous, or in common parlance *' funny," It may well be imagined that there are a large number of stories afloat about Mr. Cock, given in his own hesitating manner ; many, no doubt, are fictitious. His real benevolence was so remarkable and so unostentatious, that we feel not a tithe of it can be known. He was not content with seeing his name figure in a charitable subscription list, but he would seek out the individual v*'ho was in want and place his guinea or five-pound note in his hand. His old hospital patients he never seemed to forget. By chance one day he was found in an obscure street in Rotherhithe, where it appears he paid occasional visits to give alms to a young man who had been crippled for life by an accident. His mode of giving was so graceful that he seldom allowed the recipient to feel himself a debtor. One case may be mentioned as an example of Mr. Cock's behaviour to the poor and needy. A patient who had had all the front part of his face eaten away so as to leave a large hole in the middle of his countenance, was obliged in consequence to give up his post as gardener to the Greenwich Hospital. Mr. Cock took compassion on him, fitted him up with a new nose and spectacles, and thus embellished he subsequently be- came a well-known, though not an inviting, object to the inhabitants of iSt. Thomas's Street. ^Yllen thus improved, Mr. Cock informed him that he should be his gardener. There was then, as now, a plot of ground consisting of a few square feet in the rear of St. Thomas's Street, where once stood, we believe, Mr. Churchill's bookseller's shop. This was covered 438 DIOGRArillCAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. with ffrass, and had a fountain in the middle, in which a live eel disported itself; a fig tree grew against Mr. Cock's house, and beneath it was a seat on which the surgeon could repose ; a few flowers and shrubs scattered about, the biggest of which, the students said, was a copaiba tree, completed the rustic picture. Mr. Cock gave the man weekly wages, and fed him at his own house. In the early summer morning the old gardener might be heard merrily whetting his scythe, and during many weeks managed to excite a rustic feeling in the minds of Mr. Cock's neighbours by various innocent devices. By keeping the grass plot closely shaved, continually scraping the flower beds, putting in the ground flowers lull blown, and sowing seeds which never came up, he managed to get through a day's performance. Whether Mr. Cock or the gardener believed most in this arcadian illusion, we cannot say, but we do know that both master and man were made happier by it. When a man's right hand knoweth not what his left hand doeth, it is quite impossible to ascertain the extent of his good acts, and therefore we may take it for certain that such a story as we have related of Mr. Cock does not stand alone. We remember well at one of the Hospital dinners, we had near us an old student who was accompanied by a friend. There was the usual acclamation from the company when the diflereut members of the staff" were toasted, but the name of Mr. Cock brought out the most tremendous applause. The guest inquired of his friend the reason, seeing that all Mr. Cock's colleagues were equally renowned pro- fessors and teachers The answer was significant : ** Because he has a heart." Not a word need be said as to Mr. Cock's high professional character, for since all quackery and ungentlemanly acts arise from attempts at self- MR. EDWARD COCK. 439 aggrandisemeDt in some form or other, these could have had do place in one so kindly disposed to his fellows and so thoroughly unselfish as Mr, Cock. EdM'ard Cock became a member of the College of Surgeons on March 28th, 1828, and was one of the first twenty-seven members on whom the diploma of the Fellowship of the College was conferred, on Decem- ber 11th, 1843, He was subsequently a member of the Council and of the Court of Examiners, and in 1869 he was elected President of the College of Sur- geons. BOOK V. LATEB HISTOBY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL AND THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. CHAPTER I. THE HOSPITAL AND SCHOOL BUILDINGS. THE most important addition to the buildings of Guy's Hospital made during the latter half of the present century is the handsome edifice known, in memory of its founder, as Hunt's House, to which allusion has been previously made. In pursuance of Hunt's will, a certain number of patients were at first accommodated in temporary wards, made out of old warehouses, which occupied the site of what is now the Park ; but about 1850 the small houses standing between Maze Pond and King (now Newcomen) Street, which had been used latterly for various offices con- nected with the school, as well as for the obstetric and children's wards, were pulled down, and an entirely separate and modern hospital was erected. Hunt's House consists of a large central block, with north and south wings, of which the central portion and south wing were constructed in 1853 from designs by Mr. Rohde Hawkins. The main entrance to these buildings, which overlooks the Park, is flanked on each 442 DIOGRAPniCAL niSTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. side by a square tower one hundred and fifteen teet high, and surmounted with an octagonal turret. In the rear of the grand staircase, which occupies the central block, there is another tower two hundred feet in height, which bears an octagonal lantern and a spire of open iron work. Five separate floors open directly from the main staircase ; of these the ground-floor provides accommodation for the various out-patient departments, offices and dispensaries, while the first, second, and third floors are entirely devoted to the reception of in-patients. The upper or fifth floor is reserved as a dormitory for nurses. The space on the ground floor is supplemented by a projection which extends round the base of the building, and contains several rooms used in connection with the out-patient work. The building is made of brick with stone facings ; the base- ment projection is faced with rough sandstone, and surmounted with an elegant balustrade, which encloses a terraced walk along both sides of the edifice. Its spacious staircase in the central block is made of iron and Craigleith stone. As regards the cost of construc- tion, the expense of this portion of the building amounted to i:33,846. In 1871 Hunt's House was completed by the addition of a north wing. The original designs of the architect were in the main carried out, but it was found necessary to modify several of its internal structural arrangements. Thus the space which occupies the centre of each ward in the south wing was omitted, and the dividing wall was replaced by supporting columns and arches. Owing to these alterations the symmetry ol' the building is not perfect, the north wing being filty feet shorter than the south. Two stjuare towers flank the end of the new wini;, one of which is occupied by the bath-rooms and lavatories attached to each ward, while the other con- tains private rooms for special cases. On the ground THE HOSPITAL AND SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 443 floor of this part are the ophthalmic wards and the anatomical museum, while the four floors ahove this are appropriated as in the south wing. The kitchens and sculleries, situated in the basement, are in com- munication with the old buildings, or Guy's House, b)^ means of a subway. On a level with the kitchen, at the end of the north wing, is the nurses' dining-hall, a spacious and lofty apartment, with a hammer-beam roof and large skylight. One of its walls is decorated with a beautiful fresco representing " Spring." The artist, Mr. H. J. Draper, who had gained a prize for a design for the decoration of a public building, was commissioned by the President and Council of the Royal Academy to carry it out in fresco ; it was completed in 1889. The picture measures eighteen feet in length, and is seven feet high. Some years before this event, in 1868, ten large pictures were presented by Mr. John Absolon for the adornment of the new hospital. They are copies of well-known pictures by himself, such as *' Sunday Morning in the Olden Time," "Burns Extracting a Thorn from the Arm of a Highland Beauty," " Mercy at the Wicket Gate," etc., and may be seen upon the landings and staircase of Hunt's House. The ventilation of this building is carried out by a special system devised' by Mr. Sylvester. The fresh air from a high level is introduced into the wards by means of the two smaller towers near the front entrance. The air flows down to the basement, where it passes through heated chambers, and ascends by a separate series of flues to the wards, entering through gratings placed in one wing of the building near the ceiling, and in the other wing in the floor. A corresponding series of flues in direct communication with the main tower gets rid of the vitiated atmosphere, together with the smoke from the numerous fireplaces. The erection of the north wing, including additional expenditure incurred 444 BIOGRAnilCAL HISTORY OF GUYS HOSPITAL. in excavation and structural alterations, cost about £32,900. The number of bezels available for in-patients was further increased in 1860 by the conversion of the Lunatic House into two clinical wards. This house was built, alter the custom of the time, in two separate galleries, with cells on each side opening into them. It was completed in 1774, and afforded accom- modation for twenty confirmed lunatics. Nearly a hundred years afterwards the governors, acting upon the discretionary power given them by Guy's will, decided to discontinue the reception of lunatics into a general hospital. The cell-walls were removed, the loophole iron-grated windows were enlarged and ex- tended to the level of the floor, and two fireplaces were planted back to back in the centre of each gallery. A room attached to the middle of the building was fitted up for the use of students acting as clinical assistants. It contains a portrait in oil of an old gentleman, who bequeathed it to the Hospital along wdth his body, which he desired should be used for the purpose of dissection. These two new wards, called Miriam and John, were opened on May 1st, 1860, and provided between forty and fifty beds. They at once became the " clinical wards," that title having previously been borne by Lydia and Job wards. The appropriation of the Lunatic House to the general purposes of the hospital allowed the airing grounds for the lunatics and other patients, which were separated by a high wall, to be thrown together. It appears from Mr. Turner's report, to which we are indebted for much inlbrniation on this subject, that the governors about this period purchased property in Queen Street, which, when cleared, formed, with the airing-ground belontriug to the Lunatic House, an extensive area, now known as the Park. In one corner of it was erected an alcove obtained from old THE HOSPITAL AND SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 445 London Bridge on its removal in 1831 ; it was furnished with a stout seat made from portions of the old oak piles used in the foundations of the same structure. The date of its erection is 1861. In 1858 the Chapel, which had for some time stood in great need of renovation, was repainted and decorated by Mr. Grace, and numerous alterations were made in the arrangement of the galleries and pews. Three painted glass windows, executed under the direction of Mr. Grace, were erected by the governors as a memorial to Mr. Hunt, the second great benefactor of the hospital. A marble tablet was at the same time put up to the memory of Sir Astley Gooper, whose remains were deposited, at his particular request, in the vault beneath the chapel, in company with those of Thomas Guy, William Hunt, and others previously mentioned. Memorial tablets have been subsequently erected to Dr. Addison, Richard and James Stocker (father and son, who held in succession the post of resident medical officer at Guy's Hospital for more than eighty years). Sir William Gull, Bart., and two members of the nursing staff, who died from diseases contracted in the discharge of their duties. The following year Mr. Grace undertook the repainting of the governors' court room. The portraits of Thomas Guy and Mr. Harrison were sunk into the panels of the wainscoting, and the whole interior of this handsome apartment was renovated. The decoration of the ceiling, which represents the apotheosis of Guy, was the work of Sir James Thornhill. Since the date mentioned the portrait of the late treasurer, Mr. Thomas Turner, has been placed there. Another portrait of Guy, painted by Vanderbank in 1706, and bequeathed to the Hospital by Mr. Harry Butterworth in 1860, is hanging in the treasurer's drawing-room. In the old Hospital buildings the most important 446 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. changes have been the enlargement and re-modeiling of the medical librar}^ and the construction in 1867 of a new operating theatre on the north side of Guy's House ; the latter was a work of considerable difficulty and ex- pense. At the same time the windows near the entrances of Luke and Naaman wards were carried outwar3s, and a stone staircase, with a wide landing, was erected in place of the old wooden one. About 1870 the accommodation