oc-MSHE, 
 
 I 
 
 B 2 
 
 

 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Landscape Architecture 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 Professor 
 Harry W. Shepherd 
 
TREES AND SHRUBS 
 HARDY IN THE BRITISH ISLES 
 
FIRST EDITION October 1914 
 
 SECOND EDITION June 1916 
 
 Reprinted . . . . . . Afiril 1919 
 
 
TREES AND SHRUBS 
 HARDY IN THE 
 BRITISH ISLES 
 
 t 
 
 BY W. T. BEAN 
 
 J /( 
 
 ASSISTANT CURATOR, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW 
 
 WITH ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 VOL. I. 
 
 SECOND EDITION 
 
 LONDON 
 
 JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W. 
 
 1919 
 
AKCHJTCCTtfRE 
 
 All rights reserved. 
 
- 
 
 /, i 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 SINCE Loudon published his great work, about seventy-five years ago, no 
 book in English dealing comprehensively with the trees and shrubs 
 hardy and cultivated in Britain has been published. During that 
 period an enormous number of new species have become available for 
 cultivation through the labours of collectors like William Lobb in Chile 
 and California, Hartweg and Jeffrey in Western N. America, J. G. Veitch 
 and Maries in Japan, Fortune and Wilson in China. The present work 
 is an attempt to bring together brief descriptions of all the species and 
 more important varieties of hardy woody plants established in cultivation, 
 with notes on their distinctive characters, garden value, and culture. It 
 is hoped that it may prove of use to the numerous amateurs, country 
 gentlemen, and landowners who are interested in shrubs and trees, also 
 to nurserymen, park superintendents, and to professional gardeners. 
 
 The great accession of Chinese plants during the last fourteen years 
 has made the task a much more difficult one. Many of the plants 
 introduced by Wilson are as yet unidentified, and the hardiness and 
 garden value also of a great number have not yet been definitely 
 ascertained. Still, most of the earlier introduced ones have been dealt 
 with, also those of later introduction that have flowered and been 
 identified. 
 
 The question of nomenclature is always a vexed one. The only 
 thing certain is, that it is impossible to please everyone. With regard 
 to generic names, I have endeavoured to be as conservative as possible. 
 When botany was largely under, the influence of the Hookers and 
 Bentham in England, and of Asa Gray in America, the tendency was 
 towards the reduction of genera and species. There is no doubt the 
 process was carried too far. The merging, for instance, of Mespilus with 
 Pyrus, Pterostyrax with Ha/esia, Maackia with Cladrastis was not 
 
 727 
 
vi PREFACE 
 
 justifiable. In these and a few similar cases the older generic names 
 have been revived. But there has lately risen a school of workers, with 
 a strong following on the Continent and in the United States, whose 
 aim is to subdivide species, genera, and Natural Orders to the fullest 
 extent. Whilst much of this is, no doubt, the result of a closer study 
 and a more critical insight than the older men practised, some of it 
 seems to represent a desire of change for change's sake. At any rate, if 
 adopted in its entirety, it would involve such confusion and readjustment 
 of nomenclature as to render its acceptance by cultivators in the last 
 degree unlikely in this country. 
 
 In the case of nomenclature of species, I have with few exceptions clung 
 to what is known as the Kew rule of giving a plant the specific name 
 first published in conjunction with the proper genus. 
 
 In the preparation of this work I have had the enormous advantage of 
 being able to make full use, not only of the magnificent collections of 
 living plants at Kew, but also of the herbarium of trees and shrubs which 
 has been in course of formation there for thirty years, at first by the late 
 Mr Geo. Nicholson, and during the last thirteen years by myself. There 
 are very few of the descriptions that have not been made from authentic 
 material living or dried. 
 
 Some explanation of the term " hardy " as used in the following pages 
 is perhaps needed. There is a great variety of climate in the British 
 Isles, and the word " hardy " has a very different significance, say, in 
 eastern Northumberland to what it has at Falmouth or Cork. 
 Although we are apt, almost instinctively, to regard the softness of the 
 climate as progressing from north to south, it is, in Great Britain, rather 
 from east to west. Thus, plants can be grown on the west coast of 
 Scotland as far to the north as Ross-shire, such as Desfontainea, 
 Tricuspidaria and Himalayan rhododendrons, which are absolutely 
 hopeless in the open air at Kew. To have included a consideration of 
 all the shrubs and trees that can be grown outside in the mildest corners 
 of Great Britain and Ireland would have inconveniently and unduly 
 extended the limits of this work. A considerable proportion of them can 
 only be regarded as greenhouse plants in most parts of Great Britain. 
 The word " hardy " may be taken generally as applicable to Kew. This 
 district is fairly average in regard to temperature, although, being flat 
 and low-lying, plants are particularly liable there to injury by spring frosts. 
 
PREFACE vii 
 
 With comparatively few exceptions, the trees and shrubs dealt with here 
 may be grown at Kew, either fully in the open or against walls. 
 
 I have to express my thanks to Sir David Prain, the director of Kew, 
 for permission to borrow books belonging to the Kew library ; also to 
 Messrs Elwes and Henry for the privilege of seeing proof-sheets of the 
 Trees of Great Britain a?id Ireland, and to the editors of the Gardeners' 
 Chronicle for permission to adapt some articles of mine which appeared 
 in that journal a few years ago on transplanting, pruning, and one or two 
 other subjects. To my colleague, Mr W. Dallimore of Kew, I owe a 
 debt of gratitude for assistance in reading the proofs. 
 
 The illustrations in the text have been drawn by Miss E. Goldring 
 from photographs made by Mr E. J. Wallis. For some of the subjects 
 illustrated I am indebted to Sir Frederick W. Moore, of the Royal 
 Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin. 
 
 W. J. B. 
 
 KEW, April 1914. 
 
 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION 
 
 THIS edition is little more than a reprint of the first. The opportunity 
 has been taken to correct such errors as have been discovered, but most 
 of these are of a minor character. The time which has elapsed since the 
 publication of the first edition about fifteen months has been too short 
 to have made many changes or additions necessary. The note on Colletia 
 has been largely re-written and the name Cratagus stipulosa has been 
 altered to C. stipulacea. Also, Olearia Gunniana has been substituted for 
 O. stellulata and Stewartia sinensis for S. monadelpha. 
 
 W. J. B. 
 
 KEW, Feb. 1916 
 
A SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 
 TREES AND SHRUBS 
 
 THE following is a list of the chief botanical and horticultural works of 
 which use has been made in preparing the present work. It has been 
 thought worth while to print it here as a guide to the most important 
 literature dealing, in particular, with hardy trees and shrubs. It might, 
 f course, be indefinitely amplified, but will, nevertheless, serve to direct 
 the attention of those who desire to make up a collection of works on this 
 fascinating branch of natural history to the best and most useful of them. 
 
 BAKER, H. CLINTON. Illustrations of Conifers. Hertford, 1909-13. 3 vols. 
 4to, 230 plates, with text. 
 
 BRITTON, NATHANIEL LORD, and JOHN A. SHAFER. North American Trees. 
 New York, 1908. i vol. 8vo, 904 pp., with 781 text-figures. 
 
 CARRIERE, ELIE ABEL. Traite general des Coniferes. Paris, 1855. J vo1 
 8vo, xv + 656 pp. Ed. 2. Paris, 1867. I vol. 8vo, xii + 9io pp. 
 
 DALLIMORE, W. Holly, Yew, and Box. London and New York, 1908. i 
 vol. 8vo, 284 pp., with 44 plates. 
 
 DAME, LORIN L., and HENRY BROOKS. Handbook of the Trees of New 
 England. Boston, 1902. i vol. 8vo, xiv+ig6 pp., with 87 plates. 
 
 DIPPEL, LEOPOLD. Handbuch der Laubholzkunde. Berlin, 1889-93. 3 vols. 
 (parts) 8vo, xv+1792 pp., and 831 figures. 
 
 DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU, HENRI Louis. Traite' des arbres et arbustes. 
 Paris 1755. 2 v l s - 4 to > vol. i., lxii + 368 pp., and 139 plates; vol. ii , 
 387 pp., and 1 1 1 plates. A second edition of this work, edited by J. L. A. 
 Loiseleur-Deslongchamps and Etienne Michel, with figures by P. J. 
 Redoute and P. Bessa, was published at Paris, 1801-19. 7 vols. folio, with 
 488 plates. This fine work is often cited as " Nouveau Duhamel." 
 
 EASTWOOD, ALICE. A Handbook of the Trees of California. San Francisco, 
 1905. i vol. 8vo, 86 pp., and 57 plates. 
 
 ELWES, HENRY JOHN, and AUGUSTINE HENRY. The Trees of Great Britain 
 and Ireland. Edinburgh, 1906-13. 7 vols. 410, xxiv + 2O22 pp., and 411 
 plates. 
 
x A SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TREES AND SHRUBS 
 
 EMERSON, GEORGE BURRELL. Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts. Boston, 
 1846. i vol. 8vo, xv + 547 pp., and 17 plates. Ed. 2. Boston, 1875. 2 
 vols. 8vo ; vol. i., xxii + 3i8 pp., and 79 plates; vol. ii., ix + 3o6 pp., and 
 64 plates. 
 
 FORBES, JAMES. Pinetum Woburnense; or, a Catalogue of the Coniferous 
 Plants in the Collection of the Duke of Bedford at Woburn Abbey London, 
 1839. Large 8vo, 67 coloured plates, and i uncoloured. 
 
 FORBES, JAMES. Salictum Woburnense; or, a Catalogue of Willows in the 
 Collection of the Duke of Bedford -at Woburn Abbey. London, 1829. i 
 vol. large 8vo, with 140 coloured plates. 
 
 HEMSLEY, WM. BOTTING. Handbook of hardy Trees, Shrubs, and Herbaceous 
 Plants. Based on the French work of Messrs Decaisne and Naudin. 
 London, 1873. I v l- 8vo, xliii + 687 pp., with 264 text-figures. 
 
 JEPSON, WILLIS LINN. The Silv a of California. Berkeley, 1910. i vol. 4to, 
 with 85 plates, 3 maps, and 10 text-figures. 
 
 JEPSON, W. 'L.The Trees of California. San Francisco, 1909. i vol. Svo, 
 228 pp., with 117 figures. 
 
 KENT, ADOLPHUS H. VeitcWs Manual of the Coniferce. Chelsea, 1881. 
 New Edition, Chelsea, 1900. i vol. Svo, 562 pp., with about 160 text- 
 figures. 
 
 KOCH, KARL. Dendrologie. Erlangen, 1869-73. Svo, Theil i., 735 pp. ; 
 Theil ii., 1089 PP- 
 
 KOEHNE, EMIL. Deutsche Dendrologie. Stuttgart, 1893. Svo, 60 1 pp., 100 
 text-figures. 
 
 LAMBERT, AYLMER BOURKE. A Description of the Genus Pimis. London, 
 1803-24. 2 vols. large folio ; vol. i., iv+98 pp., 43 plates, and i portrait ; 
 vol. ii., vi + 56 pp., and 12 plates. A second edition of these two volumes 
 was issued in 1828. A third appeared in 1837. 
 
 LAVALLEE, ALPHONSE. Arboretum Segrezianum. Paris, 1880-5. i vol. 410, 
 iv-M2i pp., and 36 plates. 
 
 LAVALLEE, A. Les Clematites a grandes fleurs. Paris, 1884. i vol. 4to, 
 xii + 83 pp., and 22 plates. 
 
 LOUDON, JOHN CLAUDIUS. A r fore turn et Fruticetum Britannicumj or, the 
 Trees and Shrubs of Britain, native and foreign. London, 1838. 8 vols. 
 Svo ; 4 .vols. of text, illustrated by about 2500 figures, and 4 vols. of 
 plates. 
 
 LOUDON, J. C. An Encyclopedia of Trees and Shrubs. An abridgement of 
 the preceding. London, 1842. Svo, Ixxii + n62 pp., 2109 text-figures. 
 Re-issued in 1875. 
 
 LOWE, JOHN. The Yew Trees of Great Britain and Ireland. London, 1897. 
 i vol. Svo, xiv + 27b pp., and 16 text-figures. 
 
 MITFORD, ALGERNON BERTRAM FREEMAN- (Lord Redesdale). The Bamboo 
 Garden. London, 1896. i vol. Svo, xi + 224 pp., with 10 figures. 
 
 MONGREDIEN, AUGUSTUS. Trees and Shrubs for English Plantations. 
 London, 1870. i vol. Svo, x + 388 pp., with 29 text-figures. 
 
 MOUILLEFERT, PIERRE. Traite ' des Arbres and Arbrisseauxforesticrs. Paris, 
 1892-8. 2 vols. (parts) of text (xvi + i4c>3 pp.), and 195 plates. 
 
 MURRAY, ANDREW. The Pines and Firs of Japan. London, 1863. i vol. 
 Svo, 124 pp., with 224 text-figures. 
 
A SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TREES AND SHRUBS xi 
 
 * 
 
 RAVENSCROFT. EDWARD JAMES. The Pitietum Rritannicum. A descriptive 
 account of hardy Coniferous trees cultivated in Britain (sometimes called 
 "Lawson's Pinetum Britannicum")- The botanical descriptions were 
 contributed by J. Lindley, A. Murray, and M. T. Masters. Edinburgh 
 and London, '1863-84. 3 vols. large folio, 331 pp., 53 plates, mostly 
 coloured, and numerous text-figures. 
 
 REHDER, ALFRED. Synopsis of the Genus Lonicera. St Louis, 1903. i vol. 
 8vo, 205 pp., and 20 plates. 
 
 SARGENT, CHARLES SPRAGUE. The Silva of North America, A description 
 of the trees which grow naturally in N. America, exclusive of Mexico. 
 Boston and New York, 1891-1902. 14 vols. 4to, 704 plates, with text. 
 
 SARGENT, C. S. Manual of the Trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico). 
 
 Boston and New York, 1905. r vol. 8vo, xxiii + 826 pp., map, and 642 
 
 text-figures. 
 SARGENT, C. S. Forest Flora of Japan. Boston and New York, 1894. I vol. 
 
 4to, 93 pp., and 26 plates. 
 
 SARGENT, C. S. Trees and Shrubs. Illustrations and descriptions of new or 
 little known ligneous plants. Boston and New York. 410 ; vol. i., 1902-5, 
 217 pp., and loo plates ; vol. ii. (completed 1913), ioo plates. 
 
 SARGENT, C. S. Plantce Wilsoniana. An enumeration of the woody plants 
 collected in W. China for the Arnold Arboretum during 1907, 1908, and 
 1910, by E. H. Wilson (in course of publication). Cambridge, Mass. 8vo. 
 It is expected that the work will be finished in 8 parts, forming 2 volumes. 
 
 SCHNEIDER, CAMILLO *K.p&L.Illustriertes Handbuch de Laubholzkunde. 
 Jena, 1904-12. 2 vols. 8vo, 1880 pp., with 1088 text-figures ; index, 
 136 pp. 
 
 SHIRASAWA, HOMI. Iconographie des essences forestieres du Japon. Tokio, 
 1900-8. 2 vols. folio, 120 coloured plates, text in 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1899 
 (in French). 
 
 SWEET, ROBERT. Cistinece. London, 1825-30. i vol. 8vo, 112 coloured 
 plates, each with 2 pp. of descriptive text. 
 
 WATSON, PETER WILLIAM. Dendrologia Britannica; or. Trees that will 
 
 Live in the Open Air of Britain. London, 1825. 2 vols. 8vo, 172 coloured 
 
 plates. 
 WILLMOTT, ELLEN. The Genus Rosa. London, 1914. Descriptions of roses, 
 
 with 131 coloured plates from paintings by Alfred Parsons, R.A., and 
 
 70 drawings in black and white. In 25 parts, folio. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PART I 
 
 CHAP - PAOB 
 
 I. INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL NOTES . 3 
 
 II. PROPAGATION ..... .14 
 
 III. HYBRIDISING AND SELECTION ... .25 
 
 IV. NURSERY WORK AND METHODS . . . .28 
 V. TRANSPLANTING ....... 30 
 
 VI. SOILS AND MULCHING ...... 37 
 
 VII. ARRANGEMENT OF SHRUBBERIES . . . .39 
 
 VIII. STAKING OR OTHER MEANS OF SUPPORT . . . 43 
 
 * IX. PRUNING TREES AND SHRUBS ..... 45 
 
 X. CARE OF OLD TREES ...... 53 
 
 XL EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS .... 56 
 
 XII. CLIMBING SHRUBS ...... 60 
 
 XIII. PENDULOUS TREES ...... 63 
 
 XIV. FASTI GI ATE OR ERECT-BRANCHED TREES ... 65 
 XV. DWARF TREES AND SHRUBS ..... 67 
 
 XVI. TREES AND SHRUBS WITH HANDSOME FRUITS . . 70 
 
 XVII. HANDSOME- BARKED TREES AND SHRUBS . -72 
 
 XVIII. VARIEGATED AND COLOURED TREES AND SHRUBS . 74 
 
 XIX. FlNE-FOLIAGED TREES AND SHRUBS . ,. -77 
 
 XX. AUTUMNAL* COLOUR IN TREES AND SHRUBS. . . 79 
 
 XXI. EARLY- AND LATE-FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS . 81 
 
 XXII. STREET PLANTING ...... 84 
 
 XXIII. HEDGES 93 
 
 XXIV. TREES AND SHRUBS FOR WET PLACES . . . 97 
 XXV. SHRUBS FOR DRY POSITIONS AND POOR SOILS . . 99 
 
 XXVI. SHRUBS IN SHADY PLACES . . . . . 101 
 
 XXVII. SEASIDE PLANTING . t I03 
 
 GLOSSARY ... . ... 107 
 
 PART II 
 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF, GENERA AND SPECIES (ABELIA KOLKWITZIA) in 
 
LIST OF PLATES 
 
 [The names of the trees and shrubs illustrated in their place in the 
 text are printed in SMALL CAPITALS in the GENERAL INDEX.] 
 
 TO FACE PAOK 
 
 ADAM'S NEEDLE, Yucca gloriosa ...... 4 
 
 COULTER'S PINE, Pinus Coulteri ...... 8 
 
 AVENUE OF WELLINGTONIA (Sequoia gigantea\ at Strathfieldsaye . 10 
 
 SPIRAEA ARGUTA ........ 26 
 
 CHUSAN PALM, Tr achy carpus Fortunei . . . . 57 
 
 YUCCA RECURVIFOLIA ....... 58 
 
 WEEPING WILLOW, Salix babylonica . . 64 
 
 ARUNDINARIA (BAMBUSA) RAGAMOWSKI . . . .78 
 
 MAGNOLIA STELLATA . . . . 83 
 
 JERSEY ELM, Ulmus stricta var. Wheatleyi . , . .86 
 
 SALIX SALAMONI . . . . . . . ' . 98 
 
 BISHOP'S PINE (Pinus muricata), at Claremont ... .104 
 
 DWARF BUCKEYE, ^Esculus paruiflora ... 173 
 
 JUNEBERRY, Amelanchier canadensis . . . . .188 
 
 ARUNDINARIA FASTUOSA . .^ . . . .215 
 
 ARUNDINARIA (BAMBUSA) PALMATA . . . .218 
 
 CARYA TOMENTOSA . . . . . . . .301 
 
 INDIAN BEAN, Catalpa bignonioides . . . . .312 
 
 CEDAR OF LEBANON, Cedrus Libani . . . . .324 
 
 CHIONANTHUS RETUSA, at Highland* Park, Rochester, N.Y. . 339 
 
 CISTUS LORETI . . . -347 
 CLEMATIS MONTANA var. RUBENS ..... 364 
 
 COTONEASTER MULTIFLORA . . . . . .413 
 
 WASHINGTON THORN, Cratagus cordata . . . . . 424 
 
 CRVPTOMERIA JAPONICA, at Claremont . . . . .438 
 
 CUNNINGHAMIA SINENSIS ........ 441 
 
 Group of varieties of L.AWSON CYPRESS, Cupressus Lawsoniana . 444 
 
 PURPLE BROOM, Cytisus purpureus . . , 462 
 
 WEEPING BEECH, ^Fagus sylvatica var. pendula . . . 550 
 
 CUT-LEAVED BEECH, Fagus sylvatica var. heterophylla . , 552 
 
xv i LIST OF PLATES 
 
 TO FACE PAGE 
 
 MANNA ASH, Fraxinus Ornus . 
 
 MAIDEN-HAIR TREE, Ginkgo biloba 
 
 SNOWDROP TREE, Halesia Carolina 6 2 
 
 HYDRANGEA BRETSCHNEIDERI . 62 4 
 
 HYDRANGEA PETIOLARIS . . . 628 
 
 JUNIPERUS RECURVA, at Claremont ' 6 74 
 
PART I 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 INTRODUCTION. HISTORICAL NOTES. 
 
 IT has long been the custom to attribute to the Romans the introduction 
 to Britain of certain common trees and shrubs. From the fact that 
 remains of the seeds of Pinus Pinea, the stone pine of Italy, have lately 
 been found in the refuse heaps of Roman encampments in Britain, it is 
 evident that edible seeds and possibly fruits were imported from Italy for 
 the soldiers' use, and in that way the sweet chestnut, the walnut, the 
 mulberry, and other trees with edible fruits or seeds may, as has often 
 been stated, have been first brought to this country. Probably, also, 
 some of the most popular ornamental exotic trees and shrubs, like the 
 common lime, were brought over by them too. As for the common elm 
 and box, often attributed to the Romans, there appears no reason for 
 disputing their genuineness as natives of Southern England. 
 
 After the withdrawal of the Roman legions in the fourth and fifth 
 centuries, the country relapsed into comparative barbarism, but subsequent 
 to the establishment of Christianity, the introduction of plants from the 
 Continent was, no doubt, carried on by religious houses, especially after 
 the Norman Conquest. Most attention was given to the scented and 
 medicinal plants, like rosemary and thyme, and to fruit-trees. It is also 
 likely that a number of ornamental as well as useful trees, shrubs, and 
 herbs were first introduced during the Dark Ages by mariners and others 
 touching at continental and Mediterranean ports, or by travellers inland. 
 But the fact is, what they, the Romans, or the monks accomplished, must 
 to us remain largely mere guesswork. 
 
 We only touch certain ground in this matter in the year 1548, when 
 Wm. Turner published his Names of Herbes. Turner, sometimes called 
 the " Father of English Botany," was born at Morpeth early in the six- 
 teenth century and, after becoming Dean of Wells, died in 1568. At one 
 time he lived and had a garden at Kew, and his Names of Herbes was 
 dated from the neighbouring Syon House, then the residence of the 
 Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector, to whom Turner was physician. In 
 
4 HISTORICAL NOTES 
 
 this and his other works, the number of foreign trees and shrubs- 
 enumerated barely amount to thirty. But it is quite probable, with the 
 lack of intercommunication then prevailing, that others were in cultivation 
 in the country unknown to him. 
 
 In 1597, nearly fifty years after the appearance of Turner's first work, 
 a famous Herbal was published by John Gerard. Gerard was bom at 
 Nantwich in 1545, and was trained as a surgeon, which profession, as well 
 as that of apothecary, he practised in London. For the purpose probably 
 of supplying his own simples, he established a physic, or botanic garden 
 at Holborn. From his Herbal and other sources of information, it 
 appears that by the end of the sixteenth century about one hundred 
 foreign trees and shrubs were in cultivation in England. Of big trees, 
 there were the Oriental plane, holm oak, common spruce, Pinus 
 Pinaster, Cupressus sempervirens, as well as the walnut, stone pine, and 
 sweet chestnut previously mentioned. It is interesting to note also, 
 as recorded by Gerard, the cultivation in 1596 of two woody plants of 
 American origin, Yucca gloriosa and Thuya occidentals s^ the first apparently 
 of their country. 
 
 Gerard died about 1607, an( ^ after him the next great herbalist was 
 John Parkinson (1567-1650), a London apothecary in the service of 
 James I., and the author of a herbal and other works. He was one of 
 the most noteworthy cultivators in the early seventeenth century who 
 interested themselves in the introduction of new plants. By Aiton he 
 is credited with introducing, or it is perhaps more correct to say, being 
 the first to cultivate, about forty trees and shrubs, all from N. America or 
 Europe. The influx of new trees and shrubs from N. America proceeded 
 slowly during the seventeenth century, but about fifty species appear to 
 have become established in Britain. 
 
 Two names which frequently occur in connection with the introduction 
 of new woody plants about the middle of the seventeenth century are 
 those of the two Tradescants, who, between 1640 and 1656, have attri- 
 buted to them about twenty species. The elder John Tradescant 
 appears to have been a Dutchman who came to England about the end 
 of the sixteenth century. He is said to have been a considerable 
 traveller in Europe, N. Africa, and the Orient. About 1629 he was 
 appointed gardener to Charles I. He had a garden and museum at 
 Lambeth, and died about 1652. His son, John Tradescant the 
 younger, was a man of similar tastes and carried on the museum and 
 garden at Lambeth. In 1656 he published a catalogue of the plants 
 grown in the latter. He travelled in N. America, especially Virginia, 
 whence he introduced the locust tree (Robinia Pseudacacid], Juglans 
 cinerea, Acer rubrum, Celtis occidentalis, and the American plane. These 
 and others he propagated for sale. He died in 1662. 
 
ADAM'S NEEDLE, Yucca glonosa* 
 
 [Face p. 4. 
 
HISTORICAL NOTES 5 
 
 In the latter part of the seventeenth century and the early years of the 
 following one, the most notable name in connection with hardy trees 
 and shrubs is that of Henry Compton, Bishop of London from 1675 to 
 1713. In his garden at Fulham he got together the most extensive 
 collection that had hitherto been seen in the British Isles. By 1713, 
 when Compton died, probably 400 species of foreign trees and shrubs 
 were in cultivation in England. Of especial interest at that time were the 
 American introductions, such as the spruces, red oaks, hickories, walnuts, 
 magnolias, thorns, maples, and the tulip tree. Many of these had been 
 sent home to Bishop Compton by John Banister, a missionary in 
 Virginia, who was the author of the first catalogue of American plants. 
 He was killed in 1692 by falling from a rock whilst collecting. 
 
 Another person interested largely in this branch of horticulture, and 
 contemporary with Compton, was the Duchess of Beaufort, who 
 planted extensively in the gardens at Badminton. 
 
 The foundation of the Oxford Botanic Garden 'in 1621, of Chelsea 
 Physic Garden about 1674, and that of the Edinburgh Botanic Garden in 
 1680, must have had a stimulating effect on the cultivation of exotic trees 
 and shrubs, as well as of other plants. At this period the site now 
 covered by the Botanic Gardens of Kew was owned by Sir Henry 
 (afterwards Lord) Capel, in whose hands it became one of the finest 
 private gardens in the kingdom. 
 
 Among trees introduced in the seventeenth century, the one destined 
 to play the most important part in the sylva of Great Britain and Ireland 
 was the common larch (Larix europced), said to have been first brought to 
 Britain, under the auspices of Parkinson, in 1629. It was not, however, 
 until a century later, namely, in 1738, that it first began to be planted as 
 a forest tree. The pioneer in this work was the 2nd Duke of Atholl, and 
 it was his son, the 3rd Duke, whose planting (it is said) of 27 millions 
 of larch trees gained him the soubriquet of "the planter." 
 
 Next in importance to the larch, and introduced the same year, was 
 the horse chestnut. It reached W. Europe by way of Constantinople 
 through the agency of the botanist Clusius, but its true native home, 
 which is Northern Greece, long remained a mystery. The common 
 silver fir was introduced by Sarjeant Newdigate from Central Europe 
 in 1603. The well-known tulip tree first reached this country in 1663; 
 whilst the cedar of Lebanon, than which no* tree ever introduced has 
 made a finer or more conspicuous feature in our gardens and parks, came 
 a few years later. 
 
 The eighteenth century witnessed a remarkable increase in the interest 
 taken in hardy trees and shrubs by planters in the British Isles, both 
 amateur and professional, and in the number of exotic species cultivated. 
 One of the most notable amateurs was the Duke of Argyll (1680-1761), 
 
6 HISTORICAL NOTES 
 
 who planted largely at Whitton, near Hounslow. He has been described 
 indeed as the most assiduous collector and planter of his time in England, 
 and was by Pope nicknamed "the tree-monger." Although the Whitton 
 property has latterly been cut up into lots for building, there were, when I 
 visited it in 1903, many fine trees planted by the Duke still thriving, 
 notably the grove of cedars of Lebanon said to have been raised from 
 seed in 1725, a group of magnificent deciduous cypresses, red maple, etc. 
 After his death, in 1761, many of the smaller trees were removed to the 
 then newly formed arboretum at Kew, where a few of them still stand in 
 the vicinity of the Temple of the Sun. 
 
 A name which will be found to occur frequently in the body of this 
 work is that of Peter Collinson (1694-1768), an amateur who certainly 
 stands out as one of the chief patrons of arboriculture in the eighteenth 
 century. Collinson was a linen-draper in London, in which business he 
 appears to have amassed a considerable fortune. In his later years he 
 planted largely in his garden at Mill Hill, near Hendon. The site is now 
 occupied by the Mill Hill School and its grounds. Collinson was 
 instrumental in introducing many new plants, more especially N. 
 American ones. 
 
 Among botanical cultivators of the eighteenth century two names are 
 conspicuous: Phillip Miller (1691-1771) and William Aiton. Miller, 
 so well known by his Dictionary, which passed into eight editions in his 
 lifetime, was curator of the Physic Garden at Chelsea, an institution he is 
 said to have raised to the first position among all botanic gardens of the 
 time. Aiton (1731-93) was his pupil, and by him was recommended to 
 the Dowager Princess of Wales, in 1759, to take charge of the botanic 
 garden at Kew, founded that year, an event destined to have so important 
 an influence on horticulture and botany in the British Empire. Aiton died 
 in 1793, and his memory lives chiefly as the author of the Hortus 
 Kewensis, a work which enumerates and gives a brief description of 
 5500 species of plants with their date of introduction. This work is, in 
 fact, the chief source of information in regard to the introduction of 
 exotic plants up to the time of its publication. 
 
 A cultivator of whom Collinson and others wrote in eulogistic terms 
 was Lord Petre (1713-42), who planted extensively at Thorndon Hall, in 
 Essex. Writing in lament of his early death, Collinson calls him the 
 " worthiest of men," and his loss the " greatest that botany or gardening 
 ever felt in this island." 
 
 The introduction of trees and shrubs from N. America in the latter 
 half of the eighteenth century owes much to the two Bartrams John 
 (1699-1777) and his son William (1729-1823). John Bartram is 
 famous as the first American-born botanist, and the founder of the first 
 American botanic garden. This garden, situated in Philadelphia, is still 
 
HISTORICAL NOTES 7 
 
 in existence. He and his son collected chiefly on the mountains of the 
 S.E. United States. 
 
 Contemporary with the Bartrams was Andre Michaux (1746-1803), a- 
 Frenchman who resided in America from 1 785 to 1 796. He travelled much 
 in eastern N. America, and was the first to introduce many of the trees 
 and shrubs of that region to Europe. They were sent to France, and 
 some of the trees raised from his seed may still be seen in the gardens 
 of the Petit Trianon. 
 
 The foundation of the Botanical Magazine by William Curtis 
 (1746-99) in 1787 is an event that merits a passing notice. It has 
 appeared once a month from that date up to the present time, each 
 number giving five or six coloured plates of plants, accompanied by 
 descriptions in Latin and English. Up to the present over 8500 plates 
 have appeared, a considerable proportion of which depict haldy trees and 
 shrubs, as may be judged from the frequent quotation of plates I have 
 made. 
 
 Among nurserymen of the eighteenth century, those whose fame 
 persists in connection with our present subject are : James Gordon, 
 who was one time gardener to the Lord Petre aforementioned. About 
 1750 he established a nursery at Mile End., He introduced Ulmus 
 americana, Sophora japonica (one of his original trees, introduced in 
 1753, is still healthy at Kew), and the maidenhair tree. James Lee 
 (1715-95), in partnership with one Kennedy, founded a nursery at 
 Hammersmith (Olympia now partly covers the site), which ultimately 
 became the finest in the kingdom. The firm did not finally disappear 
 until about the beginning of the twentieth century. A German named 
 Conrad Loddiges started as a nurseryman at Hackney in 1771 and 
 established a business which, so far as hardy trees and shrubs are 
 concerned, became by far the most important in the British Isles. It was 
 on the collections maintained by this firm more than any other that J. C. 
 London relied for living material in the preparation of his great work in 
 l8 35'37- This firm, equally famous as cultivators and introducers of 
 orchids and greenhouse plants, continued to exist until the middle of the 
 nineteenth century. 
 
 In 1772 the first of professional plant collectors, Francis Masson, 
 was sent out from Kew to the Cape of Good Hope. From that time until 
 1862 a succession, sometimes interrupted, of plant collectors went out 
 from Kew to many parts of the world. But it must be admitted that 
 their work, largely guided and fostered in those early years by Sir Joseph 
 Banks (1743-1820), went on more in tropical and subtropical countries 
 than in those whence plants hardy in this country come. Altogether 
 about 500 new hardy trees and shrubs were introduced in the eighteenth 
 century, three-fifths of them from N. America. 
 
8 HISTORICAL NOTES 
 
 In the early years of the nineteenth century the most important 
 collector of woody plants was John Eraser (1752-1811). Born in the 
 county of Inverness, he came to London as a young man and ultimately 
 started in business at Chelsea as a hosier and linen-draper. Living near 
 the famous Chelsea Physic Garden, he appears to have acquired a love 
 for plants that soon set him longing for travel in search of new ones. 
 With the assistance of Sir James Smith, then a leading botanist and 
 authority on willows, and that of Aiton of Kew, he went to N. America 
 about 1780. During the next twenty years he crossed the Atlantic ten or 
 twelve times (latterly in company with his son of the same name), and 
 introduced many of the trees and shrubs now most cherished in our 
 gardens, amongst them such as the magnolias M. Fraseri was named 
 after him, azaleas, Fieri s floribunda^ and Rhododendron catawbiense, the 
 chief parent of the garden race of rhododendrons. His most successful 
 work was done in the S.E. United States. His later years were clouded 
 by ill-health and financial embarrassment, and he died at Sloane Square 
 in 1811, when only sixty years of age. Loudon describes him as one of 
 the most enterprising, indefatigable, and persevering men who ever 
 devoted themselves to botany and plant discovery. 
 
 No single event up to the time of its occurrence can be said to have 
 exerted so stimulating an influence on the cultivation of hardy trees and 
 shrubs in our islands as the foundation of the Horticultural Society in 
 1804. In 1824 they initiated one of the most famous of plant-collecting 
 expeditions ; they sent David Douglas to western N. America, a region 
 which hitherto had only been touched at, thirty years before, by Archibald 
 Menzies, when he accompanied Vancouver on his voyage of discovery. 
 Douglas (1798-1834), like nearly all these early collectors, was of Scottish 
 descent. v Born at Scone, near Perth, he went as a youth to the Botanic 
 Garden at Glasgow, where his botanical tastes gained for him the 
 patronage of Sir Wm. Hooker, by whom he was recommended to the 
 Horticultural Society as a plant collector. He reached British Columbia 
 in April 1825, and sent home the seeds of many species during that and 
 the two following years. In 1829 he again left England and reached the 
 mouth of the Columbia River in June 1830. In this region and in 
 California he worked during the succeeding two or three years. Among 
 the most notable additions Douglas made to cultivated trees were the 
 Douglas fir, Pinus insignis^ P. Lambertiana, P. monticola, P. Sabiniana, 
 P.ponderosci) and P. Coulteri ; Abies amabilis^ A. grandis, and A. nobilis ; 
 Picea sitchensiS) Acer macrophyllum and A. circinatum. Arbutus Menziesii. 
 Among shrubs whose first sending we owe to him are Garrya 
 elliptica, Ribes aureum, R. sanguineum and R. speriosum, Rubus 
 nutkanus and R. spectabilis, Gaultheria Shallon. Douglas came to a 
 horribly tragic end on i2th July 1834. He was collecting plants alone in 
 
COULTER'S PINE, Pinus Coulteri. 
 
 [Face p. 8. 
 
HISTORICAL NOTES 9 
 
 the Sandwich Islands when he fell into one of the pit-traps constructed 
 by the natives to catch wild bulls, in which an animal was already 
 entrapped. He was found terribly gored and mangled and quite dead 
 a few hours later. 
 
 Hitherto the foreign hardy trees and shrubs introduced had been 
 almost wholly obtained from Europe and N. America. We have now 
 briefly to notice a man who devoted much of his life to the introduction 
 of plants from Japan. Philipp P. von Siebold (1796-1866) was born 
 at Wurzburg in Bavaria and went to Japan in 1823. In 1830 he returned 
 to Europe, and in collaboration with Zuccarini published his fine illus- 
 trated work, the Flora Japonica (1835-42). In 1850 he founded a nursery 
 at Leyden to which he successfully introduced many trees and shrubs from 
 Japan and China. After his death many of his original trees were secured 
 by the firm of Simon-Louis of Metz, in whose arboretum they may still 
 be seen. 
 
 As regards Chinese plants, not much had yet been done. Some 
 plants had been introduced during the famous embassy of Lord 
 Macartney to the Chinese court in 1792-3, and a young man named 
 William Kerr had been sent out from Kew to China in 1803. He 
 introduced the double-flowered Kerriajaponica and the Chinese juniper, but 
 appears to have done little among hardy trees and shrubs. Soon, however, 
 the vast increase of shipping, and the greatly augmented intercourse between 
 various parts of the world, began to render the introduction of plants 
 easy by means of seeds sent by amateurs resident in foreign ports. 
 Especially was this the case when the disturbing and retrogressive influences 
 of the Napoleonic wars ceased with Waterloo. 
 
 In N. America the work of the Erasers was carried on by John Lyon, 
 commemorated by the genus Lyonia, who filled in the period between 
 the Erasers and Douglas. Like the former, he worked chiefly on the 
 wonderful flora of the S.E. United States. He introduced many trees 
 and shrubs in large quantities (although not for the first time) between 
 1806 and 1818, and thus did much to add to the beauty and interest of 
 gardens. Many of the fine old N. American trees still adorning our 
 gardens were brought over by Lyon. He was of Scottish parentage, but 
 the place and date of his birth are not known, nor very certainly that of 
 his death. According to Nuttall, the botanist, he "fell a victim to a 
 dangerous epidemic amidst those savage and romantic mountains which 
 had so often been the scene of his labours." 
 
 During the second and third decades of the nineteenth century a few 
 Himalayan trees and shrubs had been sent to England, chiefly by 
 Buchanan-Hamilton and Wallich, successive directors of the Botanic 
 Garden at Calcutta ; but the first genuine revelation of the riches of that 
 region was reserved for Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817-1911). This 
 
10 HISTORICAL NOTES 
 
 famous botanist and traveller was sent from Kew to collect in India 
 between 1847 and 1851, and, among other things, introduced the splendid 
 Sikkim rhododendrons, which are now the glory of many gardens in the 
 milder parts of the kingdom. 
 
 No name in the annals of horticulture holds a more honoured place 
 than that of Veitch. The enterprise of this well-known firm (which was 
 founded near Exeter in 1808 and removed to Chelsea in 1853) has been 
 the means of introducing more ornamental exotic plants to this country 
 than any other single agency up to the present time. They were the 
 first to exploit systematically the riches of Chile in the interests of English 
 gardens and parks. To that country in 1840 they sent one of the most 
 famous of collectors, William Lobb (1809-63), a Cornishman. During 
 that journey he introduced (for the first time in quantity) Araucaria 
 imbricata. He returned to England in 1844, but left for S. America 
 again the following year, and during the next two or three years introduced 
 many valuable shrubs, such as Berbcris Darwinii^ the Lapageria, 
 Embothrium, Desfontainea, and many of the Chilean conifers. In 1849 
 he was sent by the Messrs Veitch to California and Oregon, and, as the 
 pages of this work will show, introduced a wealth of fine trees and shrubs 
 from that region, the most wonderful for its sylva of all the regions of the 
 globe. One of Lobb's greatest achievements was the introduction of the 
 Wellingtonia (Sequoia gigantea), then but newly discovered, in quantity to 
 Britain in 1853. He also introduced in quantity many of the trees 
 discovered by Douglas. After his engagement with Messrs Veitch 
 terminated, he returned to California, where he died of paralysis 
 in 1863. 
 
 The collections in the noted tree and shrub nursery of Messrs Veitch 
 at Coombe Wood, near Kingston, owing to the expiration of the lease, are 
 being dispersed as these pages go through the press. 
 
 In 1836 the Horticultural Society sent K. T. Hartweg (1812-71), 
 a native of Carlsruhe in Germany, to Mexico. He remained there seven 
 years and introduced many plant's, but mostly tender ones. The trees 
 are only suitable for the warmer parts of Britain. Among them were 
 several curious oaks, still to be found in old gardens, several of the 
 remarkable Mexican pines and Abies religiosa. He went to California in 
 1846-7 and worked at Monterey and in the Upper Valley of the 
 Sacramento River. 
 
 One of the greatest of all plant collectors was Robert Fortune 
 (1812-80), a native of Berwickshire. After spending some time in the 
 Botanic Garden at Edinburgh, he went, in 1841, to the Horticultural 
 Society's gardens at Chiswick. Two years later the Society selected him 
 to collect for them in China. In 1844 he visited the tea-growing district 
 of Ningpo, and after introducing many beautiful plants, both hardy and 
 
HISTORICAL NOTES 11 
 
 tender a goodly proportion of which were subjects that had long been 
 cultivated by the Chinese he returned to England in 1846. He was 
 appointed curator of the Chelsea Physic Garden, but in 1848 resigned 
 this post and went again to China for the purpose of transmitting the 
 tea plant to the hill countries of India. By means of seeds and plants 
 he succeeded in doing this, and thus laid the foundation of the great tea 
 industry of India. In 1852, and again in 1858, he went to China, 
 collecting and studying Chinese horticulture on the latter occasion in 
 the interests of the United States Government. In 1860 he worked in 
 Japan. Fortune's name will be found frequently to occur in the following 
 pages in connection with the introduction of N. Asiatic plants. 
 
 An association of mostly Scottish gentlemen was formed about the 
 middle of the nineteenth century in Edinburgh to exploit the natural 
 products of western N. America. It was called the Oregon Association. 
 In 1850 the Association engaged John Jeffrey to collect for them in 
 western N. America. Jeffrey was a native of Fifeshire, and as a young man 
 entered the Edinburgh Botanic Garden. He adopted what was then the 
 most convenient method of crossing the N. American continent, which 
 was by way of the Hudson Bay Company's posts, and reached his 
 collecting ground in 1851. In 1852 he worked in California. Jeffrey 
 explored and collected with great zeal during these two years, but the 
 third year his engagement appears to have become irksome to him, the 
 roving passion seized him, and he joined an expedition to explore the 
 Colorado and Gila Rivers in Arizona, and was never heard of again. He 
 introduced, among other things, Abies magnified, Tsuga Albertiana and 
 Pi nits Jeffreyi. 
 
 After W. Lobb, the next Chilean collector was Richard Pearse, who 
 worked for Messrs Veitch from 1859 to 1866. He reintroduced many of 
 the plants sent home by his predecessor, and British gardens owed to his 
 labours new stocks of Eucryphia pinnatifolia, the Embothrium and 
 Desfontainea. Among conifers, Araucaria imbricata was again intro- 
 duced, Podocarpus nubigena^ and for the first time, Prumnopitys elegans. 
 Pearse died in Panama in July 1867. 
 
 Since the labours of Siebold in Japan, earlier in the century, the 
 beautiful flora of that country had yielded little for the gardens of Europe. 
 The opening of the ports to foreigners afforded an opportunity for renewed 
 discovery, and, in 1860, John Gould Veitch (1839-70) reached Japan, 
 and initiated in the interests of his firm one of the most successful of all 
 plant-collecting enterprises. He was especially fortunate in the number 
 of new conifers he introduced, amongst which were Abies Veitchii^ A. 
 firma, Picea hojidoensis, P. polita, several pines, and, for the first time in 
 quantity, the umbrella pine (Sciadopitys vertidllatd). 
 
 The foundation, in 1872, of the Arnold Arboretum at Jamaica Plain, 
 
12 HISTORICAL NOTES 
 
 in the environs of Boston, Mass., under the auspices of Harvard University 
 and Charles Sprague Sargent, must be accounted one of the most 
 pregnant events in regard to the discovery, introduction, and cultivation of 
 hardy trees and shrubs during the last forty years. This institution, 
 conducted with admirable skill and energy, has, through the generous and 
 unselfish policy of its director, exerted an influence on the gardens of 
 Europe scarcely less beneficent than on those of its own country. The 
 exploitation of the N. American sylva, more especially on the eastern 
 side, had been comparatively neglected since the departure of the earlier 
 collectors like Fraser and Lyon. Some of the interesting plants they 
 found had disappeared from cultivation. The work has been revived by 
 Professor Sargent and a renewed interest has sprung up, especially in the 
 United States, in that most beautiful flora of the Alleghenies and other 
 parts of the south-east. Sargent has travelled not only all over N. 
 America but also in Japan, whence he introduced to cultivation a large 
 number of beautiful trees and shrubs. His magnificent printed works 
 are noticed on a previous page. 
 
 Charles Maries, a native of Stratford-on-Avon, collected in Japan 
 and China for the Messrs Veitch between 1877 and 1879. His name 
 will be found frequently mentioned in the body of this work as the 
 introducer of plants from those countries, but more especially Japan. 
 He first brought Hamamelis mollis, Styrax Obassia, and Abies Mariesii 
 under cultivation, also numerous forms of Japanese maples. In 1882 
 Maries entered the service of one of the native princes of India, and died 
 at Gwalior in 1902. 
 
 A great impetus to the interest taken in hardy trees and shrubs during 
 the last decade has been given by the discovery and introduction of new 
 species from Central and Western China. The work was initiated in the 
 first place by the Jesuit missionaries of France, among whom David, 
 Delavay, and Farges were most prominent. These men, stationed in 
 districts new to Europeans, spent their leisure time in botanising and 
 collecting seeds, which were first sent to the Jardin des Plantes at Paris 
 and to Maurice L. de Vilmorin, in whose grounds at Les Barres a vast 
 collection has been got together. 
 
 So far as Great Britain is concerned, the introduction of the plants 
 of Central and Western China had its beginning in the work of 
 Augustine Henry. This famous traveller and collector was born in 
 Co. Deny, Ireland, in 1857, and was educated at Queen's Colleges, 
 Galway and Belfast. After studying medicine, he, in June 1881, entered 
 the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Service at Shanghai. The 
 following year he was transferred to Ichang, a port on the Yangtze Kiang, 
 1000 miles from the sea. A few miles above the town the great river 
 finds its exit from the mountains into the great plain by way of wonderful 
 
HISTORICAL NOTES 13 
 
 gorges. It was in these mountains that Henry commenced to collect 
 plants in 1885. The flora proved to be of extraordinary richness, and 
 during the next four years he sent an enormous number of dried plants 
 to Ke\v. Henry remained in various posts in China until 1900, spending 
 most of his leave in exploration and botanical collecting, travelling much 
 over the provinces of Hupeh, Szechuen, and Yunnan. After his return 
 home he studied forestry in France, and soon after, in association with 
 Henry John Elwes, commenced the great work, the Trees of Great 
 Britain and Ireland, recently completed. At present he is Professor of 
 Forestry in the Royal College of Science, Dublin. 
 
 The amazing richness of the vegetation of the far provinces of China, 
 as revealed by Henry's dried plants, and the wonderful beauty many of 
 the trees and shrubs were seen to possess, induced Messrs Veitch to send 
 out a collector to obtain in a living state such as were likely to be of 
 horticultural value. On the recommendation of Sir Wm. Thiselton- 
 Dyer, then director of Kew, Ernest Henry Wilson was dispatched to 
 China in 1899. Wilson is a native of Chipping Campden, Gloucester- 
 shire, where he was born in 1876; after working as a young man in the 
 Botanic Gardens, Birmingham, he went, in 1897, to Kew. He possesses 
 a combination of mental and physical qualities which have made him 
 one of the greatest of plant collectors. Of athletic build, and endowed 
 with an indomitable courage and perseverance attributes of the highest 
 necessity to the plant collector in untrodden wilds he has also that deep 
 love of science, especially of botany, without which the man who adopts 
 this work is but poorly equipped. To these qualities Wilson joins a 
 business aptitude and an adaptability to new circumstances -which has 
 led to his dealings with the Chinaman being invariably successful. In 
 all, he has visited China four times, twice in the interests of Messrs 
 Veitch (1899-1902 and 1903-5), and twice under the auspices of 
 Harvard University and a number of subscribers (1907-9 and 1910-11). 
 It is too early yet to compute the full value of his services to botany and 
 to horticulture, but, to the two combined, they are such as have not 
 probably been equalled by those of any one collector. 
 
 To give some idea of the magnitude of his labours, it may be 
 mentioned that he has introduced some 1200 species of trees and shrubs, 
 amongst which have been found about 400 new species and 4 new genera; 
 and he has collected about 65,000 sheets of herbarium specimens. 
 
 At the present time, the botanical exploration of China is being carried 
 on by George Forrest, a native of Falkirk, born in 1873. He is now 
 engaged in his third plant-collecting expedition to China, whence he is 
 expected to return in 1915. The previous journeys were made in 1904-7, 
 and in 1910-11. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 PROPAGATION. 
 
 THE raising of new stocks of trees and shrubs in private gardens is a 
 much neglected branch of horticulture. In many places it is never 
 attempted unless it be in the case of shrubs that can be increased by 
 division, or the pulling to pieces of old stock. Yet there is no more 
 interesting work. 
 
 There are really three methods by which trees and shrubs may be 
 increased : i, by seeds, which is Nature's way ; 2, by taking away part of 
 a plant and enabling it to exist separately, i.e., by division, layers, and 
 cuttings of either stem or root ; 3, by taking part of one plant and joining 
 it to another already possessing a root system of its own, i.e., by grafting 
 or budding. 
 
 The raising of new healthy trees is undoubtedly best accomplished 
 with but few exceptions by means of seeds, and especially is this the case 
 for conifers? timber trees, and long-lived trees generally. For shrubs that 
 have a low-branching system and renew themselves continually by new 
 basal growth, cuttings and layers in most instances are quite as good. 
 Seeds cannot be relied on to perpetuate varieties that have originated from 
 branch sports, such as those with coloured or abnormally shaped leaves ; 
 and only partially can they be relied on to reproduce aberrant forms of 
 seedling origin like fastigiate or weeping trees, dwarfs, and such like. 
 Seeds from such trees usually reproduce few or perhaps none of the 
 abnormal form that bore them, the majority reverting wholly or in part 
 to the normal type. Thus very few weeping or fastigiate varieties of 
 trees are found in Nature. Excepting those like Lombardy poplars and 
 willows, which may increase by pieces of branch broken off by wind, 
 etc., and take root on the ground, they exist only as individuals. Civilised 
 man propagates them artificially for his use and pleasure, otherwise they 
 would disappear. On the whole, if fine, clean-grown, healthy, long-lived 
 trees are desired they should be raised from seed. Still, there are other 
 factors to be considered. Many foreign trees do not bear seed in this 
 country until they are old, often not then, so other means must be 
 
 14 
 
PROPAGATION 15 
 
 employed. Plants raised from seed do not as a rule flower so soon as 
 those which originate from cuttings or grafts. Occasionally, too, as with 
 desert shrubs like Calophaca wolgarica, the root system is ill-adapted for 
 our climate, and they are much longer-lived when grafted on plants with 
 more adaptable roots ; in the case of Calophaca^ use is made of Caragana 
 or Laburnum as a stock. 
 
 SEEDS. 
 
 Except where large quantities of plants are required, as is usual with 
 forest trees, quick, holly and such-like, it is not advisable to sow seeds of 
 trees and shrubs in the open ground. They are much more under control, 
 germination is quicker and more certain, if they are sown in boxes or pots 
 in a cold frame or slightly heated house. If the quantity justify it, they 
 may be sown on prepared soi-1 on the floor of a frame. Where no con- 
 venience of this sort exists the protection afforded by a cloche, or 
 handlight, in the open ground is a considerable advantage. 
 
 Soil and Drainage. The soil in which seeds are sown should be 
 fine where it is in contact with the seed, and it should be thoroughly 
 well drained. If a pot is used, at least one-third of its depth should be 
 filled with potsherds. For fine seeds like rhododendron, the pot may be 
 at least half filled. Above the potsherds leaves or loam fibre is placed to 
 prevent the fine particles of earth running amongst them. Finally, the pot 
 is nearly filled with a light compost of loam, finely sifted leaf-soil, and sand. 
 In the case of peat-loving plants like the heath family, finely broken-up 
 peat is to be employed in place of loam. For shallow pans or boxes less 
 drainage is of course required, but except for large seeds a depth of 2 to 
 3 ins. of soil will suffice. 
 
 A common mistake is that of sowing seed too thickly. It is a matter 
 about which no fixed rule can be laid down, and it must be left to 
 individual judgment. But young seedlings standing too closely together 
 are apt to become drawn up and weakly, and, if the weather be dull, to 
 decay through damp. Another frequent mistake is that of sawing seeds 
 too deeply. A good old gardeners' rule is that a seed should not be buried 
 more than its own depth. Thus a walnut should be buried an inch deep, 
 whilst the seeds of some Ericaceae, like rhododendrons, which are minute, 
 must not be covered at all, but simply sprinkled on the top. 
 
 Moisture. A most important requisite for the perfect germination of 
 seeds is the provision of a uniform and proper degree of moisture in the 
 soil and in the atmosphere. There is nothing more harmful to minute 
 seedlings than rapid fluctuations between dryness and saturation. Large 
 robust seeds like acorns or most of the pea family are not so susceptible 
 as the more minute and delicate ones. The ingenuity of the cultivator 
 may be exercised to secure as uniform a condition of moisture as possible. 
 
16 SEEDS 
 
 Thus newly sown seeds may be heavily shaded to prevent rapid drying 
 under the influence of hot sun. Fresh supplies of water must be given, 
 but for minute seeds it should be applied almost in the form of spray. 
 The slight disturbance of the minute plant by careless watering, repeatedly 
 done, before the radicle (or primary root) has had time to fix itself firmly, 
 causes many to perish. In the case of minute seeds it is best to water the 
 soil thoroughly before sowing. If they are placed in a close atmosphere 
 and shaded, germination may take place before watering becomes again 
 necessary. It need scarcely be said that as soon as germination takes 
 place light becomes essential. 
 
 Whilst the majority of seeds do not, perhaps, require the amount of 
 care indicated above, I have thought it worth while to mention the 
 conditions most favourable to germination. For new and valuable plants 
 any amount of attentibn will be repaid, and it will not be thrown away 
 on commoner subjects. 
 
 It should be mentioned that a gentle moist heat will often stimulate 
 seeds of even very hardy plants into germination that might otherwise fail. 
 This has repeatedly been seen in the case of seeds that have been sent 
 long distances, and become enfeebled by exposure to various influences 
 en route. Old seeds, too, are benefited in the same way. 
 
 The length of time it takes a seed to germinate is dependent on many 
 circumstances. Newly gathered seed germinates more quickly than old, 
 and, as has just been intimated, heat accelerates that process. Seeds 
 with a hard, bony covering, like those of holly, many of the Rosaceae, such 
 as thorns, plums, apples, etc., lie dormant twelve to eighteen months. To 
 save space and trouble such seeds are frequently mixed with earth or sand 
 and left thus for a year. Bony seeds of foreign hardy trees and shrubs 
 sown in pots or boxes, if they do not germinate the first season after they 
 are sown, should be stood out-of-doors the succeeding winter and subjected 
 to all the frost and snow that may occur. This often softens the outer 
 covering of the seeds, and they germinate when warm weather returns. 
 Minute seeds almost invariably germinate soon or not at all. 
 
 All soft, fleshy seeds, like acorns and chestnuts, need to be sown as 
 soon as they fall, or at any rate kept moist until they are sown. If stored 
 in a dry atmosphere their vitality rapidly decreases. But as a general rule 
 it is best to sow seeds of trees and shrubs about mid-February. By the 
 time they have germinated the sun has acquired considerable power, and 
 they are not likely to suffer from damp and darkness like autumn-sown 
 ones. This applies particularly to seeds obtained from abroad in autumn ; 
 still, where doubts exist as to their vitality, a proportion may be sown as 
 soon as received and the remainder in February. Ordinary dry seeds are 
 best kept in a cool dry place. 
 
PROPAGATION 17 
 
 DIVISION. 
 
 This is the simplest mode of propagation, for it consists merely in 
 separating an old plant into a number of pieces, each with more or less 
 root attached. It is best done just as growth is recommencing in spring, 
 and if the pieces can be separated with plenty of root attached they may 
 be planted straight away in permanent quarters. Such shrubs as the 
 dwarf spiraeas, Kerria, Berberis Aquifolium, Euonymus radicans, and all 
 with a similar method of renewing themselves by fresh growths from the 
 ground may be treated in this way. Bamboos are increased by division, 
 but in their case it is best deferred until mid-May; even then they are 
 liable to suffer and become unsightly, especially those of a close -growing 
 habit that form hard, matted masses of root which can only be divided 
 by chopping. In the case of valuable plants, or pieces with poor roots, a 
 gentle bottom heat is a very useful aid. The pieces should be potted 
 and the pots plunged in a mildly heated medium, or they may be 
 planted under glass in a shallow layer of soil. Where a large quantity 
 of young plants is desired an old-fashioned hot-bed of manure and leaves 
 covered with a frame is useful. 
 
 LAYERING. 
 
 Shrubs and trees with branches near the ground can almost always 
 be increased by this method. Nature herself frequently adopts it, It 
 consists in burying a portion of a shoot or branchlet without severing it 
 wholly from the tree. The process is as follows : a shoot is brought to 
 the ground and is pegged down to it at a point 6 to 18 ins. from the 
 end. The pegged part should be notched or slit lengthwise so as to 
 partially sever it, and then be covered with sufficient earth to keep it 
 moist. The free end of the shoot can be staked partially upright to keep 
 it fixed. Brittle wood sometimes cannot be cut at the buried part 
 without breaking, but some method of interrupting the flow of sap 
 should be adopted, such as twisting wire tightly round the stem, as it 
 stimulates the production of roots at the point of interruption. The two 
 other most essential things to secure in layering are, a state of permanent 
 moistness at the buried part, and its perfect fixity. Whilst the time at 
 which layering is best done is spring, it may be performed at almost any 
 time, but the incision of the buried part needs more care, or perhaps 
 omitting altogether, if the plants are in full leafage. One summer is 
 usually required for the new root-system to have become sufficiently 
 developed for the layer to be removed. It may require two for some 
 plants, as, for instance, rhododendrons. 
 
 In establishments where little convenience for striking cuttings in heat 
 is available, layering is a very useful and very certain means of increase. 
 
 B 
 
18 PROPAGATION 
 
 Provided the earth and the branchlet can be brought together, very few 
 plants indeed refuse to take root. But, of course, this is often difficult or 
 impossible. A plan is sometimes adopted of splitting a flower-pot in two, 
 tying the two parts together again round a branchlet that has been 
 previously notched or ringed, and filling the pot with earth, or earth and 
 moss mixed. On the Continent, specially designed vessels made of two 
 pieces of tin attached by a hinge are used for this purpose. The trouble 
 of keeping the soil moist is against its general use, but where it is adopted 
 the shady side of the tree or shrub should be operated on, and ingenious 
 people may devise various ways of keeping the soil moist, such as placing 
 a slightly leaking vessel of water above it. 
 
 In nurseries, where large stocks are required for sale, plants known as 
 stools are devoted entirely to the production of shoots for layering. Dwarf 
 shrubs, like heaths and daphnes, are often layered by merely weighting a 
 branch to the ground by placing a stone on it. 
 
 CUTTINGS. 
 
 Next to seeds, cuttings afford the best and most important means of 
 propagation. Although trees are, no doubt, on the whole best raised 
 from seeds, shrubs raised from cuttings are in most cases apparently quite 
 as healthy and long-lived as seedlings. As compared with grafting, the 
 method has the advantage of putting them on their own roots, which 
 obviates the sucker nuisance. 
 
 Many more trees and shrubs can be increased by cuttings than is 
 generally supposed, for instance, elms, birches, hornbeams, apples, and 
 cherries are amongst those that can be so raised. The process is with 
 them not always a certain one, but it is still a possible one. It would, 
 indeed, be rash to say of any exogenous tree that its increase by means of 
 cuttings is absolutely impossible. The best, or perhaps the only possible 
 way, must be found by experience, although old and professional pro- 
 pagators seem to know by intuition when is the best time, and what are 
 the best methods of rooting cuttings of plants they have not even seen 
 before. 
 
 A cutting differs from a layer chiefly in the fact that it is completely 
 severed from the mother plant from the first. Theoretically the pro- 
 pagator's work is to keep the piece of shoot alive and fresh until it is 
 able, by the production of its own roots, to live independently. His chief 
 aim is to prevent undue transpiration, i.e., the loss of more moisture 
 from its tissues than it can reabsorb. It follows, therefore, that cuttings 
 of succulent leafy young growth, which transpire freely and are subject to 
 early decay, must take root soon, if at all. A close atmosphere for all, 
 and a brisk bottom heat for many, is needed. But for cuttings in a leaf- 
 
CUTTINGS 19 
 
 less state, made of late autumn wood, where transpiration has practically 
 ceased, no heat at all is needed ; cuttings of such trees as willows, tamarisk, 
 poplars, and currants, as well as very many more, take root in the open 
 ground. As a general principle it may be stated that the younger and 
 softer cuttings of hardy trees and shrubs are, the more essential a close 
 atmosphere and bottom heat become. As the growths from which 
 cuttings are made harden and become more woody witf) the advancing 
 season, the emission of roots becomes, in general, slower. Things must 
 not be hurried, and less bottom heat is needed. Whether it is best to 
 take cuttings young, medium, or old, in the case of any given plant, 
 depends on its nature. It is a matter on which experience is the only 
 sure guide, and is dealt with in the descriptive part of this work, usually 
 under the notice of the genus. 
 
 For the vast majority of the plants dealt with in the present work that 
 are habitually increased by cuttings, it will be found that the most 
 suitable time to make them is from mid-July to the end of August. That 
 is the busy time of the hardy tree and shrub propagator who relies on 
 cuttings. The growths of the year have by then become moderately firm 
 and woody ; they are old enough and solid enough to retain their vitality 
 sufficiently, and yet not so old as to have become hard and hide-bound. 
 The character of the wood at a given date varies of course with the 
 season : in hot summers it is ready sooner. 
 
 For the majority of new shrubs I should first try their propagation 
 by cuttings at this intermediate state of the current season's growth 
 in gentle bottom heat. If they fail then, harder wood should be 
 tried, and if that fails too, more succulent growth the following early 
 summer. 
 
 Making the cutting. The expert propagator is very careful in 
 selecting the growths from which he proposes to make his cuttings, 
 especially leaf-bearing ones. He avoids very strong, vigorous, leading or 
 " sappy " shoots, but usually prefers the short side twigs, a few inches 
 long, which he can break off with a slight " heel " of the previous year's 
 wood attached at the base. This " heel " of older wood is often a valu- 
 able factor, and cuttings possessing it will root when those without it fail. 
 I suppose its firmer tissues prevent decay at the base. In its absence the 
 base of a cutting should be just below a joint. The average leafy cutting 
 is from 2 to 4 ins. long, about one-third of which is inserted in the soil* 
 Cuttings of heaths and such like shrubs with very fine branchlets are 
 made i to ij ins. long. If the cutting be too long, the succulent top 
 rather than the heel should be cut away. With cuttings that have 
 .inconveniently large leaves, it is a good plan to clip off half each leaf, 
 and of course the whole of the leaves at the base of the cutting must be 
 cut cleanly away. A sharp knife is an absolute necessity for making 
 
20 CUTTINGS 
 
 cuttings, it should be of almost razor-like keenness, so that all the material 
 can be cut cleanly away and not bruised. 
 
 Soil. In preparing a compost for cuttings it is as necessary as it is 
 with seeds to secure good drainage ; therefore, if pots, pans or boxes are 
 used, they should be drained as advised for seeds. All the soil as far as the 
 cuttings descend (and if pots are used it need not go very much deeper) 
 should be finely sifted. For most shrubs two parts clean silver sand to 
 one of sifted loam will be suitable. If the plants are peat-lovers, the sand 
 may be increased to a proportion of three parts to one of peat. When 
 placing the cutting in the soil the base of the cutting should settle firmly 
 on the bottom of the hole made for it. It should not be suspended so 
 that a hollow exists beneath its base. When the cuttings are firmly 
 inserted they should be well watered and then, if in pots, put in the 
 propagating case. 
 
 Bell-glasses, cloches, and handlights are extremely useful for placing 
 over cuttings, either under glass or in the open air. The first can be 
 obtained to fit any but the smallest sizes of circular pots. By their aid 
 much valuable propagating may be done in the open air. For this 
 work a sheltered shady spot should be selected; the soil should be 
 prepared in the proportions advised, rather deeper than the cuttings 
 descend, and when inserted the cuttings should be covered by the glass, 
 the chief use of which is to keep a permanently moist, still air and 
 prevent undue loss of moisture. Where no other convenience exists this 
 method may be tried for any hardy shrub. For many, no doubt, it may 
 fail, but for the brooms, double-flowered gorse, rosemary, lavender, and 
 numerous others, it is the best method available. Cuttings made in 
 September and October usually form a callus during the winter, and take 
 root the following spring. 
 
 Most of the species of Vitis, including the common grape-vine, can be 
 propagated in spring by single buds, or " eyes," as they are usually termed. 
 Healthy buds from the most vigorous part of the previous year's shoot are 
 selected, and are cut with about half an inch of wood each side the bud. The 
 pieces are usually made boat-shaped, i.e., with a sloping cut at each side, the 
 cuts approaching each other on the under side. They are pressed into 
 soil and left with only the tip of the bud exposed. Bottom heat is needed. 
 
 Root-cuttings. A considerable number of hardy trees and shrubs 
 can be increased by cutting up the root into pieces and planting them in 
 soil. They usually produce leafy shoots more quickly and surely when 
 given bottom heat. The sumachs (Rhus\ Xanthoceras sorbifolia, 
 mulberry, and all those that naturally produce root-suckers like elms, 
 Robinid) etc., may be propagated in this way. When other means fail, it 
 is ,worth trying for any plant that produces fairly thick fleshy roots. The 
 pieces are usually made about 3 ins. long and should be inserted with that 
 
PROPAGATION 21 
 
 part of the root uppermost which was nearest the stem. They ought not 
 to be less than Jin. thick. 
 
 The Paris Frame. A system of propagation without heat has 
 latterly come into use which has proved very useful in gardens too small to 
 justify the erection of the ordinary outfit of the propagator (bottom heat, etc.). 
 This is known as the " Paris frame," the method having come to us from 
 France. An ordinary one- or two-light frame is placed in an open spot 
 and filled to within 9 or 12 ins. of the glass with drainage and a mixture 
 of very sandy soil. In this the cuttings are inserted on the ordinary 
 plan after being made in the usual way. But their after-treatment is 
 radically different. The frame is never shaded, no matter how hot the 
 sun may be, and it is never ventilated except when watered, which it 
 must be once every hour during hot sunshine or even oftener during the 
 fiercest heat. These are the three essentials : no shade, no ventilation, 
 continual watering during bright sunshine. The last, of course, implies 
 the need of drainage. Some striking successes have been achieved by 
 this system, especially among those plants ordinarily needing fire-heat to 
 increase by cuttings. Although the watering demands constant attention 
 ,in hot sunny weather, the plan on the whole is very cheap, convenient 
 and useful. Some practitioners use pure sand for a rooting medium. 
 
 GRAFTING. 
 
 The practice of grafting is acquiring an evil reputation. In mediaeval 
 times it was the most venerated of all the operations common to 
 horticulture and the most cherished of the mysteries of the craft. The 
 late Mr F. W. Burbidge made the famous observation that it is "always 
 a makeshift, very often a fraud." A certain latitude must be accorded 
 to coiners of epigrams, but there is no doubt grafting has been much too 
 commonly practised by nurserymen. The latter part of Mr Burbidge's 
 statement no one can dispute. The grafting of cotoneasters on common 
 hawthorn, of phillyreas on privet, and of choice willows on common 
 sallow, can only fittingly be described as a "fraud." It is unnecessary, 
 because in each case the plants are easily obtained from cuttings ; it 
 weakens rather than improves their vigour, and suckers from the stock 
 are an endless bother and worry. Numerous other instances might be 
 given. 
 
 Not always, however, is grafting a "makeshift." I have already 
 instanced Calophaca wolgarica as a shrub difficult to keep alive on its 
 own roots; to it may be added Caragana jubata and Halimodendron 
 argenteum. These shrubs inhabit dry regions with great winter cold, 
 and their roots appear unable to thrive under the wet, comparatively 
 warm conditions of our winters, at least in ordinary positions. Conse- 
 quently they are grafted on laburnum or Caragana arborescens^ which 
 
22 GRAFTING 
 
 labour under no such disability. Cytisus scoparius var. Andreanus again, 
 and other varieties of common broom that do not come true from seed, 
 are often short-lived when raised from cuttings, due to the formation 
 of an imperfect callus at the base, which leaves the centre of the stem 
 not entirely sealed over and subject to decay. In their case, grafting 
 low down on young seedling laburnums has no disadvantages that I anv 
 aware of. In the case of trees and shrubs which do not produce seed in 
 this country and cannot readily be increased by cuttings or layers, 
 grafting has to be resorted to. In very many instances grafted trees thrive 
 well and are long-lived, although not so much so as seedlings. I know 
 grafted oaks, for instance, that must be 100 years old, in perfect 
 health and vigour. There is nothing to be said against the grafting 
 of such trees as weeping beech, weeping ash, fastigiate oaks, or, indeed, 
 any garden form that does not reproduce itself by seed, if it be done on 
 their respective types. The identical nature of stock and scion makes 
 a perfect union possible. On the whole, it may be said that grafting, 
 with the allied processes of inarching and budding, is often a valuable, 
 sometimes an indispensable, resource, but that nurserymen resort to 
 it much too readily, thereby bringing it into disrepute. Attempts should 
 always be made to get a tree or shrub on its own roots first ; it is when 
 those fail that grafting should be resorted to. 
 
 There are various modes of grafting, but they all have one principle in 
 common. This is that the inner bark (or cambium) of stock and that 
 of scion should be placed in contact. Roughly speaking, the stem of 
 an exogenous plant consists of four parts : in the centre is the pith, then 
 comes the wood, then the cambium, lastly the true bark. So far as 
 grafting (also the formation of roots in cuttings) is concerned, the whole 
 matter centres in the cambium, which is composed of active growing or 
 formative cells. The most perfect grafting is where the cut surfaces of 
 stock and scion are so arranged that the greatest amount of each set of 
 cambium is brought in contact with the other, and kept there until a 
 union is formed. The other parts do not matter. 
 
 It is not appropriate here to discuss the various methods of grafting. 
 When once the underlying principle is understood the success of the 
 operation is dependent as much on practice and deftness of hand as 
 anything. Professional propagators in nurseries have a very small 
 percentage of failures compared with the fumbling beginner. The opera- 
 tion is really delicate joinery. What is termed "whip-grafting" is the 
 simplest and commonest method; in this a long slanting cut is made 
 on the stock, a similar one is then made of the scion; the two cut 
 surfaces are then placed together, taking care that the inner barks, on 
 both sides if possible, but certainly on one, are coincident. In this 
 position the two are firmly tied together with bast and the whole is 
 
GRAFTING 23 
 
 covered with grafting clay or grafting wax to keep the uniting parts 
 air-tight. Scions are normally 2 to 6 ins. long, and the chances of success 
 are naturally greatest when they and the stock are of the same diameter. 
 
 The propagating case, mildly heated, is of great assistance in grafting. 
 The most convenient method and the surest with rare or delicate trees and 
 shrubs is to have the stocks brought into a moist house and grafted there. 
 Such shrubs as Hama?nelis, rhododendrons and brooms are always treated 
 that way. The stocks may be potted, or their roots laid in earth. Robust 
 common trees like oaks, maples, and the ordinary fruit-trees can be done 
 out-of-doors. For deciduous trees and shrubs, and, indeed, for most 
 things, spring is the best time, usually April out-of-doors, earlier under 
 glass. But many evergreens and some deciduous things are successfully 
 grafted under glass in late summer and early autumn. As a general rule, for 
 spring grafting, propagators like to have the stock slightly more forward 
 in growth than the scions ; the latter are often cut some time before- 
 hand and laid in the ground to keep them back, and for indoor grafting 
 the stocks are usually taken under glass some time before the operation. 
 
 On the whole, in private establishments, propagation by grafting is of 
 much less importance and general practicability than that by cuttings or 
 layers. There is, however, one mode of grafting that might be more 
 generally practised and has no objections to be urged against it. This is 
 grafting the twigs of a plant on pieces of its own root. When all other 
 attempts at propagation have failed this has been known to succeed. 
 Pieces of root about the thickness of the proposed scion should be selected. 
 After the two are fitted and tied together in the ordinary way the root 
 should be potted, leaving only that part of the scion which is above the 
 cut exposed, then placed in gentle bottom heat. Wistarias are very 
 readily propagated in this way. 
 
 INARCHING, OR GRAFTING BY APPROACH. 
 
 This process bears the same relation to grafting that layering does to 
 propagation by cuttings. The scion is not separated from the mother- 
 plant until a new union has taken place with the stock or foster-mother. 
 The essential principle is exactly the same as in grafting. The two plants 
 are brought together one at least has usually to be in a pot the branches 
 selected for union are then fitted together by taking a slice off one and a 
 corresponding slice off the other. The inner barks have to be placed in 
 contact, and the two tied together and finally covered with wax or clay 
 just as for grafting. Inarching often occurs in Nature, especially in trees 
 with crowded branches like limes. The method is too inconvenient to be 
 generally adopted, but a quaint use is sometimes made of it to unite the 
 tops of two young trees of the same sort at the entrance to a garden or 
 summer-house so that they ultimately form a gothic arch. 
 
24 PROPAGATION 
 
 BUDDING. 
 
 Largely practised for the propagation of roses, flowering cherries, 
 .peaches, red chestnuts, etc., this process possesses the same merits and 
 demerits as grafting. . It only differs from grafting in that the scion is a 
 single bud with a little bark attached, instead of a piece of branchlet. 
 Budding can only be done in summer when the bark parts freely from the 
 wood, usually in July and August. The buds selected are generally those 
 near the base of the current year's shoot. They are cut out with a sharp 
 knife, leaving about half an inch of bark above and below the bud and a 
 narrow strip at each side of it. A little wood is always cut out with the 
 bud, and this must be carefully removed. The process consists in making 
 a T-shaped incision in the year-old (or may be older) bark of the stock, 
 lifting up the pieces at the angles of the cut with the handle of the 
 budding knife and then pushing the newly made bud-scion under the 
 lifted pieces. The latter are then to be laid back over the scion and 
 the whole bound up in worsted or bast, leaving only the bud exposed. 
 The scion-buds should lie dormant until the following spring. 
 
 The principle of budding is exactly the same as in grafting, the 
 cambium of the bud and its attendant bark is laid flat on that of the 
 stock. On this account the chances of union taking place are increased; 
 but budding is the more delicate operation because of the softness and 
 tenderness of the material dealt with. Dull days should, if possible, be 
 selected for the work, and the quicker it is accomplished the greater 
 success is gained. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 HYBRIDISING AND SELECTION. 
 
 PERHAPS the most fascinating of all branches of plant cultivation is the 
 production of new forms in the garden itself. New plants of garden 
 origin, as distinct from those newly introduced from other countries, are 
 obtained in three ways: by branch "sports," by selection among seed- 
 raised plants, and by hybridisation. So far as trees and shrubs are 
 concerned, the first process is purely accidental, the second frequently so. 
 
 (1) Branch sports are abnormal shoots that occasionally appear on 
 adult trees or shrubs and are taken off and propagated by cuttings, buds, 
 or grafts. Many of them preserve their abnormality indefinitely, but 
 others have a strong tendency to revert to the normal type. Nearly all 
 variegated shrubs and trees, those with deeply cut leaves, and those with 
 double flowers originated as branch sports. 
 
 (2) The production of new forms under cultivation by selection from 
 seed has given to gardens some of their most beautiful plants ; but in 
 regard to trees and shrubs (trees especially), the intervals between the 
 generations are too long for the work to attract the ordinary man as a set 
 purpose. Most new forms of seedling origin in gardens have originated 
 as chance breaks, noticed by nurserymen or others among batches of 
 plants raised to furnish ordinary stock. Most weeping, fastigiate and 
 dwarf trees have originated in this way; also purple-leaved, large- or 
 small-leaved varieties, and forms with richer-coloured or larger flowers. 
 Like branch sports, they must be increased by vegetative parts cuttings, 
 grafts, etc. and propagated in this way they show little or no tendency 
 to revert back to the normal type. Raised from seed they show a 
 strong but not a uniform tendency to revert to the parent type; thus 
 often a small proportion come true or even show the peculiarity of the 
 form to an increased extent ; a larger proportion are more or less inter- 
 mediate; the remainder will be indistinguishable from the type. The 
 purple beech is an illustration ; comparatively few of its seedlings come 
 quite true, they are mostly of an ineffective purplish green or coppery 
 hue, but a number of purple beeches have been raised from seed, such as 
 
 25 
 
26 HYBRIDISING AND SELECTION 
 
 var. atropurpurea, "Swat Magret," etc., whose purple is of a deeper 
 shade than that of the original tree. Andre's broom, with its maroon 
 wing petals, is a similar instance ; most of its seedling progeny are more or 
 less reversions towards the common Cytisus scoparius. 
 
 (3) The hybridisation of two plants of varying character is the quickest 
 and surest means of producing new forms under cultivation. One is 
 certain of getting something new, even if it be something in no way 
 superior to either parent, and often the breeder can form some idea of 
 what he is likely to obtain. We undoubtedly owe our most valuable 
 garden shrubs to hybridisation, sometimes by human, sometimes by insect 
 agency. The garden races of rhododendron and azalea, roses and clematis, 
 and such beautiful plants as Berberis stenophylla. Magnolia Soulangiana, 
 Salix Salamoni, Cytisus kewensis and C. Dallimorei^ Spir&a arguta and 
 Hypericum Moserianum, are a few examples of those which have had 
 their origin in the intentional or sometimes accidental crossing of species. 
 Hybrid trees and shrubs have usually a vigour superior to that of either of 
 their parents. As this is work which any amateur may do, it will be worth 
 while to devote a few words to the operation of hybridising itself. 
 
 The first equipment of the operator is a true understanding of the 
 structure of the flowers to be operated on. Ordinarily, a flower consists 
 of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil, which may be regarded as of two 
 sections: first, the protective or ornamental; second, the essential or 
 sexual parts. The first or outer section consists of calyx (or sepals) and 
 corolla (or petals), sometimes calyx alone. They play no part in the 
 production of seed; their purpose is to protect the sexual parts when 
 young, and later, by displaying bright colour, to help to advertise the 
 flower and attract the notice of insects to fertilise it. That function 
 performed, their work is done, and they usually fall away. The real 
 reproduction of the plant by seed is accomplished by the stamens (male) 
 and the pistil (female). The process of fertilisation or impregnation is 
 brought about by the transference of pollen (usually a minute yellow 
 powder borne in sacs called anthers at the top of the stamen) to the 
 summit of the pistil. The pistil has three parts ; -at the base is the ovary, 
 a swollen body which contains the incipient seeds, or ovules ; above that 
 is a stalk of varying length called the style, bearing at the top a knob 
 (ultimately viscid), called the stigma. It is upon the stigma that the 
 pollen must lodge so that the ovules may be changed into fertile seeds. 
 
 Whilst Nature adopts various methods to prevent the fertilisation of 
 a flower by its own pollen (often by the non-synchronous ripening of the 
 pollen and receptivity of the stigma ; often by separating the sexes on 
 different plants), her intention is that the impregnation should be done 
 by pollen from a flower of the same species. Thus whilst, in the higher 
 groups, she abhors in-breeding, she also objects to mules. The hybridiser, 
 

HYBRIDISING AND SELECTION 27 
 
 / 
 
 on the other hand, has to bring about the fertilisation of the flower of one 
 species or variety by the pollen of another of his own choosing. His aim 
 is usually to unite in the progeny qualities in the parents severally 
 possessed, such as hardiness or better habit with greater flower beauty. 
 There are limits, of course, to the choice of parents, just as there are in 
 the animal world. Species of the same genus are capable as a rule of 
 being hybridised, although sometimes physical divergences prevent it. 
 Occasionally, too, species of different but closely allied genera will cross- 
 breed. Progeny of the more distantly related parents are generally 
 barren. 
 
 To secure hybridisation two essential points must be borne in mind : 
 viz., the stigma should be in a receptive condition, and the impregnation 
 of the flower by pollen from any other flower than the one selected by the 
 operator must be prevented. 
 
 The stigma usually indicates its readiness to receive the pollen by 
 becoming sticky, but it is often desirable to dust it over afresh with pollen 
 every day for a few days after the viscidity appears. 
 
 The first thing to do in regard to the other point is to protect it from 
 its own pollen. With plants left to themselves, Nature usually secures 
 this herself, but not always. The hybridiser leaves as little as possible to 
 chance, and so the careful operator commences by removing the stamens 
 from the flower he wishes to cross-fertilise, and to do this effectually he 
 breaks open the flower before it expands naturally, and cuts away the 
 anthers before the pollen has become ripe (i.e. dust-like). If it be a 
 small shrub, it is often advisable to take it up and keep it in a cool airy 
 glass-house until the impregnating process is over. The only danger 
 then is that a stray bee or other insect may enter and deposit foreign 
 pollen on the stigma ; but if the petals be removed as well as the stamens 
 the danger is a very remote one. All flowers other than those impreg- 
 nated must be removed. 
 
 Out-of-doors, owing to wind, insects, and other disturbing agencies, the 
 process is not so much under control. The removal of the stamens from 
 the flower to be impregnated is again necessary before the petals expand ; 
 and to prevent a fertilisation other than the desired one, it is usual to 
 enclose that part of the branchlet bearing the flower with white gauze or 
 transparent paper, unless the shrub or tree is in a well-isolated position. 
 The removal of the stamens is best accomplished by the aid of a pair 
 of finely pointed scissors, and it is scarcely needful to say that all bruising 
 and scratching of the pistil is to be avoided. The fertilised flower should 
 be ticketed with a number corresponding to one in a note-book, under 
 which particulars as to parentage, dates, etc., are entered. As soon as 
 the flowering season is past, and consequently all danger of chance impreg- 
 nation over, the gauze or paper guards must be removed. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 NURSERY WORK AND METHODS. 
 
 ASSUMING that the young plant has been raised by one or other of the 
 methods just described, a few words may be devoted to its treatment 
 afterwards. Whether raised from seed or from cuttings, the newly rooted 
 plants stand much too closely together to remain long without mutually 
 damaging each other. Cuttings put in at the most usual time, i.e., July 
 and August, do not grow much that year after the roots have formed. 
 They are, as a rule, most conveniently rooted in pots, and in these they 
 may usually remain undisturbed until the following spring, when they are 
 separated and planted in rows in prepared nursery ground. Plants raised 
 earlier in the season from seeds or soft cuttings, having a growing season 
 in front of them, cannot be wintered in the seed- or cutting-pots. If of 
 vigorous constitution and quick growth, they may be planted out in the 
 nursery ground as soon as well rooted. But as by that time the season is 
 wejl advanced and hot dry days occur, it is usually necessary to give them 
 shading and special attention in watering for a week or two. With 
 delicate, very small or particularly important plants it is better, especially 
 in the case of seedlings, to transplant them ("prick them off" is the 
 common term) into shallow wooden boxes of fine soil, although not so 
 fine as for the seeds themselves. These boxes, 2 or 3 ins. deep, may be 
 purchased cheaply at most horticultural providers. Treated in this way, 
 the baby plants may be kept in frames or even given a mild heat to 
 ensure their quick attachment to the new soil, and loss is reduced to a 
 minimum. Choice rhododendrons and others of the heath family can 
 only be treated satisfactorily in this way. In taking the plants from the 
 seed- or cutting-pots reasonable care should be taken to preserve the 
 roots as much as possible, and, if practicable, to take a little ball of soil as 
 well. As the plants are transferred from the seed-pot to the shallow box, 
 they should be set regularly in rows, so that when again removed from 
 the boxes into the open ground a square block of soil may be cut out 
 and taken with each plant. 
 
 The ground or nursery into which young trees and shrubs are planted 
 
 28 
 
NURSERY WORK 29 
 
 should be sheltered naturally or artificially. Clipped evergreen hedges 
 are frequently planted to secure this end, such as of holly, privet, or 
 Thuya ocddentalis. But in most gardens some nook large enough and 
 sheltered enough can be found. The soil should be of a light rather 
 than a heavy nature, for it induces a more fibrous root system, and the 
 necessary space allotted for peat-loving things should have peat mixed 
 with the ordinary soil. 
 
 The chief use of a nursery ground is to enable one to watch over and 
 encourage the growth of trees and shrubs from their babyhood until they 
 are big enough to fight their own battles along with the other occupants 
 of the garden, park, or street to which they may be consigned. A 
 nursery is also very useful, even if only of small size, as it affords material 
 for making good losses by death, or for extending existing plantations at 
 the least expense. There is always as well the peculiar satisfaction of 
 raising' one's own plants. 
 
 When once the plants are safely established in the nursery their after- 
 care consists chiefly in transplanting, pruning, and training, all of which 
 questions it will be convenient to deal with as affecting hardy trees and 
 shrubs in general, whether in nursery quarters or not. 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 TRANSPLANTING. 
 
 THERE is no operation connected with the cultivation of trees and shrubs 
 upon whose proper performance more depends than transplanting. To 
 its successful accomplishment not only the health, the proper placing, but 
 the very presence of a plant in a garden are due. It may be said, indeed, 
 that it is only the art of transplanting that makes a garden possible. In 
 itself, however, it is an evil, although so necessary a one. With few 
 exceptions, a tree that is rightly placed and in proper soil is better left 
 undisturbed at the root. 
 
 To understand the importance of transplanting it is well to consider 
 the typical root-system of a plant. If a tree old enough to have formed 
 a woody stem be carefully taken out of the ground and examined, it 
 will be found to have a root-system somewhat as follows : Proceeding 
 directly from the stem there will be three, four, or more radiating main 
 roots similar to the stem in character; these are, of course, developed 
 from the first roots emitted by the seedling and have become woody with 
 age. Issuing from them are other ramifications, becoming smaller at each 
 subdivision, till at last they cease to be woody and are invested merely by 
 hair-like organs. It is important to remember that the nutrition of the 
 plant is entirely dependent on these hair-like roots. All the other portions 
 serve merely as conduits from them to the stem, and as supports and 
 holdfasts for the plant. In transplanting it will thus be seen how 
 important it is that as many as possible of the finest rootlets should be 
 preserved. A plant bears transplanting well or badly according to its 
 power of renewing these rootlets quickly, or to its capability of existing 
 with little loss of vitality until they are renewed. The finer and less 
 woody portions of the root-system send out these fine fibres more freely 
 and quickly than the older parts do, which is why young plants, even tiny 
 seedlings, are transplanted with less risk than old ones. 
 
 Plants like rhododendrons and others of the heath family are easily 
 transplanted because they produce an enormous quantity of fibrous roots 
 close to the stem, enabling a much larger proportion of working roots to 
 
TRANSPLANTING 31 
 
 be removed with it than is possible with the majority of trees and 
 shrubs. 
 
 The occasional transplanting that young trees undergo in well- 
 managed nurseries is practised for the same reason. The shortening of 
 the roots involved by removal induces the production of a large quantity 
 of fibrous roots close to the stem, which are thus easily removed with the 
 plant. The tendency of the active fibrous roots is to spread out farther 
 and farther away from the stem, and thus enlarge the feeding-ground of 
 the tree. Consequently the longer the tree remains undisturbed, the 
 greater the proportion of them that have perforce to be sacrificed in 
 transplanting, and the greater is the risk involved in its ultimate removal. 
 In selecting trees and shrubs, but more especially trees, the experienced 
 purchaser looks askance at the plants with long clean leads and an 
 aspect of lush vigour. These things are too suggestive of undisturbed 
 roots. He prefers the short-jointed, comparatively stunted growth 
 indicative of judicious transplanting. 
 
 Methods of Transplanting. The commonest and most simple 
 method of transplanting is to take a plant out of the earth, with as many 
 of its roots as can conveniently be saved, 'and to transfer it to its new 
 quarters nearly or quite free from soil. Trees and shrubs to be sent long 
 distances have necessarily to be dispatched in this state. For the great 
 majority of young trees and shrubs with deciduous foliage the plan is 
 perfectly safe. For evergreen shrubs that do not form close masses of 
 roots, as rhododendrons do, it is risky. And with both deciduous and 
 evergreen plants, the risk is increased the older they become and the 
 longer they remain undisturbed. 
 
 Seedlings and cuttings removed from seed-beds, boxes, etc., to more 
 roomy quarters rarely fail if care bfe taken ; but it has to be remembered 
 that the younger and more succulent they are, the less able are they to 
 withstand dryness, exposure, and delay. Seedlings of important kinds 
 have sometimes to be transplanted whilst they are growing, and in that 
 case it is a good plan to lay them on damp moss or canvas as they are 
 taken up. After ttiey are replanted they should be watered thoroughly, 
 and occasionally sprinkled afterwards if they show signs of drooping. 
 But with the seedlings of most deciduous hardy trees and shrubs it is 
 best,- and usually most convenient, to transplant them in open weather 
 sometime between the fall of the leaf and the renewal of growth. (See 
 notes on time for transplanting.) 
 
 When the removal of a plant has been decided on, it will be 
 incumbent to decide also whether a proportion of the soil in which it is 
 growing shall be carried with it, or whether it shall be taken with naked 
 roots only. Several circumstances will have to be considered, such as 
 the nature of the plant, the distance it has to be taken, the labour and 
 
32 TRANSPLANTING 
 
 cost involved, etc. But, generally, it may be said that old plants, plants 
 that have long been undisturbed, and most evergreens should be trans- 
 planted with balls of earth. On the other hand, young plants and most 
 deciduous ones may be moved with naked roots. 
 
 Transplanting -without Soil attached to the Roots. In 
 transplanting a tree or shrub without soil, it has always to be borne in 
 mind that the greater the proportion of fibrous roots that are retained 
 the greater will be the degree of success. With small plants up to two or 
 three years old it is, as a rule, sufficient to push the spade or fork 
 beneath them and raise them bodily from the ground, and then shake the 
 roots free from soil. But with older specimens more care is needed, such 
 as those whose roots have spread 3 ft. or more from the stem. With 
 such specimens it is necessary to commence operations at a sufficient 
 distance from the stem proportionate, of course, to the size of the tree, 
 but always far enough away to preserve a considerable proportion of the 
 fibrous roots by digging a trench; then, by working inwards, chiefly 
 with a fork, the roots should be carefully shaken free from the soil. In 
 the case of large and important specimens this work must not be hurried. 
 
 In replanting a tree that has been taken up in the way described, the 
 first consideration should be to provide a hole wide enough to allow 
 the roots to be spread out to fullest extent. This applies to plants of 
 any size, but it is more important the larger they are. Roots should 
 never be doubled back or made to fit the circumference of a hole. They 
 should be placed in the earth as nearly as possible in the same relative 
 positions as they were when taken out. With regard to the depth at 
 which trees should be planted, it may be said that the thickened base of 
 the stem, where it begins to divide into the several main roots, should 
 always be above ground. The mistake of too deep planting is nearly 
 always made, especially where the holes have been deeply dug, 
 because insufficient allowance is made for settling. A convincing lesson 
 may be learnt in connection with this question of depth from naturally 
 sown trees. It will be noticed that there is always some tendency and 
 often it is a very marked one for the base of the stem to be elevated 
 above the surrounding ground. When this part is buried the stem is 
 much predisposed to decay at the "collar." The bark of the stem or 
 trunk, which Nature intended to be exposed to the atmosphere only, is 
 kept permanently dark and moist. This renders it, no doubt, peculiarly 
 susceptible to cell-rupture by alternate freezing and thawing, and to the 
 attacks of fungi. Plants that die from this cause usually die quite 
 suddenly, causing much wonder. Still, some trees, such as poplars and 
 elms, do not seem to mind deep-planting. 
 
 When rearranging the roots in their new quarters, the aim should be 
 to spread them out evenly in all directions. The soil in immediate 
 
TRANSPLANTING 33 
 
 contact with them should be fine and worked well in amongst the fibres. 
 When once the roots are well covered the soil may be trodden or rammed 
 firmly about them, but the planter should bear in mind that the moister 
 and heavier the soil the less of this consolidating process will be needed. 
 Where the soil is light and free, or even moderately so, a thorough 
 watering has the mechanical effect of settling the soil about the roots 
 thoroughly. 
 
 Transplanting with Soil attached to the Roots. Whilst the 
 removal of trees and shrubs with a mass of earth about the roots is the 
 most troublesome and costly method, it is the safest, and should always 
 be adopted for large or particularly valuable examples. So far as the 
 physiology of the plant is concerned, the operation presents no problems, 
 for the aim is to transfer the plant with its root-environment practically 
 undisturbed. Such difficulties as arise are chiefly mechanical. With the 
 necessary appliances and mechanical skill, trees hundreds of years old can 
 be transferred to new quarters. But in the ordinary routine of garden 
 work one has rarely to deal with masses of soil weighing more than one 
 ton. Below that there is every gradation down to seedlings with an 
 ounce or two of soil attached. Whatever the size may be the chief object 
 is the same, viz., to transfer intact the "ball" of earth with the roots that 
 permeate it. With small plants the task is easy. The " ball " may be 
 kept together with the hands ; often it may be carried from one place to 
 another on a spade or fork, or on a wheelbarrow or truck. But the 
 larger the ball and the less matted the roots, the more careful has 
 the planter to be. Still, the main object is always the same, and that is, 
 to keep the "ball" from breaking. With rhododendrons and such-like 
 plants with dense masses of fibrous roots, it is often self-supporting, but 
 usually artificial support is necessary. This is best afforded by shaping 
 the ball to a cylindrical form and binding it together with two cords, one 
 near the top, the other near the bottom. The "ball" should first be 
 wrapped round in stout canvas or matting, and a few thin boards should 
 be inserted between it and the cords, so as to prevent the latter cutting 
 into the soil. It is very important that the cords should be made as 
 tight as possible. This is done by making a noose at one end, and, 
 after threading the other end through the noose, pulling each cord as 
 tight as it can be made. An instrument called the tourniquet is some- 
 times used for tightening the cords. 
 
 After the soil has been supported by some such means as these, the 
 ball has to be partially undermined, first on one side and then on the 
 other, and a pair of stout lifting-boards inserted. The plant is then 
 ready to be lifted out of the hole and carried away to its new position, 
 When the weight is greater than can be managed by a few nen, 
 mechanical appliances have to be used. Transplanting machines of 
 
 C 
 
34 TRANSPLANTING 
 
 various sizes, made to lift from J to 8 or TO tons, can be obtained, which 
 reduce the trouble to a minimum, as they have apparatus for hoisting the 
 mass of earth and lowering it again. But it is only on large estates and 
 in public parks and gardens that there is sufficient transplanting to justify 
 the considerable cost of these machines. Much, however, can be done with 
 a lifting jack, rollers, and planks, the plant being rolled up an inclined 
 plane out of its hole on to a low trolly to be taken to its destination. 
 
 Preparation of Large Trees for Removal. Where it is desired 
 to transplant particularly valuable or important trees, especially trees that 
 have long been undisturbed, and are known to have their feeding roots so 
 far spread out from the stem as to make it impossible to take a necessary 
 proportion of them with the tree, it is often desirable to prepare the 
 " ball " six months, a year, or even two years beforehand. It is done in 
 this way. The dimensions of the " ball " to be removed are .fixed on and 
 marked out. A trench is dug out rather nearer the stem than the marked 
 lines, and as deep as the roots go. All the roots, of course, are roughly 
 severed in the process, and these should be cut cleanly back. It is 
 important that tap roots, if they exist, should be severed also, and to do 
 this half the "ball" or less should be undermined, and then filled in 
 again before another section is dealt with. After all this is done, the 
 trench should be filled in again, the soil rammed firmly and watered. 
 
 The object of this process is to provide the tree with a stock of fibrous 
 roots so near to the stem that they, or most of them, can be taken away 
 with it at the time of transplanting, and thereby enable it to take hold 
 ^of the soil at once in its new quarters. One growing season at least 
 must elapse between the preparation of the' tree and its ultimate removal. 
 Some trees may be prepared in the early spring and removed in the 
 autumn of the same year. With most a full year should be allowed. In 
 some cases it may be well to prepare half the " ball " one year and the 
 other half the next. This is to avoid the check caused by severing all 
 the roots at one time. 
 
 Time for Transplanting. The most convenient time for the 
 removal of trees and shrubs is during the winter months, say from the 
 middle of October to the middle of March. With very few exceptions, 
 all deciduous trees and shrubs may be transplanted with safety during 
 that period. Still, the earlier part of the time is better than the latter 
 part. As far as possible all deciduous plants should be planted after the 
 leaves have changed colour, but just before they fall. The roots are not 
 yet inactive, and they get a grip of the new soil before winter sets in. The 
 period, however, is so short that this must be regarded rather as counsel 
 of perfection than as being always practicable. The worst time for the 
 work is during the period of dry east winds in March and early April. 
 But after that again there frequently comes a time when, if the work has 
 
TRANSPLANTING 35 
 
 not been done before, it may still be safely accomplished. This is during 
 soft or showery weather, when the buds are bursting. The roots have by 
 now become active again, and if the plants can be kept moist for a few 
 days (natural rain showers, of course, are best, but watering and spraying 
 are a great help), they start growing again immediately. The deciduous 
 magnolias can be shifted best at this time, usually mid-May with them. 
 In trade nurseries much transplanting has perforce to be deferred until the 
 end of the selling season. 
 
 Evergreens. These are much more difficult to transplant safely than 
 deciduous plants are. The reason of this is that the leaf-bearing part of 
 the plant is never so independent of the root-system. Even in midwinter 
 the leaves both breathe and transpire, so that a cessation in the supply 
 of moisture from the root, however partial, is felt much more than it is 
 by a leafless plant. 
 
 In the case of rhododendrons and many other evergreen members of 
 the heath family, the fine roots are so numerous, and get so complete a 
 grip of the soil, that the whole root-system can be removed practically 
 intact. But in their case the problems of transplanting scarcely arise; 
 with ordinary care it can be done at almost any season of the year. It 
 is with such evergreens as hollies, evergreen oaks, cherry laurels and 
 Portugal laurels, arbutuses, and all those with a more or less rambling 
 root-system that difficulties appear. They can, of course, be moved 
 with safety if the " balls " of earth in which they grow are taken with 
 them, but that cannot always be done, as in the case of plants that have 
 to be sent long distances, or those growing close together, as in a holly 
 hedge. Consequently, they have to be removed with little or no soil 
 attached to the roots. It is in such cases that it becomes very important 
 that the right time be chosen. 
 
 It is essential with such evergreens as those just named that the 
 plants, although not in the full vigour of their growth, should nevertheless 
 not be in their most inactive state. The best times, therefore, are autumn 
 before growth ceases, or in late spring after growth commences. With 
 regard to autumn planting, warm moist days in late September and early 
 October are particularly advantageous in the south of England. In the 
 cooler, moister north a few weeks earlier are better. Spring planting 
 should be deferred till the drying east winds are over. Showery, warm 
 days in May are best. 
 
 Many discussions have been held as to whether the autumn or the 
 spring planting of evergreens is preferable. With suitable weather and 
 smart workmanship at the time, and with due attention to watering the 
 following summer, success, I think, is about equally probable at either 
 season. Just as a hard winter setting in very early might prejudice one 
 against autumn planting, so might a long dry time in May and June 
 
36 TRANSPLANTING 
 
 prejudice another against spring planting. This much, however, is 
 certain, from midwinter onward to early April is the most dangerous 
 time. In the case of the most susceptible of these evergreens it is better 
 to be earlier in autumn or later in spring than the reverse. Evergreen 
 oaks transplant better in early June than in April. Bamboos, if planted in 
 autumn, should be moved early ; but in their case experience proves that 
 mid-May is equally good. 
 
 I am strongly of opinion that it helps considerably towards the 
 recovery of evergreens whose roots have been damaged by transplanting, 
 to remove a proportion of the leaf growth, or even leaves alone, from the 
 branches. By reducing the leaf surface the amount of transpiration is 
 correspondingly reduced, and the demand for moisture is brought nearer 
 to the amount the damaged and reduced root-system is able to supply. 
 In the case of evergreen oaks and vigorous hollies, quite half the leafy 
 part of the plant may often be removed with advantage. In N. America, 
 where the summer is more trying than ours for newly planted hollies, 
 they make a practice of almost denuding them of leaves in these 
 circumstances, 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 SOILS AND MULCHING. 
 
 IF one could choose one's own soil for the cultivation of trees and shrubs 
 generally, it \vould be a deep loam of a light rather than a heavy nature, 
 and free from all calcareous substances. Such a soil is easily worked and 
 would support the most varied collection of species, including the great 
 family of Ericacece, whose members give so much beauty to gardens. 
 The species found on limestone are numerous, but to very few of them 
 is lime absolutely essential. For some, such as certain species of 
 clematis and juniper, and such conifers as Abies Pinsapo, it is advisable 
 to add lime to soil deficient in it ; but generally one is led to fhe belief 
 that trees and shrubs inhabit limestone regions not so much from choice 
 as from necessity. The beech, for instance, or the whitebeam, commonly 
 found wild on the limestone, thrive' just as well apparently where it is 
 absent. Peat-lovers, again, are by no means incapable of thriving on a 
 loamy soil. The heath family, including such genera as Calluna, Erica, 
 Rhododendron, Azalea, Daboeda, and Pieris, are usually found wild on 
 peaty soil, but everyone of them will succeed in loam of a sandy nature 
 and free from lime, especially if decayed leaves be added to it. 
 
 The great value of decayed leaves the " leaf-soil " of the gardener 
 as an ingredient in soil of any type is not yet generally appreciated, 
 although one hopes the old wasteful practice of burning fallen leaves, 
 after raking them together in early winter, has in a great measure ceased. 
 Every garden of any pretensions should have its " leaf-heap," where the 
 gathered leaves may be carted and turned over two or three times 
 annually as occasion offers. In two years a black humus is formed which 
 no tree or shrub, so far as I know, will object to, but which, on the other 
 hand, the roots of almost everyone will avidly seize on. For delicate 
 rooting shrubs like the Ericacece, eucryphias, stewartias, the more delicate 
 magnolias, Chilean and New Zealand shrubs generally, it is particularly 
 useful, and makes an admirable substitute for peat in many cases. As a 
 mulching for evergreens, a layer of leaves has much to recommend it, and 
 in the case of those with low branches like rhododendrons, which 
 prevent the leaves being blown away, it is a good plan in autumn to 
 
 37 
 
38 SOILS AND MULCHING 
 
 cover the ground, say from 6 to 12 ins. deep, with a layer of newly fallen 
 leaves. In the event of a hard winter they keep the soil comparatively 
 warm, gradually decaying and settling down to a shallow covering, which 
 keeps the soil cool and moist during the following summer. The surface 
 roots of rhododendrons and most shrubs thrust themselves greedily into 
 this humus ; being light and easily permeated by air, it has not the evil 
 results that sometimes follow heavy top-dressings of loam or manure, 
 which, too frequently given, are apt to bury the plant unduly and set up 
 decay at the collar, just as deep planting does. 
 
 Mulching. This term is applied to the practice of placing material, 
 usually of a feeding nature, on the surface of the soil permeated by roots 
 of trees and shrubs, as distinct from burying it in the ground. It has two 
 allied purposes : that of nourishing the plant, in which case the mulch is 
 usually some form of farm manure ; and that of keeping the soil warm in 
 winter, and cool and moist in summer. 
 
 In the case of old and failing trees, or starved and weakly ones, 
 especially those of a surface-rooting nature like beech, elm, lime, maples, 
 and numerous others, no treatment aiming at their renovation is 'more 
 efficacious than a top-dressing of manure, loam and manure, or manure 
 and leaves, from 3 to 6 ins. in thickness. The ground should be lightly 
 pricked over before it is applied. If the tree is standing on a lawn the 
 grass should be taken off in turves and replaced after the mulching is 
 done. In this case leaves are unsuitable as part of the compost, because 
 they decay into such small compass that the ground settles much and 
 unevenly ; loam and manure should be used, or even loam by itself. If 
 possible, it is best to mulch lawn trees in early October, and leave the 
 ground open through the ensuing winter and early spring, re-turfing or 
 sowing with grass seed the following April. 
 
 The commonest form of mulching, especially of shrubs, is the summer 
 mulch, designed to keep the soil and roots moist and cool in the broiling 
 heats of July and August, especially after transplanting. The material 
 should be of a loose, open nature, and perhaps, for general use, the best 
 of all is a mixture of short rotted manure and leaf-soil. For rhododen- 
 drons and the heath family generally, a four-inch layer of decayed leaves is 
 as good as anything. Such a top-dressing is remarkably effective in 
 keeping the ground moist better, indeed, than many waterings. Newly 
 planted shrubs and trees, and all those liable to suffer more than 
 ordinarily from drought, should always have this mulching. Surface 
 hoeing, persistently done, is an admirable means of keeping ground moist 
 during drought, maintaining, as it does, the top layer of earth in a loose, 
 open state. Mulching with a loose, open material is a still more effective 
 means to the same end and of less trouble, as one dressing is sufficient for 
 a season, sometimes for two or three. 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 ARRANGEMENT OF SHRUBBERIES. 
 
 IT is upon the size, number, and arrangement of the trees and shrubs in 
 a garden that its broad effects depend. Diversities in the surface of the 
 land, its eminences and declivities, provide the most effective variations 
 of scenery ; but where these are non-existent, and the lie of the land is 
 flat, the trees then become the most important elements in providing 
 variety of outlook and diversity of background. If the trees and shrubs 
 are not themselves the chief objects of interest in a garden, they must, in 
 all but the smallest areas, form at the least the setting of whatever else 
 the garden may contain. Whatever the picture may be, it is the arboreal 
 vegetation that makes the framing. This being so, it is strange that in so 
 many gardens one should see such striking evidence of no special thought 
 or care for the trees and shrubs they contain. How often one sees, more 
 especially in the case of shrubs, that there has been no endeavour to 
 secure the most suitable and beautiful kinds, or any attempt to draw upon 
 that wealth of material which the enterprise, exploration, and gardening 
 skill of the last fifty years have made available. 
 
 Who is not familiar with that depressing thing known as the " mixed 
 shrubbery" a crowded mass of shrubs, with here and there perhaps a 
 tree, whence all the weaker sorts have disappeared, and in which the 
 stronger ones are left to fight each other for light and space ? The result 
 is that what remains is a survival perhaps of the fittest, but certainly not 
 the most beautiful, and is often merely a jumble of laurels, privets, Pontic 
 rhododendrons, weedy lilacs, coarse spiraeas, and the like. If it were not 
 that such shrubberies may be seen any day of one's life in process of 
 development, we might hope that so many object-lessons would, before 
 now, have brought about their end. 
 
 It is easy to trace their origin and development. A student of 
 human nature would probably say that this sort of " mixed shrubbery " 
 is only one more evidence of the evils of procrastination. At the 
 commencement, the plants are naturally small, and in the hope of 
 producing an immediate effect they are put in rather closely together. 
 
40 ARRANGEMENT OF SHRUBBERIES 
 
 This, of course, is perfectly right, but too often the work stops at that. 
 Plants do not cry aloud, and, as we have so often been reminded since 
 Old Dumbiedykes uttered the profound truth, they grow whilst we are 
 sleeping. When the time comes that they are closing up and ought to 
 be given more space, the work is passed by in favour of something 
 seemingly more needful but probably less important. For when once 
 the proper time has passed by, it becomes increasingly difficult to treat 
 the shrubbery satisfactorily. The plants become drawn and their sides 
 thin, and any interference with them means, at the least, a temporary 
 unsightliness. The remedy for all this is the adoption of a definite plan 
 at the commencement and its rigorous carrying out afterwards. 
 
 Value of Grouping. When either a tree or a shrub is to be grown 
 as an isolated specimen, with plenty of space for its development, as on 
 lawns or in parks, it has simply to be considered in its present and 
 ultimate relationship to the general features of the landscape. Its 
 natural increase in size and height does not involve transplanting and 
 rearrangement. It is, however, quite otherwise with the cultivated 
 shrubbery, which, either large or small, forms so important a part of 
 every garden. Such shrubberies are designed to mask boundaries of 
 gardens and to make secondary boundaries within the garden itself; they 
 are useful in forming dividing lines between diverse types of gardening, 
 as backgrounds for borders of herbaceous plants, as shelter-belts, and 
 so on. The point is, that wherever it is, or whatever its special object may 
 be, a shrubbery should be something more than a mere mass of greenery 
 serving to block out a view. It should, and can be, as much a feature of 
 beauty and interest as any other part of the garden. The initial mistake 
 that is so often made in the planting of shrubberies is in the indiscriminate 
 mixing up of the material employed. The value of grouping that is, 
 the bringing together of several individuals of one kind is not generally 
 appreciated. It is even more apparent in beds cut out on lawns than 
 it is in continuous shrubberies. Here an indiscriminate mixture looks 
 its worst, and here, more than anywhere else, should an arrangement of 
 shrubs, be it of one or of more species, strike a clear note. For large 
 gardens and spacious areas, I prefer the grouping together of individuals 
 of the same kind; in smaller areas an association of two or more 
 may be desirable or necessary. 
 
 In the case of shrubs of medium and small size, and indeed of almost 
 all the smaller species we cultivate, it is essential, if their beauty and 
 garden value, or even their individuality, are to be revealed to the full, 
 that this system of grouping should be adopted. In fixing on the size 
 of these groups one has to consider the extent of the shrubbery or garden 
 of which it forms a part. ' In large gardens and in large shrubberies, 
 broad massive effects can be obtained that would be out of place where 
 
ARRANGEMENT OF SHRUBBERIES 41 
 
 the general scheme is on smaller lines. In grouping it is necessary to 
 observe a strict sense of proportion. 
 
 One great advantage in the massing of shrubs must be adverted to; 
 it simplifies the management and reduces the labour of keeping the 
 shrubbery in order. Presuming that' the plants were first set closely 
 enough together to pretty nearly cover the ground and produce an 
 immediate effect, when the time comes as it soon will that more 
 space is needed for each plant, it can easily be afforded by a judicious 
 thinning out. The trouble and expense of an entire planting are avoided. 
 If, however, either through neglect or deliberate choice, the shrubs are 
 allowed to remain as originally planted the crowding does little harm. 
 Each group becomes, as it were, one plant, and the general effect is not 
 spoilt, as it assuredly is where the shrubbery degenerates into a featureless 
 jumble. 
 
 In the initial planning of a shrubbery border an attempt should be 
 made to give it a broken or diversified surface. The ideal of many 
 planters appears to be the achievement of a perfectly symmetrical bank 
 of foliage sloping from back to front. But the general effect is infinitely 
 more pleasing where the groups of taller shrubs are pushed out into a 
 sort of promontory reaching almost or quite to the front, and bays of 
 smaller ones recede towards the back. All that one has to avoid is 
 the overgrowing or hiding of the smaller by the larger. 
 
 A True Mixed Shrubbery. There is another type of shrubbery 
 which has also its own distinct attractiveness. This is where each 
 individual has to stand on its own merits, and where no attempt is made 
 to produce broad or imposing effects by associating together a number of 
 similar plants. This plan has, perforce, to be adopted where the space 
 available is restricted, and where the taste of the planter leads him to 
 prefer variety rather than beauty merely. Such an arrangement appeals 
 with especial strength to the connoisseur, and is the one which makes the 
 small garden most interesting. Small choice shrubs, particularly evergreen 
 ones, make extremely attractive narrow borders, assembled together as 
 individuals in this way, only the choice should be confined to slow-growing 
 sorts, not likely to rob or overcrowd their neighbours. Many of the 
 Ericacea, such as the dwarf rhododendrons, kalmias, etc., are very 
 suitable. 
 
 But when one gets away from these neat dwarf shrubs to free-growing, 
 more robust ones, it is unquestionable that a shrubbery built up on the 
 same lines is less easily managed than the one where the grouping system 
 is adopted. It gets out of hand more quickly and demands more 
 persistent attention. Each plant, in order that it may show its true 
 character and beauty, must attain to a certain minimum size and needs a 
 certain space for its development to that size. Once that is filled it 
 
42 ARRANGEMENT OF SHRUBBERIES 
 
 becomes necessary to keep them within their limits by pruning, or else to 
 provide room for their continued growth by an occasional thinning and 
 rearrangement. Such a shrubbery ought never to be allowed to get 
 crowded, otherwise the individuality of each plant is lost. A "loose" 
 arrangement should be maintained. It is because shrubberies made on 
 this plan are so often neglected, and the coarse growing plants so often 
 allowed to crush out the weaker species, that the grouping system is so 
 preferable. For public paiks the latter is decidedly the best, as it is 
 also for large private gardens or, indeed, wherever sufficient space is 
 available for planting on broad lines. 
 
 It would be absurd to suggest that anyone with a small garden should 
 make what little shrubbery they may have consist of masses of a few 
 things merely. But even in a small garden, if the planter is using for his 
 shrubbery three, six, or a dozen of a kind, he will do better to make a 
 group of each sort than to sprinkle them over the whole length of his 
 border. It is for new shrubberies that the grouping system is so desirable. 
 In old, well-managed ones, planted in the mixed style, each plant is 
 attaining or has attained its full size, and produces somewhat the same 
 effect as a group of younger ones. Here, at any rate, dignity is not 
 lacking. But nothing can look more feeble than the common mixed 
 shrubbery in the early years of its being. 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 STAKING OR OTHER MEANS OF SUPPORT. 
 
 THE artificial support of trees is mainly a concomitant of transplanting. 
 Trees grown on without removal from the spot where the seed was sown, 
 or even those given permanent places when quite young, rarely need 
 support. It is the tree that has attained a considerable size and then 
 been torn from its anchorage that requires artificial assistance to withstand 
 storms. The sooner a tree, and to a less extent, a shrub, is given its 
 permanent place the better, consistent with its safety and capability of 
 holding its own among other plants. 
 
 A tree, say 6 ft. or more high, planted in an exposed position must 
 often be given support, unless it has been shifted with a heavy mass of 
 soil Attached to its roots. If the plant has been removed without soil, 
 the usual support is afforded by a stake proportionate in length and 
 thickness to the main stem of the tree, and driven firmly into the ground. 
 Some regard must be paid to the avoidance of injury to the roots in 
 driving in the stake. It must be well sharpened, so that it forces its way 
 between the roots a little distance from the stem, rather than crushes 
 through them. It is an excellent plan to drive in the stake before the 
 tree is planted and arrange the roots around it. It is only necessary, 
 especially if the soil has been trenched deeply, to see that in the inevitable 
 settling of the soil the ties do not cause the tree to be suspended 
 rather than settle naturally with the soil. 
 
 A stake should not go any higher than necessary. It is by no means 
 an object of beauty, and should be as unobtrusive as possible. The chief 
 aim is to keep the stem perfectly steady at the base until the roots 
 themselves are capable of doing it. If a newly planted tree is allowed to 
 sway about so that the base of its stem forms a socket in the soil, its 
 progress will be slow and its appearance ungainly. A short, stout 
 stake standing 3 ft. out of the ground will prevent this better than a longer 
 thin one. (The use of a stake for straightening the crooked stem of a 
 young tree by bracing the two together is a quite different object.) Some 
 soft or elastic substance should be inserted between the tying material 
 
44 STAKING OR OTHER MEANS OF SUPPORT 
 
 and the stem, and between the stem and the stake, to prevent the ties 
 cutting in and chafing. 
 
 A useful temporary support for newly planted trees of goodly size is 
 afforded by affixing three pieces of cord, or, still better, three wires, to the 
 stem well up the tree, and then fastening the lower end of each to a stout 
 stake driven in the ground at equal distances round the tree. Trans- 
 planted trees with low branches can also be well supported without any 
 risk of injury by securing three or four of the branches to stout stakes 
 at intervals round the tree near its circumference. Any form of artificial 
 support should be removed as soon as possible; it is unsightly, often 
 through neglect causes damage by chafing or the cutting in of the ties, 
 and, once firmly established, the tree is better without it. 
 
 Under TRANSPLANTING, I have advised the reduction of the top- 
 growth with the object of partially restoring the balance between branch 
 and root that must nearly always be more or less disturbed by that 
 operation. It has the further advantage of reducing the power of wind on 
 newly planted trees, and thus rendering staking or other means of 
 support for them less needed. 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 PRUNING TREES AND SHRUBS. 
 
 THE art of pruning as applied to ornamental trees and shrubs may be 
 said to serve one or more of the following purposes : To improve or 
 alter the shape and appearance of the plant ; to increase the quantity and 
 improve the quality of the blossom ; to bring about an improvement in 
 health. Of all the arts that go to make up horticulture, pruning is the 
 one most frequently misapplied. Its proper practice necessitates an 
 intimate acquaintance with the habit and nature of the subject operated 
 on. For instance, a collection of flowering shrubs, in so far as they need 
 pruning at all, cannot be pruned properly unless the workman knows the 
 time of flowering of each one. Again, the aim in pruning a large- 
 growing tree is to make it as perfect a specimen of its kind as possible: 
 contrary to the ideas of many, it is not intended to bring it to some 
 arbitrary, more or less formal, outline. Therefore a knowledge of its 
 size and habit is essential. Unless the operator possesses such knowledge 
 the plants are best left alone, for bad pruning or pruning without a 
 definite aim is worse than none. 
 
 Pruning for Shape. Pruning for the purpose of regulating the 
 shape and size of a tree or shrub is usually practised in order to maintain 
 it in some conventional form, such as is seen in topiary work, clipped 
 hedges, rounded or pyramidal bushes, etc. This kind of pruning is of 
 the simplest, being, as a rule, a mere process of clipping. Such matters 
 as time of flowering and habit are of no moment. The chief question is, 
 when is the best time to prune ? 
 
 Fully grown hedges or bushes of yew, holly, and box are usually 
 clipped in July or August. During these months work in the garden is 
 often less pressing than at other times, and they are as suitable as any 
 other. The plants, moreover, retain their neat appearance throughout the 
 autumn, winter, and spring months. With young hedges more careful 
 procedure is necessary. The clipping should be done earlier, say in June, 
 and a second shortening back of the stronger growths take place in 
 September. This more frequent pruning is necessary to give a thick base 
 
 45 
 
46 PRUNING 
 
 to the hedge or bush. When old hedges need cutting back to the bare 
 wood, as they occasionally do, the work should certainly be undertaken 
 in spring so as to allow the longest possible period for the naked places 
 to become furnished with growth again. The inside branches of a 
 hedge or clipped bush are necessarily stunted and gnarled, and do not 
 break readily into new growth. The same rules as to time of pruning 
 apply also to those level banks of cherry laurel and rhododendron, .so 
 often employed to furnish shady places in gardens. The ordinary annual 
 pruning may be done between July and September, but the occasional 
 hard cutting back must be done, say, in March* or April. 
 
 Pruning large-growing Trees. This branch of pruning is not 
 generally understood nor often practised. The great majority of trees 
 are planted and left to assume such forms as conditions and circumstances 
 permit. It is the pruning of ornamental trees only that is in question. 
 Forestry, or the growing of trees for profit, is a thing quite apart 
 from ornamental arboriculture in park and garden. The forester aims 
 solely at building up a trunk which will yield the maximum amount of 
 useful timber, whilst the tree occupies the least possible space. The 
 main object of the arboriculturist is to so control the growth of his trees 
 as to produce individually beautiful specimens. He may desire a noble 
 contour of branch and foliage, or a lofty tree showing a fine trunk, or 
 one with its leafy canopy reaching to the ground; but the production 
 of cubic feet of timber is, in itself, a secondary matter. 
 
 In pruning such trees as I am now considering the oaks, elms, ashes, 
 maples, chestnuts, and others of a similar type it is rarely necessary 
 to give any consideration to the production of flowers and fruit. The 
 flowers are frequently of little beauty, and even in the case of beautiful 
 flowering trees, like the horse-chestnut, such pruning as is required 
 should be done before the trees reach their adult stage. It may be said 
 of all trees that the earlier their training is commenced the less of it will 
 be needed. 
 
 Formation of the Tree Trunk. In the great forest areas of the 
 globe trees are generally found growing in masses and as close together as 
 their minimum requirements of light and space permit. The trunks 
 which the forester loves to obtain are straight, erect, and naked, the 
 branches being killed off by want of light as the tree increases'in height, 
 leaving only the canopy of leafy growth at the top. Only occasionally 
 are there found wild specimens well filled out on every side, evenly 
 balanced, and furnished almost to the ground with foliage, such as it 
 is generally the planter's aim to obtain in pleasure-grounds and gardens. 
 In these latter places, however, where often trees from many different 
 parts of the world are congregated on a few acres of ground, and planted 
 singly or in small groups, many species, especially those of exotic origin, 
 
PRUNING 47 
 
 have a tendency to become unduly bushy-headed and dumpy in appear- 
 ance, and to lose that stateliness which properly proportioned height 
 and breadth give. The first aim in pruning is to prevent this deformity 
 and to obtain a straight strong trunk or central axis of sufficient height. 
 
 There is also another consideration. No danger to big trees is so 
 common as that which arises from the forking of the trunk. This divides 
 the tree into two, three, or more parts, which do not always sway in 
 unison during high winds, in consequence of which a crack starts sooner 
 or later at the fork. Damp enters, fungoid parasites follow, and finally 
 a storm comes which rends the tree in twain. In sheltered places and 
 in plantations the danger from winds is not great ; but the majority of 
 our specimen trees are given space for their fullest development and need 
 a strong single bole. Most people admire loftiness in trees, but height in 
 isolated specimens adds to the risk of damage by wind. It will nearly 
 always be found that trees of great age and size are comparatively low and 
 spreading, or, if they are lofty, their trunks are undivided for the greater 
 part of their length. All the lofty trees of the earth the gum trees of 
 Australia, the pines, firs and sequoias of North America, and the palms 
 of the tropics are of this type. 
 
 The Leading Shoot. To secure the development of a trunk of this 
 character, it is necessary to keep a watch on it when it is young The 
 first and most important point is that it should always be kept to a single 
 leading shoot. As long as the top of the tree remains accessible to the 
 pruner, rival leaders should be shortened back or removed ; and if the 
 original leader by accident gets broken, it should be replaced by another 
 shoot. In most of our deciduous trees a suitable side shoot near the top 
 can usually be selected to replace the broken leader. It should, if 
 necessary, be brought into position by tying to a stake, and may be 
 encouraged to make headway by pruning back other shoots near that 
 might otherwise assume the lead. 
 
 But many CONIFERS, especially those of the spruce and fir tribes, pro- 
 duce their branches in regular tiers or whorls, and such branches are 
 of no use for replacing a lost leading shoot. They are not capable of 
 transforming themselves into erect-growing shoots, and if one be tied up 
 it always tries to regain its original horizontal or drooping position. 
 Propagators of these conifers experience the same difficulty when they 
 attempt to increase their stock by grafting, or rooting, side branches. 
 To obtain a new leader for these trees, the broken one should be cut off 
 close to the uppermost tier of branches, and this tier, and, in cases, the 
 one below, must also be very much shortened back. This will cause 
 the cut-back leader to push out one or more shoots of the erect-growing 
 kind, the most vigorous of which must be selected as the new leading 
 shoot and the others removed. 
 
48 PRUNING 
 
 When a tree has reached, say, half its natural height, oftener much 
 less, it may be left to itself, for it will nearly always be found that once a 
 strong leading shoot has developed it will retain its predominance, pro- 
 vided no accident occurs, for as long as the natural form and habit 
 of the tree allow. 
 
 Side-pruning. The greater proportion of the trees used for 
 furnishing our gardens are of exotic origin. Species from all the cool 
 temperate regions of the globe, inhabiting, in their native state, every 
 variety of position and climate those latitudes afford, are brought under 
 practically uniform conditions in the few acres of a British garden. It 
 happens, therefore, in even the most favoured places, that some of the 
 trees are not given the conditions most suitable for them. The effect 
 (especially on species from somewhat warmer countries) is often shown 
 in a tree assuming a stunted, bushy habit under cultivation, whereas in its 
 own home it is lofty and graceful. In such cases it is the work of the 
 pruner to aid the tree in assuming its natural form. 
 
 This can be done by two methods. The horizontal development of 
 such trees, as opposed to their vertical development, should (i) be 
 checked by pruning back the side branches. The cut should, as often 
 as possible, be made at a fork, so as to leave a smaller branch with its 
 twigs, rather than a stump. The operator's judgment should also be 
 exercised as to whether (2) a proportion of the branches should not be 
 entirely removed. A comparison of the number of branches on a young 
 tree with those of a fully grown example of the same species shows how 
 drastically Nature thins the branches. The pruner should be guided by 
 this fact in such cases as those under discussion and remove too crowded 
 branches. As a matter of fact, experience has proved conclusively, over 
 and over again, that a tree may be brought out oT its stunted state and 
 made to grow again in height by this process alone. The importance of 
 shaping a tree into its proper form whilst it is still young cannot be too 
 strongly insisted on. Much trouble may be saved by removing superfluous 
 and wrongly placed growths whilst they are still young and succulent. 
 Without developing a rigid formality of outline, a young tree should, 
 nevertheless, be kept in the main to a pyramidal shape. This is, in fact, 
 involved in the maintenance of a due balance and symmetry of the 
 branches and the predominance of the leader. Moreover, it is the 
 natural shape of nearly all young trees of the type now under discussion 
 the larger growing trees of our gardens and parks as may be noticed 
 from any healthy, uninjured, self-sown young tree. But provided the 
 main fact is recognised, this question as to where symmetry and balance 
 merge into mere formality may very well be left to individual taste and 
 judgment. 
 
 The pruning of specimen trees may be summarised thus : keep them 
 
PRUNING 49 
 
 to a single leading shoot ; thin out and shorten back the branches of 
 stunted or unduly spreading specimens ; preserve, in the main, a conical 
 or pyramidal shape whilst they are young. When once the basis of a 
 trunk has been developed sufficiently, the tree may be left to assume that 
 natural shape and outline characteristic of the species to which it belongs. 
 
 Removing Large Limbs of Trees. The question is frequently 
 asked, what is the best season of the year at which to remove limbs of 
 trees ? For such dry woods as oaks, beeches, hornbeams, etc., I find by 
 experience that the season does not matter at all, providing the wound is 
 immediately coated with coal tar. But it is different with the more sappy 
 woods like birch, horse-chestnut, many maples and conifers. The 
 "bleeding" of such trees is often long-continued, and causes much 
 debility if branches are removed in spring; whilst in the case of some 
 conifers it has been known to cause death. The best time for removing 
 branches from such trees, and indeed the safest generally, is November. 
 The flow of sap then is much reduced, and the maximum period is 
 allowed for the surface of the wound to harden, and the coating of tar to 
 set before active growth recommences. The removal of big limbs should 
 be resorted to only when absolutely necessary. It is always dangerous in 
 the case of soft woods like birch, lime, and horse-chestnut, and except in 
 the case of neglected trees, it constitutes no part in the routine of any 
 proper system of pruning. But where limbs have been partially 
 wrenched off by storms, or where questions of safety or other considera- 
 tions necessitate their removal, it should be done preferably at the time 
 of year recommended above, and in the manner now to be described. 
 
 Large branches should always be removed in at least two pieces. 
 Usually they should be cut off in several ; but this is a matter to be 
 decided on the spot. One thing, however, is necessary for the proper 
 finishing of the work, and that is, the last piece to be sawn off should be 
 light in weight, and only from 6 to 12 ins. long. If the attempt be made 
 to remove a big, heavy branch close to the trunk in one cut, it nearly always 
 results in an unsightly wound, owing to the branch breaking away when 
 the saw is about half-way through the cut, and tearing away part of the 
 bark of the trunk. 
 
 A limb or branch must always be cut off so dose to the trunk or larger 
 branch from which it springs that no stump at all remains. The old, but 
 very pernicious, practice of leaving a stump a few inches long is still too 
 often adopted. It is curious how such a practice lingers in spite of 
 endless examples of its evil results. The stump is sometimes left, I 
 believe, with a view to its ultimate removal, the idea being that this is not 
 such a shock to the tree as close amputation at once. Another advocate 
 of the practice will tell you the stump "draws the sap" a phrase of 
 obscure meaning, but intended, I believe, to convey the idea that the 
 
 D 
 
50 PRUNING 
 
 sap flows more freely to the wound, and heals it more quickly than when 
 the branch has been sawn close off. The fact is, many " tree-doctors " of 
 the present time have no more real understanding of their work than the 
 fifteenth-century practitioner on the human frame had of his. 
 
 Dressing a Wound. The virtues of ordinary coal tar (as it comes 
 from the gas works) as a dressing for cut surfaces are not generally 
 known. All the raw places left by removing branches or stumps of 
 branches should be covered with this antiseptic substance, and the 
 coating should be renewed as often as is necessary till the wound is 
 covered with new bark. The best armour that a tree can have to protect 
 it against fungoid enemies is that with which Nature has provided it, 
 viz., its bark. But when accident has caused a flaw in the armour, the 
 most efficient substitute, in my experience, is coal tar. Stockholm tar, 
 creosote, and preparations of pitch are also used. The practice of 
 nailing lead or zinc over wounds is a mistaken one unless the surface 
 is tarred over first. It affords no genuine protection against fungoid 
 parasites, and hides whatever mischief may be going on underneath. 
 ' Pruning of Flowering Shrubs. As a general rule, evergreen 
 shrubs do not need pruning at all in a systematic way. Such plants 
 as rhododendrons, arbutuses, kalmias, and others of the heath family, 
 Berberis Darwinii and B. stenophylla. etc., if they need pruning at all, 
 require it only to improve or alter their shape, or to prevent their 
 becoming too large for their quarters. In such cases pruning should 
 be performed as soon as the flowering season is over. Sometimes ever- 
 green shrubs become thin and lanky in growth, and can only be brought 
 back to a sturdy vigour by pretty hard pruning. This should be done 
 in spring just before the recommencement of growth, so as to allow as 
 long a season as possible for them to become leafy again. This is all 
 the more necessary because one may have to cut back to oldish wood, 
 which does not break so freely. A season's flower must be sacrificed 
 unless the. plant is a very early flowering one. 
 
 Autumn-flowering heaths, such as Calluna vulgaris, Erica Tetralix^ 
 E. vagans, E. a'/iaris, E. cinerea^ etc., are much improved by being cut 
 back in spring before new growth starts. This removes the old flowering 
 twigs of the previous season, and helps to keep the plants dwarf. It is the 
 more necessary because of the long, lank growth these heaths make in 
 garden soils, as compared with the hard, dense growth of the wild moor- 
 land plants. They should not be clipped back farther than the wood 
 of the previous season. 
 
 Deciduous Shrubs. The pruning of this class of plants, where it 
 is necessary at all, has to be regulated in accordance with the flowering 
 season of each species. For the present purpose they may be roughly 
 divided into two groups, viz. : (i) Those that flower on the current 
 
PRUNING 51 
 
 season's growth ; and (2) those that flower from the wood of the previous 
 year. The first group is much the smaller. It comprises Ceanothus 
 azureus, its varieties and hybrids; Spircea japonica and its allies, S. 
 Lindleyana, Hydrangea paniculata. Genista tinctoria, etc. All these 
 shrubs blossom in the latter part of the season ; their flowering is, indeed, 
 the culmination of the season's growth. In the second group the flower- 
 buds are formed during the summer and autumn, and remain dormant 
 throughout the winter. To it belong the cherries, spring-flowering spiraeas, 
 wild roses, barberries, and, in fact, all the earlier flowering trees and shrubs, 
 which, of course, constitute the great majority. 
 
 Briefly stated, the rule which indicates the time to prune all flowering 
 trees and shrubs is this : Prune at such a season as will allow of the 
 fullest possible period of growth before the next flowering season comes 
 round. 
 
 The first group those whose flowers are borne on the growths of the 
 current year should be pruned during winter or early spring; at any 
 rate before growth recommences. The previous year's wood may, if 
 necessary, be cut back "hard," that is, to within a few buds of its base. 
 Such hard pruning, however, is only desirable where the shrub is already 
 as large as is required. Small specimens need only the ends of the 
 shoots removed. It must here be mentioned that a small proportion of 
 our second group have to be pruned in the same manner as that just 
 described. These are the very earliest flowering trees and shrubs, such as 
 Forsythias, peaches, almonds, Prunus triloba^ Erica carnea. Although 
 they blossom on the wood of the previous year, they do so before new 
 growth has started, and if they are cut back as soon as the flowers 
 are past, it is only the old flower-bearing wood that is removed. The 
 entire growing season still remains for the development of the new 
 wood. 
 
 Thinning. I now turn to the remainder those that flower on the 
 previous season's growth but concurrently with, or later than, the develop- 
 ment of the new. These cannot be cut back in the way prescribed for 
 the previous group. To do so early would be to remove all the flowers ; 
 to do so later would be to rob the shoots of their best season of growth. 
 Therefore such pruning as is done must be deferred until after flowering, 
 and it must be a form of thinning rather than a process of shortening 
 back. 
 
 The term " thinning," as used in the present connection, implies the 
 weeding out of all weakly, crowded, and superfluous shoots and the 
 removal also, if necessary, of a proportion of the stronger ones. Many 
 shrubs, such as the earlier flowering spiraeas, the shrubby loniceras, 
 philadelphuses, and deutzias, have a natural tendency to thicken into 
 a dense mass of twiggy growth. A judicious thinning-out, such as that 
 
52 PRUNING 
 
 just mentioned, not only promotes the development of a cleaner, stronger 
 growth, and consequently finer flowers, but it often gives also a more 
 graceful aspect to the plant. It need not necessarily be an annual 
 operation, but the questions, how often? and how much? must be left 
 to the pruner's judgment. The "thinning-out" style of pruning may 
 be applied more or less to nearly all flowering shrubs ; but the shortening 
 back style of pruning must only be adopted for those that have a full 
 season of growth between the pruning and the next flowering season. 
 
 There are some shrubs, of which Philadelphus Lemoinei may be 
 taken as an example, whose growths have the power of renewing them- 
 selves from the base every year. This philadelphus flowers about 
 midsummer, by which time the new shoots are 6 to 12 ins. long. By 
 cutting away the entire flowering shoots as soon as the blossoms are over, 
 the plant is reduced to a cluster of new growths springing from near to 
 its base. These now obtain the maximum of light and air, and during the 
 season get to be ij to 2 ft. long. Nearly the whole of this will produce 
 flowers the following year, and is in turn cut away as soon as they are 
 faded. By this treatment P. Lemoinei^ which is naturally about 6 ft. 
 high, may be kept less than half as high, and be made to produce a very 
 much larger crop of flowers for the whole plant is made up of flowering 
 wood. Cytisus purpureus, Crimson Rambler rose, and others of the 
 polyantha group, can be treated in the same way. 
 
CHAPTER X 
 CARE OF OLD TREES. 
 
 ONE frequently sees, in old gardens especially, trees which, although aged 
 and decrepit, are still precious because of their history and associations, 
 or valued perhaps for their size and rarity. There can be no question 
 that the term of years of many such trees is shortened by neglect and 
 wrong treatment. The commonest sources of decay are starvation at the 
 root, droughty summers, and fungoid parasites. For remedying the first 
 the notes on MULCHING (p. 38) should be consulted; the second, of 
 course, is a question of water supply; but these two together do not 
 hasten the end of trees so much as disease, due to the entry of parasitic 
 fungi. The most important of all matters concerning the longevity of 
 trees is the maintenance of a whole skin. But there are many ways in 
 which it may be broken. Insects may bore through the bark, frost 
 sometimes ruptures it, and winds break off the branches and twigs. The 
 last is the commonest source of decay, augmented often enough in 
 gardens by the practice of leaving stumps so long that the bark cannot 
 grow over them (adverted to above), and by leaving raw surfaces un- 
 protected by tar. The raw or jagged surfaces afford a resting-place for 
 moisture and fungus-spores, decay commences and gradually finds its way 
 inwards, until the trunk is reached. But if branches or snags are sawn 
 off as advised above, and the wounds kept covered with tar, the new bark 
 commences to creep over the cut surface from both sides until, if it be 
 not too large, it fills up to the middle, and forms a perfect covering for 
 the wound, of which, in time, all evidences disappear. 
 
 Treatment of Hollows in Trees. From what has just been written 
 it will be seen that the formation of hollows by decay in the branches 
 and trunks of trees is to a great extent preventable. With regard to 
 hollows that already exist, the following treatment is recommended. 
 First remove all, or as much as possible, of the decayed wood, especially 
 the soft, brown, crumbling wood, and the soppy mass found at the bottom. 
 Sound dead wood that has become dry and hard does not matter. Then 
 wash the surface of the wood with a solution of carbolic acid or with 
 
 53 
 
54 CARE OF OLD TREES 
 
 creosote. The carbolic acid solution is made by mixing one part of 
 "commercial" carbolic acid (liquid) with twenty parts of methylated 
 spirit. After this has become dry, a good thick coating of coal 
 tar should be laid on. The object of this antiseptic treatment is to 
 destroy the parasitic fungi and arrest, as far as possible, the decaying 
 process. Hollows that have taken the form of pockets and hold water 
 must be thoroughly drained ; the bottom of the hole may be located by 
 poking down with a piece of stiff wire, and its situation marked on the 
 outside of the trunk ; a hole must now be bored with an augur from the 
 outside upwards in a slanting direction to the bottom of the hollow, by 
 means of which the moisture can escape and wet decayed matter can be 
 extracted. The hollow or pocket must now be filled up and made water- 
 tight, but when once the holes have been cleaned out and drained there 
 is no need to hurry ; it is best to let the surfaces get dry before the rest 
 of the work is done. The best " stopping " for small holes is Portland 
 cement, or for small round ones a plug of oak will do (as for the augur 
 hole mentioned above). For very large holes the aid of the bricklayer 
 may be obtained. After the bricks are laid they should be surfaced with 
 cement. In the case of black trunks the outer layer of cement should be 
 heavily dusted over with soot, or lampblack may be mixed with the 
 cement. Asphalt has been recommended in place of cement for 
 "stopping," but I have not tried it. 
 
 The chief points are : the keeping out of moisture, and the provision 
 of a surface over which the new bark may grow. If the tree is in a state 
 of vigorous health, as many hollow trees are, the bark will in time close 
 over the " stopping," just as it will over the flat sawn surface where a 
 branch has been newly removed. But unless some such surface is pro- 
 vided on which the Uew bark can set itself, it forms thickened rolls all 
 round the rims of the hollow, and these in hollows of large size will never 
 meet and close up. 
 
 Supporting heavy and dangerous Branches. The dismember- 
 ment of large old trees whose limbs, having become unduly heavy, are 
 at the mercy of an unusually fierce wind, or a heavy fall of snow, may 
 often be prevented or long deferred by supporting the branches to the 
 main trunk, or to one another. The usual method of doing this is to 
 place an iron band, or collar, round each of the two branches that have 
 to be connected and joining them together by means of a chain or iron 
 rod. The iron band should be made with a hinge on the outer side, so 
 that it can be easily removed when the branch has grown too large for it. 
 The great defect of this system is, that the iron band presses on the bark 
 and tends to check the flow of sap, so that the branch soon begins to 
 thicken above and below it. If the band is not moved in time it will 
 Become entirely embedded. The remedy is, of course, to move the iron 
 
CARE OF OLD TREES 55 
 
 collar slightly up or down the branch and readjust it to the increased 
 girth of the branch, which isx why a hinge is useful. The unfortunate 
 thing is, that this duty is so often neglected that the iron collars in time 
 become hopelessly embedded in the limbs. It is one of the commonest 
 sights in gardens. 
 
 The collar and chain system is quite efficacious, but it is more or less 
 troublesome. I strongly advocate an entirely different plan, which has 
 been adopted at Kew for the last twelve or fifteen years with entirely 
 satisfactory results for dry-wooded trees. Instead of supporting the 
 limbs by connecting them together in the old-fashioned way described 
 above, a hole is bored right through the centre of each limb with an augur; 
 they are then joined together by a steel rod proportionate in thickness 
 and strength to the weight of the limbs. The outer side of the limb is 
 supported by an iron plate held on to the end of the steel rod by a screw 
 nut. This iron plate should be bent so as to fit the circumference of the 
 limb, and it should be let into it slightly by cutting out the bark with 
 hammer and chisel. If each end of the steel rod is threaded, the branches 
 can be braced together by screwing up the nut that holds the plate in 
 place. The advantage of this system is that no further trouble is involved 
 the job lasts as long as the rod and plate do. The bark may in time 
 grow over the plate on the outside, but that is an advantage rather than 
 otherwise. That part of the rod which passes through the limb should 
 be smeared with coal tar before being pushed in, and the openings should 
 be made water-tight. The augur-hole should, however, be only large 
 enough for the rod to be thrust through. The supports are very frequently 
 placed too low down on the branches. The strain on them there is 
 naturally much greater when the branches are swaying than it would be if 
 they were placed towards the summit, where a thinner rod, or chain and 
 band, would suffice. In most instances the tree really requires but little 
 artificial help, for Nature has endowed it with an enormous self-sustaining 
 power. The forking trunk alluded to on p. 47 is the commonest instance 
 of the need of artificial support. 
 
 As an alternative to the use of these artificial supports for heavy 
 branches, there is often that of reducing their weight by pruning. It 
 should, of course, only be resorted to when it will leave the contours of the 
 tree unspoilt (See notes on PRUNING.) 
 
CHAPTER XI 
 
 EVERGREEN TREES AND SHRUBS. 
 
 IN no class of outdoor plants is our indebtedness to the floras of other 
 countries so evident as in the case of hardy evergreens. The broad- 
 leaved evergreens, as distinct from conifers, represent a type of vegetation 
 which is essentially a tropical and subtropical one. As one gets farther 
 from the equator their gradual displacement by deciduous vegetation and 
 conifers becomes more and more marked. In Great Britain we have the 
 box, the holly, the yew, the Scotch pine, common juniper, gorse, various 
 heaths and other low shrubs, and the ivy. In S.W. Ireland these have a 
 remarkable addition in Arbutus Unedo, the strawberry tree. 
 
 Conifers and dwarf, small-leaved evergreens of the heather, crowberry, 
 and Vaccinium type are some of the hardiest plants of the globe. But 
 most of the choice evergreens of the garden type broad-leaved trees, or 
 shrubs too tall to be covered by snow in winter are dependent for their 
 welfare on two conditions, viz., an equable climate and an abundance of 
 moisture at the root and in the atmosphere. They will always be found 
 most abundant, both in nature and under cultivation, where the rainfall is 
 greatest and the climate free from great extremes of heat and cold. Our 
 islands, especially on the western side, afford conditions better adapted 
 to their cultivation than perhaps any other part of northern Europe of 
 similar extent. Japan with its insular -climate, and westerns. America, 
 bathed with moisture from the Pacific, are both singularly rich in 
 evergreens. 
 
 Four of our native evergreens still hold a position of supremacy in 
 spite of the number of their foreign rivals. These are the holly, yew, box, 
 and ivy, each of which fills a place in gardens no exotic evergreen could 
 occupy. With regard to the ivy, it is a singular fact that it is still not 
 only the best, but practically the only genuinely hardy climbing evergreen. 
 The scarcity of evergreen climbers in gardens has been but little relieved 
 by recent exploration in China and elsewhere. Their meagre number 
 in cool temperate regions is even more marked than that of bushy 
 evergreens. 
 
 56 
 
CHUSAN PALM, Trachycarpus Fortumi. 
 
 i.] 
 
 [Face p. 57. 
 
EVERGREENS 
 
 57 
 
 The leading conditions suitable for evergreens, more especially foreign 
 ones, have already been indicated, viz., moisture and an equable climate. 
 On the cultivator it becomes incumbent to provide these conditions to 
 the best of his ability. Broad-leaved evergreen shrubs of any rarity or 
 value should be given sheltered spots where the soil is not liable to 
 become parched. The last places for them are high and dry exposed 
 ones. It is unnecessary here to pass the cultivation of evergreens (so far 
 as it differs from that of deciduous shrubs) in review. It is dealt with in 
 the body of the work and may be found by reference to the pages on 
 which the genus and species are described. (See also chapter on 
 TRANSPLANTING.) 
 
 The following is a selection of the best evergreens, omitting conifers ; 
 those marked * have beauty of flower; those marked t require some 
 protection at Kew : 
 
 TREES. 
 
 *Arbutus Menziesii. 
 
 Castanopsis chrysophylla. 
 
 Eucalyptus Gunnii. 
 
 Ilex Aquifolium and vars. 
 
 Laurus nobilis. 
 *Magnolia grandiflora. 
 
 Quercus densiflora. 
 
 Ilex and vars. 
 
 ,, Lucombeana crispa. 
 
 Suber. 
 Trachycarpus Fortunei. 
 Umbellularia californica. 
 
 SHRUBS, Medium and Large. 
 
 *Arbutus Andrachne. 
 * hybrida. 
 
 ,, Unedo and vars. 
 *Arctostaphylos Manzanita. 
 Arundinaria anceps. 
 ,, fastuosa. 
 
 ,, japonica. 
 
 ,, nitida. 
 
 Aucuba japonica and vars. (handsome in 
 
 fruit). 
 
 Azara microphylla. 
 *Berberis Aquifolium. 
 buxifolia. 
 Darwimi. 
 Hookeri. 
 
 japonica and vars. 
 pinnata. 
 ,, stenophylla. 
 Buxus balearica. 
 
 ,, sempervirens and vars. 
 Cassinia fulvida. 
 t*Ceanothus papillosus. 
 t* 11 rigidus. 
 
 ,, thyrsiflorus. 
 *Choisya ternata. 
 
 *Cistus cyprius. 
 
 * laurifolius. 
 
 * Loreti. 
 
 Cotoneaster buxifolia (handsome in fruit). 
 
 Franchetii ( do. 
 
 pannosa ( do. 
 
 ,, salicifolia and vars. 
 
 turbinata. 
 Daphne Laureola. 
 Daphniph} r llum macropodum. 
 Elaeagnus glabra. 
 
 macrophylla. 
 pungens. 
 'Erica arbor ea. 
 ' ,, var. alpina. 
 
 * australis. 
 
 * lusitanica. 
 
 * mediterranea. 
 
 * stricta. 
 f Escallonia exoniensis. 
 
 floribunda. 
 ., langleyensis. 
 macrantha. 
 ,, pterocladon. 
 
 * rubra. 
 
58 
 
 EVERGREENS 
 
 Euonymus japonicus. 
 *Fatsia japonica. 
 *Garrya elliptica. 
 Gaultheria Shallon. 
 Hedera Helix arborescens. 
 
 colchica arborescens. 
 Ilex cornuta. 
 ,, crenata. 
 , , Integra. 
 ,, Pernyi. 
 *Kalmia latifolia. 
 *Ledum latifoliurn. 
 *Leucothoe CatesbaeL 
 Ligustrum lucidum. 
 
 Prattii. 
 *Olearia H,aastii. 
 Osmanthus Aquifolium and vars. 
 
 Fortune!. 
 
 Pernettya mucronata (handsome in fruit). 
 
 Phillyrea angustifolia. 
 
 decora. 
 
 latifolia. 
 
 Phyllostachys aurea. 
 
 Castillonis. 
 
 Henonis. 
 
 Quilioi. 
 
 ,, viridi-glaucescens. 
 
 Pieris flonbunda. 
 
 ,, japonica. 
 Prunus Laurocerasus and vars. 
 
 lusitanica and vars. 
 Pyracantha coccinea (handsome in fruit). 
 Quercus acuta. 
 
 Quercus coccifera. 
 
 cuspidata. 
 
 glabra. 
 
 phillyreoides. 
 *Raphiolepis japonica. 
 Rhamnus Alaternus. 
 
 * Rhododendron amcenum. 
 
 ,, Augustinii. 
 
 ,, campylocarpura. 
 
 . , catawbiense. 
 
 cinnabarinum. 
 
 ,, ferrugineum. 
 
 Fortunei. 
 
 ledifolium. 
 
 racemosum. 
 
 Smirnowi. 
 
 Thomsonii. 
 
 yunnanense. 
 
 many garden vars. and 
 
 hybrids. 
 
 *Rosmarinus officinalis. 
 Skimmia japonica (handsome in fruit). 
 Vaccinium ovatum. 
 *Veronica anomala. 
 ,, Darwiniana. 
 Traversii. 
 Viburnum Henryi (handsome in fruit). 
 
 ,, rhytidophyllum ( do. ). 
 
 * Tinus and vars. 
 
 * ,. utile. 
 *Yucca glauca. 
 
 : ,, gloriosa. 
 
 * recurvifolia. 
 
 SHRUBS, Low. 
 
 *Andromeda polifolia. 
 *Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi. 
 Berberis buxifolia nana. 
 candidula. 
 repens. 
 verruculosa. 
 *Calluna vulgaris and vars. 
 Corema album. 
 Cotoneaster congesta. 
 
 ,, microphylla. 
 
 thymifolia. 
 
 *Dabo2cia polifolia. 
 Danae Laurus. 
 *Daphne Cneorum. 
 * ,, neapolitana. 
 
 *Daphne retusa. 
 
 Daphniphyllum humile. 
 
 Empetrum nigrum and vars. 
 
 Ephedra Gerardiana. 
 *Erica carriea. 
 
 * ,, ciliaris and vars. 
 '" ,, cinerea. 
 
 * darleyensis 
 15 ,, Tetraiix. 
 
 f ,, vagans. 
 
 Euonymus radicans and vars. 
 Eurya japonica. 
 Gaultheria procumbens. 
 Gaylussacia brachycera. 
 Hedera colchica. 
 
EVERGREENS 
 
 59 
 
 Hedera Helix and vars. 
 'Helianthemum formosum. 
 Ilex crenata Mariesii. 
 'Leiophyllum buxifolium. 
 Lonicera nitida. 
 e Rhododendron flavidum. 
 intricatum. 
 
 lepidotum. 
 
 Ruscus aculeatus (handsome in fruit). 
 Hypoglossum. 
 
 Skimmia Fortunei (handsome in fruit). 
 Vaccinium Vitis-Idsea. 
 *Veronica carnosula. 
 
 * Hectori. 
 Viburnum Davidii. 
 
 *Vinca major. 
 r minor and vars. 
 
 * Yucca filamentosa. 
 
 * flaccida, 
 
CHAPTER XII 
 
 CLIMBING SHRUBS. 
 
 THE value of climbing shrubs in gardens needs no insisting upon. It is 
 by their means that the most effective of all garden pictures, and the 
 nearest approach to tropical luxuriance can be obtained. The one 
 difficulty in cultivating climbers in gardens is the provision of proper 
 supports for them to grow upon. The most convenient of all is the 
 pergola, a pleasing feature in a garden, but one which it is sometimes 
 difficult to place properly. A pergola should lead up to something, and it 
 ought not to be set down anywhere, irrespective of its surroundings. As a 
 rule it is most happily placed over a path. In our climate I do not 
 favour the pergola with continuous sides and top. On all but the hottest 
 days it is too apt to be suggestive of a tunnel; on wet ones it is 
 absolutely gloomy. This type of pergola has also the disadvantage of 
 putting its best side outwards, especially on the top, so that little of its 
 greenery and few of its flowers can be seen from inside. A pergola 
 consisting of a series of square or rounded arches, 12 to 20 ft. apart, 
 linked together by a chain or lathe on each side is, to my mind, to be 
 preferred. The flowers on each arch and chain can in this way be seen 
 quite well,* and at the sides long hanging shoots may be encouraged 
 to grow. 
 
 The most natural support for climbers is other trees and shrubs, but 
 the effect on the latter when allowed to be overrun by a vigorous climber 
 is nearly always deleterious, and may in time be fatal. No one would 
 think of giving up a tree they prized for such a purpose, but common, 
 and especially decaying, trees are very suitable for it. The establishment 
 of a climber in close enough proximity to a tree to enable it to overrun it 
 requires some consideration. It is often of little use planting it at the 
 base of the trunk. Although frequently selected, that spot is too dry 
 and too shady, except in decrepit trees or trees with tall, bare trunks. If 
 any branches come near enough the ground to enable the newly planted 
 climber to be attached to them, that is usually the best place to select. 
 It may be necessary, however, to secure the branch against being blown 
 
 60 
 
CLIMBING SHRUBS 61 
 
 about too roughly by storm, and so pulling out the climber with it. A 
 stout post set in the ground may serve at once for the climber to grow up 
 and to secure the branch to. The establishment of a climber on living 
 trees and shrubs is also hampered and delayed by its having their active 
 roots to contend with. A good plan in this case is to sink a tub or 
 barrel, with the bottom knocked out, level with the surface of the soil, 
 and fill it with rich soil, in which the climber is to be planted. This 
 allows it to grow free from interference by other roots for at least a year 
 or two, and thus get firmly established. If the tub be of soft wood 
 it may be allowed to remain and decay. The best sorts for clambering 
 over trees are the stronger-growing vines, especially Vitis Coignetice, the 
 wistarias (often very beautiful grown in this way in Italian gardens 
 in April), the more vigorous clematises, Rosa moschata^ Celastrus 
 articulatus, Lonicera japonica. For covering tall, naked tree trunks 
 Veitch's Ampelopsis, the true clinging Virginian creeper, and Hydrangea 
 petiolaris are useful. The two former colour highly in autumn, and are 
 self-supporting, climbing to great heights ; the Hydrangea flowers prettily 
 and needs but little artificial support. Many of the rambler roses 
 make charming coverings for the bases of tall trunks if they are allowed 
 to grow loosely. 
 
 In most gardens climbers are confined to walls, which they often 
 beautify extremely. But, on the whole, I consider walls should be 
 reserved for tender shrubs, or for those that need them to show their 
 greatest beauty in this country. Such lovely plants as Ceanothus rigidus 
 C. dentatus, Escallonia macrantha, E. pterocladon, Adenocarpus decorticans 
 and such interesting ones as the myrtle, pomegranate, and loquat, are not 
 climbers in the strict sense of the word, but ordinary bushy shrubs made 
 to do duty as such. For low walls, or the lower part of lofty ones, they 
 make the most beautiful coverings, and they cannot be satisfactorily 
 grown in the open ground. Such plants as the common pyracantha, 
 Chimonanthus fragans and Jasminum nudiflorum are perfectly hardy, but 
 in our climate are seen to best advantage as wall shrubs. 
 
 For climbers grown in the open ground, the best support is that 
 afforded by branches of oak, ash, or elm set firmly in the ground, and 
 with long snags left on them. A single stout branch with a few long 
 forks makes an admirable support for clematises of medium vigour, 
 jessamines, honeysuckles, Periploca graca, Akebia quinata, and such like. 
 A collection of about forty species of clematis at Kew is accommodated 
 in this way, or, in the case of the stronger ones, by setting up three or 
 more branches with the tops secured together, so that they form a sort 
 of wigwam or tent. These the clematises soon cover, and although some- 
 what gaunt in winter, they give a pleasing effect throughout the summer 
 and autumn. The clematises of purely garden origin of the Jackmani 
 
62 
 
 CLIMBING SHRUBS 
 
 and lanuginosa groups, etc., are often, unfortunately, very short-lived; 
 the greatest success with them has been obtained by growing them on 
 their own roots (not grafted on C. Vitalbd), and giving them a position 
 where the lower part of the stem is shielded from the direct rays of 
 the sun. 
 
 The principles that govern the pruning of climbers on walls or 
 pergolas are the same as those that apply to ordinary shrubs, dealt with 
 in the chapter on PRUNING ($.v.\ The operation is regulated by two 
 considerations : viz., the space to be covered, and the time at which the 
 plants flower. As with shrubs in the open, climbers that flower on the 
 growths of the year (or those that flower so early in the season that the 
 ordinary period of growth is not thereby curtailed) should be pruned in 
 spring. Those that flower on the growths made the previous summer 
 should be renewed by laying in young wood and cutting out a proportion 
 of the old as soon as the flowers are past. Climbers on trees or wherever 
 space is unlimited need no pruning. 
 
 In connection with climbers the following genera and species should 
 be consulted in the body of this, work the list does not include ordinary 
 shrubs made to do duty as climbers on walls. 
 
 Actinidia. 
 
 Akebia. 
 
 Aristolochia. 
 
 Berberidopsis corallina. 
 
 Bignonia capreolata. 
 
 Billardiera longiflora. 
 
 Brunnichia cirrhosa. 
 
 Celastrus. 
 
 Clematis. 
 
 Cocculus. 
 
 Decumaria. 
 
 Eccremocarpus scaber. 
 
 Ercilla volubilis. 
 
 Euonymus radicans and vars. 
 
 Forsythia suspensa. 
 
 Hedera. 
 
 Holboellia latifolia. 
 
 Hydrangea. 
 
 Jasminmn. 
 
 Kadsura japonica. 
 
 Lardizabala biternata. 
 
 Lonicera. 
 
 Menispermum. 
 
 Metaplexis Stauntoni. 
 
 Muehlenbeckia. 
 
 Passiflora coerulea. 
 
 Periploca graeca. 
 
 Polygonum baldschuanicum. 
 
 Rhus Toxicodendron. 
 
 Rosa. 
 
 Rubus. 
 
 Schizandra. 
 
 Schizophragma. 
 
 Sinofranchetia chinensis. 
 
 Sinomenium diversifolium. 
 
 Smilax. 
 
 Solanum. 
 
 Stauntonia hexaphylla. 
 
 Tecoma. 
 
 Trachelospermum 
 
 Vitis. 
 
 Wistaria. 
 
CHAPTER XIII 
 PENDULOUS TREES. 
 
 IN the garden proper, pendulous-branched, or " weeping," trees are often 
 undoubtedly very effective ornaments. But it is easy to plant them too 
 abundantly and thus produce an effect of monotony. To my mind a 
 weeping tree is seen to best advantage in a position isolated from other 
 trees. If that position be on a lawn so much the better, for nowhere 
 else do the best of weeping trees, such as the pendulous forms of holly, 
 hawthorn, ash, beech, wych elm, and birch, look so well. A weeping tree 
 is essentially a product of the garden ; it has no place in the sylva of the 
 British Isles. Therefore it is better fitted for the trim neatness of the 
 garden than anywhere else. Even in the park, where the grass is 
 grazed or only mown once annually, weeping trees do not meet one's 
 sense of fitness. On lawns near the house, weeping trees of more 
 spreading form, like the beech and wych elm, make delightful shady 
 arbours in summer. Weeping trees, again, have a peculiar value in 
 association with buildings whose contours are severe and angular, just 
 as rigid-branched trees like cedar of Lebanon enhance the effect of 
 domed buildings and rounded architectural lines generally with which 
 they may be associated. 
 
 In the training of weeping trees it is important to attend to the 
 training up of one or more leading shoots until the tree has attained the 
 desired height. Unless this is done the tree increases extremely slowly 
 in height, and loses much in elegance by keeping low and dumpy. Many 
 weeping trees are really prostrate in habit, and unless grafted on high 
 standards or artificially trained to form an upright stem, would merely 
 remain low sprawling shrubs. On the other hand, a number of trees 
 naturally pendulous, like Salix babylonica and Tilia petiolaris, although 
 they form no distinct leader, increase sufficiently in height without 
 assistance, as does also a third type of weeping tree which forms a 
 clean erect leading shoot and stem whilst its branches are pendulous; 
 this latter type is illustrated among others by an ash, Fraxinus excelsior 
 var. Wentworthii, and a beech, Fagus sylvatica var. miltoniensis. Other 
 
64 
 
 PENDULOUS TREES 
 
 trees, again, have an erect trunk and leader, more or less horizontal 
 branches and weeping branchlets ; they are chiefly found among conifers, 
 and are well illustrated in Picea Morinda, Cupressus nootkatensis var. 
 pendula, and Taxus baccata var. Dovastoni. 
 
 The following is a list of the more important weeping trees and shrubs. 
 Those marked * are naturally pendulous, as distinct from those that have 
 originated as " sports " in gardens : 
 
 Acer dasycarpum pendulum. 
 Alnus incana pendula. 
 Betula verrucosa pendula. 
 purpurea pendula. 
 Youngii. 
 Buxus sempervirens pendula. 
 Caragana arborescens pendula. 
 Carpinus Betulus pendula. 
 Cornus florida pendula. 
 Corylus Avellana pendula. 
 *Cotoneaster multiflora. 
 Crataegus monogyna pendula. 
 Cytisus scoparius pendula. 
 Fagus sylvatica bornyensis. 
 ,, miltoniensis. 
 
 pendula. 
 
 ,, remillyensis. 
 
 *Forsythia suspensa. 
 Fraxinus angustifolia pendula. 
 excelsior pendula. 
 Wentworthii. 
 
 *Genista aetnensis. 
 Gleditschia triacanthos pendula. 
 Ilex Aquifolium pendula. 
 
 ,, ,, argentea pendula. 
 
 ,, aurea pendula. 
 
 Juglans regia pendula. 
 Laburnum vulgare pendulum. 
 Morus alba pendula. 
 Populus tremula pendula. 
 
 ,, tremuloides pendula. 
 Prunus Amygdalus pendula. 
 ,, Avium pendula. 
 ,, Chamaecerasus pendula. 
 Mahaleb pendula. 
 Mume pendula. 
 ,, pendula. 
 serotina pendula. 
 Pyrus Aucuparia pendula. 
 ,, prunifolia pendula. 
 salicifolia pendula. 
 
 Quercus palustris pendula. 
 
 ,, pedunculata pendula. 
 Rhus Cotinus pendula. 
 *Salix babylonica. 
 
 annularis. 
 
 ,, Caprea pendula. 
 
 * elegantissima. 
 
 ,, purpurea pendula. 
 
 ,, Salamoni. 
 
 ,, vitellina pendula. 
 Sambucus nigra pendula. 
 Sophora japonica pendula. 
 Syringa pekinensis pendula. 
 *Tamarix juniperina. 
 *Tilia petiolaris. 
 Ulmus montana pendula. 
 
 nitens pendula. 
 
 CONIFERS. 
 
 Abies pectinata pendula. 
 .Cedrus atlantica pendula. 
 Cupressus Lawsoniana glauca pendula. 
 
 gracilis. 
 
 pendula. 
 
 ,, nootkatensis penduia. 
 Ginkgo biloba pendula. 
 
 * Juniper us formosana. 
 
 * rigida. 
 
 ,, virginiana pendula. 
 Larix europaea pendula. 
 Picea excelsa Cranstoni. 
 ,, ,, inverta. 
 
 ,, ,, pendula. 
 
 Pinus Strobus pendula. 
 Sequoia gigantea pendula. 
 Taxus baccata Dovastoni. 
 
 ,, gracilis pendula. 
 
 ,, ,, pendula. 
 
 Thuya orientalis pendula. 
 Tsuga canadensis pendula. 
 Sargentii. 
 
- 
 
CHAPTER XIV 
 FASTIGIATE OR ERECT-BRANCHED TREES. 
 
 AMONG the aberrant forms of garden trees those with a pendulous or 
 " weeping " habit are, on the whole, much more planted than those with 
 an opposite tendency of branching. Probably the reason for this is that 
 pendulous-branched trees are prettier and more graceful than the others. 
 A certain kind of sentimentality is attached to weeping trees which is 
 pleasing to many minds. There is more of an aspect of austerity or even 
 rigid sternness about a fastigiate tree. Still, if we value trees for the 
 emotions they inspire and after all that is probably their chief value 
 there is something to be said for these erect-growing kinds. To me, at 
 any rate, few trees are more admirable than a well-grown, well-placed 
 Lombardy poplar, conveying as it does, in much the same way as a fine 
 church spire, a sense of lofty aspiration. 
 
 The value of such trees in the garden landscape is well known, 
 relieving low, monotonous lines of vegetation as they do more effectually 
 than anything else, and enhancing by contrast (as weeping trees do in an 
 opposite way) the beauty and characteristics of other and different types 
 of growth, or even of architecture, with which they may be associated. 
 In the chapter on street planting I have drawn attention to the value of 
 fastigiate trees in that connection. This type of tree has, in fact, a very 
 special value for town planting, owing to the small amount of lateral 
 space each individual needs. 
 
 Some of these fastigiate varieties may be raised from seeds, such as 
 the cypress oak and the Irish yew. Only a small proportion, however, 
 come true ; most of them revert to the type, and some show the fastigiate 
 shape in a less pronounced degree. To avoid a waste of time waiting to 
 see how the seedlings develop, it is more convenient to propagate them 
 by means of cuttings and grafts. If the typical form of tree from which 
 these fastigiate ones have respectively sprung is used as a stock, the 
 latter process is almost free from objection. Cuttings may be employed 
 for all the conifers mentioned below (except the silver fir and the spruce), 
 for the poplars, box, and, with less success, the elms, Ptelea and pyruses. 
 65 E 
 
66 
 
 FASTIGIATE OR ERECT-BRANCHED TREES 
 
 There are probably fastigiate forms of more trees than are mentioned 
 below; it is only quite recently that erect-growing forms of beech and 
 Spanish chestnut have come to light. But of common trees I do not 
 know at present that there are any of the following : ash, Turkey oak, 
 lime, durmast oak, sycamore, laburnum, apple, pear, walnut, and field 
 maple. The fact that fastigiate, as well as weeping, trees originate only 
 as seedling variations will explain the absence of any fastigiate common 
 elm. Prunus Simoni appears to be naturally fastigiate in its typical form. 
 
 Descriptions of each of the following will be found in its place in the 
 body of this work : 
 
 Abies pectinata pyramidalis. 
 Acer Lobelii. 
 
 saccharum monumentale. 
 yEsculus Hippocastanum pyramidalis. 
 Aralia chinensis pyramidalis. 
 Betula pumila fastigiata. 
 
 ,, verrucosa fastigiata. 
 Buxus sempervirens pyramidalis. 
 Carpinus Betulus columnaris. 
 
 ,, pyramidalis. 
 
 Castanea sativa pyramidalis. 
 Cephalotaxus pedunculata fastigiata. 
 Crataegus monogyna stricta. 
 Cupressus Lawsoniana Allumi. 
 
 ,, erecta viridis. 
 
 ,, ,, Wisselii. 
 
 macrocarpa fastigiata. 
 
 ,, sempervirens fastigiata, 
 Fagus sylvatica fastigiata. 
 Juniperus communis compressa. 
 
 ,, ,, fastigiata. 
 
 Liriodendron Tulipifera fastigiata. 
 Morus alba fastigiata. 
 
 Picea excelsa stricta. 
 Populus alba pyramidalis. 
 ,, nigra italica. 
 Thevestina. 
 
 ,, plantierensis. 
 Prunus Padus stricta. 
 
 Simoni. 
 
 Ptelea trifoliata fastigiata. 
 Pyrus Aucuparia fastigiata. 
 ,, pinnatifida fastigiata. 
 Quercus pedunculata fastigiata. 
 Robinia Pseudacacia fastigiata. 
 
 ' monophylla fastigiata. 
 
 Sambucus nigra pyramidalis. 
 Taxus baccata adpressa stricta. 
 fastigiata. 
 
 ,, ,, ,, aurea. 
 
 Thuya plicata pyramidalis. 
 Ulex europaeus strictus. 
 Ulmus montana fastigiata. 
 
 Wredei. 
 stricta. 
 
 Wheatleyi. 
 
CHAPTER XV 
 DWARF TREES AND SHRUBS. 
 
 THERE are many places in the garden where dwarf shrubs shrubs, that 
 is, which never get more than 3 ft. high, or take many years to do so 
 are almost indispensable. In the Rock Garden, for instance, they are 
 of great value as giving diversity, shelter, and winter-furnishing without 
 encroaching upon or interfering with the regular occupants. In places, 
 too, where plants are wanted not so tall as to obstruct the view, such as 
 in front of windows or alongside low terrace walls, naturally dwarf shrubs 
 are infinitely to be preferred to taller, stronger-growing ones, continually 
 kept low by cropping over with knife or shears. They are also useful in 
 small formal arrangements. 
 
 Besides those shrubs whose dwarfness is a natural and specific 
 characteristic, there are numerous others well known in gardens, in which 
 it is an abnormal one. Trees long in cultivation very frequently produce 
 dwarf sports and varieties as well as fastigiate and pendulous ones. They 
 mostly retain their dwarfness after being propagated by cuttings or by 
 grafting, and are usually distinguished by such names as nana, pumila, 
 dumosa, and pygmaea. The common spruce, one of the giants of 
 European forests, is very prolific of dwarf varieties; they occur also 
 among other conifers in the Scotch pine, Weymouth pine, Douglas fir, 
 yew, silver fir, Corsican pine, black spruce, common juniper and savin, 
 Lawson cypress and Cryptomeria japonica. Some of these forms, 
 although sprung from trees naturally 100 to 200 ft. high, will take twenty 
 years to grow i yard high. 
 
 The dwarf varieties of deciduous trees are, as a rule, more vigorous 
 in growth than the evergreens, and not so well adapted for the special 
 places mentioned above. They occur in the field and Norway maples, 
 Mahaleb, and gean cherries, Catalpa bignonioides. Viburnum Opulus, 
 wych elm, common ash, white poplar, Robinia Pseudacaria, hawthorn, etc. 
 The dwarf hawthorn (Cratczgus monogyna var. semperflorens] flowers 
 
 67 
 
68 
 
 DWARF TREES AND SHRUBS 
 
 freely, but some of these dwarf forms are rarely or never seen in bloom 
 as, for instance, Catalpa bignonioides nana and Viburnum Opulus 
 nana. 
 
 In gardens with a soil free from lime or other calcareous matter, the 
 members of the heath family fill a conspicuous place among naturally 
 dwarf evergreens. It is not necessary here to mention them all. They 
 are dealt with in the body of the work, and many of them may be 
 found by consulting the following genera: Erica, Calluna, Kalmia, 
 Gaultheria, Rhododendron, Phyllodoce, Dabazcia, Pernettya, Cassandra, 
 Ledum, Bruckenthalia, Leucothoe, Andromeda, Vaccinium, etc. For other 
 species of naturally dwarf stature the reader is referred to the following 
 genera : Astragalus, Berberis, Corema, Cotoneaster, Cytisus, Daphne, 
 Empetrum, Ephedra, Erinacea, Euonymtis, Helianthemum, Hypericum, 
 Pachysandra, Pachystima, Polygala, Potentilla, Ruscus, Salix, Sarcococca, 
 Veronica, Vinca, Yucca. 
 
 The following is a list of the more important dwarfs, whose dwarf- 
 ness is an abnormal character. Such varieties as a rule do not come 
 true from seed : 
 
 Abies balsamea hudsonica. 
 Acer campestre compactum. 
 platanoides globosum. 
 . ,, nanum. 
 
 Arbutus Unedo compacta. 
 Berberis buxifolia nana. 
 
 Darwinii nana. 
 Betula pubescens crenata nana. 
 
 ,, verrucosa dentata viscosa. 
 Broussonetia papyrifera laciniata. 
 Buxus sempervirens rosmarinifolia. 
 
 ,, suffruticosa. 
 
 Calluna vulgaris Foxi. 
 
 hypnoides. 
 
 ,, minima. 
 
 pygmsea. 
 
 Caragana arborescens nana. 
 Cassandra calyculata nana. 
 Catalpa bignonioides nana. 
 Cornus Hessei. 
 
 ,, Mas nana. 
 Cratsegus monogyna inermis compacta. 
 
 semperflorens. 
 
 Cryptomeria japonica nana. 
 
 spiralis. 
 
 Erica scoparia pumila. 
 Fagus sylvatica conglomerata. 
 Fraxinus dimorpha dumosa. 
 
 excelsior atrovirens nana. 
 
 Fraxinus excelsior globosa. 
 
 oxycarpa nana. 
 Hypericum hircinum minor. 
 Juniperus communis alpina. 
 ,, compressa. 
 
 virginiaha compacta. 
 dumosa. 
 
 ,, ,, humilis. 
 
 Kalmia angustifolia nana. 
 latifolia myrtifolia. 
 Lavandula Spica nana. 
 Ledum latifolium compactum. 
 Ligustrum japonicum coriaceum. 
 Lonicera tatarica nana. 
 Olearia macrodonta minor. 
 Philadelphus coronarius nanus. 
 Picea alba echiniformis. 
 ,, excelsa Clanbrasiliana. 
 ,, ,, dumosa. 
 ,, ,, globosa. 
 ,, ,, Gregoryana. 
 ,, pygmaea. 
 ,, nigra Doumettii. 
 Pinus Laricio pumila. 
 pygmaea. 
 
 Strobus nana. 
 sylvestris beuvronensis. 
 globosa. 
 
 nana. 
 
DWARF TREES AND SHRUBS 
 
 Primus acida humilis. 
 
 ,, Avium nana. 
 
 ,. Laurocerasus compacta. 
 
 n parvifolia. 
 
 ,, lusitanica myrtifolia. 
 
 ,, Mahaleb globosa. 
 Pseudotsuga Douglasii nana. 
 Ribes alpinum pumilum. 
 Robinia Pseudacacia Bessoniana. 
 
 M inermis. 
 
 Robinia Pseudacacia Rehderi. 
 Taxus baccata nana. 
 
 cuspidata compacta. 
 Thuya dolabrata nana. 
 
 ,, occidentalis globosa. 
 
 M M Spaethii. 
 
 ,, orientalis globosa. 
 Ulmus montana nana. 
 Viburnum Opulus nana. 
 
 69 
 
CHAPTER XVI 
 
 TREES AND SHRUBS WITH HANDSOME FRUITS. 
 
 IN gardens attached to houses visited usually, or perhaps only, in the 
 autumn, this group of trees and shrubs possesses a special value. After 
 July very few shrubs are to be had in flower, and the fine-fruited kinds 
 provide a useful element of colour in the dull time that comes between 
 the season of late flower and that of autumn colour. It is also a point 
 in the planting of the parks and gardens of pleasure resorts whose "season" 
 is from July to September that might be given more consideration than 
 at present it receives. The following list may be useful as indicating 
 the most striking of this class ; they are all fully described in the 
 body of the work, but the asterisk may be taken as a guide for the, 
 best : 
 
 Acanthopanax Henryi and others, black- 
 purple. 
 
 Acer Pseudoplatanus erythrocarpum, red. 
 Actinidia chinensis, reddish, edible. 
 Ailanthus glandulosa, red and yellow. 
 Arbutus Unedo, orange-red. 
 *Aucuba japomca, red. 
 *Berberis, many species, plum-coloured 
 
 and red. 
 
 *Billardiera longiflora, blue. 
 *Callicarpa japonica, violet. 
 *Celastrus articulatus, red and orange. 
 
 scandens, red and orange. 
 Clematis Vitalba, grey. 
 Clerodendron Fargesii, blue. 
 
 trichotomum, blue. 
 
 Cocculus trilobus, purple-black. 
 Colutea arborescens and others, brown 
 
 bladders. 
 
 Coprosma acerosa, transparent blue-green. 
 *Coriaria, red, yellow. 
 Cornus, blue and red. 
 *Cotoneaster, red and black. 
 70 
 
 *Cratsegus, red, sometimes yellow. 
 
 Daphne Mezereum, red or yellow. 
 
 Elaeagnus multiflora, orange-red. 
 *Euonymus, red and orange. 
 
 Fraxinus Mariesii, bronzy red. 
 
 Gleditschia, brown, large pods. 
 
 Hedera, purple-black, sometimes red or 
 
 yellow. 
 
 *Hippophae rhamnoides, orange. 
 *Hymenanthera crassifolia, white. 
 
 Hypericum Androsaemum, black-purple. 
 ,, elatum, black-purple. 
 
 Idesia polycarpa, black-purple. 
 *Ilex, red, sometimes yellow. 
 
 Jasminum fruticans, black. 
 
 Ligustrum sinense, black. 
 
 Lonicera, red, blue. 
 *Lycium, red. 
 
 Magnolia tripetala, red. 
 
 Nuttallia cerasiformis, purple. 
 
 Paliurus, brown, flattish disks. 
 *Pernettya mucronata, crimson, purple 
 white. 
 
HANDSOME FRUITS 
 
 71 
 
 Ptelea trifoliata, brown, hop-like. 
 *Pyracantha, scarlet. 
 *Pyrus (crabs), red and yellow. 
 ,, Aria group, coral red. 
 ,, Aucuparia group, red and yellow. 
 Rhamnus, black-purple. 
 *Rhaphithamnus cyanocarpus, blue. 
 Rhus glabra, red. 
 
 ,, trichocarpa, red. 
 *Rosa, red and scarlet. 
 Rubus phoenicolasius, red. 
 Ruscus aculeatus, red. 
 Sambucus glauca, blue-white. 
 
 Sambucus nigra, black. 
 * ,, racemosa, red. 
 *Skimmia, red. 
 
 Solanum Dulcamara, red (poisonous). 
 
 Staphylea, brown bladders. 
 *Symphoricarpus racemosus, snow white. 
 orbiculatus, red. 
 
 Symplocos, blue. 
 
 Vaccinium, black. 
 *Viburnum, red and blue. 
 *Viscum, white. 
 *Vitis heterophylla, porcelain blue. 
 
 Zanthoxylum planispinum, red. 
 
CHAPTER XVII 
 
 HANDSOME-BARKED TREES AND SHRUBS. 
 
 THE value of certain trees and shrubs for making a bright or pleasing 
 effect in winter by reason of their coloured barks has never been fully 
 appreciated. Planted in groups, such plants give masses of soft colour 
 which, in the wilder parts of the grounds at any rate, are more appropriate 
 to our climate and landscape than are variegated evergreens. Near the 
 waterside several willows, such as the red- and yellow-barked forms of Salix 
 vitellina, and the blue-white bark of S. daphnoides and S. acuttfolia, are 
 very attractive. But to get the colour finely developed, it is necessary to cut 
 them back every spring, so as to induce the growth of a crowd of wands 
 of goodly length. These are trees, and the colour is, of course, confined 
 to the young shoots and disappears the second year ; therefore, a mode 
 of cultivation like this is to be preferred, which causes the plant to renew 
 itself every year from near the base, keeps it continuously of about the 
 same size, and provides the greatest proportion of highly coloured young 
 wood. The best willows are Salix vitellina (yellow) and its var. 
 britzensis (red). 
 
 Next to the willows are various species of Cornus or cornels, amongst 
 which, with red stems, we have C. alba, C. alba var. sibirica and other 
 varieties, C. Bailey i and C. stolonifera. Cornus stolonifera var. 
 flaviramea has yellow shoots. Being naturally shrubs, these cornels do 
 not need to be kept artificially dwarf like the willows ; but they are all the 
 better if the older branches are occasionally cut out so as to encourage 
 new basal growths. Two good variegated forms of C. alba, viz., Sp&thii 
 and sibirica variegata, will recommend themselves to many by their 
 winter as well as summer beauty. The young shoots of Berberis virescens 
 are red the first winter 
 
 A group of shrubs which has received several additions in recent 
 years from China are the white-stemmed species of Rubus. The 
 whiteness (usually bluish) is caused by an external layer of waxy particles 
 on the bark. For many years the Himalayan R. biflorus has been known 
 in gardens, and it is still one of the most striking of the group. R. 
 Giraldianus and R. biflorus var. quinqueflorus, both new and from China, 
 
 72 
 
HANDSOME BARKS 73 
 
 are perhaps the best. The character is displayed in a less marked degree 
 in R. lasiostyhiS) R. coreanus, -R. occidentalis^ R. thibetanus, and in our 
 native dewberry, R. casius. 
 
 Of a different type of whiteness is the silvery hue of the birches, 
 amongst which the common B. verrucosa occupies a foremost place. 
 Perhaps even more silvery are the trunks of B. papyri/era and B. Ermani. 
 Others of a similar character are B. utilis and B. Jacquemontii. All 
 these give charming winter effects, especially in association with evergreens. 
 Several birches, especially when- young, have rich reddish or yellowish 
 brown bark, like B. lutea and B. ocddentalis ; so also has Prunus Maackii. 
 
 A beautiful and striking bark is that seen in Acer pennsylvanicum 
 (Moose-wood). On branches two or more years old the bark 
 becomes striped with conspicuous, jagged, blue -white lines. Quite 
 similar is the bark of the new Chinese species A. Davidii and the 
 Japanese A. cratagifolium. The young shoots of a form of Moose-wood 
 (var. erythrodaduni) turn a rich red after the leaves have fallen. On fine 
 winter days the red twigs of Alnus incana var. ramulis coccineis give a 
 pretty glow, enhanced later by the red of the catkin scales. The yellow- 
 barked variety of the common ash stands out quite distinctly among its 
 fellows in winter. It retains its colour on branches several inches in 
 circumference. A lime with golden yellow twigs is Tilia platyphyllos 
 var. aurantia. 
 
 There are several shrubs whose young shoots retain a vivid green or 
 brown during their first winter. Amongst them are the kerrias and 
 stephanandras ; but although very pleasing as an addition to their other 
 beauties, the colour of their stems scarcely justifies special plantings of 
 the species. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII 
 
 VARIEGATED AND COLOURED TREES AND SHRUBS. 
 
 PERHAPS more rubbish is foisted on purchasers of trees and shrubs in the 
 shape of variegated sorts than of anything else. A variegated plant should 
 have its leaf-colouring bright, well-defined, and abundant to be of value. 
 Yet by some dealers every spotty or muddy coloured form is thought 
 worthy of a name and a flattering description. There can be no question 
 but that purple or variegated plants have a disturbing effect on the 
 general landscape. Their place is in the garden proper, where the eye 
 is accustomed to, and seeks for, unusual effects; but even there they 
 should never be sprinkled about indiscriminately. Coloured shrubs are 
 best in groups or masses, composed either of one sort or of two or 
 more that enhance each other's beauty. Trees like the purple beech or 
 variegated English elm are very effective as solitary specimens on a 
 lawn ; so is a group of Spath's cornel, perhaps the best deciduous varie- 
 gated shrub in cultivation. The value of such plants is most apparent 
 after midsummer, when the great flowering season of trees and shrubs 
 is over. They then furnish bright patches of colour which would other- 
 wise be lacking. In large gardens, I favour the plan of associating in 
 a few broad masses collections of good variegated shrubs and small trees, 
 and if such masses can be placed in somewhat secluded spots, or at any 
 rate in places where they are not for ever obtruding themselves on .the 
 vision, their charm and effectiveness are, I think, enhanced. 
 
 Variegated evergreens have an especial value in giving colour and 
 warmth to a garden during the dullest months of the year. In the 
 following select list of variegated trees and shrubs they are marked with 
 an asterisk (*) : 
 
 Acanthopanax spinosum variegatum, white. 
 Acer campestre postelense, all yellow. 
 
 ,, Schwerinii, purple. 
 
 crataegifolium Veitchi, rose-coloured and white, 
 japonicum aureum, all yellow. 
 Negundo aureo-variegatum, yellow. 
 aureum, all yellow. 
 ,, variegatum, white. 
 
VARIEGATED TREES AND SHRUBS 75 
 
 Acer palmatum (various). 
 
 pictum aureum, yellow. 
 
 platanoides (various). 
 
 Pseudoplatanus (various). 
 Alnus incana aurea, all yellow. 
 Aralia chinensis, white and yellow variegated forms. 
 *Arundinaria auricoma, yellow. 
 
 * Fortunei, white. 
 Atriplex Halimus, all silvery. 
 
 *Aucuba japonica, yellow and creamy white. 
 
 Berberis vulgaris purpurea, all purple. 
 
 Betula verrucosa purpurea, all purple. 
 *Buxus sempervirens argentea, white. 
 *Calluna vulgaris aurea, all yellow. 
 
 * cuprea, coppery. 
 Castanea sativa aureo-marginata, yellow. 
 Catalpa bignonioides aurea, all yellow. 
 Cornus alba sibirica variegata, white. 
 
 Spaethii, yellow. 
 
 controversa variegata, white. 
 
 Mas elegantissima, yellow and pink. 
 
 ,, ,, variegata, white. 
 
 Corylus maxima atropurpurea, all dark purple, 
 Diervilla florida Looymansi aurea, all yellow. 
 
 variegata, white. 
 
 Elaeagnus argentea, all silvery. 
 
 * pungens (various). 
 *Eucalyptus Gunnii, all grey. 
 *Euonymus japonicus (various}. 
 
 * ,, radicans (various). 
 Fagus sylvatica purpurea, purple. 
 
 tricolor, white and pink. 
 
 .,, variegata, white. 
 
 *Hedera (various). 
 
 Hibiscus syriacus variegatus, white. 
 *Ilex (various). 
 
 Jasminum officinale aureum, yellow. 
 Kerria japonica variegata, white. 
 *Ligustrum ovalifolium aureum, yellow. 
 Liriodendron Tulipifera aureo-variegata, yellow. 
 Lonicera japonica aureo-reticulata, yellow veins. 
 Magnolia acuminata aureo-variegata, yellow. 
 Neillia opulifolia lutea, all yellow. 
 *Osmanthus Aquifolium purpureus, purplish. 
 
 ,, ,, variegatus, white. 
 
 Philadelphus coronarius foliis aureis, all yellow. 
 *Pieris japonica variegata, white. 
 Populus alba Richardii, all yellow. 
 serotina aurea, all yellow. 
 
 Prunus cerasifera atropurpurea (and forms), all purple. 
 Pyrus Niedzwetzkyana, all reddish purple. 
 salicifolia*, all silvery. 
 