on the first floor of this part of the Hospital was some- what diminished by the removal of Esther ward, formerly known as Chapel ward from the fact that the services were originally held there. Its place is now occupied by a narrow^ corridor, extending between Job and Lydia wards, and some small rooms for the use of the nurses. The present surgeries and the adjacent end of the Accident ward were constructed on the site of the old out-patient rooms when that department was removed to the south wing of Hunt's House. At the same time (about 1853) the apothecaries' shop, which occupied the position of the present superintendent's oflftces and the store-rooms in the basement, was taken to the large dispensary near the out-patient department. The water supply of the Hospital has often caused anxiety, but in 1858 it was materially increased by the sinking of an artesian well on the premises to a depth (including the boring into the chalk) of about three hundred feet. For many years this afforded a sufficient supply, but latterly, owing to the sinking of other wells in the neighbourhood, the quantity has gradually di- minished, until now it barely suffices for oue half of the requirements of the hospital. About the same year new washhouses, drying-rooms, and laundries were erected (m a portion of a freehold site near Petersham House, in place of inconvenient and dilapidated buildings. The mortuary and post-mortem theatre, which originally stood near the medical library, were taken down in 1879, THE HOSPITAL AND SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 447 and new buildings of a larger type, and more suitably arranged, were erected in the rear of Petersham House. To these a laboratory was added in 1888 for pathological and microscopical research, and it was subsequently fitted up for demonstrations in bacteriology. The alterations and additions which have been made in the school premises during the last few years are very numerous, and need not be fully described. The original dissecting room formed a part of the museum buildings erected in 1825. A coloured elevation by the architect, Mr. Samuel Robinson, is still preserved. But in 1850 these buildings were greatly enlarged. The front wall w^as carried forwards, Avhile the dissecting room w^as thrown into the museum, of which it now forms the south wing, and a new one was built on adjoining ground. In 1873 this dissecting room was very much enlarged, and provided with a theatre for demonstrations. When Hunt's House was completed the anatomical wax models by Mr. Towne, together with other specimens, were removed from the museum to the large room on the ground floor of that building, which they still occupy. Large class-rooms were added to the museum buildings in 1878, and still more recently (1888) two physiological laboratories were erected near the dissecting room, and provided with the necessary apparatus. The laboratory behind the medical library, specially designed and- furnished for practical chemistry, was built in 1871. The growth of the medical school and the additional requirements for teaching have now rendered the accommodation in- sufficient, and necessitated further extensions. For this purpose a large block of buildings is in course of erection on land adjoining Petersham House — the site of the old fives' court and carpenters' w^orkshops. It will comprise laboratories for chemistry, experimental physics and bacteriology, together with a lecture 448 BIOGRAPnWAL niSTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. theatre and extensive apartments required for the dental school. The College. Ever since Guy's has had a school a college has always been in contemplation, but circumstances of various kinds have prevented the fulfilment of our wishes until the present time. In the year 1840, when Dr. Ashwell delivered the introductory lecture, he thus alluded to the previous introductory given by Dr. Addison : " On the last occasion when we assembled in this theatre Dr. Addison, amongst other plans for giving increased efficiency to the education prosecuted in this Hospital, mentioned the treasurer's wish and intention to erect a suitable building for the lodgment of students, in which each individual should enjoy the privileges and advantages aiforded in these particulars by Oxford and Cambridge. Such a plan is still in existence, and I am authorised to say it only waits the result of certain legislative enactments connected with the profession to justify its commencement." Again in 1877 the project was discussed between the governors and the staff, and plans were actually made by the hospital surveyor, but further negotiations were abandoned. It was not until the winter of 1887, when it was found necessary to increase the number of resident appointments at the Hospital, that the matter was once more brought forward. A committee of the Medical School recommended the erection of a college to lodge the resident stall', together with other students, and the court of governors sanctioned the scheme. Fortunately the Hospital was in possession of a piece of ground close to the Maze Pond Gate, and it was found that a college built on that site could be put into communication with Hunt's House, as well as the old building, by means of a short subway. The scheme likewise afiorded a means THE HOSPITAL AND SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 449 of providing premises for the students' club, an insti- tution which was founded in 1887, and was at that time occupying an empty ward. A college committee was formed, consisting of the president, treasurer, and three governors, with four members of the medical and school staff; and the ground above mentioned was leased to this committee on favourable terms by the Hospital. Excavations were begun in August 1888, and the building was formally opened by Mr. Gladstone on March 26th, 1890. The cost of building and furnishing amounted to £21,000, the money being raised by debentures, the interest upon which was secured on the school fund. Dr. E. C. Perry, who was appointed the first warden, has published in the '* Guy's Hospital Reports " a full account of its foundation, from which the foregoing particulars are taken. The college is built of red brick, in a quadrangular form, with its front entrance opposite to the Maze Pond Gate of the Hospital. The residential portion consists of a house for the warden, and rooms for the house- surgeons, house-physicians, obstetric residents and ex- terns, together with accommodation for about fifty other students. The apartments for the use of members of the students' club comprise a lofty smoking room on the ground floor, a handsome well-ventilated dining- hall, and a reading room and library on the first floor. The hall, which is capable of accommodating one hundred and twenty persons at dinner, has an open pitch-pine roof with a central Jleche, and is in direct communication by a lift with the kitchens in the basement. The college library of general literature was founded in 1890 at the suggestion of Mr. Gladstone, the money being raised by liberal subscriptions from the governors and old students of the Hospital. In the quadrangle of the college a gymnasium has been built, for the most part beneath the level of the ground, with a raised roof of 29 450 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. iron-work and glass. A brass tablet on the wall bears the following inscription, "This Gymnasium was built and furnished by the liberality of F. W. Pavy, Esq., M.D., F.R.S., LL.D., October 1890." There is ample lavatory accommodation adjoining it. CHAPTER II. • THE HOSPITAL AND ITS WORK. DURING the period now under consideration — the latter part of the present century— the relief afforded by the Hospital has been greatly extended by the creation of departments for the treatment of diseases of the ear, throat, and teeth. When dealing with the rise and progress of the Medical School in an earlier part of this book, the foundation of the eye infirmary, the obstetric and children's wards, the electrical depart- ment, and the lying-in charity was described. These institutions have on the whole steadily kept pace with the growing influence of the Hospital, and their number has been increased from time to time as the need for special departments developed. Thus in 1863 Mr. James Hinton was appointed the first aural surgeon to the Hospital, and was deputed to take charge of patients affected with diseases of the ear. Dermatology had for many years received special attention at Guy's. Dr. Addison in particular was an authority on the subject, and was in the habit of selecting cases from the out- patients suitable for the demonstration of cutaneous diseases, and exhibiting them to his class held in the chemical theatre. This practice was followed by Sir William Gull and other physicians, until in December 1866 a day was set apart for seeing this class of patients only, and Dr. Hilton Fagge was appointed in charge of the skin department. Likewise in 1887 a special day 452 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. was appointed for the attendance of patients with dis- eases of the throat, under the control of Mr. Charters Symonds. Tile Dental School. — The importance of this insti- tution and the rapidity of its growth are reasons for describing in some detail the circumstances which led to its foundation. It has already been noted that the first lectures on dentistry at any medical school in England were de- livered at Guy's Hospital by Joseph Fox : at a time too when its separate medical school had not been founded. Fox left his specimens and models to the Hospital, which are preserved in the museum, and was succeeded in 1825 by Thomas Bell — a man who "had the great merit of applying the general rules of surgery to the art of dentistry." From that year until his retirement about 1861 Mr. Bell lectured regularly on the structure and diseases of the teeth. But though Guy's Medical School was foremost in creating a dental department at the very beginning of its existence, and in regarding dentistry as an important branch of surgery which should be taught by scientific lectures and practice, yet progress in the mode of treatment adopted in the out- patient department seems to have been very slow, and little beyond extraction was ever attempted. Indeed the arrangements did not admit of the satisfactory application of those conservative principles in dental surgery now so well established. Such advantages could only be obtained at special dental hospitals, where patients were admitted solely by subscribers' orders. To fulfil the requirements of the examining boards, a dental student was bound to attend the prac- tice of a general hospital as well as that of a dental hospital for a period of two years, and as this work was carried on contemporaneously much inconvenience and waste of time resulted. Towards the end of 1888 it THE HOSPITAL AND ITS WORK. 453 was proposed to establish a dental school at Guy's Hos- pital, with the twofold object of increasing the efficiency of the Hospital as a charitable institution by providing the poor of the neighbourhood with the benefits of conservative dental surgery, and of offering a complete education to dental students under the most favourable conditions for obtaining a diploma. The scheme re- ceived the sanction of the Governors on December 19th, 1888, and suitable rooms and laboratories were erected near Petersham House at the expense of the Hospital, the entire cost of furnishing the apartments being borne by the Medical School. A staff of dental surgeons, lecturers, and demonstrators was appointed, and in October 1889 the Dental School attached to Guy's Hospital was opened. Since that date the requirements of the department have so rapidly increased that it has been found necessary to provide more commodious workrooms. These will form part of the block now being built near Petersham House. The Hospital Staff. — The ever-increasing work of the Hospital, the natural result of the creation of these departments of practice and the rapid growth of the neighbourhood in which Guy's is situated — a growth which may be roughly estimated as twenty-fold when the present population is compared with that existing at the time of the foundation of the Hospital — has neces- sarily led to a corresponding increase in the number of medical men attached to the institution who consti- tute the Hospital Staff. At the beginning of its history two physicians and two surgeons were appointed to the Hospital at a salary of £40 a year each. In 1745 a third physician was appointed, and in the Medical Register of 1779 we read that the staff consists of three physicians and three surgeons, and of an apothe- cary and his assistant. No doubt the number of patients seeking admission and attending as out-patients had 454 DIOGRAPIIICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S UOSriTAL. considerably increased, for a few years after the date above mentioned new wards were opened in the original building by making use of the corridors on the ground floor. The first mention of an assistant medical officer appears in the minutes of the Court of Committees, dated 1 795. The Treasurer having received an applica- tion from the physicians of the Hospital for assistance in the case of the out-patient dejiartment, it was resolved that **an assistant physician (without any salary) was necessary to take charge of the out-patients " and to act during the illness or absence of the other physicians. Many years elapsed before an assistant surgeon was appointed ; in fact the office was specially made by the Treasurer for Mr. Aston Key in 1821, though ostensibly for the better treatment of the surgical out-patients. During the next seventeen years no change in the number of the staff took place, but in 1838 the late Mr. Edward Cock was appointed as a second assistant surgeon, Mr. Callaway being his colleague. Two years after this another assistant ])hysician was elected, so that in 1840 the staff included three full and two assistant physicians and surgeons. The opening of large wards in the south wing of Hunt's House and the en- largement of the out-patient accommodation doubtless rendered the work of the medical staff heavier, for in 1851 three assistant physicians are mentioned, the senior staff remaining as before. Except for the short time during which Dr. Gull was appointed by the Treasurer to be a fourth assistant physician, no imj)or- tant change took place in the Hospital staff until 18G2, when the number of the full surgeons was increased to four. Nine years later a fourth full physician was added ; the present arrangement of four senior and four assistant physicians and surgeons, making sixteen in all, diites from 1877. The beds are so allotted that each full THE HOSPITAL AND ITS WORK. ' 455 physician and surgeon has the charge of from thirty- five to fifty cases. The assistant officers have the con- trol of the whole of the medical and surgical out-patient departments, and for this they receive a salary of £100 per annum from the Hospital. To each assistant surgeon a few beds are allotted, and he is called upon to fulfil the duties of his senior officer in the event of the illness or enforced absence of the latter, as well as to direct the treatment of cases of emergency occurring at night. Though the assistant physicians have no beds permanently under their care, yet during the summer months they have sole charge of the clinical wards in rotation, and at all times they fulfil the duties of their seniors in the general wards when so required. It was not until about the year 1850, or at the time of Mr. Turner's appointment as treasurer, that separate wards were allotted to the medical and surgical cases. Previously they were mixed, so that physicians and sur- geons had patients in the same ward — an arrangement which was very detrimental to the physical examination of medical cases. Patients are admitted to the Hospital at any hour and are placed as far as possible under the care of the full physician or surgeon who is on duty for that week. The taking -in week begins on Wednesday morning, that day having been set apart for the admission and dis- charge of patients when the Hospital was first estab- lished. As explained elsewhere, a committee of the Governors met on that day and received applications for admission, while at the same time patients who were about to leave the Hospital were presented to the com- mittee that they might return thanks for the benefits they had received. Though this custom no longer prevails as regards the discharge of patients, a certain number of new cases are still admitted by a committee which meets every Wednesday morning. In John 456 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. Howard's account of Guy's, from which we have already quoted, there are some interesting remarks on the pay- ments made by the patients at that time. He says, " I saw a woman brine her child, and with tears leave the fee of '2s. 9i/. for the nurse and ^d. for the steward. The foul patients pay seven shillings. Every patient on admission must lay down twenty shillings or find security for their burial." St. Thomas's Hospital was even more expensive. '* Every clean patient pays a fee of 3s. 6c/. at admission, and a foul or venereal patient pays IO5. 6(/., besides 4d. a day ; and all pay the nurses for washing their linen." It is scarcely needful to add that these regulations do not obtain at the present day, and that, with the exception of a few beds which are reserved for those who can afford to pay, patients are admitted to all parts of the Hospital free of expense. The steady growth of the work of the institution is seen in the following figures: in 1727, two years after the opening of the Hospital, 1,080 patients were admitted; in 1831 the number was 3,279 ; and during the last twelve months the total number of in-patients was 6,136. As might be expected, the increase in the number of out- patients attending the Hospital has been far more rapid. Maitland tells us that on July 27th, 1738, there were 16 out-patients; during the last year there was an average of nearly 200 a day. The total number of out- patients in 1891 was 59,871 ; in these figures the minor casualties, the extern cases, and the dental patients are included. No account of the management of the Hospital would be complete without a reference to the resident appoint- ments which have been established as the result of the intimate association of the Hospital and Medical School, to the manifest advantage of both. The earliest of these was the resident obstetric clerkship. \Vhen the lying-in charity was opened in 1833, its management THE HOSPITAL AND ITS WORK. 457 was in the hands of a physician accoucheur, two as- sistant accoucheurs, and a female attendant ; and the work of the institution was carried out by selected pupils of the Hospital under the supervision of the as- sistant accoucheurs. In 1849 it is recorded that three pupils or students — two of whom were senior men, and had obtained legal qualifications to practise — were appointed resident obstetric clerks and provided with lodgings and commons within the walls of the Hospital. Their duties were invested with much responsibility, and required them to be ready at all times to assist with their counsel and co-operation the body of junior students who attended the cases. Except that there are only two obstetric residents at the present time, no important change has taken place in the character of this office since it was instituted. Next in chronological order is the house-surgeoncy. The arrangements prevailing in the surgical department of the Hospital at the end of the last century are well described in Mr. Joseph Warner's letter (p. 88). It is definitely stated that there was at that time no house- surgeon either at Guy's or St. Thomas's Hospital. For many years the post of resident medical officer was filled by the Stockers, father and son ; in that capacity Mr. Stocker saw and prescribed for every new case taken in during the absence of the physician or surgeon. But the dressers depended more on the advice and help of the resident surgery attendant, Mr. Monson Hills, to carry them through any difficulty that might arise in respect of the minor casualties. Towards the end of 1856 a house-surgeon was appointed from those students who had obtained the diploma of the College of Surgeons. He held office for six months, and in the absence of the surgeons and assistant surgeons the general superin- tendence of the surgical department of the institution was committed to his care. Board and lodgings were 458 BIOGRAPTITCAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. provided for him within the Hospital. In the Treasurer's report for 1868 the very hirge increase which had taken place in the number of the out-patients was commented upon, and to meet this demand it w^as stated that a second (or junior) house- suriieon had been appointed. This oc- curred in 1865, and at the same time the period of office was reduced to four months. The junior had the super- vision of the surgical casualties and rendered assistance in the administration of anaesthetics, but he did not reside in the Hospital. Again, at the beginning of 1878 more help was required in the out-patient department, and a third house-surgeon was elected for that purpose. This was a non-resident appointment, and the second house- surgeon, whose duties were somewhat altered whereby his constant attendance became necessary, was henceforth provided with rooms and commons. The most recent change with regard to the appointment of house-surgeon — an appointment which has always been highly valued by Guy's men on account of the opportunities which it aflTords of becoming proficient in the art of the anaes- thetist, of acquiring experience in the treatment of emergencies, and of performing many minor surgical operations — was made in 1890, when the Residential College was opened. The alteration involved a con- siderable increase in the number of house-surgeons, house-physicians, and dressers, as well as a reorganisa- tion of the duties of these offices. Four house-surgeons were appointed, each of whom was attached to a surgeon and the corresponding assistant surgeon, and was en- trusted with the care of all in-patients under the charge of those medical officers. The term of office was fixed at six months, board and residence being provided in the College Iree of expense. At the same time two assistant house-surgeons (non-resident) were elected to sujiervise the treatment of minor emergency cases, both surgical and medical, and to render hel]) to the assistant THE HOSPITAL AND ITS WORK. 459 surgeons in the out-patient department. Also the number of dressers attached to each full surgeon was doubled. Numerous were the reasons which induced the majority of the Hospital staff to recommend the appointment of more dressers and a house-physician and house-surgeon to each of the four physicians and surgeons. Briefly it was felt that the change would ensure for the patients " a more complete and systematic observation and a nicer adaptation of treatment " than had always been obtained in the past, and would supply a much larger number of students with the opportunity of gaining a practical knowledge of surgery. This arrangement has been in operation since April 1890, and is found to work well. The house-physiciancy was instituted long after the corresponding post on the surgical side of the Hospital. In 1868 it is noted that a resident house-physician is appointed every six months to assist the permanent resident medical officer (Mr. Stocker) in attending the patients in the wards, and on three days of the week to help in the work of the medical out-patient department. The latter duty was entrusted in the following year to a junior non-resident house-physician, and the senior was thus enabled to devote his whole attention to the in- patients. It is worthy of remark that the evening clini- cal observations of temperature were chiefly made by him. In 1873 the duties of the senior house-physician w^ere apportioned between two qualified students, who had separate rooms near the clinical wards and were boarded at the expense of the Hospital. From that time until the introduction of the scheme above men- tioned no change was made in the appointment. There are now four house-physicians, each attached to a phy- sician ; they hold office for six months, and during that period they are provided with board and residence in the College free of expense. The work in the 460 BIOGRAPHICAL niSTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. medical out-patient department formerly done by the junior is now in the hands of two assistant house- physicians. Of the early history of other appointments held by pupils of the Hospital we shall speak in a subsequent chapter. CHAPTER III. THE MEDICAL SCHOOL— ITS CLINICAL WORK. AT the foundation of the Medical School an ac- quaintance with disease was gained by what was called " walking the hospitals," which amounted to little more than looking at the cases and hearing the remarks of the medical attendant. Clinical lectures, it is true, had long been established, for in an advertisement of 1772 we read that ''clinical lectures are delivered at Guy's Hospital on the cases of patients, by means of which the student may enjoy every advantage that actual practice can afford in the study of his profession." But what is now known as clinical teaching, instruction given at the bedside upon the mode of investigating individual cases, was at that time very rudimentary in character. The appointments in the Hospital open to students were of two kinds, dresserships and clinical clerkships. The holders of the former offices dressed the cases under the charge of the surgeons — a privilege for which they paid heavily ; while the clinical clerks worked in two of the medical wards specially reserved for interesting cases, where, under the guidance of experienced physicians, they were taught to make and record observations upon the patients. From these two classes of appointments — the one dealing directly with the treatment of the patients, the other with the record of scientific investigations of diseases as seen at the bedside — the whole series of those now open to students 4G2 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. at Guy's has in process of time developed. Let us see how this was brought about. A regular method of systematic case-taking was estab- lished iu 1828 by Dr. Addison, in connection with his clinical lectures. The clerks were selected from the senior students, and had generally been dressers. They were appointed at the discretion of the physicians, and held office for