76 
 
 VARIEGATED TREES AND SHRUBS 
 
 Quercus Cerris variegata, white. 
 ,, cuspidata variegata, white. 
 pedunculata Concordia, all yellow. 
 purpurea, all dark purple. 
 
 rubra aurea, all yelloAV. 
 *Rhamnus Alaternus variegata, white. 
 Rhus Cotinus purpurea, all purplish. 
 Ribes alpinum foliis aureis, all yellow. 
 Robinia Pseudacacia aurea, all yellow. 
 Rosa rubrifolia, all reddish purple. 
 Salix alba argentea, all silvery. 
 
 repens argentea, all silvery. 
 Sambucus nigra foliis aureis, all yellow. 
 ,, variegata, white. 
 
 racemosa plumosa aurea, all yellow. 
 *Santolina Chamaecyparissus, all silvery. 
 Symphoricarpus orbiculatus variegatus, yellow. 
 Syringa Emodi variegata, yellow. 
 Ulmus campestris Louis van Houtte, all yellow. 
 ,, ' ,, variegata, white. 
 ,, viminalis variegata, white. 
 *Vinca minor, white and yellow variegated. 
 Vitis Henryi, white. 
 ,, Thomsoni, all purplish. 
 ,, vinifera purpurea, all dark purple. 
 *Yucca gloriosa variegata, white. 
 
 CONIFERS. 
 
 Abies concolor violacea. 
 ,, nobilis glauca. 
 Pinsapo glauca. 
 Cedrus atlantica glauca. 
 Cryptomeria japonica elegans. 
 Cupressus Lawsoniana glauca. 
 
 gracilis aurea. 
 
 ,, lutea. 
 
 ,, Silver Queen. 
 
 ,, macrocarpa lutea. 
 
 ,, nootkatensis lutea. 
 
 obtusa aurea. 
 
 ,, tetragona aurea. 
 
 pisifera plumosa aurea. 
 
 Cupressus pisifera squarrosa. 
 
 sulphuiea, 
 
 Juniperus chinensis aurea. 
 Picea excelsa argenteo-spica. 
 
 ,, pungens glauca (argentea). 
 Pinus sylvestris aurea. 
 Taxus baccata adpressa aurea. 
 
 ,, ,, aurea. 
 
 Dovastoni aureo-variegata. 
 
 fastigiata aurea. 
 
 ,, ,, semper aurea. 
 Thuya cccidentalis aurea. 
 
 orientalis aurea. 
 Tsuga Pattoniana. 
 
CHAPTER XIX 
 
 FlNE-FOLIAGED TREES AND SHRUBS. 
 
 NONE of the native trees and shrubs of Britain have leaves at all striking 
 for their large size, but among N. American, N. Asiatic, and S. European 
 species there are many which are well worth growing for the beauty, 
 striking dimensions and shape of their foliage alone. There are the long- 
 leaved walnuts of N. Asia, for instance, such "as Juglans mandshurica, 
 cordiformiS) Sieboldiana and cathayensis^ whose beautiful pinnate leaves 
 are 2 to 3 ft. long on young trees. Of a similar but scarcely as remarkable 
 a type are the N. American species, J. nigra and J. cinerea ; also several 
 of the hickories, like Gary a tomentosa and C. alba. Such trees, essenti- 
 ally of an exotic type, give to the garden landscape a peculiar interest 
 and variety. The following is a representative but not exhaustive list 
 of some of the best of such trees and shrubs. 
 
 Those marked with an asterisk (*) are especially to be recommended 
 for cutting down annually, with a view to the production of strong shoots 
 bearing leaves of unusual size. For this mode of cultivation a rich loam 
 i J ft. deep is required, annually enriched by a top-dressing of manure. 
 The plants, kept to from one to three leads, are cut back in spring nearly 
 to the old wood. Of the several young shoots that start, the strongest is 
 selected and the remainder rubbed off. The leaves produced on such 
 shoots are remarkably large and striking. One may, for instance, measure 
 leaves of Paulownia 3 ft. in diameter grown in this way. Both for effect 
 and convenience of cultivation, it is best to grow such shrubs in beds 
 or groups. The bareness of the ground in spring may be relieved by 
 planting early flowering bulbs there. In order that the stump at the base 
 may be kept low and unobtrusive, the spring pruning, should be as 
 "hard" as possible. Trees like Paulownia cultivated on this system 
 are not long-lived. They maintain an astonishing vigour for six or eight 
 years and then begin to decline, or decay may attack the stumps. When 
 this begins to be evident a new plantation should be made. 
 
 Acanthopanax ricinifolium. 
 Acer macrophyllum. 
 
 *Ailanthus glandulosa. 
 77 
 
 yEsculus indica. 
 
 ,, turbinata. 
 Alangium platanifolium. 
 
78 
 
 FINE-FOLIAGED TREES AND SHRUBS 
 
 Aralia chinensis. 
 Aristolochia Sipho. 
 Arundinaria palmata. 
 
 Ragamowski. 
 
 ^erberis japonica Bealei. 
 
 ,, nepalensis. 
 Broussonetia papyrifera. 
 Carya alba. 
 
 ,, tomentosa. 
 Catalpas (all). 
 Cedrela sinensis. 
 Decaisnea FargesiL 
 Fatsia japonica. 
 Fraxinus americana. 
 Gymnocladus canadensis. 
 Hedera colchica. 
 Hydrangea quercifolia. 
 Idesia polycarpa. 
 Juglans cathayensis. 
 
 cordiformis. 
 
 mandschurica. 
 
 ,, regia laciniata. 
 
 ,, Sieboldiana. 
 Koelreuteria paniculata. 
 Liriodendron Tulipifera. 
 Magnolia Delavayi. 
 ,, Fraseri. 
 hypoleuca. 
 macrophylla. 
 tripetala. 
 
 *Paulownia imperialis. 
 Phellodendron (all). 
 Populus heterophylla. 
 
 lasiocarpa. 
 
 Prunus Laurocerasus magnolisefolia. 
 Pterocarya caucasica. 
 Pyrus Sorbus. 
 Quercus dentata. 
 pontica. 
 rubra. 
 
 ,, velutina rubrifolia. 
 Rhamnus imeritina. 
 *Rhus glabra. 
 * Osbecki. 
 ,, typhina. 
 
 ,, vernicifera. 
 Rubus cratoegifolius. 
 ,, irenaeus. 
 odoratus. 
 ,, trifidus. 
 Salix magnifica. 
 Tilia Michauxi. 
 .Tr achy carpus Fortunei. 
 Vitis armata. 
 ,, Coign eti;e. 
 Labrusca. 
 
 ,, megalophylla and others. 
 Yucca gloriosa. 
 ,. recurvifolia. 
 
CHAPTER XX 
 
 AUTUMNAL COLOUR IN TREES AND SHRUBS. 
 
 IN our always uncertain and frequently dull summers and autumns, the 
 colouring of leaves of deciduous trees before they fall can never be 
 counted on, or foretold, to the same extent as in countries where the 
 seasons are more defined in their duration and less changeable whilst they 
 last. The change in the colour of leaves from green to various tints of 
 red, yellow, purple and brown in autumn is due to certain changes in 
 their composition, partly brought about by sunlight, and influenced by 
 other factors, such as moisture and temperature. There is no doubt that 
 a hot summer and a fine autumn induce a richer and more certain 
 colouring in the majority of trees and shrubs than dull or wet ones. Yet 
 after even the wettest of seasons a good deal of autumn colour is always 
 produced. It is possible also to have too much heat and sunshine. In 
 1 91 1, on deep, rich soils, some of the most gorgeous colour effects ever 
 seen among the trees and shrubs in this country were developed ; but on 
 dry shallow soils, the leaves either fell early or were too desiccated by heat 
 and drought for the necessary chemical changes to take place. 
 
 On the whole, trees and shrubs that have passed their vigorous young 
 stage colour better than those producing thick succulent shoots, whether 
 these are induced by youthful vigour or by a specially rich soil in which 
 they grow. 
 
 Acer circinatum, red and orange. 
 ,, cissifolium, yellow and red. 
 ,, japonicum, crimson. 
 ,, nikoense, rich red. 
 ,, palmatum, rich red. 
 ,, rubrum sanguineum, red. 
 ,, Tschonoskii, canary yellow. 
 Amelanchier canadensis, red, sometimes 
 yellow. 
 
 ,, florida, yellow. 
 
 Berberis concinna, red. 
 
 Thunbergii, rich red. 
 
 Berberis vulgaris, rich red. 
 ,, Wilsonae, rich red. 
 ,, yunnanense, crimson. 
 Carya alba, rich yellow. 
 
 ,, tomentosa, rich yellow. 
 Cladrastis tinctoria, rich yellow. 
 Cornus florida, red and crimson. 
 
 ,, sanguinea, red. 
 Crataegus Crus-galli, red and orange. 
 pinnatifida, bronzy red. 
 ,, prunifolia, red and orange. 
 Disanthus cercidifolia, claret colour. 
 
80 AUTUMNAL COLOUR IN TREES AND SHRUBS 
 
 Enkianthus (all), red and yellow. 
 Euonymus alatus, rosy scarlet. 
 
 europaeus, purplish red. 
 
 latifolius, purplish red. 
 
 yedoensis, purplish red. 
 Euptelea polyandra, red and yellow. 
 Fothergilla alnifolia, red. 
 
 major, yellow. 
 
 Ginkgo biloba, pale gold. 
 Gleditschia' triacanthos, yellow. 
 Liquidambar styraciflua, purple-red. 
 Liriodendron Tulipifera, yellow. 
 Lonicera japonica flexuosa, red-purple. 
 Oxydendron arboreum, red. 
 Nyssa sylvatica, red and yellow. 
 Parrotia persica, gold and crimson. 
 Pieris mariana, rich crimson. 
 Pistacia chinensis, crimson. 
 Prunus Avium, red. 
 Pseudolarix Fortunei, golden. 
 Pyrus arbutifolia, red. 
 
 ,, crataegifolia, crimson or scarlet. 
 Torminalis, bronzy red. 
 Quercus coccinea, crimson. 
 heterophylla, red. 
 palustris, red. 
 
 Rhododendrons (Azalea group), red. 
 Rhus cotinoides, orange, claret, crimson. 
 
 ,, glabra, red. 
 
 ,, Toxicodendron, red. 
 
 trichocarpa, blood red. 
 
 ,, typhina, red. 
 
 ,, Vernix, red. 
 
 Ribes americanum, crimson and yellow. 
 Spiraea Thunbergi, red. 
 Taxodium distichum, rich brown. 
 Vaccinium corymbosum, red. 
 
 parvifolium, red. 
 
 Viburnum acerifolium, red. 
 ,, alnifolium, red. 
 ,, Opulus, red. 
 Vitis amurensis, crimson and purple. 
 
 ,, armata Veitchii, crimson. 
 
 ,, calif ornica, deep crimson. 
 
 ,, Coignetiae, scarlet to blood red. 
 
 ,, inconstans, red. 
 
 ,, Pagnucci, blood red. 
 
 ,, quinquefolia, rich crimson. 
 
 ,, semicordata, rich crimson. 
 
 ,, vitacea, rich crimson. 
 
 Zelkova acuminata, yellow. 
 
 ff crenata, yellow. 
 
CHAPTER XXI 
 EARLY- AND LATE-FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS. 
 
 THE great flowering season of hardy trees and shrubs extends over April, 
 May and June, reaching its zenith in the middle month of the three. At 
 least nine out of every ten flower during that quarter of the year, and 
 consequently a peculiar value attaches to any that bloom outside it. 
 Shrubs and trees blossoming between November and March especially 
 have a great attraction. Besides enlivening the dullest months of the 
 year, they have another recommendation in being the heralds of Nature's 
 most glorious time. So that even if their beauties are of only a modest 
 kind, they are welcome for the promise they bring. 
 
 After midsummer, shrubs in flower become scarce as compared with 
 those' of the three preceding months ; but when a list is made of those 
 that flower, say, from mid-July to October, it is found to be richer in 
 numbers than one would expect. Gardens are not lacking in blossom at 
 that time, because a wealth of herbaceous plants reach their full beauty 
 then. The following selection of trees and shrubs that flower during late 
 summer and autumn may be useful. Many country houses are only 
 visited at that season, and it is a decided waste for spring-flowering trees 
 and shrubs to monopolise the ground as they usually do in such places. 
 The same applies to the parks and gardens of pleasure resorts, which 
 during the holiday season often wear a dull, uninteresting aspect so far as 
 their woody vegetation is concerned. In this connection the chapters 
 on autumn colour, on variegated trees and shrubs, and on those with 
 ornamental fruits should also be consulted. 
 
 It must be remembered that the date of flowering, especially from 
 December to March, is almost entirely dependent on the weather. 
 
 SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER. 
 
 Abelia grandiflora. 
 Alnus maritima. 
 
 nitida. 
 Amorpha canescens. 
 fruticosa. 
 
 Aplopappus ericoides. 
 Artemisia tridentata. 
 Ascyrum hypericoides. 
 Berberis Fortunei. 
 Buddleia japonica. 
 
 ,, paniculata. 
 
 variabilis (varieties). 
 
 81 F 
 
82 EARLY- AND LATE-FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS 
 
 Bupleurum fruticosum. 
 Caesalpinia-Gilliesii. 
 Calycanthus occidentalis. 
 Caryopteris Mastacanthus. 
 Cassia marylandica. 
 Ceanothus americanus. 
 azureus. 
 
 many garden hybrids. 
 
 Cephalanthus occidentalis. 
 Clematis apiifolia. 
 connata. 
 ,, Durandii. 
 ;, Flammula. 
 ,, Hendersonii. 
 ,., heracleaefolia and vars. 
 ,, Jackmani (group). 
 ,, Jouiniana. 
 ,,, lanuginosa (group). 
 ,, orientalis. 
 , , paniculata. 
 ,, Rehderiana. 
 , , tangutica. 
 ,, Vitalba. 
 Clerodendron Fargesii. 
 
 ,, trichotomum. 
 
 Clethra alnifolia and C. tomentosa. 
 Colutea arborescens. 
 
 ,, media. 
 Coronilla emeroides. 
 Cyrilla racemiflora. 
 Daboecia polifolia and vars. 
 Dendromecon rigidum. 
 Elsholtzia Stauntoni. 
 Erica ciliaris. 
 ,, ,, Maweana. 
 
 ,, MaCkayi. 
 ,, Tetralix and vars. 
 ,, vagans and vars. 
 ,, Watsoni. 
 Escallonia exoniensis. 
 ,, floribunda. 
 ,, montevidensis. 
 organensis. 
 Fatsia japonica. 
 Fuchsia (various). 
 Hamamelis virginica. 
 Hedera Helix. 
 Hibiscus syriacus. 
 
 Hydrangea arborescens grandiflora. 
 paniculata. 
 ,, grandiflora. 
 
 Hypericums (various). 
 Indigofera Gerardiana, 
 
 Laburnum caramamcum. 
 Lespedeza bicolor. 
 
 ,, Sieboldii. 
 
 Ligustrum lucidum. 
 ,, Quihoui. 
 Lonicera alseuosmoides. 
 
 etrusca. 
 
 ,, Periclymenum. 
 Magnolia glauca. 
 
 ,, grandiflora. 
 Osmanthus Aquifoliurn. 
 
 ,, Fortunei. 
 Paliurus australis. 
 Perowskia atriplicifolia. 
 Potentilla fruticosa. 
 Rhus Osbecki. 
 Romneya Coulteri. 
 
 ,, trichocalyx. 
 Rosa bracteata. 
 
 Rubus thyrsoideus flore pleno. 
 ,, ulmifolius bellidiflorus. 
 Salix Bockii. 
 Sophora japonica. 
 Spartium junceum. 
 Tecoma grandiflora. 
 
 ,, radicans. 
 Ulex Gallii. 
 ,, nanus. 
 Veronica angustifolia. 
 
 ,. garden varieties. 
 Vitex Agnus-castus. 
 Yucca gloriosa. 
 
 NOVEMBER. 
 
 Arbutus hybrida. 
 
 Unedo and vars. 
 Daphne Mezereum grandiflora. 
 Elseagnus glabra. 
 
 ,, macrophylla. 
 
 ,, pungens. 
 Jasminum nudiflorum. 
 Lonicera fragrantissima. 
 
 Standishii. 
 Prunus microlepis Smithii. 
 
 DECEMBER AND JANUARY. 
 
 Chimonanthus fragrans. 
 Clematis calycina. 
 ,, cirrhosa. 
 
 Crataegus monogyna praecox. 
 Erica carnea. 
 
 alba. 
 
 darleyensis. 
 
EARLY- AND LATE-FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS 83 
 
 Eucalyptus Gunnii. 
 Hamamelis mollis. 
 Viburnum Tinus. 
 
 FEBRUARY AND MARCH. 
 
 Acer Opalus and vars. 
 Arctostaphylos Manzanita. 
 Azara microphylla. 
 Berberis japonica. 
 
 nepalensis. 
 Cornus Mas. 
 
 officinalis. 
 Corylopsis pauciflora. 
 
 ,, spicata. 
 Corylus Avellana. 
 Cydonia japonica (on walls). 
 Daphne Blagayana. 
 ,, Laureola. 
 Mezereum. 
 ii alba. 
 
 Dirca palustris. 
 Ercilla spicata (on walls) 
 Erica arborea. 
 ,, lusitanica. 
 ,, mediterranea. 
 Veitchii. 
 Forsythia intermedia. 
 suspensa. 
 
 Garrya elliptica. 
 Hamamelis japonica. 
 
 arborea. 
 
 ,, Zuccariniana. 
 
 Magnolia stellata. 
 Nuttalh'a cerasiformis. 
 Parrotia persica. 
 Populus tremula pendula. 
 Prunus Amygdalus. 
 
 ,, cerasifera and vars. 
 Davidiana. 
 ,, divaricata. 
 Mume. 
 spinosa. 
 tomentosa. 
 Rhododendron dauricum. 
 fulgens. 
 
 moupinense. 
 
 mucronulatum. 
 
 Nobleanum. 
 
 parvifolium. 
 
 prsecox. 
 
 Thomsoni. 
 
 Ribes laurifolium. 
 Sahx Caprea. 
 Stachyurus chinensis. 
 
 ,, praecox. 
 Ulex europaeus. 
 
CHAPTER XXII 
 STREET PLANTING. 
 
 WHILST the cultivation of trees in the streets of large towns and cities 
 undoubtedly presents many difficulties not encountered under the ordinary 
 conditions of parks and gardens, it cannot be said generally that the 
 authorities who have control over these matters have risen to the level of 
 their opportunities. An enormous number of new varieties and species of 
 hardy trees have been added to our collections during the last fifty years, 
 yet it is very rarely indeed that one sees any attempt made to go outside 
 a certain restricted group of common trees for the adornment of streets. 
 The only consideration appears to be "Will it grow?" That, of course, 
 must always remain the most important consideration, but it need not be 
 the only one. 
 
 The three commonest trees planted in towns in the S. of England 
 are plane, horse-chestnut, and common lime, not one of which can be 
 regarded as a perfect tree for ordinary streets. 
 
 For many parts of London the plane has proved to be the greatest 
 boon to the street planter. It thrives in Central London and in city 
 yards as no other tree has yet been found to do, and for such places it 
 would be absurd to decry its use. But in the outer suburbs, where the 
 atmosphere is better, and the streets often narrow, the plane is riot a 
 suitable tree. Naturally one of the noblest in its proportions of all 
 deciduous trees, and one of the largest, it is -very much out of place 
 occupying two sides of a street, the whole width of which would not half 
 accommodate a fully grown tree. Yet even in the outer suburbs of 
 London, in districts as yet only half built over, and where many streets 
 still have orchards and gardens at their sides, the imagination of local 
 authorities often fails to rise beyond the plane. 
 
 With respect to the horse-chestnut the same objections as to size 
 obtain. The tree does not bear pruning so Well as the plane, owing to 
 the soft nature of its wood, which enables fungoid parasites to find an 
 easy entry at the wounds, unless great care is taken. On the other 
 hand, the foliage is perhaps the handsomest of all trees commonly grown 
 
 84 
 
STREET PLANTING 85 
 
 in streets, and, if not pruned too recklessly, the tree gives more or less 
 blossom. I offer a few substitutes for the common horse-chestnut 
 farther on. 
 
 Of the third popular subject the lime it is difficult to say anything 
 in favour except its good nature under adverse circumstances. But it is 
 very apt to decay in the trunk where branches have been removed, and 
 its leaves are about the earliest to fall of those of all hardy trees. Often 
 towards the end of July, if the summer be dry, they commence to turn 
 rusty on the tree and soon after to litter the pavement. The English 
 summer is not long enough for it to be good that suggestions of autumn 
 should be thrust on one so soon. A still worse defect of the lime is its 
 liability to be infested with aphides. In my own district I have seen the 
 pavements black with their excrement, not to speak of the covering of 
 filth on garden walls and shrubberies near. 
 
 There is perhaps no more unthankful task than the pruning of such 
 trees as these in town streets. The pruner is the butt of every retired 
 citizen who, taking his walks abroad, sees what he considers the wanton 
 mutilation of ratepayers' property going on. He usually relieves his 
 feelings by writing to the local paper. Yet, with a considerable experi- 
 ence of tree pruning, I am not able to see how the present system is to 
 be improved upon, so long as two rows of naturally big trees are crowded 
 in one narrow street. It is all very well to cry out about " mutilation " 
 and "barbarous treatment," and so on and certainly the winter aspect 
 of many street trees as left by the pruner is suggestive of nightmare 
 but the real problem involved is the restriction of a tree year after 
 year to dimensions a mere fraction of what it should naturally attain, and 
 yet preserve its natural beauty. And of that problem I have never yet 
 seen offered a satisfactory solution. Some people put off the evil day 
 until the trees overgrow and overshade their area, then the inevitable 
 lopping has results more hideous than ever. 
 
 Therefore, the first great principle in street planting is the selection of 
 suitable trees. If one takes the average provincial city or town, the 
 conditions are not generally bad. I am not referring to the centre of 
 such cities as London, Glasgow, Manchester, or Liverpool, or to the 
 swarm of large towns in Lancashire, Yorkshire, etc., whose belching 
 chimneys blacken the earth and everything upon it. In such places 
 street planting presents special problems, and the choice of tree is very 
 much narrowed. But after all the air of most towns in the British Isles 
 is pure enough to involve little disadvantage to deciduous vegetation, and 
 in limiting themselves to their present restricted choice, I believe that 
 local authorities have denied themselves a very important method of 
 beautifying their towns and brightening the lives of those who live 
 in them. 
 
86 STREET PLANTING 
 
 The planting of streets has become stereotyped not only in the 
 material but in the system. The chief difficulties are due to the narrow- 
 ness of our streets. If Parliament should ever concern itself effectually 
 with town-planning, the streets of the future will no doubt be wider, and 
 some provision either at .the side or in the middle should be made for 
 tree-planting. That would make the task of the street planter easier in 
 many ways. The planting of streets down the centre can, of course, only 
 be carried out in the broad arterial thoroughfares of 'great cities. A 
 famous example of this style is the Unter den Linden in Berlin. Here 
 the limes are planted in an avenue up the centre of the roadway, and 
 beneath them pedestrians may stroll, the wheeled traffic passing along the 
 sides. I recently saw a very interesting piece of street planting in 
 Rochester in the State of New York. The centre of the street is planted 
 with magnolias of the Yulan and Soulangeana types. These are now 
 fine trees, and their flowering in spring is one of the notable annual 
 events of the city. But for such effects as these the first essential, of 
 course, is sufficient width a greater width probably than will ever be 
 accorded to all but the arteries of great cities. Most streets will always 
 have to be planted at the sides. 
 
 My contention is that the trees now generally planted in streets are 
 naturally too big, and that their restriction to the needful limits involves 
 and inevitably involves a system of pruning which makes them eyesores 
 rather than objects of beauty through the long months they are without 
 foliage. Yet, as every forest lover knows, the leafless tree has a charm, 
 more subtle perhaps, but in its season as satisfying as that of the lush 
 growth of June. The plane and horse-chestnut are admirable where they 
 have room, as in town squares, to assume something like their normal 
 dimensions, and the former will probably always be the chief stand-by for 
 the planter in the central depths of large cities. The following notes are 
 intended to apply to the average streets of the outer London suburbs and 
 provincial towns. 
 
 Jersey Elm. In the first place I would call attention to trees of 
 a naturally pyramidal habit. It is essential in nine-tenths of the street 
 planting, as we have to deal with it to-day, that the trees should maintain 
 a tapering form. The middle of the street must be open to the sky, and 
 the house windows must not be obscured. Therefore one great gain 
 would be secured by planting trees whose shape conformed to these 
 requirements with little or na pruning. In Kew are grown several 
 examples of what is commonly known as Wheatley's or the Jersey 
 elm Ulmus stricta var. Wheatleyi. Some of them I have known for 
 thirty years, and although during that time they have never been 
 subjected to the least pruning, they are still within the dimensions 
 suitable to streets of average size in the suburbs of London. How 
 
JERSEY ELM, Ulmus stricta var. Wheatleyi t 
 
 1.1 
 
 (Face p. 86. 
 
STREET PLANTING 87 
 
 well might such a tree fill the place of thousands of tortured planes and 
 limes! It was not until I visited Eastbourne some years ago that I 
 found its value had already been appreciated by, at any rate, one 
 township. It is the chief tree of that popular resort, lining the streets, I 
 imagine, to a total of several thousands. Whilst it is there, to my mind, 
 planted too much to the exclusion of other trees, it offers a splendid 
 example of the ideal street tree. Some of the older specimens, like those 
 in Devonshire Place, have trunks 18 ins. in thickness, but if they have 
 ever been pruned the evidences of it are not visible. 
 
 The Cornish elm, Ulmus stricta, is very similar to the Wheatley elm, 
 but rather less erect in its branching. There is a pyramidal form of 
 hornbeam, Carpinus Betulus var. pyramidalis, somewhat slower of growth 
 than the two elms just mentioned, but of similar habit. It is sometimes 
 planted in the towns of Northern France. 
 
 Poplars. Of this genus two sorts stand out for recommendation : the 
 one, Bolle's poplar (Populus alba var. pyramidalis), quick-growing, of 
 slender growth, broader based and not so slender as the Lombardy 
 poplar, is attractive for the pure white undersurface of the leaves. It would 
 be effective alternated with a broader tree. The other is P. berolinensis^ 
 a suitable tree for sunny, not too moist, localities. It is a hybrid probably 
 from the Lombardy poplar and P. laurifolia. I saw a street avenue of 
 it in the environs of Berlin a few years ago, which had a very handsome 
 effect. (For other trees of pyramidal shape, the reader is referred to the 
 chapter on "FASTIGIATE TREES.") 
 
 Horse-chestnuts. Whilst the common horse-chestnut is not, in my 
 opinion, a very suitable tree for any but wide streets, it possesses such a 
 marked beauty of leaf and flower that it ought, if possible, to be repre- 
 sented. There are two of its varieties which for the present purpose are 
 preferable to the type. The first is var. pyramidalis, whose naturally 
 pyramidal form well adapts it for street planting, as it does not grow in 
 diameter to the same extent as the common form. The second is var. 
 fiore pleno. This, the double-flowered horse-chestnut, is not much known, 
 but it has at least three advantages over the type. Its flowers last longer 
 in beauty; the tree is of slower, closer, and more compact growth; and, 
 finally, as no fruits are developed, it escapes the annual battery of sticks 
 and stones which the youth of the neighbourhood with a passion for 
 "conkers" inflict on fruit-bearing trees. 
 
 Of all horse-chestnuts the one I would most strongly recommend is 
 jEscitlus plantierensis, a description and history of which occW in the 
 body of the book. It will suffice to say here that it is a hybrid between 
 the red and the common horse-chestnuts, and is less vigorous than the 
 latter. Its flowers are pink, and as it is sterile it escapes, like the double- 
 flowered one just referred to, the attentions of boys. Then there is 
 
88 STREET PLANTING 
 
 the red horse-chestnut itself (AZ. earned}. There seems no reason why 
 this tree should not be planted more. Left to itself it is apt to branch low, 
 but that tendency, of course, is easily overcome by early training and the 
 removal of lower branches as I know from experience. The tree itself 
 is rarely more than 30 ft. high in this country, and is of great beauty in 
 blossom. 
 
 Tilia euchlora. Although this lime is beginning to find its way 
 into gardens, its value as a street tree does not appear to have anywhere 
 been appreciated in this country. It is otherwise on the Continent. 
 In several German nurseries it is grown by the tens of thousands to 
 sell for street planting. It is a very handsome lime, as may be seen 
 in the Arboretum at Kew, and it does not appear likely ever to become 
 anything like so tall as the common lime. The leaves are larger than 
 those of the common lime, and of a dark glossy green. Still, its 
 greatest recommendation is its cleanliness. The summer of 1909 will 
 be remembered for the extraordinary abundance of insect life that 
 infested the leaves of nearly all trees, and especially limes. Yet although 
 I searched several times, I never saw a single insect on the leaves of 
 Tilia euchlora which could be called parasitic. 
 
 Robinia Pseudacacia. The common acacia, or locust, has a great 
 beauty of leaf and flower, but has a bad reputation, owing to the brittle 
 nature of its branches and the tendency of the trunk to split. The latter 
 defect is obviated by keeping the tree to a single lead, and the former is 
 not sufficient to deter its use in streets. I know of .several in a fairly 
 wide but very busy road which flower profusely almost every year, and 
 are still shapely, although they have been over thirty years in their present 
 position. 
 
 Fraximis Ornus. The manna ash is a tree worth trying for streets. 
 Its foliage is luxuriant and handsome, and it flowers abundantly about 
 the end of May. It has one quality of especial value in this connection : 
 it bears pruning well and recovers quickly from even severe lopping. Its 
 size, too, is quite suitable for all but the smallest streets, as it does not 
 increase very rapidly and is easily kept within bounds. 
 
 Small Flowering Trees. Except the horse-chestnut, there is no 
 tree commonly planted in streets which has any striking beauty of flower 
 or fruit. It is difficult to see why this should be so, except in crowded 
 streets and large or smoky cities. Many handsome flowering trees are 
 of a size suitable for the average street of clean suburbs and country 
 towns. There is the mountain ash, for instance, a tree of the middle size, 
 of erect growth, and beautiful in leaf, flower, and fruit. I have recom- 
 mended it to superintendents of town planting, and the only objection 
 to it that has been made is that its fruits would be an irresistible attraction 
 for town boys. The same recommendations and the same objections may 
 
STREET PLANTING 89 
 
 be made with regard to the white-beam tree, of which the handsomest and 
 most vigorous form is Pyrus Aria var. majestica. There are also the 
 nearly allied P. pinnatifida and P. decurrens. Pyrus spectabilis is 
 another beautiful flowering tree that rarely reaches 30 ft. in height, 
 and would be very suitable to experiment with in quiet streets of 
 residential suburbs. The same may be said of Prunus Avium flore 
 plena, a quick-growing tree in a young state, easily kept to the desired 
 pyramidal shape. The double-flowered bird cherry is a very handsome 
 small tree worth trying. The double-flowered varieties of these and 
 other trees are preferable, because the blossom lasts longer and gives a 
 finer display, and the tree is relieved of the strain of fruit-bearing. 
 
 Handsome Foliaged Trees. Ailanthus glandulosa is now being 
 extensively planted as a street tree, and few more ornamental foliage 
 trees are available. It grows quite well in the south-western suburbs of 
 London, but needs careful attention when young to get it to develop 
 a good leading shoot. Left to itself, it is very apt to branch low and 
 form a bushy head. Owing to the objectionable odour of the male 
 flowers, female trees only should be planted. As the tree is easily 
 raised from root suckers, or cuttings made of the roots, there need be 
 no difficulty in getting up a stock of the desired sex, once that is known. 
 
 The black walnut is one of the handsomest of trees, with large pinnate 
 leaves, and in the young state has a slender pyramidal form. Where 
 there is abundant room it may be recommended, as it thrives very well 
 in the western suburbs, but the tree has two defects. It does not 
 transplant so well as most of the trees here mentioned, nor is it adapted 
 for severe pruning. 
 
 The glorious hues of autumn foliage ought more often to be seen in 
 streets. The plane simply turns a grey-brown, the lime naturally turns 
 yellow, but this is often obscured by a layer of filth. The horse- 
 chestnut and its varieties turn a fine yellow. Two varieties of Norway 
 maple should be tried, vars. Reitenbachii and Schwedleri ; the leaves of 
 the former turn a rich red in autumn, and the tree itself is easily grown 
 and kept within bounds ; the leaves of Schwedler's maple are rich red 
 when young, and give very pleasing effects. The common Norway maple 
 turns yellow in autumn. 
 
 The beautiful oak called Quercus cocdnea splendens would probably 
 only thrive in favoured places, where the soil and air a^e good, and a 
 grassy border runs between the footpath and the carriage road ; but an 
 avenue of this tree, with its leaves scarlet and crimson from October to 
 December, would add much to the fame of any town lucky enough 
 to possess it. In Washington, U.S.A. (where some of the most interesting 
 street planting in the world has been done), there is an avenue of the 
 maidenhair-tree one of the most striking objects of that city. This tree, 
 
90 STREET PLANTING 
 
 Ginkgo biloba, is too slow-growing as a rule in this country to be generally 
 recommended for streets. But its habit is perfect, it thrives in towns (for 
 very many years a tree has lived at the side of Brentford High Street, not 
 far from the gasworks), and in the autumn its foliage invariably turns a 
 lovely pale gold. Some of the southern towns with a good soil, climate, 
 and other conditions should give this tree a trial. Of the tulip tree, 
 Liriodendron Tulipifera, much the same may be said, but neither of them 
 should be planted where severe pruning would be necessary. 
 
 The use of trees with variegated or coloured foliage in street avenues 
 might easily be overdone, and in any case is not appropriate to the dignity 
 of large thoroughfares. But in the short, quiet, side streets common to 
 the outskirts of all large towns, one can imagine bright effects being 
 produced by them. A good tree of this type is Acer Negundo var. 
 aureum, the leaves of which are wholly pale gold and the tree itself of 
 very moderate growth. Another good yellow-leaved tree is the variety of 
 Ulmus campestris known in nurseries as " Louis Van Houtte." Either of 
 these might be alternated with the purple sycamore or with the purple 
 plum, Prunus cerasifera var. atropurpurea, which gets to be 20 or 30 ft. 
 high. One of the best variegated trees is the Corstorphine plane, a variety 
 of sycamore with green and yellow leaves. There is also a very finely 
 variegated variety of common elm. Although the elm and sycamore are 
 both trees of the largest size, they stand pruning very well. (See chapter 
 on VARIEGATED TREES AND SHRUBS.) 
 
 The ideal young street tree when it is planted should have a straight 
 sturdy trunk based by a compact, fibrous root-system, and crowned by a 
 symmetrical, pyramidal head of branches. The average street tree must 
 ultimately be clear of branches up to at least 10 ft. from the ground, 
 and at the time of planting should have a clean stem 6 to 8 ft. high. In 
 the arrangement of trees along narrow streets a certain amount of 
 space may be gained by planting them not directly opposite each other, 
 but midway between the opposite pair. 
 
 In preparing the site for the street trees of towns, it should always 
 be remembered that their future progress is hampered by many dis- 
 advantages that their fellows in garden and park are free from, and that 
 the provision of suitable conditions at the root is never so convenient and 
 economical as at planting time. A piece of ground at least 8 ft. in 
 diameter and 2\ ft. deep should be prepared for each tree. The soil 
 should be finely broken up to that depth and, if not naturally of desirable 
 quality, a sufficient proportion of it should be changed for some of better 
 quality. Soil broken up to that depth will ultimately settle 3 ins. at least, 
 for which allowance should be made. The very important matters of 
 guarding and supporting the tree are chiefly questions of expense. 
 Nothing, perhaps, is better than a circular cage of iron, 18 ins. in 
 
STREET PLANTING 91 
 
 diameter at the base, tapering to about i 'ft. at the top, where the rods 
 are spiked. This can be thrust into the ground far enough to render the 
 whole sufficiently firm to make it not only a guard but, by tying the 
 young tree to the top band, a support as well. Various patterns of tree- 
 guard, both in wood and iron, are employed, but the matter need not be 
 further discussed here. 
 
 It is a mistake to close up all the ground close to the trunks of trees 
 planted on the pavement. When once trees have become well established 
 and of considerable age, they are capable to a surprising extent of rising 
 superior to adverse root conditions. One may see, in and near streets, 
 large trees apparently quite sealed up by stone or other pavement from 
 surface moisture and air, yet thriving and vigorous. The roots of many 
 such trees have, no doubt, reached unsuspected distances. It is other- 
 wise with young trees. During the first few years of their existence in 
 streets they should be artificially watered during dry hot spells, and means 
 should be adopted to allow water and air to reach the roots naturally. 
 The best way, where the sidewalks are paved, is to have iron gratings laid 
 down round the tree, which provide a dry footing and enable both 
 artificial and natural moisture to reach the roots. By taking the gratings 
 up occasionally, the surface soil may be broken up. Visitors to Paris will 
 have noticed the large circular gratings, 8 ft. or perhaps more in diameter, 
 at the base of many of the trees in the boulevards, and men early in 
 summer mornings watering the trees through them from the street 
 hydrants. 
 
 Pruning. The vexed question of pruning street trees is one of the 
 most difficult to discuss on paper. Nothing in connection with their 
 treatment is so much a matter of individual judgment and taste exercised 
 on the spot. As will have been gathered from what has already been said, 
 I am of opinion that much of the barbarous lopping so commonly 
 practised at present is inevitable, in view of the average width of streets 
 and the natural dimensions of the trees now mostly planted in them, 
 but that with the use of more suitably habited and smaller trees much of 
 it might be avoided. 
 
 One of the commonest defects noticeable in street trees is that the 
 branches are too numerous and too small. If one compares the branch 
 system of a big tree of almost any sort with a young one of the same 
 species, it will be seen that the number of main limbs of the former is 
 scarcely one-tenth that of the latter. The fact is, of course, that a fight 
 for existence and a selection of the fittest is going on amongst the com- 
 ponent parts of a tree just as it is with the tree itself in a state of Nature. 
 The most vigorous and best placed branches crowd out and eventually 
 smother the others. That is how Nature prunes. But in our streets, 
 where each tree is overhauled and its branches pruned and regulated at 
 
92 STREET PLANNING 
 
 fixed intervals, the natural la'w ceases to operate, and branches which 
 ordinarily would have dwindled away maintain their existence indefinitely. 
 The result is that the trunk is seen after the annual lopping to support a 
 swarm of branches mostly of the calibre and general aspect of bean-poles. 
 A gradual reduction of these to one-half, or even one-third, by removing 
 them right back to the trunk, and thus encouraging a lateral branching in 
 those that remain, would considerably improve the winter aspect of 
 many trees. 
 
 Every wound made by the saw should be coated over with ordinary 
 coal-tar before it is left, and this should be renewed as often as necessary 
 until the wound is covered with new bark. With soft wooded trees like 
 lime and horse-chestnut, this treatment is especially important. (For 
 this and similar questions, see chapter on PRUNING.) 
 
CHAPTER XXIII 
 HEDGES. 
 
 HEDGES have several uses. They may serve merely as barriers to prevent 
 horses and cattle, or even human trespassers, from reaching places where 
 their presence is not desired ; or, in gardens, they may be employed to 
 screen undesirable objects from view, to define and separate areas where 
 particular or diverse types of gardening are carried on, such as purely 
 formal arrangements, rose gardens, etc., and lastly, they may provide 
 shelter by acting as wind-breaks. 
 
 If it be desirable to keep the hedge to a strictly formal outline by 
 an annual clipping, the number of plants is not large whose capacity for 
 making good hedges has been proved. Among hedge plants in this 
 country whose use is merely to provide an unclimbable barrier, the quick 
 or hawthorn (CratcEgus monogynd) is easily first. The marvellous net- 
 work of hedges that gives to cultivated England so characteristic an aspect, 
 as compared with other countries, is composed almost entirely of quick. 
 No other plant at once so cheaply and easily raised, so formid- 
 ably armed, so amenable to persistent clipping and so hardy, has been 
 found. But in gardens something more is usually wanted, a hedge of 3 
 more ornamental character and one that will give shelter. For these 
 reasons an evergreen is desirable. 
 
 Holly. For forming a dense, ordinarily impassable hedge of handsome 
 appearance no evergreen has yet been found to equal the holly. It can 
 be made to grow into a wall-like mass 12 ft. or more high, and makes 
 one of the best of wind-breaks. A holly hedge should be clipped annually 
 between July and September, and will grow healthier and thicker if it is 
 made to narrow upwards. When the hedge is first made, plants should 
 be used that have been grown for the purpose and trained into columnar 
 form in the nursery. Such plants, well furnished to the base, may be 
 obtained from 2 to 5 ft. high in first-class nurseries, which will form a 
 good hedge in three or four years from planting, especially if watered and 
 taken care of the first season. The considerations that govern the trans 
 planting of hollies generally apply to hedge plants also. The work must 
 
94 HEDGES 
 
 be done either in the late spring (May) or towards the end of September, 
 the latter as a rule being the better, and the ground should be thoroughly 
 prepared by trenching. 
 
 Yew. Next in value to the holly as an evergreen hedge comes the 
 yew, but it is not so bright, and near towns, or in smoky districts, is 
 decidedly inferior. In country places, however, where the air is pure 
 it makes an admirable hedge up to 10 or 12 ft. high, and one of the 
 best possible wind-screens. It needs clipping annually, like the holly. 
 How remarkably well the yew withstands persistent clipping is shown by 
 the existence of hedges 100 to 150 years old. It is a grosser feeder than 
 the holly, but both, when they show signs of starvation at the root, will 
 derive benefit from having the loose top soil scraped away, and replaced 
 with a top-dressing of 4 to 6 ins. of one-third loam and two-thirds rotted 
 manure. 
 
 Box. For moderately high hedges, say up to 6 ft., the box is useful, 
 but it has one defect, in that a hedge which has got into bad health is 
 not so easily restored to vigour as holly or yew. It is a strong-feeding 
 shrub, and like, the yew is benefited by an occasional mulching with 
 rotted manure. When any indication of failing vigour is apparent this 
 mulching should be given, because, owing to its reluctance to break into 
 new growth from the old wood, the box cannot be made to renew its 
 youth by hard pruning so easily as holly and yew can. For making neat 
 dwarf hedges up to 3 ft. high, the common edging box (Buxus sempervirens 
 suffruticosd) is very useful. It is much used for this purpose in formal 
 gardens about Vienna. 
 
 Buonymus. In the south coast towns, Euonymus japonicus is largely 
 used for garden hedges. It is a cheerful evergreen, but its beauty in 
 recent years has been in a great measure destroyed by the attacks of a 
 white mildew. E. radicans, in both its green and variegated states, will 
 make a neat low hedge i| to 2 ft. high. 
 
 Holm Oak. Owing to difficulty in transplanting, the holm oak 
 (Quercus Ilex) is not much used in this country as a hedge, but in all 
 except the more inclement parts of these islands, it would make a useful 
 shelter hedge up to 20 or 30 ft. high. It bears clipping well and keeps 
 well furnished at the bottom. Hedges of holm oak are not uncommon 
 in the old gardens of Italy, such as the Bcboli Gardens at Florence. 
 
 Conifers. After the holly, yew, and holm oak, not many evergreens 
 of large size remain that will make really handsome clipped hedges in 
 most parts of the British Isles. A few conifers are sometimes used, 
 especially Thuya occidentalis, T. plicata (gigantea), the Lawson and 
 Nootka cypresses, and, in warmer parts of the country, the Monterey 
 cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa). All these have the advantage of making 
 an effective shelter hedge in much quicker time than holly or yew, for 
 
HEDGES 95 
 
 which reason they are frequently used to screen propagating plots in 
 nursery gardens. They are also cheap. But not one of them, either 
 in permanence or beauty, compares with the holly or yew for the 
 present purpose, and they are all more liable to become bare at the 
 base and patchy at the sides. In Perthshire, I have seen a very good 
 tall hedge made of Douglas fir. 
 
 Laurels. Both the laurels, "common" and "Portugal," are some- 
 times recommended, but should be religiously avoided. Hedges made 
 of them are coarse and rough, and terribly ugly after pruning with shears. 
 Secateurs or the knife should be used. The small-leaved variety of the 
 Portugal laurel (Prunus lusitanica var. myrtifolia) possibly might make 
 a neat hedge if not kept too narrow, but one would have to propagate 
 one's own plants, as it is not stocked in quantity by nurserymen. All the 
 laurels are greedy plants. 
 
 Privets. The oval-leaved privet is one of the most useful plants 
 we possess for making an effective hedge quickly, especially in towns 
 and smoky districts. In the villa gardens of London suburbs the golden- 
 leaved variety is very popular, and helps to produce the gaudy effects so 
 much beloved by proprietors of these places. Both these privets have 
 the disadvantage of being greedy-rooting plants, and are, therefore, not 
 suitable for making hedges behind borders or plots where other plants 
 are grown. If they already exist in such places, the spade should be 
 thrust down as far as it can be once or twice during the summer, about 
 i ft. from the hedge and all along it, so that all top roots are cut 
 off. It is the fashion to condemn the oval-leaved privet as a hedge, 
 and really there is little necessity for it in high-class gardening, as better 
 and more effective hedges can be made. At the same time, where other 
 plants are not near enough to be robbed by its roots, it is permissible 
 to use it, and, as stated above, in dark, smoky places it is decidedly 
 the best shrub available. It requires pruning twice a year at least in 
 summer and autumn. It is not strictly evergreen, and in hard winters 
 loses its leaves. 
 
 The common privet is deciduous and makes an inferior hedge, but 
 some of the new species of Ligustrum from China, like L. Prattii, will 
 be worth trying for this purpose. 
 
 For ornamental hedges that need not be kept close trimmed, nor are 
 intended as barriers, and from which flowers may be obtained, large 
 numbers of evergreens are, of course, available. In Mrs Chambers' 
 garden at Haslemere, and at Kew, very ornamental hedges are made 
 of Berberis stenophylla^ cut back annually after flowering. B. Darwinii 
 may also be used in the same way. In Lord Annesley's garden at 
 Castlewellan, Cydonia japonica makes a good flowering hedge. In 
 Cornwall a frequent and beautiful broad hedge is formed of Escallonia 
 
96 HEDGES 
 
 macrantha too tender, of course, for all but such districts. In the 
 south coast towns the common gorse makes a dense and very effective 
 hedge, 4 or 5 ft. high, especially useful for poor soils, but it cannot be 
 relied on as a permanency, especially if very hard clipped. 
 
 For large rough hedges, of use for cattle shelter, the common beech 
 and hornbeam are sometimes used. They afford shelter in winter, when 
 young and when kept pruned, through their curious habit of retaining 
 their dead leaves through the dark months. For this reason they should 
 be clipped in spring just before growth recommences. 
 
 There are a number of shrubs which may be planted to form dwarf 
 ornamental hedges, such as lavender and rosemary ; but they are shrubs 
 planted in a row and kept to a more formal shape than usual, rather than 
 hedges in the proper sense of the word. It is not necessary to enumerate 
 shrubs that may be used in this way as their suitability in habit and 
 general character is apparent enough. 
 
 Anyone wishing to have something out of the common in hedges may 
 plant that interesting ally of the orange, sEgle sepiaria (or Citrus trifoliata, 
 as it is sometimes called). It is quite hardy, and there is nothing among 
 hardy shrubs quite so formidably armed. A hedge composed of it may 
 be seen in the Public Garden at Milan, clipped to about 4 ft. high. The 
 spines are not so big and stout as in unpruned plants. The Osage orange 
 (Madura aurantiaca\ a hardy deciduous small tree from the United 
 States, presents a formidable array of spines; it is used in its native 
 country for hedges, and is worth trying in this by lovers of the 
 curious. 
 
CHAPTER XXIV 
 TREES AND SHRUBS FOR WET PLACES. 
 
 IN this connection I do not propose to discuss trees and shrubs which 
 will thrive near the sides of ponds or lakes, with their roots near but not 
 actually in the water. Such plants are, as a matter of fact, very numerous, 
 and include a large proportion of those described in this work. Planted 
 on the sloping banks of a piece of water, trees and shrubs are really 
 placed in a very favourable position. They can extend their root system 
 towards or away from the water as suits their individual requirements, and 
 can scarcely suffer from drought. 
 
 It is very different when we come to discuss trees whose roots are 
 wholly or mostly in water, or those that will grow in permanently wet or 
 swampy ground. The number of such trees and shrubs is not very great, 
 especially after those belonging to two or three genera, such as Salix 
 Populus and Alnus^ have been allowed for. 
 
 Swampy areas, from their very nature, are not frequently planted for 
 ornament. Where they are small, the coloured-stemmed willows, such as 
 the red and yellow barked varieties of Salix vitellina, Salix daphnoides, and 
 S. acutifolia, should be used. The economic value of larger sites is not 
 so frequently taken advantage of as it might be. At the present time, for 
 instance, no English timber is so valuable, or gives such quick returns, as 
 the cricket-bat willow Salix ccerulea. The timber of Salix fragilis^ and 
 the strong, quick-growing poplars like Populus serotina and P. Eugenei^ 
 is much in demand for those ephemeral uses of which, in modern civilisa- 
 tion, there are so many. Individual trees of the cricket-bat willow sell 
 readily* enough, but of the others plantations must be fairly extensive to 
 be remunerative. The expenses connected with felling, cutting up and 
 hauling are proportionately so much more in the case of odd trees that 
 timber dealers will not give paying prices for them. 
 
 The following may be recommended for boggy ground : 
 
 97 G 
 
98 
 
 TREES AND SHRUBS FOR WET PLACES 
 
 Alnus glutinosa and vars. 
 
 incana. 
 
 ,, nitida. 
 
 ,, serrulata and others. 
 Andromeda polifolia. 
 Betula nana. 
 Hippophae rhamnoides, 
 Leitneria floridana. 
 Myrica Gale. 
 Oxycoccus macrocarpus. 
 
 palustris. 
 
 Picea sitchensis. 
 Populus alba. 
 
 ,, canescens. 
 Eugenei. 
 
 Populus serotina. 
 
 ,, tremula and others. 
 Salix alba and var. 
 
 ,, babylonica. 
 
 ,, Caprea. 
 
 ,, daphnoides. 
 
 fragilis. 
 
 ,, incana. 
 
 ,, purpurea. 
 
 ., Salamoni. 
 
 ,, triandra. 
 
 viminalis. 
 
 viridis and others. 
 Taxodium distichum. 
 
CHAPTER XXV 
 SHRUBS FOR DRY POSITIONS AND POOR SOILS. 
 
 A FREQUENT problem in gardens is the furnishing of arid slopes and poor 
 soils with an ornamental shrubby growth. Such places are, of course, ill- 
 adapted to the cultivation of the majority of those trees and shrubs on 
 which the ornamentation of our gardens chiefly depends. There is, 
 nevertheless, a considerable number of shrubs which not only thrive in 
 these dry places, but even succeed better there than in ordinary soils and 
 positions. Many of them are of great beauty in flower, and it is always 
 more economical and often much more satisfactory to rely on them than 
 it is to attempt the cultivation of more exacting plants, by supplying good 
 soil and giving extra attention in watering, mulching, etc. 
 
 In preparing pieces of ground of this character, it is essential to 
 remember that although the plants mentioned below withstand and even 
 enjoy heat and drought when fully established, they need some help and 
 consideration until the roots have taken hold of the ground. The soil, 
 therefore, should be deeply dug over, and freed from weeds both before and 
 after planting. It is also a help to mulch the ground the first summer. 
 The greatest success is obtained by planting small specimens. Most of 
 those mentioned below transplant badly and should, if possible, be grown 
 in pots until they are 6 to 1 2 ins. high. Some, like the brooms and gorse, 
 might be sown on the spot 
 
 No better shrub for a dry slope can be found than the double-flowered 
 form of gorse. It gives a dense, evergreen effect in winter, and its habit in 
 such a spot is dwarf and close. It is much to be preferred to the common 
 gorse, which in a few years becomes gaunt in habit, and whose flowers do 
 not last in beauty anything like so long. Ulex nanus may also be 
 planted and, in the south and west, U. Gallii, both useful in flowering 
 late in the season. Dotted about among the gorse may be planted 
 Spartium junceum, valuable in flowering from midsummer onwards for 
 many weeks. Its base, which is always naked, will be hidden by the 
 gorse. 
 
 Several species of Cistus are excellent for these places, the hardiest 
 
100 SHRUBS FOR DRY POSITIONS AND POOR SOILS 
 
 of them being C. laurifolius, C. cyprius, C. corbariensis^ C. Loreti^ 
 C. populifolius and C. monspeliensis. Their near allies, the sun roses, are 
 also exactly adapted for the same purposes : H.formosum^ H. halimifolium^ 
 H. ocymoides, and H. alyssoides should be planted. H. vulgare does well, but 
 is dwarf and only suitable for front places. 
 
 Adenocarpus decorticans. 
 Aplopappus ericoides. 
 Astragalus Tragacantha. 
 Atriplex Halimus. 
 Caragana arborescens and var. 
 
 ,, jubata. 
 
 Caryopteris Mastacanthus. 
 Cistus (all). 
 Colutea arborescens. 
 
 cruenta. 
 
 media. 
 Coriaria myrtifolia, 
 Cytisus scoparius. 
 Erinacea pungens. 
 Genista anglica. 
 
 dalmatica. 
 
 ,, germanica. 
 hispanica. 
 horrida. 
 
 Genista nyssana. 
 
 pilosa. 
 
 ,, radiata. 
 Helianthemum (all). 
 Lavandula (all). 
 Linum arboreum. 
 Lycium chinense. 
 Moltkia petraea. 
 Ononis arragonensis. 
 Purshia tridentata. 
 Rosmarinus officinalis. 
 Santolina Chamaecyparissus. 
 Spartiura junceum. 
 Teucrium fruticans. 
 Ulex (all). 
 Vella Pseudocytisus, 
 
 ,, spinosa. 
 Yucca (all). 
 
CHAPTER XXVI 
 SHRUBS IN SHADY PLACES. 
 
 ONE of the most frequent inquiries is for shrubs which will grow in dense 
 shade, such as under the branches of other trees, and in places which 
 buildings never allow the sun to reach. It must be admitted that the 
 number is small, andthat the shrubs themselves are not of the gayest. No 
 spot worse fitted for the welfare of most shrubs could, indeed, be found 
 than under the branches of large trees, such as beech, horse-chestnut, 
 lime, and elm. They are not only robbed of light one of the prime 
 necessaries of plant life they have to fight for moisture and sustenance 
 against the roots of the giants under which they are condemned to live. 
 Yet in such places a screen is frequently needed to hide undesirable 
 objects or mean buildings from view, and it is often an improvement in a 
 well-kept garden to have an evergreen ground-covering beneath trees on 
 lawns under which it is too dark for grass to grow. 
 
 Of the taller evergreens, Aucuba japonica stands an easy first. It is 
 remarkable how healthy this shrub will keep even under such greedy trees 
 as lime and horse-chestnut. The green varieties should be planted more 
 frequently, and thus reduce the present superabundance of the spotted- 
 leaved one in gardens. For the very worst places, where an evergreen is 
 desired up to 6 ft. high, reliance must almost entirely be placed on the 
 aucuba; but in places not quite so densely shaded the common holly is 
 useful. Both, but especially the holly, should be helped the first two 
 summers by giving good soakings of water in hot weather and by mulch- 
 ings. Rhododendro^ ponticum will thrive very well under such trees as 
 oak or sweet chestnut, also in woods where the trunks are lofty. Although 
 it is apt to grow lanky and thin in such places, this tendency can be 
 corrected by cutting back the long sprawling shoots every few years. In 
 the south and west, Euonymus japonicus is useful. Ligustrum ovalifolium 
 does very well in shade, but does not retain its foliage through the winter 
 so well there as in full light. The common privet may also be used, but 
 is almost or quite without foliage in winter. Ribes alpinum, a deciduous 
 shrub but very dense in growth, thrives well in shade. 
 
 Of dwarfer plants, Berberis Aquifolium is excellent, and grows well in 
 101 
 
102 SHRUBS IN SHADY PLACES 
 
 shady places. Equalling the aucuba in its capability of withstanding 
 shade and the roots of trees under which they may be planted, are Ruscus 
 Hypoglossum (12 to 18 ins. high) and R. aculeatus^ somewhat taller. 
 Gaultheria Shallon loves shade, but needs moisture as well. The new 
 sarcococcas S. humilis and S. ruscifolia are said to thrive in shade. 
 
 For forming an evergreen carpet beneath either evergreen or deciduous 
 trees, the various forms of green ivy are, on the whole, the best, especially 
 where the shade is very dense. Next to them in value are the green and 
 variegated forms of Euonymus radtcans, but they will not survive in so 
 dense a shade as ivy. The greater and lesser periwinkles ( Vinca major 
 and V. minor) are charming under deciduous trees, but need more -light 
 than the ivies do, especially if the blue flowers are to develop at all freely. 
 Hypericum calydnum is also admirable in similar spots, and may be soon 
 made to form a dense carpet of large extent ; provided it gets a certain 
 amount of light, it will hold its own and flower prettily under lime, elm, 
 and suchlike trees. If the previous year's growths are cut away every 
 spring the effect is neater. In wilder parts of the grounds the various 
 forms of British bramble are perfectly at home under deciduous trees, and 
 the double-flowered forms of R. ulmifolins and R. thyrsiflorus are worthy 
 of special note for such positions. The common elder will grow in deepish 
 shade, but is too rank and weedy to recommend as a screen plant. 
 
 There are, of course, numerous shrubs that will thrive in semi-shade ; 
 some, like most of the bamboos, prefer it. The choice, in fact, is so 
 extensive that planting in such places presents no problems. 
 
 In planting shrubs of the taller size mentioned above under big trees, 
 it is necessary to dig out good-sized holes for them, irrespective of the 
 destruction it may cause to the roots of the tree. This may sound 
 barbarous, but if the thing is to be done at all, it is imperative to keep the 
 roots at bay for a year or two to enable the aucuba or whatever it may be 
 to get a foothold. The whole proceeding is more or less unnatural. In 
 Nature there is very little shrubby growth beneath the dense shade of 
 trees, and such shrubs as do establish themselves there start as seedlings. 
 Still, the chopping out of a few roots of such vigorous trees as lime, elm, 
 and horse-chestnut is scarcely felt. 
 
 Before planting the low carpet shrubs like ivy, periwinkle, or Hypericum^ 
 all that is necessary is to dig the ground over, preferably with a fork, and 
 to give a thorough watering after. It is, however, a convenient time to top- 
 dress trees that need it with four to six inches of loam. In this the ivy f 
 etc., may be planted and thus avoid any injury to the roots of the tree 
 itself. 
 
CHAPTER XXVII 
 SEASIDE PLANTING. 
 
 THE moderating influence that the sea has upon temperature and the 
 greater degree of humidity it imparts to the atmosphere are, on the whole, 
 favourable to vegetation. This is very evident all round the coasts of 
 the British Isles, even on the east coast, where, in sheltered valleys, trees 
 and shrubs can be grown that are too tender for similar positions inland. 
 On the western and southern coasts, where the influence of the Gulf 
 Stream is more directly felt, this phenomenon becomes much more 
 evident, and a vegetation of an almost subtropical character is supported. 
 There is no point, therefore, in the long lists usually given in books and 
 articles on this subject, made up of trees and shrubs that are known to 
 thrive in the vicinity of the sea, provided they are not actually exposed to 
 the full force of sea gales. Such lists might be extended so as to include 
 almost all the subjects dealt with in this work. 
 
 The one problem in seaside planting is to find trees and shrubs 
 that will withstand the full blast from the sea, carrying, as it does, more 
 or less salt-laden moisture with it. Once a rampart of such vegetation 
 has been made of sufficient width and height to stand between the 
 garden and the sea, the rest becomes comparatively easy. The clothing 
 of exposed headlands must, of course, always be difficult, just as is that 
 of windswept elevations inland, the only difference being that, near the 
 sea, the additional drawback of salt in the atmosphere has to be 
 encountered. 
 
 In planting absolutely naked ground in such places it saves much 
 time and trouble if some, perhaps only temporary, windguard be set up 
 to start with ; it may be a low wall, a bank of earth, or even wattled 
 hurdles. Behind this the first plantings are made, and it need hardly 
 be said that small plants only must be set out, and they must stand 
 thickly together for mutual protection. By this means they are enabled 
 to get a firm hold of the soil before they reach above their shelter. When 
 that happens their growth may be very slow indeed, but each successive 
 row grows higher than the one in front of it, so that ultimately there is 
 formed a bank of vegetation sloping upwards from the sea, which makes 
 an admirable first line of defence. 
 
 103 
 
104 SEASIDE PLANTING 
 
 Among the best things to use for such a purpose are Pinus Pinaster 
 and the Scotch pine. These two species, but especially the former (the 
 Scotch pine is often discoloured by sea spray), bear the brunt of the 
 south-west gales in the famous pine plantations on the Bournemouth 
 cliffs. P. Thunbergii is also to be recommended, but is scarcer. In 
 the milder counties Cupressus macrocarpa, Pinus radiata (insignis\ P. 
 muricafa, and P. halepensis are excellent. But in the colder parts of 
 the coast no pine is so valuable as the Austrian pine. Among other 
 evergreen trees, Quercus Ilex may be recommended ; although very slow- 
 growing, it makes a dense growth and a perfect screen. Although only 
 a small tree, Euonymus japonicus must be mentioned. On the south 
 coast it thrives admirably on high cliffs with nothing between it and the 
 sea. Abies Pinsapo has been recommended for chalk cliffs, but it needs 
 shelter at first. / 
 
 Of all the above, most reliance may be placed on Pinus Pinaster in 
 the south and on the Austrian pine in the north. 
 
 Turning to deciduous trees, the choice is greater. I know nothing 
 more useful in forming the outer " rampart " than the common sycamore. 
 Often sadly battered, it still holds its own. The "wych elm' : is very 
 useful, as are also two willows : (Salix alba and S. Capred) Populus 
 deltoidea and the white poplar (P. alba}. Among the numerous species of 
 Pyrus, the wild pear (P. communis), the mountain ash (P. Aucuparid), and, 
 in chalk especially, the whitebeam (P. Arid) are the best for the present 
 purpose. For mixing with other things in the plantation there are the 
 hornbeam, the hawthorn, and the ash. Where the ground is damp the 
 common alder may be used. 
 
 It is not to be expected that any of these will make shapely specimens. 
 On the contrary, they wi)l be usually stunted and gnarled and lop-sided ; 
 but if they provide a living and permanent shield, inside which other and 
 choicer trees will thrive, they fulfil their purpose. 
 
 Shrubs. Close to the sea, as in cliff or shore gardens, the space is 
 too narrow to admit of any attempt being made to establish a shelter belt 
 of vegetation. In such places reliance must be entirely placed on such 
 shrubs or small trees as will thrive fully exposed. That there are a 
 considerable number is evident to any one who studies the vegetation on 
 the slopes between the " front " and the shore of many seaside towns. 
 
 Among evergreens mention has already been made of Euonymus 
 japonicuS) sometimes a small tree, usually a shrub. The grey-leaved 
 Atriplex Halimus and other species are quite maritime shrubs. Olearia 
 Haastii is not so much used as it might be, nor are the numerous forms 
 cf Aucuba japonica, Berberis stenophylla, B. Darwinii, Pinus montana, 
 common juniper, Baccharis patagonica, and Bupleurum fruticosum. Of 
 hollies, the broad, thick-leaved varieties are the best, and amongst the 
 

 BISHOP'S PINE (Pinus muricatd), at Claremont. 
 
 [Face p. 104. 
 
SEASIDE PLANTING 105 
 
 most useful of evergreens for exposed places. In the milder counties all 
 the New Zealand Veronicas should be tried, or as many as are available ; 
 some of them thrive in places drenched by spray. The common gorse and 
 its double-flowered variety are valuable. The less known Ulex Gallii 
 may be seen at Bournemouth hanging on shelves on the cliffs fully exposed, 
 but it will not stand so much frost as the common U. europceus. A 
 companion plant with it there is Erica cinerea, the two making, when in 
 flower in the early autumn, a lovely contrast in gold and purple. Ulex 
 nanus will no doubt succeed as well as the other two gorses. 
 
 Turning to deciduous shrubs, none is better than Tamarix tetrandra, 
 T. gallica^ and probably T. pentandra. On the south coast the first two 
 thrive on the most exposed cliffs. T. anglica^ closely allied to T. gallica, 
 is common in places on the Suffolk coast. I have not seen T. pentandra 
 grown near the sea (it is comparatively new to gardens) but mention 
 it as a likely shrub valuable in flowering later than the others and during 
 the " season " of most seaside towns. Succeeding equally well in similar 
 places is the box-thorn, Lycium chinense (the shrub nearly always alluded 
 to as " L. barbarum " or " Z. europtzum "). Myricaria germanica, also 
 useful, is a close ally of the tamarisks. The common elder (Sambucus 
 nigra) and its varieties are apt to look battered, but, like the sycamore, 
 they are irrepressible, and therefore valuable in the first line of defence. 
 Hippophae rhamnoides is essentially a maritime shrub, and as a fruit- 
 bearing one is the handsomest of those here mentioned. The goat 
 willow (Salix Capred] will grow on fully exposed cliffs, as, no 
 doubt, will many other willows. The common hawthorn is one 
 of the hardiest of all trees, and although not reaching beyond 
 the dimensions of a shrub in places like those under discussion, 
 is worth planting. A more beautiful one is the Scotch Laburnum 
 (L. alpinuni), hardier than, and to be preferred before, the common one. 
 The oval-leaved privet is partially deciduous, but valuable as thriving in 
 the most exposed places. Among wild roses, R. canina (the dog rose), 
 R. rubiginosa (sweet-briar), R. spinosissima (Scotch rose), R. multtflora 
 and R. hibernica may be recommended, as may also the Wichuraiana roses, 
 common dogwood (Cornus sanguined), the blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), 
 Cotoneaster bacillaris, Celastrns articulatus, and Baccharis halimifolia. 
 
 To all these, others, no doubt of equal value, might be added; 
 certainly there might for the south-western counties, as, for example, 
 Escallonia macrantha, E. rubra, etc ; but sufficient have been named to 
 enable effective plantings to be made. As has already been emphasised, 
 it is trees and shrubs that will themselves bear the full brunt of the 
 storm and, if need be, afford protection for others, that are wanted. 
 Given those, the chief problem has been solved. 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 TECHNICAL terms have been avoided as much as possible, but to avert 
 inconvenient length of phrase, especially in regard to shape of leaf and 
 form of inflorescence, a few botanical terms have been employed. They 
 are also necessary to define the parts of the flower and the particular 
 kind of fruit. 
 
 Acuminate. Having a gradually tapered point. 
 
 Acute. Pointed, but less gradually tapered* than acuminate. 
 
 Anther. That part of the stamen carrying the pollen. 
 
 Apex. The end (applied to the termination of leaf, petal, etc.) 
 
 Auricle. An appendage or lobe shaped like 'an ear. 
 
 Axil. The angle formed on the upper side by the union of leafstalk and stem, 
 
 or by the chief veins and midrib. 
 Axillary. Springing from an axil. Usually applied to an inflorescence arising 
 
 at that part of a stem, as distinct from the end. 
 Berry. A fruit whose seeds are immersed in a pulpy or juicy substance enclosed 
 
 by a skin. 
 Bract. A leaf-like organ* or a degenerate leaf from whose axil the flower or 
 
 inflorescence is borne. 
 
 Calyx. The outer envelope of the flower (outside the petals). 
 Capsule. A dry fruit of two or more cells. 
 Carpel. One part of a several-celled ovary or fruit. 
 Catkin. A slender, often tail-like, inflorescence, with scale-like bracts and 
 
 stalkless flowers. 
 
 Ciliate. Fringed with hairs ; usually applied to the margins of leaves or petals. 
 Compound (composite]. Made up of several parts or units, like a rose leaf or 
 
 the flower head of a daisy. 
 
 Cone. The fruit of pines, firs, spruces, etc., made up of overlapping scales. 
 Connate. United organically (seen sometimes in the bases of opposite leaves). 
 Cordate. Shaped like a heart, with the point uppermost 
 Corolla. The inner envelope of the flower (inside the calyx). 
 Corymb. An inflorescence of flat or flattish shape, in which the stalks of the 
 
 outer flowers are long enough to bring them to approximately the same 
 
 level as the inner ones. 
 
 107 
 
108 GLOSSARY 
 
 Crenate. Applied to leaf margins with rounded teeth. 
 
 Cyme. A broad, flattish, flower cluster, the inner or terminal flowers opening 
 
 first, as in Euonymus. 
 Decussate. Applied to leaves arranged oppositely, but with one pair standing 
 
 at right angles to the next pair (as in Veronica). 
 Digitate. Applied to compound leaves, in which the leaflets are borne at the 
 
 end of the common stalk (as in horse-chestnut). 
 Dimorphic. Occurring in two forms on the same plant, e.g., leaves of many 
 
 junipers, or applied to a species existing in two distinct forms, as Colletia 
 
 spinosa. 
 Dioecious. Applied to plants which have male and female flowers borne on 
 
 separate individuals. 
 Distichous. Applied to leaves arranged oppositely, and superposed in two 
 
 ranks. 
 
 Drupe. A fruit in which a hard stone is enclosed in a fleshy layer (plum). 
 Emarginate. Notched at the tip. 
 Entire. Not toothed or lobed (applied to leaf-margins, etc.). 
 
 Fasciated. Applied to branchlets which have become united, several into one, 
 to form a broad, flat shoot. 
 
 Fasciculate. Applied to a cluster of flowers each with its own stalk but all 
 
 arising from the same point, say a leaf-axil 
 Fastigiate. Of close erect growth, e.g., the Lombardy poplar. 
 Glabrous. Smooth, without hairs or down. 
 Gland. A protuberance on leaves, young shoots and parts of flowers, sometimes 
 
 on hairs or bristles, often secreting and viscid. 
 Glaucous. Covered with a white or blue-white bloom. 
 Habit. Manner of growth. 
 
 Internodes. The spaces on a branchlet between the joints or nodes. 
 Involucre. Two or more bracts united below an inflorescence. 
 Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance-head ; applied to leaves several times longer 
 
 than wide and broadest below the middle. 
 Lenticel. A corky or wart-like protuberance on young bark. 
 
 Linear. Applied to narrow leaves, petals, etc., several times longer than wide, 
 
 with parallel margins. 
 Limb. The expanded portion of a petal, as distinct from its stalk or claw. 
 
 Lip, Applied to the upper and lower divisions of 'a corolla, as in the Labiate 
 
 Order (lavender, etc.). 
 
 Lobes. The primary divisions of a simple leaf or other organ (leaf of sycamore). 
 Midrib. The primary or central rib of a leaf; the prolongation of its stalk. 
 Monoecious. Applied to plants which have male and female flowers borne on 
 
 the same individual. 
 Mucro. A small abrupt point or tip. 
 Node. The joint of a branchlet ; the place bearing bud or leaf. 
 
GLOSSARY 109 
 
 Oblanceolate. Inversely lanceolate, the broadest part being above the middle. 
 
 Oblate. Flattened ; applied to leaves much wider than long. 
 
 Obovate. Inversely egg-shaped in outline, the broadest part being above the 
 
 middle (see ovate}. 
 
 Obovoid. Having the shape of an egg, the thickest end uppermost. 
 Ovary. The part of the flower which ultimately develops the seeds ; the lowest 
 
 part of the pistil. 
 Ovate. Having the outline of an egg, the widest part being below the middle. 
 
 A common shape of leaf and petal. 
 
 Ovoid. Having the shape of an egg. Common in fruits. 
 Palmate. Applied to leaves with radiating lobes, as in Fatsiajaponica. 
 Panicle. A branched inflorescence, as distinct from raceme or spike. 
 
 Pappus. The limb of the calyx in the Natural Order of Composite, much 
 divided or downy, to assist in the dispersion of the seed by wind. 
 
 Pedicel. A term used to distinguish the stalk of individual flowers in a 
 compound inflorescence (see peduncle). 
 
 Peduncle. The mainstalk of a cluster of flowers, or the stalk of a solitary 
 
 flower. 
 Peltate. Applied to leaves which are attached to their stalks by the lower 
 
 surface, not at the margin. 
 Perfect. Applied to flowers which have effective male and female organs, as 
 
 opposed to unisexual or sterile. 
 Perianth. The envelope of the flower. Usually applied in practice to flowers 
 
 which have only calyx or corolla, or in which the two are not distinguishable. 
 
 Petal. A division of the corolla ; strictly, only applicable when it is quite 
 
 separate and distinct. 
 Pinnce. The leaflets of a pinnate leaf, or the primary divisions of a doubly 
 
 pinnate one. 
 Pinnate. Applied to leaves composed of leaflets arranged along each side of 
 
 a common stalk ; feather-like. 
 Pistil. The female part of the flower. 
 Pollen. A usually yellow powder borne in the anthers ; the male or 
 
 fecundating material. 
 Polygamous. Applied to flowers sometimes perfect, sometimes unisexual. 
 
 Pome. A fruit made up of several carpels enclosed in a thick layer of flesh, 
 
 e.g. apple. 
 Raceme. An inflorescence in which the flowers are about equally stalked 
 
 and borne on an elongated common stalk. 
 
 Rachis. The common stalk of a compound leaf or raceme, spike, etc. 
 Rhomboidal. Diamond- or lozenge-shaped. 
 Scale. Applied to scarious bodies borne on various parts of plants ; such as 
 
 the enclosing parts of flower-buds, leaf-buds, acorn-cups, etc, 
 Sepals. Divisions of the calyx. 
 
110 GLOSSARY 
 
 Simple. In one piece ; as opposed to compound. 
 
 Sinus. The variously shaped space or opening between the lobes of a leaf. 
 
 Spathulate. Applied to leaves, petals, etc., broad at the apex, narrowed 
 
 towards the base. 
 
 Spike. Like a raceme, but with the individual flowers stalkless. 
 Stamens. The male parts of the flower bearing the anthers. 
 Stellate. Star-like ; usually applied to several hairs united at the base or 
 
 radiating from one point. 
 Stigma. The summit of the pistil, usually viscid, for the reception of pollen, by 
 
 means of which fertilisation is effected. 
 Stipules. Appendages, sometimes scale-like, sometimes leaf-like, at the base 
 
 of leafstalks. 
 Stolon. A sucker-like branch springing from the base of the plant and rooting 
 
 at the joints. 
 Stomata. Breathing pores in the surfaces of leaves ; apertures communicating 
 
 with internal air cavities. 
 
 Style. That part of the pistil connecting ovary and stigma 
 Terete. Circular in transverse section ; like a lead pencil. 
 Ternate. Arranged in threes ; applied to leaves. 
 Trifoliolate. Composed of three leaflets, e.g. leaf of Laburnum. 
 Truncate. Ending abruptly, as if cut off. 
 Umbel. An inflorescence in which a number of stalked flowers are clustered 
 
 at the end of a common stalk. 
 Unisexual. Of one sex only, as opposed to hermaphrodite, bisexual and 
 
 perfect. 
 Veins. Ramifications of fibro-vascular bundles proceeding from the midrib 
 
 and traversing the blade of a leaf. 
 Whorl. Applied to flowers or leaves borne in a circle round a stalk or 
 
 branchlet 
 
PART II 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF GENERA AND 
 SPECIES 
 
ABELIA. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 
 
 A GENUS of shrubs named in honour of Mr Clarke Abel, who first 
 discovered A. chinensis whilst attached to Lord Amherst's embassy 
 to China in 1816-17. About half a dozen species are at present in 
 cultivation, which come from China, Japan, the Himalaya, and Mexico. 
 Leaves opposite, or in threes; corolla tubular to bell-shaped; calyx 
 composed of two to five sepals, which remain long on the plants 
 after the corolla has fallen ; stamens four. 
 
 With two or three exceptions, the Abelias are scarcely hardy enough 
 to succeed in the average climate of the British Isles unless wall 
 protection be given ; but provided the situation is warm enough, they 
 are not in any way difficult to cultivate. They like an open, loamy soil, 
 and can very easily be increased by means of cuttings made of half- 
 ripened wood in July; these should be placed in pots of sandy soil, 
 and plunged in a frame where there is a little bottom heat. The 
 species are very much confused in gardens, but the following key to 
 the cultivated species will assist in their identification. 
 
 i. SEPALS UNIFORMLY FIVE. 
 
 Chinensis. Corolla in. long ; flowers in pairs ; stamens much protruded. 
 Floribunda. Corolla i^ to 2 ins. long ; stamens of about the same length. 
 Spathulata. Corolla f in. long ; stamens shorter than corolla ; floweis in pairs. 
 Triflora. Sepals very narrow, linear, feathered. 
 
 2. SEPALS USUALLY TWO. 
 Uniflora and Engleriana. 
 
 3. SEPALS TWO TO FIVE. 
 Grandiflora. A hybrid (chinensis x uniflora). 
 
 A. CHINENSIS, R. Brown. 
 
 (A. rupestris, Lindley, Bot. Reg., vol. 32, t. 8.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub 3 or 4 ft. high, of spreading habit, the young branches 
 covered with minute reddish down. Leaves ovate, pointed, tapered or rounded 
 at the base, f to i| ins. long, \ to i in. wide, toothed (sometimes obscurely so), 
 downy at the base of the midrib beneath, and with few or many hairs scattered 
 over the upper surface. Flowers white, fragrant, produced during summer and 
 autumn in forking clusters from the terminal leaf-axils, the whole forming a 
 short terminal panicle ; the flowers are mostly in pairs on each stalk. Corolla 
 ^ in. long, scarcely as wide, funnel-shaped, hairy inside. Calyx composed of 
 five rosy-tinted, slightly downy sepals, each \ in. long and obovate. Stamens 
 protruded. 
 
 113 H 
 
114 
 
 ABELIA 
 
 Native of China, where it is widely spread; discovered in 1816-17 by Mr 
 C. Abel. It is usually regarded as a greenhouse plant, but is hardy in the 
 south and west of England. The true plant is rare in cultivation, the shrub 
 usually grown under the name being A. grandiflora a hybrid between it and 
 A. uniflora. 
 
 A. ENGLERIANA, Rehder. 
 
 (Linnsea Engleriana, Graebner.") 
 
 A deciduous shrub of bushy habit, 2 to 4 ft. high, with brown, minutely 
 downy young bark, afterwards smooth and shining, ultimately peeling. Leaves 
 oval-lanceolate, tapered at both ends, but more slenderly at the apex ; f to 
 i^ ins. long, ^ to in. wide ; bright green and smooth above, paler and glossy 
 beneath, with scattered hairs on the midrib and veins ; margins bristly-hairy ; 
 stalk ^ in. or less long. Flowers borne usually in pairs from the end of short 
 lateral twigs ; sepals two, narrowly oval, ^ in. long, minutely ciliated ; corolla 
 in. long, funnel-shaped, curved, minutely downy outside, rose-coloured. 
 Stamens shorter than the corolla. 
 
 Native of Szechuen, China; originally discovered by Henry about 1888; 
 introduced to cultivation twenty years later by Wilson when collecting for 
 Harvard University. Flowered at Kew in 1911. 
 
 A. FLORIBUNDA, Decaisne. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4316 ; Garden, May 18, 1873.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub 6 to 10 ft. high in a wild state, but rarely seen half as 
 high in this country ; young shoots reddish, downy. Leaves ovate to roundish 
 ovate, f to if ins. long, ?r to I in. broad, shallowly toothed, pointed, firm in 
 
 ABELIA FLORIBUNDA. 
 
 texture ; glossy green and smooth on both surfaces, but paler beneath ; hairy 
 only on the margin ; stalk in. or less long. Flowers pendulous, rosy-red, 
 produced in June at or near the end of short twigs which spring from the year- 
 old wood. Corolla slenderly funnel-shaped, narrowing towards the base, I J to 
 2 ins. long, nearly i in. wide at the mouth, where are five rounded, spreading 
 lobes. Sepals five, green, linear-oval, \ in. long. Stamens hairy. 
 
 Native of Mexico on the Cordilleras ofOaxaca at 10,000 ft.; introduced to 
 Europe in 1841. This is the handsomest of the Abelias that can be grown out- 
 of-doors with us, but it needs the protection of a wall. At Kew, a plant growing 
 against the wall of a greenhouse has flourished for many years and flowers well 
 
ABELIA 115 
 
 most seasons, but it is quite unable to live in the open unprotected. For a low 
 south wall in the S. of EnglanoVthis shrub, with its shining, rich green foliage 
 and gay flowers, is an attractive ornament. 
 
 A. GRANDIFLORA, Rehder. 
 
 (A. chinensis x uniflora ; A. chinensis, Hort?) 
 
 An evergreen shrub 3 to 6 ft. high, with slender, arching branches clothed 
 with minute down. Leaves of a brilliant dark green, ovate, pointed, i to 2^ ins. 
 long, half as wide, mostly more or less shallowly toothed ; quite smooth above, 
 pale shining green beneath, downy only on the lower part of the midrib. 
 Flowers slightly fragrant, produced from July to October at the end of the 
 shoots of the year and in the leaf-axils ; solitary to as many as four on a stalk. 
 Corolla white tinged with pink, funnel-shaped, | in. long, nearly as wide at the 
 five-lobed mouth ; throat hairy. Sepals two to five, \ in. long, but varying in 
 width according to the number, the lower number being proportionately wider ; 
 they persist for several months, and are often of a purplish tinge. 
 
 A hybrid between A. chinensis and A. uniflora whose origin is apparently 
 unrecorded. Like many hybrids it appears to have acquired a vigour and 
 constitution superior to that of either of its parents. It is hardy at Kew in all 
 but the severest winters, when it is cut to the ground ; it is also the most 
 ornamental of really hardy kinds. The habit is graceful, the foliage a 
 singularly brilliant green, and it is useful in blossoming so late in the season. 
 
 A. SPATHULATA, Siebold. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6601.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub 3 or 4 ft. high, much branched ; twigs downy when 
 young. Leaves oval-lanceolate, rhomboidal, or ovate ; I to 2 ins. long, \ to 
 i in. wide ; unequally toothed ; with scattered hairs above, and down on the 
 nerves below ; margins red when young. Flowers in pairs at the ends of short 
 side twigs ; corolla white with yellow in the throat, f to i inch long, widely 
 funnel-shaped. Sepals usually five, J inch long, rosy, oblong-spathulate, 
 slightly downy. Stamens shorter than corolla. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced by Maries for Messrs Veitch in 1880. It is 
 hardy in the milder parts of the southern counties, and, among other places, 
 thrives with Sir E. G. Loder at Leonardslee, near Horsham, and with Mrs 
 Chambers at Haslemere. 
 
 A. TRIFLORA, R. Brown. 
 
 (Lindley and Paxton's Flower Garden, vol. 3, t. 91.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub or small tree of vigorous, erect habit, 8 to 12 ft. high, 
 sometimes more ; young shoots furnished with reflexed bristles ; bark of main 
 stem pale, greyish, and conspicuously corrugated. Leaves ovate lance-shaped 
 or lance-shaped, tapering more abruptly to the base than to the apex, \\ to 3 
 ins. long, \ to i in. wide ; dull dark green, paler beneath ; more or less hairy 
 on both surfaces and at the margins until late in the year, when they become 
 nearly or quite smooth.' Most of the leaves are neither toothed nor lobed, 
 but the lowest leaves on the twigs are frequently deeply and sharply cut. 
 Flowers fragrant, produced in June in erect clusters 2 ins across, terminating 
 short twigs ; often three flowers on a stalk. Corolla delicate rosy white, with 
 a slender downy tube f in. long, expanding at the mouth into five rounded lobes, 
 and these \ in. across. Sepals five, persistent, reddish, very narrow and linear, 
 \ to f in. long, feathered with silky hairs. 
 
116 ABELIA ABIES 
 
 Native of the N.W. Himalaya, introduced in 1847 to the Glasnevin Botanic 
 Garden, and first flowered there in 1852. This is the hardiest of the Abelias, 
 and has grown vigorously at Kew in the open for many years. When it flowers 
 freely (which does not happen every year) it ^makes a pretty display, and 
 remains interesting because of the curious persistent calyces surmounting the 
 fruits. 
 
 A. UNIFLORA, R. Brown. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4694.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub of spreading habit, 5 or 6 ft. high, ultimately with 
 arching branches ; shoots slender, minutely downy when young. Leaves ovate, 
 often with long, tapered points, rounded or tapered at the base, sparsely and 
 shallowly toothed ; i to 2 ins. long, ^ to I in. wide ; dark glossy green and 
 smooth above, paler beneath and downy on the midrib. Flowers solitary, in 
 pairs, or in threes in the terminal leaf-axils, produced from June onwards. 
 Corolla white, blush-tinted, with orange markings in the throat ; I in. long 
 and the same in width across the mouth, where are five ovate lobes ; it has 
 much the shape of a miniature foxglove. Calyx of usually two sepals, but 
 occasionally three or four, persistent. 
 
 Native of China, originally introduced to cultivation by Fortune in 1845, 
 now very rare. It is one of the parents of A. grandiflora, which owes to this 
 species its hardiness and the brilliant green of its leaves, and which appears 
 to have displaced it in gardens. A. uniflora is hardy in the south of England 
 in all but the severest winters. Its flowers are the largest of the cultivated 
 Chinese species, and being abundantly produced make a very pietty display. 
 
 ABIES. SILVER FIRS. CONIFERS. 
 
 A group of about thirty evergreen trees found in Europe. N. Africa, 
 N. Asia, and N. America. They are mostly pyramidal and very 
 symmetrical in form, especially when young, and the finest are from 
 200 to 300 ft. high. They produce their branches in whorls or tiers, one 
 tier yearly. Leaves always linear or nearly so, from -^ to \ in. wide, 
 with invariably two bands of stomata beneath, occasionally lines of 
 stomata above also ; they are always attached to the shoot in a spiral 
 arrangement, but by a twisting at the base are usually made to appear 
 in two opposite sets, the green faces of all uppermost. Female cones 
 always erect, in which respect they differ from those of Picea (the 
 spruces), and from Tsuga (the hemlocks), both of which genera have 
 been, and still are, often called "Abies." There is a simple way of 
 distinguishing a fir (Abies) from a spruce by pulling off a living leaf 
 from the shoots : In the firs the leaf breaks off sharply at the base where 
 it joins the twig, but in the spruces (Picea) it tears away a little of the 
 bark with it. 
 
 The cones are built up of a close spiral arrangement of overlapping, 
 usually more or less fan-shaped scales, to the outer surface of which a 
 bract is always attached. The length of this bract and whether or not 
 it protrudes beyond the scale, affords a good distinguishing character 
 between the species. Seeds are borne in pairs on the inner side of the 
 scales, and are winged. The male flowers occur on branches separate 
 from the females, and are borne on the under side of the branch; anthers 
 
ABIES 117 
 
 highly coloured. On flowering and cone-bearing branches the leaves 
 frequently alter much in character, becoming shorter, stiffer, sharper 
 pointed, and more erect. 
 
 The silver firs are undoubtedly best suited in a moist climate where 
 late spring frosts are rare. Nowhere in the British Isles, perhaps, do 
 they, as a whole, succeed quite so well as in the Perthshire valleys. 
 Where the rainfall is deficient, lack of moisture can to some extent be 
 compensated for by a good deep soil. Whenever possible they should 
 be raised from seeds, but of some sorts cuttings may be made to take 
 root. The cuttings should always be taken from leading shoots, as 
 distinct from lateral ones, which rarely develop a good leader. The 
 best plan is to head back a plant, thus inducing it to make several shoots ; 
 these are then taken off with a slight heel of old wood attached, and placed 
 singly in small pots of sandy soil in a gentle bottom heat. But both 
 cuttings and grafts should only be resorted to when seeds are un- 
 obtainable. 
 
 Several species, amongst them amabilis, magnifica, nobilis, and Nord- 
 manniana, are liable in many places to the attacks of aphis and chermes. 
 In either case the best remedy is spraying with an emulsion of paraffin 
 and soft soap in spring, about the time the young are being produced. 
 
 A detailed description is given in the following pages of about a score 
 of species ; the four following are sometimes seen in gardens, but having 
 little general interest, brief mention will suffice : 
 
 A. LASIOCARPA, Nuttall (A. subalpina, Engelmann}. ROCKY MOUNTAIN 
 FIR. Apparently of little value in this country, but a fine tree in Western N. 
 America, where it is 100, occasionally 175, ft. high. The leaves are ^ to \\ ins. 
 long, jV in. broad, arranged like those of A. nobilis, and with stomata on 
 both surfaces. Cones dark purple, "2\ to 4 ins. long. Shoots downy ; buds 
 resinous. Var. ARIZONICA was introduced in 1903, and is remarkable for its 
 thick, corky, yellowish white bark, and its more glaucous leaves, but there is 
 no reason to suppose that it will thrive better than the type. [The name 
 lasiocarpa is often erroneously applied to A. Lowiana and A. concolor, q.v.~] 
 
 A. RELIGIOSA, Schlechtendal. MEXICAN FIR (Bot. Mag., t. 6753). It is 
 only in the very mildest parts of the British Isles that this tree will thrive. 
 I have seen trees at Fota, near Cork, and at Castle Kennedy, in Wigtown- 
 shire. It has the same arrangement of leaves on the shoot as A. Nordmanniana, 
 and they are f to \\ ins. long, pointed, and usually undivided at the apex. 
 Shoots downy ; buds resinous. Cones about 4 ins. long, bluish, ultimately 
 brown. Introduced by Hartweg, in 1838, from Mexico, where the branches 
 are used for church decoration hence the specific name. 
 
 A. SACHALINENSIS, Masters. SAGHALIEN FIR. A tree 130 ft. high, native 
 of N. Japan, Saghalien, etc., but so liable to injury by late spring frost in this 
 country as to be of no value. It has the Nordmanniana arrangement of leaf, 
 but in the forward-pointing leaves, which are f to i^ ins. long and verv white 
 beneath, it resembles A. Veitchii ; buds white, resinous. Cones 2^ to 3! ins. 
 long. Introduced in 1878, by Maries for Messrs Veitch. I saw a tree about 
 1 6 ft. high at Murthly Castle, near Perth, in 1906, but even there, not in the 
 best of health. 
 
 A. SIBIRICA, Ledebour. SIBERIAN FIR. Allied to A. sachalinensis, this 
 is equally unsatisfactory. It has similar leaves, but they have only four or 
 five lines of stomata in each band beneath, whilst A. sachalinensis has seven 
 or eight. The shoots also are not roughened with the raised leaf bases as in 
 that species. Introduced in 1820, and a native of Siberia, etc. 
 
118 ABIES 
 
 A. AMABILIS, Forbes. WHITE FIR. 
 
 A tree up to 250 ft. high in nature ; bark on young or middle-aged trees 
 whitish ; young shoots downy ; winter buds small, globose, very resinous. 
 Leaves crowded at the sides and on the upper surface of the shoot, which they 
 completely hide from above ; f to \\ ins. long, ^ to ^ in. wide, broadest 
 towards the apex ; the uppermost leaves are considerably the shorter, and 
 point forwards, the lower ones spread horizontally ; all are rich glossy green 
 and deeply grooved above, vividly blue-white and with broad bands of stomata 
 beneath ; apex notched. Cones rich purple, 4 to 6 ins. long, 2 to 2^ ins. wide, 
 tapering slightly towards the rounded top ; bracts enclosed. 
 
 Native of British Columbia, Oregon, and Washington ; discovered by 
 Douglas in 1825, introduced five years later. This beautiful fir, which in open 
 situations clothes itself to the ground with gracefully drooping branches, has 
 not been a success in British gardens, and very few specimens of any notable 
 size exist there. Some years ago I saw several healthy trees in Scotland. 
 It is sometimes confused with A. Nordmanniana, which it resembles in several 
 respects, notably in the arrangement of the leaves on the shoot ; but the 
 winter buds, looking like globes of resin, easily distinguish it, and the leaves 
 have an odour like orange peel. 
 
 A. BALSAMEA, Miller. BALSAM FIR. 
 
 A tree 50 to 70 ft. high ; young shoots downy ; winter buds red, very 
 resinous, roundish. Leaves on young trees in two opposite sets spreading 
 horizontally, | to i ins. long, - to -^ in. wide, the uppermost leaves much 
 the shorter ; rounded or notched at the apex, glossy green above, with two 
 whitish bands beneath each composed of four to eight lines of stomata. On cone- 
 bearing shoots the leaves are often pointed (sometimes sharply) as well as 
 rounded or slightly notched, and they are stiffer, broader (jV in. wide), and 
 curved upwards rather than arranged in two sets. Cones 2\ to 3^ ins. long, 
 i to i ins. wide, dark purple or olive-green, the bracts either quite enclosed 
 within the scales or slightly exposed. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America from Labrador to Virginia ; introduced 
 by Bishop Compton in 1697. Although trees in Scotland have attained 
 considerable dimensions, notably at Keillour in Perthshire, it is usually short- 
 lived, and one of the biggest failures among firs in this country. The only 
 tree I know of any size near London is on'the lawn in front of Miss Willmott's 
 house at Great Warley, Essex, 30 to 40 ft. high. The species is closely 
 allied to A. Fraseri, under which the distinctions are referred to. It yields a 
 transparent balsamic resin, known as Balm of Gilead, or Canadian Balsam. 
 The leaves are curiously brittle and snap when bent. 
 
 Var. HUDSONIA, Sargent. DWARF BALSAM FIR. A curious, very dwarf 
 mountain form rarely more than 2 ft. high, which never bears cones. 
 Leaves about \ in. long. Found originally on the White mountains of 
 New Hampshire, U.S.A. 
 
 A. BRACHYPHYLLA, Maximowicz. NlKKO FIR. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7114.) 
 
 A tree 100, occasionally 130, ft. high in Japan ; young shoots without down, 
 but corrugated with the wrinkled protuberances on which the leaves are seated, 
 the groove between the leaf-bases being deep ; buds resinous. Leaves \ to 
 i^ ins. long, about y"g- in. wide ; slightly notched at the flatfish apex, dark bright 
 green above, with two broad, blue-white stomatic bands beneath. The under- 
 
ABIES 
 
 119 
 
 most leaves are the longest, and they spread horizontally ; above them each 
 succeeding rank becomes smaller ,and more erect, leaving at last a very narrow 
 or scarcely perceptible V-shaped opening along the top. Cones 3 to 4 ins. long, 
 i^ to ii ins. wide, tapered at top and bottom, purple, finally brown; bracts 
 quite enclosed. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced about 1870. This is one of the most thriving' 
 and handsome of firs, and very hardy. It occasionally bears good crops of its 
 rich purple cones, and is then very beautiful. It is, perhaps, best distinguished 
 by the deeply corrugated branchlets, the grooves in which become deeper the 
 two following years, by the scaly bark of the trunk and the short, notched 
 
 ABIES BRACHYPHYLLA. 
 
 leaves. In gardens a Japanese silver fir is sometimes seen under the 
 name of 
 
 A. HOMOLEPIS, Siebold(k: umbellata, Hort.}.\\. is quite closely allied to, 
 and may be merely a form of, A. brachyphylla, but the leaves are more dis- 
 tinctly separated into two opposed sets, and the. V-shaped opening left by the 
 uppermost leaves is much wider ; they are also longer (up to li ins.), the stomatic 
 bands beneath are narrower and duller white, the apex is much more tapered, 
 and the double points made by the notch are sharp, almost spiny. An interest- 
 ing distinction is pointed out by Henry in the corrugation of the branchlets : in 
 A. homolepis this is less apparent in the second and third years ; in A. brachy- 
 phylla it is more pronounced. A cut branchlet bears a considerable resemblance 
 to that of A. firma, but the downy unroughened surface of the shoot of the 
 latter at once distinguishes it. A. homolepis appears to have all the beauty and 
 hardiness of A. brachyphylla. 
 
120 ABIES 
 
 A. BRACTEATA, NuttalL SANTA LUCIA FlR. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4740 ; A. venusta, Koch?) 
 
 A tree 100 to 150 ft. high, of pyramidal form, but abruptly narrowed near the 
 top into a slender, steeple-like apex ; young shoots pale green, perfectly glabrous; 
 winter-buds \ to f in. long, slenderly conical, the scales being loose, pale brown, 
 non-resinous. Leaves flat, stiff, and spine-tipped ; i to 2% ins. long, ^ in. 
 wide ; dark shining green, with two blue-white bands of stomata beneath ; the 
 leaves are aggregated into two sets, one each side the shoot, leaving a broad. 
 V-shaped opening between. Cones 3 to 4 ins. long, 2 to 2^ ins. wide, egg- 
 shaped, purplish brown, each bract terminated by a slender, stiff, spine-tipped 
 point, i to 2 ins. long. 
 
 Native of, and confined to, the Santa Lucia mountains, California ; discovered 
 in 1832 ; introduced by W. Lobb in 1853. I* ' s m several respects the most 
 remarkable of all firs : its pyramidal spire-topped shape and its buds are quite 
 unlike those of any other species ; its spine-tipped, never notched, leaves are 
 comparable only with those of A. cephalonica ; and, chief of all, the bayonet- 
 like terminations of the bracts projecting all round the cone are only seen in 
 this species. There are a number of trees 50 to 80 ft. high in England ; but the 
 tree generally is not a success, owing to its susceptibility to late spring frosts. 
 For this reason an elevated situation is best for it. 
 
 A. CEPHALQNICA, London. GREEK FIR. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1884, i., fig. 105.) 
 
 A tree up to 100 ft. high ; young shoots smooth, shining brown ; buds 
 reddish, resinous. Leaves standing out nearly at right angles to, and all round 
 the stem, but more densely above than below ; the lower ones are the longer 
 and all have the green surface uppermost ; they are stiff, sharply pointed ; to 
 \\ ins. long, ^ to T ^ in. wide; rich glossy green above, and with two well- 
 defined stomatic bands beneath. Cones 4 to 6 ins. long, ij to if ins. wide, 
 cylindric, velvety brown, with the bracts protruded beyond the scale and bent 
 downward. 
 
 Native of the mountains of Greece; introduced in 1824. It thrives remark- 
 ably well in Britain, the largest tree according to Elwes being at Barton, Bury 
 St Edmund's, now nearly 100 ft. high and over 13 ft. in girth. It is one of the 
 most distinct of all silver firs in its sharp almost spine-tipped leaves standing 
 out all round the shoot. These two characters, with its smooth shoots and 
 resinous buds, render it easily recognisable. 
 
 Var. APOLLINIS, Beissner (A. Apollinis, Link}. In this form the leaves are 
 more crowded on the upper side of the shoot, leaving comparatively few beneath ; 
 they are thicker, more abruptly pointed, sometimes rounded at the apex, and 
 more inclined to point forwards. There is a gpod example of this form in the 
 Botanic Garden at Padua, and one in Shrublands Park near Ipswich. Inter- 
 mediate ones between it and the type exist. ^There are often two or three 
 short lines of stomata on the upper surface of the leaf near the tip. 
 
 A. VILMORINII, Masters. VILMORIN'S FIR. A hybrid between A. 
 cephalonica and A. Pinsapo, the latter the seed-bearer. Only one fertile seed 
 was produced, but from it has developed the fine tree at Verrieres, near Paris, 
 now about 50 ft. high. Its leaves are intermediate, but more like those of A. 
 Pinsapo ; they resemble those of A. cephalonica in having stomata on the lower 
 surface only. The cross was made by the late Henri de Vilmorin, in 1867. 
 Many seedlings, mostly intermediate between it and one or other of the 
 parents, have been raised at Verrieres. 
 
ABIES 121 
 
 A. CILICICA, Carriere. ClLICIAN FlR. 
 
 A tree up to 100 feet high in a wild state, and already more than half as high 
 in cultivation ; buds non-resinous, the bud-scales ridged at the back and with 
 free points ; young shoots greyish brown, furnished with scattered, stiff, small 
 bristles. Leaves | to i ins. long, ^ to T ^ in. wide ; notched, rounded, or 
 pointed at the apex ; rather pale bright green above, with two bands of stomata 
 beneath. On strong shoots the leaves are spread equally all over the upper side 
 of the branchlet, those in the middle being snorter, erect, and pointing forwards ; 
 on weak shoots they are in two opposite sets, with a narrow or wide V-shaped 
 opening between. Cones cylindrical, about 7 or 8 ins. long and 2 to 2^ ins. 
 wide, reddish brown ; the scales are of remarkable size, being if to 2 ins. wide, 
 I in. deep, not including the claw at the base ; bracts completely hidden. 
 
 Native of Asia Minor and Syria, and often associated in a wild state with the 
 cedar of Lebanon ; discovered in 1853, introduced one or two years subsequently. 
 It is still rare in gardens and although very handsome where it thrives is 
 frequently injured by spring frosts. Allied to A. Nordmanniana, it differs in its 
 paler, less dense foliage, and in the larger scales and enclosed bracts of the 
 cones. 
 
 A. CONCOLOR, Lindley. COLORADO FlR. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1890, ii., figs. 147, 148.) 
 
 A tree 80 to 100 feet high in nature ; young shoots yellowish, patched with 
 minute down, or smooth ; buds very resinous, egg-shaped, rounded at the top. 
 Leaves glaucous green, i to 3 ins. long, ^ to ^ in. wide ; tapered at the base, 
 rounded (with sometimes a slight notch) at the apex ; otherwise of even width, 
 not grooved above. There are not very conspicuous lines of stomata on both 
 surfaces ; they cover the whole centre of the leaf above, but beneath they are in 
 two bands. The leaves are mostly aggregated into two opposite sets, but on 
 the upper side of the branchlet there are a number of leaves pointing upwards, 
 and beneath some pointing downwards ; the arrangement therefore is irregular, 
 and the upper leaves are considerably the shorter. On cone-bearing shoots the 
 leaves generally are shorter and stouter and curve upwards. Cones about 4 ins. 
 long, ii to if ins. wide, of a rich plum colour, as I have seen them in Mr 
 Waterer's nursery at Knap Hill, turning brown with age ; bracts enclosed by 
 the scales. 
 
 Native of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, etc. ; discovered in 1847 ; intro- 
 duced in, or perhaps previous to, 1872. It is one of the most beautiful of all 
 conifers, and the more glaucous forms, of which var. VIOLACEA, Masters, is the 
 best, are amongst the most effective of their type. Var. WALLEZI has foliage 
 of a rather striking silvery yellow when young. The relationship of this species 
 with A. Lowiana, a much debated point, and the differences between them, are 
 referred to under that species. 
 
 A. FIRMA, Siebold. JAPANESE FlR. 
 
 (Flora Japonica, ii., t. 107 ; A. bifida, Siebold, Flora Japonica, ii., t. 109.) 
 
 A tree 120 to 150 ft. high in nature ; young shoots downy in the grooves 
 between the prominences on which the leaves are seated ; buds small, resinous. 
 Leaves aggregated into two opposite sets, spreading at about right angles to 
 the shoot and leaving a broad, V-shaped opening along the upper side ; they 
 are deep glossy green above, with two not very conspicuous bands of stomata 
 beneath ; f to \\ ins. long, jV to \ in. wide, very stiff, tapered somewhat towards 
 both ends, the apex distinctly notched, leaving two sharp, slender points. 
 
122 ABIES 
 
 Cones 3^ to 5 ins. long, i to 2 ins. wide, brown ; bracts exposed and not 
 reflexed. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced to England by John Gould Veitch in 1861. 
 Sargent describes wild trees as the most beautiful of Japanese firs. The leaves 
 are not invariably notched at the apex, and the notch is deepest in young 
 plants. It is comparatively rare in gardens, but according to Elwes a tree at 
 Pencarrow was 59 ft. high in 1908. It is a handsome tree with a very sturdy 
 aspect. 
 
 A. FRASERI, Poiret. ERASER'S BALSAM FIR. 
 
 (Garden and Forest, 1889, fig. 132.) 
 
 A tree 30 to 40, occasionally 70, ft. high ; young shoots covered with short 
 reddish hairs ; buds small, resinous. Leaves amongst the shortest in firs, \ 
 to i in. long, ^ to ^ in. wide ; rounded and usually notched at the apex"; 
 dark glossy green above, with two broad, very white bands beneath, each 
 composed of six to twelve rows of stomata. Cones i| to i\ ins. long, i to i^ 
 ins. wide, purple ; bracts golden brown, much protruded, and bent downwards 
 so as to hide the scales. 
 
 Native of the mountains of the S.E. United States, often forming forests 
 at elevations of 4000 to 6000 ft. It was introduced by John Fraser, after whom 
 it was named, about 1807. No silver fir ever introduced has proved of less value 
 in English gardens than this, or shorter-lived ; there is perhaps scarcely a good 
 tree in the country. Most of the trees called " Fraseri " in gardens are really 
 A. balsamea, a nearly allied fir distinct enough in the bracts of the cones being 
 very little or not at all protruded, but very similar in the leaves. In A. 
 balsamea, however, they are not so white beneath, and have only four to eight 
 lines of stomata in each band. 
 
 A. GRANDIS, Lindley. GlANT FIR. 
 
 A tree 230 to 300 ft. high in nature, with a trunk 4 to 5 ft. thick ; young 
 shoots glossy, olive green, not corrugated, minutely downy ; winter-buds small, 
 conical, resinous, bluish. Leaves in two opposite sets, spreading flatly and 
 horizontally, each set composed of two ranks, the upper ones much shorter than 
 the lower ; the leaves are f to 25- ins. long, ^ to ^ in. wide ; the apex notched 
 and rounded ; dark shining green, with two broad white stomatic bands 
 beneath. Cones cylindrical, 3 to 4 ins. long, \\ to if ins. wide, bright green ; 
 the bracts enclosed. 
 
 Native of Western N. America, from Vancouver Island to California ; 
 discovered by Douglas in 1825, and introduced six or seven years later. This, 
 probably the tallest silver fir in the world, thrives exceedingly well in the 
 moister parts of the British Isles, where it is already over 100 ft. high. In 
 deep moist soil it grows vry quickly, often at a rate of 2 to 3 ft. annually. 
 Very distinct in the flat, comb-like arrangement of the leaves, it is in this 
 respect most nearly approached by A. Lowiana, but that species has stomatic 
 lines on the upper surface, absent in A. grandis. 
 
 A. LOWIANA, A. Murray. Low's SILVER FIR. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1890, ii., figs. 149, 150 ; A. lasiocarpa, Hart.") 
 
 Neither Sargent nor Jepson distinguishes this fir specifically from A. con- 
 color, but as seen in gardens it is easily recognisable. It has also a separate 
 natural habitat, being found in Oregon, and on the Sierra Nevada in California 
 (where, Jepson observes, it is one of the four most important forest trees in 
 
ABIES 123 
 
 the main timber belt) ; A. concolor is from Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. 
 A. Lowiana is a tree up to 200 ft, high, the young shoots pale green, with a 
 slight down which often falls away by winter. Buds resinous, smaller than in 
 A. concolor. Leaves mostly in two opposite sets spreading out flatly and 
 horizontally, as in A. grandis ; in this respect they differ from those of A. 
 concolor, as they do also in the frequently notched apex and the grooved upper 
 surface. Both species have broken stomatic lines on the upper side (as well as 
 on the lower one), but they are more conspicuous in A. concolor. The leaves of 
 A. Lowiana are from i^ to 2^ ins. long, and pretty uniform in length ; in the 
 latter respect they differ froirTthose of A. grandis (with which species also A. 
 Lowiana has been associated), whose leaves moreover are devoid of stomata 
 on the upper surface. Cones of the same size as those of A. concolor, brown. 
 The name "lasiocarpa" is generally adopted in France. 
 
 This is a handsome tree, introduced in 1851, and is now represented by 
 specimens 80 to 100 ft. high in various parts of the country. Cultivated trees 
 of A. concolor are not so large, but they are more striking in their richer 
 foliage and glaucous tint. The branching of A. Lowiana is mostly on one plane, 
 but in A. concolor the production of axillary buds renders the branching less 
 regular, and in this way shoots frequently appear midway along the shoot on 
 the upper side. 
 
 A. MAGNIFICA, A. Murray. RED FlR. 
 
 As represented by the finest specimens in this country, now 60 to 80 ft. 
 high, this tree has a slender pyramidal shape and is strikingly elegant ; young 
 shoots furnished with a minute down ; buds resinous at the top, more or less 
 concealed by leaves. Leaves I to if ins. long, ^i n - wide; glaucous green, with 
 stomata on all surfaces ; blunt, but not notched at the apex, nor grooved along 
 the upper surface. On old cone-bearing branches they are pointed, stiffer, 
 shorter, and diamond-shaped in cross-section. The leaves are crowded on the 
 top as much as on the sides of the shoot ; those on the top have their bases 
 flattened to, and nearly hiding the stem, then curve upwards. Cones 6 to 8 
 ins. long, about half as wide, purple when young, afterwards brown ; bracts 
 enclosed (except in the variety mentioned below). 
 
 Native of Oregon and California ; introduced by Jeffrey in 1851. This 
 remarkable fir is seen at its best, perhaps, so far as the British Isles are 
 concerned, in Perthshire, where I have seen fine trees at Blair Atholl and 
 Abercairney, 60 to 70 ft. high. It thrives badly and is rare in the Thames 
 Valley. It has been much confused with A. nobilis (even associated with it as 
 "var. robusta"), but can be distinguished by its longer, never-grooved leaves. 
 
 Var. XANTHOCARPA, Lemmon (var. shastensis, Lemmori). SHASTA RED 
 FlR. Is distinguished only by the shorter, thicker cones, having the bracts 
 conspicuously protruded. 
 
 A. MARIESII, Masters. MARIES' FIR. 
 
 A tree 40 to 50, occasionally 80, ft. high, of compact, pyramidal form ; 
 young shoots very densely covered with red-brown down, which persists 
 several years ; buds small, globose, completely encased in resin. Leaves \ to 
 i in. long, jV in. wide ; dark shining green and deeply grooved above ; glaucous 
 beneath, with two broad bands of stomata ; apex rounded and notched. The 
 lower ranks spread horizontally, whilst the upper and shorter ones point 
 forward and completely hide the shoot. Cones 3 to 4 ins. long, about 2 ins. 
 wide, rounded at the top, egg-shaped, purple when young ; bracts hidden 
 
 Discovered on Mt. Hakkoda, in Japan, by Chas. Maries in 1878, and intro- 
 duced by him at the same time. It is one of the rarest of silver firs, and 
 
124 ABIES 
 
 scarcely a good tree exists in the country. I saw a small healthy specimen at 
 Scone Palace in 1906. Two years later, in Mr Hesse's nursery at Weener, 
 in Hanover, I saw a healthy batch he had raised from seeds. I do not know 
 that it has borne cones in this country (the fir figured in the Botanical Magazine, 
 t. 8098, is A. Webbiana). Maries' fir is best distinguished by the thick red- 
 brown covering of down on the twigs. 
 
 A. NOBILIS, Lindley. NOBLE FIR. 
 
 A tree up to 200 ft. high in nature, and already more than half that height 
 in cultivation in Britain ; young shoots clothed with a reddish brown minute 
 down ; buds roundish, resinous, surrounded at the base by a collar of long- 
 pointed scales free at the tips. Leaves to \\ ins. long, ^ in. wide, 
 distinctly grooved on the top, round at the apex, glaucous green, with stomata 
 both above and below ; the leaves are very densely arranged on the upper side 
 and at the sides of the shoot, leaving it exposed only underneath ; the upper 
 leaves have their bases flattened to the shoot (completely hiding it), then curve 
 abruptly upwards. Cones 6 to 10 ins. long, 3 to 3^ ins. wide, cylindrical, 
 rounded at the top, of a rich brown-purple, with the green bracts conspicuously 
 protruded and reflexed. 
 
 Native of Oregon, Washington, and California ; introduced by Douglas in 
 1825. No fir introduced from Western N. America has succeeded better than 
 this in certain parts of the British Isles, in Scotland especially. It varies in 
 the intensity of its glaucous hue, the form most striking in this respect being 
 distinguished as var. GLAUCA. The larger trees in this country produce cones 
 in great profusion. These cones are the largest among firs, and, standing 
 stiffly erect, their size and rich colour render them very striking. The finest 
 trees I have seen are at Murthly, near Perth, and the species evidently enjoys 
 a moist climate and a deep soil. It is liable to the attacks of an insect which 
 induces gouty swellings ; the best remedy for this is spraying with an emulsion 
 of paraffin and soft soap in April. This fir is most closely allied to A. magnifica 
 (g.v.\ but is of more spreading habit, and the leaves are different. Both are 
 distinct from other firs, in the crowded leaves on the upper side of the branchlet 
 having their bases flattened against it. 
 
 A. NORDMANNTANA, Spach. CAUCASIAN FlR. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6992.) 
 
 A tree described as reaching 200 ft. in height in a wild state, with a trunk 
 4 to 5 ft. in diameter ; young shoots shining grey-brown, furnished with short 
 stiff hairs ; buds not resinous, ovate. Leaves very densely arranged, mostly 
 on the upper side of the shoot, the lower ones being the longer, and spreading 
 horizontally ; the upper ones shorter, and pointing forward ; it is only on weak 
 shoots that any indication of a two-ranked or V-shaped arrangement is seen. 
 The leaves -measure f to i^ ins. in length, ^ to ^ in. wide, apex rounded and 
 notched ; very dark glossy green above, midrib sunken, two whitish stomatic 
 bands beneath. Cones 5 or 6 ins. long, if to 2 ins. wide, cylindrical or tapered 
 towards the top, reddish brown ; scales ij to i| ins. wide, to | in. deep ; 
 bracts conspicuously protruded and bent downwards. 
 
 Native of the Caucasus, Greece, and Asia Minor ; discovered in 1836, and 
 introduced about ten years later. It is undoubtedly one of the handsomest and, 
 in most places, best-growing of the firs, although in some places it is very 
 subject to the attacks of aphis. Trees approaching 90 ft. in height exist in the 
 British Isles. In foliage it is not unlike the W. American A. amabilis, which 
 has, however, more rounded and resinous buds, and cones with enclosed bracts. 
 
ABIES 
 
 125 
 
 Botanically it is more nearly related to A. pectinata. At Powerscourt, in 
 Ireland, there are large numbers in splendid vigour and size. 
 
 ABIES NOKDMANNIANA. 
 
 A. NUMIDICA, De Lannoy. ALGERIAN FIR. 
 
 A tree said to become 70 ft. high, but at present rarely more than half as 
 high in this country ; buds not, or very slightly, resinous ; young shoots shining 
 brown, glabrous. Leaves arranged all round the shoot, but with those underneath 
 mostly brought upwards into a horizontal position ; on strong shoots the leaves 
 on the upper side are erect or pointed backwards, but on weaker shoots there 
 is a V-shaped opening formed by the separation of the leaves into two sets. 
 Leaves \ to f in. long, ^ in. wide ; rounded, or notched, or somewhat pointed 
 at the apex ; dark glossy"green above, often with a grey patch near the apex 
 made up of a few broken lines of stomata ; lower surface with a conspicuous 
 grey band of stomata each side the midrib. Cones 5 to 7 ins. long, i^ to 
 if ins. wide, cylindrical, brown. 
 
 Native of Mt. Babor, in Algeria, where it grows in association with Cedrus 
 atlantica ; discovered in 1861, and soon afterwards introduced. It is a hand- 
 some fir although still uncommon. Vigorous plants are very distinct in the 
 grey patch of stomata on the upper side of the leaf and in the dense array of 
 
126 ABIES 
 
 thick, round-ended, or notched leaves all over the upper side of the shoot, the 
 middle ones of which often point backwards. On weak shoots these characters 
 are not so marked. 
 
 A. PECTINATA, De Candolle. COMMON SILVER FIR. 
 
 A tree up to 120 ft. high in Britain, with a trunk 5 to 6^ ft. in thickness ; 
 young shoots brownish grey, covered with a short down ; winter buds not 
 resinous. Leaves usually in two opposite sets spreading horizontally, but 
 occasionally with others on the upper side pointing forwards ; to i ins. long, 
 the upper ranks of each set the smaller and scarcely half as long as the lower 
 ones ; 1*6 to ^- in. wide, notched at the blunt apex, dark glossy green above, with 
 two white stomatic bands beneath. Cones 4^- to 6 ins. long, i^ to 2 ins. wide ; 
 at first green, then reddish brown; the bracts protruded and reflexed. On cone- 
 bearing branches the leaves become pointed, shorter, stifTer, and curved upwards. 
 
 Native of the mountains of Central and S. Europe ; cultivated in England 
 for more than three centuries. Although the common silver fir refuses to grow 
 in the hot, dry, lower Thames Valley, and does not thrive well in many low- 
 lying parts of the south of England, it is, on the whole, much the finest of all 
 silver firs in the British Isles. In the moist valleys of Scotland it reaches 
 magnificent proportions. A tree at Drummond Castle, in Perthshire, blown 
 down in November 1893, measured 6j ft. in diameter of trunk, and there are 
 numerous trees in the same county reaching no to 120 ft. in height. In the 
 splendid state forests near Ischl, in Austria, I measured in 1908 a felled tree 
 150 ft. long, but Mr Elwes mentions trees nearly or quite 200 ft. high in the 
 virgin forests of Bosnia. A generous rainfall and a situation reasonably free 
 from late spring frosts appear to be necessary for its success. For under- 
 planting the silver fir is invaluable, but it is the only species of Abies really 
 patient of shade. 
 
 Var. PENDULA has very weeping branches ; found wild in the Vosges. 
 
 Van PYRAMIDALIS. A striking fastigiate tree of spire-like form, tapering to 
 a fine point. The finest tree I have seen is in the Segrez Arboretum, in France, 
 which was 30 to 35 ft. high in 1904. 
 
 A. FIND ROW, Spach. HIMALAYAN FIR. 
 
 (A. Webbiana var. Pindrow, Brandish) 
 
 A lofty tree with a trunk 6 to 8 ft. in diameter ; trees in this country of 
 slender pyramidal form ; young shoots smooth, shining, yellowish grey ; winter 
 buds globose, very resinous, bluish at the base. Leaves narrowly linear, \\ to 
 2| ins. long, ^ in. to ^ in. wide ; divided at the apex into two sharp unequal 
 points ; bright green above, and with two faintly defined stomatic bands 
 beneath. The leaves are arranged on all sides of the shoot except underneath, 
 the side ones spreading horizontally, the uppermost ones pointing forwards On 
 young plants the leaves are sharply pointed and not divided at the apex Cones 
 4^ to 6 ins. long, 2^ to 3 ins. wide, deep purple, then brown ; bracts short and 
 completely hidden. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya, where it has been found over 200 ft. high ; intro- 
 duced in 1837. There are numerous trees between 50 and 70 ft. high in this 
 country, and some have produced cones. Although coming from a lower 
 elevation than A. Webbiana and considered to be more tender, it has the 
 advantage of starting into growth later, and thus more often escapes spring 
 frosts. It is seen at its best in the milder, moister parts of the country, and is 
 then extremely handsome. It has been associated as a variety with A. 
 Webbiana, although two firs could scarcely be more distinct. The rough, 
 downy shoots of A. Webbiana, its round-ended leaves vividly white beneath. 
 and the more spreading habit, amply distinguish it. 
 
ABIES 
 
 127 
 
 A. PlNSAPO, Boissier. SPANISH FIR. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1885, ii., fig. 99.) 
 
 A tree up to 100 ft. high ; young shoots glabrous, brown ; buds reddish, 
 resinous. Leaves densely arranged all round the branchlet (more equally 
 than in any other fir, but still somewhat more densely above), and standing out 
 stiffly from it at right angles ; they are \ to f in. long, about ^ in. broad ; thick, 
 abruptly pointed or blunt at the apex, dark green with numerous faintly defined 
 lines of stomata on both surfaces. Cones cylindric, with a tapered apex, 4 to 5 
 ins. long, about I j ins. wide, purplish brown ; bract small and completely 
 enclosed. 
 
 Native of S. Spain, on the mountains of Granada ; always on limestone. It 
 was discovered in 1837, and introduced to England two years later. It 
 succeeds admirably in this country, especially where the soil is of a limy 
 nature. It is, perhaps, the most distinct and unmistakable of all the firs, 
 especially in the short, blunt leaves being set about equally all round the 
 branchlet. A very handsome and striking tree. 
 
 Var. GLAUCA has leaves of a glaucous tint. 
 
 ABIES VEITCHII. 
 
 A. VEITCHII, Lindley. VEITCH'S SILVER FIR. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1880, i., fig. 50 ; A. Eichleri, Louche^ 
 
 A tree 50 to 70 ft. high ; young shoots brown, furnished with a more or less 
 scattered, minute down ; buds globose, very resinous, purplish. Leaves \ to 
 i-y- ins. long, ^ in. wide, the base tapered, the apex cut off straight and notched; 
 
128 ABIES ABUTILON 
 
 dark glossy green and grooved above, vividly white with stomatic lines 
 beneath. All the leaves point forwards, and most of them curve more or less 
 upwards ; a few occur underneath the shoot, but most of them are above it or 
 at the sides. On lateral shoots growing erect or nearly erect, the leaves are 
 arranged about equally round the twig. Cones cylindrical, 2 to 2| ins. long, 
 about i in. wide ; blue-purple at first. 
 
 Discovered on Fuji-yama, Japan, by John Gould Veitch in 1860. Introduced 
 by Maries in 1879. Among silver firs this species is very distinct, on 
 account of the narrow truncate leaves, pointed forwards and curving upwards, 
 and intensely blue-white beneath. The best tree I have seen is at 
 Murthly, which in 1906 was just over 30 ft. high ; it is a particularly handsome 
 conifer in a small state, but appears inclined- to develop a rather lanky habit 
 with age. 
 
 A. WEBBIANA, Lindley. HIMALAYAN FIR. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8098 as "A. Mariesii.") 
 
 A tree up to 1 50 ft. high in nature, with a trunk 6 or 7 ft. in diameter ; 
 young shoots very stout, rough, downy in the grooves between the leaf-bases ; 
 buds resinous. Leaves aggregated in two opposite sets so as to leave a 
 V-shaped opening along the top, the lower ones on each side spreading 
 horizontally ; they are, individually, i to 2 ins. long, ^ to in. wide, linear, 
 distinctly notched at the apex ; dark green, glossy, and deeply grooved above, 
 and with two broad, vividly blue-white bands of stomata beneath. Cones 5 or 
 6 ins. long, 3 ins. in diameter, violet-purple at first, ultimately brown. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya; introduced about 1822. This striking fir is very 
 distinct in its large leaves, so vividly white beneath, and in its large, globose, 
 very resinous buds, but it is not a success in this country generally. The finest 
 trees I have seen are in Cornwall, Scotland, and at Fota, near Cork. In the 
 south of England it is too frequently injured by late spring frosts to be of much 
 use ; but seen at its best and comparatively young, it is a handsome tree. 
 
 ABUTILON VITIFOLIUM, De Candolle. MALVACEAE. 
 (Bot. Reg., vol. 30, t. 57.) 
 
 A soft-wooded shrub, or almost a tree, sometimes 15 to 30 ft. high, 
 more usually about half as high ; young wood covered with a white down, 
 Leaves alternate, long-stalked, three- or five-lobed, maple-like, heart- 
 shaped at the base ; varying much in size according to the vigour and 
 age of the plant, but usually between 4 and 6 ins. long, three-fourths as 
 wide ; each lobe ends in a drawn-out point, and is coarsely and unevenly 
 toothed; both surfaces (but especially the lower one) covered with 
 greyish tufted hairs. Flowers borne, three or four together, towards 
 the end of a woolly stalk, 3 to 5 ins. long, springing from the leaf-axils ; 
 each flower measures z\ to 3 ins. across, has five rounded petals of a 
 beautiful pale, purplish blue, and is in form rather like the flower of 
 a "single" hollyhock. 
 
 The flowers vary in colour, and in one form, to which the name 
 ALBA has been given, they are snow-white. This usually comes true from 
 seed, but occasionally the purplish flowered form appears amongst the 
 seedlings, just as seeds of the purplish one will sometimes produce the 
 white one. 
 
ABUTILON ACANTHOPANAX 129 
 
 Native of Chile; first raised in Dublin in 1836 by Capt. Cottingham, 
 an amateur gardener of the time, who had obtained seeds from that 
 country. It is not hardy in the open at Kew, and is even uncertain 
 against a wall there, but in the milder parts of the country few shrubs are 
 more lovely during summer when it is in bloom. It is not a long-lived 
 plant, and, as is not uncommon with soft-wooded shrubs that flower and 
 bear seed so profusely, it is apt to die suddenly without apparent cause. 
 Happily, its abundant seeds give a quick and easy means of renewing the 
 stock. It is most fortunately placed in some sheltered corner, such as 
 in the angle of two walls, where it will develop into a loose, graceful 
 shrub. It may also be grown on a wall, but in the milder parts of the 
 country will stand on the open lawn. A fine effect is made by this 
 shrub at Chaddlewood, in Devon, where a walk 200 yards long is 
 bordered with it. 
 
 A. MEGAPOTAMICUM, St Hilaire (A. vexillarium, Bot. Mag., t. 5717), a well- 
 known pretty-foliaged greenhouse plant, is hardy in our warmest counties. 
 The leaves are ovate with a cordate base r 2 to 4 ins. long, charmingly blotched 
 and tessellated with bright yellow. Flowers cup-shaped, yellow, with a red 
 calyx. Native of Brazil. 
 
 ACANTHOPANAX. ARALIACEJE. 
 
 A genus of trees and shrubs, now including ELEUTHEROCOCCUS, allied 
 to Aralia and Fatsia. They have pithy, sometimes prickly or bristly stems ; 
 alternate leaves, consisting of three or five leaflets digitately arranged, 
 or sometimes not completely divided, and only deeply lobed. Flowers 
 in umbels, dull-coloured, followed by clusters of fruit very like those of 
 the common ivy, being crowded in spherical clusters and inky black. 
 In gardens, the members of this genus will be chiefly notable for their 
 distinct and striking foliage of a type very rare in hardy shrubs and for 
 their black fruits. The hardiness of some of the new Chinese species has 
 not yet been put to the supreme test, but they promise to be well adapted 
 for our climate. A light, warm, loamy soil suits them all, and they can 
 be propagated by root-cuttings, sometimes by division or offsets. Some 
 give seed freely. 
 
 The character which was relied on to distinguish Maximowicz's genus 
 of Eleutherococcus from Acanthopanax, viz., the articulated (jointed) 
 flower-stalk, is not really differentiative, and the two are now combined. 
 
 A. HENRYI, Harms. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8316 ; Eleutherococcus Henryi, Oliver.') 
 
 A sturdy bush, said to become 10 ft. high in a wild state, with rigid, pale 
 brown branchlets, rough with minute bristles, and armed with broad sturdy 
 spines, \ in. long, straight or slightly decurved. Leaves composed of five leaflets 
 on a stalk \\ to 3 ins. long, rough to the touch. Leaflets obovate or oval, \\ to 
 3^ ins. long, f to \\ ins. wide; tapering nearly equally towards both ends, 
 scarcely stalked ; the margins finely and simply toothed ; upper surface harsh, 
 lower one more or less hairy. Flowers in a terminal cluster of umbels borne 
 
 I 
 
130 
 
 ACANTHOPANAX 
 
 on a sturdy, slightly hairy stalk, i to 2 ins. long ; the terminal umbel the 
 largest and earliest. Fruits inky black, oblong, in. long, in globose umbels 
 2 ins. across. 
 
 Native of Central China ; introduced by Wilson for Messrs Veitch in 1901, 
 and first flowered at Coombe Wood four years later. It is an interesting but 
 not showy shrub, although its foliage and spherical clusters of inky black fruit 
 are striking ; the latter remain long on the plants. It is a close ally of A. 
 Simoni, but the very different toothing of the leaflets of that species, the more 
 decurved and slender spines,, and its smoother branches distinguish it readily 
 from the present one. 
 
 A. LEUCORRHIZUM, Harms. 
 (Eleutherococcus leucorrhizus, Oliver?) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, probably 6 or 8 ft. high, entirely devoid of down, some- 
 times unarmed, sometimes with small, slender, downward-pointing prickles at 
 the joints. Leaves composed of three or five leaflets borne on a stalk I to 3 ins. 
 
 ACANTHOPANAX LEUCORRHIZUM. 
 
 long ; leaflets 2 to 4 ins. long, to i ins. wide, lanceolate, slender-pointed, 
 doubly toothed, tapering at the base to a stalk \ to in. long. Flowers pro- 
 duced in July in a terminal cluster of umbels, each umbel i^ to 2 ins. across, 
 spherical, borne on a stalk 2 to 4 ins. long. Each flower is small, and on a 
 slender stalk ^ to | in. long. Fruits black, roundish oval, in. long, crowded in 
 umbels over 2~ins. across. 
 
 Native of Central China ; discovered by A. Henry ; introduced by Wilson in 
 1901. This is one of the handsomest species in this genus ; its habit is not so 
 
ACANTHOPANAX 131 
 
 stiff as that of its near allies, and the large umbels of black fruit are striking. 
 It has been confused with A. Simoni (q.v.\ but differs in being glabrous and in 
 the arrangement and shape of the prickles ; from A. Henryi it differs in the 
 same respects as well as in the toothing of the leaflets. The Chinese obtain a 
 drug from the root. 
 
 A. PENTAPHYLLUM, MarchaL 
 
 (A. spinosum, Hort., not Miguel.') 
 
 A deciduous shrub of loose habit, 8 to 10 ft. high, with erect stems and 
 arching, slender branches, often armed with a spine at the base of each leaf- 
 stalk or leaf-cluster ; the whole plant without down. Leaves composed of three 
 to (normally) five leaflets, borne on a slender common stalk i^ to 3^ ins. long ; 
 leaflets stalkless, obovate, I to 2| ins. long, ^ to I in. wide, toothed except towards 
 the tapering base. Flowers very small, greenish white, produced during June, 
 and later on a spherical umbel f to I in. diameter, terminating a slender stalk 
 2 to 4 ins. long. On the year-old wood the leaves are produced in clusters 
 from the previous year ; s buds ; it is from the centre of this cluster that the 
 inflorescence is borne. 
 
 Native of China and Japan ; introduced in 1874, but for long confined to cool 
 greenhouses. It is quite hardy if given shelter from north and east, and a most 
 elegant, handsome-foliaged shrub, although destitute of flower beauty. Still 
 more pleasing is the 
 
 Var. VARIEGATUM (Panax quinquefolium variegatum, Hort\ whose leaflets 
 are edged with a broad border of creamy white. This is one of the daintiest of 
 variegated shrubs, hardy, but needing a sheltered position. Propagated by 
 cuttings made of short, moderately firm shoots in heat ; or of harder wood 
 under a handlight. 
 
 A. RICINIFOLIUM, Seeman. 
 
 (Aralia Maximowiczii, Van Houtt .) 
 
 A large, deciduous tree, 80 to 90 ft. high in a wild state, with a trunk as much 
 as 4 ft. in diameter. In cultivation it is as yet but a srrall and very elegant 
 tree, the branches armed with stout, broad-based, yellowish prickles. Leaves 
 palmate, measuring in young plants as much as 14 ins. in width, scarcely 
 so much in length, deeply five- or seven-lobed, becoming smaller as the 
 trees increase in age, and then from 7 to 10 ins. wide; the shallow lobes 
 ovate-triangular, long-pointed, toothed, reaching about one-third or less towards 
 the centre ; upper surface dark shining green ; lower one paler and covered 
 with grey down when young, which falls away afterwards except from the vein- 
 axils. Flowers not seen in this country, but described as white, and produced 
 in numerous umbels forming a large, flattish inflorescence up to 2 ft. across. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced to Europe by Maximowicz about 1865. It is 
 one of the most remarkable of all cool temperate trees, and a full-grown 
 specimen such as Sargent and others describe as existing in the woods of Japan 
 would make a wonderful addition to the garden flora of Britain, for its foliage 
 is of a type very sparsely represented in the open air, although'plentiful enough 
 in greenhouses and stoves. But I doubt if such trees will ever be seen here, 
 for although it has been in cultivation in Europe for nearly fifty years, I know 
 of no tree that suggests that term of years. It appears to be hardy, inasmuch 
 as it will survive severe winters ; but its shoots often decay back, and frequently 
 the whole plant dies without any ostensible cause. It is most probable that 
 our climate is not sunny enough to sufficiently ripen its wood. Of the two 
 forms, or states, in cultivation, the one with deeply, the other with compara- 
 tively shallow-lobed leaves, the former has been distinguished as var. 
 MAXIMOWICZII. (Flore des Series, t. 2067.) 
 
132 ACANTHOPANAX 
 
 A. SENTICOSUM, Harms. 
 
 (Eleutherococcus senticosus, Maximowicz.") 
 
 A deciduous shrub, usually 4 to 6 ft. high, but said to occasionally become 
 twice or thrice that height. Stems erect, scarcely branched, covered with stiff 
 bristles. Leaves composed of three to five leaflets borne on a slender, some- 
 times bristly stalk 3 to 5 ins. long. Leaflets oval, ovate, or slightly obovate, 
 the side ones often oblique at the base ; 2| to 5 ins. long, usually more than 
 half as wide ; finely toothed ; upper surface dark glossy green, and furnished 
 with stiff short hairs on the ribs and veins ; paler underneath ; stalk |- in. or less . 
 long. Flowers numerous, in one or more globular umbels terminating the 
 shoot ; each umbel i^ ins. diameter, on a smooth slender stalk 2 to 3 ins. 
 long ; flowers purplish yellow, very small, each on a stalk to f in. long ; pro- 
 duced in July. 
 
 Native of China ; introduced to Kew in 1893. It * s an interesting shrub with 
 handsome foliage, remarkable for its bristly (scarcely prickly) stems, which dis- 
 tinguish it from all other hardy Araliads. 
 
 A. SESSILIFLORUM, Seeman. 
 
 (Panax sessiliflorum, Ruprecht^) 
 
 A deciduous shrub of vigorous habit, forming a large spreading bush 5 to 10 
 ft. or more high, and twice as much wide ; stems stout, very pithy, grey, 
 scarcely or not armed. Leaves composed of three, sometimes five, leaflets on a 
 common stalk \\ to 2| ins. long ; leaflets narrowly oval or obovate, 2 to 5 
 ins. long, about half as wide, the central one the largest ; tapering at both 
 ends, very short-stalked, irregularly toothed, almost quite smooth on both 
 surfaces but somewhat hard to the touch. Flowers produced in July and 
 August, at the end of the shoot, packed closely in a globose, almost stalkless 
 cluster I in. across, brown-purple with yellowish protruding stamens. Fruits in 
 a spherical head, i to i| ins. across, inky black. 
 
 Native of Manchuria, China, and Japan ; introduced to St Petersburg about 
 1860. It is one of the hardiest shrubs introduced from N. Asia, and one, 
 fortunately, that is not enticed into premature growth by unseasonable winter 
 warmth. Whilst its flowers have no beauty, the black fruits are rather striking, 
 and the shrub itself is handsome. The finest specimen I have seen is in the 
 Botanic Garden at Herrenhausen, Hanover ; in 1908 this was 12 ft. high and 
 21 ft. in diameter a broad-based pyramid of foliage. Propagated by seeds. 
 Closely allied to A. sessiliflorum is 
 
 A. DIVARICATUM, Seeman, easily distinguished, however, by its more downy 
 character. The young shoots are downy ; the short stalk of the flower-head 
 has a mossy appearance, ancl the leaves are quite downy beneath. 
 
 A. SETCHUENENSE, Harms. 
 
 A deciduous shrub or small tree, up to 10 ft. high, free from down in every 
 part ; stems with few or no prickles. Leaves composed of three leaflets borne 
 on a stalk i^ to 4 ins. long. Leaflets dark green above, paler or slightly 
 glaucous beneath ; oblong to ovate, 2 to 5^ ins. long, I to 2 ins. wide, the 
 margins finely toothed or almost entire ; stalks to ^ in. long. Flowers in a 
 panicle of about six spherical umbels borne at the end of the season's shoots 
 during July ; each umbel is i to i J ins. across, the central terminal one the 
 largest ; they are borne on stalks of varying length (f to 3 ins.), the whole 
 panicle from 5 to 7 ins. high. Fruits black. 
 
 . I 
 
ACANTHOPANAX ACER 133 
 
 Native of W. China ; introduced by Wilson for Messrs Veitch about 
 1904. It appears to be quite hardy at Coombe Wood, where I have seen it 
 in flower and fruit. The absence ot down from all parts of the plant, and the 
 trifoliolate leaves, render it distinct. 
 
 A. S I M O N I, C. K. Schneider. 
 
 (Eleutherococcus Simoni, Simon-Louis^ 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 3 to 5 ft. high, bushy ; branches not downy, armed 
 with stout, pale spines, pointing downwards. Leaves composed of five leaflets 
 radiating from the end of a slender stalk 2 or 3 ins. long, and often armed with 
 a few slender prickles. Leaflets of different sizes ; the terminal one the largest, 
 sometimes 5 or 6 ins. long and i to 2 ins. wide ; the lower pair much smaller ; 
 all lanceolate, long-pointed, tapering at the base to a short stalk ; sharply, 
 somewhat coarsely toothed, the teeth set with one or two bristles; dark 
 green, and furnished with scattered bristly hairs above, paler and similarly 
 bristly beneath. Flowers in a terminal cluster of umbels, each umbel on a 
 stalk i to 2 ins. long. Fruit in. long, black, each on a slender smooth stalk 
 ^ in. long. 
 
 Native of China ; first appeared in Europe in the nursery of Messrs Simon- 
 Louis, near Metz. It was also introduced by Wilson for Messrs Veitch in 
 1901. It is figured in the Gardeners' Chronicle, Dec. 9, 1905, p. 404, under the 
 erroneous name of Eleutherococcus leucorrhizus (see A. leucorrhizum), which 
 differs in having perfectly smooth leaves. 
 
 ACER. MAPLES. ACERACE^E. 
 
 A large and important genus composed chiefly of deciduous trees, 
 some being of the largest size, may middle-sized or small, a few shrubby. 
 The hardy species are widely spread over the three northern continents, 
 the finest trees being natives of N. America. A large number come 
 from N.E. Asia, many of which, however, are small trees. 
 
 The most constant and distinctive characters of the genus are the 
 opposite leaves and the form of the fruits. Each fruit consists normally of 
 two sections, known as samar?e (commonly as "keys"), attached to 
 each other by their bases, and each "key" consists of a nutlet> 
 containing one, sometimes two, seeds, and a large, thin, membranous 
 wing. These wings no doubt assist in the dispersion of the seed. 
 Flowers sometimes unisexual. The typical maple leaf is broad and flat, 
 with five palmate lobes. But there is a great diversity of shape in the 
 genus : some species have as many as eleven or thirteen lobes to each 
 leaf, many have but three lobes, and there is a distinct group with leaves 
 not lobed at all. Finally comes the section of maples with compound 
 leaves consisting of three or five distinct leaflets, sometimes kept generically 
 separate as Negundo. 
 
 Most of the maples have tamely coloured flowers, varying from yellow 
 to greenish white ; a few have purple flowers (like A. circinatum), and 
 are very ornamental when in blossom ; whilst others, like A. Opalus, 
 flower in early spring before the leaves expand, and although not highly 
 coloured make, at that season especially, a pleasing display. Still, on 
 the whole, the attractions of the maples generally are in the large or 
 
134 ACER 
 
 handsomely cut foliage, and in the red or yellow tints many of them 
 assume in autumn. 
 
 Few trees are more easily cultivated than these, their chief require- 
 ments being a rich moist soil and a moderately sunny, or at any rate not 
 unduly shaded, position. Some of the smaller species, however, like 
 A. rufinerve, A. capillipes, and A. argutum, like their stems shaded. All 
 the maples should, if possible, be raised from seeds; if grafting has to 
 be resorted to, as for the numerous coloured-leaved and variously habited 
 varieties, the scions should be worked on stocks of their own species. 
 
 The number of species of maple has so largely increased in recent 
 years by the accession of newly discovered species in China, that no 
 ordinary garden can accommodate them all. The following is a rough 
 classification of the species (the most desirable for gardens marked *), 
 which will enable the student at least to narrow down the problem of 
 identifying his maples. But no perfect key can be based on the lobing 
 of the leaves, owing to their variability in this respect. 
 
 I. LEAVES NOT LOBED. 
 
 *carpinifolium, leaves hornbeam-like. 
 *Davidii, branches white-lined. 
 
 distylum, leaves largest of this group. 
 
 oblongum, leaves normally entire. 
 
 tataricum, occasionally slightly lobed. 
 
 tetrameruni) whitish hairs in leaf-axils. 
 
 II. LEAVES THREE-LOBED. 
 
 Bttergeriatnttn, leaves quite smooth. 
 
 capillipes, branches white-lined ; ractmes drooping. 
 
 conaceum, leaves quite smooth. 
 
 cratczgifolium, branches white-lined ; racemes erect. 
 *creticum, shrubby, leaves often unlobed. 
 
 Franchetii, stalk of leaf about as long as blade. 
 *Ginnala, often shrubby. 
 
 glabrum, leaves thin and quite smooth, sometimes five lobe d. 
 
 grandidentatum, branchlets and leaf- stalks reddish. 
 
 latum var. tricaudatum, leaf-stalks milky. 
 
 leucoderme, velvety down beneath the leaf ; sometimes five-lobed. 
 
 Miyabei, leaf-stalk milky ; leaves sometimes five-lobed. (See Group III.J ' 
 *monspessulanum, leaf-stalk not milky. 
 *pennsyhanicum, branches white-lined. 
 
 rufinerve, branches white-lined ; young shoot glaucous. 
 
 spicalum, racemes erect, densely flowered. 
 
 tetramerum var. lobulatum, whitish hairs in vein-axils. 
 
 III. LEAVES FIVE-LOBED, WITH MILKY STALKS- 
 
 campestre, green beneath. 
 
 Dieckii, three-, four-, or five-lobed. 
 *lcelum, five- or seven-lobed. 
 . *Lobelii, habit columnar. 
 *macrof>hylhim, leaves up to I ft. across. 
 
 Miyabei, sometimes three-lobed. 
 
 neglectum, hybrid of campestre. 
 
 pictum, five- or seven-lobed. 
 *platanoides, shining green beneath. 
 
 (runcatum, base of leaf truncate. 
 
ACER 135 
 
 IV. LEAVES FIVE-LOBED ; STALKS NOT MILKY. 
 
 argutum, downy beneath, doubly toothed. 
 "dasycarpum, glaucous beneath. 
 
 diabolicum, margins ciliate ; flowers yellow. 
 *Hcldreichii, veins downy beneath, lobes very deep. 
 
 hyrcanum. veins downy beneath, rather glaucous beneath. 
 
 insigne, flowers in erect panicles. 
 
 leucoderme, sometimes three-lobed, velvety beneath. 
 
 micranthum, downy only at base of blade. 
 
 Olwerianum, downy only along veins and in their axils. 
 *0palus, lobes shallow ; flowers in March. . 
 
 palmatum (type). 
 
 Pseudoplatanus, downy on veins, pale or glaucous beneath. 
 
 Pseudoplatanus var. villosum, downy all over beneath. 
 
 purpurascens, margins ciliate ; flowers purple. 
 *rubrum, glaucous beneath. 
 
 saccAarum, down in vein-axils, sometimes all over, beneath. 
 
 sincnse, downy only at base of blade. 
 
 Trautvetteri, downy in vein-axils, rather glaucous beneath. 
 
 Tschonoskii, downy on veins or in vein-axils, margins doubly toothed. 
 * Volxemi, downy on veins and in vein-axils. 
 
 V. LEAVES SEVEN- OR MORE THAN SEVEN-LOBED. 
 
 *circinatum, lobes up to nine ; flowers crimson and white, 
 *japonicum, lobes up to eleven ; flowers purple. 
 *palmatum (septemlobum), lobes seven ; flowers purple. 
 Sieboldianum^ lobes seven or nine ; flowers yellow. 
 
 VI. LEAVES COMPOUND. 
 
 *cissifolium, leaflets three ; branchlets downy. 
 *griseum, leaflets three ; teeth large, blunt. 
 
 Henryi, leaflets three, without teeth. 
 
 mandshuricum, leaflets three ; racemes few-flowered. 
 *Negundo, leaflets three or five. 
 *nikoense, leaflets three, hairy beneath. 
 
 sutchnenense, leaflets three ; racemes many-flowered. 
 
 i 
 
 A. ARGUTUM, Maximowicz. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1881, i., f. 132.) 
 
 A small, deciduous tree as seen under cultivation, with erect branches ; 
 young branchlets covered with fine down. Leaves 2 to 4 ins. long, as much 
 wide, five-lobed, produced on long slender stalks, the lobes ovate, long-pointed, 
 with margins prettily double-toothed ; lower surface downy, especially on the 
 whitish veins. Flowers greenish yellow, produced in April before the leaves, 
 in a cluster of slightly downy corymbs, each flower on a slender stalk. Fruits 
 in pendulous racemes ; keys smooth, ins. long, in. wide, spreading 
 horizontally. 
 
 Native of the mountain woods of Japan; introduced to England in 1881, 
 for Messrs. Veitch, by Maries. It is a maple of elegant appearance, with pale 
 green leaves as prettily lobed and toothed as those of A. palmatum. The stalk 
 of the inflorescence and that of the individual flower lengthen considerably as 
 the fruits develop. The branches acquire a purplish brown shade in winter. It 
 is at present 14 ft. high at Kew ; but a better tree is in the fine collection of 
 maples at Westonbirt (Sir George Holford's). 
 
136 ACER 
 
 A. BUERGERIANUM, Miquel. BUERGER'S MAPLE. 
 
 (A. trifidum, Hooker ; A. trinerve, DippeL} 
 
 A deciduous, small tree, with distinctly three-lobed leaves i^ to 3^ ins. long, 
 and about the same from tip to tip of the side lobes, which point forward, and 
 are triangular and pointed ; the leaf is distinctly three-nerved, and tapers to 
 the rounded base ; margins irregularly, sometimes obscurely, toothed ; upper 
 surface bright dark green, lower one dull and slightly glaucous. Except for 
 a loose floss on the lower surface when quite young, which soon falls away, 
 the leaf is smooth ; leaf-stalk slender, as long or longer than the blade. 
 Flowers in a downy, umbel-like corymb, numerous, small. Fruit with keys 
 | to i in. long ; the wings J in. wide, parallel or connivent. 
 
 Native of China and Japan ; introduced to Kew in 1896, where it thrives 
 very well and grows quickly. It came as A. trinerve, and is also known as 
 A. trifidum. 
 
 A. CAMPESTRE, Linnceus. COMMON MAPLE. 
 
 A deciduous, round-headed tree, usually between 20 and 35 ft. in height, 
 but occasionally over 70 ft. Leaves five-lobed, palmate, up to 4 ins. across 
 (usually 2 to 3 ins.), somewhat less in length, downy beneath and at the edges ; 
 the stalk about as long as the blade, exuding a milky sap when broken. 
 Flowers few, green, produced in small, and at first erect, corymbs. Fruits with 
 horizontally spreading wings I in. or more long, \ in. wide, usually downy. 
 
 Native of Europe, including Britain, and a common hedgerow tree in the 
 south of England, where two forms are distinguished by botanists : HEBECARPUM, 
 De Candolle^ the commoner one with downy fruits ; LEIOCARPUM, De Candolle 
 (syn. collinum), with smooth ones. 
 
 When well-grown the common maple is a rather handsome, neatly shaped, 
 small tree, although often enough only a mere bush in English hedgerows. 
 It makes a close, neat hedge, and although not much used in England is 
 popular on the Continent for the purpose. The famous hedges in the Imperial 
 Gardens at Schoenbrunn, near Vienna, are largely formed of this maple 
 perpendicular walls of verdure 50 ft. high. Mr Elwes decribes the wood as one 
 of the best of its class, having a fine grain, and hard. Besides the two varieties 
 mentioned above as wild in Britain, there are also in cultivation the 
 following : 
 
 Var. COMPACTUM. A dwarf bush of very close, compact growth, only a 
 few feet high, and usually broader than it is high. 
 
 Var. POSTELENSE. Leaves golden yellow ; very effective in spring-time. 
 
 Var. PULVERULENTUM (syn. maculatum). Leaves thickly specked and 
 blotched with white. 
 
 Var. SCHWERINII. Leaves purple on first expanding, afterwards turning 
 green. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATUM. Leaves margined with white. 
 
 A. CAPILLIPES, Maximowicz. 
 
 A deciduous tree, sometimes 30 to 35 ft. high, the branchlets erect when 
 young and marked with whitish stripes running lengthwise ; branchlets smooth. 
 Leaves reddish when young, three-lobed; 3 to 5 ins. long, about three- 
 fourths wide ; smooth, doubly toothed, the terminal lobe triangular and larger 
 than the side ones ; veins and stalk usually red. Flowers greenish white, in 
 drooping slender racemes 2^ to 4 ins. long. Fruits smooth, numerous, in 
 drooping racemes ; keys \ to f in. long ; wings rounded at the end, \ in. wide, 
 spreading at an angle of 120 to almost horizontal. 
 
ACER 137 
 
 Native of Japan, introduced to cultivation by Prof. Sargent, who found 
 fruiting trees in Japan in October 1892, and sent young trees to Kew a year or 
 two later. It has proved hardy. It is one of the handsome group with striated 
 branches including A. pennsylvanicum and A. rufinerve, to both of which it*is 
 closely allied and bears much resemblance in shape of leaf, but is readily 
 distinguished by the absence of down on leaf, young wood, and flower-stem. 
 
 A. CARPINIFOLIUM, Siebold. HORNBEAM MAPLE. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1881, i., f. 105.) 
 
 A deciduous tree, said to become 50 ft. high in Japan, but as yet represented 
 only in this country by trees less than half that height ; branchlets dark, 
 smooth. Leaves oblong, usually from 3 to 4 ins. long, i to 2 ins. wide, not 
 lobed, doubly toothed, densely covered when young, especially on the veins, 
 with grey silky hairs, but becoming almost smooth by autumn ; veins parallel 
 as in the hornbeam, in about twenty pairs ; stalks from J to f in. long. 
 Flowers green, borne on long slender stalks in a short umbel or raceme. 
 Fruit with wings about \ in. long, in. widef the wings decurved in the shape 
 of a bow. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced in 1879 by Messrs Veitch. The extraordinary 
 resemblance the leaves bear to those of the hornbeam make this perhaps the 
 most easily distinguished of maples. From the hornbeam their opposite 
 arrangement, of course, at once distinguishes it even in the absence of fruit. 
 This maple is quite hardy, and there is a fine specimen about 20 ft. high in 
 the Coombe Wood nursery the largest in Britain. 
 
 A. CIRCI-NATUM, Pursh. VINE MAPLE. 
 
 A low, deciduous tree, often scarcely more than a shrub, b,ut sometimes 
 over 30 ft. high ; branchlets smooth. Leaves seven- or nine-lobed, almost 
 circular in general outline, but heart-shaped at the base, 3 to 5 ins. wide, 
 the lobes unequally or doubly toothed ; lower surface hairy when young, but 
 ultimately almost smooth ; stalks stout, I to i ins. long. - Flowers in small 
 corymbose clusters, each flower ^ in. across, the sepals reddish purple ; petals 
 smaller, dull white. Fruit with wings about ij ins. long, f in. wide, spreading 
 almost horizontally, red when young (Fig., p. 138). 
 
 Native of Western N. America from British Columbia south to California ; 
 introduced by Douglas in 1826. This maple is very distinct, and one of the 
 most ornamental in its flowers. In April, when well in bloom, the wine- 
 coloured sepals contrasting with the whitish petals make a very pretty display, 
 especially as they are associated with conspicuous crimson leaf-scales. Its 
 leaves frequently die off in beautiful red and orange-coloured shades. If 
 it is desirable that .it should form a trunk, the lower branches should be pruned 
 off as the tree grows in height until sufficient clean stem has been formed. 
 But, allowed to grow in its natural way, it makes a low, wide-spreading bush 
 of pleasing form, often with the lower branches laid on the ground and 
 taking root there. Owing to this peculiarity it forms impenetrable thickets 
 in a wild state. It is an admirable subject for a lawn in a small garden. 
 
 A. CISSIFOLIUM, Koch. 
 
 A deciduous tree of compact, rounded form, 30 ft. or more high ; branchlets 
 downy. Leaf consisting of three leaflets borne on a slender common stalk 2 
 to 3 ins. long, smooth except for a few hairs at the junction of the stalks of the 
 leaflets. Leaflets 2 to 3^ ins. long, obovate, oval or ovate, the terminal part ol 
 
138 
 
 ACER 
 
 each one coarsely and irregularly toothed ; they are smooth except for small 
 tufts of down in the axils of the veins. Flowers minute, each on a stalk to J 
 in. long, produced in May with the leaves, on very slender racemes 2 to 4 ins. 
 long, and downy. Fruit in long racemes ; keys I in. long, smooth ; the wings 
 obliquely ovate, -j|- in. wide, diverging from each other at an angle of 60 or less. 
 Native of Japan. This interesting maple belongs to the same group as A. 
 nikoense, but is easily distinguished by the smooth, slender leaf-stalks, the stalked 
 basal leaflets, and the bright green under-surface and coarse toothing of the 
 leaflets generally. There is a tree in Sir George Holford's grounds at Weston- 
 birt 30 ft. high. In wild specimens the fruit racemes are 8 to 10 ins. long. The 
 foliage turns red and yellow in autumn. 
 
 ACER CIRCTNATUM. 
 
 A. CORIACEUM, Tausch. 
 
 A small deciduous tree with a rounded head of branches ; branchlets 
 smooth. Leaves three-lobed, sometimes indistinctly five-lobed ; 2 to 3 ins. 
 wide, somewhat less long, the stalk about as long as the blade ; smooth, deep 
 glossy green, and rather leathery in texture, the base heart-shaped ; lobes 
 shallow and rounded, the side ones with occasionally one to three large teeth 
 on the outer margin. Flowers in small corymbs, yellowish green, produced 
 in April. Fruits smooth; keys I in long; wings \ in. wide, diverging at 
 about 60. 
 
 A hybrid between A. Pseudoplatanus and A. monspessulanum. The tree in 
 general aspect and leaf more resembles the Montpelier Maple, but the influence 
 
ACER 139 
 
 of A. Pseudoplatanus is evident in the larger leaf, and in the larger fruit with 
 more divergent wings. It is neat and pleasing in habit, and retains its foliage 
 until December. 
 
 A. CRATyEGIFOLIUM, Sielold. HAWTHORN MAPLE. 
 
 (Flora Japonica, t. 147.) 
 
 A slender, erect-habited, deciduous tree, 25 ft. high ; branchlets smooth 
 Leaves of variable shape, ovate with a truncate or heart-shaped base ; 2 to 4^ ins. 
 long, about half as wide ; irregularly toothed, often three- or even five-lobed, the 
 lobes shallow. When quite young there are tufts of hairs in the axils of the 
 veins ; otherwise they are quite smooth. Flowers yellowish white, in erect, 
 inconspicuous racemes i^ to 2 ins. long, produced in April along with the young 
 leaves. Fruit smooth ; keys f to I in. long ; wings f in. wide, spreading nearly 
 horizontally. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced in 1879 by Maries for Messrs Veitch. A small 
 tree at Kew has beautiful bark striped with white lines, after the fashion of 
 A. pennsylvanicum. The resemblance of the leaves to those of a hawthorn is a 
 fanciful one. This maple is allied to A. Davidii and A. distylum, but differs in 
 the shape of the leaves. 
 
 Var. VEITCHII, Nicholson. Leaves handsomely marbled with rose colour 
 and white. 
 
 A. CRETICUM. Linnceus. CRETAN MAPLE. 
 
 (A. heterophyllum, Willdenow.*) 
 
 A deciduous shrub or small tree, rarely 30 to 35 ft. high ; most often a bush 
 8 to 15 ft. high ; branches usually smooth, although in some wild Cretan 
 specimens the young twigs are covered with a close down. Leaves of various 
 shapes, sometimes ovate, sometimes three-lobed ; f to 2 ins. long, the lobes 
 rounded and blunt, but often scarcely apparent ; bright green and quite smooth 
 on both surfaces ; margins entire, or with shallow undulations, or occasionally 
 with a few small teeth. Flowers in few-flowered corymbs less than I in. long, 
 greenish yellow, Fruit with smooth wings i? in. or rather more long, ulti- 
 mately parallel or at an angle of about 60. This maple frequently retains its 
 leaves up to Christmas. 
 
 . Native of the E. Mediterranean region ; introduced in 1752. Probably the 
 largest specimen in the British Isles is in the garden of Syon House, near 
 Brentford. This is now somewhat decrepit, but in its prime was 32 ft. high, 
 and nearly 50 ft. in spread of branches. Some years ago I saw a still finer 
 example in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, which was 35 ft. high. Usually it 
 is a mere bush a few feet in height, and very slow in growth. It is allied to 
 A. monspessulanum, but has no tuft of down in the axils of the leaf-veins. 
 The late Mr G. Nicholson regarded A. heterophyllum as distinct from this 
 species, but I have not been able to detect any reliable difference. A. creticum 
 is a variable species in. the shape of its leaves, and Pax differentiates half a 
 dozen forms, founded probably on dried specimens. But as leaves of several 
 shapes are to be found on the same tree, this is probably an over refinement. 
 I am informed by Mr Lynch of Cambridge that the plant in the Botanic 
 Gardens there (regarded as A. heterophyllum) is now 16 ft. high and 15 ft. 
 through. 
 
 A. DASYCARPUM, Ehrhart. SILVER MAPLE. 
 (A. eriocarpum, Michaux ; A. saccharinum, Linnccjts.') 
 
 A deciduous tree, 90 to 120 ,t. high, with a trunk 9 to 12 ft. in girth in 
 America, and reaching the lesser of these dimensions under cultivation in 
 
140 ACER 
 
 Central Europe. The habit is extremely graceful, the tree forming a huge 
 spreading, rounded head with the smaller branches and branchlets pendulous ; 
 bark light grey ; branchlets smooth. Leaves five-lobed (the lobes sharp- 
 pointed and irregularly toothed), heart-shaped at the base, 4 to 6 (occasionally 
 8) ins. long, about the same in width, smooth and light green on the upper 
 surface, white and minutely downy beneath. Flowers greenish yellow, without 
 petals, opening long in advance of the leaves and produced in short dense 
 clusters from the joints of the previous year's wood. Fruit on slender, 
 pendulous stalks i^ to 2 ins. long, the wings round-ended, ^ to f in. wide, 
 spreading at a broaci angle. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America; introduced in 1725. This maple is the 
 fastest-growing of the American species, and a tree of great beauty in habit and 
 foliage. A little wind will set the long pendulous branches swaying, and by 
 revealing the silvery under-surface of the leaves makes it one of the brightest of 
 tree pictures. In mild seasons it will flower as early as the elm, and, perhaps 
 in consequence, rarely develops seeds freely with us. In N. America the seeds 
 are ripe by May, and falling to the ground, germinate at once and produce 
 several pairs of leaves before autumn. In middle Europe it is more freely 
 planted than in England, and is perhaps the most striking of all deciduous 
 trees in N. Central Germany. Few trees there are better for planting in town 
 squares and roomy streets. The leaves fade into yellow before falling. 
 Raised from seeds, this maple produces many slightly different forms, several 
 of which have received distinctive names. The following are the most 
 important : 
 
 Var. CRISPUM. A close- growing variety with the leaves deeply lobed and 
 the margins crinkled. 
 
 Var. LACINIATUM, Pax. Leaves divided into deeper, narrower lobes than 
 the type. Vars. HETEROPHYLLUM and WIERI are forms of the same character. 
 
 Var. PENDULUM. In this the pendulous character of the branches is 
 more marked than in the type. 
 
 Var. TRIPARTITUM. Leaves lobed to the midrib. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATUM. Leaves marked with white ; poor, and apt to grow 
 out of character. 
 
 A. DAVIDII, Franchet. DAVID'S MAPLE. 
 
 A deciduous tree, 30 to 50 ft. high, with the younger bark beautifully striped 
 with white, as in A. pennsylvanicum. Leaves glossy green, ovate, slightly 
 heart-shaped at the base, unevenly toothed, 3 to 7 ins. long, iijr to 4 ins. wide ; 
 veins prominent and parallel ; covered with reddish down when young, each 
 vein enlarging at the base where it joins the midrib and forming a minute 
 pocket. Flowers yellowish, on slender, pendulous racemes \\ to 2^ ins. long, 
 the female flowers on longer stalks and larger racemes than the males. Fruit 
 smooth ; keys i^ ins. long ; wings in. wide, spreading almost horizontally. 
 
 Native of Central China; introduced by Maries for Messrs Veitch in 1879, 
 and again by Wilson in 1902. This distinct maple has proved to be quite 
 hardy, and its large undivided leaves and handsomely striated branches make 
 it very distinct. The leaves are sometimes 8 ins. long, and of a reddish 
 tinge on first unfolding ; they are rather variable in the amount of reddish 
 down beneath. 
 
 A. DIABOLICUM, Blume. HORNED MAPLE. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1881, i., fig. 100.) 
 
 A round-topped, deciduous tre<-, about 30 ft. high ; branchlets covered with 
 whitish hairs when young, becoming smooth later. Leaves 4 to 7 ins. wide 
 
 
ACER 141 
 
 and long, five-lobed, heart-shaped or almost truncate at the base, the lobes 
 broadly ovate and with a few large teeth. When young, both surfaces, the 
 margins, and the leaf-stalk are thickly covered with whitish hairs; with age these 
 mostly fall away, but remain on the stalk, ribs, and veins, and are scattered 
 more or less over the lower surface. Flowers yellow, produced in April before 
 the leaves' in short pendulous corymbs from the joints of the previous years 
 wood ; flower-stalk downy, I to ji ins. long. Fruit with numerous whitish, 
 stinging bristles on the nutlets and a few on the wings ; keys I ins. long ; 
 wings oval, * in. wide. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced by Maries for Messrs Veitch in 1880. It is 
 quite hardy, and is one of the biggest-leaved of hardy maples ; but Prof. 
 Sargent observes that it has no bright autumn colour, and is one of the least 
 ornamental maples in Japan. The curious specific name is said to refer 
 to the two horn-like, persistent styles attached to the inner side of the nutlets 
 between the wings. 
 
 A. DIECKII, Pax. DIECK'S MAPLE. 
 
 t (A. platanoides var. integrilobum, Zabel.*) 
 
 A deciduous tree, probably 60 ft. high ultimately. Leaves three-, four-, 
 or five-lobed, 3 to 7 ins. (sometimes as much as 10 ins.) wide ; two-thirds as 
 long, dark glossy green above, with tufts of brown hairs in the axils of 
 the veins beneath ; lobes broadly triangular, blunt-pointed, margins nearly 
 always entire. Flowers yellow, in corymbs. Fruit smooth ; the keys i^ to if 
 ins. long, spreading at a broad angle. 
 
 A hybrid, believed to have originated from A. platanoides and A. lastum ; 
 introduced from the Zoeschen nursery to Kew in 1887. It was first sent out 
 under the synonym given above. The leaf-stalk exudes a milky sap when 
 broken. 
 
 A. DISTYLUM, Siebold. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1881, i., fig. 93.) 
 
 A deciduous tree, probably 50 ft. high eventually. Leaves ovate, deeply 
 heart-shaped at the base, 4 to 6^ ins. long, about three-fourths as wide, slender- 
 pointed, quite smooth except when young, the margin set with small teeth ; 
 leaf-stalk quite short, I to i^ ins. long. Flowers borne in a branching raceme ; 
 yellowish. Fruits smooth, in erect racemes or corymbs ; keys I ins. long ; 
 wings \ in. wide, ultimately spreading at an angle of about 100. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced by Messrs Veitch in 1879. O ne of tne 
 original trees at Coombe Wood, now nearly 30 ft. high, produces fruit annually. 
 The leaves in shape are similar to those of a lime. It has some resemblance 
 to A. Davidii, but the leaves are broader in proportion to their length, more 
 deeply notched at the base, and the erect racemes of fruit distinguish it. 
 
 A. DURETTI, Pax. 
 
 A deciduous tree, 40 ft., perhaps more, high, with smooth bran.chlets. 
 Leaves 2 to 4 ins. across, 2 to 3 ins. long ; bright green, and smooth above 
 except for a tuft of hairs at the base, hairy along the veins beneath ; there are 
 always three large triangular lobes, and these are usually supplemented by two 
 small ones at the base ; the margins irregularly toothed. Flowers greenish 
 yellow, produced in May on hairy-stalked corymbs," i^r to 3 ins. long. 
 
 A maple of unknown origin, but undoubtedly closely allied to A. Pseudo- 
 platanus. It is believed to be a hybrid between that species and one of the 
 campestre group, probably A. monspessulanum, as indicated by the frequently 
 three-lobed leaves and the intermediate inflorescence. 
 
142 ACER 
 
 A. FRANCHETII, Pax. FRANCHET'S MAPLE. 
 
 A deciduous tree, 20 ft. high, with smooth branchlets. Leaves three-lobed 
 or occasionally with two additional basal lobes ; 3 to 6 ins. long, and as much 
 wide, the base slightly heart-shaped ; lobes pointing forward, triangular, 
 coarsely toothed ; leaf-stalk often about as long as the blade. There are tufts 
 of down in the vein-axils. Flowers yellowish green, in racemes I to 2 ins. 
 long from the joints of the previous season's wood ; stalks downy. Fruit with 
 slightly hairy nutlets ; keys 2 ins. long ; wings f to S in. wide, spreading at 
 nearly right angles. 
 
 Native of Central China ; introduced in 1901 for Messrs Veitch by Wilson. 
 
 A. G INN ALA, Maximowicz. 
 
 (A. tataricum var. Ginnala, Maximowicz.") 
 
 A small tree, or large shrub of bushy habit ; branchlets smooth. Leaves 
 up to 3^ ins. long, 2^ ins. wide, three-lobed, slightly heart-shaped or truncate 
 at the base, margins angularly toothed ; nearly, or quite smooth on both 
 surfaces, bright dark green above ; the lobes are ovate, with the middle one 
 much the longest ; leaf-stalk and midrib reddish. Flowers yellowish white, 
 in small panicles, very fragrant, appearing in May. Fruit smooth ; keys I in. 
 long ; wings ^ in. wide, nearly parallel. 
 
 Native of China, Manchuria, and Japan ; first introduced by way of St 
 Petersburg. This maple is nearly allied to A. tataricum, but differs markedly 
 in the shape of the leaf. The foliage turns a beautiful red before falling, the 
 species being one of the best for autumnal colour. 
 
 Var. SEMENOWI, Pax> is a geographical form found farther to the west, 
 in Turkestan. Its leaves are smaller, sometimes five-lobed, and the wings of 
 the fruit are more divergent. 
 
 A. GLABRUM, Torrey. ROCK MAPLE. 
 
 A deciduous shrub or small tree, occasionally 30 to 40 ft. high in a wild 
 state ; branches erect ; branchlets quite smooth. Leaves of very variable 
 shapes, usually three- but sometimes five-lobed ; the lobes so deep sometimes 
 that the leaf becomes trifoliolate, at other times quite shallow ; 3 to 5 ins. long 
 and broad, coarsely toothed, quite smooth on both surface^ ; dark shining 
 green above, pale beneath ; stalk reddish, i^ to 3 ins. long. Flowers few, 
 produced towards the end of April in clusters I to 2 ins. long, greenish 
 yellow, \ in. across. Fruit with incurved wings, each f in. long, f to \ in. 
 wide, reddish when young. 
 
 Native of Western N. America ; long known to botanists but intro- 
 duced about thirty years ago. It is very distinct because of its thin lustrous 
 leaves, quite devoid of any down. At Kew it is thriving well, young trees 20 
 ft. high flowering and bearing seed ; they are well marked by their upright, 
 almost fastigiate branches. 
 
 A. GRANDIDENTATUM, NuttalL 
 
 A deciduous tree, occasionally 30 to 40 ft. high, usually much less ; branchlets 
 reddish and smooth. Leaves three-lobed (or five-lobed with the basal pair of 
 lobes much reduced), 2 to 4 ins. across, heart-shaped at the base ; lobes triangular 
 or oblong, entire or with three secondary lobes ; downy beneath, especially 
 along the ribs ; stalks reddish, smooth. Flowers yellow, borne in drooping 
 short-stalked clusters, appearing with the leaves. Fruit smooth ; keys i to i|- 
 ins. long ; wings \ in. wide, diverging at about 60. 
 
ACER 143 
 
 Native of Western N. America ; originally discovered by Thos. Nuttall on 
 the head-waters of the Columbia River in N. Montana, whence it extends south- 
 wards to Arizona and New Mexico. It is represented in the Kew collection by 
 plants received from Prof. Sargent in 1885, which was probably its first intro- 
 duction to England. It is allied to the Sugar Maple (A, saccharum), and repre- 
 sents that species on the western side of N. America. 
 
 A. GRISEUM, Pax. 
 
 A deciduous tree, up to 40 ft. high, with peeling bark ; branchlets woolly. 
 Leaves composed of three leaflets borne on a downy stalk ; terminal leaflet 2 
 to 2^ ins. long, half as wide, oval-lanceolate, with three to five pairs of coarse 
 teeth ; short-stalked ; side leaflets smaller, oblique at the base, stalkless. 
 Flowers few or solitary, on pendulous downy stalks I in. long. Fruit with very 
 downy nutlets and wings ; each key i j ins. long ; wings ^ in. wide, the pairs 
 forming an angle of 60 to 90. 
 
 Native of Central China ; introduced by Wilson for Messrs Veitch in 1901. 
 Among the trifoliolate group of maples this is very distinct, because of the large 
 blunt teeth on the leaflets. Its nearest ally is A. nikoense, but in this the 
 leaflets are twice as large and scarcely toothed. Mr Wilson informs me that 
 it is the most striking of the trifoliolate maples, especially on account of its 
 peeling bark, which hangs on the stem in large loose flakes, revealing the 
 orange-coloured newer bark within ; also for the fine autumnal red or orange 
 of its leaves. 
 
 A. HELDREICHII, Orphanides. HELDREICH'S MAPLE. 
 
 A deciduous tree, of medium height ; branchlets smooth, dark, marked with 
 pale oblong lenticels. Leaves 4 to 7 ins. wide, not quite so long, five-lobed, 
 the three terminal lobes reaching nearly to the base, the basal pair not so 
 deep or sometimes absent ; lobes oblong-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; there is 
 a tuft of hairs at the base on the upper side, and brown wool along the principal 
 veins beneath ; otherwise the leaves are smooth ; rather glaucous beneath. 
 Flowers yellow, produced at the end of May in short, broad corymbs. Fruits 
 smooth ; the keys i^ to 2 ins. long ; wings f in. wide, spreading at about 60. 
 
 Native of the Balkan States and Greece ; introduced about 1879. It is very 
 distinct and striking in foliage, on account of the deep, comparatively narrow 
 lobes. The leaves suggest a Virginian creeper, and are unlike any other of the 
 large-leaved European maples. In depth of lobing they resemble A. platanoides 
 var. palmatum (A. Lorbergii), but the lobes themselves are quite differently 
 shaped. A handsome maple. 
 
 A. HENRYI, Pax. HENRY'S MAPLE. 
 
 A deciduous tree, 30 ft. high ; branchlets downy at first, soon becoming 
 smooth. Leaves composed of three leaflets borne on a slender common stalk 
 2 to 4 ins. long ; leaflets -2\ to 4 ins. long, i to i| ins. wide, oval, with a long 
 drawn-out point, wedge-shaped at the base, not toothed ; green on both 
 surfaces and downy on the veins, especially beneath. Flowers in slender 
 downy spikes, produced in May before the leaves from the naked joints of the 
 previous year's wood. Fruits red when young, in racemes 6 to 9 ins. long, 
 each fruit very short-stalked, smooth ; keys f to I in. long ; wings divergent at 
 a small angle. 
 
 Native of Central China ; discovered by Henry, and introduced by Wilson 
 in 1903 for Messrs Veitch. It belongs to the same group as nikoense and 
 cissifolium, but differs from them and all other trifoliolate maples in the entire 
 margins of the leaflets and in the stalkless flowers. Young trees in the Coombe 
 Wood nursery are 12 to 14 ft. high. 
 
144 ACER 
 
 A. HYBRIDUM, Spach. 
 
 A tree ultimately 60 to 70 ft. high ; young shoots not downy, but with many 
 pale warts. Leaves three-lobed, the lobes pointing forward, with rarely two 
 additional, obscurely developed lobes at the base ; 2 to 4^ ins. wide, scarcely 
 so long ; dark dullish green and smooth above, pale dull green beneath, with 
 down only along the chief veins ; irregularly and sparsely toothed ; stalk not 
 milky, smooth, mostly shorter than the blade. Flowers yellowish, produced in 
 May along with, or after, the leaves, in panicles or racemes 3 to 5 ins. long. 
 Fruit with keys f to I in. long ; the wings nearly parallel. 
 
 A hybrid of doubtful origin, but usually ascribed to A. Pseudoplatanus 
 crossed with A. Opalus. 
 
 A. HYRCANUM, Fischer. 
 
 A deciduous tree, 20 to 30 ft. high, of compact habit. Leaves five-lobed, 2 
 to 4 ms. across, bright green above, paler, rather glaucous and smooth beneath, 
 except for a patch of down at the base and along the chief veins ; stalk about 
 as long as the blade. The terminal lobes are rectangularly cut, and each has 
 several large, angular, blunt teeth ; basal pair of lobes ovate. Flowers greenish 
 yellow, produced during April in short-stalked corymbs. Fruit smooth ; keys 
 I to I in. long ; wings nearly parallel, in. wide. 
 
 Native of the Balkan States and other parts of S.E. Europe. It is allied 
 to A. Opalus, but differs in the deeper and more angular lobing of the leaf. A 
 slow-growing tree of neat shape. 
 
 A. INSIGNE, Boissier. 
 
 A large deciduous tree with smooth branchlets. Leaves three- or five- 
 lobed, 3 to 6 ins. wide, and the same or rather more long ; truncate or slightly 
 heart-shaped at the base, downy beneath, especially in the axils and along the 
 veins ; margins coarsely and irregularly toothed, the teeth often rounded or 
 blunt. Flowers in erect corymbose panicles, 3 to 4 ins. long, appearing 
 towards the end of May. Fruit ultimately smooth ; keys i^ to if ins. long ; 
 wings \ to f in. wide, the pair forming an angle at 90 to 120." 
 
 Var. VELUTINUM, Boissier, which is the commonest form of A. insigne in 
 cultivation, is distinguished from the type by the dense covering of pale brown, 
 velvety down all over the leaf beneath, and by the down on the nutlets and 
 wings. It comes from the same regions as A. insigne itself, and is, no doubt, 
 connected with it by intermediate forms. 
 
 Native of the Caucasus and the mountains of N. Persia ; introduced to 
 cultivation by Mr Jean Van Volxem, along with A. Trautvetteri and A. 
 Volxemi. All three have been much confused with each other. A. Volxemi 
 differs in its larger leaves, usually as long or longer than they are wide, and in 
 the down being restricted to the sides and axils of the veins. A. Trautvetteri 
 resembles A. Volxemi in the distribution of down on the under-surface of the 
 leaves, but the wings of the fruits are parallel or even touching. At Kew, 
 A. insigne var. velutinum is about the latest of all trees to break into growth. 
 
 A. JAPONICUM, Thunberg. 
 
 (Flora Japonica, t. 144.) 
 
 A small, bushy, deciduous tree, 20 to 30 ft. (rarely 40 to 50 ft.) in height ; 
 branchlets smooth. Leaves 2 to 5 ins. long and wide, roundish in the main, 
 but seven- to eleven-lobed, the lobes ovate or lanceolate, long-pointed, sharply 
 
ACER 145 
 
 and irregularly toothed ; there is a tuft of whitish hairs at the end of the 
 downy leaf-stalk on the upper side, and the under-surface is furnished with 
 whitish hairs on the ribs and in their axils. Flowers purplish red, produced 
 in early April before the leaves in long-stalked clusters. Fruits at first 
 hairy, then smooth ; keys | to I in. long ; wings in. wide, spreading nearly 
 or quite horizontally. 
 
 Native of Japan. The Japanese have long cultivated this maple, and 
 have produced several handsome varieties. The most popular of these is 
 
 Var. AUREUM, whose leaf is wholly of a pale golden yellow, and very effective 
 during the whole of the summer. 
 
 Var. FILICIFOLIUM, has the lobes reaching to within or J in. of the 
 end of the leaf-stalk, each lobe being again divided and sharply toothed. 
 
 The typical A. japonicum often turns rich crimson in autumn. The 
 combination of characters which distinguishes it from other maples are, 
 the numerous leaf-lobes, the downy leaf-stalk, and the glabrous young 
 shoots. 
 
 A. L^ETUM, C. A. Meyer. 
 
 (A. cappadocicum, Gleditsch ; A. pictum var. colchicum, ffor/.") 
 
 A deciduous tree, the bark of the branchlets smooth, green. Leaves green 
 on opening, five- or seven-lobed, heart-shaped at the base, 3 to 6 ins. across, 
 smooth except for tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins ; the lobes broadly 
 triangular, but "drawn out to a long tail-like point ; leaf-stalk milky when 
 broken. Flowers in corymbs about 2 ins. long, yellow. Fruits with wings 
 i j to if ins. long (twice to four times as long as the nutlets), spreading at a 
 wide angle. 
 
 Native of the Caucasus and Asia Minor. There is much confusion between 
 this maple and A. pictum, and it is doubtful if they are really specifically 
 distinct most of the so-called pictum in cultivation are really this tree. 
 (In A. pictum the wings of the fruit are only one and a half times as long 
 as the nutlet, arid the branchlets are striped with grey-white lines and fissured 
 the second year.) The form of A. laetum most common in gardens is 
 
 Var. RUBRUM, commonly called " colchicum rubrum," the expanding young 
 leaves of which are red. This form was introduced to England in 1846, and 
 there are now examples 50 ft. high in gardens. It grows wild, along with the 
 green-leaved type, in Daghestan, near Kuba, on the western shores of the 
 Caspian Sea, where, according to the late Mr Jean Van Volxem, the type and 
 this form grow "promiscuously, with all shades of difference between the two 
 extremes." A much more distinct tree is 
 
 Var. TRICAUDATUM, Rehder, whose leaves are trilobed, rounded at the 
 base, \\ to 4 ins. long, smooth on both sides except for tufts of hairs in the 
 axils of all the chief veins beneath ; the lobes are ovate, narrower than in 
 the type, but with the same long drawn-out points. Wings of the keys four 
 times as long as the nutlet, and horizontally spreading. This very distinct 
 variety was introduced by Wilson from Western Hupeh, China, in 1901, and 
 there are vigorous young trees in the Coombe Wood nursery. 
 
 Var. CULTRATUM (A. cultratum, Wallich}. Native of the Himalaya, where 
 it has long been known, but also native of China, where it was found by Henry 
 in Yunan and introduced for Messrs Veitch by Wilson in 1901. Leaves 
 five-lobed, rounded, scarcely heart-shaped at the base, stouter in texture j 
 fruits with reddish wings spreading out in an almost straight line. 
 
146 ACER 
 
 A. LEUCODERME, Small. 
 
 A deciduous tree, usually 20 to 25 feet (sometimes nearly twice as) high, 
 forming a compact, rounded head. Branchlets slender, smooth. Leaves three- 
 or five-lobed, 2 to 3^ ins. long andUvide, the lobes triangular, with usually two 
 large teeth ; the base truncate or slightly heart-shaped ; lower surface covered 
 with whitish velvety down, especially where the five main ribs meet the leaf- 
 stalk, which is smooth. Flowers yellow, produced a few together in a short 
 corymb, each flower on a slender stalk i in. or more long. Fruit hairy, except 
 when ripe ; keys f in. long, diverging at 120. 
 
 Native of the S.E. United States, and sent by Prof. Sargent to Kew in 
 1902, where a young tree 12 ft. high is thriving. It has neither flowered nor 
 fruited in this country. It is an ally of the Sugar Maple, but is found wild 
 farther to the south. 
 
 A. LOBELII, Tenore. LOBEL'S MAPLE. 
 
 A deciduous tree, ultimately 50 to 60 ft. high, whose erect branches give it a 
 narrow columnar form ; young shoots smooth, bluish grey. Leaves palmate, 
 five-lobed, 4 to 7 ins. wide, rather less in length (smaller leaves are often three- 
 lobed) ; heart-shaped or truncate at the base, smooth and dark green above, 
 paler beneath, with tufts of hair in the axils of the veins ; lobes ovate, ending 
 in a long drawn-out point. Flowers in corymbs, yellow. Fruit smooth, with 
 keys i to i j ins. long ; wings \ in. wide, wide-spreading but not quite horizontal. 
 
 Native of S. Italy ; said to have been introduced in 1683. This maple is 
 closely allied to the Norway Maple, and by some authorities is made a variety 
 of it. It has the same inflorescence, fruits, and milky sap in the leaf-stalks. The 
 erect narrow habit, however, at once distinguishes it, the cleft at the base of 
 the leaves is not so deep, and the terminal lobes have not the few large teeth 
 so frequent in the Norway Maple ; the young bark also is markedly striped. 
 It is a handsome, well-marked, and vigorous tree. 
 
 A. MACROPHYLLUM, Pursh. OREGON MAPLE. 
 
 A tree occasionally over 100 ft. high, with a trunk 3 or 4 ft. in diameter. In 
 young trees the branches are erect, but become more spreading in older ones, 
 forming eventually a compact, rounded head. Branchlets smooth. Leaves 
 probably the largest among maples, usually from 6 to 12 ins. across, and cut 
 more than half-way to the base into three or usually five lobes, each one being 
 again cut into large, triangular minor lobes ; upper surface dark lustrous green, 
 lower one paler, with tufts of white hairs in the axils of the veins ; leaf-stalk 
 containing milky sap. Flowers yellow, scented, produced in April on dense 
 pendulous racemes 4 to 6 ins. long, each flower \ in. across. Fruits covered 
 with long, pale brown bristles ; the wings nearly smooth, i| ins. long, \ 
 in. wide, diverging at about 90. 
 
 Native of the coast regions of Western N. America from S. Alaska to 
 California. It was introduced by Douglas for the Horticultural Society in 
 1826 or 1827, but had been discovered by Archibald Menzies more than thirty 
 years before. In many respects it is the noblest of maples, and it thrives well 
 in many parts of the British Isles. Owing to the late growth of young trees 
 during mild autumns, they are apt to be cut back in hard winters ; but other- 
 wise it is absolutely hardy at Kew, where there are several good specimens 
 On young trees the leaves are larger, but not so deeply lobed. It flowers and 
 bears seed in great quantities some seasons, and the keys are very frequently 
 in threes instead of the usual pairs. Owing to their hairiness and the great 
 size of the wings, the fruits are particularly striking. The timber is highly 
 
ACER 
 
 147 
 
 valued in N.W. America for furniture and indoor work more so than that of 
 any other tree of those regions except conifers. It would seem to be worth 
 trying in the milder parts of the British Isles under forest conditions. 
 
 ACER MACROPHYLLDM. 
 
 A. MANDSHURICUM, Maximowicz. MAKCHURIAN MAPLE. 
 
 A small, deciduous tree, sometimes a shrub. Leaves composed of three 
 leaflets, on a stalk up to 4 ins. long. Terminal leaflet 2 to 3^ ins. long, i to 
 ij ins. wide, lanceolate, pointed, saw-toothed, smooth when mature except for 
 hairs along the midrib ; the side leaflets are rather smaller and shorter-stalked 
 than the terminal one ; main leaf-stalk often longer than the largest leaflet. 
 Flowers greenish yellow, often produced in threes ; stamens not protruding. 
 Fruit smooth, purplish when young ; keys ij to i^ ins. long ; wings ^ in. wide, 
 the pair forming an angle of about 90. 
 
 Native of E. Siberia and Manchuria ; small trees in cultivation at Kew 
 were received from St Petersburg in 1904. This maple is closely allied to 
 A. nikoense and A. sutchuenense ; the former differs in its hairy young leaves 
 and flower-stalks, the latter in its many-flowered inflorescence and protruding 
 stamens. It is very liable to injury by late spring frost. 
 
148 ACER 
 
 A. MICRANTHUM, Siebold. 
 (Flora Japonica, t. 80.) 
 
 A small, deciduous, tree, sometimes a shrub. Leaves five-lobed, 2 to 3^ ins. 
 long and wide, smooth except for a tuft of hairs at the base, where the ribs join 
 the stalk ; lobes ovate with a long drawn-out point, deeply and handsomely 
 toothed ; base heart-shaped ; leaf-stalk downy. Flowers greenish white, 
 numerous, on slender racemes \\ to 3 ins. long, small (about \ in. across). 
 Fruits smooth ; keys to I in. long ; wings in. wide, rounded at the end, 
 spreading at a wide angle. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced about 1879. The foliage turns a bright red in 
 autumn, and, on young trees at any rate, is very prettily cut. It belongs to the 
 same group of maples as A. rufinerve and A. capillipes, with doubly toothed 
 leaves and flowers in racemes, but differs in the more numerously lobed leaves. 
 
 A. MiYABEl, Maximowicz, MlYABE's MAPLE. 
 
 (Garden and Forest, 1893, p. 143.) 
 
 A deciduous tree, 30 to 40 ft. high, with a trunk 12 to 18 ins. in diameter, of 
 rounded habit ; branchlets at first minutely downy. Leaves 4 to 6 ins. wide, 
 not quite so long, deeply three-lobed, the lower pair of lobes usually again 
 divided into two, but not deeply so ; lobes ovate, with a long blunt apex, 
 the margins cut into several large rounded teeth ; stalks downy, as are also 
 both surfaces, especially on the ribs and chief veins. On young trees the 
 leaves are deeply notched at the base, but on older ones they are frequently 
 truncate. Flowers yellow, downy, produced a few together each on a slender 
 stalk in corymbs 2 to 3 ins. long. Fruit with downy nutlets ; keys f to I in. 
 long; wings \ in. wide, slightly reflexed beyond the horizontal position. 
 
 Native of Japan ; sent to Kew in 1895 by Prof. Sargent, who had discovered 
 this rare tree in September 1892, in a new locality in Yezo. He records the 
 incident in the Forest Flora of Japan, p. 29 : 
 
 "We stopped quite by accident at Iwanigawa, a railroad junction in Yezo some 
 40 or 50 miles from Sapporo, and, having a few minutes on our hands, strolled out of the 
 town to a small grove of trees. In this grove, occupying a piece of low ground on the 
 borders of a small stream, and chiefly composed of Acer pictum, was A. Miyabei covered 
 with fruit. The find was a lucky one, for Iwanigawa is a long way from the station 
 where this maple had been discovered, and mature fruit had not been seen before. From 
 these trees I obtained later a supply of seeds, enough to make this maple common in the 
 gardens of America and Europe." 
 
 It is thriving well at Kew, and is evidently well adapted for the English 
 climate. Of European maples A. platanoides is most closely related to it, and 
 it has, like that species, milky juice in the leaf-stalks. 
 
 A. MONSPESSULANUM, Linnceus. MONTPELIER MAPLE. 
 
 A deciduous tree of dense, rounded habit, occasionally more than 50 ft. 
 (usually 20 to 30 ft.) high, sometimes scarcely more than a shrub ; branchlets 
 smooth. Leaves three-lobed, with a heart-shaped base ; i to 2^ ins. wide, 
 less in length dark green and glossy above, paler below, soon quite smooth 
 on both surfaces, except for a tuft of down^where the three prominent veins 
 join the stalk, which is I to 2 ins. long and has no milky sap. Flowers greenish 
 yellow, borne on drooping slender stalks f to over i in. long, in few-flowered 
 corymbs or loose racemes. Fruit reddish, often very abundant, with wings 
 | to i in. long, to in. wide, and pointing- downwards, so that the inner 
 edges nearly meet or even overlap. 
 
ACER 149 
 
 Native of S. Europe and N. Africa ; introduced, according to Aiton, in 
 1739. In general appearance this maple bears much resemblance to our native 
 A. campestre, but is easily distinguished by its smooth three-lobed leaves, 
 without milky juice in the stalks. It is a small tree of neat and pleasing 
 appearance, very suitable as an isolated specimen in a small garden. There 
 are several fine examples at Kew, the largest 46 ft. high and nearly 6 ft. in 
 girth of trunk. The largest specimen I have seen is in the Jardin des Plantes 
 at Paris, which in 1904 was about 60 ft. high and 8 ft. in girth of trunk. This 
 maple is used as a hedge plant in the south of Europe. 
 
 A. NEGLECTUM, Lange. 
 (A. setnense, Hort. ; A. zoeschense, Pax.') 
 
 A deciduous tree, which will probably ultimately attain a height of 50 ft. 
 and upwards; young branchlets minutely downy. Leaves 3 to 5^ ins. wide, 
 about three-fourths as long, five-lobed, heart-shaped at the base, dark green 
 and shining above, paler and downy beneath, becoming^smooth later except 
 for tufts in the axils of the veins ; lobes ovate, with a long apex. Flowers in 
 erect, corymbose panicles, 2 to 4 ins. long. Fruits downy ; keys ij in. long ; 
 wings ^ in. wide, almost horizontal. 
 
 A maple of garden origin with an obvious affinity to A. campestre, especi- 
 ally in the five-lobed leaf having milky sap in the stalk and in the downy 
 horizontally-spreading keys. The leaves, however, are larger, and the lobes 
 more angular. It is probably a hybrid between that species and A. laetum. 
 
 A. NEGUNDO, Linnaus. Box ELDER. 
 
 (Negundo aceroides, Moench; N. fraxini folium, Nultall?) 
 
 A deciduous tree, 40 to 70 ft. high, with a trunk 2 to 3 ft. in diameter, 
 forming a wide-spreading head of branches; branchlets smooth. Leaves 
 long-stalked, pinnate, 6 to 10 ins. long, consisting of three or five leaflets. 
 Leaflets ovate, 2 to 4 ins. long, pointed, coarsely toothed towards the end ; 
 iipper side bright green, smooth ; lower one slightly downy or eventually 
 smooth ; the terminal leaflet often three-lobed or even trifoliolate. Flowers 
 (male and female on separate trees) yellow-green, without petals, the male 
 ones crowded in dense clusters on the previous year's shoots, each flower 
 on a slender hairy stalk, I to i^ ins. long ; the females in slender, drooping 
 racemes. Fruit in pendent racemes, 4 to 8 ins. long ; each key i" to i^ ins. 
 long, with a wing j to ^ in. wide, the pair forming an angle of 60 or less. 
 
 Native of N. America, where it is widely spread. According to Sargent 
 it is most common in the Mississippi Valley, but reaches as far north as New 
 York State, and as far west as thl inland slopes of the Rocky Mountains. 
 It was cultivated by Bishop Compton at Fulham in 1688. Although the 
 typical form is by no means common, it is a handsome tree, especially when 
 isolated on a lawn. It is one of the maples that yield sugar in America. 
 There is a tree over 40 ft. high at Kew, but the largest specimen I have seen is 
 in Mr Spath's nursery, near Berlin, which is over 60 ft. high, and 6 ft. 6 ins. in 
 girth of trunk. The most popular of variegated trees is the 
 
 Var. VARIEGATUM, now so largely used in town gardens, and grown in pots 
 for the decoration of halls and large rooms. The leaflets have an irregular 
 border of white, or are sometimes wholly white. In consequence, the tree 
 makes a conspicuous object in the garden, and is frequently over-planted. It 
 first appeared as a " sport " on the green-leaved type in a nursery at Toulouse 
 in 1845, DUt trees of large size appear to be very uncommon. It is female, and 
 the fruits are variegated like the leaves. Other varieties are : 
 
150 ACER 
 
 Var. AUREO-MARGINATUM. Leaflets marked as in the common variegated 
 box-elder, but with yellow instead of white. 
 
 Var. AUREUM (syn. odessanum). Leaflets wholly yellow ; this variety is 
 one of the best of golden-coloured trees, and retains its colour until autumn. 
 
 Var. CALIFORNICUM, WesmaeL Judging by young trees at Kew, this variety 
 appears to be a much faster grower, with larger leaflets, than the type. The 
 chief botanical difference is furnished by the dense covering of grey down 
 beneath the leaves, and by the downy branchlets and fruits, although this is not 
 so apparent in cultivated as in native specimens. Native of California. Forms 
 intermediate between this variety and the type are said to occur in Arizona, 
 Texas, Missouri, etc. 
 
 Var. CRISPUM, Don. Leaflets curled, often deformed ; shrubby. 
 
 Var. LACINIATUM (syn. heterophyllum). Leaflets reduced to a linear or 
 lanceolate shape, and with more or less deeply cut margins. 
 
 Var. VIOLACEUM, Kirchner. Young shoots covered with a purplish bloom. 
 
 A. NiKOENSE, Maximowicz. NlKKO- MAPLE. 
 
 (Garden and Forest, 1893, fig. 26.) 
 
 A deciduous tree, up to 40 or 50 ft. high in a wild state, with a trunk 12 to 
 1 8 ins. in diameter and a round-topped habit ; branchlets hairy. Leaves com- 
 posed of three leaflets on a stout, very hairy main stalk ; terminal leaflet short- 
 stalked, oval ; 3 to 5 ins. long, i to 2\ ins. wide ; the side ones obliquely ovate, 
 stalkless, and somewhat smaller ; all are either entire at the margins or 
 shallowly and sparsely toothed," and more or less hairy beneath. Flowers 
 yellow, J in. diameter, produced usually three together on drooping hairy 
 stalks | in. long. Fruit with thick, brown-felted nutlets ; keys i-^ to 2 ins. long ; 
 wings | in. broad, rounded, nearly parallel to each other, or diverging to 60 
 (in cultivation often not so large). 
 
 Native of Japan, where, according to Sargent, it is widely distributed, but 
 not common ; also of Central China. Introduced by Messrs Veitch in 1881, 
 in whose nursery at Coombe Wood is one of the first trees raised from Maries' 
 seeds, now 25 to 30 ft. high. Compared with many maples this is not a quick 
 grower, which in small gardens may be counted an advantage, especially as th 
 tree has a most interesting and distinct appearance at all times, and is very 
 beautiful in autumn when the foliage turns rich red. The winter buds are long 
 and pyramid-shaped, with overlapping scales. In wild specimens collected by 
 Henry in Central China the leaflets are 7 ins. long and 3 ins. wide. 
 
 A. OBLONGUM, Wallich. 
 
 A sub-evergreen or deciduous tree, found both in the Himalaya and China. 
 In the Himalaya it grows 50 ft. in height, but plants from that region are too 
 tender for our climate. In China it is quite common in various parts, especially 
 in Hupeh, whence the plants now in cultivation were introduced by Wilson ; 
 there it appears to be most frequently 20 to 25 ft. high. The plants raised from 
 Wilson's seeds in 1901 seem likely to prove hardy, both at Coombe Wood and 
 Kew. It is a tree without down ; the leaves hard and leathery in texture, 
 normally oblong or oblong-ovate, 2 to 4 ins. long, f to i| ins. wide ; pointed, 
 tapered or rounded at the base, neither lobed nor toothed ; distinctly glaucous 
 beneath. (They are considerably larger in the Himalayan form.) But although 
 the entire-margined, unlobed leaves distinguish this maple in its normal state 
 from all other cultivated species, the young tree at Kew has very distinctly three- 
 lobed, sharply toothed leaves as well as the normal ones ; in these the lobes 
 are near the base, the apex is much drawn out, and they are sometimes over 2 
 ins. across. Henry has noted the occurrence of these trilobed leaves on 
 
ACER 
 
 151 
 
 wild trees. The fruits are smooth ; keys about i in. long ; the wings J in. 
 wide. , 
 
 Var. CONCOLOR, Pax. Leaves green on both sides. 
 
 Var. LATIALATUM, Pax. Wings of fruit broad, i in. wide, and almost semi- 
 circular. 
 
 A. OLIVERIANUM, Pax. OLIVER'S MAPLE. 
 
 A deciduous tree, from 12 to 25 ft. high ; branchlets smooth and often 
 purplish. Leaves five-lobed, i\ to 4 ins. wide, scarcely so long, truncate or 
 slightly heart-shaped at the Base ; the lobes ovate, long-pointed, minutely, 
 regularly and sharply toothed ; smooth except for down along the veins and in 
 their axils. Flowers borne at the end of a slender-stalked corymb, 2 ins. long. 
 Fruit smooth ; keys I in. long ; wings f in. wide, spreading nearly horizontally. 
 
 Native of Central China ; discovered by Henry, and introduced by Wilson 
 for Messrs Veitch in 1901, and now succeeding well in their Copmbe Wood 
 nursery. It is allied to the A. sinense described below, but differs in the 
 smaller more finely and evenly toothed leaves, and in the short corymbose 
 inflorescence. The flowers develop at the same time as the leaves. 
 
 A. OPALUS, Miller. ITALIAN MAPLE. 
 
 (Garden, 1872, p. 443 ; A. opulifolium, Villars.*) 
 
 A tree 30 to 50 ft. high, of rounded habit, sometimes much smaller or even 
 bushy ; branchlets smooth. Leaves 2| to 4^ ins. wide, somewhat less in 
 length, shallowly five-lobed, heart-shaped at Ihe base, irregularly toothed ; 
 
 ACER .OPALUS. 
 
 dark green, glossy and smooth above, paler and more or less downy beneath, 
 especially along the chief veins and in their axils, occasionally quite smooth ; 
 lobes angular. Flowers yellow, appearing in March, numerously crowded 
 in short-stalked corymbs ; each flower on a slender, smooth, pendent stalk, 
 i to i^ ins. long. Fruit smooth ; keys I to i^ ins. long ; wings in. wide, 
 varying considerably in divergence. 
 
 Native of S. and Central Europe ; introduced in 1752. It is one of the 
 
152 ACER 
 
 most ornamental of early-flowering trees, producing its blossoms regularly and 
 in great abundance in March and April ; they are of a clearer and more 
 pronounced yellow that in most maples. There are several good specimens at 
 Kew, the largest nearly 50 ft. high and 5 ft. in girth of trunk. There is much 
 confusion in the nomenclature of this maple. It is very variable, and some 
 authorities separate the two following varieties from it as distinct species : 
 
 Var. NEAPOLITANUM (A. neapolitanum, Tenore ; A. obtusatum var. 
 neapolitanum, Pax). Leaves up to 6 or 7 ins. wide, covered with a pale felt 
 beneath, the lobes quite shallow, especially the basal ones. Flower-stalks 
 hairy, remaining so until the fruits ripen. Native of the country about Naples, 
 where, like the type farther north in Italy, it is largely employed in vineyards as 
 a support on which to train the vines. 
 
 Var. OBTUSATUM (A. obtusatum, JtitaibcF). Leaves on the whole larger 
 than in the type, and up to 5^ ins. wide, the lobes more rounded and the 
 whole under-surface covered with a close down; flower-stalks hairy; fruit-wings 
 not so large as in var. neapolitanum. Native of Central and E. Europe. 
 
 A. PALMATUM, Thunberg. JAPANESE MAPLE. 
 (A. polymorphum, Siebold^ ' 
 
 A deciduous tree of rounded form, rarely seen more than 20 ft. high in culti- 
 vation, but more than twice as high in a wild state ; habit rounded, often wider 
 than high ; branchlets smooth. Leaves usually seven- sometimes five-lobed in 
 the typical form, 2 to 3^ ins. long and wide ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, cleft 
 two-thirds of the way to the base of the blade, sharply double-toothed, smooth on 
 both surfaces except in the axils of the ribs beneath ; green at first, becoming 
 bronzed or purplish in autumn. Flowers in somewhat erect, smooth, stalked 
 umbels ; smalj and purple. Fruit smooth ; keys about \ in. long ; wings \ in. 
 wide, much incurved, the pair forming a broad arch. 
 
 Native of Japan ; whence it was introduced to England in 1820, but since 
 found by Wilson in Central China. Having long been cultivated by the 
 Japanese, it has produced an extraordinary number and variety of forms differ- 
 ing in colour and form of leaf. Many of these continue to be imported from 
 Japan, and to many of them unwieldy Latin names have been given. No 
 attempt can be made here to do more than describe the most distinct and 
 representative of them. The four following groups are arbitrarily made, and 
 some forms perhaps may as reasonably be put in one as the other : 
 
 1. PALMATUM. Leaves five-lobed, as described above. 
 
 AUREUM. Leaves yellow when 3'oung, becoming golden later. 
 
 LINEARILOBUM. Lobes of leaf narrow, reaching almost to the base, green. 
 
 There is also a purple-leaved form of this. 
 RIBESIFOLIUM. Green ; lobes of leaf cleft to the base and deeply and irregularly 
 
 jagged at the edges. 
 ROSEO-MARGINATUM. Leaves rosy at the edges. 
 
 2. SEPTEMLOBUM. In the typical form of this variety the leaves are seven-lobed, 
 larger than in palmatum, suffused with red when young, afterwards green, finally turning 
 brilliant red before falling. 
 
 ATROPURPUREUM. Leaves rich purple. 
 
 BlCOLOR. Leaves of two colours ; carmine, and red as in sanguineum. Some- 
 times the carmine is laid on in blotches ; sometimes one-half the lobe or one-half 
 the leaf is of that colour. 
 
 ELEGANS. Leaves up to 5 ins. long, green, the lobes deeply and prettily toothed. 
 There is a purple-leaved form of this. 
 
 RETICULATUM. Veins of leaf green ; the interspaces yellow, white, and pale 
 green. 
 
 SANGUINEUM. Leaves as in the type, but purplish red. 
 
ACER 153 
 
 3. DlSSECTUM. In the typical form of this group the lobes are seven, nine, or eleven 
 in number, reaching to the leaf-stalk, again deeply and finely cut to the midrib of each 
 lobe, then sharply toothed ; green. 
 
 ROSEO-MARGINATUM. Leaves marked as in palmatum roseo-marginatum, but with 
 
 the cutting of dissectum. 
 ORNATUM. Leaf-cutting as in ordinary dissectum, but deep red. 
 
 4. SESSILIFOLIUM. Once thought to be a distinct species. Leaf shortly stalked, 
 green, often with three or more distinctly stalked leaflets. This is the Acer sessilifolium 
 of some authors, its true origin not being suspected until it was found as a sport growing 
 on ordinary A. palmatum. 
 
 The typical A. palmatum and most of the green and purple varieties are 
 quite hardy in the south of England. Yet they are not very frequently seen in 
 good condition. They undoubtedly like a sunny position sheltered on the north 
 and east sides, and a good loamy or peaty soil. Perhaps the greatest drawback 
 is their susceptibility to late spring frosts ; it is not unusual to see the young 
 growths cut back once or twice in spring, and whilst the vigorous green, purple, 
 and red varieties recover, that is fatal to the permanent success of the more 
 delicate forms with the most exquisite colouring and cutting. Another source 
 of failure is due to their being grafted on strong, ill-fitting stocks by the Japanese. 
 Several forms, hitherto failures, have been found to succeed on their own roots. 
 Seedlings, of course, are best ; but the varieties do not come true from seed, 
 although forms superior to the parent may often be obtained. There seems to 
 be a promising field for raisers of good forms from seed in the milder parts of 
 this country. Japanese maples were very successfully grown in the Tunbridge 
 Wells nursery of Messrs Cripps before its dispersion. 
 
 A. PENNSYLVANICUM, Linnceus. SNAKE-BARK MAPLE. 
 
 (A. striatum, Du Rot.} 
 
 A deciduous tree, sometimes 30 or more ft. high, usually 15 to 20 ft., with 
 rather erect branches. Young wood at first green, becoming, when two or 
 more years old, beautifully striped with white jagged lines. Leaves up to 7 
 ins. long, a little less wide, with three conspicuous, tapering, forward-pointing 
 lobes at the terminal part ; margins finely and sharply double-toothed ; lower 
 surface covered with minute reddish down when young, which mostly wears off 
 towards the end of the season ; stalks i^ to 2 ins. long, the enlarged bases of 
 each pair clasping the shoot. Flowers yellow, produced in May on slender, 
 pendulous racemes 4 to 6 ins. long, not densely ; each flower is ^ in. diameter, 
 and borne on a stalk J to | in. long. Fruit in pendent racemes, smooth ; wings 
 f in. long, each pair forming a crescent i^ to 2 ins. across. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America; introduced in 1755. This maple is 
 remarkable chiefly for the exceedingly handsome striping of its younger 
 branches and stem. For a long time it was the only species known in cultiva- 
 tion with this character, but in late years several species have been brought 
 from N.E. Asia showing the same colouring [see A. Davidii, capillipes, 
 cratasgifolium, rufinerve]. The leaves, large and handsome at maturity, have a 
 pinkish tinge on opening, and usually turn yellow in autumn. It is one of the 
 most distinct and desirable of maples ; sometimes called "Moose-wood." 
 
 Var. ERYTHROCLADUM, Spath. In this variety the young shoot turns a 
 bright crimson after the fall of the leaf. This, added to the other attractions of 
 the species, make this variety one of the most attractive of all small hardy 
 trees. Put into commerce by Mr Spath of Berlin in 1904. 
 
 A. PICTUM, Thunberg. 
 
 A deciduous tree, up to 60 ft. in height, young shoots not downy, becoming 
 grey and slightly fissured the second year. Leaves five- or seven-lobed, 3 to 6 
 
154 ACER 
 
 ins. across, and rather more in length, the lobes ovate-triangular, ending in a 
 long, narrow apex, the lowest pair spreading outwards ; the base of the leaf is 
 heart-shaped, the margins not toothed ; the stalk has a milky sap, and both 
 surfaces are green and smooth except for tufts of hairs in the vein-axils 
 beneath. Flowers appearing in April or early May with the first leaves, 
 greenish yellow, in corymbose racemes 2 to 3 ins. long. Fruit with smooth 
 wings, about i times as long as the nutlets, the pairs parallel, and almost 
 connivent ; each key f to I j ins. long. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced in 1881. There is much similarity between 
 this maple and A. laetum, the chief distinguishing feature of the latter being 
 the larger wings of the fruit as compared with the nutlet, and the smooth, 
 unfissured two-year-old stems. Even eliminating A. laetum as a probable 
 variety, the present species is a variable one, the most distinct form in cultiva- 
 tion being 
 
 Var. MONO (A. Mono, Maximoivicz\ in which the fruits stand out 
 hprizontally, and at right angles to the stalk. Native of Japan, Manchuria, 
 N. and Central China ; introduced by Wilson for Messrs Veitch in 1901. A 
 year or two previously, however, it had reached cultivation in Europe by way of 
 St Petersburg. 
 
 Var. TOMENTULOSUM, Rehder. Leaves covered beneath with a dense 
 whitish down. 
 
 All the forms of A. pictum are handsome, but no very large trees appear to 
 exist in this country. It is probable that the three following colour varieties, 
 when they bear fruit, may prove to belong to A. laetum : 
 
 Var. AUREUM. Leaves entirely yellow. 
 
 Var. MARMORATUM. Leaves powdered over with white dots and stains, 
 some being more white than green. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATUM (tricolor). Leaves marked with large irregular blotches 
 of creamy white ; occasionally all one side the midrib is of this colour. 
 
 A. PLATANOIDES, Linnczus. NORWAY MAPLE. 
 
 A deciduou^ tree from 60 to 70, occasionally over 90, ft. high, with smooth 
 branchlets. Leaves 5-lobed, heart-shaped at the base, 4 to 7 ins. wide and 
 about three-fourths as long in adult trees (in young vigorous specimens they are 
 considerably larger) ; bright green on both surfaces, smooth except for a tuft of 
 hairs in the axils of the veins; stalks exuding a milky sap when broken. Flowers 
 greenish yellow, | in. diameter, produced in April before the leaves in erect, 
 branching corymbs. Fruit pendulous, on stalks 2 to 3 ins. long ; keys i^ to 2 
 ins. long, smooth ; the wings ^wide-spreading but not quite horizontal, ^ to ^ in. 
 wide. Timber white, and fairly close and hard in grain. 
 
 Native of continental Europe, where it is widely spread in a wild state from 
 Norway southwards ; cultivated in England for centuries, but not a native. 
 The Norway maple is one of the handsomest, hardiest, and most vigorous of intro- 
 duced trees. Its leaves are thinner and brighter than those of common sycamore 
 or of the plane, which they somewhat resemble. It is also more ornamental 
 when in flower than most maples, and its leaves fade in autumn into various 
 shades of red, brown, and yellow. It thrives in almost any soil, and even in 
 the poor sandy soil at Kew grows rapidly. For forming a screen quickly it is 
 preferable in many places to black Italian poplar, for although it does not 
 grow so fast nor so big, it is a tree of better form and more interesting char- 
 acter. Easily increased by seeds, which are produced abundantly. Few 
 large trees have produced more varieties under cultivation. More than twenty 
 have been named, and of them the following are the more distinct : 
 
 Var. AUREO-MARGINATUM. Leaves often three-lobed; lobes deep and long- 
 pointed, margined with yellow. 
 
 Var. COLUMNARE, Carriere. Leaves smaller and shallower-lobed than in 
 
ACER 155 
 
 the type ; branches erect ; habit columnar. Raised in the nursery of Messrs 
 Simon-Louis at Plantieres, near Metz, in 1855. 
 
 Var. CUCULLATUM. Leaves long-stalked, fan-shaped, with seven or nine 
 prominent veins instead of the usual five ; base of leaf wedge-shaped or truncate, 
 not heart-shaped. Of the same type as var. laciniatum, but with the lobes not 
 so long-pointed. 
 
 Var. GLOBOSUM. A dwarf form ; head of foliage wide-spreading, dense, 
 and mop-headed. 
 
 Var. LACINIATUM. EAGLE'S CLAW MAPLE. A smaller and more twiggy 
 tree than the tvpe, of more erect, narrow habit. Leaves tapering and wedge- 
 shaped at the base, the lobes ending in long, ''often curved, claw-like points. 
 The oldest of named varieties, and figured in an Austrian work in 1792. 
 
 Var. MACULATUM. Leaves blotched with white, more thickly towards the 
 edges. Of no great merit. 
 
 Var. NANUM. Of dwarf, pyramidal shape. 
 
 Var. PALMATUM. (A. Lorbergii, Hort.\ Leaves slit back to the stalk into 
 three lobes, the basal pair^often cut again almost as deeply, and all the lobes 
 divided into secondary lobes with long drawn-out handsome points. Introduced 
 from Belgium in 1845. 
 
 Var. REITENBACHII. Leaves green during the summer, changing to rich 
 red as autumn approaches, and very beautiful then. Raised at Reitenbach's 
 nursery at Plicken, in Prussia. 
 
 Var. SCHWEDLERII. Leaves of a bright red when young, becoming green 
 as they mature. A popular variety, beautiful in late April and May. 
 
 Var. STOLLII, Simon-Louis. Leaves very large, up to 9 ins. in diameter ; 
 lobes not deep and often entire. 
 
 Var. WALDERSEEI. Leaves densely speckled with white dots, so as to give 
 them a delicate grey appearance. I saw trees of this variety in Messrs 
 Spath's nursery near Berlin, in June 1908, which were very pretty at that season. 
 
 A. PSEUDOPLATANUS, Linnczus. SYCAMORE ("PLANE" 
 in Scotland). 
 
 A deciduous tree of the largest size, reaching at its best a height of over 
 100 ft. and a girth of trunk of 20 ft. Bark of the trunk pale, greyish, and peeling 
 off in large flakes; branchlets smooth. Leaves usually five-lobed (small ones 
 on fruiting twigs often three-lobed), 4 to 7 ins. across in adult trees (larger in 
 young ones), heart-shaped at the base ; the lobes ovate, coarsely toothed, dark 
 green and smooth above, paler and dull glaucous beneath, with pale brown hairs 
 in the axils of the veins or, sometimes, along the whole length of the chief 
 ones. Flowers in large drooping racemes, often branching at the base, 
 yellowish green. Fruit on long, pendulous racemes ; keys ij to 2 ins. long ; 
 wings smooth, the two forming an angle of about 60. 
 
 Native of Europe, but not considered to be a true native of Britain, where, 
 however, it has existed many centuries and has thoroughly established itself. 
 Judging by the way seedlings spring up in the wilder parts of Kew Gardens, 
 it would seem that in course of time the place, if left to run wild, would 
 become a forest of common sycamore. It is a peculiarly hardy tree, and one of 
 the few that will stand the full force of salt-laden winds in exposed places near 
 the sea. One may see it in many of the gardens on the sea-fronts of English 
 /watering-places, battered and stunted in growth, yet helping largely to form 
 that first line of defence again the winds, the establishment of which is really 
 the most important item in the seaside planting. When fully grown it is a 
 magnificent tree of stately proportions, thriving better perhaps in the north of 
 England and in Scotland than in the warmer south. In the grounds of Scone 
 Palace, near Perth, I was shown a few years ago an ancient tree, reputed to 
 have been planted by Mary Queen of Scots. Although still alive, most of its 
 
156 ACER 
 
 upper growth had gone, but its trunk was more than 6 ft. through. Among 
 English trees, Mr Elwes gives the palm to one at Studley Park, in Yorkshire, 
 the seat of the Marquis of Ripon. This tree is 104 ft. high and 17^ ft. in girth. 
 The foliage of the sycamore has no autumn beauty, decaying a dingy brown ; 
 it is, moreover, frequently attacked by a fungus, Rhytisma acerinum, which 
 causes yellow or pale green spots to appear on the leaf-blade in June that turn 
 black towards the fall of the leaf. The timber is white, and easily worked. 
 
 The sycamore has produced very many varieties and forms under cultiva- 
 tion, some as seedling variations, others as branch sports. It is not necessary 
 to enumerate more than the most distinct of them. 
 
 Var. ALBO-VARIEGATUM. Leaves blotched and striped with white. 
 
 Var. AUCUB^EFOLIUM. Leaves blotched with yellow like the common 
 aucuba. It appeared amongst some seedlings in the nursery of Messrs Little 
 Ballantyne at Carlisle, about 1876. 
 
 Var. BRILLIANTISSIMUM. A very handsome variety with leaves of a 
 beautiful pinkish hue on unfolding. 
 
 Var. CORSTORPHINENSE, Schwerin (flavo-variegatum, Loudori) ; CORSTOR- 
 PHINE PLANE. Leaves pale yellow when young, golden in summer. The 
 original tree grows in a garden at Corstorphine, near Edinburgh. James Baillie, 
 second Lord Forrester, is said to have been murdered by his sister-in-law at 
 the foot of this tree, 26th August 1679 ( see - Gar -den and Forest, 1893, P- 2O2 ) 
 
 Var. ERYTHROCARPUM. Fruits red ; said to be wild in the Alps of Bavaria ; 
 very handsome from June onwards. The Pilrig " plane " has similarly 
 coloured fruits, but they are smaller and on larger racemes than in erythro- 
 carpum. 
 
 Var. EUCHLORUM. A vigorous form with large leaves and fruit ; I have 
 measured keys 2^ ins. long, with wings nearly i in. wide. 
 
 Var. LEOPOLDII. Leaves stained with yellowish pink and purple. 
 Originated in Belgium about 1860. There are several forms of the same 
 character, such as vars. " Simon-Louis Freres," TRICOLOR, and WEBBIANUM. 
 
 Var. PRINZ HANDJERY. Leaves suffused wi.th yellow above, purple 
 beneath. Very pretty when the leaves are quite young. This variety, var. 
 NIZETII, and var. PURPUREO-VARIEGATUM are all variants from the following 
 one : 
 
 Var. PURPUREUM. Leaves rich purple beneath ; originated in a nursery 
 in Jersey, in 1828. Var. ATROPURPUREUM is the same, with the purple of 
 a deeper shade. 
 
 Var. VILLOSUM, Parlatore. A natural variety found in Sicily, S. Italy, 
 and Dalmatia. Leaves covered with down beneath ; the margins more 
 coarsely toothed. Cultivated in the grounds of Arley Castle, near Bewdley. 
 
 Var. WORLEI. Leaves rich yellow. A superior form of the Corstorphine 
 sycamore ; leaf-stalks reddish. 
 
 A. PURPURASCENS, Franchet. 
 
 A deciduous tree, with five-lobed leaves similar to those of A. diabolicum ; 
 very downy beneath when young, and fringed with hairs on the margin. 
 Flowers purplish ; males in short-stalked corymbs ; stalks hairy when young, 
 becoming smooth at the fruiting stage ; females ^n few-flowered racemes. 
 Keys \\ ins. long, the nutlet covered with whitish bristles ; wings f in. wide, 
 parallel. 
 
 Native of middle Japan ; very nearly allied to A. diabolicum, but at once 
 distinguishable when in bloom by the purple flowers; the wings of the fruit 
 also appear to be more closely brought together. It is a very rare plant in 
 cultivation, and is, apparently, not common in a wild state. The nutlets have 
 the same persistent, horn-like styles as are seen in A. diabolicum. 
 
ACER 157 
 
 A. ROTUNDILOBUM, Schwerin. 
 
 A hybrid of uncertain origin, although cultivated in Europe for more than 
 half a century. It is probably a cross between A. monspessulanum and 
 A. Opalus var. obtusatum, being intermediate in its various characters between 
 those two maples. Leaves three-lobed, sometimes with two additional, indistinct 
 lobes at the base ; 2^ to 4 ins. long and broad, reddish when young, smooth 
 except for a little dow"n at the base beneath ; pale beneath, dark green above ; 
 lobes shallow, rounded ; leaf-stalk not milky. 
 
 A. RUBRUM, Linnczus. RED MAPLE. 
 
 A deciduous tree, occasionally over 100 ft. high in America, with a trunk up 
 to 13 ft. in girth ; and over 80 ft. high in England, forming a rounded head, of 
 branches ; bark greyish ; branchlets smooth, except when quite young. Leaves 
 three- or five-lobed (the lobes pointed and somewhat triangular, the middle one 
 usually the longest), from 2 to 5 ins. wide, and often longer than broad, coarsely 
 and unevenly toothed ; upper surface dark green, smooth, lower one blue-white 
 and more or less downy, especially along the veins. Flowers appearing in 
 March and early April in dense clusters before the leaves, at the joints of the 
 previous year's wood, or on short spurs of still older wood, rich red, each flower 
 on a reddish stalk at first quite short, but lengthening as the flower and fruit 
 develop. Fruits on slender drooping stalks 2 to 3 ins. long ; wings about f in. 
 long, in. wide, dark dull red spreading at about 60. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America, and already in cultivation in England by the 
 middle of the seventeenth century. It is a handsome and fairly common tree, 
 the largest in the country, according to Elwes, being in Bagshot Park and 
 over 80 ft. high, with a trunk oJr ft. in girth. There is a considerable resem- 
 blance between this tree and A. dasycarpum, and they are frequently confused. 
 A. rubrum, however, is more compact and of slower growth ; the leaves are 
 not so much or so deeply cut, and the fruits are less than half as large. In the 
 United States this maple produces most beautiful colour effects in autumn, the 
 leaves turning scarlet and yellow. In this country it is not so good, but some- 
 times the leaves change to bright yellow, or dark brownish red, or occasionally 
 red. It should be planted in a moist position. 
 
 Var. DRUMMONDII. Differs in the downy character of the young shoots, 
 leaf-stalks, and under-surface of the leaves. Fruit and flowers bright scarlet, 
 the former larger than in ordinary rubrum. Native of Arkansas, Texas, and 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Var. SANGUINEUM (A. sanguineum, Spach}. The original tree of this variety 
 grew in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris. Its leaves are more downy than in the 
 type, the flowers brilliant red, and the leaves richer red in autumn. 
 
 A pyramidal variety is figured in Garden and Forest, 1894, p. 65, growing 
 in private grounds at Flushing, New York, which was then 80 ft. high. (The 
 figure is erroneously described as of a form of sugar maple.) 
 
 A. RUFINERVE, Siebold. 
 
 A small, deciduous tree, with smooth blue-white young shoots. Leaves 
 to 5 ins. long, three-lobed or obscurely five-lobed, truncate or heart- 
 aped at the base ; terminal lobe triangular, larger than jhe side ones, margins 
 finely and irregularly toothed ; upper surface dark green, smooth ; lower one 
 paler, with reddish down along the veins, conspicuous when the leaf is young, 
 but largely falling away by autumn. Flowers in erect racemes about 3 ins. 
 long, each one on a stalk to \ in. long ; the common stalk covered with 
 
158 ACER 
 
 reddish down. Keys ^ to f in. long, the nutlets at first covered with reddish 
 down, after-wards smooth ; wings diverging at from 90 to 120. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced for Messrs Veitch by Maries, about 1879, and 
 very nearly allied to A. pennsylvanicum, resembling it in shape of leaf, and in 
 the handsome markings of the branches ; but differing in the glaucous young 
 shoots, and in the more conspicuous reddish down beneath the leaves. The 
 foliage sometimes dies off a rich crimson. The young foliage, the leaf-stalk, 
 and midrib are often red. Altogether an attractive maple. 
 
 Var. ALBO-LIMBATUM, Hooker (Bot. Mag., t. 5793)- A singularly beautiful 
 variety, whose leaves have a broad margin (or sometimes the whole surface) 
 entirely covered with spots of white. It was introduced by Mr Standish of 
 Ascot, some years before the type, and was first exhibited by him in 1869. 
 
 A. SACCHARUM, Marshall. SUGAR MAPLE. 
 
 (A. saccharinum, Wangenheim, not Linnceus.') 
 
 A deciduous tree, over 100 ft. high in a wild state, with a trunk 9 to 12 ft. 
 in girth, forming a shapely rounded head of branches ; branchlets smooth 
 Leaves palmate, usually five-lobed, heart-shaped at the base, 4 to 6 ins. wide ; 
 always do\vny in the axils of the chief veins beneath, but varying in different 
 trees from smooth to downy in other parts. Flowers without petals, greenish 
 yellow, produced in clusters, each flower on a thread-like, hairy stalk more than 
 2 ins. long. Fruit smooth ; wings I in. long, in. wide. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America; introduced, according to Aiton, in 1735, 
 but not many fine specimens are to be found in this country. In the arboietum 
 of Arley Castle, near Bewdley, there are two of the best in the country ; their 
 measurements, according to Hortus Arleyensis^ are : 65 ft. by 3 ft. in girth, and 
 64 ft. by 4 ft. 8 ins. in girth. In leaf, the sugar maple, especially in its more 
 glabrous form, bears some resembla'nce to the Norway maple ; but the sap of 
 the sugar maple is watery, not milky as in the other. 
 
 The famous maple sugar of N. America is obtained almost solely from the 
 sap of this tree. The State of Massachusetts alone used to supply more than 
 half a millon pounds annually. It is obtained by tapping the trees and collecting 
 the juice, which is afterwards evaporated. As an ornamental tree in England 
 this maple never seems to have been a great success, and although it appears 
 to be quite hardy, does not grow quickly. In the streets, and as an isolated tree 
 in the meadows of New England it is magnificent, and forms one of the chief 
 elements in the glorious colour effects of autumn there, its leaves dying off into 
 various shades of orange, gold, scarlet, and crimson, each tree, according to 
 Emerson, retaining year after year its particular shades. 
 
 Var. NlGRUM, Britton. BLACK MAPLE (A. nigrum, Michaux). In this 
 variety the leaves are downy all over the under-surface, and usually remain so 
 till they fall ; they are three-lobed oftener than five-lobed, with the auricles 
 of the heart-shaped base overlapping. According to Sargent, the black maple 
 is easily distinguished in summer by its heavy, drooping leaves, and at all 
 seasons by the orange-coloured branchlets. It has a more western distribution 
 in N. America than the type, and was introduced in 1812. 
 
 Var. MONUMENTALE, Temple, is a form of black maple with a narrow 
 columnar habit. Very striking. 
 
 Var. RUGELII, Rehder.k large tree with thin, three-lobed leaves ; the 
 lobes usually entire, triangular, pointed ; lower surface rather glaucous and 
 downy. Found wild from N. Carolina and Georgia to Missouri, being the 
 common form of sugar maple in that region. The lower branches often bear 
 leaves identical with those of the type. Introduced to Kew in 1908. 
 
ACER 159 
 
 A. SlEBOLDIANUM, Miquel. SlEBOLD'S MAPLE. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1881, i., fig. 113.) 
 
 A small tree or shrub, native of Japan, and very similar to A. japonicum, 
 from which, however, it is easily distinguished by the yellow (not purple-red) 
 flowers, and by the branchlets being densely covered with short down. Leaves 
 
 2 to 3 ins. wide ; seven- or nine-lobed ; leaf-stalks downy. Flowers in a 
 long-stalked, umbel-like corymb. Fruit somewhat downy ; keys in. long. 
 
 A. SINENSE, Pax. 
 
 A deciduous tree, from 12 to 30 ft. high ; young shoots smooth. Leaves 
 
 3 to 6 ins. long and wide, five-lobed, slightly heart-shaped or truncate at the 
 base ; lobes ovate, with long drawn-out points, irregularly and sparsely 
 toothed. Occasionally the leaves are quite smooth at maturity, but often 
 they have tufts of yellowish hairs in the axils of the veins. Flowers numerous, 
 in panicles 2 to 4 ins. long, greenish white. Fruits smooth, in pendulous 
 panicles ; keys I J ins. long ; wings f in. wide, the pair forming an angle of 
 about 120. 
 
 Var. CONCOLOR, Pax. This differs in the wings of the fruit spreading 
 horizontally, and, perhaps, in the leaf being somewhat larger. 
 
 Native of Central China, and represented in the Coombe Wood nursery 
 by plants of the variety concolor, raised from seed introduced in 1901, by 
 Wilson. The leaves are handsome, being of a reddish shade when young, 
 afterwards turning a dark lustrous green. 
 
 A. SPICATUM, Lamarck. MOUNTAIN MAPLE. 
 
 A deciduous, tall shrub, or small tree of bushy appearance, occasionally 25 ft. 
 high, with a short trunk ; young shoots covered with grey down when young. 
 Leaves three-lobed or sometimes five-lobed, 3 to 5 ins. long, about the same 
 wide, more or less heart-shaped at the base, coarsely toothed, covered with grey 
 down beneath ; lobes long-pointed. Flowers very small, produced in June on 
 slender, erect racemes 3 to 6 ins. long, greenish yellow, each flower on a slender 
 stalk about ^ in. long. Fruit with wings about ^ in. long, f in. wide, each pair 
 somewhat horse-shoe shaped, smooth, red. 
 
 Native of the E. United States and Canada ; introduced by Archibald, Duke 
 of Argyll, in 1750. This maple, handsome in its slender racemes of bright 
 red fruits, and red and yellow autumn tints, is not now common. Its most 
 distinctive characters are its densely flowered, erect, slender racemes, and 
 coarsely toothed, three-lobed leaves. 
 
 An interesting maple, found wild in Japan, Manchuria, and China, is 
 sometimes regarded as a geographical variety of the mountain maple, and 
 called A. SPICATUM var. UKURUNDUENSE, Maximowicz. Its leaves are more 
 deeply heart-shaped than in the American type, and are five- or seven-lobed. 
 
 A. SUTCHUENENSE, Franchet. 
 
 A deciduous tree, 20 ft. high, with smooth young shoots. Leaves composed 
 of three leaflets borne on a slender stalk \\ to 2^ ins. long, with a conspicuous 
 tuft of yellowish hairs at the base of the blades ; leaflets shortly stalked, elliptic 
 oblong, with a long tapering point ; 2 to 3^ ins. long, f to i^ ins. wide ; dull 
 green, and smooth above, rather glaucous, and with scattered hairs beneath ; 
 the margins irregularly and bluntly toothed. Flowers numerous, yellowish, pro- 
 duced in a corymb-like raceme, i^ ins. long and wide. Fruits in erect racemes; 
 keys i in. long; wings \ in. wide, "curved, but about parallel with each other. 
 
160 ACER 
 
 Native of Central China. Among cultivated species it is most closely 
 allied to A. mandshuricum, differing in its more numerously flowered inflor- 
 escence and protruding stamens. A. Henryi, with which it has been confused, 
 differs in having untoothed leaflets and downy young shoots. 
 
 A. TATARICUM, Linnceus. TARTARIAN MAPLE. 
 
 A deciduous shrub of bushy habit, or a small, wide-spreading tree up to 
 30 ft. high ; branchlets smooth. Leaves in adult trees not lobed, or occasion- 
 ally slightly so ; broadly ovate, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, 
 from 2 to 3^ ins. long, i| to 2^ ins. wide ; smooth above, more or less downy 
 on the veins beneath, the margin doubly and irregularly toothed. Flowers in 
 erect panicles 2 to 3 ins. long, greenish white, produced in May and June. 
 Fruit with keys f to more than i in. long ; the wings J in. wide, almost parallel, 
 red in autumn. 
 
 Native of S.E.. Europe, Asia Minor, etc. ; introduced, according to Aiton, in 
 1759. This interesting maple is very distinct in foliage, the shape of the 
 leaves suggesting Spiraea discolor rather than the typical maple. This, 
 however, only applies to the plant in its adult state ; young, vigorous trees show 
 a. distinct tendency to the palmate three- or five-lobed shape. It bears its 
 fruits quite abundantly, and, being red in autumn, they often give a pleasing 
 effect. The leaves expand early, and die off in yellow, or reddish brown tints. 
 The finest example I have seen is at Arley Castle, near Bewdley. According 
 to Mr Woodward, this tree was planted about 1820, and is now 30 ft. high. 
 
 A. TETRAMERUM, Pax. 
 
 A deciduous tree, 20 to 30 ft. high, with quite smooth young shoots. Leaves 
 ovate, coarsely toothed, 2 to 3^ ins. long, two-thirds as wide, the apex long- 
 pointed, the base tapering, covered with fine down beneath, and with tufts of 
 whitish hairs in the vein-axils. Flowers yellow, the males three or five together 
 in short corymbs, the females in short slender racemes, appearing with the 
 leaves. Fruit smooth ; keys I to i J ins. long ; wings J to \ in. wide, diverging 
 at an angle of about 60. 
 
 Var. LOBULATUM, Rehder. This variety is distinguished by its leaves being 
 three-lobed, broader in proportion to their length, heart-shaped at the base, and 
 deeply triangular toothed ; they are dark green and almost smooth above, paler 
 beneath and downy, especially on and about the veins. 
 
 Native of Hupeh, China ; discovered by Henry. The var. lobulatum was 
 introduced by Wilson for Messrs Veitch in 1901, and is growing luxuriantly at 
 Coombe Wood, being now a graceful tree over 20 ft. high, and making shoots 
 \\ to 2 ft. long in a season. The young wood is covered with a purplish bloom. 
 Typical A. tetramerum does not appear to be in cultivation at present. 
 
 A. TRAUTVETTERI, Medwedjeff. TRAUTVETTER'S MAPLE. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6697 as A. insigne.) 
 
 A tree up to 50 ft. in height, and 6 ft. in girth of trunk ; branchlets smooth, 
 dark red at the fall of the leaf. Leaves deeply five-lobed, 4 to 8 ins. wide, about 
 three-fourths as long, base heart-shaped ; dark lustrous green and smooth 
 above, pale beneath and slightly glaucous, with tufts of down in the axils of the 
 chief veins, especially at the base where they meet the leaf-stalk ; margins 
 coarsely and angularly toothed. Flowers following the leaves, and produced in 
 smooth, erect corymbs. Fruits downy on the nutlets when young, becoming 
 smooth ; wings if to 2 ins. long, to f- in. wide, parallel, or almost 
 connivent, sometimes overlapping. 
 
ACER 161 
 
 Native of the Caucasus and Persia ; introduced to Van Volxem's nursery in 
 1866. It is a handsome-foliaged tree, and is distinguished in spring by its 
 brilliant crimson bud-scales. It has been much confused with A. insigne, but 
 is distinguished fyy the wings of the fruit not spreading, by the restricted 
 pubescence beneath the leaves, and by the marginal teeth not pointing 
 forwards. 
 
 A. TRUNCATUM, Bunge. 
 
 A small, deciduous tree, up to 25 ft. in height ; branchlets smooth, often 
 tinged with purple when young. Leaves five- occasionally seven-lobed, 
 2^ to 4^- ins. wide, less in length, dark green above, paler below ; smooth on 
 both surfaces ; truncate or somewhat heart-shaped at the base ; the lobes 
 triangular ; the two basal ones out-spreading, the three terminal ones often 
 furnished with two large teeth ; leaf-stalk containing milky juice. Flowers 
 A to \ in. across, greenish yellow, each on a slender stalk \ in. long, borne in 
 erect, branching corymbs 3 ins. wide. Fruits smooth ; wings i^ to i^ ins. long, 
 I to i in. wide, about half as long again as the nutlet, the pair fprming an angle 
 of about 90. 
 
 Native of N. China, whence seeds collected in the autumn of 1881 were sent 
 by the late Dr Bretschneider to Kew, and germinated in the spring of the 
 following year. It is allied to A. pictum, but differs in the truncate base of 
 the leaf, and the larger flowers. It grows well and is quite hardy at Kew. 
 Another close ally of this maple is A. AMBIGUUM, Dippel^ with leaves similarly 
 lobed, but hairy beneath. 
 
 A. TSCHONOSKII, Maximowicz. 
 
 A small, deciduous tree, 15 to 20 ft. high, or a shrub ; young shoots smooth ; 
 winter buds stalked. Leaves 2 to 4 ins. long and wide, deeply five-lobed, 
 heart-shaped at the base, margins sharply double-toothed ; lobes triangular, 
 long-pointed ; leaf-stalk half as long as the blade ; bright green and smooth 
 above, paler beneath, with reddish hairs along the main veins when young, 
 reduced to their axils when mature. Flowers on smooth, short stalks, 
 produced along with the leaves, six to ten together, in short racemes. Fruits 
 pale brown ; keys I to i ins. long ; wings f in. wide, incurved, and spreading 
 at a wide angle. 
 
 Native of Japan, where, according to Prof. Sargent, it is very abundant 
 in the woods of Hondo at from 2000 to 3000 ft. elevation, the dying leaves 
 turning a beautiful canary yellow. It is allied to A. micranthum, from which 
 it differs in its usually longer keys. Introduced in 1902. 
 
 A. VOLXEMI, Masters. VAN VOLXEM'S MAPLE. 
 
 A tall, deciduous tree ; branchlets smooth except at the joints and leaf- 
 scars. Leaves palmate, five-lobed, 4 to 8 ins. or even more wide, and nearly 
 as much long, with a heart-shaped base ; pale green above, whitish beneath, 
 and smooth except in the axils and along the sides of the chief veins ; the 
 lobes coarsely saw-toothed. Flowers in erect corymbs, 3 to 4 ins. long 
 Fruit smooth ; keys i^ to if ins. long ; wings at an angle of about 120. 
 
 Native of the Caucasus, where it was discovered and introduced to cultiva- 
 tion by the late Mr Jean Van Volxem, who sent it to Kew about 1873. Another 
 tree sent to Dr Masters in 1877 was planted by him in his garden at Ealing, 
 where it grew luxuriantly, and flowered in 1894. Some doubt had previously 
 existed as to its affinity with A. Pseudoplatanus, but its short, erect corymb at 
 once showed its distinctness. By several authorities it is considered a less 
 downy variety of A. insJgHe. Henry suggests that it may be a hybrid between 
 that maple and A. Trautvetteri.' It differs from the latter in the wide-spreading 
 
 L 
 
162 ACER ACTINIDIA 
 
 wings of the fruit and in the saw-toothed leaves ; and from insigne in the 
 larger leaves (sometimes I ft. across), not so white beneath, with the down 
 confined to the chief veins. 
 
 ACTINIDIA. TERNSTRCEMIACE^:. 
 
 A genus of vigorous climbers inhabiting N. India, China, and Japan. 
 They have simple, alternate leaves, and often unisexual flowers. The 
 fruit is a fleshy berry. Given a good soil they are easily cultivated, and 
 can be grown in the various situations suitable for vigorous climbers, 
 such as on walls, pergolas, on rough poles, or, better than all for the 
 more vigorous ones, on a worn-out tree, if such can be given up to them, 
 which they can cover with tangled growth. All the species can be 
 propagated by cuttings of moderately ripened wood placed in gentle 
 heat. 
 
 A. ARGUTA, Planchon. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7497 as A. polygama.) 
 
 An exceptionally vigorous climber, reaching in its native haunts the tops 
 of large trees. Leaves dark lustrous green, 3 to 5 ins. long, sometimes 
 nearly as wide ; broadly ovate or ovate-oblong, edged with unequal bristle- 
 like teeth, the base rounded or sometimes heart-shaped ; almost smooth 
 except for down on the veins and in their axils ; stalk rose-coloured, sometimes 
 bristly, i^ to 3 ins. long. Flower hermaphrodite, fragrant, produced in the leaf- 
 axils, usually in clusters of three ; each flower f in. across, its stalk slender, 
 and \ to | in. long ; sepals green, ovate-oblong, blunt ; petals orbicular, white 
 tinged with green, very concave and incurved, giving the flower a rather 
 globular shape ; stamens numerous, with dark purple anthers ; stigmas 
 (of female flower) radiating. Fruit an oblong, many-seeded, fleshy, greenish 
 yellow berry, nearly i in. long, with an insipid flavour, but eaten by the 
 Japanese. 
 
 Native of China, Japan, and the Amur region. One of the strongest 
 growing of the Actinidias, this is also one of the hardiest. It flowers very 
 well out-of-doors in numerous gardens in the south and west, and is hardy at 
 Kew, flowering there in June and July. 
 
 Var. CORDIFOLIA, Dunn. Leaves ovate with a conspicuously heart-shaped 
 base, more hairy than in the type ; leaf-stalk purple. This, as well as the 
 type, is s: metimes grown in gardens as A. volubilis. 
 
 A. CHINENSIS, Planchon. 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1909, ii., p. 7^ ; Bot. Mag., t. 8538.) 
 
 A unisexual or hermaphrodite climber of vigorous growth, the sterile branch- 
 lets densely covered with shaggy reddish hairs ; flowering shoots more downy. 
 Leaves of the sterile shoots heart-shaped, pointed, from 5 to 8 ins. long, and 
 from 4 to 7 ins. wide ; margins set with stiff hairs ; upper surface dark green, 
 slightly hairy ; lower surface densely clothed with greyish tufted hairs, the 
 midrib, veins, and stalk having larger reddish hairs like those of the young 
 shoots. On the flowering shoots the leaves are shorter and proportionately 
 broader, 2 to 4 ins. long, 3 to 5 ins. wide, somewhat orbicular, but deeply 
 notched at the top and bottom. Flowers i ins. across, at first white, then 
 buff-yellow ; produced on short branches from the year-old wood ; calyx with 
 five roundish woolly lobes ; petals obovate ; stamens very numerous. Fruit 
 
ACTINIDIA 163 
 
 of the size and shape of a walnut, covered more or less with reddish brown 
 hairs, and of a very agreeable flavour. 
 
 This remarkably handsome climber was first brought to the notice of 
 Europeans by Robert Fortune in 1847, when he was travelling in China on 
 behalf of the Royal Horticultural Society. It was later seen by Maries in 
 Japan, but did not reach cultivation until 1900, when seeds were sent from 
 China by Wilson, who had collected it in Hupeh. It is evidently hardy, and 
 flowered for the first time in England in June 1909. 
 
 A. HENRYI, Dunn. 
 
 A tall climber with slightly ribbed young shoots, covered with stout, curly, 
 reddish bristles. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, heart-shaped or rounded at the 
 base, taper-pointed, minutely toothed, 3 to 5 ins. long, i^ to 2^ ins. wide ; 
 glaucous beneath, with a little down on the midrib and veins. The year-old 
 wood smooth. Leaf-stalk f to \\ ins. long, bristly when young. Flowers 
 white, nearly \ in. diameter, produced in the leaf-axils in short, rounded 
 racemes, the stout main-stalk reddish bristly, the slender individual flower- 
 stalks downy, \ to in. long. Fruits cylindrical, f to I in. long, \ to ^ in. wide. 
 
 Native of Yunnan, in mountain forests at 5000 to 6000 ft. ; discovered by 
 Henry ; introduced by Wilson for the Arnold Arboretum, and sent thence to 
 Kew in 1910. Of perhaps doubtful hardiness. 
 
 A. KOLOMIKTA, Maximowicz. 
 
 A slender climber, growing a few feet high. Leaves ovate-oblong, heart- 
 shaped or sometimes rounded at the base, 3 to 6 ins. long, the largest 3 to 4 
 ins. wide ; only slightly bristly above and beneath when quite young, the 
 margins set with teeth . of unequal size. The foliage is purplish when young, 
 and later in the season is usually more or less variegated, sometimes the apex, 
 sometimes half the leaf, and occasionally the whole leaf being white or pink. 
 Flowers fragrant, produced one to three together, each ^ in. across ; petals white, 
 anthers yellow, stigmas sessile. Fruit not beaked. The chief merit of this 
 climber is in its curious and often very striking leaf-colouring. It is, perhaps, 
 the weakest grower of all the Actinidias, and supports about 6 ft. high are 
 sufficient. The pith is brown and chambered (lamellate). Native of Man- 
 churia, China, and Japan, flowering in June. Its veins beneath and the leaf-stalk 
 are slightly downy, but not so conspicuously bristly as in A. polygama (q.v.). 
 
 A. POLYGAMA, Miguel. 
 
 A slender climber, forming in a wild state a large tangle of entwined stems 
 15 to 20 ft. high. Leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, pointed, 3 to 5 ins. long, 
 bristly toothed on the margin, and bristly on the veins, usually wedge-shaped, 
 sometimes somewhat heart-shaped at the base ; stalks bristly. Flowers 
 fragrant, usually in threes (sometimes single or in pairs), | in. diameter, white. 
 Fruit beaked, i^ ins. long, in. broad in the middle, narrowing at either end, 
 canary yellow, translucent, soft and juicy, with a disagreeable flavour. 
 
 Native of Central Japan, and plentiful in the mountains there. As in 
 A. Kolomikta, sometimes the entire leaf, sometimes its terminal half, is white 
 or yellowish, but it is a stronger grower. It is not, however, a tall climber 
 like A. arguta and A. chinensis, but may be grown as a sort of thicket, if 
 support be given at first. It is confused often with A. Kolomikta, but differs 
 in the usually tapered or rounded (instead of cordate) base of the leaf, in its 
 white, solid (not chambered) pith, and in having the stigma on a short thick style. 
 The plant, like several other species, has an extraordinary attraction for cats. 
 
164 ADELIA ADENOCARFUS 
 
 ADELIA. OLEACE^. 
 
 A group of New World shrubs, of which two species are occasionally 
 cultivated in botanical collections. They have some affinity with the 
 olive. Leaves deciduous, opposite ; flowers small, greenish, without 
 petals, unisexual; the sexes often on separate plants. The fruit, which 
 is oblong or egg-shaped and pulpy, I have never seen produced in this 
 country, and the flowers but rarely. Even in their absence the two 
 species described below are easily distinguished from each other by the 
 short-stalked, downy leaves of ligustrina; and the long, narrow, much 
 tapered, smooth leaves of acuminata. They grow in any ordinary soil, 
 and are easily propagated by late summer 'cuttings. The genus is, 
 perhaps, better known by Poiret's name, FORESTIERA. 
 
 A. ACUMINATA, Michaux. SWAMP PRIVET. 
 
 (Forestiera acuminata, Poiret ; Borya acuminata, Willdenow^) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, usually 4 to 8 ft. high, or a small tree, sometimes 20 to 30 
 ft. high in a wild state, of spreading habit ; branches slender, the short ones 
 occasionally spine-tipped. Leaves lanceolate or oval-lanceolate, \\ to 2^ ins. 
 long, ^ to | in. wide at the middle, tapering gradually to both ends"; shallowly 
 toothed from the middle to the apex ; stalk J to \ in. long. Male flowers 
 clustered in Small stalkless tufts ; female ones oln branched stalks ; both 
 minute, greenish, and of no beauty. Fruit cylindrical, pointed, \ in. long, 
 purple. 
 
 Native of the S.E. United States ; introduced in 1812. A shrub of botanical 
 interest only, and privet-like appearance. 
 
 A. LIGUSTRINA, Michaux. 
 
 (Forestiera ligustrina, Poiret ; Borya ligustrina, Willdenow.") 
 
 A deciduous shrub, up to 10 ft. in height, forming a wide bush with slender 
 branches, downy when young, often becoming spine-tipped. Leaves oval or 
 slightly obovate, f to if ins. long, to f in. wide ; tapered at both ends, 
 shallowly toothed all round except near the base ; dull green and smooth 
 above, paler and downy beneath ; stalks j- in. or less long. Flowers green, 
 inconspicuous, produced from the twigs of the preceding year ; the males in 
 dense stalkless clusters ; females fewer, on short spurs. Fruit \ in. long, egg- 
 shaped, blue-black. 
 
 Native of the S.E. United States ; introduced in 1812. 
 
 ADENOCARPUS DECORTICANS, Boissier. LEGUMINOS/E. 
 
 (Garden, Nov. 27, 1886.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub of rather gaunt habit, sending out long horizontal 
 branches, and reaching 8 to 10 ft. in height in this country. Leaves 
 trifoliolate, very crowded, i in. or less long ; stalk very slender and downy, 
 ^.to i- in, long. Leaflets J to J in. in length, y 1 ^ in. wide, the margins 
 usually rolled inwards. Flowers golden yellow, about the size and shape 
 
ADENOC ARPUS .EGLE 165 
 
 of common gorse, produced on the upper side of the branches in short, 
 erect racemes, ij to 2\ ins. long. Seed-pods \\ to 2 ins. long, \ in. wide, 
 pale, covered with conspicuous viscid glands. 
 
 Native of Spain, and only hardy in the milder parts of Great Britain. 
 At Kew it needs wall protection, but in the garden at Grayswood Hill, 
 near Haslemere (perhaps 300 ft. above sea-level), it thrives splendidly. I 
 have seen shrubs there in May and early June 6 to 8 ft. high, laden with 
 golden blossom from end to end of their branches, and making most 
 gorgeous pictures. Like so many of its race, this shrub is not long-lived, 
 and care should be taken to sow a few seeds occasionally (it produces 
 them in great abundance), to renew the stock if needed. It should have 
 the sunniest position available, and is suitable for a hot bank in gardens 
 where it can thrive in the open. For colder localities a place on a south 
 wall is necessary. 
 
 /EGLE SEPIARIA, De Candolle. RUTACE^. 
 
 (Citrus trifoliata, Linnceus, Bot. Mag., t. 6513 ; Limonia trifoliata, Hort.} 
 
 A deciduous, very spiny shrub, 8 to 12 ft. high, often as much wide, 
 with smooth, green, crooked, angular branchlets. The spines are from 
 i to 2 ins. long, very stiff, straight, and sharply pointed. Leaves of three^ 
 sometimes five leaflets, which are obovate, the middle one ij to 2 ins. 
 long, the side ones half as large; leaf-stalk winged. Flowers sweetly 
 scented, produced from the axils of the spines before the leaves, pure 
 white, ij to 2 ins. across, with four or five concave, obovate petals. 
 Stamens pink, disunited. Fruit like a small orange in colour and shape, 
 about ij ins. across, covered with down. 
 
 Native of Japan and China. The genus yEgle is very nearly allied 
 to Citrus (orange, lemon, etc.), differing chiefly in the stamens not being 
 united. This species is one of the most striking Japanese plants ever 
 introduced. It is perfectly hardy at Kew, having survived 30 of frost 
 without injury ; and although it does not ripen fruit there, it flowers freely 
 and regularly during May every year. Its foliage is often scanty, but 
 that enables its formidable armature to be the better seen. Were it 
 common enough, it would make a good hedge plant : there is a hedge 
 in the Public Garden of Milan 100 yds. long, which, being only 3 ft. 
 high, is too small for so vigorous a shrub as this, but which shows that 
 it stands clipping well. In the western counties it fruits freely, and in 
 Canon Ellacombe's garden at Bitton, near Bristol, there is a tree that 
 has borne fruit for twenty years past. It is a plant every garden should 
 contain for its beauty and distinction, its perfect hardiness, and its interest 
 as a very close ally of the lemon and orange. The fruits are too bitter 
 and acrid to be eaten raw, but they have been made into a conserve by 
 boiling in sugar. It should be given a sunny position and a deep> 
 moderately rich, loamy soil. English ripened fruits produce good seed, 
 from which I have raised young plants. It is also said that cuttings of 
 half-ripened wood put in a close frame will take root. 
 
 There is a hybrid between this and the orange, raised in France, 
 probably hardy in many parts. It has been named the " Citrange." 
 
166 ^SCULUS 
 
 ^ESCULUS. HORSE-CHESTNUT, BUCKEYE. SAPINDACE^. 
 
 Deciduous trees and large shrubs found in all the three northern 
 continents. Leaves opposite, composed normally of five or seven leaflets 
 (occasionally three or nine) radiating from the end of a long, slender 
 stalk. Flowers borne in often large panicles at the end of the current 
 season's growth; petals four or five. Fruits sometimes prickly, sometimes 
 smooth, containing one or two large seeds. Several of the following 
 species are commonly known under the generic name of PAVIA, the 
 distinguishing characters being smooth fruits and four petals, as contrasted 
 with the prickly fruits and five petals of true .'EscuLUS. As in neither 
 case are the characters invariably coexistent, the name Pavia has been 
 dropped. 
 
 Few groups of woody plants are at once so well-marked and so hand- 
 some as this. They all thrive well in the southern half of England, and 
 most are hardy enough to succeed in any part of the country. All of 
 them like a good deep soil, well-drained but moist, and are easy to 
 cultivate and transplant. For the multiplication of the species seeds are 
 decidedly the best, but the hybrids and varieties of garden origin have 
 to be propagated by budding. The common horse-chestnut is commonly 
 used as a stock for all the species, even such a small one as JE. Pavia, the 
 result of which is an ungainly union of stock and scion and frequent ill- 
 health. It may be used for JE. carnea (although that comes largely true 
 from seed), and for its own numerous varieties, but for the other and 
 smaller hybrids JE. flava or JE. glabra should be used as a stock. It 
 should be mentioned that the buds selected are not those in the axils of the 
 leaves, but the small, crowded buds at the base of the shoot nearest the 
 old wood, which in ordinary circumstances remain dormant. Seeds of 
 all the species should be planted as soon as they fall, and it is necessary 
 to cover them only with about their own depth of soil. Kept dry in the 
 ordinary seed-room during the winter, they lose much or sometimes all 
 of their vitality. 
 
 JE. AUSTRINA, Small. SOUTHERN BUCKEYE. 
 
 A shrub 10 to 12 ft. high, the young shoots clothed with a fine down. Leaves 
 three-, five-, or seven-foliolate ; leaflets 2 to 3^ ins. long, I to i| ins. wide ; 
 oval or obovate, toothed, tapered at the base, narrowed rather abruptly at the 
 apex to a short, slender point (lateral leaflets oblique at the base) ; rich lustrous 
 green above, covered beneath with a thick pale down ; stalk downy, about 
 3 ins. long. Flowers about I in. long, red, produced in a panicle 6 to 8 ins. 
 long, 2 to 3 ins. wide ; calyx tubular, ^ in. long, with rounded teeth ; petals 
 slightly glandular. 
 
 Native of the S.E. United States ; probably long in cultivation as AL. Pavia 
 (^.T/.), which it resembles and to which it is allied, but from which, nevertheless, 
 it is very distinct in the white down covering the leaf beneath, and in the 
 usually shorter calyx. The seeds also, Prof. Sargent informs me, are distinct 
 from those of any other species, but I have not seen them. (One of the Pavia 
 group.) 
 
167 
 
 M. CALIFORNICA, Nuttall. CALIFORNIAN BUCKEYE. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 5077 ; Pavia californica, HartwegC) 
 
 A tree with a short trunk and a low, spreading, rounded head of branches, 
 considerably more in diameter than it is in height, or a large shrub ; bark 
 smooth ; winter buds resinous. Leaves among the smallest in the genus, 
 
 JESCULUS CALIFORXICA. 
 
 consisting usually of five (sometimes seven) narrowly oblong or oval, pointed, 
 shallowly round-toothed, stalked leaflets, 2 to 4 ins. long, downy when quite 
 young, of a pale greyish green. Flowers fragrant, borne in dense, erect, 
 cylindrical, downy panicles up to 6 or 8 ins. long and 2 to 3 ins. wide, white or 
 faintly tinged with rose, the stamens protruding \ in. beyond the petals. Fruit 
 somewhat fig-shaped, swollen on one side, 2 to 3 ins. long, ending in a point, 
 the surface rough but not spiny. 
 
 Native of California, where it is occasionally found from 30 to 40 ft. high, 
 but more often as a bush 10 to 15 ft. high. It is perfectly hardy as a small tree 
 
168 ^SCULUS 
 
 at Kew, and thrives admirably there. The tree is very distinct on account of its 
 habit, and its abundant foliage with a rather metallic hue. It flowers from 
 June to August, and often shows the curious habit of developing a single flower 
 at the top of the panicle first, which has formed a small fruit whilst the flowers 
 immediately below it are still in bud. Introduced by W. Lobb about 1850, it 
 first flowered in Messrs Veitch's Exeter nursery in 1858. Mr Elwes mentions 
 a tree 30 ft. high, at Hutley Towers, near Ryde. It also flowers well and 
 bears fruit, in the Victoria Park at Bath. 
 
 JE. CARNEA, Hayne. RED HORSE-CHESTNUT. 
 
 (yE. rubicunda, LoiseleurC) 
 
 A tree of rounded form, 30 to 50 ft. high in this country, but 60 to 80 ft. high 
 on the Continent ; winter buds slightly resinous. Leaves composed of five or 
 seven leaflets, which are very like those of the common horse-chestnut, but 
 smaller, darker green, and usually with a very short stalk. Flowers deep red 
 on a panicle 6 to 8 ins. high, 4 ins. diameter ; stamens slightly protruding. 
 Fruit globose, slightly prickly, i^- ins. diameter. 
 
 Of the origin of this tree nothing certain is known. There is little doubt, 
 however, that it is a hybrid between the common horse-chestnut and M. Pavia, 
 having the habit and foliage of the former, with the colour of the flowers and 
 glandular-edged petals of the latter. It probably originated as a chance 
 hybrid made by insects quite early in the nineteenth century, and had attained 
 a considerable size before its distinctness was noticed. In regard to its 
 flowers, it is the most ornamental of the genus. Some half a dozen plants 
 were raised from seed at Kew, about 1896, which are now 20 ft. high, and have 
 flowered for several years past. They do not differ in any respect from 
 ordinary AL. carnea, or from each other, except in the depth of colour in the 
 flowers. This is rather unusual in the progeny of a hybrid. The trunk of this 
 tree frequently becomes diseased when over i ft. in diameter, and covered with 
 ugly eruptions which ultimately decay and disintegrate into a sort of powder. 
 According to Mr Massee, there is no parasitic organism, animal or fungoid, 
 present to cause this disease, which appears to be solely due to the abnormal 
 development and ultimate rupture and death of the cells. 
 
 Var. BRIOTII. Raised from seed at Trianon in 1858 ; is practically identical 
 with the type, except that it has larger and more finely coloured panicles. 
 Several named varieties are in cultivation besides Briotii, but none so good. 
 One with yellow-margined leaves is called AUREO-MARGINATA ; another, 
 FOLIIS MARGINATIS, is a variegated form with a dark green border to the leaf 
 then an irregular band of yellow, the centre being pale green. Var. PENDULA 
 is described as having pendulous branches a character common in some 
 degree to most old trees. 
 
 JE. CHINENSIS, Btmge. CHINESE HORSE-CHESTNUT. 
 
 A tree 80 to 90 ft. high; young shoots smooth or minutely downy; winter 
 buds resinous. Leaves composed of sometimes five, usually seven, leaflets, which 
 are narrow-oblong or obovate, 5 to 8 ins. long, about one-third as much wide, 
 tapering to a fine point, shallowly and evenly toothed, the stalk \ to in. long. 
 Panicle 8 to 14 ins. long, and 2 to 4 ins. wide at the base, narrowing gradually 
 to the top, the basal one-fifth naked. Flowers on smooth stalks, white, \ to 
 | in. across ; petals four ; stamens rather longer than the petals. Fruit 
 truncate or slightly indented at the top, sub-globose, 2 ins. in diameter, rough, 
 but not spiny. 
 
 Native of N. China, and although known to botanists for over seventy 
 years was only introduced in 1912. It was collected near Pekin by Purdom, 
 
169 
 
 and from seeds sent by him to the Arnold Arboretum plants were raised and 
 distributed. It has not yet flowered in England. For many years AL. turbinata 
 was grown on the Continent as AL. chinensis, and even figured under that 
 name, but the true plant is absolutely different. 
 
 There has recently been described (Plantiz Wilsoniance, i., p. 498) as a new 
 species, the horse-chestnut introduced by Wilson in 1908 from Szechuen and 
 Hupeh, China. It is named AL. WILSONII, Rehder. This tree was at first 
 considered to be JE. chinensis, to which indeed it is very closely allied. It 
 may be distinguished from AL. chinensis as follows : Leaflets longer stalked, 
 not generally so tapered at the base, but rounded or even slightly heart-shaped 
 there; more downy at first beneath (but in both species becoming glabrous); 
 veins more numerous (up to twenty-two pairs), forming at their junction with 
 the midrib a more obtuse angle than in /E. chinensis. Flower-stalks more 
 downy. Fruit ovoid to pear-shaped, with a mucro at the apex, and, according 
 to Rehder, with the husk only half as thick as in JE. chinensis. Seed larger, 
 with the scar (hilum) covering about one-third (one-half in AL. chinensis). 
 AL. Wilsonii has a more southern distribution. Racemes up to 16 ins. long. 
 
 These two chestnuts, with AL. indica, belong to a distinct section of the 
 genus (CALOTHYRSUS, Koch\ but AL. indica has broader panicles with less 
 crowded, more erect branches, larger flowers, and broader petals. 
 
 JE. GLABRA, Willdenow. OHIO BUCKEYE. 
 
 A tree up to 70 ft. high in America, with a trunk over 6 ft. in girth, but 
 usually about half as high ; bark of the trunk rough, and much fissured. 
 Leaves usually composed of five leaflets, which are 3 to 6 ins. long, about 
 one-third as wide ; obovate or oval, with a long, tapering point, sharply 
 toothed ; downy when young, but becoming smooth with age, except along the 
 midrib and chief veins. Flowers about i in. long, greenish yellow, in erect 
 panicles 4 to 7 ins. long, 2 to 3 ins. wide ; petals four ; stamens | in. longer than 
 the petals. Fruit i to 2 ins. long, broadly ovate, distinguished from other 
 American buckeyes by prickles resembling those of common horse-chestnut, 
 but much less prominent. 
 
 Native of the S.E. and Central United States. This tree is of handsome 
 shape and foliage, but is the least attractive of the genus in its flowers. Often 
 confused with AL. octandra,'it is readily distinguished by its rougher bark, the 
 less downy leaves, the longer outstanding stamens, and the prickly surfaced 
 fruit. It flowers at the end of May and the beginning of June. There are 
 several healthy, small trees at Kew, but none of great size. The largest tree 
 recorded in this country grew until recently at Devonhurst, Chiswick; it was 
 60 ft. high, and 6 ft. in girth of trunk. 
 
 'Var. BUCKLEYI, Sargent (JR. ARGUTA, Buckley), is a form with six or seven 
 leaflets, also distinct in their longer, drawn-out points and their double-toothed 
 margins. It does not reach so far east as the typical AL. glabra, and is found 
 in Kansas, Texas, etc. 
 
 fiL HlPPOCASTANUM, Linnaus. HORSE-CHESTNUT. 
 
 A tree reaching over 100 ft. in height, with a rounded, spreading head as 
 much in diameter, and a trunk 15 ft. or more in girth; winter buds very 
 resinous. Leayes composed of five to seven leaflets, which are obovate, from 
 5 to 12 ins. long, 2 to 5 ins. wide, irregularly toothed, the terminal one the 
 largest ; the upper surface is smooth, the lower one has patches of brown hairs 
 in the axils of the veins, and short hairs thinly scattered over it. Panicles up 
 to 12 ins. high, and 4 ins. through. Flowers with four or five petals, white with 
 a patch of colour at the base, which is at first yellow, then red ; stamens rather 
 
170 ^SCULUS 
 
 longer than the petals. Fruit spiny, i\ ins. across, containing one, sometimes 
 two, of the well-known lustrous brown nuts. 
 
 The horse-chestnut is at once the best-known and the most beautiful of 
 flowering trees of the largest size. The stately, spreading form of fully grown 
 trees is appropriately accompanied by noble proportions and handsome shape 
 of leaf, and by large, striking flower-clusters. An English park can afford no 
 finer sight than a group of horse-chestnuts towards the end of May, when 
 every branchlet carries its erect cone of white flowers. The history of the 
 horse-chestnut is interesting. It reached Western Europe by way of 
 Constantinople in 1576, when seeds were sent to the botanist Clusius at 
 Vienna, and it had spread westwards to France and England early in the 
 seventeenth century. For more than two hundred and fifty years its real 
 native country was unknown. N. India was long regarded as its most prob- 
 able home, and Loudon, as late as 1837, suggested N. America. Its real wild 
 habitat is now definitely established as being much nearer home ; namely, in 
 the mountainous, uninhabited wilds of Northern Greece and Albania, where 
 several observers have found it to be undoubtedly indigenous. 
 
 The economic value of the horse-chestnut is not great. The timber is soft 
 and lacking in strength, and is chiefly employed in the manufacture of kitchen 
 utensils, toys, and other articles for which durability is not of great importance. 
 The nuts are abundantly produced, and are eaten by some animals, notably 
 deer. I have noticed the deer in Bushey Park, at the time the nuts are falling, 
 race eagerly for them as they drop to the ground. Loudon and others suggest 
 various uses for them, but so far as I can learn there is no systematic demand 
 for them. They have such an extraordinary fascination for boys in furnishing 
 the material- for the game of "conkers" (conquerors), that the value of the 
 species as a communal tree is in some districts seriously diminished by their 
 efforts with sticks and stones to bring down the nuts before they naturally fall. 
 
 The species has produced various forms under cultivation, the best of which is 
 
 Var. FLORE PLENO, with double flowers. This variety, according to 
 Mr A. N. Baumann, was noticed by him as a sport on a tree of the ordinary 
 type growing in the garden of a Mons. Duval, near Geneva, during the 
 years 1819 to 1822. He sent grafts to his father's famous nursery at 
 Bollwiller, in Alsace, whence it spread into cultivation. Its flowers last 
 longer than those of the type, and as no nuts are formed, the tree escapes the 
 danger of injury just alluded to. For public places it is strongly to be 
 recommended. Other varieties are : 
 
 Var. CRISPUM. A tree of compact, rather pyramidal habit, with short, 
 broad leaflets. 
 
 Var. FOLIIS AUREIS VARIEGATIS. Leaves blotched with yellow ; a variety 
 to be avoided. 
 
 Var. LACINIATA (AL. asplenifolia, Hort.\ An extraordinary curiosity of 
 little beauty, whose leaflets are sometimes nine in number, but often reduced 
 to the mere midrib with jagged remains of blade attached. 
 
 Var. DIGITATA. Leaflets short, narrow, often reduced to three, of linear 
 shape ; the main-stalk frequently very markedly winged. 
 
 Var. MEMMINGERI. Leaves pale greenish or greyish, yellow when they 
 first expand. Of no merit. 
 
 Var. PR^ECOX. A form which breaks into leaf and flower ten to fourteen 
 days in advance of the ordinary form. Where late spring frosts frequently 
 cause damage, this form is to be avoided. There are two large trees at Kew. 
 
 Var. PYRAMIDALIS. Branches growing upwards at an angle of 45 to the 
 main stem. This would probably be useful as a street tree, and avoid to a 
 large extent the drastic pruning so often practised to keep the ordinary form 
 within bounds. 
 
 Var. UMBRACULIFERA forms a low, dense, rounded head of branches. 
 A fine example is in the nursery of Messrs Simon-Louis at Metz. 
 
JESCULUS 171 
 
 IE. INDICA, Colebrookc. INDIAN HORSE-CHESTNUT. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 5117 ; Pavia indica, Wallich.') 
 
 A tree attaining a height of over 100 ft. in N. India, often with a short, 
 enormously thick trunk, the bark in old specimens peeling off in long strips ; 
 
 winter buds resinous. Leaves composed of usually seven leaflets, which are 
 smooth on both surfaces, shining dark green above ; obovate to lanceolate, the 
 central ones much the largest, sometimes 12 ins. long, and 4 ins. wide ; toothed. 
 
172 ^SCULUS 
 
 Panicles erect, cylindrical, up to 12 or even 16 ins. long, and 4 or 5 ins. wide. 
 Flowers i in. long, white ; petals four, the upper and longer pair with a blotch of 
 yellow and red at the base, the shorter pair flushed with pale rose ; stamens 
 standing out f in. beyond the petals. Fruit rough, but not spiny, 2 to 3 ins. 
 long. 
 
 Native of the N.W. Himalaya. One of the most magnificent of all 
 temperate trees, and equalling the common horse-chestnut in size and beauty, 
 it is remarkable that this species is so little known in English gardens and 
 parks. Judging by the young trees at Kew, which survived the winter of 
 1894-95 without injury, and the fine example at Barton in Suffolk, now about 
 70 ft. high, which has lived there since it was introduced by Colonel H. 
 Bunbury in 1851, the species is perfectly hardy. It is, no doubt, a lover of much 
 moisture and good treatment at the root. Lord Ducie informs me that at 
 Tortworth he tried some young trees in sunny positions, which lived but did 
 not thrive. He then shifted them to a shady valley, where they "grew like 
 willows." At Kew they stand in full sunshine, so their vigour is doubtless due 
 to good conditions at the root. Many seeds have been sent to Kew from 
 N. India, but scarcely any have germinated, owing to their rapid loss of vitality 
 if kept dry. They should.be packed in boxes of moderately moist soil. Good 
 seeds, however, have been produced at Kew, and plants raised from them. 
 This chestnut flowers in June and July, and is, therefore, at least one month 
 later than the common one a great point in its favour. 
 
 JE. OCTANDRA, Marshall. SWEET BUCKEYE. 
 
 OE. flava, Aiton.") 
 
 A tree sometimes 90 ft. high in N. America, with dark brown bark and 
 non-resinous winter buds. Leaflets five or seven to each leaf, obovate or oval, 
 3 to 7 ins. long, I to 3 ins. wide, finely toothed, downy on the veins above and 
 much more so over the whole under-surface ; the down is frequently reddish 
 brown. Flowers in an erect panicle up to 7 ins. long, 2 to 3 ins. wide, yellow ; 
 petals four ; stamens shorter than and hidden by the petals. Fruit roundish 
 oblique, 2 to 2^ ins. long, smooth, carrying usually two seeds. It flowers in 
 May and June. 
 
 Native of the S.E. United States ; introduced in 1764. It thrives very well 
 in the south of England, making a handsome round-headed tree. There are 
 several examples in the country 50 to 60 ft. high, and the largest, now nearly 
 70 ft. high, appears to be at Syon, Middlesex; still it is usually seen under 40 ft. 
 
 Var. PURPURASCENS, A. Gray (var. hybrida, Sargent], has more downy 
 leaves and purple or red flowers, and is found wild in the Allegheny Mountains. 
 To it and its seedlings belong many of the numerous reddish or purplish 
 chestnuts found in gardens. It is perhaps a natural hybrid between AL. octandra 
 and AL. Pavia ; and as so often happens with hybrids, the seedlings raised from 
 it are very variable in colour, vigour, etc. Many of these have been raised 
 and distributed without their origin being put on record. Some are exceed- 
 ingly beautiful small trees, the flowers being of various shades of purple, red, 
 pink, and yellow. I have seen the following under the name and colour given, 
 but whether they all represent the forms as originally named is doubtful : 
 
 AL. LYONI, yellow, suffused with pink. 
 
 AL. MACROCARPA, red and yellow. 
 
 AL. NEGLECTA, yellowish, veined with red, especially inside. 
 AL. PALLIDA BICOLOR, yellow, with faint pink veins. 
 
 AL. ROSEA, deep rose. 
 
 AL. SANGUINEA, scarlet. 
 
 AL. VERSICOLOR, yellowish, shaded with red. 
 
 AL. WHITLEYI, rosy outside, deeper red within. 
 
- 
 
jESCULUS 173 
 
 AL. PARVIFLORA, Walter. SHRUBBY PAVIA. DWARF BUCKEYE. 
 
 (y. macrostachya, Michaux, Bot. Mag., t. 2118 ; Pavia macros!., Loiseleur.') 
 
 A shrub 8 to 12 ft. high, usually broader than it is high, consisting of a 
 crowd of slender stems, and spreading by means of sucker-growths at the base. 
 Rarely it forms a single trunk, and thus becomes a small tree. Leaves 
 usually consisting of five, but sometimes seven, leaflets ; each leaflet from 3 
 to 9 ins. long, and ij to 4 ins. wide, obovate, tapering towards both ends, 
 shallowly round-toothed, covered densely beneath with greyish down. Panicles 
 cylindrical, erect, 8 to 12 ins. long, 4 ins. wide from the tips of the stamens. 
 Flowers white ; petals normally four, in. long, the stamens thread-like and 
 pinkish white, standing out fully an inch beyond them ; anthers red. Fruit 
 smooth. 
 
 Native of the S.E. United States; introduced by John Fraser in 1785. 
 There are few shrubs about which more could be said in favour than this. It 
 flowers freely in late July and August, at a time when few shrubs are in flower. 
 It is of neat,'yet graceful habit, and it has a hardy, vigorous constitution. No 
 better plant could be recommended as a lawn shrub, especially for places that 
 are visited in August such as many pleasure resorts. It rarely ripens seed in 
 this country only during such a season as that of 1911 but can be propagated 
 by division. 
 
 ^E. PAVIA, Linnaus. RED BUCKEYE. 
 
 (Pavia rubra, Poiret ; y. humilis, Loddiges, Bot. Reg., t. 1018.) 
 
 A shrub 8 to 12 ft. or more high, with smooth branches and ncn-resinous 
 buds. Leaves composed of five leaflets, which are 2 to 5 ins. long, lanceolate, 
 obovate or narrowly oblong, slightly downy beneath, especially in the vein- 
 axils ; irregularly, sharply, often doubly toothed. Flowers in panicles 3 to 6 
 ins. long ; each flower i| ins. long, with the four petals glandular at the margins, 
 which scarcely expand at all ; stamens about the length of the petals. Fruit 
 smooth. Blossoms in early June. 
 
 Native of the southern United States ; introduced, according to Ailon, in 
 1711. It is one of the rarest of the genus in gardens, the plants met with 
 under the name being usually hybrids between this species and AL. octandra, 
 var. purpurascens. Nor do I remember ever to have seen it on its own roots ; 
 it is usually grafted as a standard on some other species, when it forms a round- 
 headed, small tree, with its lower branches pendulous. In this state it is 
 sometimes called "Pavia pendula." Its flowers are richly coloured, but owing 
 to the petals keeping closed, do not make so striking a display as they other- 
 wise would. It is less ornamental than some of the hybrid forms discussed 
 under AL. octandra. 
 
 ^E. PLANTIERENSIS, . Andrt. 
 
 A hybrid raised in the nursery of Messrs Simon-Louis freres, at Plantieres, 
 near Metz, its parents no doubt ^E. Hippocastanum and L. carnea. The seed 
 came from the former, so that it is (if the generally accepted parentage of 
 fiL. carnea be correct) three-fourths common horse-chestnut and one part the 
 red buckeye (^E. Pavia). It shows the characters of both its parents in the leaf ; 
 the leaflets being stalkless, as in J. Hippocastanum, yet showing the more 
 strongly ridged and uneven surface of y. carnea. In shape and size the 
 panicle is like that of ^. Hippocastanum, but the whole flower is suffused with 
 a charming shade of soft pink, which it inherits from the other parent. In 
 habit and general appearance it is intermediate. It has flowered at Kew for 
 several years past, and I consider is a very beautiful and desirable acquisition. 
 
174 ^SCULUSAILANTHUS 
 
 It has developed no fruit at Kew, and I understand from Mr Jouin, of Plantieres, 
 that it does not bear seed in the nursery. For public places this is an 
 advantage. 
 
 M. TURBINATA, Blume. JAPANESE HORSE-CHESTNUT. 
 
 A tree 80 to TOO ft. high in Japan, and said to have a trunk 20 ft. in girth ; 
 winter buds very resinous. Leaves like those of M Hippocastanum, con- 
 sisting of five to seven stalkless leaflets, but more regularly toothed and 
 tapering more gradually at the apex. On the small plants at Kew they are 
 obovate, and as much as 16 ins. long and 6 ins. wide, the whole leaf with its 
 stalk 27 ins. long. Panicles erect, 4 to 8 ins. high, with a stalk half as long. 
 Flowers f in. across, creamy white, produced two or three weeks later than 
 those of common horse-chestnut. Fruit without spines, but rough ; broadly 
 pear-shaped, 2 ins. wide near the top, tapering to a short, warted stalk. 
 
 Native of Japan up to 5500 ft. altitude on the main island, also in Yezo. The 
 largest tree in this country, now 25 ft. high, is in the Coombe Wood nursery. 
 It flowered in 1901, which is the only recorded blossoming of the species in 
 England. It is very similar in general appearance to L. Hippocastanum, but 
 hitherto has grown much more slowly. It is distinguishable by the different 
 toothing of the leaf, still more so, of course, by the Pavia-like fruits. Mr 
 Elwes says that the timber of this tree, although lacking strength, often shows 
 a wavy figure, and is used in Japan for house fittings and articles of domestic 
 use. Little can be said of the value of the tree for gardens and parks, but it 
 would seem to be inferior to the common horse-chestnut in all respects except 
 in size of leaf. In that respect it is certainly the most striking of all. Young 
 trees are curiously stiff and sturdy in habit. 
 
 AILANTHUS. SIMARUBACE^E. 
 
 A group of tall trees with alternate, pinnate leaves, found in temperate 
 and tropical Asia. The flowers have no beauty, but the samaroid fruits 
 are often richly coloured, and add much to the attractiveness of trees 
 already very attractive in their fine, handsomely divided foliage. The two 
 species in cultivation thrive best in a rich, deep soil, and can be propagated 
 by suckers from the root, by root-suckers, and by grafting. 
 
 A. GLANDULOSA, Desfontaines. TREE OF HEAVEN. 
 
 A large, deciduous, often unisexual tree, frequently 50 to 70 ft., rarely 100 ft. 
 high, with a trunk 2 to 3 ft. in diameter, and a rounded head of branches. 
 The older bark is marked with numerous grey fissures. Leaves pinnate, from i to 
 i^ ft. long on adult trees (often twice as large on young ones), composed of fifteen 
 to over thirty leaflets, unpleasant smelling. Leaflets usually 3 to 6 ins. long, 
 ovate, pointed, often slightly heart-shaped at the base; the margin entire except 
 for one to three teeth on both sides near the base, each marked with a conspicuous 
 gland ; stalks j to $ in. long. Flowers in terminal panicles, with male and 
 female flowers as a rule on separate trees (but not always) ; greenish, the male 
 ones evil-smelling. The fruit consists of one to three, sometimes five, keys 
 like those of the ash, several hundreds of which are borne on large branching 
 panicles 9 to 12 ins. high and through. Each key (samara) is about ij ins. 
 long, \ in. wide, flat, thin, narrow-oblong, tapering towards both ends, with 
 one seed in the centre. The keys are reddish brown, and a tree in full fruit is 
 handsome. They have a peculiar twist at each end, which causes them to 
 
AILANTHUS AKEBIA 175 
 
 revolve with great rapidity as they fall. They are thus much longer reaching 
 the ground, and in even a slight movement of the air will be carried a 
 considerable distance. This is no doubt a provision to help in the dissemina- 
 tion of the seeds. 
 
 Native of N. China ; introduced by Peter Collinson in 1751. It is hardy 
 over most parts of the British Isles, but apparently succeeds best in the south of 
 England. Few trees thrive so well in towns, but for planting there female 
 trees should alone be used, owing to the objectionable odour of the male when 
 in flower. For this purpose, the tree should be increased by root-cuttings 
 taken from a female tree, as the sex of seedling plants cannot be determined 
 until they are too big to transplant. Among pinnate-leaved trees of similar 
 character, the Ailanthus is easily recognised by the glandular teeth near the 
 base of the leaflets. The generic name is derived from "Ailanto," the native 
 name for A. moluccana, signifying a tree tall enough to reach the skies. 
 Hence also the popular name of "Tree of Heaven." It is very effectively used 
 as a fine-foliaged plant in summer by cutting young trees back to the ground 
 in spring, and reducing the young shoots to one. Treated in this way, and 
 given good soil, leaves 4 ft. long are produced. The only variety worth 
 mentioning is 
 
 Var. PENDULIFOLIA (not " pendula "). This has its branches as erect as 
 the type, but the leaves, which are more than ordinarily long, hang downwards, 
 rather than stand out horizontally as in the type. 
 
 A. VlLMORINIANA, Dode. 
 
 A tree probably of the same dimensions and general aspect as 
 A. glanclulosa, but distinguished by the numerous soft spines which clothe 
 the young branchlets. Leaves pinnate, as large, or probably larger, than 
 those of the previous species, and very downy; the main stalk often of a rich red, 
 and occasionally spiny like the branchlet. The inflorescence is sometimes 
 12 ins. or more across, and the keys 2 ins. long, with the twist resembling 
 the propellers of an aeroplane even more marked. From this description 
 it will be seen that this species, although similar to A. glandulosa in many 
 respects (it has the same glandular teeth at the base of the leaflets), is on the 
 whole quite distinct, especially in the spiny branchlets and very downy leaflets. 
 
 Native of Szechuen, W. China, whence seeds were sent to Mr Maurice de 
 Vilmorin by Pere Farges, the missionary, in 1897. The parent tree of all 
 chose in Europe is in Mr de VilmorLn's grounds at Les Barres, in France, 
 where, when I saw it ten years ago, it had the spiny character of the branches 
 well marked, but during a recent visit I noticed the young shoots were 
 becoming less spiny. It has been propagated by grafting on A. glandulosa. 
 
 AKEBIA. BERBERIDACE.E. 
 
 A small genus of climbing shrubs belonging to the Lardizabaleae 
 section of the Barberry family. They produce male and female flowers 
 on the same raceme ; the former small, numerous ; the latter few, large, 
 and confined to the base. Neither is showy, for petals are absent, and 
 the attractive part is three large sepals. The fruit is large and highly 
 coloured, but not regularly produced in the British Isles. The two hardy 
 species are attractive for their free growth and elegant foliage, and are 
 useful for clothing pergolas, pillars, summer-houses, or for rambling over 
 other shrubs or trees. They need but little training or tying, and the 
 
176 AKEBIA 
 
 stems will fix themselves by twining round any wire, small branch, etc., 
 with which they may come in contact. Their chief need in cultivation, 
 after the provision of a suitable support, is a good loamy soil. They can 
 be propagated by layers and by cuttings of the stems and roots. Layering 
 is the least troublesome. Cuttings should be made from wood just getting 
 firm, and placed in gentle heat. "Akebia" is an adaptation of the 
 Japanese name for these shrubs. 
 
 A. LOBATA, Decaisne. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7485.) 
 
 A deciduous, twining shrub of vigorous habit. Leaves smooth, composed 
 of three stalked leaflets, the stalk of the terminal one thrice the length of 
 those of the lateral ones. Leaflets broadly ovate, i| to 4 ins. long, the margins 
 irregularly and shallowly lobed, the apex notched. Male and female flowers 
 are borne on the same raceme, which is more or less pendulous and 3 to 5 
 ins. long. Male flowers small, very numerous, \ in. diameter, pale purple, and 
 confined to the terminal part of the raceme. Female flowers basal and much 
 larger, usually two in number, each about f in. in diameter, the three concave 
 sepals being dark lurid purple. Fruit at first is a sausage-shaped body, 3 ins. 
 long and i^ ins. wide, pale violet ; but when ripe it splits open from the 
 base, revealing rows of black seeds imbedded in white pulp. 
 
 This remarkable and interesting climber was introduced to Kew in 1897, 
 being a native of China and Japan. It has proved to be perfectly hardy and 
 a luxuriant grower, but flowering as it does early in April, its blossoms are 
 often destroyed by frost, and its remarkable and highly coloured fruits in 
 consequence not often seen out-of-doors. 
 
 A. QUINATA, Decaisne. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4864.) 
 
 ' A twining shrub, 30 to 40 ft. in length, evergreen in mild winters and in 
 warm localities, but losing its leaves where the conditions are more severe. 
 Leaves with slender stalks 3 to 5 ins. long, carrying normally five (sometimes three 
 or four) radially arranged leaflets. Leaflets smooth, oblong or obovate, distinctly 
 notched at the apex, i^ to 3 ins. long, with stalks about \ in. long. Flowers 
 produced on slender, pendent racemes, very fragrant ; males in. across, with 
 pale purple, reflexed sepals, and occupying the terminal part of the raceme ; 
 females (usually two) i to i^ ins. across, dark chocolate purple, the sepals 
 broadly elliptical and concave. Fruit 2j to 3 ins. long, in shape like a thick 
 sausage, greyish violet or purplish in colour, containing numerous seeds 
 immersed in white pulp. 
 
 First introduced in 1845 from the Island of Chusan by Robt. Fortune, 
 this climber has since been found to be native also of Japan, China, and 
 Corea. It is perfectly hardy in a sheltered dell at Kew, but does not develop 
 its handsome fruit out-of-doors. In the south-western counties it succeeds 
 admirably, and is valued for the charming, spicy fragrance of its flowers, at 
 times perceptible yards away from the plant, although even there the fruit 
 is never abundantly borne. It has been produced in the garden of the late Mr 
 Pember, yicars Hill, Lymington, among other places. The plant is extremely 
 luxuriant in gardens at Pallanza, on the shores of Lake Maggiore. 
 
ALANGIUM ALBIZZIA 177 
 
 ALANGIUM TLATANIFOLIUM, Harms. ALANGIACE^:. 
 
 (Marlea platanifolia, Siebold.") 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 ft. or more high, with erect, zigzagged, but not 
 much branched stems ; branches very pithy and slightly downy ; winter 
 buds hairy. Leaves alternate, roundish, or broadly ovate in main out- 
 line, 4 to 8 ins. long, nearly as wide, with two to seven (usually three or 
 five) large pointed lobes towards the apex ; upper surface dark green, and 
 smooth except for scattered hairs ; lower surface covered with pale down ; 
 stalk i to 3 ins. long. Flowers white, the petals linear, forming a slender 
 tube i to i^ ins. long; produced during June and July in a one- to four- 
 flowered cyme from the leaf-axils of the current year's shoots; flower- 
 stalks i to 2 ins. long. Fruit thin-shelled, ovate, J in. long, with the 
 calyx persisting at the top. 
 
 Native of Japan, whence it was introduced by Maries for Messrs 
 Veitch about 1879. It is also a native of China, where it was found in 
 Hupeh by Henry. This shrub must be regarded more as a curiosity 
 than as an ornament in gardens, although the large maple-like leaves are 
 handsome. It is hardy at Kew, although its soft pithy shoots are 
 sometimes cut back by severe winter cold. Although allied to Cornus, 
 it has a very different aspect, and is, indeed, quite distinct from any other 
 hardy shrub we cultivate. Its old generic name of Marlea is an adapta- 
 tion of a native name for an Indian species, but it has recently been 
 removed from that genus and the natural order Cornaceae, and given the 
 name here adopted. 
 
 ALBIZZIA JULIBRISSIN, Durrazo. PINK SlRlS. 
 
 LEGUMINOS^:. 
 (Acacia Julibrissin, Willdenow.') 
 
 A deciduous tree 30 to 40 ft. high, with smooth branchlets. Leaves 
 doubly pinnate, with from six to twelve pairs of main divisions (pinnae), 
 each of which consists of twenty to thirty pairs of leaflets ; the entire leaf 
 being 9 to 18 ins. long, half as wide. Each leaflet is J to \ in. long, 
 i in. wide, oblong, with a curious one-sided appearance, due to" the blade 
 developing only on the lower side of the midrib. Flowers in a terminal 
 cluster of dense heads each terminating a stalk i to 2 ins. long, the chief 
 feature of the flower being the numerous thread-like rosy purple stamens, 
 i in. or more long, which give the flower-head the appearance of a brush. 
 Pod about 5 ins. long, f in. wide, constricted between the seeds. 
 
 Native of the Orient, whence it was introduced in 1745 ; also common, 
 cultivated or wild, in China and many other countries. It is now very 
 well known in gardens in its juvenile state as an ornamental plant for sub- 
 tropical bedding. For this purpose seeds are sown in heat in spring in 
 pots, and the plants gradually hardened off by the end of May, then 
 planted out in good soil. When the frosts come they are either destroyed, 
 or potted up and housed in a cool greenhouse until the following spring. 
 
 M 
 
178 ALBIZZIA ALNUS 
 
 The species is not hardy at Kew in the open, but grows very well on a 
 lofty wall, where its large, beautifully divided leaves give a very pleasing 
 effect in the height of summer. In such a spot it is well to plant some 
 other climber, preferably evergreen, to grow over the lower part of the 
 wall beneath the Albizzia, which grows quickly in its younger stages and 
 leaves its base naked. 
 
 ALNUS. ALDERS. BETULACE^:. 
 
 The alders are deciduous trees and shrubs closely allied to, and only 
 likely to be confounded with, the birches (Betula). Leaves with stipules, 
 alternate, more or less toothed in all the cultivated species. Winter buds 
 nearly always stalked. Male and female flowers borne on the same tree 
 but on separate catkins. Male catkins long and slender, usually in 
 clusters of two to six; the flowers small, with a four-lobed calyx, no 
 petals, and usually four (sometimes one to three) stamens. Female 
 catkins shorter, clustered, or rarely solitary, developing into woody, cone- 
 like fruits, known as strobiles, ^ to over i- in. long. The seed is a minute, 
 flattened nutlet, often with thin membranous wings at the sides. With 
 the exception of two species A. maritima and A. nitida which flower 
 in autumn, the cultivated alders form their catkins in the late summer and 
 autumn ; these expand the following spring, either very early before the 
 leaf-buds begin to grow, or along with the leaves; the fruits develop 
 during the summer and persist until the succeeding spring. From the 
 alders the birches are distinguished by the fruits being longer, not woody, 
 and falling to pieces (those of the alders falling whole), and the flowers 
 of birches have never more than two stamens. 
 
 In gardens and parks the alders are chiefly valuable for growing in 
 wet situations unsuited to the majority of trees. Some, however, such as 
 A. japonica, nitida, and firma, succeed quite well in ordinary good soil. 
 All are best propagated by seed except the garden varieties, which may be 
 grafted on their respective types, or, better still, rooted from cuttings 
 made as soon as the leaves fall, and put in sandy soil, as willow or poplar 
 cuttings are compared with which, however, they do not strike root 
 so readily. The following is a selection of the best worth growing, 
 irrespective of their use in damp places: Cordifolia, firma, nitida, 
 oregona ; glutinosa var. imperialis and var. incisa ; incana var. incisa and 
 var. ramulis coccineis. 
 
 A. BARBATA, C. A. Meyer. 
 
 (A. glutinosa var. barbata, Ledebour.*) 
 
 A tree nearly related to A. glutinosa, and with the same general aspect, but 
 quite distinct in the very downy shoots. Leaves oval or ovate, rounded at the 
 base and either rounded or pointed at the apex, doubly toothed ; 2 to 3^ ins. 
 long, i^ to i\ ins. wide ; dark glossy green above, downy beneath, especially 
 on the veins and midrib ; veins in eight to ten pairs ; stalks \ to f in. long, 
 downy. 
 
 Native of the Caucasus, uncommon in cultivation, but represented by a 
 tree on the east side of the lake at Kew, now 20 ft. high. It is sometimes 
 
ALN 7 US 
 
 179 
 
 regarded as a variety of A glufrinosa, differing chiefly in the hairy shoots and 
 leaves, and in the often pointed apex of the latter. Flowers and fruit the same. 
 
 A. CORDIFOLIA, Tenore. ITALIAN ALDER. 
 
 (A. cordata, Desfontaines.") 
 
 A tree 80 ft. high, of pyramidal habit ; young shoots smooth, angled ; 
 winter buds stalked. Leaves roundish to broadly ovate, usually deeply 
 notched at the base, shortly and abruptly pointed or rounded at the apex, 
 i^ to 4 ins. long, from three-fourths to as much wide ; finely and simply 
 toothed ; upper surface smooth, dark lustrous green ; lower one paler and 
 also smooth, except for tufts of brownish down in the vein-axils ; leaf-stalk 
 slender, \ to ij ins. long, smooth. Male catkins three to six, in a terminal 
 zigzag raceme," each catkin 2 to 3 ins. long, expanding in March. Fruit 
 erect, egg-shaped, i to i J ins. long and to f in. wide, mostly in threes. 
 
 ALNCS CORDIFOLIA. 
 
 Native of Corsica and S. Italy; said to have been introduced in 1820. 
 Undoubtedly one of the handsomest of the alders, this tree is not planted 
 enough. Although it thrives on poor and dryish soil it is more at home near 
 water, as a fine pyramidal tree over 70 ft. high on the banks of the pond at 
 Kew shows. Its deeply heart-shaped, glistening leaves and large fruits 
 (larger than' those of any other species in cultivation) make it very distinct. 
 From A. subcordata it is distinguished by its shorter male catkins, and by 
 several other points mentioned under that species. 
 
 A. CREMASTOGYNE, Burkill. 
 
 A tree 40 to 80 ft. high, according to Wilson ; young shoots soon becoming 
 smooth. Leaves usually distinctly obovate, sometimes nearly oval, tapered or 
 somewhat rounded at the base, and shortly and abruptly pointed ; margins set 
 with small teeth ; 2^ to 5^ ins. long, i| to 3 ins. wide ; dark lustrous green, and 
 smooth above, paler beneath, with tufts of brown hairs in the vein-axils; veins 
 
180 ALNUS 
 
 in nine or ten pairs ; stalk i to f in. long. Male catkins not yet seen. Fruits 
 solitary, on axillary stalks if to 2j ins. long ; oval, about f in. long, in. wide ; 
 seed with a broad thin wing. 
 
 Native of W. China ; discovered by Henry in Szechuen, in 1899 ; introduced 
 by Wilson in 1907. This species is very distinct from all other cultivated 
 alders except A. lanata in its solitary, long-stalked fruits. The foliage, 
 too, is distinct in its large size and dark, smooth, glossy green appearance. 
 We know little of its garden value or real hardiness as yet, but it grows at 
 4000 ft. altitude. 
 
 A. LANATA, Duthie^ is another alder found in W. China by Wilson, also with 
 solitary fruits. It may be no more than a form of A. cremastogyne, but is 
 easily recognised, especially when the foliage is young, by the dense brown 
 woolly covering of the under-surface of the leaves, leaf-stalks, flower-stalks, and 
 young shoots. Male catkins 2 to 3 ins. long. Fruits as in A. cremastogyne. 
 
 A. ELLIPTICA, Requien. HYBRID ALDER. 
 
 A natural hybrid, between A. glutinosa and A. cordifolia, found in Corsica, 
 on the banks of the river Salenzana, near its mouth. Leaves oval to roundish, 
 i to 3 ins. long, I to 2-| ins. wide ; rounded at the apex, rounded or broadly 
 wedge-shaped at the base, finely toothed ; glossy dark green above, smooth 
 except for tufts of down in the vein-axils beneath. Male catkins slender, 3 to 
 4 ins. long. Fruits f to I in. long, ^ in. wide. There is a tree over 70 ft. high 
 on the banks of the lake at Kew, but its origin is unknown. It was grown as 
 "A. cordifolia var." until identified with the above by Prof. Henry. It is quite 
 possible this particular tree may have originated as a hybrid under cultivation. 
 It leans more to A. cordifolia than the other parent, but the leaves are never 
 heart-shaped at the base, and rarely pointed ; the fruits are not so large and 
 broad, and the male catkins are longer. 
 
 A. FIRM A, Siebold. 
 
 A small tree, up to 30 ft. high, of graceful habit, with long slender branches 
 downy when young ; winter buds -not stalked. Leaves resembling those of a 
 hornbeam, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, rounded or wedge-shaped at the 
 base, more or less, slender-pointed, finely toothed (often doubly so), 2 to 4^ ins. 
 long, i to 2 ins. wide, with many parallel veins ; upper surface with flattened 
 hairs between the veins, lower one downy, especially on the midrib and veins ; 
 stalk hairy, \ in. to f in. long. Male catkins often solitary or in pairs, 2 to 3 
 ins. long, opening in March and April. Stalk of female inflorescence glandular- 
 hairy. Fruits | to i in. long, oval. 
 
 Native of Japan; probably introduced by John Gould Veitch about 1862. 
 Remarkably distinct from all other alders in the numerous, closely set, con- 
 spicuous nerves, this is a very graceful tree as well. It appears to be common 
 in Japan, where, Sargent observes, it is largely planted on the margins of the 
 rice fields of Tokyo to afford " support for the poles on which the freshly cut 
 rice is hung to dry." Although well marked from other species, it varies in 
 itself, and three forms are distinguished, which by some authorities are 
 regarded as distinct species. They are as follows : 
 
 Var. MULTINERVIS, Regel (A. multinervis, C. K. Schneider}. Leaves long, 
 with eighteen to twenty-four pairs of veins, conspicuously double-toothed ; 
 stalks short, \ to \ in. long ; fruits small, pendulous, little more than \ in. long. 
 This is the form originally introduced to Britain. 
 
 Var. YASHA, Winkler (A. Yasha, Matsumura).Lza.vzs shorter, simple- 
 toothed or not conspicuously double-toothed ; veins in ten to sixteen pairs ; 
 stalks to f in. long. Fruits larger, f in. long, and broader in proportion. 
 This was introduced to Kew in 1893. 
 
ALNUS 181 
 
 Var. SlEBOLDlANA, Winkler (A. Sieboldiana, Matsumura\ This, which is 
 not in cultivation, has smooth young shoots, and large solitary fruits I in. long. 
 
 A. GLUTINOSA, Gaertner. COMMON ALDR. 
 
 A tree 50 to 90 ft. in height, with a trunk 5 to 12 ft. in girth, of narrow, 
 pyramidal habit ; young shoots covered with minute glands, glutinous, not 
 downy. Leaves broadly obovate, sometimes almost round, the base always 
 more or less tapered, the apex rounded, and thus giving the leaf a pear-shaped 
 outline ; l to 4 ins. long, two -thirds to about as much wide ; irregularly toothed 
 except near the base ; dark lustrous green, smooth and glutinous above ; pale 
 green and with tufts of down in the vein-axils beneath ; veins in six to eight pairs ; 
 stalk \t to i in. long. Male catkins opening in March, usually three to five 
 together, each 2 to 4 ins. long. Fruit egg-shaped, to in. long, rather 
 numerous in the cluster. 
 
 Native of Europe (including Britain), W. Asia, and N. Africa. The 
 common alder has not much to recommend its being brought into the garden. 
 It is abundant in a wild state, and the genus can be more effectively represented 
 in gardens by selected varieties and such species as A. cordifolia and A. nitida. 
 It is, at the same time, a very useful tree for planting in boggy places where 
 few trees would thrive. The timber is chiefly employed in the manufacture of 
 the clogs so commonly used in the Lancashire mill towns. An ancient and 
 humble, but honourable form of woodcraft is carried on where alders abound, 
 especially in the north, by men who travel from place to place, purchase the 
 alder trees standing, fell them, then cut up the timber and roughly shape it on 
 the spot for clog-making. But, some years ago, in the south-west of Scotland, 
 I was told by one of these itinerant workers, that the supply of alder scarcely 
 kept pace with the demand, and that birch was now largely being used. 
 
 Var. AUREA, Dippel. Leaves golden yellow. Raised in Vervaene's 
 nursery, Ledeberg-les-Gand, about 1860. Not so vigorous as the type. 
 
 Var. IMPERIALIS, Petzold. Leaves deeply and pinnately lobed, the lobes 
 lanceolate, slender, pointed, not toothed, reaching more than half-way to the 
 midrib ; stalks I to i^ ins. long. Often a thin, rather ungainly tree, never of 
 great size. 
 
 Var. INCISA, Willdenow (var. oxyacanthsefolia, Loddiges). Thorn-leaved 
 Alder. A curious and interesting form, the leaves being small, usually less 
 than i in. long, reflexed, deeply cut into several broad, toothed lobes, or even 
 right to the midrib at the base. As a rule this grows slowly, and long remains 
 a dwarf, compact bush ; but Messrs Elwes and Henry mention one at Barton, 
 near Bury St Edmunds, 44 ft. high and 2 ft. 8 ins. in girth. 
 
 Var. LACINIATA, Willdenow. Similar to imperialis, but not so deeply 
 and narrdwly lobed ; lobes not topthed. There is a fine specimen at Syon, 
 mentioned by Loudon over seventy years ago, now over 70 ft. high, and 1 1 ft. 
 in girth. 
 
 Var. PYRAMID ALIS, Dippel. Branches erect. 
 
 Var. QUERCIFOLIA, Willdenow. Upper part of the leaf with triangular, 
 toothed lobes, the deepest not. reaching more than one-third of the way to 
 the midrib. 
 
 Var. RUBRINERVIA, Dippel. Leaves with red veins and stalks. 
 
 Var. SORBIFOLIA, Dippel. Leaves oblong or oval, deeply cut into about six 
 pairs of lobes, which are oblong and coarsely round-toothed, the sinuses often 
 widest at the base. One of the most distinct of the cut-leaved sorts. The tree 
 itself is not a strong grower, and is of rather lax habit. 
 
 A. PUBESCENS, Tausch, is a hybrid between A. glutinosa and A. incana, 
 with leaves oval, obovate or ovate, rounded or tapering at the base, and 
 pointed or blunt at the apex ; margins doubly toothed ; the upper surface is at 
 first downy, the lower one permanently and more downy. Flower-stalks and 
 
182 ALNUS 
 
 young shoots downy. This hybrid (also known as A. badensis and A. spuria) is 
 intermediate between the parents. Probably of more than one independent 
 origin, being found wild in several parts of Europe. 
 
 A. INCANA, Moench. GREY ALDER. 
 
 A tree 60 to 70 ft. high, with a trunk occasionally 6 ft. in girth ; young shoots 
 covered with a short, grey down. Leaves ovate, oval, or occasionally obovate, 
 rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, and with short, abrupt points ; 2 to 4 ins. 
 long, i \ to 2^ ins. wide ; the margins with six or more coarse teeth about the 
 middle, these again being sharply toothed, the base entire ; upper surface dull 
 green covered with flattened down when young, lower surface grey with a 
 close down ; veins in nine to twelve pairs ; stalk ^ to in. long, covered with 
 minute down. Male catkins 2 to 4 ins. long, usually three or four in a 
 cluster, opening in February. Fruits ovoid, numerous, and rather densely 
 clustered, \ to f in. long. 
 
 Native of Europe and the Caucasus, not of Britain, but introduced in 1780 ; 
 also found in Eastern N. America. This alder is an exceptionally hardy tree, 
 and useful for planting in cold, wet places. With the exception of A. glutinosa, 
 it is the commonest of alders, but is more frequently represented in gardens by 
 the various cut-leaved and coloured forms than by the type. From A. glutinosa 
 in all its forms it is most obviously distinguished by the grey downy leaves and 
 young shoots. The typical A. glutinosa is, of course, very distinct in the 
 obovate, round-ended leaves, green, and almost smooth beneath. 
 
 The North American form of A. incana, known there as the "speckled 
 alder," is a shrub or small tree under 20 ft. in height, its leaves glaucous to 
 rusty red beneath. 
 
 Var. AUREA, Schelle. Young shoots and leaves yellow, the colour lasting 
 through the summer. 
 
 Var. GLAUCA, RegeL Leaves blue-green beneath, becoming almost smooth 
 there as the season advances. 
 
 Var. INCISA. The handsomest of cut-leaved alders, the blade being 
 pinnately divided into six to eight pairs of narrow, lanceolate, toothed lobes, 
 reaching two-thirds or more of the way to the midrib. Sold in nurseries as 
 "var. laciniata" and " var. pinnatifida." 
 
 yar. MONSTROSA is a bushy-headed, small tree, with broad, flattened, 
 fasciated growths. Merely a curiosity. 
 
 Var. ORBICULARIS, Callier. Leaves round-oval, under 2 ins. in length ; 
 veins in about five pairs. Native of Silesia. 
 
 Var. PENDULA. Branches weeping. 
 
 Var. RAMULIS COCCINEIS. A pretty tree in early spring, the twigs being 
 reddish, the bud and catkin scales distinctly red. 
 
 A. JAPONICA, Siebold. JAPANESE ALDER. 
 
 A pyramidal tree, from 60 to 80 ft. high ; young shoots smooth, or downy 
 towards the base ; buds stalked. Leaves lanceolate to narrowly ovate or oval, 
 tapered at both ends, usually more slenderly at the apex ; 2 to 5 ins. long, 
 I to 2 ins. wide, finely toothed, smooth, dark glossy green ; stalks downy, 
 \ to I in. long. Male catkins opening in February or March, according to the 
 warmth of the season, and produced in a terminal cluster of four to eight ; 
 each catkin erect, 2 to 3^- ins. long. Fruits oval, f in. long. 
 
 Native of Japan, the true date of whose introduction is not recorded. 
 Plants obtained from Lee's nursery had already reached the fruiting state at 
 Kew in 1880. It is considered to have some relationship with the North 
 American A. maritima, and has been regarded as a variety of it, but in the 
 field it is quite distinct. It grows more than twice as high, has narrower, 
 
ALNUS 183 
 
 long-pointed leaves ; and more than all, its habit of flowering in spring 
 distinguishes it. 4 
 
 A. SP^ETHII, Callier, is a hybrid between japonica and subcordata, and was 
 sent out by Spath of Berlin in 1908. 
 
 A. MARITIMA, NuttalL SEASIDE ALDER. 
 
 A small tree, occasionally up to 30 ft. high, with a trunk i to \\ ft. in girth, 
 but, according to Sargent, more often a shrub ; young shoots at first downy, 
 becoming smooth later. Leaves obovate, sometimes oval or ovate, 2 to 4 ins. 
 long, \\ to 2^ ins. wide ; wedge-shaped at the base, with short, broad points, 
 the margins set with small, gland-tipped teeth ; upper surface dark glossy 
 green, smooth ; lower one dull, smooth, or with tufts of down in the vein-axils ; 
 stalks slightly downy, \ to | in. long. Male flowers expanding in autumn 
 on rough-stalked catkins i to i\ ins. long, formed the same summer in the 
 uppermost leaf-axils. Female catkins about \ in. long at the time of fertilisation, 
 expanding and ripening the following year into egg-shaped fruits to f in. 
 long. 
 
 Native of Delaware and Maryland ; usually found near water. It was raised 
 from seed sent by Prof. Sargent to Kew in 1878, and a tree by the lake side 
 succeeded well until 1895, when it succumbed apparently to the great frosts 
 of February of that year, the effect of which, no doubt, had been heightened by 
 the low, wet situation in which it grew. Reintroduced in 1899, and already 
 producing fruit freely. Its habit of flowering in autumn distinguishes this 
 species from all other cultivated alders except A. nitida a very different tree 
 in other respects. 
 
 A. NITIDA, Endlicher. HIMALAYAN ALDER. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7654.) 
 
 A tall tree, said to become 100 ft. high in its native place, with a trunk 10 to 
 15 ft. in girth ; bark of trunk blackish and ultimately scaling ; young twigs with 
 a little loose down at first, soon quite smooth. Leaves thin-textured, ovate to 
 oval, 3 to 6 ins. long, 2 to 3 ins. wide, rounded or broadly wedge-shaped at the 
 base, slender-pointed, coarsely toothed to almost entire ; shining-green above, 
 le beneath, and smooth except for tufts of down in the vein-axils ; stalks 
 to i in. long, slightly downy. Male catkins opening in September, and 
 produced as many as five together in a raceme, each catkin 4 to 6 ins. long, 
 | in. in diameter, and pendulous. Fruits three to five together, erect, oblong, 
 | to i^ ins. long. 
 
 Native of the N.W. Himalaya ; introduced thence to Kew in 1882 through 
 seed sent by Mr R. E. Ellis. The trees then raised have succeeded very well, 
 and are now 40 to 50 ft. high, with trunks about 3 ft. in girth. Judging by 
 these, it would appear desirable to introduce this tree in quantity and try it 
 under forest conditions for moist places. It is at once distinguished from all 
 other alders except maritima (q.v.} by flowering in autumn, and from that 
 species by its large, handsome, shining leaves. The quadrangular scales on the 
 bark are not developed on young trees. 
 
 A. OREGONA, NuttalL OREGON ALDER. 
 
 (A. rubra, Bongard.*) 
 
 A tree usually 40 to 50 ft., sometimes 80 ft. high (Sargent), with a trunk ^ ft. 
 6 ins. in diameter, and a narrow pyramidal head of rather pendulous branches ; 
 young shoots angled, not downy ; winter buds stalked, resinous. Leaves ovate 
 
184 ALNUS 
 
 or oval, 3 to 6 ins. long, 2 to 4 ins. wide, rounded or broadly wedge-shaped at 
 the base, pointed, the margins decurved and with numerous small lobes or 
 large teeth, each again unequally toothed ; nerves parallel, reddish, ten to 
 fifteen pairs ; upper surface dark green, lower one pale or greyish, covered at 
 first with down which mostly falls away except on the nerves ; stalk ^ to I in. 
 long. Male catkins 4 to 6 ins. long, J in. wide, usually three to five in a cluster. 
 Fruits I to | in. long, barrel-shaped^ three to six together. 
 
 Native of Western N. America from Alaska, to California ; introduced 
 sometime previous to 1880, since when it has been grown at Kew. It is a hand- 
 some and striking alder, both when in flower in March and when in full foliage 
 later. Jepson observes that in some parts of California it forms " pure groves 
 of great beauty in bottom lands near the sea." 
 
 A. RHOMBIFOLIA, Nuttall. WHITE ALDER. 
 
 A tree 30 to 100 ft. high; forming a thin, spreading, round-topped head of 
 branches, pendulous at the ends : young branches at first covered with pale 
 hairs which soon fall away. Leaves ovate, oval, or rounded, ordinarily 2 to 4 
 ins. long, about two-thirds as wide ; usually pointed (sometimes rounded) at the 
 apex, tapered at the base, unevenly or doubly toothed ; dark shining green (but 
 at first very hairy) above ; paler, yellowish, and permanently downy beneath. 
 Male catkins two to seven in a cluster, opening on the naked shoots early in 
 spring, each catkin 3 to 5 ins. long ; stamens two, rarely three. Fruits \ to | 
 in. long, three to seven together. 
 
 Native of Western N. America. The leaves occasionally approach the 
 diamond shape indicated by the name, and' on vigorous shoots are up to 5 ins. 
 long. According to Jepson, this alder keeps to streams which do not run dry, 
 forming files of trees in mountain gorges which are "to the traveller a reliable 
 sign of water." It is very rare in cultivation, the plant supplied for it in this 
 country and on the Continent being, as a rule, A. oregona. 
 
 A. SERRULATA, Willdenow. SMOOTH ALDER. 
 (A. rugosa, C. Koch?) 
 
 A shrub, sometimes a small tree 30 to 40 ft. high ; young twigs slightly 
 downy and viscid. Leaves obovate (sometimes oval), rounded or pointed at 
 the apex, always tapered at the base ; minutely, often unevenly toothed ; i^ to 
 4 ins. long, one-half as much or more wide, smooth above, downy to nearly 
 smooth beneath ; stalk to f in. long. Male catkins up to 4 ins. long, appear- 
 ing in spring before the leaves. Fruit oval, f in. long. 
 
 Native of the eastern United States, from Maine to Florida ; introduced in 
 1769. From A. lincana this is distinguished by the more tapered (never 
 rounded) base to the leaf, which is green on both sides, and usually broadest 
 above the middle ; and from its fellow American shrubby species, A. viridis, 
 by flowering on the naked wood before the leaf-buds move, and by the very 
 finely toothed leaves. A very hardy shrub, but of no particular merit for 
 gardens. 
 
 A. SITCHENSIS, Sargent. SITKA ALDER. 
 
 This tree is a native of Western N. America, from the borders of the Arctic 
 Ocean to Oregon. It was introduced in 1903 to Kew by Professor Sargent, 
 who describes it as a tree sometimes 40 ft. high, with a trunk 2 ft. in girth, 
 forming a narrow head of short and nearly horizontal branches ; but some- 
 times a mere shrub, and forming thickets ; young shoots finely downy at first, 
 and very glandular. Leaves ovate, 3 to 6 ins. long, i-| to 4 ins. wide, rounded 
 or broadly wedge-shaped at the base, pointed, doubly toothed ; light green 
 
ALNUS 185 
 
 above, pale, very lustrous green beneath ; smooth or with hairs along the 
 midrib, and tufts in the vein-axils ; viscid when young ; stalk stout, grooved, 
 to | in. long. Male catkins 4 to 5 ins. long. Sargent distinguishes this 
 species among American arborescent alders by the flowers opening with or 
 after the leaves, by the female catkins being enclosed during the winter, 
 and by the lustrous under-surface of the leaves. It is the Western American 
 representative of A. viridis. 
 
 A. SUBCORDATA, C. A. Meyer. CAUCASIAN ALDER. 
 
 A tree up to 60 ft. high ; young shoots downy, angled toward the end ; 
 buds stalked. Leaves ovate or oval, with a rounded or slightly heart-shaped 
 base, and a short, abrupt point ; 3 to 6 ins. long, 2 to 4 ins. wide ; irregularly 
 and often doubly toothed towards the apex, more finely so towards the base ; 
 dark green and almost smooth above, paler and downy beneath, especially 
 along the midrib and veins ; primary veins in eight to ten pairs ; stalk f to 
 over i in. long, downy. Male catkins in clusters of four or five, very slender, 
 up to 6 ins. long, expanding sometimes as early as December. Fruits f to 
 \\ ins. long, nodding, solitary up to as many as five together. 
 
 Native of the Caucasus and Persia ; introduced, according to Loudon, 
 in 1838, and raised that year from seed in the Birmingham Botanic 
 Garden. It is a handsome, fine-foliaged alder, retaining its leaves until the 
 end of November. There is a specimen over 50 ft. high on the banks of the 
 lake at Kew. A. cordifolia is the only other species with which it is likely to 
 be confused, but that differs markedly in its smooth shoots, its less downy, 
 simply toothed, deeply cordate leaves, and larger fruits. 
 
 A. TENUIFOLIA, Nuttall. 
 
 A shrub or tree, up to 30 ft. high, with a trunk i| to 2 ft. in girth ; young 
 shoots red, and covered at first with a fine down, smooth by autumn ; buds 
 stalked, downy. Leaves oval or ovate, 2 to 4 ins. long, two-thirds as wide, 
 rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, pointed ; veins in about ten 
 pairs, each vein ending at the point of a toothed lobe ; dark green above, with 
 down on the midrib and nerves ; paler green and more or less downy beneath; 
 stalk \ to i in. long, downy. ' Male catkins expanding in March in clusters 
 of three or four, each \\ to i\ ins. long. Fruits narrowly egg-shaped, ^ to f 
 in. long, three to five in a cluster. 
 
 Native of Western N. America, from British Columbia to California. It 
 is, perhaps, most nearly allied to A. oregona, but the leaves are not greyish 
 beneath, the male catkins are shorter, and the fruits smaller. According to 
 Sargent, the wing of the seed in A. tenuifolia is reduced to a narrow border, 
 whilst it is broad in A. oregona. 
 
 Var. OCCIDENTAL^, Callier (A. occidentalis, Dteck). This distinct 
 variety was introduced to Europe by Mr A. Purpus, and first cultivated at 
 Zoeschen in Germany by Dr Dieck, from whom it came to Kew in 1889. The 
 leaves are larger than in the type, and on young trees very large ; at Kew 
 they have been 7 ins. long by 5 ins. wide, and I have leaves from a tree 
 in Sir Archibald Buchan - Hepburn's garden at Smeaton, N.B., even 
 broader. Veins in ten to twelve pairs, the entire under-surface at first downy. 
 Fruits f to f in. long. Native of British Columbia and Oregon. 
 
 A. VIRIDIS, De Candolle. GREEN ALDER. 
 
 (A. alnobetula, Koch ; A. crispa, Pursh.') 
 
 A shrub 3 to 10 ft. high, forming a cluster of erect stems ; young branchlets 
 viscid and usually smooth. Leaves viscid, ovate, or roundish oval, i to 3^ ins. 
 
186 ALNUS AMELANCHIER 
 
 long, f to 3 ins. wide, unevenly and sharply toothed, rounded or broadly 
 wedge-shaped at the base, mostly abruptly pointed ; dark green and smooth 
 above, green and downy on the midrib and veins beneath ; stalk about ^ in. 
 long. Male catkins opening in April and May with the leaves, 2 to 3 ins. long. 
 Fruits f in. long, oval, slender-stalked, borne in loose racemes. 
 
 Native of Europe, N. America, and N. China ; usually wild in mountainous 
 regions. The American plant was introduced in 1782 (as "Betula crispa") ; 
 the European one, according to Loudon, in 1820. It is a vigorous and 
 exceptionally hardy shrub, of no special ornamental value, but useful for 
 furnishing cold, damp spots. 
 
 Var. MOLLIS, Beck) has both surfaces of the leaves and the young shoots 
 covered with grey down. 
 
 Var. PARVIFOLIA, Dippel (A. brembana, Rota). A curiously dwarfed 
 mountain state of A. viridis, growing I or 2 ft. high, and forming little close 
 mounds. Adult plants have leaves ^ to I in. long. This dwarfed condition, 
 however, is merely due to the climate under which it exists. A plant intro- 
 duced to Kew twenty years ago gradually lost its dwarf character, and is now 
 no longer distinguishable fiom ordinary A. viridis. Found on the Swiss 
 Alps, etc. 
 
 AMELANCHIER. ROSACES 
 
 A genus of shrubs and small trees found wild in Europe, Asia, and 
 most abundantly in N. America. The name is an adaptation of 
 "amelancier," an old name for A. vulgaris in Savoy. The species are 
 all deciduous, and have alternate, simple leaves, white flowers, and small 
 black or purplish fruits, globose, or pear-shaped, and containing five or 
 ten seeds. The attractions of the Amelanchiers are in the pure whiteness 
 and abundance of the flowers, their graceful form, and in the fine shades 
 ofVed, and sometimes yellow, the leaves assume before they fall. 
 Although a compact small genus, there is considerable difficulty in 
 distinguishing the American kinds, owing to the existence of forms 
 intermediate between, or slightly differing from, the recognised types. 
 
 Their cultivation is easy, as they will thrive in any soil that is not too 
 dry and poor on the one hand, or water-logged on the other. They may 
 be raised from seed, by layers, or by division. The practice of grafting 
 them on the hawthorn, more common in Britain once than it is now, but 
 still usual on the Continent, should be strictly avoided. 
 
 A. ALNIFOLIA, Nuttall. WESTERN SHAD BUSH. 
 
 (Garden and Forest, 1888, p. 185.) 
 
 A small tree, up to 20 or 25 ft. high, of erect-branching habit, sometimes a 
 shrub ; branchlets usually smooth, except when quite y<-ung. Leaves broadly 
 ovate or roundish ; i to i ins. long, nearly as wide, often heart-shaped at the 
 base, covered with loose floss when they first expand, soon becoming quite 
 smooth ; the margin toothed only on the terminal half. Flowers on erect 
 racemes 2 ins. long, the stalks clothed with greyish wool ; petals white, 
 narrowly oblng, about \ in. long ; calyx woolly, with five triangular lobes. 
 Fruit of the size and shape of black currants, dark purple, \ to \ in. diameter, 
 sweet, and of excellent eating when ripe. 
 
 Native of Western N. America ; seeds of which were first sent to this 
 country by Douglas in 1826-27. One of the most ornamental of the Amelan- 
 
AMELANCHIER 187 
 
 chiers, this is still one of the rarest. It flowers in May, some weeks later than 
 A. canadensis, from which it is very distinct in the round not pointed leaves, 
 in the toothing of the leaf being coarser and confined to the terminal part, and 
 in the dense, erect racemes. A nearer ally is A. florida, which has similarly 
 shaped leaves, but toothed nearly to the base, a much less woolly calyx, and 
 flowers earlier. A. alnifolia is perfectly hardy, and flowers with the greatest 
 freedom at Kew, where it is over 20 ft. high. The fruits are not likely to be of 
 any service in this country, but in Western N. America they have always been 
 an important item in the food of the native races, who gather the fruits, crush 
 them, and then dry them for winter use. 
 
 AMELAXCHIER ALXIFOLIA. 
 
 A. ASIATICA, Walpers. CHINESE SERVICE-BERRY. 
 
 (A. canadensis var. japonica, Miguel.') 
 
 A deciduous tree, of very graceful habit, 15 to 30 ft. high, branches slender. 
 Leaves oval or ovate, pointed, i^ to 3 ins. long, half as much wide, sometimes 
 nearly or wholly entire, but mostly toothed except at the base ; covered when 
 quite young with a loose floss which so' n falls away, leaving both surfaces 
 quite smooth. Flowers on stalks | to f in. long, in broad, erect racemes i to 
 2^ ins. long; 'white, fragrant; petals strap-shaped, f in. long. Fruit black- 
 purple, about the size of a black currant. 
 
 Native of China, in the province of Hupeh, etc., but originally introduced 
 from Japan, where it is commonly cultivated in the vicinity of temples. It is 
 not easy to distinguish it from some of the forms of A. canadensis, but at Kew 
 it always flowers two or three weeks later (usually in mid- May, when the leaves 
 are about full s'ze), and the petals are uniformly strap-shaped. The leaves, 
 too, never appear to be heart-shaped at the base, as they often are in 
 A. canadensis. A slender, elegant tree. 
 
188 
 
 AMELANCHIER 
 
 A. CANADENSIS, Medicus. SERVICE-BERRY, JUNE-BERRY. 
 
 A tree 20 to 30 ft. high in Great Britain, but occasionally over 40 ft. high 
 in a wild state ; branches slender, the lower ones pendulous, forming in the 
 open a wide-topped, rounded head. Leaves ovate or oval, rounded or heart- 
 shaped at the base, pointed, saw-toothed, I J to 3 ins. long, I to if ins. wide ; 
 
 AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS. 
 
 / 
 
 clothed with white hairs when they expand, soon becoming quite smooth and 
 of firm texture. Flowers pure white, produced in April (usually when the 
 leaves are less than half their full size), in erect or drooping racemes 2 to 3 ins. 
 long, terminating short lateral twigs ; petals obovate or strap-shaped, \ to f 
 in. long, J in. wide. Fruit ripening in June, orange -shaped, J- to \ in. wide, 
 changing from green to red, finally to black-purple, very sweet and pleasant 
 when ripe, in some forms, in others dry and tasteless. 
 
AMELANCHIER 189 
 
 Native of Eastern and Central N. America, from Newfoundland and 
 Canada to the southern United States ; introduced to England, according to 
 Aiton, in 1746. From the time of the ripening of the fruit it is often called 
 "June-berry." There are few more delightful small trees than this is when seen 
 at its best, which, at Kew, is usually about the second week in April ; the whole 
 tree then becomes sheeted with white. Unhappily, it is a very fleeting beauty, 
 lasting, as a rule, less than a week. Its autumn beauty is more durable, and 
 it is then one of the most striking of hardy trees, the foliage changing before 
 it falls to a rich soft red ; in some forms, however, to a clear bright yellow. 
 
 A. FLORIDA, Lindley. 
 
 (Bot. Reg., t. 1589 ; A. Oxyodon, Koehne.} 
 
 A deciduous shrub producing a thicket of erect stems, 8 to 10 ft. or more 
 high. Leaves roundish oval, i to 2 ins. long, about two-thirds as wide, blunt or 
 pointed, toothed almost to the base, smooth even when quite young. Flowers 
 white, in erect racemes \\ to 2 ins. long, produced on short leafy twigs in early 
 May ; calyx slightly woolly. Fruit black-purple. 
 
 Native of N.W. America ; introduced by Douglas in 1826. It has 
 been much confused with A. alnifolia, to which no doubt it is allied, but is, 
 nevertheless, well distinguished by its leaves being toothed nearly to the base, 
 and by having a less woolly calyx. With us, too, its habit is quite shrubby. 
 The foliage turns rich yellow in autumn. 
 
 A. OBLONGIFOLIA, Roemer. SWAMP SUGAR PEAR. 
 (A. canadensis var. oblongifolia, Bot. Mag., t. 7619.) 
 
 A shrub at present 6 to 8 ft. high at Kew, with erect stems, spreading by 
 means of sucker growths from the base ; said to be sometimes a small tree 
 12 ft. or more high. Leaves very woolly when quite young, ultimately 
 becoming smooth ; firm and rather leathery when mature, i to 2^ ins. long, 
 to i ins. wide ; oblong, rounded (rarely cordate) at the base, finely and 
 evenly toothed. Racemes erect, covered at first with a thick loose floss, 
 2 or 3 ins. long, carrying numerous white flowers, the petals of which are more 
 distinctly and uniformly obovate than in A. canadensis. In a wild state it 
 usually occurs in wettish ground, and its fruit is said to be more juicy and 
 agreeable than that of A. canadensis. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America, and no doubt very nearly allied to 
 A. canadensis, and connected with it by intermediate forms. As a shrubby 
 Amelanchier it is useful in gardens, forming in time a dense thicket. Easily 
 increased by division in spring. 
 
 A. OLIGOCARPA, Roemer. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8499 ; Garden and Forest, 1888, fig. 41 ; A. Bartramiana, Roemer.") 
 
 A low shrub, usually 2 to 3 (rarely more than 6) ft. high. Leaves oval or 
 slightly ovate, i to 2 ins. long, tapering towards both ends, sharply toothed 
 nearly to the base, almost smooth from the commencement, but with some 
 loose floss on the surfaces and edges when expanding. Flowers pure white, 
 | to i in. across ; solitary, in pairs, sometimes in threes or fours, on short 
 lateral twigs, each flower on a slender stalk 5 to i in. long. Petals rounded, 
 obovate, in. wide, broader rn proportion to their length than in any of the 
 Amelanchiers. Fruit pear-shaped or oblong, dark purple, nearly in. long, 
 not so wide. 
 
190 AMELANCHIER AMORPHA 
 
 Native of Canada, Newfoundland, and the northern United States, and the 
 most northerly of the Amelanchiers, inhabiting cold swamps and mountain bogs. 
 It is extremely rare in cultivation, the plant usually supplied by nurserymen for 
 it being a form of A. canadensis. It is easily distinguished by its few-flowered 
 inflorescence and the rounded petals ; and differs from all other species in 
 cultivation by the prussic acid odour of the bark when bruised like that of 
 many cherries and almonds. 
 
 A. RUBESCENS, Greene. 
 
 A shrub with dov\ny branchlets. Leaves orbicular or broadly obovate, 
 \ to i in. long, dark green above, the lower surface glaucous and covered 
 with a fine close down, very distinct from the loose woolly covering of the 
 young leaves of most Amelanchiers ; the upper surface is furnished with 
 scattered, flattened hairs ; margins set with sharp, triangular, comparatively 
 large teeth, more especially towards the apex. Flowers pure white, \ to f in. 
 across, three to six together in a short raceme ; petals oval-lanceolate, half as 
 long again as the sepals, which are narrow and linear; stamens ten; styles 
 united. 
 
 Native of New Mexico, Utah, etc., at elevations of 3000 to 5coo ft. 
 Introduced to England by way of Germany in 1900, and first flowered at Kew 
 in April 1910. It probably finds the climate of Britain too dull to bring out its 
 best qualities ; and so far, at any rate, is nothing like so free-flowering and 
 ornamental as the other species. It is allied to A. UTAHENSIS, Koehne, another 
 species from the same region with blunter leaves, fifteen to twenty stamens to 
 each flower, and free styles. 
 
 A. VULGARIS, Moench. SNOWY MESP1LUS. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1890, i., fig. 104.) 
 
 A low tree, 15 to 20 ft. high, or more often a shrub. Leaves roundish 
 oval, very downy and pure white beneath when young, becoming nearly or quite 
 smooth at maturity, i to \\ ins. long, f to i in. wide ; the margin sometimes 
 quite entire, but usually more or less toothed, especially towards the apex. 
 Racemes erect, carrying few but large white flowers often i^ ins. in diameter. 
 Petals narrowly oblong; calyx covered with loose floss at first, its lobes 
 triangular. Fruit at first red, then black, covered with a purplish bloom; about 
 the size of a black currant, eatable but not very palatable. 
 
 Native of the mountains of Central and S. Europe ; of unrecorded introduc- 
 tion, but in cultivation more than two hundred years ago. It has the largest 
 individual flowers of all the Amelanchiers as seen in cultivation, ancl is very 
 beautiful in late April or early May. One of its forms, 
 
 Var. CRETICA, is found as far eastwards as Dalmatia and Crete, and is a 
 shrub covered with a close white down on leaf, young wood, calyx, and flower- 
 stalk. Another form with always entire leaves is called var. INTEGRIFOLIA. 
 
 AMORPHA. LEGUMINOS^:. 
 
 A genus of shrubs exclusively native of N. America, with alternate 
 pinnate leaves and elongated racemes of blue, purple, or white flowers. 
 These plants belong to the pea-flowered group of Leguminosse, but the 
 flowers, instead of having the normal five petals (namely, the standard 
 petal, the two wing petals, and the two forming the keel), have but one 
 the standard. The flowers, however, are so crowded that the others are 
 
AMORPHA 
 
 191 
 
 not missed. The two dwarf ^ species canescens and nana are best 
 adapted for gardens, although the foliage of A. fruticosa is very handsome. 
 
 AKELANCHIER VULGARIS. 
 
 The two former can be increased by cuttings when seeds are not available, 
 and A. fruticosa produces sucker growths from the base which can be 
 removed with some roots attached. Besides the species more fully 
 
192 AMORPHA 
 
 described below, there are sometimes seen in cultivation A. CALIFORNICA 
 (California) and A. VIRGATA (S.E. United States). Both resemble 
 A. fruticosa in habit and general aspect, but A. californica has downy 
 stems and leaf-stalks set with prickly glands, whilst A. virgata has broad 
 leathery leaflets and twiggy branches. 
 
 A. CANESCENS, 'Nuttall. LEAD PLANT. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6618.) 
 
 A sub-shrubby plant, 2 to 4 ft. high, entirely covered with grey down. 
 Stems erect, unbranched, springing from a woody base to which they largely 
 die back every winter. Leaves pinnate, 2 to 3 ins. long", composed of from ten 
 to twenty pairs of leaflets and an odd one ; leaflets | to f in. long, oblong or 
 ovate, stalkless, extending the entire length of the main stalk ; they are downy 
 on both sides, but paler beneath. Flowers thickly crowded on cylindrical 
 spikes, 3 to 6 ins. long, produced from the leaf-axils near the apex of the shoot, 
 and thus forming a large, leafy panicle 6 to 10 (sometimes 15 to 18) ins. high. 
 Each flower is about j in. long, with a dull purplish blue standard petal, and 
 a grey downy calyx ; they are borne close enough together to touch. Pod less 
 than | in. long, hairy, one-seeded. 
 
 Native of Eastern N.America; introduced in 1812. It flowers trom late 
 July to September, and only ripens seeds during very fine autumns. It may be 
 increased by cuttings made of shoots too weak to flower, which must be rooted 
 in gentle warmth. It makes a large deep root-stock, which enables it not 
 only to withstand, but to thrive best in, hot, droughty seasons. It is an 
 interesting and rather striking plant which is well suited for the front of a 
 shrubbery. In a wild state it extends over a considerable latitude, and shows 
 some variation in the grey tints of its stems and leaves, and especially in the 
 size and openness of its inflorescence. The popular name of " lead plant " is 
 founded on the belief which once prevailed that its presence in a wild state 
 indicated the existence of lead ore beneath the soil. 
 
 A. FRUTICOSA, Ltnnceus. FALSE INDIGO. 
 (Bot. Reg., t. 127.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 to 15 ft. high, of spreading, rather ungainly habit, 
 branches slightly grooved, either slightly downy or smooth. Leaves pinnate, 
 smooth or somewhat downy, with thirteen to thirty-three leaflets, which 
 are oval or oblong, ending in a bristle-like apex, and varying in length from 
 i to 2 ins. ; there is a short, thread-like stipule at the base of each leaflet, and 
 numerous transparent dots are scattered over the blade. Racemes slender, 
 cylindrical, 4 to 6 ins. long, more or less downy, or almost smooth, produced 
 at the end of the shoots of the year, and from the axils of the terminal leaves. 
 Flowers \ in. long, densely packed, purplish blue, with yellow anthers. Pod 
 \ in. long, very warty, one- or two-seeded. 
 
 Native of the southern United Stales ; introduced to England in 1724 by, it is 
 said, Mark Catesby, the author of the Natural History of Carolina. It exhibits 
 under cultivation a certain amount of variation in the shape and size of the 
 leaflets, in the number to each leaf, and especially in the degree of pubescence 
 on various parts of the plant. Of numerous forms the most distinct are 
 mentioned below. This shrub flowers in July, when its slender racemes give 
 a pretty effect ; the foliage also is ornamental ; yet it belongs to an inferior 
 class of shrubs, and is perhaps best suited for rough shrubberies where it may 
 be left to take care of itself. At Kew, in open ground, the shoots die back 
 nearly their entire length, and they have to be pruned over every spring. 
 
AMORPHA ANDRACHNE 193 
 
 Var. FRAGRANS. Leaflets large, 2 to 3 ins. long, usually 4^ to 7^ pairs ; 
 shrub glabrous, except on inflorescence. 
 
 Var. GLABRA. Leaves and stem smooth, inflorescence slightly downy. 
 
 A. NANA, Nuttall. 
 
 A low, deciduous shrub, about 2 ft. high ; stems branching, and having little 
 or no down. Leaves pinnate, 2 to 3 ins. long, with eight to thirteen pairs of 
 leaflets and an odd one ; leaflets \ to f in. long, oval or obovate, nearly 
 smooth. Flowers purple, fragrant, very closely set in cylindrical terminal 
 racemes i to 2 ins. long. Pod one-seeded. 
 
 Native of Eastern and Central N. America ; introduced in 1811. Although 
 somewhat similar to A. canescens in foliage, it is really very distinct. It is 
 a true shrub, and has little or none of the grey down so conspicuous in 
 A. canescens ; its flower-spikes are also much shorter and not clustered. A 
 rather dainty plant, but scarcely known in gardens nowadays. 
 
 ANAGYRIS FCETIDA, Linnceus. LEGUMINOS^E. 
 
 A deciduous bush, or small tree, with alternate, trifoliolate leaves. 
 Leaflets i to 2^ ins. long, narrow oval, covered with fine down beneath, 
 greyish green. " Flowers pea-shaped, yellow, produced in short racemes on 
 the growth of the previous year; each flower f to i in. long, and but 
 little expanded; calyx bell-shaped, downy and ciliated, green; petals 
 yellow, the standard one hooded; wings narrow oblong. The racemes 
 are ij to 3 ins. long, and carry six to twenty flowers. Seed-pod 3 to 
 5 ins. long, J to f in. broad, pointed at both ends, curved like a scimitar, 
 and containing three or four seeds. 
 
 Native of the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea, and requiring 
 at Kew the protection of a south wall even there occasionally killed. 
 The specific name refers to the unpleasant odour of the leaves, which is, 
 however, only perceptible when they are crushed. The tree is known in 
 the south of France as " bois puant " on that account. The flowers are 
 inodorous. In S. Europe they open in early spring, later in Britain. 
 
 ANDRACHNE. EUPHORBIACE^E. 
 
 A group of plants belonging to the Spurge family, of which two 
 shrubby species are sometimes seen in cultivation. They have little 
 beauty of flower or fruit, but are rather neat in habit. Leaves alternate. 
 Flowers unisexual, produced in the leaf-axils of the current season's 
 growth, small, green ; the females solitary. Fruit a dry capsule of three 
 divisions, each division two-valved. There are about twelve species 
 known, inhabiting both the New and Old Worlds, but the two following 
 are the only shrubby ones I have seen in cultivation. Neither can be 
 said to deserve a place in gardens except for its botanical interest. They 
 thrive in ordinary loam in full sunshine, and can be increased by cuttings 
 in August. 
 
 A. COLCHICA, Fischer. 
 
 A native of the Caucasus, and a deciduous shrub, about 3 ft. high, of dense, 
 erect habit, and with very slender, quite smooth, leafy shoots, the terminal 
 
 N 
 
194 ANDRACHNE ANDROMEDA 
 
 portions of which die back in winter. Leaves set about | in. apart on the 
 shoots, ovate, J to f in. long, about half as wide, rounded at the base, blunt at 
 the apex ; quite smooth, and with thickened, entire margins ; dull green. 
 Flowers ^ in. across, on thread-like stalks | to f in. long, produced successively 
 along the young shoots throughout the summer and early autumn. Fruit pale 
 brown, |- in. across. Introduced to Kew, in 1900, from the Botanic Garden of 
 Tiflis, but probably cultivated long previously. 
 
 A. RCEMERIANA, Mueller. 
 
 (A. phyllanthoides, Mueller?) 
 
 An erect, much-branched, deciduous shrub, I to 3 ft. high, its twigs angled, 
 slightly downy, becoming glossy ; slender, but not so slender as in A. colchica. 
 Leaves obovate or oval, \ to f in. long, \ to \ in. wide, tapered or rounded at 
 the base, bluntish or rounded at the apex, entire ; quite smooth or sparingly 
 downy beneath, glossy green above ; stalk ^ in. long. Flowers % in. across, 
 yellowish green, produced in summer and autumn. Fruits nearly globose. 
 
 Native of the S. Central United States. It is easily distinguished from the 
 Caucasian species by its stouter branchlets, and its partially downy, shorter- 
 stalked leaves, often broadest above the middle. 
 
 ANDROMEDA POLIFOLIA, Linnceus. BOG ROSEMARY. 
 ERICACE^:. 
 
 A low evergreen shrub, rarely more than i| ft. high, whose slender, 
 smooth, wiry stems are clothed thickly with stiff, hard-textured leaves; 
 young wood pinkish. Leaves linear-oblong, tapered at both ends, i to 
 ij ins. long, -J- to J in. wide, but made to appear narrower than they 
 really are by the recurving of the margins; dark green above, glaucous 
 or slightly felted beneath. Flowers produced in short, compact clusters 
 at the end of the shoots during May and succeeding months, each flower 
 on a stalk J in. or less in length. The corolla is pink, -J in. long, pitcher- 
 shaped, contracted towards the mouth, where are five small recurved 
 teeth. Calyx five-lobed, the lobes triangular, glaucous. 
 
 Native of peat bogs in N. Europe, including Britain. It is an 
 interesting and pretty shrub, requiring a damp peaty soil to thrive in. 
 In the Thames Valley it succeeds better if the ground in which it 
 is planted is covered with an inch or two of sphagnum moss, which 
 acts as a sponge in conserving moisture. Some eight or ten names have 
 been given to forms of this little shrub, which differ chiefly in the size 
 and width of the leaf. They may very well be reduced to two, viz. : 
 
 Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, with very narrow leaves ; and 
 Var. MAJOR, with leaves broader than those of the type. 
 
 The N. American Andromeda, which has for long been regarded as 
 a form of the European A. polifolia, appears to be distinct in its more 
 robust growth and larger leaves, which are often over 2 ins. long and 
 in. or more wide, covered beneath with a white close felt. Link's 
 name of A. GLAUCOPHYLLA may be revived for this. 
 
 The name Andromeda has been extensively used for what are here 
 
ANDROMEDA ANTHYLLIS 195 
 
 regarded as distinct genera? and the student must look for the 
 other shrubs and trees still frequently known as "Andromeda," under 
 Oxydendron, Pieris, Lyonia, Leucothoe, Cassine, Cassiope, Zenobia, and 
 
 
 ANDROMEDA POLIFOLIA 
 
 Enkianthus. The above, or true Andromeda, is propagated by division, 
 by seed, and by cuttings. The last should be put in peaty, sandy soil 
 under a cloche, but they do not take root readily. 
 
 ANTHYLLIS, KIDNEY VETCH. LEGUMINOS^E. 
 
 Two attractive shrubs belonging to this genus are cultivated in gardens 
 one unfortunately too tender to withstand our winters unprotected. 
 The most distinctive botanical feature of the genus is the persistent 
 calyx, which, after the petals fall, becomes more or less inflated and 
 encloses'the seed-pod. The flowers are aggregated in umbellate clusters. 
 Neither of these shrubs needs a rich soil, but rather a warm, well-drained 
 one, and abundant sunshine. 
 
 A. BARBA-JOVIS, Linnceus. JUPITER'S BEARD, SILVER ^Busn. 
 
 An evergreen shrub, growing 8 to 12 ft. high on walls in this country; 
 branchlets crooked, covered with appressed, silky hairs= Leaves pinnate, 
 i \ to 2 ins. long, composed of nine to about nineteen leaflets. Leaflets 
 linear-oblong, \ to I in. long ; covered with silvery hairs, especially beneath 
 and at the edges, which towards the base are often incurved. Flowers pea- 
 
196 ANTHYLLIS APHANANTHE 
 
 shaped, pale yellow, crowded in rounded heads at the end of short twigs ; each 
 head of flowers is to I in. across ; calyx silky hairy, J in. long. 
 
 Native of S.W. Europe and the Mediterranean region ; cultivated in England 
 since the middle of the seventeenth century. It is too tender to thrive in the 
 open ground, but makes a charming shrub for a wall, where its sheen of silvery 
 grey and (in May and June) clusters of yellow flowers are very effective. At Kew 
 it is occasionally injured even growing against a wall. Seeds are said sometimes 
 to ripen in this country, but the plant has, as a rule, to be increased by cuttings. 
 
 A. HERMAN NLE, Linnceus. HERMANN'S KIDNEY VETCH. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 2576.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, of low, bushy habit, \\ to 2 ft., perhaps more, high ; 
 branches crooked or zigzag, covered with short greyish down, and ending in a 
 spine. Leaves simple (or occasionally trifoliolate), linear-obovate, to i in. 
 long, \ in. or less wide, clothed more or less with silky hairs ; apex rounded ; 
 base tapering. Flowers yellow, three to five together in axillary, very shortly 
 stalked clusters, each flower about \ in. long ; calyx green, tubular, \ in. long. 
 
 Native of the Mediterranean region from Corsica eastwards to Turkey. It 
 was in cultivation early in the eighteenth century, and is said to have been not 
 uncommon up to the great frost of 1739-40, when most of the plants were 
 destroyed. I have known it in Kew for over twenty years without protection, 
 and although occasionally injured on the upper growth in severe winters it has 
 never been killed. It is a much-branched, twiggy bush of greyish aspect, 
 flowering freely in June and July, and very pretty then. It is a suitable plant 
 for a sunny place in the rock garden. As it rarely ripens its seeds here, it has 
 to be increased by cuttings. They should be put in sandy soil under cloches 
 in August. 
 
 APHANANTHE ASPERA, Planchon. URTICACE^:. 
 
 (Celtis Muku, Siebold.} 
 
 A deciduous tree, 60 to 70 ft. high, allied, and similar in appearance to 
 the nettle trees (Celtis) ; young shoots at first covered with flattened hairs, 
 which mostly fall away before the leaves do. Leaves alternate, ovate, 
 long- and taper-pointed; the base wedge-shaped, rounded, or (on very 
 vigorous shoots) heart-shaped, often oblique; ij to 4 ins. long, f to 2 ins. 
 wide; prominently parallel-veined, distinctly three-nerved at the base. 
 When young both surfaces are densely covered with minute, flattened 
 hairs which fall away from the upper surface, leaving it bright green and 
 slightly rough, persisting more or less on the midrib and veins beneath ; 
 stalk J to J in. long. Flowers unisexual, very small ; the males numerous, 
 crowded in slender, stalked, cymose clusters at the base of the young 
 side twigs; females solitary at the end. Fruit a roundish oval drupe, 
 J to J in. long, black-purple. 
 
 Native of Japan and probably China ; introduced from the former 
 country to Kew in 1895. It differs from Celtis in the invariably uni- 
 sexual flowers. As a garden tree it does not promise much, and judging 
 by its behaviour at Kew, where it makes long, succulent growths, 
 frequently cut back during winter, it needs more summer sun than our 
 climate affords. It has little or no flower beauty. 
 
APLOPAPPUS ARALIA . 197 
 
 APLOPAPPUS ERICOIDES, De Candolle. COMPOSITE. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1896, ii., fig. 57.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 3 to 5 ft. high, with erect branchlets, slightly 
 downy and glutinous when young. Leaves very small, numerous, and 
 heath-like, from \ to \ in. long, of the thickness of stout thread ; dark 
 green, stalkless, produced in clusters at each joint. Flower-heads in 
 corymbs borne on long slender stems, the whole forming a crowded 
 mass of yellow blossom at the end of the shoots of the year ; at their best 
 in August and September. Each flower-head is \ in. in diameter, with 
 five ray-florets. 
 
 Native of California, and not hardy at Kew except on a wall. On the 
 south coast it thrives well, especially at Worthing; it succeeds also in 
 Canon Ellacombe's garden, near Bristol. Like some other shrubby 
 composites it is apt to wear out under cultivation, and should be occasion- 
 ally renewed by means of cuttings, which root freely if put in a propagating 
 frame with gentle heat in July. It is a pretty and interesting plant, quite 
 distinct from all other introduced shrubby composites, especially in its 
 deep green, heath-like foliage. 
 
 ARALIA CHINENSIS, Linvaus. CHINESE ANGELICA TREE. 
 
 ARALIACE^:. 
 
 A deciduous tree, 30 ft. or more high, with a few stout branches; 
 more often a shrub renewing itself by sucker growths from the base; 
 young growths very thick (over i in. in diameter), pithy, and armed more 
 or less with spines. Leaves doubly pinnate, often 3, scmetimes 4 ft. 
 long, two-thirds as wide ; composed of numerous ovate, taper-pointed, 
 short-stalked leaflets, from 3 to 5 ins. long, 2 to 3 ins. wide, toothed ; dark 
 bright green and slightly hairy on the veins above, paler and always 
 downy beneath, often much so, and especially on the midrib and veins ; 
 stalks somewhat prickly. Flowers small, whitish, produced in August 
 and September in numerous globose umbels to ij ins. across, the 
 whole forming a huge panicle i to 2 ft. long and from half to nearly as 
 much through ; flower-stalks covered densely with down. Several varieties 
 of this Aralia are in cultivation : 
 
 Var. ALBO-MARGINATA. Leaflets irregularly margined, sometimes more 
 than half covered, with creamy white. 
 
 Var. AUREO- MARGINATA. Similar in variegation to the preceding, but the 
 colour golden yellow. These two are amongst the most effective and beautiful 
 of all variegated shrubs. 
 
 VAR. MANDSCHURICUS (Dimorphanthus mandschuricus, M aximowicz). 
 Downy only on the veins and midrib beneath, more sharply toothed; hardier 
 than the type. 
 
 Var. PYRAMIDALIS. Leaves rather smaller than in the type, and growing 
 erect instead of spreading. 
 
 Native of China, Japan, and Manchuria; introduced about 1865, and 
 
198 ARALIA 
 
 perhaps the finest of all hardy shrubs with foliage of its particular type. 
 It is hardy enough in all but the colder parts of the country, but still is 
 seen at its best in the milder places: Near Falmouth, some years ago, I 
 saw a tree about 30 ft. high, and as much in the spread of its branches, 
 
 ARALIA CHINENSIS. 
 
 the main trunk 10 ins. thick. In its ordinary shrubby state it makes an 
 admirable ornament for a sheltered lawn, peculiarly effective at flowering 
 time. Easily propagated by taking off small suckers or even pieces of 
 root, potting them, and establishing them in heat. 
 
 A. SPINOSA, Linnceus. HERCULES' CLUB. A native of the south-eastern 
 United States, and very similar to A. chinensis. These two afford one of 
 many instances of an extraordinary similarity between a plant native of North 
 America and another of North Asia, which are yet not absolutely identical. In 
 this case A. spinosa is distinguished by the leaflets being more glaucous 
 beneath and much less downy, sometimes quite smooth beneath, and by their 
 being more distinctly stalked. The stems, too, are better armed with prickles. 
 This American species is not so hardy and vigorous as the Asiatic one, and 
 the two seen in juxtaposition are quite distinct. It is extremely rare in 
 cultivation, and I only saw the real plant for the first time at the Arnold 
 Arboretum in 1910. Even American nurserymen send over A. chinensis as their 
 native spinosa. It is now in the Kew collection. 
 
 Although both these species make finer foliage when grown in rich 
 than in comparatively poor soil, the latter is, I think, to be preferred if 
 healthy, long-lived plants are desired. In rich soil the wood, always soft 
 and very pithy, becomes especially so, and renders the plants very liable 
 to injury by winter cold. 
 
ARAUCARIA 199 
 
 ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA, Pavon. CHILE PINE, MONKEY 
 PUZZLE. CONIFERS. 
 
 An evergreen tree, 50 to 80 ft. high, of pyramidal or rounded form, 
 with an erect, cylindrical bole, ij to 2\ ft. thick, all but the oldest parts 
 prickly with living leaves or the remains of dead ones. Branches pro- 
 duced in regular tiers of five to seven. Leaves very uniform, ovate, with 
 a slender spine-tipped point, from i to 2 ins. long, J to i in. wide ; hard, 
 rigid, and leathery ; dark glossy green except at the paler-growing tips of 
 the branches, and with numerous stomatic lines on both surfaces. The 
 leaves are arranged spirally on the branch, overlapping at the broad, 
 stalk less base, and are very densely packed (about twenty-four to i in. 
 of stem) ; they remain alive for ten to fifteen years, and then persist for 
 an indefinite time dead. Male and female flowers are usually borne on 
 separate trees, but not invariably ; the former are produced on egg-shaped 
 or cylindrical catkins 3 to 5 ins. long, the scales lanceolate, densely 
 packed, with the slender points reflexed, the pollen being shed in early 
 July. The female cones take two seasons to develop ; appearing in the 
 spring of one year, and shedding their seeds in August or September of 
 the next ; they are globose, and usually 5 to 7 ins. thick. Seeds conical, 
 i J ins. long, f in. wide. 
 
 Native of Chile; originally discovered about 1780, and introduced to 
 England by Archibald Menzies in 1795. Menzies had, two or three 
 years previously, when attached to Vancouver's voyage of survey, 
 pocketed some nuts put on for dessert whilst he and the ship's officers 
 were dining with the Viceroy of Chile. He sowed these nuts on board 
 ship, and ultimately landed five plants, which proved to be the Araucaria, 
 alive in England. One of the five existed at Kew until 1892. The Chile 
 pine, whilst hardy in most parts of the British Isles, attains its finest 
 development in the softer, moister counties, and in good free soil. It 
 should always be raised from seeds, fertile ones of which are now 
 regularly produced in several gardens. At Castle Kennedy I have seen 
 seedling plants springing up naturally near the trees from which seeds 
 had fallen. Araucaria imbricata is of peculiar interest as the only tree 
 from south of the equator that attains to timber-producing size in the 
 average climate of the British Isles. It becomes over 100 ft. high and 
 7 ft. in diameter of trunk in Chile, deriving its name from the Arauco 
 province (inhabited by the Araucanos Indians), where it was first found. 
 A species is found in Brazil, and several others in Australia and New 
 Caledonia all tender. In its general aspect, and especially as compared 
 with ordinary types of northern vegetation, the Chile pine is the most 
 remarkable hardy tree ever introduced to Britain. It should always be 
 grown as an isolated tree, or in an isolated group, as it associates very 
 badly with ordinary garden vegetation. It was first introduced in quantity 
 to this country in 1844, by Wm. Lobb. 
 
200 AR AU JI A A RBUTUS 
 
 ARAUJIA SERICOFERA, Brotero., ASCLEPIADACEvE. 
 
 (Physianthus albens, Martins, Bot. Mag., t. 3201.) 
 
 An evergreen climber of very vigorous growth, the stems twining, 
 covered with pale down when young. Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, 
 pointed, the base cut off squarely or broadly wedge-shaped ; 2 to 4 ins. 
 long, | to 2 ins. broad; pale green, and clothed beneath with a pale 
 minute felt; stalk \ to i| ins. long. Flowers fragrant, borne two to eight 
 together on racemes about 2 ins. long, produced at the joints of the stem, 
 not in either of the leaf-axils, but at the side between the leaf-stalks. 
 Corolla white, swollen at the base, the tube \ in. long, \ in. wide, opening 
 at the top into five spreading lobes, and there i to i J ins. across. Calyx 
 with five ovate lobes \ in. long. Fruit a large grooved pod, 5 ins. long, 
 2 to 3 ins. wide at the base, tapering slightly towards the end ; each seed 
 with a tuft of silky hairs i in. or more long attached at the end. 
 
 Native of S. America ; introduced by Tweedie from Buenos Ayres in 
 1830. It is not hardy at Kew, and even against a wall does not long 
 survive, but at Pendell Court in Surrey it used to grow and flower. 
 Where it is warm enough, as in the Channel Islands, it flowers and 
 produces its curious large fruits freely. It likes a good loamy soil, and 
 can be increased by cuttings as well as by seed. Flowers in late summer. 
 
 ARBUTUS. ERICACEAE. 
 
 A group of evergreen trees and shrubs, of which three species are 
 hardy in the average climate of the British Isles. They have alternate, 
 leathery leaves, and bear their flowers in terminal panicles ; corolla 
 pitcher-shaped, white or pink ; calyx five-lobed, persisting through the 
 fruiting stage ; stamens ten. The fruit is an edible but not very palatable 
 drupe, roundish, orange-red, and very ornamental when ripe, enclosing 
 numerous seeds. 
 
 The arbutuses are exceptionally attractive evergreens in their foliage, 
 which is healthy dark green, and abundant, also ornamental in flower and 
 fruit. A. Unedo thrives on a limestone, as well as other formations, and 
 may thus be included among the few ericaceous plants that can be grown 
 where lime is present. Still it, like the others, succeeds very well in 
 peaty or loamy soil. Wherever possible all the species should be raised 
 from seed, but the named varieties have to be grafted on seedlings of 
 A. Unedo. They transplant rather badly, and are best grown in pots 
 until finally planted out, which should be done as soon as possible. 
 Besides the species more fully noticed below, there is a fourth and more 
 tender one from Chile, viz. : 
 
 A. FURIENS, Hooker. It is a shrub whose leaves are \\ to 2\ ins. long, 
 \ to | in. wide, ovate, pointed, finely toothed ; bristly, leathery, and hard in 
 texture ; dark glossy green above, pallid green beneath. Flowers in axillary, 
 hairy racemes i^ to 2 ins. long, dull white ; each blossom -^ in. long, 
 densely set on the stalk. It is not hardy at Kew, but is grown out-of-doors 
 
ARBUTUS 201 
 
 (sometimes as Gaultheria furiens) in the extreme south and south-western 
 counties, and in Ireland, where it flowers in April and May. 
 
 A. ANDRACHNE, Linnceus. 
 
 An evergreen tree, 30 to 40 ft. high in a wild state, but usually a shrub 10 
 to 20 ft. high in Great Britain ; young shoots smooth ; bark on older branches 
 smooth and reddish brown. Leaves oval, usually 2 to 4 ins. long, i to 2 ins. 
 wide, dark glossy green above, paler below, smooth, toothed in young 
 specimens and on very vigorous shoots, but entire in the adult normal state ; 
 stalks ^ to i in. long. Flowers produced during March and April in terminal, 
 downy*panicles, 2 to 4 ins. long and wide ; corolla pitcher-shaped, J in. long, 
 dull white, with five shallow, reflexed Jobes at the contracted mouth ; calyx 
 lobes ovate, pointed ; flower-stalks glandular-hairy. Fruit globose, ^ in. 
 diameter, much smoother than that of A. Unedo, orange red. 
 
 Native of S.E. Europe, especially in the Eastern Mediterranean region ; 
 introduced from Smyrna in 1724. It is but little known in cultivation, nearly 
 all the plants so-called being A. hybrida. From A. Unedo it is distinguished 
 by its comparatively broader, entire leaves and smooth shoots ; and from 
 A. Menziesii by the leaves being less glaucous beneath, the smaller panicles, 
 and the more, compact, habit. 
 
 A. HYBRIDA, Ker-Gawhr. 
 
 (Bot. Reg. t. 619 ; A. andrachnoides, Z *>//-.) 
 
 A hybrid between A Andrachne and A. Unedo, intermediate in many 
 respects between the two, and very variable within the limits set by the parent 
 species, sometimes leaning more to one species, now more to the other. The 
 leaf-stalks and young branches are glandular-hairy, but not so much so as in 
 A. Unedo ; sometimes they show it only when quite young, and not very much 
 even then. The leaves are toothed, rather glaucous beneath, and intermediate 
 in size. Flowers produced in late autumn or in spring, in terminal, glandular- 
 downy panicles, white, pitcher-shaped, \ in. long. Fruit not so rough nor so 
 large as in A. Unedo. 
 
 Found wild in Greece, where both the parent species occur, and said also 
 to have been raised by Messrs Osborn of Fulham about 1800. On the whole 
 it is the most useful as it is the commonest of the genus. Several of its finest 
 forms have been given names, such as magnifica, photinaefolia, Rollissoni, all 
 notable for their fine foliage and goodly sized trusses. It is distinct from 
 A. Andrachne in the toothed leaves, and from A. Unedo in having them 
 slightly glaucous beneath and longer-stalked. 
 
 Var. QUERCIFOLIA. Leaf-margin set with large, irregular teeth, especially 
 towards the apex. 
 
 A. MENZIESII, Pursh. MADRONA. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8249 ; A. procera, Douglas, Bot. Reg., t. 1753.) 
 
 An evergreen tree, reaching in its native state heights of 20 to 100 ft., with 
 a trunk i to 6 ft. in thickness ; in Britain it has not yet exceeded 50 ft. in 
 height, and is usually 20 to 30 ft. Young shoots quite smooth ; bark peeling, 
 and, on the older branches and trunk, leaving the wood perfectly clean, and 
 of a striking cinnamon colour. Leaves oval, 2 to 6 ins. long, i to 3 ins. wide ; 
 toothed on young plants or very vigorous shoots, but mostly with entire 
 margins ; dark glossy green above, glaucous or almost white beneath ; stalk 
 \ to i ins. long. Flowers produced during May in a terminal pyramidal 
 panicle, from 3 to 9 ins. long and up to 6 ins. wide ; corolla pitcher-shaped, 
 
202 
 
 ARBUTUS 
 
 about J in. long, dull white ; flower-stalks downy ; calyx small, greenish ; fruit 
 about the size of a large pea, orange-coloured. 
 
 Native of California ; introduced by Douglas in 1827. This is one of the 
 most beautiful of all broad-leaved trees, and as seen at its best in the moist rich 
 valleys of N. California is by far the noblest of all the heath family. It is 
 especially noticeable for the perfectly smooth red branches. In the milder 
 parts of Britain, it succeeds very well, and at Kew is perfectly hardy, except 
 
 ARBUTUS MENZIESII. 
 
 that in a young state the vigorous sappy shoots are apt to be cut back in 
 winter. It should be propagated by imported seed, which is obtainable from 
 American nurserymen and germinates well. The young plants should as 
 soon as possible be given a permanent place, as they transplant badly. 
 Mr W. L. Jepson says that in N. California no other tree makes so strong 
 an appeal to man's imagination as this, and that wherever it grows, " the 
 traveller, forester, hunter, artist, and botanist is held by the spell of its crown 
 of flowers and masses of red fruits, its terra-cotta bark and burnished foliage.' 5 
 It is far too rarely seen in cultivation. When once established it grows 
 
ARBUTUS- ARCTOSTAPHYLOS 203 
 
 quickly; a tree at Kew raised from seed in 1894 is now 22 ft. high, with a 
 trunk 30 ins. in girth. 
 
 A. UNEDO, Linnceus. STRAWBERRY TREE. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1878, ii., fig. 115.) 
 
 An evergreen tree, from 15 to 30 ft. high, occasionally 40 ft. in its native 
 districts in Ireland, but nearly always a wide-topped shrub under cultivation ; 
 young shoots glandular-hairy. Leaves smooth, 2 to 4 ins. long, \ to if ins. 
 wide, narrowly oval or obovate, tapering towards both ends, toothed, dark 
 shining green and leathery; stalk J in. long, glandular. Flowers produced 
 from October to December in drooping panicles 2 ins. long and wide. Corolla 
 white or pinkish, pitcher-shaped, in. long, with small, rounded, reflexed 
 lobes at the mouth ; calyx-lobes small, triangular, edged with minute hairs. 
 Fruit globose, strawberry-like, f in. across, orange red, rough on the surface. 
 It ripens during the autumn following the production of the flowers, at the 
 same time as the succeeding crop of blossom. 
 
 Native of the Mediterranean regions and S.W. Ireland, especially on the 
 islands and shores of the Lakes of Killarney, where it attains its largest 
 dimensions. I have seen it wild also in Dalmatia (on calcareous ground), 
 where, however, it was always scrub not more than 10 ft. high. It is quite 
 hardy in the warmer parts of England, and has withstood 30 of frost at 
 Kew without injury. Both it and its varieties are of especial value through 
 flowering so late in the season. 
 
 Var. COMPACTA. A dwarf bush which does not flower freely. 
 
 Var. INTEGERRIMA, Sims (Bot. Mag., t. 2319). A distinct shrub with quite 
 entire leaves, which, as in the type, vary from narrow-oval to obovate. 
 
 Var. RUBRA, Alton (Croomei). A very pretty variety with deep pink 
 flowers, usually a low, rather spreading bush. Found wild by the Irish 
 botanist, Mackay, near Glengariff, about 1835, but known fifty years previously 
 to Aiton. 
 
 The strawberry tree is one of the few ericaceous plants which will thrive 
 on limestone. Distinguished from the other species by its hairy twigs, 
 
 ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. ERICACEAE. 
 
 Some four or five species of Arctostaphylos are cultivated in gardens, 
 one of which is deciduous, the others evergreen. They vary from small 
 trees to creeping shrubs, and are widely spread over the northern hemi- 
 sphere, being most abundant in regard to number of types and largest 
 in size in Western N. America. Leaves alternate, of leathery texture, 
 except in A. alpina. Flowers globose to pitcher-shaped, \ in. or less 
 long, narrowed at the mouth, where are five small teeth; produced in 
 short, terminal, drooping racemes. Fruit a berry with one to five bony 
 seeds. Most nearly allied to Arbutus among hardy shrubs. 
 
 All the following species are worthy of cultivation, especially the 
 W. American ones, of -which several beautiful species have yet to be 
 introduced. They love such a soil as suits rhododendrons. Imported 
 seeds from California are frequently difficult to get to germinate, and 
 Miss Alice Eastwood, a well-known Californian botanist, believes that it 
 is advisable to subject the seeds to heat before they are sown. This may 
 best be done by immersing them in water at boiling-point for ten to 
 
204 ARCTOSTAPHYLOS 
 
 twenty seconds ; experiment may prove a Conger immersion to be 
 necessary. Some of the Californian species inhabit hot dry regions, and 
 their seeds are said to germinate freely after a fire has swept over where 
 they grow. Our two British species, which inhabit moist mountain 
 regions, can be increased by cuttings, and the seeds do not offer any 
 difficulties in germination. 
 
 A. ALPINA, Sprengel. BLACK BEARBERRY. 
 
 A low, deciduous shrub of tufted or creeping habit, about 6 ins. high ; the 
 younger branches slightly bristly, clothed with the bases of fallen leaves, the 
 older ones with loose' bark, Leaves obovate, rounded or abruptly tapering 
 at the apex, much tapered at the base, i to i^ ins, long, J to f in. wide, round- 
 toothed towards the top ; thin, conspicuously veined, and without down ; 
 
 stalks J to | in. long, and, like the 
 lower part of the leaf- margins, 
 bristly. Flowers white, two or three 
 together on short, reflected racemes; 
 corolla \ in. long, pitcher-shaped. 
 Fruit a black berry, globose, \ in. 
 across, containing five seeds or less. 
 Native of the mountains of 
 Europe (including the north of 
 Scotland), N. Asia, and N. America. 
 It is a lover of damp, cool condi- 
 tions, and near London its roots 
 should be surfaced with Sphagnum 
 moss. Without having any par- 
 ticular beauty of flower or fruit, it 
 makes a pleasing low tuft, distinct 
 because of its wrinkled leaves, and 
 rather suggestive of Rhododendon 
 kamtschaticum on a small scale. 
 The leaves often turn a brilliant 
 red in autumn. Propagation may 
 be effected by division as well as by 
 seeds and cuttings. 
 
 Var. RUBRA. A variety with red 
 fruits found in Western N. America 
 and in W. China. 
 
 A. MANZANITA, Parry. 
 MANZANITA. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8128.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 4 to 8 ft. 
 high in this country, but becoming 
 a small tree 25 ft. high in its native 
 home ; young shoots, inflorescence, 
 leaf-stalks, and midribs covered 
 ARCTOSTAPHYLOS MANZANITA. with dense down ; bark peeling. 
 
 Leaves ovate, heart-shaped, or oval, 
 
 \\ to 2\ ins. long, f to if ins. wide, entire, thick and leathery; at first of a 
 dull grey, afterwards bright grey-green, slightly downy when young ; leaf-stalk 
 stout, J to ^ in. long. Flowers produced in March and April in short terminal 
 
ARCTOSTAPHYLOS 205 
 
 panicles about i ins. long and wide, lasting long in beauty. Corolla egg- 
 shaped, about in. long, deep pink, with five small, rounded teeth at the nearly 
 closed mouth ; sepals whitish ; flower-stalks slender, J in. or less long. Fruit 
 not seen in Britain, but described as a brownish red, orange-shaped berry to 
 J in. wide. 
 
 Native of California ; introduced to Kew in 1897. This shrub requires a 
 sunny position and a peaty, well-drained soil. Cuttings will not take root easily, 
 at least a way has not yet been found, so far as I know, to make them do so. 
 It is impatient of root disturbance, and should be given a permanent place 
 early, and till then grown in pots. Its stiff, somewhat gaunt branches, red 
 where not hidden by peeling bark ; the rigid, hard, grey foliage ; and the short, 
 crowded flower-clusters, give this rare shrub a most distinct appearance. 
 " Manzanita," which has been selected for its specific name, is an old Spanish- 
 Californian term for the bushy members of the genus generally. 
 
 A. TOMENTOSA, Lindley. DOWNY MANZANITA. 
 (Bot. Reg.< t. 1791 ; Arbutus tomentosa, Pursh, Bot. Mag., t. 3320.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub of somewhat irregular habit, growing from 3 to 5 ft. 
 (perhaps more) high ; young wood clothed with dense, often glandular hairs. 
 Leaves oblong or ovate, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, abruptly 
 pointed, i to 2 ins. long, \ to I in. wide, not toothed, leathery, dull greyish 
 green, downy above, thickly felted beneath ; stalk \ to in. long, hairy. 
 Flowers produced from March to May, densely, in short, drooping racemes 
 i in. or less long, from the end of the previous season's growth, and in the 
 axils of one or two of the uppermost leaves. Corolla white,* pitcher-shaped, 
 \ in. long ; sepals rounded, hairy on the margins ; flower-stalks very hairy, 
 | to j in. long. Fruit a berry, brownish red, orange-shaped, \ in. wide, 
 downy. 
 
 Native of the coast regions of California and Washington; discovered by 
 Alexander Menzies about 1793. I* i s a rare shrub, but is thriving in peaty 
 soil at Kew. The densely hairy character of its shoots and leaves distinguishes 
 it from the other species in cultivation. 
 
 A. UVA-URSI, Sprengel. RED BEARBERRY. 
 
 A trailing evergreen shrub, sending out long, slender, leafy branches, but 
 rising only a few inches above the ground ; young shoots furnished with minute 
 down. Leaves leathery, obovate, \ to i ins. long, to \ in. wide, with a long, 
 tapering base : bright green on "both sides ; the margins hairy, otherwise 
 smooth ; stalk in. or less long. Flowers produced from April onwards in 
 small, drooping, terminal clusters ; corolla pitcher-shaped, \ in. long, pink. 
 Fruit a globular berry, J to \ in. diameter, red, smooth and shining. 
 
 Native of the cool temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, both in 
 the New and Old Worlds. In gardens it is useful for forming a low evergreen 
 ground-cover, its spreading masses of green foliage and small pink flowers 
 being always pleasing. It may also be planted on the top of upturned tree-roots, 
 which it will eventually completely drape, or on the top of miniature declivities 
 of the rock garden. It is easily propagated by cuttings. As seen on the 
 mountains -of the north lof England and Scotland, or of Central Europe, 
 its growth is much more compact and stunted, but less graceful than in 
 gardens. 
 
 Plants sold in nurseries as " A. nevadensis " (really a very different species) 
 and "A. californica " are simply the W. American representatives of the species, 
 and do not differ appreciably from our own. 
 
206 ARDISIA ARISTOLOCHIA 
 
 ARDISIA JAPONICA, Blume. MYRSINACE,E. 
 
 A low evergreen shrub, i ft. or rather more high, its erect clustered 
 stems covered with dark, minute down when young. Leaves clustered in 
 one or two whorls near the top of the stem ; oval, i J to 3^ ins. long, 
 J to ij ins. wide; tapered at both ends, sharply toothed; bright dark 
 green, and nearly or quite smooth ; stalks J in. long, minutely downy. 
 Flowers white, J in. across, star-shaped, with five narrow, ovate, pointed 
 petals, the flowers occur singly or in twos or threes on short, downy 
 stalks J to f in. long, in the leaf-axils. They appear in August and 
 September, and are followed by red (in one form white), globular berries, 
 \ in. diameter. 
 
 Native of China and Japan, and the only member of a large genus 
 grown outside in this country. Its beauty is in the glossy foliage and 
 bright fruits. It is suitable for the rock garden, in the south and west 
 of England or Ireland, but is not wholly hardy at Kew. It first flowered 
 in Knight's nursery at Chelsea in 1834. 
 
 ARISTOLOCHIA. BIRTHWORTS. ARISTOLOCHIACE^:. 
 
 Although the most remarkable of the plants which constitute this genus 
 are found in tropical countries, some half a dozen woody, climbing species 
 can be grown in the open air in Britain which present so remarkable a 
 flower-structure and are, withal, so vigorous in growth, that one or more 
 of them ought to be seen in every garden. Leaves alternate, mostly 
 heart-shaped. The flower has no corolla ; the calyx (or perianth) is more 
 or less tubular, curiously inflated, and bent so as to resemble a siphon 
 or Dutch pipe. Some of the flowers of tropical Aristolochias are fly-traps ; 
 the insect is attracted by a foetid odour, /and enters the tube, which is 
 clothed with hairs pointing downwards ; these hairs offer no obstacle to 
 the ingress of the fly, but effectually bar its return. 
 
 The hardy species like a good loamy soil, and can be increased by 
 division or by cuttings. They are suitable for the various positions 
 adapted for climbers. 
 
 A. ALTISSIMA, Desfontaines. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6586.) 
 
 Chiefly of botanical interest, and not very hardy, this species is not common 
 in gardens, although one sees it occasionally cultivated in the south and west 
 country. It has Smilax-like leaves, with three or five prominent veins, heart" 
 shaped, 2 to 4 ins. long, bright green, and quite smooth, as are also the slender, 
 six-ribbed stems. Flowers solitary on slender stalks I to i| ins. long ; calyx 
 yellow-brown, striped with darker lines, ij ins. long, bladder-like at the base, 
 the upper part somewhat funnel-shaped, but doubled back on itself, expanding 
 at the mouth into one ovate, oblique lobe. Seed-vessel oblong, i \ ins. long, 
 | in. wide, minutely downy. 
 
 Native of S.E. Europe, and N. Africa. At Kew it has to be grown against 
 a wall, and even there in .severe winters is cut to the ground. During the 
 
ARISTOLOCHIA 207 
 
 summer it sends up shoots 8 to 10 ft. high, which flower from June to August. 
 It ripens seed with Canon Ellacombe at Bitton, near Bristol. From all 
 the other species here mentioned it is distinguished by the smooth, glossy 
 leaves. 
 
 A. CALIFORNICA, Torrey. 
 
 A vigorous, decidudus climber, with twining, downy stems, 10 ft. or more 
 high. Leaves heart-shaped, rounded or blunt-pointed at the apex, 3 to 8 ins. 
 long, nearly as wide ; downy on both sides ; stalk downy, I to 2 ins. long. 
 Flowers solitary on slender, downy stalks i in. long, with a tiny ovate bract at 
 mid-length. Calyx tubular, inflated, about 2 ins. long, bent double, about f in. 
 wide at the bend ; downy, slightly contracted at the mouth, where are three 
 slightly expanding lobes, dull purple. 
 
 Native of California ; introduced to Kew in 1877 by Sir Joseph Hooker, 
 who had collected it at Chico. In foliage it is similar to A. tomentosa, the 
 leaves remaining downy until they fall, but not so markedly so. The flower, 
 too, is less downy, larger, broader, and more inflated. A. Sipho differs from 
 both in its smooth flowers, with a large bract on the stalk. 
 
 A. HETEROPHYLLA, Hemsley. 
 
 A rambling or climbing, half-woody, deciduous shrub, whose young shoots 
 and leaves are covered with fine down ; buds hairy. Leaves narrowly to 
 broadly ovate, with a heart-shaped base, or sometimes with a shallow or 
 prominent rounded lobe at each side near the base ; pointed, i^ to 4 ins. long, 
 f to 2 ins. wide, dull green ; leaf-stalk \ to I in. long. Flowers solitary on 
 almost smooth stalks i^ to 2 ins. long, which spring from the leaf-axils singly 
 or in pairs, and are furnished near the base with a leaf-like, heart-shaped bract. 
 The flower has the typical "Dutchman's pipe" shape characteristic of the 
 genus, the tube being about 2 ins. long, yellow, downy, the terminal part 
 sharply curved upwards ; the orifice is \ in. diameter, bright yellow inside. 
 The spreading part of the flower is lurid purple, almost black, the lower lobe 
 rounded, the two side ones given a pointed shape by the curling back of the 
 margins. Flowers in June. Fruit 2 to 2^ ins. long, i in. wide, six-ribbed. 
 
 Native of W. China ; introduced by Wilson for Messrs Veitch in 1904. It 
 is quite hardy in the Coombe Wood nursery. The flowers are pretty and 
 striking, and the plant a decided curiosity. 
 
 A. MOUPINENSIS, Franchet. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8325.) 
 
 A deciduous climber, of vigorous habit, with downy stems. Leaves heart- 
 shaped, usually pointed at the apex, 2^ to 5 ins. long, three-fourths as wide ; 
 covered beneath with down, slightly downy above ; stalk i to 2 ins. long, downy. 
 Flowers solitary, produced in June from the joints of the stem, on slender, 
 pendulous, slightly downy stalks about 2 ins. long. Calyx \\ ins. long ; the 
 tube inflated, i in. wide, somewhat flattened, downy, pale green, much bent 
 back so as to expose the yellow mouth and three spreading lobes, which are 
 yellow, dotted with purplish red, greenish towards the margin. Seed-vessel 
 3 ins. long, i j ins. wide, with six ridges. 
 