three months. Speaking of the value of these clerkships in the long-established clinical wards, Mr. James Babington says : " Never have their merits been more justly appreciated than at the present time (1837) ; and never did the names of so many candidates for clinical clerkships ap])ear upon the books. Each student who has passed three months in the clinical Mards is ready to admit that that period has proved the most profitable portion of his medical education, and regrets the necessity for resigning his office at the moment when he has just learnt to turn it to the best account. Under the guidance of experienced physicians, the student is instructed how to make observations upon the sick, and to interpret the signs of disease." The next step in the progress of clinical work at the Hospital was the establishment of the Clinical Report Society, the constitution of which has been fully described (p. 191). At first its members were students in the third year of their medical curriculum, and thus having some kuo^vledge of their duties they were competent to carry on the work of the association; and so well was it organised that not only the medical and surgical cases, but also those in the ophthalmic and obstetric depart- ments, were more or less thoroughly recorded. But a few years later the actual work of writing out the reports fell into the hands of the junior students, and as an inducement to perform their duties satisfactorily the dresserships and clinical clerkships were offered to the best reporters. THE MEDICAL SCHOOL— ITS CLINICAL WORK. 463 The clinical clerks who had charge of the clinical wards were quite independent of this Society, and dis- tinct from the reporters. In their own sphere they were supreme, and allowed no one to enter without their per- mission. They prescribed for the patients if necessary, and as they had usually been dressers and w^ere the oldest and most experienced students, often being quali- fied, they performed any needful surgical operations without calling in the dressers. Dr. Barlow has given an account of the duties of these clinical clerks, written in 1844 ; and as they closely correspond with those of their successors, the present " clinical assistants," it will be of interest to quote his description. He says : — " There are generally four clinical clerks, selected from the more advanced pupils, who have distinguished them- selves by their ability and diligence in reporting in the general wards. On the admission of a patient a careful report is made, by the clerk who has the care of the case, of his history and symptoms, and a subsequent daily report is added whilst the patient is under treatment. These reports are read by the clinical physician, and form the subject of conversation between the physician and pupils in the clerks' room, and also of a more formal lecture delivered weekly in which the case and its treatment are fully discussed. The books of these reports are kept in the clerks' room." The Clinical Eeport Society continued its good work for many years ; but about 185:2 the system was incor- porated into the general scheme of medical education adopted by the School. Henceforward every student became a reporter, and a title, distinctive of the parti- cular department in which he was engaged, was assumed, such as " ward clerk " (the present medical ward clerk), "dressers' reporter" (the present surgical ward clerk), " post-mortem clerk," and in course of time (about 1866) " out-patient clerk," and several others. 464 BIOGRAPTIICAL niSTORT OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. The notes of the cases taken by the reporters of the Society were entered in a large book by an amanuensis, Mr. Snape, who was paid by the Hospital ; and an apartment was appropriated to the meetings of the Society and the preservation of its books. Every facility was given to those desirous of consulting these records. When the Clinical Report Society came to an end, the separate forms on which the records were made were no longer used. Small green books were substi- tuted, many of which, dating from 1847, are still pre- served in the registrars' rooms. The reporters took these books home to enter their notes, and as a result they were rarely supervised and often lost. The general management of the system of reporting was placed under the superintendence of Dr. Gull, who was appointed a clinical censor, and kept lists of the clerks to each medical and surgical officer, as well as a register of those who from standing and capability were fitted for the offices of reporters or dressers. But when Dr. Gull obtained a lectureship he gave this up, and clinical reporting fell into great disorder until the present system was introduced. This sketch of the development of the system of clinical reporting at Guy's Hospital would not be com- plete without a reference to the medical and surgical registrarships. When the Medical School adopted the scheme of the Clinical Report Society and reorganised the appointments, the two honorary secretaries of the Society, Dr. Wilks and Mr. Poland, were deputed to carry out the supervision of the new arrangements, to assist the students in their reporting, and to prepare statistical records of the work of the Hospital. This occurred at the beginning of 1853. Matters continued thus until 18GG, when the duties of the medical and surgical registrars, as they were called, were somewhat modified, and their services were remunerated partly THE MEDICAL SCHOOL— ITS CLINICAL WORK. 465 from the Hospital and partly from the School funds. From that date up to the present time the reports written by the medical and surgical ward clerks have been examined, corrected, and classified by the registrars, and bound in yearly volumes, which are kept for refer- ence in rooms provided for the purpose. Thus for a period of nearly sixty years every facility and encourage- ment has been given to students to observe and study at the bedside, and to record their observations ; so that they may acquire the ability of investigating, as well as experience in treating, disease. We cannot, in passing, omit to pay a full measure of praise to those enterprising students who, by founding the Clinical Report Society and carrying on its work with such earnestness, contri- buted largely to the future greatness of their Medical School. But to return to the other class of appointments in the wards of the Hospital, the dresserships. In the early days of the School, as we have before said, the dressers paid for the privilege of attending the cases in the surgical wards. But it soon became evident that a change was needed, and that the opportunity of becoming practically acquainted with the art of surgery should not depend upon the depth of the pocket. In 1846 a great reform took place. Nearly all the smaller schools of medicine were closed, and an attempt was made to keep medical students to one hospital. The fees for separate courses of study were given up, and the payment of a sum of money inclusive of all edu- cational expenses was instituted. The appointments of dresser and clinical clerk were, in future, to be given solely on merit. This plan was soon followed by other medical schools. No doubt the general spirit abroad of the extension of the competitive system for a})pointments in the public services had influenced the authorities. Hitherto positions in the army, navy, 30 466 BIOGRAPniCAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. and the much coveted East ludian service had been given b}' nomination, but about this time one of the directors of the East India Company, Mr. J. H. Astell, broke through the rule, and offered to bestow his l)atronage upon the most deserving man at Guy's. Fortune favoured him, for Dr. Addison, after a severe test, gave the name of Mr. J. Ewart, who was forthwith appointed as an assistant surgeon. He proceeded to India, and soon after was promoted to a professorship at the College of Calcutta.* Dr. Gull had much to do with this reform, and by his influence with the Treasurer the Hospital was regarded as a college, like those of Oxl'ord and Cambridge, so that the advertise- ments in the journals of 1847 were simply headed " Guy's," and did not announce the names of the lecturers. The payment of a stated sum of money was declared to admit the student to the lectures, practice, and all the privileges of the Hospital for that year only. The dressers and clinical clerks were to be selected according to merit from those students who had attended a second year, the selection being made by a committee of the staff which took the name of the " Medical and Surgical Examining Council." In a full account of the Hospital practice, published in the London Journal of Medicine for 1851, it is stated that each surgeon on visiting the wards was followed by four dressers and four surgical reporters. The cases on which the surgical clinical lectures were delivered came from any ward in the Hospital, the clinical surgeon for the time being having the liberty of choosing his material from all the patients admitted into the Hospital. For these cases there were special reporters. Clinical instruction was also given in the o])hllialniic and obstetric departments. The duties of the dressers forty years ago were indued * Now Mayor ol' Erightou. 2 HE MEDICAL SCHOOL— ITS CLINICAL WORK. 467 with much responsibility. They were students in their third year, and twelve were appointed every six months, four to each of the three surgeons. As they all retired from office at the same time, their successors had not the advantage of being taught by those who had learned how to surmount the difficulties which beset the path of the surgical tyro. It must be remembered also that there was no house-surgeon, but only a resident medical officer, whose multifarious occupations left him little time for instructing the young and inexperienced dresser. Much kindly help was received from the good old surgery-man, Monson Hills, and in cases of emergency the surgeons were sent for. However, as might have been expected, grave mistakes were occasionally made by the dressers ; and in consequence of complaints as to their inefficiency it was resolved, in 1854, that six men should be appointed every quarter, so that each surgeon should always have two competent dressers on duty, who would be able to instruct those recently elected. Very shortly after- wards a fully qualified resident house-surgeon was appointed to have the general superintendence of the surgical department of the institution in the absence of the surgeons. This opened the way for resident dressers, who were required to take charge of cases admitted during the night and to render assistance in the event of emergencies. The rooms occupied by the dressers were those in the right-hand corner of the front quadrangle, adjoining the chapel and the Hospital buildings. Three men resided there, one for each surgeon; the dresser for the week was thus within easy call, and if the case that was brought in at night needed more help his fellow-dressers were summoned to assist him. Commons for the residents were provided by the Hospital, but such expenses as dessert, newspapers, tips, etc., were defrayed by the 408 lilOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. residents themselves. This led sometimes to little disagreements. The writer remembers Dr. Habershon sayiui; he would not on principle contribute to " Bell's Life," which came every .Sunday morninij. The dressers were, as a rule, unqualified studeuts, but amongst them there were always one or two superior and older men, who gave their advice and helped to keep things straight. At that time the Hospital still preserved the watchmen, or old "Charlies," as they were called, although the police had long super- seded these functionaries m the control of the streets. The front gates were closed at night, and within was placed the watchman's box. Another watchman had his box at the opposite entrance. During the last illness of one of these men, the patient in his delirium continually called the hour, so that he had to be removed to Petersham House, especially as he disturbed Mr. Toole, the father of the famous comedian, who was then under Mr. Callaway's care. Many Guy's men will remember old ''Barney," the last of this race, who died only a few years ago. Every night he was to be seen emerging from his box at the Newcomen Street lodge, and with slow, tottering steps walking round the buildings, at times calling in a feeble voice, "Past ten o'clock, and a fine night." The residents not unfrequently gave him beer, in order to extract from him his one and only toast : — " Here's health to the sick, honour to the biavo, Success to the lover, and freedom to the slave." It may be added that one of the functions of the watchmen was to put down the names of all studeuts who left the Hospital alter the closing of the gates, having spent the evening in the dressers' rooms. These names were given to the Treasurer, but they were of little use to him, as few of them were to be found in THE MEDICAL SCHOOL— ITS CLINICAL WORK. 469 the register, and others were unpronounceable. This reminds us that at one time Mr. Dobree, the Treasurer, in his endeavour to make everything work like his city office, obliged the dressers to put down all par- ticulars of the casualty out-patients in a book provided for the purpose, but this was soon given up when he found the names of himself and many of the governors occurring on almost every page as suffering from the most loathsome complaints. Soon after a house-surgeon was appointed, apartments and board with him were provided for two dressers in rotation, the dresser for the week and the ex-dresser, or the one who had just finished his take-in; at the same time "the rooms " were transferred to quarters adjoining the superintendent's house, and there, as the number gradually increased, every member of the resident staff was boarded. The staff ultimately consisted of the senior and second house-surgeons, the senior and second house-physicians, the senior and junior "charities," and the dresser for the week and " his ex." — an arrange- ment which continued until the College was built and the resident appointments were reorganised. With regard to the junior and other dresserships in the Hospital, it may be stated generally that they owed their origin to the steady growth of the work of the institution and to the demand for clinical appoint- ments made by the ever-enlarging Medical School. The increase in the numbers of the out-patients led to a corresponding increase in the surgical staff, and dressers were appointed to help the assistant surgeons in their work. The dressership in the surgery dates from about 1864. Previously the work of the casualty department had been done by the full dressers in rota- tion ; but as their duties became more onerous, junior students were appointed to attend the minor accidents under the supervision of a senior dresser. Finally 470 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. the ophthalmic clerks or reporters in time became the dressers in the eye-wards, and as other special depart- ments have been created, so the need of more assistance from the Medical School has arisen, until at the present time there are no less than twenty separate appointments (exclusive of residents) in the School, capable of pro- viding occupation for nearly two hundred students. By the chantjos made in 1888, alluded to above, the number of qualified residents and full dresserships was con- siderably increased, with the result that every student has now an opportunity of gaining that experience in the practical work of surgery which before was only to be obtained by a small and privileged class, the full dressers. CHAPTER IV. THE MEDICAL SCHOOL AND ITS CURRICULUM. WHEN the independent Medical School of Guy's Hospital was established in 1826, the cur- riculum was founded mainly on the requirements for obtaining a qualification from the Apothecaries' Com- pany. Not unnaturally, a knowledge of drugs and of their compounding was considered of paramount import- ance, whence arose the necessity for lectures on botany, in order to teach the recognition of the plants from which they came ; on materia medica, to teach the nature and preparation of medicaments ; and on chem- istry, to show the constitution of inorganic substances and how they might be combined. But each of these subjects and several others had been taught for many years previously, long before the passing of the Apothe- caries' Act in 1815. Indeed, when Dr. Saunders began about 1770 to give systematic instruction to medical pupils of Guy's and St. Thomas's, his course of lectures included the subjects of medicine, physiology, chemistry, and materia medica ; to these midwifery and botany were sooLi added. The lectures were given " in the theatre of Guy's Hospital " ; that is, the present chemical theatre. At that time the Borough Hospitals were united, but it must be remembered that this amalgamation never extended beyond the surgical practice of the two insti- tutions. Anatomy, surgery, and ophthalmic surgery were taught at St. Thomas's, but up till 1,825 all the 472 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. branches of medical study enumerated above were lectured on at Guy's, and no physician of St. Thomas's was allowed to share them. In comparing the teaching of the Medical School of to-day with that of its predecessor in the last century, the changes which we recognise seem to be chiefly due to two causes : firstly, the institution of examining cor- porations from which legal <{ualifi:cations to practise, or it may be degrees, can only be obtained by the fulfil- ment of certain requirements; and, secondly, the tendency to supplement professorial teaching of any branch of science by practical demonstration of the methods em- ployed in its investigation. The multiplicity of classes and demonstrations, which now form so large a share of the curriculum of any medical school, is partly the result of the former cause, but is mostly due to the discovery that scientific instruction can be more readily conveyed by actual work at the subject than by the older and decaying method of formal lectures upon it. In this estimate the great additions to scientific literature of recent years must not be overlooked. A short sketch of the history of the most important subjects included in the medical curriculum will best explain these modi- fications in the mode of teaching. The earliest lectures on chemistry were not confined to things of medical interest alone ; they endeavoured to give a comprehensive survey of that science, as well as information of a more general character. Dr. Babington, in the preface to his " Lectures" (1802), says : " As the course is necessarily designed for medi- cal students, particular attention has been bestowed on those parts which relate to their profession. It is not, however, confined to this object alone," but " is rendered additionally illustrative of general science, by intro- ducing occasionally, and in their proper ])laces, such parts of experinu'Utal philosophy as it is more immo- THE MEDICAL SCHOOL AND ITS CURRICULUM. 473 diately connected with." Natural philosophy subse- quently became a separate subject, and in 1825 the lectures upon it dealt with mechanics, hydraulics, pneumatics, optics, electricity, magnetism, and astro- nomy. Though some of these had a more or less direct bearing on medicine, the object of the course was principally to provide a broad scientific education ; and accordingly the lectures were continued for many years, and were attended by other than medical students. Of late years this course has been adapted to the require- ments of the London University and other examinations. The lectures on both these subjects were well illustrated by experiments, and Dr. Babington specially mentions the fact that the student has free access to an extensive laboratory, with the opportunity of seeing the various chemical processes conducted upon a large scale. In the second edition * of his book there is an engraving of the chemical theatre in 1816, which shows that the centre table, half-glass doors, and general arrangements were much the same as at present ; in fact, the air-pump depicted on the right of the picture is still in use. Demonstrations on practical chemistry were introduced by Dr. Odling in 1852, and a large laboratory was fitted up for the purpose. It was soon found that nearly the whole of the students availed themselves of this oppor- tunity for acquiring a practical knowledge of the subject, and attendance is now compulsory. The lectures on surgery and anatomy at Guy's date from the separation of the Borough Hospitals. Before that time, as we have said, both these subjects were treated only at St. Thomas's, where a regular anatomical * The copy of this edition presex'ved in the library is annotated in the handwiiting of Dr. Babington or Dr. Marcet. On the dy-leaf there is a note by Dr. Stevenson to the effect that " the book was shown in 1886 to Mr. Cornelius Hanbury, of Plough Court, nephew of Mr. Allen, who said the handwriting was not that of Mr. Allen." 474 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. course was founded in 1768 by Mr. Else, and continued by Cline and Astley Cooper. The surgical teaching then lormed an appendage to the lectures on anatomy, but when Astley Cooper was appointed he separated the subjects and gave a special course on surgery, which proved very successful and enhanced his fame. When Guy's School became independent, the principles and practice of surgery formed one set of lectures delivered by Key and Morgan, and anatomy and the operations of surgery were included in another course given by Key, Morgan, and Bransby Cooper. The commencement of practical instruction in surgery dates from 1859, when Mr. Bryant held classes in operative and manipulative surgery for senior students. These two branches are now separated, and so arranged as to fulfil the require- ments of candidates for the various examinations. The demonstrations on anatomy in the dissecting room were originally given by the lecturers on that subject, who, at the close of their lectures, came into the room and repeated much of the discourse with the dissected body before them, and pointed out the various parts to the pupils in attendance. When Astley Cooper taught anatom}' he employed assistants to instruct the pupils in dissecting, and from the commencement of Guy's separate School demonstrators have been regularly appointed, Edward Cock and John Hilton being the first to hold office. The teaching of physiology was for many years com- bined with that of midwifery, the first lecturer of note at Guy's being Dr. Haighton, the obstetric physician. He was succeeded by his nephew. Dr. Bluudell, who separated the subjects and gave a distinct course of lectures on physiology, or " the laws of the animal economy," as it was termed. An advertisement of 1833 states that these were the only special lectures on physio- logy delivered in London, excepting the course at the THE MEDICAL SCHOOL AND ITS CURRICULUM. 475 London University. After Blundell's resignation ana- tomy and physiology were combined until 1846, when Gull was appointed lecturer on physiology only. As the study of the minute anatomy of the tissues became more important, demonstrations on microscopic anatomy were given by Mr. Birkett on certain evenings of the week. Histology, as it is now called, was associated with physio- logy when Dr. Pavy succeeded to the chair in 1857. Classes on practical physiology, at which the use of the microscope was taught, were first given in 1871, in compliance with the regulations of the College of Surgeons. Midwifery has been taught by lectures from the earliest days of the Medical School, but there was no means of gaining practical experience in the art at the Hospital until the lying-in charity was founded in 1833. For many years this institution, the working of which has always been regarded as excellent, was the largest in connection with any metropolitan hospital. The area embraced by the charity was formerly bounded by a two- mile radius from the Hospital south of the river, and was subdivided by the High Street, Borough ; each division being superintended by a different obstetric physician. But about 1857 this area was curtailed to its present dimensions, having a radius of one mile from the Hospital. The study of botany formed for many years an im- portant part of the medical curriculum, and the lectures upon it at Guy's have been delivered by such eminent botanists as Sir Edward Smith and Dr. Robert John Thornton. The idea was that medical men ought to know all about the plants of which they made use. In 1826 medical botany was included in the syllabus pre- scribed by the Apothecaries' Society, at which time the lectures were delivered by Dr. Bright. When the writer was a student there was a long course of lectures and 476 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL s £ E s a 4.5 p.m. 8 p.m. a a a g 3 8 c a 03 cj c- cS d. e! ;:x, c: d d O t- « c _i -- I-H c^ 0^ CO "^ iri " ^^ d B 00 t i s o i Q D H 0; 'S r s 3 H E 3 00 3 H 1 1 E -a 33 i-H 3 ^ H ^ d ^ (3 "S) CI < a TS C 00 c JZ Eh i-H O W Q s 1 o 2 u "3 a "3 m Q -a a c3 la g? 3 a: § CD c ■3 •ffi >> to a '3 % * ^2 12; EH 3 CI 0) >> 1 a o • • in P ^ CI to ?0 H . 1. o 2 c S3 c 1 a a ■3 • b ■ 1-^ Sa 9^ bo 3 a: o so a* bo a GO •c < u ct-l CQ 1 ^ H -1^ H CO o^ .s-s E to C-C4 ^ be 3 "3 oo 3 6 O a '3 a. S • o fj cT . '5 o o 5 .3 •J - m 0) 00 Q 1 s M Oj to en c3 J2 c CI a 0) CM O o o a [0 "35 (1, i 3 '2 t 1 13 Id C8 3 ■♦J s as 8 £ CI - CI e! 3 0. 