 Native of W. China ; discovered by the Abbe David in 1886, but first 
 introduced to cultivation by Wilson in 1903, and flowered in the Coombe Wood 
 nursery in 1908. It appears to be quite hardy, and, although not showy, is 
 well worth growing for its prettily coloured, quaintly formed flowers. 
 
208 ARISTOLOCHIA ARISTOTELIA 
 
 A. SlPHO, LHeritier. DUTCHMAN'S PIPE. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 534 ; A. macrophylla, Lamarck?) 
 
 A vigorous, deciduous climber, with twining stems, 20 to 30 ft. high ; stems 
 smooth, buds woolly. Leaves kidney-shaped or heart-shaped, pointed or blunt, 
 4 to 10 ins. long, often almost as wide, downy beneath when young, afterwards 
 almost or quite smooth, pale green ; leaf-stalk I to 3 ins. long, smooth, or 
 slightly downy near the blade. Flowers produced in June at the joints, often 
 in pairs, each flower solitary on a flower-stalk 2 to 4 ins. long, clasped by a 
 roundish oval bract on the lower third of its length. Calyx I to i^ ins. long, 
 tubular and inflated, bent like a siphon, and resembling a Dutch pipe ; yellow- 
 green outside ; at the mouth the tube contracts to a small orifice, the three 
 lobes spreading there into a flat, brown-purple border \ to f in. across. 
 
 Native of the eastern United States ; sent to England first in 1783 by John 
 Bartram of Philadelphia. This is the best known of the genus in gardens, and 
 is a handsome-foliaged climber ; its flowers, although not highly coloured, are, 
 like those of the other species, curiously and beautifully constructed. The 
 plant may be used for covering pergolas, arbours, or pillars. Increased by 
 division. The bark and more especially the root have an aromatic odour. 
 
 A. TOMENTOSA, Sims. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 1369.) 
 
 A vigorous, deciduous climber, 20 to 30 ft. high, with very woolly young 
 stems, leaves, and flowers. Leaves broadly ovate to roundish, heart- shaped 
 at the base, mostly rounded at the apex ; 3 to 8 ins. long, often nearly as wide ; 
 dull pale green, only slightly downy above ; leaf-stalk I to 3 ins. long, woolly. 
 Flowers solitary on a woolly stalk, which is 2 ins. long, gradually thickening 
 upwards. Calyx about ij ins. long, tubular, inflated at the base, bent to 
 resemble a Dutch pipe, f in. wide at the orifice, where it expands into three 
 distinct lobes ; the tubular part of the flower is greenish yellow, the throat dark 
 brown, and the lobes yellowish. Flowers about midsummer. Fruits 2 ins. 
 long, cylindric, angled. 
 
 Native of S.E. United States ; introduced in 1799. Although not so 
 frequently seen in gardens as A. Sipho, this is also a useful climber for similar 
 positions. Its leaves do not run so large, and it is very distinct in its woolly 
 parts, in the more deeply and distinctly three-lobed limb of the calyx, and in 
 the absence of a bract on the flower-stalk. 
 
 ARISTOTELIA. 
 
 A small genus of trees and shrubs, two species of which are in 
 cultivation, one native of Chile, the other of New Zealand. Both are 
 somewhat tender in our average climate, and are only seen at their best 
 in the south-west counties. Given warm enough conditions they will 
 thrive in any soil of moderate quality, and both can be easily propagated 
 by cuttings made of half-ripened wood and put in gentle heat. 
 
 A. MACQUI, LHeritier. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1875, ii., p. 773.) 
 
 An evergreen, spreading shrub, 6 to 10 ft. high, considerably higher in the 
 mildest counties. Leaves opposite and alternate on the same plant, ovate, 
 
ARISTOTELIA ARTEMISIA 209 
 
 usually from 2 to 5 ins. long, shallowly toothed ; dark lustrous green, almost 
 smooth except when young. Flowers in small, few-flowered cymes coming 
 from the leaf-axils, or from the ends of short twigs ; small (not more than J in. 
 across), greenish white. Male and female flowers appear on different plants. 
 The fruit is about the size of a pea, at first purplish then black. 
 
 Native of Chile, whence it is said to have been introduced in 1773. This shrub 
 is best fitted for the warmer parts of the British Isles, where it forms a luxuriant 
 but somewhat commonplace evergreen, and where the female plant bears fruit 
 freely. At Kew it is cut back to the ground in all but the mildest winters, but 
 sends up during the summer a crowd of thick, succulent, big-leaved shoots 3 or 4 
 ft. high. In these circumstances it does not flower and has little interest, but 
 on a wall it often flowers. The Chileans make a wine from the fruit, said to 
 have medicinal properties. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATA. A form whose leaves are variegated with yellow ; it is 
 handsome where it thrives, but is more tender than the type. 
 
 A. RACEMOSA, Hooker fil 
 
 A small, deciduous tree of graceful form, up to 25 ft. high. Leaves 2 to 4 
 ins. long, opposite or nearly so, ovate with a heart-shaped or rounded base, 
 long-pointed, the margin cut up into deep, narrow, irregular teeth ; the blade 
 is thin and the stalk about half as long. All the younger parts of the plant 
 are downy. Flowers in downy panicles from the leaf-axils ; they are numerous 
 but very small (^ in. across), rose-coloured ; male and female flowers are on 
 separate trees. Fruit a dark red or almost black berry, about the size of a pea. 
 
 Native of New Zealand, and only suitable for the milder parts of the 
 kingdom, being more tender than A. Macqui. There is a good specimen in Mr 
 Herd's garden at Rossdohan, in Co. Kerry, which flowers in May. The wood 
 is used in New Zealand for making charcoal for gunpowder. 
 
 ARTEMISIA. COMPOSITE 
 
 A large genus of shrubby and herbaceous plants with- composite 
 flowers, abundant in Europe, and especially in the dry, hot regions of 
 Western N. America, where they cover great plains and form what is 
 known there as "sage brush." Most of them are of a more or less 
 greyish tinge, and are notable for their strong, often agreeable odour. 
 Some half-dozen shrubby species have at times been in cultivation, the 
 two best of which are A. Abrotanum and A. tridentatum. They need 
 a sunny position, and a well-drained, not rich soil. Increased by 
 cuttings. 
 
 A. ABROTANUM, Linnceus. SOUTHERNWOOD. 
 
 A soft-wooded, semi-shrubby, fragrant plant about 3 ft. high ; stems erect, 
 densely furnished with foliage, and covered at first with a grey down. Leaves 
 downy, the terminal half doubly or trebly pinnate, the final divisions scarcely 
 thicker than a thread ; the entire leaf is from i to 2 ins. long, f to i^ ins. wide, 
 and dull green. Flower-heads dull yellow, \ in. across, nodding ; produced 
 during September and October in a tall, slender panicle 12 to 18 ins. high, 
 i \ to i\ ins. through, terminating each shoot. 
 
 Native of S. Europe ; cultivated in England since the sixteenth century. 
 The flowers have little beauty, but the plant has always been a favourite in 
 gardens, especially cottage gardens, for the sweet aromatic odour of its 
 finely divided leaves. Village children are very fond of taking a sprig to 
 
 O 
 
2 1 ARTE MISI A ARUNDIN A RI A 
 
 school, and in the north of England the plant is often called "lad's love." It 
 thrives in any soil, but likes a sunny, well-drained spot. Increased by cuttings 
 taken any time during the summer, and placed either in gentle heat, or under 
 a bell-glass in some sheltered corner. It flowers infrequently in most parts of 
 Britain, and is valued solely for its fragrant sprigs. 
 
 A. PROCERA, Willdenow. 
 
 A semi-woody plant of thin, erect habit, with pithy stems 6 to 8 ft. high, 
 smooth or furnished with a little grey down. Leaves trebly pinnate, the final 
 divisions thin and thread-like ; the entire leaf is 2 to 3 ins. long, and the same 
 wide ; dark green. Flower-heads nodding, \ in. across, yellowish green ; 
 produced in August in tall, slender panicles 12 to 20 ins. long, the lower 
 portion composed of racemes springing from the axils of the uppermost leaves. 
 
 Native of S.E. Europe and Asia Minor. Although rather elegant in late 
 summer and autumn, when its tall stems are surmounted by their flower- 
 panicles, the plant is of only third-rate value in gardens. It is quite hardy, 
 and has lived outside for many years at Kew without protection. The leaves 
 when crushed have a slightly pungent aroma. 
 
 A. TRIDENTATA, Nuttall SAGE BRUSH. 
 
 An evergreen shrub of rather open habit, 6 to 8 ft. high ; stems lax when 
 young, clothed with shredding bark when old ; young shoots and leaves 
 covered with a dense, grey felt. Leaves of various sizes, crowded on the 
 stems in clusters ; wedge-shaped, tapering gradually from the apex (which is 
 three-toothed and truncate) to the stalk ; ^ to if ins. long, ^ to \ in. 
 wide at the apex. Flower-heads small, yellowish, \ in. long, supported by 
 grey-felted bracts ; produced in October in long, slender panicles, more or 
 less arching or pendulous, and 12 to 18 ins. long. No other hardy shrub in 
 cultivation has a leaf similar to this in colour and shape. 
 
 Native of the western United States ; introduced to Kew in 1895. When 
 rubbed, the plant emits a strong but pleasant odour, which moisture of itself 
 appears to release, for after a shower, or still more after a wet day, the air for 
 several yarcls round a group of plants is filled with this aromatic scent. The 
 species is usually a great favourite with those who cultivate it on this account. 
 This shrub is one of those found in the dry alkaline districts of Western N. 
 America, which are known collectively as "sage-brush," and cover immense 
 areas with a grey, monotonous vegetation. In our gardens it makes a very 
 pleasing feature, not only for its fragrance, but also for the silvery grey foliage, 
 which provides an agreeable contrast to ordinary green shrubs. It can be 
 increased by cuttings made of half-ripened wood, and placed under a bell-glass 
 in the propagating frame. But it does not take root with the readiness and 
 certainty of most of its allies. 
 
 ARUNDIN ARIA. BAMBOO. GRAMINE^E. 
 
 Hardy bamboos are known in gardens under three generic terms, 
 viz. ARUNDINARIA, BAMBUSA, and PHYLLOSTACHYS. Whilst all the 
 species of Phyllostachys so-called are probably correctly placed, so 
 much cannot be said for all the species put under Bambusa and 
 Arundinaria. Many of them have never been critically examined in 
 flower, and their* location is more or less guesswork. In the nomen- 
 clature of the bamboos included in this work I have followed as closely 
 
ARUNDINARIA 211 
 
 as possible The Bamboo Garden, an admirable monograph by Mr A. B. 
 Freeman-Mitford (now Lord Redesdale), published in 1896. 
 
 The bamboos are really woody grasses, mostly characteristic of moist, 
 tropical regions. The species we cultivate in the open air, except one 
 from N. America, are northern outliers of the great bamboo regions of 
 Asia, and although they are mere pigmies compared with the giants of 
 equatorial regions, they have a special value in our gardens in introducing 
 to them a form of vegetation not only of surpassing grace and beauty, 
 but one of an absolutely distinct type. 
 
 Naturally they are evergreen, but in cold winters and in cold districts 
 some of them lose much of, or all, their foliage. They have hollow 
 stems divided into sections by a transverse woody layer at each node 
 (or "joint"), and the branches (from one to many) are produced at 
 these joints. In a young state the stems are more or less encased in 
 membranous sheaths, which in some species fall away, in others persist ; 
 at the end of each sheath there is a small leaf-like expansion which is 
 known as the "limb," and differs from the true leaves in having no 
 midrib. The joints are farthest apart about the middle of the stem. 
 
 The leaves of bamboos have a midrib supported on either side by 
 from two to nearly twenty more or less prominent veins, between which 
 again are thin, delicate veins of a third dimension, easily visible by holding 
 the leaf between the eye and the light. In all but two of the species 
 mentioned in these notes the thin veins are united by tiny cross-veins 
 easily seen with a lens by holding the leaf up to the light which 
 divide the space between each longitudinal vein into rectangular spaces of 
 irregular size. Lord Redesdale made the interesting discovery that this 
 tessellation of the veins is invariably characteristic of a really hardy 
 bamboo ; those that do not possess it are as invariably tender. This, how- 
 ever, does not mean that every bamboo with a tessellated venation is 
 hardy. The leaves are attached to the branchlet by a clasping sheath, 
 which is easily detached by pulling at the blade. 
 
 In habit, bamboos are either tufted i.e., they keep their stems in a close 
 cluster and extend but slowly or they spread by means of underground 
 runners, which in some species push through the ground several feet 
 away from the previously made stem. 
 
 The flowering of bamboos is a phenomenon of peculiar interest, but 
 as the flowers have little bearing on the identification of those we 
 cultivate, it is not necessary to enter into a definition of them here. 
 On many of the sorts we grow they have never been seen in this country, 
 nor, indeed, ever examined by botanists. There is no doubt that the 
 flowering of many bamboos is shortly and inevitably followed by their 
 death : Arundinaria Falconeri is an example. Others flower and, although 
 seriously crippled, in time recover : some of the Phyllostachys behave in 
 this way. In a third group a small proportion of the stems flower, and 
 although those particular stems die, the plant as a whole is unaffected ; 
 Arundinaria auricoma is an example; plants at Kew have flowered 
 partially for the last twenty years. It is not certain, however, that those 
 of the last group will not eventually flower all over simultaneously and 
 then die, as did A. Simoni, after blossoming partially for at least twelve 
 
212 ARUNDINARIA 
 
 years. I have been informed that the lives of bamboos (or of some of 
 them) may be saved by cutting off all the stems close to the ground 
 as soon as ever there is any indication that they are about to blossom 
 I cannot guarantee the efficacy of this plan, but it is worth trying. A 
 curious circumstance in connection with the flowering of bamboos is 
 the simultaneous flowering of all the plants of one species, although 
 spread over great areas and growing under different conditions. Instances 
 have been known where plants grown in English hothouses for many 
 years have flowered (and died) during the same season as plants of 
 identical species growing wild in the tropics. Hardy species in our 
 gardens have behaved in the same way, flowering simultaneously all over 
 the country ; but the period of flowering appears to be longer and less 
 clearly defined than in the case of wild species, and may extend over four 
 or five years. 
 
 CULTIVATION. After a quarter of a century's experience with hardy 
 bamboos, I am inclined to believe that the most important item in the 
 cultivation of the group as a whole is the provision of good shelter. Few 
 plants we grow are less adapted to' withstand cutting blasts from north 
 and east than these. They need some position protected from those 
 quarters, but open to the south and west. Nothing in our gardens is 
 more lovely in form than a well-grown bamboo from midsummer to 
 Christmas, but with the January and February frosts and the biting winds 
 of March, many of them become seared and brown, and anything but 
 pleasant objects. Adequate shelter from cold winds does much to 
 prevent or defer this disfigurement. 
 
 As regards soil, they appear to thrive best in an open loam of fair 
 quality ; neither so sandy as to be poor, nor so clayey as to be heavy and 
 cold. They also succeed well on a peaty formation. Being gross feeders 
 they need abundant moisture, and are benefited by occasional mulchings 
 with manure. 
 
 TRANSPLANTING AND PROPAGATION. In the absence of seed a very 
 uncertain product in this country propagation is effected by division. 
 All disturbance at the root, whether for propagation or transplanting, 
 is best deferred until May, or until the unfolding of new leaves indicates 
 that root action has begun. Early autumn is also a good time, but 
 from late autumn to early spring is the worst time to transplant. In 
 order to divide some clumps of the tufted sorts it may be necessary to 
 use a pickaxe, so hard and matted does the root system become; but 
 from the running sorts pieces can be easily taken. To get a big stock 
 quickly, a clump should be broken up into comparatively small pieces, 
 which should be potted or planted thickly in a warm, moist greenhouse 
 until re-established. In this case it is advisable to cut down the stems in 
 proportion to the sacrifice of roots. Imported plants are safer if estab- 
 lished in heat in this way before planting in the open ground. 
 
 For districts where the success of bamboos is problematical, the 
 following sorts are the best to experiment with: Arundinaria anceps, 
 fastuosa, japonica, nitida, palmata, and Ragamowski; Phyllostachys 
 Henonis, nigra, and viridi-glaucescens. 
 
 ARUNDINARIA. The most obvious distinctive characters of Arundin- 
 
ARUNDINARIA 213 
 
 aria are in the stems. These are round and straight, and develop the 
 branches almost simultaneously from top to bottom, and, in the taller 
 species, the branches at each joint are indefinite and numerous. The 
 low, slender - stemmed, sparsely - branched, very rhizomatous species 
 included here under this genus, viz., A. Veitchii, palmata, and Ragamowski, 
 have by Japanese authorities been recently separated with others into 
 a genus, SASA, a name founded on the Japanese term for dwarf bamboos 
 generally. 
 
 A. ANCEPS, Mitford. RlNGAL. 
 
 Stems 10 to 14 ft. high, cylindrical, erect or arching at the summit, to \ 
 in. diameter; purplish at first, changing to brownish green ; from 3 to 7 ins. 
 between the joints ; branches purple, slender, forming dense clusters on the 
 older stems. Stem-sheaths mottled within, hairy on the margin. Leaf-sheath 
 fringed with bristles and small hairs where it joins the base of the . blade. 
 Leaves i to 4 ins. long, \ to \ in. wide, brilliant green above, slightly 
 glaucous beneath, edged with minute bristles on each margin. There are 
 two or three secondary veins on each side of the midrib, and the tessellation 
 is very minute, but quite distinct under a lens. 
 
 Native of the N.W. Himalaya ; introduced by Col. Edmund Smyth 
 from Garhwal, about 1865, and first cultivated at Elkington Hall, Lincolnshire. 
 It is a handsome and graceful bamboo, spreading rapidly by means of under- 
 ground suckers. It is very hardy, and although it loses its leaves in severe 
 winters its stems are rarely injured. It grows at elevations of 10,000 to 11,000 
 ft., and is said to flower and seed in its native home at intervals of twenty to 
 twenty-five years, when vast fields of it die. 
 
 A. ANGUSTIFOLIA, De Ldhaie. 
 
 (Eambusa angustifolia, Mitford; B. Vilmorinii, Hort.') 
 
 Stems erect, 2 to 6 ft. high, round, ^ to \ in. in diameter, with a very 
 small hollow up the centre ; joints rather prominent, from 10 ins. apart at 
 the base to about i in. near the apex ; branches slender, erect. Leaves i^ 
 to 6 ins. long, to f in. wide, rounded at the base, long and slenderly pointed", 
 smooth, and of the same shade of brilliant green on both surfaces ; bristle- 
 toothed on one margin, minutely so on the other ; secondary veins two 
 to four each side the midrib ; leaf-sheath with a tuft of erect hairs at the top, 
 and smaller ones on the margin. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced about 1895 by way of France. This bamboo' 
 spreads rapidly by means of underground suckers, and forms a dense thicket 
 of slender, erect stems of very various heights. Its distinguishing marks are 
 in the narrowness of the leaves, their smoothness, and similarity of shade on 
 both surfaces. 
 
 A. AURICOMA, Mitford. 
 
 (Bambusa Fortune! var. aurea, Hart.") 
 
 Stems tufted, 3 to 4 ft. high, about as thick as a knitting-needle, slightly 
 hollow, dark purplish green. Stem-sheaths persistent, edged with minute 
 hairs. Leaves 3 to 8J ins. long, to i J ins. wide ; rounded, or even slightly 
 heart-shaped at the base, fine-pointed, dark green always more or less striped 
 with rich golden yellow. These yellow stripes vary in width and number, 
 often the major part of the leaf is golden, with only thin lines of green. 
 Secondary veins five to seven each side the midrib. The upper surface 
 is at first minutely downy, and becomes rough to the touch with age ; the 
 lower surface remains velvety. 
 
214 ARUNDINARIA 
 
 Native of Japan ; cultivated since the " seventies " of last century, probably 
 before, and long known as " Bambusa Fortunei aurea." In its full late summer 
 leafage it is a beautifully variegated plant, and quite distinct from all other 
 dwarf bamboos. A few stems flower every year at Kew, but no plant has 
 yet broken completely into blossom. 
 
 A. CHRYSANTHA, Mitford. 
 (Bambusa chrysantha, Hart.") 
 
 Stems 2 to 6 ft. high, J to in. diameter, dark green, round ; joints 2 to 5^ 
 ins. apart. Leaves 5 to 7 ins. long, ^ to I in. broad, rounded at the base, rather 
 abruptly tapered to a short, slender point, smooth on both surfaces, minutely 
 toothed at the margins. There is a tuft of long, silky hairs at the top of the 
 leaf-sheath. Most of the leaves are quite green, but some are more or less 
 striped with golden yellow like A. auricoma. Secondary veins four to six 
 each side the midrib. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced in 1892, but a bamboo of no great attractive- 
 ness. The variegation is not abundant enough to give a colour effect, and the 
 plant cannot be compared with A. auricoma in this respect. It spreads rapidly 
 by its underground stems. 
 
 A. FALCATA, Nees. 
 (Bambusa falcata, Hort. ; B. gracilis, Hort.} 
 
 Stems tufted, 10 to 15 ft. high, glaucous when young, slender, round ; the 
 joints clothed with a velvety down ; stem-sheaths with long, tapered points, 
 edged with hairs, especially when young, pale purple. Leaves 2 to 6 ins. long, 
 to in. wide, rather pale green, somewhat glaucous beneath ; secondary 
 veins two to five each side the midrib, not tessellated with cross-veinlets. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya up to 7000 ft. It is not a very hardy species, and 
 is only suitable for the mildest parts of the kingdom. From all the bamboos 
 here mentioned, except A. Falconeri, it can be distinguished by the absence 
 of cross-veinlets in the leaves. A. Falconeri differs in having green or yellowish 
 (not glaucous) stems with dark brown stains at the joints. 
 
 A. FALCONERI, Gamble. 
 
 (A. nobilis, Mitford ; Thamnocalamus Falconeri, Hooker fit., Bot. Mag., t. 7947) 
 
 Stems up to 25 ft. long in the mildest parts of the kingdom ; tufted, very 
 slender, round, olive-green, becoming yellowish, with a very distinct stain of 
 purplish brown at the joints ; the joints quite devoid of down ; stem-sheaths 
 purple, smooth, except towards the top and at the margins. Leaves normally 
 2 to 4 ins .long, about ^ in. wide; bright green, rather glaucous beneath, with 
 purplish stalks and margins; secondary veins three or four each side the mid- 
 rib, not tessellated with cross-veins; leaf-sheaths purplish, not hairy at the top. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya ; first introduced to England in 1847 by Mr Madden, 
 who sent large quantities of seeds to Kew, which were distributed through 
 Europe. These plants grew well where the climatic conditions were favour- 
 able, and flowered in 1875 an d 1876. Every plant ultimately died, but from the 
 seed they produced a new generation was raised, which in its turn flowered 
 between 1903 and 1908. It would thus appear that the next general flowering 
 may be expected from 1931 onwards. A. Falconeri produces its stems in a 
 dense, crowded cluster, and does not spread by underground suckers. It is 
 not very hardy, but in such places as Cornwall and the south-west of Ireland 
 
ARUNDINARIA FASTUOSA. 
 
 [Face p. 215. 
 
ARUNDINARIA 215 
 
 it is magnificent. At Kevv it is killed to the ground ever}' winter. The species 
 has been much confused with A. falcata an inferior bamboo, more tender, not 
 so tall, and really very distinct in its glaucous stems with velvety joints, and in 
 the long, tapered points of the stem-sheaths. 
 
 A. FASTUOSA, Makino. 
 (Bambusa fastuosa, Marliac ; Phyllostachys fastuosa, fforf.") 
 
 Stems up to 22 ft. high, i^ ins. diameter at the base, perfectly erect, very 
 hollow, dark green, round except at the upper internodes, which are flattened 
 on one side ; branches short, very leafy. Stem-sheaths very large, up to 9 ins. 
 long by 4 ins. wide at the base when spread out, purplish and at first downy 
 outside, beautifully glazed within ; they fall off early. Leaves 4 to 8 ins. long, 
 | to i in. wide, wedge-shaped at the base, long and taper-pointed ; dark 
 lustrous green above ; one side the midrib beneath glaucous, the other greenish ; 
 margins toothed ; secondary veins four to six each side the midrib. 
 
 Native of Japan, where it is known as " Narihira-dake." Narihira, Lord 
 Redesdale tells us, was the beautiful hero of one of the classic romances of 
 Japan, vritten in the eleventh century. Although in some respects this 
 bamboo resembles A. Simoni, it is perfectly distinct and a superior plant. 
 If not the most graceful, it is the loftiest and stateliest of hardy species, differing 
 from A. Simoni in the early fall of the stem-sheaths ; in the short, crowded 
 branches at each joint, which give to each stem-growth a columnar appear- 
 ance ; and in the more tufted habit. Although suckers do push through the 
 ground g)od distances away from the parent clump, it is not so rampant as 
 A. Simon. Introduced in 1892, it has not yet flowered in cultivation. It is 
 very hard/, and the foliage of no bamboo suffers less from winter cold. 
 
 A. FORTUNEI, A. and C. Riviere. 
 
 (Bambusa Fortune! variegata, Hort.~) 
 
 Stems ip to 3! ft. high, very slender, the strongest only in. diameter, the 
 pipe up thi centre very small ; joints i to 6 ins. apart ; stem-sheaths persistent, 
 hairy at tie base. Leaves 2 to 7^ ins. long, 5 to i in. wide ; rounded at the 
 base, darkgreen copiously striped" lengthwise with creamy white sometimes 
 it would h more correct to say "white striped with green"; hairy on both 
 surfaces, epecially beneath; both margins toothed; leaf-sheaths hairy when' 
 young ; se ondary nerves three to five both sides the midrib. 
 
 Native )f Japan ; cultivated by Van Houtte of Ghent before 1863. This is 
 the prettiet white variegated hardy bamboo we have, giving a very bright 
 effect from late summer up to Christmas. It is of tufted habit, but spreads 
 rapidly, anl is easily increased by division. 
 
 A. GRAMINEA, Makino. 
 
 A. Hindsii var. graminea, Bean; Bambusa graminea, Hort?) 
 
 Stems ID to 10 ft. high, and about \ in. diameter, at first yellowish ; the 
 central hobw very large, leaving only thin walls ; joints 3 to 6 ins. apart ; 
 ultimately ery densely branched and leafy towards the top, and forming 
 besom-like nasses. Leaves the narrowest in proportion to their length of all 
 hardy bambos, being 4 to 9 ins. long, but never, so far as I have observed, 
 more than tin. wide ; secondary nerves two to four either side the midrib. 
 
 Native c Japan, where it is known as Taimin-chiku ; cultivated by Messrs 
 Veitch in 1*77, and probably introduced by John Gould Veitch during the 
 
216 ARUNDINARIA 
 
 previous decade. It forms thickets of stems of great density, but spreads 
 rapidly, and can be increased very quickly by division. In the earlier days of 
 its cultivation in Britain I regarded it as a variety of A. Hindsii, but in twenty 
 years these two have assumed very different characters. A. graminea is a 
 much more slender, leafy plant, hardier, and better for gardens ; the leaves 
 are only half as wide, and the secondary veins fewer. 
 
 A. HINDSII, Munro. KAN-ZAN-CHIKU. 
 
 (Bambusa erecta, Hort?) 
 
 Stems tufted, 8 to 10 ft. high, round, quite erect, up to I in. diameter ; dark 
 olive green; at first covered with a waxy bloom; joints often 8 to 10 ins apart; 
 central pipe large. Branches erect; forming dense clusters at eacl joint. 
 Leaves mostly erect, dark green above, rather glaucous beneath, smooth 
 on the surfaces, but with numerous bristle-like teeth on one margin and a 
 few scattered ones on the other ; the longest are 8 to 9 ins. long, the broadest 
 f to i in. wide ; the average width is from j to f in., tapered at tre base, 
 the apex long, tail-like. Secondary veins four to six each side the midrib. 
 
 Native of Japan; cultivated in England since about 1875. It lowered 
 in 1910 and 1911. It is one of the least elegant of bamboos, sinilar in 
 foliage to A. graminea, but less copiously leafy and with larger leaves. The 
 stems and leaves are also stouter and darker green, the habit is less dense, 
 and the plants do not " run " so rapidly. 
 
 A. HUMILIS, Mitford. 
 
 (Bambusa Nagashima, Marliac^ 
 
 A dwarf, rapidly spreading bamboo, 2 to 5 ft. high as a rule ; stems very 
 slender, and with a minute hollow up the centre. Leaves bright green on 
 both sides, 2 to 7 ins. long, \ to f in. wide, rounded at the base slender- 
 pointed ; secondary veins three to five each side the midrib ; leaf-sh<aths with 
 two clusters of bristles at the top. 
 
 A native of Japan, long grown in gardens as A. Fortunei ("grem form"). 
 The true A. Fortunei is well marked by its white-variegated leave. I am, 
 however, unable to see any real distinction between it and the Bambusa 
 Nagashima of French nurserymen ; nor is there much to choosi between 
 these two and A. chrysantha, except the occasional variegaticn of the 
 last. A. humilis, without possessing any special merit, forms pleasant 
 masses of greenery from midsummer onwards. 
 
 A. JAPONICA, Siebold. MDAK. 
 
 (Bambusa Metake, Siebold.') 
 
 Stems 10 to 12 ft. high (5 or 6 ft. more in the milder countfis), round, 
 very hollow, erect, ^ to f in. diameter, with erect branches nea- the top, 
 producing only a few leaves the first year. Stem-sheaths neary as long 
 or longer than the space between the joints, which is sometimes ! ins., very 
 persistent, soon turning pale brown, covered at first with flattend bristles ; 
 terminated when young by an awl-shaped tongue up to 3 ins< long, but 
 only in. wide. Leaves 7 to 12 ins. long, f to 2 ins. wide, terminated by 
 a long, tail-like point ; the upper surface glossy dark green ; rathff glaucous 
 beneath, except a strip about one-fourth of its width near one majgin, which 
 is green. There are five to nine secondary veins each side the midri), minutely 
 tessellated with cross veinlets; one margin is minutely, the other scare ly toothed. 
 
ARUNDINARIA 217 
 
 Native of Japan; introduced .by Von Siebold in 1850, and for long 
 the only bamboo commonly grown in British gardens. It is a very hardy 
 and accommodating species, and a handsome evergreen, having larger leaves 
 than any other bamboo of its height and character we can grow outside. 
 It does not spread quickly by underground suckers, but maintains a rather 
 tufted habit. It flowered in Europe between 1872 and 1874. 
 
 A. MARMOREA, Makino. KAN-CHIKU. 
 
 (A. Kokantsik, Kurz ; Bambusa marmorea, Mitford.*) 
 
 Stems round, slender, solid, erect, 3 to 5 ft. high ; purplish green, from J to 
 |- in. thick at the base, almost hidden the first season by the clasping, persistent 
 sheaths, which are at first purplish, mottled conspicuously with pinkish grey, 
 turning grey-white with age. Branches erect, normally three at each joint, 
 forming a dense but elegant, cylindrical mass of foliage ; the branches, how- 
 ever, do not develop until the second year, the tops of the slender, whip-like, 
 leafless stems of the first year standing out above the mass of foliage through- 
 out the winter. Leaves bright green, 2 to 5 ins. long, f in. to ^ in. wide, with 
 slender, awl-like points ; four or five secondary nerves each side the midrib ; 
 margins set with minute bristles ; leaf-sheath terminated by a tuft of pale curly 
 bristles arid edged with small hairs. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced to Ireland in 1889. A very pretty, well- 
 marked bamboo, distinguished by the marbled stem-sheaths, the stems 
 remaining unbranched the first season, the absence of a pipe or hollow up the 
 centre, and by the apex of the leaf being constricted about ^ in. from the tip. 
 It spreads very rapidly by underground suckers, forming luxuriant masses, but, 
 is liable to injury by winter cold. 
 
 A. NITIDA, Mitford. 
 
 Stems up to 10 ft. high, f in. diameter, erect and leafless the first year, 
 very dark purple, round and hollow ; the branches develop the second season 
 and the stems then arch beautifully at the top. Stem-sheaths purplish, downy, 
 measuring with the tongue at the apex 2 to 4 ins. long, which is about the 
 distance the stem joints are apart. Leaves 2 to 3^ ins. long, j to f in. wide ; 
 rounded at the base, finely pointed, vividly green above, somewhat glaucous 
 beneath ; secondary veins three or four each side the midrib, very faintly 
 defined in the fresh leaf, but conspicuous enough in the dry ; margins very 
 minutely bristly on one side. 
 
 Native of Central and W. China ; introduced by way of St Petersburg in 
 1889, and one of the very hardiest of bamboos. It withstood the bitter weather 
 of February, 1895, better than any other species, and scarcely lost a leaf; but 
 this evergreen character appears to belong only to young plants. Since then, 
 the same plants have often lost nearly all their leaves even in comparatively 
 mild winters. The stems are never injured. This bamboo is of extraordinarily 
 vigorous growth, sending up every year a crowd of new stems, which are erect 
 and remain leafless except at the tips throughout the first winter ; the second 
 season the branches develop, and as the foliage increases in bulk the stems 
 arch outwards, and the whole plant becomes an object of surpassing elegance. 
 If I were restricted to the cultivation of one bamboo, this would be my selection. 
 It has to be mentioned that no bamboo is more susceptible to intense sunshine 
 and dryness at the root, conditions whose presence is immediately indicated 
 by the temporary curling up of the leaves. It should be given a semi-shaded 
 spot, and abundant moisture. Easily distinguished from all other bamboos by 
 its round, black-purple stems. 
 
218 ARUNDINARIA 
 
 A. PALMATA, Bean. 
 
 (A. metallica, Mitford ; Bambusa palmata, Burbidge?) 
 
 Stems 6 to 8 ft. high, to \ in. thick, more or less glaucous, with a few 
 erect branches near the top, hollow ; joints 5 or 6 ins. apart. Stem-sheaths 
 smooth, terminated by a narrow, lanceolate tongue, which is strongly tessellated 
 and edged with minute bristles, but soon falls away. Leaves bright green 
 above, glaucous beneath ; 6 to 13 ins. long, i\ to 3 ins. wide, confined to the 
 apex of the branches ; broadly wedge-shaped at the base, with long, slender 
 points ; secondary veins seven to thirteen at each side the midrib, very strongly 
 developed, and giving the leaf a ribbed appearance ; tessellation minute ; 
 margins set with bristles, which fall away with age. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced about 1889. This has the largest leaves of all 
 hardy bamboos except A. Ragamowski (g.v.), and is undoubtedly one of the 
 noblest of them all. The stems and leaves are apt to get somewhat battered 
 and shabby with age, and it is a good plan every few years to cut the plants 
 back to the ground entirely. If this be done in May, taking care not to 
 injure the young, pushing stems, the plant will soon be furnished with a 
 perfectly fresh set of leaves. The only defect of this bamboo is its extra- 
 ordinarily rampant habit. It is no uncommon thing for a young stem to push 
 through the ground a yard or two away from the previous ones. It is not a 
 suitable neighbour for other shrubs, but is very well adapted for the under- 
 growth of thin woodland. 
 
 A. PUMILA, Mitford. 
 
 (Bambusa pumila, Marliac?) 
 
 A dwarf species of tufted habit, with the few-branched stems as thick as a 
 knitting-needle, and from I to 2 ft. high ; joints 2 to 6 ins. apart. Stem-sheaths 
 persistent, smooth except at the base, where is a conspicuous ring of hairs. 
 Leaves i\ to 6 ins. long, \ to J in. wide, rounded at the base, narrowed often 
 abruptly to a short slender point ; dark green, and with minute hairs on both 
 sides. Secondary veins four or five each side the midrib. 
 
 Native of Japan, and a neat little bamboo, but with no striking characters. 
 It resembles A. humilis, but that species has longer leaves with little or no hair 
 on them, and their points are more gradually tapered. 
 
 A. PYGM^A, Kurz. DWARF BAMBOO. 
 
 (Bambusa pygmsea, MiqueL~) 
 
 The dwarfest of hardy bamboos, although the stems when drawn up in a 
 dense mass will grow 18 ins. high ; they are bright green, about ^ s in. 
 diameter, with a hollow up the centre which would only admit of a needle 
 point ; joints I to 4 ins. apart. Leaves 2 to 5| ins. long, % to i in. wide, 
 rounded at the base, rather abruptly narrowed at the apex to a slender point ; 
 sparsely hairy above, more so beneath. Secondary veins three to five each 
 side the midrib. 
 
 Native of Japan. This little bamboo forms a low, dense carpet over the 
 ground, and spreads with great rapidity. Because of its rampant habit it 
 is not suited for borders or kept portions of the garden, but may be relegated 
 to the wilder parts, where it will hold its own against the most vigorous of our 
 native weeds. Among the dwarf creeping sorts with green leaves, the velvety 
 under-surface of the leaves will best distinguish it. 
 
- 
 
ARUNDINARIA 219 
 
 A. RAGAMOWSKI, Pfitzer. 
 
 (Bambusa tessellata, Munro ; B. Ragamowski, Hort.} 
 
 Stems 2 to 3 ft. high, to in. diameter, with a very small hollow up the 
 centre ; the joints i to 3 ins. apart. Stem-sheath persistent, 8 to 10 ins. long, 
 clasping not only that part of the stem above the joint from which it springs, 
 but also portions of the two or three stem-sheaths above it ; it is fringed with 
 haifs. Leaves somewhat ribbed, of varying size, the largest 18 ins. long, and 
 3 to 4 ins. wide in the middle ; abruptly tapered at the base, very slenderly 
 pointed, dark green above, glaucous beneath. The larger leaves have fifteen 
 to eighteen secondary veins at each side the midrib, which is yellow ; and 
 tucked under one side of the midrib, especially towards the base, is a line of 
 pale hairs. (See Plate, p. 78.) 
 
 Native of China ; cultivated in England since 1845, probably before. It is 
 the most striking of dwarf bamboos, with larger leaves than any other, tall or 
 dwarf, and forms broad, rounded masses, the outer stems of which arch 
 outwards to the ground, and out of which spring each summer the spike-like 
 new growths. It has never been known to flower under cultivation. Very 
 hardy. It differs from A. palmata in the dwarfer habit but larger leaves. 
 
 A. SlMONI, Riviere. 
 
 (Bambusa Simoni, Carriers ; B. viridi-striata, Hart.") 
 
 Stems up to 18 ft. high, round, very hollow, from i to i ins. diameter at 
 the base, the outer ones arching outwards. Stem-sheaths rather persistent, 
 the largest 8 to 10 ins. long, purplish when young-, hairy at the margins, very 
 glazed within. Leaves narrow-oblong, broadly wedge-shaped at the base, with 
 long, tapered points ; 3 to 12 ins. long, ^ to ij ins. wide, vivid green above, 
 glaucous on one side of the midrib beneath, rather greener the other ; secondary 
 veins four to seven each side the midrib. 
 
 Native of China ; introduced to France oy M. Simon in 1862. A very 
 vigorous bamboo, which spreads rapidly by means of its underground suckers, 
 and, with the exception of A. fastuosa, the tallest of our hardy sorts. It bears 
 some resemblance to that species, under which the distinctions are pointed out. 
 A. Simoni flowered all over the country between 1903 and 1905. For many 
 years previous to those dates odd stems had flowered, and occasionally borne 
 seed without any damage to the plants, but then came the flowering of the 
 entire plants, none of which ever recovered. In gardens now A. Simoni is 
 only known by small plants raised from the seed then obtained. 
 
 Var. CHINO, Makino (Bambusa Laydekeri, Marliac]. A dwarf plant rarely 
 more than 3 to 4 ft. high. Its relationship with A. Simoni was not suspected 
 until it flowered in 1896, when a botanical examination of the flowers showed 
 them to be almost identical with those of that species. The leaves of 
 Laydeker's bamboo are \\ to 6 ins. long, \ to f in. wide, dark green, mottled 
 with dull yellow. This mottling distinguishes it from all other hardy 
 Arundinarias. Most, if not all the plants in cultivation, died after flowering, 
 and it is now only known in gardens from a few seedlings raised at the time. 
 Its loss is not a great one, for it is, perhaps, the dullest and least effective of 
 hardy bamboos. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATA, Hooker (Bot Mag., t. 7146) ; Bambusa albo-striata, 
 Hort.}. In this variety^some of the leaves are striped with white, the leaves so 
 marked being very small and narrow. The full-sized green leaves do not 
 differ from those of the type. This variety has not yet flowered, except 
 partially, in this country. It is of little value. 
 
220 , ARUNDINARIA ASCYRUM 
 
 A. TECTA, Muhlenberg. SMALL CANE. 
 
 (A. mucrosperma var. tecta, A. Gray.") 
 
 Stems up to 12 ft. high in a wild state, rarely more than half as high with 
 us ; round and hollow, branching at the upper joints. Stem-sheaths persistent, 
 fringed with hairs, and slightly downy when young, becoming smooth. Leaves 
 narrow-oblong, 5 to 10 ins. long, f to i^ ins. wide, downy beneath ; secondary 
 veins six or seven each side the midrib. 
 
 Native of the south-east United States, from Maryland to Illinois and 
 southwards. It is by some authors regarded as a variety of A. MACROSPERMA, 
 Michaux, a taller species sometimes over 30 ft. high, which inhabits the 
 swamps and river-sides of the Southern States. Both species form dense, 
 scarcely penetrable thickets, known as "Cane-brakes." In the old slave days 
 these cane-brakes were of the greatest service to escaping negroes in affording 
 shelter and hiding from their pursuers. As an ornamental bamboo for 
 gardens, A. tecta is second-rate. It spreads by suckers, and has not been 
 known to flower in this country. 
 
 A. VEITCHII, N. E. Brown. VEITCH'S BAMBOO. 
 
 (Bambusa albo-marginata, Hort. ; Sasa albo-marginata, Makino^) 
 
 Stems usually i to i, sometimes 3 to 4, ft. high, with a single branch at 
 each of the upper joints ; green, round, \ in. diameter ; the pipe very small ; 
 joints 3 to 4^ ins. apart, rather prominent. Stem-sheaths persistent, very 
 downy at first ; both they and the leaf-sheaths have at the apex a curious 
 group of bristles (themselves minutely hairy), resembling in their tapering, 
 twisted ends the arms of an octopus. Leaves narrow-oblong, 4 to 8 ins. long, 
 i to ,2j ins. wide, abruptly tapered at the base, and narrowed quickly also at 
 the top to a short, slender point; at first dark green above, glaucous beneath, 
 but afterwards turning yellow and finally pale brown at the margins; secondary 
 veins 5 to 9 each side the midrib. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced by Maries for Messrs Veitch about 1880. It 
 forms dense, matted patches and spreads very rapidly. Pleasing in the summer 
 and early autumn, the habit of decaying at the leaf-margins spoils its value. 
 This character, which is equally apparent on plants wild in Japan, is not found, 
 so far as I know, in any other hardy species. 
 
 ASCYRUM HYPERICOIDES, Linnaus. ST ANDREW'S CROSS. 
 
 HYPERICACE^E. 
 
 (A. Crux-andrea, Linnceus.") 
 
 A low, decumbent, much-branched plant of semi-shrubby character, 
 growing about i ft. high ; stems winged. Leaves opposite, J to i in. 
 long, narrowly obovate, tapering at the base ; stalkless. Flowers 
 terminal, usually solitary or in threes, yellow, J to f in. across; petals 
 four, arranged in the form of a St Andrew's Cross ; sepals four, in two 
 pairs of unequal size, the larger ones almost as long as the petals. 
 
 Native of the eastern United States; introduced in 1759. This belongs 
 to a small genus of N. American plants closely allied to St John's worts 
 
ASCYRUM ASTRAGALUS 221 
 
 (Hypericum), but readily distinguishable by having four sepals and four 
 petals instead of five. This species is grown in the rock garden at 
 Kew, where it flowers from July to September; it likes a light, loamy 
 soil, and can be increased by cuttings taken in July. It appears to be 
 a rather delicate plant, or perhaps naturally short-lived, for which reason 
 it is advisable to renew the stock from seed occasionally. 
 
 ASIMINA TRILOBA, Dunal. PAPAW. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 5854.) 
 
 A robust, deciduous shrub in this country, but developing into a small 
 tree in the south-eastern United States. Leaves alternate, obovate, 
 pointed, short-stalked, 4 to 8 ins. long, smooth except when quite young. 
 Flowers produced singly on the wood of the previous year, during June. 
 Calyx three-lobed; each lobe J in. long, ovate, downy outside. Petals 
 six, of a dull lurid purple, the outer three much the larger, roundish, 
 i in. long ; the inner three half as large. Flower-stalk thick, often 
 recurved, i to \ in. long, densely downy. Fruit bottle-shaped, 3 to 5 ins. 
 long, containing when ripe a sweet, yellow, edible pulp. 
 
 Introduced from the south-eastern United States by Peter Collinson in 
 1736, this interesting shrub has never become common. Its foliage is 
 striking, but the flowers although curious are not ornamental, and the 
 fruit rarely develops in this country. It is of interest botanically as the 
 only hardy plant of its natural order. It grows rather slowly, and one of 
 the finest specimens in this country is at Claremont, a huge, spreading 
 bush 15 ft. or so high. It thrives in a good loam, and propagation can 
 be effected by layering ; but seeds, procurable from American nurserymen, 
 are preferable. 
 
 ASTRAGALUS TRAGACANTHA, Linnceus. GOAT'S THORN. 
 
 LEGUMINOS^:. 
 
 A dwarf, deciduous, excessively spiny shrub of extremely slow growth, 
 rarely exceeding i ft. in height. The old wood is completely covered 
 with the closely set, sheathing bases of stiff, sharp spines, i to 2\ ins. 
 long, which are really the persistent stalks of the leaves become hard 
 with age. These spines remain on the plant for many years. Leaves 
 pinnate, i| to 2 ins. long, composed of seven to eleven pairs of leaflets 
 set on a spine-tipped, hoary stalk. Leaflets J to \ in. long, obovate or 
 elliptic, covered with silky down. Flowers purplish red, J to f in. long, 
 borne about four together in short axillary umbels; calyx \ in. long, 
 cylindrical, five-toothed, hairy. 
 
 Native of the Mediterranean region and Asia Minor. This remarkable 
 and pretty shrub was cultivated by Parkinson in 1640, and is interesting 
 as one (but not the chief) of the plants that yield the gum-tragacanth, 
 used in medicine as a demulcent. It is so slow of growth that a plant I 
 have known for over twenty years is still but 12 ins. high, its lower branches 
 
222 
 
 ASTRAGALUS 
 
 decumbent. The flowers appear in May and June, and the plant is quite 
 pretty then. It is very well adapted for a shelf in the rock garden. 
 Seeds rarely, if ever, ripen in England ; but the plant can be increased 
 
 ASTRAGALUS TRAGACANTHA. 
 
 by cuttings made, ij to 2 ins. long, of the tops of the shoots in August, 
 and placed under handlights in sandy soil. 
 
 A. MASSILIENSIS, Lamarck^ is very similar to the above in habit, foliage, and 
 spininess, but has white flowers. Native of the Mediterranean region. 
 
ATHROTAXIS 
 
 ATHROTAXIS. CONIFERS. 
 
 223 
 
 The three species which constitute this interesting genus of conifers 
 are all natives of the Western Mountains of Tasmania, and were all 
 introduced about 1857. Owing to their tenderness, they can best be 
 grown in such places as Cornwall and Ireland, where, however, their 
 distinctness and beauty are very marked. Their nearest relatives are the 
 Sequoias of Western N. America, and Cryptomeria of Japan, and 
 remarkable as is the fact of the widely separate habitats of these three 
 allies, still more remarkable is it, that during the Eocene period Athro- 
 taxis formed part of the British flora. 
 
 ATHROTAXIS CUPRKSSOIDES. 
 
 They are small evergreen trees or shrubs with scale-like or awl-shaped 
 leaves, closely and spirally arranged. The flower-catkins are unisexual, 
 but both male and female are on the same tree. Cones woody, roundish, 
 composed of numerous scales, which are closely packed, tapered at the 
 base and swollen at the top, where they end in a point. It is in the 
 last respect where the cones differ from those of Sequoia. Seeds much 
 winged. 
 
 A. CUPRESSOIDES, D. Don. Branchlets round and cord-like, the final sub- 
 divisions about in. diameter, bearing scale-like leaves which are very closely 
 flattened to the twig, blunt or rounded at the apex, the bases overlapping, the 
 
224 ATHROTAXIS ATRAPHAXIS 
 
 exposed part ^ to ^ in. long, diamond-shaped, convex or somewhat keeled on 
 the back, dark green. On the main branches the leaves are much larger, and 
 sharply pointed. Cones % in. diameter before expanding, scales ten or twelve. 
 A small tree, 20 to 45 ft. high in Tasmania. It is easily distinguished from the 
 other two species in the very closely appressed leaves and smaller cones. 
 
 A. LAXIFOLIA, Hooker fil. (A. Doniana, Maule). From the preceding 
 species this differs in the longer, much less appressed leaves, the points of 
 which are sharp and incurved but quite free. Branchlets round, slender, the 
 final subdivisions (including the foliage) in. wide, bearing leaves ^ to ^ in. 
 long, ovate-lanceolate, keeled and thickened down the middle, with a sharp, 
 rather hook-like point. Cones f to f in. in diameter. A tree 25 to 35 ft. high in 
 Tasmania. I have seen fine specimens at Kilmacurragh in Co. Wicklow, and 
 at Menabilly in Cornwall. There is a good plant at Grayswood Hill, Hasle- 
 mere, and one has lived out-of-doors at Kew for a few years past. The shoots 
 rather resemble those of Sequoia gigantea, but are stronger. In cultivation the 
 tree is of densely pyramidal habit. It is intermediate in character between the 
 other two, but more resembles A. cupressoides. It is the hardiest of the genus. 
 
 A. SELAGINOIDES, D. Don. A tree up to 40 or more ft. high in a wild 
 state, very distinct from the two preceding species in the stout branchlets and 
 in the size of the leaves, which are J to \ in. long, awl-shaped, ending in a 
 sharp point, keeled at the back, hollowed inside, and with a band of white 
 stomata each side the midrib. The leaves are incurved, but stand away from 
 the twig at angles of 30 to 45. The branchlets with their foliage are about 
 f in. in diameter. Cones I in. across, the scales tapered towards the base, and 
 with a thin, pointed, triangular apex. Good examples of this species are at 
 Kilmacurragh and Castlewellan in Ireland, and there is a healthy plant at 
 Osborne, Isle of Wight. Fossil Athrotaxis found in Sheppey is said to be 
 scarcely distinguishable from this species. 
 
 ATRAPHAXIS. GOAT WHEAT. POLYGONACE^E. 
 
 Four or five species of Atraphaxis are sometimes grown, but they 
 are scarcely known in gardens generally. They are amongst the few 
 hardy woody representatives of the Polygonum family ; being lax-habited 
 shrubs with alternate leaves, and pale, transparent, slender stipules that 
 clasp the stem and terminate in a point at each side. .The flowers have 
 no petals, but four or five sepals prominently veined, the inner ones of 
 which persist, keep their colour, and enlarge, ultimately surrounding the 
 fruit. Flower-stalks jointed. They are exclusively Old World plants, 
 extending in a wild state from S.E. Europe to Central Asia. As they 
 do not ripen seed in this country, at any rate commonly, they are best 
 propagated by layers. A sunny position is best for them, and a well- 
 drained sandy soil. 
 
 A. BUXIFOLIA, Jaubert. 
 
 (Polygonum crispulum, Sims^ Bot. Mag., t. 1065.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 2 to 2j ft. high ; branches not or slightly spiny, often 
 decumbent ; young wood pale, very minutely glandular. Leaves dull green 
 obovate, oval, or roundish, \ to f in. long, from half to nearly as wide, smooth, 
 tapering at both ends, margins wavy and decurved ; stalk \ in. or less long 
 with a pale, membranous, chaffy stipule at each side j in. long. Flowers 
 pinkish white, produced in June in racemes that are I to i^ ins. long ; each 
 flower is \ in. diameter. Of the five divisions of the calyx, three remain 
 
ATRAPHAXIS 225 
 
 deepen in colour, and ultimately enclose the three-angled fruit. Flower-stalk 
 slender, about % in. long, jointed at about one-third of its length from the base. 
 Native of the Caucasus, cultivated for more than a century in England, 
 but not sufficiently showy to have ever become common. It is, nevertheless, 
 interesting and pretty. 
 
 A. LANCEOLATA, Meissner. 
 
 (A. frutescens, K. Koch.'} 
 
 A deciduous mostly unarmed shrub of straggling habit, i to 2| ft. high; 
 young wood smooth, whitish. Leaves variable, linear-oblong or oblanceolate 
 to lanceolate or oval ; to I ins. long, ^ to ^ in. wide ; grey green, wavy at 
 the margin ; stipules ending in long points. Flowers whitish, produced in 
 slender, leafy racemes, from I to 3 ins. long, at the end of short lateral 
 twigs ; flower-stalk jointed about midway ; inner sepals becoming at the 
 fruiting stage rounded, in. across, and ultimately rose-coloured. 
 
 ATRAPHAXIS MOSCHKETOWI. 
 
 Native of S.E. Europe and the Caucasus, to Siberia and Turkestan ; intro- 
 duced in 1770. It flowers in August, and long remains pretty, but, like the rest 
 of the genus, has never attracted much notice in gardens. 
 
 Var. VIRGATA, Regel) found in Turkestan, has whiter and more slender 
 twigs than the type. 
 
 A. MUSCHKETOWI, Krassnov. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7435 ; A. latifolia, Koch^ 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 to 8 ft. high, of open, lax, rather straggling habit ; 
 young stems smooth, pale ; bark peeling. Leaves to i\ ins. long, to f in. 
 
 P 
 
226 ATRAPHAXIS ATRIPLEX 
 
 wide ; oblong or oval, tapered at both ends, margins wavy ; smooth, pale green ; 
 stalk very short ; stipules pale, translucent, with two awl-shaped points, in. or 
 more long. Flowers in. wide, white, with the anthers and ovary rose-coloured, 
 produced in May and June in racemes i to i^ ins. long, at the end of the 
 previous year's growth, when the young shoots are already several inches long ; 
 flower-stalk jointed near the base. 
 
 Native of the Thian Shan range of mountains in Central Asia, where it was 
 discovered by Krassnov ; introduced to Kew from St Petersburg in 1880. It 
 is the strongest growing and perhaps the most ornamental of cultivated species 
 of Atraphaxis, and distinct from the others in the large leaves. 
 
 A. S P I N o S A, Linnceus. 
 
 (Tragopyrum spinosum, Presl.") 
 
 A low, deciduous, twiggy shrub of sprawling habit, I to 2 ft. high, and 
 twice or thrice as wide ; the slender branches often spine-tipped ; young wood 
 smooth and whitish ; bark loose. Leaves oval or obovate to roundish, J to ^ in. 
 long, smooth, blue-green. Flowers ^ in. across, white, rosy-tinted, borne in 
 small axillary clusters on short, spine-tipped, lateral twigs ; sepals four, the two 
 large inner ones roundish, veined, persisting and keeping their colour a long 
 time, ultimately becoming flat, membranous, rounded, $ in. across, pressed close 
 together with the two-edged fruit between them. It blossoms in August. 
 
 A widely spread species, native of W. Asia, S.E. Europe, the Orient, etc. ; 
 cultivated since early in the eighteenth century. In some of its drier native 
 localities its leaves are very small. Very pretty and interesting in flower and 
 fruit. Although sometimes confounded with A. lanceolata, it is easily dis- 
 tinguished by its two-edged fruit, spiny branchlets, and smaller leaves. 
 
 ATRIPLEX. CHENOPODIACE^:. 
 
 About half a dozen species of Atriplex are occasionally met with in 
 gardens, the commonest and best being A. Halhrms. They belong to 
 the Goosefoot family, and are chiefly distinguished by the grey, whitish 
 or silvery aspect of the foliage. The West American species form part of 
 the characteristic grey vegetation of the great alkaline and saline areas 
 of that region. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite ; flowers very small 
 and quite unattractive. They need a light soil of moderate quality not 
 enriched with manure, and a sunny position. They rarely bear fruit, and 
 some do not even flower in cultivation. All should be tried in maritime 
 localities. Increased easily by summer cuttings. 
 
 A. CANESCENS, James. GREY SAGE BRUSH. 
 
 An evergreen, unisexual shrub of sprawling habit, 5 or 6 ft. high, twice as 
 much in diameter, of a light grey colour ; leaves and young branches covered 
 with a fine scurfy down. Leaves alternate, narrowly oblong, f to 2 ins. long, 
 \ to \ in. wide, fleshy, bluntish at the apex, tapered at the base. Flowers 
 yellowish, very small ; produced during July in cylindrical, spiked clusters, both 
 terminal, and axillary, \ to I in. long ; the whole forming a slender, tapered, 
 leafy panicle 6 to 12 ins. long. Fruit bracts \ in. long, deeply toothed. 
 
 Native of Western N. America from British Columbia to Nebraska, and 
 found in dry, saline localities. It has long been cultivated at Kew, and is 
 
ATRIPLEX 227 
 
 perfectly hardy. In no way^ showy in flower, it attracts notice and pleases 
 many by its almost white appearance. 
 
 A. NUTTALLII, S. Watson, with which the above has been confused in 
 gardens, is quite a different plant. Its leaves are not very dissimilar, being 
 to 2 ins. long, narrowly oblanceolate, often rounded at the apex, and grey ; 
 but the plant itself is low, and is only shrubby at the base, sending up erect, 
 more or less annual stems, i to 3 ft. high. The fruit bracts, too, are less than 
 half as large as those of A. canescens. being in. or less long. Native of 
 Western N. America. 
 
 A. CONFERTIFOLIA, S. Watson. 
 
 A spreading, unisexual, sub - evergreen shrub, 2 to 4 ft. high ; young 
 branches and leaves covered with scurfy down, and the whole plant of a 
 greyish white aspect. Leaves alternate, obovate, sometimes ovate or lance- 
 shaped ; \ to i in. long, \ to \ in. wide ; bluntish or rounded at the apex, 
 tapered at the base. Flowers very small, yellowish green, crowded densely 
 in the leaf-axils in small, stalkless, roundish clusters. It blossoms in June. 
 
 Native of Western N. America from Oregon to New Mexico, and one of the 
 characteristic inhabitants of the alkaline plains of that region. The male 
 plant has, for some years, been cultivated in the rock garden at Kew ; only 
 attractive in its grey leaves. 
 
 A. HALIMUS, Linnaus. TREE PURSLANE. 
 
 A vigorous, semi-evergreen shrub, 4 to 8 ft. high, of loose, bushy habit, the 
 whole plant of a beautiful, silvery-grey aspect. Leaves alternate, ovate, 
 rhomboidal or obovate ; ^ to i\ ins. long, ^ to i in. wide ; tapered at both 
 ends, minutely and abruptly pointed, covered with a fine silvery scurf. 
 Panicle terminal, 6 to 12 ins. long, produced in July, the flowers very small, 
 greenish. 
 
 Native of S. Europe ; cultivated since early in the seventeenth century. 
 This is certainly the most attractive of the purslanes in this country, producing 
 a very striking, silvery effect when planted in a group, especially in association 
 with dark-leaved shrubs. It is also one of the best seaside shrubs. It is very 
 rarely seen in blossom with us, but that does not detract much from its value. 
 Severe frosts injure it, but it springs out afresh and soon recovers. Sparrows 
 are said to be fond of the leaves, but I have never noticed them touch the 
 plants at Kew. 
 
 [A. BREWERI, S. Watson, found in California, must be very closely allied to 
 A. Halimus. Neither of them flowers at Kew, but there is no difference in 
 foliage and habit. Can A. Halimus have been introduced to California and 
 become naturalised there ? ] 
 
 
 
 A. PORTULACOIDES, Lmnczus. SEA PURSLANE. 
 
 A low shrub of straggling habit, i to 2 ft. high, and of a greyish aspect ; 
 young shoots and leaves covered with a close scurf. Leaves opposite, obovate 
 or oblong, to ^ in. long, to -i- in. wide, tapered at the base. Flowers very 
 small, greenish, borne on a terminal panicle, composed of slender spikes, on 
 which the flowers are arranged in small clusters. 
 
 Native of Europe, including Britain, where it is common on the shores. It 
 has nothing to recommend it for the inland garden, for it is not so distinct 
 and silvery as the other species here mentioned. But it is worthy of notice 
 for planting in exposed positions near the sea, where almost anything that will 
 grow is welcome. Flowers in August, and well distinguished from the other 
 species in cultivation by its opposite leaves. 
 
228 AUCUBA 
 
 AUCUBA. CORNACE^E. 
 
 A genus of two or three Asiatic evergreen shrubs with opposite, 
 leathery leaves ; the sexes are on different plants, in which respect it 
 differs from it allies the cornels (Cornus). The petals, calyx-lobes, and 
 stamens are four to each flower ; and the fruit is a large, oblong berry, 
 scarlet or orange coloured. 
 
 A. JAPONICA, Thunberg. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 1197 (variegated) ; t. 5512 (green).) 
 
 A unisexual, evergreen shrub of rounded bushy form, 6 to 10 ft. high, 
 consisting of a thicket of erect or arching, little-branched stems. Branchlets 
 stout, fleshy, quite smooth and green, bud-scales hairy at the tips. Leaves 
 opposite, leathery, narrowly oval ; 3 to 8 ins. long, i^ to 3 ins. wide ; smooth, 
 green and glossy on both surfaces, with usually a few large teeth towards the 
 apex ; stalk \ to 2 ins. long. On the male plant the flowers are produced on 
 an erect, terminal panicle, 2 to 4 ins. long ; each flower ^ in. across, with four 
 (occasionally five) purplish petals ; flower-stalks downy. Fruits only borne by 
 the female plant, and produced in compact clusters 2 or 3 ins. long, each berry 
 roundish oval, \ to f- in. long, bright scarlet. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced by a Mr John Graeffer in 1783. This first 
 plant was the well-known yellow-spotted form (MACULATA) and a female, but 
 owing to the absence of pollen it was not until Fortune, sixty years later, 
 introduced the green-leaved male plant, that the great beauty of the Aucuba 
 as a berry-bearing shrub became known. Now, both green and variegated plants 
 of both sexes are common, and small plants in pots, with large crops of fruit, 
 can be bought from ,costermongers' barrows in the streets of London. As a 
 bright and lasting decorative plant for rooms scarcely anything is so good. 
 The plant flowers in March and April, and the fruit is in good colour all 
 through the late autumn, winter, and spring. 
 
 The Aucuba has one merit in greater degree than any other evergreen : 
 this is its capability of thriving under the shade of trees. Even under a beech, 
 lime, or horse-chestnut, where grass will not grow, it will maintain a cheerful 
 aspect. This means, of course, that it can not only manage without direct 
 sunlight, but can fight its way against the roots of its big neighbours. To get 
 fruits in abundance a moderately sunny spot is desirable, and of course plants 
 of both sexes must be contiguous. For the pot plants as grown for market 
 (all females) artificial fertilisation is needed. 
 
 There are now many slightly different forms of Aucuba grown that have 
 originated as sports or seedlings, and vary chiefly in size, shape, and marking 
 of leaf, also in the size and vigour of the shrub. Many which have been given 
 names are apt to revert to the common spotted form. It is not, at any rate, 
 necessary to specify but a few of them here. As a matter of fact, the spotted 
 Aucnba is too common in gardens the green type should largely replace it. 
 Cuttings, or even small branches, root with great freedom. 
 
 Var. DENTATA. Leaves small, i^ to 3^ ins. long, with one or two very 
 coarse teeth at each side. Var. FRUCTU-ALBO. Berries yellowish white. 
 
 Var. PICTA. Leaves not spotted, but with a broad, conspicuous margin of 
 yellow ; sometimes almost wholly yellow. 
 
 Var. SALICIFOLIA. Leaves 3 to 5 ins. long, f to ij ins. wide, wholly green. 
 Very distinct in its narrow leaves, sharply pointed. 
 
AUCUBA AZARA 229 
 
 A. HIMALAICA, Hooker jil. In many respects this does not differ from 
 A japonica, but it is certainly not so useful a shrub. I do not, indeed, think 
 the true plant is in cultivation, and may possibly not be hardy. It has much 
 narrower leaves, 5 to 8 ins. long by I to \\ ins. wide, toothed much more 
 finely, and lower down the leaf than in the common Aucuba ; often the young 
 shoots and young leaves are hairy. The petals are more pointed ; berry 
 scarlet, i in. long. 
 
 Native of the eastern Himalaya at 5000 to 9000 ft., also of China. A plant 
 in cultivation is sometimes called " himalaica," which is really only the long, 
 narrow-leaved form of green A. japonica properly var. salicifolia. 
 
 AZARA. BIXACE/E. 
 
 A genus of more or less tender shrubs, evergreen, and natives of 
 Chile. Leaves alternate, and often arranged in pairs at each joint of the 
 branchlet, one of the pair much the larger. The flowers have no petals, 
 but abundant stamens, and are usually fragrant. A. microphylla may be 
 grown in the open, but the others require the protection of a south or 
 west wall. All can be propagated by cuttings made of ripened wood 
 placed in gentle heat. 
 
 A. DEN TATA, Ruiz. 
 (Bot. Reg., u 1788.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 8 to 12 ft. high, sometimes a low tree, with downy 
 branchlets. Leaves solitary, in pairs, or in threes at each joint, the largest 
 ones ovate or oval, I to i| ins. long, deep shining green above, very downy 
 beneath ; the smaller ones are from one-eight to one-third the size of the 
 larger ; both are toothed. Flowers fragrant, borne on short, branching 
 corymbs, the yellow stamens, as in A. Gilliesii, giving the flower whatever 
 beauty it possesses. A tender shrub, only hardy against a wall at Kew ; 
 introduced from Chile about 1830. The leaves have a bitter taste. In 
 some of the gardens in the milder parts of our islands may occasionally 
 be seen A. SERRATA, Ruiz, but A. dentata is sometimes grown under the 
 name. The true A. serrata has downy branchlets like A. dentata, but the 
 leaves are larger, not felted beneath, often nearly smooth. The inflorescence 
 too is very distinct, the flowers being arranged in a globose umbel borne 
 at the end of a slender, downy stalk, up to ii ins. long. Native of Chile. 
 
 A. GILLIESII, Hooker. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 5178.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub or small tree. Leaves holly-like, pointed, ovate or 
 oval, ii to 3 ins. long, with distant teeth, deep lustrous green, pale beneath, 
 smooth. Flowers densely crowded on racemes scarcely i In. long, springing 
 from the axils of the leaves. Each flower is small, creamy yellow, the beauty 
 of the raceme being due entirely to the numerous comparatively long stamens, 
 which hide the remainder of the flower. This charming shrub, a native of 
 Chile, is the most ornamental of cultivated Azaras in its blossoms, but is, 
 unfortunately, not hardy enough to succeed in the open at Kew. Even 
 against a wall it is sometimes cut down by a severe frost. It flowers in April 
 and May, and may be recommended for the south-western counties. 
 
230 AZARA BACCHARIS 
 
 A. MICROPHYLLA, Hooker fil. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1874, i., fig. 21.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub or small tree, the branchlets covered with a very dense 
 dark down, and arranged on the same plane in two opposite rows. Leaves 
 shining dark green, small, and very abundant, produced in pairs, one of 
 each pair being about thrice as large as the other ; the larger ones are 
 obovate, \ to i in. long, usually more or less toothed, sometimes entire ; 
 the smaller ones more rounded. Flowers tiny, numerous, fragrant, borne in 
 clusters at the leaf-axils ; sepals green, the more conspicuous stamens deep 
 yellow. Fruit a small, red, globose berry. 
 
 A delightful small tree, and one of the most elegant of all evergreens, 
 owing to the small leaves and the frond-like arrangement of the branches. 
 In the west of England it has reached nearly 30 ft. in height, and even 
 at Belvoir, in Leicestershire, I have seen it nearly 20 ft. high. The flowers 
 open in February if the weather be mild, later if severe ; and their vanilla-like 
 fragrance is perceptible yards away from the bush. The species, however, 
 is not absolutely hardy. In 1895 it was killed to the ground at Kew, and 
 in 1908-9 all the leaves came off and the smaller branches were destroyed. 
 Still it has never been killed outright, and is decidedly the hardiest of the 
 genus ; introduced from Chile by Richard Pearse for Messrs Veitch, 
 about 1861. 
 
 BACCHARIS. TREE GROUNDSEL. COMPOSITE, 
 
 A large genus of shrubs, small trees, and herbaceous plants, found 
 exclusively in the New World. With the exception of the two species 
 here described, the introduced species are too tender for all but the 
 mildest parts of the kingdom. Leaves alternate. The flower-heads have 
 no ray florets, and flowers of one sex only are found on a plant. The two 
 following are easily accommodated in almost any soil, and are quite easily 
 increased by summer cuttings. Many of the species have resinous 
 secretions on the leaves and young wood, which give them, in the 
 countries where they grow, a special value as firewood. 
 
 B. HALIMIFOLIA, LinncBus. 
 
 A deciduous, unisexual shrub, ultimately 12 ft. high, and as much in 
 diameter ; of somewhat loose habit ; young branches angular, smooth. 
 Leaves grey green, alternate, very variable in shape and size, broadly obovate 
 to narrowly oval, coarsely and unevenly toothed, except those at the flowering 
 portion of the shoot, which are entire ; i to 3 ins. long, to i| ins. wide, 
 tapering at the base to a stalk to J in. long ; both surfaces are freely sprinkled 
 with resin dots, and rather viscid. Flower-heads produced in October in 
 axillary, stalked clusters, about five in a cluster. The shoots of the year 
 branch at the top into numerous short twigs furnished with untoothed leaves, 
 from the axils of which the clusters of flower-heads are produced, so that the 
 whole forms a large rounded or cylindrical leafy panicle 3 to 6 ins. across. 
 The blossom has little beauty, being of a dull white ; but the numerous thistle- 
 like heads of fruit of the female plant, with their silky white pappus, are rather 
 striking. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; introduced in 1683, but not ornamental 
 
BACCHARIS BAMBUSA 231 
 
 enough to have ever become widely cultivated. It is hardy at Kew, and is a 
 useful shrub for coast situations. 
 
 B. PATAGONICA, Hooker. PATAGONIAN GROUNDSEL TREE. 
 
 An evergreen shrub, of somewhat open but stiff habit, with angled, viscid, 
 rather scurfy twigs, densely furnished with leaves. Leaves obovate, rounded 
 at the apex, tapering at the base, stalkless, j to i in. long, half as wide ; 
 usually coarsely toothed towards the apex ; deep green above, scurfy on both 
 surfaces. Flower-heads stalkless or nearly so, produced singly in the leaf- 
 axils, yellowish white, and of little beauty. 
 
 Native of Patagonia in the region of the Magellan Straits. It is quite 
 hardy at Kew, and is a rather interesting, small-leaved evergreen, growing 
 8 to 10 ft. high there, probably considerably more in warmer districts. It 
 blossoms in May, and this character as well as its stalkless, solitary flower- 
 heads and evergreen leaves, make it very distinct from B. halimifolium. It 
 can be increased by cuttings at almost any season. 
 
 BAMBUSA. BAMBOO. GRAMINE^ 
 
 The two species of bamboo here included under Bambusa are known 
 as such in gardens. They have, however, little in common, and the 
 generic name is only given provisionally ; the flowers of neither of them 
 have been produced in gardens, and until that happens their exact place 
 in the natural order of grasses must remain uncertain. For cultivation 
 and general remarks, see ARUNDINARIA. 
 
 B. DISTICHA, Mitford. A dwarf bamboo, with stems i to i\ ft. high, most 
 of them about as thick as a lady's hatpin, zigzagged ; joints \ to 3! ins apart, 
 bearing solitary branches. Leaves arranged in two opposite rows j* f to 2^ ins. 
 long, to in. wide ; rounded at the base, pointed, bright green above, slightly 
 glaucous beneath ; both margins bristle-toothed, but one more than the other ; 
 secondary veins two or three each side the midrib ; leaf-sheaths hairy on the 
 margins. 
 
 Native of Japan ; cultivated by Messrs Veitch in the "seventies" of last 
 century, and probably introduced for them by John Gould Veitch during the 
 previous decade. Its dwarf, erect stems and tiny, distichously arranged leaves 
 easily distinguish it from all other hardy bamboos. Before Lord Redesdale 
 gave it the above name it was erroneously known as " B. nana." 
 
 B. QUADRANGULARIS, Fenzi. SQUARE-STEMMED BAMBOO. A bamboo up 
 to 30 ft. high in a wild state, but usually 6 to 12 ft. high in Europe. Stems 
 round in a small state, but distinctly four-sided (with rounded corners) when 
 in. or more thick. It is best distinguished in a small state by curious little 
 spine-like protruberances at the joints, which are probably arrested branches. 
 Joints of stem very prominently ridged. Leaves rich green, 4 to 8 ins. long, 
 to I in. wide, minutely hairy when young on both surfaces, and bristly on 
 both margins. 
 
 Native of China and Japan ; introduced about 1892. This very 'distinct 
 bamboo is, unfortunately, not very hardy, and is killed to the ground at Kew 
 during all but the mildest winters, although never outright. It is, no doubt, 
 admirably adapted for the south-western counties, where its remarkable 
 quadrangular stems and generally ornamental character would make it well 
 worth cultivation. . Its runs freely, even at Kew, where the top growth is so 
 frequently killed. It is 12 ft. high on Isola Madre, Lake Maggiore. 
 
232 BERBERIDOPSIS BERBERIS 
 
 BERBERIDOPSIS CORALLINA, Hooker. CORAL PLANT. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 53430 ' , 
 
 An evergreen, scandent shrub of remarkable beauty. Leaves alternate, 
 ovate or heart-shaped, rather hard in texture, the apex and margins set 
 with spiny teeth; dark green above, glaucous beneath, ij to 4 ins. long. 
 Flowers produced in the axils of the uppermost leaves and in a terminal 
 raceme, the whole forming a crowded group of pendent blossoms. Each 
 flower is borne on a slender stalk, ij to 2 ins. long, deep red like the 
 flower itself which is globose, \ in. across, composed of nine to fifteen 
 petal-like segments, the outer ones of which are small and spreading, the 
 inner ones larger and concave, all of the deep fine red which pervades 
 the whole inflorescence. 
 
 Native of the forests of Chile ; discovered in the province of Valdivia, 
 and introduced to Englan'd by Richard Pearse in 1862. The species is 
 the only one of its genus at present known, and its botanical status is 
 somewhat doubtful. It has usually been associated with the barberries. 
 It is one of the most gorgeous of climbers, but unfortunately is not very 
 hardy. At Kew it thrives fairly well on the outside wall of a hothouse, but 
 is really only happy without protection in the mildest counties. At Carclew, 
 in Cornwall, there is (or was a short time ago) a splendid plant 20 ft. 
 across; and at Cragside, in Northumberland, another covers 20 ft. of 
 a north wall, but is protected by glass in winter. The species makes a 
 very attractive climber for an unheated greenhouse. It commences to 
 flower in July, and continues in beauty for two or three months. The 
 fruits form in this country, but do not usually produce good seed. Young 
 plants can be raised from cuttings or layers. A little peaty soil may be 
 put about the roots when first planted out ; but afterwards as they gain 
 in strength they will spread out into any open, sandy loam, so long as 
 it is free from lime. 
 
 BERBERIS. BARBERRY. BERBERIDACE^E. 
 
 A genus, of deciduous and evergreen shrubs, now including sixty to 
 seventy species. The hardy ones are natives of Europe, N. Asia, and the 
 two Americas ; the common barberry (B. vulgaris) is found in N. Africa 
 perhaps introduced. The leading characteristics of the genus are, the 
 yellow wood, yellow flowers, and the three-parted character of the 
 flowers; the sepals being six or nine, the petals six, and the stamens 
 six. The fruit is an oblong or egg-shaped berry containing one to several 
 seeds. The stamens are irritable, and if touched at the base with a fine- 
 pointed instrument like a pin, they suddenly move from their sheltered 
 position in the concavity of the petals, and close inwards on the pistil. 
 The object of this interesting power is, no doubt, to secure cross- 
 fertilisation. An insect in search of honey pushes itself or its proboscis 
 into the flower, sets the stamens in action, and, becoming itself smeared 
 
BERBERIS 233 
 
 with pollen grains, carries them away to another flower and deposits them 
 on the pistil. 
 
 As ornamental shrubs the barberries have many good qualities, and 
 several of them, like B. Aquifolium, Darwinii, aristata, stenophylla, are in 
 the very first rank of garden plants. They prefer a warm, loamy soil, but 
 are by no means fastidious. Seeds are, as a rule, freely borne, and 
 afford the best and readiest means of propagation; but for those sorts 
 which do not produce seed in this country, and for those also that 
 do not come true from seed like the coloured-leaved varieties, cuttings, 
 layers or division of the plants must be resorted to. Cuttings should be 
 made of fairly ripened wood, and put in sandy soil under a bell-glass or 
 in cold frames. 
 
 The genus Berberis is one of the most troublesome to study, owing 
 to the variability of the species and the difficulty of finding reliable 
 characters to keep some of them apart. There is no genus of shrubs 
 into which the irresponsible and careless maker of species has introduced 
 more confusion than this. There are two leading groups, as follows : 
 
 1. MAHONIA. Invariably evergreen; leaves pinnate, no spines on 
 the branches. 
 
 2. BERBERIS (proper). Leaves simple, arranged in tufts ; branches 
 spiny. These may be divided into (a) evergreen, and (b] deciduous ; and 
 again separated according to the arrangement of the flowers; whether 
 racemose, umbellate, fasciculate, or solitary. 
 
 The morphology of the leaves and spines of barberry is interesting. 
 In the true barberry group, the "leaf," as we call it, is really the terminal 
 leaflet of a pinnate leaf, the side ones of which are suppressed, and the 
 tuft of leaves as a whole is a branch in which the internodes are 
 suppressed. Then the spines (usually three-parted, but sometimes simple, 
 sometimes much divided), in the axil of which the tuft of leaves is borne, 
 is a metamorphosed pinnate leaf. An occasional reversion to the ancestral 
 type reveals their true origin. 
 
 B. ACTINACANTHA, Martins. 
 (Bot. Reg., vol. 31, t. 5.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 3 ft. or sometimes more high, with rigid, crooked 
 branchlets. The spines are very variable, some being the ordinary three-forked 
 ones, so common in the genus ; others are curiously flat and leaf-like, semi- 
 circular or heart-shaped, the margins cut up into several long, triangular, spiny 
 teeth. The spines on barberries, as has already been observed, are really 
 modified leaves, and there is no species which shows their foliate character 
 better than this. Leaves hard, rigid, not downy ; variable in shape, and 
 either obovate, oblong, "or roundish ; to i ins. long, with a few large spiny 
 teeth. Flowers sweetly fragrant, produced in short umbels or clusters, deep 
 yellow, in. across. Fruit blue-black, \ in. long. 
 
 This remarkable barberry, common enough in a wild state on the mountains 
 of Chile, and often introduced to cultivation, is still comparatively rare. It 
 does not flower freely, and seldom produces fruit. It is well adapted for a 
 sunny spot on the rockery, but has more scientific interest than horticultural 
 value. 
 
234 BERBERIS 
 
 B. ACUMINATA, Franchet. 
 
 An evergreen shrub, of open, spreading habit, with bright red young wood. 
 Leaves two to four together in the axils of stout, three-parted spines, which are 
 | to i in. long ; 3 to 6 ins. long, narrowly lance-shaped, stalkless, smooth, 
 dark green ; the margins cartilaginous, and armed with slender spiny teeth. 
 Flowers brownish yellow, produced in clusters of four to eight from the leaf- 
 axils of the previous year's shoots ; each flower f in. across, solitary on a slender 
 stalk i to \\ ins. long. Fruit oblong, nearly i in. long, black, covered with 
 bluish bloom. 
 
 Discovered by the French missionary Delavay in Central China, in 1882, 
 this fine barberry was not introduced to cultivation until 1900, when Wilson 
 collected seeds in W. Hupeh. From these, plants were raised by Messrs 
 Veitch at Coombe Wood, which flowered in 1904. The species is evidently 
 hardy, and is likely to prove as ornamental as it is distinct. 
 
 B. ^TNENSIS, Presl. MOUNT ETNA BARBERRY. 
 
 A deciduous, dwarf, stunted bush, about 2 ft. high, with crooked branches. 
 Leaves small, J to f in. long, obovate, sometimes bristle-toothed, sometimes 
 entire ; spines three-parted, sometimes over i in. long. Flowers yellow, in 
 short racemes f to i ins. long, carrying six to fifteen flowers. Fruit red. 
 
 Native of Sicily and Calabria, a scrubby bush inhabiting the mountains. 
 It flowers in May and June, and is very pretty with its numerous closely set 
 racemes. Suitable for the rock garden. 
 
 B. ANGULOSA, Wallich. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7071.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 4 ft. or more high, with erect, grooved branchlets 
 covered when young with a short, dark down. Leaves dark glossy green, 
 clustered in the axils of stiff spines, which are sometimes single, but usually 
 three- or five-branched, and up to \ in. long ; the leaves are obovate, or narrowly 
 wedge-shaped, i to \\ ins. long, leathery, narrowing at the base to a very 
 short stalk or none at all, the apex either rounded or pointed, often terminating 
 in a short tooth ; the slightly curled back margins are either entire, or have 
 one to three spiny teeth at each side. Flowers solitary, on stalks \ to i in. 
 long, or on short two- to four-flowered racemes ; orange-yellow, globose, \ to f in. 
 across ; outer sepals narrow oblong, inner ones twice as wide ; petals obovate. 
 Fruit elliptical, f in. long, scarlet. 
 
 Native of N. India ; first discovered in Kumaon early in the nineteenth 
 century, and in 1849 by Hooker, in the Sikkim-Himalaya, at 11,000 to 13,000 ft. 
 It is absolutely hardy at Kew, and although not one of the showiest barberries, 
 is noteworthy for its unusually large flowers and berries. The latter are eatable, 
 and, being less acid, are more palatable than most barberries. 
 
 B. AQUIFOLIUM, Pursh. OREGON GRAPE. 
 
 (Bot Reg., t. 1425 ; Mahonia Aquifolium, Nuttall.~) 
 
 An evergreen shrub reaching a height of 6 ft., but as commonly seen usually 
 2 to 3 ft. high. Stems spineless, but little branched, spreading by underground 
 suckers ; bark grey-brown, smooth. Leaves 6 to 12 ins. long, pinnate, con- 
 sisting of five to nine leaflets, which are stalkless, or nearly so, of variable 
 shape, but usually broadly and (except the terminal one) obliquely ovate ; i^ 
 to 3^ ins. long, glossy dark green, turning purplish in winter ; the apex and 
 
BERBERIS 235 
 
 margin set with slender, spiny teeth. Racemes erect, produced in a crowded 
 group from just beneath the terminal bud, each 2 to 3 ins. long, thickly set 
 with golden yellow, slender-stalked flowers. The first flowers begin to open 
 in February, or in mild seasons even earlier, but the great flowering time is 
 April and May. Berries very abundant and ornamental, black, but covered 
 with a fine violet-coloured bloom. 
 
 Native of Western No America from Vancouver Island southwards ; 
 introduced in 1823. For some time after that-date it remained very expensive, 
 costing as much as ten pounds per plant, but in 1837 the price had been reduced to 
 five shillings. At the present time nice plants can be obtained for thirty shillings 
 per thousand. Few evergreen shrubs introduced from abroad have proved so 
 valuable in British gardens as this. It is very hardy ; I have seen it thriving 
 on the bleak elevations of the Yorkshire wolds. For forming a low evergreen 
 covering for the ground in moderately shaded positions, such as beneath 
 deciduous trees, there is no evergreen so beautiful and so thriving as this. It 
 is also admirable for planting as a groundwork for flowering shrubs that are 
 leafless when in blossom, like the Forsythias and Jasminum nudiflorum. It is 
 not particular as to soil. Easily increased by seed, but an abundance of plants 
 can be obtained by dividing the old plants in spring. 
 
 Raised from seed it varies to a considerable extent, and names have been 
 given to several varieties. It appears also to have Hybridised with other 
 W. American species like B. pinnata (B. fascicularis) and B. repens, as 
 is shown by the dull glaucous-leaved forms seen in gardens, very different 
 from the polished dark green of the type. 
 
 Var. LATI FOLIA and MACROPHYLLA have much larger, broader leaves 
 than ordinary. 
 
 Var. MURRAYANA. Leaflets dull green, shorter, broader, and more wavy 
 than those of the type ; perhaps a hybrid with B. repens. 
 
 Var. ROTUNDIFOLIA HERVEYi. Leaflets often in threes, large and broad, the 
 plant forming a low tuft. Probably a hybrid with B. repens. 
 
 B. ARISTATA, De Candolle. 
 
 A very handsome shrub, of spreading, elegant habit, as much as 10 ft. high 
 and 15 ft. in diameter, with smooth young branchlets becoming grey the second 
 
 BERBERIS ARISTATA. 
 
 season. Ordinarily it is deciduous, but young plants or. vigorous sucker 
 growths will retain their foliage through the winter. Leaves three to seven in 
 a tuft, li to 4 ins. long in each tuft, obovate, green on both sides, or often 
 
236 BERBERTS 
 
 whitish beneath; always spine-tipped, but varying from few or numerous teeth 
 on the margins to none at all. Each tuft of leaves springs from a single or 
 triple spine sometimes i ins. long, and produces one drooping raceme 2 to 3 
 ins. long. Flowers numerous, bright golden yellow. Berries spindle-shaped 
 or oblong, up to J in. long, red, covered with blue-white bloom. 
 
 Var. CHITRIA (B. Chitria, Lindley, Bot. Reg., t. 729). Flowers in panicles 
 (not racemes) up to 5 ins. long ; wood reddish brown the second year ; 
 blossoming season, June and July. Twigs downy when young. 
 
 Var. FLORIBUNDA, Hooker fil. (Bot. Reg., vol. 27, t. 46, as B. coriaria), 
 has smaller leaves and longer-stalked flowers. 
 
 Var. INTEGRIFOLIA is a form whose leaves have very few or no teeth. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya, and represented by a great number of slightly 
 varying forms, all of which are valuable garden plants. Of all deciduous 
 barberries this is the strongest-growing ; it is also one of the most ornamental. 
 It is an admirable shrub on a spacious lawn, almost as striking when loaded 
 with its fine trusses of blue-white berries as when it is in bloom. So well adapted 
 to our climate is it, that it has been found wild in English hedgerows, having 
 grown there, no doubt, from seeds deposited by birds. 
 
 B. ASIATICA, Roxburgh. 
 
 A strong-growing, vigorous evergreen shrub, 6 ft. or more high, branchlets 
 very minutely downy, somewhat furrowed, yellowish. Leaves hard and 
 leathery, \\ to 3^ ins. long, obovate, or sometimes nearly orbicular, tipped with 
 a spiny tooth, the margin often entire, sometimes set with a few large, sharp 
 teeth, dark green above, whitish beneath. Flowers yellow, in short corymbose 
 racemes. Berries egg-shaped or nearly globular, red, then black covered with 
 purplish bloom. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya ; first introduced early in the nineteenth century, 
 but still very rare. It is only suitable for CornwaH and similarly mild localities, 
 and even there is sometimes affected by cold. It lived at Kew for a good 
 many years on a sunny wall. B. aristata and its var. Chitria are often mistaken, 
 and made to do duty, for this species. But asiatica is more strictly evergreen, 
 is always white beneath the harder leaves, and the inflorescence is shorter 
 and wider. 
 
 B. BREVIPANICULATA, C. K. Schneider. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 4 to 6 ft. high, of rather spreading habit, with whip- 
 like branches ; young branchlets reddish, not downy, grooved ; spines in threes 
 (solitary towards the end of the shoot), pale brown, slender, up to i in. long. 
 Leaves % to I J ins. long, J to in. wide, obovate, tapered at the base, rounded 
 or abruptly pointed at the apex, very shortly stalked, entire or sparsely toothed 
 towards the end, dull green and smooth. Flowers pale yellow, in panicles 
 i to 2 ins. long, produced towards the end of the shoots from the joints. Fruit 
 egg-shaped, J in. long, terra-cotta red, more or less covered with purple bloom. 
 
 Native of W. China; introduced by Wilson in 1904. This bush forms a 
 dense mass of twiggy branches from out of which the long whip-like young 
 shoots are thrust. It is very handsome in fruit in September. Closely allied 
 and very similar to this is B. PRATTII, C. K. Schneider, but its leaves are pale 
 green beneath, not glaucous, as in brevipaniculata, and its young shoots are 
 minutely downy (see Bot. Mag., t. 8549), Wilson, No. IO5OA. 
 
 B. BUXIFOLIA, Lamarck. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6505 ; B. dulcis, Sweet.") 
 
 A bush usually 6 to 10 ft. high, of erect, stiff habit, partially evergreen in 
 ordinary seasons, but losing most or all of its leaves during winters of 
 
HERBERTS 237 
 
 unusual severity. Leaves leathery, even hard in texture, produced in tufts 
 in the axils of stiff triple spines, or (near the end of the shoots) simple spines. 
 Each leaf is to I in. long, obovate or oblong, tapered at the base to a short 
 stalk, spine-tipped but otherwise quite entire, smooth. Flowers solitary on 
 stalks | to i in. long, amber yellow ; one or two flowers spring from each tuft 
 of leaves. Fruit globular or orange-shaped, dark purple. 
 
 An old inhabitant of gardens, having been 'introduced about 1826 by 
 Anderson, the botanical collector attached to Capt. King's expedition to survey 
 the Magellan Straits. Seeds were sent to Mr Low's nursery at Clapton, and a 
 plant flowered there in 1831. It is the first of the true barberries to flower, its 
 blossoms appearing early in April, sometimes in March. The berries are said 
 to be used for conserves, etc., in Chile, where it extends in a wild state from 
 the Straits of Magellan as far north as Valdivia. A fine example, 13 ft. high 
 and 28 ft. through, is in Sir H. Maxwell's garden at Monreith, planted in 1872. 
 
 Var. AUREO-MARGINATA has its leaves edged with golden yellow. 
 
 Var. NANA is a curious dwarf form, of tufted habit, producing a thick mass 
 of weak, unarmed stems rarely more than 18 ins. high ; leaves larger, rounder 
 than in the type ; flowers rarely seen. 
 
 B. CANADENSIS, Miller. AMERICAN BARBERRY. 
 
 (B. angulizans, Hort.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 3 to 5 ft. high, with the branchlets not downy, but 
 thickly covered with small, warty lenticels, and armed with three-parted spines. 
 Leaves narrowly obovate, from I to "2\ ins. long, tapering very gradually at the 
 base, the apex rounded or acute, but always terminating in a short spine, the 
 margin toothed, sometimes remotely so, sometimes almost entire, smooth. 
 Racemes i to i| ins. long, bearing from six to twelve yellow flowers. Fruit 
 oval or nearly globose, red. 
 
 The specific name of this barberry is a misnomer, for it does not appear to 
 be a native of any part of Canada, its real home being on the slopes of the 
 Allegheny Mountains in Virginia, North Carolina, etc., where it is oftenest 
 found on the banks of mountain streams. It is. closely related to the Old 
 World B. vulgaris, but it is not quite so attractive a shrub ; it differs in its 
 paler and more glaucous leaves, its smaller flowers, its shorter, almost 
 corymbose racemes, and in its shorter, rounder fruit. It has been cultivated in 
 this country since the middle of the eighteenth century, but is now rarely seen. 
 
 B. CANDIDULA, C. K. Schneider. 
 
 (B. Walhchiana pallida, Hort. ; B. W. hypoleuca, 
 
 An evergreen, dwarf shrub of dense, hemispherical habit, probably never 
 much more than 2 ft. high ; the branches rigidly arching, quite smooth when 
 young, bright brown, armed at each joint with a trio of stiff, sharp, pale brown 
 spines, up to f in. long. Leaves produced in tufts in the axils of the spines, 
 dark shining green above, vividly blue-white beneath ; \ to i ins. long, 
 \ to f in. wide ; oblong or narrowly oval, terminated by a minute, slender 
 spine, and armed with a few similar ones on the recurved margins ; very 
 shortly stalked. Flowers bright yellow, somewhat globose, f in. across, 
 solitary, on a slender stalk about \ in. long. Fruit oval, covered with a 
 purple bloom. 
 
 Native of China ; first collected by Farges, and raised in 1895 by M. Maurice 
 de Vilmorin. It flowered in 1900, and was figured in the Fruticctum 
 Vilmorinianum, p. 15, as "B. Wallichiana var. pallida." It has since been 
 
238 BERBERIS 
 
 introduced by Wilson for Messrs Veitch. It appears distinct enough to 
 rank as a species, being different in habit from either B. Hookeri or 
 B Wallichiana. Its neat, dense habit and slow increase in size make it 
 very suitable for the rock garden. 
 
 B. CONCINNA, Hooker fl. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4744-) 
 
 A low, deciduous bush, 3 ft. high, of close, compact habit ; branches 
 furrowed. Leaves lustrous green above, white beneath, obovate, i in. or 
 less long, tapering at the base to a short stalk, the midrib ending in a 
 spiny tooth. Three spines, each to f in. long, guard the base of each 
 tuft of leaves. Flowers solitary, on a slender stalk i to iv? ins. long, pendent, 
 globose, deep yellow, J in. across. Berries oblong, fleshy, red, | to f in. long. 
 
 Native of the Sikkim- Himalaya at 12,000 to 13,000 ft. ; introduced to Kew 
 by Sir Joseph Hooker about 1850 A very pretty barberry, and distinct 
 through the vivid whiteness of the under-surface of the leaves. It is best 
 propagated by seeds, which it produces most seasons. 
 
 B. CRETICA, Linnceus. CRETAN BARBERRY. 
 
 (Sibthorp's Flora Graeca, t. 342.) 
 
 A low, sometimes prostrate, deciduous shrub'; branches crooked, formidably 
 armed with three-forked spines, each fork ^ to | in. long. Leaves small, 
 obovate, pointed, averaging \ in. in length, mostly without teeth, sometimes 
 slightly toothed. Flowers yellow, in short, few-flowered clusters. Berries 
 globose, nearly black, with a bloom. 
 
 Native of the mountains of Crete and other islands of the Mediterranean. 
 The leaves, spines, and flowers form a dense, crowded mass along the branches. 
 A shrub for the rock garden. 
 
 B. DARWINII, Hooker. DARWIN'S BARBERRY. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4590.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub of dense habit, from 6 to 12 ft. high ; branchlets covered 
 with a dense, reddish brown down. Leaves very dark, glossy green, stalkless, 
 hard in texture, obovate, f to i^ ins. long, the apex three-spined, and with one 
 to several spiny teeth down each side ; they spring in tufts from the axils 
 of short, multiple spines. Flowers on drooping racemes i| to 2 ins. long, 
 each flower on a slender stalk longer than itself, deep golden or orange- 
 coloured, tinged with red ; petals elliptical, notched at the tip. Fruit plum- 
 coloured, roundish oval, the size of small peas. 
 
 Native of Chile ; first discovered by Charles Darwin in 1835, when attached 
 as naturalist to the Beagle on her famous voyage. It was introduced in 1849 
 by William Lobb for Messrs Veitch, from the island of Chiloe. One of the 
 finest of all evergreen shrubs, this is also tolerably hardy. It likes a good 
 loamy soil and should be given a position sheltered from cutting winds. It 
 is in its greatest beauty, of course, during April and May, when laden with 
 its profusion of golden blossom, but it is often very attractive also in early 
 autumn, bearing a large crop of the bluish berries and occasionally a small 
 crop of flowers. Should be propagated by seeds. B. Darwinii nana is a 
 seedling of B. stenophylla (q.v.\ 
 
BERBERIS 
 
 239 
 
 B. DICTYOPHVLLA, Franchet. 
 
 (Dot. Mag., t. 78330 
 
 A graceful, deciduous bush, free from down on leaf and twig ; with long, 
 slender branches, often sent up from the base as strong sucker growths, covered 
 at first with a glaucous bloom, afterwards brown. Leaves in small tufts ; each 
 tuft subtended by a stout, triple spine, as long or longer than the leaves ; 
 obovate, stalkless, green above, glaucous beneath, armed with a spiny tooth at 
 
 BKKBERIS DICTYOPHYLLA. 
 
 the apex, and usually with one to five more on each margin. Flowers very 
 short-stalked, one (rarely two) in each cluster of leaves ; to f in. in diameter, 
 of a soft, pale yellow. Berries bright red, egg-shaped. 
 
 First discovered by the French missionary Delavay, in Yunnan, at 3000 ft. 
 altitude in 1886 ; introduced to France by the Abbe Farges from Szechuen. It 
 reached this country in 1897, when it was sent to Kew by M. Maurice de 
 Vilmorin. It blossoms regularly in May, and ripens seed from which new 
 plants can be raised. The leaves turn a beautiful warm red in autumn. 
 
240 BERBERIS 
 
 B. EMPETRIFOLIA, Lamarck. DWARF BARBERRY. 
 (Bot. Reg., vol. 26, t. 27.) 
 
 A low, evergreen shrub, rarely more than 12 to 18 ins. high, with slender 
 trailing branches in this country, but, as seen in Chile, often sturdier and more 
 erect ; young shoots red. Leaves | to I in. long, quite narrow (less than \ in.), 
 and made to look still narrower by the margins being curled down ; the apex is 
 spine-tipped. The leaves arise in tufts from the axils of simple, or three-parted 
 spines, j to \ in. long. Flowers produced singly, or two together at each tuft, 
 golden yellow. Fruit nearly black. Blossoms in mid-May. 
 
 Introduced from Chile in 1827 by Messrs Low, then nurserymen at Clapton. 
 Quite distinct from any other barberry in leaf and habit, and the lowest-growing 
 of them all, this little shrub is well worth a place in the rock garden. It is 
 not common, but has played an important part in European horticulture in 
 being one of the parents of the beautiful hybrid B. stenophylla. It was 
 originally discovered by Commerson, the South American traveller. 
 
 B. FENDLERI, A. Gray. FENDLER'S BARBERRY. 
 
 (Garden and Forest, 1888, fig. 72.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub up to 6 ft. high, with stems and branches " shining as if 
 varnished." Leaves glossy green, lanceolate, i^ to 2 ins. long, f to \ in. wide ; 
 stalkless, toothed except at the base, produced in tufts of four or five. Flowers 
 in racemes \\ to 2 ins. long, each flower \ in. across, the outer segments orange- 
 coloured, the inner ones yellow. Fruit red. 
 
 Native of Western N. America ; first found by Mr Fendler near Santa Fe, 
 New Mexico, and afterwards at the forks of the Rio Grande in S. Colorado. 
 It is at present little known, and does not appear to have any particular value 
 for gardens. It is interesting, geographically, as the only West N. American 
 representative of the true barberries, as distinct from Mahonias. 
 
 B. FORTUNEI, Lindley. FORTUNE'S BARBERRY. 
 
 (Mahonia Fortunei, Fedde.} 
 
 An jevergreen shrub, 5 to 6 ft. high, with erect, unbranching stems. Leaves 
 6 to 8 ins. long, pinnate, consisting usually of seven leaflets, which are linear- 
 lanceolate, taper gradually to both ends, and are 2 to 4 ins. long, and about 
 \ in. wide ; margins except towards the base set with forward-pointing teeth ; 
 under-surface marked with prominent, netted veins. Flowers yellow, densely 
 crowded on narrow, cylindrical racemes 2 to 3 ins. long, erect. Blossoming in 
 late autumn (October and November), the species rarely develops fruit in this 
 country. 
 
 Robert Fortune found this shrub cultivated in a nursery at Shanghai, and 
 introduced it in 1846. It has since been found wild in several parts of China. 
 It is rather tender, and will not thrive in the open ground at Kew. In milder 
 districts it grows quite well, as in Canon Ellacombe's garden at Bitton, near 
 Bath, where it flowers annually in October. It is distinct from all the other 
 pinnate-leaved barberries in the narrow, dull green leaflets, and in the slender 
 racemes, less than \ in. in diameter ; but is one of the least effective. 
 
 B. FREMONTII, Torrey. FREMONT'S BARBERRY. 
 
 (Garden and Forest, 1888, fig. 77 ; Mahonia Fremontii, Fedde). 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 3 to 12 ft. high, with pinnate leaves composed of 
 five or seven leaflets of a vividly glaucous colour. Leaflets | to i| ins. long, 
 
BERBERIS 
 
 241 
 
 spine-tipped, and with one or more spiny teeth at each side ; the terminal 
 leaflet is stalked and ovate to lanceolate, the others sessile and shorter. 
 Flowers yellow, and produced four to eight together towards the end of a 
 raceme 2 to 3 ins. in length ; each flower on a slender stalk about ^ in. long. 
 Fruit blue, becoming dry and inflated at maturity, enclosing six to eight seeds. 
 Native of the hot, dry, south-western United States (Texas, Arizona, etc.). 
 A striking and handsome species, but too tender for the open ground except 
 in the milder counties. It may be grown on a south wall, and, wherever 
 cultivated, should be given the sunniest position available. The only species in 
 cultivation likely to be confused with this is B. trifoliolata, which has leaflets 
 of the same form and very glaucous hue, but only three of them to each leaf. 
 
 B. GAGNEPAINII, C. K. Schneider, 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8185, erroneously us B. acuminata.") 
 
 An evergreen shrub with clustered stems, free from down in all its parts, 
 at present 2 to 3 ft. high (perhaps ultimately 4 or 5 ft.), the branches set 
 with three-parted spines ^ to f in. long. Leaves 
 of firm texture, ii to 3 ins. long, ^ to ^ in. 
 wide ; linear - lanceolate, tapering to a fine 
 point ; dark dull green, the margins undu- 
 lated and set with slender, forward-pointing 
 teeth. Flowers in clusters of about six (some- 
 times ten or twelve) at each tuft of leaves, 
 each flower on a slender stalk J to f in. long, 
 bright yellow, | in. across. Berry black, 
 covered with blue bloom, oval, ^ to f in. long, 
 j in. wide. 
 
 Native of Szechuen, China, introduced for 
 Messrs Veitch by -Wilson about 1904. This 
 barberry is one of the most promising of 
 Wilson's introductions from China, being ever- 
 green, of compact, neat hab"it, and flowering - 
 abundantly. Allied to B. Hookeri, it is of 
 more graceful habit. It is quite hardy at Kew, 
 and free growing. It flowers in late May. 
 
 B. HAKEOIDES, C. K. Schneider. 
 
 (B. congestiflora var. hakeoides, Hooker fil., BoL 
 Mag., t. 6770.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub of loose, rather ungainly 
 habit, as much as 12 ft. high in favourable 
 situations ; branches erect, not downy, slightly 
 furrowed and but little branched. Leaves pro- 
 duced mostly in pairs, and very variable in size, 
 ranging from \ to 2^ ins. in length ; usually 
 almost orbicufar, with a heart - shaped or 
 rounded base ; thick and hard in texture, pale 
 or slightly glaucous beneath, the margins 
 
 armed with extended spiny teeth. On the BERBERIS HAKEOIDES. 
 
 lower, bigger leaves of the branch the stalks 
 
 are as much as i^ ins. long, but towards the end of the branch the leaves become 
 smaller and the stalks shoiter, until finally they are sessile, The leaves spring 
 
 Q 
 
242 BERBERIS 
 
 from the axil of a spiny stipule, and this too becomes smaller as the leaves 
 decrease in size, until, near the apex of the shoot, leaves cease to be borne 
 and tiny stipules alone remain. Flowers borne during April and May, on 
 the shoots of the previous summer in dense, round clusters, ^ to f in. across, 
 from the axil of each pair of leaves right to the leafless end of the branches ; 
 they are bright golden yellow, in. across ; sepals nine, concave ; petals six, 
 erect, incurved, slightly notched. Fruit usually one-seeded, blue-black. 
 
 Native of Chile ; discovered by Pearce, and introduced in 1861. In spite 
 of its somewhat ungainly habit it is, when seen at its best, a shrub of 
 striking beauty. There is a fine plant in the Coombe Wood nursery, the 
 mother probably of all the plants in cultivation, but a still finer one is in 
 Canon Ellacombe's garden at Bitton ; this is growing against, but not on, a 
 wall, and is 12 ft. high. Still it is not amongst the hardiest of barberries, and 
 at Kew is apt to become shabby during hard winters. It is usually propagated 
 by grafting on B. Aquifolium or B. vulgaris, but owing to the habit of the 
 stock producing suckers, layering would be preferable. B. CONGESTI FLORA, 
 Gay, of which the above has been regarded as a variety, is not in cultivation. 
 
 B. HETEROPHYLLA , Jussieu. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 3 or 4 ft. high, of straggling habit, with crooked, much 
 branched, stems. Leaves of two kinds ; the first kind to I in. long, \ to \ in. 
 wide, narrowly obovate, rounded or spine-tipped at the apex, margins without 
 teeth ; second kind about the same in length, but much wider in proportion, 
 and with three or five large spiny teeth, altogether very much like a tiny holly 
 leaf in form. The leaf-clusters spring from the bases of triple spines, each 
 prong of which is \ to f in. long, and as they are often less than \ in. apart 
 on the branchlet, the shrub is formidably armed. Flowers solitary, on a stalk 
 \ in. long ; orange-yellow, with sepals and petals so incurved as to make each 
 flower a little ball. Berry about the size of a pea, black, covered with blue 
 bloom, but not seen by me in this country. 
 
 Discovered originally in the Straits of Magellan by Commerson, but said 
 also to occur wild in other parts of Chile and Patagonia. It is a curious and 
 very rare barberry, flowering at Kew in April.. It produces sucker growths 
 from the base, by which means it can be propagated. B. ilicifolia, Forster^ 
 another species with holly-like leaves, bears some resemblance to this, but has 
 short, many-flowered racemes. 
 
 B. HETEROPODA, Schrenk. 
 
 (Garden and Forest, 1895, p. 455.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, up to about 8 ft. high, of loose, spreading habit ; branch- 
 lets glossy, smooth, brown, either armed with simple or three-parted spines 
 i in. long, or unarmed. Leaves grey green, broadly ovate or oval, rounded at 
 the apex ; the blade I to i^ ins. long, tapering at the base to a long, slender, 
 reddish stalk, f to i in. long ; margin sometimes almost or quite entire, more 
 often set with fine teeth. Inflorescences drooping, long-stalked, three of which 
 often issue from one tuft of leaves ; one being large, racemose, with as many as 
 fifteen flowers, the other two smaller, umbellate, with about three flowers. Each 
 flower is on a slender stalk, fragrant, orange-yellow, opening in May. Fruit 
 oblong or egg-shaped, |- in. long, black, covered with blue bloom. 
 
 Native of Turkestan ; introduced to Kew in 1886 from the St Petersburg 
 Botanic Garden through Mr Albert Regel. It is distinct by reason of its long, 
 slender leaf-stalks, and long, drooping, many-flowered raceme, often flanked on 
 either side by a few-flowered umbel. 
 
BERBERIS 243 
 
 B. HOOKERI, Lemaire. HOOKER'S BARBERRY. 
 
 (B. Jamesoni, Hort.; B. Wallichiana, Hori. (not De Candolli).') 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 3 to 5 ft. high, producing a dense thicket of erect, 
 angled stems, which branch near the top ; young twigs not downy ; thorns 
 usually three-forked, each fork slender, rigid, from to I in. long. Leaves in 
 tufts, lanceolate to obovate ; I to 3 ins. long, to i in. wide ; leathery, almost 
 stalkless ; dark green above, glaucous white beneath ; the margins armed 
 with slender teeth. Flowers solitary on their stalks, borne in clusters at each 
 tuft of leaves ; | in. across, pale yellow, the sepals tinged with red. Berries 
 narrow, cylindrical, ^ in. long, tapering towards the end ; black-purple, often 
 remaining on the plant until the following spring. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya. This shrub has been so much confused with 
 B. WALLICHIANA, De Candolle, that it is difficult to disentangle the histories of 
 the two. The true B. Wallichiana is probably not in cultivation ; it differs 
 from B. Hookeri in the larger leaves (3 to 4| ins. long), and especially in their 
 veining ; the veins branch out from the midrib, parallel with each other, but 
 never reach the margin, becoming merged in a vein which runs parallel with 
 it. In B. Hookeri, the veins fork near the margin, but do not merge into one 
 another. B. Hookeri flowers in April and May, and as a rule is quite hardy. 
 The only time I have known it suffer much was during the trying winter of 
 1908-9, when it lost most of its leaves, and the upper portion of the stems was 
 killed. 
 
 Var. LATIFOLIA. A much taller and more robust shrub. A specimen at 
 Kew was 10 ft. high and 12 ft. through, until killed to the ground during the 
 winter of 1908-9. The leaves are green and glossy on both surfaces, and they 
 are considerably longer (sometimes over 4 ins.) and broader than in ordinary 
 B. Hookeri. It is known in gardens as B. Knightii, and is, perhaps, not quite 
 so hardy as the type. 
 
 Var. VIRIDIS. Leaves uniformly bright green beneath. Although a marked 
 characteristic of some plants, the white under-surface of typical B. Hookeri is 
 not a wholly reliable distinctive character. I have seen young plants partly 
 bright green and partly blue-white beneath. 
 
 The best way to increase this species and its varieties is by the seeds it so 
 plentifully bears ; they may be sown in shallow boxes or in pots, and the young 
 plants pricked out the following year into nursery rows. The type and the 
 variety viridis are useful shrubs for planting in places where an evergreen is 
 wanted that will keep fairly dwarf without pruning. 
 
 B. ILICIFOLIA, 1 Forster. HOLLY-LEAVED BARBERRY. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4308.) 
 
 An evergreen, straggling bush, with deeply grooved branches ; said to grow 
 8 ft. high in Chile, but has not been more than half as high in cultivation. 
 Leaves holly-like, from I to 2 ins. long, dark glossy green, obovate, with a few 
 spiny teeth towards the apex. Flowers f in. across, orange-yellow, densely 
 crowded on short racemes. 
 
 First introduced to Kew from S. Chile by Sir Joseph Hooker, whilst he was 
 attached to Sir John Ross's antarctic expedition, 1839-43, this striking barberry 
 has always been one of the rarest in cultivation. It may not exist in this 
 country at all at the present time, although it flowered at Kew in 1847. It is 
 probably better suited for the south-western maritime counties than inland 
 ones. A form of the hybrid B. Neubertii (q.v.) is usually offered by nursery- 
 men as B. ilicifolia. 
 
244 BERBERIS 
 
 B. JAPONICA, ft. Brown. JAPANESE MAHONIA. 
 
 (Mahonia japonica, De Candolle.') 
 
 An evergreen shrub of very stiff, sturdy, erect habit ; its thick, unbranched 
 stems, 10 ft. or perhaps more high, bearing a few leaves at the top. Leaves 
 
 1 to i^ ft. long, composed of seven, nine, eleven, or thirteen leaflets, which are 
 
 2 to 5 ins. long, i to 3^ ins. wide, obliquely ovate, very hard and stiff; dark 
 dull green, armed on each margin with four to six large spiny teeth ; the 
 lowest and smallest pair situated at, or very close to, the base of the leaf-stalk 
 (a good distinction from B. nepalensis). Flowers lemon-yellow, delightfully 
 fragrant, borne in a cluster of numerous slender, erect racemes 6 to 9 ins. 
 long, terminating the stem ; the fragrance resembles that of the lily of the 
 valley. Berries oblong, as much as i in. long, purple. 
 
 Var. BEALEI (Mahonia Bealei, Carriere). A distinct variety of great 
 vigour, the leaflets larger, broader, more rounded, and with fewer spines ; the 
 bases of each pair often overlap. The racemes also are finer, the flower-stalks 
 shorter. It is the most striking of all the Mahonias, the leaflets being some- 
 times 8 ins. long and 6 ins. wide. Introduced from China in 1845, by Fortune, 
 who regarded it as a distinct species ; it was figured as B. Bealei in the 
 Botanical Magazine ^ t. 4852. 
 
 These two Mahonias, with others of an intermediate character, are the 
 most striking of all the group to which they belong. Their flower-clusters 
 commence to open in February, and continue in beauty for several weeks. 
 Allied to B. nepalensis, B. japonica is readily distinguished in its typical form 
 by its duller leaves, having the lowest pair of leaflets close to the base of the 
 leaf-stalk. The variety Bealei is much hardier, and will thrive (as at Kew) 
 where B. nepalensis fails. It should, all the same, be given a sheltered spot, 
 and settled in its permanent position as early as possible, for few shrubs suffer 
 more from transplanting. This operation may be successfully done during 
 a showery time in May. 
 
 Var. GRACILLIMA is described as having smaller leaflets than the type 
 about 2 ins. long and f in. wide but I do not know that it is in cultivation 
 in Britain. 
 
 B. LEVis, Franchet. 
 
 An evergreen shrub of bushy habit, 5 or 6 ft. high, its branchlets stiff, 
 smooth, armed with slender, stiff triple spines i to i^ ins. long. Leaves 
 oblanceolate, tapering more gradually towards the base, often widest above 
 the middle; i\ to 3^ ins. long, ^ to f in. wide; not wavy at the margins but 
 set there with sharp, bristle-like spines ; dark, rather glossy green above, 
 paler beneath and very smooth, the veins scarcely visible. Flowers in 
 clusters of usually six to twelve, sometimes more, \ to \ in. wide, yellow. 
 Fruit described by Wilson as at first red, finally jet-black, without bloom. 
 
 Native of W. Szechuen, China; introduced in 1909. A promising vigorous 
 evergreen. It has been confused with B. Gagnepainii, but as seen growing 
 side by side the two are very distinct. The latter differs from B. levis in its 
 leaves being very wavy, duller, and broadest below the middle, the stems 
 more clustered, erect, and less branched. 
 
 B. LYCIUM, Royle. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7075.) 
 
 A deciduous or semi-evergreen shrub, of spreading habit, 6 or 8 ft. 
 high ; young shoots furnished with fine down. Leaves narrowly obovate, light 
 green above, glaucous beneath, varying in length in each tuft from | to 2 ins. 
 
BERBERIS 245 
 
 with a few teeth towards the apex, or with none, but always spine-tipped. Thorns 
 three-parted, | to | in. long. Racemes 2 to 3 ins. in length, carrying from 
 twelve to thirty flowers, each $ in. across, bright yellow. Berries in. long, 
 oblong, covered with a fine blue-purple bloom. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya, and quite hardy at Kew, where it flowers in May 
 and June. It was in cultivation there in 1853, and had probably been intro- 
 duced by Sir Joseph Hooker a few years previously. This plant yields the 
 drug known as " Lycium," used for ages in inflammatory affections of the eyes. 
 The beautiful purplish berries are eaten in N. India. It is a species distinct 
 in the hard, pale green leaves, conspicuously net-veined above, glaucous 
 beneath, and almost entire. 
 
 B. NEPALENSIS, Sprengel. NEPAL BARBERRY. 
 
 (Mahonia nepalensis, De Candolle.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, sometimes 20 ft. high in the Himalaya, but rarely more 
 than one-third as high in Britain. Leaves with as many as twenty-five 
 leaflets, usually about fifteen. Leaflets dark glossy green, obliquely ovate, 
 lanceolate, i^ to 4^ ins. long, the lowest pair broader and shorter than the 
 others, spine-toothed, of firm, leathery texture. Flowers yellow, borne in 
 slender racemes 6 to 12 ins. long. Berries oval or nearly globose, about J in. 
 diameter, covered with blue-white bloom. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya, this barberry is too tender to thrive well except in 
 the milder parts of Britain, or in exceptionally sheltered spots. At Kew it 
 lives but a short time out-of-doors, although it has succeeded well in a 
 sheltered spot in the gardens of Belvoir Castle for a good many years. It has 
 by some authorities been united with B. japonica, but is sufficiently dis- 
 tinguished by its more numerous, smaller, even-sized and more tapering 
 leaflets, and the brilliantly polished upper surface. For the milder counties it is 
 a most desirable shrub, commencing to flower as early as October, but at its 
 best in March and April. Several forms of it exist, some of which approach 
 B. japonica. 
 
 B. NERVOSA, Pursh. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 3949 ; B. glumacea, Sprengel ; Mahonia nervosa, Nuttall.} 
 
 A low, evergreen shrub, with stems rarely more than 12 or 15 ins. high, 
 and handsome pinnate leaves up to 18 ins. long, composed of usually eleven to 
 fifteen leaflets. Leaflets stalkless, \\ to 3 ins. long, obliquely ovate, very firm 
 and leathery in texture, prominently three-veined beneath, the margins armed 
 with large, spiny teeth. Racemes erect, 8 ins. or even more in length, with 
 short-stalked, yellow flowers. Fruit roundish oblong, \ in. diameter, purplish 
 blue. 
 
 Native of Western N. America, especially of the State of Washington ; 
 introduced in 1822. It is a handsome and striking barberry, but does not 
 appear to thrive very well in this country generally ; it always has been and 
 still remains rare. It can only be propagated readily by seeds, and these do 
 not appear to ripen freely in the English climate. The foliage most nearly 
 resembles that of B. nepalensis, but B. nervosa is readily distinguished by its 
 dwarf habit, and the greater distance of the lowest pair of leaflets from the 
 base of the common leaf-stalk. 
 
 B. NEUBERTII, Baumann. NEUBERT'S HYBRID BARBERRY. 
 
 (B. ilicifolia of gardens, not of Forster.') 
 
 An evergreen, or partially evergreen shrub, of loose, open habit, 4 to 6 ft. 
 high. Leaves very variable ; sometimes simple, obovate, i| to 3 ins. long, with 
 
246 BERBERIS 
 
 fine marginal teeth like those of B. vulgaris ; others stiff, hard, and holly-like, 
 with a few large spiny teeth resembling the leaflets of Mahonia ; others tri- 
 foliolate or pinnate. Flowers and fruits not seen. 
 
 A hybrid between B. Aquifolium (the seed-bearer) and B. vulgaris, which 
 appeared in Baumann's once famous nursery at Bolwiller, in Alsace, about 
 1850. It has but little to recommend it as a garden plant, being in my 
 experience a sterile, flowerless mule. As a scientific curiosity it is interesting, 
 for it unites the two sections of the genus, although remarkably distinct from 
 either of its parents. The form with spiny-toothed leaves like holly is usually 
 and erroneously called " ilicifolia " in nurseries. 
 
 B. FINN ATA, Lagasca. 
 
 (B. fascicularis, Sims, Bot. Mag., t. 2396 ; Mahonia fasc., De Candolle?) 
 
 This very distinct Mahonia has been regarded by some authorities as a 
 variety of B. Aquifolium, but there is little doubt that it deserves to rank as a 
 species. In stature alone it is very different, for in favourable situations it is 
 12 to 16 ft. high. A beautiful specimen stands near the entrance door to the 
 vicarage at Bitton, 12 ft. high, and a still taller one in Phoenix Park, Dublin, 
 is 16 ft. In foliage it differs in being of a dull greyish green, and the narrower 
 leaflets number sometimes thirteen or fifteen to each leaf. Flowers yellow, 
 produced in erect racemes about 3 ins. long, not confined, as in B. Aquifolium, 
 to the top, but developed in leaf-axils down the stem. 
 
 Native of Western N. America (California, New Mexico, etc.), and thus 
 having a more southern distribution than B. Aquifolium; introduced in 1819. 
 It is not so hardy as B. Aquifolium, but thrives very well at Kew, being 
 altogether about the most desirable of the Mahonia group. 
 
 B. POLYANTHA, Hemsley. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 to 10 ft. high, the young shoots reddish brown, ribbed, 
 not downy ; thorns' solitary or three-pronged, \ to I in. long. Leaves obovate 
 and mostly rounded at the end, the larger ones toothed at the terminal half, 
 the smaller ones frequently entire, all tapered and wedge-shaped at the base ; 
 ^ to 2 ins. long, \ to f in. wide ; finely net-veined on both sides, not downy ; 
 stalk \ in. or less long. Flowers yellow ; produced during June and July in 
 drooping panicles 3 to 4 ins. long, i to i^ ins. wide, carrying twenty to over 
 fifty blossoms. Fruit red. 
 
 Discovered in 1899 by Mr A. E. Pratt, near Tatien-lu, Szechuen, W. China ; 
 introduced from the same region by Wilson in 1904. A very fine species, 
 remarkable for the large and abundant flower-panicles. 
 
 B. PRUINOSA, Franchet. 
 
 An evergreen shrub at present 4 to 8 ft. high in this country, but probably 
 8 to 12 ft. eventually; branchlets round, smooth ; spines three-parted, up to 
 i in. long. Leaves three to five together in tufts, smooth, leathery, i to 2^ ins. 
 long, oval or obovate, lustrous green above, often grey-white beneath, the apex 
 and upper two-thirds set with slender, spiny teeth. Flowers variously arranged 
 at each leaf-cluster, some being solitary on their stalks and in fascicles, others 
 on an umbel i in. long ; they are citron-yellow, and about the average size of 
 barberry flowers. Fruit black, but covered with an abundant plum-coloured 
 bloom. 
 
 Introduced to France from Yunnan, China, by the Abbe Delavay in 1894, 
 this species reached Kew three years later. It is a promising shrub, somewhat 
 similar in general appearance to B. aristata, but quite distinct in the arrange- 
 ment of its flowers. It commences to bloom at the end of April. 
 
BERBERIS 247 
 
 * 
 
 B. REPENS, Lindley. CREEPING BARBERRY. 
 
 (Bot. Reg., t. 1176 ; Mahonia repens, G. Don.} 
 
 An evergreen shrub of dwarf, stiff habit, usually less than I ft. high, spreading 
 by underground stems. Leaves pinnate, consisting of three, five, or seven 
 leaflets, which are ovate, pointed, i to 2^ ins. long, spine-toothed, of a dull 
 bluish green. Racemes i| to 3 ins. long, produced in a cluster at the end of 
 the branch. Flowers deep yellow, open in April and May. Fruit black, 
 covered with a blue bloom. 
 
 Native of Western N. America ; originally discovered during the famous 
 expedition under Lewis and Clarke, who crossed the North American continent 
 for the first time, 1804-1806. It ought to be useful in positions where a close 
 evergreen covering is desired, but it has never been extensively grown. It 
 can be propagated by removing the creeping shoots, but has never adapted 
 itself to our conditions as B. Aquifolium has, for instance. From that species 
 it differs markedly in its dull bluish foliage, which also shows itself in some 
 hybrids between the two species. B. nervosa has glossy foliage, and twice as 
 many leaflets. 
 
 B. SANGUINEA, Franchet. 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 6 to 9 ft. high, with smooth, pale greyish branches 
 armed with very slender three-forked spines, each fork up to i| ins. long. 
 Leaves in clusters of two to five, deep green, linear-lanceolate, tapering to a 
 fine point, the margins armed with forward-pointing, spiny teeth ; the leaf has 
 a very short stalk, and is i^ to 3 ins. long and from j to f in. wide. Flowers 
 crowded in the leaf-axils at each joint, golden yellow, on reddish stalks of 
 unequal length, the longest f in. long. The outside of the sepals is reddish. 
 Berries f in. long, blue-black. 
 
 Native of the mountains of Szechuen, China ; introduced to France by 
 Mr Maurice de Vilmorin in 1898. It is an elegant shrub ; the specific name 
 refers to the colour of the flower-stalks and sepals. The species is distinct in 
 its narrow leaves, and long, slender spines. I saw it first in 1904, in the 
 nursery of Messrs Simon-Louis, near Metz, where it was apparently quite 
 hardy. 
 
 B. SARGENTIANA, C. K. Schneider. SARGENT'S BARBERRY. 
 
 An evergreen shrub up to 6 ft. high, forming thickets of erect stems; 
 yotmg shoots smooth, reddish, becoming grey; armed with three-pronged 
 spines that are \ to \\ ins. long, very sharp and rigid, grooved beneath. 
 Leaves narrowly oval or obovate-lanceolate, slender-pointed, i| to 5 ins. long, 
 \ to ij ins. wide, edged with forward-pointing spiny teeth (sometimes double); 
 dark green above, paler and distinctly veined beneath, quite smooth on both 
 surfaces. Flowers described as pale yellow, about \ in. across, borne in 
 stalkless clusters of two to six; petals broadly obovate, notched at the apex; 
 individual flower-stalk up to f in. long. Fruit black when ripe, broadly egg- 
 shaped, \ in. long. 
 
 Native of W. Hupeh, China; introduced by Wilson in 1907. It is allied 
 to B. Hookeri and similar in habit, but hardier. In the Arnold Arboretum it 
 is described as the only evergreen barberry known to be hardy there. 
 At Kew it has withstood, quite unaffected, weather which injured B. Hookeri. 
 
 B. SIBIRICA, Pallas. SIBERIAN BARBERRY. 
 
 A low, deciduous bush, usually i^ to 2 ft. high, with short, twiggy branches ; 
 young shoots smooth, or minutely downy, angled ; thorns with three or five, 
 
248 BERBERIS 
 
 sometimes nine or eleven, prongs, each 1- to f in. long, slender. Leaves pro- 
 duced in dense rosettes ; small, obovate, ^ to i in. long, thin, with teeth 
 directed outwards, and proportionately large. Flowers solitary, rarely in pairs, 
 J in. across, bright yellow, drooping. Fruit dark red. ^ 
 
 Native of Siberia and Mongolia, where it grows in crevices of rocks and 
 similar places. Resembling B. aetnensis in habit, it differs in its solitary 
 flowers and much divided spines. Pallas, the Russian traveller and naturalist, 
 who introduced this shrub to cultivation in 1790, states that in Mongolia a 
 decoction of the twigs is applied to the eyes as a charm, which recalls the 
 virtues ascribed to B. Lycium in eye affections by the natives of N. India. 
 
 B. SIEBOLDII, Miguel. SIEBOLD'S BARBERRY. 
 
 A deciduous shrub of rounded form, with leaves and branches very similar 
 to those of B. vulgaris, but dwarfer, and usually below 3 ft. in height. Leaves 
 thin, varying from narrowly obovate to oval, I to 2^ ins. long, tapering at the 
 base to a short stalk, the margins crowded with fine bristles. Flowers pale 
 yellow, ^ in. across, in racemes ij to 2 ins. long. Fruit globose, yellowish 
 red, shining as if glazed. 
 
 Native of Japan ; perhaps a Japanese prototype of our common barberry, 
 differing in its dwarfer habit and more distinctly ciliate leaves. We have, 
 however, in cultivation a barberry from Japan still more closely allied to 
 B. vulgaris ; this is B. REGELIANA, Koehne (B. vulgaris var. japonica, Reget). 
 It is much confused with B. Sieboldii in gardens, and is grown under that name. 
 It is, however, a taller shrub with more angled branches, and the fruit is 
 distinct in being of a bright rosy carmine, covered with bluish bloom, and of 
 oblong or oval shape. 
 
 B. SINENSIS, Desfontaines. 
 
 A very elegant, deciduous shrub, up to 5 or 6 ft. high, with slender, pendulous 
 branches ; young shoots smooth, somewhat angled, glossy ; spines weak 
 
 HERBERTS SINENSIS. 
 
 sometimes three-parted at the base of the shoot, but mostly simple. Leaves 
 green on both surfaces, oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, f to 2 ins. long, 
 \ to \ in. wide ; on the flowering shoots they are smaller and without teeth, 
 but on the sterile shoots are more or less toothed ; sometimes rounded, 
 sometimes spine-tipped. Racemes 2 to 3 ins. long, one of them pendent from 
 each leaf-cluster. Flowers pale yellow, J in. diameter, each one borne on a 
 thread-like stalk. Berries bright red, slender, nearly J in. long. 
 
BERBERIS 249 
 
 Native of China and Corea, and if not indigenous to Japan, cultivated 
 there. It is said to have been first found near Pekin during Lord Macartney's 
 mission to China, and to have been introduced in 1800. It is one of the most 
 attractive and graceful of deciduous barberries, flowering with remarkable 
 profusion towards the end of May. The Berberis figured in the Botanical 
 Magazine, !. 6573, under this name, is not true B. smensis, but probably a 
 hybrid between it and some other barberry. 
 
 B. STAPFIANA, C. K. Schneider. 
 
 A deciduous or partially evergreen, glabrous shrub, probably 5 or 6 ft. high, 
 of elegant habit, the stems spreading and arching ; leaf-clusters \ in. apart ; 
 spines three-pronged, very slender and needle-like, brown, \ to f in. long. 
 Leaves oblanceolate, rounded to pointed at the apex, mostly entire, but 
 sometimes toothed near the end, tapered at the base ; ^ to I in. long, ^ to ^ 
 in. wide ; scarcely stalked, of hard texture. Flowers pale yellow, globose, 
 in. wide, borne four to seven together in axillary, stalkless, or very shortly 
 stalked clusters. The stalk of the individual flower is ^ to ^ in. long. Fruit 
 oval, carmine-red with a slight bloom, in. long, containing two or three seeds. 
 
 Native of W. China ; introduced to Kew from St Petersburg in 1896, and 
 later from Wilson's seeds. M. Maurice de Vilmorin has also grown it for 
 some years at Les Barres, in France. It is a charming shrub, of free, graceful 
 growth, allied to B. Wilsonas, but that species is distinguished by its downy 
 shoots. Another species of the same group is B. SUBCAULIALAT.% C. K. 
 Schneider, but it has globose fruits ripe in November, more distinctly angled 
 branchlets, and larger leaves ; the general aspect is otherwise very similar. 
 
 B. STENOPHYLLA, Moore. 
 
 An evergreen bush, 8 to 10 ft. high, and as much through, consisting of a 
 dense thicket of slender, interlacing stems arching towards the ends. Leaves 
 numerous, in tufts about \ in. apart on the shoots ; hard, spine-tipped, I in. or so 
 in length, \ to in. wide, with incurved margins ; deep green above, glaucous 
 beneath. Flowers produced either in small fascicles or on short, few-flowered 
 racemes, golden yellow, small, but very profusely borne. Berries globose, 
 \ in. across, covered with blue-white bloom. 
 
 A hybrid which appeared in the nursery of Messrs Fisher & Holmes of 
 Handsworth, near Sheffield, about 1860, its parents being B. Darwinii and 
 B. empetrifolia. It is undoubtedly the most beautiful and useful of all the 
 barberries, and to the flower beauty of B. Darwinii has united the greater 
 hardiness of B. empetrifolia. The combination, moreover, has produced a 
 grace of habit neither of the parents possesses. The bush forms an impene- 
 trable mass of branches from out of which it throws every year slender, 
 arching shoots i ft. or more long. In the following April and May these are 
 wreathed from end to end with rich golden yellow flowers. A well-grown bush 
 is one of the loveliest of all spring pictures, and is admirable in many positions ; 
 it makes a charming bush on a lawn, as a covering for a steep bank, and it 
 may be used as a hedge plant, cutting it back immediately it has flowered. It 
 is best propagated by cuttings put in very sandy soil under a bell-glass or in 
 a frame in August. It ripens good seeds, but they rarely come true, reverting 
 back more or less to one or other of the parents generally to B. Darwinii. 
 
 B. REFLEXA is one of these seedling forms sent out by Mr T. Smith of 
 Newry. It is a dwarf shrub, with low spreading branches and very dense 
 leafage, the leaves being dark green, | in. long, glaucous beneath ; the margins 
 reflexed and armed with three or five large teeth: "B. Darwinii nana" is' 
 another of similar origin. 
 
250 BERBERIS 
 
 B. THUNBERGII, De Candolle. THUNBERG'S BARBERRY. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, of very close, compact habit, from 3 to 8 ft. high, with 
 stiff, deeply grooved branches, and smooth, reddish brown bark. Leaves 
 crowded in tufts along the branches (the tufts often J to ^ in. apart), obovate 
 or spathulate, \ to i \ ins. long, sometimes rounded at the apex, sometimes spine- 
 tipped, never toothed. The thorns on the branches are about \ in. long, almost 
 invariably single, but occasionally three-pronged. Flowers if to \ in. across, 
 usually solitary in each tuft of leaves, but sometimes in pairs, each one borne 
 on a slender stalk | in. long ; sepals small, dull red ; petals twice as long, pale 
 yellow suffused with red. Berries bright red. 
 
 The first European to notice this barberry was Thunberg, who saw it in 
 Japan in 1784, but it did not reach this country until about ninety years later. 
 It has been found wild in China. Latterly it has become popular in gardens, 
 owing to its neat, close habit, its handsome red fruits, but more than all for its 
 brilliant red foliage in autumn. The flowers, although unusual in colour and 
 freely borne, are not showy. In the suburbs of Boston, Mass., in the neighbour- 
 hood of the Arnold Arboretum, it thrives remarkably ; I have measured bushes 
 there 8 ft. high and 15 ft. across. 
 
 Var. DAWSONII. A variety that originated in the Arnold Arboretum, 
 dwarfer and more compact than the type. 
 
 Var. MAXIMOWICZII (B. Maximowiczii, RegeF) has more twiggy branches, 
 with a purple bark and more pointed leaves. 
 
 Var. MINOR, Rehder. A dwarf form usually under 2 ft. high, with small 
 leaves and flowers. 
 
 Var. PLURIFLORA, Koehne. Flowers three to seven together in corymbs. 
 
 B. TRIFOLIOLATA, Moricand. NEW MEXICAN BARBERRY. 
 
 (Bot. Reg., vol. 27, t. 10 ; Mahonia trifoliolata, Fedde.") 
 
 An erect, rigid shrub, 6 or 8 ft. high, belonging to the Mahonia group, but with 
 only three leaflets to each leaf. Leaflets glaucous or almost white, shaped like 
 a spear-head ; I to 2 ins. long, J to f in. wide ; tapering to a long, spine-tipped 
 point, and bulging at each side into one or two spine-tipped lobes. Flowers 
 yellow, borne in short corymbs. Fruit oval or roundish, black with a blue 
 bloom. 
 
 This rare shrub comes from rocky hills in New Mexico, and is only hardy 
 against a sunny wall, or in exceptionally mild districts. Some years ago I 
 saw an old bush, 8 ft. high, growing against the house wall at Bayfordbury. 
 The species differs from all other Mahonias in cultivation in the vividly 
 glaucous-white leaves with only three leaflets. 
 
 B. UMBELLATA, Wallich. 
 
 A deciduous, or semi-evergreen shrub, about 6 or 8 ft: high ; twigs greyish, 
 angled, finely downy ; spines f in. long. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, ^ to 
 i \ ins. long, \ to f- in. wide ; the margins mostly entire, or with a few out- 
 standing teeth towards the apex. Flowers yellow, in long-stalked corymbs 
 i to \\ ins. long. Berry red, egg-shaped. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya, from Kashmir eastwards, up to 11,000 ft. This 
 species is somewhat obscure ; plants received under the name, or raised from 
 seed so-called, usually prove to be some form of B. aristata. It is not certain 
 that the true thing is in cultivation. The berries, if correctly described by 
 Brandis as " scarlet, oblong," ought to clearly distinguish it from aristata. 
 
BERBERIS 251 
 
 B. VERRUCULOSA, Hemsley and Wilson. WARTED BARBERRY. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8454.) 
 
 A sturdy, low, evergreen bush, 2 to 4 ft. high, very distinct on account of 
 its branches being covered with dense, dark brown, tiny excrescences, which 
 give the young bark a curiously rough surface. Stem-thorns very slender, 
 three-parted, to f in. long. Leaves dark lustrous green above, glaucous 
 beneath ; oval, tapering towards both ends ; to i ins. long, of leathery 
 texture, margins recurved and set with a few spiny teeth. They are densely 
 arranged in clusters or rosettes along the twigs. Flowers short-stalked, 
 solitary or in small fascicles, golden yellow, to f in. across. Berry black 
 covered with blue bloom, nearly \ in. long, rather bottle-shaped. 
 
 Discovered by Wilson in W. China, and introduced by him in 1904. First 
 flowered in the Coombe Wood nursery in May, 1908. One of the most pleasing 
 of recent introductions from China, and evidently hardy near London. Useful 
 for the rock garden because of its neat, compact habit. 
 
 B, VIRESCENS, Hooker fit. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7"6.) 
 
 An elegant, deciduous shrub, 6 to 9 ft. high ; with smooth, reddish brown, 
 shining branches, armed at each leaf-tuft with a slender, three-parted, or single 
 spine up to f in. long. Leaves f to ij ins. long, obovate, thin, pale but 
 bright green ; the apex rounded or tipped with a small spine, the margins 
 toothed or entire. Flowers \ in. diameter, pale greenish or sulphur yellow, 
 and produced on slender, short stalks, either in panicles or short racemes. 
 Berries slender, nearly \ in. long, reddish, covered with bloom. 
 
 Discovered by Sir Joseph Hooker, at an elevation of 9000 ft., in Sikkim, in 
 1849 and introduced to Kew about the same time ; this barberry was not given 
 specific rank until described forty years after in the place quoted above. 
 It is not one of the most attractive of barberries in regard to its flowers or 
 fruit, but its habit is elegant, and the red tinge of its stems is pleasing in 
 winter. There are two forms of the species at Kew, one, regarded as typical, 
 with red fruits ; the other, var. MACROCARPA, with large black fruits in. long. 
 
 B. VULGARIS, LinnCBUS. COMMON BARBERRY. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, usually seen from 6 to 10 ft. high, but occasionally 
 more than thrice as high ; producing a crowded mass of stems erect at the 
 base, branching and spreading outwards at the top into a graceful, arching, 
 or pendulous form ; branches greyish, and slightly grooved. Leaves in tufts 
 from the axils of three-parted spines ; thin, dull green, oval or obovate, 
 
 1 to 2 ins. long, margined with fine teeth. Flowers in pendulous racemes 
 
 2 to 3 ins. long, yellow. Berries egg-shaped, up to \ in. long, bright red. 
 
 One of the best known of our native shrubs, the^common barberry is found 
 wild also over a large part of Europe, N. Africa, and Temperate Asia. It 
 was introduced to N. America, probably by early settlers, and is now 
 naturalised there, more common in many places than the real American 
 barberry (B. canadensis). It is one of the most attractive of all hardy shrubs, 
 beautiful in blossom in May ; perhaps even more so later in the year, when 
 laden with heavy masses of coral-like berries. The berries are too acid 
 to be palatable, even to birds, but at one time they were considered a 
 wholesome delicacy, candied or preserved in sugar. According to the 
 old herbalists the slightly acid leaves were once used to season meat with, 
 
252 BERBERIS 
 
 and as a salad. A decoction of the bark and yellow wood was formerly 
 celebrated as a remedy for jaundice. It is now discarded from the Materia 
 Medica, but in many country places much faith in its virtues still exists. 
 
 In gardens, the barberry is useful on account of its accommodating nature 
 and hardy constitution. It may be useful to fill up out-of-the-way corners 
 or other such places, where its vigorous nature will enable it to grow and 
 thrive, and hold its own without attention. But it is beautiful enough to 
 deserve a more prominent position. It has been planted at Kew on the 
 top of the ha-ha wall that divides the gardens from the Thames, and nothing 
 can be more beautiful than are these plants in October, when the branches, 
 drooping over the wall, are laden with masses of scarlet berries. Even on 
 a lawn it will make a fine "specimen" bush ; more beautifql often than many 
 rarer things so employed. At Leonardslee, Horsham, there is a specimen 
 26 ft. high, and 2 ft. 2 ins. in girth of stem. 
 
 Innumerable varieties or minor forms of this barberry exist. No good 
 purpose would be served by attempting to describe or even name them ; a 
 single sowing of seeds will sometimes produce variations quite as important, 
 both botanically and horticulturally, as many of those to which long names 
 have been given. The following deserve mention : 
 
 Var. ALBO-SPICATA. Young shoots and leaves creamy white. 
 
 _yar. ASPERMA. This remarkable variety produces berries without 
 seeds, and it is, in consequence, more valuable for preserves, etc., than the 
 fertile type. The famous sweetmeats of Rouen, confitures define vinette, are 
 made from the fruits of this variety, now very uncommon in this country. 
 
 Var. DULCIS. A quite sweet-fruited kind, found in the Austrian mountains 
 early in the nineteenth century ; it does not come true from seed, and is 
 perhaps not now in cultivation in Britain. 
 
 Var. PURPUREA. Purple barberry. Leaves deep purple, one of the hand- 
 somest of wholly purple shrubs. It comes partially true from seed. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATA. Leaves margined with yellow. 
 
 There are, besides, other varieties with berries differing in colour, such as 
 fructu albo (white) ; fructu luteo (yellow) ; and fructu nigro (black). The 
 two last I have not seen, but they are mentioned by Loudon ; the first is not 
 uncommon. 
 
 B. AMURENSIS, Ruprecht (B. vulgaris var. amurensis, Regel), is sometimes 
 regarded as a geographical variety of the common barberry, sometimes as a 
 species. It differs in the much larger leaves, which are often 3^ to 4 ins. long, 
 and i^ to 2 ins. wide, perhaps the largest of all true barberry leaves. They are 
 thin in texture, as in B. vulgaris, but the toothing is proportionately closer and 
 finer. Racemes 3 ins. long, with flowers like those of vulgaris but rather larger, 
 followed by large oblong berries. It has stouter stems than vulgaris, and 
 flowers rather earlier, but is only half its height. Native of Amurland. 
 
 B, WILSONS, Hemsley. MRS WILSON'S BARBERRY. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8414.) 
 
 An elegant, deciduous (sometimes partially evergreen) shrub, 2 to 4 ft. 
 high, of spreading habit, and usually more in diameter ; branches comparatively 
 thin, reddish brown, slightly downy, armed with slender three-parted spines 
 \ to | in. long, and red when young. Leaves as a rule less than i in. long, 
 mostly oblanceolate, and either rounded or sharply pointed at the apex, 
 otherwise entire, or occasionally three-lobed at the apex ; smooth, conspicuously 
 veined, grey-green above, somewhat glaucous beneath. Flowers small, pale 
 yellow, borne two to six together in fascicles or short racemes. Berries 
 roundish, coral- or salmon-red, somewhat translucent, borne very abundantly. 
 
 Native of W. China ; discovered and introduced about 1904 by Mr E. H. 
 
BERBERIS BERCHEMIA 253 
 
 Wilson, after whose wife it is named. This is one of the most charming new 
 introductions from W. China, of neat yet elegant habit, and most noteworthy 
 for its prettily coloured, abundant berries. The leaves are said by Wilson to 
 assume brilliant tints in autumn. 
 
 B. YUNNANENSIS, Franchet. YUNNAN BARBERRY. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 3 to 6 ft. high of dense, rounded habit, with grey, 
 smooth branchlets, armed with three- or five-parted spines. Leaves obovate, 
 sometimes almost orbicular, f to i\ ins. long, \ to f, rarely i in. wide, 
 rounded or pointed at the apex, tapering to a stalk at the base ; margins mostly 
 entire on the flowering twigs, more often toothed on the sterile ones. Flowers 
 pale yellow, three to eight in a cluster; f in. across; flower-stalks slender, 
 f to i^ in. long. Berries oval, bright red, | in. long. 
 
 Native of W. China ; first discovered in Yunnan by Delavay in 1885, at an 
 altitude of 10,000 ft. It reached cultivation by way of France, and was intro- 
 duced to Kew in 1904. It is a pretty shrub, and is distinct in regard to the 
 size of its flowers and fruit, both of which are amongst the largest in the genus. 
 It is also one of the most beautiful in its autumn livery of crimson. Closely 
 related to this species and united to it by intermediate forms is 
 
 B. DIAPHANA, Maximowicz, a native of N. and W. China. It is figured 
 as B. yunnanensis in the Botanical Magazine, t. 8224, but differs in its leaves 
 on the flowering shoots being mostly very spiny-toothed, its fewer (one to five) 
 flowers in a cluster, and by the more numerous (six to eight) seeds in each 
 fruit. 
 
 BERCHEMIA. RHAMNACE^:. 
 
 A genus of deciduous, unarmed climbers or shrubs, with alternate 
 leaves prominently and numerously parallel-veined. Flowers small, with 
 five sepals and five petals, and not ornamental. Fruit a two-celled, 
 oblong berry. Three species are grown in gardens : one American, two 
 Asiatic. They like a good, moist, loamy soil, and can be propagated by 
 cuttings. Allied to Zizyphus and Paliurus, both of which differ in having 
 three-nerved leaves. 
 
 B. FLAVESCENS, Wallich. 
 
 A climbing, deciduous shrub, 6 to 10 ft. high, the shoots slender, smooth, or 
 with dark outstanding hairs. Leaves 2 to 6 ins. long, i to 2| ins. wide, 
 rounded or broadly tapered at the base, narrowed at the apex to a short tip, 
 smooth, and rather metallic green above, pale and either smooth, or with a 
 slight down on the midrib and lower ribs beneath ; ribs parallel, nine to 
 sixteen pairs ; stalk i to i in. long. Flowers white, \ in. across, produced in 
 pyramidal panicles ii to 4 ins. long, terminal on the leafy shoots of the year ; 
 flower-stalks \ to \ in. long, either smooth or hairy. Fruit sausage-shaped, 
 % in. long. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya, Thibet, and W. China ; introduced from the last 
 named by Wilson in 1904, now growing in Coombe Wood nursery, where it 
 appears to be quite hardy. 
 
 B. RACEMOSA, Sicbold. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, with slender, flexible, round, smooth stems. Leaves 
 ovate with a heart-shaped base, \\ to 3 ins. long, half as much wide, entire, 
 rather pale or glaucous beneath ; veins in seven to nine pairs, parallel. Flowers 
 
254 BERCHEMIA BETULA 
 
 in a terminal, pyramidal panicle 2 to 6 ins. long ; very small, greenish, produced 
 in late summer. Fruit oblong, j in. long, changing from green to red, then to 
 black. 
 
 Native of Japan, where it forms a spreading, tangled shrub, rather than a 
 genuine climber. The foliage is neat and pretty, and when the plant is 
 furnished with its handsome fruits it is both striking and attractive. But it 
 does not produce them with regularity, and I have never seen it so good in this 
 country as in Central France. In Mr de Vilmorin's collection at Les Barres, 
 it bears fruit abundantly. It is a hardier and a better plant than B. volubilis. 
 A variegated form is in cultivation, var. VARIEGATA, whose leaves, especially 
 towards the end of the shoot, are more creamy white than green. 
 
 B. VOLUBILIS, De Candolle. SUPPLE JACK. 
 
 (B. scandens, K. Koch.') 
 
 A deciduous climber, with smooth, twining branches, growing 10 to 15 ft. 
 high (much higher in milder climates). Leaves smooth, oval, \\ to 3 ins. long, 
 not heart-shaped but usually rounded, or broadly wedge-shaped at the base, 
 the apex ending in a bristle-like point, the margins wavy ; veins nine to twelve 
 pairs. Flowers small, greenish white, arranged in racemes I to 2 ins. long, 
 terminating short, side twigs, and in a terminal panicle. Fruits oblong, \ in. 
 long, dark blue, or almost black. 
 
 Native of the southern United States ; introduced in 1 7 14. It does not fill an 
 important place in English gardens, owing to its flowers having little beauty, 
 and its fruits being rarely seen. From the commoner Japanese species it 
 differs in the shape of the leaves, the more numerous veins, and in the smaller 
 inflorescence. It is also a genuine climber, its stems twisting round each other, 
 or anything of convenient size within reach. Not so hardy as B. racemosa. 
 
 BETULA. BIRCH. BETULACE^:. 
 
 The birches are deciduous trees and shrubs with alternate leaves and 
 unisexual flowers produced on catkins, both male and female catkins 
 being borne on the same tree. The male catkins are slender and 
 pendulous, nearly always formed in autumn, but expanding in spring; 
 the flower consists of a calyx and two stamens, and they are produced 
 in threes in the axil of a scale. Female catkins shorter, stiffer; the 
 flowers consisting of an ovary and pistil only, produced (also in threes) 
 in the axil of a deciduous, three -lobed scale. What is here (and 
 commonly) called the seed, is really a tiny nut containing the true seed. 
 It bears a transparent wing at each side, and usually the remains of the 
 two styles at the top. The only other genus of trees with which the 
 birches are likely to be confused are the alders, and they are readily 
 distinguished by the persisting scales of the female catkin, which does 
 not disintegrate like that of the birches, but falls away whole. 
 
 Two of the best known features of the birches are the peculiar bark 
 and frequently white trunks. The bark can often be separated in thin, 
 papery layers, and being impervious to water, is used in other countries 
 for canoe-building and for roofing. The timber, although not as a rule of 
 the best, is put to various minor uses. Some of the Asiatic and American 
 species, however, yield wood of considerable value. An aromatic 
 principle pervades many of the birches, and a fragrant oil is obtained. 
 
BETULA , 255 
 
 As garden trees, the birches are chiefly valued for their striking trunks 
 and graceful branches. The silvery trunks of such species as verrucosa, 
 papyrifera, and Ermani provide some of the most delightful of winter 
 effects. Nor are the darker coloured ones of lutea and Maximowiczii 
 without their charm. The rugged trunks of nigra and davurica always 
 attract attention. On the whole, no birch exceeds our native B. verrucosa 
 in beauty, not only in its trunk, but in the singular lightness and delicate 
 grace of its branching also. Most people will agree with the oft-quoted 
 words of Coleridge, that it is 
 
 " most beautiful 
 Of forest trees, the Lady of the Woods." 
 
 The young branches and twigs of many birches have a rich red brown or 
 orange-brown tint, which makes an admirable contrast in winter with such 
 as have white trunks. 
 
 So far as I have seen, the birches thrive best on a deep, well-drained 
 loam, and I do not know that any object to it. But some species, like 
 verrucosa and populifolia, are amongst the best trees for poor, sandy soils ; 
 whilst B. pubescens, nana, glandulosa, pumila, and nigra thrive well with 
 their roots within reach of water. 
 
 Whenever possible the birches should be raised from seed, which 
 most of them develop in plenty. It should be sown on the surface 
 of fine soil, and not buried but simply pressed down. An old and good 
 plan when the seed is sown out-of-doors is to cover it thinly until it 
 germinates with a thin layer of brushwood, which gives shade and shelter 
 and protects it from interference by birds, etc. 
 
 The common birches are attacked by a gall-producing insect, Phytoptus 
 ritdis, which causes an abnormal swelling of the leaf-buds, and distorted, 
 stunted growths. 
 
 Several hybrids have appeared in nature between the various birches, 
 amongst which are : 
 
 lenta x pumila. pubescens x humilis. 
 
 papyrifera x fontinalis. pubescens x nana (see intermedia). 
 
 papyrifera x pumila. pubescens x verrucosa. 
 
 B. ALASKAN A, Sargent. YUKON BIRCH. 
 
 A tree 30 to 40 ft. high, with the young shoots thickly covered with viscid 
 warts, not downy. Leaves triangular-ovate, wedge-shaped or cut straight 
 across at the base (heart-shaped on strong shoots), taper-pointed, i| to 3 ins. 
 long, I to 2 ins. wide ; coarsely and often doubly toothed ; glossy dark 
 green, viscid, and slightly hairy ; stalks J to I in. long, reddish. Fruiting 
 catkins i to 1 1 ins. long ; scales hairy on the margin only, the side-lobes 
 larger, rounder, and broader than the middle one. 
 
 Native of Alaska, especially in the Yukon Valley ; introduced in 1905. 
 A young tree sent to Kew by Prof. Sargent is thriving very well, and promises 
 to make a handsome tree. It is in some respects like B. fontinalis, but 
 differs in its thin, peeling, reddish brown, or dull white bark, and in the 
 broader wing to the seeds. Sargent describes it as the common birch of the 
 Yukon Valley. 
 
256 BETULA 
 
 B. ALNOIDES, Buchanan- Hamilton var. PYRIFOLIA, Franchet. 
 
 A tall tree, the younger branches bright reddish brown ; young twigs covered 
 more or less densely with pale hairs or down. Leaves ovate, i\ to 5 ins. 
 long, i^ to 3^ ins. wide, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base ; pointed, 
 .unequally toothed, each tooth ending in an abrupt, slender point, ciliate, 
 downy on both surfaces, dark dull green above, bright green beneath, covered 
 with minute, lustrous resin-glands ; veins nine to twelve ; leaf-stalk \ to f in. 
 long, downy or nearly smooth, reddish. The young, expanding leaves are 
 of a pretty, red tinge. Fruiting catkins have not yet been seen in this country, 
 but as seen in dried native material, are \\ to 3^ ins. long, cylindrical, \ in. 
 diameter; scales very small, the middle lobe several times larger than the 
 side ones. Nutlets with wings broader than themselves. 
 
 The typical B. alnoides is a Himalayan birch, but the form above described 
 is a native of W. China, whence it was introduced by Wilson in 1901 and 
 again in 1907. Mr Wilson tells me that at 8500 ft. altitude in W. Szechuen 
 he saw it TOO ft. high, with a trunk 12 ft. in girth, so it must be one of the 
 finest of all birches. Our young trees are thriving well, and are curiously 
 distinct in the resinous sheen beneath the leaves, which becomes more 
 apparent as the leaf dries. The young trees introduced by Wilson vary 
 considerably in the downiness of the young shoots. There are numerous 
 plants in cultivation and they are well worth looking after. It is not unlikely 
 this birch may come to be regarded as a distinct species. 
 
 B. DAVURICA, Pallas. 
 
 A tree 60 ft. or more high in nature, the trunk clothed with curling flakes 
 of papery bark, giving it a curious, ragged appearance ; bark at first warm 
 brown ; young shoots sparsely downy, thickly covered with glandular warts. 
 Leaves ovate, 2 to 4 ins. long, i^ to 3 ins. wide ; broadly wedge-shaped or 
 almost straight across at the base, pointed, coarsely and unequally toothed ; 
 dark green and smooth above, downy beneath along the midrib. Veins six 
 to eight pairs ; leaf-stalk about \ in. long. 
 
 Native of Manchuria, N. China, and Corea ; introduced to Kew by the late 
 Dr Bretschneider in 1882, but not a species of much promise, having a 
 failing common to trees of the same region in starting early into growth 
 and being cut back by frost. In upland country it would, no doubt, thrive 
 better. In the curious ruggedness of its bark it resembles B. nigra. 
 
 B. ERMANI, Chamisso. 
 
 A tree said to become 100 ft. high ; bark of the trunk peeling, creamy 
 white ; that of the branches orange-brown ; young shoots not downy, but with 
 numerous glandular warts ; buds nearly ^ in. long, viscid, slender-pointed. 
 Leaves broadly ovate, with a straight or slightly heart-shaped base, taper- 
 pointed, coarsely triangular-toothed ; 2 to 3 ins. long, i^ to 2^ ins. broad ; 
 freely specked with glands on both surfaces, and nearly smooth except for 
 hairs on the midrib, veins, and vein-axils beneath ; veins in eight to eleven 
 pairs ; stalk \ to I in. long, warted. Fruiting catkins barrel-shaped, I to ij 
 ins. long, \ "to in.- wide, the three lobes of the scales broadest at the 
 rounded encls. 
 
 Native of Manchuria, Corea, Japan, and, like many plants from the same 
 region, very liable to injury by spring frosts, owing to its early start into 
 growth. For this reason it does not form a clean trunk, and is subject to 
 fungoid attacks. f| 
 
 Var. NIPPONICA, Maximowicz. A Japanese form with the young shoots 
 leaves, and leaf-stalks less glandular than in the type, the fruiting catkins 
 
BETULA 257 
 
 narrower and longer (being i^ to i ins. long, ^ to ^ in. wide), and the central 
 lobe of the scale more tapered. This variety thrives better in cultivation 
 through starting later into growth, and makes a clean-grown, handsome 
 birch one of the most striking of the white-stemmed group. 
 
 B. FONTINALIS, Sargent. WESTERN BLACK BIRCH. 
 
 A shrub up to 15 or 20 ft. high, occasionally a tree twice, as high, of elegant 
 form ; bark almost black, not peeling ; young shoots resinous, warted. Leaves 
 glandular, broadly ovate, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, pointed, 
 double-toothed ; I to 2 ins. long, | to \\ ins. wide ; dark dull green, slightly 
 hairy above ; paler and soon almost smooth beneath ; veins in six or seven 
 pairs ; stalks \ to \ in. long, at first somewhat hairy, then smooth. Male 
 catkins up to 2 ins. long. Fruiting catkins i to \\ ins. long, the lobes of the 
 scales about equal in size, slightly downy or smooth. 
 
 Native of Western N. America; introduced in 1897 to Kew, where it thrives 
 very well, and promises to make a graceful small tree. It belongs to the 
 alaskana and kenaica group, but is distinguished by the bark not separating 
 into layers, and in being almost black. The very resinous young twigs and 
 glandular young leaves also mark it. 
 
 B. GLANDULOSA, Michaux. 
 
 A shrub procumbent at high elevations, rarely more than 4 ft. high any- 
 where ; young shoots not downy, but covered with glands. Leaves obovate to 
 roundish or kidney-shaped, usually \ to f in. (sometimes over i in.) long, green 
 and smooth both sides, conspicuously round-toothed ; stalks up to j in. long. 
 Fruiting catkins erect, ^ to f in. long. 
 
 Native of N. America, where it reaches across the continent at high 
 latitudes and high altitudes ; also of Greenland. It is closely allied to, and 
 can only be confused with, B. nana (?.?/.), but is abundantly distinct in its 
 glandular- warted branchlets and longer-stalked leaves. It occupies similar 
 moist positions in nature, and may be planted in similar positions in gardens. 
 
 B. HUMILIS, Schrank. SHRUBBY BIRCH. 
 
 A shrub 2 to 9 ft. high, young shoots hairy and glandular-warty. Leaves 
 ovate, oval, or obovate, \ to i\ ins. long, mostly tapered (sometimes rounded) 
 at the base, pointed, irregularly and rather coarsely toothed (teeth triangular 
 but often bluntish) ; both surfaces smooth and green ; veins in four or five 
 pairs ; stalk in. or less long. Fruiting catkins to f in. long ; scales with 
 minute hairs on the margin, deeply three-lobed, the middle lobe usually thinner 
 and larger than the side ones. 
 
 Native of high latitudes in Europe and Asia, or of high altitudes in more 
 southerly regions. This species and B. FRUTICOSA, Pallas, are very closely 
 allied, and have often been united. The leaves of B. fruticosa are more 
 tapered towards the apex, have usually five or six pairs of veins, and the 
 toothing is finer, sharper, and more regular ; the wings of the seed are also 
 comparatively broader than in humilis. It is a native of N.E. Europe and 
 Siberia, inhabiting boggy places. 
 
 B. JACQUEMONTII, Spach. 
 (B. utilis var. Jacquemontii, Regel.} 
 
 This tree, a native of the Himalaya, is usually associated with B. utilis, but 
 is so distinct in various characters that it will be convenient to regard it as a 
 
258 BETULA 
 
 species. The bark on the trunk is white and peeling ; the young shoots are 
 both downy and warted. Leaves with seven to nine parallel veins, ovate, 
 rounded at the base, unequally toothed (the terminal ones often doubly 
 toothed) ; ij to 2| ins. long, to 2 in. wide ; both surfaces almost or quite 
 smooth, lower one dotted with glands ; stalks to f in. long. Male catkins 
 2 to 2j ins. long. Fruiting catkins cylindrical, i ins. long ; scales edged with 
 minute hairs, the middle lobe longer and narrower than the side ones. Trees 
 at Kew raised from seed in 1891 are quite healthy, and the species is no 
 doubt hardier than B. utilis, from which it can be distinguished by the fewer 
 veins of the leaf, the warted and less downy young shoots, and the more 
 pointed middle lobe of the fruiting scale. It is hardy in St Petersburg. 
 
 B. LENTA, Linnczus. BLACK or CHERRY BIRCH. 
 
 A tree up to 70 or 80 ft. high in a wild state ; the bark of the trunk not 
 peeling, dark, almost black ; young shoots silky hairy when very young, soon 
 becoming smooth and shining brown. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, mostly 
 heart-shaped at the base, pointed, T.\ to 6 ins. long, i J to 3^ ins. wide, toothed 
 (often doubly so), dark glossy green and ultimately smooth above, paler green 
 and silky-hairy on the midrib and veins beneath ; veins in ten to thirteen 
 pairs ; leaf-stalk to i in. long, hairy. Male catkins 2 to 3 ins. long. Fruiting 
 catkins i in. or rather more long, \ in. in diameter, scarcely stalked ; scales not 
 downy, the lateral lobes rather wider than the middle one. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America, where it yields a valuable timber ; intro- 
 duced in 1759, according to Aiton. When bruised, the young bark has a 
 sweet, aromatic taste and smell, and by distillation yields an aromatic oil. 
 This birch is allied to B. lutea, but differs in the darker bark of the trunk, the 
 sweeter tasted young bark, and especially by the smooth scales of the fruit 
 catkin. In my experience it is not so well-doing a tree as B. lutea in this 
 country. 
 
 B. LUTEA, Michaux. YELLOW BIRCH. 
 
 A tree up to 100 ft. high in a wild state ; bark of the trunk yellowish brown 
 when newly revealed by the curling back of the outer layer ; young wood 
 more or less hairy the first summer. Leaves dull green, ovate or ovate-oblong, 
 i\ to 4|- ins. long, half as wide ; tapered, rounded, or heart-shaped at the 
 base,- pointed, doubly toothed ; hairy on the margin, midrib, and chief veins, 
 becoming smooth above by the end of the season ; veins in about twelve 
 pairs. Fruiting catkins i to \\ ins. long, erect, f in. thick ; scales conspicu- 
 ously downy on the outside and margins, the lobes about equal in size, oblong. 
 The young bark has a bitter taste. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; introduced in the latter half of the eighteenth 
 century. It is a handsome birch, and might be more extensively planted. It 
 is distinct in the colour of the newly exposed bark of the trunk. It is some- 
 times confused with B. lenta, under which the distinctions are pointed out. 
 
 B. LYALLIANA, Koehne, 
 
 There is a good deal of confusion in regard to this tree, and it has been 
 called B. occidentalis (Sargent) ; B. papyrifera var. Lyalliana (Koehne) ; and 
 B. papyracea var. occidentalis (Dippel). The name occidentalis was founded 
 by the elder Hooker in 1839, on specimens of three distinct birches. As it 
 might with equal propriety be given to any one of them, it is better to drop it 
 altogether. B. Lyalliana is one of the very finest of birches, and reaches 
 sometimes 120 ft. in height ; bark reddish brown to whitish, peeling. Young 
 shoots warted, downy, yellowish brown. Leaves ovate with a rounded or 
 
BETULA 
 
 259 
 
 heart-shaped base, ordinarily 3 to 4 ins. long, but on young trees often over 
 5 ins. long ; hairy along the midrib and veins beneath ; veins in seven to ten 
 pairs. The tree is no doubt closely allied to the paper birch, but Sargent, who 
 regards it as specifically distinct, distinguishes it by its downy, fruiting scales, 
 its brown bark, its larger size and bigger leaves. Trees introduced in recent 
 years are growing admirably A native of British Columbia and Washington, 
 
 inhabiting moist situa- 
 tions. The tree recently 
 put into cultivation as 
 " B. macrophylla " is 
 either this species or a 
 form of B. papyrifera. 
 
 B. MAXIMOWICZII, 
 Regel. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 83370 
 
 A tree So to 100 ft. 
 high; young shoots 
 
 brown, warty, not downy; the bark of the older wood 
 and trunk orange-brown, becoming ultimately grey 
 or whitish. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, 3 to 6 ins. 
 long, three - fourths as wide ; doubly toothed, dark 
 green, downy at first, ultimately smooth above, downy in 
 the vein-axils beneath ; veins in ten to twelve pairs ; 
 stalk I to 1 1 ins. long. Male catkins 4 or 5 ins. long. 
 Fruiting catkins 2 to 2^ ins. long, J in. wide, in racemes 
 of two to four ; scales smooth, middle lobe longer and 
 narrower than the side lobes. Seed-wings large. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced by Prof. Sargent in 
 1893. This fine birch is distinguished by the leaves 
 being larger than those of any other species. I have 
 measured them 7 ins. long by 5 ins. wide. The habit 
 of young trees is rather open, and the branching stiff. 
 It is a quick grower, very hardy, and altogether one 
 of the best of its kind. Very distinct in its large leaves 
 and racemose female catkins. 
 
 B. MEDWEDIEWI, Regel. 
 
 Little is known of this birch in cultivation as yet. 
 It was introduced to Kew from Tiflis in 1897, and put 
 into commerce by Spath of Berlin in 1906. It comes 
 from the region south of the Caucasus range, and first 
 came under botanical notice about 1886. It is a tree of 
 goodly height, erect-branched, young shoots partially 
 hairy, with a few long, narrow lenticels. Winter buds 
 very large and distinct, bright glossy green, narrowly ovoid and pointed, with 
 ciliate scales ; on vigorous shoots the buds are \ in. long. Leaves ovate to 
 roundish, 2 to 4 ins. long, i to 3 ins. wide; rounded or slightly heart-shaped 
 at the base, pointed, irregularly toothed ; dark green above, and smooth or 
 with a few hairs only on the midrib and the eight to eleven pairs of sunken 
 veins, which are also slightly hairy beneath ; stalk to in. long, hairy. 
 Fruit-catkins stalked, erect, i to i^ ins. long ; scales \ in. long, with some 
 hairs on the margins, the middle lobe twice as long as the side ones. Seeds 
 with narrow wings. Young cultivated specimens have probably larger and 
 
 BETULA MAXIMOWICZII. 
 (Male catkins.; 
 
260 BETULA 
 
 broader leaves than in adults, but at present they are very distinct and 
 striking in their stiff habit, fine foliage, and big buds. 
 
 B. NAN A, Linn&us. DWARF BIRCH. 
 
 A dwarf, neat-habited bush, 2 to 4 ft. high, branches erect, not warted, 
 clothed the first two years with minute down. Leaves round or occasionally 
 broader than long, never pointed, to \ in. diameter, conspicuously round- 
 toothed except at the base ; shining dark green above, prettily net-veined 
 beneath, smooth on both surfaces ; stalk ^W in. or less long, with a fringed 
 stipule at each side ; veins in two to four pairs. Fruiting' catkins erect, \ in. 
 long, shortly but distinctly stalked ; scales smooth, with lobes of about equal 
 length, the middle one the broadest. 
 
 Native of northern latitudes in Europe (including N. Britain) and N. 
 America, usually inhabitating moist places on mountains. In gardens it is 
 useful for planting on the margins of streams and in moist places generally. 
 Among shrubby birches it is distinguished by its round-toothed, orbicular leaves, 
 and the absence of warts or glands on the shoots. 
 
 B. INTERMEDIA, Thomas (B. alpestris, Fries\ is regarded as a hybrid 
 between B. nana and B. verrucosa. The leaves are much larger than in 
 nana, and more ovate, but retain much of the characteristic toothing of that 
 species. 
 
 B. NIGRA, Linn&us. RlVER BlRCH. 
 
 A tree of pyramidal form, 50 to 90 ft. high, with a trunk often forked low 
 down and, like the older branches, covered with large flakes of curling, blackish 
 bark, which gives it a picturesque ruggedness of aspect seen in no other species 
 except B. davurica ; bark of young trees whitish ; young shoots furnished with 
 pale, round warts, and very downy. Leaves diamond-shaped to ovate, always 
 wedge-shaped at the base, pointed, i^ to 3^ ins. long, f to 2j ins. wide, 
 conspicuously double-toothed or small-lobed ; glossy green above, glaucous 
 beneath ; downy only on the midrib and chief veins, finally smooth above ; 
 veins in six to nine pairs ; leaf-stalk downy, J to in. long. Male catkins 2 
 to 3 ins. long. Fruiting catkins I to i| ins. long, J in. thick, erect ; scales 
 downy. 
 
 Native of the eastern United States ; introduced by Peter Collinson, in 
 1736. This is one of the most striking of birches, and its dark rugged trunk 
 affords a remarkable contrast to those of our native and other white species. 
 Although the trunk is sometimes undivided, a characteristic feature of the tree, 
 both wild and cultivated, is its division low down into two or three erect limbs. 
 In the south-eastern United States this birch inhabits the banks of ponds and 
 water-courses, often where the ground is inundated for several weeks at a time. 
 Sargent remarks that the seeds ripen early in the summer, and fall when the 
 water is at its lowest ; they immediately germinate in the moist, rich soil, and 
 thus secure a foothold by the time the waters return. It thrives quite well in 
 ordinary soil ; there is a tree 60 ft. high at Kew, far away from any water. 
 
 B. PAPYRIFERA, Marshall. PAPER BlRCH. 
 
 (B. papyraceu, Alton.') 
 
 A tree 60 to 70 ft. high, with a rather thin, open head of branches, some- 
 times pendulous at the ends. Bark of the trunk one of the whitest among 
 birches, mostly very smooth, but coming away in thin, paper-like layers ; young 
 shoots warty, the hairs with which they are furnished when quite young soon 
 falling away. Leaves ovate, rounded, sometimes heart-shaped at the base, 
 
BETULA 261 
 
 slender-pointed; i to 3^ ins. long, two-thirds as wide; margins irregularly, 
 often doubly toothed, and hairy ; upper surface dull dark green, with scattered 
 hairs ; lower surface pale, downy in the axils of the veins, dotted with small 
 black glands ; stalks up to i in. long ; veins in six to ten pairs. Male catkins 
 up to 4 ins. long. Fruiting catkins drooping, about ii in. long, to in. 
 thick ; scales usually smooth, the lateral lobes broader than the middle one. 
 
 Native of N. America, where it stretches right across the upper latitudes as 
 far north as Labrador and Hudson's Bay, and south to Iowa and Nebraska ; 
 introduced in 1750. It is the most widely spread of all American birches, and 
 the most useful tree of the inclement far north, providing the dwellers in those 
 regions with fuel. The bark is used for roofing, to make drinking utensils, and 
 especially canoes. In gardens it is valuable for the effect the vivid white trunk 
 produces. In this respect it is not more attractive than our native white birch, 
 nor has it the same delicate grace, its leaves being larger and less numerous ; 
 but the trunk remains white to a greater size. It varies very much, as might 
 be expected from its wide distribution, some trees having drooping branches, 
 others erect. 
 
 Var. CORDIFOLIA, Fernald. A dwarf, even shrubby, form found on the 
 mountains of Eastern N. America. Leaves uniformly heart-shaped. 
 
 B. KENAICA, Evans (B. papyrifera var. kenaica, ffenry}. This is an ally 
 of the paper birch, with small ovate leaves i to 2 ins. long ; irregularly, 
 coarsely, often doubly toothed, tapered at the base ; at first minutely downy 
 above, becoming smooth ; veins in five or six pairs ; stalk slender, f to I in. 
 long. The bark of the trunk is creamy white to reddish brown, and separates 
 into layers. The tree grows 30 or 40 ft. high, and is a native of the coast of 
 Alaska. Introduced to Kew in 1891. It differs from B. papyrifera in the fruit 
 scales being hairy on the margin, and in the smaller leaves. 
 
 B. POPULIFOLIA, Marshall. GREY BlRCH. 
 
 A tree 20 to 40 ft. high, with a rather thin, pyramidal head of branches, often 
 pendulous at the ends ; bark of the trunk grey-white, young shoots rough with 
 many warts, not downy. Leaves broadly ovate or triangular, broadly wedge- 
 shaped or truncate at the base, drawn out at the apex into a long, slender 
 point ; 2 to 3^ ins. long, 1 1- to 2^ ins. wide ; smooth and shining on both 
 surfaces, glandular above ; veins~ in six to nine pairs ; leaf-stalk slender, 
 dotted with black glands, f to i in. long. Male catkins 2 to 3^ ins. long. 
 Fruiting catkins f in. long, J in. diameter ; scales downy, with the side lobes 
 broader and more rounded than the middle one. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; introduced in 1750. The grey birch in its 
 own region plays much the same part as its ally the white birch does in Europe. 
 It occupies sterile and inclement regions, and is one of the first trees to find its 
 way back to land stripped, either by man or by fire, of its original forest 
 covering. It is short-lived, but according to Sargent performs a valuable 
 function in acting as a nurse for the seedlings of more durable trees It has 
 little to recommend it for gardens except its interest, having no merit that our 
 native birch does not possess in higher degree. The long stalk and drawn-out 
 apex of the leaf- and the absence of down from the younger parts, amply 
 distinguish it. 
 
 B. PUBESCENS, Ehrhart. WHITE BlRCH. 
 
 (B. alba, Linnceiis, in part.) 
 
 A tree of small or medium size, occasionally 70 ft. or more high ; bark of 
 trunk white, peeling off in papery layers, eventually dark and rugged at the 
 
262 BETULA 
 
 base ; young shoots downy, not warted. Leaves broadly ovate, i to 2% ins. 
 long, i to 2 ins. wide ; usually tapered, sometimes rounded or slightly heart- 
 shaped at the base ; pointed, coarsely toothed ; upper surface thinly downy at 
 first ; lower one downy on the midrib and veins, sometimes only in the vein- 
 axils, sometimes over the whole surface ; veins in five to seven pairs ; stalk 
 more or less downy, ^ to f in. long. Fruiting catkins about I in. long ; lobes 
 of scale minutely downy, side ones rounded, terminal one ovate. 
 
 Native of Europe (including Britain) and N. Asia, and one of the two 
 birches (the other is B. verrucosa) which make up the B. alba of Linnaeus. 
 This is' not so attractive a tree for the garden as B. verrucosa ; its bark is 
 darker, and its branching being more erect, it lacks the graceful, pendulous 
 habit of that species. It affects moister places than B. verrucosa, and is 
 especially abundant in Highland glens. Easily distinguished from typical 
 B. verrucosa by its downy, not warted twigs. Numerous forms ascribed to 
 this species have appeared, and there are some intermediate, perhaps hybrids, 
 between it and B. verrucosa. 
 
 Var. AUREA. Leaves yellow when young ; shoots very downy. 
 
 Var. CRENATA NANA. A dwarf round bush growing at the rate of 2 or 
 3 ins. only annually. 
 
 Var. MURITHII, Gremli. A dwarf tree up to 10 or 15 ft. high, or a shrub. 
 It was discovered near Mauvoisin, Val de Bagne (Valais), and is only known 
 there and in one or two other localities in Switzerland. Dr Christ describes it 
 as a very pretty little tree. 
 
 Var. PONTICA, Watson. Leaves distinctly tapered at the base, and smooth, 
 except for tufts in the vein-axils beneath ; young shoots slightly warted. 
 
 Var. UNDULATA. Leaf-margins wavy ; shoots slightly warted. 
 
 Var. URTICIFOLIA, Spach (B. virgultosa, Fries}. A small tree, native of 
 Sweden ; its leaves have a drawn-out apex, and are sharply double-toothed, 
 very dull green, densely downy above when young. Fruiting catkins up to 
 i^ ins. long, and more slender than in B. pubescens itself. 
 
 The common birch produces its seeds very freely, and is, as a rule, one of 
 the first trees to find its way back to deforested areas. Like the grey 
 birch in N. America, it is sometimes useful in affording shelter for young 
 timber trees of better class. The wood is of very little value in this country 
 except as fuel, although, like alder, it is largely used to make the clogs and 
 clog-soles worn in the manufacturing towns of Yorkshire and Lancashire. A 
 fragrant oil is obtained from it that is used in the manufacture of Russian 
 leather. The bark is water-tight, and is used in the construction of roofs in 
 Sweden, etc. Under certain conditions it is curiously indestructible. I have 
 seen pieces unearthed during peat-cutting in the Highlands, which must have 
 been buried some centuries, but was still quite silvery. 
 
 B. PUMILA, Linnceus. Low BIRCH. 
 
 An erect-habited shrub, 2 to 9 (sometimes more) ft. high ; the young 
 shoots downy or felted, but not warty. Leaves roundish, oval or obovate, 
 \ to i^ ins. long, pointed or bluntish at the apex, coarsely toothed, more or 
 less downy on both sides, often thickly so ; pale or greyish beneath ; chief 
 veins in five or six pairs, the smaller ones in between them finely netted ; leaf- 
 stalk in. or less long. Fruiting catkins ^ to I in. long, middle lobe of 
 scales longer than the side ones. 
 
 Native of Eastern N.America, where it inhabits boggy places from Lab- 
 rador to Ohio. It is only likely to be confused in gardens with B. humilis 
 and B. fruticosa, both of which have warted, glandular branchlets. It has little 
 merit in the garden. 
 
BETULA 263 
 
 B. ULMIFOLIA, Siebold and Zuccarim. 
 
 A tree 50 to 70 ft. high ; young shoots slightly hairy, and with a few 
 scattered, whitish lenticels ; buds ovate, slender-pointed, of a pale shining 
 green, not viscid. Leaves ovate-oblong, mostly heart-shaped, often unequal 
 at the base, slenderly pointed, irregularly toothed, the teeth finely pointed 
 and often incurved ; 2 to 3 ins. long, half as wide ; dull green with flattened, 
 silky hairs all over the upper surface, but confined to the veins and midrib 
 beneath ; the lower surface is also dotted with glands ; veins in about twelve 
 pairs ; stalk to \ in. long, hairy. Fruiting catkins egg-shaped, f in. long, 
 irt. wide ; scales downy, the middle lobe blunt, and about twice as long as 
 the side ones. 
 
 Native of Japan ; very, rare in cultivation. The above description is made 
 from a tree at Kew received from Tokyo in 1896, as B. grossa. Prof. Henry, 
 however, compared it with Zuccarini's type specimen of B. ulmifolia preserved 
 at Munich and found them identical (see Trees of Great Britain and Ireland, 
 P 979)- Except for a certain liability to injury by late spring frost, it is 
 apparently hardy, and distinct in its leaf-buds and heart-shaped, many-ribbed 
 leaves. 
 
 B. UTILIS, D. Don. HIMALAYAN BIRCH. 
 
 (B. Bhojpattra, Wallich.} 
 
 A tree 60 ft. high, with a creamy white trunk and branches ; bark peeling 
 off in papery flakes ; young shoots densely covered with grey down, becoming 
 reddish brown. Leaves ovate, rounded at the base, pointed, 2 to 3^ ins. 
 long, about two-thirds as wide, rather coarsely and irregularly toothed ; 
 upper surface dark green, with scattered down ; lower surface pale, downy 
 on the midrib and veins, the latter in nine to twelve pairs ; leaf-stalk f 
 in. long, downy ; fruiting catkins \\ ins. long, ^ in. diameter, cylindrical ; 
 scales downy on the margins, the middle one considerably the longer, and 
 rounded at the end. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya; introduced by Sir Joseph Hooker in 1849; 
 perhaps before, certainly several times since, from which, judging by its 
 rarity, it would seem that it is not very hardy. A tree over 30 ft. high, planted 
 by the late Mr Chambers at Grayswood in 1882, is the best I know. Young 
 plants have been raised at Kew from its seed, but have not yet had to with- 
 stand hard frost. In a letter Mr Chambers remarked that the bark of his 
 tree "even to the branches is creamy white, the young twigs of an orange- 
 chocolate, very pretty in winter." Some trees also exist in Trinity College 
 Botanic Gardens, Dublin. (See also B. JACQUEMONTII.) 
 
 B. VERRUCOSA, Ehrhart. SILVER BIRCH. 
 
 (B. alba, Linnceus, in part ; B. pendula, Roth?) 
 
 A tree ordinarily from 40 to 60, occasionally over 100 ft. high, with a 
 silvery white trunk ; branches pendulous at the ends ; young wood not 
 downy, but furnished with glandular warts. Leaves broadly ovate, sometimes 
 rather diamond-shaped ; I to 2?r ins. long, f to \\ ins. wide ; broadly wedge- 
 shaped or truncate at the base, slenderly tapered at the apex, doubly toothed ; 
 not downy, but dotted with glands on both surfaces ; stalk \ to in. long. 
 Fruiting catkins f to i j ins. long, \ in. wide, cylindrical ; scales smooth except 
 on the margin ; middle lobes the smallest. 
 
 Native of Europe (including Britain), especially of high latitudes; also 
 of parts of N. Asia. This birch, with B. pubescens (g.v.\ forms the B. alba 
 of Linnaeus, but most authorities now concur in separating them. The species 
 
264 BETULA BIGELOWIA 
 
 is easily distinguished from B. pubescens by the warts on the young branchlets 
 and by the absence of down on all the younger vegetative parts. In the latter 
 respect it differs from all the other cultivated birches except B. populifolia. 
 (For timber value, etc., see PUBESCENS.) 
 
 Var. DALECARLICA, LinncEUs fit. (B. laciniata, Wahlenberg). Swedish 
 birch. A very distinct form, the leaves being lobed to within J to J in. of 
 the midrib, the lobes themselves lanceolate, coarsely toothed, and with 
 long, slender points ; leaf-stalks from i to if ins. long. Branches and leaves 
 pendulous, and the whole tree very elegant. Found wild in Sweden. 
 
 Var. DENTATA VISCOSA. A bushy, small tree of close, twiggy habit ; 
 branchlets and leaves very viscid ; leaves closely set on the twig, f to ij ins. 
 long, coarsely double-toothed or even small-lobed ; leaf-stalks \ in. long. 
 
 Var. FASTIGIATA, Scheele. Branches erect-growing ; the tree being of 
 columnar habit, and resembling a Lombardy poplar. 
 
 Var. OYCOWIENSIS, Regel. A shrubby form. Leaves mostly diamond- 
 shaped and smaller than in the type ; found wild in N.E. Hungary. 
 
 Var. PENDULA YOUNGI. Young's weeping birch. An extremely elegant 
 tree, suitable for small gardens. The branches are slender and perfectly 
 pendulous. This is the best of several weeping forms. 
 
 Var. PURPUREA. Purple birch. Leaves purple. 
 
 B. WlLSONl, Bean. WILSON'S BlRCH. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 to 10 ft. high, its lower branches prostrate; branchlets 
 thickly clothed the first season with forward-pointing, somewhat appressed, 
 pale brown hairs, glabrous and slightly warted the second season. Stipule's 
 triangular-ovate, silky. Leaves ovate, pointed, rounded or wedge-shaped at 
 the base, irregularly, often doubly, toothed; f to if ins. long, f to I in. wide; 
 veins deeply sunken and forming parallel grooves above, prominent beneath, 
 in twelve to twenty-two pairs; dark green, becoming smooth except on the 
 hairy veins above, clothed beneath with long, brown, silky hairs, especially on 
 the veins and midrib; leaf-stalk ^ to J in. long, silky. Female catkins f in. 
 long; scales three-lobed, ^ in. long, the central lobe twice or more than twice 
 as long as the rounded side-lobes, ciliate. Nutlet fa in. diameter, ovate- 
 orbicular, the wing narrow, ciliate towards the end. Male catkins \ in. long. 
 
 Native of W. China at altitudes of 7000 to 9000 feet. Introduced by Wilson 
 in 1909, who describes it as often hanging down over cliffs. It is very distinct 
 from other dwarf birches in its silky-hairy leaves with numerous veins. 
 (Wilson, No. 1140.) 
 
 BIGELOWIA GRAVEOLENS, A. Gray. COMPOSITE. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8155.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 6 to 8 ft. high, much branched ; branches erect, 
 and white when young. Leaves alternate, crowded on the branch, linear, 
 T to 3 ins. long, \ in. wide or less, long-pointed, smooth. Flower-heads 
 bright yellow, very numerous, forming flattish corymbs i to 4 ins. across ; 
 each head is composed of about five florets, each of which is very slender, 
 tubular, J in. long, the pointed teeth of the corolla erect, the base slightly 
 downy. When crushed the plant emits a not unpleasant, somewhat 
 pungent odour. 
 
 Native of Western N. America, inhabiting dry situations. It is not 
 hardy in the open at Kew, but thrives remarkably well on a south wall, 
 
BIGELOWIA BILLARDIERA 265 
 
 where it flowers abundantly during the latter end of September and 
 during October, producing heavy masses of corymbs often 9 to 12 ins. 
 across. It does not need a rich or heavy soil, but a well-drained, sandy 
 loam, and all the sunshine possible. The above description is made from 
 the plant at Kew, figured in the Botanical Magazine ; but in a wild state 
 the species is spread over a wide extent of country, and is said to 
 vary much. 
 
 Var. ALBICAULIS, Nuttall, differs from the above in having the branches 
 clothed with woolly down, and the tube of the corolla clothed with long hairs. 
 
 B1GNONIA CAPREOLATA, Linnaus. CROSS VINE. 
 
 BIGNONIACE^:. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 864.) 
 
 An evergreen or semi-deciduous climber (according to climate); in 
 nature ascending trees to a height of 40 to 50 ft. : stems long, slender, 
 smooth except at the joints. Leaves opposite, composed of two leaflets 
 on a common stalk J in. long, which is prolonged into a branched tendril. 
 Leaflets oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 5 ins. long, J to 2 ins. 
 wide; heart-shaped at the base, tapered at the apex, smooth and deep 
 green ; stalk J in. long, hairy on the upper side. Flowers orange-red, 
 clustered in the leaf-axils, each on a stalk i to ij ins. long. Corolla 
 between tube- and funnel-shaped, ij to 2 ins. long, ij ins. wide at the 
 mouth, where it spreads into five ovate, rounded lobes. Calyx bell- 
 shaped, | in. long, shallowly five-toothed. Pod about 6 ins. long, slender, 
 flattened. Blossoms in June. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States; introduced in 1710. In 
 order to succeed near London this handsome climber must have a 
 sheltered, sunny wall. It is the only member of a very large and 
 ornamental genus of climbers confined to the New World that can be 
 grown out-of-doors by us. The popular name refers to the cross-like 
 appearance of the wood when cut through transversely. 
 
 Var. ATROSANGUINEA (Bot. Mag., t. 6501) has darker, red-purple flowers, 
 and longer, narrower leaves. 
 
 BILLARDIERA LONGIFLORA, Labillardiere. PITTOSPORACEyE. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 1507.) 
 