3 t V3 GO n .2 rt 3 &0 3 THE MEDICAL SCHOOL AND ITS CURRICULU3L 477 practical demonstrations on botany given every other day throughout the summer session. "Old Johnson,' a well-known botanist of his day, was the lecturer, and he used to begin his course with the following anecdote. A vessel was once wrecked upon an uninhabited island, and the store of provisions was lost. But fortunately there was a surgeon on board who had been his pupil. On searching about, he discovered one of the Liliaceae, whereupon he exclaimed, to the intense relief of his fellows, " You may eat this bulb with impunity." The notion that an extensive knowledge of botany was neces- sary for the study of materia medica was carried to an absurd length ; and when Pereira wrote his famous book, finding that certain substances were used in the pharmacopoeia w^hich were derived from the animal kingdom, such as lard and eggs, he described in full the anatomy of the pig, and the natural history of the cock and hen. Materia medica then meant a knowledge of drugs by sight, and many a candidate was rejected at the Hall because he could not recognise this bark or that ointment. When, however, the physiological action of drugs began to be investigated, and therapeutics came to be regarded as a definite science, the study of botany declined. Since 1886 the lectures upon it have ceased, though an elementary know^ledge of it is still required at some of the preliminary examinations. Although the systematic study of pathological anatomy is a comparatively recent institution, the records of post-mortem inspections at Guy's Hospital have been kept with considerable regularity from the beginning of the century. In dealing with the history of Guy's museum, the development of the study and mode of teaching pathology has already been sketched. The earliest post-mortem records are preserved at the museum in a volume called the " Red Inspection Book." This contains " Reports of Curious and Interesting Medical 478 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. and Surgical Cases, commenced at Guy's Hospital, 181 4-." The inspections were made by Mr. T. Callaway, and numbered thirty-seven in that year. In 1817 there are reports of only ten cases — a number which, when compared with the five hundred autopsies that are now made annually and reported in full, indicates the steady growth of this department and the large field for obser- vation which it provides. There are also records of inspections made by Mr. Key, dating from 1821 to 1825. Then follow thirteen " Green Inspection Books," which seem to have been the exclusive labour of Dr. Hodgkin. A few of the autopsies were made out of the Hospital. These volumes extend from 1826 to 1836. Another series of post-mortem reports, extending from 1827 to 1845, was compiled chiefly by ]Mr. AVilkinson King. Both series are followed by careful analyses of the cases. From 1854 to the present time the records of inspections have been made on separate forms by the demonstrators of morbid anatomy, and when bound in yearly volumes have been preserved at the museum. Lectures on morbid anatomy were first given by Dr. Hodgkin in 1835, in compliance with the regulations of the Hall. Before that time the subject was included in the lectures on the theory of medicine. At the opening of the School post-mortem examinations, though not conducted with regularity, were tolerably frequent, and were free to all the pupils. But though they were styled demon- strations, their object was to verify or refute the diag- nosis of the medical officer, rather than to teach students the appearances presented by diseased organs and the mode of performing an autopsy. The minute anatomy of morbid tissues was likewise in its infancy. In Dr. Barlow's account of the School (1843) he says that "an arrangement has lately been entered into for carrying on microscopic observations, by means of a powerlul instrument, under the superintendence of an experienced THE MEDICAL SCHOOL AND ITS CURRICULUM. 479 and skilful observer." A room was reserved for the purpose in one of the old buildings which formerly occu- pied the site of Hunt's House ; when they w^ere removed a small apartment adjoining the museum was fitted up with a Powell & Lealand's microscope, and a large collection of microscopic sections was made. Dr. Pavy first lectured upon minute anatomy as a separate course in 1855, and soon after the subject was included in his lectures on physiology ; but practical instruction in the use of the microscope was first given by Mr. Birkett in 1845. In 1871 it formed an important part of the newiy established course of practical physiology, with which subject it has ever since been combined. The practical teaching of morbid histology, or the minute anatomy of diseased tissues, began about 1872 ; at these classes the methods of preparing and examining microscopic sections were demonstrated much as at the present time. The establishment of a course of lectures on medical jurisprudence took place in March 1831, and Dr. A. S. Taylor was appointed to the chair. In the introduction to his "Elements of Medical Jurisprudence " (1836), he thus traces its history: "It was not until the beginning of the present century that the attention of the Government was directed to the importance of this subject ; and a chair was soon afterwards endowed in the University of Edinburgh, in order that it might be publicly taught. So little, however, did this succeed in diffusing sufficient information in this quarter of the island on the nature and objects of the newly intro- duced science, that there were probably but few in the medical profession who were acquainted with the useful principles which it inculcates, until the recent regula- tions issued by the Apothecaries' Company drew general attention to the subject." At that time it was excluded from the course of education prescribed by the Royal College of Surgeons, and Dr. Taylor does 480 BIOGRAPniCAL niSTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. uot fail to point out the anomaly that a knowledge of botany should be deemed of higher importance to the surgeon than that of medical jurisprudence. These lectures have been delivered regularly since their founda- tion, the chief changes in them being such as have resulted from the growth of a very important branch of the subject known as toxicology, and the exclusion of all questions dealing with insanity, which now forms a separate course. In 1870 the attention of the School was drawn to the fact that at Guy's there was no special teaching on the subjects of hygiene and mental diseases, as at other hospitals. To remedy this, in the summer of the following: year Dr. Fagge began a course of lectures with the object of teaching students the main facts of sanitary science and the laws relating thereto. Since that time the subject has become one of great import- ance, and the lectures are now supplemented by practical work in those branches of chemistry and bacteriology with which it deals. In the same year Dr. Thompson Dickson lectured upon mental diseases and gave clinical instruction upon cases in the Peckham House Lunatic Asylum. When Dr. Savage succeeded to the chair in 1874, the wards of the Bethlem Royal Hospital for the Insane were, by permission of the Governors, substituted for the purposes of clinical study, and this arrangement still exists. Mr. Morgan was the first to lecture upon ophthalmic surgery at Guy's, that course having been previously given at St. Thomas's by Mr. Tyrrell. In the preface to his "Lectures" (1839) Mr. Morgan says: "Valid excuse for such deficiency (in the knowledge of diseases of the eye) cannot be found now ; and I hope and believe none will ever be required by a student of Guy's Hospital ; where an extensive Eye Infirmary, forming a prominent part ol' the medical establish men t, THE MEDICAL SCHOOL AND ITS CURRICULUM. 481 offers abundant opportunity for the conjoined stud}^ of ophthalmic with other diseases — an opportunity which, I believe, you may seek elsewhere in vain." The special department alluded to was opened in 1828, and was the first of its kind in connection with any general hospital. The infirmary was eventually removed, and the ophthalmic department was accommodated in Hunt's House, where it has since continued to flourish. To Guy's also belongs the honour of instituting lectures on dentistry. Joseph Fox was the lecturer, and many of his specimens are still to be seen in the museum. He was succeeded by Thomas Bell, who continued the course, and advanced the subject in no small degree by his application of the general rules of surgery to the art of dentistry. On his retirement Bell was followed by his nephew James Salter. The greatest epoch in the history of this speciality, as regards Guy's Hospital, was the establishment of the dental school in 1889, to which we have already sufficiently referred. The influence exerted by the Apothecaries' Society and other examining bodies upon the medical curriculum has been pointed out. Before the passing of the Apothecaries' Act in 1815 students had not had the benefit of a prescribed course of study, and the facilities for teaching were very imperfect. The only require- ments for the diploma of the College of Surgeons at that time were certificates of attendance on one course of anatomy and one course of surgery ; to which was added, in 1813, a certificate of one year's attendance on the surgical practice of a hospital. They accepted the statements of the candidates made at the time of the examination as evidence of a satisfactory general education. The first regulations of the Hall required a competent knowledge of the Latin language ; certifi- cates of attendance upon one or two courses of anatomy and physiology, the theory and practice of medicine, 31 482 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. chemistry, aud materia medica ; six mouths' attendance on the practice of a hospital, infirmft'ry, or dispensary ; and an apprenticeship of five years to an apothecary. From time to time these regulations were altered, fresh subjects were added to the syllabus, and the amount of attendance on lectures and medical practice was increased; so that in 1835 the curriculum occupied at least three winter and two summer sessions. The Apothecaries' licence was the common bond of the pro- fession, because every one was bound by law to possess it; but many voluntarily became members of the College of Surgeons, partly to obtain a qualification for the practice of surgery, and partly because of the higher value of the diploma. A record of the examinations passed by students of Guy's Hospital in 1836 is pre- served in the Reports of that year, and may be compared with similar records of succeeding years. From them it appears that the majority of students took both the licence and the diploma, and so matters continued for many years. "W'hen the University of London was founded, a few men aspired to its degrees in addition to the usual qualifications. The first London graduate from Guy's was Thomas Williams, in 1840, whose life has been sketched in a preceding page. In 1841 Jonathan Mason Waddy, of Guy's, became M.D. Lond., and gained a prize of £5 for being placed first in midwifery. The same year there were five scraduates in medicine, and among them AVilliam Withey Gull. Since that time Guy's men have always held a good place in the competition for the honours conferred by the University. In 1843 the Fellowship of the College of Surgeons was created, and Cooper Forster was one of the first Guy's men to obtain the diploma by examination. The diploma of the sister institution, the College of Physicians, was then rarely taken, for it was re(|uired ui" those who presented them- THE MEDICAL SCHOOL AND ITS CURRICULUM. 483 selves for examination that they should possess both a qualification to practise and the degree of M.D. from a recognised university. And as the dispensing of medicines was prohibited, the licence was only conferred on consulting physicians. However, about 1852, there was a small number of Guy's students anxious to possess a higher qualification, and for that purpose they took the degree of Doctor of Medicine at the St. Andrews, Oxford, or Cambridge University, and some of these afterwards became L.R.C.P. But the change that affected the largest number of medical students was the reorganisation of the licentiate of the College of Physicians in 1861, whereby the diploma was thrown open to those who intended to dispense their own medicines and fill the position of general practitioners. Candidates were admitted to the examination without an academic degree, and those who passed were allowed the title of Dr. by courtesy. The diploma accordingly became popular, and was commonly taken in addition to that of the College of Surgeons. The most recent modification was the introduction in 1884 of a scheme for the examination of candidates conjointly by the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, upon the results of which the diplomas of L.R.C.P. and M.R.C.S. were conferred. This scheme is still in vogue, and through it the great nfejority of Guy's men obtain their quali- fications to practise. Degrees in medicine are now taken chiefly at the London, Cambridge, and Durham Universities. To follow in detail the effects on the medical curriculum which these and many other changes intro- duced by the various examining bodies have wrought, is beyond the scope of this work. The general tendency has been to require of candidates a practical as well as a theoretical knowledge of the more important branches of the profession, and with this in view to 484 BIOGRAPHICAL UISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. prescribe a longer period of time to be devoted to clinical work. All such regulations are, now under the control oi' the General Medical Council, which was instituted by the Medical Act of 1858, and to their action many improvements in the scheme of medical education are due. They made it obligatory on those desirous of studying medicine to pass a preliminary examination in arts, and adopted a four years' curriculum, the time being equally divided between the study of the elements of medical science and clinical instruction in the practice of the profession. The present year (1892) has seen the addition of another year to the course, which will be chiefly devoted to hospital practice. CHAPTER V. PRIZES AND SCHOLARSHIPS OF THE 3IEDICAL SCHOOL. FOR many years after the