 A climbing, evergreen shrub, with slender, smooth stems and narrow, 
 lanceolate, entire leaves, i to ij- ins. long. Flowers solitary in the leaf- 
 axils, each one on a slender stalk, | in. long, pendulous ; the five petals 
 are oblanceolate, f in. long, free but not spreading, greenish yellow. 
 Fruit an oblong-globular, dry capsule, of a beautiful dark blue, f to i in. 
 long. 
 
 A native of Tasmania; introduced in 1810. Unfortunately this 
 delightful climber can only be grown out-of-doors in the milder parts of 
 Great Britain. The finest plants I have seen are in the garden of Sir 
 John Ross of Bladensburg, at Rostrevor, Ireland, and in that of Mr 
 
266 BILLARDIERA BROUSSONETIA 
 
 Osgood H. Mackenzie at Inverewe, in the county of Ross. Here it 
 flowers freely in July, and is then very pretty, but its greatest beauty comes 
 in October and November, when the fruits acquire their charming colour. 
 The fruit contains abundant seed, which germinates readily. There is 
 said to be a white-fruited form in cultivation. The generic name com- 
 memorates Labillardiere, a French botanist who travelled in Australia, 
 and published a work on its flora in Paris in 1804. 
 
 BOWKERIA GERRARDIANA, Harvey. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8021 ; B. triphylla, of gardens.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 8, 10, or more ft. high; stems covered with fine 
 grey hairs. Leaves stalkless, arranged in threes at each joint, 4 to 7 ins. 
 long, i|- to 2.\ ins. wide; ovate-lanceolate, toothed, long-pointed; dull 
 green, somewhat downy on both surfaces. Flowers produced in August 
 in lax, three- to ten-flowered cymes ; the shaggy flower-stalks springing from 
 the leaf-axils. Corolla pure white, f in. across, similar to a calceolaria, 
 two-lipped, flattened at the mouth of the tube to a broad slit ; upper lip 
 broadly two-lobed, lower one three-lobed. The inflorescence is very 
 viscid. 
 
 Native of Natal, and rare in cultivation. It has long been grown 
 under glass at Kew, but my first knowledge of its existence in the open 
 air was obtained in August 1903, when flowering shoots were sent to 
 Kew from Mrs Gwytherne Williams' garden at Belvedere, St Lawrence, 
 Isle of Wight. The shrub was then 7 ft. high, and flowered freely without 
 protection. It is not only a beautiful shrub, but interesting as one of 
 the comparatively few South African ones that can be grown outside in the 
 south of England. Near London it is not possible to grow it out-of- 
 doors. The name under which it is usually grown "B. triphylla" 
 belongs to a plant not apparently in cultivation at present. 
 
 BROUSSONETIA. URTICACE^E. 
 
 The Broussonetias are closely allied to the mulberries, but are less 
 woody, and the plants are unisexual. Two species are in cultivation, both 
 from N.E. Asia. They have alternate leaves, and are rather rank-growing 
 shrubs or small trees, deciduous, and with abundant pith in the young 
 shoots. They grow well in any soil of moderate quality, and are easily 
 increased by summer cuttings. These should be made in July or August, 
 of short shoots with a heel of older wood attached. Female trees some- 
 times produce fruit under cultivation. 
 
 B. KAZINOKI, Siebold. 
 
 (B. Kaempferi, Siebold; B. Sieboldii, Blume.') 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 10 to 15 ft. high, of open, spreading habit, with very 
 pithy, purplish red young shoots, whose bark is slightly downy at first, soon 
 quite smooth. Leaves ovate, occasionally two- or three-lobed, rounded or 
 
BROUSSONETIA 
 
 267 
 
 slightly heart-shaped at the base, long and taper-pointed, toothed ; extremely 
 variable in size, three-nerved at the base ; slightly downy when young, soon 
 afterwards smooth ; upper surface rather rough. On strong growths they may 
 be 6 to 10 ins. long, 3 to 5 ins. wide ; on weaker shoots as small as 2 ins. long ; 
 stalk ^ to f in. long. Flowers of the male plant in clusters ^ in. long, on a 
 slender, downy stalk about the same length ; female flowers in a smaller, 
 globose head, with long, slender, downy styles. Neither has any beauty. Fruits 
 in a globose head, woolly. 
 
 Native of Japan and Corea. This species is distinguished from B. papyrifera 
 by its smooth young wood and leaves, by its shorter male inflorescence, and 
 by the usually shorter leaf-stalks. It is not so striking or vigorous a shrub. 
 Often met with in gardens as B. Kaempferi ; the plant first described under 
 that name,^however, is a climbing shrub probably not in cultivation. 
 
 B. PAPYRIFERA, X Ventenat. PAPER MULBERRY. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 2358.) 
 
 A coarse-growing, vigorous shrub, or a tree up to 30 ft. high, forming a 
 roundish, spreading head of branches ; young wood thickly downy, soft and 
 pithy. Leaves very vari- 
 able in size and form, ovate 
 or variously lobed, often 
 shaped like fig leaves ; 
 rounded, or more or less 
 tapered at the base, pointed, 
 toothed, three-nerved at the 
 base ; upper surface dull 
 green and rough, lower sur- 
 face densely woolly till they 
 fall ; stalk I to 4 ins. long. 
 Flowers of the male plant 
 in cylindrical, often curly, 
 woolly catkins, \\ to 3 ins. 
 long, J in. wide ; female 
 flowers in ball-like heads 
 \ in. in diameter. Fruit 
 red. 
 
 Native of China ; intro- 
 duced early in the eight- 
 eenth century. It is now 
 widely cultivated in Eastern 
 countries ; in Japan chiefly 
 for the manufacture of paper 
 from the bark, and in the 
 Polynesian islands for the fibre, which is made into a cloth. Capt. Cook noticed 
 in Otaheite that the finest and whitest cloth worn by the principal inhabitants 
 was made from this material. In some of the Dalmatian towns, especially at 
 Spalato, I have seen it as a street tree of neat, rounded shape. The lobed 
 leaves mostly occur on young vigorous trees, the unlobed ones on flowering 
 specimens. 
 
 Var. CUCULLATA, Seringe. A male tree with curious leaves whose margins 
 are curled upwards, so as to give the leaf the shape of a boat. 
 
 Var. LACINIATA, Seringe (B. dissecta, Seneclause}. In this remarkable 
 variety, which is quite dwarf, the leaf is reduced to the stalk and the three 
 main veins, the ends of which have each a small, narrow, variously shaped 
 
 BROCSSONETIA PAPYRIFERA. (Male catkins.) 
 
268 
 
 BROUSSONETIA BRUCKENTHALIA 
 
 blade. The leaf has thus a trifoliolate aspect. When in foliage the whole shrub 
 is a tangle of these slender leaf-stalks. I have not seen this variety in flower. 
 
 Both the varieties here mentioned are merely curious freaks, but the type 
 itself makes, a handsome shrub ; the male plant when freely furnished with its 
 yellowish, drooping catkins is striking. 
 
 BRUCKENTHALIA SPICULIFOLIA, Rcichenbach. ERICACE/E. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8148.) 
 
 A dwarf evergreen shrub, about 6 ins. high, forming dense tufts of 
 erect, very leafy twigs, heath-like in appearance ; branches slender, downy. 
 
 Leaves spreading, much 
 crowded, linear, 
 long, ending 
 
 BRUCKENTHALIA SPICULIFOLIA. 
 
 to 
 
 the 
 
 margns 
 
 n. 
 
 in a bristle; 
 recurved and 
 
 more or less glandular- 
 hairy; lower surface white, 
 but nearly hidden by the 
 recurved margins. Flowers 
 densely packed in a ter- 
 minal, erect raceme i in. 
 or less long. Corolla bell- 
 shaped, \ in. long, with 
 four-rounded lobes, rosy ; 
 calyx similarly coloured 
 but much smaller, and with 
 pointed lobes. Stamens 
 eight ; seed-vessel globular, 
 with the style and calyx 
 persisting ; flower-stalk \ in. 
 long. 
 
 Native of the mountains 
 of E. Europe and Asia 
 Minor, discovered by Sib- 
 thorp in 1802, near Brussa; 
 introduced to Kew in 1888. 
 It differs from hardy Ericas 
 in the open-mouthed co- 
 rolla. Commencing to 
 bloom early in June, it 
 
 continues for about a month. It is a dainty little plant, not particularly 
 showy, but suitable for a nook with peaty soil in the rock garden. At 
 Kew it has proved perfectly hardy, and is used as a dwarf ground- 
 covering beneath other sparse-habited peat-lovers. It may be increased 
 by seed, which it ripens freely, and by cuttings treated as advised 
 for hardy heaths (see ERICA). 
 
BRUNNICHIA BUCKLEYA 269 
 
 BRUNNICHIA CIRRHOSA, Banks. POLYGONACE^. 
 
 A deciduous climber, growing 15 ft. or more high, with slender, 
 grooved stems, smooth except at the joints, and supporting itself by 
 means of forked tendrils terminating the branches. Leaves alternate, 
 ovate, truncate or heart-shaped at the base, pointed; 2 to 4^ ins. long, 
 i to 2\ ins. wide; not toothed, dark glossy green, almost or quite 
 smooth ; stalk -i- to i in. long. Flowers small, greenish, arranged in 
 clusters of two to five on slender terminal and axillary racemes i| to 6 
 ins. long, the whole forming a loose panicle 12 to 18 ins. high. Calyx 
 persistent and surrounding the seed-vessel, enlarging and becoming 
 leathery as the seed ripens ; there is a wing -J in. wide on one side 
 extending down the flower-stalk, the whole ultimately about i in. long. 
 Only a proportion of the flowers ripen seed and develop in this curious 
 way. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States; introduced in 1787. This 
 curious and interesting climber has not sufficient flower beauty to gain 
 it much recognition in gardens, and although introduced so long ago, 
 is very uncommon. It is perfectly hardy at Kew, where it has lived 
 without protection in the open for at least twenty years. It is the only 
 hardy species, and somewhat resembles Smilax in leaf and growth. The 
 name commemorates M. T. Brunnich, a Scandinavian eighteenth-century 
 naturalist. 
 
 BUCKLEYA DISTICHOPHYLLA, Torrey. SANTALACE^:. 
 
 (Garden and Forest, 1890, fig. 37.) 
 
 
 
 A unisexual, deciduous, privet-like shrub, 6 to 1 2 ft. high, of lax, wide- 
 spreading habit; young shoots downy. Leaves opposite or nearly so, 
 arranged in two rows, lance-shaped or approaching ovate, rounded or 
 broadly wedge-shaped at the base, long and taper-pointed ; i to 2 \ ins. 
 long, \ to in. wide ; downy on the midrib and margins. Flowers small, 
 greenish, terminal on young shoots; the males J in. across, in a small 
 umbel ; the females solitary, much larger than the males, \ in. long, with 
 four spreading, narrowly lanceolate sepals. Nuts hard, one-seeded, 
 oblong, J in. long, furrowed. 
 
 Native of N. Carolina and Tennessee ; discovered by Nuttall in 1816; 
 introduced to Kew in 1897. Naturally it is a parasite on the roots of 
 other trees, most frequently Tsuga canadensis. Very little success has 
 been attained in its cultivation here, although the seeds that are 
 occasionally offered by nurserymen in the south-eastern United States 
 germinate freely. A young plant parasitic on Tsuga lived for ten years 
 at Kew, but usually there is a difficulty in getting it thoroughly attached 
 to a host plant. Those who take an interest in remarkable plants of 
 this kind may like to experiment with it. The seeds may be sown in 
 pots under glass, and after germination planted near a host plant. 
 They can live for some time on their own stored-up food. Other methods 
 
270 BUCKLEYA BUDDLEIA 
 
 may be adopted, such as sowing seeds near the roots of Tsuga out-of- 
 door, protecting by a handlight at first. Perhaps this shrub needs more 
 sun than it gets here, but it is capable of withstanding intense frost. I 
 remember a vigorous bush, 8 or 10 ft. high, in the botanic garden of 
 Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., where the winter cold is much 
 more intense than what we experience. 
 
 BUDDLEIA. LOGANIACE^:. 
 
 The genus Butfdleia was named in honour of the Rev. Adam Buddie, 
 one time vicar of Farnbridge, in Essex. The species are small trees and 
 shrubs (rarely herbs) with often angled or winged stems ; opposite, usually 
 downy or woolly leaves; they are found in S. America, S. Africa, and 
 N. Asia. In the cultivated species the flowers are produced in terminal 
 and axillary racemes or panicles, on which they are grouped densely in 
 close clusters, except in B. globosa, where they appear in globular heads. 
 The calyx is bell-shaped, four- or five-toothed, or lobed; the corolla 
 tubular, with four lobes, often withering on the stalk and persisting. 
 Stamens four. Seed-vessel a capsule of two valves splitting from the 
 top. 
 
 The Buddleias, provided the climate is suitable for them, are easily 
 cultivated. They all like a rich, loamy soil and a sunny position, and 
 are easily propagated by cuttings of late, summer growths, or by seeds. 
 The following species, with the exception of B. globosa, flower on the 
 growths of the year, and may be pruned back in spring before growth 
 commences. For those of the variabilis type this pruning is necessary 
 in order to get strong shoots and panicles. 
 
 Buddleias not described in the following, notes are : B. ASIATICA, 
 Loureiro'i a slender, graceful shrub with long panicles of white, exquisitely 
 fragrant flowers produced in winter, but only hardy enough to grow out- 
 of-doors in summer. B. INTERMEDIA, Carriere, said to be a hybrid 
 between japonica and Lindleyana. B. LINDLEYANA, Fortune, too tender 
 for any but the mildest counties, but 10 to 12 ft. high in the Bath Botanic 
 Garden. 
 
 B. ALBIFLORA, Hemsley. 
 
 A strong-growing deciduous shrub, said by Henry to be sometimes a small 
 tree 20 to 30 ft. high ; branches erect, soon quite smooth. Leaves narrow 
 lanceolate, with a long tapered point and wedge-shaped base ; 4 to 9 ins. long, 
 \ to 2\ ins. wide, toothed, dark green, and soon becoming smooth above ; 
 covered beneath with a close, fine, silvery grey felt. Flowers fragrant, lilac 
 (not white), with orange-coloured centres, produced from July onwards in 
 slender, tapering panicles 8 to 18 ins. long, 2 ins. wide at the base, terminating 
 the main shoots, with smaller ones on lateral shoots. Corolla tube J in. long ; 
 persisting as in other species until burst off by the swelling seed-vessel beneath 
 it. Calyx smooth, bell-shaped, with pointed narrow lobes. 
 
 Native of China ; discovered by Henry, and introduced in 1900 by Wilson, 
 who observes that it is fairly common on the shrub-clad mountains of Central 
 China at 3000 to 6000 ft. altitude. With the general aspect of B. variabilis, it 
 
BUDDLEJA 
 
 271 
 
 is not so good a shrub ; the brahchlets are not so square, the leaves are more 
 distinctly stalked and the calyx differs in being smooth. 
 
 B. HEMSLEYANA, Koehne, is nearly allied to, perhaps only an inferior form 
 of, B. albiflora It is only worth growing in collections. The flowers have not 
 the orange-coloured eye seen in those of albiflora or variabilis. 
 
 B. COLVILEI, Hooker fiL 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7449-) 
 
 A shrub or small tree, 30 to 40 ft. high in the Himalaya, of vigorous growth, 
 producing long arching shoots in one season ; all the younger parts of the 
 plant are at first covered with 
 red-brown wool. Leaves 3 to 
 10 ins. long, | to i\ ins. wide ; 
 oval lance - shaped, shallowly 
 toothed, tapered at both ends ; 
 dark green, at first downy above 
 and felted beneath, but becom- 
 ing nearly smooth on both sur- 
 faces. Flowers produced in 
 June in a terminal pendulous 
 panicle, 6 to 8 ins. long, about 
 3 ins. wide. Corolla of a beauti- 
 ful rose colour, white in the 
 throat, the tube f to i in. long, 
 as much or more across the 
 limb ; the four lobes rounded, 
 recurved. Calyx bell -shaped, 
 with short lobes. 
 
 Native of the Sikkim Hima- 
 laya, up to 12,000 ft. ; discovered 
 by Sir Joseph Hooker in 1849. 
 It first flowered with the late 
 Mr W. E. Gumbleton at Bel- 
 grove, near Cork, in 1892, where, 
 growing against a wall, it has 
 only been injured by the frosts 
 of early 1895. I n several places 
 on the west coast of Scotland 
 also it succeeds admirably. The 
 nearest locality to London where 
 it has flowered well out-of-doors 
 is in the garden of Grayswood, 
 Haslemere. No other Buddleia 
 capable of living out-of-doors 
 in the British Isles has such 
 large individual flowers, and it BUDDLEIA COLVILEI, 
 
 is undoubtedly the handsomest 
 
 in the genus; Sir J. Hooker even said, "the handsomest of all Himalayan 
 shrubs." 
 
 B. GLOBOSA, Hope. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 174.) 
 
 A partially evergreen, or, in hard winters, deciduous shrub, 15 ft. high in the 
 open, still more on walls and in favoured places ; of rather open, gaunt habit ; 
 stems angular, covered with a tawny, loose felt. Leaves lance-shaped, 
 
272 BUDDLEIA 
 
 ordinarily 5 to 8 ins. long, about one-fourth as wide (occasionally consider- 
 ably larger), tapered at both ends, but more gradually towards the point ; round- 
 toothed, dark green and wrinkled but not downy above, covered beneath with a 
 tawny felt; stalk J in. or less long. Flowers fragrant, bright yellow, produced in 
 June in balls | in. diameter, eight or ten of these globose heads are arranged 
 in a terminal panicle in opposite pairs, each on a stalk I to i^ ins. long ; the 
 whole panicle 6 to 8 ins. long. 
 
 Native of Chile and Peru ; introduced by Messrs Kennedy and Lee in 1774. 
 This singularly handsome and striking shrub is hardy at Kew ; the only time I 
 have seen it injured was in February 1895, when three out of four plants were 
 cut to the ground, but sprang up again the following summer. It is distinct 
 among cultivated Buddleias in the yellow of its flowers and their arrangement 
 in globular heads. 
 
 B. JAPONICA, Hemsley. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, usually 3 to 5 ft. high, open in habit, and sparsely 
 branched ; branches stiff, four-angled, the angles much winged. Leaves 
 narrow-lanceolate, 3 to 8 ins. long, i to 2 ins. wide ; minutely and sparsely 
 toothed ; dark green and smooth above, at first tawny-felted beneath. Flowers 
 crowded densely in terminal branched panicles, 4 to 8 ins. long. Corolla pale 
 lilac, woolly outside, the tube \ in. long ; the four lobes small. Calyx woolly, 
 pitcher-shaped, with slender-pointed lobes ; both calyx and corolla are persis- 
 tent on the seed-vessels, which are egg-shaped, \ in. long, and very freely borne. 
 
 Native of Japan. This is not one of the best of the Buddleias, although 
 rather striking in autumn with the long, dense, drooping panicles of fruit. It 
 bears these in such abundance, that they appear to shorten the life of the 
 shrub. At any rate, after a few years it becomes weak and thin in growth, 
 and should be renewed (by seed rather than by cuttings). It has been 
 cultivated on the Continent as B. curviflora, but is not the true plant of that 
 name. Several forms have been raised from seed, the best of which is var. 
 INSIGNIS (Revue Horticole, 1878, fig. 76), a plant of more compact habit and 
 brighter coloured flowers than the type. 
 
 B. NIVEA, Duthie. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1905, ii., fig. IO2.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 to 9 (perhaps more) ft. high, with the young branchlets 
 covered thickly with a pure white wool. Leaves of variable size, from the 
 largest, 10 ins. long by 4 ins. wide, down to others 3 to 4 ins. long and I in. 
 wide ; they are long-pointed, rounded at the base, angularly toothed except at 
 the end ; dark green and ultimately smooth above except on the midrib ; 
 covered beneath with a thick wool, at first pure white, then tawny. Panicles 
 branched, terminal on the main shoots, and supplemented by others at the end 
 of short axillary branches. Each portion of the panicle is slender, f to I in. 
 in diameter, and 3 to 6 ins. long. Flowers J in. long, pale purple, only showing 
 colour at the tip, the corolla-tube and calyx being covered with wool. 
 
 Native of China ; discovered by Wilson in Western China, at altitudes of 
 7000 to 8000 ft., and introduced in 1901. It is a vigorous plant, but its chief 
 attraction is the snowy covering of the leaves, shoots, and panicles. It flowers 
 in August. 
 
 B. PANICULATA, Wallich. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4793, as B. crispa, -Bentham?) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, of bushy habit, 6 to ,12 ft. high, more in diameter ; the 
 branchlets covered with a white or tawny, loose felt. Leaves lanceolate, 2 to 5 
 
BUDDLEIA 273 
 
 ins. long, f to. ij ins. wide ; slightly heart-shaped or cut nearly square at the 
 base, tapering thence to the point, coarsely and angularly toothed, covered 
 above, and more so below, with a whitish or tawny down ; stalk to I in. 
 long. Flowers fragrant, produced in June or later in a terminal panicle 3 ins. 
 high and 2 ins. wide, formed of axillary whorls. Corolla lilac-coloured ; the 
 tube ^ in. long, downy outside ; the four-lobed limb about as much in diameter, 
 white near the orifice of the tube. Calyx with erect, ovate lobes, woolly like the 
 stem. 
 
 Native of Afghanistan and the Himalaya, where it is occasionally a small 
 
 BUDDLEIA NIVEA. 
 
 tree ; a similar but not identical plant is found in W. China. At Kew, a plant 
 raised from seed sent home by Dr Aitchison from Afghanistan in 1879 i s 
 perfectly hardy, having received no protection during the last thirty years. 
 
 B. VARIABILIS, Hemsley. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7609 ; B. Davidii, Franc/iet.*) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, very variable in habit and flower, the largest forms 
 lo to 15 ft. high and'wide-spreading bushes of open growth ; branchlets four- 
 angled, downy. Leaves 4 to 12 ins. long, I to 3 ins. wide; lanceolate or 
 
 S 
 
274 
 
 BUDDLEIA 
 
 linear-lanceolate, finely toothed, with very long, tapered points ; dark green 
 and soon becoming smooth above, white-felted beneath ; stalks very short. 
 Flowers slightly fragrant, arranged densely in short, rounded clusters on 
 slender panicles 6 to 30 ins. long, according to the vigour of the plant 
 and the variety, and appearing from July to October, or later. Corolla 
 varying in colour from lilac to purple, orange-yellow at the mouth, the 
 tube ^ to ^ in. long, the limb to ^ in. wide , flower-stalks and calyx more 
 or less felted. Seed-vessel smooth ^ to ^ in long, cylindrical, pointed 
 
 Native of Central and W. China up to 9000 ft. first discovered near Ichang 
 by Prof. Henry, about 1887, and originally introduced by way of St Petersburg. 
 Of the many forms of B. variabilis this, the earliest one, is the poorest, being 
 of comparatively weak, low, semi-prostrate habit, and poor in colour of flower. 
 Nowadays it is not worth growing. A second and much superior form 
 
 BUDDLEIA VARIABILIS var. MAGNIFICA. 
 
 was raised in France in 1893, by Mr Maurice de Vilmorin, this having a 
 more erect habit, arching branches, with denser clusters and longer panicles 
 of lilac flowers. It is var. VEITCHIANA, afterwards introduced by Wilson. 
 
 Var. MAGNIFICA is similar in habit to var. Veitchiana, but commences to 
 flower rather later. It has bright violet-purple flowers, the divisions of the 
 corolla being reflexed at the margin 
 
 Var WILSONI has flowers of a rosy lilac with a deep orange centre, the 
 divisions of the corolla being erect. Both these were originally introduced by 
 Wilson for Messrs Veitch. 
 
 B. variabilis in all its forms needs a rich, loamy soil ; the more robust its 
 growth, the finer the flower panicles. The previous year's growth should be 
 pruned hard back every spring. Vigorous young plants treated in this way 
 will make shoots 8 ft. long in a season, terminated in due time by panicles 
 2 to 2^ ft. long. Its best forms are probably the most effective of all late 
 summer-flowering shrubs. 
 
BUMELIA BUPLEURUM 275 
 
 BUMELIA LYCIOIDES, Gaertner. SOUTHERN BUCKTHORN. 
 
 SABOTAGED. 
 
 A deciduous, small tree over 20 ft. high in a wild state, but usually 
 a shrub little more than half that height in cultivation ; branchlets smooth, 
 and on young specimens usually armed with spines f in. or less long. 
 Leaves firm and rather hard in texture, varying in shape from narrow 
 oval to obovate (the former shape more characteristic of young plants), 
 i to 4 ins. long, \ to ij ins. wide; always tapered to the base, pointed 
 or rounded at the apex, not toothed, and quite smooth except for a 
 few silky hairs about the midrib beneath; conspicuously veined; stalk 
 \ to \ in. long. Flowers \ in. in diameter, produced in August and 
 September each on a smooth stalk \ in. or less long, crowded numerously 
 in hemispherical clusters in the leaf-axils. Corolla white ; calyx com- 
 paratively large, green. Fruit egg-shaped, \ in. long, black, rarely or 
 never seen in this country. , 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States, and known in England 
 since 1752, but not ornamental enough to be generally cultivated. It 
 is quite hardy at Kew, but appears to be the only one of the genus of 
 which so much can be said. The leaves on young sterile plants resemble 
 those of a peach in size and shape. Several other species have at times 
 been introduced, but they need at least the warmth of the south-western 
 counties to thrive. Amongst them B. TEN AX, Willdenow, whose leaves 
 are covered beneath with a tawny yellow, silky down; and B. LANUGINOSA, 
 Persoon, with a more or less woolly down, are the most interesting. 
 
 BUPLEURUM FRUTICOSUM, Linnceus. UMBELLIFER^:. 
 
 An evergreen or semi-evergreen shrub, of lax habit, 5 to 8 ft. high, 
 with slender, not much divided branches, and smooth, purplish young 
 shoots. Leaves alternate, firm, narrowly obovate, stalkless, tapering at 
 the base, rounded or with a short, bristle-like tip at the apex, entire ; 2 to 
 3.1 ins. long, f to ij ins. wide; quite smooth, and of a bluish green. 
 Flowers small, yellow, produced in a terminal umbel 3 or 4 ins. across. 
 
 Native of S. Europe and the Mediterranean region ; introduced more 
 than three hundred years ago. This shrub is of interest as being the sole 
 shrubby representative of the great natural order of Umbellifers that 
 can be cultivated in the open air in Britain. Four herbaceous members 
 of the same genus are natives of chalky districts in Britain, and are 
 known in country places as "buplevers." This introduced shrub is not 
 particularly hardy. At Kew it can only be kept safely by growing it 
 against a wall, where it is 8 to 10 ft. high. In most maritime districts 
 and in the south-western counties it succeeds admirably, and its yellow 
 flower-clusters and blue-green foliage make a very effective contrast. It 
 flowers from July to September, and is propagated easily by cuttings. 
 It is one of the best shrubs for planting on exposed cliffs near the sea, 
 and is very well adapted for chalky districts. 
 
276 BURSARIA-- BUXUS 
 
 BURS ARIA SPIN OS A, Cavanilles. PITTOSPORACE^:. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 1767.) 
 
 An evergreen, glabrous shrub, 4 to 8 ft. high, with both spiny and 
 unarmed branches. Leaves alternate, obovate, f to ij ins. long, 
 -r to f in. wide ; notched or rounded at the apex, tapering towards the 
 base, but scarcely stalked. Flowers produced in panicles that terminate 
 the twigs towards the end of the branch, and vary in size according 
 to the strength of the shoot that bears them, the largest 5 or 6 ins. high 
 by 3 to 4 ins. through ; each flower is about J in. across, with narrow, 
 white petals. Although the individual flower is so small, the entire bush 
 makes a pretty display when in bloom, on account of its profusion. The 
 fruit is a dry, flat, pouch-like capsule about J in. across, reddish brown, 
 resembling in shape that of common shepherd's purse. 
 
 Native of New South Wales, and only suitable for the milder parts of 
 the British Isles. In the garden of Canon Ellacombe at Bitton, near 
 Bristol, it thrives exceedingly well against a wall, flowering during August, 
 when but few other shrubs are in bloom. The great crop of reddish 
 fruits is also decidedly striking. The generic name refers to their shape. 
 This shrub can be increased by cuttings made of half-ripened wood 
 placed in gentle heat. 
 
 BUXUS. Box. EUPHORBIACE^:. 
 
 Evergreen shrubs or trees, of which about twenty species are known, 
 inhabiting all three continents of the Old World. The leaves are 
 opposite, not toothed or lobed, leathery in texture, easily separated into 
 two layers. Flowers unisexual, small and inconspicuous, produced in 
 short dense clusters in the leaf-axils in spring, the males and females in 
 the same cluster, the former the more numerous. They have no petals ; 
 but the male has four sepals and four stamens, the female six sepals and 
 three pistils. Fruit a three-celled capsule, each valve two-horned; seeds 
 black and shining. Wood of hard, bony texture. 
 
 The boxes succeed in almost any soil, and are often found wild on 
 a limestone formation. They are useful for semi-shaded positions. 
 Cuttings of all the cultivated species and varieties except B. Wallichiana 
 strike root freely. The most famous site of naturally grown box trees 
 in England is Box Hill, near Dorking ; but several other place-names 
 in England indicate a more extended habitat in former times. It has 
 been stated that ; 10,000 worth of box timber was taken from Box Hill 
 in 1815. 
 
 B. BALEARICA, Lamarck. BALEARIC BOX. 
 
 An evergreen shrub, or small tree up to 30 ft. high, densely branched ; 
 young stems square, and at first slightly downy. Leaves roundish oval to 
 ovate oblong ; | to ii ins. long, \ to f in. wide, wedge-shaped at the base, 
 usually notched at the apex (or the terminal leaves sometimes minutely 
 and abruptly pointed) ; thick and leathery, dark glossy green above, but 
 
BUXUS 277 
 
 not so shining as in B. sempervirens, pale green beneath ; stalk slightly 
 downy, T V in. long. Flowers yellowish green, of no beauty ; males shortly 
 stalked. 
 
 Native of the Balearic Islands and the south-west of Spain. The 
 species is easily distinguished from the common box by the duller, larger 
 leaves, the thicker, more robust shoots, and the sturdier habit. The largest 
 specimen I know in this country is at Kew, near the Temple of the Sun, 
 and now about 24 ft. high, its trunk 2\ ft. in girth. It grows slowly, and is 
 probably the oldest in the country. Loudon mentioned this tree, which once 
 grew on the wall of a house, as being 13 ft. high in 1836. Aiton gives 1780 
 as the date of its introduction. In the gardens of S. Europe it takes the place 
 that B. sempervirens does here. 
 
 B. HARLANDII, Hance. HARLAND'S Box. 
 
 (B. chinensis, Hort.~) 
 
 A dwarf evergreen bush, of rounded, compact habit, not likely, so far as one 
 is at present able to judge, to get more than 2 or 3 ft. high ; shoots slender, 
 mostly erect, slightly downy when young. Leaves standing erect, narrowly 
 oblong or obovate, |to i^ins. long, tof in. wide, tapering at the base, rounded 
 at the apex, smooth. 
 
 Native of China. This is one of the dwarfest of the boxes, and somewhat 
 similar to B. sempervirens var. suffruticosa, the " Edging Box," but its leaves are 
 longer. Its neat and slow growth would make it useful in positions where a 
 dwarf evergreen is needed, but Wilson says the true thing is quite tender. 
 
 B. JAPONICA, Mueller. JAPANESE BOX. 
 
 A loose-habited evergreen shrub, 3 />r 4 ft. high ; young stems smooth, 
 square, conspicuously winged. Leaves \ to f in. long, roundish obovate or 
 inversely heart-shaped, sometimes as broad as long, tapered at the base, 
 rounded or notched at the apex, smooth except for a slight down on the stalk 
 when young. Flowers produced very freely in March and April, but of no 
 beauty. 
 
 Native of Japan, and in my experience the least ornamental of the boxes. 
 It has an ungainly habit, and has not the healthy, vigorous aspect one associates 
 with the genus. The roundish leaves, winged stems, and absence of down are 
 its distinguishing features. It also flowers more freely than any other species. 
 
 B. MICROPHYLLA, Siebold. SMALL-LEAVED BOX. 
 
 This pleasing little box resembles one of the small forms of B. sempervirens, 
 but its stems and leaves are quite smooth. It is a compact shrub, probably not 
 more than 3 or 4 ft. high, and slow-growing ; stems square. Leaves \ to f in. 
 wide ; obovate or oval, notched or rounded at the apex, tapering at the base. 
 Compared with B. Harlandii the habit is more open, the leaves more spreading. 
 The typical B. microphylla has smooth young shoots, but a box from China, 
 very similar, has downy shoots and is probably the var. SINICA, Rehd. and Wils. 
 
 Native of Japan, and in most of its botanical characters similar to 
 B. japonica, but a better garden plant. 
 
 B. SEMPERVIRENS, Linnceus. COMMON Box. 
 
 An evergreen bush usually wider than it is high, or a small tree 15 to 20 
 (or even 30) ft. high ; young stems square, slightly winged, minutely hairy. 
 Leaves ovate, oval or oblong, notched at the apex, to I in. long, about half 
 
278 BUXUS 
 
 as wide (considerably larger in some of the garden forms ; very dark green 
 above, pale below ; shining on both sides ; stalk very short, minutely hairy. 
 Flowers produced in April, pale green with yellow anthers, and of no beauty. 
 Seed-vessel I in. long, with six beaks. 
 
 Native of Europe, N. Africa and W. Asia, and very probably indigenous to 
 Britain, although this is doubted by some authorities. In gardens the box 
 shares with the holly and the yew the distinction of being the most useful (as 
 distinct from the most beautiful) ol hardy evergreens. Some of the more 
 pendulous forms make handsome lawn specimens, and the ordinary type makes 
 an admirable shelter, or a screen for hiding unsightly objects, especially in half- 
 shaded places. Its use for topiary work is well known, also for planting in 
 formal arrangements, where it is kept low and flat by clipping. For the 
 latter purpose the var. suffruticosa, used so extensively for *' box-edging," is 
 also employed. The adaptability of the ordinary form to pruning makes it 
 useful in positions where space is strictly limited, for it can be kept permanently 
 about 6 ft. in height by a judicious removal of prominent shoots, and this 
 without rendering it unduly formal. 
 
 Like the holly and the yew, the box was in earlier times associated with 
 certain festivals and ceremonies. The wood is of a hard, almost bony con- 
 sistence, and before wood-engraving became an almost lost art was a favourite 
 medium for the purpose. Large quantities were formerly imported from 
 S.E. Europe and Persia. Even now, so useful is the wood, the world's 
 supply is not equal to the demand. 
 
 Of numerous named varieties cultivated in gardens, some of which scarcely 
 differ from each other, the following are the most distinct : 
 
 Var. ARGENTEA. Leaves with a white border of varying depth. 
 
 Var. AUREA PENDULA. Golden Weeping Box. Branches pendulous. 
 Leaves margined with, or almost wholly, yellow. 
 
 Var. ELEGANTISSIMA. Habit dwarfer than the type. Leaves narrow, 
 bordered with silver. 
 
 Var. HANDSWORTHII. Habit vigorous, densely bushy, but somewhat erect. 
 Leaves large and broad. 
 
 Var. LATIFOLIA. The broadest-leaved variety ; leaves as much as f in. 
 wide. Habit stiff. 
 
 Var. LONGIFOLIA. Leaves long and proportionately narrow, being i J ins. 
 long, and scarcely -t in. wide. Habit bushy. 
 
 Var. MYOSOTIFOLIA. A curious dwarf, very slow-growing variety, of dense, 
 compact habit. Leaves green, very small, and the largest about | in. long, 
 in. wide. 
 
 Var. MYRTIFOLIA. Myrtle-leaved Box. Habit dwarf. Leaves green, 
 narrow, |- to f in. long, ^ to ^ in. wide. 
 
 Var. PENDULA. A very elegant form with pendent branches, but growing 
 naturally into a small tree. 
 
 Var. PROSTRATA. Low horizontal-branched shrub, rarely more than 2 or 
 
 3 ft. high. 
 
 Var. PYRAMIDALIS. Branches erect, may be used for hedges, but too un- 
 graceful for common use. 
 
 Var. ROSMARINIFOLIA. Rosemary-leaved Box. Leaves long and very 
 narrow, ^ to j in. wide. 
 
 Var. SUFFRUTICOSA (Buxus suffruticosa, Miller). Edging Box. For 
 centuries this variety, distinguished by its dwarf habit and small obovate leaves, 
 has been valued in formal gardening for making neat edgings to flower-beds, 
 walks, etc. It can be kept a few inches high by persistent clipping, but left to 
 itself as one may occasionally see it in old or neglected gardens, it becomes 
 
 4 or 5 ft. high. It can be increased by division or by cuttings. 
 
BUXUS C^ESALPINIA 279 
 
 B. WALLICHIANA, Baillon. HIMALAYAN Box. 
 
 An evergreen shrub not more than 6 or 8 ft. high in cultivation, but no 
 doubt considerably taller in its native country ; shoots very downy. Leaves 
 i to i\ ins. long, \ to f in. wide ; linear lanceolate, tapered at both ends, dark 
 green, not so glossy as B. sempervirens ; the base of the leaf, the midrib, and 
 the short stalk are all downy. Flowers in dense axillary clusters, opening in 
 April, and only noticeable for the yellow anthers of the males. 
 
 Native of the north-western Himalaya ; very rare in cultivation. There is 
 a bush 6 ft. high and as much through at Kew, which is perfectly hardy, and 
 has been in its present position for over thirty years. Although it grows very 
 slowly, it is quite healthy. It is difficult to propagate by cuttings. This 
 species is readily distinguished from B. sempervirens and B. balearica by the 
 long, narrow leaves, blunt or pointed but not notched at the apex, and by the 
 much more abundant down on the stems, which persists for more than a year. 
 The timber is equal to, or greater in value than, that of the common box. 
 
 C^ESALPINIA. LEGUMINOS^. 
 
 Of the forty or so species of Caesalpinia known, two or three can be 
 grown in the milder parts of the kingdom, but even as far south as Kew 
 they need some shelter ' in the open air. Among hardy trees and shrubs 
 they are most nearly allied to Gymnocladus and Gleditschia. The flowers 
 are very dissimilar to those of the commoner pea-flowered type of 
 Leguminosae, the petals being almost equal in size and shape. The 
 other essential features are, the tubular, five-toothed calyx, the ten free 
 stamens, and the thick, compressed, leathery pod. 
 
 C. GILLIESII, Wallich. 
 
 (Poinciana Gilliesii, Hooker, Bot. Mag., t. 4006.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub or small tree, with slender erect branches ; young shoots 
 covered with gland-tipped hairs. Leaves doubly pinnate, about 8 ins. long, 
 composed of about nine to eleven pairs of primary divisions \\ ins. long, each 
 of which carries numerous small, smooth, oblong leaflets, about j in. long and 
 ^o in wide. Racemes terminal, stiffly erect, I ft. or more long, carrying from 
 thirty to forty flowers. Each flower is borne on a downy stalk, i in. or more 
 long, the petals rich yellow, i \ ins. long, forming a rather saucer-shaped corolla. 
 Sepals | in. long ; stamens scarlet, i\ to 3 ins. long; pod 3 ins. long, f in. wide. 
 
 Native of the Argentine Republic, especially in the province of Mendoza ; 
 introduced in 1829, but too tender to have become generally cultivated. It 
 succeeds quite well on a south wall at Kew, where it has grown 25 ft. high, 
 and flowered nearly every year in July and August. It has no chance there 
 in the open ground, but in the late Rev. Mr Ewbank's garden at Ryde, Isle 
 of Wight, it succeeded admirably. The rich yellow flowers with long scarlet 
 stamens give a singularly brilliant effect. 
 
 C. JAPONICA, Siebold. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8207.) 
 
 A deciduous very thorny shrub, of straggling or scandent habit, not more 
 than about 8 ft. high when left to itself, but growing at least twice as high when 
 trained up a wall Branches not downy, armed with strong decurved thorns \ 
 
280 OESALFINIA CALLICARPA 
 
 to ^ in. long. Leaves doubly pinnate, 12 ins. or rather more long, each of the 
 three to eight pairs of main divisions (pinnse) carrying six to ten pairs of leaflets ; 
 the common leaf-stalk is armed at each joint with one erect and two decurved 
 prickles, and irregularly in between. Leaflets oblong or obovate, rounded at 
 the apex ; -| to I in. long, to in. wide ; almost or quite smooth. Racemes 
 up to 12 ins. long, 4 ins. through, carrying twenty to over thirty flowers, each 
 on a smooth, slender stalk i ins. long. Flowers canary yellow, ij to i^ins. 
 across, the upper one of the five petals the smallest, and striped with red. 
 Stamens ten, red, f in. long, forming a conspicuous cluster in the centre of the 
 flower. Pod 3 ins. long, i in. or more wide, flat, carrying six to nine seeds. 
 
 Native of Japan and China; introduced by Messrs Veitch, who first 
 flowered it in iheir Coombe Wood nursery in 1887. It still thrives well there 
 on a sunny slope, and occasionally produces seed ; but at Kew, in the open 
 ground, it has always been a failure, although it may live for some years. It 
 has grown well on a west wall, and in one of the bays outside the Temperate 
 House. There are few shrubs more beautiful either in leaf or flower, and it would 
 be well worth growing in a sunny recess where it could be covered in winter. 
 Propagated by layers. Flowers in June and July. Nearly allied to this is 
 
 C. SEPIARIA, Roxburgh. The two may be forms of one species, but 
 C. sepiaria differs in having very downy wood and less lax racemes. Mr 
 Sprague says (Botanical Magazine, loc. cit.) that the uppermost petal has no red 
 markings. 
 
 CALLICARPA JAPONICA, Thunberg. VERBENACE,E. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1871, fig. 39.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 3 to 5 ft. high, with erect, semi-woody stems 
 furnished at first with a pale tufted felt, which soon falls away. Leaves 
 narrowly oval or ovate-lanceolate; 3 to 5 ins. long, ij to 2 ins. wide; 
 tapering at both ends, often long and slender-pointed, the central part 
 only toothed; almost or quite smooth, with numerous yellowish glands 
 beneath ; stalk J to J in. long. Flowers pale pink, crowded in axillary 
 cymes which are i to ij ins. across, and expand in August. Fruit 
 globular, about the size of peppercorns, violet. 
 
 Native of Japan. Although this plant lives in the open ground at 
 Kew, and is only killed in very severe winters, it really needs some 
 sheltered, sunny corner, such as the angle of a house facing south-west, 
 to be seen at its best. As it flowers and fruits on the shoots of the year, 
 a mere cutting back by frost does not matter; some such pruning is 
 necessary. A loamy soil, not enriched, is best for it. 
 
 Closely allied to this is C. PURPUREA, Jussieu, a native of China and Japan, 
 introduced by Fortune about 1857. It is not so hardy, and is really a cool 
 greenhouse plant. It is not so vigorous a grower as C. japonica, but is of the 
 same half-woody nature ; it has thinner stems, and smaller leaves and berries, 
 the latter deep lilac colour, and about ^ in. across. Another species sometimes 
 seen in gardens is 
 
 C. AMERICANA, Linnceus. French Mulberry. This is a shrub 3 to 6 ft. 
 high, with the flowers and fruits arranged as in C. japonica, the flowers bluish, 
 the fruit violet, but very distinct in leaf and stem, both of which have more 
 persistent down than in the Japanese species ; the leaf, too, is much larger and 
 broader, and i^ to 4 ins. in diameter. This species is native of the south- 
 eastern and south-central United States, and is too tender for any but the 
 mildest parts of the Kingdom. 
 
CALLUNA 281 
 
 CALLUNA VULGARIS, Salisbury. HEATHER, LING. ERICACEAE. 
 
 (Erica vulgaris, Linnceus.') 
 
 An evergreen shrub up to 3 ft. high (usually from 9 to 24 ins.), of 
 straggling habit, much branched; branches densely leafy, and either 
 downy or smooth. Leaves opposite, arranged in four rows, giving a 
 quadrangular shape to the twig, $ to T V in. long, closely packed and 
 scale-like. Flowers in slender, one-sided racemes, i to 6, or as much as 
 12 ins. long, purplish pink, varying in depth of shade in different plants. 
 The calyx is the chief ornamental part of the flower, and consists of four 
 nearly separate, narrowly oval sepals T \ in. long; the corolla is about 
 half as long. Stamens eight. 
 
 This is the shrub which covers so many thousands of acres of the 
 moors and mountains of the north of England and Scotland, and makes 
 them so beautiful in late summer and autumn. Among native woody 
 plants it is the most abundant and covers the greatest area. In good soil 
 it is apt to grow too quickly and become gaunt and bare, and short-lived; 
 this can be remedied to some extent by cutting over the plants in early 
 spring before growth recommences and removing all the old flower-stems. 
 A poor soil, with peat mixed, keeps the plants dwarf and in better 
 habit. The named varieties, of which there are many, are increased by 
 cuttings or by division. They are useful for planting in masses on dry 
 banks, which, with a little attention at first to weeding and perhaps 
 watering, they will soon take complete possession of, giving beautiful 
 patches of colour from July onwards for many years. Calluna, of which 
 there is only this species, differs chiefly from Erica in the large, coloured 
 calyx with four tiny bracts at its base, which is sometimes known as 
 the "outer calyx." 
 
 Bees are particularly fond of the flowers, and the honey they give 
 is regarded as of special quality. In my native village in Yorkshire it 
 used to be, and probably still is, the practice for the beehives of the 
 cottagers to be laden on vans and taken every summer to the moors, ten 
 or more miles away, for 'the bees to collect honey there from the heather. 
 They were brought back in autumn. Branches of heather are much 
 used in the north also for making besoms in the same way that birch 
 twigs are used in the south. 
 
 Many varieties have been named, of which the following are a 
 selection. For the descriptive notes I am indebted to Mr Smith of the 
 Darley Dale nurseries, near Matlock an establishment famous for hardy 
 heaths of all kinds : 
 
 Var. ALBA. Medium growth ; foliage light green ; flowers white. 
 
 Var. ALBA AUREA. Dwarf; foliage golden ; flowers white. 
 
 Var. ALBA MINOR. Rather dwarf; flowers white. 
 
 Var. ALBA PILOSA. Tall ; foliage greyish ; flowers white. 
 
 Var. ALBA PUMILA. Dwarf; flowers white. 
 
 Var. ALBA RIGIDA. Dwarf; leaves green, blunt ; flowers white. 
 
 Var. ALBA SERLEI. Tall ; growth feathery ; flowers white. 
 
 Var. ALBA TENELLA. Tall, straggly ; white. 
 
 Var. ALPORTII. Tall ; foliage dark or greyish ; flowers crimson. 
 
282 CALLUNA CALYCANTHUS 
 
 Var. ARGENTEA. Rather dwarf; foliage silvery ; flowers purple. 
 
 Var. AUREA. Dwarf; foliage bright gold ; flowers purple. 
 
 Var. COCCINEA. Medium height ; foliage greyish , flowers crimson. 
 
 Var. CUPREA. Tall ; foliage golden in summer, rich red-bronze in winter ; 
 flowers purple. 
 
 Var. FLORE PLENO. Rather dwarf ; foliage dark green ; flowers double, 
 pale pink. 
 
 Var. Foxil. Very dwarf, forming close, cushion-like tufts ; flowers pink. 
 
 Var. HAMMONDII. Tall ; foliage light green ; flowers white. 
 
 Var. HYPNOIDES. Rather dwarf ; flowers purple. 
 
 Var. MINIMA. Four or five ins. high ; foliage pale green ; flowers purple. 
 
 Var. PYGM./EA. Same as minima, but with darker foliage. 
 
 Var. TENUIS. Four or five ins. high ; foliage dark green ; flowers purple. 
 
 CALOPHACA WOLGARICA, Fischer. LEGUMINOS^. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, said to become 6 ft. high, but rarely more than 
 half as high in this country: bark of branches downy when quite young, 
 peeling when old. Leaves pinnate, 2 to 3 ins. long, composed of eleven 
 to seventeen leaflets. Leaflets oval to orbicular, \ to \ in. long, the 
 main-stalk of the leaf and the under-surface of the leaflets covered with 
 down. Racemes produced from the leaf-axils of the current year's 
 growth, 3 to 5 ins. long, very downy, carrying four to nine flowers 
 towards the end. Flowers yellow, pea-shaped, f to i in. long, each on 
 a stalk \ in. long ; calyx downy, \ in. long, with slender pointed teeth. 
 Pod f to 1 1 ins. long, cylindrical, covered with glandular hairs, one- or 
 two-seeded. Blossoms in June and July. 
 
 Natives of the south-eastern part of European Russia, in the regions 
 of the rivers Volga (from which it take its name) and Don. It is 
 frequently found in arid places and on dry hillsides. Introduced in 
 1756. It is quite hardy in the south of England, but may need the 
 protection of a wall in the north. It likes abundant sunshine, and 
 during hot summers flowers profusely. It is only after such seasons that 
 seeds ripen. As a rule it is grafted on standards of laburnum or Caragana, 
 when it forms a big, mop-headed plant with semi-pendent branches. Plants 
 raised in that way are sometimes short-lived, but it is probably the best and 
 easiest way, for plants raised from seed are not easy to rear. They are 
 very liable to decay through damp during the winter, and should for two 
 years be kept in pots, then planted out on a well-drained site. When 
 grafted on the laburnum, no special precautions are needed. 
 
 CALYCANTHUS. CALYCANTHACE^:. 
 
 A genus of North American shrubs with fragrant wood, three coming 
 from the south-eastern United States, the other from California. They 
 have opposite, deciduous leaves, minutely warted on the upper side. 
 Flowers solitary on short shoots of the year, or from the nodes of the 
 previous year's growth. Sepals and petals numerous. Fruits hard, and 
 shaped like a small fig, retaining the seeds for a long time. From the 
 
CALYCANTHUS 283 
 
 closely allied winter-sweets (Chimonanthus) these differ in their more 
 numerous stamens and brown-purple or brown-red flowers produced on 
 leafy shoots. 
 
 The species of Calycanthus are easily accommodated; they like a 
 sunny position in order that the wood may ripen and flowers be freely 
 borne. Any open, loamy, or peaty soil will suit them, provided it is 
 sufficiently deep and moist. They are most easily propagated by layers 
 in this country, where seeds do not usually ripen. Sucker-growths are 
 sent up from the base, and these sometimes afford opportunities for 
 propagating by division. These shrubs flower from July to September. 
 
 C. FERTILIS, Walter. 
 
 (Bot. Reg., t. 404 ; C. glaucus, Willdcnow.') 
 
 A shrub of bushy habit, 6 ft. or more high. Leaves 3 to 5 ins. long, ovate 
 or oval, acute or often acuminate ; dark glossy green, and rough above, 
 glaucous and slightly downy beneath. Flowers with little or no scent, i to 
 2^ ins. diameter, the strap-shaped sepals and petals chocolate-purple. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States, covering some of the same area 
 as C. floridus, with which species it has been much confused. It was brought 
 to England in 1806. The leaves of this species do not possess the aromatic 
 odour so characteristic of the West American species, and the wood is only 
 slightly fragrant. Summer leaf-buds concealed by base of leaf-stalk. 
 
 Var. L/EVIGATUS (C. laevigatus, Willdenow j C. nanus, Loiseleur). This 
 shrub, by some considered a distinct species, chiefly differs from typical 
 C. fertilis by the leaves being shining green and not downy beneath. Several 
 intermediate forms exist. 
 
 C. FLORIDUS, Linnaus. CAROLINA ALLSPICE. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 503 ; C. sterilis, Walter ; Butneria florida, Kearney?) 
 
 A deciduous shrub of rather struggling growth, ultimately 6 to 8 ft. or even 
 more high. Leaves 3 to 5 ins. long, oval, tapered at the base, rough to the 
 touch and dark green above ; soft, with a dense covering of short, pale down 
 beneath. Flowers 2 ins. or less in diameter, fragrant, produced in June and 
 July ; sepals and petals strap-shaped, numerous, reddish purple, tinged with 
 brown. 
 
 Native of the south-east United States, from Virginia southwards ; first 
 introduced to England by Mark Catesby, the author of the Natural History 
 of Carolina, in 1726. According to old records the original plants were 
 collected "back of Charlestown," in S. Carolina. It is easily distinguished 
 from the other species by the densely pubescent under-surface of the leaves. 
 The leaves, wood, and roots have a pleasant, camphor-like fragrance, which 
 is even more developed in the dried wood. The bark has been used as a 
 substitute for cinnamon. Summer leaf-buds concealed. 
 
 C. MOHRII is closely allied to the above, but has ovate rather than 
 oval leaves, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at the base. Native of 
 S. Tennessee and N. Alabama ; distinguished under this name by Dr Small 
 in 1903, and introduced in 1908. It appears probable, however, that it was 
 in cultivation at Kew in 1789 as C, ovatus, Alton. 
 
284 CALYCANTHUS CAMELLIA 
 
 C. OCCIDENTALS, Hooker. CALIFORNIAN ALLSPICE. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4808 ; C. macrophyllus, Hort.~) 
 
 A loose habited, deciduous, aromatic shrub of stronger growth than the 
 other species, and sometimes 12 ft. high. Leaves the largest in the genus, 
 varying from 3 to 8 ins. in length, and in shape from heart-shaped and ovate 
 to lanceolate ; rough, dark green, and not downy above, paler and bright 
 green beneath. Flowers 2 to 3 ins. across ; the sepals and petals purplish red, 
 changing to a more tawny shade near the tips ; rather unpleasantly scented. 
 
 Native of California, where it commonly grows near the banks of streams ; 
 introduced by Douglas in 1831. This is the least desirable of the American 
 allspices, being of rather ungainly habit. Its larger growth, foliage, and 
 flowers distinguish it from the other species ; as its leaves beneath are neither 
 very downy like floridus nor glaucous like fertilis, it is only likely to be con- 
 fused with the var. lasvigatus of the latter. But both leaves and wood when 
 bruised have a much stronger aromatic, spicy odour, and the flowers are 
 paler, redder, larger, and longer-stalked. Summer leaf-buds exposed. 
 
 CAMELLIA. TERNSTRCEMIACE^i. 
 
 A group of nearly a score evergreen trees and shrubs with usually 
 toothed, alternate leaves. Flowers usually showy, often solitary, never 
 more than a few together; petals five; stamens numerous, the outer 
 ones often uniting at the base and forming a ring or shallow tube. Seeds 
 large and oily,. soon decaying. Natives of India, China, and Japan. 
 
 All the camellias prefer a peaty soil, but will thrive in a warm, open 
 loam, especially if leaf-soil and a little peat be given them to start with. 
 They can be increased by cuttings of firm wood placed in gentle heat, 
 except the double varieties of C. japonica and C. reticulata, both of 
 which are grafted on the single varieties of C. japonica. 
 
 C. CUSPIDATA, Veitch. 
 
 (Thea cuspidata, Kochs^) 
 
 An evergreen bush, 6 ft. high, of erect, rather slender habit when young ; 
 young shoots minutely downy, grey. Leaves quite smooth, ovate-lanceolate, 
 rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, tapered gradually to a long slender 
 apex ; \\ to 3^ ins. long, to I in. wide ; finely and shallowly toothed (the 
 teeth gland-tipped) ; polished, dark, sometimes purplish green above ; paler 
 and covered with minute dots beneath ; stalks \ to \ in. long, hairy at the 
 margins. Flowers solitary at the end of short twigs or in the leaf-axils ; pure 
 white, i J ins. across ; calyx of five green triangular sepals, \ in. across. 
 Stamens erect in a dense cluster, f in. long ; anthers yellow. Flower-stalk 
 very short, clothed with overlapping green bracts. 
 
 Native of W. China ; introduced by Wilson to the Coombe Wood nursery, 
 where it has several times flowered in May. Interesting as a bright-leaved, 
 hardy evergreen (perhaps the hardiest of camellias), it scarcely promises to 
 develop into a high-class flowering shrub. 
 
 C. JAPONICA, Linnceus. COMMON CAMELLIA. 
 
 An evergreen shrub, or small tree 30 to 40 ft. high, of much-branched habit. 
 Leaves deep glossy green, ovate or oval, 3 to 4 ins. long, tapering to a short 
 
CAMELLIA 
 
 285 
 
 point, shallowly toothed, quite smooth, often specked with black dots on the 
 lower surface, and of firm, leathery texture. Flowers red, solitary at the end 
 of the branchlets, stalkless, 2^ to 4 ins. across ; petals normally five, but usually 
 more in cultivated plants. Stamens numerous, arranged in a ring. Seeds f to I 
 in. long, half as wide ; often flattened on several sides through compression. 
 
 Few exotic shrubs have filled a more important place in our greenhouses 
 than the common camellia has in -its time, but its merits as a hardy plant have 
 never been fully appreciated. Whilst it is not adapted for exposed, windy 
 positions, it is perfectly hardy near London, in places where there is moderate 
 shelter from north and east. At Kew it has withstood 3 1 degrees of frost without 
 suffering in the least. It is, indeed, one of the most satisfactory of hardy ever- 
 greens, there being no other except, perhaps, the laurels with quite the same 
 lustrous black-green hue. This camellia is a native of Japan and China, and 
 according to Sargent, the flowers in a wild state do not open fully, but remain 
 cup-shaped till they fall. The oil expressed from the seeds is used by the 
 Japanese women for dressing the hair. The species first became known in 
 
 CAMELLIA CUSPIDATA. 
 
 Europe about the beginning of the eighteenth century, and Ynany fine 
 varieties were imported from China ; others were raised in England from 
 eighty to one hundred and twenty years ago. As is generally known, these 
 have flowers pure white, of various shades of red, deep scarlet, striped, and of 
 various degrees of "doubleness." About the middle of the nineteenth century 
 the camellia had become perhaps the most popular of greenhouse flowers ; 
 its prim stiffness and solidity was not an inappropriate floral emblem of that 
 period. Afterwards its popularity declined. 
 
 In the open air it flowers from April to June, and perhaps the best forms 
 for out-of-doors are the semi-double and single red-flowered ones, which appear 
 to open better than the very double ones, and to suffer less from late spring 
 frosts. But any variety that has become too large for the greenhouse should 
 be tried in the open air, for the sake of its foliage, if its flowers fail. It should 
 be remembered that plants turned out of pots or tubs in which the roots have 
 become matted require careful watering until the roots have spread into the 
 surrounding ground. The single-flowered varieties may be propagated by 
 cuttings made from firm wood about the end of June and placed in heat. 
 It is best to treat them at first as cool greenhouse plants, as they grow 
 more quickly. The fine double varieties are usually grafted on the cuttings of 
 the single ones. 
 
286 CAMELLIA CARAGANA 
 
 C. RETICULATA, Lindley. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., tt. 2784, 4976.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub or small tree. Leaves dull green, toothed, 4 to 6 ins. 
 long. Flowers 6 to 7 ins. across, usually semi-double, the undulated petals of a 
 beautiful soft deep rose, surrounding a fine cluster of golden stamens. 
 
 Native of China ; introduced to the Horticultural Society's garden at 
 Chiswick in 1820. Perhaps the finest flowered of all camellias, this can only be 
 cultivated successfully out-of-doors in the south-western counties and in similar 
 localities. In Flora and Sylva, vol. ii., p. 303, there is said to be a bush at 
 Creg, near Fermoy, Co. Cork, that is 60 ft. round. Its dull-surfaced leaves 
 distinguish it from the other red-flowered sorts. 
 
 C. SASANQUA, Thunberg. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 5152.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub or small tree. Leaves shining dark green, i J to 3! ins. 
 long, one-third to half as much wide, obovate or narrowly oval, with rounded 
 teeth on the margin. Flowers ij to 2 ins. across, white in a wild state, pale 
 pink to deep rose in cultivated varieties, of which the Japanese have raised a 
 considerable number, some with double flowers. Widely spread in China, and 
 the most popular of camellias in Japan, this species was first introduced to 
 England by one of the East India Company's captains in 1811. It flowers in 
 winter and early spring, and although quite as hardy in itself as C. japonica, 
 it is more liable to have its flowers injured. It thrives remarkably well, in 
 N. Italy, where bushes approaching 20 ft. in height and not much less in 
 diameter are of very close, dense habit. 
 
 C. THEA, Link. TEA PLANT. 
 
 (Thea assamica, Masters.") 
 
 An evergreen shrub with lance-shaped, short-stalked leaves up to 4j ins. in 
 length, and about one-third as wide ; smooth, dull green, shallowly toothed. 
 Flowers fragrant, dull white, I to i ins. across ; one to three of them produced 
 in the leaf-axils on stalks J in. long. Stamens very numerous, with yellow 
 anthers. 
 
 The tea plant is not so hardy as C. japonica or C. Sasanqua, but may be 
 grown out-of-doors in the mildest counties. It has no particular attraction 
 beyond its interest as one of the most important economic plants of the world. 
 Although cultivated for ages by the Chinese, the tea plant is really a native of 
 Upper Assam. The tea now so largely imported from N. India and Ceylon is 
 produced by cultivated varieties, introduced to those countries from China 
 about 1851. 
 
 CARAGANA. LEGUMINOS^E. 
 
 A genus of shrubs, one of which becomes occasionally a small tree, 
 mostly natives of Central Asia, but distributed over the vast tract of land 
 between the Caucasus and Japan. The leaves are alternate and pinnate, 
 the leaflets being of even number, frequently four, but in C. microphylla 
 occasionally eighteen or twenty to each leaf. The flower is pea-shaped, 
 with the standard petal curled back at the sides. Most of the species 
 
CARAGANA 287 
 
 are armed. In place of a terminal odd leaflet, the leaf-stalk has either 
 a bristle or a short spine. In some species, after the leaflets fall the 
 stalk remains, becomes woody, and is transformed into a slender spine 
 which persists for years. The stipules frequently develop into a pair of 
 spines also. Thus the Caraganas may be armed (i) with single spines, 
 or transformed leaf-stalks; (2) double spines, or stipules with the leaf- 
 stalk fallen away ; or (3) triple spines where both leaf-stalk and stipules 
 persist. But generally they are by no means so formidably armed under 
 cultivation as they are in nature. Some of them inhabit dry, half desert 
 regions, and, as frequently happens with such plants introduced to a damp, 
 comparatively sunless country, the spines are neither so long nor so 
 numerous as in the wild state. What is there a spine often becomes a 
 mere bristle with us. 
 
 Another distinctive character general to the Caraganas are the curious 
 arrested branches covered with scales. These commence from the joints 
 of the year-old shoots, and produce a cluster of leaves and flowers every 
 year, slowly increasing in length, but making no wood in the proper 
 sense of the term. 
 
 Most of the kinds are of easy cultivation. The only ones that do not 
 adapt themselves readily to the British climate are C. jubata, Gerardiana, 
 spinosa, and tragacanthoides, especially the two first. The others thrive 
 in sunny places, and do not require a rich soil. They mostly produce 
 seeds which germinate freely; those which do not can be grafted on 
 C. arborescens, whilst aurantiaca, pygmsea, and the thinner-twigged ones 
 can be increased by cuttings. 
 
 i. LEAF WITH FOUR LEAFLETS. 
 
 A. Frutescens. Unarmed in cultivation. 
 
 B. Aurantiaca, pygmcea, Chamlagu. Stipules persistent, spiny. (The last has leaflets to 
 
 over i in. long.) 
 
 2. LEAF WITH MORE THAN FOUR LEAFLETS. 
 
 A. Arborescens, microphylla. Leaf-stalk deciduous ; stipules spiny. (The latter has up 
 
 to eighteen very small leaflets.) 
 
 B. Brevisplna, Gerardiana, jubata, spinosa, tragacanthoides. Leaf-stalk persistent and 
 
 spiny. (Brevispina differs from the rest of this section in having three or four 
 flowers on one stalk ; the rest have solitary flowers.) 
 
 C. ARBORESCENS, Lamarck. PEA-TREE. 
 
 A deciduous shrub up to 15 and 20 ft. high, of rather erect, sometimes almost 
 fastigiate i habit ; by pruning away the lower branches and training up a 
 leading shoot, it may be made to take the form of a small tree ; bark on young 
 branchlets slightly winged. Leaves ii to 3 ins. long, equally pinnate, consisting 
 usually of four to six pairs of leaflets (more on young or exceptionally vigorous 
 shoots). Leaflets oval or obovate, \ to in. long, becoming nearly or quite 
 smooth ; the main-stalk ending in a bristle-like spine. Stipules linear, spine- 
 tipped, developing ultimately into a pair of stiff spines at each joint, j in. long. 
 Flowers yellow, produced singly on thin, downy stalks from \ to \\ ins. long, 
 several coming from each of the enlarged scaly buds on the previous year's 
 wood. Each flower is f to | in. long ; calyx \ in. long, helmet-shaped, five- 
 toothed, with hairy margins ; standard petal not expanded but curled backwards 
 at the sides. Pod i to 2 ins. long on a slender stalk about the same length, 
 
288 CARAGANA 
 
 smooth, cylindric, and carrying three to five oblong seeds, the calyx adhering 
 at the base. 
 
 Native of Siberia ; introduced in 1752. This is the commonest of the 
 Caraganas in gardens, and is a vigorous, free-growing shrub. Its long, 
 sparsely-branched shoots give it a distinct appearance, and although not one 
 of the showiest of the broom family it is very pretty in early May, when the 
 yellow flowers are associated with the tender green, almost fully formed 
 leaves. It produces good seed in abundance. The species shows several 
 different forms, especially in habit, of which the following are the most 
 distinct : 
 
 Var. CUNEIFOLIA. The Caragana sold in continental nurseries as C. 
 cuneifolia, Dippel^ is only a dwarfer form of C. arborescens. The leaflets are 
 more uniformly wedge-shaped, the flowers are on shorter stalks, and the pod 
 is smaller. 
 
 Var. LORBERGII, Koehne. A remarkable variety with very narrowly linear, 
 pointed leaflets, gV to iS m - wide, J to f in. long. The wing-petals and the 
 standard one are also much narrowed. In flower beauty this variety is inferior 
 to the type, but the remarkable foliage (resembling the final subdivisions of a 
 fennel leaf) makes it well worth growing. Introduced to cultivation from 
 Germany about 1906. 
 
 Var. NANA. A dwarf, stunted bush, with stiff, contorted branches which 
 grow very slowly. It is usually grafted on the type, from which it does not 
 differ in leaf or flower. A quaint-looking shrub. 
 
 Var. PENDULA. A variety with stiffly pendent branches, but not ungrace- 
 ful ; usually grafted on standards of the type. Foliage and flower the same. 
 
 Var. REDOWSKI. A remarkable shrub, with long, serpentine branches, 
 which will sometimes grow for several years without dividing. It thus acquires 
 a thin and open, but not ungraceful habit, and is altogether a striking plant. 
 Whether the C. Redowski mentioned by De Candolle in his Memoir on 
 Leguminosce, published in 1825, is the same as this is uncertain. It never 
 appears to have been properly described. The plant is at Kew, but its history 
 is not known. 
 
 C. BoiSli, C. K. Schneider^ was introduced to France by Mr Maurice de 
 Vilmorin, and was figured in his Fruticetum Vilmorinia?mm^ p. 57, as C. 
 microphylla var. crasse-aculeata. It is, however, scarcely specifically distinct 
 from C. arborescens, differing chiefly in the longer teeth of the calyx, and in 
 the downy ovary and young fruit. The alleged greater persistence of the 
 leaves is not very apparent in this country. It has about the same garden 
 value as C. arborescens. 
 
 C. AURANTIACA, Koehne. 
 
 A deciduous shrub about 4 ft. high, with graceful, ultimately pendulous 
 leafy- branches, long, slender, but little divided, and armed with triple spines 
 Leaves very shortly stalked, consisting of four narrow, linear leaflets, \ to \ in. 
 long, \ in. wide. Flowers f in. long, produced singly on a stalk J in. long, 
 orange yellow ; calyx ^ in. king, bell-shaped, with five triangular, minutely 
 ciliated teeth. Pod I to \\ ins. long, smooth, rather cylindrical, pointed, 
 carrying four to six seeds. 
 
 Native of Central Asia ; introduced in 1887 as a variety of C. pygmaea, of 
 which it was at first regarded merely as a deeper coloured form. It differs 
 also in the more taper-pointed leaflets and in the shorter calyx. This and 
 C. pygmaea are probably the prettiest of all Caraganas. Its habit is graceful, 
 and it blossoms with great profusion, the flowers hanging thickly from the 
 under-side of the branch in a long row, three or four to the inch. It blossoms in 
 May and June, and can be easily propagated by late summer cuttings. ^ 
 
CARAGANA 
 
 289 
 
 C. BREVISPINA, Royle. 
 
 A deciduous shrub up to 8 ft. high, the young wood covered with fine down. 
 Leaves pinnate ; the common stalk (or rachis) is spine-tipped, i to 3 ins. long, 
 remaining after the leaflets have fallen, and developing ultimately into a woody 
 thorn ; stipules in the form of spines in. long. Leaflets ten to fourteen on 
 each leaf, oblong or oblanceolate ; \ to I in. long, ^ to in. wide ; covered 
 when young with flattened silky hairs. Flowers yellow, about f in. long, 
 produced three or four together at the end of a common stalk i to 2 ins. long. 
 Calyx \ in. long, bell-shaped, with five narrow, fine-pointed teeth, downy. Pod 
 2 ins. long, smooth outside, woolly within. 
 
 Native of the north-western Himalaya at 5000 to 9000 ft. elevation, distin- 
 guished from arborescens by the long, fine-pointed spines developed from the 
 leaf-stalks, and by the several (not solitary) flowers on each stalk. It flowers 
 in June. 
 
 CARAOANA 
 
 C. CHAMLAGU, Lamarck. 
 
 A deciduous shrub up to 4 ft. high, with angular branches, and of rounded, 
 bushy habit. Leaves composed of two unequal pairs of leaflets, the terminal 
 pair the largest ; the common stalk is spine-tipped, and remains after the 
 leaflets have fallen, but it does not develop into the formidable thorn seen in 
 C. brevispina or Gerardiana ; stipules i to in. long, becoming stiff thorns. 
 Leaflets very variable in size ; in young plants as much as \\ ins. long and 
 j in. wide, usually obovate, but on old flowering shoots J to f in. long , 
 smooth and lustrous, rounded at the apex. Flower i| ins. long, solitary on 
 its slender stalk i to f ins. long, reddish yellow. Calyx bell-shaped, nearly 
 o in. long, with five short, triangular teeth. Pod i ins. long, slender, smooth. 
 
 Native of N. China; introduced in 1773. It is distinct for its large, dark 
 green, glossy, membranous leaflets, larger in a young state than those of any 
 other cultivated Caragana. The bruised bark smells like liquorice. Often 
 grafted on standards of C. arborescens, it makes a handsome bushy-topped 
 small tree. Flowers in May and June. 
 
290 CARAGANA 
 
 C. FRUTESCENS, De Candolle. 
 
 A deciduous shrub up to 10 ft. in height, with long, often erect, supple 
 branches, not much divided except near the ends. Leaves composed of 
 two pairs of leaflets, which are attached near the end of the common stalk, 
 being themselves stalkless ; they are oboyate, rounded at the end, \ to over 
 I in. long, smooth, dull green. Flowers bright yellow, f to I in. long, produced 
 singly on a stalk somewhat shorter than itself. Calyx i in. long, bell-shaped, 
 smooth. Pod i^ ins. long, J in. wide ; cylindrical, smooth. 
 
 In a wild state this species extends from the south of Russia to Japan. It 
 was introduced in 1752. It is a pretty shrub in flower, and is often quite neat 
 and graceful in habit, especially when 3 or 4 ft. high, with its numerous thin 
 twigs, rather pendulous. It is distinct in being unarmed and without down. Of 
 several forms in cultivation the most distinct is var. MOLLIS, with leaves downy 
 on both sides ; found wild in the Caucasus. 
 
 Var. GRANDIFLORA has flowers over I in. long, with a proportionately 
 short calyx. 
 
 C. GERARDIANA, Royle. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, naturally of close, compact form, and from 2 to 4 ft. 
 high. Branches close-jointed, covered thickly with whitish, silky hairs. 
 Leaves pinnate, i^ to 2^ ins. long, with four to six pairs of leaflets, the common 
 stalk very downy, spine-tipped, remaining after the leaflets have fallen, and 
 becoming eventually a sharp, slender thorn. Leaflets oval or obovate with a 
 bristle-like tip, 5- to \ in. long, silky hairy. Stipules not spiny, but broad, thin 
 and papery, \ in. long. Flowers solitary on their very short stalks, pale 
 yellow or nearly white, f in. long ; calyx hairy, cylindrical, in. long. Pod 
 hairy outside, downy within, about i in. long. 
 
 Native of the north-western Himalaya up to 13,000 ft. This shrub is 
 remarkable for its long, slender spines, and the dense woolly covering, which 
 gives the whole plant a greyish white aspect. It is hardy at Kew, but I have 
 never seen it in flower. Essentially a sun-lover, and coming from the dry 
 inner valleys of N.W. India, it finds our climate too wet and dull. On the 
 Continent it thrives better. In Messrs Simon-Louis' nursery at Metz I have 
 seen it in admirable health. It will probably be best suited in this country on 
 a well-drained sunny ledge of the rock garden. 
 
 C. JUBATA, Poiret. 
 
 A dwarf, deciduous, excessively spiny and hairy shrub, I to 2 ft. high, with 
 thick branches completely covered with spines, woolly stipules and leaflets. 
 Leaves I to 2j ins. long, with four to eight pairs of leaflets. The leaf-stalk is 
 downy when young, slender, spine-tipped, persisting after the leaflets have 
 fallen, and hardening, the older branches thereby become thickly furnished with 
 \\iry-looking spines I to 2^ ins. long. Leaflets oblong, j to f in. long, hairy ; 
 stipules J in. wide, each lobe ending in a stiff spine, the whole shaggy with long 
 silky hairs. As the branch is completely covered with these overlapping 
 stipules it has quite a padded appearance. Flowers solitary on short stalks, 
 white, i j ins. long ; calyx J in. long, hairy, with five narrowly triangular teeth. 
 Pod f in. long, hairy outside, smooth within. Blossoms in April and May. 
 
 Native of Siberia and Mongolia ; introduced from near Lake Baikal in 
 1796. This remarkable shrub comes from dry desert regions, where the 
 summers are extremely hot and the winters extremely cold. In Great Britain 
 it is most successfully grown at the foot of a warm, dry wall, in well-drained, 
 light soil. The flowers are few and the shrub is not showy, yet it is worth 
 growing as a curiosity. 
 
CARAGANA 291 
 
 C. MICROPHYLLA, Lamarck. ALTAGANA. 
 
 A deciduous shrub from 6 to 10 ft. in height, wider than it is high, with light 
 grey young bark. Leaves pinnate, \\ to 3 ins. long, composed of six to nine 
 pairs of leaflets ; main-stalk ending in a short spine, but not persistent ; stipules 
 spiny, in. long. Leaflets \ to \ in. long, oval or obovate, dull greyish green, 
 silky hairy at first, then smooth. Flowers yellow, f in. long, solitary on rather 
 shorter stalks ; calyx \ in. long, cylindrical, with short, pointed teeth. Pod 
 about \\ ins. long, \ in. wide, compressed. 
 
 Native of N. Central Asia from Siberia to China; introduced in 1789. It 
 flowers in May and June, and is readily distinguished from all other species by 
 the number and small size of its leaflets, the smallest scarcely \ in. long. It is 
 a shrub of graceful habit, much wider than high (16 ft. in diameter at Kew), the 
 branches being long, slender, but little divided, and ultimately -more or less 
 pendent. Grafted on standards of C. arborescens it makes a small tree, but 
 sucker growths from the stock are often troublesome. It is suitable as a 
 specimen for a lawn. 
 
 C. PYGM^lA, De Candolle. 
 
 (Bot. Reg., t. 1021.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 3 to 4 ft. high, similar in habit to C. aurantiaca, having 
 long, slender, pendulous, or even prostrate branches. Leaves nearly stalkless, 
 composed of four leaflets, each of which is \ in. long, broadest near the apex, 
 where it is about ^ in. wide, tapering thence towards the base ; the apex has a 
 short, wedge-shaped point. Flowers yellow, i in. long, produced in May and 
 June at the joints of the previous season's shoots, each on its own stalk \ in. 
 long, and one flower from each joint ; calyx \ in. long, bell-shaped, triangular- 
 toothed, edged with minute hairs ; pod f to I j ins. long, smooth. 
 
 In a wild state this species extends over the region between the Caucasus 
 and Siberia and Thibet ; introduced in 1751. It is a very pretty plant when in 
 flower, the blossoms being pendulous on their short stalks from the lower side 
 of the branchlets. It is often grafted on standards of C. arborescens, but can 
 quite well be struck from cuttings made of half-woody young twigs in July and 
 placed in gentle heat. By growing it on its own roots, the ugly and often 
 diseased union seen on grafted plants is avoided. It is nearly allied to 
 C. aurantiaca, under which the differences are pointed out. Its slender, flexible 
 shoots are used for tying in Siberia, and are said to be equal to osiers for that 
 purpose. 
 
 Var. GRANDIFLORA (C. grandiflora, De Candolle} has flowers up to i ins. 
 long, the calyx longer, more sacked and unequal at the base ; leaflets rather 
 larger. Native of Armenia. 
 
 C. SPINOSA, De Candolle. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 4 to 6 ft. high, of rather gaunt habit* and with long, 
 undivided, spiny branches, hairy when young. Leaves pinnate, composed 
 of two to four pairs of leaflets, which are i to fin. long, \ to \ in. wide, nearly 
 or quite smooth; common stalk of leaf IT to ij ins. lortg, silky when young, 
 spine-tipped, remaining after the leaves have fallen, and developing into 
 a sharp, slender thorn. Stipules chaffy, lanceolate, in. long. Flowers 
 very shortly stalked, nearly I in. long, bright yellow ; calyx cylindrical, with 
 short, triangular teeth. Pod f in. long, smooth. 
 
 Native of Siberia ; introduced in 1775. This is a curious shrub of the 
 same type as C. jubata and Gerardiana, but not so formidably armed nor 
 so downy. According to Pallas, the Russian botanist, in the neighbourhood 
 of Pekin, where this shrub is plentiful, its branches are stuck in clay on 
 
292 CARAGANA CARPENTERIA 
 
 the tops of walls to keep off trespassers, just as broken glass is used here. 
 It is sometimes confused with the following species (g.v.\ 
 
 C. TRAGACANTHOIDES, Poiret. 
 
 A low, spreading, much-branched shrub, i to \\ ft. high, described as 
 having in a wild state much the habit of Astragalus Tragacantha. Branches 
 very spiny, downy when young ; spines I to i^ ins. long, slender (modified 
 leaf-stalks) ; stipules narrow, in. long, scarcely spiny, silky. Leaves f to \\ 
 ins. long, composed of three to five pairs of leaflets, which are rather variable 
 in outline, oblanceolate, obovate or oblong, j to ^ in. in length, woolly. 
 Flower \\ in. long, yellow, solitary on a downy stalk \ to in. long. Calyx 
 \ in. long, bell-shaped, downy, and with short, triangular teeth. Pod i 
 to ij ins. long, shaggy with silky hairs, the lower half enclosed by the 
 persisting calyx. 
 
 Native of Thibet, N. China, Siberia; introduced in 1816. It is doubtful 
 if the true plant be now in cultivation, the shrub commonly seen under 
 the name being C. spinosa, which has smaller flowers and a smooth pod 
 and calyx. C. tragacanthoides is rather variable, some forms like var. VILLOSA 
 having the young branches densely covered with shaggy grey hairs. 
 
 CARMICHAELIA FLAGELLIFORMIS, Colenso. LEGUMINOS^:. 
 
 A deciduous or often leafless shrub, 4 or 5 ft. high, with numerous 
 erect-growing, slender, grooved branches, flattened or convex when young, 
 round when old. Leaves very small and inconspicuous, consisting of 
 three or five tiny leaflets, which are somewhat larger in young plants than 
 in old ones. Flowers purplish lilac, pea-shaped, produced in axillary 
 downy racemes ; there are from one to three racemes at each joint of the 
 twigs, and from three to seven flowers in each raceme, the whole forming 
 a short, dense cluster. The flowers, although small (about \ in. long), 
 are borne in extraordinary profusion. Pod \ to | in. long, nearly as wide, 
 ending in a stout-pointed beak, and containing usually two seeds. 
 
 Native of New Zealand, long grown at Kew in a greenhouse, and for 
 the last twenty years unprotected in the open ground, where, although 
 slightly injured at the younger parts in severe winters, it is on the whole 
 quite hardy, and produces both flowers and seeds in abundance. It is 
 not very showy or ornamental, but its flat, erect branches give it a quaint 
 and unusual aspect. These green shoots perform the usual functions 
 of leaves. It is not so attractive a plant as its ally, Notospartium 
 Carmichaelise, but is hardier. The Notospartium differs in its stouter 
 twigs and more pendulous habit, in its larger pink flowers, and in the 
 longer, narrower, jointed pod containing more seeds. 
 
 CARPENTERIA CALIFORNICA, Torrey. SAXIFRAGACE^:. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6911.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 6 to 8 ft. high, of bushy habit and free growth, 
 branchlets very pithy; young bark pale and minutely downy. Leaves 
 opposite, lanceolate, 2 to 4^ ins. long, \ to i in. wide, tapering at both ends, 
 
CARPENTERIA CARPINUS 293 
 
 not toothed, smooth and bright green above, covered with a pale soft felt 
 beneath ; stalk J in. long, or almost absent. Flowers fragrant, 2 to 3 ins. 
 in diameter, pure white, produced during June and July in a terminal 
 cluster, three to seven flowers together; petals five, roundish; calyx 
 downy, with five ovate, pointed lobes : stamens very numerous, their 
 yellow anthers making a conspicuous centre to the flower. 
 
 Native of California; discovered by Col. Fremont in the "forties" 
 of last century; introduced to Europe about 1880, and first flowered in 
 this country by Miss Jekyll at Godalming in 1885. In places where it 
 thrives, it is one of the most splendid acquisitions from the Californian 
 flora. It is not hardy at Kew except against a wall, and under glass it 
 is one of the most susceptible of all plants to injury by London fog. In 
 the brighter, sunnier parts of England it succeeds, as in the Cambridge 
 Botanic Garden, where, in spite of severe frosts, it thrives admirably on 
 the sunny side of a plant-house. It may not be naturally a very long- 
 lived plant. It should be raised from seed. Most nearly allied to 
 Philadelphus, it differs in its evergreen leaves and solitary style. 
 
 CARPINUS. HORNBEAM. CORYLACE^. 
 
 Some sixteen or eighteen species of hornbeam are scattered over the 
 temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, scarcely half of which are 
 in cultivation. They are deciduous trees, rarely of the largest size, with 
 zigzag twigs and alternate, conspicuously parallel-ribbed leaves. The 
 flowers are unisexual, produced on the same tree, but in separate 
 catkins. The pendulous male catkins come on the old wood; the 
 females terminate the young shoots. The male flower consists of 
 numerous stamens produced in the axil of a scale. The female 
 inflorescence is stalked and at first erect, with the flowers in pairs 
 within each bract. In the fruiting state it elongates and becomes 
 pendent, the seed being enclosed in .a ribbed nut at the base of the 
 enlarged bract. 
 
 Hornbeams are hardy trees, and handsome, especially in summer 
 when laden with pendent fruit clusters. As a park tree none is so 
 valuable as our native species, but for gardens some of the newer Chinese 
 and Japanese hornbeams are very attractive. They thrive in any good 
 loam, and are at home on chalky soils. All the species should be raised 
 from seed, but the rarer ones can be grafted on common hornbeam, as 
 also must its own varieties be. There are two distinct sections of the 
 genus, viz. : 
 
 1. CARPINUS proper. Scales of male flowers ovate, scarcely stalked. 
 Bracts of the fruiting catkins loosely overlapping, and so little infolded 
 as to leave the nut exposed C. Betulus, etc. 
 
 2. DISTEGOCARPUS. Scales of male flowers narrower, stalked. Bracts 
 of the fruiting catkins closely packed and overlapping, completely enclosing 
 the nut. Two of the following species belong to this section C. cordata 
 and C. japonica. 
 
294 CARPINUS 
 
 C. BETULUS, Linnceus. COMMON HORNBEAM. 
 
 A tree 50 to 80 ft. high, pyramidal when young, but ultimately forming 
 a rounded or somewhat elongated head with the ends of the branches 
 pendulous ; trunk grey and often beautifully fluted ; young shoots clothed more 
 or less with pale hairs, which mostly soon fall away. Leaves oval or inclined 
 to ovate, i\ to 3^ ins. long, i to 2 ins. wide ; the base rounded or heart- 
 shaped, one side often longer than the other ; short-pointed at the apex, 
 unequally or doubly toothed ; dark green and at first downy on the midrib 
 above ; under-surface more downy, especially on the midrib and the ten to 
 thirteen pairs of veins, both sides becoming nearly or quite smooth by autumn ; 
 stalk 5- to \ in. long. Male catkins li ins. long. Fruiting catkins \\ to 3 ins. 
 long, furnished with large, conspicuous three-lobed bracts, the middle lobe 
 i to i\ ins. long, often toothed. They are produced in pairs facing each 
 other, each with an ovate, ribbed nut at the base, in. long. 
 
 Native of Europe and Asia Minor ; indigenous to the south-east and 
 east of England. A well-grown hornbeam is one of our handsomest trees, 
 the foliage turning yellow in autumn ; more graceful than the beech, for 
 which many people mistake it. It is, of course, distinct in the duller, 
 more conspicuously toothed leaves, and in the ridged or fluted trunk, and 
 the fruiting arrangement is quite different. The timber is hard, almost 
 bony, and is valued for making those intricate parts of the pianoforte which 
 convey the movement from the key to the hammer that strikes the strings. 
 Mr Elwes describes it as "the hardest, heaviest } and toughest" of our 
 native woods. In earlier times hornbeams were largely coppiced and 
 pollarded for the supply of firewood, as may be seen by the old pollards 
 that cover so much of Epping Forest. Sir J. E. Smith says that this tree 
 formed the principal part of that and other forests which once lay to the 
 north and east of London. The hornbeam is a useful hedge plant, and 
 hedges of it may often be seen in old-established nurseries, planted originally 
 for shelter. In this clipped state it retains its dead leaves until spring, like 
 the beech. 
 
 Var. ASPLENIFOLIA (syn. laciniata). Leaves deeply and regularly double- 
 toothed, the primary teeth large enough to be termed lobes. 
 
 Var. CARPINIZZA (C. Carpinizza, Kitaibet). A wild variety, native of 
 Transylvania, differing in the more .distinctly heart-shaped base of the leaf, 
 and in the fewer (seven to nine) veins. Lobes of female bract almost 
 entire. 
 
 Var. COLUMNARIS. A slender, spire-like tree, very striking and elegant. 
 
 Var. HORIZONTALIS. Discovered growing wild by M. Jouin of the Simon- 
 Louis establishment at Metz, and described by him as flat-topped, like Cratsegus 
 Crus-galli. 
 
 Var. INCISA, Alton (quercifolia, Desfontaines). With some similarity to 
 var. asplenifolia, this differs in having smaller and especially shorter leaves, 
 coarsely and irregularly toothed, and only about six pairs of veins. 
 
 Var. PENDULA. A weeping form ; the one known as PENDULA DERVAESII 
 is still more elegant. 
 
 Var. PYRAMIDALIS. This has erect branches like columnaris, but is not so 
 slender a tree. With age it acquires much the habit of an old Irish yew. A 
 fine specimen grows in the Solferino Square at Rouen. 
 
 Other varieties named " purpurea," " rubra," " marmorea," and " variegata " 
 are variously coloured in the way their names imply, but, so far as I have 
 observed, they have little or nothing to recommend them. 
 
CARPINUS 295 
 
 C. CAROLINIANA, Walter. AMERICAN HORNBEAM. 
 
 (C. americana, Michaux?) 
 
 A small, bushy tree, rarely 40 ft. high, with a short, grey, fluted trunk ; young 
 shoots at first furnished with pale hairs. Leaves oval or ovate, 2 to 4 ins. long ; 
 I to 2 ins. wide ; rounded or heart-shaped at the base, taper-pointed, sharply, 
 and often doubly toothed ; covered with white silky hairs when quite young, 
 becoming sparsely hairy above, downy on the midrib and vein-axils beneath ; 
 stalk to i in. long, downy. Male catkins I to i^ ins. long. Fruiting clusters 
 about 3 ins. long ; the bracts three-lobed, I to i ins. long ; the middle lobe 
 much the largest and nearly I in. wide, toothed (often on one side only). 
 
 Native of Eastern North America ; introduced in 1812. Although very similar 
 in its parts to the European hornbeam it is not so fine a tree, growing more 
 slowly and never attaining to so large a size. Its leaves turn a deeper, more 
 orange yellow, or even scarlet shade in autumn. In winter, the best distinction 
 between the two species is afforded by the buds ; these, in our native horn- 
 beam, are slender and spindle-shaped, \ in. or more long, and like small beech 
 buds, but they are egg-shaped and only ^ in. long in the American one. 
 
 C. CORDATA, Blume. 
 
 A tree 40 ft. high, with a scaly, furrowed bark ; young shoots slightly hairy 
 at first ; terminal winter buds large, $ in. long. Leaves 2^ to 5^ ins. long, 
 i \ to 3 j ins. wide ; taper-pointed, deeply heart-shaped at the base, unequally 
 or doubly toothed ; hairy on the midrib above, more so beneath ; stalk 
 i to | in. long. Male catkins i to 2 ins. long, the scales linear, \ in. long, silky 
 hairy. Fruit catkins 3 to 5 ins. long, \\ ins. wide ; the bracts closely over- 
 lapping, ovate, sparsely and sharply toothed, i to i ins. long, with one side 
 doubled over. The nut is covered partly by this infolded portion, but more 
 completely by a lobe of the bract attached to the base at the other side. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced in 1879 by Maries for Messrs Veitch, in whose 
 nursery at Coombe Wood it frequently bears its fruit clusters. This hornbeam, 
 in my experience, grows very slowly, and the finest tree in the country, which is 
 at Tortworth, is only about 20 ft. high. It is very distinct from its ally, 
 C. japonica, in the large, deeply cordate leaves and big winter buds, but is 
 similar in the curious way the nut is protected by basal portions of the bract 
 infolding over it. 
 
 Var. CHINENSIS, FrancJtet Native of E. Szechuen, China ; introduced by 
 Wilson in 1901. It differs from the Japanese type in having smaller, narrower 
 leaves, and in the young shoots being more hairy. 
 
 C. JAPONICA, Blume. JAPANESE HORNBEAM. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8534 ; Distegocarpus Carpinus, Siebold.*) 
 
 A tree 40 to 50 ft. high, with wide-spreading branches, and scaly, furrowed 
 bark ; young shoots at first clothed with fine hairs. Leaves ovate, or inclined 
 to oblong ; 2 to 4^ ins. long, f to if ins. wide ; long and taper-pointed, mostly 
 heart-shaped at the base, but sometimes rounded or wedge-shaped ; sharply, 
 sometimes double-toothed, but often with a large and a small tooth alternating ; 
 upper surface dark green, and downy only on the midrib, the numerous 
 parallel veins deeply impressed ; lower surface downy on the veins, vein-axils, 
 and midrib ; stalk ^ to \ in. long, downy. Male catkin I to 2 ins. long ; with 
 conspicuous, narrowly ovate, pointed scales in. long. Fruit clusters 2 to 2^ 
 ins. long ; the closely overlapping bracts f to J in. long, coarsely toothed, 
 
296 
 
 CARPINUS 
 
 ovate, with the lower portion on one side doubled over. The nut is covered by 
 a small additional roundish bract, ^ in. long. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced in 1895. It makes, in a small state, a sturdy 
 pyramidal tree, and is evidently very hardy. It is distinct and handsome- 
 looking because of the numerous (up to twenty-four pairs), deeply impressed 
 veins of the leaf. It is one of the species (see also C. cordata) regarded by 
 some authorities as generically distinct from Carpinus, because of the infolded 
 bases of the more crowded bracts of the fruit. 
 
 CARPINUS JAPONICA. 
 
 C. ORIENTALIS, Miller. ORIENTAL HORNBEAM. 
 (C. duinensis, Scopoli^ 
 
 A small tree, or a large shrub, sometimes found in a wild state as a scrubby 
 bush ; young shoots covered with fine silky down. Leaves ovate, i to 2 ins. 
 long, \ to I in. wide ; rounded or slightly wedge-shaped at the base, pointed ; 
 sharply, regularly, and prettily double-toothed; veins in twelve to fifteen pairs; 
 dark glossy green above, with silky down on both surfaces of the midrib; stalk 
 hairy, \ to in. long. Male catkins \ to f in. long ; bracts ovate, unequal- 
 sided ; to in. long, \ in. wide, coarsely and irregularly toothed, but not 
 lobed. Nut \ in. long, exposed. 
 
 Native of S.E. Europe and Asia Minor ; introduced in 1735 by P. 
 Miller. It is abundant on some of the battlefields of the Crimea as low 
 scrub, and, as I have been told by an officer who took part in the Crimean 
 war, much impeded some of the advances of our men, made under cover of 
 darkness. It has not much to commend it to the notice of planters in this 
 country except as being an interesting rarity. The largest specimen at Kew, 
 and probably in this country, is 20 ft. high. Its small leaves and the unlobed 
 bracts of the fruit clusters distinguish it from C. Betulus and C, caroliniana. 
 
CARPINUS CARRIEREA 297 
 
 C. POLYNEURA, Franchet. 
 
 A very elegant tree, said to be 30 ft. high in a wild state ; young shoots 
 slightly hairy. Leaves ovate, pointed, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the 
 base; I to 2^ ins. long, | to I in. wide; sharply toothed (only occasionally 
 double-toothed) ; dark lustrous green, and soon becoming smooth above ; 
 downy on the midrib and veins beneath ; stalk \ to \ in. long, downy. 
 Stipules narrowly linear, downy, persisting through the winter. Male catkins 
 | to i in. long ; scales ovate, silky hairy. Fruit clusters I to 2 ins. long ; the 
 bracts ovate, but very unequal-sided, | in. long, pointed, and coarsely toothed. 
 Nut ovate, ribbed, \ in. long. 
 
 Native of W. China ; discovered by Henry, and introduced by means of 
 seed received from him at Kew in 1889. The tree at Kew, now about 20 ft. 
 high, is the only one in cultivation, except a few small plants raised from it. 
 It has flowered and borne clusters of fruit, and the seed has lately proved 
 fertile. This is the most elegant of the small hornbeams, and would be 
 worth while introducing in quantity. Its small leaves resemble those of 
 C. orientalis in size, but are flatter, and not markedly double-toothed ; the 
 elegant, clean-growing habit of C. polyneura is quite distinct, and the bracts of 
 the male catkins differ in being covered with silky hairs. It is closely allied to 
 C. TURCZANINOWI, Hance^ a species not in cultivation. From all the hornbeams 
 in cultivation it is distinguished by the persistence of the stipules, which 
 remain, one on each side of the buds, after the leaves have fallen and all 
 through the winter. Although C. orientalis shows the same character occasion- 
 ally, it is far from being as marked. 
 
 C. YEDOENSIS, Maximowicz. 
 
 A small tree whose young shoots are covered with hairs, many of which 
 persist through the first winter. Leaves i^ to 3 ins. long, f to \\ ins. wide, 
 ovate, with a tapered point and a rounded base, unequally or doubly toothed ; 
 upper surface dark green, with flattened hairs on the midrib and between the 
 nine to' twelve pairs of veins ; lower surface hairy on the veins ; stalk slender, 
 downy, \ in. long. Fruit clusters on silky stalks, the bracts % to f in. long, 
 narrowly ovate, toothed on one side, silky-hairy, especially on the veins and 
 at the base, where they become slightly boat-shaped, holding the ovoid, flattened 
 nut in the hollow, but quite exposed. 
 
 Native of China ; discovered by Farges in the mountains of Szechuen, but 
 long cultivated in Japan, where it was first noticed by Maximowicz, the 
 Russian botanist, over thirty years ago. Several plants are cultivated at Kew, 
 and grow promisingly. I first saw it in Messrs Simon-Louis' nursery, near 
 Metz, in 1904, and it is obtainable in the trade. It appears first to have been 
 introduced to the Darmstadt Botanic Garden in 1901. 
 
 CARRIEREA CALYCINA, Franchet. 
 
 A deciduous tree, 20 to 30 ft. (sometimes 40 ft.) high, with a wide- 
 spreading head of branches ; young shoots at first covered with minute 
 down, reddish. Leaves alternate, ovate, with a tapered apex, rounded 
 or cordate at the base, up to 5 ins. long, half as wide ; coarsely round- 
 toothed ; smooth, or nearly so, on both surfaces ; with a stalk about one- 
 third as long as the blade ; at first reddish, then dark glossy green above, 
 paler and also glossy beneath. Flowers in terminal downy panicles 
 6 ins. long ; each flower cup-shaped, i in. in diameter, clear bluish white ; 
 
298 CARRIEREA CARYA 
 
 sepals' very downy. A pair of ovate yellowish bracts are set on the 
 flower-stalk. Fruit a spindle-shaped capsule, downy, 3 to 4 ins. long, 
 f in. wide at the middle, splitting into three narrowly lanceolate valves. 
 Seeds winged. 
 
 Native of West and Central China, at altitudes of 2000 to 3000 ft. ; 
 introduced for Harvard University in 1908. Mr Wilson, who introduced 
 it, tells me that it is a tree of singular beauty of flower, and a great 
 acquisition to gardens should it prove hardy. On this point nothing 
 certain can be stated yet, but it would seem to be best adapted for the 
 milder parts of the country. Its nearest allies among hardy trees are 
 Idesia and Poliothyrsis. 
 
 CARYA. HICKORY. JUGLANDACE^:. 
 
 Of the twelve or fourteen species of hickory as yet recognised there 
 are doubtless many more as yet undistinguished about half are in 
 cultivation in the British Isles. They are all natives of Eastern North 
 America. From its two allies, Juglans and Pterocarya, the genus is 
 distinguished by its pith being solid, and not, as in the others, divided 
 into thin transverse plates ; and from Juglans in particular by the 
 branched male inflorescences and four-valved fruit. The hickories are 
 large, deciduous trees with pinnate leaves ; the leaflets rather wide apart 
 on a common stalk, themselves nearly or quite stalkless. Male flowers 
 mostly in three-branched, slender catkins, produced either at the end 
 of the previous year's shoots or at the base of the young ones of the 
 current year; whilst the few-flowered, female inflorescence terminates 
 the young shoot. Nut surrounded by a husk, which is often thick and 
 becomes hard by the time the seed is ripe. 
 
 Considering their great beauty of foliage and stately habit and there 
 is scarcely any tree more striking than a well-grown young hickory this 
 genus is strangely uncommon in gardens. The reason appears to be 
 their dislike of disturbance at the root, which makes them unsuited to 
 ordinary nursery conditions. The frequent transplanting which is 
 practised by good nurserymen to ensure success at the final removal of 
 their stock is, in my experience, worse than useless with hickories. It 
 induces a stunted, ultimately diseased condition, from which, at the best, 
 it takes them long to recover. The great secret with hickories is to get them 
 in their permanent places early. To anyone desirous of trying these fine 
 trees I would recommend the following procedure. The best species to 
 experiment with are C. alba, amara, porcina, and tomentosa. Nuts of 
 these should be obtained in autumn from a reliable American seedsman 
 as early as possible after they are ripe. During the winter they should 
 be kept in a box of moist earth, either inside or out-of-doors. In spring 
 the nuts may be placed singly in 6-in. pots, in a slightly heated frame 
 or greenhouse. After they have germinated, all that is necessary is to 
 protect them from frost until they are planted out about the end of May, 
 if sufficient progress has been made. Caryas need a deep, loamy soil 
 if they are to thrive permanently. Previous to planting the seedlings out, 
 the ground should be well worked, and it is wise to put a couple 
 
CARYA 299 
 
 together to anticipate failures ; afterwards the weaker one can be removed. 
 To avoid accidents each plant or plants should be enclosed by small- 
 meshed wire-netting. 
 
 The object of all this trouble is to avoid the destruction of the tap- 
 root, which is inevitable if ordinary nursery treatment be adopted. A 
 young tree in deep loam, undisturbed, and with its tap-root preserved, 
 will be a better tree in ten years than another treated in the ordinary way 
 will be in twenty. 
 
 C. ALBA, Nuttall. SHELL-BARK HICKORY. 
 
 (Hicoria ovata, Britton.~) 
 
 A tree 70 to 100 ft. high in a wild state, very distinct in its loose grey bark, 
 which comes away from the trunk in broad flakes I ft. or more long, each flake 
 attached by its middle ; young shoots covered with pale down. Leaves 8 to 
 14 ins. long (considerably more in young, vigorous trees), .composed of five 
 leaflets, the three upper ones of which are obovate, often very narrowly so, and 
 considerably the largest ; the lower pair ovate to ovate-lanceolate ; all long- 
 pointed and toothed, edged when young with a fringe of hairs ; smooth above, 
 downy beneath. The leaflets vary much in size ; in adult trees the three 
 terminal ones are 5 to 7 ins. long, 2 to 3 ins. wide, with the lower pair less than 
 half the size ; but in young trees I have measured the terminal leaflet 12 ins. 
 long and 5 ins. wide, with the other four in proportion. Male catkins in threes, 
 3 to 5 ins. long, hairy. Fruit borne singly or in pairs, roundish, flattened at 
 top and bottom, I to 2 ins. long. Nut white, four-angled. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America, where it is spread over a large territory ; 
 introduced early in the seventeenth century. It thrives very well in England 
 when young, and is one of the most striking of fine-foliaged trees. At Kew, 
 the leaves turn a beautiful yellow in autumn. Of the hickories producing 
 edible nuts, this is the most valuable in the United States, but it has no value 
 in this respect in Britain. The largest tree noted by Mr Elwes is at Botley 
 Hill, Hants, now 75 ft. high, and supposed to have been planted by Wm. 
 Cobbett in 1820. 
 
 C. alba is somewhat similar in growth and general aspect to C. tomentosa, 
 and both have large winter buds ; but C. alba has only five leaflets, and they 
 are not scented as in C. tomentosa. 
 
 C. AMARA, Nuttall. BITTER NUT. 
 
 (Hicoria minima, Britton?) 
 
 ^ A tree up to 100 ft. high, with brownish bark separating from the trunk in 
 thin scales ; young shoots smooth or soon becoming so ; winter buds coated 
 with bright yellow scales. Leaves 6 to 10 ins. (occasionally 15 ins.) long, 
 composed usually of seven, but sometimes five or nine leaflets, the lowest pair 
 of which are considerably smaller than the others. Leaflets lance-shaped, 
 narrowly oval, oblong or obovate, tapered at both ends, sharply toothed ; 2 to 
 6 ins. long, | to 2.\ ins. wide ; smooth above, downy at first below, especially 
 along the midrib and veins ; common stalk downy. Fruits usually in pairs or 
 threes, pear-shaped to roundish, f to ij ins. long, with a thin, yellowish husk. 
 Nut thin-shelled, with a bitter kernel. Male catkins usually in threes, 2| to 
 3 ins. long, downy. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America; introduced, according to Aiton, in 1766. 
 Of all the cultivated hickories, this appears to be the hardiest and the best 
 grower. It is easily distinguished from all the rest by the bright yellow 
 
300 CARYA 
 
 winter buds. There is a fine tree at Bute House, Petersham, which, when I 
 saw it a few years ago, was nearly 80 ft. high. 
 
 C. OLIV^EFORMIS, Nuttall. PECAN. 
 (Hicoria Pecan, Britton?) 
 
 But little need be said of this tree, for it is ill adapted to our climate. 
 Many times introduced to Kew, it usually lives only a few years. Young trees 
 will make growths 12 or 15 ins. long during the summer, but so badly ripened 
 are they that unless the winter be very mild they are regularly cut back almost 
 to the old wood. This renders them an easy prey to fungoid parasites, 
 usually the " coral-spot " fungus, and makes the species not worth cultivation. 
 It is a native of the south-east and south Central United States, and is 
 the most important of the hickories as a nut-bearing tree. It grows consider- 
 ably over loo ft. high, and is distinct from all the cultivated species in 
 the large number of leaflets usually eleven to fifteen on each leaf. These 
 are 2 to 6 ins. long (sometimes more), curved like a scimitar, pointed, 
 toothed. Fruits clustered, each I to 2^ ins. long, about half as wide, oblong, 
 pointed ; the nut has a sweet-flavoured kernel. Perhaps the finest tree 
 in Europe is in the Botanic Garden at Padua about 100 ft. high. 
 
 C. PORCINA, Nuttall. PIG NUT. 
 
 (Hicoria glabra, Britton?) 
 
 A tree So to 90 ft. high, with grey, fissured bark ; young shoots smooth. 
 Leaves 8 to 12 ins. long, composed of five or seven leaflets, the basal ones 
 of which are ovate-lanceolate, the terminal ones much larger and more 
 or less -obovate ; all taper-pointed, rounded or tapering at the base, sharply 
 toothed ; both surfaces smooth except for some down along the midrib 
 and veins, which mostly falls away by autumn. The large terminal leaflets 
 are 5 to 7 ins. long, and 2 to 3 ins. wide, the lowest pair about one-third 
 the size ; common stalk smooth. Male catkins 3 to 5 ins. long, slightly 
 scurfy. Fruit variable in shape and size, mostly rounded or pear-shaped, 
 flattened or even sunk at the apex. Kernel of nut astringent. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America, as far to the north as Maine ; introduced 
 in 1799. The pig nut thrives very well in England. There is a specimen 
 nearly 80 ft. high at Kew which often bears good crops of fruit. 
 
 Var. MICROCARPA, Trelease^ has a more shaggy bark and smaller fruit, 
 with a sweet kernel. 
 
 C. SULCATA, Nuttall. BIG SHELL-BARK. 
 
 (Hicoria laciniosa, Sargent.') 
 
 A tree 100 to 120 ft. high ; bark separating from the trunk into broad 
 plates often 3 or 4 ft. long ; young shoots at first downy ; terminal winter 
 bud i in. long. Leaves 12 to 22 ins. long, composed of usually seven, 
 sometimes nine, leaflets, the terminal ones of which are obovate, 4 to 8 
 ins. long, i^ to i\ ins. wide, the lower ones ovate and only one-third or 
 one-fourth the size ; all long and slender-pointed, toothed ; smooth and 
 glossy above, downy beneath. Male catkins 4 ins. or more long. Fruit 
 oblong, 2^ ins. long, 2 ins. wide ; nut prominently four- or six-ridged. 
 
 Native of the eastern United States from New York and E. Pennsylvania 
 southwards ; introduced to England in 1804. It is one of the least 
 
CARYA TOMENTOSA. 
 
 [Face p. 301. 
 
CARYA CARYOPTERIS 301 
 
 satisfactory of the hickories in cultivation. Mr Elwes knows only one of 
 any size, which is 30 ft. high, and grows in Tortworth Churchyard. 
 
 C. TOMENTOSA, Nuttall. MOCKER NUT. 
 (Hicoria alba, Britton.} 
 
 A tree 50 to 60, occasionally 100, ft. high ; winter buds large, the terminal 
 one broadly egg-shaped, pointed, | to | in. long, and ^ in. or more wide ; the 
 inner scales covered with a soft pale felt ; young shoots very downy, especially 
 at first Leaves fragrant, 8 to 12 ins. (on very vigorous young trees 20 ins.) 
 long ; composed usually of seven (sometimes five or nine) leaflets. Terminal 
 leaflet is 5 to 8 ins. long, 2 to 4^ ins. wide, obovate, wedge-shaped at the base ; 
 basal pair sometimes only i to 2 ins. long, ovate, rounded at the base ; the 
 middle pair or pairs are intermediate in size and shape. All taper-pointed, 
 toothed, upper surface dark green, downy on the midrib ; lower surface 
 yellowish, and covered with starry down and glands ; common stalk stellately 
 downy. Male catkins 3 to 5 ins. long, very downy. Fruit top-shaped or 
 roundish. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; rare in cultivation. The species is distinct 
 in its large winter buds (it is sometimes called "big-bud hickory") and in the 
 fragrance of its foliage. This, of course, is most marked when the leaf is 
 rubbed, but on dewy mornings in summer it can be perceived many yards 
 away from the tree. The mocker nut has been too much neglected in gardens, 
 if only on this account. There is a fine specimen at Kew 50 ft. high, remark- 
 able for its stately habit and splendid foliage. 
 
 CARYOPTERIS MASTACAXTHUS, Schauer. VERBENACE^L 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6799 ; C. incana, Migui .) 
 
 A deciduous bush, 4 to 8 ft. high, of spreading habit ; young stems 
 semi- woody, covered like the flower-stalks, leaf-stalks, and the under- 
 side of the leaves, with a close grey felt. Leaves opposite, ovate; 
 i to 3 ins. long, J to ij ins. wide; the base more or less broadly wedge- 
 shaped, the apex blunt or pointed ; coarsely toothed, almost lobed, dull 
 green and downy on the upper surface ; stalk J to f in. long. Flowers 
 bright violet-blue, produced during October in hemispherical cymes from 
 the axils of the uppermost leaves : main flower-stalk | to i J ins. long. 
 Corolla downy, tubular, -J in. long, with five lobes at the mouth; the 
 four upper ones ovate, the lower one larger, scoop-shaped, and fringed ; 
 stamens four, much protruded; calyx funnel-shaped, with five-pointed teeth. 
 
 Native of China and Japan ; originally introduced in 1844 by Fortune, 
 who found it wild near Canton. It was at first treated as a greenhouse 
 plant, and being scarcely worth its room there, was eventually lost until 
 reintroduced by Maries in 1880. It is hardy at Kew in all but the 
 hardest winters, and during a fine autumn makes a very pretty display. 
 The leaves are pleasantly scented. It is increased with the greatest ease 
 by means of soft cuttings in heat, and should be grown in an open, sandy 
 soil, and given a sunny, sheltered position. 
 
 Var. CANDICANS, Schelle (syn. alba), has whitish flowers, but is not, I think, 
 so hardy as the type. 
 
302 
 
 CASSANDRA 
 
 CASSANDRA CALYCULATA, D, Don. 
 
 ERICACE/E. 
 
 LEATHER LEAF. 
 
 (Andromeda calyculata, Linn&us, Bot. Reg., t. 1286.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, usually 2 or 3 (sometimes 4 or 5) ft. high, with 
 thin, wiry branches, and a sparse, gaunt habit ; young wood scaly. Leaves 
 alternate, J to if ins. long, f to J in. wide; obovate or narrowly oblong, 
 shallowly toothed, but often only on the terminal half ; both surfaces, but 
 especially the lower one, covered with tiny scales. Flowers produced in 
 March and April, singly in the axils of small leaves, at the terminal part, 
 
 CASSANDRA CALTCPLATA var. NANA. 
 
 and on the lower side of the previous year's shoots, the whole forming a 
 leafy raceme 2 to 4 ins. long. The leaves associated with the flowers are 
 much smaller than the ordinary ones described above, and become 
 gradually smaller towards the end, where they are only \ . in. or less in 
 length. Corolla white, J in. long, cylindrical, five-toothed at the mouth ; 
 calyx lobes five, pointed, persistent, enclosing the base of the seed-vessel, 
 which is a roundish, flattened capsule ; flower-stalk scaly, ^ in. long, with 
 two bracts close beneath the calyx. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America, whence it was introduced in 1 748 ; 
 also of N. Europe and N. Asia. It is a rather pretty shrub in flower, 
 although not amongst the elite of the Ericaceae. A better plant for 
 gardens is 
 
 Var. NANA, which grows 12 or 18 ins. high, and forms a dwarf, dense thicket, 
 having a more twiggy habit and smaller leaves. It makes a pleasing small 
 
CASSANDRA CASSINIA 303 
 
 bed. Both are propagated by cuttings or by seeds, and thrive in a moist, 
 peaty soil. 
 
 CASSIA MARYLANDICA, Lmnceus. WILD SENNA. 
 
 LEGUMINOS^E. 
 
 Out of several hundred species of Cassia known (and they occur in all 
 the warmer parts of the globe except Europe), this only has any claim to 
 rank as hardy in Britain, and even it has only semi-woody shoots, which 
 spring from a woody root-stock, and die back to ground-level during 
 winter. A second species, C. corymbosa, is genuinely shrubby, and will 
 perhaps succeed in the far south-western counties of England and Ireland ; 
 it is a very handsome shrub, with large clusters of rich yellow flowers. 
 
 C. 'marylandica sends up erect, pithy shoots 2 to 3 ft. high each year, 
 furnished with pinnate leaves 6 to 10 ins. long, each composed of an even 
 number of leaflets, usually seven to nine pairs. Leaflets i to 2 \ ins. long, 
 oblong, the midrib terminating in a bristle. Racemes 2 to 3 ins. long, 
 terminal or springing from the axils of the leaves; the almost regular 
 flowers crowded towards the end, J in. across ; petals yellow, nearly alike ; 
 anthers a conspicuous dark purple. Pod 3 to 4 ins. long, covered with 
 grey hairs when young. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States ; introduced to England in 
 1723. It flowers from the end of July until October, and is very hand- 
 some then. A sheltered position should be found for it, and, as it is not 
 absolutely hardy in all winters, it is wise to cover the root-stock with a few 
 inches of light litter in severe weather. It can be propagated by breaking 
 up the old root-stock just as growth recommences in spring, and if the 
 pieces can be given a mild bottom heat and re-established in pots for 
 planting out later, so much the better. But imported seeds can be 
 obtained, and they, of course, given the best and simplest means of 
 increase. The plant has certain cathartic properties resembling those 
 of senna. 
 
 CASSINIA. COMPOSITE. 
 
 In our open grounds this genus is at present represented by three 
 evergreen shrubs, introduced from New Zealand. Other species are 
 found in Australia and S. Africa. They have a certain resemblance to the 
 heaths in habit and in their small, crowded, narrow leaves, but bear their 
 numerous tiny flowers (or rather flower-heads) in flattish terminal clusters. 
 Such beauty as the flower-heads possess is given by the white, recurved 
 tips of the inner bracts. The three species here included are very much 
 alike in general appearance, and are not easily distinguished on paper. 
 C. fulvida, however, the best and hardiest of the three, may generally be 
 recognised in company with leptophylla by the yellowish cast oY the 
 upturned branch and the viscid leaves and twigs. C. leptophylla is grey- 
 white instead of yellow, and not viscid. They can all be propagated 
 easily by late summer cuttings, and will grow in a sandy loam or peaty 
 soil. Even C. fulvida, the hardiest of the three, is apt to get browned in 
 winter, and may need pruning back in spring. 
 
304 CASSINIA CASSIOPE 
 
 C. FULVIDA, Hooker fit. 
 
 (Diplopappus chrysophyllus, Koehne?) 
 
 An evergreen, dense-habited shrub up to 6 ft. in height, with erect branches, 
 viscid when young, and clothed with a yellowish down. Leaves very crowded 
 on the branches, \ to \ in. long, ^ to ^ in. wide ; narrowly oblong-obovate, the 
 margins recurved ; dark green, smooth and slightly viscid above, yellowish 
 downy beneath. Flower-heads very small and numerous, white, forming 
 terminal corymbs I to 3 ins. across. Blossoms in July. 
 
 Native of New Zealand, where it occurs up to 3500 ft. It is an interesting, 
 rather heath-like shrub, with a tawny yellow aspect when the branches are bent 
 over, but of no great value as an ornament. It is closely allied to C. leptophylla, 
 differing chiefly in the yellower under-surface of the leaves, in the more 
 
 flutinous character of the young branches, and in having no scales among the 
 orets, or perhaps one or two only. 
 
 C. LEPTOPHYLLA. R. Brown. 
 
 An evergreen, heath-like shrub, 4 ft. or more high, with erect, slender 
 branchlets, not viscid, but clothed with a dense greyish down. Leaves \ to \ in. 
 long, 2\r to j^ in. wide, linear, or slightly wider towards the end ; smooth, dark 
 green above, covered beneath with white or yellowish down. Flower-heads 
 white, very small and numerous, forming terminal corymbs I to 2 ins. across. 
 Blossoms in August and September. 
 
 Native of New Zealand ; very similar to C. fulvida, but paler beneath the 
 leaves. The whole plant has a whiter cast. It differs also in having the disk 
 (or receptacle) on which the florets are borne furnished with numerous scales ; 
 nor is it quite so hardy. 
 
 C. VAUVILLIERSII, Hooker fi 7. 
 
 (Diplopappus Vauvilliersii, HorL") 
 
 An evergreen shrub 2 to 6 ft. high, with erect branchlets, clothed with a 
 tawny yellow, or yellowish white, down. Leaves j to ^ in. long, -jV to in. 
 wide ; linear-obovate, round at the end, tapering at the base ; dark green and 
 smooth above, of the same colour as the branches beneath : margins recurved. 
 Flower-heads white, very small and numerous, in terminal rounded corymbs 
 I to 2 ins. across. 
 
 Native of New Zealand, and very similar in general aspect to the two 
 preceding, but with larger leaves, less bushy and more elongated shoots. 
 The receptacle on which the florets are borne has numerous scales. In my 
 experience this species does not flower so freely as the two previous ones. 
 
 CASSIOPE. ERICACEAE. 
 
 A group of some ten or twelve species of dwarf, evergreen shrubs, with 
 a dense overlapping arrangement of the leaves similar to that of the 
 common heather. Flowers solitary, bell-shaped, white or pink. They 
 are found in Arctic or mountain regions of the northern hemisphere. 
 None of the four species here mentioned is very common, although they 
 have long been known in gardens. They are capable of withstanding 
 intense cold, but do not thrive particularly well in the open in the south 
 of England; they need cooler and moister conditions, and miss more 
 
CASSIOPE 305 
 
 than anything their natural winter covering of snow. They are excited 
 into premature growth by our mild winters and early spring, only to suffer 
 by severe weather later in the year. For this reason C. hypnoides and 
 C. fastigiata are frequently grown in cold, damp frames in winter. They 
 should have a peaty soil surfaced with sphagnum moss, and never be 
 allowed to get dry at the root. The Botanic Garden of Edinburgh and 
 the neighbouring nursery of Messrs Cunningham & Fraser have long 
 been famous for their success with these interesting and dainty plants. 
 Propagated by layers and by cuttings. In the open they should have 
 an airy but semi-shaded and damp position. 
 
 Sometimes, but rarely, there is seen in cultivation C. MERTENSIANA, 
 Don (Andromeda cupressina, Hooker], a native of California and the 
 Pacific coast. It has erect branches 6 to 12 ins. high; leaves smooth, 
 J in. long, keeled at the back (not grooved there as in C. tetragona), the 
 points incurved but not appressed. Corolla \ to \ in. wide. 
 
 C. FASTIGIATA, D. Don. HIMALAYAN HEATHER. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4796 ; Andromeda fastigiata, Wallich.} 
 
 A dwarf evergreen, 6 to 12 ins. high, forming dense tufts in a state of 
 nature ; stems erect, squarish, densely clothed and completely hidden by four 
 rows of closely overlapping leaves. Leaves stalkless, ^ in. long, lance-shaped, 
 deeply furrowed at the back, dark green, but with thin, silvery, membranous 
 margins edged with fine hairs. Flowers produced in April and May singly 
 from the leaf-axils. Corolla widely bell-shaped, f in. across, white ; calyx of 
 five narrow, lance-shaped, pointed divisions ; flower-stalk decurved, \ in. long, 
 downy. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya, common at elevations of 10,000 to 14,000 ft. ; 
 introduced about 1849. I* is similar in general aspect to the commoner 
 C. tetragona, but its leaves are not so closely flattened to the stem, and its 
 flowers are larger, wider, and more open-mouthed. It is the prettiest of the 
 Cassiopes, but rare. 
 
 C. HYPNOIDES, D. Don. 
 (Andromeda hypnoides, Linncew ; Bot. Mag., t. 2936.) 
 
 A tiny evergreen, heather-like shrub, from I to 3 ins. high, with prostrate, 
 slender stems completely covered with closely set leaves. Leaves \ in. long, 
 linear, overlapping, somewhat erect, but not flattened against the stem. 
 Flowers solitary on slender, erect, reddish stalks \ to \ in. long, produced at 
 the end of the shoot ; corolla nodding, white, bell-shaped, \ in. long, with five 
 rather deep, rounded lobes ; calyx red. 
 
 Native of the Arctic and sub-Arctic parts of Europe and N. America, and 
 of the mountain tops of more southern latitudes ; introduced in 1798. It is 
 quite distinct from the other two species here mentioned, being dwarfer in 
 habit and more slender in its stems, and the leaf arrangement is not four-sided. 
 The flower, too, is terminal, and on a proportionately longer stalk. 
 
 C. TETRAGONA, D. Don. 
 (Andromeda tetragona, Linnceus ; Bot. Mag., t. 3181.) 
 
 A dwarf, evergreen shrub growing 4 to 10 ins. high in gardens ; stems 
 erect, much-branched, quite hidden on the younger parts by closely overlapping 
 
 U 
 
306 CASSIOPE CASTANEA 
 
 leaves. Leaves in. long, arranged in four rows, so as to give the leaf-clothed 
 stem a four-angled shape; stalkless, concave in front, each one closely 
 appressed to the leaf above it ; furrowed behind, slightly downy. Flowers 
 sparsely borne at intervals along the younger parts of the stem during April 
 and May, and produced singly from the leaf-axils. Corolla nodding, white 
 tinged with red, bell-shaped, in. long ; calyx of five ovate divisions, green 
 tinged with red j flower-stalk decurved, little more than long enough to hold 
 the flower clear of the leaves. 
 
 Native of the northern hemisphere, in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions ; 
 said to have been introduced from Lapland in 1810, and later from N. America. 
 It differs from C. fastigiata in the smaller flowers, and in the leaves being 
 without the silvery membranous margins, although slightly ciliated 
 
 CASTANEA. CHESTNUTS. CUPULIFER.E. 
 
 There appear to be about six species of chestnut known, but the 
 number varies much in consequence of the varying conception of their 
 specific limits. In any case they constitute a well-marked group of 
 deciduous trees and shrubs, with alternate, parallel-ribbed, conspicuously 
 toothed leaves, always approaching the oblong or narrow oval in shape. 
 The leaves of all the chestnuts have a strong family resemblance, and 
 have nothing like them among hardy trees except a few oaks. The 
 unisexual flowers are produced in long, slender catkins from the leaf-axils 
 of the young shoots during July. The lower catkins are entirely male ; 
 but from the axils of the later leaves there come shorter catkins, at the 
 base of which one to three female flowers are borne. The flowers of all 
 the chestnuts are pale yellow, and have little beauty of colour ; but a tree 
 well laden with catkins has a striking appearance, the enjoyment of which 
 to many people is spoilt by their heavy, unpleasant odour. The nuts are 
 always enclosed in the well-known prickly burs. 
 
 The older botanists made C. dentata and C. crenata both forms of 
 C. sativa, which may have led to their not being introduced, and to their 
 present rarity. They are, however, distinct enough, especially as seen 
 in the living state, although it is not easy to make the distinctions very 
 clear on paper. It does not seem likely that any other than C. sativa 
 will be of much value in Britain either for timber or nuts, although the 
 variety "Paragon," sometimes grown, is considered to have the "blood" 
 of C. dentata in it. The ordinary C. sativa varies extraordinarily in the 
 size and quality of its nuts. There are numerous trees in Kew Gardens, 
 some of which bear large, excellent nuts and others that never produce 
 a nut worth eating. The merit of the better forms seems to be due 
 largely to their being able to suppress all but one of the three or four 
 nuts which each bur normally encloses. This enables the survivor to 
 develop into a fine nut. 
 
 The chestnuts like a hot summer. Even during the driest and 
 hottest seasons, like that of 1911, one rarely sees any of this genus 
 suffering. They appear to thrive in any well-drained, loamy soil, even 
 of moderate quality, but are said to be averse to calcareous substances. 
 They should always be raised from seeds except in the case of the fine 
 fruiting forms, which are grafted easily in spring on seedlings of the 
 common sort. 
 
CASTANEA 307 
 
 C. CRENATA, Siebold. JAPANESE CHESTNUT. 
 (C. japonica, Blume.") 
 
 A small tree, frequently less than 30 ft. high, according to Saigent, but 
 occasionally much larger ; young shoots sometimes very downy, with the 
 down persisting through the first winter, sometimes merely scaly. Leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 7 ins. long, i to 2 ins. wide, heart-shaped or rounded 
 at the base, pointed ; the teeth small, with bristle-like points ; lower surface 
 covered with a close grey down ; stalk ^ in. long, downy. Nuts like those of 
 C. sativa. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced in 1905, if not before, to Kew, where young 
 plants are thriving very well. This is a valuable food tree in Japan, and 
 Sargent observes that he never saw chestnuts offered in such quantities for 
 sale in Europe and America as there. He saw young trees 10 or 12 ft. high 
 fruiting freely. Ordinarily, the nuts are smaller than those of the European 
 tree, but from selected trees or varieties they are as large as the best European 
 varieties. 
 
 C. DENTATA, Borkhausen. AMERICAN CHESTNUT. 
 (C. americana, Rafinesque.) 
 
 A tree occasionally 100 ft. high in N. America, with the trunk and habit of 
 the Spanish chestnut, but with, perhaps, scarcely so spreading a head ; young 
 shoots smooth except for a dust-like scurf. Leaves dull green, narrowly 
 oblong, tapering about equally at both ends, 6 to 9 ins. long, if to 2 ins. wide, 
 coarsely toothed except at the base ; both surfaces smooth ; stalk about | in. 
 long. Catkins 6 to 8 ins. long. Fruit as in the European species, consisting 
 of a bur of numerous, branched, slender spines enclosing one to three nuts. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America, whose introduction to Britain has not 
 been recorded. It is very rare in cultivation in England, although a young 
 tree at Kew 35 ft. high thrives well. In America the tree is valued for its 
 timber and its nuts, which, although not so large as those of C. sativa, are said 
 to be of superior flavour and to have a thinner shell. The leaves differ from 
 those of C. sativa in the uniformly tapered base, and in being narrower in 
 proportion to their length. They are never clothed beneath with a thick, close 
 down, as those of C. sativa and C. crenata often are. 
 
 C. PUMILA, Miller. DWARF CHESTNUT. 
 
 A deciduous shrub spreading by underground stems, or a small tree ; 
 young shoots covered with short hairs, which persist through the winter. 
 Leaves oblong, inclined to oval and obovate, 3 to 5 ins. long, i to 2 ins. wide, 
 pointed, wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, coarsely toothed ; dark green 
 and soon becoming smooth above, but coated beneath with a persistent, 
 greyish white (at first quite white), close felt. Male catkins 4 ins. or more long. 
 Nut of good flavour, egg-shaped and not flattened, f to I in. long, usually 
 solitary in a bur i| ins. across. (Fig., p. 308.) 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America, where it is often known as the " chinqua- 
 pin"; introduced, according to Aiton, in 1699, but ver Y rare in cultivation. 
 There are shrubby examples at Kew which flower, but have never, in my 
 experience, borne fruit. It probably needs a hotter summer than ours, as a 
 small tree at Verrieres, near Paris, in Mr de Vilmorin's garden, often fruits 
 'freely. This chestnut is well distinguished from the others by its shrubby 
 habit, and white under-surface of the leaf. In N. America a single plant often 
 forms a thicket through its habit of spreading by suckers. 
 
308 
 
 CASTANEA 
 
 C. SATIVA, Miller. SWEET, OR SPANISH CHESTNUT. 
 
 (C. vesca, Gaertner ; C. vulgaris, 
 
 A tree of the largest size, 100 ft. or more high, with an enormous girth of 
 trunk (sometimes 30 to 40 ft.) ; young shoots at first covered with a minute 
 down, or srnooth. Leaves oblong, with a narrowed, pointed apex, and a 
 rounded, slightly heart-shaped or tapered base ; coarsely toothed, 5 to 9 ins. 
 long, 2 to 3^ ins. wide ; stalk \ to I in. long. When they first expand, they are 
 covered beneath with a close felt which often rapidly falls away. Nuts red- 
 brown, usually in twos or threes, enclosed in a globose, very prickly fruit, or 
 
 CASTANEA PUMILA. 
 
 bur i^ to 2 ins. across. They vary in size, according to the number in each 
 bur, from to i ins. across. Sometimes there are four, sometimes only one, 
 in a fruit. 
 
 Native of S. Europe, N. Africa, and Asia Minor. It is supposed to have 
 been introduced to Britain by the Romans, and certainly existed in our islands 
 previous to the Norman Conquest. It may be found springing up naturally in 
 different parts of the country, and no foreign tree except perhaps the sycamore, 
 can be said to have adapted itself better to our climate. In the south of 
 Europe, where the nuts are much more esteemed as food than they are with us, 
 numerous named varieties are in commerce. Of these, " Marron de Lyon," 
 " Gros Merle," and " Paragon" are sometimes cultivated in England ; they are 
 
CASTANEA CASTANOPSIS 309 
 
 propagated by grafting on seedlings of the common sort. In propagating the 
 type itself, it is worth while to select the nuts from trees that bear them of 
 good size. 
 
 With us, however, the tree is grown chiefly as a park ornament, and for 
 coppice. Certainly no tree gives greater distinction to a park or garden than 
 an old finely developed chestnut. For dry, hot soils no tree of its class is 
 better adapted. At Kew, in shallow, sandy soil there are several fine specimens, 
 one over 21 ft. in circumference. There are many splendid chestnuts scattered 
 over the country : the finest I have seen are at Studley Royal, in Yorkshire, and 
 at Shrublands Park, Ipswich. At the latter place, one giant girths about 
 15 yds. near the base. At Studley Royal is a tree over 100 ft. high, and more 
 than 20 ft. in girth. The timber much resembles oak, but is far from being 
 as valuable, and very liable to "shake" or split at the annual rings. Coffins 
 made of it are frequently supplied as of genuine oak. The sweet chestnut has 
 sported into a number of varieties, of which the following may be mentioned : 
 
 Var. ALBO-MARGINATA. Leaves margined with creamy white. There is a 
 very fine specimen of this in Mr Anthony Waterer's nursery at Knap Hill. 
 
 Var. AUREO-MARGINATA. Leaves similar to the preceding, but with the 
 variegation yellow ; very handsome. 
 
 Var. ASPLENIFOLIA (laciniata). This has the teeth ending in thread-like 
 points. 
 
 Var. HETEROPHYLLA. This name may serve for a group of varieties in 
 which the leaf-blade is much, but irregularly, narrowed, sometimes to ^ in. or 
 less in width, but extraordinarily variable in form and length. I have a leaf 
 of this kind 18 ins. long, and in parts less than J in. wide, found on a tree on 
 Esher Common. These curious leaves are usually borne at the end of the 
 summer shoot. The forms with such names as dissecta, dissecta nova, 
 filipendula, and linearifolia, may be included here. 
 
 Var. PURPUREA. Growing at Rostrevor, the seat of Sir John Ross of 
 Bladensburg, this has leaves of large size (as much as 5 ins. wide,, purple when 
 young, especially on the upper half, coppery in autumn. 
 
 Var. PYRAMIDALIS (Holtii). A pyramidal form growing in the grounds 
 of Mount Mascal, Bexley, Kent. 
 
 I know of no pendulous variety ; the plant figured by Lavallee in his 
 Arboretum Segrezianum, t. 33, as var. pendulifolia is, apparently, C. dentata, 
 the American Chestnut, whose leaves have a more drooping pose than those 
 of C. sativa. 
 
 CASTANOPSIS CHRYSOPHYLLA, De Candolle. GOLDEN 
 CHESTNUT. CUPULIFERJE. 
 
 (Castanea chrysophylla, Hooker ; Bot. Mag., t. 4953.) 
 
 An evergreen tree, described as occasionally over TOO ft. high in 
 California ; but hitherto a small tree about 30 ft. high, or a low, cL-nse 
 bush, in Britain ; the young shoots and under-surface of the leaves covered 
 with a beautiful, persistent, golden scurf. Leaves ovate, lanceo'ate, 
 narrowly ovate or obovate, ij to 3 ins. long, J to i in. wide, tapered at 
 both ends, often long-pointed, not toothed, dark glossy green above ; stalk 
 | in. long. Flowers unisexual ; the males produced in erect, cylindrical 
 catkins i to ij ins. long, J in. wide; the stamens numerous, yellow, 
 slender. Female flowers produced at the base of the same catkin as the 
 males, or in a small separate catkin. Fruit like that of a sweet chestnut, 
 consisting of a bur i to ij ins. in diameter, clothed with a mass of 
 
310 
 
 CASTANOPSIS CATALPA 
 
 branched, slender spines, enclosing a small, pale brown, shining nut, which 
 is edible. 
 
 Native of Oregon and California; introduced in 1844. The above 
 description is based on cultivated English specimens, but in California, 
 where it is sometimes 115 ft. high, with a trunk 6 ft. in diameter, the 
 leaves are occasionally 6 ins. long. Other species of Castanopsis. have 
 recently been introduced from China, but of them we know little. 
 At present, this West American species, with its leaves golden yellow 
 below, is quite unlike anything in our gardens. Although so long 
 introduced, there appear to be few large specimens 'in the country. 
 The finest, I believe, is in Lord Ducie's garden at Tortworth; this 
 
 now about 30 ft. high, its trunk 15 ins. in thickness. 
 
 is 
 
 CASTANOPSIS CHRYSOPHYLLA. 
 
 At Kew it thrives best in the sandy soil of the place with peat and leaf- 
 soil mixed. One plant raised from seed of Lord Ducie's tree is now 20 
 ft. high. In my experience, it is fatal to expose the trunk of this tree to 
 full sunlight, and its lower branches should not be cut away. It can best 
 be raised from seed, which ripens in this country, and germinates freely. 
 Closely allied to Castanea, it differs in its evergreen foliage, and in its nuts 
 not ripening until the second season. 
 
 CATALPA. BIGNONIACE^:. 
 
 Like many other genera of hardy trees and shrubs, the Catalpas are 
 found in both the Old and New Worlds. Although first made known to 
 English cultivators from N. America in the form of C. bignonioides 
 (which was introduced in 1726), the genus has been found in later times 
 
CAT ALFA 311 
 
 to be more abundantly represented in China and Japan, where four to six 
 species occur. In the open ground the Catalpas form low, wide-spreading, 
 bushy-headed, deciduous trees, a habit largely due, no doubt, to the shoots 
 never forming a terminal bud. The young wood is stout, and very pithy. 
 Leaves either opposite or in threes, large, long-stalked. Flowers produced 
 in panicles, corymbs, or racemes at the end of the shoots of the year. 
 Corolla bell-shaped at the base, with five spreading, frilled lobes ; calyx 
 two-lipped ; stamens five, only two of which as a rule are fertile. Seed- 
 vessel a very slender, cylindrical capsule i to 2 ft. long, and -J to J in. 
 diameter. Seeds numerous, flat, with a fringe of longwhite hairs at each end. 
 
 Several new species have recently been acquired from China, but so 
 far as we know at present, the species first introduced (C. bignonioides) 
 remains the best, although Mr Wilson speaks very highly of the new 
 Chinese C. Fargesii. The former is undoubtedly one of the most 
 beautiful of all flowering trees, and as an isolated tree on lawns is seen 
 to exceptional advantage. At the same time all the species are worth 
 cultivation. 
 
 Catalpas like generous treatment at the root; a deep, moist loam is 
 best, and an open, sunny, but not a bleak spot. Owing to the branches 
 never forming a terminal bud and the annual bi- or tri-furcation this 
 induces, it is advisable when the trees are young to train up a leader 
 high enough to produce a trunk of the desired height, say 10 ft, when 
 the tree may be left to assume the spreading habit natural to it. 
 C. bignonioides thrives well in London, and for many years there was 
 a fine specimen in the garden of Gray's Inn. Possibly the others may 
 do as well. For propagation I would prefer seeds to any other means, 
 believing that trees so raised are the longest lived. But when these are 
 unobtainable, and for distinct forms or coloured-leaved varieties, cuttings 
 may be used. These should be made of the young leafy shoots as soon 
 as they are moderately firm, and struck in mild bottom heat. 
 
 I. LEAVES GLABROUS. 
 
 1. Bungei. Flowers white, purple spotted. Leaves lobed. 
 
 2. Duclouxii. Flowers pink. Leaves mostly unlobed. 
 
 II. LEAVES STELLATELY DOWNY. 
 
 3. Fargesii. Inflorescence usually unbranched. Down on leaves stellate. 
 
 III. LEAVES NOT STELLATELY DOWNY OR HAIRY; MORE OR LESS LOBED. 
 
 4. Ovata. Flowers yellowish ; corolla I in. across. Leaves mostly lobed. 
 
 5. Bignonioides. Flowers white, spotted, ij in. across, in many-flowered panicles. 
 
 Leaves ovate, with a short point, rarely lobed, evil-smelling. 
 
 6. Speciosa. Flowers white, spotted, 2 in. across, in few-flowered panicles. Leaves 
 
 inodorous, rarely lobed, ovate, with a long point. Seed-pod thicker-walled than 
 in No. 5. 
 
 C. BIGNONIOIDES, Walter. INDIAN BEAN. 
 
 (C. syringLefolia, Sims; Bot. Mag., t. 1094.) 
 
 A tree 25 to 50 ft high, with a rounded, wide-spreading, much branched 
 head when grown apart from other trees. Leaves in adult trees broadly ovate, 
 
312 CATALPA 
 
 with a heart-shaped base ; 4 to 10 ins. long, 3 to 8 ins. wide (in young trees 
 considerably larger) ; with short, slender points, sometimes slightly lobed at the 
 sides ; light green and ultimately nearly smooth above, more or less clothed 
 beneath, especially about the midrib and veins, with pale hairs ; odour when 
 crushed disagreeable ; stalk half to three-fourths as long as the blade. 
 Panicles broadly pyramidal, 8 to 10 ins. long and wide, many-flowered. 
 Corolla 1 1 ins. long and across, frilled at the margin, the tube bell-shaped ; 
 white with two ridges and two rows of yellow spots, and numerous purple spots 
 on the tube and lower lobe. Fruit slender, 6 to 15 ins. long, round, and about 
 as thick as a lead pencil. 
 
 Native of the eastern United States ; introduced in 1726. It flowers at the 
 end of July and in August, and is at that season the most beautiful of flowering 
 trees. It is hardy, but is best adapted for the south of England. No garden 
 ought to be without one or more specimens, and young ones from seed ought 
 to be always coming on to succeed the older ones, for the species is not 
 particularly long-lived, and frequently declines when forty to fifty years of age. 
 It bears fruit in hot seasons, and a tree densely hung with the long, pendent 
 seed-pods has a curious aspect. 
 
 Var. AUREA. Those who admire yellow-leaved trees will not find a more 
 striking one than this ; its leaves are wholly of a rich yellow, which does not 
 become dull or greenish as the season advances, but rather improves in colour. 
 
 Var. KOEHNEI. Leaves yellowish green in the centre, with a wide margin 
 of yellow. 
 
 Var. NANA. A dwarf form 3 to 6 ft. high, bushy, and with smaller leaves. 
 I have never known this to flower. Often wrongly called C. Bungei. 
 
 Var. PULVERULENTA (G. Paul & Son). Leaves densely spotted with 
 white. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATA (foliis argenteis). A worthless variety. Leaves blotched 
 with yellowish white. 
 
 C. BUNGEI, C. A. Meyer. 
 
 A tree 20 to 30 ft. high, of bushy habit. Leaves 2 to yj ins. long, \\ to 
 4^ ins. wide ; ovate or somewhat triangular, with a wedge-shaped or straightly 
 cut base ; sometimes entire, but often coarsely scalloped, so as to form one to 
 six large teeth on each side, mostly on the lower half; quite smooth at 
 maturity ; stalk half to two-thirds as long as the blade. Flowers not yet seen 
 in this country, but described as " white and purple" ; they are produced three 
 to twelve together in a flattish corymb. Corolla i\ ins. long and wide. 
 
 Native of China, and evidently frequent in the neighbourhood of Pekin. 
 Although the true species was only introduced in 1905, through Prof. Sargent, 
 plants under the name have long been in cultivation ; these, however, are 
 nearly always C. bignonioides var. nana, but sometimes C. ovata. The true 
 C. Bungei is still very rare. Of its ornamental qualities little can yet be said, 
 but as represented by dried specimens at Kew, the inflorescence is small. Its 
 quite smooth leaves distinguish it from other cultivated species except the new 
 C. Duclouxii (q.v.). 
 
 C. DUCLOUXII, Dode. 
 
 (C. sutchuenensis, Dode.') 
 
 This species has only very recently been introduced, and little can 
 yet be said of it. Its leaves are broadly ovate, 2 to 6 ins. long, i| to 4^ 
 ins. wide ; long and taper-pointed, the base broadly wedge-shaped, truncate, 
 or slightly heart-shaped ; quite smooth on both surfaces ; stalk i^ to 4 ins. 
 long. Flowers in perfectly smooth corymbs, with the lower divisions branched, 
 six to fifteen flowers in each corymb. Corolla about i^ ins. long and wide, 
 said to be pale pink with deeper spots. Seed-pods up to 2 ft. in length. 
 
CATALPA 313 
 
 Native of Yunnan, China; sent to Kew by Mr Maurice de Vilmorin in 
 1908. It appears to be quite distinct from any other Catalpa previously 
 cultivated, in its pink flowers. It resembles C. Bungei in its smooth leaves, 
 young wood, and inflorescence ; but differs in its usually entire leaves 
 and branching inflorescence. According to Pere Ducloux, it is a large tree, 
 frequently planted by, the Chinese round pagodas. 
 
 C. FARGESII, Bureau. 
 
 (? C. vestita, Diels.~) 
 
 A tree 20 to 30 ft. high, the shoots, under-surface of the leaves, and 
 inflorescences covered with velvety, branching hairs which mostly fall away 
 by the end of the season. Leaves broadly ovate, straight or slightly heart- 
 shaped at the base, long and taper-pointed, 3 to 6 ins. long, 2 to 5 ins. wide ; 
 stalk i^ to 4 ins. long. Flowers i^ ins. long and nearly as wide, pinkish, 
 spotted in and round the throat with brownish red, and produced seven 
 to fifteen together in corymbs. Calyx velvety ; corolla bell-shaped, with 
 five rounded, frilled lobes, and about i ins. across. Seed-pod, 12 to 18 ins. 
 long, very slender. 
 
 Native of W. China ; introduced to France towards the end of last 
 century. It is allied to C. Duclouxii, and its leaves are similar in size and 
 shape, but the stellate down on the juvenile parts renders it quite distinct. 
 It was named from specimens collected by Pere Farges in Szechuen, where 
 it has also been found by Henry. Wilson found it later in Hupeh. It 
 has not yet flowered in cultivation. 
 
 C. OVATA, G. Don. 
 
 (C. Ksempferi, Siebold; Bot. Mag., t. 66 II.) 
 
 A tree usually 20 to 30, sometimes 40 ft. high, with a spreading head 
 of branches as much or more in diameter. Leaves 5 to 10 ins. long, and 
 as much wide ; broadly ovate with a heart-shaped base, often conspicuously 
 three-lobed, each lobe with a short, slender point ; pale green and at 
 first finely downy above, permanently downy especially on the veins beneath ; 
 stalk 2 to 6 ins. long. Panicles 4 to 10 ins. high, narrowly pyramidal, 
 produced in July and August. Corolla dull white stained with yellow and 
 spotted with red inside, about i in. long and wide, the base bell-shaped ; of 
 the spreading lobes the lower one is the largest. Seed-vessel 12 ins. long, \ in. 
 diameter. 
 
 Native of China ; introduced from Japan to Europe by Siebold in 1849. 
 If not a native of Japan, it has for centuries been cultivated there ; Kaempfer 
 recorded it in 1693. From the two American species it is distinguished 
 by its more conspicuously lobed leaves and smaller flowers, and from 
 C. Bungei by the larger, downy leaves and smaller flowers. 
 
 Var. FLAVESCENS (C. Wallichii). Flowers even smaller than in the type 
 (about | in. long and wide), the whole corolla suffused with yellow. The 
 names Wallichii and himalayensis by which it has been known would suggest 
 a Himalayan origin, but no Catalpa is known to be native of that region. 
 
 Var. PURPUREA. Leaves and young shoots dark purple, almost black, 
 when quite young. The colour largely disappears with age from the leaf- 
 blade, but it always remains darker than in the type ; the leaf-stalks retain it. 
 There is grown in nurseries a Catalpa known as 
 
 C. JAPONICA, which was introduced from Japan about 1886, closely allied to 
 C. ovata, but distinguished by its narrower, more compact and pyramidal 
 
314 CAT ALP A 
 
 inflorescence, and its less markedly lobed leaves of a clearer, more glossy 
 green, and less downy. The flowers are fragrant, of a purer white than in 
 C. ovata, dotted inside with violet. This is a vigorous and quick-growing 
 tree. It may be a hybrid between ovata and bignonioides. 
 
 C. SPECIOSA, Warder. WESTERN CATALPA. 
 
 (C. cordifolia, Janine, in part.) 
 
 A tree sometimes over TOO ft. high in a wild state, with a tall trunk 10 ft. 
 or more in circumference. Leaves inodorous, ovate, with a heart-shaped or 
 rounded base, and a long, tapering point ; 5 to 12 ins. long, 3 to 8 ins. wide ; 
 nearly or quite smooth above when mature, covered beneath with pale brown 
 down. Panicles about 6 ins. long, rather more wide, with comparatively few 
 flowers. Corolla white, 2 ins. long and wide, the tube bell-shaped, the lobes 
 spreading and frilled at the margin ; the lower one with yellow spots and 
 ridges as in C. bignonioides, but less freely spotted with purple. Seed-vessel 
 8 to 1 8 ins. long, | in. or little more wide. 
 
 Native of the southern Central United States ; introduced in 1880. It 
 differs from C. bignonioides in its taller growth, its longer more tapering 
 leaves, and in its flowers being larger, fewer in the panicles, and less pro- 
 fusely purple-spotted. At Kew it flowers in July, two weeks in advance of 
 the other. I do not think it will prove so beautiful a tree in our climate as 
 C. bignonioides, for it does not appear to flower so freely. Its habitat is 
 considerably more western, and it replaces the other species entirely in the 
 Mississippi Valley. In the United States the timber of this tree is much 
 valued on account of its extraordinary durability, in contact with the ground 
 and with moisture. Sargent mentions in the Silva of North America^ vol. vi., 
 p. 90, a remarkable proof of this quality : 
 
 The trunks of Catalpa trees killed by the sinking and subsequent submersion of a 
 large tract of land near New Madrid, Missouri, which followed the earthquake of 
 August 1811, were standing and perfectly sound sixty-seven years later, although all 
 their companions in the forest had disappeared long before. 
 
 Gate posts, too, have been known to stand in perfect preservation fifty to 
 one hundred years. Railway companies in the United States are now planting 
 it largely, to provide a future supply of railway sleepers. 
 
 C. TEASTANA, Dode. 
 
 (C. hybrida, Hort^ 
 
 A hybrid between C. ovata and C. speciosa, raised by Mr John C. Teas, 
 about 1874, in Indiana, U.S.A. It is, in most respects, intermediate between 
 the parents, but in {habit more nearly approaches the tall, erect C. speciosa. 
 Leaves of both the broadly ovate type of C. speciosa, as well as the prominently 
 angular-lobed ones of C. ovata are borne on the same branch, and even in adult 
 trees the latter are frequently 12 ins. across. Flowers white, stained with 
 yellow and spotted minutely with purple. In the Central United States it has 
 shown an extraordinary vigour ; leaves over 2 ft. wide, and panicles carrying 
 over 300 flowers, have been produced. I have seen it making a fine display in 
 the New York Botanic Garden in July, but in the British Isles it appears to 
 be about equal in value to C. speciosa, and decidedly inferior to C. bignonioides 
 as a flowering tree ; the leaves, however, even here, are the largest in the 
 genus. It flowers about the end of July, and was introduced in 1891. 
 
CEANOTHUS 315 
 
 CEANOTHUS. RHAMNACE^E. 
 
 A well-marked genus of evergreen and deciduous shrubs or small 
 trees, confined to N. America. They are peculiarly characteristic of 
 the Pacific coast region, where they constitute a large part of that "almost 
 impenetrably dense brushwood called 'chapparal,' which covers the middle 
 elevations of the coast range, and forms a distinct belt between the 
 herbaceous vegetation of the foot-hills and the forest growth of the 
 highest ridges and summits" (Greene). The flowers, usually of some 
 shade of blue or white, are individually quite small, but they are so 
 plentifully borne in a crowd of fascicles or umbels, that they form as a 
 whole a dense and often showy panicle. Sepals and petals five, the 
 latter of hooded form, narrowing at the base to a slender stalk. The 
 leaves afford useful distinguishing characters : one group has them 
 opposite, the other alternate; and the species of the latter group are 
 again divisible according to the veining, some having three, more or less 
 prominent veins, and some being pinnate- or feather-veined. The species 
 here mentioned may be classified as follows : 
 
 I. LEAVES OPPOSITE. 
 
 1. Cuneatus. Leaves dull green, entire. 
 
 2. Riguius. Leaves bright green, often coarsely toothed. 
 
 II. LEAVES ALTERNATE, THREE- VEINED, DECIDUOUS. 
 
 3. Amerieanus. Leaves bright green, ovate-cordate, downy; flowers A\hite, 
 
 4. Ovaius. Leaves bright green, narrow oval, glabrous ; flowers white. 
 
 5. Azureus. Leaves very downy ; flowers blue. 
 
 6. Integer rimtts. Leaves dull glaucous green, entire. 
 
 7. Fcndleri. Leaves dull green, toothed towards the apex. 
 
 III. LEAVES ALTERNATE, THREE- VEINED, EVERGREEN. 
 
 8. Velutinus. Leaves ovate-cordate, varnished, viscid, resinous ; flowers white. 
 
 9. Thyrsiflorus. Leaves ovate, glossy, branches angled ; flowers blue. 
 
 10. Divaricatus. Leaves dull green, branches round, spinose ; flowers pale blue. 
 
 IV. LEAVES ALTERNATE, PINNATE- VEINED, EVERGREEN. 
 
 11. Papillosus. Leaves warted or papillose, narrow oblong. 
 
 12. Dentatus. Leaves not warted, obovate or oval. 
 
 Hybrids: Floribundus (nx?); Lobbianus (9x12), leaves three- 
 veined; Veitchianus (9 x 2), leaves pinnate-veined. 
 
 The Ceanothuses generally are tender, and, except where noted, should 
 be given the protection of a wall. Most of them may be multiplied by 
 means of cuttings put in during July or August in gentle heat. For 
 gardens generally the most useful kinds are the hybrids raised on the 
 Continent in large numbers mainly by crossing azureus, ovatus, and 
 americanus. Most of these are hardy. The following is a selection : 
 
 Arnoldii. Americanus x azureus ; pale blue. 
 Bleu celeste. Clusters broad, compact ; sky blue. 
 Carmen. Pink. 
 Delileanus. Clusters thinly furnished ; pale blue. 
 
316 CEANOTHUS 
 
 Flore pleno albo. Clusters compact ; soft pink and white. 
 
 Gloire de Versailles. Clusters large, rich blue, one of the best and hardiest. 
 
 Indigo. The deepest blue of all these hybrids, but tender. 
 
 Le Geant. Clusters 6 to 8 ins. long, narrow ; flowers white with reddish stalks. 
 
 Leon Simon. Clusters long, pale blue. 
 
 Perle rose. Clusters erect, pyramidal, pale rose. 
 
 President Reveil. Clusters long, soft pink. 
 
 Sceptre d'Azur. A fine strong grower, deep blue. 
 
 Virginal. Pure white. 
 
 These hybrids are extremely valuable in gardens because of their 
 flowering from July onwards some, like Gloire de Versailles, until the 
 frosts come. 
 
 C. AMERICANUS, Linn&US. NEW JERSEY TEA. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 1479.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub about 3 ft. high, with slightly downy or smooth young 
 wood and reddish roots. Leaves ovate, sometimes broadly heart-shaped ; 
 2 to 3 ins. long, f to 2 ins. wide ; finely toothed, downy especially beneath, 
 with three conspicuous veins ; leaf-stalks \ to | in. long. Flowers very small 
 and numerous, in a series of long-stalked, dense panicles proceeding from the 
 axils of the uppermost leaves of the current season's growth. The actual 
 cluster of flowers is I to 2 ins. long, on a downy stalk about twice its own 
 length, the individual flower very tiny, less than \ in. diameter, dull white, on 
 a thread-like stalk ^ in. long. Fruit dry, somewhat triangular, \ in. wide. 
 Flowers in June and July. 
 
 Native of the Eastern and Central States of N. America, and the oldest of 
 the genus in gardens, having been introduced to England in 1713. It is not 
 often seen true now, being largely superseded by the prettier and showier 
 hybrids, of which it is one of the parents. It requires no protection, and is, 
 perhaps, the hardiest in the genus. Its popular name is said to have arisen 
 from the leaves being used as a substitute for tea, especially during the 
 American Revolutionary war. Leaves alternate. 
 
 C. AZURE US, Desfontaines. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, up to 6 ft. high ; with the young wood, leaf-stalks, and 
 flower-stalks, also the under-surface of the leaves, covered with a greyish down 
 or felt. Leaves ovate, I to 2 ins. long, toothed, thick and felted beneath in a wild 
 state, thinner and less downy under cultivation here. Flowers of a deep blue, 
 and arranged in dense clusters on the upper part of panicles 3 to 6 ins. long, 
 which appear in the leaf-axils towards the end of the current season's growth. 
 
 Native of Mexico, whence it was introduced in 1818. It is not thoroughly 
 hardy at Kew except against a wall. One of the parents of the numerous race 
 of garden hybrids, its influence is always traceable in the fine blue flowers, the 
 downy leaves, and often the tender constitution of its progeny. The typical 
 plant, which flowers from July until the first frosts of autumn, is now 
 uncommon. Leaves alternate. 
 
 C. CUNEATUS, NuttalL 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 4 to 6 ft. high, of rather loose, straggling habit ; twigs 
 and leaves at first downy. Leaves entire, opposite, pinnate-veined, leathery in 
 texture, narrowly to broadly obovate, rounded at the apex, tapering to a short 
 stalk at the base ; \ to f in. long, dull grey-green, paler beneath. Flowers 
 dull white, or blue-tinted, produced on short axillary twigs, in short, dense, 
 rounded corymbs, \ to f in. across. 
 
CEANOTHUS 317 
 
 Spread over the whole length of California in a wild state, this species is, 
 in some parts, little better than a pest. A Californian writer (Mr G. Hansen) 
 observes that " it clothes hillsides for miles and miles, and gives them a greyish 
 green tint. Wherever man has done any cultivating, cleared an old wood 
 road, cut a trail, ploughed a furrow in years past, or still keeps cultivating, this 
 Ceanothus follows him like a nettle or chickweed." For gardens it has little to 
 recommend it, except that it is one of the hardiest species, and flowers freely 
 during May. 
 
 C. DENTATUS, Torrey and Gray. 
 
 This evergreen shrub, one of the most popular of the Ceanothuses in 
 gardens, is by some authorities regarded as a variety merely of C. papillosus. 
 The leaves are much smaller, usually ^ to i in. long, obovate or oval, the 
 margins decurved and set with gland-tipped teeth ; the upper surface is dark 
 shiny green, and rather resinous ; the under-surface covered with a close grey 
 felt ; venation pinnate. Flowers of a bright blue, in roundish clusters. P'rom 
 C. papillosus it differs most markedly in the absence of the warty excrescences 
 to which that species owes its name, but there are intermediate forms, and 
 one may occasionally find a leaf of C. dentatus showing traces of papillae. 
 C. dentatus occurs wild in the same region as C. papillosus (q.v.\ namely, the 
 Santa Cruz Mountains of California. A charming wall plant, and in the milder 
 counties hardy i.rthe open ground. Leaves alternate ; branchlets round. 
 
 C. DIVARICATU?, Nuttall. 
 
 Ar. evergreen shrub, with round, spreading, sometimes spinose branchlets. 
 Leaves alternate, ovate or oval, | to I in. long ; three-veined, downy beneath, 
 especially on the veins ; margins glandular toothed. Flowers light blue or 
 almost white, in slender panicles i to 4 ins. long. 
 
 Native of S. California. It is, perhaps, doubtful if this species be at present 
 in cultivation, the plant generally cultivated under the name being one of the 
 several forms of C. thyrsiflorus. The true plant is distinguishable by its dull 
 leaves, its round, occasionally spinose branches, and its resinous fruits. It is 
 not so ornamental a shrub as thyrsiflorus, and amongst cultivated species is 
 most nearly related to C. Fendleri. 
 
 C. FENDLERT, A. Gray. 
 
 A twiggy, deciduous shrub, 4 to 6 ft. high ; with round, downy, spinose 
 branchlets. Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate to ovate, I in. or less long ; 
 three-veined, short-stalked, downy especially beneath ; glandular-toothed 
 towards the apex, or entire ; of a dull grey green. Flowers bluish white, in a 
 cluster of umbels or fascicles at the end of the twigs, each cluster | to f in. 
 across. 
 
 Native of the Rocky Mountains, from Colorado and New Mexico to 
 Arizona, up to 8000 ft. altitude. This Ceanothus withstood the winter of 
 1908-9 better than any other West American species, but it is one of the 
 least showy, its foliage being dull and its flowers of an indeterminate hue. 
 Introduced about 1898. 
 
 C. INTEGERRIMUS, Hooker and Amott. DEER BUSH. 
 (Bot. Mag., 1/7640.) 
 
 A deciduous or sub-evergreen shrub, 10 ft. or more high, with roundish, 
 rather erect, slender branchlets, downy when young, soon becoming smooth. 
 
318 CEANOTHUS 
 
 Leaves alternate, broadly ovate, i| to 3 ins. long, more or less conspicuously 
 three-veined, dull glaucous green," and not toothed at the margin ; stalk to 
 | in. long. Flowers rather variable in colour, from white to several shades of 
 pale blue, produced in cylindrical racemes, a large number of which at the 
 end of each branch form a fine panicle of blossom 9 to 12 ins. long and 3 to 
 4 ins. broad. 
 
 Native of California, where it was discovered by David Douglas in 1833, 
 but not introduced till about twenty years later. It flowers in June, and is one 
 of the most elegant wall plants of that season, producing its long, graceful 
 panicles in great profusion. It needs the shelter of a wall. In a wild state it 
 occurs through the entire length of California, and shows considerable varia- 
 tion. The most distinct form is a small-leaved one var. PARVIFOLIUS (C. 
 parvifolius, Trelease) ; C. NEVADENSIS, Kellogg^ is probably also a form of 
 this species. 
 
 C. OVATUS, Desfontames. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 2 to 3 ft. high, with viscid, slightly downy young stems. 
 Leaves alternate, narrow oval, I to 2^ ins. long, \ to 1 in. wide, bluntish or pointed 
 at the apex, tapered or rounded at the base ; smooth and glossy, or slightly 
 hairy beneath ; stalk slender, \ to \ in. long. Flowers white, produced in 
 short-stalked, rounded clusters, the whole forming a loose panicle. 
 
 Native of S.E. and Central United States. It differs from C. americanus 
 by its smoother, differently shaped leaves, never heart-shaped at the base, 
 and shorter-stalked flower clusters. It flowers from June onwards, but the true 
 plant is not common in gardens. 
 
 Var. PUBESCENS, Torrey (C. pubescens, Rydberg], is similar to the type in 
 habit, but the young shoots and the under-surface of the leaves are permanently 
 downy. 
 
 C. PAPILLOSUS, Torrey. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4815.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, up 10 or 12 ft. high, with round, very downy branchlets. 
 Leaves alternate, pinnately veined, short-stalked, from \ to 2 ins. long, \ to \ 
 in. wide, narrowly oblong, the margin decurved and set with glandular teeth, 
 the upper surface shining and furnished with conspicuous wart-like excres- 
 cences (papillae), which are also glandular. Flowers in terminal or axillary 
 racemes, i to \\ ins. long, and of a delicate shade of blue. 
 
 Discovered in 1833 by David Douglas in California ; introduced by W. 
 Lobb about 1850. It attains its fullest development in the Santa Cruz 
 Mountains, forming on the lower parts of that range a densely branched shrub 
 with very papillose leaves. Whilst this papillose surface of the leaves furnishes 
 the most noticeable character of the species in its typical form, it does not 
 appear to be a constant one. Higher up the same mountains other 
 Ceanothuses appear with much smaller leaves, more decurved at the margins, 
 and without papillae on the surface ; the flowers, too, are deeper blue. These 
 are considered to be forms of C. papillosus, one of them possibly that 
 mysterious plant figured in September 1854. in the Botanical Magazine, t. 
 4806, with dense, globular corymbs of mazarine-blue flowers, under the name 
 of C. FLORIBUNDUS, Hooker. It was introduced by W. Lobb, but has never since 
 apparently been found wild ; the only specimen in the Kew Herbarium is the 
 one from Messrs Veitch's nursery at Exeter, from which the above-mentioned 
 plate was made in 1854. Descendants of the original plant may be still in 
 cultivation, but it is doubtful. 
 
CEANOTHUS 
 
 3.19 
 
 C. RIGIDUS, Nuttall. 
 (Hot. Mag., t. 4664.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 6 to 12 ft. high in this country, with numerous stiff, 
 downy branchlets, and abundant, closely packed foliage. Leaves opposite, 
 5 to ^ in. long ; wedge-shaped, coarsely toothed, and decurved at the apex ; 
 dark "glossy green above, greyish and downy between the veins beneath. 
 Flowers deep purplish blue in short-stalked axillary umbels about \ in. across, 
 but so plentiful as to transform the whole shoot into a stiff panicle of blossom. 
 
 CEANOTHUS RIGIDUS. 
 
 Native of the coast ranges of Central and S. California, and of Monterey 
 where it was found by Hartweg, and introduced for the Horticutural Society 
 
 i47. One of the most beautiful of the Ceanothuses, this, unfortunately, is 
 
 3 one of the tenderest. Against a wall at Kew it grows and flowers well 
 cry season, but in very hard winters is injured or killed even with that 
 -otection It has no chance at all in the open. Like some other species, it is 
 Dt long-lived, and the stock should be renewed occasionally by means of 
 The plants are better in pots until finally planted out. It flowers 
 om April to June. Nuttall's type differs from the plant commonest in 
 
 Uivation m having scarcely toothed leaves and shorter flower-stalks. 
 
320 CEANOTHUS 
 
 C. THYRSIFLORUS, Eschscholtz. CALIFORNIAN LlLAC. 
 
 An evergreen shrub or small tree, 15 to 30 ft. high in this country, but half 
 as high again in a wild state. Young branchlets angled, slightly downy or 
 smooth. Leaves alternate, three-veined, smooth and glossy green above ; 
 green and either smooth or downy on the three veins beneath ; glandular- 
 toothed, ovate, I to \\ ins. long ; leaf-stalk about one-third the length of the 
 blade. Flowers pale blue, in roundish stalked clusters I to 3 ins. long, pro- 
 duced from the leaf-axils of the previous season's growth, and surmounted by 
 the growing leafy shoots of the current season. 
 
 Native of California ; introduced in 1837. According to Sargent it attains 
 its greatest size in the redwood forests of the Santa Cruz Mountains, This, 
 which is often seen in gardens and nurseries under the wrong name of 
 C. divaricatus, is the hardiest of the taller-growing Ceanothuses. At Kew, 
 quite unprotected, and in an exposed position, it has grown 20 ft. high, and 
 withstood all but the severest winters uninjured ; at Warley Place, in Essex, it 
 is 10 ft. higher. Farther north it will make an admirable evergreen for walls. 
 It flowers in May and June in great profusion, and is the most striking among 
 the really hardy species. It exhibits considerable variation in a wild state, in 
 stature, size of leaf, and in the colour of the flowers, which are sometimes 
 almost white. The basal pair of veins extend almost to the apex of the leaf. 
 
 Var. GRISEUS, Trelease. A very vigorous, large-leaved variety, found only 
 in Monterey, California ; it has broader leaves, very glossy deep green above, 
 dull and grey beneath. Flowers pale lilac. The largest leaves are if ins. 
 long by i \ ins. wide. Not so hardy as the type, but an admirable wall plant. 
 
 C. LOBBIANUS, Hooker (Bot. Mag., t. 4811), appears to be near C. 
 ihyrsiflorus. It has been suggested that it is a hybrid between that species 
 and C. dentatus, a theory the combination of three-veined leaves and round 
 branches supports. I am not aware that it has ever been reintroduced or 
 even found again since it was first sent home by W. Lobb from California in 
 the early "fifties" of In st century. It is cultivated sometimes as "dentatus," 
 sometimes as " Veitchianus," from both of which its distinctly three-nerved 
 leaves distinguish it. Flowers bright blue. 
 
 C. VEITCHIANUS, Hooker, 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 5127.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 10 ft. or more high, with green glossy leaves, which are 
 obovate, wedge-shaped, rounded at the apex, glandular toothed, greyish beneath. 
 Flowers in dense heads i to 2 ins. long, bright deep blue. This plant was 
 originally introduced from California by W. Lobb about 1853. It does not 
 appear to have been found wild since, and is of somewhat uncertain relationship. 
 It has been suggested that it is a hybrid between C. thyrsiflorus and some 
 other species, probably rigidus ; the pinnate veins of the leaf and the greyish 
 under-surface support this view. There is often a suggestion of the triple 
 nerves of C. thyrsiflorus at the base of the leaf. The identity of the plant is 
 also clouded by Hooker's original description in the Botanical Magazine, loc. 
 cit., which alludes to the branchlets as "terete and perfectly glabrous," whereas 
 his own type specimen in the Kew Herbarium has them downy. It is still 
 found in nurseries, sometimes as " C. dentatus," and is a handsome wall 
 shrub ; in sheltered spots it is hardy in the open. 
 
 C. VELUTINUS, Douglas. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 5165.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 8 to 10 ft. high (probably more in a wild state), with 
 stout, smooth branchlets. Leaves prominently three-veined, i| to 3 ins. long, 
 
CEANOTHUS CEDRELA 
 
 321 
 
 fwo-thirds as much wide ; broadly ovate or roundish, often with a slightly 
 heart-shaped base, finely toothed ; very shiny and dark green above, downy 
 and much paler beneath. Flowers dull white, crowded on stout panicles 
 which are 4 to 5 ins. long, and spring from the leaf-axils. 
 
 Native of California ; first discovered by Douglas ; introduced by W. Lobb 
 about 1853. Its most distinctive feature is its large,, dark green foliage, 
 so glossy as to appear varnished ; the flowers are not very showy, and appear 
 late in the season. It requires the protection of a wall. 
 
 Var. UEVIGATUS. This, which has leaves quite smooth, is represented by 
 a plant growing on a wall at Kew. It flowers every year in October and 
 November, and is at all times striking for its large, leathery, varnished 
 green leaves, which, as in the type, are quite viscous during the summer, 
 and have a distinct resinous odour. 
 
 CEANOIHUS VELUTINUS var. L^EVIGATUS. 
 
 CEDRELA SINENSIS, Jussieu. CHINESE "CEDAR." 
 
 MELIACE^E. 
 (Ailanthus flavescens, Carriere ; Toona sinensis, Roemer.*) 
 
 A handsome deciduous tree, reaching 60 to 70 ft. in height in China, 
 but at present not much more than half as high anywhere in Britain ; 
 young branch lets downy ; old bark peeling off in long strips. Leaves 
 pinnate, i to 2 ft. long, composed of from five to twelve pairs of leaflets, 
 often of even numbers on one leaf (pari-pinnate). Leaflets very shortly 
 stalked, 2\ to 4 ins. long, ovate-lanceolate,- the apex drawn out into a long 
 fine point, the base unequal at each side the midrib, ultimately nearly or 
 quite smooth. Flowers in terminal panicles i ft. long, whitish, fragrant, 
 
 X 
 
322 CEDRELA CEDRUS 
 
 short-stalked (not yet seen in this country). Fruit a capsule about 
 i in. long ; seeds winged. 
 
 Although known to botanists since 1743, this tree was not introduced 
 to Europe until 1862. It was at first called Ailanthus flavescens, by 
 which name it is still sometimes known, but is easily distinguished from 
 true Ailanthus by the entire margins of the leaflets and the absence of 
 glandular teeth there. It is a native of North and West China, and in 
 the latter region many seeds were collected by Wilson on his last journey, 
 so the tree is likely to become more common in future. At present it is 
 rather rare except for newly raised plants. As is the case with nearly all 
 trees of timber-producing size, this is best raised from seed, but failing 
 them, root-cuttings may be employed. The popular name of " Chinese 
 Cedar "refers to its relationship with the "cedar" of the West Indies 
 (Cedrela odorata) ; but it has, of course, no affinity with the true cedars. 
 It is said to thrive well in calcareous soils. The young shoots and 
 leaves are boiled and eaten as a vegetable by the Chinese. 
 
 CEDRUS. CEDARS. CONIFERS. 
 
 A group of three, or, if the Cyprian cedar be regarded as more than a 
 variety, four species of evergreen trees, forming a very homogeneous group. 
 They are as closely allied to each other as they are markedly distinct 
 from other coniferous trees. Sir Joseph Hooker and other authorities 
 regarded them all as geographical forms of one species. Most closely 
 allied to them are the larches, deciduous though these are. Given space 
 for lateral development, old cedars become flat-topped, and their branches 
 grow horizontally. As in the larches and some other conifers, the 
 branchlets are of two kinds: (i) leading ones, which grow considerably 
 (at least several inches) during the summer, and bear the leaves singly 
 and spirally arranged; and, (2) short, spur-like ones, which lengthen a 
 fraction of an inch only per annum, and have the leaves crowded in a 
 dense tuft at .the end. The latter kind are capable of developing into the 
 former. Flowers of both sexes appear on the same tree, usually on the 
 upper side of the branches. Males very densely set in erect, finger-shaped 
 cones, 2 to 3 ins. long; J to f in. wide, shedding clouds of yellow pollen 
 when ripe. Females in stout, erect cones, purplish at first, ultimately 
 3 to 5 ins. long, flat or depressed at the top, the scales broad and closely 
 overlapping ; seeds winged. 
 
 The cedars all like a deep, loamy soil, well-drained but moist. They 
 are admirably adapted for growing as specimen trees on lawns, and for 
 this purpose should be planted when not more than 4 to 6 ft. high. It is 
 necessary to propagate some of the garden varieties by grafting on their 
 typical forms, but they are of little importance. .Trees raised from seed 
 will always grow better and give the greater pleasure. 
 
 The timber of all ttye cedars as produced on their native mountains is 
 valuable, but as grown in our milder, softer climate, it is not so hard and 
 durable. The timber of English-grown Lebanon cedar is sometimes 
 handsomely grained, and may be used for indoor purposes. 
 
CEDRUS 323 
 
 C. ATLANTIC A, Manet ti. ATLAS CEDAR. 
 
 A tree up to 120 ft. high, pyramidal when young, ultimately assuming, 
 at least in a wild state, the flat-topped shape with horizontally spreading 
 branches, characteristic of the cedar of Lebanon ; young shoots downy. 
 Leaves \ to i in. long, needle-like, stouter than in C. Libani, f curved towards 
 the tip fvarying in colour from green to silvery. Cones 3 ins. long, i^ to 2. 
 ins. wide, cylindrical. 
 
 Native of Algeria and Morocco on the Atlas Mountains ; introduced about 
 1844. This cedar is very hardy, and is thriving splendidly in various parts 
 of the British Isles. At Kew, on dry, hot soil it grows more quickly and 
 withstands London smoke better than either the Lebanon cedar or the deodar. 
 It is difficult to distinguish it in a young state from C. Libani, but its twigs 
 are always downy, and more so than those of the Lebanon species. Its 
 cones, too, do not taper above the middle so much. The leading shoot 
 of C. atlantica is always stiffly erect, and this has been considered to 
 furnish another distinction from C. Libani, by reason of the latter having 
 a drooping one (see J. D. Hooker in Natural History Review, January 
 1862). The Atlas cedar varies much in the hue of its foliage; the following 
 varieties are distinguished : 
 
 Var. AUREA. Leaves of a yellowish colour. This is only propagated 
 by grafting, and is not so vigorous as seedling trees. 
 
 Var. GLAUCA. Leaves of a more or less silvery hue ; the most striking 
 form has been named "argentea," in which the whole tree is of a beautiful 
 pale grey-blue colour. Ordinary var. glauca can often be selected among 
 batches of seedlings, and there is every gradation between it and what we 
 regard as the green type in nature as well as in gardens. 
 
 Var. 'PENDULA. A curious form, with long, slender, whip-like branches. 
 
 C. DEODARA, LdWSOn. DEODAR. 
 
 A tree up to 250 ft. high in a wild state, forming in age, like the Lebanon 
 and Atlas cedars, a flat, spreading top where there is room for lateral 
 expansion ; of broadly pyramidal form when young. Leading shoot arching ; 
 branchlets pendulous at the ends, always downy. Leaves I to i^ (occasionally 
 2) ins. long, needle-like. Cones about 4 ins. long, 3 ins. wide, broadly egg- 
 shaped, as yet infrequently borne with us. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya; introduced by the Hon. Leslie Melville in 1831. 
 Whilst the deodar is undoubtedly the tenderest of the cedars, it is the most 
 elegant in a young state. Few coniferous trees are, indeed, so graceful. 
 It is on this account (as well as by its longer leaves) easily distinguished from 
 the other two, which have more or less erect leading shoots and stiff 
 branchlets. The young twigs of the deodar, too, are as a rule distinctly more 
 downy. Like the other cedars, it varies considerably in the hue of its foliage, 
 which usually is of a grey or glaucous green. Numerous variations have 
 appeared in cultivation, the more important ones being as follows : 
 
 Var. ALBO-SPICA. Tips of young shoots white. 
 
 Var. CRASSIFOLIA. Stiff-habited tree ; leaves thicker and shorter. 
 
 Var. PENDULA. Leading shoot very pendulous, and needing support if 
 the tree is desired to increase in height. 
 
 Var. ROBUSTA. A very distinct form easily distinguished by the stoutness 
 and length (2 ins.) of its leaves ; rather pendulous. 
 
 Var. VIRIDIS. Foliage grass green. 
 
324 CEDRUS CELASTRUS 
 
 C. LIBANI, Barretter. CEDAR OF LEBANON. 
 
 A tree 80 to 120 ft. high and 4 ft. to 8 ft. in diameter of trunk, pyramidal 
 when young, ultimately flat and spreading at the top, and developing huge 
 horizontal branches ; young shoots usually furnished with a minute down. 
 Leaves f to i^ ins. long, needle-like, but thickest towards the end. Cones 
 3 to 5 ins. long, 2 to 2^ ins. wide, barrel-shaped. 
 
 Native of Mount Lebanon in Palestine, and of the Cilician Taurus in 
 Asia Minor ; introduced in the latter half of the seventeenth century, probably 
 between 1670 and 1680. Irrespective of its sacred and historical associations, 
 no tree ever introduced to our islands has added more to the charm of gardens 
 than the cedar of Lebanon. Its thick, stately trunk and noble crown of wide- 
 spreading, horizontal branches give to it an air of distinction no other tree at 
 present can rival, although in course of time, perhaps, the Atlas cedar will 
 assume a similar form. The largest specimen on Mount Lebanon is over 
 40 ft. in girth of trunk. The finest tree known to Mr Elwes in the British Isles 
 is at Pains Hill, near Cobham ; in 1904 it was found by him to be 115 to 120 ft. 
 high and 26 ft. 5 ins. in girth. There are still numerous stately trees in the 
 suburbs of London, but they are, alas ! steadily becoming fewer and less 
 vigorous ; and until there is a revolution in the methods of consuming coal in 
 the metropolis, the gaps will never be filled. It appears to thrive best in the 
 warmer, drier parts of the country, and likes a deep, loamy soil. All the finest 
 specimens are in the south of England. (See atlantica for distinctions between 
 the two.) 
 
 Var. ARGENTEA, Antoine. Leaves of a very glaucous hue. Native of 
 Cilicia. 
 
 Var. BREVIFOLIA, Hooker fil. (C. brevifolia, Henry}. Cyprian Cedar. This 
 differs from the Lebanon cedar in its shorter leaves (j to \ in. long), and 
 smaller cylindrical cones. Discovered in Cyprus in 1879 ; introduced to Kew 
 two years later. It does not promise to be of so much garden value as the 
 other cedars, having much the aspect of a very starved C. atlantica or 
 C. Libani. The trees on the mountains of Cyprus average about 40 ft. 
 in height. 
 
 Var. DECIDUA, Carriere. Both in the Atlas and Lebanon cedars one 
 occasionally sees forms that lose all or most of their leaves in winter. They 
 are usually stiff in habit, short-leaved, and slow-growing. It is questionable 
 whether these characters are not merely due to inferior vigour. 
 
 CELASTRUS. CELASTRACE^:. 
 
 Vigorous climbers, or shrubs of a loose, spreading habit, with alternate, 
 deciduous leaves. Flowers small, greenish yellow or white, of little beauty ; 
 in terminal or axillary clusters, with the sexes sometimes on separate 
 plants. Fruit very handsome ; usually a three-lobed capsule, which when 
 ripe 'splits open, revealing its highly coloured inner surface and trie 
 fleshy covering of the seeds, also highly coloured and known as the 
 aril. The climbing species are admirable for covering rough oak 
 branches 10 to 1^5 ft. high set in the ground, old trees, or for planting 
 anywhere where the twining shoots may firmly attach themselves and 
 secure the plant, yet at the same time allow many of the long, slender 
 shoots to hang unrestrained in free air. No systematic pruning is required 
 except such as is necessary out of considerations of space, and this should 
 be done as soon as the fruits have fallen in winter. Seeds afford an 
 
t 
 
 CEDAR OF LEBANON, Cedrus Libani. 
 
 {Face p. 324. 
 
CELASTRUS 325 
 
 abundant means of propagation, and the plants also layer very freely. 
 All of them are gross feeders, and like a deep, loamy soil. 
 
 X 
 
 C. ARTICULATUS, Thunberg. 
 
 (Garden and Forest, 1890, fig. 73 ; C. orbiculatus, Thunberg?) 
 
 A strong, vigorous climber, growing 30 to 40 ft. high, young stems twining, 
 armed with a pair of spines at each bud in a young state, which become almost 
 obsolete later. Leaves shallow-toothed, 2 to 5 ins. long, variable in shape, 
 but usually either obovate or nearly orbicular ; with a long, slender apex, or a 
 short, abrupt one, narrowing at the base to stalks ^ to i in. long. Flowers 
 two to four together in small axillary cymes i in. long, each flower \ in. across, 
 green. The fruit is at first a green, pea-shaped, three-valved capsule; but when 
 mature the valves open and turn back, revealing their golden yellow inner 
 surface, and the shining scarlet-coated seeds within. 
 
 This beautiful climber is widely spread over N.E. Asia, and seeds were 
 first sent to Kew by Prof. Sargent in 1870, and by the late Dr Bretschneider 
 from Pekin in 1883. But the species is by no means so well known as it 
 ought to be, for it is the most striking of all hardy climbers during November, 
 December, and January. At that season each branch is furnished from end to 
 end with hundreds of the brilliantly coloured fruits, which remain for at least 
 two months in full beauty, each branch a wreath of gold and scarlet. Fortun- 
 ately, the fruits appear to have no attractions for birds. The species is perfectly 
 hardy, and planted in good loam soon makes a fine growth. It may be grown 
 over a pyramid of rough oak branches, or better still, on some decrepit 
 deciduous tree. Once attached to any support round which its stems can 
 twine, it soon makes good its hold. 
 
 C. FLAGELLARIS, Ruprecht. 
 
 A deciduous climber, with slender, twining stems ultimately 25 ft. high, 
 not downy, but armed with short, decurved, hooked spines, in pairs at each 
 joint. Leaves rounded or oval, f to -2\ ins. long, from two-thirds to nearly as 
 wide, the base broadly wedge-shaped, the apex abruptly pointed, the margin 
 set with bristle-like teeth, both sides bright green, and smooth except for 
 minute roughnesses on the veins beneath : stalk up to i \ ins. long. Flowers small 
 and green ; short-stalked, one to three together, axillary on short twigs of the 
 previous year. Capsules orange-yellow ; seed-coat red ; seeds ripe in October. 
 
 Native of Manchuria and Corea ; known to botany since 1857, but only 
 introduced to Kew in 1906. It has axillary flowers and fruit like C. articulatus, 
 but its stems are more slender and crowded, and in a young state at least much 
 more spiny. It is quite distinct from that and other species in the compara- 
 tively very long leaf-stalk. It bore fruit at Kew in 1914, but is not so handsome 
 as articulatus. 
 
 C. HYPOLEUCUS, Warburg. 
 
 (C. hypoglaucus, Hemsley.*) 
 
 A large, deciduous climber, whose young shoots are covered with a purplish 
 waxy bloom, not downy. Leaves oblong or obovate, smooth, 4 to 6 ins. long, 
 2 to 2| ins. wide ; the apex contracted abruptly into a short point, dark green 
 above, blue-white beneath, the margin toothed. Flowers produced in a long 
 terminal raceme, and in the axils of the uppermost leaves ; each flower \ in 
 across, yellowish. Fruit in racemes as much as 8 ins. long, about the size of 
 
326 CELASTRUS CELTIS 
 
 a large pea, green until the valves split open, then showing the yellow interior 
 and the red covering of the seeds. 
 
 Native of the provinces of Hupeh and Szechuen in China ; discovered by 
 Henry, but introduced by Wilson for Messrs Veitch about 1900. It is appar- 
 ently quite hardy both at Kew "and Coombe Wood, and is a handsome and 
 distinct climber, well marked by the glaucous under-surface of the leaves and 
 the terminal inflorescence. 
 
 C. LATIFOLIUS, Hemsley. 
 
 A deciduous, unisexual shrub of striking appearance and remarkable vigour ; 
 ultimately 10 ft. high and 20 to 30 ft. through, with strong, spreading branches 
 prominently marked with pale lenticels, becoming corky the second year. 
 Leaves much larger than in any other hardy species ; from 4 to 8 ins. long, by 
 2^ to 6 ins. wide ; broadly oval or almost orbicular, with a short, abrupt, blunt 
 apex, shallow rounded teeth at the margin, and a short stalk from to i in. 
 long. Flowers small, greenish, produced in a terminal panicle 4 to 6 ins. long 
 and 2 ins. wide. Fruit a roundish, obscurely three-sided capsule \ in. across ; 
 when the valves of the capsule burst open, they show the orange-coloured inner 
 surface and the bright red, fleshy covering of the seeds. 
 
 Native of the Hupeh province of China ; introduced by Messrs Veitch in 
 1900. A plant has flowered with great freedom for some years past at Kew ; 
 but as it is a male, and no female plant is at present old enough to blossom, 
 fruits are as yet unknown in this country. But as large numbers of plants are 
 now scattered over the country, it will no doubt soon be seen in fruit. The 
 dioecious character of the species is a disadvantage in gardens, as it is necessary 
 to have two plants to obtain fruits, which with such large, spreading ones as 
 this is not always convenient. 
 
 C. SCANDENS, Linnceus. STAFF-TREE. 
 
 A deciduous, unisexual climber with twining branches, running freely over 
 trees, shrubs, hedges, etc., in a wild state. Leaves ovate or obovate, elliptical, 
 2 to 4 ins. long, finely and irregularly toothed ; the apex sharply pointed, 
 and either short and abrupt or long and tapering. Flowers in terminal 
 racemes or panicles, small, yellowish white, of little beauty. Fruit in heavy, 
 cylindrical masses 2 or 3 ins. long, each fruit at first the size of a large 
 pea with three valves, which eventually split open and show their orange- 
 coloured inner surface, and at the same time expose the brilliant scarlet pulpy 
 covering of the seeds. It is then an object of singular beauty. 
 
 Introduced by Peter Collinson in 1736, this climber has never become 
 widely cultivated. Apparently it does not fruit with the freedom that renders 
 it one of the most beautiful autumnal plants of the eastern United States, 
 where it is a native. Most, if not all, plants are unisexual, so that one 
 of each sex should be planted together to form one tangle. Visitors to 
 Niagara Falls will recall the grace and beauty of this climber on Goat Island, 
 where it is very abundant, and, along with Vitis bicolor, gives an effect of 
 almost tropical luxuriance. 
 
 CELTIS. NETTLE-TREES. URTICACE^:, 
 
 A group of deciduous, unarmed trees, sometimes shrubs, allied to the 
 elms, consisting of fifty to sixty species, a small proportion only of which 
 are hardy. They are found in S.E. Europe, the ^)rient, N. America, and 
 China. Leaves alternate, mostly three-veined, and unequal-sided at the 
 
CELTIS 327 
 
 base. The nettle-trees have no beauty of flower, these being small and 
 greenish ; the flowers are unisexual, but both sexes occur on the same 
 tree, the male or pollen-bearing ones a few together in a cluster near the 
 base of the new growths ; the seed-bearing or female flowers solitary, or 
 two or three together in the axils of the young leaves. Fruit a drupe, 
 solitary on a slender stalk, one-seeded. The fruit affords the best dis- 
 tinction between the nettle-trees and the elms, the latter having dry, 
 winged fruits. 
 
 As garden trees the species of Celtis make elegant and shapely 
 specimens, yet of no particular merit or beauty, except that the leaves of 
 several of them turn bright yellow in autumn. In warmer countries the 
 timber is valuable, especially that of C. australis. The fruit of this 
 species is sweet, and is said to have been the lotus of the ancients that 
 delicious fruit which constituted the food of the Lotophagi, and made 
 those who ate it forget their own country (Treasury of Botany ^ i., p. 245). 
 Other species have fruits edible in their native countries. 
 