foundation of the Medical School, each lecturer was paid by members of l;is own class, and to the most deserving student he ofifered a prize. The award was made upon the results of a voluntary examination, conducted by the teacher himself, in the subject of the lectures alone. Thus, in 1836 prizes were given for proficiency in the following subjects: medicine, surgery, ophthalmic surgery, mid- wifery, anatomjT^, chemistry, and comparative anatomy. Five years later the list includes no less than fifteen different subjects, for which gold and silver medals, prizes of instruments, and certificates of distinction were awarded. The distribution took place at the end of the session, the meeting being attended by the staff", the students, and their friends. On two or three occa- sions Sir Astley Cooper conl'erred the honours upon the successful pupils. Matters continued thus until 1846, when a feeling of discontentment arose because dresser- ships and other vahiable Hospital appointments could only be obtained by payment, and this led to a re- organisation of the management of the Medical School, and in the end to the abolition of all prizes. For some time previously the prize system had not worked well. Dr. Addison was constantly denouncing a system which induced young men of peculiar aptitudes to take up some favourite subject at the exj^ense of the rest. At 486 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. a meeting of the staff, he spoke most strongly against allowing a young man to leave the Hospital with a gold medal round his neck, which he had obtained for chemistry or botany, whilst he was quite destitute of a practical knowledge of his profession. It might please his parents and obtain for him a notice in the local papers, but he had been cheated. Hence from 1847 to 1859 no prizes were given, and the Medical School was conducted on the principle " of leaving all Hospital appointments open to the competition, on equal terms, of the whole body of pupils, and awarding them on the grounds exclusively of personal merit." But the rivalry of other medical schools soon began to be felt, and the number of students entering the Hospital gradually diminished. When Mr. Turner was appointed Treasurer, he at once saw that it was his duty to take an interest in the School as well as in the Hospital, and not to regard them, as his predecessor had done, as in some measure antagonistic institutions. He saw that young men were attracted to other hospitals by exhibi- tions and scholarships, of which Guy's had none ; and with respect to prizes, although exception might rightly be taken to awards which were granted by examinations in separate subjects, he saw no evil in giving them for work done in all the subjects of a particular session, and said that no one was too old not to be pleased with a medal. With the aid of members of the School, he devised a system of scholarships and prizes, which is still in vogue. When the proposition was brought forward in 1859 for the establishment of annual examinations and prizes for the students, the Governors generously undertook to defray one half of the amount of such prizes whenever the net proceeds of the School fees fell below a specified limit. The success of the scheme, however, was such that they were involved in no outlay beyond the payment of the stipulated contribution for PRIZES AND SCffOLARSHIPS. 487 the first year. The Treasurer himself gave prizes, and expressed a hope that other governors and benefactors would follow his example — a hope which was ultimately fulfilled. The School prospectus for 1859 contained the first announcement that voluntary examinations would be held at four periods of the student's curriculum — viz., on entering the Hospital, and at the end of the first, second, and third academical years respectively. The entrance was an arts examination, while the others com- prised the subjects of the curriculum up to the time at which they were held. Prizes ranging from £40 to £15 were offered, provided that sufficient merit were shown, and honorary certificates were to be given to those candidates who passed a creditable examination. It was further announced that two gold medals would be given annually by the Treasurer to students who had com- pleted their third year, the subjects of the examinations being clinical medicine and clinical surgery respectively. Without tracing in detail the various changes in the mode of examination which have taken place during the thirty-three years which have elapsed since the introduction of this system of awarding prizes, it will be sufficient to indicate the most important alterations and additions. At the beginning of the winter session of 1875 two entrance scholarships, of £60 and £30, were offered, with the view of increasing the number of entries, and especially of attracting capable students from the universities. This examination, which included cla.ssics, mathematics, and certain branches of science, was substituted for the previous entrance examination. Two years later it was again modified, by separating the classical from the scientific subjects, and making the value of the prizes correspond with the entrance fee to the Medical School. These two open scholarships in science and arts, of the value of one hundred guineas, 488 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUY'S HOSPITAL. tenable for one year, were first offered for competition in September 1877. The successful candidate in each case was recjuired to enter at the Hospital as a per- petual pupil in the October immediately following the examination. Quite recently the number of these scholarships has been increased to four, and their money value somewhat altered. At the same time it was found necessary to restrict the age of the candidates, in order to render the competition fair. The year 1876 was remarkable in that the three following prizes, which have since borne the names of the donors, were presented to the students of Guy's Hospital. A scholarship of £15, tenable for three years, was founded by Mr. Sands Cox, of Birmingham, a former student of Guy's, and was open to students in the second year of their curriculum at the Hospital, the sub- ject of the examination being physiology. The "Michael Harris" prize of £10, to be awarded annually for a knowledge of human anatomy, was also given by a very distinguished student of Guy's, who died on September 28th, 1875, at the early age of twenty-seven. Lastly, Mr. Gurney Hoare, for some years a governor of the Hospital, bequeathed in the same year an annual prize of £25 for the best clinical reports of a series of cases, together with commentaries thereon. The principle of giving a prize at the end of each year of the medical curriculum, after an examination in the whole work of that period, adopted in 1859, has been maintained up to the present time ; and during the last few years the list of prizes has been much extended by donations from former students and friends of Guy's Hospital. The latest of these is the "Student- ship in Pathology," of the value of £150, tenable for three years, founded in 1891 in memory of Sir William Withey Gull, Bart., by his son. The Astley Cooper Triennial Prize of £300, for an essay on a given PRIZES AND SCHOLARSHIPS. 489 medical subject, must not be omitted ; for, though open to the whole world, except persons directly connected with Guy's Hospital, the preparations which illustrate the successful essay are required to be presented to the museum. It was first awarded in 1844 to Sir John Simon, F.R.S., the subject of the paper being " The Structure and Use of the Thymus Gland." CHAPTER VI. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE HOSPITAL AND SCHOOL. SOON after the death of Thomas Guy a goYerning body was established by Act of Parliament in the session of 1725. It consisted of the nine executors and fifty-one gentlemen nominated by the founder's will, and was incorporated in the name of " The Presi- dent and Governors of the Hospital founded at the Sole Costs and Charges of Thomas Guy, Esquire." An acting committee composed of the President, Treasurer, and twenty-one members of the governing body was appointed for the ordinary management of business, and, as mentioned in an earlier chapter of this book, the President or Treasurer and any seven of these members constituted a full Court of Committees. In them was vested the management of the whole estate of the Hospital, and they were empowered to choose and remove all officers and servants of the Hospital, except the physicians and surgeons, clerk and chaplain, whose appointment was left to the general body of Governors. All the transactions of the Court of Com- mittees were to be subject to the inspection and control " of such Governors as shall by the laws of the Cor- poration be appointed for the purpose," so as to secure an effective audit of the accounts as well as the power of final decision to the general body of Governors. At the present time the Court of Ctjmmiltees meets THE GOVERNMENT OF THE HOSPITAL AND SCHOOL. 491 every six weeks, and the general Court of Governors every four months. For many years patients were admitted to the Hospital by a "Taking-in Committee," one of whose functions was to meet every Wednesday morning for that purpose. It consisted of the Treasurer and two of the Governors, who came on duty in rotation once a week. But in October 1880 this committee was reconstructed, and two members of the medical staff were elected as representatives of that body to act with the Governors in matters of Hospital adminis- tration. In its present form the committee consists of the President, Treasurer, and ten Governors, with the two representatives above mentioned and the Superintendent, who acts as secretary. Meetings are held once a month, and the minutes of the proceedings are brought for confirmation before the next Court of Committees, as the sole executive body authorised by Act of Parliament. In 1881 it was considered advisable by the medical staff to form themselves into a Medical Committee " to advise upon those points of Hospital management and upon Hospital arrangements which more especially concerned the staff and the patients under their charge." This committee, which is composed of all the members of the medical and surgical staff, held its first meeting on November 30th, 1881. At the present time it meets on the third Thursday in every month, and by it nominations for the appointments of house-surgeons, assistant house-surgeons, house-physicians, and assistant house-physicians are made to the Treasurer. Recom- mendations from this committee with reference to the internal administration of the Hospital are laid before the Taking-in Committee above mentioned by its medical representatives. The most important and oldest of the committees 492 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUT'S HOSPITAL. connected with the government of the Medical School is that known as the "Medical and Surgical Examining Council." It was founded in 1847, when a new mode of distributing the clinical appointments was adopted, and the dresserships and clerkships were given " as rewards of merit and instruments of improvement." The council, consisting of part of the staff taken in rotation, was appointed to consider the fitness of the pupils for the various offices. Reports were received from the registrars and demonstrators, the cards de- noting attendance at lectures were recorded, and the candidates who were judged to be the most eligible for the work were recommended to the Treasurer for appointment. The first record of the meeting of this council is dated February 19th, 1852, when Dr. Addison was in the chair. The term " Examining," which has reference to an early method of selecting candidates by oral examination, was subsequently dropped, and the '* Medical Council " of the present time carries on the duties of its predecessor. By it all the School ap- pointments, save those of house-surgeon and assistant house-surgeon, house-physician and assistant house- physician, are made, subject to the approval of the Treasurer. The mode of election to the appointments upon the Hospital or School staff is somewhat different. Candidates are recommended to the Treasurer and Governors by a committee consisting of all the medical and surgical officers, together with two representatives of the School. The committee is summoned by the Treasurer through the dean of the School. In addition to the above committees, a meeting of the whole School is called two or three times a year by the Treasurer, who presides. At this meeting the Medical Council and the various sub-committees are apix)inted, their reports are received, and all questions dealing with THE GOVERNMENT OF THE HOSPITAL AND SCHOOL. 493 the expenditure of the School funds are brought forward. Recommendations from the School to the Court of Governors are presented by the Treasurer. The Dental School attached to Guy's Hospital, the establishment of which has been already described, is managed by a Dental Committee, subject to the control of the Treasurer and Governors of the Hospital, and consists of the surgeon, assistant surgeons, and teachers in the Dental School, with the dean of the Medical School. The recommendations to the Treasurer and Governors for appointments in this department are made by the medical staff after consultation with the Dental Committee. It must be understood that the Medical School and the Hospital are financially two entirely separate institutions, whose funds are derived from different sources. None of the students' fees are used for defraying the expenses of the Hospital, and per contra the Hospital bears no part of the liabilities of the Medical School. All the buildings occupied by the School are the property of the Hospital, and are free of rent ; but the cost of keeping the buildings in repair and of supplying the internal fittings is paid by the former. This rule ai)plies to all recent extensions of the premises occupied by the School, with the exception of the new buildings in course of construction, upon which the School, in addition to providing the internal fittings, will pay to the Hospital a sum of money for a fixed term of years as interest upon the capital expended, in con- sideration of the straitened condition of the Hospital funds and the benefits which will accrue to the sister institution. The mutual advantages derived from the association of the Hospital and School are fully recognised by all concerned, and by none more keenly than the Treasurer and Governors, who, in the words of the late Mr. Thomas 494 BIOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF GUT'S HOSPITAL. Turner, "are the patroDS and upholders as well as originators of the Medical School." To the harmonious relations existing between these two institutions the proud position which Guy's Hospital now occupies and the brilliant past which this " History " represents may be in no small measure attributed. INDEX. A PAOB PAOE Biographies of — Accident Ward, The . 96 Addison, Thomas . 221 Addison, Thomas . . 221 Aikin, Arthur 391 Addison's Disease, Discovery Allen, William 387 of . . . . 226 Ashwell, Samuel . 372 Aikin, Arthur . 391 Babington, Benjamin „ Charles Rochemond . 113 Guy . . . . 235 Allen, William . 387 Babington, James . 431 Anatomy Act, The . 157 „ Wilham 199 Anatomy and the Resur- Back, William 211 rectionists . . 159 Barlow, George Hilaro . 239 Anecdotes of Thomas Guy 64, G6, 67 Belchier, John 125 Appointments, The Resident 456 Bell, Thomas . 397 Apprenticeships, Histor jrof . 173 Bentley, Edward . 430 Armstrong, Dr. . 154 Bird, Golding . 245 Artists to Guy's Hospitj il . 414 Blimdell, William . Bostock, John 365 Ashwell, Samuel . . 372 427 Auscultation, Origin of . 210 Bright, Richard 212 Callaway, Thomas . 343 „ „ jun. . 354 Canton, C. J. . 418 Carrington, Robert Ed- B mund .... 311 Chevers, Norman . 429 Babington, Benjamin G uy . 235 Cholmeley, Henry James 209 „ James . . 431 Clarke, Matthew . 105 „ William 118, 199 Cock, Edward 434 Monument to . . 204 Cooper, Sir Astley Paston 317 Back, William . 211 ,, Bfansby 340 Bacon's Statue of Guy . 95 „ William 131 Baker, Robert . 119 Cradock, Hasell 119 Barlow, George . 239 Curry, James . 204 Bekket's Spyttell . . 171 Dickson, Thompson 431 Belchier, John . 125 Fagge, Charles Hilton . 299 Bell, Thomas . 397 Feake, Charles 106 Bentham, Jeremy . . 158 Forster, John Cooper 356 Bentley, Edward . . 4:?0 „ Thompson 133 Bibles printed by Guy . 33 Fox, Joseph . 396 Importation of 8 Gull, Sir William Withey 261 496 INDEX. Biographies {continued) : — Habershon, Samuel Os- borne .... 274 Haigliton, John . . 3i)3 Harrison, Benjamin . 141 Hervev, James . .116 Hills, Monson . . 422 Hilton, John . . .347 Hinckley, Henry . . 106 Hinton, James . . 400 Hoilgkin. Thomas . . 380 Hughes, Henry Marshall 242 Hurst, William . . 41it Johnson, Charles . . 427 Jurin, James ... 99 Keats, John . . . 432 Key, Charles Aston . 329 King, Thomas Wilkinson 378 Laird, James . . .211 Lever, John Charles . 374 Lucas, William . . 131 „ „ jun. . 133 Macghie. William . . 106 Magie, AVilUam . . 106 Mahomed, Frederick Abku . . . .306 Marcet, Alexander John 207 Maurice, Frederick Deni- son . . . . 432 Morgan, John . . 337 Moxon, Walter . .279 Munckley, Nicholas . 106 Oldfield, John . . 104 Phillips, John Jones . 376 Poland, Alfred . . 351 Ree-s. George Owen . 251 Relph, John . . .118 Saunders. William . . 1<)9 Sharp, Samuel . .120 Skeete, Thomas . .116 Smith, Sir James Edward 426 Stocker. James . .410 Taylor, Alfred Swaine . 392 Thomlinson, Robert . 107 Thornton. Robert John . 426 Towiie, Joseph . . 414 Tupper, John Lucas . 421 Warner, Joseph . .128 Williams, Thomas . . 428 Wolla.ston, Charlton . 107 Wooldridge, Leonard Charles . . .313 Bird, Golding . . . 245 Bluudell, William . . . 365 Borough Hospitals 94, 173 Separation of . . .175 Bostock, John , . .427 Botanic Gardens . 86, 139, 182 Bright, Richard . . . 212 Bright's Disease, Discovery of 214 Callaway, Thomas . ]un. 343 354 " Calomel Curry " . . . 206 Canton, C. J. ... 418 Carrington, Robert Edmund . 311 Chapel, The Hospital . 95, 445 Chapel Ward . . .96, 446 Charity Commissioners' Re- port Chemists to Guy's Hospital . Chevers, Norman . Cholmeley, Henry James Clarke, IVIatthew . Clinical Clerkships „ Report Society „ Teaching . ,, Wards Cock, Edward College, The Residential Cooper, Andrew . „ Sir Astley Pa.ston . ,, Bransby . „ WillLam . Cornelius Ward Court of Committees Court Room, The Governors' Cradock, Hasell Croft, Francis Curry, James D 143 387 429 . 209 . 105 . 461 190, 462 . 190 . 184 . 434 . 448 . 119 . 317 . 340 . 131 . 96 . 76 445 119 119 204 Dental School, The . . 452 Dentists to Guy's Hospital . 396 Di( kson, Thompson . . 431 Dipping Place, The . . 3 Dissecting Room, The . . 447 Dissection, History of . .157 Of Criminals . . .161 Dressers, Duties of . .174 Rooms of . . . 467 Dresserships, History of . 465 In Eighteenth Century , 88 Dunton's Attack on Guy . 63 E Engravings of Guy's Hospital 84 Epidemiological Society . 236 INDEX. 497 Estates of Guy's Ho spital 78 Beaumont 78 Essex 78, 136 Great Bardfield 78 Herefordshire 78, 136 Holcombe 139 Leeze Priory . 78 Lincolnshire . 78, 137, 140 Maze Pond 138, 139 Snowsfield 79 Southwark 79, 136, 139 Weston Street 138 Esther Ward . 96. 446 F Fagge, Charles Hilton Feake, Charles Franck, James Forster, John Cooper „ Thompson Fox, Joseph . G 299 106 130 356 133 396 Gastrostomy, Introduction o- 278 Geological Society . 201 Glottiscope, Invention of 236 Government of Hospital anc School 490 Governors of Guy's Hospital 73 Incorporation of 73, 75 Censure of 82 Grainger, Edward . 153 His Medical School 154 Portrait of 154 Gull, Sir William Withey 261 „ Studentship, The . 274 Guy, Mrs, Anne . 4, 70 Parentage 4 Life at Tamworth . 4 Second Marriage . 5 Guy, Miss Anne 4 Marriage of . 6 Guy, John 4, 13 Guy, Thomas. Ancestry of 2 Apprenticeship of . ' 5 Benefactions of 17, 22 Benefactions to St. Thomas's Hospital 5 2, 172 Bequest to Christ's Hospital 71 Birthplace of . 3 Guy, Thomas [continued) : — Bookseller's Shop of . 6 Dealer in Dutch Bibles . 8 Dealer in Navy Tickets . 57 Dealer in South Sea Stock .... 58 Death of ... 60 Early Life of . . . 1 Education of . . . 5 Epitaph of . . .61 Executors of . . .71 Father of ... 2 Freeman of City of London ... 6 Freeman of Stationers' Company ... 6 Funeral of . . .61 Gift to Stationers' Com- pany .... 54 Governor of St. Thomas's Hospital . . .52 Hospital for Incurables, His . . . .56 King's Printers and . 9 Later Years of .49 Legacies of . . 70, 78 Life in London . . 6, 62 Life at Tamworth . . 4, 17 Liveryman of Stationers' Company ... 6 Mother of ... 4 Parliamentary Life of 20, 24 Portraits of . . 61, 445 Printer at Oxford 28, 31, 33,37 Property of . . .78 PubUcations by . 10, 12 Publisher in London . 8 Shrievalty of London re- fused by ... 50 Statue of ... 94 Stories of . . .64 Tamworth Electors and . 25 Will of . . 64,69 Guy, Dr. William . . . 430 Guy's Hospital — see Hospital. „ Hospital Gazette . .195 „ Hospital Reports . . 193 ,, Thousands ... 70 Gymnasium, The College . 449 H Habershon, Samuel Osborne . 274 Haighton, John . . 112, 363 498 INDEX. PAOE . 141 Howell's . 14, 145 Medical of Guy's 145 145 142 59, Harrison, Benjamin Collection of Letters Founder of School Offices of Portrait of Treasurer Hospital Hervey, James Hills, Monson Hilton, John . Hinckley, Henry . Hinton, James Hodgkin, Thomas . Hodgkin's Disease . Hospital for Incurables Hospital, Guy's. Buildings of . Burial Ground of Endowment of Engravings of Foundation of Howard's Visit to . In Eighteenth Century Officers of Penny Token of Physicians to Pictures of Presidents of Property of Surgeons to Treasurers of Hospital Staff, The Hospital, St. Thomas's. Benefactions to . 52, 53 Burial Ground of . .139 Guy made Governor of . 52 History of . . .171 Separation from Guy's of . . 94, "175, 178 Wards built by Guy in . 52 Hospitals, Borough . 94. 173 United . . 94, 173 House, The Lunatic . 95 House-Physiciancy, The 459 House-Surgeoncy, The . . 457 Howard, John . . . 9() Hughes, Henry Manshall . 242 Hunt, William . 139 Hunt's Beque.st . 140 Hunt's House . 140. lf^4, 441 Hunterian Society . . . 201 Hurst, William .419 Jenner, Edward . .145 141 116 422 347 lOG 400 380 381 S2. 84 79, 94, 441 139, 183 71 . 84 72 96 75 80 83 197 84 147 13G . 198 141, 148 . 453 78. Johnson, Charles Jurin, James . Keats, John . Key, Charles Aston King, Thomas Wilkinson PACK 427 99 432 329 378 Laird, James .... Lancet^ The, and Mr. Wakley Action for Libel against. Aston Key and Its Quarrels with Guy's . Larviigiscope, Invention of . Laughing-gas, Discovery of . Lectures in Medical School. History of . . . In Eighteenth Century . In Nineteenth Century . Lectureships, Disposal of 177, Lever, John Charles Library, The College Lucas, William „ jun. Lunatic House, The M 95, 211 165 166 169 167 236 388 472 93 472 372 374 449 131 133 444 Macghie, William . . 106 Magie, William . . . 106 Mahomed, Frederick Abku 306 Marcet, Alexander John . 207 Maurice, Frederick Denison . 432 Maze Pond Chapel . 85. 182 Medical Education, Develop- ment of . . . .149 Medk-al Gazette, The . .168 Medical School of Guy's Hospital. Buildings of . . 441, 447 Clinical Work of . 461 Curriculum of . 471 Departments of . 181, 186 Development of . .171 Early History of . .87 Foundation of . . 176 Later History of . . 441 Opening of . . .178 Separation of, from St. Thomas's . 94. 1 75, 1 1^ INDEX. 499 PAGE Medical Society . . . 189 Medico-Chirurgical Society . 114 Medley, Samuel . . .190 Morgan, John . . . 337 Moxon, Walter . . .279 Munckley, Nicholas . .106 Museum of Guy's Hospital . 186 N Neighbourhood of Guy's Hospital .... 86 Map of .... 85 Nichols' Stories of Guy . . 64 Nursing Department . . 80 O Obstetric Physicians . . 363 „ Kesidents, The . 456 „ Society . . .193 Oldfield, John . . . 104 Oxford University, Printing at . . . .29, 33, 47 Palatine Refugees . . .53 Park, The . . . .444 Parker, Peter . . 10, 45 Books printed by . . 11 Printer at Oxford . 31, 37 Publications by Guy and 10, 35 Pathologists to Guy's Hospital 378 Petersham Ward . . .184 Phillips, John Jones . . 376 Physical Society . . 97, 189 Library of . . . 97 Pupils' . . . .189 Physicians to Guy's Hospital 197 In Eighteenth Century 99, 109 In Nineteenth Century . 199 Pierce, James . . .127 Poland, Alfred . . .351 Portraits of Guy . . 61, 445 Post-mortem Inspections . 187 Prizes and Scholarships . 485 Property of Guy's Hospital 78, 136 Pupilage in Eighteenth Century .... 88 Pupils' Physical Society . 189 B PAGE Rees, George Owen . . 251 Registrarships . . . 464 Relph, John . . . .118 Resident Appointments, The 456 „ Obstetrics . . 456 Residential College, The . 448 Resurrectionists, The . .159 Ring of Queen Elizabeth . 128 S 201, St. Thomas's — see Hospital. Salaries of Officers Saunders, William . Scholarships and Prizes School, The Dental „ The Medical „ The Webb Street Schools of Medicine London Sharp, Samuel Skeete, Thomas Smith, Sir James Edward Societies, Foundation of Aborigines Askesian . Christian Medical Clinical Report Epidemiological Ethnological . Geological Hunterian Linnaean . Medical . Medico-Chirurgical Obstetric Pathological . Physical . Pupils' Physical Stationers' Company. Guy summoned by „ fined by . Guy's gift to . King's Printers and Oxford University and 29, 32, 35, 37 Quarrels with Guy . . 38 Stethoscope, History of . 210, 246 Stocker, James . . . 410 Surgeons to Guy's Hospital . 198 Duties of ... 89 In Eighteenth Century 119,128 In Nineteenth Century . 317 Pupils of ... 90 80 . 109 . 485 . 452 . 441 . 153 in . 152 . 120 112, 116 . 426 . 384 . 388 250, 279 . 190 . 236 . 385 391 201 . 426 . 189 . 114 . 193 . 430 97, 189 . 189 9 . 49 . 54 . 29 500 INDEX. Tamworth. Grammar School of 17 Guy's Almshouses at 18, 26 „ Gifts to . . 19 „ Life at . . 4 ,, Quarrel with . 25 Parliamentary Elections at ... 20,24 Town Hall of . 22 Taylor. Alfred Swaine . . 392 Teaching in Eighteenth Cen- tury 88 Thelwall and his Essay . 98 Thomlinson, Robert .107 Thornton. Robert John . 426 Tokens of Guy's Hospital 83 Towne, Joseph . . .414 Transfusion, History of 367 Treasurer of Guy's Hospital . 141 Tupper. John Lucas . 421 U United Hospitals . 94, 173 Separation of . .175 United Hospitals' Club . .173 University of London, Fouu- datioQ of ... . 150 Vamam, John Vaughton, Anne John 6 4 17, 60 W Wakley, Thomas, and the Lancpt .165 Action for Libel against 166 Wards, Addition of . .96 Howard's Visit to . . 96 Warner, Joseph . 88, 121, 128 His Account of Guy's Hospital ... 88 The Essex Ring and . 128 Watchmen, The . .468 Way, Lewis .... 130 Webb Street School . . l.')3 WilUams, Thomas . . . 428 Wollaston. Charlton . .107 Wooldridge, Leonard Charles 313 Xanthine, Discovery of 208 \ : ■ ■/■■ )/4r.;;m^:'^: ,i. D 000 369 646 5 ^tmii-- ,V-M. •rv-V'-",. .J'-V