 The nettle-trees like a good loamy soil and a well-drained position. 
 They are best propagated by seeds, but when these are not obtainable 
 grafting on stocks of C. occidentalis must be resorted to. Seeds of this 
 species, if they do not ripen here, are always obtainable from American 
 seedsmen. 
 
 There is little to distinguish the different cultivated species in a 
 general way, except the leaves. Of those here dealt with, C. glabrata and 
 C. Davidiana are distinct in having no down on the leaves ; C. missis- 
 sippiensis is the only one with uniformly or nearly uniformly entire 
 leaves ; and C. australis has lanceolate, very downy leaves. 
 
 C. AUSTRALIS, Linnceus* 
 
 A tree up to 50 or 70 ft. high, with a grey, smooth, beech-like trunk, 
 sometimes 10 ft. in girth ; young shoots hairy. Leaves lanceolate or ovate- 
 lanceolate, wedge-shaped at the base, rounded on vigorous shoots, the apex 
 long, tapering, often tail-like, coarsely toothed ; 2 to 5 ins. long, f to \\ ins. 
 wide ; upper side covered with short, stiff hairs which partially fall away, 
 leaving bases which roughen the surface ; covered beneath with soft down ; 
 stalk downy, \ to \ in. long. Fruit globose, \ to \ in. long, reddish then 
 brown, on a very slender stalk about i in. long. 
 
 Native of S. Europe and the Orient ; cultivated in England since the 
 sixteenth century by Gerard and others, but never common. I have raised 
 it several times from seed obtained from various places in S. Europe ; but 
 although it makes coarse growths 4 or 5 ft. long during summer, these are 
 cut back almost to the base by moderately severe frost. As this is repeated 
 every winter, the base becomes stunted and diseased, and the trees rarely 
 survive more than a few years. The large trees mentioned by Loudon 
 in 1838 as being at Kew and elsewhere were probably some other species. 
 What it lacks here, no doubt, is the ripening influences on the wood of 
 its native sun'shine. In the south of Europe it is believed to attain the age 
 of one thousand years, and its timber is tough and valuable. In the suburbs 
 of Italian and Dalmatian cities I have seen it as a pleasing small street 
 tree, with neat, rounded heads and smooth, handsome trunks. The leaves of 
 young seedling trees are often blotched quite conspicuously with yellow. 
 
328 CELTI& 
 
 C. CAUCASICA, Willdenow. CAUCASIAN NETTLE-TREE. 
 
 A medium-sized tree with a greyish trunk and limbs, and a bushy head of 
 branches ; young shoots downy. Leaves obliquely ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
 slenderly (often rather abruptly) pointed, coarsely toothed ; 2$ to 4 ins. long, 
 broadly wedge-shaped at the base ; upper surface covered when young with 
 short, bristle-like hairs which mostly fall away, leaving it slightly rough ; 
 lower surface covered at first with softer down, most of which also falls 
 away except on the midrib and veins ; stalk downy, ^ to ^ in. long. Fruit 
 in. diameter, yellow, borne on a slender stalk about I in. long. 
 
 Native of Afghanistan, N. India, Caucasus, etc. ; raised at Kew from seed 
 sent from Afghanistan by the late Dr Aitchison when he was attached 
 to the Delimitation Commission (1884-5). It * s ver Y closely allied to 
 C. australis, but is evidently a much hardier tree, and far better adapted 
 for cultivation in the south of England. It differs from that species in its 
 comparatively shorter, broader leaves with less drawn-out points, less downy, 
 and usually more coarsely toothed. 
 
 C. DAVIDIANA, Carriere. 
 
 A small tree 20 ft. or perhaps more high, forming a rounded, bushy head ; 
 young shoots slightly downy at first, becoming smooth by autumn. Leaves 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 3^ ins. long, I to if ins. wide ; rounded, unequal 
 sided, and three-nerved at the base ; taper-pointed, with a few remote teeth 
 towards the apex only, sometimes almost entire ; dark glossy green and smooth 
 above, paler and glossy beneath, with small tufts of down in the lower vein- 
 axils ; stalk \ to \ in. long, slightly downy. Fruits egg-shaped, black, on 
 slender stalks f in. long. 
 
 Native of N. China in mountainous regions ; also found by Henry in the 
 mountains of Hupeh. It was introduced to Kew in 1882, by means of seed 
 sent by the late Dr Bretschneider, and collected on the hills north of Pekin. 
 It is extremely rare in cultivation, but is a striking and handsome species, 
 very distinct in its lustrous, almost quite smooth leaves. (See also C. glabrata.) 
 It has not borne fruit in this country yet, but a tree raised from seed sent by 
 the Abbe David to the Jardin des Plantes at Paris in 1868, bore, fruit there 
 in 1894. 
 
 There has recently (in 1910) been introduced a nettle-tree under the name 
 of C. SINENSIS, Persoon, similar in the hard texture and very glossy upper 
 surface of its leaves to C. Davidiana, but its young shoots are clothed with 
 minute hairs and the obliquely ovate leaves are conspicuously toothed towards 
 the apex. The two are closely allied. Native of Japan and China. 
 
 C. GLABRATA, Steven. 
 
 A small tree 'or shrub with a rounded head of branches ; young shoots 
 furnished at first with minute scattered down, becoming quite smooth later. 
 Leaves obliquely ovate ; I to i\ ins. long, to if ins. wide ; markedly 
 unequal-sided at the base, being usually rounded on one side the stalk and 
 tapered on tile' other ; the apex pointed ; margins set with large, incurved 
 teeth except near the base ; upper surface dark green, not downy, but covered 
 with minute warts which render it rough ; lower surface paler and smooth, 
 except for scattered minute bristles on the veins, only visible under the lens. 
 Fruits globose, reddish brown, \ in. diameter, on stalks \ to I in. long. 
 
 Native of the Caucasus and Asia Minor ; introduced to Kew from Van 
 Volxem's nursery in 1870. The species had no doubt been introduced to 
 cultivation by the late Jean Van Volxem, who had collected plants in the 
 Caucasus about ten years previously. It is distinct from the other species 
 
CELTIS -CEPH AL ANTHUS 329 
 
 4 
 
 except C. Davidiana, in its glabrous leaves, and from that species is distin- 
 guished by the conspicuous incurved teeth extending almost all round the 
 margins. 
 
 C. MISSISSIPPIENSIS, Bosc. MISSISSIPPI SUGARBERRY. 
 
 A tree 60 to 80 ft. high in its native country, with a trunk 6 to 9 ft. in 
 girth ; young shoots smooth. Leaves 3 ins. long, i \ ins. wide ; lanceolate or 
 oval-lanceolate ; rounded or wedge-shaped, unequal and three-nerved at the 
 base ; long and taper-pointed ; margins entire or nearly so ; dark green, and 
 soon quite smooth above, paler beneath, with scattered hairs on the veins and 
 tufts of down in .the vein-axils ; stalks at first downy then smooth, to \ in. 
 long. Fruit egg-shaped, in. long, orange-red. 
 
 Native of the southern United States ; very rare in cultivation. There is a 
 small healthy tree at Kew, raised from seed sent by Prof. Sargent in 1877. It 
 is distinct from all other cultivated species by its leaves being without teeth. 
 
 C. OCCIDENTALS, Linnczus. SUGARBERRY. 
 
 A tree up to 130 ft. high in a wild state (Sargent), with a trunk 6 to 12 ft. in 
 girth ; in cultivation in Britain it is rarely more than 50 to 60 ft. high ; bark 
 grey, rough, with corky excrescences ; young branchlets smooth or nearly so. 
 Leaves ovate, with an unequal, rounded, or somewhat heart-shaped base ; 
 usually long and taper-pointed ; 2 to 4 ins. long, i to 2 ins. wide ; sharply 
 toothed except towards the base, without or nearly without down and only 
 slightly rough above ; downy on the midrib and veins beneath : stalk \ to \ in. 
 long. Fruit ^ in. across, globose, yellowish or reddish, finally dark purple 
 when ripe, borne on a slender stalk \ to f in. long. This tree is variable in a 
 state of nature in regard to stature, foliage, form and colour of fruit, etc. ; but 
 these variations although great are not clearly correlated. Two forms, how- 
 ever, appear to be distinguishable from the type, and are by some botanists 
 regarded as species, viz. : 
 
 Var. CRASSIFOLIA (C. crassifolia, Lamarck). This is chiefly distinguished 
 by its invariably downy young shoots, and its often heart-shaped, much larger 
 leaves (2 to 6 ins. long, i to 3 ins. wide), very rough on the upper surface. In 
 cultivation this is a vigorous tree, .making arching or pendulous shoots several 
 feet long in a season, clothed with big leaves sometimes as much as 7 ins. by 
 4^ ins. Fruit the same as in occidentalis, except that it is commonly longer 
 sfalked. 
 
 Var. PUMILA (C. pumila, Pursk). Dwarf, often a mere shrub. 
 
 The sugarberry is the commonest species of Celtis in English gardens, and 
 thrives the best. It was introduced in 1656. Var. crassifolia, distinguished 
 by Emerson as the "hackberry," was introduced, according to Loudon, in 
 1812, but probably earlier. These are native of Eastern N. America. Var. 
 pumila, introduced to Kew from the Arnold Arboretum in 1905, extends more 
 to the west, Colorado, Utah, etc. 
 
 CEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS, Linnceus. BUTTON-BUSH. 
 
 RUBIACE^:. 
 
 A deciduous shrub from 3 to 6 ft., occasionally 10 ft. high, with 
 smooth, shining, olive-green young stems. Leaves opposite, in pairs 
 or in threes, oval or ovate, 2 to 5 ins. long, about half or scarcely half 
 as wide ; tapering at both ends, smooth and glossy dark green above, 
 
330 CEPHALANTHUS CEPHALOTAXUS f 
 
 paler and slightly downy on the midrib and veins beneath; stalks 
 ^ to J in. long. Flowers small, crowded in quite globular heads i to 
 ij ins. across, or, including the projecting styles, f in. more; these 
 heads are borne at the end of the shoot solitary or in fours, often 
 supplemented by others in the uppermost leaf-axils. Corolla creamy 
 white, with a slender tube and four-rounded lobes ; style very long. 
 
 Native of the eastern United States and Canada; introduced in 1735. 
 It reaches from New Brunswick to Florida, and the same species is said 
 to occur in Cuba. It is usually found in moist situations, and in 
 cultivation is averse to dryness at the root; it thrives well in a peaty 
 soil. Flowering in August, it is desirable on that account, and although 
 not showy, is interesting as the only hardy shrubby plant, except the 
 Coprosmas and the little creeping Mitchella, of the great natural order to 
 which it belongs. It possesses bitter, tonic properties similar to those 
 of its ally, the Cinchona (Quinine) plant. It is best propagated from 
 imported seeds, the plants so raised thriving better than those raised 
 from cuttings or layers. 
 
 CEPHALOTAXUS. TAXACE^E. 
 
 A group of small evergreen trees and shrubs, all natives of Eastern 
 Asia and allied to the yews, which in the shape and general disposition 
 of the leaves they resemble ; 'the leaves, however, are much larger. They 
 have erect stems, from which the branches are borne in tiers, whilst the 
 branchlets are both alternate and opposite. Flowers unisexual, the sexes 
 nearly always on separate plants. Male flowers composed of four to 
 six stamens, enclosed in a bract, produced in April and May in the axils 
 of the leaves of the previous year's growth, and arranged in clusters of 
 small globose heads. Fruit olive-like in shape, consisting of a fleshy coat 
 surrounding an almond-shaped, resinous seed. The members of this 
 genus bear a considerable resemblance to the Torreyas, but differ in the 
 leaves being soft rather than 'prickly pointed, and in the flowers being 
 crowded instead of solitary in each leaf-axil. 
 
 In gardens the species of Cephalotaxus are useful evergreens, 
 especially for semi-shaded places, where they thrive better than in full 
 sunshine. All those mentioned below are hardy and can be increased 
 by cuttings, although seed should be preferred if obtainable. Female 
 trees will sometimes develop fruit and infertile seed in the absence of 
 pollen. 
 
 C. DRUPACEA, Siebold. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8285.) 
 
 A shrub of spreading habit up to 10 or 12 ft. high, sometimes a small tree in 
 a wild state 30 ft. high. Leaves f to if ins. long, about \ in. wide, linear, 
 abruptly and very finely pointed, dark green above, grey with about fifteen 
 lines of stomata each side the midrib beneath. The leaves are arranged 
 in two ranks as in the other species, but differ in being much more erect 
 instead of spreading, so that along the upper side of the twig they form 
 a narrow V-shaped trough. Male flowers yellowish, in short-stalked, globose 
 heads \ in. across, produced on the lower side of the branch from the leaf- 
 
CEPHALOTAXUS 
 
 331 
 
 axils. Fruit I to i ins. long, | in. wide, egg-shaped, green ; on a stalk | to 
 i in. long. 
 
 Native of China and Japan ; introduced to Europe by Siebold about 
 1829. This species is easily distinguished from the others by the shorter, 
 upstanding leaves. It is a rather handsome evergreen of a yew-like character, 
 but bolder in foliage and not so densely furnished. 
 
 CEPHALOTAXUS DRUPACEA. 
 
 C. FORTUNEI, Hooker. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4499.) 
 
 A small tree with one or more erect stems giving off at intervals whorls of 
 branches, and rarely seen more than 10 to 20 ft. high in cultivation ; branchlets 
 forked. Leaves spreading in two opposite ranks, often almost horizontally, 
 2 to 3^ ins. long, \ in. or a little more wide ; linear, tapering to a fine point, 
 rich glossy green above, with two pale bands beneath, each composed of about 
 twenty stomatic lines, and a green raised midrib. Male flowers in globose 
 heads in. across. Fruit \\ ins. long, f in. wide, oval, brown. 
 
 Native of N. China ; introduced by Robert Fortune in 1849. There is some 
 difficulty in properly differentiating this from C. pedunculata, but it would seem 
 to have longer, comparatively more slender leaves, farther apart on the 
 branchlet, and with finer, longer points. The lines of stomata beneath are more 
 numerous ; the male flower-heads solitary or few on a stalk. Specimens 
 gathered from the earliest raised plants sixty years ago, have more slender 
 and less divided branchlets than C. pedunculata. I am inclined to think 
 many of the so-called C. Fortunei of the present day are really the other 
 species. The true thing is a handsome and striking evergreen. 
 
332 CEPHALOTAXUS CERCIDIPHYLLUM 
 
 C. OLIVERI, Masters. 
 
 A Chinese species, first found on Mount Omi, in Szechuen, by the Rev. 
 E. Faber, and in 1900 by Wilson, who sent home seeds. I only know of it at 
 present as a living plant in Messrs Veitch's nursery at Coombe Wood. There 
 it is a low bush of sturdy habit, with flat, stiffly spreading branches. Leaves 
 f to i in. long, to in. wide ; linear, curving slightly towards the end of the 
 shoot, terminated abruptly in a short, stiff point ; the base slightly the broadest 
 part of the leaf, and truncate with rounded corners ; the leaves are arranged on 
 the twigs in two flat, quite horizontal ranks, very stiff, and so close together that 
 the margins touch ; dark green above, pale*r green at the margins and centre 
 beneath, with two glaucous strips, each composed of about fifteen lines of 
 stomata. Fruit (only seen in native specimens) egg-shaped, conspicuously 
 tapered at the ends, i|- ins. long, f in. wide, borne on a stalk ^ in. long. A 
 striking evergreen, especially in the close, stiff, comb-like arrangement of the 
 v leaves. 
 
 C. PEDUNCULATA, Siebold. 
 (Podocarpus koraianus, Hort^) 
 
 A spreading shrub or a small tree, with mostly alternate branchlets. 
 Leaves in two opposite ranks not all in the same plane, some being semi-erect ; 
 linear, f to i\ ins. long, about in. wide, rather abruptly narrowed to a fine 
 point ; dark green above, marked beneath with a broad glaucous strip each 
 side the midrib, composed of fifteen to eighteen fine lines of stomata. Male 
 flowers in a branched cluster f to i j ins. long. Fruit oval, or obovoid, about 
 i in. long. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced to Europe at the same time as C. drupacea, 
 in 1829, by Siebold. Some authorities regard it as a variety of C. drupacea, but 
 as noted above under C. Fortunei, the difficulty is to distinguish it from that 
 species (q.v.}. It appears, however, to be intermediate in some respects 
 between them, especially in length of leaf and in number of stomatic lines 
 beneath. Some plants at Kew, apparently in vigorous health, are only 4 to 5 ft. 
 high, although planted where they are now forty years ago, spreading much 
 more in width than in height ; they were perhaps raised from cuttings. 
 
 Var. FASTIGIATA. A very interesting and distinct form, analogous in its 
 mode of growth to the Irish yew. The branches and branchlets are quite 
 erect, sparsely divided, all the leaves being arranged spirally like those of the 
 leading shoot of the type, and mostly decurved. The shrub is slow-growing, 
 and of sturdy, columnar shape when young ; useful for positions where a formal 
 habit is desired. J have seen, however, large specimens in Italy and Dalmatia 
 that assume a more open, spreading form (like old Irish yews), with a 
 tendency to revert to the typical, distichous-leaved form at the base. 
 
 Var. SPHjERALls. A form with quite globular fruits, described by the late 
 Dr Masters from a tree growing in the garden of the Rev. J. Goring at 
 Steyning, Sussex. (See* Gardeners' Chronicle, Jan. 26, 1884, p. 113, fig. 23.) 
 
 CERCIDIPHYLLUM JAPONICUM, Siebold. TROCHO- 
 
 DENDRACE/E. 
 
 A deciduous tree of the largest size, often 100 ft. high in its native 
 state, with pendulous branches and a spirally twisted, furrowed trunk. 
 The trunk is sometimes solitary, and 3 to 4 ft. through, but more often 
 the tree is made up of a group of several smaller stems. Leaves mostly 
 
CERCIDIPHYLLUM CERCIS 333 
 
 opposite, but sometimes alternate towards the base of the shoot, broadly 
 ovate or heart-shaped, 2 to 4 ins. long, slightly scalloped on the margin, 
 and glabrous except when young. The branch in its second year 
 develops at each joint a short or almost obsolete twig, carrying a single 
 leaf and flowers. The male and female flowers are borne on separate 
 trees, but neither possesses any beauty ; the males consist of a minute 
 calyx and an indefinite number of stamens J in. long ; the females of four 
 larger, but still very small, green, fringed sepals, and four to six carpels. 
 The fruits are small pods, J to J in. long, borne usually two to four 
 together on a short stalk. 
 
 This tree for a long time was thought to be confined to Japan, where 
 it is the largest of deciduous trees, reaching its finest development in the 
 island of Yezo ; but Wilson found it in China in 1910. One tree, still 
 living, but with its top fallen away, he found to be 55 ft. in girth of trunk. 
 The timber is light, straight-grained and yellowish, and is highly valued. 
 The finest trees I have seen in Europe are in the Imperial Garden at 
 Sans Souci, near Berlin, where it was, in 1908, a singularly elegant tree 
 30 ft. high, with slender, spreading, arching branches. It succeeds 
 equally well in the Royal Garden at Hanover. Still finer trees, but of 
 denser habit, are in the Arnold Arboretum, Mass., and in Mr Thayer's 
 grounds at Lancaster in the same State. It evidently needs a continental 
 climate. At Kew, where it was introduced in 1881, it still remains a 
 mere shrub. Like so many N. Asiatic trees transplanted to this country, 
 it commences to grow early in spring, and its young shoots are almost 
 invariably ruined by frost ; sometimes even the second growths meet the 
 same fate. The leaves die off rich red or yellow. The tree is certainly 
 worth trying in upland districts, or where late spring frosts do not prevail. 
 The generic name refers to the resemblance of the leaves to those of the 
 Judas-tree (Cercis). 
 
 s 
 
 CERCIS. LEGUMINOS^. 
 
 The members of this genus, seven in number, constitute a very 
 distinct and homogeneous group of hardy leguminous trees and shrubs, 
 whose resemblances to each other are as marked as are their differences 
 from the rest of the natural order to which they belong. The leaves 
 furnish the most distinctive feature of the genus, being alternate, simple, 
 entire, prominently five- or seven-nerved, broad and rounded, with a 
 heart-shaped base, and from 2 to 6 ins. long. The flowers in most of 
 the species come in fasciculate clusters on wood one to many years old ; 
 but one Chinese species (C. racemosa) has them in racemes. The petals 
 are nearly equal, but arranged somewhat after the fashion of a pea-shaped 
 flower. 
 
 Few t shrubs or small trees are more beautiful than the hardy species 
 of Cercis at their best. They enjoy and merit generous conditions at the 
 root, and succeed best in a deep, sandy loam, and should have as sunny 
 a position as possible. Plants should be given a permanent position 
 whilst still young, as the long, thick roots are liable to decay after the 
 inevitable injury involved in transplanting old trees by ordinary means. 
 
334 CERCIS 
 
 Whatever transplanting is necessary should be done in May, and not 
 until the expanding buds give some indication that active growth has 
 recommenced. The most insidious enemy of these trees in my experience 
 is the coral-spot fungus, for which drastic surgery is the only remedy ; the 
 affected branches should be cut back to undoubtedly healthy wood, and 
 the wounds thoroughly tarred over. The older and well-known species 
 are propagated by seed, and this, of course, is preferable for all ; but the 
 newer species may be grafted on roots of C. Siliquastrum or C. cana- 
 densis. 
 
 C. CANADENSIS, Linnaus. REDBUD. 
 
 A deciduous tree occasionally over 40 ft. high in a wild state, more often a 
 tall, spreading shrub in cultivation. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, pointed, 
 3 to 5 ins. across, often wider than long ; downy only in the axils of the veins. 
 Flowers pale rose, \ in. long, each on a stalk as long as itself, produced in 
 clusters (fascicles) of four to eight blossoms ; calyx \ in. long, red. Pod about 
 3 ins. long, \ in. wide, pink when fully grown, but rarely seen in this country. 
 Flowers in May and June. 
 
 Native of the eastern and Central United States, in some districts so 
 plentiful as to make a conspicuous feature in the landscape when in flower. 
 Although one of the most beautiful of N. American trees, it is not so striking 
 in this country, and does not bear comparison with C. Siliquastrum for beauty 
 in our gardens. It is quite easily distinguished from that species by its leaves, 
 which are thinner, brighter green, and pointed ; the flowers are not so large. 
 
 Var. ALBA. Flowers white. 
 
 Var, FLORE PLENO. Flowers with some of the stamens transformed into 
 petals. 
 
 Var. >UBESCENS. A variety found wild in the United States, whose leaves 
 are more or less downy all over the under-surface. 
 
 C. CHINENSIS, Bunge. CHINESE REDBUD. 
 
 A tree sometimes 50 ft. high in a wild state, with a trunk 3 to 4 ft. in 
 diameter, but in cultivation merely a shrub. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, 
 3 to 5 ins. long, nearly or quite as much wide, glossy green, and smooth except 
 for a few hairs beneath in the vein-axils. Flowers in close clusters of four to 
 ten, pink, in. long. Pod 3^ to 5 ins. long, taper-pointed. Blossoms in May. 
 
 Native of China, and probably the largest of the Cercis. It is more tender 
 than either C. Siliquastrum or canadensis, and is quite a failure in the open 
 ground at Kew. It has flowered on a wall, but is evidently a plant better 
 suited for the south-west counties. There is a considerable resemblance 
 between this tree and C. canadensis. Both have pointed, bright green leaves, 
 quite distinct from C. Siliquastrum. C. chinensis is distinguishable out of 
 flower from C. canadensis by its larger, thinner stipules, and by the leaves 
 being glossy green beneath when quite young, those of C. canadensis being 
 duller and more or less glaucous. The adult leaves appear also to be larger ; 
 there are some in the Kew Herbarium, gathered near Pekin, 6^ ins. across. 
 
 C. OCCIDENTALS, A. Gray. WESTERN REDBUD. 
 
 A deciduous stirub, or occasionally a small tree, 15 ft. high. Leaves 
 roundish, heart-shaped, 2 to 3 ins. across, smooth. Flowers \ in. long, rose- 
 
CERCIS 335 
 
 coloured, produced on short stalks in clusters on the wood of the previous or 
 earlier years. Pod 2 to 2^ ins. long, f in. wide, smooth. 
 
 Native of California, and quite distinct from the eastern C. canadensis in 
 its leaves, which are rounded or notched at the apex, and are very similar in 
 outline to those of the European Judas-tree, but of a vivid green. It will 
 probably prove rather tender in this country, judging by plants introduced to 
 Kew in 1908. Nearly allied to it is C. RENIFORMIS, 5". Watson (C. texensis, 
 Sargent], from Texas and New Mexico, a slender tree sometimes 20 ft., rarely 
 40 ft. high, with leaves downy beneath and pods larger than in C. occidentalis. 
 
 C. RACEMOSA, Oliver. 
 
 A deciduous tree, 20 ft. high, with downy young branchlets. Leaves heart- 
 shaped, ~2.\ to 5 ins. long, 2 to 4 ins. wide, smooth and dark green above, paler 
 and downy all over beneath, especially on the veins. Racemes up to 4 ins. 
 long, downy, carrying as many as thirty or forty flowers, which are under \ in. 
 in length, rose-coloured. Pod 3 to 4 ins. long, f in. wide, flat, smooth. 
 
 Native of China, in the provinces of Hupeh and Szechuen. The beauty and 
 distinctness of this species had been known to us ever since it was discovered 
 by Henry about 1886, but it was not introduced until 1907, when Wilson col- 
 lected seed for Harvard University. It is remarkably distinct from all other 
 species in the comparatively long inflorescence ; and the downy character of 
 the young wood, leaf, and flower-stalk is also well marked. Mr Wilson informs 
 me that this is one of the very best and most beautiful flowering trees he has 
 introduced. Like the European Judas-tree it flowers on the naked wood, one 
 to many years of age. As it comes from 6000 ft. altitude in N.W. Hupeh, it 
 ought to be quite hardy. 
 
 C. SlLIQUASTRUM, Linnczus'. JUDAS-TREE. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 1138.) 
 
 A deciduous tree, usually of low, bushy habit, and below 25 ft. in height, 
 but occasionally forming a distinct trunk and reaching from 30 to 40 ft. high ; 
 branchlets smooth. Leaves roundish, with a heart-shaped base, sometimes 
 pointed, but usually broad and rounded at the apex ; from i\ to 4 ins. across, 
 somewhat less in length ; they are quite smooth, and of a welf-marked glaucous 
 green. Flowers produced in clusters from the joints of the old wood (even on 
 the trunk of old trees), each flower on a slender stalk about | in. long ; they 
 are bright purplish rose, and \ to f in. long. Pod 3 to 5 ins. long, f in. wide, 
 flat and thin, eight- to twelve-seeded, remaining on the plants throughout 
 the winter. 
 
 Native of S. Europe and the Orient ; known and cultivated in England for 
 more than three hundred years. I n I taly it is the most delightful tree flowering in 
 April and May ; with us, flowering a few weeks later, it is also one of the most 
 beautiful and picturesque trees that can be found in gardens. It flowers in 
 the leafless state, and the profusion of blossom gives at a distance the effect 
 of a rosy-purple mist. A sun-loving tree, it is better suited for the south of 
 England than the north. It should only be propagated from seeds which, 
 although they do not come to perfection regularly in this country, can be 
 easily and cheaply purchased. The popular name of " Judas-tree " is derived 
 from the legend that this was the tree upon which Judas went out and hanged 
 himself after the great Betrayal. The largest tree at Kew is 40 ft. high, with 
 a trunk 4 ft. 9 ins. in girth. One of the largest known in this country grew, 
 and perhaps still grows, at Bath ; its trunk in 1878 was stated to be nearly 
 
336 
 
 CERCIS CERCOCARPUS 
 
 6 ft. in girth. The flowers of the Judas-tree have a sweetish, acid taste, and 
 are used as an ingredient in salads. They open in May. 
 
 Var. ALBA. Flowers pure white. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATA. Leaves mottled green and white. 
 
 The tree varies in the depth of shade of its flowers; a richly tinted one has 
 been called " carnea." 
 
 CERCOCARPUS. 
 
 ROSACES. 
 
 Five or six species 
 of this curious genus 
 are known, all found in 
 Western N. America. 
 They are evergreen or 
 sub-evergreen shrubs and 
 small trees, with alternate 
 leaves and small axillary 
 flowers on short stalks, 
 either solitary or in few- 
 flowered clusters. They 
 have no petals, but a 
 five-lobed calyx, and nu- 
 merous (fifteen to thirty) 
 stamens. The most 
 distinctive feature of the 
 genus is the small, hard, 
 slender fruit, terminated 
 by the long, persistent 
 style, which is plumed 
 with long, white, silky 
 hairs. 
 
 C. LEDIFOLIUS, 
 Nuttall. 
 
 MOUNTAIN 
 MAHOGANY. 
 
 A small, evergreen tree, 
 sometimes 40 ft. high, 
 or a shrub, similar to 
 C. parvifolius in flower 
 and fruit, but very distinct 
 in foliage. Young shoots 
 hairy ; leaf somewhat resi- 
 nous, lanceolate or narrow 
 
 oblong, \ to i^ ins. long, \ to f in. wide ; dark green and becoming smooth 
 above, downy beneath, the margins entire and decurved; the midrib is pro- 
 minent, but the side veins are not conspicuous as in C. parvifolius. The fruit 
 is terminated by the silky, plume-like style, 2 to 3 ins. long, characteristic of 
 the genus. 
 
 Native of Western N. America, from Oregon south to New Mexico. It is 
 
 JUDAS TREK. CERCIS SILIQUASTRUM. 
 
CERCOCARPUS CHIMONANTHUS 337 
 
 in cultivation at Ke\v, but has not flowered. It is known to withstand 32 
 of frost, so it should prove hardy as it does, indeed, give every evidence of 
 being. 
 
 C. PARVIFOLIUS, Nuttall. MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY. 
 
 An evergreen shrub of sparse habit up to 10 or 15 ft. high, with thick, 
 persistent bark ; branchlets downy when young, becoming smooth later. 
 Leaves obovate, \ to i ins. long, with a wedge-shaped base, and four to 
 six pairs of prominent, parallel veins, the apex coarsely toothed, the base 
 entire ; upper surface dull and clothed with silky hairs, becoming smooth 
 later ; downy beneath, especially on the midrib and veins. 'Flowers produced 
 during May, usually singly, sometimes in twos or threes, on a slender, 
 downy stalk \ to \ in. long, from buds on the previous year's wood ; each 
 flower is about J in. across, consisting chiefly of a cluster of stamens ; calyx 
 grey with down. Fruit \ in. long, ^ in. wide, about the size of an oat grain, 
 surmounted by a slender, twisted tail (the style), 2 to 4 ins. long, clothed with 
 fine, white, silky hairs. 
 
 Native of Western N. America from Oregon to Lower California. This 
 curious shrub has no beauty of flower, but is very remarkable for its long- 
 tailed fruits. In California, where a great crop of them is borne, they give 
 to the branches quite an ostrich feather-like appearance. It is perfectly 
 hardy at Kew, and bears flowers and fruits there. 
 
 C. BETUL^EFOLIUS, Hooker (C. parvifolius var. glaber, Watsoti), is very 
 similar to, but taller and more robust than, the preceding, differing chiefly in 
 its grey, thin, flaky bark (not thick and fissured as in C. parvifolius), and in 
 having, on the average, one more pair of veins in each leaf. Native of 
 California. 
 
 C. T RASKIN, Eastwood. 
 
 A small, evergreen tree up to 25 ft. high, the reddish brown young shoots 
 thickly covered with hoary down, which persists more or less for two or three 
 years. Leaves of tough, rather hard texture ; oval, broadly ovate or 
 roundish, usually blunt or rounded at the tip, and rounded or heart-shaped 
 at the base, somewhat coarsely toothed except near the base ; { to i ins. 
 long, \ to i j ins. wide ; dark green, and with flattened hairs above, grey 
 and thickly felted beneath ; stalk \ to J- in. long. Flowers and fruit not 
 seen in this country, but apparently similar to those of C. parvifolius. 
 Introduced to Edinburgh Botanic Garden a few years ago from Santa 
 Catalina Island, California. Of unproved hardiness. 
 
 CHIMONANTHUS FRAGRANS, Lindley. WINTER SWEET. 
 
 CALYCANTHACE^:. 
 
 (Calycanthus prsecox, Linnaeus, Bot. Mag., t. 66 ; Meratia fragrans, Loiseleur.") 
 
 A deciduous shrub, naturally about 8 ft. high, and of compact, bushy 
 habit, but growing considerably higher on walls. Leaves rough to the 
 touch above, but free from down except when quite young, and on the 
 primary nerves ; lanceolate with an acuminate apex, 2 to 5 ins. long, 
 dark lustrous green. Flowers exceedingly fragrant, produced at various 
 times between November and March according to the weather, but in 
 ordinary seasons at their best in December against a wall; they are 
 solitary on verv short stalks at the joints of the previous summer's shoots, 
 
 Y 
 
338 CHIMONANTHUS CHIOGENES 
 
 f to i in. across, the sepals and outer petals of an almost transparent 
 yellowish green, the inner petals smaller and purplish. Seeds produced 
 in a stalked, gourd-shaped structure i^ ins. long, to the apex of which the 
 stamens remain attached. 
 
 Var. GRANDIFLORUS. Flowers a purer yellow and more showy than in the 
 type, and as much as if ins. across, but not so strongly fragrant. The leaves, 
 too, are larger ; I have seen them occasionally as much as 9 ins. long and 
 4 ins. wide. The shrub is of stronger growth ; there is one 15 ft. high at 
 Warley Place. 
 
 Var. LUTEUS. A variety known in gardens eighty or more years ago, but 
 still exceedingly rare. It differs in having the inner petals yellow instead of 
 purplish. 
 
 This delightful old shrub and its varieties have two strong claims to 
 the notice of planters : It flowers in midwinter when very few other 
 things are in bloom, and its blossoms diffuse around them one of the 
 most pleasing of perfumes. A charming way to use cut sprays for 
 indoor decoration is to associate them with sprays of mahonia (Berberis 
 Aquifolium). It is hardy, and frequently flowers in the open at Kew with 
 great freedom. But usually (and always in cold localities) it is grown on 
 a wall. It requires no pruning in the open, but on a wall an annual 
 .pruning is necessary. It should not be deferred much beyond February, 
 so that the fullest possible length of time is allowed for the new growths 
 to be made on which depend the next winter's crop of flowers. The 
 pruning should consist of a shortening back of the stronger twigs, and 
 the entire removal of the weaker and overcrowding ones. At the same 
 time any renailing that may be needed should be done, also the laying-in 
 of new shoots in vacant places. Propagation is effected by layers and 
 seeds ; cuttings are extremely difficult to root. 
 
 There are two species of Chimonanthus known, both natives of 
 China. C. fragrans was introduced from Japan in 1766. The other is 
 C. NITENS, Oliver, an evergreen species with smooth, shining, oval- 
 lanceolate leaves, 3 or 4 ins. long. Flowers white, solitary, axillary, f in. 
 across. Found by Henry near Ichang, it has not yet been introduced, 
 and is probably rare in a wild state. It is interesting as being a second 
 species of a genus long thought to be monotypic. 
 
 CHIOGENES SERPYLLIFOLIA, Salisbury. CREEPING 
 SNOWBERRY. VACCINIACE.E. 
 
 A creeping, evergreen shrub, the slendef stems furnished with forward- 
 pointing bristles. Leaves alternate, very abundant, \ to \ in. long, oval 
 to nearly round, tapered at both ends, scarcely stalked ; margins slightly 
 decurved; smooth and dark green above, pale beneath, and furnished 
 with a few tiny, rust-coloured bristles. Flowers produced singly in the 
 leaf-axils on short, decurved stalks ; corolla \ in. or less long, bell-shaped, 
 deeply four-lobed, white. Berry white, bristly, J in. across, roundish and 
 rather bristly. 
 
 Native of N. America, from Newfoundland westward to British 
 
CHIOGENES-CHIONAN 7 THUS 339 
 
 Columbia, and southward to N. Carolina; introduced in 18:5. This 
 plant is very rare in gardens, and the plant nearly always found under the 
 name is one of the cranberries. These are nearly allied plants, but the 
 Chiogenes is abundantly distinct in leaf, flower, and especially the white 
 berry. Out of flower the short, broad leaf and bristly young wood amply 
 distinguish it. It has little garden value as an ornament, but is interesting. 
 A moist, semi-boggy spot such as the cranberries love, should, if possible, 
 be selected for it. " The whole plant, including the berry, has an aromatic 
 taste and odour, resembling that of Gaultheria procumbens. 
 
 CHIONAXTHUS. OLEACE.E. 
 
 This is one of those interesting genera of plants represented, but very 
 sparsely, in both the New and the Old Worlds. In this case one species 
 is found in the eastern United States, the other in China. They belong 
 to the olive family, and have opposite, deciduous leaves. The flowers are 
 in panicles, their most remarkable feature being the four or five long, 
 narrow, pure white petals, united quite at the base. Stamens two. The 
 fruit is an egg-shaped or oblong drupe, containing usually one seed. 
 
 In gardens, although undeservedly neglected, the two species of 
 Chionanthus are amongst the most attractive and distinguished of all 
 hardy shrubs. They like a moist, loamy soil of good depth and quality, 
 and a sunny position. C. virginica is best propagated by seeds obtained 
 from America, but both it and C. retusa can be raised from layers. 
 C. virginica is also grafted on the common and manna ashes, but plants 
 so raised are neither so healthy nor so long-lived as those on their own 
 roots. If C. retusa cannot be obtained on its own roots, it might be 
 grafted on seedlings of C. virginica. Both of them are suitable as isolated 
 specimens on lawns ; they produce abundant fibres at the root, and 
 transplant easily. 
 
 C. RETUSA, Lindley. CHINESE FRINGE-TREE. 
 
 A deciduous shrub in cultivation, but a small tree sometimes 30 to 40 
 ft. high in China, of spreading, rounded habit ; young shoots downy. Leaves 
 variable in shape, usually oval, sometimes obovate, sometimes almost round ; 
 from i to 4 ins. long, f to 2 ins. wide ; rounded, notched, or blunt at the 
 point, tapered at the base ; shiny green above and downy on the midrib ; 
 downy more or less all over beneath, but especially on the midrib and 
 veins ; stalk \ to \ in. long, downy. Flowers snow-white, produced during 
 June and July in erect, cymose panicles terminating young shoots of the 
 year, 2 to 3 ins. high, and 2 to 4 ins. wide. Each subdivision of the 
 inflorescence carries normally three flowers, the four strap-shaped petals 
 of which are f in. long, \ in. wide. 
 
 Native of China, where it is widely spread ; introduced by Fortune in 1845, 
 but apparently not established in gardens until reintroduced by Maries from 
 the region of the river Kia-Kiang in 1879. It is easily distinguished from its 
 American ally by flowering on the young shoots of the year and by the erect, 
 shorter, broader panicles. It is a shrub of the first rank, one traveller in China 
 comparing it when in flower to a "dome of soft, fleecy snow." It is not 
 native of Japan, as often stated. (Fig. p. 340.) 
 
340 CHIONANTHUS 
 
 C. VIRGINICA, Linnceus. FRINGE-TREE. 
 
 A deciduous shrub or small tree, 10 to 20 (or even 30 ft.) high ; branchlets 
 stout, stiff, downy when young. Leaves oblong, narrowly oval or obovate, 
 always tapering at the base, usually at the apex ; 2 to 8 ins. long, rather 
 less than half as wide, not toothed ; bright green above and downy on the 
 midrib, paler below, and downy especially on the veins ; stalks downy, 
 | to i in. long. Flowers pure white, slightly fragrant ; produced during 
 June in very lax panicles 4 to 8 ins. long ; these panicles are crowded 
 
 CHIONANTHUS RETUSA. 
 
 at the upper joints of the preceding year's growths, and form a dense, mop- 
 like mass beneath the new growths. Each branch of the panicle bears 
 three flowers, and springs from the axil of a leaf-like bract which is 
 occasionally I to i| ins. long at the base of the panicle, becoming smaller 
 towards the end ; the bracts persist to the fruiting stage. Petals four or 
 five, each f to i J ins. long, ^ to ^ in. wide ; calyx minute, with pointed 
 lobes. Fruit roundish or egg-shaped, dark blue, f- in. long, borne OD 
 pendulous stalks. 
 
 Native of the eastern United States, from Pennsylvania southward ; intro- 
 duced in 1736. This is one of the most beautiful and striking of N. American 
 shrubs, and is perfectly hardy in this country. I have never seen it flower 
 
CHIONANTHUS CHOISYA 
 
 341 
 
 so well here, however, as in Central Europe and in the United States, where 
 
 the shrub in June is almost hidden in the profusion of pendent masses of 
 
 blossom. There is nothing like it among flowering shrubs except its Asiatic ally. 
 
 Var. PUBESCENS. More downy generally, but especially on the panicles. 
 
 CHOISYA TERNATA. 
 
 CHOISYA TERXATA, Humboldt. MEXICAN ORANGE FLOWER. 
 
 RUTACE^:. 
 
 An evergreen shrub, of rounded, bushy habit, 6 to 10 ft. high; young 
 shoots downy. Leaves opposite, 3 to 6 ins. long, consisting nearly always 
 
342 CHOISYA CISTUS 
 
 of three leaflets, but occasionally two or four. Leaflets stalkless, obovate, 
 i|- to 3 ins. long, about one-third as wide; rounded or blunt at the end, 
 tapering to a common point of union at the end of a downy leaf-stalk 
 i to 2 ins. long; when crushed they have a strong, pungent, rather 
 unpleasant odour, and held against the light will be seen to be pitted with 
 numerous oil-glands. Flowers produced in a cluster of axillary corymbs 
 at the end of the shoot, each corymb three- to six-flowered, with a slender, 
 downy stalk 2 to 3 ins. long. Flowers white, i to ij ins. across, with 
 five roundish oval petals ; fragrant like hawthorn. 
 
 This fine evergreen is of interest as being one of the very few shrubs 
 native of Mexico that are hardy near London. It survived practically 
 uninjured the great frosts of Feb. 1895 at Kew, also the trying winter 
 of 1908-9. But for some constitutional reason it is often injured during 
 spells of lesser cold, especially after the New Year. Its normal flowering- 
 time may be considered April and May, but it often produces flowers 
 more 'or less up to September. On a few occasions after a very mild 
 November, I have seen it in full blossom in December. It should have 
 an open but sheltered spot, and the soil may be a rather light loam. It 
 is better to encourage a short, well-ripened growth rather than a thick, 
 sappy one. Cuttings made of half-ripened wood root quickly placed in 
 gentle heat ; those of a little harder wood will take root in a cold frame. 
 
 CISTUS. ROCK ROSE. CISTACE/E. 
 
 A genus of about twenty species, nearly allied to Helianthemum, 
 but differing in having the seed-vessels five- or ten -celled, whilst in 
 Helianthemum they are three - celled. Leaves opposite, evergreen. 
 Flowers of a rose-like appearance, having five broadly wedge-shaped petals 
 and very numerous stamens ; sepals three to five. Seeds numerous. In 
 a wild state the cistuses are found in the Mediterranean region, and are 
 especially abundant in Spain and Portugal. The flowers usually last only 
 a few hours in the morning, never more than a day, but a constant 
 succession of them is maintained during sunny weather, making a fine 
 display in June and July. None of the cistuses are yellow-flowered, but 
 they very frequently have a patch of that colour at the base of each 
 petal. Although the number of true species is comparatively limited, they 
 have -hybridised freely, both in a wild and cultivated state. Some of the 
 best are hybrids, such as cyprius, purpureus, Loreti, and corbariensis. 
 
 Unfortunately the .rock roses with few exceptions are not genuinely 
 hardy. They survive our mild winters, but many succumb in severe or 
 even moderately hard ones. The great frosts of February 1895 killed all 
 the cistuses at Kew except C. laurifolius, C. corbariensis, and C. Loreti. 
 They like a light, well-drained soil, and more than anything a position 
 exposed to full sun, but otherwise sheltered, and something above the 
 surrounding level. They never suffer from drought, and any dry, sunny 
 bank will suit them. A covering of bracken or leafy branches in severe 
 weather is a help, and will often save plants that would otherwise perish. 
 
 Propagation may be effected by seed or by cuttings, the latter being 
 
CISTUS 343 
 
 necessary for some of the hybrids which do not perfect seed. They are 
 best taken in late summer, and struck in mild heat. Until planted out 
 permanently, rock roses should be grown in pots, as they suffer badly 
 from transplanting. Many of the species exude a fragrant gum, known 
 as labdanum or ladanum, from the young stems and leaves. The most 
 prolific source of this gum, which is used in perfumery and, at least at one 
 time, in medicine, is C. villosus var. creticus a rather tender shrub. It 
 is also got largely from C. ladaniferus. 
 
 The following rough key of the species in cultivation will assist in 
 their identification : 
 
 A. FLOWERS WHITE (PURE OR CRIMSON BLOTCHED) ; SEPALS THREE. 
 
 1. Ladaniferus. Flowers solitary ; leaves nearly stalkless ; sepals scaly. 
 
 2. Cyprius. Flowers in clusters ; leaves shortly stalked ; sepals scaly and hairy. 
 
 3. Laurifolius. Flowers in clusters ; leaves stalked ; sepals hairy. 
 
 B. FLOWERS WHITE ; SEPALS FIVE, HEART-SHAPED, WITH WELL-MARKED 
 
 BASAL LOBES. 
 
 4. Hirsutus. Leaves three-nerved, stalkless. 
 
 5. Populifolius. Leaves up to 3^ ins. long ; long-stalked. 
 
 6. Salvifolius. Leaves up to if ins. long ; stalked, pinnately nerved. 
 
 7. Corbariensis* Hybrid between 5 and 6. 
 
 8. F/orentinus. Hybrid between 6 and 9. 
 
 C. FLOWERS WHITE ; SEPALS FIVE, OVATE. LEAVES THREE-NERVED, STALKLESS. 
 
 9. Monspeliensis. Leaves not more than \ in. wide. 
 
 10. Loreti. Petals crimson blotched at base ; leaves up to f in. wide. 
 
 D. FLOWERS PURPLISH RED, UNBLOTCHED. 
 
 11. Albidus. Leaves three-nerved, with flat margins ; flowers long-stalked. 
 
 12. Crispus. Leaves three-nerved, with wavy margins ; flowers short-stalked, 
 
 13. Villosus. Leaves pinnately veined. 
 
 E. FLOWERS PURPLISH RED ; PETALS CRIMSON BLOTCHED. 
 
 14. Purpureus. 
 
 C. ALBIDUS, Linnaus. 
 
 (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 31.) 
 
 A compact, bushy shrub, ultimately 5 or 6 ft. high, if it survive long enough ; 
 young shoots, leaves, flower-stalks, and sepals covered with a dense, whitish 
 starry down. Leaves stalkless, oval, oblong or ovate, f to 2 ins. long, \ to f in. 
 wide, rounded or blunt at the apex, three-nerved at the base, and strongly 
 net-veined beneath. Flowers pale rosy lilac, with a patch of yellow at the 
 base of each petal, about 2| ins. across, borne on a stalk f to I in. long, and 
 crowded three to eight together in a terminal cluster. Sepals five, broadly 
 ovate, | to \ in. long. 
 
 Native of S.W. Europe and N. Africa ; cultivated in 1640. It is one of 
 the hardier sorts, and will survive all but our hardest winters. The name 
 "albidus," it should be noted, refers to the foliage, and not to the flowers. It 
 has hybridised with and is closely allied to C. crispus, from which it differs in 
 its flat, not undulated leaves, and its comparatively long-stalked flowers 
 those of crispus being almost stalkless. 
 
344 CISTUS 
 
 C. CORBARIENSIS, Pourret. CORBIERES ROCK ROSE. 
 
 (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 8.) 
 
 A densely bushy, evergreen shrub, 3 or 4 ft. high, often more in width ; 
 young branches smooth, or with a very minute down. Leaves ovate, pointed, 
 heart-shaped or rounded at the base, f to 2 ins. long, \ to i in. wide ; minutely 
 toothed and wavy at the margin, each tooth crested with a tuft of minute hairs; 
 net-veined, dull dark green above, paler beneath, both surfaces with starry 
 down ; stalks to \ in. long, downy. Flowers i^ ins. across, white with a 
 yellow stain at the base of the petals, produced in June at the end of short 
 
 CISTUS VILLOSUS (see p. 349) , 
 i 
 
 axillary shoots ; there are from one to three flowers on each stalk, which is 
 slender, stellately hairy, and about 3 ins. long. Outer sepals heart-shaped, 
 in. long, hairy. 
 
 A natural hybrid between the Narbonne variety of C. populifolius and 
 C. salvifolius, taking its name from Corbieres, in the south of France. This is 
 one of the hardiest and best of cistuses, and like many hybrids possesses a 
 vigour and constitution superior to that of its parents. In the debacle of rather 
 tender plants which followed the great frosts of February 1895, this Cistus was 
 one of the three which survived at Kew, the other two being Loreti and 
 laurifolius. Large groups of plants raised from the survivors now give most 
 pleasing displays from June onwards every year. The general aspect of the 
 plant is that of a small-leaved C. populifolius, of which it has been known as 
 " var. minor." 
 
CISTUS 345 
 
 C. CRISPUS, Linnaus. 
 (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 22.) 
 
 A compact, bushy shrub, 2 ft. high, much-branched ; young shoots clothed 
 with long white hairs Leaves stalkless, lance-shaped to narrowly oblong 
 ovate or oval, to i ins. long, ^ to \ in. wide, pointed, three-nerved at the 
 base, margins (especially of the lower leaves) much undulated ; both surfaces 
 rough through the deeply impressed veins, and densely coated with starry 
 down. Flowers purplish red, about i^ ins. diameter, crowded in a terminal 
 head, supplemented by smaller ones on short axillary branches ; each flower is 
 on a very hairy stalk, so short that it is almost hidden in the bracts ; sepals 
 five, ovate or lance-shaped, long-pointed, hairy. 
 
 Native of S.W. Europe and N. Africa ; said to have been introduced to 
 England in 1656. It is one of the comparatively hardy species, and will 
 survive moderately cold winters. Its short-stalked, richer red flowers, narrow, 
 long -pointed sepals, and wavy - margined leaves distinguish it from the 
 nearest ally, C. albidus. Hybridised with that species it has given 
 C. DELILEI, Burnatj and with villosus it has produced 
 C. CANESCENS, Sweet (Cistineae, t. 45), both of which are intermediate 
 between their respective parents. 
 
 C. CYPRIUS, Lamarck. 
 
 (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 39 ; Bot. Mag., t. 112, wrongly as C. ladaniferus.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub of vigorous, bushy habit, up to 6 or 8 ft. high ; young 
 branches clammy and shining with fragrant gum. Leaves narrow, lance- 
 shaped, ij to 4 ins. long, \ to rather over i in. wide, wedge-shaped and 
 three-nerved at the base, tapered to the apex, wavy at the margin, dark 
 dull green above, grey with down beneath ; stalk \ to ^ in. long, the bases 
 clasping the stem, shining and sticky with gum beneath, like the midrib. 
 Both surfaces of the leaf are clammy. Flowers several (three to six) in 
 a long-stalked cluster, terminating short side branches ; each blossom about 
 3 ins. across, white, with a conspicuous blood-red blotch near the base of 
 each petal. Sepals three, yellowish, scaly, and, like the upper part of the 
 flower-stalk, rather hairy. 
 
 The native country of this beautiful rock rose is generally given as Cyprus, 
 where possibly it may occur wild ; but it is almost certainly a hybrid of 
 ladaniferus and laurifolius of unrecorded origin. Between these two species 
 it is in many respects intermediate. It has the large, crimson-blotched 
 flowers, the smooth stems, and the scaly sepals of C. ladaniferus, but 
 the several flowers on a stalk and the broader-stalked leaves show the 
 influence of C. laurifolius. In hardiness it is about intermediate, and is 
 only injured by the very severest of winters. I consider it the most beautiful 
 of all the cistuses we can grow out-of-doors. The leaves become metallic 
 grey in autumn. For hot, dry banks it is unsurpassed. The several flowers 
 in a cluster are individually as beautiful as those of the solitary ones of 
 C. ladaniferus, and the shrub has much of the hardiness of C. laurifolius. 
 Old plants assume a graceful, spreading habit. It thrives remarkably well 
 in Mr Notcutt's nursery at Woodbridge, in Suffolk. 
 
 C. FLORENTINUS, Lamarck. 
 
 (Sweet's Cistineae, t 59.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 2 to 4 ft. high, much branched, not viscid, branchlets 
 stellately downy when young. Leaves narrowly oval-lanceolate, wavy, pointed 
 
346 CISTUS 
 
 at the apex ; I to if ins. long, J to in. wide ; upper surface dull green, 
 roughish, net-veined beneath, the chief veins pinnately arranged ; at first 
 stellately downy above, covered beneath with a thin greyish wool. Flowers 
 two to four on a stalk, white except for a blotch of yellow at the base of 
 each petal ; i^ to 2 ins. across. Sepals five, hairy, ovate, with a heart-shaped 
 base and a slender, pointed apex. 
 
 A hybrid between monspeliensis and salvifolius, found wild in various parts 
 of S. Europe and in Algiers. It is a useful plant although not among the 
 hardiest. Intermediate between its parents, it has the same type of foliage 
 as C. monspeliensis, but broader, whilst its flowers are larger and more like 
 those of C. salvifolius. The stickiness of the young stems, seen in monspeliensis, 
 is missing. 
 
 C. HIRSUTUS, Lamarck. 
 
 (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 19.) 
 
 A small, much-branched shrub, the shoots densely covered with down 
 amidst which are numerous white outstanding hairs. Leaves stalkless, 
 ovate-oblong, blunt at the apex, three-nerved and rounded at the base ; 
 i to 2^ ins. long, J to f in. wide ; very hairy, the hairs on the upper surface 
 and at the margins long, whitish, simple ; those beneath short, starry. 
 Flowers i\ ins. diameter, white, with a yellow stain near the base of each 
 petal ; produced in a terminal cymose cluster. Sepals five, outer ones 
 heart-shaped, f in. long, with a broad base \ in. wide, and a tapered point ; 
 inner ones ovate, smaller, all shaggy with white hairs. 
 
 Native of Spain, Portugal, and France ; introduced about the middle of 
 the seventeenth century. An almost hardy species, only injured in excep- 
 tionally severe winters. With C. salvifolius and C. populifolius it forms 
 the group " Ledonia," characterised by large, heart-shaped outer sepals. 
 It is distinguished from the other two by its stalkless leaves. 
 
 C. LADANIFERUS, Linnaus. 
 
 (Sweet's Cistineae, tt. I and 84.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 3 to 5 ft. high, of erect, thin habit ; branches very 
 clammy with a shining resin. Leaves three-nerved, glutinous, linear-lanceolate, 
 \\ to 4 ins. long, \ to f in. wide ; tapering gradually to both ends, scarcely 
 stalked, the bases of each pair clasping the stem ; dark green and smooth 
 above, covered beneath with a close grey felt. Flowers solitary at the end of 
 slender side twigs, protected in the bud state by large bracts, white, with a fine 
 blood-red blotch at the base of each petal, 3 to 4 ins. across, the petals crimped 
 at the margin. Sepals three, large, concave, covered with yellowish scales. 
 Seed-vessel ten-valved. 
 
 Native of S. Europe and N. Africa ; introduced in 1629. Near London this 
 rock rose withstands frosts up to 20, but is certainly not so hardy as C. cyprius, 
 nor so vigorous and bushy a plant. It is a beautiful species, especially 
 the common crimson-blotched form, and has larger flowers than any other 
 species we can cultivate out-of-doors. It differs from C. laurifolius in its 
 narrow leaves, in the absence of hairs on the stem and flower-stalks, in the 
 scaly sepals, and in the solitary flowers. (See also C. cyprius.) There is a 
 pure white, unspotted form of the species known as var. ALBIFLORUS (or 
 immaculatus). 
 
 C. LAURIFOLIUS, Linnczus. 
 
 (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 52.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 6 to 8 ft. high, with stiff, erect, open branches, hairy 
 and glutinous when young ; bark peeling. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 
 
CISTUS 347 
 
 ii to 3 ins. long, | to li ins. wide ; rounded at the base, long and taper- 
 pointed ; three-nerved, the margins wavy ; dark dull green and smooth 
 above ; pale with a close down beneath, glutinous on both surfaces ; stalk 
 hairy, ^ to f in. long, the bases of each pair meeting and clasping the stem. 
 Flowers 2^ to 3 ins. across, white, produced from midsummer onwards in 
 hairy, erect, cymose panicles, 6 to 9 ins. high, at the end of short side 
 branches. Sepals three, ovate, pointed, very concave, hairy. Seed-vessel 
 five-valved. 
 
 Native of S.W. Europe and the Mediterranean region ; introduced in 1731. 
 This is the hardiest and one of the best of rock roses. Whilst not so showy 
 as C. cyprius, and of stiffer habit, it is capable of withstanding intenser cold. 
 At Kew it has survived uninjured 32 of frost. Grown in the mass it makes a 
 bold evergreen group, flowering profusely from June to August. On hot days 
 the leaves and young stems give off a pleasant, aromatic, incense-like perfume. 
 As a flowering evergreen for banks and places too dry for most evergreens it is 
 particularly useful, but is, nevertheless, neglected in gardens. It should be 
 increased by seed, which it produces in plenty. 
 
 C. LORETI, Rouy and Foucaud, 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8490 ; C. lusitanicus, 
 
 An evergreen bush, 3 to 4 ft. high, and as much or more through ; young 
 stems gummy and sparsely hairy at first. Leaves stalkless, clammy, narrowly 
 oblong-lanceolate ; i to 2$ ins. long, to f in. wide ; three-nerved, and 
 clasping the stem at the base ; pointed at the apex, margins slightly decurved ; 
 upper-surface dull dark green, lower-surface grey, downy, and prominently net- 
 veined. Flowers in terminal clusters of three to five ; white, with a crimson 
 blotch at the base of each petal, 2 to "2\ ins. across ; sepals four or five, ovate, 
 silky at the margins and inside, minutely scaly and downy outside. 
 
 A hybrid between ladaniferus and monspeliensis given the above name by 
 Rouy and Foucaud in their Flore de France^ ii., p. 279, in 1895, but known in 
 cultivation long previously as C. lusitanicus. It was grown at Kew in 1886 
 under that name, and was one of the few rock roses that escaped the frosts of 
 February, 1895. I* appears to have been found wild in the south of France 
 and Algiers. It is certainly among the elite of cistuses hardy, of good habit, 
 free-flowering, and especially valuable in keeping its flowers open during the 
 afternoon. 
 
 Close to C. Loreti is C. RECOGNITUS, Rouy and Foucaud^ a hybrid between 
 laurifolius and monspeliensis. It has somewhat broader leaves than Loreti, 
 with short stalks ; otherwise very similar. 
 
 C. MONSPELIENSIS, LinncBUS. MONTPELIER ROCK ROSE. 
 
 (Sweet's Cistinese, t. 27.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 2 to 4 ft. high, with erect, much -divided branches, 
 hairy and slightly sticky when young. Leaves stalkless, narrowly lance-shaped 
 or linear, f to 2 ins. long, \ to ^ in. wide ; tapered at both ends, three-nerved, 
 margins incurved ; dark green, hairy and much wrinkled above ; grey beneath 
 with a close, starry down, as well as hairy on the midrib and nerves. Flowers 
 white, about i in. wide, arranged in a compact head borne at the end of a 
 slender, erect, shaggy stalk. All the branches are terminated by an inflores- 
 cence, the smaller side ones of three to six flowers, the terminal one of about 
 twice as many. Sepals five, ovate, very hairy. 
 
 Native of S. Europe and N. Africa ; cultivated here in the middle of the 
 seventeenth century. From other hardy or nearly hardy species this is readily 
 
348 CISTUS 
 
 distinguished by its narrow leaves. It is not one of the hardiest sorts, and 
 suffers in moderately severe winters. Where it survives it makes a neat 
 bush, remarkably profuse in blossom. 
 
 C. POPULIFOLIUS, Linnceus. 
 
 (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 23.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 3 to 7 ft. high, of vigorous growth ; young .shoots 
 minutely downy and viscid. Leaves long-stalked, broadly ovate, with a deeply 
 heart-shaped base, pointed ; i to 3! ins. long, I to 2^ ins. wide, prominently 
 net-veined, ultimately smooth ; stalk | to I in. long, fringed with hairs. 
 Flowers white, 2 ins. across, with a yellow stain at the base of each petal, 
 produced during June from the leaf-axils at the apex of the previous year's 
 growth and beneath the new growth, in two- to five-flowered clusters ; flower- 
 stalk hairy, 2 to 3 ins. long. Sepals five, the outer ones heart-shaped, f in. 
 long, ^ in. wide at the base ; inner ones smaller. 
 
 Native of S.W. Europe ; cultivated since 1656. It is quite distinct from 
 all other cultivated species of rock rose in having leaves larger and longer- 
 stalked than any. Whilst it will not withstand our hardest winters, it may 
 still be included among the hardier species, and is well worth growing. At 
 Narbonne, in the south of France, a form of this Cistus is found var. 
 NARBONNENSIS, Wtllkomm~vf\\.\i short-stalked flower clusters, and smaller 
 sepals hairy only on the margin. This I believe to be the hardiest form, and 
 the best for cultivation with us. 
 
 C. PURPUREUS, Lamarck. 
 (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 17 ; Bot. Reg., t. 408.) 
 
 A bush of rounded habit, 3 to 4 ft. high, and as much through ; young 
 branches downy and resinous. Leaves oblong - lanceshaped to obovate ; 
 i to 2 ins. long, f to f in. wide ; blunt at the apex, tapering at the base but 
 scarcely stalked, the bases clasping the stem ; upper surface dull greyish green, 
 the veins sunken ; the lower one pale with starry down. Flowers 2^ to 3 ins. 
 across, reddish purple witha conspicuous dark red blotch at the base of each 
 petal ; the flowers are borne in terminal clusters of about three. Sepals ovate, 
 with short slender points and covered with starry down. 
 
 This fine rock rose, by far the best of its colour in cultivation, is considered 
 to be a hybrid between C. villosus, whence it gets its colour, and the spotted 
 form of C. ladaniferus, from which it derives its greater size, and striking 
 blotches on the petals. It is only hardy through comparatively mild winters. 
 
 C. SALVIFOLIUS, Linnc^US. SAGE-LEAVED ROCK ROSE. 
 (Sweet's Cistmeae, t. 54.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub about 2 ft. high, of compact habit ; the young stems, 
 both surfaces of the leaves, and sepals covered with a soft, dense coating 
 of starry down. Leaves shortly stalked, oval to ovate-oblong, \ to \\ ins. 
 long, \ to i in. wide. Flowers, white with a yellow stain at the base of each 
 petal, i\ to if ins. across, often solitary on their stalks. Sepals five, the outer 
 ones heart-shaped, with fine points and \ in. long ; inner ones smaller, ovate. 
 
 Widely spread over S. Europe and along all the shores of the Mediterranean ; 
 cultivated since the middle of the sixteenth century, but not very hardy. 
 Moderately severe winters kill or severely injure it. It is allied to hirsutus 
 
CISTUS CLADRASTIS 349 
 
 (?.v.), differing in the stalked leaves, the one- to three-flowered inflorescence, 
 and in the dense, starry down on the upper surface of the leaves and calyx. 
 C. salvifolius has none of the large white hairs so conspicuous in hirsutus. 
 
 C. VILLOSUS, Linnaus. 
 (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 35.) 
 
 A much-branched, compact bush, 3 or 4 ft. high ; young stems shaggy with 
 whitish hairs. Leaves ovate-oblong, oval to obovate, blunt or rounded at the 
 apex, tapered at the base to a short, flat, broad stalk; I to 2^ ins. long, \ 
 to | in. wide ; covered on both surfaces with a dense coating of starry down. 
 Flowers variable in colour, but of some shade between purple and rose, 
 yellowish at the base of the petals ; 2 to 2^ ins. across, with a space between 
 the petals ; the flowers are borne in a cymose cluster of three to five flowers 
 at the end of the shoots. Flower-stalks varying from closely downy to 
 densely hairy. Sepals broadly ovate with fine points, hairy. 
 
 Native of the Mediterranean region, varying considerably in different 
 localities, on account of which and the number of hybrids between it and 
 other species that have appeared in cultivation, there is considerable confusion 
 in gardens as to its identity. As it is killed off in moderately severe winters, 
 a new stock (often untrue' to name) has to be obtained from S. Europe. Its 
 two nearest cultivated allies are albidus and crispus, both with red-purple 
 flowers ; from these it differs in its pinnately veined leaves, whilst they are 
 marked by three longitudinal veins. (See Fig. p. 344.) 
 
 CLADOTHAMNUS PYROL^FLORUS, Bongard. ERICACEAE. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8353.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 2 to 4 ft. (sometimes more) high, with erect stems 
 and smooth young shoots. Leaves alternate, oblanceolate or narrowly 
 oval, i to if ins. long, \ to J in._wide; tapered 'gradually to a stalkless 
 base, abruptly narrowed to a point at the apex, entire, perfectly smooth on 
 both surfaces. Flowers produced in June, mostly solitary from the axils 
 of the uppermost leaves and the end of the shoot, f to i in. across. 
 Sepals five, narrow oblong, persistent, green; petals five, spreading, 
 broader and rather longer than the sepals, rosy in the centre, yellowish 
 at the margins ; stamens ten, spreading, the stalks flattened towards the 
 base : style f in. long, decurved, persistent ; flower-stalk \ to \ in. long. 
 
 Native of Alaska, British Columbia, etc. ; discovered in Sitka Island 
 in 1828, but only introduced a few years ago by Mr T. Smith, of Newry. 
 It is a neat shrub, suitable for a peaty situation in the rock garden. It 
 is allied to Ledum, and is interesting among the Ericaceae through the 
 segments of the corolla being divided almost to the base. 
 
 CLADRASTIS. LEGUMINOS^E. 
 
 Two species of deciduous trees ; one found in the United States, the 
 other in China. The leaves are alternate, pinnate ; the pea-shaped flowers 
 in loose panicles; pods flattened. The shrub or small tree sometimes 
 called C. amurensis is now usually placed in a separate genus Maackia. 
 
350 CLADRASTIS 
 
 The true Cladrastis is readily distinguished from Maackia on account of 
 the swollen base of the leaf-stalks enclosing and hiding the buds; in 
 Maackia they are exposed; the flowers of Maackia, too, are arranged 
 closely in cylindrical racemes. The name Cladrastis is derived from the 
 Greek, and refers to the brittleness of the branches ; this is characteristic 
 of both the American and Chinese species, but not of Maackia. 
 
 These two trees are best when raised from seeds, but failing them, 
 plants may be raised from root-cuttings. They both like a sound, loamy 
 soil and a sunny position. 
 
 C. SINENSIS, Hemsley. CHINESE YELLOW WOOD. 
 
 A deciduous tree, 50 ft. and upwards high in a wild state, whose swollen leaf- 
 bases enclose the buds as in C. tinctoria ; young shoots rusty-downy at the 
 base. Leaves composed of usually eleven or thirteen, sometimes seventeen 
 leaflets, which are alternate, 3 to 5 ins. long, i to i| ins. wide ; narrow oblong, 
 pointed, tapered or rounded at the base ; smooth above, rusty-downy on 
 the midrib, and glaucous beneath ; stalks downy. Flowers fragrant, blush 
 white, \ in. long, produced in large, pyramidal, terminal, erect panicles, 
 sometimes 12 ins. long and 9 ins. wide. Calyx covered with rusty coloured 
 down. Pod flattened, smooth, 2 to 3 ins. long, \ in. wide. 
 
 Native of China, in the provinces of Szechuen and Hupeh, in the former 
 of which it was discovered in 1890 by Mr E. A. Pratt. It was subsequently 
 found in Hupeh by Wilson, and introduced by him for Messrs Veitch in 1901. 
 Plants in the Coombe Wood nursery and at Kew are now 7 ft. high, and 
 appear quite hardy, but have not yet flowered. This tree furnishes a remark- 
 able instance of geographical distribution. As is the case with Chionanthus, 
 Liriodendron, Gymnocladus, and Sassafras, a genus represented by a solitary 
 species in the New World and long known in gardens, is reinforced 
 by a species, also solitary, from the Old World. The leaves in cultivated 
 trees have, as yet, smaller but more numerous leaflets than those of wild 
 specimens. 
 
 C. TINCTORIA, Rafinesque. YELLOW WOOD. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7767 ; C. lutea, Koch ; Virgilia lutea, Michaux.} 
 
 A tree occasionally 50 to 60 ft. high, when drawn up by other trees, but 
 usually 40 ft. or less in the open, with a wide-spreading, rounded head of 
 branches ; trunk and limbs pale, grey, and smooth ; branchlets not downy. 
 Leaves 8 to 12 ins. long, pinnate, composed of usually seven or nine (sometimes 
 five) leaflets, the base of their common stalk swollen and enclosing the bud ; 
 leaflets alternate, nearly or quite smooth when mature, broadly oval, ovate or 
 obovate, the terminal one the largest, and up to 4^ ins. long and 2| ins. wide ; 
 basal pair of leaflets down to \\ ins. long. Panicles terminal, 8 to 14 ins. long, 
 4 to 6 ins. wide at the base, pendulous. Flowers white, I to ij ins. long, 
 produced on stalks scarcely half as long, slightly fragrant ; standard petal 
 \ to f in. across, reflexed, with a pale yellow blotch at the base. Calyx 
 bell-shaped, f in. long, with five blunt teeth, and covered (like the flower- 
 stalk) with minute down. Pod 3 to 4 ins. long, ^ in. wide, flat, with four to 
 six seeds. 
 
 Native of the south-east United States, most plentiful in Tennessee, 
 although nowhere very common; introduced in 1812. This interesting tree 
 does not flower regularly in this country, but is very distinct and hand- 
 some in its foliage, which turns bright yellow before falling, and in summer 
 is of a beautifully vivid green and luxuriant aspect. The timber is hard, 
 
CL ADR ASTIS - CLEMATIS 
 
 351 
 
 heivy, and close grained, arid when freshly cut is yellow. There is a 
 good tree at Kew 35 ft. high, with a head of branches 45 ft. across. A finer 
 one grows in the nursery of Mr Anthony Waterer at Knap Hill, 45 ft. high, 
 and at Syon there is one 6p ft. high, but not so healthy. Propagated best by 
 imported seeds. Blossoms in June. 
 
 CLADRASTIS TINCTORIA. 
 
 CLEMATIS. RANUNCULACE^E. 
 
 There are at present over two hundred species of Clematis known. 
 They are spread more or less over all the great terrestrial regions, but 
 the hardy ones are confined to Europe, Northern Asia (especially China), 
 
352 CLEMATIS 
 
 and N. America. A New Zealand species, C. indivisa, one of the most 
 beautiful of them all, is sometimes cultivated on walls in mild districts, 
 but it is, strictly speaking, a greenhouse plant. 
 
 In habit, clematises vary from dwarf, herbaceous plants to woody 
 climbers up to 60 or more feet high. The leaves are always in pairs at 
 each joint, and are occasionally simple, but usually divided, consisting 
 of the three, five, seven, nine, or perhaps fifteen leaflets. The climbing 
 species support themselves by means of the leaf-stalks, which curl round 
 any slender support available. In the absence of any such support they 
 fasten on to each other, making an inextricable tangle. Whilst the 
 clematises when in flower provide some of the most beautiful effects 
 possible in gardens excepting roses, they are our most extensive group 
 of flowering climbers the autumn and early winter effect is often 
 deplorable. The leaves of many species do not fall off in autumn, but 
 remain through much of the early winter black and unsightly. Nor are 
 the early stages of decay enlivened by any bright colour. 
 
 Clematis belongs to the buttercup family, but is an anomalous member 
 thereof, owing to the flowers having no petals. The showy, petal-like 
 organs, usually four but up to eight in number, which give the flowers 
 their chief decorative value, are sepals. There is one section of the 
 genus, the ATRAGENE group, sometimes kept up as a separate genus 
 which have, between the sepals and stamens, one or more rows of petal- 
 like organs which may be regarded as either petals or enlarged abortive 
 stamens. There is considerable variation in the form of Clematis 
 blossoms. In the most popular forms, represented so abundantly in 
 gardens by varieties and hybrids of C. patens, florida, and lanuginosa, also 
 by species like montana and orientalis, the sepals spread out nearly or 
 quite to their full extent. In another group, of which C. Viorna is the 
 type, the sepals form a pitcher-shaped flower ; that is, they are connivent 
 at the margins, so that the flower is rounded and swollen at the base, 
 but narrows to a contracted mouth. In the Vitalba group, the flowers 
 are small, very numerous, and produced in panicles. 
 
 The seed-vessel, popularly known as the " seed," and to botanists as 
 the " achene," is terminated by the persistent style, which in many species 
 is from i to 2 ins. long, and clothed with long silky hairs, so that a plant 
 in full fruit is often a striking object. The juice of several species is 
 acrid, and has an inflammatory effect on the skin. 
 
 CULTIVATION. The natural habitat of the climbing sorts is mostly 
 among small trees and shrubs, over which they run. The flowering 
 portions of the plant are therefore exposed to full sunshine, whilst the 
 main stem and lower parts of the plant are often in shade; this is a 
 point that should not be overlooked in the cultivation of the more delicate 
 species on posts and pillars. In such positions it is advisable to place the 
 plant with its base on the northern side of its support. Otherwise, the 
 plants delight in full sunshine. 
 
 They all like an open, loamy, moist soil, and the stronger-growing ones 
 should have an occasional top-dressing of rotted manure. The Clematis is 
 essentially a plant of calcareous regions, and whilst many species thrive 
 quite well in garden soil from which lime is absent, it is in such cases 
 
CLEMATIS 353 
 
 \ 
 
 always advisable to add this. I have seen from experience how much 
 better some species thrive with lime or chalk present. 
 
 The methods of pruning clematises depend on the position and 
 space they are intended to occupy, and on their time and mode of 
 flowering. The early-flowering sorts like patens, florida, Armandi, 
 montana, and alpina must not be pruned in winter ; whatever pruning is 
 necessary should be done as soon as the flowers are past, and it should be 
 done chiefly with relation to the space the plant is desired to occupy. 
 The late-flowering sorts, those, that is, which flower on the growths of the 
 current year, may be pruned back as much as desired about February, 
 late enough at any rate for it to be ascertainable how much of the stems 
 is dead or alive. Several of the species discussed in the following notes 
 are only semi-shrubby, and much of the summer growth dies back 
 naturally during the winter. It is desirable to remove as much of this as 
 possible. The Viorna and Viticella groups are of this type. Others, such 
 as the Jackmani group, Flammula, and part of the lanuginosa varieties 
 do not die back, but form in a short time a heavy tangle at the top of 
 their supports whilst they become quite naked at the base. With these it 
 is a good plan to prune a proportion at least of the stems well back, so 
 that in breaking into new growth they provide a furnishing for their 
 supports near the ground. 
 
 The provision of support for clematises in gardens must remain a 
 matter largely of discretion and opportunity. At Kew, where a collection 
 of some forty to fifty species is grown in close proximity, most of the 
 climbing sorts are trained over untrimmed branches of oak or other wood 
 stuck in the ground. Three or more of these are put in a bed, and the 
 tops are fastened together so as to form a tent-like structure. The 
 stronger species soon cover this, and in a few years a dense tangle of 
 stems is formed which become almost self-supporting. For the species 
 like Viorna and fusca, which die back almost to the ground in winter, and 
 send up shoots several feet long during the Slimmer, ordinary pea-sticks 
 are suitable. Pergolas, trellises, and arbours are of course admirable 
 places for most species, and the stronger species may be used for covering 
 the butts of trees and mounds. 
 
 An imitation of the natural conditions under which many of the 
 clematises live should more frequently be attempted in gardens. They 
 should be planted near shrubs, over which they can climb. Such shrubs 
 should not be of great value, or very rank growers. Mr Robinson has 
 adopted this system in his garden at Gravetye, with happy results. 
 
 The leaves of Clematis vary much in size and form on the same plant, 
 so that some of the descriptions in the following pages must in both 
 respects be taken as approximate. It is also difficult in this genus to 
 draw a line between the shrubby climbers and the herbaceous sorts. 
 
 Whilst many of the species described in the following pages are of 
 great beauty, it has to be admitted that the interest taken in clematises at 
 the present time is chiefly centred in the large-flowered garden races 
 which have been raised by hybridisation and selection from C. lanuginosa 
 mainly, but also from C. patens, florida, and Viticella. These varieties are 
 more particularly alluded to under their respective type species. 
 
354 CLEMATIS 
 
 / 
 
 C. ACUTANGULA, Hooker fit. 
 
 A deciduous, climbing shrub, 12 to 15 ft. high, perhaps more, with slender 
 stems sharply angled, and very viscid when young ; reddish purple. Leaves 
 doubly pinnate, 6 to 9 ins. long ; the primary divisions are three-foliolate, or, 
 in the case of the lower ones, often five-foliolate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, 
 I to 2 ins. long, coarsely toothed or two- or three-lobed, smooth and shining on 
 both surfaces, and of a purplish tint ; leaf-stalks ribbed, the bases of each pair 
 flattened, expanded, and surrounding the stem. Racemes i. to 3 ins. long, 
 furnished with usually five flower-buds, the terminal one of which opens first, 
 and is often the only one to open. Flower, bell-shaped, i in. wide, f in. long ; 
 sepals four, lilac-coloured, narrowly ovate, but much curled back at the 
 points, which are downy. Stamens and styles clothed with silky down. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya and China ; introduced from the latter by Wilson 
 for Messrs Veitch about 1903. The only plant I have seen, and the one from 
 which this description was made, is in the Coombe Wood nursery, where it is 
 a luxuriant grower and quite hardy, flowering in autumn. 
 
 C. ^ETHUSIFOLIA, Turczaninow. 
 
 A deciduous climber, growing 5 or 6 ft. high ; stems slender, slightly ribbed, 
 downy when quite young. Leaves 3 to 8 ins. long, pinnately divided into 
 three, five, or seven segments, which are themselves either deeply lobed or 
 trifoliolate ; the ultimate subdivisions varying from linear to obovate or oblong, 
 \ to i j ins. long, coarsely and unequally toothed, downy. Flowers nodding, 
 produced in August and September on erect, slender stalks i to 2 ins. long, 
 which come either singly from the joints of the stem, or three or five together 
 at the end of short axillary branches, the whole terminal part of the shoot 
 being transformed into a leafy panicle. Each flower is pale yellow, narrowly 
 bell-shaped, ^ to f in. long ; the sepals narrow oblong. Seed-vessels with 
 white feathery styles $ in. long. 
 
 Native of N. China and Manchuria ; introduced to Kew by way of 
 St Petersburg about 1875. Although one of the smaller climbing clematises, 
 it is a free grower, and forms a dense tangle of its slender stems. The finely 
 divided foliage is very elegant. It blossoms in great profusion, the whole 
 plant being covered with the little pendent bells, which, although not highly 
 coloured, are pretty and graceful. 
 
 Var. LATISECTA, Maximowicz, is a form with leaf-divisions of the broader 
 shape given above. (Bot. Mag., t. 6542.) 
 
 C. ALPINA, Miller. 
 
 (Atragene alpina, Linnceus, Bot. Mag., t. 530 
 
 A deciduous climber, 6 to 8 ft. high, with smooth, slightly ribbed stems, 
 often much enlarged at the joints, through an agglomeration of buds there. 
 Leaves 3 to 6 ins. long, doubly ternate, being composed of nine leaflets arranged 
 in three triplets ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, scarcely stalked, coarsely toothed, 
 i to 2 ins. long, one-third as wide, downy at the base. Flowers solitary, on 
 stalks 3 to 4 ins. long, nodding, produced along with the young leaves in April 
 and May. Sepals four, blue of various shades, i to i\ ins. long, \ to ^ in. 
 wide, oHong ; petals small, spoon-shaped, half as long "as the sepals. Seed- 
 vessels terminated by a silky style ij to \\ ins. long, the whole forming a 
 globular grey tuft, 2 ins. or more across. 
 
 Native of N. Europe and N. Asia, also of the mountains of Central and 
 S. Europe ; introduced in 1792. It belongs to that section of the genus once 
 kept separate as "Atragene," because of the petal-like organs that come 
 
CLEMATIS 355 
 
 between sepals and stamens. They are not conspicuous, and the sepals make 
 the chief decorative feature of the flower. Except for C. calycina and C. 
 cirrhosa, this is the earliest of this genus to blossom in the open air, the 
 flowers coming direct from the axillary buds on previous year's growth. 
 
 Var. SIBIRICA (Atragene sibirica, Linnaus, Bpt. Mag., t 1951). Sepals 
 yellowish white. Introduced previous to the type, in 1753. 
 
 C. APIIFOLTA, De Candolle. 
 
 A vigorous, woody climber, deciduous, 12 to 15 ft. high, with slightly downy, 
 slender stems. Leaves mostly trifoliolate, but sometimes pinnate with the 
 basal divisions trifoliolate ; leaflets thin, broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, I to 
 3 ins. long, heart-shaped to tapering at the base, deeply toothed, often three- 
 lobed, nearly smooth, except for hairs on the nerves beneath. Flowers dull 
 white, f in. across, in axillary panicles 2 to 6 ins. long, produced in September 
 and October ; sepals very downy outside, spreading ; stamens smooth. Seed- 
 vessels with silky styles. 
 
 Native of China and Japan, cultivated at Kew for nearly forty years. It is 
 not one of the most attractive species, although a vigorous grower and flower- 
 ing copiously. Allied to C. Vitalba, it lacks the beauty of that species in fruit, 
 at any rate in cultivation. The Clematis grown in gardens as "C. brevi- 
 caudata" or "C. Pieroti" is not true, but this species. 
 
 C. ARMANDI, Franchet. 
 
 An evergreen, climbing shrub, growing 20 to 30 ft. high, stems minutely 
 downy when quite young. Leaves composed of three leaflets, which are 
 narrowly ovate-lanceolate, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, 
 pointed, not toothed, prominently three-veined, of a rich glossy green, and 
 quite smooth on both surfaces ; they vary from 3 to 6 ins. in length, and from 
 i to 2| ins. in width ; the main stalk is i^ to 4 ins. long, the secondary ones 
 \ to i in. long and twisted. Flowers 2 to 2^ ins. across, produced in April in 
 3ense axillary clusters, mostly three on a "stalk; sepals four to six, narrow 
 oblong ; about i in. long by \ in. wide, pure or creamy white, changing to rose. 
 The bases of the flower-stalks are surrounded by numerous bracts. 
 
 Native of Central and W. China ; introduced by Wilson for Messrs Veitch 
 in 19005 and fir^t flowered by them in their nursery at Coombe Wood. It is 
 a most beautiful and distinct Clematis, and a very striking addition to our 
 scanty evergreen climbers. As regards its hardiness in this country generally, 
 it may need the protection of a wall ; but in the milder parts should be quite 
 hardy. An inferior form with sepals only half as wide is in cultivation. 
 
 C. AROMATICA, Koch. 
 
 A presumed hybrid between C. integrifolia and C. Flammula, and only woody 
 at ground-level, dying back every winter. It grows 4 to 6 ft. high, the stems 
 slender, the leaves pinnate and mostly composed of five leaflets, which are 
 oval or broadly ovate, unequal at the base, not toothed, and i to 2^ ins. long. 
 Flowers i to \\ ins. across, dark bluish violet, very fragrant, and produced on a 
 slightly downy stalk about 2 ins. long ; sepals four, oblong, spreading fully, 
 downy at the margins. Seed-vessels silky-hairy. It flo\vers from July to 
 September, and is a valuable plant for grouping in the herbaceous border. Its 
 origin is not precisely known, but the first place in which it is recorded as 
 being in cultivation was the Royal Gardens of Sans Souci, about the middle 
 of the nineteenth century. It is not a climber. 
 
356 CLEMATIS 
 
 C. CALYCINA, Aiton. FERN-LEAVED CLEMATIS. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 959 ; C. balearica, Richard.') 
 
 An evergreen, climbing shrub, 10 to 15 ft. high in this country ; young stems 
 dark brown, furnished with silky hairs, angular. Leaves finely divided, and 
 somewhat fern-like, the larger ones deeply and doubly lobed, the smaller ones 
 simply three- or five-lobed ; they are \\ to 3 ins. long, the ultimate subdivisions 
 linear and pointed. In summer the foliage is dark green, in winter it becomes 
 bronzy purple. Flowers l4 to 2 ins. across, produced from September to 
 March, solitary on stalks I in. or less long. Sepals four, very downy outside, 
 oval-oblong, yellowish white, stained inside with narrow, irregular, reddish 
 purple spots. Beneath the sepals, and separated from them by a short hairy 
 part of the stalk, is a cup-shaped organ known as the involucre. This organ 
 distinguishes this species and its near ally, C. cirrhosa, from all other hardy 
 species. 
 
 Native of Minorca, Corsica, etc. ; introduced to Kew by way of Paris, in 
 1783. It is not so hardy as C. cirrhosa, but has lived out-of-doors at Kew 
 merely trained up tree branches, flowering through the winter whenever the 
 weather was mild. I have not seen it in England in better condition than 
 at Shrublands. On account of its blossoming in midwinter, and the beauty of 
 its finely cut foliage at that season, it is well worth a sunny, sheltered spot, 
 although the flowers are not showy. 
 
 C. CAMPANIFLORA, Brotero. 
 
 A deciduous climber, growing 10 to 20 ft. high, very vigorous ; stems 
 slender, slightly downy when young. Leaves composed normally of fifteen or 
 twenty-one leaflets (that is, five or seven sets of three each), but irregular. 
 Leaflets not toothed, but sometimes lobed, variable in shape, narrow-lanceo- 
 late, ovate and oval ; up to 3 ins. long, ultimately smooth. Flowers solitary 
 or several together at the end of a downy stalk 2 or 3 ins. long, nodding, 
 produced in July and August. Sepals four, woolly, oblong, pointed with the 
 points recurved, f in. long, half expanded ; white tinged with violet. Seed- 
 vessels roundish ovate, terminated by a slightly downy style less than \ in. long. 
 
 Native of Portugal ; introduced in 1810. A hardy species, very thriving in 
 cultivation. The flowers are scarcely bell-shaped, as implied by the name, 
 but rather bowl-shaped. The species is an ally of C. Viticella. 
 
 C. CHRYSOCOMA, Franchet. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8395.) 
 
 A deciduous, semi-woody shrub, 6 to 8 ft., perhaps more, high ; young stems, 
 leaves, leaf-stalks, and flower-stalks covered with a dense, brownish yellow, 
 shaggy down. Leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets varying in shape from broadly ovate 
 or rhomboidal to narrowly obovate ; \ to if ins. long, often as much wide, 
 usually three-lobed, but sometimes merely coarsely and irregularly toothed. 
 The two side leaflets are much smaller than (usually about half the size of) the 
 terminal one. Common stalk i to 2 ins. long, that of the terminal leaflet \ to 
 in. long ; the side leaflets are stalkless. Flowers white, tinged with pink, 
 if ins. diameter, produced singly on stalks i to 3 ins. long, which spring from 
 the joints of the previous year's wood. Sepals four, broadly oblong, with a 
 short, abrupt point ; stamens not downy, forming a cluster i in. across. Seed- 
 vessels terminated by a style f to i ins. long, plumed with brownish golden 
 hairs. 
 
 Native of Yunnan, China; discovered by L'Abbe Delavay in 1884 ; intro- 
 
CLEMATIS 357 
 
 duced to Kew in 1910, by Mr Maurice de Vilmorin. It is a very charming 
 and pretty plant, distinct in its short, erect habit, and its covering of shaggy 
 down. It is found on mountain slopes and summits at 7000 to 9000 ft., but 
 is rather tender at Kew. Mr Mottet tells me, however, that it is hardy in 
 Mr P. de Vilmorin's garden at Verrieres-le-Buisson, near Paris. It succeeds 
 very well in Cornwall. 
 
 C. CIRRHOSA, Linnceus. 
 
 (BoL Mag., t. 1070 ; C. balearica, Pet-soon.} 
 
 An evergreen climber, said to cover trees in its native country, but only a 
 few feet high in the average climate of Britain ; young stems silky-hairy. 
 Leaves glossy beneath, broadly ovate with a heart-shaped base, or three-lobed, 
 coarsely toothed, smooth ; f to 2 ins. long, ^ to i| ins. wide ; stalk to i ins. 
 long. Flower solitary, on a stalk I to 2 ins. long ; sepals oval, dull white or 
 cream-coloured, downy outside; the whole flower i^ to 2^ ins. across pro- 
 duced in winter. Seed-vessels terminated by plumose styles i^ to 2 ins. -ong, 
 forming large, beautifully silky tassels. 
 
 Native of Spain, Algeria, and Palestine ; first discovered in Andalusia by 
 the botanist Clusius in the latter half of the sixteenth century, and soon after- 
 wards introduced to Britain. It shares with C. calycina the well-marked 
 distinction of a cup-like involucre on the flower-stalk beneath the sepals. It 
 appears to be hardier than C. calycina, but at Kew does not flower so well, 
 nor has it the beautifully cut, bronzy foliage that is so attractive in its ally. 
 Both species have been called "balearica," and considerably confused in 
 gardens. 
 
 C. COCCINEA, Engdmann. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6594 ; C. texensis, Buckley?) 
 
 A climbing, semi-herbaceous plant in this country, mostly dying back in 
 winter, but several yards high in its native country. Leaves pinnate, glaucous, 
 composed of four to eight leaflets, each of which has a stalk as long, or longer 
 than its blade, the common stalk often ending in a sort of tendril. Leaflets 
 ovate to roundish, or sometimes two- or three-lobed, mostly heart-shaped at the 
 base, i to 3 ins. long, with well-marked, netted veins ; quite smooth, and not 
 toothed. Flower solitary, on a ribbed stalk 5 to 6 ins. long, pitcher-shaped, 
 nodding ; i in. long, f in. wide at the base, much narrowed towards the 
 mouth, of various shades of red from scarlet to purplish. Sepals thick, 
 narrowly ovate, with the points slightly reflexed, downy at the margins. Seed- 
 vessels ending in a feathery style, i| ins. long. 
 
 Native of Texas ; discovered in 1850 and introduced in 1868. This species 
 is rather tender, and needs some protection in winter. At Kew it lives outside, 
 at the foot of a south wall. The flowers are variable in shade, but the rich 
 red form in cultivation is unique in colour among cultivated species. It has 
 been hybridised with the large-flowered varieties of the patens and other 
 groups, and has given some very distinct and handsome varieties, such as 
 "Ville de Lyon" and "Countess of Onslow." Blossoms in autumn. 
 
 Var. MAJOR has flowers up to i^ ins. long. 
 
 C. cox NAT A, De Candolle. 
 
 A deciduous climber of vigorous habit, growing probably 20 ft. or more 
 high ; stems only slightly ribbed, not downy. Leaves mostly consisting of 
 three or five leaflets, which are bright green on both sides, sometimes three- 
 lobed, but in the main ovate, with a heart-shaped base, and a long, fine point, 
 
358 CLEMATIS 
 
 coarsely toothed, 2 to 5 ins. long, i to 3 ins. wide, either smooth or downy 
 The bases of the common stalks of each pair of leaves are flat, thin, and broad, 
 and surround the stem. Flowers bell-shaped, slightly fragrant, produced in 
 September and October in axillary panicles 4 or 5 ins. long. Sepals soft 
 yellow, oblong, | to I in. long, pointed with the points turned back, finely 
 downy inside. Seed-vessel surmounted by silky plumose styles, i to ij ins. 
 long. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya up to 10,000 ft. It bears some resemblance to 
 C. Rehderiana, but its leaves are not silky, and are especially distinguished by 
 the bioad, flattened stalks at the base; the sepals, too, are not so distinctly ribbed. 
 The flower is rather larger and not so fragrant. It is quite hardy at Kew 
 in the open ground. The species varies considerably in the amount oif down on 
 the leaves and young stems, and in the size of the flattened expansions of 
 the leaf-stalks. 
 
 C. CRISPA, Linnceus. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 1892.) 
 
 A deciduous, half-woody climber, varying from 3 to 8 ft. high. Leaves 
 pinnate, consisting of three, five, or seven leaflets ; these leaflets are themselves 
 often trifoliolate or variously lobed, but not toothed, varying from lance-shaped 
 to broadly ovate with a heart-shaped base, and from i to 3 ins. long by 
 \ to i^ ins. wide, thin and smooth. The larger leaves are altogether 6 to 
 8 ins. long. Flowers solitary on stalks i to 3 ins. long, fragrant ; sepals i| 
 to 2 ins. long, convergent below, spreading and separate towards the points, 
 \ to \ in. wide, thin and wavy at the margins, partially downy at the back, 
 bluish purple, nearly white at the margins. Seed-vessel either silky or 
 becoming nearly smooth. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States ; introduced in 1726. This is 
 regarded as one of the Viorna group, but is amply distinguished by the 
 upper half of the sepals expanding widely and being much broadened and 
 wavy at the margin. It flowers from June to August. 
 
 C. DAVIDIANA, Decaisne. 
 
 (C. heraclesefolia var. Davidiana, Franchet.*) 
 
 A semi-shrubby, deciduous plant, up to 4 ft. high ; stems ribbed. Leaves 
 rather leathery, composed of three leaflets, the terminal one the largest ; 
 roundish ovate, shallowly and unequally toothed, from 3 to 6 ins. long, and 
 nearly as much wide, side ones similar except in being short stalked and 
 much smaller. Flowers i J ins. across, produced in dense axillary clusters ; 
 the base is tubular, but the four sepals are spreading (not curled back 
 as in C. tubulosa), indigo-blue outside. Male and female flowers occur 
 on separate plants. 
 
 Native of China ; introduced to Paris in 1864 by the Abbe David, after 
 whom it is named. It is, perhaps, the most desirable of the tubulosa 
 group. From C. tubulosa itself it differs in its taller habit ; the plants are 
 unisexual (dioecious), and the sepals are larger, longer, and do not curl 
 back. At the same time the late Mr Franchet made Davidiana a variety 
 simply of the other. 
 
 C. DURANDII, Kuntze. 
 
 (Garden, Feb. 8, 1896, t. 1052.) 
 
 A robust climber, growing 9 ft. high, with stout stems. Leaves undivided, 
 ovate, pointed, tapering or slightly heart-shaped at the base ; ^ to 6 ins. long, 
 about half as wide, with three or five longitudinal veins, firm-textured, 
 
CLEMATIS 359 
 
 shining green, almost or quite smooth ; stalk i to 2 ins. long. Flowers 3 to 
 4 2 ins. across, the sepals usually four (occasionally more), obovate, i^ 
 ins. wide, wavy at the margins, dark blue-violet; stamens yellow. Seed-vessels 
 with long silky tails. 
 
 A beautiful hybrid between integrifolia and one of the large-flowered 
 garden varieties, raised by Durand freres of Lyons about 1870. 
 
 Var. PALLIDA. Flowers paler, violet-rose. 
 
 Both these are exceptionally desirable and flower from June to September. 
 
 C. FLAMMULA, Linnceus. 
 
 A climbing, deciduous plant, growing 10 ft. or more high, forming at the 
 top a heavy, bushy tangle, whilst it is comparatively naked and unfurnished 
 below ; young stems smooth. Leaves very variable in size and shape, 
 but mostly composed of three eft five leaflets, which are not toothed, but 
 often two- or three-lobed and frequently trifoliolate ; they are bright green 
 on both sides and quite smooth, varying in shape from narrowly lanceolate 
 to almost round. Flowers pure white, delightfully fragrant, | to I in. across, 
 produced from August to October, in loose cymes up to I ft. in length. 
 Seed-vessels oval, j in. long, surmounted by a white-plumed style i^ ins. long. 
 
 Native of S. Europe ; cultivated in Britain since the sixteenth century. In 
 the fragrance of its blossoms this Clematis provides one of the greatest pleasures 
 of the autumn garden, It is variously compared with the scent of almonds, 
 vanilla, and hawthorn, and is perceptible some yards away from the plant. 
 
 C. RUBRO-MARGINATA (C. Flammula var. rubro-marginata). A hybrid 
 between C. Flammula and C. Viticella. The flowers are i to i4r ins. across, 
 the sepals being white at the base, the remainder reddish violet. Their 
 fragrance is equal to that of C. Flammula, and they expand during the same 
 period. One of the most charming of late summer-flowering climbers. 
 
 C. FLORIDA, Thunberg. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, July 23, 1902, fig. 20.) 
 
 A deciduous, or semi-evergreen, shrubby climber, growing 8 to 12 ft. high, 
 with hard, wiry stems. Leaves 3 to 5 ins. long, normally composed of three 
 divisions, which are each again divided into three leaflets. Leaflets ovate to 
 lanceolate, i to 2 ins. long, mostly untoothed in the cultivated forms, but often 
 coarsely toothed in the wild ; glossy dark green above, more or less hairy 
 beneath. Flowers 2^ to 3 ins. across, solitary on downy stalks 3 to 4 ins. long, 
 that are furnished about the middle with a pair of stalkless, variously lobed, 
 leaf-like bracts. Sepals from four to six, oval, pointed, fully spread, white or 
 creamy white, with a greenish band down the back. Stamens spreading, dark 
 (almost black) purple. Seed-vessels purplish, with silky tails. Flowers in 
 June and July. 
 
 Native of China, and possibly Japan. It was first noticed in Japan by 
 Thunberg, and was introduced in 1776, but the plants Thunberg saw were 
 doubtless cultivated ones. The wild type was collected by Henry, near Ichang, 
 but is probably not now in cultivation. The florida group of garden clematises 
 is much prized by cultivators, although many varieties are doubtless hybrids 
 with patens and lanuginosa "blood" in them. C. florida and patens are no 
 doubt closelyj allied, and are united by intermediate forms, so that some 
 authorities have united them. But for garden purposes, C. patens is well 
 distinguished in having no bracts on the flower-stalk, and in the leaves con- 
 sisting of three or five simple leaflets. The varieties of C. florida are not quite 
 so hardy as those of 'lanuginosa, but some have lived and flowered regularly 
 
360 CLEMATIS 
 
 otit-of-doors at Kew for ten years at least They blossom well in advance of 
 the great lanuginosa group, and are prized on that account. 
 
 Var. BICOLOR, Lindley (C. Sieboldii, Don). In this variety the flowers are 
 "doubled" through the transformation of the stamens into petal-like organs. 
 Whilst the sepals are white, the centre of the flower is purple. A cultivated 
 Japanese variety, introduced in 1837. 
 
 Var. FLORE PLENO, Jacquin^ has the stamens transformed the same way 
 as bicolor, but they are white. 
 
 Neither C. florida nor any of the group to which it gives its name need any 
 pruning beyond the removal of old flowering wood. 
 
 The differences between the type species of the three great groups of 
 garden Clematis may be tabulated as follows : 
 
 A. FLOWER-STALKS WITH TWO BRACTS. 
 
 1. C. florida. Leaves doubly ternate. 
 
 B. FLOWER-STALKS WITHOUT BRACTS. 
 
 2. C. lanuginosa. Leaves often simple, very woolly beneath ; sepals overlapping. 
 
 3. C. patens. Leaves never simple, but three or five foliolate, slightly downy ; sepals 
 
 set apart. 
 
 C. FUSCA, Turczaninow. 
 
 A semi-herbaceous climber, 8 or 9 ft. high, stems angled, downy when 
 young. Leaves pinnate, 4 to 8 ins. long, and composed mostly of five or 
 seven leaflets, which are ovate with a rounded or heart-shaped base, and often 
 long, tapering points, not toothed ; smooth or slightly downy beneath. 
 Flowers solitary on stout stalks, which are \ to i in. long, and thickly covered 
 with reddish brown hairs. The flower has the pitcher shape of the Viorna 
 group, the sepals being f to I in. long, the points recurved ; outside they are 
 reddish brown, woolly. Seed-vessels with tails about i^ ins. long, plumed with 
 yellowish brown, silky hairs. 
 
 Native of N.E. Asia, from Asiatic Russia through Manchuria to the Kurile 
 Islands. It is an interesting but not very ornamental plant, distinct in its 
 group, because of the very short hairy flower-stalks, and the hairiness generally 
 of the flower. It grows very well, and produces abundant seed. 
 
 C. HENDERSONII, Chandler. 
 
 A hybrid between C. Viticella and integrifolia, raised by Henderson of 
 St John's Wood about 1830, and one of the most beautiful of garden clematises. 
 It is, however, scarcely woody enough to justify its inclusion in this work, dying 
 back to the ground level each winter. The stems are slender, 6 to 8 ft. high, 
 the leaves pinnate, and the solitary, slightly perfumed flowers 2 to 2^ ins. across, 
 deep bluish purple, and borne on stalks 3 to 4 ins. long. Sepals four, spreading, 
 | in. wide. This Clematis flowers most profusely from July to September, and 
 if grown in a group, with the stems supported by stakes, makes a very gay 
 display. The parentage of the plant as given above is deduced from its 
 appearance, the habit and foliage resembling C. Viticella, whilst the flower and 
 feathery-tailed seed-vessel are those of C. integrifolia a well-known herbaceous 
 species. 
 
 C. BERGERONII, Lavallee, is of -the same origin as C. Hendersonii. 
 
 C. INTERMEDIA, Bonamy, is a third hybrid between the same parent species, 
 very handsome also, but taking more after C. integrifolia than C. Hendersonii 
 does. The flowers are bluish purple, 2j ins. across, and appear from July to 
 September. The plant is sturdier and shorter than C. Hendersonii. 
 
CLEMATIS 361 
 
 C. JACK MAN I, T. Moore. 
 
 In 1860, some young plants were raised in the nursery of Messrs Jaclcman 
 at Woking, Irom seed which was said to have been obtained by crossing 
 C. Hendersonii and C. lanuginosa. They flowered in 1862, were named after 
 their raisers, and were the first of the fine race of garden varieties of Clematis 
 everywhere known to-day as the Jackmani group. They are probably more 
 grown now than any others. C. Jackmani has flowers 4 to 5 ins. across, 
 composed normally of four sepals of a rich velvety violet-purple. In the later- 
 raised varieties of this group some of the flowers have six sepals, and are 6 ins. 
 or even more across. They commence to flower in July, and are still gay in 
 October if the weather remain open and sunny. They may be pruned to 
 within a foot of the older stems each spring, being vigorous growers, and flower- 
 ing on the shoots of the current year. 
 
 C. JOUINIANA, C. K. Schneider. 
 
 (C. grata, of many gardens, but not of Wallich.") 
 
 A very vigorous, deciduous climber, about 10 ft. high, stems strongly ribbed 
 and slightly downy. Leaves composed of three or five leaflets, which are more 
 or less intermediate between those of C. Vitalba and Davidiana. Flowers in 
 corymbs 4 to 6 ins. long, springing from the leaf-axils towards the end of the 
 shoot, the whole forming a large panicle I to 2 ft. long. Sepals four, strap- 
 shaped, pointed, f in. long ; at first yellowish white, finally suffused with lilac ; 
 half to fully expanded, but little recurved. (Fig. p. 362.) 
 
 A hybrid between C. Vitalba and C. Davidiana, which is widely spread in 
 gardens under the erroneous name of " C. grata." It is a quick-growing plant 
 with perennial stems, and it flowers with great freedom from August to October. 
 Very suitable for covering old tree-stumps or mounds. It is named after Mr 
 E. Jouin, the well-known manager of the Simon-Louis nurseries at Metz. 
 
 The true C. GRATA, Wallich, is a climber allied to C. Vitalba, native of the 
 Himalaya and China. Leaves pinnate, made up of five leaflets, which are 
 broadly ovate, long-pointed, deeply toothed, often three-lobed, dowrly beneath. 
 Flowers yellowish white, f in. across. It is not in general cultivation, but 
 plants of Chinese origin are in the Coombe Wood nursery. 
 
 C. LANUGINOSA, Lindley. 
 
 A deciduous climber, said to be only 6 ft. high in nature, but half as high 
 again as represented by cultivated varieties. Leaves either simple or 
 composed of three leaflets, which are heart-shaped at the base, pointed 
 at the apex, up to 5 ins. long by 3 ins. wide, of thick texture, covered beneath 
 with a thick, soft, 1 grey wool, smooth above ; stalks 3 to 6 ins. long, downy. 
 Flowers 4 to 6 ins. across, produced at the end of the shoots on woolly stalks 
 which have no bracts. Sepals normally six, but often seven or eight ; oval 
 or obovate, overlapping and fully expanded ; very downy behind, varying 
 in cultivated varieties from white to pale lilac. Seed-vessels with long 
 silky tails. 
 
 This Clematis was originally introduced to cultivation by Robt. Fortune, 
 who found 't near Ningpo, China, in 1850. It is the type of a very important 
 and showy group of cultivated varieties, and, although allied in a botanical 
 sense to C. patens and C. florida, is amply distinct in the dwarfer habit, 
 larger flowers, and the very woolly, often simple leaves and woolly flower-stalks. 
 Many of the varieties have flowers 8 ins. across, some close on 12 ins. 
 By cross-breeding, the distinctions between the various groups of course 
 tend to disappear, and many so-called lanuginosa forms have deep purple 
 
362 
 
 CLEMATIS 
 
 flowers. The group flowers from June to October, and requires only a 
 slight pruning in February. (See note under C. florida.) 
 
 C. LASIANDRA, Maximowicz. 
 
 A vigorous, deciduous climber ; stems slender, angled, sparsely hairy. 
 Leaves ternate or doubly ternate, 3 to 8 ins. long, composed of three or nine 
 
 CLEMATIS JOUINIANA. 
 
 leaflets > when three they are often deeply three-lobed. Leaflets 2 to 4 ins, 
 long, ovate to lanceolate, the lateral ones of each trio oblique at the base ; 
 all with long, slender points, coarsely and irregularly toothed, sparsely downy 
 and dull dark green above ; paler, brighter and smooth beneath. The 
 base of the leaf-stalks and the nodes are hairy. Flowers usually in threes. 
 
CLEMATIS 363 
 
 in axillary cymes i J to 2 ins. long ; sepals downy, varying on different plants 
 from white to dull slaty purple, oblong, the margins pressed together at the 
 base, the points rolled back, forming a bell-shaped flower ^ in. long, stuffed 
 with yellowish white stamens thickly clothed with silky hairs. Fruit-heads 
 composed of numerous ovate-lanceolate carpels, each with a long, feathery tail. 
 Native of Japan and China ; introduced from the latter country by Wilson 
 in 1900. It flowers in October. Not one of the most promising species. 
 
 C. LIGUSTICIFOLIA, Nuttall. 
 
 This little-known species is a native of Western N. America, and in the 
 American floras is grouped with C. virginiana. It is easily distinguished from 
 that species (which has trifoliolate leaves) by its five leaflets, the terminal one 
 of which is deeply three-lobed or occasionally three-foliolate. It is, perhaps, 
 more likely to be confounded with our native C. Vitalba in foliage, but 
 the plant is much less vigorous, and does not flower freely with us. Moreover, 
 male and female flowers are confined to separate plants. They are white, 
 fragrant, f in. across, and produced in corymbose panicles, the sepals downy. 
 Leaflets ovate, pointed, coarsely toothed, of firm texture, bright green and 
 smooth. Seed-vessels with feathery tails. Flowers in September. 
 
 Var. CALIFORNICA, S. Watson, has leaves downy or even velvety beneath. 
 
 CLEMATIS MONTANA var. RUBENS. 
 
 C. MONTANA, Buchanan. 
 
 A deciduous climber of vigorous habit, growing at least 20 ft. high ; stems 
 smooth except when quite young. Leaves composed of three leaflets on a 
 common stalk 2 to 4 ins. long ; the leaflets short-stalked, ovate to lanceolate, 
 pointed, variously and unequally toothed ; I to 4 ins. long, half as wide. 
 Flowers solitary, pure white, 2 to i\ ins. across, each borne on a smooth stalk 
 2 to 5 ins. long. Sepals four, spreading, oval. Seed-vessel elliptical, sur- 
 mounted by a plumose style i^ ins. long. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya; introduced by Lady Amherst in 1831. It is 
 quite hardy nea^ London, and is undoubtedly one of the loveliest of all 
 climbers. The flowers appear in May, and being produced singly on long 
 stalks, can only be confused with the white variety of C. alpina, and that is 
 not only very different in habit and vigour, but has the petal-like parts of the 
 
364 CLEMATIS 
 
 flower characteristic only of the Atragene group. C. montana is a valuable 
 plant for covering arbours, pergolas, and especially verandas, where its long 
 shoots can be allowed to hang down and form a sort of curtain. 
 
 Var. RUBENS, Kuntze. A Chinese variety introduced for Messrs Veitch by 
 Wilson in 1900. It is very distinct, the foliage being similar in size and form 
 to the type, but more downy and purplish, although not so markedly purple as 
 the leaf-stalks and young stems. The flowers appear in June, rather later than 
 those of the type, and are of a beautiful rosy red. The sepals are i^ ins.Jong, 
 in. wide ; flower-stalks hairy. This variety is probably the most bea'utiful 
 and useful climber distributed in the twentieth century. It is hardier than the 
 type and flowers with greater regularity. Easily increased by cuttings. 
 
 Var. WlLSONi, Sprague (Bot. Mag., t. 8365). This variety has larger 
 white flowers on downy stalks, 3 ins. in diameter, and they appear in July and 
 August. This habit of late flowering adds to its value. Native of Central 
 China ; introduced by Wilson. It is sometimes wrongly named " C. repens " 
 in gardens. 
 
 C. ORIENTALIS, Linnceus. 
 
 (C. graveolens, Lindley ; Bot. Mag., 4495.) 
 
 A deciduous climber, growing 10 to 20 ft. high ; young stems ribbed and 
 not downy. Leaves 6 to 8 ins. long, pinnately divided, the primary divisions 
 usually trifoliolate ; leaflets with slender stalks I to 2 ins. long, dull glaucous 
 green, ovate or lanceolate, \ to i\ ins. long, usually angularly toothed or 
 deeply lobed, but sometimes entire, quite smooth. Flowers yellow, slightly 
 fragrant, i to 2 ins. across, produced during August and September singly 
 on slender stalks 2 to 4 ins. long (lengthening in fruit) ; sepals ovate, pointed, 
 downy on the inside. Seed-vessel with slender, feathered styles i^ ins. long, 
 the whole forming "a handsome globular tuft over 3 ins. across. In a wild 
 state this Clematis extends from the Caucasus and Persia to the Himalaya, 
 N. China, and Manchuria ; it accordingly varies considerably in minor points. 
 The plant usually known as graveolens is a less glaucous form, the leaves 
 slightly downy, the leaflets mostly larger. C. orientalis was introduced in 
 
 I73 1 - 
 
 Nearly allied to C. orientalis is C. GLAUCA, Willdenow, of which there 
 is in cultivation the var. AKEBIOIDES, Rehder (C. orientalis var. akebioides, 
 Maximoivicz). This has flowers i-^ to if ins. diameter, deep orange yellow. 
 A handsome Chinese form introduced for Messrs Veitch by Wilson, which 
 flowers late into October, and is more vigorous than the type. Both differ 
 from C. orientalis in having the sepals downy on the margins only. 
 
 C. PANICULATA, Tkunberg. 
 
 A very vigorous climber, growing 30 ft. or more high, and forming a thick 
 tangle ; young stems slightly downy. Leaves composed of three or (usually) 
 five leaflets, which are dark green on both sides, heart-shaped or ovate, i to 3 
 ins. long, not lobed or toothed, nearly or quite smooth, and comparatively 
 long-stalked. The blades of the largest leaflets resemble in form and colour 
 the leaves of the common lilac. Flowers scented like hawthorn, I in. or more 
 across, produced during September and October in forked panicles, 3 to 4 ins. 
 long, from the axils of the current year's growth. Sepals four, white, oblong. 
 Seed-vessels with grey feathered styles i to i^ ins. long, rarely seen in Britain. 
 
 Native of Japan ; discovered and named by Thunberg, who lived in that 
 country in the last quarter of the eighteenth century. It has never been largely 
 planted in the British Isles, for, although hardy and vigorous enough, it rarely 
 flowers with freedom, and usually too late in the season to develop well. In 
 the eastern United States, on the other hand, it is one of the most beautiful and 
 wonderful of climbing plants, producing its pure white flowers in marvellous 
 
CLEMATIS MONTANA var. RUBENS. 
 
 . 864. 
 

CLEMATIS 365 
 
 profusion. In Britain it lacks, no doubt, sufficient summer sun to bring out its 
 best qualities, and would be best against a south wall. It is an ally of 
 C. Flammula, but much more vigorous. 
 
 C. PATENS, Morren. 
 
 (C. coerulea, Lindley ; Bot. Reg., t. 1955.) 
 
 A deciduous climber, growing 8 to 12 ft. high. Leaves composed of three 
 or five leaflets with downy stalks ; leaflets lanceolate ; 2 to 4 ins. long, i to 2^ 
 ins. wide, pointed, smooth above, downy beneath. Flowers solitary on downy 
 stalks without bracts ; 4 to 6 ins. across ; sepals six to eight, long-pointed, 
 wide-spreading, and more separated from each other than in C. florida (q.v.\ 
 In the typical C. patens the flowers are said to be white, but this is probably 
 not in cultivation now, and the cultivated forms of the patens group vary from 
 white tinged with violet to deep violet-blue. Seed-vessels with silky tails. 
 
 Commonly cultivated in, and probably a native of Japan, whence it was 
 introduced to Europe in 1836 by Siebold, who had found it in a garden near 
 Yokohama. It is the parent of a group of garden clematises inferior in 
 importance to those only of C. lanuginosa and C. Jackmani. Some 
 authorities regard it as a variety of C. florida ; the distinctions are pointed out 
 under that species. The patens varieties flower in May and June, and need no 
 pruning beyond the removal of dead wood. 
 
 C. PITCHERT, Torrey and Cray. 
 
 A deciduous climber, 9 to 12 ft. high ; young stems downy. Leaves pinnate 
 composed of three to seven leaflets, which are ovate, with a rounded or slightly 
 heart-shaped base, sometimes two- or three-lobed, or even trifoliolate ; i to 3 ins. 
 long, half as wide ; strongly net-veined, and more or less downy beneath. 
 The terminal leaflet is often reduced to a tendril. Flower solitary on a downy 
 stalk, 2 to 4 ins. long. Sepals purplish blue outside, f to i ins. long, the 
 tapering points slightly reflexed, showing the greenish yellow inner surface, 
 margins downy ; the margins of the sepals converge, giving the flower the urn 
 or pitcher shape characteristic of the Viorna group to which this belongs. 
 Seed-vessels almost circular, but narrowed at the top to a slightly downy (not 
 feathery) style f in. long. 
 
 Native of the Central Pnited States ; introduced to Kew in 1878. It has 
 been confused in French periodicals with C. coccinea, which differs not only 
 in the colour of the flowers, but is, like another ally, C. Viorna, distinguished by 
 the plumed styles. C. Pitcheri is the best of the Viorna group in gardens ; 
 the stems do not die back so much in winter as the others. It flowers from the 
 end of May to September, never making any great display at one time. 
 
 C. REHDERIANA, Craib. 
 
 (C. nutans, Hort. not Royle ; C. n. var. thyrsoidea, Rehder ; C. Buchaniana, Hon., 
 
 not De Candolle?) 
 
 A deciduous climber up to 25 ft. high, with angled, downy stems. Leaves 
 pinnate, 6 to 9 ins. long, consisting of usually seven or nine leaflets. Leaflets 
 broadly ovate, pointed, heart-shaped at the base, often three-lobed, coarsely 
 toothed; \\ to 3 ins. long, about two-thirds as wide; more or less downy 
 above, clothed with silky down and conspicuously veined beneath; stalk of 
 leaflets i to i\ ins. long, hairy. Flowers mostly nodding, fragrant like cow- 
 slips; borne on erect, downy, ribbed panicles 5 to 9 ins. high from August to 
 October, The four sepals are of a soft primrose yellow, ribbed, and form a 
 bell- shaped perianth J to in. long; their points are recurved, and they are 
 
366 CLEMATIS 
 
 velvety outside, glabrous within; stamens about as long as the sepals, thinly 
 hairy their whole length. Seed-vessels orbicular-ovate, downy, terminated by 
 a silky style i in. long. 
 
 Native of W. China; introduced to France, in 1898, by Pere Aubert from 
 near Tatien-lu, thence to Kew in 1904. Wilson introduced it from the same 
 neighbourhood in 1908. It is one of the latest flowering clematises and is 
 worthy of cultivation on that account, also for the sweet fragance of its pretty 
 blossoms. Its naming has been much confused. When first introduced it 
 was called C. Buchaniana by the French; then it was identified with C. nutans. 
 Both these species are Himalayan, and probably not in cultivation. 
 
 C. VEITCHIANA, Craib, hitherto confused with the above under the name 
 " C. nutans," has lately been distinguished by Mr Craib. Its most noticeable 
 distinction is in the leaves being doubly pinnate; the two or three lower 
 primary divisions are usually trifoliolate. The leaflets, in consequence, are 
 smaller and more numerous often over twenty. Another distinction is that 
 the bracts on the inflorescence are very small (\ to % in. long) and awl-shaped, 
 whereas in C. Rehderiana they are much larger (f to f in. long), ovate or oval, 
 sometimes deeply three-lobed. The flowers are rather smaller, but of the 
 same shape and colour. Introduced from W. China by Wilson in 1904. 
 
 C. SONGARICA, Bunge. 
 
 A semi-woody, scarcely climbing plant, 4 or 5 ft. high, with slender, 
 furrowed, not downy stems. Leaves simple, lanceolate to linear ; i^ to 4 ins. 
 long, J to i j ins. wide ; margins either entire or coarsely and angularly 
 toothed, quite smooth, and of a greyish or glaucous green, with three prominent 
 veins ; stalk ^ to i J ins. long. Flowers yellowish white, produced on stalked 
 cymes 3 to 6 ins. long, both axillary and terminal ; each flower is | to i in. 
 across, on a slender stalk i to 2 ins. long. Sepals downy outside, smooth 
 within. Seed-vessels with plumed styles. 
 
 Native of S. Siberia, Turkestan, Mongolia, and the region of the river 
 Sungari, from which it takes its name ; sent to Kew in 1880 by Ed. Regel of 
 St Petersburg. Both entire leaves and leaves with jagged margins occur on 
 the same plant, the former usually as basal leaves of flowering branches, 
 springing from the axils of leaves of the latter type. The whole plant has 
 a grey-green tinge similar to that of C. orientals, but its simple leaves 
 distinguish it. 
 
 C. STANS, Siebold. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6810 ; C. heracleaefolia var. stans, Kuntze.} 
 
 A deciduous, sub-shrubby, or sometimes scandent plant, with stems up to 
 6 ft. long, dying back nearly to the base in winter ; stout, ribbed, covered with 
 grey down. Leaves composed of three leaflets, broadly ovate, the terminal one 
 three-lobed, all coarsely and sharply toothed, from 2 to 6 ins. long, nearly as 
 wide, downy on the stalks and on the strongly marked veins. Flowers produced 
 on branched stalks 4 to 10 ins. or more long, the flowers being clustered in 
 the axils of leaf-like bracts. They are f in. long and wide, tubular at the base, 
 the sepals curled at the ends, nearly white. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced by Von Siebold to France about 1860. It 
 belongs to the same group as C. tubulosa and C. Davidiana, a group dis- 
 tinguished by tube-shaped, hyacinth-like flowers. In C. stans the plants may 
 be male or female, or they may have flowers of both sexes on the one plant. 
 This last (monoecious) form is sometimes known as C. KOUSABOTAN, Decaisnc. 
 C. stans is distinguished from tubulosa and Davidiana by its laxer hat)it, more 
 downy stems, and smaller flowers. 
 
CLEMATIS 367 
 
 Var. LAVALLEI (C. Lavallei, Decaisne) is a very strong-growing form with 
 sweet-scented flowers of both sexes on the same plant (monoecious) ; flower- 
 stalks up to 1 8 ins. long ; flowers f in. long. 
 
 C. TANGUTICA, Andrt. 
 
 (C. orientalis var. tangutica, Maximowicz ; Bot. Mag., t. 7710.) 
 
 A species closely allied to, or perhaps a variety of, C. orientalis ; growing 
 8 or 10 ft. high ; stems slightly downy. Leaves grey-green, like those of 
 C. orientalis, but downy when young ; leaflets raggedly toothed, and sometimes 
 two- or three-lobed. Flowers rich yellow, solitary, on downy stalks 3 to 6 ins. 
 long ; sepals nearly 2 ins. long, narrowly ovate, long and slenderly pointed, 
 downy outside and at the edges. Seed-vessels crowned with long feathered styles. 
 
 Native of Central Asia; introduced to Kew from St Petersburg in 1898. 
 It is the handsomest yellow-flowered Clematis in cultivation, the finest flowers 
 being about 4 ins. across. It differs from C. orientalis in the larger flowers, 
 and in the downy stems, flower-stalks, etc. It is a superior plant. 
 
 C. TUBULOSA, Turczaninow. 
 
 (C. heracleaefolia, De Candolle (in part).) 
 
 A semi-shrubby, deciduous plant, growing 2 to 2^ ft. high ; stems ribbed, 
 more or less downy, brownish red. Leaves composed of three leaflets, the 
 terminal one much the largest, roundish ovate ; shallowly, unequally, and 
 sparsely bristly toothed ; the base slightly heart-shaped, or almost cut off 
 straight ; from 2 to 5 ins. long and wide ; the side leaflets are similar in texture, 
 etc., but are only half the size, and are scarcely stalked. Flowers f to i in. 
 long, produced from the joints of the stems of the year in dense short clusters, 
 each flower on a downy stalk i in. or less in length. They are tubular at the 
 lower half and swollen at the base, the four sepals curling outwards and 
 backwards towards the end, deep blue outside, downy. The flowers are uni- 
 sexual, but both sexes appear on one plant. Seed-vessels with feathered tails. 
 
 Native of Central and N. China ; introduced in 1837; flowering from July to 
 September. It is the type species of a group of Clematis, whose four sepals 
 close up and form a half tubular flower of the same shape as hyacinths ; to this 
 group C. Davidiana and C. stans as well as other minor forms belong. They 
 are notable for the large leaves and robust, although semi-herbaceous growths. 
 
 Var. HOOKERI (Bot. Mag., t. 6801) has paler flowers. 
 
 C. UNCINATA, Champion. 
 (C. leiocarpa, Oliver ; Hooker's Icones PL, t. 1533.) 
 
 A large climbing shrub, with smooth, slender stems. Leaves doubly 
 ternate, the three or five primary divisions being again trifoliolate. Leaflets all 
 stalked, quite smooth, oval or oval-lanceolate, pointed at the apex, rounded at 
 the base, not toothed ; somewhat leathery, and deep shining green ; i^ to 4 ins. 
 long, one-third as wide. Flowers i in. diameter, produced from the leaf-axils, 
 and at the ends of the shoots on branching cymes 4 to 6 ins. long. Sepals 
 four, narrow oblong, purplish brown with white, downy margins. Stamens 
 smooth. Seed-vessel crowned with a feathery style, but itself smooth and 
 lance-shaped. 
 
 Native of Central China ; discovered by Henry about 1884 ; introduced to 
 cultivation by Wilson in 1901. The species appears to be somewhat tender, 
 especially when young, and may need the protection of a wall. It flowered 
 with Messrs Veitch at Coombe Wood in July 1906. 
 
368 CLEMATIS 
 
 C. VERTICILLARIS, De Candolle. BELL RUE. 
 
 (Atragene americana, Sims ; Bot. Mag., t. 887.) 
 
 A climbing shrub of the Atragene group, 6 to 8 ft. high ; young stems 
 slightly ribbed, smooth, becoming much enlarged at the joints with age. 
 Leaves ternate, being composed of three leaflets on a common stalk 2 to 
 3 ins. long ; leaflets ovate or heart-shaped, i to 2 ins. long, coarsely toothed or 
 entire, with a little loose down about the veins and stalks when young. 
 Flower solitary on a stalk about 3 ins. long, purple or purplish blue, 2 to 3 ins. 
 across. Sepals four, thin, lance-shaped, pointed, prominently veined, downy, 
 especially at the margins ; petals about f in. long. Seed-vessel surmounted by a 
 feathery style about i \ ins. long. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; introduced in 1797. It is most nearly 
 allied to the European C. alpina, producing its flowers in May from the joints 
 of the previous year's wood, and having petals or petal-like organs between the 
 sepals and stamens. It is, however, quite distinct in having but three leaflets 
 to each leaf, and these have not the deep, handsome toothing of C. alpina. 
 C. verticillaris is now very rare in gardens, as it is said to be also in a wild 
 state. 
 
 C. VIORNA, Linnaus. LEATHER-FLOWER. 
 
 A half-woody climber, 6 to 10 ft. high. Leaves mostly pinnate ; leaflets, usually 
 five, of various sizes and shapes, the basal, ones largest, mostly two- or three- 
 lobed, or trifoliolate, often heart-shaped at the base, i^ to 2 ins. long and wide ; 
 the upper ones not lobed, ovate, f to i^ ins. long ; all of them without teeth and 
 often smooth. Flowers nodding, solitary on stiff stalks 2 or 3 ins. long ; sepals 
 very thick and leathery, pointed, I to i \ ins. long, dull reddish purple, greenish 
 white or yellowish inside. The sepals touch and form a bell-shaped flower, 
 slightly narrowed towards the mouth where the points are curved back. 
 Seed-vessels with brownish feathery styles i in. long. 
 
 Native of the eastern United States, introduced in 1730. It is the type 
 species of a group of Clematis (sometimes separated as a distinct genus under 
 the name of Viorna), whose converging sepals give an urn- or bell-shape to the 
 flower. The stems die back in winter, to the woody base of the plant. 
 Although interesting and curious, this species is not particularly attractive. 
 
 C. VIRGIN IAN A, Linnceus. 
 
 A deciduous, climbing shrub up to 20 ft. high ; young stems ribbed and 
 almost without down. Leaves nearly always consisting of three leaflets (rarely 
 five), which are ovate, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, coarsely and 
 unequally toothed, borne on a common stalk \\ to 3 ins. long ; each leaflet on 
 its own stalk J to \ in. long, slightly downy when young. Flowers dull white, 
 i to i ins. across, produced in axillary panicles 3 to 6 ins. long in August and 
 September ; sepals four, oblong, thin. Seed-vessels with silky, feathered styles, 
 forming silvery heads about 2^ ins. across. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; introduced in 1767. It is but little grown 
 outside botanic gardens, being inferior in vigour to our native species, and not 
 so attractive as many others. It is allied most closely to C. Vitalba, but is 
 distinguished by its three-foliolate instead of five-foliolate leaves. Plants, too, 
 are frequently unisexual. 
 
 C. VITALBA, Linnceus. TRAVELLER'S JOY. 
 
 A deciduous, climbing shrub, forming woody stems reaching ultimately, if 
 support be available, 40 ft. or more high, the older portions near the ground 
 
CLEMATIS 369 
 
 becoming in time as thick as a man's wrist ; young stems ribbed and downy. 
 Leaves very variable in size and length ; from 3 to 10 ins. long, composed of 
 five leaflets pinnately arranged. Leaflets ovate with a heart-shaped or rounded 
 base, or lance-shaped, I to 4 ins. long, stalked, the lowest pair occasionally 
 trifoliolate, coarsely toothed or almost entire, more or less downy. Flowers dull 
 white, borne in panicles 3 to 5 ins. long from the leaf-axils ; each flower about 
 | in. in diameter, faintly almond-scented. Seed-vessels with long, plume-like 
 styles, forming, when ripe, grey tufted balls very conspicuous in autumn and 
 winter. 
 
 Native of Europe, and common in the south of England. .Among our 
 native climbers, it is the most vigorous and rapid in growth, making shoots 
 several yards long in one season. It flowers from July to October, and its 
 remarkable crop of silky fruits remain on the plants long after the leaves have 
 fallen. It is of too aggressive a nature to be associated with valuable shrubs, 
 which it would in time smother, but it has a charming effect in the wilder parts 
 of the garden, where it may be allowed to wander over vigorous commtn shrubs 
 or worn-out trees of little consequence. In such positions it gives a better 
 idea than any other British plant of the lianes or " bush ropes " of the tropics. 
 
 The popular name of "old man's beard" refers of course to the silvery 
 grey fruits. The French name, " herbe aux gueux" (beggar's plant), originated 
 from the use by beggars in Paris of the acrid juice of the plant to produce 
 ulcerous wounds as a means of exciting pity. The pleasant name of 
 " Traveller's joy," was apparently invented by Gerard, who says this Clematis 
 is "esteemed for pleasure by reason of the goodly shadow and the pleasant 
 sent or savour of its flowers. And because of its decking and adorning waies 
 and hedges where people travel, thereupon have I named it Traveller's joy." 
 
 C. VlTICELLA, Linnceus. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 565.) 
 
 A deciduous, partially woody climber, growing 8 to 12 ft. high ; stems 
 slender, ribbed, and slightly downy when young. Leaves 4 or 5 ins. long, 
 pinnate, with the primary divisions trifoliolate ; leaflets not toothed, but 
 frequently two- or three-lobed, lance-shaped to broadly ovate, f to i\ ins. long. 
 Flowers solitary on stalks 2 to 4 ins. long, or several on a branched stalk ; 
 \\ ins. across ; sepals obovate, blue, purple, or rosy purple. Seed-vessels broad 
 and short, with very small tails devoid of the feathery covering so common in 
 Clematis. 
 
 Native of S. Europe ; cultivated here since the sixteenth century. The 
 type and the double-flowered form were grown in 1597 by Gerard, who says, 
 "they grow in my garden at Holborn and flourish exceedingly. 1 ' Many 
 charming varieties have been raised in gardens, the double-flowered one just 
 mentioned (FLORE PLENO) being one* of the least attractive, owing to an 
 excessive multiplication of the sepals, which gives the flower a heavy, lumpy 
 aspect. 
 
 Var. ALBA has nearly white flowers. 
 
 Var. NANA is a dwarf form about 3 ft. high, raised by Mr Carriere in Paris. 
 There are also numerous minor forms and hybrids. Of these, RUBRA 
 GRAXDIFLORA, raised by Jackman of Woking, has large flowers of a deep 
 reddish purple. Var. KERMES1NA is another whose flowers have a reddish 
 tinge. 
 
 None of the forms of C. Viticella are genuinely shrubby in this country, 
 the summer's growth dying back during the winter nearly to the older stem. 
 They should be cut back in February to the living part All the forms flower 
 with great freedom from July to September. 
 
 2 A 
 
370 CLERODENDRON 
 
 CLERODENDRON. VERBENACE^:. 
 
 A large genus of shrubs and climbers, mostly tropical, only three 
 species of which are hardy. Leaves opposite. Flowers in wide, cymose 
 or corymbose clusters. Corolla slender-tubed, five-parted at the mouth, 
 (^alyx at first bell-shaped or inflated, persistent, becoming fleshy, with 
 the sepals reflexed. Stamens four. Fruit fleshy, and highly coloured. 
 
 C. FARGESII, Dode. 
 
 (C. trichotomum var. Fargesii.) 
 
 A vigorous, deciduous shrub, of very leafy habit ; young wood greyish, 
 almost smooth. Leaves ovate, taper-pointed, entire, variable in size, 2 to 8 ins. 
 long, about half as wide ; purple-red when quite young, afterwards glossy green 
 on both sides, with scattered hairs on both surfaces. Flowers produced in 
 August from the axils of the terminal leaves in cymose clusters, the whole 
 forming an inflorescence at the end of the shoot, 4 to 6 ins. across. Corolla 
 white, f to i in. across, star-shaped, the five lobes narrow oblong, radiating 
 from a slender tube f in. long. Calyx green, ovoid, conspicuously five-angled, 
 and with five-pointed lobes, downy on the ridges.. Fruit about the size of a 
 pea, porcelain-blue, surrounded by the five fleshy, reflexed lobes of the per- 
 sistent calyx become pink with age. 
 
 Native of Szechuen, China ; introduced to France by Pere Farges, and 
 first raised by Mr Maurice de Vilmorin in 1898. It is closely allied to 
 C. trichotomum, but differs in the paler, more slender shoots ; smaller, brighter 
 green, less downy leaves ; in the green, not red, young calyx ; and paler blue 
 fruits. It is inferior in beauty, but is -probably hardier and does not die back 
 like C. trichotomum. The leaves have an unpleasant odour when crushed, 
 
 C. FCETIDUM, Bunge. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4880.) 
 
 In the open air this species can scarcely be regarded as a shrub. It is 
 killed back to the ground every winter, but sends up vigorous, erect, woody 
 shoots during the summer 3 to 6 ft. high, bearing large heart-shaped leaves 
 4 to 8 ins. long and nearly as wide, coarsely toothed, downy on the veins. In 
 August and September come the terminal rounded corymbs, each 4 to 5 ins. 
 across, densely packed with purple-red blossoms. It has lived for many years 
 at the foot of a greenhouse wall at Kew, spreading rapidly by its suckers, and 
 forming in summer a 4 ense thicket of stems. Although the flowers are 
 fragrant, the leaves when crushed emit a heavy nauseous odour. Easily 
 increased by, division in spring. 
 
 Native of China ; introduced by Fortune in 1844. 
 
 C. TRICHOTOMUM, Thunberg. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6561.) 
 
 A deciduous, small tree, 10 or 12 ft. high, of bushy, rather sparse habit \ 
 branches very pithy, downy when young. Leaves variable in size, and 
 considerably larger on young plants than on adult ones ; in the latter they are 
 ovate or oval, 4 to 9 ins. long, 2 to 5 ins. wide, occasionally toothed, soft, with 
 scattered down beneath, and flaccid ; stalks downy, i to 4 ins. long. The lower 
 
CLERODENDRON CLETHRA 371 
 
 leaves are sometimes deeply two- or three-lobed towards the apex. Flowers 
 fragrant, produced from July to September in long-stalked cymes from the 
 axils of the uppermost leaves, the whole forming an erect inflorescence 6 to 9 
 ins. across. Corolla white, i to i ins. across, the base tubular, expanding at 
 the mouth into five spreading, oblong, narrow lobes. Calyx reddish, ^ in. long, 
 inflated, five-angled, and five-lobed. Fruit bright blue, ultimately black, about 
 the size of a pea, surrounded by the persistent crimson calyx whose lobes have 
 become fleshy and spreading. 
 
 Native of Japan and China, and a very handsome late summer-flowering 
 tree. The leaves have a heavy unpleasant odour when crushed. It is quite 
 hardy at Kew, and likes an open, loamy soil. The pithy branches are very apt 
 to die back in winter. It is easily increased by root-cuttings, or by the young 
 suckers which frequently spring from the roots. 
 
 CLETHRA. ERICACEAE. 
 
 From their allies in the heath family the Clethras are distinguished 
 by having the five parts of the corolla so deeply divided that they appear 
 to be separate petals. They are small trees or shrubs, all the hardy ones 
 deciduous, but the tender ones all or mostly evergreen. Leaves alternate. 
 Flowers white, fragrant, usually produced in racemes or panicles near 
 the end of the shoot ; stamens ten. Seed-vessel a capsule enclosed by 
 the persistent calyx, and carrying many seeds. 
 
 Of the hardy species, three come from America, one from China and 
 Japan. They all like a peaty soil, and are useful for flowering late in 
 the season. Propagated by seeds, cuttings, and layers. The cuttings 
 are best made in August, of side shoots 3 or 4 ins. long, with a heel of 
 older wood, and placed in gentle bottom heat. In Guernsey and in the 
 milder parts of Ireland, the beautiful evergreeh species from Madeira 
 C. ARBOREA, Aiton may be seen growing in the open air. It is known 
 as the " lily-of-the- valley tree," from its long white racemes. 
 
 C. ACUMINATA, Michaux. WHITE ALDER. 
 
 A deciduous shrub under cultivation, but assuming the form of a small tree 
 20 ft. high in a wild state ; young wood downy. Leaves clustered at the ends 
 of the shoots, oval, with a long tapering apex, 3 to 6 ins. long, the base rounded 
 or shortly tapered, toothed on the terminal part ; lower surface downy ; stalk 
 \ to i^ ins. long. Racemes 6 ins. or more long, solitary, slender, cylindrical, 
 terminal, hairy. Flowers white ; petals J in. long, not spreading ; sepals downy, 
 ovate, ribbed ; stamens hairy at base ; flower-stalk \ in. long, downy. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States, found on cliffs and mountain- 
 sides ; introduced in 1806. It is the least hardy of the American species, but 
 may be grown in the south of England. From C. alnifolia and C. tomentosa 
 it is distinguished by the leaves being nearly always broadest below the middle, 
 and crowded at the end of the twig. The racemes, too, are mostly solitary. 
 
 C. ALNIFOLIA, Linnceus. SWEET PEPPER-BUSH. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, ultimately 8 or 9 ft. high, with erect branches ; young 
 shoots covered with a very close, fine down. Leaves obovate or wedge- 
 
372 CLETHRA 
 
 shaped ; i to 4 ins. long, f to 2 ins. wide ; abruptly tapered at the apex, 
 toothed except near the base, almost or quite smooth except on the midrib 
 and stalk, the latter being downy and & to f in. long. Flowers fragrant, 
 in. across, thickly set on erect, cylindrical, downy racemes 2 to 6 ins.' 
 long and f in. wide, produced in August at the end of the current season's 
 shoots and in the axils of their uppermost leaves. Petals white, obovate, 
 rounded at the apex ; sepals persistent, ovate, downy ; stamens and style 
 smooth ; flower-stalk in. long, downy. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America; introduced in 1731. A very handsome 
 shrub, useful on account of its late flowering. It loves abundant moisture 
 at the root. Propagated by layers or by separating the sucker growths at 
 the base. 
 
 Var. PANICULATA (C. paniculata, Atfori) has terminal panicles (not merely 
 clustered racemes), and is superior to the type. It is the best of all the 
 Clethras that can be grown out-of-doors, being quite hardy," a vigorous grower, 
 and equal in flower beauty to C. tomentosa. 
 
 C. CANESCENS, Reinwardt. 
 
 (C. barbinervis, Siebold^) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 3 to 6 ft. high in cultivation, more bushy and less erect 
 the American species ; young shoots at first sprinkled with a minute starry 
 down. Leaves often clustered at the end of the twig, oval or obovate, 
 more tapering at the base than at the apex ; 2 to 5 ins. long, i to i\ ins. wide ; 
 hairy at first on both sides, but especially so on the midrib and nerves beneath, 
 toothed ; stalk to f in. long. Flowers white, in. across, produced from 
 July to September in a rather compact, terminal panicle 4 to 6 ins. long, 
 covered with white> starry down ; calyx and seed-vessel hairy ; stamens 
 smooth. 
 
 Native of Japan and China ; introduced in 1870. It is a very pretty 
 shrub where it thrives, but it is not so hardy as C. alnifolia, although it will 
 survive all but the severest winters near London. The leaves have usually 
 two or more pairs of veins than the American species. 
 
 C. TOMENTOSA, Lamarck. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 3743 ; C. alnifolia var. pubescens, Aiton?) 
 
 A deciduous shrub up to 6 or 8 ft. high, branches erect ; young shoots very 
 downy. Leaves obovate, i^ to 4 ins. long, f to 2 ins. wide, tapering to a 
 very short stalk at the base, toothed on the terminal half, pointed ; upper 
 side with scattered short hairs, lower side felted with a thick, pale wool. 
 Flowers fragrant, white, nearly \ in. across, produced during September in 
 erect, woolly racemes up to 6 ins. long, either terminal or from the uppermost 
 leaf-axils. Sepals woolly, ovate-oblong, ^ in. long ; stamens smooth ; style 
 downy ; flower-stalk woolly, in. long. 
 
 Native of the south-east United States ; introduced in 1731. Closely 
 allied to C. alnifolia, and sometimes regarded as a variety of it, it is 
 distinguished by flowering a month later and by its greyish aspect due to 
 the woolly covering of its various parts. Its flowers, too, are purer white, 
 larger and more ornamental, and the style is downy. Its distribution in 
 a wild state does not extend so far north as that of C. alnifolia, an(| it is 
 not quite so hardy. At Kew, however, it does not surfer from cold. 
 
CLEYERA .373 
 
 CLEYERA FORTUNEI, Hooker fil. TERNSTRCEMIACE^:. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7434.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 5 to 6 ft. or probably more high, with smooth 
 branchlets. Leaves 3 to 6 ins. long, i to \\ ins. wide; tapering towards 
 
 CLETHRA TOMENTOSA. 
 
 both ends, quite smooth and entire, deep green in the middle with a 
 yellow margin of varying width. Flowers produced singly or in pairs 
 
374 CLEYERA COCCULUS 
 
 from the axils of the leaves, each one nearly in. across when fully open, 
 the flower-stalk J in. long ; petals pale yellow. 
 
 The germs Cleyera, named in honour of Dr Cleyer, a Dutch botanist, 
 is a small genus of evergreen trees and shrubs from N.E. Asia. The 
 calyx is five-parted, and there are five petals with numerous stamens 
 slightly attached. The genus is nearly allied to Eurya, but differs in 
 having chiefly bisexual flowers, those of Eurya being unisexual and found 
 on different trees. 
 
 C. Fortunei was introduced from Japan by Robert Fortune about 
 1860, and was long grown in gardens, chiefly in cool greenhouses, as 
 "Eurya latifolia variegata." It never appears to have flowered, or the 
 fact of its doing so was not made known until 1894. In the September 
 of that year it was exhibited in flower at Chiswick, and flowering speci- 
 mens were sent to Kew about the same time, by the late Mr T. Acton 
 of Kilmacurragh. In this and other similarly situated gardens it may 
 be grown without protection, but in colder localities wall-protection is 
 necessary. It has long been cultivated by the Japanese for its handsomely 
 variegated leaves, but is probably a native of China. It is quite easily 
 rooted from cuttings in gentle heat. No green-leaved form of the plant 
 appears to be known. 
 
 CNEORUM TRICOCCUM, LimUTUS. SIMARUBACE^E. 
 
 A low, evergreen shrub, i to 2 ft. high, with erect, forking branches. 
 Leaves alternate, greyish green, i to 2 ins. long, rarely more than J in. 
 wide, glabrous, terminating as a rule in a tiny, abrupt point. Flowers 
 \ in. in diameter, yellow, produced several together at the end of the 
 branchlet and in the axils of the terminal leaves ; petals three or four. 
 Fruit brownish red, composed of three segments, each about the size of 
 a small pea flattened on two sides ; it has a fleshy covering, but is bony 
 beneath. 
 
 Native of the Mediterranean region, and rather common along the 
 French and Italian Riviera in dry positions. Among other places one 
 may find it on the Cap dAntibes, and on the hills behind Mentone. It 
 is not hardy at Kew, but lives in the gardens of the south and west 
 coasts. I have seen it flourishing in the garden of Mr Hiatt C. Baker 
 at Almondsbury, near Bristol. It has considerable scientific interest as 
 one of a curious genus whose right place in the Vegetable Kingdom is 
 uncertain. At present it is associated with the very dissimilar Ailanthus 
 and Picrasma. It has been known in gardens since the last years of the 
 eighteenth century, but owing no doubt to its lack of any striking beauty 
 is rarely seen now. Easily increased by cuttings in a cold frame. 
 
 COCCULUS. MENISrERMACE^E. 
 
 In the outdoor garden this genus is at present represented by three 
 species, two of them climbers, the other an evergreen shrub. They are 
 nearly allied to the "moon-seeds" (Menispermum), but differ in having 
 
COCCULUS 375 
 
 six petals and six stamens, whilst Menispermum has six to eight petals 
 and twelve to twenty-four stamens and peltate leaves. The flowers are 
 small, inconspicuous, and unisexual. The climbing species are of the 
 easiest cultivation, growing in any soil of moderate quality, and easily 
 propagated by division or pieces of root. They may be grown up rough 
 branches of oak or supports of a similar nature. Their beauty, apart from 
 the luxuriant foliage, is in their red or purplish blue berries. The shrubby 
 species 
 
 C. LAURIFOLIL'S, De Candolle, is an evergreen shrub 10 ft. or more high, 
 sometimes a small tree, with lance-shaped, conspicuously three-ribbed leaves 
 5 to 8 ins. long, about 2 ins. wide, the stalks | in. long ; they are of a very 
 glossy, varnished, dark green, giving to the shrub a very characteristic aspect. 
 Flowers small, in axillary panicles. At Kew this plant can only be grown 
 against a wall, where it has lived for many years without injury. In the south 
 of France and Italy it forms a picturesque spreading shrub or small tree. 
 There is a very pleasing example in the garden of the British Embassy at 
 Rome. Native of the Himalaya. 
 
 C. CAROLINUS, De Candolle. 
 
 (Cebatha Carolina, 
 
 A climber with twining stems, naturally woody, but often herbaceous in 
 Britain, downy. .Leaves more or less heart-shaped or ovate, three- to seven- 
 veined, rounded at the end, often obscurely lobed, 2 to 4^ ins. long, with 
 stalks nearly as long ; clothed with pale down beneath, deep green, ultimately 
 smooth above. Flowers sometimes hermaphrodite, but usually unisexual, with 
 the sexes on separate inflorescences, sometimes on separate plants, white ; 
 males on short, axillary panicles, each flower about J in. across, with six 
 sepals, petals, and stamens. Females in racemes, similar to the males as 
 regards sepals and petals, but with abortive stamens and three to six pistils. 
 Berries about the size of small peas, red when ripe. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States. Although introduced in 1759, 
 it has never become common. Flowers in July. 
 
 C. TRILOBUS, De Candolle. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8489 , C. Thunbergii, De Candolle ; Cebatha orbiculata, Kuntze.} 
 
 A climbing, twining shrub with downy, naturally woody stems. Leaves 
 i^ to 4 ins. long, ovate or heart-shaped, sometimes three- or five-lobed, rounded 
 or pointed at the apex, downy beneath, especially when young, becoming 
 smooth (except on the nerves) and bright dark green above, prominently 
 three- or five-nerved Flowers in axillary clusters, expanding in August. 
 Fruit spherical, in. diameter, black covered with a blue bloom, produced 
 in clusters of six to twelve, ripe in October, and then rather handsome. 
 Plants at Kew bore a great crop in 1911, which seems to show they like 
 abundant sunshine. 
 
 Native of Japan, Corea, and China. The down, or small hairs, on the 
 stems point downwards. The plant from which our figure (p. 376) was made 
 was introduced to Kew from Japan by Prof. Sargent, but the species may 
 have been in cultivation before. 
 
376 
 
 COLLETIA 
 
 COLLETIA, CRUCIATA, Hooker. RHAMNACE/E. 
 
 (Bot Ma^., t. 5033; C. spinosa, Hort. not Lamarck; C. bictoniensis, Lindley^) 
 
 A dimorphic shrub up to 10 ft. high, armed with spines of one 
 of two kinds; the one flat, triangular, rigid, frequently i-J ins. wide at 
 the base, the other flattish, bodkin-shaped, sharply pointed, comparatively 
 slender, and from \ to ij ins. long. As a rule a plant has spines of 
 the triangular kind^only; but in very rare instances the two kinds are 
 found on one branch. These spines are really brancWets producing 
 
 COCCULUS TR1LOBUS. 
 
 leaves and flowers in the usual way ; they are arranged in pairs, each pair 
 set at right angles to the next. Leaves very small, scanty, or even absent, 
 each one \ in. or so long, ovate, and toothed. Flowers produced from 
 below the spines usually singly or in pairs, occasionally in fours ; they 
 have no petals, and the calyx is tubular, yellowish white, swollen at the 
 base, divided at the mouth into five reflexed lobes ; the whole flower and 
 stalk combined are little more than \ in. long. 
 
 This shrub, so uncommon of aspect in both its forms, has no great beauty 
 of flower, but it is one of the most grotesquely and formidably armed, as. well 
 as one of the most interesting, of all hardy plants. It was introduced from 
 Uruguay about 1824. The curious fact that the plant with large, flat, triangular 
 
COLLETIA COLUTEA 377 
 
 spines will sometimes, though rarely, produce shoots with flattish bodkin-like 
 spines has created some confusion. In the first edition of this work I adopted 
 the generally accepted view that C. cruciata and C. spinosa were one and the 
 same species the latter being simply the bodkin-spined form of C. cruciata. 
 Lately, Mr N. E. Brown, who has carefully studied the question, has stated 
 that the two are perfectly distinct. The old story of C. cruciata being raised 
 from seed of C. spinosa at Bicton, sometime previous to 1850, must, therefore, 
 be disbelieved, as, indeed, it largely was when first told. The shrubs (consist- 
 ing of what are now regarded as three or four distinct species) to which the 
 name C. spinosa was given, are natives of Chile and Peru, and, therefore, from 
 the opposite side of the continent to C. cruciata. Two species with bodkin- 
 shaped spines are in cultivation named by Mr Brown as follows : 
 
 C. ARMATA, Mzers, a native of Chile, has terete spines | to ii ins. long, very 
 rigid and sharply pointed, greyish green, and differing from those of C. cruciata 
 in both its states in being covered with short down. The flowers are white, 
 very like those of C. cruciata, the stamens exserted. The shrub grows at least 
 10 ft. high and blossoms in September. The fruit is composed of three united 
 roundish capsules each in. wide and carrying a single seed. The second 
 species, similar in general aspect to C. armata, Mr Brown calls C. INFAUSTA. 
 This is glabrous and has the stamens inclosed within the perianth. Cultivated 
 at Bicton, where it blossoms in March. Flowers white. (Figured Bot. Mag., 
 t. 3644, as C. horrida.) 
 
 COLUTEA. BLADDER SENNA. LEGUMINOS^E. 
 
 
 
 A small genus of deciduous shrubs, natives of the Old World, with 
 unequally pinnate leaves and yellow, coppery, or reddish brown, pea- 
 shaped flowers borne in few-flowered racemes. The most distinctive 
 character of the genus is the large inflated pod, which, when half ripe, 
 may be made to burst with a miniature report when squeezed. There 
 is nothing similar among hardy Leguminosse, and among all hardy shrubs 
 similar fruits occur only in Staphylea and Koelreuteria. 
 
 In gardens the Coluteas do not figure largely; although the 
 commonest species, C. arborescens, is sometimes seen in rough 
 shrubberies. They all flower late, and over a long season, which is in 
 their favour; and all except C. istria are of the easiest cultivation, 
 thriving in any soil and any situation except a very shaded one. Those 
 species that produce seeds are easily propagated by them, the others 
 can be struck from cuttings made of half-ripened wood placed in gentle 
 heat. 
 
 C. ARBORESCENS, Linnceus. COMMON BLADDER SENNA. 
 
 A strong-growing, deciduous shrub up to 12 ft. high, of bushy habit and 
 copiously branched. Leaves 3 to 6 ins. long ; leaflets nine to thirteen, elliptic 
 or broadly obovate with the apex notched, from \ to i in. long, hairy beneath 
 when young, becoming nearly or quite smooth with age. Racemes axillary 
 on the current season's growth, produced successively as the branches extend ; 
 ii to 4 ins. long, carrying three to seven flowers towards the end. Flowers 
 pea-shaped, yellow, f in. long, borne on a downy stalk \ in. long ; wing-petals 
 rather shorter than the keel ; calyx cup-shaped, with triangular lobes. Pod 
 inflated and bladder-like, about 3 ins. lonf, i to \\ ins. wide, pointed, many- 
 seeded. 
 
378 COLUTEA 
 
 Native of the Mediterranean region and S.E. Europe ; cultivated for at 
 least three hundred years in England. Few introduced shrubs have made 
 themselves so thoroughly at home as this. It has taken possession of some 
 of the railway banks in the suburbs of London, and will, indeed, grow in 
 almost any position not water -logged where it has sufficient light. Its 
 accommodating nature has made it, perhaps, despised in gardens, but it is 
 quite pretty when in full bloom, and it lasts more or less from June until the 
 frosts come. The inflated pods, which explode with a sharp report when 
 squeezed, make the shrub very attractive to children. A group of plants can 
 be kept to a neat shape and convenient size by pruning back the shoots almost 
 to the old wood every winter, the flowers being borne on the shoots of the 
 year. The abundant seeds render its increase easy. 
 
 Var. BULLATA (pygmaea). A dwarf variety of dense habit, whose leaflets 
 are small and wavy at the margin, % to -f in. long. Racemes i to i r? ins. long. 
 
 C. CILICICA, Boissicr. 
 (C. longialata, Koehne?) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, similar in habit to C. arborescens. Leaves composed 
 of nine to thirteen leaflets, which are obovate or oval,- with a few flattened 
 hairs beneath. Flowers yellow, produced three or five together in .short 
 racemes. Wing-petals longer than the keel. 
 
 Native of Asia Minor. Very similar to C. arborescens (of which it is 
 perhaps only a geographical form) and melanocalyx ; it is chiefly distinguished 
 ffom the former by the larger wing-petals, and from the latter by the unfelted 
 calyx. 
 
 C. ISTRIA, Miller. 
 
 (C. halepica, Lamarck ; C. Pocockii, Aiton.") 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 3 or 4 ft. high, much branched. Leaves composed of 
 nine to fifteen leaflets, which are the smallest among cultivated Coluteas, being 
 to in. long, obovate -or broadly oval, and furnished with white flattened 
 hairs. Flowers borne two to five together towards the end of a raceme about 
 2 ins. long. Each flower is f in. long, coppery yellow, with a handsome 
 standard petal f- in. across ; wings as long as keel. Pod 2 ins. or more long. 
 
 Native of Asia Minor, and a similar or closely allied plant occurs in 
 Abyssinia. It was first introduced in 1752, but the true plant has always been 
 rare. It is, perhaps, not hardy enough to withstand our severest frosts. The 
 small graceful foliage and handsome flowers make it at once distinct and 
 handsome, and it has not the rank growth of the arborescens group. It is the 
 earliest of the genus to flower, commencing in late May or early June, and 
 continuing more or less for three months. 
 
 C. MEDIA, Willdenoiv. 
 
 A hybrid between C. arborescens and C. orientalis, given this name by the 
 German botanist in 1809, at which time it was cultivated in the Botanic 
 Garden of Berlin. It is a vigorous shrub of bushy habit very similar in general 
 appearance to C. arborescens, the leaves consisting usually of eleven or 
 thirteen leaflets, which are obovate, ^ to I in. long, bluish green, downy beneath 
 when young. The influence of C. orientalis is most in evidence in the colour 
 of the flowers, which are of a brownish red or coppery hue, also in the longer, 
 linear-lanceolate teeth of the calyx, as compared with the triangular lobes of 
 C. arborescens. C. media has a large inflated pod like C. arborescens, 3 ins. 
 
COLUTE A COMPTONI A 379 
 
 long. This shrub is useful in the same situations as C. arborescens, and may 
 be planted on dry banks. It is found in gardens under a variety of names, 
 such as C. arborescens flore rubro, C. purpurea, etc. 
 
 C. MELANOCALYX, Boissier. 
 
 A deciduous shrub very similar in general appearance to C. arborescens, 
 differing chiefly in the calyx, which is longer ( in. long), more tubular, with 
 broader triangular teeth, and, like the stalk of the flower, clothed with a thick, 
 very dark brown, velvety down. Petals yellow, the wings about as long as the 
 keel. Leaflets seven to eleven, broadly elliptical, indented at the end. 
 
 Native of the mountains of Asia Minor ; flowers from July to September. 
 
 C. ORIENT ALIS, Miller. 
 (C. cruenta, Aiton.} 
 
 A deciduous bush of rounded, close habit, up to 6 ft. high, with rather erect 
 branches, often marked with small black warts. Leaves pinnate, 3 to 4 ins. 
 long, composed usually of seven or nine leaflets, broadly obovate or roundish, 
 to f in. long, rounded at the end, tapered at the base ; very glaucous, smooth 
 on both surfaces except when quite young. Flowers two to five, clustered 
 towards the end of a raceme i^ to 3 ins. long, brownish red or copper-coloured, 
 each f in. long, the rounded standard petal \ in. across, with a yellow spot at 
 the base ; wings two-thirds as long as the keel. Calyx slightly hairy. Pod 
 open at the end, i| ins. long, smooth. 
 
 Native of the Orient ; introduced to England in 1710. It flowers from 
 June to September, but never makes a very striking display. It is more 
 notable for its grey-white foliage. 
 
 COMPTONIA ASPLEXIFOLIA, Banks, SWEET FERN. 
 
 MYRICACEjE. 
 
 (Myrica asplenifoiia, Linnceus.~) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 2 to 4 ft. high, with slender, often erect branches, 
 very hairy when young. Leaves alternate, linear-oblong, tapered at both 
 ends, 2 to 4 ins. long,.J to f in. wide, the blade deeply cleft (almost to 
 the midrib) into broad, oblique, rounded lobes, \ to \ in. wide; dark 
 green, downy ; stalk \ to \ in. long. Male catkins cylindrical, J to i in. 
 long, \ in. wide ; closely set with downy, broadly triangular, long-pointed 
 bracts. Female inflorescence globular, each ovary surrounded by eight 
 awl-shaped, downy scales, which give the fruit-cluster a bur-like appear- 
 ance. Nut egg-shaped, i in. long, shining. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America; introduced in 1714, and long a 
 favourite in gardens because of its beautifully cut, fern-like leaves, and 
 pleasant bay-like scent. It is closely allied to, and often regarded as 
 belonging to, the Myricas, but differs from them in the two sexes usually 
 occurring on the same plant, and in the ovary being surrounded by eight 
 persistent scales, instead of two to four inconspicuous ones. It is also 
 quite distinct from them, or indeed any other hardy shrub, in general 
 aspect. It likes a peaty soil 
 
380 CONVOLVULUS COPROSMA 
 
 CONVOLVULUS CNEORUM, Linnaus. CONVOLVULACE.E. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 459.) 
 
 An evergreen, very leafy shrub, 2 to 3 ft. high, covered with silky 
 hairs that give the entire younger part of the plant a beautiful silvery 
 aspect. Leaves shortly stalked, alternate, narrowly oblong or oblanceo- 
 late, i to 2\ ins. long, \ to J in. wide, always tapered at the base, 
 but either pointed or rounded at the apex. Flowers in a terminal umbel, 
 but opening successively during the summer; they are of the trumpet- 
 mouthed type common to "morning glory," being ij ins. long, rather 
 more across, of flimsy texture, white tinged with pink, yellow in the tube ; 
 calyx as long as the corolla-tube, silky. 
 
 Native of S. Europe ; cultivated in England, according to Aiton, in* 
 1640. It is not quite hardy near London except against a wall, but 
 thrives in the south and west. There are five strips of silky hairs traversing 
 the corolla lengthwise outside. It needs a dry, sunny spot, and can be 
 increased very readily by cuttings taken during the summer, and placed 
 in gentle heat. 
 
 COPROSMA ACEROSA, A. Cunningham. 
 
 A low, evergreen shrub, whose prostrate wiry stems are covered with a 
 minute down, and form a mass of interlacing twigs. Leaves opposite, 
 either in pairs or in clusters, J to f in. long, about V m< wide, linear, 
 dark green, smooth. Flowers unisexual ; the males from one to four in 
 a cluster, females solitary ; both inconspicuous. Fruit globose and berry- 
 like, \ to J in. in diameter, of a pale, translucent blue. 
 
 Native of New Zealand, up to 4000 ft. It is a fairly hardy shrub, 
 surviving the winters at Kew, but finding more congenial conditions in 
 milder places. I have seen it very charming in the botanic garden at 
 Glasnevin and in other Irish gardens, where it bears fruit freely. There 
 are two varieties in cultivation, viz. : var. BRUNN-EA, Kirk, with brown 
 shoots, shorter branches, and more widely separate leaves; and var. 
 ARENARIA, Kirk, with yellow, more slender branches, and more closely 
 set leaves. According to Mr C. F. Ball of Glasnevin, the former variety 
 fruits much the more freely in Ireland, and is more ornamental. It is 
 suitable for the rock garden. 
 
 Another species occasionally grown is C. PETRIEI, Cheeseman, a dwarf 
 plant with prostrate stems forming broad patches, 2 to 3 ins. high. It has 
 narrow oblong, or obovate leaves, \ to \ in. long, more or less hairy. 
 Fruits globose, \ to J in. across, of various shades and depths of purple. 
 Native of the south island of New Zealand up to 4000 ft. elevation. 
 Suitable for rock garden cultivation, and apparently quite hardy. 
 
 About forty species of Coprosma are found in New Zealand, some of 
 which can be grown on walls, or in the mildest parts of the kingdom, but 
 generally they belong more to the greenhouse than the open air. 
 
COREMA COIUAUIA 381 
 
 COREMA. EMPETRACE^E. 
 
 Two small, evergreen, heath-like shrubs, one native of S.W. Europe, 
 the other of Eastern N. America. They have short, slender leaves 
 mostly in whorls of three, and flowers in terminal clusters, usually but 
 not always unisexual, with the sexes on separate plants. Their only ally 
 in gardens is the crowberry (Empetrum), from which the Coremas are 
 distinguished by the terminal inflorescence and three-seeded berries. 
 Propagation and cultivation the same as. for heaths. 
 
 C. ALBUM, Don. PORTUGUESE CROWBERRY. 
 
 An evergreen shrub, i^ to 2 ft. high, erect in habit and heath-like ; young 
 shoots very downy. Leaves narrow linear, j to ^ in. long, blunt, the margins 
 rerlexed so as to leave only a narrow slit behind, dark green and soon becoming 
 smooth, mostly arranged in threes. Flowers in terminal clusters, stalkless and 
 inconspicuous. The female plant bears globose white berries in clusters, each 
 berry \ in. across. 
 
 Native of Portugal and Spain ; introduced in 1774. It grows very well 
 near London in sandy peat, and resembles its close ally Empetrum nigrum, 
 but is taller and larger leaved, and the berry is white with only three seeds. 
 A neat little evergreen, but not showy. 
 
 i 
 
 C. CONRADII, Torrey. PLYMOUTH CROWBERRY. 
 
 An evergreen, heath-like shrub, 6 to 20 ins. high, forming spreading tufts ; 
 young branches nearly smooth. Leaves narrow linear, \ to J in. long, blunt, 
 margins much curled back, often arranged in threes and very closely set, 
 dark green. Flowers in terminal heads, the males conspicuous only for 
 the long purplish stamens with brown anthers. Berry very small, dry when 
 ripe, containing usually three seeds. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America, usually in dry, sandy places ; introduced in 
 1841. It is a rare shrub even in a wild state, and is found in only a 
 comparatively few isolated places. Its most famous site is a few acres 
 near Plymouth, Mass., where it is said to be very pretty in April, with 
 its purple flowers. It has never become properly established in English 
 gardens, although several times imported. It is not so robust a plant 
 as C. album, from which it is easily distinguished by its small leaves and 
 the almost smooth branchlets. 
 
 CORIARIA. CORIARIACEA 
 
 A small genus of shrubby and herbaceous plants whose affinities are 
 doubtful. By Bentham and Hooker the natural order is placed near 
 Anacardiaceae (Rhus, etc.), but other authorities regard it as mor'e closely 
 allied to Simarubaceae (Ailanthus, etc.). The Coriarias have simple, 
 opposite, entire leaves ; small flowers in racemes terminating the current 
 season's growth, or produced from the joints of the previous season's 
 wood. In some species male and female flowers are borne on separate 
 and distinct racemes. Sepals and petals five ; stamens ten ; carpels five, 
 
382 CORIARIA 
 
 one-seeded. The most interesting character of these plants is the 
 persistence of the petals, which, as the fruit ripens, thicken and become 
 juicy and more or less highly coloured; finally enclosing the fruit. It 
 is to them that the plants owe most of their attractiveness. The leaves 
 and fruits are mostly poisonous. 
 
 The Coriarias are scarcely hardy enough to be seen at their best near 
 London, being killed to the ground in severe winters. They are better 
 adapted for more southern and western counties, where they bear fruit 
 with greater certainty. They like a fairly good, loamy soil, and can be 
 propagated by seed (which is preferable), or by cuttings made of half- 
 ripened shoots. 
 
 C. JAPONICA, A. Gray. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7$090 
 
 A low, deciduous shrub with semi-herbaceous, pithy, four- angled branches, 
 renewing itself by strong shoots from the base ; it is rarely more than 2 ft. 
 high in this country. Leaves of variable size, I to 3^ ins. long on the 
 secondary shoots, but half as large again on the first-year, sucker-like, basal 
 ones ; they are ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a long, fine point, prominently 
 three-nerved, quite smooth and entire, almost stalkless. Racemes produced 
 two or three together from the joints of the year-old branches, i^ to i\ ins. 
 long, the male racemes shorter, more slender and drooping than the female 
 ones, the flowers also smaller and inconspicuous. Petals of female flowers 
 at first green, then thickening and becoming fleshy and turning bright 
 coral red, ultimately purplish black ; they and the fruit they enclose are in. 
 across. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced to Kew in 1893, through Professor Sargent. 
 It is hardy at Kew, but not long-lived, and should be renewed occasionally 
 by means of \seeds or even cuttings. It is better adapted for a slightly 
 warmer climate than that of London, and when seen at its best is extremely 
 beautiful. It has been grown with particular success in the Vicarage garden 
 at Bitton. 
 
 C. MYRTIFOLIA, LinncEUS. REDOUL. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 4 to 6 ft. high, of bushy habit, sending up from the base 
 rather erect, angular, more or less four-sided stems, which the following 
 year carry graceful, slender, twiggy shoots. Leaves opposite, in pairs, 
 occasionally in threes ; quite smooth, entire, ovate, pointed, three-nerved, 
 I to i\ ins. long, very short-stalked, glaucous green. Flowers small, greenish, 
 produced during the summer from the joints of the previous year's growths 
 in racemes about I in. long. The petals, after becoming thick, fleshy, and 
 juicy, turn black and shining ; they and the fruit they enclose, in. across. 
 They have a sweetish and in no way disagreeable taste. 
 
 Native of the Mediterranean region, especially in the south of France, 
 where it is often the first wild plant to reoccupy plots of ground abandoned 
 from cultivation. It is fairly hardy in the London district, but is killed 
 in very hard winters. When in full growth, which is rather late in the 
 season, it is distinctly handsome in the graceful disposition of its glaucous 
 leaves and branches. It flowers freely, but does not set fruit well in this 
 country. 
 
 Both the leaves and fruits are poisonous, the latter especially so, producing, 
 when eaten, convulsions similar to those caused by strychnine. A few years 
 ago three people died from their effects at Carcassone. Various animals, 
 even goats, are sometimes poisoned by the leaves ; the fruits, macerated 
 
CORIARIA CORNUS 383 
 
 in sweet water, make an excellent fly-poison. The leaves are rich in tannin, 
 and are used for curing leather and for making ink ; they also yield a black 
 dye. Introduced to England in 1629. 
 
 C. NEPALENSIS, Wallich. 
 
 Naturally a deciduous shrub, with long spreading branches, but too tender 
 to thrive well in the open air at Kew, where it is frequently cut to the ground 
 during winter, and thus prevented from attaining anything like its natural 
 size. Given the protection of glass it will grow 8 ft. high. Leaves ovate 
 or oblong, slightly heart-shaped, 3 or 4 ins. long on the strong primary 
 growths, much smaller on the branchlets, distinctly three-nerved, smooth, 
 entire. Flowers produced on year-old shoots in narrow, cylindrical racemes 
 i^ ins. long, greenish yellow, the petals becoming in the fruiting stage muc|| 
 thickened, pulpy, and black-purple. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya and the Shan Hills, Upper Burma. Its Chinese 
 ally recently introduced by Wilson (C. SINICA, Maximowicz) may prove 
 hardier than the northern Indian one. It is said to grow as much as 12 ft. 
 high in the mountains of Yunnan, and is already very vigorous with us. 
 
 C. TERMINALIS, Hemsley. 
 
 (Bot. Mar. t. 8520 
 
 This species can scarcely be termed a shrub. It forms a woody root-stock 
 which sends up annual branching stems 2 to 4 ft. long, and spreads by under- 
 ground rhizomes. Leaves ovate, i to 3 ins. long, usually five- or seven-nerved, 
 occasionally nine-nerved ; much the larger, broader, and rounder on the main 
 stems. Flowers, male and female ones of which are produced on separate 
 terminal racemes 6 to 9 ins. long, are greenish at first, the petals of the female 
 flowers thickening and becoming fleshy in the fruiting stage, and being then 
 black or of a beautiful translucent yellow. Each fruit with its enveloping petals 
 is nearly \ in. across. 
 
 Native of Sikkim, where it was collected by Sir Joseph Hooker, 1849-53 ; 
 also of China and Thibet; introduced to England in 1897. This beautiful 
 plant, which is distinct from the other cultivated Coriarias in its invariably 
 terminal infloresence (borne on the shoots of the year) and more numerously 
 veined leaves, is hardy at Kew, and fruits there annually. The yellow-fruited 
 form is distinguished as var. XANTHOCARPA, Rehder, and appears to be con- 
 fined to Sikkim. Wilson introduced the form with black fruits from W. 
 Szechuen in 1908. 
 
 CORNUS. 'CORNEL. CORNACE^E. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with usually deciduous, opposite leaves, the only 
 exceptions being C. capitata, more or less evergreen in mild districts ; 
 and C. alternifolia and C. controversa, both of which have alternate 
 leaves. Flowers usually white, sometimes greenish or yellowish, always 
 small, and produced in terminal corymbs or cymes, or clustered densely 
 in heads ; the parts of each flower are in fours. Fruit a drupe containing 
 a two-celled stone. Many of the cornels are characterised by having the 
 hairs of the leaf flattened to the surface and attached to it by their 
 centres. 
 
384 CORNUS 
 
 Botanically there are two well-marked sections of this genus, viz. : 
 those in which the inflorescence is surrounded at the base by an involucre 
 of usually four bracts, and those in which this involucre is absent. The 
 latter is much the more numerous group; the former consists of the 
 following species : 
 
 1. Bracts not showy. Flowers in small umbels produced on the naked wood in spring. 
 
 C.'Mas, C. officmalis, (X sessilis. 
 
 2. Bracts large and showy. Fruits crowded in a dense head but not united. C. florida, 
 
 C. Nuttallii. 
 
 3. Bracts large and showy. Fruits of each inflorescence amalgamated into one fleshy mass. 
 
 C. capitata, C. Kousa. 
 
 The greater part of the remaining species are American, and are 
 #iostly shrubs of very vigorous growth, but of moderate beauty in flower, 
 sometimes with handsome-barked wood, often with considerable beauty 
 in fruit an attraction which, through climatic causes no doubt, they 
 rarely display in this country. They all like a loamy soil with abundant 
 moisture, and those of osier-like habit, like C. alba, can be increased 
 by cuttings of naked wood put in the open ground like willows, about 
 early November. Others with a stoloniferous habit can be propagated by 
 offsets, and the rest by layers, when seed is not available. The following 
 may be recommended as the best for general cultivation : 
 
 For Flower. C. Mas,\ C. circinata, C. Kousa, C. candidissima. (In mild localities), 
 
 C. capitata, C. floiida, C. Nuttallii. 
 For Colour of Leaf. C. alba Spaethii, C. alba sibirica variegata, C Mas aurea 
 
 elegantissima. 
 
 For Beauty of Stem. C. alba ; C. stolonifera var. flaviramea. 
 For Habit. C. controversa, C. macrophylla, C. circinata, C. Hessei. 
 
 C. ALBA, Linnceus. 
 
 (C. tatarica, Miller.} 
 / 
 
 A deciduous, wjde-spreading shrub, producing a thicket of stems erect to 
 prostrate ; ultimately 10 ft. high. Bark of the young shoots becoming in 
 autumn and winter rich red. Leaves opposite, ovate to oval, rounded or 
 wedge-shaped at the base, with short slender points ; variable in size, but 
 usually from 2 to 4^ ins. long ; dark green above, glaucous beneath, with 
 minute flattened hairs on both sides ; veins in about six pairs ; stalks J-to I in. 
 long. Flowers small, yellowish white, in cymes i^to 2 ins. across. Fruit whitish 
 or tinted with blue, about the size of a pea. 
 
 Introduced from Siberia in 1741, and a native also of China. This is a 
 rampant shrub, apt to smother anything less vigorous than itself growing near. 
 It is therefore best adapted for forming an isolated mass on a lawn, or on the 
 banks of a pond, where its deep red! stems are remarkably effective all through 
 the winter. A number ^of varieties are in cultivation, of which the following 
 form a representative set : 
 
 Var. GOUCHAULTII, Carriere. A variegated form, margined with yellow 
 and stained with rose. It is duller than var. Spaethii, and with more green and 
 rose in the centre. Var. FROEBELI and var. TRICOLOR differ from it but little, 
 and are no better. 
 
 Var. SIBIRICA, Loddiges. Not so rampant a grower as the type, the 
 branches of a paler, brighter, red ; fruit bluish. There is a handsome 
 variegated form of this SIB. VARIEGATA, whose leaves have an irregular 
 margin of creamy white \ it is thus handsome in summer as well as winter. 
 
CORNUS 385 
 
 Var. SP^ETHII, Wittmack. Spaeth's Cornel. Undoubtedly the handsomest 
 of all the variegated cornels, and perhaps the most effective of all deciduous, 
 yellow-variegated shrubs in cultivation. A mass on a lawn has a most striking 
 aspect all the summer through, for the plant has the great virtue of never 
 having its foliage scorched by summer sun, although the major part of the leaf 
 is bright yellow ; nor does it become dull as the season advances, like many 
 shrubs of this colour do. When visiting Mr Spaeth's nursery at Rixdorf, near 
 Berlin, a few years ago, I was told that this remarkable shrub originated there 
 on a stem of ordinary Cornus alba, on which had been grafted a scion of the 
 variegated sort. The graft died, but just beneath the point of union a yellow 
 variegated twig appeared, which was removed and propagated, and is the var. 
 Spaethii as we know it to-day. The bark is red in winter. The shrub does not 
 need a very -rich soil, and like the rest of the forms of C. alba, can be propagated 
 by cuttings of leafless wood placed in the open ground in late autumn, or by 
 late summer leafy shoots under glass. The outer branches can be easily 
 layered. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATA (argenteo-marginata). Leaves margined with creamy 
 white. The variegated form of var. sibirica is less vigorous, and often 
 preferable. 
 
 C. ALTERNIFOLIA, Linn&US. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, sometimes with a cluster of erect stems, sometimes a 
 small tree 20 ft. or so high in a wild state, flat-topped and with horizontal 
 branches ; young shoots smooth. Leaves alternate, often aggregated at the 
 end of the shoot, oval or ovate, tapered at both ends, the apex often slender- 
 pointed ; 2 to 5 ins. long, I to 2^ ins. wide ; bright pale green and smooth 
 above, more or less glaucous and furnished with centrally attached flattened 
 hairs beneath ; stalk I to 2 ins. long ; veins in five or six pairs. Flowers 
 yellowish white, small, numerous, of little beauty, produced during June in 
 flattish cymes 2 to 2^ ins. across ; flower-stalks downy. Fruit roundish, J in. 
 diameter, black with a blue bloom. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; introduced in 1760. Although this species 
 comes from as far north as New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and therefore 
 capable of withstanding intense cold, it is not infrequently a failure in this 
 country, probably owing to insufficiency of sunlight. Its alternate leaves 
 distinguish it from all other cornels except C. controversa, which is a much 
 larger, tree with cymes twice as large, and leaves with usually one to three 
 more pairs of veins. 
 
 C. AMOMUM, Miller. 
 
 A deciduous shrub of compact habit, up to 10 ft. high ; young bark downy, 
 becoming purple. Leaves ovate, mostly rounded at the base, with short, 
 abrupt points ; 2 to 4 ins. long, I to 2j ins. wide ; dark green and soon 
 becoming smooth above, paler and with rusty or silky down beneath, especially 
 on the veins ; stalks similarly downy, $ to f in. long ; veins in four to seven 
 pairs. Flowers small, yellowish white, produced in July in cymes \\ to T.\ ins. 
 across. Fruit \ in. across, pale blue. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; introduced in 1683. A shrub thriving well 
 in our climate, but of no especial value. Its distinctive characters are its 
 purple young wood, the silky reddish down beneath the leaf, and the pale blue 
 fruits. 
 
 C. PURPUSil, Koehne, is a close ally, or perhaps form of the above, found in 
 the same region; the leaves are narrower than in C. Amomum, glaucous and 
 minutely warted beneath ; the down beneath is greyish, not rusty; veins in 
 about five pairs. Young shoots yellowish red to purplish. Fruit dull blue. 
 
 2 B 
 
386 CORNUS 
 
 Introduced about 1899, but probably in cultivation long before as C. Amomum. 
 It is less compact in habit than that species. 
 
 C. ASPERIFOLIA, Michaux. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 10 to 15 ft. high ; twigs reddish brown. Leaves ovate 
 or oval, 2 to 4 ins. long, about half as wide ; slender-pointed, tapering or 
 rounded at the base, upper surface dark green and rough, with minute, flattened, 
 stiff hairs ; lower surface pale and with thicker, softer down ; veins in about 
 five pairs ; stalk to f in. long, grooved, downy. Flowers yellowish white, 
 to \ in. across, produced in rounded corymbs i^ to 2^ ins. in diameter ; 
 petals narrowly oblong, calyx downy and with very minute teeth. Fruit round, 
 white, \ in. across. 
 
 Native of the eastern and Central United States, found occasionally as a 
 tree nearly 50 ft. high in Arkansas and Texas (Sargent). It reaches as far 
 north as Lake Erie, and appears to be quite hardy near London. It has little, 
 however, to recommend it as a garden shrub. 
 
 C. BAILEYI, Coulter. 
 
 An erect, deciduous shrub, up to 10 ft. high, with downy shoots turning 
 reddish brown by winter. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, slender-pointed, rounded 
 at the base ; 2 to 5 ins. long, i to 2^ ins. wide ; with minute flattened hairs 
 above, and, when young, with a dense covering of woolly down as well as 
 flattened hairs beneath ; stalks slender, \ to f in. long. Flowers small, in 
 woolly-stalked cymes i to 2 ins. across. Fruit white, \ in. across. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; introduced in 1892. It has been much 
 confused with C. stolonifera, from which it differs in the shoots and lower 
 surface of the leaves being distinctly woolly, and in not being stoloniferous; 
 the bark also is duller and browner. It is usually found on sandy shores, and 
 is recommended for light soils. 
 
 C. CANDIDISSIMA, Marshall. 
 
 (C. paniculata, L'HeritierC) 
 
 A much-branched, deciduous shrub, 8 or 10 ft. high, of bushy habit, with 
 greyish bark ; young shoots smooth. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, 
 wedge-shaped at the base, long and slender pointed, i^ to 3^ ins. long, half as 
 wide ; dark green above, pale or whitish beneath ; both surfaces at first 
 furnished with flattened, minute hairs, which largely fall away by autumn ; 
 veins in three or four pairs. Flowers small, white, borne in great profusion in 
 June and July, in short cymose panicles about 2 ins. wide, terminating every 
 twig. Fruit white, roundish, but depressed at the top, j in. diameter ; the 
 stalks bright red. 
 
 Native of the eastern and Central United States; introduced in 1758. 
 As a latish flowering shrub this cornel has much to recommend it, for it is 
 usually laden with blossom shortly after midsummer. Unfortunately it does 
 not set its fruit here with the freedom that makes it so attractive in the 
 United States. It is neater and less rampant in growth than those of the 
 alba and stolonifera groups. 
 
 Between C. candidissima and C. Purpusii (see under C. Amomum) there is 
 a hybrid called C. ARNOLDIANA, Rehder. It originated in the Arnold 
 Arboretum about tfw end of last century. Compared with candidissima, it 
 is of more spreading habit ; the year-old branches are purple ; inflorescence 
 
CORNUS 387 
 
 less elongated ; leaf downy beneath ; fruit bluish. Introduced in 1907. 
 (Sargent's Trees and Shrubs* t. 40.) 
 
 C. STRICTA, Lamarck (C. fcemina. Miller), is closely allied to C. candidissima, 
 and has similar foliage. It differs in having purplish or reddish brown twigs, 
 and pale blue fruits. Native of eastern United States from Virginia south- 
 wards ; sometimes 16 ft. high. 
 
 C. CAPITATA, Wallick. BENTHAM'S CORNEL. 
 
 (Benthamia fragifera, Lindley, Bot. Mag., t. 4641.) 
 
 A deciduous or partially evergreen tree, 30 to 40 or more ft. high, of bushy 
 habit, and, if allowed to develop without interference by other trees, wider 
 than it is high ; young shoots covered with fine, flattened, grey down. Leaves 
 leathery, opposite, oval-lanceolate, tapered at both ends ; 2 to 5 ins. long, 
 | to i| ins. wide ; dull grey-green, covered densely on both surfaces with 
 minute flattened hairs ; stalk \ to in. long. Flowers minute, inconspicuous, 
 crowded in a hemispherical mass \ in. across. The beauty of the inflorescence 
 is in the four or six sulphur-yellow bracts that subtend the true flowers ; these 
 are obovate, i^ to 2 ins. long, f to i^ ins. wide. Fruit a fleshy, strawberry- 
 shaped, agglomerated crimson mass, I to \\ ins. across, in which many seeds 
 are imbedded. 
 
 Introduced from the Himalaya in 1825, and a native also of China. It 
 is hopeless to attempt to grow this cornel unprotected near London, although 
 it has lived many years against a wall at Kew, but rarely or never flowers 
 there. One has to go to the Cornish gardens, or those of S.W. Ireland 
 to see this tree in its full splendour. The finest tree I have seen is at Fota, 
 probably about 40 ft. high, and 70 ft. in diameter ; but there are probably 
 others in Cornwall quite as fine. When covered with the pale yellow " flowers," 
 they provide one of the richest ornaments even those favoured gardens can 
 display. In fruit, too, they are objects of great beauty, but often damaged by 
 birds. The flowers are at their best in June and July, and the fruits in October 
 and November. 
 
 C. CONTROVERSA, Hemsley. 
 
 (C. brachypoda of English gardens not of C. A. Meyer.} 
 
 A decidous tree, 30 to 50 ft. high, with horizontal branches produced in 
 tiers ; young shoots smooth or soon becoming so, and soon dark coloured. 
 Leaves alternate, ovate or oval, rounded or somewhat wedge-shaped at the 
 base, narrowed abruptly to a slender point ; smooth and dark glossy green 
 above; glaucous beneath, and at first furnished with flattened hairs attached by 
 their centres ; veins in usually six to eight, sometimes nine pairs ; blades 
 3 to 6 ins. long, 2 to 3 ins. wide ; stalk i to 2 ins. long. Flowers white, 
 about \ in. diameter, produced in June and July numerously in flattish 
 cymes 3 to 7 ins. across. Fruit blue-black, globose, J in. diameter. 
 
 Native of Japan, whence the cultivated plants originated, also of China and 
 the Himalaya. This small tree, so distinct from all other cornels except the 
 North American C. alternifolia in its alternate leaves, is of very elegant habit. 
 It sends its slender branches out horizontally, and they are produced in 
 a group at the end of each season's growth. When of sufficient age, it 
 flowers freely, as an old specimen about 30 ft. high in the Coombe Wood 
 nursery shows. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATA (C. brachypoda variegata of gardens) is a form with 
 long, narrow, lanceolate leaves, rarely more than i| ins. wide, often unequal- 
 sided and more or less deformed, but strikingly variegated with an irregular, 
 yellowish white border, and possessing the elegant pose of the type. 
 
388 
 
 CORNUS 
 
 Although this cornel has been in cultivation at least thirty years, the 
 name " controversa " was only given to it by Mr Hemsley in 1909 (see 
 Kew Bulletin for that year, p. 332). Previously it had been known in England 
 as "C. brachypoda," and on the Continent as "C. macrophylla," in both cases 
 erroneously, as these are synonymous terms for an opposite-leaved cornel 
 (C. macrophylla, Wallich q.v.). It will no doubt take some time to straighten 
 out the confusion in gardens, but the matter is simply stated thus : 
 
 Tree with opposite leaves is C. macrophylla. 
 Tree with alternate leaves is C. controversa. 
 
 The name " C. brachypoda " disappears as a synonym. 
 
 CORNUS FLORIDA. 
 
 C. FLORIDA, Limiaus. FLOWERING DOGWOOD. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 526.) 
 
 A deciduous, wide-spreading, small tree, 10 to 20 ft. high in cultivation, 
 but occasionally twice as high in some parts of its native habitat ; young 
 shoots soon becoming smooth. Leaves opposite, broadly oval or ovate ; 
 3 to 6 ins, long, \\ to 3 ins. wide ; rounded or tapered at the base, the 
 apex with a short, abrupt, slender point ; dark green and with scattered 
 down above ; pale, rather glaucous and downy beneath ; stalk j to f in. long. 
 Flowers insignificant, J in. long, produced in a crowded head ^ in. across, 
 green tipped with yellow,, The^real beauty of the plant is in the four bracts 
 that form in autumn and enclose the flower-head during the winter, expanding 
 in May. These bracts are inversely heart-shaped, the apex broad, rounded 
 and notched, white, \\ to 2 ins. long, the whole forming a showy, corolla- 
 like involucre 3 to 4 ins. across, commonly called the "flower." 
 
 Native of the eastern United States", where it is generally distributed from 
 Massachusetts southwards ; introduced in the early part of the eighteenth 
 century, and cultivated by Thos. Fairchild in his nursery at Hoxton in 1730. 
 There is also evidence of its having been grown by Miller at Chelsea in 1739. 
 Although really a very hardy shrub so far as its capability of supporting 
 
CORNUS 389 
 
 extreme cold is concerned, as is shown by its perfect health and robustness 
 in the neighbourhood of Boston, Mass., it has never become generally 
 cultivated in Britain. Through its susceptibility to spring frosts and the 
 indifferent ripening of its wood in autumn, it is rarely seen in good health. 
 It thrives. very well in the garden at Grayswood Hill, Haslemere, which, 
 being elevated a few hundred feet, escapes the late frosts that visit the 
 valleys. After a fine summer its leaves change to glorious shades of red 
 and crimson. 
 
 Var. PENDULA. Branches rather stiffly pendulous. 
 
 Var. RUBRA (Bot. Mag., t. 8315). : Bracts of a bright rosy red instead of 
 the ordinary white ; extremely beautiful. This variety succeeds even better 
 than the type at Grayswood Hill. 
 
 C. GLABRATA, Bentham. WESTERN CORNEL. 
 
 A deciduous shrub up to 10 or 12 ft. high, of bushy, densely twiggy habit ; 
 young shoots dark, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, or narrowly oval, tapered at 
 both ends ; ij to 3 ins. long, \ to ij ins. wide ; glossy green on both sides, 
 and with minute, closely pressed hairs ; slightly paler beneath ; veins in three 
 to five pairs ; stalk slender, -^ to \ in. long. Flowers dull white, in small cymes 
 which are i J ins. or less in diameter. Fruit white or bluish white. 
 
 Native of Western N. America from Oregon to California. It has little 
 beauty of flower, but is a neat-habited shrub of cheerful aspect, distinct in its 
 small, abundant leaves, shining green on both sides. 
 
 C HESSEI, Koehne. 
 
 A dwarf, very compact, slow-growing, deciduous shrub ; dense in habit and 
 apparently not likely to exceed 2 ft. in height. Leaves opposite, crowded, 
 oval-lanceolate, wedge-shaped at the base, slender pointed ; I to 2^ in. long, 
 about one-third as wide ; very dark, almost black-green above, glaucous 
 beneath, both surfaces with flattened hairs ; veins in three to five pairs 
 Flowers pinkish white, produced the summer through in cymes i^ ins. across. 
 Fruit dingy bluish white, flattened globose, scarcely ^ in. wide. 
 
 The native country of this very distinct little shrub does not appear to be 
 known, but it is probably from N.E. Asia. It is quite unlike any other cornel 
 in its dense, very leafy, compact habit and curiously dark foliage. 
 
 C. KOUSA, Buerger. 
 
 (Garden, Feb. 25, 1893 ; Benthamia japonica, Siebold.') 
 
 A deciduous shrub or small tree, up to 20 ft. in height, of bushy habit; 
 young shoots smooth. Leaves ovate with a slender point and wedge-shaped 
 base, 1 1 to 3 ins. long, f to if ins. wide ; margin undulated ; both surfaces 
 have minute, scattered hairs at first, becoming smooth except for brown tufts in 
 the vein-axils, stalk ^ to ^ in. long. Flowers small and inconspicuous, pro- 
 duced in a round, button-like mass f in. across. The beauty of the shrub, as in 
 C. florida and C. Nuttallii, is in the bracts that accompany the inflorescence. 
 These are four in number, lanceolate, slender-pointed, spreading ; I to i^ ins. 
 long, ^ to | in. wide ; creamy white. The main-stalk is slender, smooth, 2 to 
 2^ ins. long. Fruit fleshy, strawberry-like in shape. 
 
 Native of Japan, Corea, and Central China. At Coombe Wood, where there 
 is a fine specimen, it thrives admirably, and flowers freely in May and June. 
 The bracts and flowers are borne on short, lateral spurs at the end of a small two- 
 or four-leaved twig and stand up erect in rows along the branches ; they have 
 
390 
 
 CORNUS 
 
 a very striking and beautiful effect. Of the species that owe their beauty to 
 their large showy bracts as distinct from the true flowers, this is the most 
 promising for our climate. It is only likely to be confused in gardens with 
 C. florida, its East American ally, but its long slender-pointed bracts readily 
 distinguish it. Botanically it is more nearly allied to C. capitata, as is shown 
 by the agglomerated fruits. 
 
 C. MACROPHYLLA, Wallich. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8261 ; C. brachypoda, C. A. Meyer.') 
 
 A deciduous tree, 30 to 50 ft. high ; young shoots smooth or nearly so. 
 Leaves opposite, ovate to roundish or oblong, the base rounded or tapering, 
 the apex with a slender, often tail-like point ; 4 to 7 ins. long, 2 to 3^ ins. 
 wide ; bright green, and soon becoming smooth above ; glaucous beneath, and 
 
 CORNUS KOUSA. 
 
 at first clothed with pale, flattened, minute hairs attached at their middle ; 
 veins in six to eight pairs ; stalks ^ to ij ins. long. Flowers yellowish white, 
 numerous, produced in terminal, somewhat rounded cymes 4 to 6 ins. across ; 
 each flower in. diameter ; petals oblong ; calyx minutely toothed, grey with 
 minute down. Fruit globose, J in. diameter, blue when ripe. Blossoms during 
 July and August. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya, whence it was introduced in 1827, China, and 
 Japan. It is a handsome and striking small tree, chiefly noteworthy for its 
 fine foliage ; the flowers, although profusely borne, are of too dull a white to 
 be very effective. There is a tree approaching 40 ft. in height in Coombe 
 Wood nursery. Much confusion has existed between this species and 
 C. controversa, which, although an alternate-leaved species, has long been 
 known on the Continent as " C. macrophylla." (See note on C. controversa.) 
 
 C. MAS, Linnceus. CORNELIAN CHERRY. 
 
 (C. mascula, Linnceus ; Bot. Mag., t. 2675.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub or small tree, sometimes 25 ft. high, of spreading, rather 
 open habit ; young branchlets covered with minute, flattened, greyish hairs. 
 
 
CORNUS 391 
 
 Leaves ovate, li to 2| ins. long, J to i ins. wide (sometimes considerably 
 larger on strong shoots) ; apex slender-pointed ; base tapered or rounded ; 
 dark dull green, both surfaces furnished with centrally attached, flattened 
 hairs ; veins in three to five pairs ; stalk in. or less long. Flowers } in. 
 diameter, yellow, produced in February and March on the leafless stems in 
 short-stalked umbels from the joints of the previous year's wood, each umbel 
 about I in. across, enclosed before opening in four downy, boat-shaped bracts. 
 Fruit a bright red, oblong drupe f in. long, about | in. wide, indented at 
 the apex, of good acid flavour. 
 
 Native of Europe, cultivated for many centuries in Britain. Before the 
 introduction of the Japanese witch hazels the Cornelian cherry was the most 
 effective of yellow-flowering shrubs in bloom as early as February. It is 
 still one of the most valuable we have. As it is without foliage when in bloom, 
 it is a great advantage if it can be associated with some evergreen, such as 
 holly. The fruit is handsome, but not, in my experience, freely borne. The 
 wood, although limited in quantity, has considerable value because of its 
 tough, hard, durable nature. It was formerly, if not now, much used on the 
 Continent for small articles in domestic use. The fruit also used to be made 
 into a rob or preserve. The following varieties are in cultivation : 
 
 Var. AUREA ELEGANTISSIMA. Leaves prettily variegated, having a wide 
 unequal border of yellow, some entirely yellow ; others tinged with pink. 
 
 Var. LANCEOLATA, Kirschner. Leaves smaller, more lance-shaped. 
 
 Var. NANA. Of dwarf, rounded habit. 
 
 Var, VARIEGATA. Similar to aurea elegantissima, but with creamy white 
 variegation. 
 
 Var. XANTHOCARPA. Fruits clear bright yellow. There are also var. 
 FRUCTU VIOLACEO, with presumably purple fruits, and var. ALBOCARPA, with 
 white ones ; but I have not seen them, nor are they likely to be of much interest 
 here, where the tree is shy-fruiting. 
 
 C. OFFICINALIS, Siebold) is very closely allied to C. Mas, and is a Corean 
 species occasionally seen in gardens. It has the same yellow flowers and red 
 fruits, but it differs in having in addition to the flat hairs attached by their 
 centres, conspicuous patches of dense, rusty-coloured down beneath the leaves, 
 in and near the vein-axils. It has also two additional (five to seven) pairs of 
 veins to each leaf. When in flower it is not distinguishable from C. Mas, 
 except that the habit is perhaps coarser. It is occasionally 30 ft. high in 
 Japan. 
 
 C. NUTTALLII, Audubon. 
 (Bot. Mag., t 8311.) 
 
 A deciduous tree up to 50 ft. high, rarely 80 to 100 ft. in a wild state, but 
 often a shrub ; young shoots minutely downy, becoming smooth. Leaves 
 oval or obovate, tapered at the base, short-pointed, 3 to 5 ins. long, i^- to 3 ins. 
 wide ; downy on both sides, especially beneath ; veins in five or six pairs ; 
 stalk j to ^ in. long. Flowers very small, crowded into a dense head f in. 
 across, purple and green ; surrounding them is a whorl of four to eight, 
 commonly six, showy bracts which make what is commonly termed the 
 " flower/' These bracts are roundish oval or obovate, pointed, and from 
 ii to 3 ins. long, i to 2 ins. wide, at first creamy, then white flushed with 
 pink. The flower-head is formed the previous autumn, and is not enclosed by 
 the bracts during winter, as in C. florida, but remains exposed, expanding with 
 the bracts in May. 
 
 Native of Western N. America, where it is one of the most beautiful of 
 flowering trees. In autumn, too, it is said to light up the forest by the yellow 
 and scarlet of its decaying leaves. It is undoubtedly the noblest of the cornels, 
 
392 CORNUS 
 
 its "flowers" sometimes 6 ins. across; unfortunately it is not perfectly adapted 
 to the colder parts of Great Britain, but succeeds in the southern counties. 
 It is better under cultivation at Kew than C. florida, and flowers regularly. 
 The best specimen I know of is at Grays wood Hill, Haslemere, which a few 
 years ago was 15 ft. high, and flowered freely. 
 
 C. PAUCINERVIS, Hance. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 ft. or more high ; young shoots angular, with very 
 minute appressed hairs at first, becoming smooth. Leaves narrowly oval; 
 tapering about equally towards both ends ; i J to 4 ins. long, | to if ins. wide 
 with two or three pairs of prominent longitudinal veins, both surfaces covered, 
 with minute appressed hairs. Flowers white, \ in. across, produced in rounded 
 hairy corymbs i\ to 3^ ins. across. Fruits black, globose, in. wide. The 
 most distinctive character of this species is the narrow shape and few veins of 
 its firm-textured leaves. The chief veins originate in pairs from the lower 
 part of the midrib, and after curving outwards bend inwards again towards the 
 top of the leaf. The shrub is pretty, and useful in flowering in late July and 
 August. 
 
 Native of W. and Central China; introduced by Wilson in 1907. It first 
 flowered with the Hon. Vicary Gibbs at Aldenham, in 1911. 
 
 C. PUBESCENS, Nuttall. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 to 18 ft. high in a wild state, with smooth, purple 
 branches. Leaves opposite, narrowly oval or ovate, i J to 4 ins. long, f to 2 
 ins. wide, tapered or somewhat rounded at the base, blunt or pointed, rarely 
 slender at the apex ; dark green and slightly hairy above ; pale and woolly 
 beneath. Flowers yellowish, crowded densely in compact, rounded, downy 
 cymes about 2 ins. across. Fruit white. 
 
 Native of British Columbia south to California; introduced in 1874. It 
 blossoms towards the end of May and in June, and is pretty then. It is also 
 distinct in its dark purplish branches and in its leaves, woolly beneath. 
 
 C. RUGOSA, Lamarck. 
 
 (C. circinata, L'fferitier.') 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 to 10 ft. high, sometimes single-stemmed and like a 
 small tree ; young shoots green, warted, becoming purplish. Leaves roundish, 
 inclined to ovate, abruptly pointed ; T.\ to 5 ins. long, nearly as wide ; almost 
 smooth above, but covered beneath with a dense greyish wool ; veins in six to 
 eight pairs ; stalk about \ in. long. Flowers white, in slightly downy cymes 
 2 to 3 ins. diameter. Fruit pale blue, about J in. diameter. 
 
 Native of E. Canada and the United States ; introduced in 1784. This 
 species is very rarely seen in English gardens ; but as I saw it, covered with 
 flower in the Arnold Arboretum about mid-June a few years ago, it was quite 
 ornamental and had assumed the form of a miniature tree. Among the swarm 
 of North American cornels this can be distinguished by its almost orbicular 
 leaves, very downy beneath. 
 
 C. SLAVINII, Rehder^ is a hybrid between C. circinata and C. stolonifera, 
 first noticed in Seneca Park, Rochester, New York, near the gorge of the 
 Genessee R.iver. The leaves are woolly beneath, and the young wood is purplish 
 as in C. circinata, but the habit is more that of C. stolonifera, only more 
 upright. Leaves intermediate in shape. (See Rhodora^ vol, xii., p. in.) 
 
CORNUS COROKIA 393 
 
 . SANGUINEA, LinncBus. COMMON DOGWOOD. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 to 12 ft. high, of erect habit ; young shoots minutely 
 downy, dull dark green. Leaves ovate, \\ to 3 ins. long, f to if ins. wide ; 
 tapered and rounded at the base, slender-pointed, furnished, especially when 
 young, with pale scattered hairs on both surfaces, which are longer beneath 
 than above ; veins in three or four, sometimes five pairs ; stalks \ to -| in. 
 long. Flowers dull white, with a heavy odour, produced during June in cymes 
 i^ to 2 ins. across ; sepals and flower-stalks downy ; petals about in. long. 
 Fruit globose, purplish black, shining, in. wide, with a bitter taste. 
 
 Native of Europe, including the south of England, where it is abundant in 
 some localities. It is a shrub of undistinguished character, its chief value 
 being in the fine autumnal red of its leaves. The specific name applies to this 
 and not to the young bark, which has nothing more than an occasional dark 
 red tinge on the exposed side. The wood is tough and hard, and is used for 
 making butchers' skewers and such like. 
 
 Var VARIEGATA. A poor form, with variegated leaves. 
 
 Var. VIRIDISSIMA. Said to have green fruit. 
 
 C. SESSILIS, Torrey. 
 
 But little is known in cultivation of this North Californian shrub, which in a 
 wild state is 10 to 15 ft. high, and was introduced in 1903. The young bark 
 is greenish, and clothed with silky hairs ; leaves shortly stalked, crowded at 
 the end of the twigs ; i^ to 3 ins. long, ovate, tapered at both ends, but more 
 gradually towards the apex ; nearly smooth above, and with flattened hairs 
 and tufts of down in the vein-axils beneath ; veins in about four pairs. 
 Flowers in. across, yellow, crowded in stalkless umbels, at first enclosed by 
 four ovate bracts ^ in. long ; flower-stalks silky, \ in. long. Fruit oval, \ in. 
 long. This shrub, producing its flowers, themselves stalked, in clusters without 
 stalks, from the axils of four bracts and on leafless twigs, belongs to the same 
 group as C. Mas and C. officinalis. 
 
 C. STOLONIFERA, Michaux. RED OSIER DOGWOOD. 
 
 A vigorous deciduous shrub, up to 8 ft. high, suckering freely, and 
 spreading by underground stems ; bark of young shoots dark purplish red, 
 smooth. Leaves ovate, oval or oval-lanceolate, with long, tapered points ; 
 2 to 5 ins. long, I to "2\ ins. wide ; upper surface dark green, lower one glaucous, 
 both with flattened hairs ; veins in about five pairs ; stalk \ to I in. long. 
 Flowers dull white, small, in cymes I to 2 ins. across Fruit white, globose, 
 \ in. across. 
 
 Native of N. America, reaching across the continent. It is allied to the 
 Asiatic. C. alba, but is distinguished by the longer - pointed leaves and 
 stoloniferous habit. 
 
 Var. FLAVIRAMEA, Spath. Bark of young shoots yellow, and effective in 
 winter. Sent out by Spath in 1899. 
 
 COROKIA COTONEASTER, Raoul CORNACE^E. 
 
 A remarkable evergreen, but sparsely leaved shrub, up to 8 ft. in 
 height, forming a rounded bush; branches thin, exceedingly tortuous 
 and interlaced, somewhat rigid, and covered with white down when young, 
 becoming almost black with age. Leaves alternate, J to f in. long 
 
394 COROKIA CORONILLA 
 
 (including the broad, flat stalk), roundish ovate or obovate, | to J in. 
 wide, smooth and dark green above, covered beneath with a white felt. 
 
 COROKIA COTONEASTER. 
 
 Flowers star-shaped, bright yellow, | in. across, short-stalked, solitary, 
 or as many as four in the leaf-axils ; petals five, narrowly linear, pointed, 
 silky at the back ; calyx silky white, with five short, ovate lobes. Fruit 
 red, round or oblong, J to J in. long. 
 
 Native of New Zealand; introduced about 1875. At Kew tm>s 
 curious shrub needs the protection of a wall, where it thrives very well, 
 and where its contorted branches, thin entangled twigs, and tiny spoon- 
 shaped leaves are a perennial source of interest to visitors. It blossoms 
 in May, and although not showy is decidedly pretty and interesting. 
 The fruits have ripened in Canon Ellacombe's garden at Bitton, and 
 in shape and colour are not unlike small Cornelian cherries. In the 
 southern and milder counties it may be grown in the open ; it thrives 
 very well unprotected with Miss Willmott at Warley Place in Essex. 
 "Cprokia" is adapted from the Maori name "Korokia." 
 
 CORONILLA. LEGUMINOS^:. 
 
 A genus of shrubs and herbaceous plants, two of the former being 
 hardy in Britain and others half hardy. The distinctive features of the 
 genus are the pinnate leaves, the umbellate arrangement of the pea- 
 shaped flowers, the long-clawed petals, and the curious seed-pods. The 
 last are slender, round, and separated into several one-seeded compart- 
 ments defined by a constriction of the pod. The two hardy species are 
 of easy cultivation, liking a moderately rich, well-drained, loamy soil and 
 a sunny position. They are propagated by cuttings, which may be struck 
 either in a soft condition (when bottom heat should be given) or later, 
 when the growths are more woody, under a bell-glass in a cold frame. 
 Besides the species described below, C. GLAUCA, Linnaus, is occasionally 
 grown outside, in the south and west. In Essex also, especially at 
 
CORONILLA 395 
 
 Warley Place, there are fine bushes growing on the sunny side of walls 
 and against hothouse walls. In such places its glaucous, pinnate leaves 
 and umbels of rich yellow flowers make it charming, but on the whole 
 it must be regarded as needing winter protection in most parts of the 
 country. 
 
 C. EMEROIDES, Boissier. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 4 or 5 ft. high, with angled branches. Leaves in two 
 opposite rows, pinnate, composed usually of seven leaflets ; leaflets obovate, 
 4 to f in. long, with a few appressed hairs or quite smooth. Flowers borne in 
 an umbel at the end of a stalk 2 to 3 ins. long, with from four to eight 
 (oftenest five) flowers in the umbel ; each flower \ to f in. long. Petals yellow, 
 with a long claw ; calyx in. long, cup-shaped. ~Pod 2 to 3 ins. long, slender, 
 round and jointed, each segment containing one seed. 
 
 Native of Greece, Crete, and other parts of S.E. Europe, also Syria. It is 
 nearly allied and very similar to the well-known C. Emerus, in habit, leaf, 
 colour and shape of flower. But it is distinguished by having seven instead 
 of nine as the usual number, of leaflets, by its longer-stalked umbels, and by 
 the more numerous flowers in each. It commences to flower in May or June, 
 and continues for several months. 
 
 C. EMERUS, Linnceus. SCORPION SENNA. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., L 445.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 7 to 9 ft. high, and as much through, of elegant habit. 
 Branchlets angled, grooved, and smooth. Leaves i to 2^ ins. long, alternate, 
 
 ? innate, distichous, composed usually of seven or nine leaflets, which are obovate, 
 to | in. long, slightly downy when young. Flowers borne on slender stalks, 
 i to 2 ins. long, springing from the leaf-axils, and carrying not more than three 
 flowers at the top. These are yellow, in. long, and distinct on account of the 
 long claw to each petal ; the standard petal has a reddish brown line down 
 the back. Pods 2 ins. long, very slender, round, and jointed into several 
 portions, each portion containing one seed. 
 
 Native of Central and S. Europe ; cultivated in England for more than three 
 centuries. This is a very pleasing, graceful shrub, which begins to flower in 
 May and continues until October. The popular name refers to the slender 
 articulated seed-pod, -which is compared to a scorpion's tail. It is very 
 abundant as an undergrowth in thin woodland, in some places along the 
 French and Italian Riviera. 
 
 C. JUNCEA, Linnaus. 
 
 A curious shrub, 2 to 3 ft. high, with round, rush-like, somewhat hollow, 
 zigzag, much-forked branches. Leaves f to i^ ins. long, pinnate, composed 
 of five or seven leaflets, which are narrow, oblong, \ to \ in. long, the common 
 stalk flattened Flowers yellow, \ in. long, arranged in often globose umbels 
 produced from the leaf-axils, each umbel carrying six to twelve flowers. Seed- 
 pods very slender, about I in. long. 
 
 Native of S. Europe ; introduced, according to Aiton, in 1656, but always 
 rare on account of its tenderness. It has succeeded against a wall in the 
 Cambridge Botanic Garden, but except in some such warm corner its tenure 
 is precarious. 
 
396 CORYLOPSIS 
 
 CORYLOPSIS. HAMAMELIDACE^E. 
 
 A small genus of deciduous shrubs and small trees from N.E. Asia, 
 with bristle-toothed leaves resembling those of the hazel (Corylus) hence 
 the name. The flowers are pale, sometimes greenish, yellow, produced on 
 the leafless shoots in short, pendent spikes ; they are usually fragrant. 
 The parts of the flower are in fives. Leaves alternate, plaited in the bud 
 state, veins parallel, strong, proceeding from the midrib at an acute 
 angle. Fruit a woody capsule. From its hardy allies Hamamelis and 
 Parrotia the genus is very distinct. The spike on which the flowers 
 are borne is really a short branch. At the base there are a few thin, 
 membranous, bract-like organs, which are not accompanied by flowers, 
 but from the axils of which a leaf is developed after the flowers farther 
 along the spike have faded. By the time the seed-vessels are ripe these 
 leaves are fully developed. (See Hemsley in Gardeners' Chronicle, Jan. 
 13, 1906, p. 1 8.) Seeds in all the known species black. 
 
 As garden shrubs the species of Corylopsis are not in the very first 
 rank ; at the same time the flowers have a soft beauty of their own, and 
 they are among the earliest to open in spring. Of the better known 
 species, C. spicata is the hardiest, but it is possible it may in future prove 
 to be equalled both in that respect and in beauty by the newer Chinese 
 species. 
 
 C. PLATYPETALA, Rehder, is a new species from W. Hupeh, China, intro- 
 duced by Wilson in 1908. Its most distinctive character appears to be its 
 "broad, hatchet-shaped petals." Its branchlets are smooth except for sparse 
 gland-tipped hairs, yellow, grey the second year. Leaves ovate to roundish, 
 up to 4 ins. long, soon quite smooth, rather glaucous beneath. Flowers pale 
 yellow, fragrant, up to twenty in a raceme; calyx and fruit glabrous. 
 
 Var. L^EVIS, from W. Szechuen, has brown year-old shoots. 
 
 C. GRIFFITHII, Hemsley. 
 
 (C. himalayana, Bot. Mag., t. 6779 not of Griffith?) 
 
 A shrub with very downy young wood. Leaves 3 to \\ ins. long, 2 to 3 ins. 
 wide, broadly ovate or roundish, more or less heart-shaped at the base, long- 
 pointed, toothed ; upper surface pale green, not downy, lower one downy, 
 especially on veins and midrib ; stalk I to liins. long. Flowers pale primrose- 
 yellow, very closely packed on pendulous spikes, i J to 2^ ins. long, f in. wide ; 
 basal bracts very thin, silky inside, oblong, \ to i in. long, those of the flowers 
 much smaller and silky both sides ; anthers purplish red. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya; introduced to Kew in 1879. One of the most 
 ornamental of Corylopsis, this is, unfortunately, not hardy enough to succeed 
 without wall protection. It may be recommended for the south-western 
 counties. 
 
 C. PAUCIFLORA, Siebold. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7736.) 
 
 A shrub of spreading habit up to about 4 ft. high ; branches slender, 
 smooth. Leaves more or less broadly ovate, heart-shaped at the base, acutely 
 pointed ; i to 3 ins. long, i to 2 ins. wide ; with a few bristle-like teeth, 
 
CORYLOPSIS 
 
 397 
 
 smooth and bright green above, somewhat silky beneath on the veins and 
 margins ; stalk slender, ^ to f in. long. Flowers primrose-yellow, about 
 f in. across, produced two, sometimes three together on short spikes ; basal 
 bracts of spike pale green, thin, hairy inside. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced by Messrs Veitch. Although the spikes of 
 this charming little shrub are shorter and fewer-flowered than in C. spicata 
 and other species, the blossom itself is larger, more open, and more beautiful. 
 The plant itself is not so hardy as C. spicata, and I have known it destroyed 
 by severe cold ; owing to its early growth also, spring frosts frequently pinch the 
 young shoots. For the milder parts of the kingdom no more delightful March- 
 flowering shrub could be chosen. It differs from all the other hardy species in 
 its large, open flowers. 
 
 C. -SINENSIS, Hemsley. 
 
 A shrub TO to 15 ft. high in a wild state; young shoots downy and (like 
 the leaf-stalks) more or less glandular. Leaves obovate-oblong, 2 to 3^ 
 
 CORYLOPSIS PAUCIFLORA. 
 
 ins. long, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at the base, toothed, silky-felted 
 beneath ; stalk j to f ins. long, very downy Flowers pale primrose-yellow, 
 fragrant, produced twelve to eighteen together during April in a drooping 
 spike \\ to 2 ins. long, each flower \ in. long; petals orbicular, \ in. diameter; 
 anthers yellow ; calyx greenish yellow with short rounded lobes ; stipular 
 bracts broader than long, concave, silky inside and at the margins, smooth 
 outside, yellow-green j floral bracts hairy both sides. Fruits globose, \ in. 
 diameter, hairy. 
 
 Native of Central and W. China ; introduced by Wilson for Messrs Veitch 
 about 1901. It appears to be closely allied to C. Griffithii, but differs in 
 the basal bracts of the inflorescence being broader and shorter, and 
 in the yellow anthers. C. spicata has differently shaped leaves, much 
 more glaucous, and broadest below the middle. C. sinensis, so far as 
 can be judged at present, is quite hardy,, At Coombe Wood it grows 
 vigorously and is 5 ft. or more high, flowering regularly in April. It promises 
 to be as useful in gardens as C, spicata. 
 
 C. SPICATA, Siebold. 
 
 (Bot. Mag. 5 t. 54580 
 
 A wide-spreading bush up to 6 ft. high, with crooked, flexible branches, 
 clothed with silky down when young. Leaves broadly heart-shaped, pointed j 
 
398 
 
 CORYLOPSIS 
 
 3 to 4 ins. long, 2 to 3 ins,, wide ; edged with minute bristle-like teeth ; dull 
 pale green above, glaucous and downy beneath ; stalks woolly, ^ to I in. long. 
 Flowers yellow, six to twelve appearing on a drooping spike, the main stalk 
 of which is very woolly, produced in March and April from the naked shoots 
 of the previous summer,, The base of the spike is occupied by several 
 large, yellowish green, ovate bracts, silky inside ; on the terminal portion 
 of the spike the bracts are much smaller, and in the axil of each one is a 
 stalkless flower. Petals obovate, ^ to J in, long. Seed-vessels downy, 
 top-shaped, in. long, 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced by Messrs Veitch about 1863. The quiet 
 beauty of this shrub would perhaps be little noticed two months later in 
 the year, but being one of the earliest to blossom and often at its best in 
 March, it becomes particularly welcome, especially as the soft yellow of 
 its flowers is accompanied by a charming cowslip-like fragrance. The shrub 
 itself is quite hardy, but the flowers are damaged by inclement weather. 
 
 CORYLOPSIS VEITCH IANA. 
 
 C. VEITCHIANA, Bean. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8349.) 
 
 A shrub 5 to 6 ft. high, of rounded, bushy habit ; young shoots quite 
 smooth, reddish. Leaves oval or ovate, with a heart-shaped base ; contracted 
 at the apex to a short, slender point ; 2 to 4 ins. long, \\ to 2 ins. wide ; 
 purplish and sparingly silky hairy beneath when young, somewhat glaucous 
 and perfectly smooth when fully grown ; veins in six or seven pairs, the lowest 
 pair giving off four to six nerves outwards ; stalk about \ in. long. Flowers 
 fragrant, primrose-yellow, produced in a nodding spike I to 2 ins. long, f in. 
 wide. Basal bracts smooth outside; floral bracts hairy outside. Anthers 
 
CORYLOPSIS CORYLUS 399 
 
 red-brown, distinctly protruded. Calyx lobes short, rounded, hairy. Fruit 
 at first densely hairy, about in. long. 
 
 Introduced in 1900 by Wilson from Western Hupeh, China, and first raised 
 in the Coombe Wood nursery, where it has flowered each April for some 
 years past. From C. sinensis it differs in its glabrous leaves and protruded 
 red-brown anthers. 
 
 C. WlLLMOTTLE, Rehder and Wilson. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 to 12 ft. high; young shoots brown, not downy, but 
 with numerous small lenticels; winter buds pale shining green, stalked. 
 Leaves 2 to 4 ins. long, oval, obovate or roundish ovate; truncate or slightly 
 heart-shaped at the base, short-pointed; dark bright green and smooth above; 
 rather glaucous beneatn and downy, especially on the midrib and veins; 
 veins in seven to ten pairs. Flowers soft greenish yellow and fragrant. 
 Calyx, ovary, and fruit smooth. 
 
 Native of W. Szechuen, China; introduced by Wilson in 1909; first shown 
 in flower at the Horticultural Hall, 5th March 1912, as "C. multiflora." The 
 true plant of that name does not appear to be in cultivation. 
 
 C. WlLSONI, Hemsley. 
 
 A shrub or small tree, the branchlets at first furnished with stellate down. 
 Leaves ovate or obovate ; 3 to 5 ins. long, i^ to 3 ins. wide ; abruptly con- 
 tracted at the apex to a long narrow point, the base heart-shaped, the margin 
 edged with bristle-like teeth ; glaucous beneath, and smooth on both sides 
 when mature ; stalk f to i^ ins. long. Flower-spike 2 to 3 ins. long, the basal 
 or stipular bracts roundish ovate, f in. long, silky hairy on both sides ; flower 
 bracts similar except for being smaller. Petals \ in. long, narrowly obovate, 
 primrose-yellow. Fruits not downy. 
 
 Discovered and introduced to the Coombe Wood nursery in 1900. It 
 differs from all other cultivated Corylopsis in having the lower bracts hairy 
 outside. In many other respects it resembles C. Veitchiana. 
 
 CORYLUS. HAZEL, FILBERT. CORYLACE.E. 
 
 Corylus belongs to the group of trees and shrubs with the male 
 flowers in slender, pendulous catkins, and the fruit (a nut) enclosed 
 wholly or in part by one or more bracts forming an involucre (husk). Its 
 nearest allies are Ostrya, Carpinus, and Ostryopsis, the four constituting 
 the natural order. 
 
 The hazels are well-marked deciduous trees and shrubs, with alternate, 
 toothed leaves. Male and female flowers are borne on the same plant, 
 the male catkins usually in clusters of two to five. Female flowers 
 scarcely discernible individually, the visible part of each being two red 
 stigmas projecting from the flower-bud ; the catkin bears several flowers 
 in the axils of its upper scales. The seed is enclosed by a hard shell, 
 which is itself set in a husk rather fleshy at the base, with coarsely toothed 
 or lobed margins. 
 
 In gardens the hazels are chiefly known as bearing edible nuts, viz., 
 cobnuts and filberts. The common species have not much to attract 
 planters for ornament alone, although in February when they are freely 
 hung with the graceful, slender, yellow, male catkins, they have that 
 
400 CORYLUS 
 
 charm in great degree which even the humblest flower possesses to some ' 
 extent at that early season. The female flowers, too, sometimes give a 
 quite effective red haze in sunshine. C. Colurna is a striking tree, and 
 the new C. chinensis is of similar although possibly not so robust habit. 
 C. rostrata and C. mandschurica have remarkable fruits. The attention 
 of those who admire purple shrubs may be directed to C. maxima 
 atropurpurea. 
 
 They all thrive well in a loamy soil, and are very suitable for chalky 
 districts. The sorts grown for their fruit are most fertile on soil of 
 moderate quality. In this country C. Colurna needs some attention to 
 ensure the formation of a good clean trunk by watching, and, if necessary, 
 training up the leading shoot, and removing lower branches and suckers. 
 As to propagation, most of the hardy sorts can be increased by taking 
 off the suckers ; if these do not form, layering should be adopted, and for 
 the genuine species seed is usually obtainable. They bear transplanting 
 well. 
 
 The species of Corylus are very much alike in leaf, and are best 
 distinguished by habit and by the form of the husk. The following ten 
 species may be classed as follows : 
 
 I. TREES. 
 ' J?, urna '. I Husk fringed with numerous segments ^ to I in. long. 
 
 3. Tibetica. Husk very spiny, like a sweet chestnut. 
 
 II. SHRUBS. 
 
 4. Americana. \ 
 
 5. Avellana. j-Husk open at the end, showing the nut. 
 
 6. Heterophylla.} 
 
 7. Mandschurica. \Husk bristly, hairy, and downy, protruded beyond the nut into a long 
 
 8. Rostrata. j beak and hiding it. 
 
 9. Sieboldiana. Like Nos. 7 and 8, but with a beak only one-third as long. 
 
 IO. Maxima. Husk about twice as long as 1 the nut, downy, but not bristly hairy, 
 
 C. AMERICANA, Walter. AMERICAN HAZEL. 
 
 A shrub up to 8 or 10 ft. high ; young shoots glandular-hairy. Leaves 
 broadly oval or ovate to roundish, coarsely, irregularly, or doubly toothed, 
 heart-shaped or rounded at the base, pointed ; 2 to 5 ins long, i^ to 3^ ins. 
 wide ; upper surface with scattered hairs, downy beneath ; stalk \ to \ in. Jong, 
 glandular-hairy. Male catkins i| to 3 ins. long. Nut roundish, egg-shaped, 
 about \ in. long, slightly flattened and set in a husk (involucre), which is 
 nearly double its length, downy, much and deeply toothed. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America; introduced in 1798. The American hazel 
 is very similar in habit to C. Avellana, 'but does not grow so high in this 
 country. It is readily distinguished from it in fruit by the involucre being so 
 much longer. Compared with C. Avellana, it is of no value as a nut-bearer in 
 this country, and is scarcely needed except for botanical collections. 
 
 C. AVELLANA. Ljnnczus. HAZEL or COBNUT. 
 
 A shrub 12 to 20 ft. high, sometimes with the habit of a small tree, but 
 usually forming a dense thicket of erect, much-branched stems, renewing itself 
 by sucker growths from the base ; young shoots glandular-downy. Leaves 
 roundish or obovate, heart-shaped at the base, 2 to 4 ins. long, ii to 3 ins. 
 
 
CORYLUS 401 
 
 wide ; the lower half irregularly toothed, the terminal half often shallowly 
 lobed as well as toothed ; downy on both surfaces, but especially beneath ; 
 stalk glandular-hairy, to i in. long. Male catkins i to 2^ ins. long. Nut 
 | in. long, set in a husk about or scarcely as long as itself, the margins of 
 which are cut into shallow, often toothed lobes. 
 
 Native of Europe (including Britain), W. Asia, and N. Africa. This is the 
 hazel whose nuts are among those commonly eaten for dessert. It is really a 
 shrub for the woodland rather than the garden, and on many properties a 
 brake of it is grown for the sake of the nuts. In autumn, the hazel frequently 
 turns a soft pleasing yellow, but its chief attraction as an ornamental shrub is 
 in the abundance and earliness of its male catkins. These form in the autumn, 
 and remain as short, dark, cylindrical bodies all the winter. About mid- 
 February the anthers burst, and they then become a soft yellow ; at that time 
 a bush well in flower makes an attractive picture. The branches of the hazel 
 are extremely supple, and on this account the shrub was in earlier times much 
 used to form the pleached alleys or shaded walks in the vicinity of the old 
 chateaux of France. The pliancy of hazel rods renders them useful for 
 various purposes, such as hoops for crates, etc. The twigs are used by water- 
 diviners. There are several varieties of hazel, most of them grown for the 
 qualities of the nut. Those of interest as ornamental shrubs are as follows : 
 
 Var. AUREA. Leaves a poor yellow. 
 
 Var. CONTORTA. Twigs remarkably curled and twisted. This curious 
 variety was discovered about 1863, in a hedgerow at Frocester, in Gloucester- 
 shire. (See figure in Gardeners' Chronicle, September 29, 1894, p. 380.) 
 
 Var. LACINIATA. Leaves smaller and more downy than in the type, and 
 of oval outline. Their most distinctive character, and one which renders them 
 very pretty, is the deep lobing all round the blade. These lobes are triangular 
 and penetrate about one-third of the distance to the midrib, being themselves 
 sharply toothed. The variety was called " heterophylla " by Loudon, but in 
 view of the existence of a Japanese species of that name, it is better to use the 
 name given here, which is now commonly adopted. 
 
 Var. PENDULA. A weeping variety which, trained up to form a trunk or 
 grafted high, makes a small pretty tree. 
 
 Var. PURPUREA. This is of more recent origin than the purple variety of 
 C. maxima, and is not so coarse a grower. The purple of the leaves is not 
 so heavy and dark. 
 
 C. CHINENSIS, Franchet. CHINESE HAZEL. 
 
 (C. Colurna var. chinensis, Burkill^) 
 
 Nearly allied to the Turkish hazel (C. Colurna), this species may be 
 distinguished by its darker coloured, much more persistently glandular-downy 
 young shoots, leaf-stalks, and midrib ; by the leaf-margins being more finely 
 and evenly toothed (not lobed as in C. Colurna) ; and by the base being more 
 unequally, if not so deeply heart-shaped. It was introduced by Wilson about 
 1900 from Hupeh, China, to the Coombe Wood nursery, where, as at Kew, 
 young trees grow well, and promise to make fine trees. Mr Wilson tells me he 
 saw it up to 120 ft. high in a wild state. Cultivated trees are not likely to 
 bear fruit for some years to come, but Henry, who several times collected this 
 hazel in Hupeh and Szechuen, describes the husk as constricted above the 
 nut, its lobes forked, the ultimate segments pointed and sickle-shaped. The 
 leaves are up to 6 or 7 ins. long, with as many as thirteen pairs of primary 
 veins. 
 
 C. COLURNA, Linnceus. TURKISH HAZEL. 
 
 A tree up to 70 or 80 ft. high, with a trunk sometimes 7 ft. or more in 
 girth, covered with pale scaling bark ; young shoots yellowish at first, glandular 
 
 2 C 
 
402 CORYLUS 
 
 downy. Leaves T.\ to 6 ins. long, 2 to 4^ ins. wide ; broadly oval, obovate or 
 ovate, pointed (sometimes abruptly) at the apex, heart-shaped at the base, 
 coarsely double-toothed or almost lobed ; upper side dark green, lower one 
 downy along the midrib and veins ; stalk | to I in. long, glandular-downy 
 at first, afterwards smooth. Male catkins 2 to 3 ins. long. Nuts \ to in. 
 diameter, the husk (involucre) in which it is set i\ ins. across, fringed with 
 numerous narrow pointed lobes \ to i in. long, covered with a fine down 
 freely mixed with which are gland-tipped bristles. The nuts are closely 
 clustered three or more together. 
 
 Native of S.E. Europe and Asia Minor ; introduced to England about the 
 middle of the seventeenth century. There are some fine specimens in old 
 English gardens, notably at Syon House, near Brentford. The tree is well 
 worth growing for its stately form, so remarkable for a hazel, and for its 
 curiously enveloped nuts. It thrives very well in the hot summers and 
 cold winters of Central Europe, and has there a usually short trunk with the 
 bottom branches touching the ground, the whole tree forming a lofty 
 pyramid. I have seen trees of this character near Hanover, and at 
 Schonbrufin, 70 to 80 ft. high. 
 
 C. JACQUEMONTII, Decaisne (C. lacera, Wallich\ is the Himalayan 
 representative of C. Colurna. It differs from that species chiefly in the 
 husk of the nut having few or no glandular bristles mixed with the down, and 
 in the leaves being more distinctly obovate and sharply lobed and toothed. 
 It thrives well at Kew, and bore nuts there in 1912. It commences to grow in 
 spring two or three weeks in advance of C. Colurna. 
 
 C. HETEROPHYLLA, Fischer. JAPANESE HAZEL. 
 
 A shrub or small tree up to 20 ft. high ; young shoots and leaf-stalks 
 glandular-hairy. Leaves variously shaped, often obovate, broadest near the 
 apex, where they are cut off straight with the exception of a short, abrupt point ; 
 base often narrowed, always heart-shaped ; unevenly toothed, often slightly 
 lobed ; downy beneath, especially on the midrib and veins. Nuts usually 
 solitary or in pairs ; the husk f to I in. long, downy on the margin, cut into 
 large triangular teeth \ to j in. deep. 
 
 Native of Japan and China, where it appears to represent C. Avellana, 
 just as C. americana does in the New World. It is recognisable in fruit by 
 the more regularly toothed husk. The leaves do not differ much, and some 
 of identical shape are to be found on both species, but those of C. Avellana 
 are, in general, not so much lobed. 
 
 C. MANDSHURICA, Maximowicz. MANCHURlAN HAZEL, 
 
 A shrub up to 12 or 15 ft. high, its largest leaves 5 or 6 ins. long and 4 ins. 
 wide ; ordinarily 3 or 4 ins. long, roundish obovate, heart-shaped at the base, 
 pointed, the ^terminal part doubly toothed or even shallowly lobed ; stalk 
 , \ to i in. long. Nut conical, ^ in. long, the husk covered with pale brown 
 bristles as well as down, and "drawn out at the apex into a slender beak 
 protruding i J to i^ ins. beyond the nut and quite enclosing it. 
 
 Native of Manchuria and N. China ; introduced to Kew in 1882 by the 
 late Dr Bretschneider, and about ten years later by Prof. Sargent. It 
 is quite hardy, and has borne good crops of its remarkable and handsome 
 fruits. These occur in pendent clusters of three or four, the bases touching 
 and the -long beaks standing out horizontally. During the summer the husk 
 is prettily suffused with purple. It is closely allied to and may be regarded 
 as the Asiatic representative of C. rostrata, differing chiefly in the more 
 distinctly lobed terminal portion of the leaves, which are also longer stalked, 
 rounder, and broader. 
 
CORYLUS 403 
 
 C. SIEBOLDIANA, Blume^ a native of Japan, is allied to these two species, and 
 has the same bristly hairy husk, but considerably shorter than either, and 
 protruding beyond the nut in. only. It has recently come into cultivation. 
 
 C. MAXIMA, Miller. FILBERT. 
 
 (C. tubulosa, Willdenow) 
 
 A shrub of the same habit as C. Avellana, but more robust, sometimes a 
 tree 20 ft. or more high ; young shoots glandular-hairy. Leaves broadly 
 obovate or roundish, heart-shaped at the base, usually with a short, slender, 
 abrupt point ; toothed all round the margin, doubly so on the upper half; 2 to 
 5 ins. long, ii to 4 ins. wide ; stalk glandular, to J- in. long. Male catkins 
 2 to 3 ins. long. Nut ovate-oblong', set in a husk nearly twice its own length, 
 and cut into numerous deep, narrow lobes. 
 
 Native of S. Europe, but not of Britain; introduced in 1759. It is the 
 parent of the filberts of English orchards, distinguished from the hazel or 
 cobnut by the husk protruding well beyond the nut, and quite enclosing and 
 holding it. The nut itself is also longer and proportionately narrower. 
 Several varieties are cultivated for their nuts, but the only one of an orna- 
 mental character worth mentioning is 
 
 Var. ATROPURPUREA, whose leaves are of a dark purple. One of the most 
 robust and striking shrubs of this colour. 
 
 C. ROSTRATA, Alton. BEAKED HAZEL. 
 
 A shrub 4 to 8 ft. high, with erect, much-branched stems and slightly hairy 
 young shoots. Leaves ovate, oval or obovate, heart-shaped at the base, 
 usually pointed at the apex, closely and unevenly toothed, sometimes slightly 
 lobed ; i^- to 4^ ins. long, i to 3 ins. wide ; upper surface with scattered hairs 
 at first, becoming smooth; lower surface permanently downy on the midrib and 
 veins ; stalk i to ^ in. long. Male catkin I to I j ins. long. Nut about J in. 
 long, the husk covered with a fine down mixed with which are numerous 
 bristly hairs, the apex extended into a slender beak I to I j ins. beyond the nut. 
 
 Native of the eastern and Central United States ; introduced in 1745 by 
 the then Duke of Argyll. It is rare in'cultivation and has no value as a nut- 
 bearing bush, but the long, drawn-out husk covered with bristles makes it 
 interesting. 
 
 Var. CALIFORNICA (C. californica, Rose] differs chiefly in having the leaves 
 more downy beneath, and the beak of the involucre shorter. Native of the 
 western side of N. America. 
 
 C. TIBETICA, Batalin. THIBETAN HAZEL, 
 
 (C. ferox var. thlbetica, Franchet.~) 
 
 A tree 15 to 20 ft. high (probably more) ; young shoots smooth, dark brown. 
 Leaves broadly obovate or ovate ; 2 to 5 ins. long, i^ to 3 ins. wide; heart- 
 shaped or rounded at the base, the apex abruptly slender-pointed, unequally 
 and sharply toothed ; upper surface with flattened hairs on and between the 
 nerves when young ; lower surface slightly glaucous with silky hairs on the 
 midrib and veins ; stalk % to I in. long, silky hairy, glandular on the upper 
 side. Male catkins 2 to 3 ins. long. Nuts in clusters of three to six, the 
 husks covered with slender branching spines, the whole cluster forming a 
 prickly ball like that of a sweet chestnut. 
 
 Native of China, and apparently widely spread in the regions bordering 
 Thibet ; introduced by Wilson for Messrs Veitch in 1901, but obtained in 
 France by Mr Maurice de Vilmorin three years previously. Its most distinctive 
 
404 CORYLUS COTONEASTER 
 
 character among cultivated hazels is the prickly burs that enclose the nut 
 clusters. In this respect it is closely similar to C. FEROX, Wallich, a Himalayan 
 species with narrower, more oblong, longer pointed leaves and less spiny burs. 
 Perhaps more tender and not in cultivation. 
 
 COTONEASTER. ROSACES. 
 
 A group of shrubs or occasionally trees, both deciduous and ever- 
 green, found most abundantly in the cool temperate regions of N. Asia, 
 especially in China and the Himalaya. Others occur in Europe, and one 
 is British. C. microphylla is naturalised on the chalk downs near 
 Ventnor, Isle of Wight, also in the counties of Gloucester and Somerset. 
 Seeing how fond birds are of the fruit, it is curious that more naturalised 
 species have not been found. They are closely allied to the thorns 
 (Crataegus), but are easily distinguished by the always entire, not toothed 
 nor lobed leaves, and by having no spines. The flowers are very 
 uniform in size and colour, being nearly always from \ to J in. in 
 diameter, and either pure white or rose-tinted. They are borne in 
 clusters of varying size, from those of some species that are 2 or 3 ins. 
 across, to others with only two or three flowers in the cluster ; still others 
 have solitary flowers. The flowering-time is mostly in May and June. 
 Whilst some species are very pretty then, the Cotoneasters generally are not 
 showy in blossom. Apart from habit and foliage their greatest attraction 
 is in their fruit. In the handsomest sorts this is brilliant red ; in others it 
 is yellowish or brownish, and in a considerable number it is black. They 
 are either globose, egg-shaped, or oval, and vary little in size, averaging 
 about \ in. in diameter. 
 
 In the following descriptive notes of the cultivated Cotoneasters, I 
 have, for convenience sake, maintained the species as they are generally 
 accepted in gardens. But it is certain that several so-called species are 
 only "states" or seminal forms of others. There are microphylla and 
 thymifolia, for instance ; although distinct enough as usually seen in 
 gardens, seeds of C. thymaefolia have at Kew, produced plants not 
 distinguishable from C. microphylla. C. bacillaris and C. frigida are 
 connected by one or more intermediates, and in the considerable 
 integerrima (or vulgaris) group several species are of very doubtful 
 standing. 
 
 No shrubs are more easily cultivated than these. They thrive in any 
 soil that is not marshy or water-logged, and are very well adapted for 
 poor soils. They can be propagated quite easily from cuttings made of 
 half-ripened wood about July, and placed in gentle heat. Seeds, too, are 
 plentiful, and can be used, but for reasons suggested above, it is not 
 advisable to use them in some cases, especially where it is ' desirable that 
 the parent plant, for its brightly coloured fruit or special habit and foliage, 
 should be propagated unchanged. The old practice of grafting them on 
 hawthorn is indefensible. 
 
 Between the purely evergreen and the strictly deciduous kinds there 
 are others in which the persistence of the foliage during winter depends 
 
COTONEASTER 405 
 
 upon circumstances. They will retain their leaves in mild winters or 
 warm localities, but lose them where the cold is greater. Vigorous young 
 plants and those growing in good soil will also retain their foliage longer. 
 The taller species from their beauty in fruit, grace of habit, and vigorous 
 constitution, are admirable constituents of 'the tall shrubbery, but they are 
 still better as isolated specimens on the lawn or in groups in thin wood- 
 land. The smaller species make useful and handsome coverings for 
 sloping, sunny banks, whilst the dwarfest of all are very well adapted for 
 the rock garden. 
 
 A selection of the best species would include the following : 
 
 Tall shrubs. Buxifolia, Francheti, frigida, moupinensis, Simonsii, multi- 
 flora, bacillaris. 
 
 Medium and dwarf. Rotundifolia, horizontalis, microphylla. 
 For rock garden. Thymaefolia, congesta, adpressa. 
 As a ground carpet. Humifusa. 
 
 C. ACUMINATA, Lindley. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 10 to 14 ft. high, of erect habit ; young shoots thickly 
 covered with a pale brown wool. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, i to 2 ins. long, 
 about half as wide, long-pointed, dark green and silky-hairy above when 
 young, paler and more hairy beneath ; stalk in. or less long. Flowers more 
 or less pink, f in. across, produced in small clusters of rarely more than five, 
 often of two or three, on short leafy twigs. Fruit red, \ in. long, oblong, 
 thickening towards the top. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya, up to 12,000 ft. ; first raised in this country by the 
 Loddiges of Hackney in 1820. The species, which is not much grown in 
 gardens now, is allied to C. Simonsii, but differs in its much larger, longer- 
 pointed leaves. According to Brandis it often occurs as underwood in oak 
 forests. 
 
 C. ACUTIFOLIA, Turczaninow. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, Jan. 6, 1912, fig. I.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub of bushy habit, 5 to 7 ft. high, branches often pendulous ; 
 young twigs downy. Leaves pointed, ovate-lanceolate to oval, I to 2^ ins. 
 long, half as wide ; dull green, and with scattered hairs above, paler and~hairy 
 beneath especially when young ; veins in five or six pairs ; stalk ^ to \ in. 
 long. Flowers white, three or more together m corymbs ; stalks and calyx 
 woolly, lobes of calyx triangular. Fruit reddish at first, finally black, in. 
 diameter, smooth. 
 
 Native of N. and W. China. This is not one of the handsomest of 
 Cotoneasters, and is, perhaps, a poor form of C. lucida (q.v.}. There has been 
 much confusion between the two, owing to C. lucida also having been called 
 C. acutifolia ; but from that species the present one is distinguished by its 
 dull green, not shining, more hairy leaves, and its woolly calyx and flower- 
 stalks. 
 
 Var. VILLOSULA, Rehder and Wilson. Young shoots clothed with yellowish 
 grey loose hairs, becoming smooth and purplish brown the second year. 
 Leaves ii to 4^ ins. long, ^ to 2j ins. wide, larger and more drawn out at the 
 apex than in the type. Petals rose-tinted white. Fruit roundish pear-shaped, 
 
 tin. long, woolly, ultimately shining black. Native of W. Hupeh ; introduced 
 y Wilson in 1900. A very vigorous shrub. 
 
406 COTONEASTER 
 
 C. ADPRESSA, Bois. 
 
 A very dwarf, close-growing, rigidly branched, deciduous shrub, scarcely 
 more than i or li ft. high, but spreading over the ground several yards in 
 extent ; the branches pressing on the soil and taking root there ; twigs downy. 
 Leaves in two opposite rows or irregularly arranged, broadly ovate or obovate, 
 to f in. long, dullish green and smooth on both sides, except for a few 
 scattered hairs beneath, wavy-margined and somewhat scoop-shaped. Flowers 
 solitary, scarcely stalked, each one produced in the centre of a fascicle of 
 leaves from the year-old wood ; petals white tipped with rose, but little 
 expanded. Fruit in. long, roundish, bright red. 
 
 Native of China ; introduced to France about 1895 ; first raised and grown 
 by Mr Maurice de Vilmorin at Les Barres (Loiret), where the original plant, 
 when I saw it a few years ago, was 9 ft. across. It is remarkable for its 
 short, rigid branches, and close, prostrate habit. It resembles C. horizontalis, 
 and by some writers is regarded as a variety of that species, but in general 
 appearance and habit is quite distinct from that or any other species. It is 
 a very pleasing plant for the rock garden, or a narrow border of choice shrubs. 
 
 C. AFFINIS, Lindley. 
 
 The identity of this species is somewhat confused, but what is usually 
 grown under the name is an ally of C. bacillaris and C. frigida. It has the 
 woolly young leaves, young wood, and -flower-stalks of the latter, but the purplish 
 brown fruit of C. bacillaris. It is a shrub 10 to 15 ft. high, and deciduous. 
 Leaves oval, acute or bluntish at the apex, up to 3^ ins. long. Native of the 
 Himalaya ; introduced in 1828. 
 
 C. AMGENA, Wilson. 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, Jan. 6, 1912, fig. I.) 
 
 A densely branched, stiff-habited, evergreen bush of spreading habit, 3 to 5 
 ft. high ; young shoots slender but rigid, felted with grey wool. Leaves oval 
 or ovate, tapered about equally to both ends, terminated by a fine point ; 
 \ to | in. long, to f in. wide ; glossy green and with loose hairs above, 
 clothed beneath with a thick, greyish wool ; veins in two to four pairs ; stalks 
 ^ to \ in. long. Flowers white, \ in. wide, borne in six- to ten-flowered 
 corymbs ; petals roundish ; stamens twenty ; calyx woolly, with triangular- 
 ovate teeth. Fruit bright red, roundish obovoid (broadest above the middle), 
 3- in. long, packed in umbel-like clusters at the end of short twigs that have 
 sprung from the growths of the previous year. 
 
 Native of Yunnan, China ; introduced by Wilson about 1904 to the Coombe 
 Wood nursery. It is most closely allied to C. Francheti among older species, 
 but is dwarfer and stiffer in habit, the leaves smaller, the berries a richer red, 
 especially on the exposed side. 
 
 C. BACILLARIS, Wallich. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 15 ft. or more high, said to be found also as a small 
 tree, of very graceful habit. Branches arching and often pendulous towards 
 the end, the whole forming a wide-spreading mass more in diameter than in 
 height ; twigs smooth, or slightly downy. Leaves I to 3 ins. long, one-third 
 to half as wide, of variable shape, usually oval, ovate, or slightly obovate, 
 pointed, smooth or becoming so ; stalk \ to in. long. Flowers white, \ in. 
 across, borne numerously in cymose clusters i to 2 ins. across, at the end 
 of short axillary branches. Fruit roundish, in. or less diameter, purplish 
 brown or nearly black. 
 
COTONEASTER 407 
 
 Native of the Himalaya up to 10,000 ft. This is one of the most useful of 
 Cotoneasters, and one of the most graceful. It has been largely planted 
 on the margins of the islands of the lake at Kew, where the branches overhang 
 the water and have the elegance of a willow, with the added attractions of 
 abundant flowers and fruits. As a flowering shrub, this is one of the prettiest 
 in the genus, but its fruits have not the bright colour that gives to many 
 Cotoneasters their greatest charm. The wood is strong and elastic, and 
 is valued in its native regions for making walking-sticks and spear-shafts. 
 The species is variable in the shape and amount of down on the leaves, 
 and no clear line can be drawn between it and C. affinis, which has woolly 
 leaves. 
 
 Var. OBTUSA, Dippel. The name has been given to distinguish a form 
 whose leaves are rounded instead of pointed at the apex. 
 
 C. BULL AT A, Bois. 
 (C. moupinensh var. floribunda, Stapf ; Bot. Mag., t. 8284.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 10 to 12 ft. (perhaps more) high, of rather spare habit ; 
 the branches few, long and arching, bark blackish brown covered with dark 
 hairs when young. Leaves ovate or oblong ; \\ to 3^ ins. long, about half 
 as wide ; pointed, dark green and slightly hairy above, paler and felted beneath 
 with grey or yellowish down ; between the veins the leaf-blade has a swollen 
 (bullate) appearance ; stalk ^ in. long. Flowers in corymbs of from ten 
 to thirty ; each corymb I to 2 ins. across, borne on short leafy branches ; 
 stalks downy. Petals rosy white, soon falling ; calyx hairy, with short 
 triangular lobes. Fruit brilliant red, pear-shaped or round, \ in. wide. 
 
 Native of W. China and Thibet ; first cultivated in Europe about 1898, 
 by Mr Maurice de Vilmorin at Les Barres, in France. It is undoubtedly 
 one of the finest of the species newly introduced. Of flower-beauty it has 
 none, for it has rarely more than two or three flowers expanded on one 
 cluster at a time, and the petals fall almost as soon as they open. But 
 it is very handsome indeed in fruit, the clusters, many of them 2 ins. across, 
 being set on the shoot about I in. apart in opposite rows. 
 
 Wilson, in 1903, found a big-leaved form var. MACROPHYLLA in 
 W. Szechuen, its leaves up to 6 ins. long, its calyx smooth- except on the 
 margins ; this is probably in cultivation. 
 
 C. BUXIFOLIA, Wallich. 
 
 An evergreen bush up to 10 or 12 ft. high, with long, arching, sparsely 
 branched stems and downy young bark. Leaves \ to i in. long, oval or 
 obovate, dark green and usually smooth above, greyish and woolly beneath, 
 sometimes rounded at the apex, sometimes with a short, abrupt point ; 
 stalk \ in. or less long. Flowers white, \ in. across, produced in clusters 
 of two to eight, terminating short twigs less than i in. long. Fruit round, 
 red, j in. diameter. 
 
 Native of the Nilghiri Hills; introduced in 1824. This species and 
 C. microphylla are undoubtedly closely allied and may be merely states 
 of the same species, but C. buxifolia can be distinguished by its larger 
 leaves and by its more vigorous habit. For some purposes it is one of 
 the most useful of Cotoneasters or even evergreens, being pretty in habit, 
 flower, and fruit. There is a mass at Kew 10 ft. high and 50 ft. through, 
 forming a dense, impenetrable tangle of stems, from the main body of which 
 stand out in every direction long, whip-like branches which give a very 
 graceful and distinct effect. For covering tall iron or any unsightly fences 
 
408 COTONEASTER 
 
 there is no evergreen superior to this. It is only necessary to tie the leading 
 'shoots to the fence until it is covered, and then leave the shrub to grow its 
 own way ; in this way it makes an admirable screen. 
 
 C. CONGESTA, Baker. 
 
 (C. microphylla var. glacialis, Hooker fiL ; C. pyrenaica, Hort.") 
 
 An evergreen shrub of low, compact, dense habit, i to 2^ ft. high ; young 
 wood downy. Leaves oval or obovate, about in. long, dull green above, 
 whitish beneath with a few hairs at first, but becoming nearly or quite smooth. 
 Flowers J in. across, pinkish white. Fruit bright red, round, J in. diameter. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya up to 14,000 ft. This little evergreen has by some 
 authorities been made a variety of C. microphylla, which it may possibly be. 
 But it is much more distinct from ordinary C. microphylla than is C. thymaefolia, 
 especially in its habit, which, as Mr Baker's name implies, is congested. 
 Instead of its branches being spreading or prostrate, they are short, dense, 
 often decurved, the whole forming a compact rounded mass. The dull green, 
 paler leaves, not densely woolly beneath as in C. microphylla, afford other 
 distinctions. I have therefore retained the original name, and the one by 
 which this plant is best known. It is a charming little evergreen for the 
 rock garden, or for small borders of low shrubs where it runs no danger of 
 being smothered by more aggressive plants. 
 
 C. DlELSlANA, Pritzel, 
 
 (C. applanata, Duthi;~) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 8 ft., perhaps more, high, with long, extremely slender, 
 arching or quite pendulous branches ; branchlets downy when young. Leaves 
 i to i ins. long, f to i in. wide, ovate ; hairy above when young, covered 
 beneath with felt, at first white afterwards pale brown ; veins prominent. 
 Flowers three to seven in a cluster, terminating side shoots i in. or so long ; 
 calyx and flower-stalk hairy, calyx lobes shallowly triangular. Fruit scarlet, 
 round or rather pear-shaped, J in. long. 
 
 Native of Central China ; introduced for Messrs Veitch by Wilson in 1900. 
 It flowers in June, and the fruit is in full colour in September and October ; 
 it is then one of the most effective of Cotoneasters. The habit is singularly 
 graceful, the long whip-like shoots spreading outwards and downwards in 
 every direction. The name "applanata" refers to the distichous arrangement 
 of the branches of young plants, which gives them the appearance of a wall- 
 trained tree. 
 
 C. DIVARICATA, Rehder and Wilson. 
 
 A deciduous shrub up to 6 ft. high, of spreading habit ; young shoots 
 clothed with greyish hairs, becoming the second year smooth and reddish 
 brown. Leaves roundish oval, sometimes ovate or obovate, tapered abruptly 
 towards both ends, the apex mucronate ; \ to i in. long, J to-f in. wide 
 (smaller on the flowering shoots) ; dark glossy green, and soon smooth above, 
 sparsely hairy beneath ; veins in three or four pairs ; leaf-stalk ^ in. or less 
 long. Flowers usually in threes at the end of short twigs, often supplemented 
 by solitary ones in the axils of the terminal leaves, rosy white ; calyx lobes 
 triangular, they and the tube loosely woolly. Fruit red, egg-shaped, $ in. 
 long, carrying two stones. 
 
 Native of W. Hupeh and W. Szechuen, China ; first found by Henry in 
 the latter province about 1887 ; introduced to the Coombe Wood nursery by 
 
COTONEASTER 409 
 
 Wilson in 1904. It is one of the handsomest in fruit of Chinese Cotoneasters, 
 and was given a first-class certificate by the R. H. Society in the autumn of 
 1912. It is allied to the Himalayan C. Simonsii. 
 
 C. FOVEOLATA, Rehder and Wilson. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 10 to 20 ft. high ; young shoots covered with yellowish 
 grey, bristly hairs, becoming smooth and greyish the second year. Leaves 
 oval to ovate, slender-pointed, usually wedge-shaped (sometimes rounded) at 
 the base ; i^ to 4 ins. long, f to if ins. wide ; dull green and soon smooth 
 above, sparsely hairy beneath, more so on the midrib and veins ; margins 
 downy ; veins in three to six pairs, the blade often puckered between them ; 
 stalk woolly, \ in. or less in length. Corymbs three- to seven-flowered, on a 
 stalk about \ in. long, and hairy like the young wood ; flowers \ in. wide ; 
 petals rose-tinted white ; calyx tube woolly, the lobes triangular and woolly 
 only on the margins. Fruit red, finally black, roundish, J to \ in. wide, 
 carrying usually three or four stones. 
 
 Native of W. Hupeh, China ; introduced by Wilson in 1908. It has not 
 flowered under cultivation, but is growing vigorously. 
 
 Closely allied to both this species and C. bullata is 
 
 C. MOUPINENSIS, Franchet^ but it is quite distinct from the latter in its 
 jet black fruits, which are about \ in. diameter, globose, containing usually 
 four or five stones, and in its less wrinkled leaves. From C. foveolata it differs 
 " in its thicker, more rugose leaves, the many-flowered inflorescence, glabrescent 
 calyx, and in the narrower stones, which have only a shallow furrow on the 
 dorsal side" (Rehder and Wilson). According to Wilson, it is the common 
 Cotoneaster in thickets and woods in W. Szechuen, China. Introduced to 
 Kew in 1907, from Mr Maurice de Vilmorin at Les Barres. 
 
 C. FRANCHETI, Bois. 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 8 to 10 ft. high, with slender, gracefully arching 
 branches, which the first year are covered with a dense, pale brown wool. 
 Leaves oval, tapering towards both ends, from f to ij ins. long, about half as 
 wide, pointed ; upper surface rather hairy when young, lustrous green later, 
 lower surface covered with a thick, whitish, afterwards pale brown felt ; stalk 
 \ in. or less long. Flowers borne in corymbs of five to fifteen flowers 
 terminating short, lateral, leafy twigs ; petals erect, white, touched with rose 
 on the outside ; calyx felted like the under-surface of the leaves. Fruit oblong, 
 \ to \ in. long ; orange-scarlet. 
 
 Native of Thibet and W. China ; first raised in France about 1895, by 
 Mr Maurice de Vilmorin, from seed sent by the Abbe Soulie. It is a shrub of 
 very elegant growth, whose fruits are freely borne, but lose in brilliancy by the 
 greyish down, more or less dense, which covers them. It was at first confused 
 with C. pannosa ; the distinguishing characters may be defined as follows : 
 Leaves rather longer than in pannosa, but with stalks scarcely half as long, 
 the upper surface somewhat lustrous ; flowers not so numerous in each cluster, 
 
 Setals erect and rose-tinted ; fruits larger, longer, and not of so deep a red. It 
 owers in May, and the fruit is ripe in October. 
 
 C. FRIGIDA, Wallich. 
 (Bot. Reg., t. 1229.) 
 
 A large, rounded, deciduous shrub, 15 to 20 ft. high, or a. small tree; 
 branchlets at first covered with pale down, becoming smooth. Leaves 3 to 5 
 ins. long, i to 2 ins. wide j narrowly oval or obovate, deep dull green and 
 
410 COTONE ASTER 
 
 smooth above, pale and very woolly beneath when young, becoming almost 
 smooth by autumn. Flowers white, in. across, produced very numerously in 
 flattish corymbs 2 ins. or more across, terminating short leafy twigs ; flower- 
 stalks very woolly. Fruits in large clusters, each fruit about the size of a pea, 
 rich bright red. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya ; introduced in 1824, and perhaps the most striking 
 of all Cotoneasters. The splendid clusters of " berries " wreathing the branches 
 make some of the most brilliant pictures of autumn and early winter. Near 
 London, owing to the attacks of birds, they disappear usually before Christmas, 
 but in country places are occasionally seen hanging until February. The 
 species is the most robust in the genus, making if left to itself a huge bush 
 20 ft. high and as much through, consisting of numerous branching stems. 
 But if kept to one stem when young and the lower branches removed, it will 
 make a pretty round-headed tree with a well-shaped trunk. There is a fine 
 specimen of this kind in the Victoria Park at Bath, whose trunk is 6 ft. or so 
 high and i ft. or more thick. No hardy shrub more beautiful than this thrives 
 in town gardens. 
 
 Var. FRUCTU-LUTEO. Fruits yellowish or creamy white ; rare and little 
 known, but not so beautiful as the type. A specimen is growing in the gardens 
 of.Stevenstone, Torrington, North Devon. 
 
 C. HARROVIANA, Wilson. 
 
 An evergreen shrub of loose, spreading habit, growing 6 ft. in height, and 
 more in diameter ; young shoots at first covered with a pale down (which later 
 falls away), afterwards becoming nearly or quite smooth, glossy, and turning a 
 dark purplish brown, almost black, on the side exposed to the sun. Leaves 
 oval to obovate, wedge-shaped at the base, pointed at the apex, where the 
 midrib is extended into a short biistle (or mucro) ; I to 2^ ins. long, ^ to I in. 
 wide ; at first sparsely downy above, afterwards smooth, and bright dark green, 
 covered beneath with a pale yellowish brown wool, which partially falls away 
 by the end of the year ; stalk ^ to ^ in. long. Flowers numerously and densely 
 arranged in axillary and terminal corymbs about i ins. across ; petals 
 round, white ; calyx and flower-stalk thickly coated with grey wool, the calyx- 
 lobes triangular and pointed. Stamens twenty, with - reddish purple anthers. 
 Fruit red. 
 
 Native of Yunnan, China; discovered by Henry; introduced in 1899 by 
 Wilson for Messrs Veitch, in honour of whose manager at the Coombe Wood 
 nurseries, Mr Geo. Harrow, it is named. It is most nearly allied to 
 C. pannosa, but has larger, more leathery leaves, and larger flower clusters. 
 One of the handsomest of Cotoneasters in flower. 
 
 C. HENRYANA, ReJider and Wilson. 
 
 (C. rugosa var. Henryana, C. K. Schneider?) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 10 to 12 ft. high, of sparse habit ; the branches 
 gracefully pendulous ; young shoots hairy, becoming the second year smooth, 
 and of a dark purplish brown. Leaves 2 to 4^ ins. long, about one-third as 
 wide, narrowly oval or obovate, finely pointed, da~rk green, and somewhat rough 
 to the touch above ; covered beneath when young with a greyish wool which 
 mostly falls away by the second season, that which remains becoming brown, 
 and confined to the midrib and veins, the under-surface still remaining 
 brownish white ; veins in nine to twelve pairs ; stalk to \ in. long, hairy. 
 Flowers white, produced about the middle of June in corymbs 2 to 2^ ins. 
 across, terminating leafy twigs less than i in. long, that spring from the"axils 
 
COTONE ASTER 411 
 
 of the still persisting leaves of the previous year ; stamens twenty, with purple 
 anthers ; calyx and flower-stalks hairy. Fruit brownish crimson, egg-shaped, 
 j in. long. 
 
 Native of Central China ; introduced by Wilson in 1901. A handsome and 
 distinct evergreen, and probably the largest - leaved of Cotoneasters with 
 persistent leaves. Allied to C. salicifolia. 
 
 C. HORIZONTALS, Dccaisne. 
 
 (C. Davidiana, Hort.') 
 
 A deciduous shrub of low, flat habit, rarely more than 2 or 3 ft. high in the 
 open, the branches spreading quite horizontally, and increasing but slowly 
 in height ; branchlets covered with a thick brown wool, and produced in two 
 opposite rows. Leaves roundish or broadly oval, from ^ to 4 in. long, three- 
 fourths as wide, shortly and abruptly pointed ; dark glossy green above, 
 smooth, or with a few scattered hairs beneath. Flowers white, suffused with 
 pink, about |- in. diameter, produced during May singly, or in pairs on short 
 leafy twigs springing from the buds of the previous summer's wood ; calyx 
 woolly. Fruit globose, bright red, about i in. 1 diameter. 
 
 Native of China. This is decidedly one of the prettiest and most distinct 
 of Cotoneasters. Its most striking characteristic is the opposite branching and 
 low, horizontal habit. The leaves, although small, are so abundant as to be 
 almost without intervening spaces ; they remain long on the branches, and the 
 shrub is often in full leaf in November. Then the lower ones of each shoot 
 begin to fade off into various shades of orange and red, whilst the terminal 
 part retains them green. By January the shrub, as a rule, has lost all its 
 foliage, and its bare branches present a curious fish-bone-like appearance. 
 The fruits are very bright, and often abundant, although smaller than in most 
 of the species. In the open ground, where it has plenty of space to develop, 
 this Cotoneaster keeps low and flat, but it will grow much higher against a 
 wall. In such a position there is a plant at Kew 10 ft. high spreading over the 
 wall, but keeping from actual contact with it. Increased easily by cuttings. 
 
 C. HUMIFUSA, Duthie. 
 
 (C. Dammeri var. radicans, C. K. Schneider?) 
 
 A prostrate, evergreen shrub, with slender creeping stems keeping close to 
 the ground ; young wood downy. Leaves obovate or oval, f to i J ins. long, 
 to f in. wide ; margins incurved, apex usually rounded, downy on the 
 ower surface when young, ultimately quite smooth on both sides ; stalk 
 to \ in. long ; veins in four to six pairs. Flowers solitary, occasionally in 
 pairs, on downy stalks in. long, pure white, ^ to \ in. diameter.; calyx 
 downy, with broad triangular lobes. Fruit coral-red, globose or rather top- 
 shaped, \ in. wide. 
 
 Native of Central China ; found by Hemy near Ichang, and introduced 
 in 1900 by Wilson from W. Hupeh, where it occurs at 5000 to 7000 ft. altitude. 
 It is quite hardy, and is very distinct among Cotoneasters for its perfectly 
 prostrate habit. Its fruits are brightly coloured, and the plant will no doubt 
 prove useful as an evergreen carpet-shrub, also for covering sunny slopes, as 
 it is very vigorous. It occurs wild on heaths and rocky ground. 
 
 C. INTEGERRIMA, Medicus. COMMON COTONEASTER. 
 
 (C. vulgaris, Lindley.") 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 4 td 7 ft. high, of rounded, bushy habit ; young wood 
 woolly. Leaves | to i^ ins. long, varying in outline from broadly ovate 
 
412 COTONEASTER 
 
 to almost round ; sometimes pointed, sometimes rounded at the apex ; 
 smooth or nearly so above, always densely grey-felted beneath ; stalk J in. 
 or less long. Flowers white, rose-tinted, produced two to four together 
 in short nodding clusters. Fruit round, J in. across, red. 
 
 Native of Europe and N. Asia, and interesting as the only Cotoneaster 
 truly native of Britain. In 1783 it was discovered on the cliffs of Great 
 Orme's Head, near Llandudno, by Mr J. W. Griffith. This appears to be 
 its only habitat in the British Isles, and even there it is now reduced to very 
 few plants. I have spent a good deal of time wandering over the Head, 
 but have never seen it there. The species flowers in April and May, but 
 has little garden value. From its immediate allies, C. laxiflora and 
 C. tomentosa, this differs in its short, few-flowered inflorescence and glabrous 
 calyx respectively. 
 
 C. LAXIFLORA, Jacquin. 
 (Bot. Reg., t. 1305.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 4 to 8 ft. high, of bushy habit ; young wood downy. 
 Leaves broadly oval or ovate, blunt or rounded at the apex, up to i^ or 
 2 ins. long, dark green and often hairy above when young, always greyish 
 woolly beneath. Flowers pinkish white, borne in gracefully pendulous cymose 
 panicles I to 2 ins. long, some of the larger panicles carrying twenty to 
 forty flowers ; calyx smooth. Fruit J in. across, globose, black. 
 
 Native of Siberia ; introduced to England from Vienna in 1826. Among 
 the black-fruited Cotoneasters this is distinguished by its comparatively 
 large panicles of blossom, which give it' quite a pretty aspect in May, and 
 render it the most attractive of this group. 
 
 C. LINDLEYI, SteudeL 
 
 (C. arbor escens, Zabel ; C. nummularia, Lindley?) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 10 ft. or more high, with long", slender young branches 
 covered with down when young, but becoming bare towards the end 
 of the summer, and of a very dark brown. Leaves roundish oval, or 
 broadly ovate, i to 2^ ins. long, f to if ins. broad, rounded at the base ; 
 the apex pointed, rounded, or even notched, but nearly always ending in 
 a short bristle-like tip ; dark green and sparsely hairy above when young, 
 covered with pale greyish felt beneath ; stalk J in. or less long. Flowers 
 white, in corymbs of five to twelve ; calyx covered with a grey felt. Fruit 
 black, roundish, about j in. diameter. 
 
 Native of the north-western Himalaya ; introduced in 1824. This is one 
 of the taller and stronger-growing species, and is often grown in gardens as 
 C. nummularia. There is considerable confusion in books in regard to the 
 name C. nummularia (g*v.}, owing to its having been given to two, perhaps 
 three, distinct plants. The true C. nummularia of .Fischer has smaller leaves 
 and red fruits. 
 
 C. LUCIDA, Schlechtendal. 
 
 (C. acutifolia, Lindley not of 
 
 A deciduous shrub of bushy habit, up to 6 or 8 ft. high ; young wood hairy. 
 Leaves polished green and quite smooth or nearly so above, sparsely hairy and 
 paler beneath, ovate or oval, pointed ; f to 2 ins. long, ^ to I in. wide. Flowers 
 rosy white, produced from three to ten together in short corymbs with slightly 
 hairy stalks ; calyx woolly at the edges of the triangular teeth. Fruit black, 
 globose, \ to \ in. wide. 
 
COTONEASTER 413 
 
 Native of Siberia and other parts of N. Asia. Long known in gardens, 
 this species is but little cultivated now, although it is one of the handsomest of 
 the black-fruited Cotoneasters. From C. acutifolia, Turczaninow^ it differs in 
 its glossy green leaves, its generally less hairy or downy character, and in its 
 sturdier habit. 
 
 C. MICROPHYLLA, Wallich. 
 
 An evergreen shrub of low, spreading, or even prostrate habit, rarely more 
 than 2 to 3 ft. high unless trained. Branches often slender but rigid, woolly 
 when young. Leaves to \ in. long, half or less than half as wide ; ovate or 
 obovate, deep glossy green ~above, grey and woolly beneath, pointed, rounded 
 or notched at the apex. Flowers white, \ in. across, generally solitary (occasion- 
 ally two or three). Fruit round, scarlet-red, J in. in diameter. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya up to 11,000 ft. ; introduced in 1824. This pleasing 
 evergreen is nearly related to C. buxifolia on one side, and C. thymaefolia on 
 the other. They may be forms of one species, but from buxifolia this and 
 C. thymaefolia are distinguished by fewer flowers in the cluster, and the dwarf 
 habit. The present plant makes a very pretty covering for sloping banks, 
 forming eventually a dense low thicket. Single plants make a pretty evergreen 
 furnishing for the rock garden, but C. thymaefolia and C. congesta are to be 
 preferred. 
 
 Var. GLACIALIS. See C. congesta, Baker. 
 
 C. MULTIFLORA, Bunge. 
 
 (C. reflexa, Carriere^) 
 
 A deciduous .shrub or small tree, 10 to 12 ft. high ; branches slender, 
 pendulous or arching, and smooth except when quite young. Leaves thin in 
 texture, varying in shape from ovate and oval to roundish ; f to 2\ ins. long, 
 \ to i J iris, wide ; usually blunt or rounded at the end, hairy when quite young, 
 but soon becoming smooth above ; pale and often smooth, never permanently 
 woolly beneath ; stalk \ to \ in. long. Flowers white, produced in branching 
 clusters of three to twelve or more, not pleasantly scented. Fruit round or 
 pear-shaped, red. 
 
 Native of Soongaria and other parts of the north-western borders of 
 China ; introduced in 1837. This is one of the most elegant of Coton- 
 easters. There is a specimen at Kew with a single well-formed trunk 
 supporting a crown of pendulous or arching branches ; the whole 10 to 12 ft. 
 high. When the branches are wreathed with the abundant blossom in May 
 and June, this tree makes a most charming picture. The same or a closely 
 allied shrub has recently been introduced by Wilson from W. China, but 1500 
 or more miles to the south-west of the first habitat. 
 
 Var. GRANATENSIS, Wenzig (C. granatensis, Boissier). On the slopes of 
 the Sierra Nevada, in Spain, is found a variety of C. multiflora. It differs 
 chiefly in its more lax corymbs, somewhat hairy calyx, and more downy 
 leaves. 
 
 C. NUMMULARIA, Fischer. 
 
 A deciduous shrub up to 6 or 8 ft. high, with slender branches, grey-felted 
 when young, becoming smooth and reddish brown later. Leaves oval or 
 ovate, sometimes roundish, tapering towards the base, ^ to ij ins. in length, 
 dark green and ultimately smooth above ; grey-felted beneath. Flowers white, 
 in clusters of four to twelve or more on felted stalks. Fruit roundish, 
 bright red. 
 
414 COTONEASTER 
 
 Native of S.E. Europe, Asia Minor, etc. Its identity has been much 
 obscured- owing to a confusion with C. Lindleyi a taller, more robust shrub 
 with much larger leaves and black fruits, also known as C. nummularia. 
 
 C. PANNOSA, Franchet. 
 
 An evergreen ^h rub of free and elegant habit, 10 ft. or more high ; branches 
 arching and slender, covered with whitish felt when young. Leaves oval, 
 tapering towards both ends, \ to I in. long, about half as wide ; always dull 
 green above, covered with whitish felt beneath ; stalk up to j in. long. 
 Flowers J to f in. across, borne in corymbs of as many as fifteen or twenty ; 
 petals white, spreading ; calyx woolly. Fruits scarcely in. long, dull red. 
 
 Native of Yunnan, China, up to 9000 ft. altitude ; raised in Paris in 1888, 
 from seed sent there by the Abbe Delavay. Introduced to Kew in 1892. The 
 differences between this species and C. Francheti have already been alluded 
 to under that species. Both are characterised by extreme elegance of habit, 
 and by being very woolly on young bark, flower-stalk, calyx, and under-surface 
 of leaves ; but C. pannosa has duller leaves, less hairy when young on the 
 upper surface, more spreading whiter petals, and shorter, rounder fruits of a 
 deeper red. 
 
 C. ROTUNDIFOLIA, Wallich. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8010 ; C. disticha, Zange.") 
 
 A semi-evergreen or deciduous shrub, 4 to 8 ft. high, with stiff branches 
 often arranged in two opposite rows ; branchlets downy. Leaves usually in 
 two rows, dark glossy green, |- to ^ in. long, roundish, broadly ovate or oval, 
 with a short, abrupt point ; hairy on both sides when young, especially above, 
 becoming smooth later. Flowers white suffused with pink towards the centre, 
 scarcely in. diameter, produced usually singly, occasionally in pairs, on short 
 lateral twigs ; calyx almost smooth. Fruit ^ in. long, scarcely so wide, 
 broadest towards the top, tapering to a short stalk, bright scarlet-red. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya ; introduced in 1825. In the beauty of its fruits 
 this is the best of the dwarfer Cotoneasters. They are not only among the 
 largest 'and brightest coloured ; they are usually very abundant, and remain on 
 the plants throughout the winter until February or March. Whilst birds are 
 quite keen for the fruits of C. frigida at the first touch of cold, for some reason 
 they leave those of this species alone. Although scarcely a true evergreen, it 
 retains its leaves very late, especially in mild winters often until March and 
 it rarely becomes quite bare. In mode of growth it bears a distinct 
 resemblance to C. horizontalis, but it is not so low and flat as that quite 
 deciduous species, its fruits are larger, and its calyx less downy. A group of 
 a dozen plants makes a most pleasing winter picture. 
 
 C. SALICIFOLIA, Franchet. 
 
 I do not know that the typical C. salicifolia is in cultivation. It is a species 
 of W. Szechuen, China, discovered by the Abbe David nearly thirty years 
 ago. It has white flowers and red, ovoid fruits, in. long. The two following- 
 varieties are in cultivation : 
 
 Var. FLOCCOSA, Rehder and Wilson. An evergreen shrub 6 to 12 ft. high, 
 the branchlets very slender, downy at first, but becoming smooth and of a 
 dark reddish brown by the end of the season. Leaves leathery, lanceolate or 
 narrowly ovate, wedge-shaped at the base, tapering to a sharp point ; | to 2^ 
 ins. long, to f in. wide ; the upper surface glossy green, wrinkled, not downy ; 
 the lower one covered at first with silky white floss, some of which falls away 
 by the end of the year, showing the grey-white surface beneath ; veins in seven 
 
COTONEASTER 415 
 
 to fourteen pairs ; leaf-stalk about in. long. Corymbs about I in. wide, carry- 
 ing nine to fifteen flowers ; stalks and calyx woolly, the teeth of the latter 
 triangular^ Fruit roundish, about j in. diameter, bright red, containing 
 usually three stones. 
 
 Introduced by Wilson (No. H33a) from Western China in 1908, and again 
 in 1910. A very graceful, distinct, and attractive evergreen, highly recom- 
 mended by its collector for the beauty of its fruit. 
 
 Var. RUGOSA, Rehder and Wilson (C. rugosa, Pritzel}. In this variety the 
 leaves are larger, up to 3 ins. long and i^ ins. wide, the veins numbering six 
 to twelve pairs. The fruit is coral red, larger than in var. floccosa, and 
 contains usually two stones. The plant is more vigorous, coarser looking, 
 and with bigger leaves than var. floccosa, but in many respects similar. 
 
 Introduced by Wilson (No. 335) in 1907 from W. Hupeh, where he found 
 it 9 ft. high. 
 
 C. SlMONSir, Baker. 
 
 A deciduous, sometimes semi-evergreen shrub of erect, somewhat stiff habit, 
 and up to 10 or 12 ft. high ; young branches covered with a dense, brown 
 wool. Leaves arranged in opposite rows, f to I in. long, A to in. diameter ; 
 oval, roundish, or somewhat lozenge-shaped, tapering equally towards both 
 ends ; dark green, glossy and smooth above except for scattered silky hairs 
 when young, paler and hairy beneath ; stalks less than \ in. long. Flowers 
 white, \ in. diameter, produced usually two to four together on very short 
 woolly stalks from small twigs. Fruit scarlet, \ to ^ in. long ; about the 
 size and shape of common haws. 
 
 Native of the Khasia Mountains. The introduction of this shrub is not 
 recorded, and for a long time its origin was doubtful. Its native home was 
 definitely ascertained in 1886, when it was found by the late Mr C. B. Clarke 
 at Lailankote, in the Khasia. It had, no doubt, been introduced by, and 
 named after, a Mr Simons, who had collected largely in the Khasia Mountains 
 many years previously. . C. Simonsii is a handsome vigorous shrub, very 
 suitable for grouping in shrubberies, where it is well able to take care of itself. 
 It differs from rotundifolia in having more flowers in a cluster. 
 
 C. THYM^EFOLIA, Baker. 
 
 A dwarf or prostrate, close-habited, evergreen shrub, with numerous rigid 
 branches, rather woolly when young. Leaves \ to in. long, narrowly 
 obovate, always blunt at the apex, recurved at the margins, deep shining green 
 above, whitish and woolly beneath ; they are narrower than in C. microphylla, 
 and are made to appear still more so by the curling under of the margins. 
 Besides being narrower, they also differ in being uniformly blunt at the apex 
 and broadest towards the end. Flowers pinkish white, mostly solitary, in. 
 across. Fruit round, \ in. diameter, bright red. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya at high elevations, perhaps merely an alpine form of 
 C. microphylla. I do not think it is anything more than a variation of that 
 species, smaller in all its parts. Young plants raised at Kew some years ago 
 from seed of C. thymaefolia varied considerably, but some were in no way 
 distinguishable from C. microphylla. As the parent plant, however, was 
 growing in the same border as typical C. microphylla, and may have been 
 hybridised by bees, this is not conclusive evidence of their specific identity. 
 Still C. thymaefolia as known in gardens a close, tight, bright - leaved 
 evergreen should always be propagated by cuttings. It is a quaint and 
 interesting plant, very well adapted for the rock garden or a choice selection 
 of miniature shrubs. 
 
416 COTONEASTER 
 
 C. TOMENTOSA, Lindley. 
 
 A deciduous shrub of bushy habit, up to 6 or 8 ft. high, closely allied to 
 C. integerrima and differing chiefly in the rounder, larger leaves, the biggest 
 of which are 2^ ins. long and i^- ins. wide, slightly hairy above, very woolly 
 beneath ; stalk \ to 5- in. long. Flowers in short, nodding clusters, from three 
 to six in each cluster, white ; calyx very woolly ; fruit red. 
 
 Native of the mountainous parts of Central and S. Europe ; introduced in 
 1759. It can scarcely be regarded as more than a variety of C. integerrima, 
 although a rather superior one. The leaves 'are larger and more uniformly 
 rounded at both ends, still not invariably so. The best distinction is afforded 
 by the extremely woolly calyx and flower-stalk. (See also C. ZABELII.) 
 
 C. TURBINATA, Craib. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8546.) 
 
 A vigorous evergreen shrub, probably 10 ft. or more high, of graceful 
 habit; young shoots covered with fluffy grey down. Leaves narrowly oval, 
 tapering about equally at both ends to a sharp point; f to 2^ ins. long, f to 
 i in. wide; dark dull green above, covered beneath with a thick, grey- white 
 felt. Flowers in. wide, white, with rose-coloured anthers, produced towards 
 the end of July in hemispherical corymbs i^ to i\ ins. across; flower-stalks 
 and calyx covered with grey wool; petals round; calyx-lobes triangular- 
 acuminate. Fruit pear-shaped, in. long, deep red, downy, ripe in October. 
 
 Native of China; introduced to Kew in 1910 from Mr de Vilmorin's 
 collection at Les Barres. It is apparently perfectly hardy, and of rapid 
 growth, remarkable and valuable among Cotoneasters in flowering so late 
 six or eight weeks later than the majority, and a month later than any. 
 
 C. UNIFLORA, Bunge. 
 
 This name has in gardens been given to several species of Cotoneaster 
 quite distinct from the true plant, most often to the evergreen C. microphylla, 
 with which it has nothing in common. The true uniflora of Bunge is a 
 deciduous shrub, found on the mountains of Siberia and Altai. It is, perhaps, 
 only a dwarfed and depauperated C. integerrima. In a wild state it is from 
 a few inches to 2^ fr. high, with thin, obovate or broadly oval leaves, f to i in. 
 long, smooth above, downy when young beneath. Flowers usually solitary, 
 sometimes in pairs ; petals whitish, calyx glabrous. Fruit globose, red. This 
 shrub is scarcely worth cultivating, and has probably no real claim to specific 
 rank, but it differs from C. integerrima in its dwarfer habit, its fewer flowers, 
 and in the less woolly, smaller, narrower leaves. 
 
 C. ZABELII, C. K. Schneider. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 to 9 ft. high ; young shoots covered with loose greyish 
 hairs, becoming smooth the second year, and dark brown. Leaves to i ins. 
 long, half to two-thirds as wide ; variable in shape, but usually oval or ovate, 
 mostly blunt to rounded at the apex, but sometimes pointed, the base rounded 
 to truncate ; dark dull green abovfe, with loose, appressed hairs, clothed beneath 
 with yellowish grey felt ; stalk in. long, felted. Flowers in clusters of four to 
 ten, small, rose-coloured ; stamens twenty ; flower-stalk and calyx felted. 
 Fruit red, roundish, pear-shaped, downy, \ in. long. 
 
 Native of W. Hupeh, China ; introduced in 1907 by Wilson, who described 
 it as the common Cotoneaster of the thickets ofW. Hupeh. It is allied to 
 integerrima and tomentosa ; from the former it differs in its felted calyx, and 
 from both in the more numerously flowered inflorescences. 
 
CRAT^GO-MESPILUS 417 
 
 CRAT^EGO-MESPILUS. ROSACES. 
 
 This name has been devised to distinguish three deciduous trees, one 
 a supposed natural hybrid between the hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) 
 and the medlar (Mespilus germanica) ; the other two hybrids obtained by 
 grafting the medlar on the hawthorn. The two last are trees of particular 
 interest as affording evidence that Adam's story of the origin of Laburnum 
 Adami (g.v.} was not, as some people held, unbelievable. (Graft-hybrids 
 have, as a matter of fact, been since obtained of set purpose, see Kew 
 Bulletin, 1911, p. 269.) The history of the two forms of Crataego- 
 mespilus is as follows : On a specimen of medlar grafted on a stock of 
 hawthorn growing in the garden of Mr Dardar, at Bronvaux, near Metz, 
 there was noticed a branch pushing from just beneath the graft which 
 showed characters intermediate between those of the medlar and 
 hawthorn. The leaves and fruits, although smaller, were those of the 
 medlar, but the branches were spiny and the flowers in clusters, as in 
 hawthorn. Plants raised from this branch are now known in gardens, and 
 described below as C.-M. DARDARI. 
 
 Issuing from nearly the same place on Mr Dardar's tree was another 
 branch quite unlike the first ; the leaves on this were lobed as in the 
 hawthorn and the flowers also resembled those of that tree, but the 
 leaves, shoots, and calyx were covered with grey wool, showing thereby 
 the character of the medlar. The branch was propagated by grafting, 
 and the plants so raised are now known, and described below, as 
 C.-M. ASNIERESII. The same tree produced a third branch which at 
 its base was purely hawthorn, but towards the extremity changed into 
 C.-M. Asnieresii. These branches were shown to Mr E. Jouin of the 
 Plantieres nursery, near Metz, about 1895, an( ^ ne gave the first account 
 of them in Le Jardin, Jan. 1899. I n l8 9 8 a grafted plant of C. Dardari, 
 in the nursery of Messrs Simon-Louis of Plantieres, produced a branch of 
 true medlar with the usual solitary flowers, whilst another branch was 
 pure hawthorn. It will thus be seen that the behaviour of these graft- 
 hybrids is very similar to that of Laburnum Adami. 
 
 C.-M. ASNIERESII, C. K. Schneider, 
 
 (Kew Bulletin, 1911, pp. 268-9.) 
 
 A small, deciduous, bushy-headed tree with pendulous branches, probably 
 about 15 to 20 ft. high ultimately. Shoots woolly, armed occasionally with 
 hawthorn-like spines. Leaves varying in shape from obovate to broadly 
 ovate ; ii to 3 ins. long, i to if ins. wide ; some entire, others deeply 
 lobed like those of the hawthorn, mealy-looking when young, covered with 
 soft down beneath. Flowers in corymbs, similiar in form to those of the 
 hawthorn, but larger and with a downy calyx ; white, becoming rose-tinted 
 with age. Fruit oblong, brown, downy, about the size of those of the 
 hawthorn. A graft hybrid between Crataegus monogyna and Mespilus 
 germanica (see above), and a beautiful flowering tree. (Fig. p. 418.) 
 
 2 D 
 
418 CRAT^GO-MESPILUS 
 
 C.-M. DARDARI, Jouin. BRONVAUX MEDLAR. 
 
 A deciduous tree probably 15 to 20 ft. high when fully grown, of pendulous 
 habit; branchlets downy and more or less spiny. Leaves oblong, oval 
 or ovate, \\ to 4 ins. long, f to if ins. wide ; quite entire or more or less 
 very finely toothed, downy on both sides ; stalk \ in. long. Flowers white, 
 \\ ins. across, borne in I corymbs as many as twelve together, each flower 
 on a downy stalk \ to I in. long ; calyx with five narrow, pointed lobes 
 \ to \ in. long, very downy. Fruit medlar-like, but smaller and in clusters. 
 
 A graft hybrid between Cratsegus monogyna and Mespilus germanica, 
 but more nearly approaching the medlar (see above). On a tree at Ke\v 
 which has flowered for several years past are three distinct types of growth. 
 The bulk of the tree is C.-m. Dardari, as described above ; but there are 
 branches also of C.-m. Asnieresii, as described above also, and some of pure 
 medlar, with its much larger leaves and solitary flowers and fruits. A tree at 
 Aldenham has produced a shoot and flowers of hawthorn. 
 
 CRAT^GO-MESPILUS ASNIEEKSII. 
 
 C.-M. GRANDIFLORA. 
 
 (Mespilus Smithii, De Candolk ; M. grandiflora, Smilh Pyrus lobata, Nicholson.") 
 
 A deciduous tree up to 30 ft. high, of rounded habit, the lower branches 
 pendulous ; branchlets dow r ny. Leaves oval or obovate, 2 to 3^ ins. long, 
 half to two-thirds as wide ; often with several angular lobes towards the 
 end, these being most developed on the barren young shoots ; margins 
 finely toothed; both surfaces downy; stalk to ^ in. long, hairy. Flowers 
 usually in pairs or threes, terminating short, leafy twigs ; each flower I in. 
 across, pure white, produced on a short, woolly stalk. Fruit f in. diameter, 
 globular, yellowish brown, flesh mealy, tasting like that of a hawthorn, 
 containing two hard stones. 
 
 A presumed natural hybrid between Crataegus monogyna and Mespilus 
 germanica, found wild in France in the departments of Saone-et-Loire and 
 Rhone on the east, and of Gironde on the west. It appears to be sterile, 
 but flowers with the greatest freedom towards the end of May, and makes 
 a picture of extreme beauty and elegance. It is a luxuriantly leafy tree 
 of vigorous growth, an admirable ornament on a lawn. 
 
CRAT^GUS 419 
 
 CRAT^EGUS. THORNS. ROSACES. 
 
 The thorns in cultivation are deciduous trees or shrubs, nearly always 
 more or less armed, sometimes very formidably, with spines. Some of 
 the species from the southern United States are inclined to be semi- 
 evergreen, but the only truly evergreen ones that have been included 
 in the genus are three species of the Pyracahtha group, which in this 
 work are treated as a separate genus (see PYRACANTHA). Crataegus is very 
 sparsely represented in China, Japan, the Himalaya, and in Western 
 N. America. About a dozen species occur in Europe and Asia Minor. 
 Most of the remainder are natives of Eastern and Central N. America, 
 where an extraordinary number of beautiful species exist. A curious 
 ignorance of the wealth of Crataegi in this region prevailed until the last 
 twenty years. Sargent, dealing with the genus in his great Silva of 
 North America, in 1892, described only fourteen species. Ten years 
 later, in a supplement, the number increased to eighty-four. A census 
 of American Crataegi made in Nov. 1911 at Kew, showed that 922 
 so-called species had by then been described by various authors. It 
 is scarcely credible that anything like so vast a number of genuine species 
 exist there. A great many can differ from each other scarcely more 
 than garden varieties of "apples do. The classification of the American 
 thorns must at present be regarded as in an uncertain state. The various 
 authors who have taken up the subject have each a different view as to 
 the limits and characters of the various sections, and there appears to 
 have been a lack of co-operation among them. Many of the species are 
 nevertheless very distinct as well as beautiful, and there is no doubt that 
 the future will see the garden value of the genus much enhanced. But at 
 present only the old and leading types can be satisfactorily dealt 
 with here. 
 
 Leaves alternate, always toothed or lobed, often both; those of the 
 vigorous non-flowering shoots of the year being usually much larger and 
 broader at the base than those of the flowering shoots. They have also, 
 as a rule, much larger and more persistent stipules. The stipules of 
 Crataegus, however, vary so much, even on the same plant, that they do 
 not afford very good differentiating characters. Flowers J to f in. in 
 diameter; nearly always white, sometimes yellowish white, sometimes 
 red in garden varieties ; produced mostly in May and June, in flattish or 
 rounded corymbs at the end of short, leafy shoots, which spring from the 
 buds of the previous year's growths. In rare instances the flowers are 
 solitary. Petals and calyx-lobes five ; stamens five to twenty-five ; styles 
 one to five. Fruit a pome, consisting of a fleshy exterior, enclosing as 
 many bony nutlets as there are styles. The fruits are of various colours, 
 mostly red, but also black, yellow, and blue. 
 
 The nearest ally to Cratoegus is Cotoneaster, which has, however, 
 entire leaves and no thorns. Mespilus is also allied, but has large, 
 solitary, scarcely stalked flowers, with long leaf-like lobes to the calyx. 
 (See also PVRACAXTHA.) 
 
 The cultivation of the thorns presents no problems. They all like a 
 
420 CRA1MEGUS 
 
 loamy soil, and have no objection to lime. They are best raised from 
 seeds, and trees so derived are better-growing and longer-lived than 
 grafted ones. This applies especially to grafted trees of which stock and 
 scion are of different species. It has long been the practice to graft the 
 American thorns on C. monogyna, but although it is a x longer business 
 raising them from seed, it pays in the end. Named and selected forms 
 have, perforce, to be increased by grafting; in that case stocks of the 
 parent species should be selected. The seed of Cratsegus does not, 
 as a rule, germinate until it has lain a year in the ground. For this 
 reason it is the common practice where large quantities of young plants 
 are needed, as in the case of the common hawthorn, to mix. the fruits as 
 soon as gathered with earth or sand, and let them lie in a heap until 
 they are sown the second spring following their ripening. They have to 
 be turned occasionally, especially at first. Of rarer sorts the seed may 
 be sown as soon as received, and the boxes or pans placed on the north 
 side of a hedge to save trouble in watering. They should be watched 
 the second spring, when germination usually takes place, and, if important 
 enough, given the protection of an unheated frame. 
 
 The thorns do not transplant well if allowed to remain more than 
 two or three years in a place. They like a good, well-drained soil, and 
 the only pruning they need is the removal of overcrowding branches, 
 and an encouragement of the leading shoot when young by removing 
 rivals. 
 
 The thorns have two, frequently three, seasons of beauty in flower, 
 in fruit, and in the dying foliage. Few genera, indeed, supply so many 
 charming lawn trees. Besides the garden forms of Oxyacantha and 
 monogyna, the following twelve species may be selected as specially 
 worthy : Carrierei, coccinea, cordata, Crus-galli, Korolkowi, macra- 
 cantha, mollis, orientalis, prunifolia, punctata, tanacetifolia, and 
 tomentosa. 
 
 C. ALTAICA, Ledebour. ALTAI MOUNTAIN THORN. 
 
 A small tree ' with .dark purplish brown, smooth twigs. Leaves broadly 
 ovate to triangular ; very broadly wedge-shaped, straight, or even slightly 
 heart-shaped at the base ; five- to eleven-lobed, the lowest pair of lobes 
 often reaching almost to the midrib ; finely toothed, 2 to 4 ins. long, nearly 
 as wide ; quite smooth on both surfaces except for occasional small tufts 
 of down in the vein-axils beneath ; stalk -| to \\ ins. long ; stipules half-heart- 
 shaped to sickle-shaped, sharply toothed. Flowers white, f in. across, 
 produced during May in corymbs about 3 ins. across ; calyx and flower-stalk 
 quite smooth ; stamens about twenty ; styles mostly five. Fruit globose, 
 yellow, \ to f in.iacross. 
 
 Native of the Altai region. The thorn described above is also known in 
 gardens as C. Korolkowi and C. sanguinea var. xanthocarpa. In foliage and 
 flower it bears a considerable resemblance to C. pinnatifida, but that thorn 
 has the leaves, flower-stalks, and calyx downy, and the fruit is never yellow. 
 
 C. APIIFOLIA, Michaux. PARSLEY-LEAVED THORN, 
 
 A shrub or miniature tree in this country, with slender, downy young shoots; 
 thorns I to i| ins. long. Leaves triangular to kidney-shaped, the lower ones 
 
CRAT^EGUS 421 
 
 on the shoot deeply toothed, the upper ones deeply parallel-lobed as well as 
 toothed ; usually more or less hollowed at the base ; I to if ins. wide, not so 
 long ; bright green and almost or quite smooth ; stalk to i J ins. long, slender. 
 Flowers | in. across ; borne in May t each on a slender hairy stalk up to I in. 
 long, in corymbs. Calyx-tube downy, the lobes smooth ; stamens twenty, 
 anthers bright pink ; styles one to three. Fruit scarlet, $ in. long, oval. 
 
 Native of the southern United States ; introduced early in the nineteenth 
 century, but has frequently quite disappeared from cultivation. It is too tender 
 for all but the milder parts of Britain, and although it may live for several 
 years and flower, as it has done at Kew, I have never seen it bear fruit. It 
 is very distinct in the shape and deep parallel lobing of the leaf. 
 
 C. AFRICA, Beadle. 
 
 A small tree up to 20 ft. high, or a shrub ; branchlets zigzag, armed with 
 thorns i to i^ ins. long ; young shoots and leaves soon smooth. Leaves 
 broadly diamond-shaped, obovate, oval or even roundish, more or less tapeVed 
 at the base, the upper half toothed and either pointed or rounded at the apex ; 
 lobed on strong barren shoots ; f to 2 ins. long, nearly or quite as wide ; stalks 
 |- to \ in. long, and, like the base of the leaf, very glandular. Flower f in. 
 diameter, white, produced three to six together on corymbs i^ to 2 ins. across ; 
 flower-stalk and calyx shaggy, calyx lobes conspicuously glandular-toothed ; 
 stamens ten ; anthers yellow ; styles three to five. Fruit globose, ^ in. 
 diameter, orange red. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States ; introduced in 1900. It belongs 
 to the group of which C. flava is the type, but promises to be a much 
 handsomer tree than that. It flowers very freely, and its fruits are richly, if 
 not very brightly coloured. It is marked by the very glandular leaf-bases, leaf- 
 stalks, and inflorescence. 
 
 C. AZAROLUS, Linnceus. AZAROLE. 
 
 (C. Aronia, 
 
 A small, very slightly spiny tree, up to 30 ft. high ; young shoots covered 
 with fine down. Leaves wedge-shaped at the base, i^ to 3 ins. long, nearly 
 as wide ; obovate to rhomboidal, three- or five-lobed (sometimes almost to the 
 midrib), lobes toothed at the end or sometimes entire ; bright green, ulti- 
 mately nearly smooth above, downy beneath ; stalk -J- to I in. long ; stipules 
 deeply toothed, cockscomb-shaped. Flowers white, about ^ in. across, 
 produced during June in densely flowered corymbs 2 to 3 ins. across ; stamens 
 twenty ; style one or two (rarely three). Fruit up to f or i in. diameter, 
 globose, mostly orange or yellow, but varying to whitish or red, apple-like in 
 flavour. 
 
 Native of the Orient ; cultivated in England in the seventeenth century, 
 but never, I think, very common most of the trees so-called being either 
 C. orientalis 'or C. sinaica. The latter is closely allied and very similar in 
 general appearance, but its leaves are smooth. C. orientalis is different in 
 general aspect, its leaves are thinner, and with narrower, deeper lobing as 
 a rule, and the flowers have from three to five styles. The species is cultivated 
 in S.E. Europe for its edible fruits, which vary much in size and colour. 
 
 C. BERBERIFOLIA, Torrey and Gray. 
 
 A tree up to 20 ft. high, with crooked, horizontal branches, making a dense 
 flat-topped head ; young shoots at first hairy ; thorns up to \\> ins. long, 
 abundant. Leaves obovate or oval, always narrowed and entire "at the base, 
 
422 CRAT^GUS 
 
 the upper part toothed, and either pointed or rounded ; I to 2 ins. long, f to i| 
 ins. wide ; dark glossy green, with flattened hairs above, eventually smooth ; 
 permanently more or less downy beneath ; stalk J to. 3- in. long, downy at first. 
 Flowers white, in. across, borne during May and June in small, few-flowered 
 corymbs. Flower-stalks and calyx-tube "hairy ; calyx-lobes linear, toothed, 
 smooth outside, hairy inside ; stamens up to twenty, anthers yellow ; styles 
 two or three. Fruits yellowish red, in. diameter. 
 
 Native of the southern United States, with an apparently restricted habitat 
 in Louisiana. It has been cultivated at Kew since 1878, and, in spite of its 
 southern habitat, is quite hardy. It is, however, one of the inferior thorns, 
 although it is of the Crus-galli group, and was once regarded as a variety of 
 that species. The yellow anthers and downiness of the younger parts amply 
 distinguish it from C. Crus-galli. 
 
 C. BRACHYACANTHA, Sargent. POMETTE BLEUE. 
 
 A deciduous tree, described by Sargent as 40 to 50 ft. high, forming a 
 broad, compact, round-topped head ; young shoots slightly downy at first, soon 
 smooth ; thorns sturdy, |- to i|- ins. long. Leaves oval or ovate, I to 2 ins. 
 long, about half as wide, tapered at the base, shallowly round-toothed, glossy 
 dark green, smooth except on the upper surface when young. On vigorous 
 barren shoots, the leaves are often of almost triangular shape, and truncate or 
 even heart-shaped at the base, with stipules i in. long. Flowers small, the 
 petals turning orange-coloured with age ; flower-stalks and outside of calyx 
 smooth ; calyx-lobes not toothed ; stamens fifteen to twenty ; styles three to 
 five. Fruit roundish, bright blue, covered with a blue-white bloom, \ to \ in. 
 across. 
 
 Native of the southern Central United States ; introduced in 1900. The 
 most remarkable character of this thorn is the bright blue fruit. Whether it 
 will thrive well enough to bear fruit in this country, has yet to be proved. It 
 belongs to Sargent's group " Brachyacanthae," or the short-spined Crataegus, 
 to which also belongs 
 
 C. SALIGNA, Greene, introduced in 1902. This is a native of Colorado, at 
 6000 to 8000 ft. altitude, and promises to be perfectly hardy with us. Its 
 smooth, reddish young shoots are armed with thorns f in. or more long. Fruit 
 globose, shining, j in. across, red, finally blue-black. A tree 20 ft. high, with 
 firm-textured, deep green, smooth and glossy leaves up to 2 ins. long and i in. 
 wide, ovate-lanceolate or oval. 
 
 C. CARRIEREI, Vauvel. 
 
 (C. Lavallei, Herincq.~) 
 
 A tree of sturdy, leafy habit up to 15 or 20 ft. high ; young shoots downy, 
 sometimes retaining the down until the second season ; thorns few, stout, 
 i to i^ ins. long. Leaves obovate or oval, tapered at both ends, i^ to 4^ ins, 
 long, i to 2^ ins. wide ; coarsely and irregularly toothed, glossy dark green 
 above and soon smooth except along the midrib ; permanently downy beneath, 
 especially on the midrib and veins ; stalk J to f in. long. Flowers white, 
 nearly i in. across, produced in June in erect corymbs about 3 ins. in diameter. 
 Flower-stalks and calyx very woolly, the lobes of the latter glandular-toothed, 
 linear-lanceolate ; stamens twenty ; styles one to three. Fruits orange-red 
 specked with brown, globose with a pear-shaped base, f in. wide, persisting 
 through the winter. 
 
 The origin of this fine thorn is uncertain. Mr Carriere (Revue Horticole^ 
 1883, p. 108) says it came from seed of C. mexicana (i.e. C. stipulacea), and 
 C. Carrierei as we know it to-day certainly bears a strong resemblance to that 
 
CRAT^GUS 423 
 
 V 
 
 species. C. stipulacea (g.v.} has yellow fruit, not tapered where it joins the stalk, 
 and its calyx-lobes are less conspicuously gland-toothed. It has been suggested 
 that C. Carrierei is a hybrid between C. punctata and C. Crus-galli, although 
 the latter is a glabrous tree, and even C. punctata is less shaggy than its 
 supposed offspring. The dotted fruits resemble C. punctata, and their 
 persistence on the tree is characteristic of C. Crus-galli, but the suggestion is 
 not convincing. It is one of the handsomest of all thorns, either in foliage, 
 flower, or fruit. C. Lavallei, which first appeared in the arboretum of Segrez 
 in France, is now generally regarded as the same thing. 
 
 C. CHLOROSARCA, Maximowicz. 
 
 A small, mostly unarmed tree, of pyramidal habit ; young shoots stout, 
 warted, slighty hairy at first, becoming by autumn deep brown-purple, with 
 large, almost black buds. Leaves 2 to 3! ins. long, nearly as wide at the base, 
 triangular or broadly ovate, broadly wedge-shaped towards the stalk, rather 
 shallowly seven- or nine-lobed, the lobes finely toothed, both sides hairy, the 
 upper one becoming smooth, very dark green ; stalk \ to f in. long ; stipules 
 gland-toothed. Flowers white, \ in. across ; produced in corymbs 2 ins. in 
 diameter ; outside of calyx and flower-stalks hairy ; calyx-lobes minutely 
 toothed ; stamens twenty ; styles five. Fruit black, in. diameter, flattened- 
 globose. 
 
 Native of Manchuria and Japan ; recently spread in gardens, where it is 
 admired for the deep colouring of its branchlets. It is only likely to be 
 confused with dsungarica, which has also black fruit ; C. chlorosarca is distin- 
 guished from it by the shallower lobes of the leaves, their abrupter points, and 
 finer teeth. 
 
 C. COCCINEA, Linncsus. SCARLET HAW. 
 
 A tree up to 20 ft. high, with a wide-spreading head ; young shoots at 
 first more or less covered with loose white hairs which soon fall away, leaving 
 them smooth, shining brown ; thorns up to 2 ins. long. Leaves oval, diamond- 
 shaped, or obovate ; always wedge-shaped at the base, pointed at the apex, 
 the upper half shallowly lobed, finely toothed, the teeth gland-tipped ; I to 3 
 ins. long, f to 2 ins. wide ; at first downy above, becoming smooth and glossy ; 
 hairy on the midrib and chief veins beneath ; stalk ^ to I in. long. Flowers 
 white, ^ to | in. diameter, borne during May in corymbs 2 to 3 ins. across ; 
 flower-stalks and calyx more or less shaggy with whitish hairs ; stamens ten, 
 anthers yellow ; styles three or four. Fruit pendulous, red, globose but rather 
 flattened at the top, ^ in. or less in diameter. 
 
 Native of N. America from Newfoundland to Connecticut ; introduced, 
 according to Aiton, in 1683. Long confused in gardens with mollis (g.v.}. 
 
 Var. ROTUNDIFOLIA, Sargent (C. glandulosa, Aiton; C. rotundifolia, 
 MoencK). A distinct variety, sometimes regarded as a species. Except for a 
 slight down sometimes on the flower-stalks and inside of the sepals, it is quite 
 smooth. It is also a smaller, more shrub-like tree than C. coccinea, and its 
 thorns, perhaps, are more plentiful. 
 
 Allied to C. coccinea is C. HOLMESIANA, Ashe, but it differs in having the 
 flower-stalks smooth or nearly so, and the stamens only five to seven to each 
 flower. Native of N. America from Montreal to Pennsylvania, etc. Introduced 
 under its present name first in 1901, but probably in cultivation before as 
 C. coccinea. 
 
 Other species of the same group are C. ACUTILOBA, Sargent^ and C. COCCIN- 
 IOIDES, Ashe. They have leaves much broader at the base, and rounded, 
 truncate, or even slightly heart-shaped. C. acutiloba, for long known in gardens 
 as C. coccinea var. indentata, is found wild in the province of Quebec ; its leaf- 
 
424 
 
 CRAT^GUS 
 
 margins are beautifully cut up into narrow, triangular lobes J to | in. deep, 
 each lobe with a long, slender, very sharp point, and with slender, sharp teeth ; 
 the young shoots are soon quite smooth, and the leaves are only downy above 
 for a short time. Stamens fifteen to twenty. Fruit red. (See fig.) C. coccini- 
 oides has similarly shaped leaves, downy on the veins beneath. Stamens 
 twenty. Fruit dark crimson. 
 
 C. CORDATA, Aiton. WASHINGTON THORN. 
 
 An elegant tree up to 30 ft. high, with a slender trunk supporting a dense, 
 rounded head of leafy branches ; young shoots slender, smooth ; thorns sharp, 
 slender, up to 3 ins. long, sometimes branched. Leaves triangular, broadly 
 
 CRAT^EGUS ACUTILOBA. 
 
 ovate, heart-shaped or slightly rounded at the base, pointed, often lobed 
 towards the base, sharply toothed ; i to 3 ins. long, f to 2% ins. wide ; of a 
 vivid lustrous green, and smooth except when first expanded ; stalk up I in. 
 long. Flowers white, -^ in. across, produced during July in terminal and 
 axillary corymbs 2 to 3 ins. wide. Calyx and flower-stalk quite smooth ; 
 stamens twenty ; anthers pink ; styles two to five. Fruit scarlet, orange- 
 shaped, | in. diameter, persisting on the tree until spring. 
 
 Native of the eastern United States ; introduced in 1738. This handsome 
 species is one of the most distinct of all the thorns. It flowers the latest of all 
 the better-known kinds, and its small, bright fruits are beautiful through the 
 winter. 
 
 C. CRUS-GALLI, Linnczus. COCKSPUR THORN. 
 
 A small, usually more or less flat-topped tree, with spreading, often 
 horizontal branches ; young shoots quite smooth ; thorns rigid, i to 3 ins. 
 

CRAT^EGUS 425 
 
 long, ultimately twice as long, and branched. Leaves obovate, always tapered 
 and without teeth towards the base, the apex toothed, rounded or abruptly 
 pointed ; I to 4 ins. long, ^ to i| ins. wide ; dark glossy green and perfectly 
 smooth ; stalk j to ^ in. long. Flowers white, f in. across, produced in June 
 on smooth-stalked "corymbs 2 to 3 ins. wide ; stamens ten, anthers pink ; 
 styles usually two. Fruit- nearly globose, ^ in. diameter, deep red. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; introduced in 1691. This beautiful and 
 distinct thorn has much to recommend it. Its habit is striking and 
 picturesque, it blossoms freely, its leaves change to brilliant scarlet in 
 autumn, and its fruits, ripening in October and persisting until spring, make 
 one of the brightest of early winter pictures. The species is, moreover, one of 
 the hardiest and most thriving of its kind. Several forms assigned to it are 
 cultivated in gardens. 
 
 Var. ARBUTIFOLIA. Leaves obovate to oval, from to over 2 ins. wide. 
 In their size and to some degree their shape, this variety suggests C. prunifolia 
 (g.v.\ but it is quite free from down in all its parts, it has not more than 
 ten stamens, and its fruits remain after the leaves. A handsome variety. 
 
 Var. LINEARIS, De Candolle. In the entire absence of down from this 
 tree, it would appear to be a true Crus-galli form intermediate between 
 arbutifolia and pyracanthifolia. 
 
 Var. PYRACANTHIFOLIA, Aiton. A small, slender-stemmed tree, with a 
 flat, spreading head of branches and narrowly obovate leaves, and smaller 
 flowers and fruit. 
 
 Var. SALICIFOLIA, Aiton. Leaves still narrower, oblanceolate ; habit 
 flat-topped. (For various thorns with larger leaves, often put under Crus-galli 
 as varieties, viz., ovalifolia, prunifolia, and splendens, see C. PRUNIFOLIA and 
 
 C. FONTANESIANA.) 
 
 C. CUNEATA, Siebold. 
 
 A twiggy shrub with slender, hairy, reddish young shoots ; thorns about 
 in. long, slender. Leaves obovate or somewhat spoon-shaped, much 
 tapered and entire at the base, the apex rounded or abruptly tapered, 
 slightly lobed and toothed ; i to 2-i- ins. long, to I J ins. wide ; pale bright 
 green, and soon quite smooth above ; slightly hairy beneath ; stalk in. long, 
 or with the leaf-blade almost reaching to the base, hairy ; stipules semi- 
 heart-shaped, coarsely toothed, ^ in. long. Flowers white, ^ to | in. across, 
 produced during May and June in few-flowered corymbs ; stalks hairy ; 
 stamens I twenty ; styles five, hairy at the base. Fruit globose or slightly 
 pear-shaped, red, to in. diameter. 
 
 Native of Japan and Central China ; long known in cultivation, but 
 always rare. So far as I have seen, it has little to recommend it, although 
 wild specimens show it to be a pretty bush in nature. I suspect it is spring 
 tender. 
 
 C. DOUGLASII, Lindley. DOUGLAS THORN. 
 
 A tree 30 ft. or more high, with a rounded head of branches ; young 
 shoots reddish brown, smooth ; thorns often absent ; when present, f to 
 i in. long, stout. Leaves obovate to ovate, always tapered at the base, 
 mostly pointed, sometimes rounded at the apex, upper part slightly lobed 
 or double-toothed, or sometimes with two deep lobes near the base ; i^ 
 to 4 ins. long, I to 3 ins. wide ; dark glossy green and downy along the 
 midrib above, ultimately quite smooth below; 'stalk | to f in. long. Flowers 
 white, i in. diameter, produced during May in corymbs 2 ins. across ; 
 calyx-tube and flower-stalk quite smooth ; calyx-lobes narrow, glandular- 
 toothed, downy inside. Stamens twenty ; styles two to five. Fruit black, 
 \ in. diameter, falling early. 
 
426 CRAT^GUS 
 
 Native of N. America from Michigan to California and Oregon; 
 introduced about 1828. It is one of the largest, but not, so far as I have 
 seen, one of the most ornamental of thorns, its corymbs being rather small 
 and its fruits ineffective. It is much confused in gardens with the following: 
 
 C. RIVULARIS, Nuttall (C. Dougiasii var. rivularis, Sargent}. This is 
 closely allied to C. Dougiasii, but is a more pyramidal tree ; the leaves have 
 shorter stalks and tufts of down in the vein-axils till late summer at least, 
 and the calyx-lobes I are shorter, broader, and mostly entire. It has been 
 regarded as a variety of Dougiasii, and has about the same garden value. 
 
 C. DSUNGARICA, Zabel. 
 
 A small tree, armed with spines j? to f in. long ; young shoots smooth, 
 becoming bright purplish brown. Leaves of the barren shoots triangular, 
 broadly wedge-shaped or cut almost straight across at the base, three- to 
 seven-lobed, i| to 3^ ins. long and wide, the lowest pair of lobes large, 
 spreading ; leaves of the flowering shoots smaller, more ovate or diamond- 
 shaped and tapered at the* base, lobes sharply pointed and sparsely toothed ; 
 downy on both sides when quite young, soon becoming smooth except in the 
 vein-axils beneath ; stalk ^ to i ins. long ; stipules cockscomb-shaped, up to 
 i in. diameter. Flowers white, -f in. diameter, produced about the middle of 
 May in corymbs 2 to 3 ins. across ; sepals and flower-stalks smooth ; 
 stamens twenty ; styles three to five ; fruit globose, shining black, ^ in. 
 diameter. 
 
 A handsome thorn of doubtful origin, probably native of S.E. Siberia and 
 Manchuria. In foliage it much resembles C. altaica and C. pinnatifida, but 
 its black fruits distinguish it from these and all of the sanguinea group, except 
 C. chlorosarca (q.v.). 
 
 C. DUROBRIVENSIS, Sargent. 
 
 A shrub 10 to 16 ft. high, with smooth young shoots ; thorns i| to 2 ins. 
 long. Leaves broadly ovate, the base broadly wedge-shaped or rounded, the 
 upper part sharply toothed, and cut up at each side into two or four triangular 
 lobes j to | in. deep ; i| to 3 ins. long, I to 3-^ ins. wide ; quite smooth on both 
 surfaces except at first ; stalk slender, glandular, up to i J ins. long. Flowers 
 white, f to i in. diameter, stalks and outside of calyx smooth stamens twenty, 
 anthers pink ; styles five. Fruit globose, -f in. diameter, dark shining crimson. 
 
 Discovered in May 1900 by Mr J. Dunbar, on the banks of the Genessee 
 River at Rochester, New York. Its flowers are amongst the largest in the 
 genus, and the handsome fruits remain on the branches till mid-winter. 
 Sargent describes it as one of the most ornamental thorns of the northern 
 United States. Introduced in 1901. Allied to C. coccinioides. 
 
 C. FLAVA. Aiton. YELLOW HAW. 
 
 A tree 20 ft. or more high, with smooth young shoots ; thorns about i in. 
 long. Leaves obovate or diamond-shaped, always tapered and glandular at 
 the base ; pointed, -sometimes three-lobed at the apex ; doubly toothed ; i to 
 2-^ ins. long, \ to i^ ins. wide ; smooth on both sides ; stalk \ to i in. long, 
 glandular. Flowers white, f in. diameter, produced in early June in corymbs 
 of three to seven blossoms ; flower-stalks glandular, smooth (or at first 
 somewhat downy) ; calyx smooth, or downy only on the inner face, the lobes 
 glandular ; stamens ten to twenty. Fruit roundish, pear-shaped, greenish 
 yellow, about f in. long. 
 
 Native almost certainly of Eastern N. America, but not apparently known 
 wild now in the form described by Aiton in 1789. A specimen from Bishop 
 
CRAT^EGUS 427 
 
 Goodenough's herbarium, dated 1781, is preserved at Kew, and is no doubt 
 authentic, as it is ascribed to Solander, Alton's coadjutor ; this differs from the 
 trees now cultivated at Kew by having about twenty stamens to each flower, 
 and in being perfectly glabrous in flower and leaf. The species is of historical 
 interest, and as. being the type of a considerable group of thorns from the south- 
 eastern United States ; but in its few flowers and sparely borne, dull-coloured 
 fruits it is one of the least ornamental. 
 
 C. FONTANESIANA, Steudel. 
 (C. Crus-galli var. Fontanesiana, Wtnzig.} 
 
 Of obscure origin, this thorn belongs apparently to the Crus-galli group, and 
 is probably a hybrid between that species and C. prunifolia. It has dark, 
 purplish brown branchlets with thorns up to I in. long. Leaves narrowly 
 obovate, 2 to 4 ins. long, f to i^ ins. wide ; pointed and toothed at the upper 
 part ; tapered, and entire below ; smooth and dark glossy green. Corymbs 
 many-flowered, 2 to 3 ins. across, with downy stalks. Flowers white, \ in. 
 across ; stamens fifteen to eighteen. Fruit roundish oval, dull red, \ in. long. 
 The downy flower-stalks are like those of C. prunifolia, but the longer, 
 narrower leaves, and dark young shoots are quite distinct. It is probably of 
 garden origin, and has been known in cultivation over one hundred years. 
 
 C. HETEROPHYLLA, Fltigge. 
 
 A tree up to 20 ft. high, forming a round dense head of branches ; young 
 shoots smooth ; not, or but little, armed. Leaves of two distinct types, viz. 
 (i) those of the barren shoots : diamond-shaped, tapered and entire at the base, 
 the upper part sharply pointed, deeply lobed (after the fashion of monogyna), 
 the lobes sharply and irregularly toothed ; i^ to 3 ins. long, \\ to 2^ ins. wide ; 
 stalk \ to | in. long ; (2) those of the flowering shoots : much smaller, oblong, 
 obovate or oval, sometimes entire or with a few teeth at the apex only, some- 
 times the upper leaves of the shoot conspicuously three-lobed at the apex ; 
 i to \\ ins. long, \ to f in. wide. All the leave's are glossy dark green and 
 quite smooth. There are large, coarsely toothed stipules on the barren 
 shoots, none on the flowering ones. Flowers white, f in across, borne during 
 May and June in corymbs 2 to 3 ins. across ; flower-stalks and calyx smooth ; 
 stamens fifteen to twenty, styles solitary. Fruit bright red, slenderly oval, 
 \ to in. long. 
 
 Native of Armenia ; cultivated since the beginning of the nmeteeth century ; 
 not now very frequently seen, although there are several splendid examples in 
 the fine collection of thorns in the Bath Botanic Garden. It is a beautiful 
 thorn of the Oxyacantha group, bearing its large flowers and bright fruits 
 freely. It is also one of the most distinct by reason of its variously shaped 
 leaves, its long narrow fruits, and the absence of down from the younger parts. 
 
 C. KOROLKOWI, Regel. 
 
 (C. tatarica, Hort.~) 
 
 A tree up to 25 ft. high, forming a dense, heavy, very leafy head of 
 branches. It is really a very vigorous, large-leaved form of C. pinnatifida, 
 and has been named C. p. var. major, N. R. Brown. The leaves are harder 
 and thicker than in C. pinnatifida, and not so flat ; 3 to 6 ins. long and nearly 
 as much wide ; the lobes not so deep but broader ; except for a slight hairiness 
 along the midrib and larger veins, they are smooth. They are of a rich dark 
 lustrous green, the midrib, veins, and young wood tinged with red. Flowers 
 
428 CRAT^EGUS 
 
 similar to pirmatifida ; calyx and flower-stalks downy. Fruits deep shining 
 red, marked with minute dots, between pear-shaped and globose, i in. across, 
 deeply hollowed at the top. When a tree is well furnished with the pendulous 
 clusters of these large fruits it is remarkably handsome. This is, indeed, one 
 of the most striking and effective of all the thorns. It is only slightly or not 
 at all spiny. In October 1886, it was awarded a first-class certificate by the 
 Royal Horticultural Society, but had been in cultivation long previously. 
 Native of N. China. 
 
 C. HENRYI, Dunn, is nearly allied to the above, but its ovate or lozenge- 
 shaped leaves are only shallowly lobed, 3 to 4^ ins. long, smooth except for 
 tufts of down in the vein-axils beneath ; stalk if ins. long. Flowers f in. 
 across ; stalks and calyx smooth. Discovered in Yunnan by Henry, and later 
 by Wilson in W. Hupeh, China. Probably in cultivation as young plants. 
 
 C. LEEANA, London. LEE'S THORN. 
 
 (C. Dippeliana, Lange ; C. Celsiana, Dippel?) 
 
 The origin of this handsome thorn is unknown. It was at one time 
 believed to have been raised in Lee's nursery at Hammersmith, and is, no 
 doubt, of garden origin a hybrid in whose origin one of the orientalis group 
 of thorns has shared. The suggestion has been made that it is a hybrid 
 between tanacetifolia and punctata, but it is difficult to see where the latter 
 species is in evidence. Leaves ij to 3 ins. long, f to 2 ins. wide; broadly 
 ovate, sometimes obovate, with seven to eleven lobes reaching from one-third 
 to half-way to the midrib ; coarsely toothed ; deep green and hairy at first 
 above, becoming almost smooth by the end of the season ; more densely and 
 permanently hairy beneath ; stalk up to f in. long. Flowers f to I in. 
 diameter, white, produced very freely in mid-June ; calyx and flower-stalk 
 hairy like the young twigs ; stamens eighteen to twenty-two. Fruit dull red, 
 to in. across. No doubt closely allied to the tansy-leaved thorn, this is 
 quite as handsome in flower, and it grows more robustly. The leaves are 
 larger ; the fruit smaller and red. 
 
 C. MACRACANTHA, Koehne. 
 
 A tree up to 15 ft. or more high, and perhaps the most formidably armed 
 of all thorns, the spines being sometimes 4 or 5 ins. long, and very abundant ; 
 young shoots reddish brown, smooth. Leaves roundish oval or obovate, 2 to 
 4 ins. long, i^ to 3 ins. wide ; tapered more or less at the base, pointed at the 
 apex, the upper part usually more or less lobed, sharply toothed ; dark green, 
 leathery, smooth above except when young ; remaining downy beneath, 
 although finally only on the parallel veins (of which there are six or seven 
 pairs) and the midrib ; stalk j to f in. long. Flowers white, f in. across, 
 produced in May and June in corymbs 2 or 3 ins. wide ; flower-stalk either 
 downy or not ; calyx-lobes narrow, downy inside, glandular-toothed ; stamens 
 eight to ten, anthers yellow. Fruit globose, bright crimson, \ to \ in. 
 diameter. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; introduced in 1819. It is one of the 
 most remarkable of all thorns in the extraordinary number and size of its 
 thorns, even larger than in Crus-galli. It is also one of the handsomest in 
 fruit, a good grower, and very hardy. It was at one time associated with 
 C. coccinea as a variety, but the longitudinal cavities on the inner face of the 
 seed (nutlet) are regarded as showing its relationship with the tomentosa 
 group. It differs from both C. tomentosa and C. succulenta in having not 
 more than ten stamens, and yellow anthers. 
 
CRAT^GUS 429 
 
 C. MOLLIS, Scheele. RED HAW. 
 
 A tree up to 30 or 40 ft. high, with a wide-spreading head of smooth, grey 
 branches; young branchlets covered with whitish hairs the first season; thorns 
 i to 2 ins. long. Leaves broadly ovate, rounded, truncate or heart-shaped 
 at the, base, pointed, with four to seven shallow lobes at each side, and very 
 sharply glandular-toothed : 2 to 4^ ins. long, and nearly or quite as broad ; 
 both surfaces, but especially the lower one, downy, the upper becoming rather 
 rough in the latter part of the season ; stalk i to 2 ins. long. Flowers white, 
 i in. across ; flower-stalks and calyx thickly coated with white hairs ; calyx- 
 lobes toothed and glandular, stamens about twenty ; anthers pale yellow ; 
 styles four or five. Fruit sub-globose, f to i in. diameter, red, downy. 
 
 Native of the Central United States ; long introduced, but much confused 
 with C. coccinea, a thorn with shoots glabrous, leaves more or less tapered at 
 the base, flowers with only ten stamens, and fruit only i in. across. C. mollis 
 is also well distinguished by its larger leaves being always downy (very much 
 so when young). As a flowering tree it is one of the most beautiful of thorns, 
 and as a fruit-bearer is also handsome, but its fruits drop early (in September), 
 a month or six weeks in front of those of C. coccinea. 
 
 C. mollis is made the type of a group of American thorns by Sargent, 
 which contains a number of very fine species, amongst which the following 
 may be mentioned : 
 
 C. ARKANSANA, Sargent. A tree 20 ft. high, native of Arkansas ; differing 
 from C. mollis in the fruits being of longer, more oblong shape, and ripening 
 in October ; the leaves also are generally more tapered at the base. I saw 
 a fine specimen in the Arnold Arboretum a few years ago, and was struck by 
 its great elegance of habit. Introduced in 1902. 
 
 C. ARNOLDIANA, Sargent. A tree 15 to 20 ft. high, native of Massachusetts 
 and Connecticut, with apparently a very local distribution. This species has 
 only ten stamens to each flower. Introduced in 1901. It is a sturdy tree 
 with a dense head of very thorny zigzag branches ; thorns up to 3 ins. long. It 
 is thriving vigorously in this country. 
 
 C. CHAMPLAINENSIS, Sargent, a native of E. Canada, introduced in 1901, 
 has also ten stamens to each flower ; leaves of the barren shoots more heart- 
 shaped at the base than in C. Arnoldiana. 
 
 C. MOXOGYNA, Jacquin. COMMON HAWTHORN or MAY. 
 
 The common hawthorn, as popularly known, consists of two very distinct 
 forms now usually regarded as separate species, viz., C. monogyna and 
 C. Oxyacantha (g.v.}. C. monogyna is the commoner one, and is distinguished 
 from the other by being, as a rule, a larger tree (up to 35 ft.) ; its leaves 
 are larger and more deeply three- to seven-lobed ; its flowers have but one 
 style, and its fruits but one stone. The fruit also is rounder and less 
 elongated. It is, within its own limits, a very variable tree, and numerous 
 named varieties are in cultivation. Many of these have little interest or 
 value ; the best and most distinct are noted below. Although the typical 
 forms of Oxyacantha and monogyna are absolutely distinct, they are united 
 by others of an intermediate character, having flowers with one or more styles, 
 and fruits with one or more stones. Those who regard the two as a single 
 species have much to support their view. 
 
 Cratasgus monogyna, being more formidably armed than C. Oxyacantha, 
 is the one in common use for making hedges. On the whole, it may safely 
 be said that no other tree or shrub is, in our climate, so good for the purpose. 
 Easily raised, transplanting well when small, and bearing any amount of clipping, 
 
430 CRAT,EGUS 
 
 it fills a unique place in the English landscape in constituting tens of thousands 
 of miles of hedgerow. Besides its efficacy as a hedge, due to its thorny 
 nature and dense growth, it has in its rich, polished, green foliage much 
 beauty as well, although well-kept hedges do not flower much, owing to the 
 flowering wood being cut away in autumn. 
 
 The naturally grown hawthorn has a singular beauty of habit. It forms 
 a comparatively slender trunk (i to 2 ft. in diameter, however, in old 
 specimens), supporting a rounded head of dense branches gracefully pendulous 
 at the ends. When in blossom no object of our waysides has greater beauty, 
 and its charm is heightened by one of the sweetest of open-air perfumes. 
 The flowers of the hawthorn open from the middle of May until early June. 
 In accounting for its associations with the games and festivals of early 
 May-time, we 'must remember that these grew up under the Old Style 
 calendar, when May 1st occupied the same place in relation to the equinox 
 that May I3th does at the present time. The hawthorn is very rarely in 
 bloom on our present first of May. 
 
 Var. AUREA, Loudon. Fruits yellow. A form called FRANCOIS RlGAUD 
 has also yellow fruits and yellowish branches. 
 
 Var. ERIOCARPA. Fruit woolly when young, deep red. 
 
 Var. FILICIFOLIA. Leaves finely cut. 
 
 Var. FLEXUOSA, Smith (C. tortuosa, Ifort.) Branches curiously twisted 
 and curled. 
 
 Var. GRANATENSIS. Nearly or quite unarmed; branches pendulous. 
 
 Var. HORRIDA. Branches extremely thorny ; forming conspicuous nests of 
 thorns at the joints. 
 
 Var. INERMIS COMPACTA. Very dwarf and quite unarmed ; a remarkable 
 form. 
 
 Var. LACINIATA, London (C. fissa, Bosc], Leaves up to 3 ins. long and 
 wide, very deeply pinnately lobed and with a wide space between each lobe, 
 the lobes doubly toothed. 
 
 Var. LUTESCENS. Leaves yellow. 
 
 Var. PENDULA. A very graceful form with pendulous branches ; there is 
 a form of it with variegated leaves PENDULA VARIEGATA. 
 
 Var. PR^ECOX, Glastonbury Thorn. This remarkable variety, besides 
 bearing a crop of blossom at the ordinary season, flowers and produces young 
 foliage in winter. The popular belief that it breaks into flower about 
 Christmas Day has frequent support in fact, although much depends on the 
 season. In the south and west of England, if November and December 
 be mild, it will have some flowers open on Old Christmas Day (January 7th). 
 If those months are cold and the winter severe and long, the flowers may not 
 expand until March or April. On the other hand, I have gathered flowers in 
 November. The legend of the Glastonbury Thorn is, briefly, as follows : 
 
 Joseph of Arimathea, after the crucifixion of Christ, came to England to 
 found Christianity. He went to Glastonbury, where, his exhortations having 
 but little influence on the inhabitants, he prayed that a miracle might be 
 performed in order that they might be convinced of the divine nature of 
 his mission. God granted his prayer, for, on thrusting his staff into the 
 ground^ it immediately burst into leaf and flower, although it was then 
 Christmas Day. The wonder was repeated on every anniversary of that 
 day. 
 
 An old tree grew in the vicinity of Glastonbury Abbey until about the 
 beginning, of the nineteenth century, to which popular belief attached this 
 legend. The variety is worth growing, not only for the sake of the old 
 legend, but because of its interest in flowering in mid-winter. The flowers 
 are not borne so abundantly as in May, but they have the true hawthorn 
 fragrance, and this brings vividly to one's mind (as odours do), with pleasurable 
 
CRAT^GUS 431 
 
 sadness or perhaps pleasurable hope, the most glorious season of the year, 
 when, in Milton's words, 
 
 44 ... The milkmaid singeth blythe, 
 And the mower whets his scythe, 
 And every shepherd tells his tale, 
 Under the hawthorn in the dale." 
 
 Var. RAMULIS AUREIS. Branches yellow. 
 
 Var. REGIN^E. A name given to the descendants of a tree which once grew 
 in a garden near Edinburgh that . belonged to the Regent Murray. Mary, 
 Queen of Scots, was said to have spent many hours beneath it. It is, 
 apparently, ordinary C. monogyna. 
 
 Var. SEMPERFLORENS, Carriere (C. Bruanti, Hort.} Blossoms continuously 
 or at intervals from the ordinary time until August. It has tiny leaves | to I 
 in. long, and slender branches, and is of shrubby habit and very slow-growing. 
 A remarkably distinct dwarf variety. 
 
 Var. SESTERIANA. Flowers double red. 
 
 Var. STRICTA, Loddiges (C. fastigiata). Branches erect ; a curious and 
 striking form with a fastigiate habit. 
 
 Var VARIEGATA. Leaves blotched with white. 
 
 C. NIGRA, Waldstein. HUNGARIAN THORN. 
 
 A tree 20 ft. high, forming a rounded head of rather stiff branches ; young 
 shoots felted with a grey down, becoming smoother and purplish ; thorns 
 about 4 in. long, often almost absent. Leaves triangular to ovate, wedge- 
 shaped^to almost straight across at the base ; \\ to 4 ins. long, usually two- 
 thirds to quite as wide ; seven- to eleven-lobed, the lower lobes reaching not 
 more than half-way to the midrib, the upper ones shallower ; sharply toothed, 
 dull green, both surfaces downy ; stalk rarely more than f in. long, very 
 downy ; stipules sharply and coarsely toothed. Flowers white, turning rosy 
 with age, f in. across, produced during May in rather small corymbs. Calyx 
 and flower-stalks grey-hairy ; stamens twenty ; styles five. Fruit flattened, 
 globose, up to \ in. diameter, shining black and soft. 
 
 Native of Hungary; introduced in 1819. Very distinct in its dense grey 
 covering from other thorns, it is not, however, one of the most attractive. The 
 inflorescences are too small and the foliage too far advanced at flowering time 
 to make a good display. 
 
 C. OLIVERIANA, Bosc. 
 
 (C. Oxyacantha var. Oliveriana, Lindley, Bot. Reg. t., 1933.) 
 
 A shapely small tree with the habit of the common hawthorn, but not so 
 tall ; young shoots grey, downy. Leaves I to 2 ins. long, often as wide ; 
 three- or five-lobed, the basal lobes deep ; grey with down on both sides, 
 especially beneath, remaining downy until they fall, even on the upper side ; 
 stalks \ to i ins. long. Flowers white, f in. across, in compact corymbs about 
 2 ins. across. Calyx and flower-stalk very woolly. Fruits about J in. long, 
 egg-shaped, black-purple, at first hairy, abundant. 
 
 Native of S.E. Europe. This rather striking thorn has by some authors 
 been placed under C. pentagyna, to which it is, no doubt, closely allied. But, 
 as represented at -Kew, it differs plainly from it in the small fruits, in the 
 deeper, more finely toothed lobes of the leaf, in the abundant and more 
 persistent down, and in the entire or less deeply toothed stipules. It is, I 
 think, undoubtedly the thorn mentioned by Loudon under the synonym given 
 above and figured by Lindley in the Bot. Reg., t. 1933. 
 
432 CRAT^EGUS 
 
 C. ORIENTALIS, P alias. 
 
 (C. odoratissima, Lindley, Bot. Reg., t. 1885.) 
 
 A small, nearly unarmed tree, 15 to 20 ft. high, with a rounded or flattish, 
 spreading head of branches, often pendulous at the ends ; young branchlets 
 at first covered with whitish hairs, many of which fall away by the end of the 
 season. Leaves mostly triangular or lozenge-shaped ; I to 2 ins. long, nearly 
 or quite as much wide ; wedge-shaped to almost square at the base, more or 
 less deeply cut (often nearly to the midrib) into five to nine narrow oblong 
 lobes, which are themselves jaggedly toothed at the points ; dark green above, 
 grey beneath, downy on both sides ; stalk j to f in. long ; stipules \ in. across, 
 with a few large teeth. Flowers f in. across, white, produced in early June in 
 corymbs of twelve or more blossoms ; calyx and flower-stalks grey-woolly ; 
 stamens twenty. Fruit coral red or yellowish red, | in. diameter, globose, 
 downy. 
 
 Native of the Orient; introduced in 1810. This beautiful thorn is much 
 planted in the south of England, and is common in some of the London parks. 
 Both in flower and fruit it is a charming tree. 
 
 Var. SANGUINEA, London (C. orientalis, Liridley, in Bot. Reg., t. 1852). 
 Laxer than the type in habit, but with the lobes of the leaf broader on the 
 whole. Fruit not so downy, and of a dark dull or purplish red. Not so 
 effective in fruit as the type. This appears to be the same as C. Tournefortii, 
 Grisebach. 
 
 C. OXYACANTHA, Linnczus. HAWTHORN or MAY. 
 
 A small thorny tree, up to 15 or 20 ft. high, wilh thorns I in. long. Leaves 
 mostly obovate, three- or five-lobed, wedge-shaped at the base, the lobes 
 rounded or pointed ; toothed, dark glossy green, smooth except when quite 
 young ; ^ to 2j ins. long, two-thirds to as much wide ; stalks slender, \ to f 
 in. long. On strong, barren shoots the leaves are often more deeply lobed, 
 and with large, gland-toothed stipules. Flowers white, f in. diameter, pro- 
 duced during May six to twelve together in corymbs, the leaves at the time 
 almost fully grown ; calyx and flower-stalks smooth ; stamens about twenty, 
 anthers red ; styles two or three. Fruits roundish ovoid, \ to f in. long, red, 
 containing two, sometimes three stones. 
 
 Native of Europe, including Britain, and one of the two forms (now usually 
 regarded as distinct species) known popularly as "may" or "hawthorn." The 
 other is C. monogyna (q.v.\ which is best distinguished by having only one 
 style and one stone in the fruit. Although C. Oxyacantha has not broken up 
 into so many varieties as monogyna, to it belong some of the very best garden 
 forms of hawthorn. None make lovelier lawn trees. 
 
 Var. ALBA PLENA. Flowers white, double, changing to pink with age. 
 
 Var. CANDIDA PLENA. Flowers double, white, remaining pure. 
 
 Var. COCCINEA. Flowers scarlet, single. 
 
 Var. COCCINEA PLENA, Paul's double scarlet thorn. The best of all 
 double-flowered red thorns. Var. SALISBURIFOLIA is a variant of it, with 
 curly, distorted branches and dwarf habit. There are various minor forms of 
 red thorns, both single and double, with such names as "punicea," "rosea," 
 and "rubra," which represent slight variations of colour. 
 
 Var. FRUCTU-LUTEO (xanthocarpa). Fruit yellow. 
 
 Var. GIREOUDI. Leaves of the later growths mottled with white and pink. 
 
 C. PENTAGYNA, KitaibeL 
 
 A small tree, 15 to 20 ft. high, with hairy young shoots ; thorns few, ?. in. 
 long. Leaves broadly tapered or nearly straight at the base, lobed ; i to 3 
 
CRAT^GUS 433 
 
 ins. long, nearly or quite as wide. On the barren shoots they are broadly 
 ovate, the basal pair of lobes often deep ; on the flowering shoots the leaves 
 are narrower, diamond-shaped or obovate, with a more tapered base ; all dark 
 green and somewhat hairy above, paler and more hairy below, ultimately 
 almost smooth ; stalk to i in. long, stipules large, deeply toothed. Flowers 
 white, f in. diameter, produced during May and June in rather lax corymbs 
 2 to 3 ins. across. Calyx and flower-stalks clothed with grey down ; stamens 
 twenty, anthers red ; styles four or five. Fruit black-purple, oval, in. long. 
 
 Native of E. Europe. The group of thorns to which this belongs is some- 
 what doubtful in its inter-relationships. C. melanocarpa, Bieberstein, and 
 C. Oliveriana, Bosc, are included under it by Lange and others. (See note 
 under C. Oliveriana.) From C. nigra it differs in its less downy shoots and 
 leaves, and in its oval fruits. 
 
 C. HIEMALIS, Lange, is supposed to be a hybrid between the above and 
 C. Crus-galli, and the way seedlings of C. hiemalis have reverted to a pure 
 glabrousness like that of Crus-galli, especially in the inflorescence, supports 
 this theory. 
 
 C PINNATIFIDA, Bunge. 
 
 A small tree up to 15 ft. or more high ; thorns absent or quite short ; 
 young shoots smooth. Leaves wedge-shaped to straightly cut at the base, 
 varying in general outline from broadly ovate and triangular to lozenge- 
 shaped ; 2 to 4 ins. long, nearly as much or rather more in width, usually with 
 a deep lobe reaching nearly to the midrib at the base on each side, the 
 terminal portion being also lobed, but not so deeply ; margins sharply, often 
 doubly toothed, deep glossy green above, paler beneath, both sides downy 
 along the midrib and chief veins ; stalk i to 2^ ins. long, stipules cockscomb- 
 shaped, coarsely toothed, often over i in. across. Flowers white, f in. across, 
 produced at the end of May and early in June on downy-stalked corymbs 
 about 3 ins. across ; calyx hairy ; stamens twenty ; styles three or four, 
 Fruit red, minutely dotted, about | in. diameter. 
 
 Native of N. China. Very distinct from all but its immediate allies 
 (Korolkowi and Henryi, q.v.} in the long leaf-stalks and large leaves. 
 
 Var. PSILOSA, C. K. Schneider. The leaves of this form are quite smooth, 
 and have deeper, narrower lobes than the type ; flower-stalks and calyx also 
 smooth.- Native of Amurland, Corea, etc., and like many trees of those 
 regions, apt to start very early into growth, and suffer accordingly. Inferior 
 to the type, which itself is not so fine a tree as Korolkowi. 
 
 C. PRUINOSA, Koch. 
 
 A tree up to 15 or 20 ft. high, with horizontal branches ; young twigs and 
 leaves quite smooth ; thorns i to i^ ins. long. Leaves broadly ovate, broadly 
 wedge-shaped to nearly truncate at the base, pointed at the apex, doubly and 
 sharply toothed or triangular-lobed at the upper part ; i to 2 ins. long, two- 
 thirds to fully as wide ; reddish when they unfold, becoming dark green 
 above and glaucous beneath ; stalks slender, to i \ ins. long. Flowers f to i in. 
 wide, borne in May in rather loose corymbs ; flower-stalks and calyx quite 
 smooth ; stamens twenty ; styles five. Fruit five-angled, f in. diameter, 
 globose, at first apple-green covered with a purple bloom, finally dark red, 
 shining, and much dotted. 
 
 Native of the southern United States, probably sometimes confused in 
 gardens with C. coccinea, from which -it differs in the glaucous under-surface 
 of the leaf, and the plum-coloured young fruits, also the thinner, longer leaf- 
 stalks and flower-stalks. 
 
 2 E 
 
434 CRAT^EGUS 
 
 C. PRUNIFOLIA, Bosc. 
 
 (Bot. Reg. t., 1868 ; C. Crus-galli var. prunifolia, Torrey and Gray.') 
 
 Although undoubtedly related to the Crus-galli group of thorns, this does 
 not appear to have been found undoubtedly wild in N. America, unless, as 
 has been suggested, a presumed hybrid between Crus-galli and macracantha is 
 the same. This theory is supported by the shape of the nuts, which have 
 hollows on the inner faces as in macracantha, only not so deep. Whatever 
 its origin, C. prunifolia is one of the most admirable of all thorns. It is a 
 tree up to 20 ft. high, forming a rounded head of branches, wider than high, 
 often reaching to the ground, and densely leafy ; young shoots smooth ; 
 spines rigid, sharp, i to 3 ins. long. Leaves varying from roundish ovate or 
 oval to obovate ; i to 3^ ins. long, i to 2^ ins. wide ; toothed nearly to the 
 base, smooth and brilliant dark green" above" ; pale, dull and either smooth or 
 slightly downy on the midrib and veins beneath. The leaves turn a rich 
 glowing crimson in autumn. Flowers f in. diameter, produced during June 
 in rounded corymbs with hairy stalks ; calyx-lobes glandular-toothed, not 
 downy ; stamens ten to fifteen. Fruit rich red, f in. long-, globose, falling with 
 the leaves in October. From Crus-galli it is well distinguished by its wider 
 leaves, hairy flower-stalks, and early falling fruit. 
 
 C. OVALIFOLIA, De Candolle (Bot. Reg., t. 1860), differs in the following 
 respects from prunifolia : leaves somewhat downy on both surfaces ; stamens 
 fifteen to eighteen ; but there are intermediate forms. 
 
 C. SPLENDENS, Loddiges. Loudon makes this synonymous with C. Crus- 
 galli var. arbutifolia, a quite glabrous tree, whereas all the trees I have seen 
 under the name of C. splendens are simply C. prunifolia as described above, 
 i.e. with invariably downy flower-stalks, and leaves smooth, except sometimes 
 on the chief veins beneath. 
 
 C. PUNCTATA, Jacquin. 
 
 A tree 20 to 35 ft. high, with a rounded head of often horizontal branches 
 more in diameter ; trunk 10 to 20 ins. through ; branches more or less armed 
 with spines 2. to 3 ins. long ; young shoots grey, hairy at first, then smooth. 
 Leaves broadly ovate, rounded or rather abruptly pointed at the apex, always 
 tapered at the base ; 2 to 4 ins. long, i^ to 2| ins. wide ; toothed, the larger 
 leaves of the barren shoots more or less lobed above the middle ; veins parallel 
 in five to ten pairs, deeply sunk above ; upper surface dark green, both surfaces 
 at first downy, afterwards almost or quite smooth above, more persistently 
 downy beneath ; stalk f in. or less long. Flowers white, f in. diameter, 
 opening early in June on corymbs up to 4 ins. across ; the calyx-tube, the 
 inner surface of the narrow, almost entire lobes, and the flower-stalk hairy ; 
 stamens twenty ; styles five. Fruit deep red, specked with pale dots ; f to I 
 in. diameter, slightly pear-shaped or almost globose. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; introduced in 1746. It is certainly one of 
 the most attractive and well-doing of American thorns, giving great crops of 
 its white blossom and crimson fruits. Perhaps the finest example in the 
 country is at Aldenham, Herts, a tree planted in 1845 being now 33 ft. high, 
 its head of branches over 40 ft. across. The following varieties are in 
 cultivation : 
 
 Var. RUBRA. Fruit of a deep cherry-like red, becoming almost black before 
 falling. 
 
 Var. STRIATA. Fruit red, with yellow streaks near the base. 
 
 Var. XANTHOCARPA, Jacquin (var. aurea, PursK). Fruits bright yellow. 
 In all the forms of C. punctata the leaves are conspicuously parallel-veined and 
 the fruits are marked by small pale dots. Leaves and fruits fall in October. 
 
CRAT^GUS 435 
 
 C. SANGUINE A, Pallas. 
 
 A small, mostly unarmed tree up to 20 ft. high, young shoots slightly hairy 
 at first, soon smooth, and becoming of a deep shining brown-purple. Leaves 
 diamond-shaped to ovate, always tapered at the base, with three, five, or seven 
 shallowish lobes, sharply, sometimes doubly toothed ; 2 to 3^ ins. long, i to 
 2^ ins. wide ; slightly hairy on both sides, especially in the vein-axils beneath ; 
 stalk 5- to \ in. long ; stipules semi-heart-shaped, coarsely toothed, f in. across. 
 Flowers white, in. across, in dense corymbs ; calyx and flower-stalks smooth ; 
 stamens twenty, with purple anthers ; styles ordinarily three. Fruit bright red, 
 globose, scarcely \ in. long. 
 
 Native of the" vast region extending from S.E. Russia across Siberia; 
 introduced early in the nineteenth century. It belongs to the same group as 
 altaica, chlorosarca, and dsungarica. The colour of its twigs is rather striking, 
 but it is amongst the least desirable of thorns. 
 
 Closely allied to C. sanguinea is C. DAHURICA, Koehne, also with branches 
 of a deep brown-purple, but its leaves are smaller (rarely 2 ins. long), scarcely 
 or only finely lobed, almost smooth. Fruit smaller, j to ^ in. long, orange-red. 
 
 Native of S.E. Siberia and Amurland, and, like many shrubs and trees of 
 that region, starts early into growth. At Kew it blossoms at the end of April 
 and early in May. 
 
 Occasionally seen in cultivation also is C. MAXIMOWICZII, C. K. Schneider 
 (C. sanguinea var. villosa, Maximowicz), a species of the sanguinea group, but 
 very distinct in the bristly hairy flower-stalks, calyx, and young fruits the last 
 smooth and red when ripe. Amurland, N. Manchuria, etc. 
 
 C. SINAICA, Boissier. MT. SINAI THORN. 
 
 (C. maroccana, Lindley, Bot. Reg., t. 1855.) 
 
 A tree up to 35 or 40 ft. high, of sturdy habit ; young shoots at first downy, 
 the barren ones becoming more or less smooth by the end of the season, and 
 dark coloured. Leaves wedge-shaped at the base ; i to 2 ins. long, from 
 \ to 2j ins. wide ; varying in outline from narrowly obovate with three small, 
 terminal lobes, to deeply five-lobed with two pointed, oblong, sparsely toothed 
 or entire lobes at each side, and a terminal one ; quite smooth on both sides ; 
 stalk up to -| in. long. Flowers white, fragrant, f in. across ; produced during 
 early June in corymbs of twelve to fifteen blossoms ; calyx and flower-stalks 
 sparsely and loosely downy ; stamens twenty. Fruit globular, yellow or 
 yellowish red, | in. diameter, smooth. 
 
 Native of Sinai and parts of the Orient; introduced in 1822; at present 
 very rare in cultivation, but represented in the Kew collection. It belongs to 
 the same group as Azarolus and orientalis, but is distinguished by the absence 
 of down on leaf and fruit. In this country it is only armed with a few short, 
 stout spines, about \ in. long. 
 
 C. SPATHULATA, Michaux. 
 
 (C. microcarpa, Lindley, Bot. Reg., t. 1846.) 
 
 A shrub or small tree, with a slender trunk and spreading branches ; young 
 shoots smooth or soon becoming so, and reddish brown ; thorns either 
 absent or few. Leaves spoon-shaped, diamond-shaped, or obovate ; often very 
 distinctly three-lobed, the lobes coarsely round-toothed ; apex blunt, the 
 base narrowing to a long thin strip each side of the stalk ; often with scattered 
 down on both surfaces when young ; the stalk, although apparently long, is 
 really very short, owing to the extension of the blade in a narrow wing down 
 
436 CRAT^GUS 
 
 each side. Excluding this, the leaves of the flowering shoots are i to I in. 
 long, to f in. wide ; on the barren shoots i to i^ ins. long, nearly as much 
 wide. Flowers white, in. diameter, produced towards the end of June 
 in corymbs i^ ins. across ; stamens sixteen to twenty ; styles two to five. 
 Fruit j^ in. in diameter, globose, coral-red. 
 
 Native of the south and south-eastern United States; introduced in 1806. 
 It ripens its fruits late, not until October, and both they and the leaves remain 
 on the plant until the New Year. This is one of the more tender thorns, and 
 apt to suffer in severe winters. Distinct in its tiny fruits. 
 
 C. STIPULACEA, Loddiges. 
 
 (C. pubescens var. stipulacea, Staff. ; Bot. Mag., t. 8589.) 
 
 A small, usually unarmed tree, probably 1 5 to 20 ft. high ; young shoots 
 greyish at first with loose down, afterwards red-brown and roughish with 
 minute warts. Leaves diamond-shaped, obovate or oval ; wedge-shaped and 
 entire at the base, the upper part pointed and doubly glandular-toothed ; 
 \\ to 4 ins. long, f to 2 ins. wide ; usually much larger on the barren shoots 
 and with large glandular-toothed stipules f in. across ; at first slightly downy, 
 afterwards smooth and dark green above ; grey, dull, and persistently downy 
 on the chief veins beneath ; stalk about ^ in. long. Flowers white, f in. 
 across, produced in June in corymbs 2 to 2^ ins. across ; flower-stalks and 
 calyx woolly, calyx-lobes slightly toothed or entire ; stamens fifteen to twenty ; 
 styles two or three. Fruit yellowish, dotted, f in. long, globose, persisting 
 on the tree a long time. 
 
 Native of elevated regions in Mexico ; introduced by A. B. Lambert 
 in 1829, and interesting as one of the few trees from that country that are 
 hardy with us. It retains its leaves usually until the New Year. Sometimes 
 known in gardens as C. mexicana, De Candolle. (See also C. Carrierei.) 
 
 C. SUCCULENTA, Link. 
 
 A tree up to 20 ft. high, with smooth branchlets, becoming purplish brown 
 by the end of the season ; thorns i^ to 2 ins. long. Leaves roundish obovate, 
 2 to 3 ins. long, i \ to 27? ins. wide, broadly wedge-shaped at the base, abruptly 
 pointed, more or less lobed towards the apex, sharply toothed, at first downy 
 beneath, soon smooth ; dark green and glossy above ; veins parallel, in four 
 to seven pairs. Flowers white, f in. across, produced in early June in 
 rounded corymbs, 3 ins. or more across ; flower-stalks hairy, and calyx 
 usually so ; stamens fifteen to twenty, anthers pink ; styles two or three ; 
 fruit globose, bright red, ^ in. diameter. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America, and a close ally of C. tomentosa. It has 
 the same deep longitudinal pits in the seeds (nutlets), but differs in the midrib 
 and veins of the leaf being more deeply sunken on the upper side, and in the 
 fruit being globose rather than oval, and of a deeper, brighter red. It is 
 also a more vigorous and thorny tree. Although it was known in cultivation 
 in the early nineteenth century, it appears to have been lost sight of until the 
 last two decades. 
 
 C. TANACETIFOLIA, Persoon. TANSY-LEAVED THORN. 
 
 (Bot. Reg., t. 1884.) 
 
 A small, mostly unarmed tree up to 35 ft. high, with erect branches and a 
 trunk occasionally 5 ft. in girth ; young shoots clothed with a thick grey wool, 
 which persists partially on year-old snoots. Leaves i to 2 ins. long, nearly or 
 quite as wide, tapered at the base ; obovate or diamond-shaped in outline, but 
 
CRAT^GUS 437 
 
 cut into five or seven parallel, narrow-oblong lobes, often reaching nearly to 
 the midrib ; the lobes more or less glandular-toothed, especially towards the 
 points ; both surfaces permanently hairy ; stalk to J in. long ; stipules large, 
 curved, toothed. Flowers fragrant, white, i in. across, produced in mid-June 
 in rounded clusters of six to eight blossoms ; calyx covered with a pale grey 
 felt ; stamens twenty, with red anthers ; styles five. Fruit globose, yellow, or 
 suffused with red, partially downy, f to i in. across, with the scent and some- 
 what the taste of the apple. Closely attached at and near the base are one 
 or more deeply cut, moss-like bracts. 
 
 Native of Asia Minor, Syria, etc. ; introduced in 1789. Belonging to the 
 same group as C. orientalis, this handsome thorn is not common. C. orientalis 
 often does duty for it, but the present tree can always be distinguished by the 
 gland-toothed leaves and glandular laciniate bract, or bracts, attached at the 
 base of the fruit. It is a slow-growing tree. There is a fine specimen at 
 the entrance to Messrs Cunningham & Fraser's nursery at Edinburgh ; 
 another at Arley Castle, near Bewdley. 
 
 C. TOMENTOSA, LmnCBUS. 
 
 A small tree up to 15 ft. high, with a rounded compact head of grey-barked 
 branches, often very crooked ; young shoots more or less downy ; thorns 
 infrequent, grey, i to 2 ins. long. Leaves ovate to rhomboidal or obovate, 
 pointed, wedge-shaped and entire at the base, the upper part coarsely double- 
 toothed or lobed ; 2 to 5 ins. long, i to 3 ins. wide ; parallel-veined, downy 
 on both sides, especially beneath, the upper side becoming nearly or quite 
 smooth and dark green ; stalk J to f in. long. Flowers white, in. diameter, 
 borne in June in large, erect, loose corymbs 3 to 5 ins. across ; calyx and 
 flower-stalks shaggy, calyx-lobes narrow, glandular-toothed; stamens sixteen 
 to twenty, anthers pink ; styles two to five. Fruits always erect, pear-shaped 
 or oval, dull orange-coloured, ^ in. long.' 
 
 Native of the eastern and Central United States ; introduced by Lee and 
 Kennedy of Hammersmith in 1765. This is one of the most beautiful of 
 American thorns when in flower, the upright corymbs being of unusual size. 
 The leaves turn a brilliant orange or scarlet in autumn. Although the foliage 
 varies in the amount of down it carries on different plants, the flower-stalks and 
 calyx are always hairy. 
 
 C. UNIFLORA, Muenchausen. 
 
 (C. parvifolia, Adanson.") 
 
 A shrub or miniature tree, rarely more than 6 or 8 ft. high, with hairy young 
 shoots ; thorns slender, up to i ins. long. Leaves obovate, always tapered at 
 the base, rounded or bluntish at the apex, rather coarsely (often doubly) 
 round-toothed ; i to 2 ins. long, to I in. wide ; dark glossy green and with 
 short scattered hairs above; pale, dull and downy on the midrib and veins 
 beneath ; stalk in. or less long. Flowers creamy white, % to f in. across ; 
 solitary or in pairs, occasionally in threes. Flower-stalks and calyx shaggy ; 
 calyx-lobes linear, conspicuously glandular-toothed ; stamens about twenty, 
 anthers whitish. Fruit pear-shaped to globose, about in. long, yellow or 
 greenish yellow, with the large calyx-lobes adhering at the top. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States ; introduced early in the 
 eighteenth century. It is an interesting and very distinct thorn, but in no 
 way showy. Its small stature, often solitary flowers, and especially the long, 
 persistent, prominently toothed calyx-lobes, distinguish it. 
 
 C. VAILIJE, Britton^ has recently been introduced. It is allied to 
 
438 CRAT.EGUS CRYPTOMERIA 
 
 C. uniflora, differing in the leaves being ovate or oval and pointed, in the 
 longer leaf-stalks, in the two- to six-flowered corymbs, and in the more globose 
 red fruit. Native of Virginia and N. Carolina. 
 
 C. VIRIDIS, Linnceus. 
 
 (C. arborescens, Elliott.') 
 
 A tree 20 to 30 ft. high ; young shoots smooth ; thorns up to i^ ins. long, 
 often absent. Leaves ovate or oval, always wedge-shaped at the base, 
 the terminal part toothed, often shallowly lobed as well ; i^ to 3^ ins. long, 
 f to i\ ins. wide ; dark glossy green above, and when mature, quite smooth, 
 except for tufts of down in the vein-axils beneath ; stalk \ to \\ ins. long. 
 Flowers white, f in. across, borne in May and June in corymbs f| to 2 ins. 
 across. Flower-stalks and calyx smooth, except that the lobes of the latter 
 are sometimes downy inside ; stamens twenty, anthers pale yellow ; styles 
 two to five. Fruit globose, J to \ in. diameter, bright red. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States. It grows well in cultivation, 
 but is not one of the most attractive of thorns, the flowers, and especially the 
 fruits not being abundant. It is the type species of a group of American 
 thorns, one of which, 
 
 C. NITIDA, Sargent^ is also in cultivation. This differs in having ovate or 
 narrowly obovate leaves ; glandular-toothed calyx-lobes ; fruit considerably 
 larger, from broadly oval to globose, in. long, covered with a glaucous bloom. 
 S. United States. 
 
 CRYPTOMERIA JAPONICA, Don. CONIFERS. 
 
 An evergreen, pyramidal tree, 100 to 180 ft. high in Japan, with 
 a trunk 3 to 7 ft. in diameter, clothed with a thin reddish brown bark 
 which peels off in long, narrow strips. Leaves dagger-shaped, curved 
 inwards towards the point, four-angled, \ to f in. long, attached by their 
 thickened bases to the branchlet on which they are closely and spirally 
 set, all pointing forwards. Cones brown, globular, about \ in. in diameter, 
 composed of from twenty to thirty scales, each bearing three to five seeds. 
 The general aspect of the tree is yellowish green in summer, dark green 
 in winter. 
 
 Native of China and Japan; introduced to Kew in 1842, but not in 
 quantity un^il 1844, when Fortune, then in the employ of the Horti- 
 cultural Society, sent seeds from Shanghai. The Cryptomeria, the only 
 species of its genus, is quite distinct from any other hardy tree. Although 
 one of the great timber trees of the world, more used in Japan than any 
 other, it has not proved so generally fine a tree in this country as might 
 have been expected, the best specimens being all in the mildest and 
 moistest parts, and ranging from 60 to 80 ft. in height, with trunks from 
 2 to 2j ft. thick. It likes a deep good soil, a sheltered position, and 
 abundant rainfall. It is a very variable tree, and besides two or more 
 varieties found wild, several have originated in Japanese gardens. What 
 may be taken as the typical form has diffuse branches upturned at 
 the ends. 
 
 Var. ARAUCARIOIDES. Branchlets long, thin, slender, pendulous. 
 
 Var. LOBBII, Veitch. In this variety the branches are stiffer and more 
 
CRYPTOMERIA JAPONICA at Claremont. 
 
 [Face p. 488. 
 
CRYFTOMERIA 
 
 439 
 
 tufted and bunchy at the ends ; the branchlets shorter and more erect ; 
 leaves shorter. First sent to this country in 1853, along with Sciadopitys, 
 by W. Lobb from the Java Botanic Garden, for which it had been obtained 
 by Siebold in 1825. Not so elegant as the type. 
 
 Var. NANA. A dwarf form with stunted branches. Plants at Kew forty 
 years old are only 5 ft. high. The leaves are long, not curved as in the type, 
 and more spreading. 
 
 CRYITOMERIA JAPONICA. 
 
 Var. SPIPALIS. A dwarf form of remarkably dense habit, the leaves being 
 much incurved and twisted, so that the branchlet often suggests wire rope. 
 Judging by experience at Kew, it is apt to revert to the type. 
 
 C. JAPONIC A var. ELEGANS, Veitch. 
 
 This, commonly known in gardens as " Cryptomeria elegans," is a remark- 
 able state, in which the foliage of the juvenile plant is retained permanently. 
 The aspect of the tree is totally different from ordinary C. japonica, although 
 the bark of the trunk has the same red-brown, peeling character. The leaves 
 are on the whole larger, much softer, more slender, more spreading and 
 
440 
 
 CRYPTOMERIA CUDRANIA 
 
 wider apart on the branchlet, than those of the type ; they and the young 
 shoots being a glaucous green in the summer, changing in autumn and 
 winter to a bronzy red, very distinct, and remarkable among evergreens at 
 that season. The leaves are reflexed at the tip, rather than incurved as in 
 ordinary C. japonica. The whole tree is more bushy and dense than the 
 type, and often falls over by its own weight ; the trunks are very supple, and 
 allow the crowns of trees 20 ft. high to reach the ground without breaking. 
 This form produces cones (rarely) which do not differ from those of the type. 
 It bears pruning very well, and is often improved by it ; if trees become top- 
 heavy, they may be headed down far enough to become self-supporting. 
 Introduced from Japan in 1861 by Mr J. Gould Veitch. There is a dwarf 
 dense-habited variety of it called ELEGANS NANA. 
 
 CUDRANIA TRILOBA. 
 
 CUDRANIA TRILOBA, Hance. SILKWORM THORN. 
 
 URTICACE^E. 
 
 A deciduous shrub or small tree, 20 ft. high, with a dense, rounded 
 head of thorny branches ; young shoots quite smooth. Leaves alternate, 
 oval, obovate, or ovate ; either entire or with three shallow rounded lobes 
 at the apex; ij to 4 ins. long, f to 2 ins. wide; dark green, smooth; 
 stalk ^ to f in. long, slightly downy. Flowers green, crowded in a little 
 ball about i in. diameter, the sexes on different plants. The balls are 
 produced during July, either singly or (usually) in pairs, from the leaf-axils 
 of the current year's growth, each on a downy stalk \ in. long. The 
 male tree only appears to be in cultivation, and a head of fruit has not 
 yet been produced in this country; but it is an elliptical, hard, shining 
 mass ij ins. broad and i in. long, as seen in wild specimens. 
 
 Native of China, where it is widely spread; introduced to Britain in 
 1872. This tree, which is nearly allied to the Osage orange, but differs 
 in flowering on the current season's growth, in its fewer-veined leaves, and 
 
CUNNINGHAMIA SINENSIS. 
 
 i ] 
 
 [Face p 441. 
 
CUDR ANI A -CUPRESSUS 441 
 
 very much in the fruits, is perfectly hardy, and flowers frequently at Kew. 
 Its flowers are of no ornament, and the plant itself, although interesting 
 both economically and botanically, has no special merit for the garden. 
 Its leaves are much used in China for feeding the silkworm on, being 
 considered as good for this purpose as the mulberry to which also it is 
 closely related. 
 
 CUNNINGHAMIA SINENSIS, R. Brown. CONIFERS. 
 
 An evergreen tree up to 150 ft. high in a wild state, but*not yet half 
 as high in this country, with a scaling bark ; young wood hidden on the 
 upper side by the bases of the densely packed leaves, pale green and 
 smooth beneath. Leaves persistent about five years, springing equally 
 from all round the stem, but twisted at the stalkless base so as to come 
 into two opposite, spreading, horizontal ranks ; they are linear-lanceolate, 
 i to 2 j ins. long, T V to T \ in. wide; minutely toothed, tapered to a long, 
 fine point ; dark glossy bluish green above, with a broad stomatic band 
 beneath along each side the midrib. Cones roundish, rather broader 
 than long, about i-J ins. wide; scales broadly ovate, with an abrupt, slender 
 point, and irregularly toothed margins. 
 
 Native of China; introduced to Kew by William Kerr in 1804. In 
 general appearance it bears considerable resemblance to the Araucarias, 
 especially to A. brasiliensis, and it appears to be related to that genus. 
 It represents one of the world's most ancient types of vegetation, a very 
 similar plant being found in a fossil state. As a tree for gardens it is 
 rarely satisfactory except in the south and west of the British Isles. The 
 best trees are at Killerton (68 ft. high), Bicton (56 ft.), Pencarrow (48 ft.). 
 Nearer London the finest trees are at Bagshot P^rk (48 ft.), and one at 
 Claremont (36 ft.). At Kew it has lived and grown slowly out-of-doors 
 for at least forty years, but suffers badly in severe winters. It likes a 
 sheltered position and a deep, well-drained soil. Mr E. H. Wilson has 
 recently found considerable forests of it in W. China, and he has hopes 
 that the plants raised from the seed he collected there may prove hardier 
 than the type originally found by James Cunningham (after whom it is 
 named), on the Island of Chusan, in 1701. 
 
 C. KONISHII, ffayata, is a second species recently discovered in 
 Formosa. According to specimens sent to me by Mr Clinton Baker, 
 it is very distinct from C. sinensis, the leaves being only ^ to- J in. long, 
 curved, linear-lanceolate, ^ in. wide, with stomata on both surfaces. It 
 is not likely to be hardy. 
 
 CUPRESSUS. CYPRESS. CONIFERS. 
 
 A group of some fifteen species of evergreen trees belonging to the 
 conifer family, of great beauty and interest when seen at their best. In 
 their typical form the species are all large or medium-sized trees, but 
 under cultivation a great number of diverse forms have appeared 
 
442 CUPRESSUS 
 
 providing in their entirety a singular variety of form and colour. 
 In the adult state the leaves are always minute, mostly scale-like, and 
 flattened to the branchlet, being superposed in four rows. The ultimate 
 divisions of the branchlet are square or compressed, and either arranged 
 in opposite ranks on the larger branchlets, or irregularly and spirally. In 
 the former^ case the spray is flattened. Flowers unisexual, both sexes on 
 the same tree, but on different catkins. Males composed of numerous, 
 short-stalked stamens ; fruit a globose or elliptical cone composed of 
 mushroom-shaped (peltate) scales with a "boss" or enlargement in the 
 centre. There are two distinct sections of the genus, sometimes regarded 
 as distinct genera : 
 
 i. TRUE CYPRESSES. 
 
 Cones over ^ in. in diameter, except in lusitanica, Benthami, and funebris ; ripening in 
 the second year ; each scale bearing numerous seeds. (See arizonica, Benthami, 
 cashmeriana, funebris, Goveniana, lusitanica, Macnabiana, macrocarpa, semper- 
 virens, and torulosa.) 
 
 2. CHAM^CYPARIS. FLAT-LEAVED CYPRESSES. 
 
 Cones small, under ^ in. in diameter, ripening (except in nootkatensis) the first year ; 
 each scale bearing two (rarely more) seeds. Branchlets always flattened in the 
 normal state. (See Lawsoniana, nootkatensis, obtusa, pisifera, and thyoides.) 
 
 The leaves of seedling and juvenile plants of cypress (also of Thuya) 
 are very different from those of adult trees, being needle-like or awl-like, 
 up to J in. long, and spreading. Individuals of some species have shown 
 the remarkable characteristic of retaining this juvenile type of foliage 
 permanently, or, at any rate, for an indefinite period, and thereby have 
 originated some very pretty garden trees. In the early years of their 
 cultivation in Europe these juvenile forms were thought to belong to a 
 distinct genus, and were called RETINISPORA. Their true character has 
 since been revealed through the raising of seedlings, and by the occasional 
 appearance of adult or typical cypress foliage on the originally introduced 
 " Retinisporas." (See Cupressus pisifera, also Thuya occidentalis and 
 T. orientalis.) 
 
 A few years ago Messrs Sander put in cultivation a curious little 
 shrub they called JUNIPERUS SANDERI, a dwarf, sturdy bush of rounded, 
 dense habit, with stiff, spreading, awl-shaped leaves, -J to -J in. long, of a 
 very glaucous blue tint, and borne in decussate pairs. The origin of this 
 shrub is not known, but it does not appear to be a juniper. Dr Masters 
 and Mr Beissner were both of opinion that it was a juvenile state of 
 Cupressus obtusa. 
 
 The true cypresses are nearly all tender in the average climate of 
 Great Britain, the hardiest being arizonicaj Macnabiana, and especially 
 macrocarpa; at Kew even these are tender when young. They thrive 
 in either loamy or peaty soil, well-drained; and should be given a 
 sheltered place, as they are subject to injury by wind, especially where 
 they grow fast. Some species of this group, notably macrocarpa and 
 sempervirens, show two curiously diverse types of habit, viz., the 
 horizontal-branched and the fastigiate, but most of them are, when young, 
 of columnar or pyramidal form. 
 
 The Chamsecyparis group, on the other hand, is very hardy, and 
 
CUPRESSUS 443 
 
 comprises some of the very finest of ornamental evergreens. They like 
 abundant moisture and a deep, loamy soil. Most of the cypresses can 
 be increased by means of cuttings, which, although probably not so good 
 as seeds, still make good trees. All the cypresses, if growing in poor soil, 
 are benefited by applications of manure water or by tpp-dressings of 
 manure. They are subject, especially in poor soils, and during a 
 succession of dry seasons, to attacks by white scale insects. The best 
 remedy is spraying with an emulsion of paraffin and soft soap in March 
 and April, when the young hatch out. 
 
 C. ARIZONICA, Greene. ARIZONA CYPRESS 
 
 A tree usually 30 to 40, sometimes 70 ft. high in a wild state, with the 
 bark of the trunk shredding off in strips. Branchlets irregularly arranged 
 (not in two ranks), the final subdivisions four-sided, -^ in. diameter. Leaves 
 closely overlapping and scale-like, uniform, ovate, pointed, about o\7 in. long, 
 glaucous, with a sunken resin-gland at the back. In comparatively young 
 cultivated specimens the branches are thinner, and the leaves larger and 
 more taper-pointed. Cones short-stalked, globose, f to I in. diameter, 
 glaucous ; scales six (rarely eight), slightly rising towards the middle, where 
 is a pyramidal, pointed boss. 
 
 Native of Arizona ; discovered in 1 880, and soon afterwards introduced by 
 Prof. Sargent. It has proved to be one of the hardiest of the true cypresses. 
 The glaucous hue of the leaves, although marked, is not so intense in cultivation 
 here as in a wild state. The tree is related to C. lusitanica, but is hardier, and 
 is distinguished by the resin-glands at the back of the leaves. From 
 C. Benthami it is distinguished by irregular, spiral branching. 
 
 C. CASHMERIANA, Royle. 
 
 (C. funebris var. glauca, Masters.} 
 
 A fine example of this remarkable cypress grows in the Himalayan House 
 at Kew, but when tried out-of-doors in even a very sheltered place, it has 
 never recovered from the effects of the first winter. It will probably succeed 
 in the south-western maritime counties. Its spray is perfectly pendulous, 
 very glaucous, and flat, the branchlets hanging vertically in two opposite 
 ranks. Leaves intermediate in character between the juvenile and adult states 
 of the true cypresses ; they are only ^ to ^ m - l n g> but are not scale-like, 
 and have free, somewhat spreading points. Cones about ^ in. diameter, 
 globose ; scales ten, with a triangular, hooked boss in the centre. This 
 cypress is, no doubt, of Asiatic origin, but there appears to be no evidence 
 that it is a native of Kashmir. Henry suggests it may be a juvenile state 
 of C. torulosa. It is a tree of singular beauty both in form and colour. The 
 finest tree in -Europe is on I sola Madre, Lake Maggiore, Italy. When I 
 saw it in May 1912, I made it to be about 64 ft. high and 6 ft. in girth of 
 trunk, almost white in its glaucousness. Cones are freely borne by the tree 
 at Kew, but the seed, sown several times, has never germinated. 
 
 C. FUNEBRIS, Endlicher. CHINESE WEEPING CYPRESS. 
 
 A tree up to 70 ft. high, of very characteristic habit,- the trunk being erect 
 and clothed with smooth brown bark, the branches horizontal or ascending, 
 but furnished with vertically pendulous, slender spray. The branchlets are 
 in the same plane in two opposite ranks, with the final subdivisions much 
 
444 CUPRESSUS 
 
 flattened, thin, and about ^ in. wide. Leaves uniformly green, in four rows, 
 j 1 ^ to in. long, the terminal part of each triangular and tapered to a fine 
 point ; the lateral leaves have the points free and rather spreading, the 
 upper and lower ones closely flattened. Cones ^ to ^ in. across, globose, 
 borne on slender stalks to J in. long ; scales with a small boss in the centre. 
 
 Native of Central China, and now spread widely over that country in 
 cultivation. First noticed by the members of Lord Macartney's mission to 
 China in 1793, but introduced by Fortune in 1849. It ls too tender for any 
 but the mildest parts of the British Isles, and young trees have been killed 
 time after time at Kew. There are good examples at Penjerrick, in Cornwall, 
 and in Ireland. It is grown in winter gardens for its elegant habit, and 
 produces cones at an early age. The curiously dissimilar foliage of seedlings 
 always attracts attention, the leaves in that state being in whorls of three 
 or four, linear or awl-shaped, and J to ^ in. long ; pale soft green. In its flat 
 adult branchlets it bears some resemblance to the Chamaecyparis group, also 
 in its small cones, and few seeds (three to five) to each scale. 
 
 C. GOVENIANA, Gordon. GOWEN'S CYPRESS. 
 
 In many respects this is very similar to and is a close ally of C. macrocarpa. 
 It is, like that species, a native of California, but enjoys a much more extended 
 distribution. It is a tree sometimes 50 ft. high, usually much smaller, 
 frequently shrubby. The leaves are like those of C. macrocarpa, being in four 
 ranks, scale-like, and flattened to the branch ; but differ in being pointed as 
 well as rather smaller. In both species the leaves are dark green, obscurely 
 or not at all glandular. The cones differ in being smaller, usually \ to f in. 
 diameter, globose, borne on stalks up to \ in. long ; the scales numbering only 
 six or eight, each with a central boss ; seeds bright brown, \ to \ in. long. It 
 is rare in cultivation, and rarely seen to advantage except in mild localities. 
 Discovered by Hartweg in 1846, and soon afterwards introduced. 
 
 Var. PYGM^EA, Lemmon (C. pygmasa, Sargent\ is a smaller tree with black 
 seeds. Both these cypresses in a juvenile state have longer, awl-like, sharply 
 pointed, more spreading leaves, as does C. macrocarpa also. 
 
 C. LAWSONIANA, Murray, LAWSON CYPRESS. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 5581.) 
 
 A tree frequently 200 ft. high in a wild state, the trunk 7 ft. or more in 
 diameter above the buttressed base ; bark reddish brown. As seen in 
 cultivation it is a slenderly to broadly pyramidal tree, densely furnished to the 
 ground with frond-like branches. The leaf-bearing branchlets are borne in 
 two horizontally spreading ranks, usually more or less pendulous at the ends, 
 the final subdivisions flattened, ^V to ^ in. wide. Leaves minute, scale-like, in 
 four rows ; the lateral leaves considerably the longer, those underneath usually 
 glandular ; they have minute, abrupt points. The foliage is extremely variable 
 in shade, from deep green to a more or less glaucous green. Cones globose, 
 glaucous (finally brown), \ in. diameter ; scales eight. 
 
 Native of Western N. America in Oregon and California ; introduced in 
 1854 to Lawsons 3 nursery at Edinburgh. It is now the commonest and most 
 valued of all cypresses, perhaps of all conifers, in gardens. It is very hardy, 
 but likes a good loamy soil and a moist climate. In poor soils it- is much 
 benefited by artificial watering during dry periods, also by occasional supplies 
 of manure water. It is remarkably prolific of seeds even in a young state, and 
 trees raised from them are no doubt best for forestry purposes. In N. America 
 it yields a very valuable timber, and is well worth trying under forest conditions 
 in this country. No conifer has produced so much variety in foliage and habit 
 

 Group of varieties of LAWSON CYPRESS, Cupressus Laivsoniana. 
 
 p. 444. 
 
CUPRESSUS 445 
 
 under cultivation. In almost any batch of seedlings a number of more or less 
 differing forms may be observed. Some extraordinarily different varieties 
 have been raised, so different that unless their origin were known they would 
 be regarded as distinct species. These are best raised from cuttings which, 
 taken in late summer, root readily or they are easily grafted on seedlings. 
 Such plants make nice trees, but have a tendency to produce several leads, at 
 least in isolated positions. This, however, in the opinion of many may not 
 detract from their beauty, and in any case may be obviated by cutting off the 
 rival leaders as soon as noticed. Many of the named varieties are not worthy 
 of distinction, and some with age have become indistinguishable from the type. 
 The following are some of the most noteworthy, and are subdivided according 
 to the leading character, but some unite peculiarities both of colour and form, 
 e.g. Smithii (columnar and glaucous) and gracilis aurea (pendulous and 
 golden) : 
 
 I. COLOUR VARIETIES. 
 
 Var. ALBO-MARGINATA. Slow-growing, rather dwarf, with the young foliage 
 picked out in white, the effect usually poor and spotty. The forms called 
 albo-picta, albo-spica, albo-variegata, and argenteo-variegata are nearly or 
 quite the same. 
 
 Var. AUREO-MARGINATA. Marked similarly to the preceding, but with 
 yellow. 
 
 Var. ARGENTEA. Among the numerous glaucous forms this is the most 
 silvery ; those called glauca, Silver Queen, and Triomphe de Boskoop are of 
 the same type. 
 
 Var. AUREA, Waterer. Young shoots yellow the first summer, gradually 
 becoming green. A very good form of this was grown by the late Earl 
 Annesley at Castlewellan, Co. Down, which he called GRACILIS AUREA. The 
 young shoots are golden, densely plumose, and pendulous. 
 
 Var. LUTEA. The yellowest of all the forms ; the young growths being 
 pale yellow changing to golden, and remaining so the first winter ; habit 
 stiff and erect. 
 
 Var. WESTERMANNI. Habit sturdy, pyramidal ; ultimate branchlets pale 
 yellow. 
 
 II. COLUMNAR OR FASTIGIATE VARIETIES. 
 
 Var. ALLUMI (Fraseri). Spire-like in habit ; very glaucous. 
 
 Var. ERECTA VIRIDIS (stricta). Of erect, columnar habit, green ; perhaps 
 the most striking columnar evergreen available for cultivation in the open 
 air, but best in a young state, as it is apt later to become naked or shabby at 
 the base. Raised in the Knap Hill nursery in 1855. 
 
 Var. SMITHII. Glaucous foliage ; columnar habit. 
 
 Var. WisSELIl. A curious, rather than beautiful form, of columnar habit, 
 very glaucous ; the branchlets very short, and produced in crowded tufts. The 
 plant is too thinly furnished to be pleasing. 
 
 III. DWARF VARIETIES. 
 
 Var. NANA (densa). A green, rounded bush, broader than high, the 
 branches arranged edgewise (as in Thuya orientalis), rather than horizontally. 
 NANA ALBA, of similar habit, young shoots creamy white. NANA GLAUCA 
 (compacta ; minima glauca), also of similar habit, but glaucous. Var. nana was 
 raised .in 1861, by Dauvesse of Orleans ; specimens planted in the cypress 
 collection at Kew about 1873 are still only 4 ft. high. 
 
 IV. PENDULOUS AND SPREADING VARIETIES. 
 
 Var. FILIFERA. In some respects this is the most striking and elegant, as 
 well as the most distinct, of Lawson cypresses. It has a medium rate of 
 
446 
 
 CUPRESSUS 
 
 growth, the branching is spiral (not two-ranked), and the terminal branchlets 
 hang vertically, often I to 2 ft. long, scarcely branched, cord-like, very dark 
 green. Extremely effective as an isolated specimen. 
 
 Var. GRACILIS. A free, elegant form, the spray pendulous, points of leaves 
 usually spreading. GRACILIS PENDULA is more weeping. 
 
 Var. INTERTEXTA. Another very striking and elegant form ; the branches 
 decurved rather than turned up at the ends ; branchlets weeping, the ultimate 
 divisions stout and far apart. It is the stoutness and remoteness of the final 
 ramifications that give this variety its unique appearance. Of glaucous hue 
 and vigorous growth. According to a letter at Kew from Lawsons', of 
 Edinburgh, it was raised in their nursery about 1869. 
 
 Var. KRAMERI. A curiosity. Habit thin and open ; branches contorted ; 
 terminals often unbranched and cord-like. 
 
 Var. LYCOPODIOIDES. Branching spiral and irregular ; branchlets twisted ; 
 a curiosity merely. 
 
 Var. PENDULA. There appear to be two forms in cultivation under this 
 name ; one with horizontal branches, but with the spray pendulous from under- 
 neath the branch (as in C. nootkatensis pendula) ; in the other, sometimes 
 distinguished as PENDULA VERA, the branches as well as the branchlets are 
 weeping. 
 
 C. LUSITANICA, Miller. CEDAR OF GOA. 
 
 A tree up to 100 ft. high (rarely more than half as high in the British Isles), 
 with wide-spreading branches and pendulous spray ; the branching not two- 
 ranked, but spiral and irregular. Branchlets four-sided. Leaves in four rows, 
 scale-like, ^ to ^ in. long, with the terminal part elongated, triangular, finely 
 and sharply pointed, free at the tip. Cones very glaucous, and about the size 
 of peas the first year ; scales six or eight, with a conical, hooked crest in 
 the centre ; the cones become ^ in. in diameter, and shed their seeds the 
 second year, and lose much of their glaucous hue. Seeds brown. 
 
 The native country of this cypress was long a matter of speculation. It 
 appears to have been cultivated in England since the latter half of the seven- 
 teenth century, having been first introduced from Portugal ; hence the name 
 "lusitanica." But it was never found wild either in Portugal or the Portuguese 
 settlement of Goa in Western India, in spite of its common name. It is now 
 certain that it is a native of Mexico, and was, no doubt, introduced to the 
 Peninsula by mariners or members of the religious fraternities, probably in the 
 sixteenth century. The most celebrated plantation of this tree is at Busaco, 
 in Portugal. 
 
 For the ordinary climate of the British Isles this tree is not suited, needing 
 more heat than it affords. Still, in the milder parts, such as Cornwall, S. 
 Ireland, etc., some excellent examples may be found. Near London, young 
 trees are killed in moderately severe winters, and even older ones, although 
 they survive, are not happy. Except from C. Benthami and C. arizonica, it 
 is well distinguished from all the true cypresses by its small, vividly glaucous 
 cones. 
 
 C. BENTHAMI, Endlicher (C. lusitanica var. Benthami, Carrierej C. 
 Knightiana), is closely allied to C. lusitanica, perhaps only a form of it. Its 
 cones are identical in colour, shape, and size, but the branching and habit are 
 remarkably distinct. The tree is of pyramidal form, the branchlets flattened 
 and arranged in two opposite ranks, both on the same plane ; leaves ovate, 
 triangular-pointed, with a roundish hollow in the centre. Native of Mexico ; 
 introduced about 1838. Of about the same hardiness as C. lusitanica. The 
 name " Knightiana " is sometimes given to a slightly more glaucous form. 
 
CUPRESSUS 447 
 
 C. MACNABIANA, Murray. MACNAB'S CYPRESS. 
 
 A shrub or small bushy tree, sometimes 30 to 40 ft. high, ultimate divisions 
 of the spray very slender. Leaves about ^ in. long, scale-like, dark green, 
 thick, convex and blunt, with a conspicuous pit containing resin at the back. 
 Cones short-stalked, globose, about f in. across ; at first rather glaucous, 
 becoming brown ; scales usually six, rarely eight, those at the apex developing 
 thickened, horn-like crests, those at the base with thin, recurved bosses ; seeds 
 brown. 
 
 Native of California ; discovered by Jeffrey in the Sierra Nevada in 1853, 
 introduced by W. Murray the following year for the Lawsons of Edinburgh. 
 It is now very rare in this country, and although apparently one of the hardiest 
 of the true cypresses, appears to be short-lived under cultivation. It is one of 
 the most easily recognised of a difficult group, first, by the resin pit at the 
 back of the leaf (quite conspicuous under the lens) ; second, by the prominent 
 horn-like development on the upper scales of the cone. The foliage has a 
 very pleasant aromatic fragrance. 
 
 C. MACROCARPA, Hartweg. MONTEREY CYPRESS. 
 
 (C. Lambertiana, Gordon?) . , 
 
 A tree 60 to 90 ft. high in cultivation, not more in a wild state ; of 
 pyramidal habit when young, becoming eventually flat-topped and with 
 horizontal branches like a cedar of Lebanon. Branchlets much divided in an 
 irregular (not two-ranked or horizontal) manner ; the final ramifications terete 
 or somewhat four-sided, ^Q in. thick. Leaves scale-like, ^g- in. long, uniform, 
 closely flattened to the branchlet in four rows, overlapping each other at the 
 base, the exposed part diamond-shaped, thick and rounded at the end. Cones 
 oblong or globose, on short stout stalks ; I to ii ins. long, f to I in. wide ; 
 scales eight to fourteen, flattish, with a ridge-like projection in the centre. 
 Seeds brown, warted. 
 
 Native of California, where it is confined to two groves near the Pacific, 
 south of Monterey. The larger, Cypress Point Grove, is 2 miles long and 
 about a furlong wide ; the other, Point Lobos Grove, is much smaller. The 
 trees grow on the shore cliffs, and being undermined by the sea, occasionally 
 fall into it. At this spot they appear as rugged veterans, identical in habit 
 with the cedar of Lebanon. The species was introduced about 1838, and has 
 proved to be the hardiest of the true cypresses. It succeeds much the best in 
 warm maritime localities, but even in inland places like Kew it is over 40 ft. 
 high. When young it is more tender, and at this state is so distinct in general 
 appearance as to show no apparent relationship to the adult type. The leaves 
 are in. long, awl-shaped, with sharp, outwardly spreading points ; the shoots 
 much longer and more attenuated, the leaves well apart. As the plants 
 increase in age, they gradually assume the adult state described above ; but 
 when, as they sometimes are in mild counties, used for hedges and clipped 
 back annually, the young growths retain this juvenile type of foliage and 
 branchlet. The young growths are sometimes distinctly lemon-scented. 
 
 Var. FASTIGIATA, Masters. Branches permanently erect-growing, giving 
 the tree a columnar or fastigiate form. 
 
 Var. LUTEA, Dickson. Of similar habit to fastigiata, but with the young 
 shoots and leaves of a beautiful yellow. Raised by Dicksons of Chester, 
 in 1889. 
 
 The form known as CRIPPSII is a juvenile state with stiff branches. Raised 
 at Tunbridge Wells. 
 
448 CUPRESSUS 
 
 C. NOOTKATENSIS, Lambert. YELLOW CYPRESS. 
 
 (Thuyopsis borealis, Carrier e?) 
 
 A tree 120 ft. high, with a trunk 5 or 6 ft. in diameter ; as known in 
 cultivation of rather slender, pyramidal form when young, becoming pro- 
 portionately broader later ; the smaller branches two-ranked, more or less 
 pendulous ; the ultimate divisions ^ to T ^ in. wide, sometimes terete, oftenest 
 four-angled, but broader than thick. Leaves in four ranks and of about 
 equal size, ^ to \ in. long, abruptly and sharply pointed, not often glandular, 
 dark green. Cones \ to \ in. across, globose, rather glaucous, with usually four 
 (sometimes six) scales that are furnished in the middle part with a triangular- 
 pointed boss; ripening the second year. 
 
 Native of Western N. America from Alaska to Oregon ; discovered by 
 Menzies in 1793, an d introduced about 1853. It is, from a garden point of 
 view, undoubtedly one of the finest and most desirable of the cypresses, 
 growing rapidly, being very hardy, and almost invariably preserving a healthy, 
 vigorous appearance. Nor does it seem fastidious as to soil. Among the 
 Chamaecyparis group of cypresses it is distinguished by the four-angled 
 branchlets, due to the ridged centre of the leaves. 
 
 Var. COMPACTA. A dwarf form of dense habit. 
 
 Var. LUTEA. Young shoots yellow, finally green. A vigorous and hand- 
 some form. 
 
 Var. PENDULA. A very striking variety in which the trunk is erect, the 
 primary branches about horizontal, and the leaf-bearing branchlets hanging as 
 slender streamers from the lower side of the branches in a quite vertical line. 
 
 There are various variegated forms, but except for var. lutea above 
 mentioned, they are not of much value ; var. ARGENTEO-VARIEGATA has a 
 proportion of the young shoots creamy white, in AUREO-VARIEGATA they are 
 quite yellow. 
 
 C. OBTUSA, Koch. HlNOKI CYPRESS. 
 
 (Retinispora obtusa, Siebold^ 
 
 A tree 100 to 120 ft. high in Japan, with a reddish brown trunk 3 or 4 ft. in 
 diameter. Branches horizontal or depressed, bearing the successive ramifica- 
 tions in two opposite horizontally spreading rows. The final leaf-bearing sub- 
 divisions are, leaves and all, about T ^ in. wide, and rather flattened. Leaves 
 scale-like, not glandular, of two sizes, the lateral pairs the larger, about ^ in. 
 long, somewhat boat-shaped, clasping the smaller ones above and beneath ; all 
 are blunt, thick, and fleshy, rich green above, paler beneath. The margin of 
 every leaf beneath is defined by a thin line of glaucous bloom, which gives a 
 variegated appearance. Cones solitary on a short branch, ^ in. diameter, 
 brown scales usually eight, the surface slightly hollowed towards the centre, 
 where is a small projection. 
 
 Native of Japan, and long cultivated there for its beauty and for its 
 timber ; introduced by John Gould Veitch in 1861. It yields the most valuable 
 of Japanese timbers. As an ornamental tree in the British Isles it is very 
 pleasing. It does not grow very fast, and the largest trees in the country are 
 only about 40 ft. high, but well-grown specimens are very graceful in their soft 
 feathery branching. It likes a good moist soil, but will not thrive where there 
 is lime. With age and on poor soils it is apt to get thin, but this can to some 
 extent be remedied by clipping oft" the ends of the shoots to induce denser 
 branching a process it bears very well. It is one of the favourite subjects of 
 the Japanese for dwarfing. It is well distinguished from C. pisifera and C. 
 Lawsoniana by its blunt, round-ended leaves, and the thin glaucous line just 
 beyond the margins beneath. 
 
CUPRESSUS 449 
 
 Numerous, varieties are in cultivation, of which the following are the more 
 important : 
 
 Var. AUREA. Young shoots golden yellow. Perhaps more striking is 
 Var. CRIPPSII, coloured similarly, but of a paler shade ; very pleasing as a 
 small tree of dense, very elegant habit. Var. KETELEERI is of the same 
 colouring. 
 
 Var. COMPACTA. Habit dwarf ; branches very short. Another dwarf 
 form is PYGM^EA (nana), a very low, rounded bush suitable for the rock 
 garden. 
 
 Var. FILICOIDES. Habit dense ; branching very close, the ultimate 
 divisions short, much crowded, and not so flattened as in the type. 
 
 Var. LYCOPODIOIDES. Habit dwarf; branching irregular, not strictly in 
 two rows, the ultimate branchlets much thicker, more four-sided, and less 
 compressed than in the type. 
 
 Var. TETRAGONA AUREA. This has the branching of filicoides, but the 
 branchlets are thicker, more four-sided, and scarcely compressed. Young 
 shoots yellow. Dwarf and slow-growing. 
 
 C. PISIFERA, Koch. SAWARA CYPRESS. 
 
 (Retinispora pisifera, Siebold?) 
 
 A tree 70 to 100, occasionally 120 to 130 ft. high, with a trunk 3 to 5 ft. 
 in diameter. Branches arranged in two opposite horizontally spreading rows ; 
 branchlets flat, the ultimate divisions about j'g- in. wide. Leaves of about 
 equal length, the lateral ones somewhat the larger (^ in. long), all with 
 sharp, slender, free points ; dark green above, green at the tips beneath, but 
 with a broad patch of glaucous bloom at the base of each. Cones brown, 
 about the size of a pea ; scales ten or twelve, hollowed towards the centre, 
 where is a minute projection. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced along with vars. filifera, plumosa, and 
 squarrosa by J. G. Veitch in 1861. As a tree for gardens the typical 
 C. pisifera is inferior to C. obtusa, from which it is readily distinguished by 
 its sharply pointed leaves. It is more likely to be confused with some forms of 
 C. Lawsoniana, but the leaves of the American species are rarely so finely 
 pointed, and those of the lateral ranks, as in C. obtusa, are conspicuously 
 longer than the upper and lower ones. In habit C. pisifera is apt to be thin, 
 especially in poor soils, but this may be improved by an occasional clipping 
 over, in spring, more especially when in a small state. An occasional applica- 
 tion of manure water is also beneficial. 
 
 There are four leading varieties of C. pisifera in gardens, the two first adult, 
 the two last juvenile : 
 
 1. Var. AUREA. A variety of the adult type which originated in Messrs 
 Barren's nursery at Borrowash ; it has the whole of the young shoots golden 
 yellow. 
 
 2. Var. FILIFERA (Retinispora filifera). A remarkably distinct form (adult), 
 in which the lateral branching is much reduced, so that the main branchlets 
 become elongated, terete, and cord-like ; the leaves also are larger. Inter- 
 mixed are short branchlets of the type. The tree is low and wide, often a 
 broadly pyramidal shrub only, its whole outer surface furnished with the slender 
 pendulous branchlets. Var. FILIFERA AUREA has the young growths golden. 
 
 3. Var. PLUMOSA (Retinispora plumosa). A persistently juvenile form 
 (or rather " state ") of C. pisifera, not so large-growing, more pyramidal in 
 habit, and not so flatly but more plumosely branched ; the final subdivisions 
 decurved. It is most distinct, however, in the leaves, which are \ in. or more 
 
 2 F 
 
450 CUPRESSUS 
 
 long, awl-shaped, arranged in opposite pairs, and stand out from the axis 
 at an angle of about 45. Var. PLUMOSA ARGENTEA has creamy white young 
 shoots ; var. PLUMOSA AUREA has them yellow ; whilst var. PLUMOSA ALBO- 
 PICTA has them creamy white at the tips only. 
 
 4. Var. SQUARROSA, Masters (Retinispora squarrosa, Siebold.} This retains 
 permanently an even more juvenile type of foliage and branching than 
 plumosa, and one characteristic of seedlings of the species. Normally, seedlings 
 retain it for three or four months, when the plumosa type of foliage develops ; 
 the following year and the year after the typical adult form begins to appear. 
 Var. squarrosa is a very dense-habited bush of uniform silvery, glaucous hue, 
 the branching very bushy, irregular, often lumpy. Leaves about in. long, 
 narrow, flat, and pointed ; glaucous on both sides, and standing out at angles 
 of 45 to 90. They are arranged in pairs or in threes, sometimes spirally, 
 more often decussately. A very pleasing and striking small tree or bush. Var. 
 SQUARROSA SULPHUREA has a distinctly yellowish hue, very marked when 
 grown alongside the ordinary form. Both are apt to get thin with age, and 
 are often improved by an occasional clipping. 
 
 C. SEMPERVIRENS, Linnceus. ITALIAN CYPRESS. 
 
 A tree 80 to 150 ft. high and 4 to 10 ft. in girth of trunk in the Medi- 
 terranean region, its branching either horizontal or fastigiate, the bark 
 thin ; final subdivision of branchlets terete or squarish, ^ to ^ in. wide. 
 Leaves scale-like, dark green, arranged in four rows, closely pressed to the 
 twig or axis, overlapping each other at their bases, the exposed part diamond- 
 shaped, blunt at the apex. Cones globose to oblong, f to \\ ins. long; 
 scales eight to fourteen, usually rising to a point in the middle, but sometimes 
 flat or slightly hollowed, with a thin boss in the centre. Seeds smooth. 
 
 The horizontal form is distinguished as HORIZONTALS, and is probably 
 the type. The erect-growing one is known as STRICTA, but more generally in 
 Italy as "C. pyramidalis," sometimes also as " fastigiata." 
 
 Native of S.E. Europe and Persia, and the " cypress " of the ancients ; 
 cultivated in England for at least four centuries. It lives out-of-doors at 
 Kew, but does not thrive there like C. macrocarpa, needing a warmer climate. 
 This tenderness is more especially marked in young trees. There are fine 
 examples scattered over the south and west parts of our islands. Wherever 
 planted it likes shelter, and should be put out young. The erect-growing 
 form is the most popular in this country, and is the tree whose tall, dark, 
 columnar shape is so characteristic a feature of Italian gardens and cemeteries. 
 It lives to be many hundreds of years old in S. Europe. In the Boboli 
 Gardens, familiar to visitors to Florence, an avenue of cypresses is 300 
 years old, yet shows no evidence of decline. At Somma, in Lombardy, 
 there is, perhaps, the most famous tree in Europe. It is of the horizontal- 
 branched type, and grows close to the Simplon road, which Napoleon is said 
 to have diverted in order to save it. The legend that this tree 'antedates 
 the Christian era is not now accepted as true. The wood of the Italian 
 cypress is remarkably durable, and was much employed for making large 
 chests for clothing, etc., in the Middle Ages, its odour, agreeable to human 
 beings, keeping away moths. According to Loudon, the doors of St Peter's 
 at Rome, made of this wood, stood for over noo years, and were found 
 to be perfectly sound on removal. 
 
 Among the cypresses, C. sempervirens is most closely allied to 
 C. macrocarpa, but may usually be distinguished by the finer, more delicate 
 spray and smaller leaves, also by the frequently shallow, pyramidal apex 
 of the scales, and the smooth, not warted, seeds. 
 
CUPRESSUS CYDONIA 451 
 
 C. THYOIDES, Linnceus. WHITE CEDAR. 
 
 (Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea, Spach.~) 
 
 "*f 
 
 A tree usually 20 to 50, but up to 70 or 80 ft. high in a wild state, with a 
 reddish brown trunk 2 ft. or more in diameter ; of slender columnar form in 
 a young state, and shortly branched. The smaller ramifications are flat, two- 
 ranked, and somewhat fan-shaped ; the branching as a whole is bushy, spiral, 
 and irregular. The trees shed their effete branchlets in fan-shaped pieces, 
 i to 3 ins. long. Leaves in four ranks, the lateral ones usually longer than 
 those above and beneath, which are marked with a conspicuous raised gland ; 
 they are ^ to ^ in. long, pointed, the lateral ones spreading at the tips ; dull 
 grey-green. Cones to in. in diameter, globose, very glaucous ; scales six, 
 each with a triangular boss in the centre. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America, usually found in cold, swampy, often 
 inundated ground ; introduced in the eighteenth century. This tree was more 
 frequently cultivated in earlier times, before the Californian and Japanese 
 cypresses were introduced, than it is now. It is not so striking as they are, 
 but is worth growing for its ne*at columnar habit. Although a swamp tree 
 in its native country it will thrive better here in ordinary, deep, moist soil. 
 In New Jersey immense quantities of trunks of this tree have been found 
 immersed in swamps, many of them, although buried for hundreds of years, 
 perfectly sound and not at all water-logged. It is very distinct in its branch- 
 ing from any other of Chamaecyparis group. 
 
 Var. GLAUCA (syn. kewensis). Leaves glaucous, especially beneath. 
 
 Var. LEPTOCLADA (Retinispora leptoclada, Gordon) A very distinct form 
 of dwarf, close, pyramidal habit ; the main branches erect, the smaller ones 
 very short. Besides the ordinary type of adult foliage it has branches with 
 the juvenile type of leaf, longer and more awl-shaped. It appears to have 
 been raised in a nursery at Andelys, in N.W. France, about 1850. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATA. Young branchlets yellow. 
 
 C. TORULOSA, Don. HIMALAYAN CYPRESS. 
 
 A tree up to 150 ft. high in the Himalaya, with horizontal branches, and 
 bark peeling off in long strips. Branchlets arranged in opposite ranks, more 
 or less drooping, the final subdivisions equally four-sided, about ^ m - m 
 diameter. Leaves of equal size, deep green, scale-like ; overlapping at the 
 base, the terminal part ovate, bluntish, incurved and thickened at the point, 
 often grooved on the back. Cones purplish when young, globose, very shortly 
 stalked, \ to f in. in diameter ; scales eight, rarely ten each, with a small 
 central boss. 
 
 Discovered by Buchanan-Hamilton during his famous journey in Nepal, 
 1802-3; introduced in 1824. It is tender, and only seen to advantage in the 
 southern and western counties. I have specimens from Hewell Grange, 
 Worcester ; Ravenhill, Sevenoaks ; and Penrhyn, Wales. 
 
 Var. CORNEYANA, Carrtere, has the branchlets arranged irregularly rather 
 than in two opposite ranks, and they are more pendulous. 
 
 CYDONIA. QUINCE. ROSACES 
 
 A group of five species of trees and shrubs closely allied to Pyrus, 
 but differing in the many-seeded cells of the fruit. Leaves alternate, 
 deciduous, simple, with large stipules. Flowers normally in almost 
 stalkless clusters, or solitary. Petals five; stamens numerous; calyx 
 
452 CYDONIA 
 
 five-lobed. Fruit large, apple or pear-like, five-celled, with many seeds 
 in each cell. Seeds coated with mucilage. Cydonia was the name 
 given by the ancients to the common quince on account, so it is said, 
 of its growing in great abundance near Cydon, in Crete. 
 
 Four of the quinces come from China and Japan, whilst the common 
 quince of our orchards probably originated in S.E. Europe or Asia Minor, 
 but that is uncertain. The fruits of all the species are fragrant and edible 
 when cooked, but excessively harsh and astringent in the raw state. 
 They are used for making jellies and other conserves, also for flavouring 
 ices, etc. Only one species, C. sinensis, is of doubtful hardiness. They 
 all like a sunny position, and whilst not particular as to soil, prefer a 
 good well-drained loam. The common quince often thrives well in 
 moist positions. 
 
 C. CATHAYENSIS, Hemsley. 
 
 A deciduous shrub of open habit, sparsely branched and more or less 
 thorny. Branches tortuous, furnished with spiny spurs several inches long. 
 Leaves short-stalked, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3 to 5 ins. long, finely 
 toothed, pointed, tapering at the base ; smooth above, reddish downy beneath. 
 On the young growths of the year the stipules are large, broad, and leaflike, 
 oblique, I in. long, toothed. On year-old shoots the leaves are in tufts 
 springing from the axil of a spine ; stipules small. Flowers two or three 
 together in short clusters ; each flower \\ ins. in diameter ; petals white, round, 
 overlapping; calyx ciliate. Stamens numerous, shorter than the petals. Fruit 
 very large and heavy ; 4 to 6 ins. long, 2^ to 3^ ins. wide ; somewhat egg- 
 shaped, but abruptly contracted near the base. Seed f in. long, wedge-shaped, 
 pointed at one end. 
 
 Although this quince is probably a native of China, nothing appears to be 
 definitely known of its habitat. Henry collected it in the province of Hupeh, 
 China, but never undoubtedly wild. It has long been grown at Kew, and by 
 Canon Ellacombe at Bitton, but its introduction is unrecorded. It is perfectly 
 hardy and bears fruit freely, but this does not ripen always out-of-doors. 
 Although not in any way showy, its habit is quaint, and the huge fruits stuck 
 close to the branches have a curious and interesting appearance. Increased 
 by seeds. 
 
 C. JAPONICA, Persoon. JAPANESE QUINCE. 
 
 A deciduous shrub of wide-spreading habit, forming a dense tangle of 
 interlacing, more or less spiny branches, ultimately 10 ft. high, and 20 ft. in 
 diameter ; branchlets downy. Leaves i^ to 37? ins. long, oval, tapering more 
 gradually towards the base than towards the apex, evenly saw-toothed, dark 
 glossy green above, paler beneath, quite smooth on both surfaces ; stipules 
 large and conspicuous on the shoots of the year, as much as i-i- ins. diameter, 
 obliquely kidney-shaped and toothed. Flowers \\ to if ins. across, produced 
 in clusters on the old wood, usually two to four on each cluster, scarlet to 
 blood-red. Fruit stalkless, green-yellow, specked with small dots, 2 to 2^ ins. 
 long and wide, apple-shaped or pear-shaped, fragrant. Syn. Pyrus japonica, 
 Thunberg. 
 
 Native of China and Japan ; introduced by Sir Jos. Banks to Kew in 
 1796, and for many years now one of the best known arid most admired of 
 hardy shrubs. It sometimes commences to flower before Christmas, especially 
 when grown on a wall, and is usually in blossom by February or March, 
 continuing until June, or even later. Sometimes autumn flowers are produced 
 in distinct racemes instead of the stalkless clusters usual to the species ; in 
 these cases the flowers are produced alternately on stalks I in. or more long, 
 
CYDONIA 453 
 
 as many as half a. dozen on each raceme. A similar arrangement is occasion- 
 ally seen in the white variety of C. Mauiei. C. japonica loves the sun, and 
 flowers most freely planted against a south wall. Perhaps it is seen at its 
 best in some sheltered sunny spot as a wide-spreading lawn shrub. It stands 
 pruning well, summer pruning being best. Sometimes it is successfully used 
 as a hedge plant. There is one in Lord Annesley's garden at Castlewellan 
 which flowers admirably, being pruned annually in late summer. A great 
 number of varieties have been sent out by nurserymen, ranging in colour from 
 white and pale yellow to the richest crimson. The following is merely a 
 selection : 
 
 Var. ALBA. Flowers white tinged with rose ; also in a semi-double form 
 (semi-plend}. 
 
 Var. AURORA. Flowers rose, suffused with yellow. 
 
 Var. CARDINALIS. Flowers larger than ordinary, rich crimson. 
 
 Var. " KNAP HILL SCARLET." The most brilliant of red kinds. 
 
 Var. NIVALIS. Flowers white. 
 
 Var. SINICA. Flowers double, deep red. 
 
 Var. SULPHUREA. Flowers yellowish white. 
 
 Var. VERSICOLOR. Flowers rose- and salmon-coloured. 
 
 All these varieties to be obtained true must be increased by layers, although 
 by sowing seeds, new and perhaps improved kinds may be got. 
 
 C. MAULEI, T. Moore. DWARF QUINCE. 
 
 A low, spreading, deciduous thorny shrub, usually under 3 ft. in height, 
 considerably more in width ; branchlets very downy when young. Leaves 
 i to 2 ins. long, obovate or oval to almost orbicular, toothed, tapering at the 
 base to a short stalk, quite smooth ; stipules large on the young growing 
 shoots, ovate or broadly heart-shaped, j to f in. wide. Flowers in almost 
 stalkless clusters from the joints of the year-old wood, very abundant, orange- 
 red, scarlet or blood-red, i| ins. across. Fruit apple-shaped, i^ ins. diameter, 
 yellow stained with red on the sunny side, fragrant. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced about 1869 by Messrs Maule of Bristol. 
 This is one of the most charming of red-flowered dwarf shrubs, flowering from 
 April to June, and when at its best, literally wreathing its branches with 
 blossom. It bears fruits freely, and they are pleasantly coloured and scented 
 in early winter ; though harsh and acid when raw, they make an excellent 
 conserve. Besides its dwarfer habit, it differs from its near ally, C. japonica, 
 in having more obovate or rounded leaves, minutely warted twigs, and more 
 coarsely toothed leaves. Syn. Pyrus Mauiei, Masters. 
 
 Var. ALBA. Flowers white. This form often flowers a second time in 
 autumn, producing its flowers alternately on almost leafless shoots, each flower 
 with a stalk j to \ in. long, the whole forming a raceme 3 or 4 ins. long. 
 
 Var. ALPINA, Rehder (C. Sargentii). A more than usually dwarf form, 
 introduced from the mountains of Japan by Prof. Sargent. Under cultivation, 
 like other alpine varieties, it appears to revert to the type. 
 
 Var. ATROSANGUINEA. Flowers rich blood-red. Var. SUPERBA is nearly 
 or quite the same. 
 
 C. SINENSIS, Thouin. CHINESE QUINCE. 
 
 A small deciduous or semi-evergreen, unarmed tree, up to 20 ft. high, with 
 the bark of the trunk and main branches peeling off in flakes like that of a 
 plane. Branchlets extremely hairy when quite young, afterwards smooth and 
 glossy. Leaves obovate, ovate, or oval ; 2j? to 4^ ins. long, \\ to 2^ ins. wide ; 
 tapering to a stalk \ in. long, which is furnished with hairs and gland-tipped 
 teeth ; upper surface smooth, lower one covered with pale brown hairs, 
 
454 
 
 CYDONIA 
 
 becoming nearly smooth by autumn ; margin regularly and minutely saw- 
 toothed, teeth gland-tipped. Flowers solitary from the buds of the year-old 
 shoots, or on short spurs, stalkless, soft carmine, I to i| ins. across, petals 
 oblong. Fruit egg-shaped, pale citron-yellow when ripe, 5 to 7 ins, long. 
 
 Native of China ; introduced to England in the last decade of the 
 eighteenth century, but afterwards quite lost to cultivation. Reintroduced 
 from Italy in 1898. It succeeds very well on a south wall, and bears fruits 
 which, however, do not ripen or become so large as one sees them on the 
 Italian Riviera, where the tree is much cultivated. In the open it is not quite 
 satisfactory, and suffers in severe winters. This is due no doubt to lack of 
 summer sun, for I saw it a few years ago in the Vienna Botanic Garden 15 ft. 
 or more high in perfect vigour, and the winter cold there is greater than ours. 
 It flowers m April and May. It should be raised from seeds, obtainable from 
 S. Europe. 
 
 CYDONIA VULGARIS. 
 
 C. VULGARIS, 
 
 COMMON QUINCE. 
 
 A deciduous, thornless tree, 15 to 20 ft. high, with crowded branches and a 
 low quaint habit ; young branchlets covered with greyish wool. Leaves ovate 
 or elliptical, i\ to 4 ins. long, if to 2^- ins. wide, not toothed, dark green 
 above, pale with a dense felt of grey wool beneath, especially when young ; 
 stipules hairy, glandular. Flowers 2 ins. across, pink or white, each one 
 solitary at the end of a short twig, produced during May. Fruit light golden 
 yellow, pear-shaped, very fragrant. Syn. Pyrus Cydonia, Zz/zmza.?. 
 
 Var. LUSITANICA. Portuguese Quince. Naturally a more vigorous variety 
 than the type, this is not quite so hardy in Britain. The fruit is 4 ins. long, 
 3^ ins. wide at the thickest part, tapering thence to the stalk ; skin deep 
 yellow covered with grey down. Flowers large, pale rose, and produced in 
 sufficient abundance to make this variety the best worth growing for ornament. 
 
 Var. MALIFORMIS. Apple-shaped Quince. Is the hardiest form ; fruits 4 
 ,ns. long by 2^ ins. wide, rich golden yellow. (To distinguish this from the 
 type, with its pear-shaped fruits, the latter sometimes called "pyriformis.") 
 
CYDONIA CYTISUS 455 
 
 Besides these there are other varieties with vernacular names, the best 
 perhaps of which is the "Vranja" Quince, introduced from and long grown 
 near Vranja, in S. Servia. The fruit is very fragrant, of a clear shining 
 gold, and said to have a softer flesh than most quinces. 
 
 The native country of the quince, like that of some other commonly 
 cultivated plants, does not appear to be definitely known. It has been 
 cultivated in S. Britain and S. Europe from time immemorial, and, if not 
 wild, is naturalised in many countries bordering the Mediterranean. The 
 fruit when raw is harsh and astringent, and unfit for food, but it has long been 
 grown in orchards for flavouring apple-pies, ices, and various confections. 
 The pear-shaped form is perhaps the handsomest of all hardy fruits. The 
 quince is largely employed as a stock on which pears are "grafted. 
 
 CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA, Linnceus. LEATHERWOOD 
 CVRILLACE^:. 
 
 A deciduous shrub in this country, 4 ft. or more high (a small tree in 
 some parts of its native habitat), of spreading habit, free from down in all 
 its parts ; young shoots slender, very leafy. Leaves alternate, oblanceolate 
 or obovate ; i \ to 4 ins. long, \ to i \ ins. wide ; much tapered at the base, 
 more abruptly so or rounded at the apex, dark lustrous green ; stalks 
 \ in. or less long. Flowers very small, numerous and white, crowded 
 on slender cylindrical racemes, 3 to 6 ins. long, J to f in. wide ; produced 
 in late summer and autumn ; the racemes appearing in a horizontal 
 whorl at the base of the current season's growth. Fruit a roundish 
 capsule ^ in. long. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America from N. Carolina to Virginia; found 
 also in the West Indies. This curious shrub was introduced to Britain 
 in 1765, but had long disappeared until reimported ten or fifteen years 
 ago. Only the form from the northern limits of its distribution, which is 
 shrubby and deciduous, is hardy in the south of England; the more 
 southern forms are evergreen, tree-like, and not hardy. The profusion 
 and curious arrangement of the racemes as well as the season at which 
 they appear, give the species a certain distinction and merit. It thrives 
 in a mixture of peat and loam. The natural- order to which it belongs is 
 regarded as being allied to the holly family. 
 
 CYTISUS. BROOMS. LEGUMINOS^E. 
 
 A very important place is filled in gardens by the group of shrubs 
 commonly classed together as "brooms." Of this group, which includes 
 Genista, Spartium, etc., Cytisus is the most important genus. Its species 
 are mostly quite deciduous, some are almost always leafless, and all are 
 shrubby, varying in stature from 12 ft. or more high, down to less than as 
 many inches. The leaves are alternate, simple, or trifoliolate (sometimes 
 both on the same plant). The flowers have the pea-flower shape 
 characteristic of the order, and, with the exception of one or two species, 
 they are yellow. Fruit a pod. The genus is essentially a European 
 one, but a few species extend eastward to Asia Minor, and others reach 
 across the Mediterranean to N. Africa. 
 
456 CYTISUS 
 
 The affinities of the genus are with Laburnum, Ulex, and Genista. 
 Laburnum is distinguished by the thickened or winged sutures (seams) 
 of the pod ; Ulex by the coloured calyx ; but the distinctions between 
 Genista and Cytisus are not so easily found. The most serviceable one 
 is furnished by the seed. In Cytisus the outer coat of the seed has a 
 wart-like excresence near the hilum, which is technically known as the 
 " strophiole." In Genista this is absent or rudimentary. 
 
 The species of Cytisus are easily cultivated. They like a fairly good, 
 but not rich soil, and abundant sunshine. Whenever possible, they 
 should be raised from seeds, but if these are not available cuttings and 
 grafts can be used. Cuttings should be taken in August when the wood 
 has become firm. Pieces from ij to 3 ins. long may be used, always 
 wjth a slight heel of older wood. They should be dibbled in very sandy 
 soil under cloches, or in a frame, only uncovering to give water. They 
 ought to push roots the following spring, and soon after can be potted in 
 small pots, or, if vigorously rooted, planted out straight away in nursery 
 beds, being careful to water and, if necessary, shade until established. 
 The brooms do not transplant well after they have reached a good size, 
 so it is wise to get them in their permanent places early. 
 
 Among the following species are some which stand out by reason of 
 one character alone : thus the purple flowers distinguish purpureus, the 
 pure white ones albus ; the long racemes of nigricans and the frequently 
 stalkless leaves of sessilifolia render those species unmistakable. C. 
 leucanthus is recognised by its nearly white flowers in terminal heads ; 
 supinus and Heuffeli by the yellow ones similarly arranged. 
 
 C. ALBUS, Link. WHITE SPANISH BROOM. 
 
 (Genista multiflora, Spach?) 
 
 A tall broom, sometimes 10 or more ft. high ; branchlets very slender, 
 round, slightly ribbed, downy when young ; but little branched, and produced 
 abundantly 'in besom-like masses. Leaves trifoliolate on the lower part of 
 the shoot, simple towards the top ; leaflets linear, silky, up to \ in. long, 
 or so small as to be scarcely noticeable. Flowers white, produced in May 
 at the joints all along the previous summer's wood, singly, or two or three 
 together ; each flower \ in. long on a stalk of equal length. Pods i in. long, 
 hairy, with thickened seams, four- to six-seeded. 
 
 Native of Spain and Portugal. This beautiful broom, the only really white 
 one that is genuinely hardy, is one of the most useful of hardy shrubs. Easily 
 raised from seed, and reaching its full beauty in three or four years, it is 
 admirably adapted for planting in small groups in shrubberies in association 
 with the sturdier evergreens. It does not rob other plants, although it soon 
 out-tops most of them. 
 
 C. ARDOINI, Fourmer. 
 
 A low, decumbent, deciduous shrub, 4 or 5 ins. high, with round, shallowly 
 grooved, hairy branches. Leaves trifoliolate, with a main-stalk J in. long ; 
 leaflets obovate or oblong, \ in. long, almost shaggy when young on both 
 sides. Flowers golden yellow, produced in April and May, one to three 
 (occasionally up to six) at each joint, on short hairy stalks, on the terminal 
 part of the previous year's shoots. Each flower is about \ in. long, with 
 
CYTISUS 
 
 457 
 
 a short hairy calyx ; the standard petal is orbicular and incurved at the 
 edges. Pod | to i in. long, hairy, containing one or two seeds. 
 
 Native of the Maritime Alps, where, according to Moggridge {Flora of 
 Mentone, t. 58), it is extremely rare in a wild state owing to the plants being 
 eaten over by grazing animals before the seeds have time to ripen. It was 
 first discovered by Ardoino, after whom it is named, in 1847, but was 
 apparently lost sight of until 1866, when it was found again by the Rev. 
 Win. hawker- and introduced to cultivation. It is a singularly pretty little 
 shrub, one of the dwarfest of brooms, quite hardy, and flowers freely. 
 Under cultivation it hybridises readily through insect agency if grown near 
 other species. It is the seed parent of C. kewensis and C. Beani, as well as 
 some other inferior unnamed kinds. It is a delightful rock garden plant, 
 but if associated with other brooms should be raised from cuttings to be sure 
 of coming true. 
 
 CYTISUS BEANI. 
 
 C. BEANI, Nicholson. 
 
 _ A deciduous, semi-prostrate shrub, 6 to 18 ins. high, twice or thrice as wide, 
 with round, slightly grooved, slender branches, hairy when young, afterwards 
 smooth._ Leaves simple, linear, about ^ in. long, hairy. Flowers produced 
 singly, in pairs, or in threes at each joint of the previous summer's growth, 
 deep golden yellow, forming charming sprays of blossom up to I ft. in length. 
 A chance hybrid raised at Kew in 1900, and first noticed in a bed of 
 
458 CYTISUS 
 
 seedlings of C. Ardoini. The pollen parent was evidently C. purgans, which 
 it resembles in leaf and stem ; its semi-prostrate habit it inherits from 
 C. Ardoini. It flowers in May, and is then one of the prettiest of dwarf 
 brooms ; it is, however, at its best when two or three years old. 
 
 C. DALLIMOREI, Rolfe. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8482.) 
 
 A hybrid raised at Kew in 1900 by crossing C. scoparius var. Andreanus 
 (seed-bearer) with C. albus. It is a tall shrub, perhaps 8 or 9 ft. high, of thin, 
 erect habit, suggesting that of C. scoparius. Leaves mostly trifoliolate, downy, 
 young wood ribbed. Flowers about f in. long, the whole of the petals suffused 
 with beautiful shades of rosy pink deepening on the wing-petals to crimson ; 
 the almost orbicular standard petal is f in. long, darker outside than within, 
 keel almost white. Calyx helmet-shaped, shining brown, slightly downy, \ in. 
 long ; flower-stalk \ in. long, downy. At each node the flowers are solitary or 
 in pairs. 
 
 The beautiful broom is quite distinct from any other in cultivation, and is 
 the first hybrid broom raised by artificial cross-fertilisation, all its predecessors 
 having originated as chance crosses made by insects. It is propagated by 
 grafting on Laburnum. As it flowers regularly and in great profusion in May, 
 it ought in time to become a popular garden shrub. 
 
 C. DECUMBENS, Spach. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8230.) 
 
 A prostrate shrub, 4 to 6 ins. high, with five-angled, sparsely hairy 
 branches. Leaves simple, stalkless, to in. long, oblong or obovate, \ to \ 
 in. wide ; hairy, especially beneath. Flowers bright yellow, \ to f in. long, 
 produced singly, in pairs, or in threes from the joints of the preceding summer's 
 shoots ; the flower-stalks are J to \ in. long, and the calyx \ in. long, both 
 hairy. Pod to i in. long, hairy, three- or four-seeded. 
 
 Native of S. Europe from France to Albania and Montenegro. This 
 species is, perhaps, the most prostrate of all brooms in cultivation, lying as it 
 does flat on the ground and only increasing in height by additional growths 
 laid on the older ones. In May and June it is very gay with the bright but rich 
 yellow flowers. It may be strongly recommended for the rock garden, 
 especially for positions where it is in full sunlight. Said by Aiton to have been 
 introduced in 1775, but now rare in gardens. 
 
 C. HEUFFELI, Wierzbicki. 
 
 (C. supinus var. Heuffeli, Briquet?) 
 
 A low, deciduous shrub with slender, erect, or arching branches covered 
 with greyish appressed hairs. Leaves trifoliolate, with stalks \ in. long ; 
 leaflets \ to f in. long, \ in. or less wide ; linear oblong or linear obovate, 
 covered with flattened hairs beneath ; ultimately smooth above. Flowers 
 borne on the shoots of the year in a close terminal head, each f in. long, with 
 narrow, yellow petals, and a very hairy calyx which extends two-thirds the 
 length of the flower. Pod I in. long, ^ in. wide, covered with silky greyish 
 hairs, and containing four to eight seeds. 
 
 Native of Hungary and the Transylvanian Alps. Jt belongs to the 
 C. supinus group, characterised by the terminal inflorescence, the long hairy 
 
CYTISUS 459 
 
 calyx, and the hairy pods. C. Heuffeli is, perhaps, nearest to C. austriacus, the 
 hairs, as in that species, being appressed ; but it is distinguished by its slender 
 stems and narrower leaves. 
 
 C. HIRSUTUS, Linnceus. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6819.) 
 
 A dwarf, more or less decumbent, deciduous shrub, I to 2 ft. high, with 
 round slender stems covered when young with outstanding (not appressed) 
 hairs. Leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets oval, or broadly obovate, up to f in. long, 
 half as much wide, under-surface shaggy. Flowers yellow, I in. or more long, 
 produced in axillary clusters of two to four blossoms ; standard petal stained 
 with brown in the centre, roundish, and as much as f in. across ; calyx tubular, 
 very hairy, \ in. long. Pod I to \\ ins. long, flattened, shaggy. 
 
 Native of S. Europe ; introduced nearly two hundred years ago, but not 
 often seen. It has been much confused with supinus and ratisbonensis ; the 
 former is, of course, quite distinct in its terminal inflorescence ; the latter, 
 which is the more closely allied, is of taller, sturdier habit, and has the hairs on 
 the various parts appressed. 
 
 Var. HIRSUTISSIMUS, Boissier, is sometimes seen in gardens. It is a 
 sturdier, more erect form found further east than the type, occurring in Asia 
 Minor ; the leaves, calyx, and pods are even more hirsute. Up to 3 or 4 ft. high. 
 
 C. CILIATUS, Wahlenberg, is a native of the south-eastern part of the 
 Austrian Empire and Turkey. It is sometimes made a variety of hirsutus, 
 from which it differs chiefly in the pods being hairy only on the seams, or even 
 almost smooth. Habit and flower as in ordinary C. hirsutus. 
 
 C. KE WEN SIS, Bean. 
 
 A low, deciduous, perfectly procumbent shrub, less than i ft. high, but 
 sometimes 6 ft. across. Leaves sometimes simple, but usually trifoliolate, 
 downy. Flowers produced in May singly, or two or three together, at each 
 joint of the previous year's wood ; they are each about \ in. long, creamy white 
 or pale sulphur-yellow, with a fine standard petal \ in. across. 
 
 A hybrid between C. Ardoini (seed-bearer) and C. albus, raised at Kew in 
 1891. For growing on shelves of the rock garden few dwarf shrubs are more 
 beautiful. The flowers are rather larger than those of C. prascox, but otherwise 
 very similar. 
 
 C. LEUCANTHUS, Waldstein. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 1438 ; C. albus, Hacquet, not Link ; C. schipkaensis, Dieck?) 
 
 A dwarf shrub of spreading habit, 4 to 10 ins. high, deciduous, with round, 
 hairy branchlets. Leaves trifoliolate, with a hairy main-stalk J to \ in. long ; 
 leaflets ' about \ in. long, obovate or narrow elliptic, almost smooth above, 
 clothed beneath with appressed hairs. Flowers closely packed in a terminal 
 cluster, yellowish white, six to ten in each cluster. The flower is f in. long, 
 but the petals do not expand fully through being clasped by the large hairy 
 calyx \ in. long. Pod f in. long, compressed, shaggy, containing two to five 
 seeds. 
 
 Native of S.E. Europe. This species was originally introduced to England 
 about 1806, but was afterwards completely lost sight of in gardens ; about 
 1890 it was again introduced from the Balkan Mountains, and having been 
 found on the Shipka Pass, it was distributed from nurseries under the name of 
 C. schipkaensis, without its identity with the old leucanthus being noticed. 
 It flowers best in June and July, but continues until October to produce odd 
 
460 
 
 CYTISUS 
 
 clusters. It is not one of the prettiest of dwarf brooms, but flowers later than 
 most of them. It may be used as a carpeting beneath thinly planted, taller 
 shrubs, or in small patches in the rock garden. It belongs to the supinus 
 group. 
 
 C. MONSPESSULANUS, Linnceus. 
 MONTPELIER BROOM. 
 
 (C. candicans, De Candolle ; Genista 
 candicans, Linnceus.') 
 
 A shrub 6 ft. or more high, with 
 erect, very leafy branches ; evergreen 
 in mild winters. Branchlets con- 
 spicuously ridged, hairy when young. 
 Leaves trifoliolate, short - stalked ; 
 leaflets obovate with a short, abrupt 
 tip, ^ to f in. long, smooth above, 
 hairy beneath. Flowers produced in 
 early May in short racemes or short- 
 stalked umbels, three to nine in each 
 umbel, from the axils of the leaves ; 
 ^ in. long, bright yellow. Calyx ^- 
 to J in. long, bell-shaped, with unequal 
 triangular teeth. Pod ^ to f in. long, 
 shaggy, three- to four-seeded. 
 
 Native of S. Europe from France 
 and Portugal to Dalmatia and Greece, 
 also in N. Africa and Syria ; intro- 
 duced in 1735, but never common on 
 account of its tenderness. Although 
 at Kew it survives winters of moderate 
 severity it succumbs to 15 or 20 of 
 frost, and is therefore really adapted 
 for the mildest parts of our islands only. 
 It has been introduced from N. India, 
 being apparently naturalised in some 
 parts there. 
 
 C. NIGRICANS, Linnceus. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8479 ; C. longispicatus, Hort.*) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 3 to 5 ft. high, 
 with erect, round branches covered 
 with appressed down. Leaves trifoli- 
 olate, with main-stalks J to f in. long ; 
 leaflets i to i in. long, obovate or oval, 
 with scattered hairs beneath. Flowers 
 yellow, in erect slender racemes, ter- 
 minating the shoots of the year, and 
 Whilst the racemes are themselves leafless, 
 growth above the flowers. Flowers crowded 
 t in. long, and borne on a slender, rather 
 Pod i to ii ins. 
 
 sometimes more than I ft. long. 
 
 they frequently extend into leafy 
 
 on the raceme, each one ^ to 
 
 shorter, hairy stalk. Calyx somewhat helmet-shaped, hairy. 
 
 long, \ in. wide, hairy. 
 
 Native of Central and S.E. Europe; introduced in 1730, 
 
 This broom is 
 
CYTISUS 461 
 
 very distinct among its kind, because of its long terminal racemes, which 
 commence to open flowers in July, and continue until the end of August. 
 Flowering as it does on the shoots of the current year, it should be pruned in 
 spring before growth commences. It is wise also to remove the racemes 
 when the flowers are over, so as to prevent excessive seed formation. A group 
 of this broom in the front of a shrubbery is very effective. The flowers turn 
 black when dried, a pecularity (not confined to this species) on which Linnaeus 
 ba^ed the specific name. 
 
 C. PR^COX, Wheeler. WARMINSTER BROOM. 
 
 A hybrid broom with the habit of C. albus, but with denser and heavier 
 masses of young branches. Leaves mostly simple, about \ in. long, silky 
 like the young shoots ; soon falling. Flowers sulphur-yellow, produced in 
 remarkable abundance in early May, and very beautiful then ; but they have 
 a heavy, rather unpleasant odour which renders the plant unsuitable for 
 growing in large masses near the house. It ripens good seed, but the plants 
 do not come true, reverting more or less to one or other parent. It can be 
 increased easily from cuttings placed in sandy soil under cloches in a cold 
 frame during August. This fine broom first appeared among some seedlings 
 of C. purgans in the nursery of Messrs Wheeler of Warminster about 1867. 
 From its appearance it was surmised that it was a hybrid between that species 
 and C. albus, made through insect agency. The reversion of its seedlings to 
 the white broom have since proved this. 
 
 C. PURGANS, Boissier. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, often nearly leafless, 3 or 4 ft. high, of sturdy habit, 
 forming a low, wide mass of rather rigid, erect, grooved branches. Leaves 
 stalkless, narrowly obovate, \ to \ in. long, clothed with appressed silvery 
 hairs, and soon falling. Flowers produced in April and May, singly or in 
 pairs from the joints of the preceding year's wood, deep golden yellow, each 
 flower 35- in. long, on a somewhat shorter stalk. Pod f to i in. long, hairy, 
 three- or four-seeded. 
 
 Native -of France from the Loire southwards to Central Spain ; long 
 cultivated in English gardens (Philip Miller grew it in the Chelsea Botanic 
 Garden in the mid-eighteenth century). The exceptionally rich golden colour 
 of its flowers makes this species well worth cultivation ; it should have the 
 sunniest possible position. Its foliage is a negligible quantity, but the 
 numerous dark green branchlets give the effect of an evergreen. It can be 
 increased in the usual way (see under prascox), but plants so raised are not so 
 long-lived as seedlings. It is said to have purgative and emetic properties, 
 but is poisonous in large quantity, and not used in medicine. 
 
 C. PURPUREUS, Scopoli. PURPLE BROOM. 
 
 A low, deciduous shrub, from i to ij ft. high ; branchlets smooth or 
 nearly so, well furnished with trifoliolate leaves. Leaflets obovate, J to I in. 
 long, stalkless themselves, but with a common stalk J to i in. long ; usually 
 quite smooth, dark green. Flowers purple, produced in May on the shoots 
 of the preceding summer, one to three of them at each joint. Each flower 
 is | in. long ; the calyx \ to \ in. long. Pod quite smooth, I to i^ ins. long, 
 containing three or four seeds. 
 
 Native of Central and S.E. Europe ; introduced in 1792. From the colour 
 of its flowers it is one of the most distinct of brooms, and one of the most 
 charming of dwarf shrubs. It makes an admirable cover for the ground 
 
462 
 
 CYTISUS 
 
 beneath a group of taller thinly planted shrubs. A good system of cultivating 
 it is to cut out the flowering shoots as soon as the flowers have faded, leaving 
 
 the young growths that always spring up from 
 near the ground to form the flowering shoots for 
 the following year. Seeds provide the best means 
 of propagation, and a sufficient quantity of them 
 should, of course, be left 'to ripen for the pur- 
 pose. There is a white-flowered variety (FLORE 
 ALBO), and one with more rosy flowers (CARNEUS 
 or ROSEUS). 
 
 C. RATISBONENSIS, Schaffer. 
 (C. biflorus, L'Heritier; Bot. Reg.,-t. 308.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, ultimately 4 to 6 ft. high, 
 the erect, round branches covered with short, 
 greyish, appressed down. Leaves trifolialate, on 
 stalks j to | in. long ; leaflets f to \\ ins. long, 
 \ to \ in. wide ; covered beneath with appressed 
 hairs, the margins ciliate ; upper surface smooth 
 except when young. Flowers produced during 
 May, two to four together at each joint of the 
 previous summer's wood ; they are bright yellow, 
 I in. or more long, the standard petal roundish 
 and \ in. across ; calyx tubular, \ in. long; pod 
 I in. long, 1% in. wide, both with appressed hairs. 
 
 Native of Europe from Germany to the 
 Caucasus, abundant in Hungary and the Balkan 
 States. It is very hardy, and easily increased by 
 the numerous seeds it bears ; altogether a hand- 
 some and useful broom. It comes from the 
 Continent under a variety of names and in slightly 
 differing forms, varying in stature and in the 
 character of the down. C. ELONGATUS, Wald- 
 stein, for instance, is a robust form with down 
 of a more felted character mixed with outstanding 
 hairs. Then such names as ruthenicus, uralensis, 
 and serotinus indicate plants scarcely differing 
 from the type. Mr Briquet makes it a variety 
 of C. hirsutus, but that is well distinguished by 
 its dwarfer, more spreading habit, and especially 
 by the hairs not being appressed. 
 
 C. SCOPARIUS, Link. COMMON BROOM. 
 
 (Sarothamnus scoparius, Koch?) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, up to 5 or 6 ft. high in the 
 open ; twice as high when drawn up in shrub- 
 beries. Although the leaves fall in autumn, the 
 plant, by the greenness of its branches, retains 
 an evergreen aspect through the winter. Branch- 
 lets erect, straight, prominently angled, hairy 
 
 CYTISUS PURPUREUS when y un g- Leaves at the base of the shoot 
 
 trifoliolate and stalked, those near the end stalk- 
 less and often reduced to one leaflet. Leaflets obovate, sometimes narrowly 
 so, J to in. long, smooth except beneath when quite young. Flowers a rich 
 
 
 
CYTISUS 
 
 463 
 
 glowing yellow, I in. long, produced singly or in pairs from the joints of the 
 year-old shoots in May ; standard petal round, f in. across ; calyx smooth. 
 Pod i^ to 2 ins. long, hairy, especially on the margins. 
 
 Native of W. Europe, and the only Cytisus native of the British Isles, over 
 which it is widely spread. 
 
 Var. ANDREANUS, Dippel. Similar to the type in habit, foliage, and shape of 
 flower, but with the wing-petals of a rich brownish crimson, and the standard 
 petal, though mainly yellow, stained and lined with the same colour. This 
 beautiful and striking variety was discovered by the late Mr Edouard Andre 
 growing wild in Normandy, about 1884. It succeeds best grafted on Laburnum. 
 It comes only partly true from seed, many of its progeny having flowers very 
 poorly coloured as compared with the parent ; but some distinct and improved 
 forms have been obtained, especially by Mr T. Smith of Newry ; one of the 
 best he has named " Firefly," more highly coloured than Andreanus itself. 
 
 Var. FLORE PLENO. Flowers 
 double. 
 
 Var. FOLIIS VARIEGATIS. 
 Leaves variegated with white, the 
 whole plant having a not unpleasing 
 grey effect. 
 
 Var. PENUULUS (C. grandiflorus 
 of nurseries). This variety is not 
 only distinct because of its low pros- 
 trate habit (pendulous only when 
 grafted on standards of Laburnum), 
 it is particularly showy, because of 
 the large size of its flowers. 
 
 Var. SULPHUREUS. Moonlight 
 Broom. A dwarfer, flatter-growing, 
 more compact shrub than the type, 
 with pretty pale sulphur - yellow 
 flowers. 
 
 Whilst the ordinary broom, in 
 spite of its great beauty, may be 
 considered too common a shrub to 
 deserve a place in the garden 
 proper, it is admirable for semi- 
 wild spots, dry banks, and such-like 
 places. All the varieties are worth 
 growing, especially Andreanus, 
 pendulus, and sulphureus. The 
 common broom is best propagated CYTISUS SESSILIFOLIUS. 
 
 by seed ; but seed is too uncertain 
 
 to be employed for the varieties. Perhaps the best way to increase them is to 
 graft them low on seedlings or on roots of either of the common Laburnums. 
 This should be done in spring, using sprays with wood two seasons old. Cuttings 
 of the current season's wood put under cloches in August take root fairly well, 
 but plants so raised are apt to die off suddenly when a year or two old through 
 decay at what was the base of the cutting, due to the callus not completely 
 covering the pithy part of the base. Young brooms, however raised, should be 
 cropped over several times when young, to induce a bushy form. 
 
 C. SESSILIFOLIUS, Linnczus. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 255.) 
 
 A deciduous, bushy shrub, 5 or 6 ft. high, -with ribbed, not downy branchlets. 
 Leaves smooth, trifoliolate, usually without stalks on the short flowering shoots, 
 
464 CYTISUS 
 
 but with stalks up to f in. long on the stronger, non-flowering ones. Leaflets 
 very variable in shape, often obovate, but also oval, roundish, or oblate, from 
 j to f in. long, pointed. Flowers four to ten, in short racemes terminating 
 short side twigs of the year, bright yellow, in. long, expanding in June. Pod 
 ij ins. long, | in. wide, smooth. 
 
 Native of S. Europe and N. Africa ; introduced about three hundred years 
 ago, and one of the most attractive of the later-flowering brooms. It is more 
 appreciated on the Continent than with us, and gives some of the brightest 
 effects seen in German gardens in June. 
 
 C. SUPINUS, Linntzus. 
 (C. capitatus, Scopoli.} 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 2 to 4 ft. high, with round, erect, hairy branches. 
 Leaves trifoliolate, with a main-stalk about- \ in. long ; leaflets obovate or 
 elliptical, very hairy beneath, ultimately smooth above, \ to I in. long. 
 Flowers in a terminal cluster or umbel 2 ins. across, each flower nearly I in. 
 long, with bright yellow petals ; calyx tubular, \ in. long, very hairy. Pod 
 \\ ins. long, \ in. wide, covered with shaggy hairs. 
 
 The shrub here described must be taken to represent a considerable group 
 of brooms found in a wild state over an area reaching from Spain in the west 
 through the south of Europe to Turkey in the east, all characterised by a 
 terminal umbel of flowers and hairy stems, leaves, calyx, and pods. It is a 
 group which in its largest sense includes C. Heuffeli and C. leucanthus, but 
 these being distinct enough to be readily recognised are here described 
 separately. In a restricted sense it must include C. AUSTRIACUS, Linnczus, 
 which differs in having the hairs on the shoots, calyx, and pods appressed. All 
 the members of this group flower on the shoots of the year in July and August, 
 and intermittently until the frosts come. Whatever pruning, therefore, is 
 necessary, should be done in spring before growth recommences, when the 
 last made shoots may, if desired, be cut back almost to the old wood. 
 
 C. SUPRANUBIUS, O. Kuntze. TENERIFFE BROOM. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8509 ; C. nubigenus, Link ; Spartium nubigenum, Linnceus.') 
 
 A shrub 8 to 10 ft. high, of broom-like habit; twigs stiff, stout, ribbed, 
 clothed with white hairs at first, soon smooth. Leaves of three leaflets, each 
 J to ^ in. long, ^ to ^ in. wide, with a main-stalk of about the same length ; 
 inconspicuous or absent. Flowers borne in May in axillary clusters on the 
 previous season'sjshoots; they are milky 'white with a tinge of rose, ^ in. long; 
 standard petal roundish obovate, ^ in. long; calyx and flower-stalk hairy. 
 Seed-pod brown, i to i J ins. long. 
 
 Native of the Canaries, and very abundant on the Peak of Teneriffe. It 
 was cultivated at Kew seventy years ago, but is too tender to withstand hard 
 winters there. It is, however, so beautiful and so distinct that it is much to 
 be recommended for the milder parts of the kingdom. At Glasnevin, Dublin, 
 it is 8 ft. high in the open, producing the effect of an evergreen through the 
 dark green of its numerous branchlets which resemble those of Spartium 
 junceum. They are, therefore, very much stouter than those of the common 
 white broom C. albus. 
 
 C. VERSICOLOR, Hort. 
 
 A hybrid, of which C. purpureus is'one parent and either ratisbonensis or 
 elongatus the other. It has inherited the characters and general aspect of 
 C. purpureus, having smooth stems and similar foliage,. but is a sturdier, taller, 
 
CYTISUS DANAE 465 
 
 and more rounded bush, 2 ft. or more high. It differs from C. purpureus in 
 having the flowers a distinct compromise between yellow and purple, and in 
 having a quite hairy calyx. It has been known for about fifty years, and is a 
 very desirable broom. 
 
 DABCECIA POLIFOLIA, Don. ST DABEOC'S HEATH. 
 
 ERICACEAE. 
 
 (D. cantabrica, Koch; Boretta cantabrica, 0, Kuntze.^ 
 
 \ 
 
 An evergreen shrub up to 2 ft. high, with slender, erect stems, 
 furnished with glandular hairs. Leaves alternate, ovate oblong, J to f in. 
 long, y 1 ^ to ^ in. wide, tapering at both ends, very dark glossy green and 
 with a few scattered hairs above, covered beneath with a close white 
 wool ; stalk scarcely evident. During the summer a cluster of two or 
 three .small leaves comes in the axil of each leaf. Flowers produced from 
 June to November in erect, terminal, glandular racemes, ultimately 
 3 to 5 ins. long. Corolla broadly egg-shaped, f to J in. long ; contracted 
 at the mouth, where are four tiny reflexed lobes ; rosy purple. Calyx with 
 four glandular, hairy divisions, which are J in. long. Seed-vessel four- 
 celled, hairy ; flowers-stalk J in. long. 
 
 Var. ALBA. Flowers pure white, and the whole plant of a paler cast 
 than the type; discovered in Connemara in 1820. 
 
 Var. ATROPURPUREA has richer red-purple flowers than the type. 
 
 Var. BICOLOR (syn. versicolor) has some of its flowers white, others 
 purple, whilst others are partly white and partly purple ; all on the same 
 plant. 
 
 Native of W. Europe, including Ireland, where it is found in 
 Connemara. This beautiful little shrub is one of the most valuable we 
 possess, flowering as it does from late June until after the autumn frosts 
 come. It make a charming picture planted in large patches, either of 
 one sort, or more mixed. It may be propagated by seed, and its 
 varieties by cuttings. Closely allied to Erica, it differs in the corolla not 
 being persistent. The plants are better if pruned over in early spring, 
 so as to remove the old flower-spikes and part of the previous year's 
 shoots. This tends to keep them closer in habit and more effective in 
 blossom. It likes a peaty soil or a light, sandy loam, free from lime, with 
 which leaf-mould has been mixed. 
 
 DANAE LAURUS, Medicus. ALEXANDRIAN LAUREL. 
 LILIACE/E. 
 
 (D. racemosa, Moench ; Ruscus racemosus, Linnccus.} 
 
 An elegant evergreen shrub, 2 to 4 ft. h;gh, with green, slender, erect 
 or spreading, semi-woody stems, once-branched and quite smooth. 
 "Leaves" alternate, oblong-lanceolate, ij to 4 ins. long, \ to ij ins. 
 wide ; bright green on both surfaces, taper-pointed, abruptly narrowed 
 at the base but scarcely stalked. Flowers greenish yellow, small, bisexual, 
 
 2 G 
 
466 DANAE DAPHNE 
 
 produced four to six together at the end of the branches each on a stalk, 
 in. long. Fruit a berry, J in. across, red, with a pale, saucer-shaped 
 disk at the base. 
 
 Native of S. Europe and Asia Minor; introduced in 1713. This 
 pretty evergreen with a rather bamboo-like habit, is closely allied to the 
 butcher's broom (Ruscus), and was once placed in the same genus. It 
 is, however, quite distinct in its terminal inflorescence, bisexual flowers, 
 and unarmed " leaves." The so-called " leaves," as in Ruscus, are really 
 flattened branches (cladodes), but perfectly resemble leaves, and perform 
 the ^ame functions. The sprays are valuable for winter cutting, and 
 placed in vases in association with flowers, remained fresh a long time, 
 and very pleasing in their cheerful, polished green. The plant thrives 
 well in semi-shaded spots in moist soil. Its fruits are not borne regularly 
 with us, but seeds can be purchased from seedsmen. Failing them, it is 
 easily increased by division in spring- 
 
 DAPHNE. 
 
 A genus of small, beautiful, mostly fragrant-flowered shrubs, both 
 evergreen and deciduous ; with tough, flexible bark and young wood. 
 Leaves alternate, except in D. Genkwa, never toothed or divided, and 
 with little ,or no stalk. Flowers very like those of a lilac, in having a 
 tubular base, expanding at the mouth into four spreading lobes. (There 
 is only one floral envelope, and it is usually called the "calyx" or 
 "perianth.") They are produced in terminal heads or axillary clusters. 
 Stamens eight, in two rows of four. Fruit berry-like, one-seeded. The 
 outside of the flower is frequently hairy, the inside frosted or glistening. 
 Most of the cultivated Daphnes are European, and are found on a lime- 
 stone formation, but a few are Asiatic. None is found in N. America, 
 but Dirca palustris of the eastern United States is a near ally. 
 
 Whilst some of the Daphnes are easy to cultivate, others are found by 
 many growers and in many places to be difficult to establish. Most of 
 the European species prefer to grow where lime is present; they also 
 like good drainage combined with abundant moisture. D. Laureola and 
 pontica grow well in semi-shaded spots, and lime is not a necessity for 
 them. Nor is it necessary for D. odora, Dauphinii, or retusa. I have 
 not observed that a wholly peaty soil, recommended by many writers, is 
 good for Daphnes. A soil of good sandy loam with lime rubble mixed 
 is more likely to suit the majority. In places like the Thames Valley, 
 where there are frequently hot dry spells during the summer, small 
 boulders of limestone are useful laid over the roots to conserve moisture. 
 The majority like abundant sunshine, whilst they abhor dryness at the 
 root. The rock garden affords an admirable site for all the dwarfer 
 species. All or nearly all transplant badly, and should be given per- 
 manent places early. 
 
 The odora group can be increased most readily by cuttings ; D. 
 Blagayana and D. Cneorum by layering; D. Mezereum, D. pontica, D. 
 Laureola, and D. alpina come freely from seed. For the rest grafting 
 
DAPHNE 467 
 
 is usually resorted to, and generally seedlings of Mezereum for the 
 deciduous ones and seedlings of Laureola for the evergreen ones are 
 employed. It has, however, to be admitted that many of the Daphnes 
 are still untamed wildings. In some places a few species find the 
 conditions so suitable that they thrive without any special care. But I 
 know of no place where the cultivation of all the Daphnes, or even the 
 hardier ones, has been satisfactorily achieved. It is quite possible also 
 that, like many shrubs that flower with the same profusion, they are 
 naturally short-lived. 
 
 D. ALPINA, Linnceus. 
 
 A dwarf, deciduous shrub, 6 to 18 ins. high, with short, erect, downy twigs. 
 Leaves oblanceolate, \ to if ins. long, to \ in. wide ; often crowded towards 
 the end of the shoot, grey-green, downy on both sides. Flowers white, 
 fragrant, produced during May and June in terminal clusters of six to ten, the 
 cylindrical, slender tube \ in. long, downy outside ; the four lobes lanceolate, 
 pointed ; fruit yellowish red. 
 
 Native of the European Alps ; introduced in 1759. Suitable for the rock 
 garden, especially in association with limestone, on which formation it is 
 always found. A neat plant of no great beauty, but pleasing for its fragrance. 
 
 D. ALTAIC A, Pallas 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 1875.) 
 
 A low, deciduous shrub with smooth shoots and leaves, the latter oblan- 
 ceolate or narrowly oblong, pointed, i^ to 2\ ins. long, to in. wide, smooth. 
 Flowers only slightly scented, usually about five or six in a terminal cluster ; 
 white, \ in. diameter, downy outside ; perianth segments reflexed ; ovary 
 smooth ; fruit red. 
 
 Native of the Altai Mountains ; discovered about 1780. It is closely 
 allied to D. caucasica, but is considered to differ in having a looser, less 
 silky down on the corolla-tube. As represented in cultivation, D. altaica has 
 larger, more pointed leaves, fewer flowers on an average in the cluster, and 
 does not produce a crowd of short flowering twigs from the previous year's 
 shoot, as does D. caucasica. The two, however, are probably geographical 
 forms of the one species, to which the shrub grown as D. SOPHIA also belongs. 
 Distinguished from D. alpina by its smooth leaves. 
 
 D. BLAGAYAXA, Freyer. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7579 ; Garden, 1878, t. 143.) 
 
 A dwarf, evergreen shrub of spreading habit, rarely more than I ft. high. 
 Leaves stalkless, aggregated in a tuft at the end of the twig, narrowly obovate, 
 tapered towards the base, rounded at the apex ; I to if ins. long, \ to | in. 
 wide ; smooth on both surfaces. Flowers creamy white, very fragrant, 
 produced in March and April, crowded in a head of twenty to thirty blossoms 
 at the end of the twig and about 2 ins. across, consisting of several umbels, 
 subtended by thin, greenish, silky bracts. Flowers \ in. diameter ; the lobes 
 broadly ovate, J in. long ; the tube f to f in. long, slenderly cylindrical, slightly 
 silky. Fruit pinkish white, rarely seen in cultivation. 
 
 Native of the mountains of E. Europe, discovered by Count Blagay in 
 1837 ; introduced about 1875. This beautiful and sweet-scented Daphne has 
 perhaps nowhere been so successfully cultivated as in the Glasnevin Botanic 
 
468 DAPHNE 
 
 Gardens. It is there planted on low mounds composed of stones and loam 
 from a granite district. The secret of success appears to be in the continuous 
 layering of the shoots. As soon as the young growths are. an inch or so 
 long, the previous summer's branches are weighed down to the ground by 
 placing stones on them. A little soil may come between. By this system 
 the whole plant is always renewing its root system at the younger parts. 
 At Glasnevin I have seen a patch 8 ft. across, in the rudest health. This 
 system is, no doubt, helped by. the moist, equable climate of Dublin. As 
 this shrub is found on calcareous rock, stones of the same character would 
 appear to be preferable for layering, but Sir F. Moore tells me he does not 
 consider this Daphne needs lime. He recommends good loam or peat and 
 leaf-soil, and partial shade. 
 
 D. CAUCASICA, Pallas. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7388 ; D. salicifolia, Lamarck.') 
 
 A deciduous shrub, up to 4 ft. high, with flowering twigs downy ; barren 
 young twigs less so, or smooth. Leaves produced along the entire shoot, 
 oblanceolate, tapered at the base and oftener rounded than tapered at the 
 apex ; I to if ins. long, \ to ^ in. wide ; smooth, pale green above, somewhat 
 glaucous beneath. Flowers glistening white, fragrant, produced during May 
 and June in terminal heads of usually four to twelve blossoms ; the perianth 
 \ in. across, with ovate lobes ; tubes \ in. long, cylindrical, silky outside ; 
 ovary slightly downy. 
 
 Native of the Caucasus ; many times' introduced and lost. It has no great 
 merit, but is pleasing in its fragrance and for its abundant flower clusters 
 borne at the end of crowded, short, leafy shoots springing from the previous 
 year's growth. It thrives exceedingly well at Warley Place, where there are 
 rounded bushes 4 ft. high. It differs from D. alpina in its smooth leaves. 
 
 D. CNEORUM, Linn&us. GARLAND FLOWER. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 313-) 
 
 An evergreen trailing shrub, producing a great number of long, slender, 
 minutely downy branches, densely clothed with leaves, and forming a low, 
 spreading mass under i ft. high. Leaves oblanceolate, with a tapering base 
 and broadly wedge-shaped apex, ending in a minute bristle-like tip ; f to i in. 
 long, to \ in. wide ; dark green above, greyish beneath, smooth. Flowers 
 crowded in! a dense terminal cluster, numerous, scarcely stalked ; they are 
 fragrant and rich rosy pink, the tube in. long, very downy outside, the 
 expanded part f in. across, with ovate-oblong lobes. Blossoms in May. 
 
 Native of Central and S. Europe ; introduced in 1752. This Daphne is 
 the best and most useful of the evergreen species, from all the rest of which 
 grown in gardens it is distinguished by its lax, prostrate habit. It flowers with 
 remarkable freedom, the leaves being almost entirely hidden by bloom. It 
 likes a permanently moist bottom, and apparently thrives well in calcareous 
 soil. Some of the healthiest plants I have seen in the London district were 
 (some years ago) in one of the plots under the control of the London County 
 Council on Plumstead Common, Kent. This place is on a limestone formation, 
 and is perhaps 200 ft. above the Thames. The plants had, apparently, treat- 
 ment similar to that meted out to privets and such-like, but were in rude 
 health. At the same time it succeeds splendidly in the R.H.S. gardens at 
 Wisley, where the soil is a sandy peat. It is a good plan to layer the outer 
 shoots by placing stones on them, as recommended for D. Blagayana. 
 
 Var. VERLOTI, Meissner (D. Verloti, Grenier). A distinct variety. Leaves 
 up to i in. long, but rarely more than in. wide ; the flowers less numerous 
 
DAPHNE 469 
 
 and less densely packed in the head ; the perianth tube as much as f in. long. 
 Native of the Dauphiny and Bavarian Alps. 
 
 A variety with white flowers has been found in the Jura Mountains. The 
 so-called "van major" appears to have no standing. 
 
 Nearly allied to, and sometimes confused in gardens with, D. Cneorum is 
 D. STRIATA, Trattinick) a native of the European Alps. It is, however, easily 
 recognised by the striated, smooth tube of the flower (that of Cneorum being 
 very downy), and by the smooth young shoots. The leaves, arrangement of 
 flowers, etc., are about the same as in D. Cneorum. Flowers deep rose. 
 D. striata is very rare in gardens. 
 
 D. COLLIXA, Smith. 
 
 An evergreen bush, 2 to 3 ft. high, of bushy habit ; young shoots silky 
 hairy. Leaves obovate, tapered at the base, mostly rounded or blunt at the 
 apex ; | to i| ins. long, j to f in. wide ; dark glossy green above, pale and 
 very hairy beneath. Flowers fragrant, purplish rose, produced in a terminal 
 head of ten to fifteen blossoms ; they are j- in. across, and felted with silky 
 hairs outside ; lobes roundish ovate. 
 
 Native of Italy, Crete, Asia Minor; introduced in 1752. It is not very 
 often seen in cultivation, and usually under the name of D. sericea, which is a 
 very closely allied species with tapering pointed leaves, and young shoots 
 soon becoming smooth. Neither of the two i6 very hardy. 
 
 D. DAUPHINII, Hort. 
 
 (D. hybrida, Lindley, Bot. Reg., t. 1177.) 
 
 This is an evergreen shrub with very much the aspect of D. odora, between 
 which and D. collina it is supposed to be a hybrid. Its leaves are narrowly 
 oval, i to 3 ins. long, glossy green above, quite smooth. Flowers in a terminal 
 cluster, very fragrant, about the size of those of odora and of a similar 
 colour (reddish purple), but readily distinguished from those of that species 
 by the hairiness of the tube outside, also of the lobes. This character it 
 inherits from D. collina. This hybrid Daphne is somewhat hardier than 
 D. odora, but is not really happy out-of-doors near London, needing 
 at least winter shelter there. It is essentially a south and west country 
 evergreen. Propagated by cuttings. 
 
 D. GENKWA, Siebold. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, probably 3 or 4 ft. high, the erect, slender, sparsely 
 branched shoots covered with silky hairs when young. Leaves oval-lanceolate, 
 from i to 2 ins. long, \ to f in. wide ; pointed, silky hairy beneath, short- 
 stalked ; mostly opposite, occasionally alternate. Flowers lilac-coloured, 
 produced during May at the joints of the naked wood of the previous year 
 in stalked clusters, the stalks up to \ in. long, silky. There are from three 
 to seven flowers in each cluster, the tube \ to in. long, slender, silky hairy 
 outside, the expanded portion \ in. across. 
 
 Introduced from China by Fortune in 1843, an d later from Japan, where 
 it has long been cultivated but is not native. Unfortunately it is too tender 
 for all but the mildest parts, and is short-lived in cultivation. The flower is 
 very like that of a common lilac in form and colour, and when the shoots 
 are well furnished with them the plant is a beautiful object. Shoots" i^ ft. 
 long are sometimes made in a season, the upper two-thirds of which will 
 be covered with blossom. These long, slender wands of blossom, the 
 
470 DAPHNE 
 
 comparatively long-stalked clusters, and especially the opposite leaves, make 
 this Daphne very distinct. It is said to require a soil devoid of chalky 
 substances, but its treatment is little understood. 
 
 D. HOUTTEANA, Lindley. PURPLE-LEAVED DAPHNE. 
 (D. Laureola var. purpurea, Hort. ; D. Mezereum atropurpurea, Dippel^) 
 
 There seems to be little doubt that this is a hybrid between D. Mezereum 
 and D. Laureola. It was first described and figured by Louis Van Houtte, in 
 the Flore des Serrcs, t. 592, in 1851, but he did not know its origin or even 
 venture to give it a name. He alludes to it as " D. Mezereum foliis atro- 
 purpureis of several gardens." It has since been mostly called D. Laureola 
 var. purpurea, but is distinct from both species. 
 
 A partially evergreen shrub, 2 to 4 ft. high, with stiff, erect branches. 
 Leaves usually crowded towards the tip of the shoot, and resembling those of 
 D. Laureola in size, shape, and texture, but of a dark purplish tinge. Flowers 
 pale lilac, produced two to five together in short-stalked clusters. At the time 
 of flowering (April) there usually remain a few purple leaves of the preceding 
 summer's growth. It is from the axils of these and the buds beneath them 
 that the flowers are borne.' 
 
 D. JAPONICA, Szebold. 
 
 (D. Mazeli, Carriere ; D. odora var. Mazeli, Hemsley.") 
 
 An evergreen shrub nearly allied to D. odora, and of the same size and 
 aspect. The foliage, too, is similar, and the flowers of the same shape, size, 
 and fragrance, but instead of being borne exclusively in terminal clusters, the 
 flowers are also produced on short-stalked clusters from the leaf-axils along 
 the branches ; they are pink outside, whitish within. This Daphne is 
 somewhat hardier than D. odora, but requires winter protection near London. 
 It commences to bloom in November and lasts through the winter. 
 
 Native of Japan, whence it was introduced about 1866. Now very rare in 
 gardens. It was figured in the Garden for Nov. 16, 1878. 
 
 D. LAUREOLA, Linnaus. SPURGE LAUREL. 
 
 An evergreen shrub of bushy habit, 2 to 4 ft. high, devoid of down in all 
 its parts. Leaves oblanceolate, tapered gradually to the base, more abruptly 
 to the point ; from i^ to 4^ ins. long, \ to i\ ins. wide ; dark lustrous green, 
 and of thick, firm texture." Flowers yellowish green, with no odour, produced 
 during February and March ; they are borne in clusters of three to eight 
 blossoms, each cluster on a common stalk about in. long, springing from 
 the axils of the uppermost leaves of the preceding year's growth. Flowers 
 \ in. long, in. diameter. Fruit ovoid, bluish black when ripe. 
 
 Native of S. and W. Europe, including England. Like D. pontica, it 
 prefers a moist soil and semi-shade, and is useful in association with woodland, 
 chiefly for its shining evergreen foliage, for the flowers have neither fragrance 
 nor bright colour to recommend them. D. pontica differs in having larger, 
 mostly twin flowers produced at the base of the new shoots six or eight weeks 
 later, and thinner leaves 
 
 Var. PHILIPPJ, Grenier. A dwarf, densely bushy shrub with sturdy, short 
 shoots". Leaves closer and more densely arranged on the shoot than in the 
 type ; obovate, f to 2 ins. long, \ to f in. wide, dark glossy green. Flowers 
 smaller than in the type. Native of the Pyrenees. 
 
DAPHNE 
 
 471 
 
 D. MEZEREUM. Linnaus. MEZEREON. 
 
 A deciduous, erect-branched shrub, ultimately 3 to 5 ft. high and as much 
 through, usually tapering to a naked base ; young shoots covered with small 
 flattened hairs. Leaves oblanceolate, tapering at the base to a short stalk, 
 rounded or pointed at the apex ; i J to 3^ ins. long, to in. wide ; dull 
 rather grey green, especially beneath ; smooth. Flowers purplish red, very 
 fragrant, produced from the buds of the leafless twigs in February and March ; 
 clustered closely on the branches in twos and threes. Each flower is \ in. 
 across, the four segments of the perianth ovate ; the tube \ in. long, slender, 
 downy. Berries globose, \ in. diameter, red. 
 
 Native of Europe 
 and Siberia ; found 
 apparently wild, 
 though sparsely so in 
 Britain. This is one 
 of the earliest and 
 most attractive of our 
 s p r i n g - fl o w e r i n g 
 shrubs, and a healthy 
 specimen with its erect, 
 cylindrical masses of 
 blossom is precious for 
 both its rich colour 
 and its exquisite fra- 
 grance. It is also 
 beautiful with fruit 
 in autumn. In many 
 places it is not easy 
 to grow, and is apt 
 to die off. suddenly 
 without any apparent 
 cause. I think it loves 
 cool, moist conditions, 
 and is liable to ex- 
 haustion through ex- 
 cessive seed-bearing. 
 In the summer of 1910 
 I saw it naturalised in 
 a wood just above the 
 Falls of Niagara, on 
 the Canadian side, 
 very damp, and traversed by a multitude of streams making their way to the river. 
 
 Var. ALBA, Aiton. Flowers dullish white ; fruits bright yellow. This 
 variety comes true from seed, and is somewhat more robust than the red- 
 flowered type. A form with purer white blossoms is known as " Paul's white." 
 There is also a form with double white flowers. var. FLORE ALBO PLENO. 
 
 Var. GRANDIFLORA, Dippel (D. autumnalis, Hort.\ Commences to 
 flower in October and lasts until February. The flowers are rather larger 
 than in the type, and equally richly coloured and fragrant. As it does not bear 
 fruit usually, it is grafted on the type, which is readily propagated by seeds. 
 
 D. NEAPOLITANA, Loddiges. 
 
 (D. Fioniana, Hort. ; D. Delahayana, Hort,} 
 
 A dense, erect-branched shrub, 2 to 3 ft. high, of bushy habit, and ever- 
 green ; shoots dark brown, with minute forward-pointing hairs. Leaves short- 
 
 DAPHNE NEAPOLITANA. 
 
472 DAPHNE 
 
 stalked, scattered along the branches, oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, rounded 
 or obtusely angled at the apex ; f to I J ins. long, to A in. wide ; dark glossy 
 green and smooth above, glaucous and more or less hairy towards the base 
 beneath. Flowers in one or more leafy clusters at the apex of the branches, 
 from ten to fourteen flowers in a cluster, opening successively from March to 
 May, and even later ; at first they are rosy purple, but turn pale with age, 
 sweetly scented, A- in. long and wide, covered outside with minute whitish 
 down. Fruit not seen. 
 
 This Daphne, which is one of the most robust and easiest to cultivate of 
 a difficult class of plants, would appear to be a hybrid of natural origin. 
 Lindley, who gave an excellent figure of it in Bot. Reg", t. 820, called it 
 D. collina var. neapolitana. The general opinion now held is that it is a 
 hybrid ; its parentage is usually given as collina x Cneorum, but I should 
 rather judge it to be oleoides x Cneorum. It is grown in gardens under a 
 variety of names, often as D. oleoides. One of the most useful of Daphnes, 
 and fond of lime in the soil. 
 
 D. ODORA, Thunberg. 
 
 (D. japonica, Paxton not Siebold.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 4 to 6 ft. high, with smooth, round, dark branches. 
 Leaves narrowly oval, i^ to 3^ ins. long, to I in. wide ; pointed and tapered 
 about equally at both "ends," dark green, quite smooth on both surfaces. 
 Flowers red-purple, very fragrant, produced densely in a terminal head ; 
 each flower f in. long, in. across ; the tube not downy, rich purple ; the 
 four lobes paler, spreading, ovate. Flower-stalks very short, hairy. 
 
 Native of China and Japan ; introduced from the latter country in 1771 ; 
 hardy in the southern and western counties, but surviving mild winters only 
 near London. In Devon, Cornwall, and Isle of Wight there are beautiful 
 bushes of this Daphne in the open air, which commence to flower in mid- 
 winter and remain so until spring. It is one of the most deliciously fragrant 
 of evergreens. 
 
 Var. ALBA has white flowers. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATA has the leaves margined with yellow. 
 
 This species does not need a calcareous soil, and can be increased by 
 layers or cuttings, the latter made of moderately ripened shoots in July. On 
 its own roots this Daphne is not difficult to cultivate, but in the greater part 
 of Britain it must be regarded as a greenhouse plant. Often wrongly called 
 D. indica in gardens. 
 
 D. OLEOIDES, Schreber. 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 2 to 3 ft. high ; branches leafy, erect, covered when 
 young with close, dark grey down. Leaves somewhat leathery, stalkless, 
 oblanceolate, tapering at the base, pointed at the apex ; f to ij ins. long, 
 about in. wide, dull green above ; silky beneath when young, becoming 
 nearly smooth with age, rather glaucous ; midrib prominent, terminating in a 
 bristle-like tip. Flowers in a terminal cluster of three to eight blossoms, which 
 are about \ in. long, stalkless, silky hairy outside, varying in colour from 
 purplish rose to tinted white. Fruit red. 
 
 Native of S. Europe, reaching from Spain to Asia Minor and N. Africa. 
 It is allied to D. collina, but is scarcely so ornamental ; it differs in the more 
 distinctly and uniformly pointed leaves, which are not so markedly downy 
 beneath. In gardens the plant grown as D. oleoides is usually D. neapolitana 
 (^.z/,). The true thing is rare, and not so pretty or good a garden plant. 
 
DAPHNE 
 
 473 
 
 D. PETR^EA, Leybold. 
 
 (D. rupestris, Facchiw.') 
 
 A tiny evergreen shrub, 3 to 5 ins. high, forming & low tuft of gnarled 
 twigs. Leaves crowded, hard and leathery, narrowly obovate or oblong, 
 tapered towards the base, 
 obtusely pointed or rounded 
 at the tip, thickened at the 
 margins, and triangular in 
 section ; ^ to i in. long, ^ 
 to /j in. wide j not stalked, 
 dark green. Flowers rich 
 glowing pink, fragrant, pro- 
 duced in June in terminal 
 clusters of about four blos- 
 soms, the tube of the flower 
 is slenderly cylindrical and 
 covered with fine down ; 
 across the spreading oval 
 lobes the flower is to J in. 
 in diameter. 
 
 Native of the Southern 
 Tyrol, and one of the most 
 delightful of all Alpine 
 shrubs. It grows naturally 
 in positions fully exposed 
 to the sun's rays, often in 
 crevices of perpendicular 
 rock. The most successful 
 cultivator of this Daphne 
 is Mr Reginald Farrer, who 
 used to show little bushes 
 grown. in pots at the Temple 
 Show in London almost 
 covered with blossom. It 
 is said to prefer a chalky 
 soil, well drained and per- 
 manently moist, but in full 
 sunshine. 
 
 D. PON TIC A, Linncetis. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 1282.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub 
 about 3 ft. high, naked and 
 tapering to a single stem 
 at the base, spreading at 
 the top ; branchlets and 
 leaves smooth. Leaves 
 obovate, I to 3 ins. long, 
 \ to \\ ins. wide; sttilkless, 
 tapered to the base, more 
 abruptly so to the pointed 
 apex, glossy green. Flowers yellowish green, fragrant, borne during April 
 in pairs from the axils of bracts at the base of the new shoots, the whole 
 forming a dense mass of blossom crowned by the tips of the pushing young 
 
474 
 
 DAPHNE DAPHNIPHYLLUM 
 
 twigs. Perianth tube J in. long, slender ; lobes narrow, pointed, recurved, 
 Flower-stalk about $ in. long, forking near the top. 
 
 Native of Asia Minor; introduced in 1752. Although the flowers of this 
 Daphne have no bright colour, they are fragrant and profuse, and the shrub is 
 
 a cheerful evergreen, 
 partially shaded spot. 
 
 It likes a moist, loamy, or peaty soil in a sheltered, 
 Useful for grouping near woodland walks. 
 
 D. RETUSA, Hemsiey. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8430 ; D. tangutica, Maximmvics?) 
 
 A low, densely branched, evergreen shrub, of close, neat, sturdy habit ; 
 young shoots hairy. Leaves leathery, thick, densely arranged towards the 
 
 end of the twig ; oval in- 
 clined to obovate ; I to 2 
 ins. long, J to in. wide ; 
 stalkless, the base tapered, 
 the apex rounded and 
 notched, margin revolute ; 
 dark glossy green, smooth. 
 Flowers produced during 
 early May in a crowded 
 cluster 3 ins. across ter- 
 minating the branch, each 
 flower borne on a short, 
 conspicuously brown-felted 
 stalk; perianth tube 
 smooth, in. long ; rosy 
 purple outside ; glistening 
 white, tinged with purple 
 inside ; lobes ovate, ^ in. 
 long. Fruit bright red. 
 
 Native of W. China; 
 discovered by Mr A. E. 
 Pratt near Tachien-lu, at 
 13,500 ft. elevation. Intro- 
 duced from the same spot 
 by Wilson in 1901. I saw 
 this delightful little bush 
 flowering in the Coombe 
 Wood nursery in April 
 1909, and it was exquisitely 
 fragrant, like lilac. The 
 plant is of compact habit, 
 and will probably not grow 
 much more than I to 2 ft. 
 high. It is apparently 
 very hardy, and if it can 
 be propagated in sufficient 
 quantity will make a valuable addition to cultivated Daphnes. It has some 
 affinity with D. odora, but is easily distinguished by its thick, much smaller 
 notched leaves, and the shaggy young' shoots and flower-stalks. 
 
 DAPHNE RETUSA. 
 
 DAPHNIPHYLLUM. EUPHORBIACE^E. 
 
 The two shrubs cultivated in gardens belonging to this genus 
 are handsome, robust evergreens, with alternate, stout-textured rhodo- 
 
DAPHMPHYLLUM DAVIDIA 475 
 
 dendron-like leaves. Flowers unisexual, with the sexes on separate plants, 
 of no beauty. The males have no petals, very small sepals, but curious, 
 large, stout anthers. Fruit a roundish or oval drupe. The two following 
 shrubs will grow in any good soil, and are useful for moist, shady positions. 
 Propagated by cuttings made of moderately ripened wood in July, and 
 placed in gentle bottom heat. 
 
 D. HUMILE, Maximowicz. 
 
 (D. jezoense, Hort.') 
 
 A low, much branched, evergreen bush, apparently ij to 2 ft. high, but 
 much more in width ; quite smooth in all its parts. Leaves oval or slightly 
 obovate ; 2 to 5 ins. long, | to 2 ins. wide ; tapered at both ends ; dark 
 shining green above, with a glaucous bloom beneath ; stalk f- to f in. long. 
 Flowers not seen. Fruit blue-black, according to wild specimens. 
 
 Native of Yezo, Japan, where, according to Sargent, it is a common under- 
 shrub in the deciduous forests ; introduced by Maries for Messrs Veitch 
 about 1879. It is verv distinct, in habit from D. macropodum ; plants at 
 Kew twenty years old are still less than 2 ft. high, but 4 or 5 ft. in diameter. 
 It does not dislike moderate shade, and would make a useful, low, evergreen 
 cover where such is required without the annual cropping that shrubs 
 like laurels and rhododendrons need. It has been known in gardens as 
 D. jezoensis, and also considered a variety of D. macropodum, but I am 
 unable to distinguish it from Maximowicz's specimen of D. humile preserved 
 at Kew ; and that is the only species recorded from the Island of Yezo. 
 
 D. MACROPODUM, Miquel. 
 
 An evergreen shrub of bushy, rounded form, at present 8 to 12 ft. high 
 m this country, and as much or more in diameter ; young shoots smooth, 
 glaucous, often reddish. Leaves rhododendron-like, 3 to 8 ins. long, I 
 to 3^ ins. wide ; oblong or narrowly oval, taper-pointed at the apex, wedge- 
 shaped at the base, quite smooth ; dark green above, glaucous beneath ; 
 stalk i to li ins. long, stout, often red like the midrib. Flowers small and 
 inconspicuous, pale green, with a strong pungent odour ; produced during 
 late spring from the leaf-axils of the previous year's growth in racemes I in. 
 long ; bracts and stamens pink. Fruit blue-black, pea-shaped. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced by Maries for Messrs Veitch in 1879. A 
 handsome and vigorous evergreen, becoming in Japan, and perhaps in this 
 country, eventually a small tree. It is quite hardy, having withstood 30 
 of frost at Kew, but nevertheless likes shelter. The red colouring of the 
 leaf-stalks, midribs, and young wood adds to its beauty, but is not always 
 present. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATA. Leaves with a broad, irregular margin (sometimes 
 reaching to the midrib) of creamy white ; not so hardy as the type. 
 
 D AVIDIA INVOLUCRATA, Baillon. CORNACE^E. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8432.) 
 
 A deciduous tree reaching a height of 40 to 65" ft. in a wild state, in 
 habit resembling a lime tree (Tilia) ; young branches covered more or 
 less with a glaucous bloom, afterwards turning very dark. Leaves vivid 
 green, broadly ovate or roundish, 3 to 6 ins. long, and about three-fourths 
 
476 DAVIDIA 
 
 as wide, heart-shaped at the base, the apex drawn out into a long fine 
 point ; margins set with coarse triangular teeth ; upper surface furnished 
 with silky hairs, the lower one felted with a thick grey down; stalks 
 slender, li to 3 ins. long. About eight pairs of nearly parallel veins 
 proceed from the midrib at an angle of 45. Flowers produced in May 
 with the strongly scented young leaves from the buds of the previous year's 
 shoots; they are crowded in a rounded head about f in. diameter, 
 borne at the end of a drooping stalk about 3 ins. long; their only 
 conspicuous features are the long red or white stamens forming a brush- 
 like mass, and an egg-shaped ovary, with a short six-rayed style and 
 a ring of abortive stamens at the top. It is not, however, in the flowers 
 themselves where the remarkable beauty of the Davidia lies, but in two 
 (rarely three) enormous bracts by which each flower-head is subtended. 
 These bracts are white or creamy white, hooded, oblong, long-pointed, and 
 of unequal size, the lower one being the larger, and sometimes nearly 
 
 DAVIDIA INVOLUCRATA. 
 
 6 ins. long and half as wide ; the upper bract is about half the size, and 
 stands above the flower-head like a canopy. Fruit solitary, pear-shaped, 
 about i J ins. long and i in. wide, green with a purplish bloom, containing 
 one hard, ridged nut. 
 
 Native of Central and W. China ; first discovered near Moupine in 
 1869, by the Abbe David, after whom the genus is named, but not 
 introduced to Europe until 1897, when a parcel of thirty-seven seeds was 
 sent to Mr Maurice de Vilmorin by Pere Farges. Of this sending only 
 one seed germinated, and that not until June 1899. The plant grew and 
 flourished, flowering for the first time at Les Barres in May 1906. This 
 plant and a few cuttings from it were the only representatives of Davidia 
 in Europe until Wilson's first journey in China for Messrs Veitch, 1899- 
 1902, during which several thousands of seeds were sent home. These 
 germinated well, and the abundant representation of Davidia in European 
 gardens became assured. So far as can at present be judged, the Davidia 
 is absolutely hardy. It starts into growth late, and ripens its shoots in 
 autumn up to the tip two valuable attributes in regard to hardiness 
 
DAVIDIA 477 
 
 The winter of 1908-9, which was the severest since its introduction, and 
 injured many reputedly hardy plants, did not affect the Davidia to the 
 extent of a single bud. It appears to thrive best in a loamy soil, and 
 loves abundant moisture. It can be propagated by cuttings made of 
 short side twigs when the wood is becoming firm. 
 
 As a garden tree the Davidia is one of great promise. It stands 
 quite apart in its distinct beauty from all other trees that can be 
 grown in this country. Mr Wilson has many times told me of the 
 wonderful aspect of the tree as seen in its native wilds, laden from top to 
 bottom with enormous white bracts. It flowered at Coombe Wood in 
 May 1911, and from a spray of the tree the accompanying figure \^as 
 made. The leaves were farther advanced than is usual with the tree 
 when in bloom at home. Davidia stands much apart in the vegetable 
 kingdom ; its nearest ally is considered to be Nyssa. 
 
 There remains to be considered the question as to whether there be 
 one or more species of Davidia. The original tree discovered by David 
 had leaves as described above, viz., white-felted beneath. But the trees 
 introduced by Farges, and later by Wilson, have leaves almost or quite 
 smooth, and they differ from each other in one having leaves glaucous 
 beneath, the other yellowish green beneath. On the strength of these 
 differences Mr L. A. Dode of Paris has founded two additional species : 
 
 1. D. involucrata, Baillon. Leaves whitish, felted beneath (the original type discovered 
 
 by David). 
 
 2. D. Vilmoriniana, Dode. Leaves smooth and glaucous beneath (this is the single tree 
 
 raised by Mr de Vilmorin from Farges' seed). 
 
 3. D. laeta, Dode. Leaves smooth and yellowish green beneath. (To this belongs the 
 
 great number of plants raised by Messrs Veitch from Wilson's first seeds ; as 
 stated above, it flowered at Coombe Wood in May 1911 the stamens white, with 
 black anthers.) 
 
 Whether the distinctions on which Mr Dode's species are founded 
 will prove to be permanent or not remains to be seen. I do not think 
 that the differences between Nos. 2 and 3 are sufficient to constitute a 
 species ; but those between that pair and the original D. involucrata of 
 David's finding are certainly very marked. Mr Wilson believes the 
 hairy- and the smooth-leaved trees to be separate and distinct, and he 
 considers the former to be the more handsome. He tells me he found 
 them growing commingled so they are not geographical varieties. 
 During his second journey for Messrs Veitch in China (1903-5), he sent 
 home seeds from the hairy-leaved tree (the true D. involucrata) gathered 
 by his own hand, but it is a curious fact that the young trees raised from 
 them at Coombe \Vood at first showed very little of the hairy character of 
 their parent, but they are becoming conspicuously hairy now. If they 
 should prove eventually to be distinct, then : 
 
 D. involucrata (true) will have been first introduced by Wilson in 
 1905 ; and 
 
 D. Vilmoriniana by Farges in 1897. D. laeta need not be considered 
 of much importance as apart from Vilmoriniana, but it was introduced by 
 Wilson in 1901. 
 
478 DECAISNEA DECUMARIA 
 
 DECAISNEA FARGESII, Franchet. BERBERIDACE^:. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t., 7848.) 
 
 Two remarkable Asiatic shrubs constitute the genus Decaisnea, which 
 is allied to Lardizabala, and is dedicated to Joseph Decaisne. D. Fargesii 
 is deciduous, 7 to 10 ft. high, consisting of a cluster of erect stems 
 containing abundant pith and distinct in winter for their large, pointed 
 buds; young shoots smooth, thick. Leaves pinnate, from 2 to 3 ft. long; 
 consisting of from 6J to 12 J pairs of leaflets. Leaflets ovate, slender- 
 pointed, entire, 3 to 6 ins. long, glaucous beneath, smooth or nearly so ; 
 main-stalk often purplish brown. Flowers produced in a loose drooping 
 panicle 12 to 18 ins. long terminating the young growths. Each flower 
 is borne on a slender stalk J in. long, the six sepals (petals absent) being 
 erect, narrow lanceolate, .finely pointed, i to ij ins. long; yellowish 
 green, the upper half curving outwards. Fruit dull blue, cylindrical, 3 to 
 4 ins. long, \ in. wide, with numerous tiny warts on the surface. 
 
 This interesting and striking shrub is a native of the mountains of 
 W. China, where it was collected and sent to France by the missionary, 
 Pere Farges, in 1895. Two years later it was sent by Mr Maurice de 
 Vilmorin to Kew, where it has proved quite hardy, and where it flowers 
 and produces fruit regularly, but is subject to injury by late spring frosts. 
 It is a handsome foliage plant. It likes a rich loamy soil, and is 
 propagated by seeds. From D. INSIGNIS, a native of the Himalaya and 
 probably not hardy, it is quite distinct in its blue fruits, those of D. insignis 
 being golden yellow. In foliage and flower they are much alike. 
 
 DECUMARIA BARBARA, Linnceus. SAXIFRAGACE.E. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, Oct. 9, 1909 supplement.) 
 
 A climbing, deciduous shrub ascending the trunks of trees in a wild 
 state ; stems round, slightly downy when young, forming aerial roots like 
 an ivy ; buds hairy. Leaves opposite, oval or ovate, tapering at both 
 ends, short-pointed; 3 to 5 ins. long, ij to 3 ins. wide; quite smooth on 
 both surfaces, or slightly hairy beneath when young, shallowly toothed 
 towards the apex, often entire ; stalk i to 2 ins. long, Flowers white, 
 produced in June and July in an erect terminal corymb 2 to 3 ins. long 
 and wide. The individual flower is small, -| in. across, with seven to ten 
 narrow oblong petals, alternating with a similar number of caylx teeth ; 
 stamens twenty to thirty. Fruit urn-shaped, J in. long, the lower part 
 prettily striped with numerous whitish ridges, upper part smooth, 
 tapering. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States : introduced in 1 785, but an 
 uncommon plant in gardens owing to its tenderness. It thrives in the 
 south-western counties of England and Ireland, but elsewhere should be 
 grown on a sheltered wall. It can be increased by cuttings of firm shoots. 
 Its nearest allies are the climbing Hydrangeas and Schizophragmas, from 
 
DEC UMARI A DESFONTAINEA 479 
 
 which it is quite distinct in the always perfect flowers, and more numerous 
 petals and stamens. 
 
 D. SINENSIS, Oliver, discovered by Henry on the cliffs of the Yangtze- 
 Kiang gorge, near Ichang, China, has smaller obovate leaves and waxy white 
 fragrant flowers. Recently brought into cultivation, but may not be hardy. 
 
 DENDROMECON RIGIDUM, Bentham. PAPAVERACE^:. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 5134.) 
 
 A 'shrub from 2 to 10 ft. high in a wild state; the branchlets half- 
 woody, slender, smooth, glaucous. Leaves thickish, ovate or narrow 
 lanceolate, pointed, i to 3 ins. long, glaucous, nearly or quite stalkless. 
 Flowers poppy-like, bright yellow, 2 to 3 ins. diameter, borne singly on 
 stalks ij to 3 ins. long, fragrant. Petals four; calyx of two sepals ; stamens 
 numerous. 
 
 Native of California, where it was discovered by David Douglas on 
 dry rocky hills. First introduced by W. Lobb about 1854, this beautiful 
 plant has from time to time disappeared and been reintroduced. It is 
 undoubtedly tender, but thrives at Kew at the foot of a sunny wall until 
 a winter like that of 1908-9 kills it. It is allied to Romneya, but differs 
 in the entire leaves and yellow flowers. It needs the sunniest position 
 available, and the soil should be of a loamy character, lightened by the 
 addition of sand, and especially morfear rubble, well drained. Propagated 
 by cuttings made of well-ripened, firm summer shoots ; the cuttings should 
 consist of three joints, and be placed singly in small " thumb " pots in 
 moderate heat in very sandy soil. A plant in the garden of Capt. Riall 
 at Old Conna Hill, near Bray, in Ireland, covers a wall to the height of 
 12 ft. Its main stem is 6 ins. thick, and the plant is always more or less 
 in bloom. 
 
 DESFONTAINEA SPINOSA, Ruiz and Pavon. LOGANIACE.E. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4781.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 10 ft. or more high in favourable localities, 
 branches covered with pale, smooth, shining bark. Leaves very like those 
 of a holly, but opposite; i to 2j ins. long, f to ij ins. wide; oval or 
 ovate in the main, but armed at the edges with sharp triangular spines 
 \ to in. long ; shining dark green, smooth ; stalk \ in. long. Flowers 
 solitary on stalks \ to \ in. long, produced from July until late autumn. 
 Corolla funnel-shaped, ij ins. long, J in. wide at the mouth, crimson 
 scarlet, with five rounded, yellow, shallow lobes ; calyx green, with five 
 oblong lobes \ in. long, edged with hairs ; anthers five, with scarcely any 
 stalk, attached at the base of the corolla lobes. 
 
 Native of Chili, Peru, etc. ; introduced by W. Lobb about 1843. It 
 is not hardy near London, but appears to find its most congenial 
 conditions in the west of Scotland, thriving also in other places on our 
 western seaboard, and in Ireland. It bears fruit about the size of a 
 cherry, containing numerous small black seeds, which afford the best 
 
480 DESFONTAINEA DEUTZIA 
 
 means of increase. Few shrubs produce a more gorgeous display than 
 this when laden with scarlet and yellow flowers. 
 
 DESMODIUM TILLEFOLIUM, Don. LEGUMINOS,E. 
 
 A semi-woody plant, which sends up annually from a woody root-stock 
 a number of erect stems 2 to 4 ft. high, more or less downy. Leaves 
 trifoliolate, with a main-stalk 2 to 3 ins. long. Leaflets nearly smooth on 
 both sides, or very downy beneath, the end one larger than the others, 
 broadly obovate; 2 to 4 ins. long, ij to 3 ins. wide; the side leaflets half 
 to two-thirds as large, and broadly ovate. Panicles terminal, 8 to 12 ins. 
 high, the lower sections borne in the uppermost leaf-axils. Flowers J in. 
 long, varying from pale lilac to dark pink, borne on a slender stalk not 
 quite so long as itself. Calyx y 1 ^- in. wide, hairy, with broad shallow teeth. 
 Pod 2 to 3 ins. long, \ in. wide \ six- to nine-jointed, with the scalloping on 
 the upper side characteristic of the genus. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya at 9000 ft. ; the specimens now at Kew were 
 raised from seed obtained from Kashmir in 1879. I* flowers from 
 August to October, but needs a hot summer to bring out its best qualities. 
 In cold, wet seasons the flowers do not open at all. Propagated by 
 division of the root-stock in spring. The late Sir Henry Collett called 
 this a "protean plant"; the form in cultivation is one whose leaves are 
 not very downy. 
 
 Desmodium is a genus of well over one hundred species, many of which 
 are tropical, others herbaceous. Not one cultivated species that is hardy 
 can be termed a pure shrub, as the stems die back to ground-level every 
 year. The genus is allied to, and has some similarity to, Lespedeza, 
 but the rounded, one-seeded pods of the latter clearly distinguish it from 
 Desmodium. 
 
 DEUTZIA. SAXIFRAGACE^E. 
 
 An Asiatic group of deciduous shrubs allied to Philadelphus, but very 
 distinct from that genus in having ten stamens with winged stalks, often 
 toothed or forked at the top in the starry hairs or scurf with which most 
 parts of the plants are furnished ; and in five (instead of four) petals and 
 calyx-lobes. Leaves opposite. Flowers either in racemes, as in gracilis 
 and scabra, or in corymbose panicles. 
 
 The Deutzias are some of the most beautiful shrubs flowering in June. 
 Nearly all the species mentioned in the following descriptive notes are 
 quite winter-hardy ; but, unfortunately, they are easily excited into growth 
 by unseasonable warmth in the early spring months, and are often, 
 especially in low-lying districts, injured and their crop of flowers ruined 
 by late frosts. In elevated gardens they usually escape. They like a 
 good loamy soil and plenty of moisture. The only pruning required is 
 an occasional (say biennial) thinning out of the old worn-out branches. 
 As they flower on the shoots made the previous year, no shortening back 
 can be done except at the loss of bloom. They are very easily propagated 
 by cuttings of half-ripened wood placed in gentle bottom heat about the 
 end of June or later. 
 
DEUTZIA 481 
 
 D. COMPACTA, Craib. 
 
 A deciduous shrub whose young shoots are at first clothed with close 
 stellate down, becoming smooth and brown the second year. Leaves 
 lanceolate to oval-lanceolate, mostly rounded at the base, the apex long and 
 tapered; minutely toothed; up to 2^ ins. long by I in. wide on the sterile 
 shoots, much smaller on the short flowering ones; the upper surface dull dark 
 green, furnished with appressed, stellate, mostly four- or five-rayed hairs; 
 grey-green beneath, with more minute and more numerous stellate hairs (only 
 visible with a lens); veins in five to seven pairs; leaf-stalks \ to \ in. long. 
 Flowers borne during July at the end of leafy twigs about 3 ins. long 
 numerously, in compact corymbose panicles 2 ins. across. Flowers white, \ in. 
 wide, closely packed; petals roundish; calyx bell-shaped at the base, the 
 lobes broadly ovate; flower-stalks stellately hairy. 
 
 Native of China; introduced by Mr Maurice de Vilmorin, and distributed 
 by him under the number 4277. It flowered for the first time at Kew and 
 Glasnevin in July 1913. It is distinct in its small, densely clustered blossoms. 
 
 D. CORYMBOSA, R. Brown. 
 
 A deciduous shrub up to 9 ft. high, of vigorous habit ; bark bright brown, 
 peeling off in rolls ; young shoots sprinkled when quite young with tiny 
 stellate hairs, becoming smooth. Leaves ovate, with a long tapered point 
 and a rounded or broadly tapered base, finely toothed, 2 to 5 ins. long, i to 2^ 
 ins. wide, green on both sides. To all appearance smooth, they are, especially 
 when young, really furnished with minute starry scales, only visible under the 
 lens. Flowers crowded in a corymb or broad panicle, 2 to 3 ins. across ; each 
 flower -f in. in diameter. Petals pure white, roundish ovate, overlapping ; 
 styles rather longer than the stamens ; .anthers large and conspicuously yellow, 
 wings of the stamens toothed. Calyx-lobes broadly triangular, smooth except 
 for embedded starry scales. 
 
 Introduced from the Himalaya in 1830. The flowers have a charming 
 hawthorn-like scent, and form compact, full clusters. The anthers, through 
 their size and colour, give a yellowish tinge to the inflorescence. A distinct 
 and fine species, the year-old branches forming large pyramidal panicles in 
 June. 
 
 D. DISCOLOR, Hemsley. 
 
 A shrub 5 or 6 ft. high, young shoots scurfy, ultimately pale greyish brown, 
 smooth, and with peeling bark. Leaves of thinnish texture, narrowly ovate- 
 oblong ; \\ to 4-i ins. long, \ to T^ ins. wide ; dull green, with starlike hairs 
 above, grey beneath, and furnished with very minute, stellate scurf ; rounded or 
 broadly tapered at the base, slender-pointed or sometimes acute. Flowers in 
 corymbs 3 ins. across ; each flower i to I in. wide, the best forms very showy, 
 varyingjn colour from white to pink. Calyx and flower-stalks scurfy. 
 
 Native of Central and W. China. The best form of this species is var. 
 MAJOR, which has white or faintly rose-tinted flowers I in. across, produced 
 in long arching sprays. It was introduced by Wilson for Messrs Veitch in 
 1901. (Fig., p. 482.) The distinctions between this species and D. longifolia 
 are pointed out under the latter. 
 
 D. GRACILIS, Siebold. 
 
 A deciduous, erect-growing shrub up to 4 ft. high ; young shoots soon 
 auite smooth. Leaves lanceolate, tapered or rounded at the base, long and 
 
 2 H 
 
482 
 
 DEUTZIA 
 
 slenderly pointed, rather coarsely and unequally toothed ; i to 3 ins. long", 
 f to f in. wide ; deep green. Seen under the lens the upper surface shows 
 numerous star-shaped depressions in which are embedded minute, star-shaped 
 hairs. Flowers pure white, to f in. across, produced in erect racemes or 
 panicles i| to 3 ins. long. Petals obovate, rounded at the apex ; styles 
 distinctly longer than the stamens ; calyx slightly scaly, with small, triangular, 
 greenish white lobes. Flower-stalks smooth. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced about 1840. Well known for forcing early 
 into blossom for conservatory decoration, this species is also very handsome 
 
 DKUTZIA DISCOLOR var. MAJOR. 
 
 out-of-doors where the climate suits it. It is quite hardy, but in low-lying 
 districts is very frequently injured by late frosts. 
 
 Var. AUREA has yellow leaves ; var. M ARMOR ATA has mottled ones. 
 Mr Lemoine of Nancy has raised some beautiful hybrids by crossing this 
 with purpurascens and other species. vSome of the best are : 
 
 CAMPANULATA. Flowers large, white, open bell-shaped ; the stalks almost 
 black. 
 
 CARMINEA, EXIMIA, ROSEA, all have flowers white inside, soft rose outside, 
 the buds rich carmine ; VENUSTA has large white flowers, with the petals 
 frilled at the edges. 
 
DEUTZIA 483 
 
 All these forms are exceedingly beautiful at their best, and quite hardy. 
 Provided they escape late frosts, they produce slender columnar masses of 
 blossom i to 2 ft. long, composed of racemes terminating short side twigs 
 from the previous year's growths. Half in flower, half in bud, they are 
 exquisite. 
 
 D. LEMOINEI, Hort. 
 
 A hybrid between D. gracilis and D. parviflora, raised by Mr Lemoine of 
 Nancy. It is an erect shrub up to 7 or 8 ft. high, with smooth young shootsj 
 and lanceolate leaves, li to 4 ins. long, \ to i^ ins. wide, sharply toothed, 
 long-pointed; the upper surface has minute star-like hairs, beneath it is almost 
 smooth. Flowers pure white, f in. across, produced in erect corymbs. For 
 forcing into flower early this is a very valuable shrub, more beautiful and 
 effective than gracilis, and in that state is very popular at spring flower 
 shows. Out-of-doors, at least in low-lying localities, it rarely has a chance to 
 do itself justice, owing to the destruction of its flower-buds by unseasonable 
 frosts. Its natural flowering time is May and June. 
 
 D. LONGIFOLIA, Franchet. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8493.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub 4 to 6 ft. high ; young shoots sparsely scurfy ; after- 
 wards smooth, bright brown, peeling. Leaves narrowly oval-lanceolate, 
 rounded or tapered at the base, slender-pointed, finely toothed ; i^ to 5 ins. 
 long, \ to J in. wide ; upper surface dull greyish green, sprinkled with pale, 
 flat, usually five- or six-rayed, stellate hairs ; under-surface greyish white, 
 covered with a close felt-like layer of many-rayed stellate scales, the midrib 
 and chief veins furnished on each side with few to many white simple hairs. 
 Flowers in corymbose panicles, 2 to 3 ins. long and wide, produced in June at 
 the end of short two- to six-leaved twigs ; each flower is about I in. across, 
 rich purplish rose, paling at the margins of the petals. The wings of the inner 
 stamens are deeply bilobed at the top, the anthers set in the notch ; calyx-lobes 
 linear-oblong, persistent, covered like the calyx-tube and flower-stalks with 
 pale starry scurf. Fruit in. across. 
 
 Native of W. China ; introduced by Wilson in 1905. This is one of the 
 finest of the Chinese Deutzias, both in size of flower and richness of tint. 
 It is closely allied to D. discolor, but is distinguished by the longer, narrower 
 leaves, more distinctly veined beneath, and especially, by the simple hairs 
 along the midrib absent in discolor ; the wings of the inner stamens are 
 deeply bilobed in discolor, but the lobes do not reach up to or above the anther 
 as in longifolia. 
 
 Var. VEITCHII is a form with larger and more striking flowers. 
 
 D. MOLLIS, Duthte. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 5 or 6 ft. high, with reddish brown, hairy young 
 shoots. Leaves lanceolate, oval, or broadly ovate ; 2 to 4^ ins. long, f to T.\ ins. 
 wide, shortly or slenderly pointed, rounded or tapered at the base ; finely 
 toothed, dull green and rough with stellate hairs above, grey and thickly 
 felted with soft down beneath. Flowers white, \ in. across, produced 
 during June in dense corymbs 2 to 3 ins. in diameter. Petals rounded ; 
 wings of stamens tapered from the base to the top, and quite entire ; calyx- 
 lobes very short, broad, and reflexed. Flower-stalks and calyx densely 
 covered with short hairs and starry scales. 
 
484 DEUTZIA 
 
 Native of Hupch, China ; discovered by Wilson, and introduced by him 
 in 1901. It is very distinct from the older Deutzias in the thick down 
 beneath' the leaves, and in the tapering filaments. It flowers in June, but 
 has not yet made a great display. 
 
 DEUTZIA MOLLIS. 
 
 D. PARVIFLORA, Bunge. 
 
 A shrub of erect habit up to 6 ft. high ; young wood smooth, pale brown ; 
 bark peeling the second year. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, with a 
 usually short, slender point, tapered at the base, sharply toothed ; i^ to 4 ins. 
 long, ^ to if ins. wide ; dull green and sprinkled over with minute starry 
 down above ; paler, glossy green, and almost smooth beneath. Flowers 
 white, \ in. across, produced in corymbs 2 or 3 ins. across. Wings of stamens 
 variable, sometimes .none, sometimes a proportion toothed. 
 
 Native of China, Manchuria, and Corea, where it may be said to represent 
 D. corymbosa, to which species it is most nearly allied in botanical characters, 
 but distinct in its smaller leaves with more open teeth and fewer-rayed (four to 
 nine) hairs. In low-lying districts it is of little value owing to its susceptibility 
 to injury by late frosts, but pretty in continental gardens, where it is not 
 excited so early into growth as with us. 
 
DEUTZIA 485 
 
 D. PURPURASCENS, Rehder. 
 
 (D. discolor var. purpurascens, Franchet; Bot. Mag., t. 7 708.} 
 
 A shrub 6 or 7 ft. high ; shoots pale brown, rather scurfy when quite young. 
 Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 4 ins. long, f to ITF ins. wide, broadly 
 tapered or rounded at the base, slender-pointed, toothed" scurfy, with starry 
 minute scales on both surfaces, especially above ; stalk \ to in. long. 
 Corymbs rounded, i| to 2 ins. across, expanding in early June ; flowers 
 f in. across, white suffused with purple on the outside ; petals roundish ovate, 
 scurfy outside except at the margins. The five longer" stamens have the 
 apex of the wings forked so that each fork stands above the anther, the 
 five smaller ones have the apex undivided and the anther attached below 
 it on the inner side ; calyx with linear-lanceolate lobes, and, like the flower- 
 stalk, covered with starry scurf. 
 
 Native of Yunnan ; discovered by the Abbe Delavay, and sent by him to 
 Mr de Vilmorin in 1888. It is allied to discolor, but as indicated by 
 Mr Rehder is distinguished by the scales on the leaves being only five- to 
 seven-rayed (half as many as in D. discolor), and by the wings of the 
 filaments being extended above the anthers. A very handsome shrub and a 
 parent of several beautiful hybrids, among which is D. KALMI^EFLORA (whose 
 pollen parent is D. parviflora) ; this was raised by Lemoine and distributed 
 in 1900; its flowers are pale rose inside, deeper outside. 
 
 D. REFLEXA, Duthie. 
 
 A shrub 3 ft. or more high ; young shoots smooth. Leaves oval-lanceolate, 
 tapered at the base, slenderly pointed ; 2 to 4 ins. long, \ to I in. wide ; 
 upper surface beset with rather scattered starry scales, the lower one grey, 
 densely clothed with much smaller scales, and furnished with simple hairs 
 along the chief veins. Flowers pure white, produced in May and early 
 June in dense, rounded, corymbose panicles about 2 ins. across. Petals \ 
 in. long, ceflexed at the margins ; wings of the stamens distinctly bilobed 
 at the top ; calyx-lobes narrow- oblong, persistent ; calyx and flower-stalks 
 scaly. 
 
 Native of Central China ; discovered and introduced by Wilson in 1901. 
 I have only seen it in flower at Coombe Wood, where it is very pretty about 
 the beginning of June, the previous year's stems being then loaded with the 
 numerous flower clusters. It is .allied to D. Vilmorinae, and has the same 
 fringe of simple hairs along the midrib and veins, but the flower-stalks* are 
 shorter, the inflorescence more crowded, the flowers smaller; the reflexed 
 margins of the petals are also very distinctive. 
 
 D. SCABRA, Thunberg. 
 
 (D. crenata, Siebold^) 
 
 A deciduous shrub up to 10 ft. high ; branches erect, covered with brown 
 peeling bark ; young shoots smooth or slightly rough. Leaves ovate to 
 ovate-lanceolate, the larger ones of the barren shoots rounded or heart- 
 shaped at the base, slender-pointed, up to 4 ins. long by nearly 2 ins. wide ; 
 the smaller ones and those of the flowering twigs tapered at the base, 
 all stellately scurfy on both sides ; the marginal teeth are small and fine, 
 standing upwards rather than outwards from the margin. Panicles erect, 
 cylindrical, 3 to 6 ins. long, terminating short leafy lateral twigs. Flowers 
 pure white or tinged with pink outside, j to f in. long and wide ; petals 
 
I 
 
 486 DEUTZIA 
 
 nearly erect, oblong, pointed ; style about as long as the petals, calyx-lobes 
 deciduous, covered with starlike scales ; the lobes triangular ; wings of 
 stamens with two distinct shoulders below the anthers. Flowers in late June. 
 
 Var. FLORE PLENO includes several forms with double flowers I in. across, 
 composed of numerous petals narrower than in the type. One of the best is 
 distinguished as FL. PL. ROSEO, the outer petals being suffused with rosy 
 purple. "Pride of Rochester" is very similar. Var. CANDIDISSIMA has 
 pure white flowers, and so has van WELLSII, but they are rather smaller. 
 
 Var. PUNCTATA has single pure white flowers, but the leaves are strikingly 
 marbled with white and two or three shades of green. It is a rather pretty 
 variegated shrub, but apt to revert to the ordinary green state. 
 
 Var. WATERERI. Flowers i in. across, single ; petals rosy outside. 
 
 Native of Japan and China ; introduced in 1822. This is undoubtedly the 
 best and most reliable of Deutzias in this country. It usually escapes 
 damage by late frosts, and produces its showy erect panicles in great 
 profusion. Strong branches will, in their second year, become transformed 
 into pyramidal masses of bloom 2 ft. long. The double-flowered and rosy 
 forms are excellent shrubs. The species is confused with D. Sieboldiana 
 
 jtoK) 
 
 D. SETCHUENENSIS, Franchet. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8255.) 
 
 A shrub up to 6 ft. high, of graceful habit ; young shoots scurfy, rather rough, 
 glossy the first year, brown the second year, finally peeling. Leaves oval- 
 lanceolate, rounded at the base, taper-pointed, finely toothed ; i| to 4^ ins. 
 long, to i ^ ins. wide ; dull green and rough, with minute starry hairs above, 
 grey and more densely covered with similar down beneath ; stalk ^ to f in. 
 long. Flowers white, about J in. across, produced in May and June in 
 corymbs 3 or 4 ins. across. Petals ovate, clothed with minute starry down 
 outside ; calyx-lobes triangular, persistent, they an,d the flower-stalks grey- 
 felted. The wings of the longer stamens terminate at the top in two 
 prominent teeth ; the smaller stamens have several smaller teeth. 
 
 Native of China, in Szechuen and Hupeh ; introduced to France in 1895. 
 The plant described above was subsequently put in commerce by Lemoine as 
 corymbiflora (see Gardeners' 1 Chronicle, 1898, ii., p. 295). According to 
 Render, who distinguishes it as D. setchuenensis var. corymbiflora, it differs 
 slightly from the type in the character of the pubescence, and in length of 
 flower-stalk. It is a beautiful shrub, but unfortunately spring-tender in our 
 climate. 
 
 D. MYRIANTHA, Lemoine, is a beautiful hybrid between the above and 
 D. parviflora. Flowers pure white, very numerous in large corymbs, hardier 
 than D. setchuenensis. 
 
 D. SIEBOLDIANA, Maximowicz. 
 
 (D. scabra, Siebold and Zuccarini, not of Thunberg.") 
 
 A deciduous shrub of bushy, rather lax habit, 3 or 4 ft. high ; young shoots 
 covered with scurfy stellate down. Leaves ovate or oval ; i| to 3 ins. long 
 on the barren shoots, f to i| ins. wide ; rounded, heart-shaped, or tapered at 
 the base, pointed, sharply and irregularly toothed ; dull green, stellately hairy 
 on both surfaces, the hairs with three to five rays ; veins prominent beneath ; 
 stalk j in. or less long. Leaves of the flowering twigs smaller and compara- 
 tively broader ; often scarcely stalked. Flowers pure white, ^ in. diameter, 
 produced during early June in corymbose-paniculate clusters I to 2 ins. long, 
 terminating short lateral twigs which carry one or two pairs of leaves, Petals 
 
DEUTZIA 
 
 487 
 
 ovate ; style rather longer than the stamens, whose wings taper towards the 
 anthers ; calyx felted, the lobes broadly triangular, persistent. Flower-stalks 
 rough with bristles and stellate down. 
 
 Native of Japan ; and an elegant although not showy shrub. In regard to 
 nomenclature, it is much confused with D. scabra, Thunbcrg, and has even 
 been called "scabra vcra." The confusion appears to have originated with 
 Siebold and Zuccarini in 1835. It is a much smaller shrub than D. scabra 
 (the common Deutzia of gardens), differing in the shape of the inflorescence, 
 in having persistent calyx-lobes, and in the tapered wings of the stamens. 
 
 DEUTZIA SIEBOLDIANA. 
 
 D. STAMIXEA, R. Brown. 
 
 \ deciduous shrub, 4 to 5 ft. high ; shoots rough when young with starlike 
 scales. Leaves ovate, with long slender points, and a rounded or tapered 
 base, unequally toothed ; dull green and rough above, grey beneath, and 
 thickly covered with minute starry scales ; I to 2^ ins. long, \ to i-J- ins. wide. 
 Flowers in short racemes or corymbs 2 ins. wfde ; petals ~f to "| in. long, 
 downy ; wings of stamens toothed ; calyx grey with stellate scales, its lobes 
 narrow, pointed. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya ; tender in this country. At Kew it is cut down 
 to the ground almost ever}' year, and its flowers consequently are not often 
 seen. The fonn in cultivation, sometimes grown as canescens or Brunoniana, 
 has more broadly ovate, longer-pointed leaves than are typical. 
 
488 DEUTZIA DIERVILLA 
 
 D. VILMORIN^:, Lemoine. 
 
 A vigorous shrub of erect habit, up to 8 ft. or perhaps more high ; young 
 shoots slightly rough with scurfy stellate hairs at first, becoming brown and 
 shining. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, rounded or broadly tapered at the base, 
 slenderly pointed, sharply toothed, 2 to 5^ ins. long, to 2 ins. wide ; dark 
 dull green and rough with stellate hairs above, grey and covered with a close 
 felt of starry down beneath ; also with simple hairs >at the sides of the midrib 
 and veins ; stalk \ to ijr in. long. Flowers in broad corymbose panicles up to 
 3 ins. long, white, I in. across. Petals ovate with the edges upturned ; wings 
 of stamens dilating upwards to about midway, then narrowing, awl-like, to 
 the anthers. Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, reflexed, covered like the flower- 
 stalk with grey scurf, persistent. Fruits hemispherical, in. across. 
 
 Native of Szechuen, China ; sent to Mr Maurice de Vilmorin at Les Barres 
 by the Abbe Farge in 1897 ; introduced to England in 1905. Next to 
 D. scabra this species, I think, promises to be the most valuable of Deutzias. 
 It is a rapid grower, and its fine flowers escape damage by late frosts better 
 than those of most Deutzias do, and usually make a good display. It was 
 named after the late Madame de Vilmorin of Les Barres. Allied to D. dis- 
 color. 
 
 D. WILSON I, Duthie. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8083.) 
 
 A shrub 4 to 6 ft. high, whose young branches are slightly scurfy at first, 
 soon becoming dark reddish brown ; the bark peeling. Leaves 2 to 5 ins. long, 
 f to i^ ins. wide ; ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, tapered or rounded at 
 the base, acute or acuminate ; rough, with four- or five-rayed stellate hairs 
 above, dark dull green ; grey beneath, and covered with minute stellate scurf, 
 and furnished also with pale bristle-like simple hairs, especially along the 
 midrib and veins. Flowers in corymbose panicles ; each flower nearly 
 i in. across, white ; longer stamens with tapered wings, shorter ones 
 toothed. 
 
 Native of W. and Central China ; discovered and introduced by Wilson 
 about 1901. It is a handsome shrub of the discolor group, but distinct in the 
 hairiness of the lower surface of the leaves, suggesting D. mollis when young. 
 
 DIERVILLA. CAPRIFOLIACEvE. 
 
 A genus of deciduous shrubs, closely allied to the honeysuckles, 
 but distinguished by having dry, cylindrical seed-vessels (capsules). 
 Leaves opposite, either shortly or not at all stalked. Flowers often three 
 on a stalk, the corolla funnel- or bell-shaped at the base, five-lobed at the 
 mouth. Calyx five-lobed, persistent. Seeds numerous. 
 
 The Diervillas are found in Eastern N. America and in N. Asia, 
 especially in Japan and China. The Asiatic species were at one time 
 kept apart as WEIGELA, and they are not only much more beautiful 
 than the American ones (or true Diervillas), but are well distinguished 
 in various ways. The shoots of the current year are barren, the flowers 
 being borne on short lateral twigs on the year-old branches, whilst in the 
 American species they come at the end of the current season's shoots ; 
 the corolla of the Asiatic species is regular or nearly so ; in the American 
 ones it is two-lipped. There are few more beautiful summer-flowering 
 
DIERVILLA 489 
 
 shrubs than the Asiatic Diervillas. The first of them, D. florida (or 
 Wiegela rosea), was introduced in 1845. Afterwards other species were 
 introduced and hybridising was commenced, with the result that a very 
 fine race of garden varieties has been produced showing great variety of 
 colour, from white and yellowish white to deep rose and blood-red. 
 These now surpass the original species in effectiveness, and the latter 
 are becoming scarce. The separation and identification of some of the 
 Asiatic species is not easy. D. Middendorffiana, however, is readily 
 distinguished by its yellow flowers and two-lipped calyx; D. floribunda, 
 by its crimson or blood-red flowers ; D. praecox, by its early flowering. 
 The three others may be differentiated as follows : 
 
 D. florida. Lobes of calyx lanceolate, penetrating only half or about half its length ; 
 
 stigma bilobed ; seeds not winged. 
 D. japonic a. Lobes of calyx narrow linear, extending to the base ; seeds winged ; leaves 
 
 very downy ; calyx and corolla more or less so. 
 D. grandiflora. Lobes of calyx as in japonica ; leaves downy chiefly on the midrib and 
 
 veins beneath ; corolla smooth ; calyx fringed on the margin. 
 
 The Diervillas are easily cultivated, and there are only two, D. 
 Middendorffiana and D. japonica hortensis, that show any indication of 
 tenderness. Being gross feeders they need a rich, moist, loamy soil. 
 They are very easily increased by cuttings of half-ripened growths. The 
 Asiatic species should be pruned as soon as the flowers are past, by 
 entirely removing the old shoots that have flowered a process of 
 thinning leaving the young shoots of the year untouched, to produce 
 their crop the following year. The American species, D. Lonicera, 
 sessilifolia, and rivularis, may be pruned back in spring before growth 
 commences. 
 
 The garden varieties are too numerous to mention, but besides 
 those alluded to under their respective species, the following may be 
 recommended : 
 
 Abel Carriere. Flowers rose-carmine, changing to red ; yellow in the 
 throat. A very vigorous and ornamental shrub. 
 
 Conqnete. Flowers large, deep pink. 
 
 E. Andre. Flowers very dark brownish crimson. One of the 
 floribunda group. 
 
 Grceneivegeni. Flowers deep rose outside, pale within, with yellowish 
 lines. 
 
 Madame Lemoine. Flowers white, changing to deep blush. 
 
 In several Diervillas the flowers open pale and deepen in colour later, 
 so that various shades are seen on the same plant simultaneously. 
 
 D. FLORIBUNDA, Siebold. 
 
 A shrub 4 to 8 ft. high, with slender, supple branches clothed with soft 
 hairs. Leaves ovate or oval with long, tapering points, wedge-shaped at the 
 base ; 3 or 4 ins. long, and about half as wide on the long, barren, first-year 
 shoots, considerably smaller on the lateral flowering twigs ; toothed, downy 
 on both surfaces, especially beneath. Flowers produced during June in 
 corymbs terminating, and in the leaf-axils of, the short side twigs. Corolla 
 
490 
 
 DIERVILLA 
 
 funnel-shaped, I in. long, with five spreading lobes at the mouth, where it is 
 f in. across, downy outside ; of a dark, almost blood-red. Calyx ^ in. long, 
 consisting of a tube and five narrow linear lobes, hairy. Seed-vessel 
 cylindrical, narrow, downy. 
 
 Native of the mountains of 
 Japan ; introduced to Europe 
 about 1860. The typical D. 
 floribunda is now very rare in 
 cultivation, but it is the species, 
 whose characteristics and 
 colour of flower are dominant 
 in the dark crimson-flowered 
 garden varieties like LAVAL- 
 LEI, LOWEI, and EVA RATHKE. 
 Although the flowers are 
 smaller than in other Asiatic 
 species, their splendid colour- 
 ing makes this species and its 
 group of varieties inferior to 
 none. 
 
 Var. VERSICOLOR is figured 
 by Siebold and Zuccarini in the 
 Flora Jafionica, t. 33. It is 
 said to have flowers at first 
 whitish, reddening with age. 
 
 D. FLORIDA, Siebold. 
 
 CWeigela rosea, Lindky, Bot. Mag., 
 t. 4396 ; W. amabilis of gardens.) 
 
 A shrub 6 or 7 ft. high, of 
 spreading habit and arching 
 branches ; young shoots with 
 two lines of short hairs. Leaves 
 oval or oval-lanceolate, long- 
 pointed, toothed except at the 
 base, felted on the midrib be- 
 neath ; 2 to 4^ ins. long, f to \\ 
 ins. wide ; very shortly stalked. Flowers ofte"n in terminal threes or fours on 
 short lateral twigs. Corolla funnel-shaped, i^ ins. long, with five spreading 
 rounded lobes at the mouth, where it is as much in diameter ; deep rose 
 on the outside, paler and becoming almost white within ; stigma bilobed. 
 Calyx with five slender, erect lobes \ to \ in. long, awl-shaped, nearly smooth ; 
 ovary downy. 
 
 Native of China ; introduced for the Horticultural Society by Fortune in 
 1845. It is perhaps the commonest of Diervillas, being usually known by 
 Lindley's name of Wiegela rosea ; it is one of the parents of many of the fine 
 garden varieties. Blossoms in May and June. 
 
 Var. CANDIDA. Flowers pure white. A hardier white variety and more 
 serviceable in gardens than D. japonica hortensis. 
 
 Var. LOOYMANSI AUREA. Leaves yellow ; perhaps of hybrid origin. 
 Var. VARIEGATA. A good variegated shrub ; leaves edged with pale 
 yellow ; flowers deep rose. A form of this, NANA, is dwarf and has the leaves 
 edged with creamy white. Flowers very pale rose. 
 
 DIERVILLA FLORIBUNDA. 
 
DIERVILLA 491 
 
 D. GRANDIFLORA, Siebold. 
 (D. coraeensis, DC Candollt?) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 to 10 ft. high ; young branchlets smooth. Leaves 
 3 to 5 ins. long, 2 to 3 ins. wide ; oval or obovate, with a long, abrupt point, 
 nearly or quite smooth above, hairy on the midrib and chief veins below ; 
 stalks J to f in. long, bristly. Flowers produced during June in corymbs 
 usually of threes, terminating short lateral twigs. Corolla bell-shaped, abruptly 
 narrowed near the base ; I to I \ ins. long, f in. across at the five-lobed mouth, 
 not downy ; pale rose at first, changing to carmine. Calyx with five narrow, 
 linear lobes \ in. long ; ovary smooth. 
 
 Native of Japan, but not, according to Siebold, of Corea, as the name 
 corasensis implies. The distinguishing characters from D. florida are the 
 linear calyx-lobes reaching to the base, the longer-stalked leaves, and the 
 smooth ovary. It is a very free-flowering, handsome shrub. 
 
 DIERVILLA FLORIDA VARIEGATA. 
 
 D. JAPONICA, De Candolle. 
 
 (Weigela japonica, Thunberg?) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 to 8 ft. high ; young shoots nearly smooth. Leaves 
 oval or ovate, 2 to 4 ins. long, about half as wide ; toothed, long and taper- 
 pointed, densely felted with pale down beneath ; slightly hairy above ; stalk 
 in. or less long, bristly on the edges. Flowers mostly in threes, terminal and 
 in the leaf-axils of short side twigs, forming a leafy panicle 3 to 5 ins. long. 
 Corolla between funnel- and bell-shaped, I to ij ins. long, less in width, 
 rather downy outside ; pale rose at first, changing to carmine. Calyx-lobes 
 linear, more or less downy. 
 
 Native of Japan and China. It is allied in botanical characters to 
 D. floribunda, having the corolla downy outsidej and the calyx-lobes slender 
 and downy ; but the corolla is much larger and differs in colour very much 
 from the almost blood-red one of D. floribunda. The garden varieties with 
 leaves more or less felted beneath, derive that character from this species. 
 
 Var. HORTENSIS, Rehder (D. hortensis, Siebold}. Flowers white ; leaves 
 nearly white with down beneath. Not so hardy and vigorous as the type. 
 Var. NIVEA has purer white flowers. 
 
492 DIERVILLA 
 
 D. LONICERA, Miller. 
 
 (D. canadensis, Willdenow ; D. humilis, Per soon ; Bot. Mag., t. 1796.) 
 
 A spreading, suckering shrub, 2 to 4 ft. high ; young wood smooth. Leaves 
 oval or ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, usually heart-shaped at the base on 
 strong shoots, tapering on weak shoots ; 2 to 5 ins. long, i to T.\ ins. wide, 
 evenly toothed, quite smooth on both surfaces, hairy on the margin when 
 quite young ; stalk in. or less long. Cymes few-flowered, axillary and 
 terminal, produced in June and July on the current season's shoots, the 
 terminal ones three- or five-flowered ; axillary flowers often solitary. Corolla 
 yellow, becoming deeper with age, funnel-shaped, the tube i in. long, wider 
 across the five narrow lobes. Calyx smooth, with five erect, awl-shaped lobes. 
 Style and stamens hairy below. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America, from Newfoundland to the S. United 
 States. First brought to Europe by Dr Dierville, a French surgeon, after 
 whom the genus is named; introduced to England in 1739. It is the least 
 ornamental of cultivated Diervillas, and rarely seen outside botanic gardens. 
 
 D. MlDDENDORFIANA, Carriere. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7876.) 
 
 A shrub 3 or 4 ft. high ; young shoots smooth except for two downy ridges. 
 Leaves 2 or 3 ins. long, T to i J ins. wide ; ovate-lanceolate, toothed, wrinkled, 
 slightly hairy on the margins and on the chief veins when young only ; 
 stalk \ in. or less long. Flowers in a terminal cymose cluster. Corolla 
 bell-shaped, sulphur-yellow, stained with orange on the lower lobes ; \\ ins. 
 long, I in. wide across the mouth, where are five spreading lobes. Calyx 
 two-lipped ; the upper lip with three narrow lobes, the lower one with two 
 broader, deeper ones ; all fringed with short bristles. Flowers in April 
 and May. 
 
 Native of N. China, Manchuria, and Japan ; introduced to Europe in 1850. 
 A beautiful shrub, very distinct in its yellow blossoms and curious two-lipped 
 calyx. It does not thrive well generally in cultivation, suffering very much 
 from late spring frosts. 
 
 D. PR^ECOX, Lemoine. 
 
 This Diervilla was put in cultivation by Mr Lemoine of Nancy in 1894. 
 He had previously obtained it from Japan, and if not a true species it may 
 be a hybrid or variety raised in that country. It flowers in the first week 
 of May three or four weeks in advance, of its nearest allies. It is a vigorous 
 grower, the leaves of the young shoots 5 ins. long and nearly half as 
 wide, hairy, especially beneath. Flowers large, \\ ins. long, rose-coloured, 
 yellow in the throat, produced in cymes of three or five. The calyx resembles 
 that of D. florida in lobing, but is very hairy. The young stems, on the 
 other hand, are quite smooth. Except that the flowers are rather subject 
 to damage by late frost, this shrub is quite a desirable one. 
 
 D. SESSILIFOLIA, Buckley. 
 
 A deciduous shrub of somewhat tufted habit, 2 to 3 ft. high, with four- 
 angled young branches which are downy only on the corners. Leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate, T.\ to 7 ins. long, half as wide ; sharp-toothed, rounded, or 
 heart-shaped at the base, taper-pointed, smooth except on the midrib above, 
 stalkless. Flowers much crowded in terminal cymose clusters up to 3 ins. 
 across, or in smaller axillary ones, produced from June to August. Corolla 
 
DIERVILLA DIOSPYROS 493 
 
 sulphur-yellow, ^ in. long, a narrow tube with five narrow-oblong, blunt 
 lobes. Calyx with five narrow, awl-shaped lobes. Seed-vessel ^ in. long. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States. This is much superior to 
 its ally D. Lonicera, producing large clusters of flowers on the current 
 season's shoots. It should be pruned back in spring before growth 
 commences, when it will send up a dense mass of shoots that will blossom 
 during the summer. 
 
 D. SPLENDENS, Carriere (D. sessilifolia splendens, Hort.\ is thought to 
 be a hybrid between the above and D. Lonicera. 
 
 D. RIVULARIS, Gattinger, is closely allied to and very similar to 
 D. sessilifolia, but the leaves are downy on both sides, especially beneath ; 
 the young shoots are downy all over ; and the seed-vessel is only \ in. long. 
 Flowers lemon-yellow. Native of the south-eastern United States ; introduced 
 in 1902 to Kew. 
 
 DIOSPYROS. EBENACE^:. 
 
 Of this large and important genus (to which the ebony tree belongs) 
 only three species are known to be really hardy in this country, although 
 a fourth D. Kaki will succeed in the warmer counties in the open, 
 and in many places elsewhere against a wall. They are trees with alternate, 
 entire leaves, and the shoots do not form terminal buds. The male 
 and female flowers are on separate trees, and both are small and without 
 beauty. The fruits are large, and beset at the base by the calyx, which 
 continues to grow after the rest of the flower has fallen. These trees 
 like a good loamy soil, and should be raised from seed, except the named 
 varieties of D. Kaki, which are grafted on seedlings. 
 
 D. ARMATA, Hemsley. 
 
 A semi-evergreen tree of sturdy, rounded habit, 20 ft. high, much branched ; 
 the branchlets clothed with a thick minute down, and occasionally terminated 
 by a stout thorn. Leaves \ to 2^ ins. long, ^ to ij ins. wide ; entire, the 
 smaller ones roundish, the larger ones oval, tapered about equally at both 
 ends, blunt or rounded at the apex, dark shining green, the midrib minutely 
 downy above, minutely hairy beneath ; the blade is specked with minute 
 transparent dots ; stalk $ in. or less long. Flowers not seen. Fruit yellow, 
 roundish, f in. diameter, furnished with appressed bristles ; borne on a stalk 
 about ^ in. long and set in a persistent calyx, the four lobes of wh'ich are 
 ovate, | in. long. 
 
 Native of Central China ; discovered by Henry, introduced by Wilson in 
 1904, and now growing in the open air at Kew apparently quite hardy, 
 and forming a sturdy bush. In the original description the leaves are 
 described as persistent, but cultivated plants would, apparently, be deciduous 
 in hard winters. 
 
 D. KAKI, Linnaus. KAKEE, or CHINESE PERSIMMON. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8127.) 
 
 A deciduous tree, ultimately 20 to 40 ft. high, with more or less downy 
 young shoots and winter buds. Leaves oval, 3 to 8 ins. long, i^ to 3^ ins. 
 wide ; tapering at both ends ; strongly veined ; soon smooth gfossy green 
 
494 DIOSPYROS 
 
 above, more or less downy beneath. Fruit 3 ins. wide, yellow, and of the 
 shape of an average tomato, supported by the persistent calyx, 2 ins. across. 
 
 Native of China ; long cultivated in Japan, where several scores of varieties 
 have been raised, remarkably diverse in size of fruit. Kakees are now being 
 extensively cultivated in the south of Europe, and the fruits sent from there 
 are becoming well-known in London shops as " persimmons." As regards the 
 British Isles, it, or some of its forms, for it is difficult now to distinguish the 
 type, ought to be hardy in the mildest parts. Canon Ellacombe has obtained 
 fine crops in his garden at Bitton, from trees trained against a wall. At 
 Kew, splendid crops are obtained in a cool greenhouse, and a tree has 
 lived in the open for five or six years. Its real hardiness must as yet, how- 
 ever, be regarded as very doubtful. This species is well distinguished from the 
 others by its large leaves and fruit. 
 
 D. LOTUS, Linnceus. DATE PLUM. 
 
 A deciduous tree, usually under 30 ft. high in this country, but probably 
 twice as high in warmer climates ; young shoots more or less downy, often 
 becoming quite smooth. Leaves oval, 2 to 5 ins. long, i to 2 ins. wide ; 
 tapered at both ends, entire, dark polished green above, and smooth except 
 on the midrib ; pale, somewhat glaucous, and with small scattered hairs 
 beneath ; stalk j to \ in. long, downy. Trees unisexual ; male flowers 
 produced on very short, downy stalks one to three together, in the leaf-axils 
 of the shoots of the year in July ; female flowers solitary. Calyx large in 
 both sexes, remaining attached to the base of the fruit, and growing larger 
 with it ; corolla pitcher-shaped, green suffused with red, in. long. Fruit 
 orange-shaped, ultimately \ to f in. across, purplish or yellowish. 
 
 Native of China, whence it has several times been introduced ; of the 
 Himalaya, possibly also of Asia Minor. It was cultivated early in the 
 seventeenth century in England, but has never become very common in 
 gardens, although perfectly . hardy. Fruits develop freely, but remain very 
 astringent, and unfit for food. The trees emit a curious heavy odour, especially 
 on damp days in autumn. It is due apparently to some exhalation from the 
 leaves. 
 
 D. VIRGINIANA, Linnceus. PERSIMMON. 
 
 A deciduous tree, 40 to 65 ft. high in this country ; but occasionally over 
 100 ft. high in a wild state, with a trunk 2 ft. in diameter ; young shoots more 
 or less downy. Leaves oval to ovate, tapering or more or less heart-shaped 
 at the base, pointed at the apex ; i-J- to 5 ins. long, f to 2 ins. wide ; glossy 
 green above, pale beneath ; smooth except for a little down on both sides of 
 the midrib ; stalk downy, \ to I in. long. Male flowers produced one to 
 three together in the leaf-axils, on very short downy stalks. Corolla pitcher- 
 shaped, \ in. long, with four short recurved lobes. Female flowers solitary, 
 larger, yellowish white. The fruit I have not seen in this country, but it is 
 described as more or less orange-shaped, i to i^ ins. across; pale yellow with 
 a red cheek. 
 
 Native of the eastern United States as far north as Connecticut, but most 
 abundant in the Southern and Central States, where the fruit is eaten in 
 large quantities. The tree is somewhat tender when very young, but perfectly 
 hardy after a few years. The finest tree in the British Isles is growing near 
 the Sun Temple at Kew. It is a male tree now 65 ft. high, with a trunk 5 ft. 
 6 , ins. in girth. The trunk is singularly picturesque because of the rugged 
 bark, which is deeply cut into square or rectangular blocks. This tree was 
 planted where it now stands in 1762, being one of a large collection trans- 
 ferred from the Duke of Argyll's garden at Whitton to the then newly formed 
 
DIOSPYROS DIOSTEA 
 
 495 
 
 arboretum at Kew. In a young state the persimmon is rather like the 
 date plum, but the leaves are longer-stalked, not of so polished a green, 
 broader and more rounded at the base. 
 
 DIOSTEA JUNCEA, Miers. YERBENACE/E. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7695 ; Lippia junceu, Schauer ; Verbena juncea, Hooker.") 
 
 A slender, tall, deciduous shrub of thin, erect habit, eventually a small 
 tree, 15 to 20 ft. high; young branches long, slender, rush-like; with 
 scattered down at first, then smooth. Leaves opposite, few, the pairs 
 often about 2 ins. apart; stalkless, usually J to in. long, \ to \ in. wide; 
 
 DIOSTEA JUNCEA. 
 
 ovate-oblong, triangular-toothed, thick, slightly downy. Flowers pale lilac, 
 produced during June, crowded on spikes about i in. long, which terminate 
 short lateral twigs. Corolla \ in. long, tubular, narrowed towards the 
 base, with five small rounded lobes. Calyx cylindrical, downy. 
 
 Native of the Andes of Chile and the Argentine ; introduced to Kew 
 about 1890. This shrub or small tree, which is perfectly hardy in the 
 open, has somewhat the aspect of Spartium junceum, but is, of course, 
 quite dissimilar in flower ; and even without flowers the opposite leaves 
 show the absence of relationship. It is an interesting plant, pretty 
 without being showy, and worth a place in a shrubbery where its naked 
 base is hidden and its slender top can stand up above the other shrubs. 
 It is quite well able to take care of itself in such a position. Increased 
 by cuttings in July and August. 
 
498 DIPELTA 
 
 DIPELTA. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 
 
 Four species belonging to this genus are known, two of which are 
 in cultivation. They are deciduous shrubs, exclusively Chinese, and are 
 allied to Diervilla, which they resemble in shape of corolla. The most 
 distinctive feature of the Dipeltas is the number of bracts at the base of 
 the ovary, which persist, grow, and ultimately form dry disk-like wings to 
 the fruit, similar in texture to the wings on elm seed. Two of them are 
 much larger than the others, and being attached by their centres to the 
 fruit have the shield-like appearance to which the generic name refers. 
 Leaves opposite. Both the following species are promising garden shrubs, 
 more especially D. floribunda. They like an open, moist, loamy soil, and 
 can be increased by cuttings. 
 
 DIPELTA FLORIBUNDA. 
 
 D. FLORIBUNDA, Maxinwwicz. 
 (Bot. Mug., t. 8310.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, with peeling bark, ultimately (according to travellers) 
 10 to 15 ft. high; young twigs downy (partially glandular-downy). Leaves 
 ovate to oval-lanceolate, tapering at the base, long-pointed, not toothed ; 
 2 to 4 ins. long, to i^r ins. wide ; downy on both sides and at the margin, 
 at least when young ; stalks \ in. or less long. Flowers fragrant, produced 
 in the axils of the leaves and at the end of short twigs, from one to six 
 on a stalk. Corolla I to \\ ins. long, funnel-shaped, I in. wide, with five 
 rounded, spreading lobes, pale pink with yellow in the throat. Calyx persistent, 
 with five linear, downy lobes scarcely \ in. long. Flower-stalk hairy, 
 in. long, with four unequal-sized bracts below the ovary, which continue to 
 grow as the fruit ripens and hide it. The two largest bracts are | in. long and 
 & in. wide. 
 
DIPELTA 
 
 497 
 
 Native of Central and W. China ; discovered in 1875, but not introduced 
 until 1902, when Wilson sent home living plants to Messrs Veitch. Seeds 
 were sent two years later. The first flowers opened in the Coombe Wood 
 nursery in 1907. This shrub bears its fragrant blossoms abundantly, the 
 year-old shoots developing short side twigs on which they appear in May 
 and June, thus forming sprays with the flowers in a double row of clusters. 
 
 D. VENTRICOSA, Hemsley. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8294.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 to 15 ft. high ; young shoots downy. Leaves oval or 
 ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the base, the apex long and taper-pointed, 
 edged with a few gland-tipped teeth, sometimes quite entire ; 2 to 6 ins. long, 
 
 DlPELTA VKNTRICOSA. 
 
 | to 1 1 ins. wide ; downy on the margins and slightly so on both surfaces ; 
 stalks } to \ in. long. Flowers produced at the end and in the leaf-axils of 
 short side shoots ; usually they are solitary in the leaf-axil and in a 
 terminal corymb of three. Corolla between tubular and pitcher-shaped ; 
 i to i ins. long, and f in. wide at the mouth ; the tube protruded on one 
 side near the base ; five-lobed, the lobes rounded, and the two upper ones 
 the smaller ; deep rose outside, paler within, except in the throat, which is 
 orange-coloured. Calyx with five avd-shaped lobes, \ in. long, fringed with 
 short hairs. Flower-stalk slender, and furnished with several bracts at the 
 base of each flower. These bracts (the largest f in. long, \ in. wide), are 
 
 2 I 
 
498 DIPELTA DIRCA 
 
 persistent and become attached to the fruit, which is also covered by the 
 persistent calyx. Distinct from D. floribunda in the smaller, bellied corolla. 
 
 Native of W. China ; discovered and introduced by Wilson in 1904, 
 flowered in the Coombe Wood nursery in May, 1908. It thrives very well, 
 and promises to be an ornamental as well as interesting shrub. 
 
 DIPTERONIA SINENSIS, Oliver. ACERACE^E. 
 
 A deciduous, small tree up to 25 ft. high, with a trunk 6 ins. or more 
 in diameter, or sometimes merely a big bush. Leaves opposite, pinnate, 
 9 to 12 ins. long, consisting usually of from seven to eleven leaflets, 
 which are opposite, ovate or lanceolate, short-stalked; ij to 4 ins. long, 
 one-third as much wide ; sharply, coarsely, and irregularly toothed ; 
 covered like the twigs when very young with scattered hairs which soon 
 fall away. Panicles glabrous, erect, pyramidal, 6 to 12 ins. long. Flowers 
 polygamous, very small, greenish white ; stamens white, six to eight, \ in. 
 long. Fruits produced in large clusters, each one composed of two flat, 
 winged carpels (like the fruits of Wych-elm or Ptelea), obovate, f to 
 i in. long. 
 
 Native of Central China, at from 350*0 to 5000 ft. elevation. This 
 interesting and handsome species was introduced by Wilson for Messrs 
 Veitch about 1900. It is beautiful in foliage, and its fruits are very 
 interesting; it flowered at Kew in June 1912, but the blossoms were in 
 no way effective. It is evidently quite hardy, thriving well in good loam, 
 and can be propagated by cuttings taken in July and put in gentle bottom 
 heat ; it also roots readily from layers. Although an ally of the maples 
 (Acer), it is very distinct from them in fruit, and the leaflets are more 
 numerous than in any of the pinnate maples. 
 
 D. DYERIANA, Henry, the only other species known, also a native of 
 China, is not introduced. 
 
 DIRCA PALUSTRIS, Ltnnceus. LEATHERWOOD. 
 THYMEL^EACE^E. 
 
 (Bot. Reg., t. 292.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 3 to 6 ft. high, with flexible, jointed branches, and 
 very tough, smooth bark ; buds downy. Leaves alternate, oval or 
 obovate; *ij to 3 ins. long, about half as wide; tapered at both ends, not 
 toothed, smooth and pale green above, somewhat glaucous beneath ; stalk 
 \ in. or less long. Flowers appearing in March at the joints of the naked 
 wood, usually three together on- very short stalks. There is no corolla; 
 calyx \ in. long, funnel-shaped, toothed, pale yellow; stamens eight, 
 protruded. Fruit a pale, oval drupe, J in. long, rarely. seen in Britain. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America; introduced in 1750. This is not a 
 showy plant, and its yellow flowers are often injured by spring frost, but 
 it is an interesting one. It is closely *allied to the Daphnes, which differ 
 from Dirca in having spreading calyx (or perianth) lobes and stamens 
 
DIRCA DISCARIA 499 
 
 not protruded. Dirca is a moisture-loving plant, and likes a deep soil 
 to which some peat is added. A specimen in the Cambridge Botanic 
 Garden has attained a diameter of 9 ft. The remarkable toughness and 
 flexibility of the shoots have been taken advantage of in several ways. 
 In early times the American Indians used the bark for making ropes, 
 and the twigs are still used in rural districts as tying material and for 
 basket-making. 
 
 DISANTHUS CERCIDIFOLIA, Maximowicz. HAMAMELIDACE^. 
 
 (Sargent's Forest Flora of Japan, t. 1.5.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub up to 8 or 10 ft. high, with slender, spreading 
 branches ; young shoots perfectly smooth and round, and marked with 
 small whitish lenticels. Leaves alternate, firm, very broadly ovate to 
 roundish, heart-shaped or truncate at the base, blunt and rounded at the 
 apex ; 2 to 4^ ins. long, and almost or quite as broad ; perfectly smooth, 
 glaucous green and entire ; stalk i to 2 ins. long. Flowers dark purple, 
 two of them set back to back at the end of a stalk ^ in. long, produced 
 from the leaf-axils. Each flower is J in. across, with five narrow tapering 
 petals, arranged starwise ; calyx with five short recurved lobes ; stamens 
 live. Seed-vessel a woody, nut-like capsule. 
 
 Native of Japan; introduced about 1893, not yet well known in 
 gardens. It has not yet flowered in Britain to my knowledge, and the 
 appearance of the blooms is chiefly known from Sargent's figure above 
 cited. We know it, however, to possess one excellent quality : its foliage 
 handsome and Judas-tree like in form, turns in autumn to one of the 
 loveliest of claret-reds suffused with orange. No new shrub, indeed, is 
 more beautiful in this respect. It is rather tender when young, but 
 appears quite hardy after a few years. A plant at Kew, 3 ft. high, 
 growing in peaty soil in a bed of heaths, is in excellent condition, and 
 was not injured in the least in the winter of 1908-9. Disanthus (the 
 name refers to the paired flowers) is only known by this species. It 
 belongs to that group of the Witch-hazel family with many seeds in each 
 fruit. In Japan it flowers in October when the previous year's seeds are 
 ripening, resembling in this respect its ally the Virginian witch-hazel 
 
 DISCARIA. RHAMNACE^:. 
 
 s 
 
 A genus of small trees or shrubs closely allied to Colletia, and found 
 chiefly in S. America. One almost hardy species is found in New 
 Zealand, and the same or a nearly allied one in Tasmania and S. Australia. 
 The leading characteristics of these plants are their large opposite spines, 
 which are really reduced branches ; their opposite or clustered leaves, and 
 their numerous small, clustered, axillary flowers, of which a bell-shaped 
 calyx is the most conspicuous part, the petals being often absent. Fruit 
 a dry, three-lobed capsule. Besides the two species described below, a 
 third is sometimes cultivated, viz., D. LONGISPINA, Miers^ a native of 
 
500 DISCARIA 
 
 Uruguay. It has small obovate leaves, J in. or less long, slender spines 
 
 2 ins. or more long, and crowded 
 clusters of small yellowish white 
 flowers. It requires the protection 
 of a wall. 
 
 The Discarias like a sheltered, 
 sunny position, ordinary garden soil, 
 and they can be multiplied by means 
 of cuttings taken in July and placed in 
 a close frame. 
 
 D. SERRATIFOLIA, BentJiam. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1876, ii., f. 65 ; 
 Colletia serratifolia, Ventenat.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 10 to 14 ft. high, 
 with long, slender, pendulous, spiny 
 branches. Leaves opposite, ^ to I 
 in. long, ovate-oblong, with shallow, 
 rounded teeth ; both surfaces smooth 
 and lustrous green, especially the upper 
 one, which has an almost varnished 
 appearance. The spines, stiff, sharp, 
 and | in. or more long, are produced in 
 pairs at each joint. Flowers crowded 
 in clusters on short twigs from the year- 
 old shoots, each flower about in. across, 
 with no petals, but a greenish white calyx 
 tubular at the base, divided at the top 
 into five triangular lobes. 
 
 Native of Chile and Patagonia; culti- 
 vated at Kew since 1842, and quite hardy. 
 Although it has no colour-beauty to re- 
 commend it, its flowers are borne so 
 abundantly in June as to render it quite 
 pretty, and they are, besides, charmingly 
 fragrant. It is well worth cultivating 
 for these, as well as for its distinct and 
 graceful appearance and glossy dark 
 foliage. 
 
 D. TOUMATOU, Raoul. WILD 
 IRISHMAN. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, varying in New 
 Zealand from a low, scrubby bush 2 ft. 
 high, to a small tree 25 ft. high, with 
 long, slender, flexuous and exceedingly 
 spiny branches. Spines I to IT? ins. or 
 even more'long, opposite, sharply pointed, 
 stiff, standing out from the branchlets at 
 almost right angles. Leaves opposite 
 DISCARIA TOUMATOU. on the shoots of the year, or in clusters 
 
 beneath the spines on the year-old shoots, 
 from \ to I in. long, varying in shape from narrow oblong to obovate. Flowers 
 
DISCARIA DORYCNIUM 501 
 
 greenish white, in. across, produced very numerously in clusters along with 
 the leaves ; calyx with four or five lobes, petals absent. Fruit a round, three- 
 valved capsule, in. wide. 
 
 Native of New Zealand. This remarkable shrub is unfortunately too 
 tender to thrive in the open at Kew, but succeeds very well against a south 
 wall, where it flowers in great profusion every May. It is worth growing for 
 its extraordinary spines, which are green and terete, and as thick as the shoot 
 from which they spring. The leaves are sometimes absent on old plants. 
 
 DISTYLIUM RACEMOSUM, Siebold. HAMAMELIDACE^E. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1906, ii., fig. 120.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub with rigid, short branches (a small tree in nature) ; 
 young shoots minutely warted. Leaves alternate, leathery, entire, narrow- 
 oblong or obovate, tapering at the base to a short stalk, often blunt at 
 the apex; ij to 3 ins. long, \ to \\ ins. wide; shining deep green, 
 smooth on both sides except when very young. Flowers sometimes 
 unisexual, in small erect racemes, about i in. long. There are no petals, 
 but a five-parted, reddish, downy calyx, and several lurid purple stamens ; 
 flower-stalks covered with rusty-coloured scurf. Fruit semi-woody, downy, 
 surmounted by the two styles which remain attached at the top, and to 
 which the generic name refers. 
 
 Native of Japan, where, according to Sargent, it is an evergreen tree, 
 with an exceedingly hard, dark-coloured, valuable wood. It has never 
 promised to be more than a dwarf, somewhat stiff shrub in this country. 
 It is not very hardy at Kew, but grows well and flowers out-of-doors at 
 Edinburgh, at Haslemere in Surrey, and will do so, of course, in other 
 mild localities. It belongs to the curious rather than to the beautiful class 
 of shrubs. Propagated by cuttings. Its nearest ally is Sycopsis. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATUM. Leaves narrow, often deformed; blotched and 
 margined irregularly with creamy white ; often grown in cool greenhouses, 
 and better known in gardens than the green type. 
 
 DORYCNIUM. LEGUMINOS^E. 
 
 Of the half-dozen or so species that make up this genus, none is 
 genuinely shrubby, for much of the growth they make during summer 
 dies the following winter after bearing flowers and seeds. But the two 
 here described (especially D. suffruticosum) form woody permanent 
 bases. They belong to the pea-flowered section of Leguminosae, and are 
 distinguished by the capitate inflorescence, the thick, short seed-pods, 
 and the quinquefoliolate leaves. Very easily cultivated in an open position 
 in a light, loamy soil. 
 
 D. HIRSUTUM, Seringe. 
 
 (Cytisus Lotus, Hort.') 
 
 A semi-herbaceous plant, with erect, branching, annual stems, round, 
 slightly ribbed and hairy, springing from a woody base. Leaves of five 
 
502 DORYCNIUM DRIMYS 
 
 leaflets with scarcely any stalk. Leaflets obovate, f to I in. Jong, % to I in. 
 wide ; hairy, especially beneath. Flower-heads ij ins. across, produced on 
 hairy stalks I to 2 ins. long, from the leaf-axils and at the ends of the shoots. 
 Flowers f in. long, six to ten in a head, white ; calyx ^ in. long, five-lobed, 
 very hairy. Pod ^ in. long, smooth, oblong, containing about four seeds, the 
 calyx persisting at the base. 
 
 Native of S. Europe ; cultivated ir. England in 1683. It has recently 
 reappeared and spread in gardens as "Cytisus Lotus." When in bloom it 
 has a resemblance to some brooms of the Cytisus supinus group, but is, of 
 course, very distinct in the smooth pods and axillary inflorescence. It flowers 
 from June to September, and produces seed abundantly ; these afford the best 
 means of increase. 
 
 D. SUFFRUTICOSUM, Villars. 
 (Lotus Dorycnium, Linnceus.") 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 2 to 3 ft. high, of thin, elegant habit. Stems very 
 slender, much-branched, slightly ribbed, furnished when quite young with 
 grey appressed down. Leaves of five leaflets, stalkless ; leaflets linear-obovate, 
 to | in. long, greyish, with silky hairs. Flowers produced in numerous 
 rounded heads, ^ in. or so across, from the leaf-axils near the top of the branch, 
 each head being borne on a slender stalk I to i\ ins. long. Flowers pinkish 
 white, in. long, ten to twelve in a head ; calyx \ in. long, with five narrow, 
 pointed lobes, silky grey. Pod rounded, about \ in. long, containing one seed. 
 
 Native of S. Europe, known in gardens since the middle of the seventeenth 
 century, but not much grown now. The base only of the plant is shrubby, the 
 upper part being semi-herbaceous, and dying back in winter. It is a graceful 
 but not showy plant, flowering from June to September. Occasionally it ripens 
 a good crop of seed, by which, and by soft wood-cuttings placed in bottom 
 heat, it can be propagated. 
 
 DRIMYS. MAGNOLIACE.E. 
 
 A small genus of fragrant aromatic shrubs, two of which are grown 
 out-of-doors in the mildest parts of the British Isles. Leaves alternate, 
 entire, glabrous. They thrive in a warm, loamy soil, and can be 
 propagated by cuttings or layers. D. Winteri is the hardier shrub ; tbe 
 other, D. AROMATICA, F. Mueller, is a tender evergreen suitable only 
 for Cornwall and similar places; there it is already 15 ft. high. Leaves 
 ij to 3 ins. long, J to f in. wide, oblanceolate, obtuse; both the leaf- 
 stalks and the young shoots suffused with rich red. Flowers. numerously 
 produced during April and May in fascicles from the leaf-axils and at 
 the ends of the branchlets ; unisexual, white, J in. across ; petals linear ; 
 flower-stalk slender, J in. long. The leaves have a pungent, peppery 
 taste, and the dried fruit has been used as a substitute for pepper. 
 Native of Tasmania, where it is very abundant, and of Victoria. 
 
 D. WINTERI, Forster. WINTER'S BARK. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4800 ; Wintera aromatica, Murray?) 
 
 A handsome evergreen shrub, rather tender, and really satisfactory only in 
 the milder parts of the kingdom ; young shoots smooth, often tinged with red. 
 Leaves lanceolate, 5 to 10 ins. long, smooth, bright rather pale green, very 
 
DRIMYS EHRETIA 503 
 
 aromatic when crushed. Flowers borne in a cluster of loose umbels, from four 
 to seven in each umbel ; they are ivory white, fragrant, and about i^ ins. 
 across ; petals linear, pointed, spreading. 
 
 Native of S. America from Tierra del Fuego to north of the equator ; 
 introduced as a living plant in 1827, but known since 1578, in which year its 
 bitter aromatic bark was brought home by Capt. Winter (after whom it is 
 named) in one of Drake's ships from the Magellan Straits. In the south-west 
 of England it is a free-growing shrub 12 to 25 ft. high ; but, wild in S. America, 
 it is described as over 40 ft. high. At Gravetye Manor, near East Grinstead, 
 a group of plants 4 ft. high came through the trying winter of 1908-9 with 
 little injury. At Kilmacurragh, Co. Wicklow, a specimen is 30 ft. high. 
 
 ECCREMOCARPUS SCABER, Ruts and Pavon. BIGNONIACE^E. 
 
 (Bot. Reg., t. 939.) 
 
 A semi-woody climber with herbaceous shoots and the habit of a 
 Clematis ; stems ribbed, not downy. Leaves opposite, doubly pinnate ; 
 leaflets three, five, or seven on each subdivision, ovate, oblique, irregularly 
 and unequally lobed; \ to i^ ins. long, often heart-shaped at the base, 
 smooth ; the main-stalks end in a much-branched tendril which supports 
 the plant by twisting round any available object. Flowers nodding, 
 produced from June onwards in racemes 4 to 6 ins. long, of usually 
 seven to twelve blossoms. Corolla nearly i in. long, bright orange-red, 
 tubular, bellied on one side, contracted at the mouth to a narrow orifice, 
 where are five small, rounded lobes. Calyx minutely glandular. Seeds 
 flat, winged, numerous, in inflated pods ij ins. long, f in. wide. 
 
 Native of Chile ; introduced in 1824. This handsome climber rarely 
 survives the winter in the open, except against a wall, but ripening seed 
 in abundance it may, if necessary, be treated as an annual. The seeds 
 should be sown in February in heat, and the seedlings planted out, after 
 being once potted, in May. Usually classed with woody plants, it 
 scarcely has a right to be considered as such out-of-doors, although in 
 greenhouses it lives an indefinite time, and forms a stout woody base. 
 
 EHRETIA ACUMINATA, R. Brown. BORAGINACE^E. 
 
 A small deciduous tree, 15 to 20 ft. high in this country, of open, 
 spreading habit; young shoots soon smooth, marked with pale spots. 
 Leaves alternate, oval, ovate, or slightly obovate ; 3 to 7 ins. long, ij to 
 3 ins. wide ; smaller on the flowering shoots ; tapered or rounded at the 
 base, short-pointed, toothed: furnished above when young with small 
 appressed hairs which soon fall away, tufted in the vein-axils beneath; 
 stalk J to | in. long. Flowers fragrant, white, produced in August in 
 terminal pyramidal panicles 3 or 4 ins. long ; the corolla is J in. across, 
 deeply five-lobed ; calyx with five rounded lobes. Fruit a drupe, at first 
 orange, finally black ; rarely seen in this country. 
 
 Native of China and Japan ; rare in cultivation. A nearly allied, or 
 the same, plant was introduced in 1795 from the Himalaya, and grown in 
 
504 EHRETIA EL/EAGNUS 
 
 the early part of last century as E. serrata, Roxburgh. Although tender 
 when young, and liable to have its shoots winter-killed, E. acuminata is 
 perfectly hardy in the adult state at Kew, where there is a tree 18 ft. high, 
 which has grown on its present site for at least thirty years, its trunk 
 being now i ft. 9 ins. in girth. It is growing along with other trees and 
 shrubs, but has a full north-east exposure. The species is interesting 
 botanically as a hardy tree belonging to the borage family, and in 
 flowering so late, but it is not showy. A second species is 
 
 E. MACROPHYLLA, Wallich. A handsome foliaged plant, not get ting beyond 
 the dimensions of a shrub with us, and more tender than E. acuminata. 
 It is frequently killed to the ground at Kew, but sends up stout, erect shoots 
 several feet high during the ensuing summer. Leaves roundish ; 4 to 6 ins. 
 long, two-thirds to nearly as much wide ; rough with small bristles on 
 both surfaces, especially above; young shoots similar. Native of the 
 Himalaya, whence it was first introduced ; also of China, whence a form 
 introduced by Wilson is proving hardier. The genus was named after Ehret, 
 a German botanical artist. 
 
 EIwEAGNUS. OLEASTER. 
 
 Of the three genera which form the natural order of scaly shrubs 
 called Elaeagnacese, Elseagnus itself is distinguished from the other two 
 Shepherdia and Hippophae by its perfect (not one-sexed), flowers, and 
 from Shepherdia further by its alternate leaves. It consists of fifteen to 
 twenty species of evergreen or deciduous trees and shrubs, all the 
 younger parts of which are covered with silvery or brownish scales. The 
 flowers are in axillary clusters, and mostly fragrant; the perianth (there 
 are no petals) has a cylindrical or bell-shaped tube expanding at the 
 mouth into four lobes, resembling a miniature fuchsia. Stamens four, 
 very shortly stalked, and attached at the top of the tube. Fruit a one- 
 seeded drupe. Some of the scales as seen under the lens are beautifully 
 fringed with silvery hairs ; in fact, the whole aspect of the young parts of 
 Elaeagnus under a sufficient magnifying power is remarkably beautiful. 
 
 The Oleasters need a soil of only moderate quality, for the silvery leaved 
 deciduous ones develop a better colour on a light, sandy loam than on a 
 rich one. The evergreen species are best increased by cuttings, the 
 deciduous ones by seed. Grafting is sometimes recommended for the 
 evergreen ones, but as the stocks have to be raised from deciduous species, 
 plants so raised are not so healthy and long-lived as those on their own 
 roots. The deciduous species need exposure to full sunlight. 
 
 E. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Linnceus. 
 (Bot. Reg., t. 1156 ; E. hortensis, Bieberstein^ 
 
 A deciduous shrub or small tree, 15 to 20 ft. high, with spiny branches ; 
 young shoots covered with glistening silvery scales, becoming smooth and 
 dark the second year, i Leaves narrow-oblong or lanceolate; I to 3^ ins. 
 long") t to f ins. wide ; dull green and scaly above, silvery scaly beneath ; 
 Flowers in. long, fragrant, produced in early June, one to three in each 
 leaf-axil of the young shoots. Each flower has a bell-shaped tube and four 
 
EI^AGNUS 
 
 505 
 
 spreading lobes about as long as the tube ; silvery outside like the under- 
 surface of the leaves, yellow inside^ stalk ^ in. long. Fruit oval, | in. long, 
 yellowish, silvery scaly ; flesh mealy, sweet. 
 
 Native of S. Europe and W. Asia ; cultivated in England, according to 
 Alton, since the sixteenth century. It is a striking tree, especially when 
 associated with dark-leaved evergreens, because of the whiteness of the twigs 
 and under-surface of the leaves. In this respect, however, it is not so remarkable 
 as E. argentea, whose leaves are silvery on both sides, but it is a larger, better- 
 shaped tree. A kind of sherbet is made from the fruit in the Orient. In 
 
 ELJEAONDS ARGENTEA. 
 
 Central Europe, especially in the parks and gardens of Germany and Austria, 
 it is much planted, and as the foliage is much whiter under the continental 
 sun than it is in Britain, it often makes a very telling feature in the landscape. 
 
 E. ARGENTEA, Pursk. SILVER BERRY. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8369.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 to 12 ft, high, of thin, erect habit, with rather slender 
 branches \ spreading by underground suckers ; young shoots covered with 
 
506 EL.E AGNUS 
 
 reddish glistening /scales. Leaves oval to narrowly ovate, i| to 2| ins. long, 
 | to i^ ins. wide ; wedge-shaped at the base, rounded or pointed at the apex ; 
 both surfaces white and lustrous with silvery scales ; stalk in. long. Flowers 
 produced during May in great profusion in the leaf-axils of the young twigs, 
 often three in each axil ; they are drooping, in. long, with a stalk in. long ; 
 narrow tubular, shining and silvery outside, yellow on the inside of the four 
 pointed lobes ; very fragra'nt. Fruit roundish, egg-shaped, silvery, in. long 
 with a dry, mealy flesh, said to be edible. _ 
 
 The only species native of N. America, reaching from the Hudson Bay 
 Territory and British Columbia to the Central United States ; introduced in 
 1813. This shrub is one of the most striking of those with silvery foliage, and 
 when laden with its yellow, delightfully fragrant flowers, few others are more 
 pleasing. It is increased by taking off the sucker growths by which it spreads. 
 There is a great confusion in gardens and nurseries between this plant and 
 Shepherdia argentea, which seems to have existed in Loudon's time. London 
 does not seem to have known the true plant. There is one simple distinction 
 between them : the Elaeagnus has alternate leaves, the Shepherdia opposite 
 ones. The latter, moreover, is far from being as fine a shrub. 
 
 v 
 
 *E. GLABRA, Thunberg. 
 
 There is much confusion in gardens between this species and E. pungens ; 
 but E. glabra differs from E. pungens in the following respects. It is not 
 thorny, its longer-pointed leaves are of thinner texture, their lower surface 
 brown and^ shining with a metallic lustre (E. pungens is whitish and dull 
 beneath) ; and it is of more rambling, even climbing habit. For the rest, 
 E. glabra is a vigorous evergreen shrub, with us 15 to 20 ft. high, but twice 
 as much on trees and houses in the south of Europe. The flowers appear in 
 October and November, and are funnel-shaped, white, clothed with brownish 
 scales, fragrant. Young shoots slender, covered with brown, glossy scales. 
 
 Native of Japan and China. There appears to be no variegated form of 
 E. glabra in cultivation. 
 
 E. MACROPHYLLA, Thunberg* 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7638.) 
 
 A robust evergreen shrub of rounded, spreading habit, reaching at present 
 8 to 12 ft. in height in this country ; usually wider than high ; young shoots 
 silvery white, with a dense coat of scales. Leaves ovate to broadly oval, 
 rounded at the base, pointed ; 2 to 4^- ins. long, \\ to 2| ins. wide, silvery all 
 over when young, but afterwards dark lustrous green and slightly scaly above, 
 always of a beautiful silvery metallic lustre beneath ; stalk \ to f in long. 
 Flowers produced during October and November, usually in clusters of four to 
 six in the leaf-axils ; they are about ^ in. long and wide, each on a stalk ^ in. 
 long ; silvery scaly, shaped like a fuchsia, nodding, very fragrant, the four 
 segments triangular. Fruit oval, in. long, red, scaly, the perianth persisting 
 at the top. 
 
 Native of the Corean Archipelago and Japan, described by Thunberg in 
 1784 ; introduced by Maries for Messrs Veitch in 1879. It is perfectly hardy, 
 and flowers annually at a time of year when few blossoms remain out-of-doors. 
 It is the largest leaved and handsomest of evergreen oleasters, and is very 
 effective in spring before the young silvery leaves lose their sheen. Allied to 
 pungens and glabra, it is very distinct from them in the broader silvery leaves 
 and broader more bell-shaped flowers. 
 
EL^AGNUS 507 
 
 E. MULTIFLORA, Thunberg. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7341 ; E. longipes, A. Gray.') 
 
 A deciduous or semi-evergreen shrub, 6 to 10 ft. high, as much or more 
 across ; young branches covered with red-brown scales. Leaves oval, obovate, 
 or ovate ; i^ to 2^ ins. long, f to ii ins. wide ; tapered at both ends, green, 
 and furnished with scattered tufted hairs above, becoming smooth later, silvery 
 beneath, with a dense covering of tiny scales, intermingled with which are 
 larger reddish brown ones ; stalk ^ in. long. Flowers fragrant, produced in 
 April and May along with, and in the leaf-axils of, the new shoots ; often 
 solitary, about in. long, $ in. wide ; scaly like the under-surface of the leaf. 
 Fruit ^ in. long, oblong, deep orange, scaly, with a very acid but agreeable 
 flavour ; stalk | to I in. long. 
 
 Native of Japan, whence it was introduced about 1862 ; also of China and 
 
 Erobably Corea. It is cultivated in Japan for its fruit, and, according to 
 argent, becomes a small tree 20 to 25 ft. high, with a trunk I ft. in diameter. 
 The fruits are very abundantly borne, and make the bush very handsome when 
 
 MULTIFLORA (in fruit). 
 
 ripe in July, hanging along the under-side of the branches. Birds are fond 
 of them. 
 
 E. multiflora is a variable species, and the form described above with long- 
 stalked fruits is sometimes regarded as a separate species (E. LONGIPES 
 A. Gray}. A form with shorter-stalked, smaller fruits and more lanceolate 
 leaves has been called LONGIPES var. CRISPA, Maximowicz. 
 
 E. ORIENTALIS, Linnceus. 
 
 (E. sativa, Horl. ; E. tomentosa, Moench?) 
 
 A deciduous tree up to 20 ft. high, not so spiny as E. angustifolia, of which 
 it is sometimes considered a variety ; young shoots downy as well as scaly. 
 Leaves oval or ovate, i^ to 3 ins. long, ^ to I in. wide ; rounded at the base, 
 blunt at the apex, dull green above," covered beneath with silvery scales 
 and starry tufts of down ; stalk to \ in. long. Flowers yellow inside, 
 silver)^ outside ; very fragrant. Fruit roundish oval, yellowish, with silvery 
 scales. 
 
508 EL^AGNUS 
 
 Native of the Orient ; introduced in 1739. Very closely allied to 
 E. angustifolia, of which it may be an Eastern form, this differs in its broader, 
 shorter leaves, which are not so glistening beneath, and in the presence of 
 stellate down. It does not in my experience flower so freely, and on the whole 
 is not so desirable. 
 
 E. PUNGENS, Thunberg. 
 
 An evergreen shrub up to 15 ft. high, of dense spreading habit, and more 
 or less thorny ; young shoots covered with brown scales. Leaves leathery, 
 oval or oblong ; i to 4 ins. long, ^ to if ins. wide ; often blunt at the apex, 
 rounded at the base, margins wavy ; upper surface dark green and glossy, 
 sprinkled with scales when young, afterwards smooth ; lower surface dull 
 white dotted with large brownish scales ; stalk J to ^ in. long, brown 
 like the young wood and midrib. Flowers pendulous, \ in. long, the tubular 
 portion widening abruptly above the ovary ; silvery white, fragrant, clustered 
 often in threes in the leaf-axils, and opening in October and November. 
 Fruit \ to | in. long, at first brown-scaly with the perianth persisting, red when 
 ripe ; rarely seen in Britain. 
 
 Native of Japan ; perfectly hardy near London. It is often grown as 
 E. glabra, a distinct species under the note upon which the differences are 
 pointed xDUt. The fragrance of the flower is like that of Gardenias. 
 
 Var. AUREA. Leaves margined with rich yellow. 
 
 Var. AUREO-VARIEGATA. A richly coloured form, whose large leaves are 
 sometimes 4^ ins. long and 2^ ins. wide, variously marked with deep yellow, 
 much richer than the yellow of var. Frederici. The coloured patch is always in 
 the centre, but varies in size ; often there is only a thin border of dark green, 
 sometimes only one side of midrib is coloured. Between the yellow and the 
 green there are frequently patches of an intermediate yellowish shade. This 
 shrub is probably the most ornamental and striking of all variegated ever- 
 greens. Its effect in midwinter is bright and pleasing. Like many variegated 
 shrubs with the colouring in the centre of the leaf, it is liable to revert to 
 the green type ; shoots showing this disposition must be cut away. 
 
 Var. FREDERICI (syn. aureo-picta). Leaves rather small and narrow, 
 the cream-coloured or pale yellow centre bordered with a thin margin of 
 glossy dark green. 
 
 Var. REFLEXA (E. reflexa, Decaisne). Less thorny than the type ; leaves 
 very brown-scaly beneath ; margins not wavy. Perhaps a hybrid with 
 E. glabra. 
 
 Var. SIMONI. Leaves very silvery beneath. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATA. Leaves with a border of yellow like var. aurea, but of a 
 paler shade. 
 
 E. UMBELLATA, Thunberg. 
 
 A large, wide-spreading, deciduous, often thorny shrub, sometimes 20 to 
 30 ft. across, 12 to 18 ft. high ; twigs covered with brownish scales. The 
 shoots sometimes retain a few leaves at the ends throughout the winter. 
 Leaves narrowly oval ; 2 to 4 ins. long, f to i^ ins. wide ; tapered at the 
 apex, tapered or rounded at the base ; rather bright green above, shining 
 and silvery beneath ; stalk about \ in. long. Flowers produced during May 
 and June, when the young leaves are about one-third grown, in clusters 
 of one to three ; each flower ^ in. long, funnel-shaped, silvery outside, 
 creamy white inside. Fruit globose, \ to \ in. diameter, at first silvery, 
 finally red ; stalk J in. long. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya, China, and Japan ; varying considerably in 
 several respects, one form coming into flower when another is almost past. 
 The habit also varies, some forms being much wider spreading than others. 
 
ELJEAGNUS ELLIOTTIA 
 
 509 
 
 The largest plant at Kew is 30 ft. across. A handsome species both in 
 flower and fruit. 
 
 Var. PARVIFOLIA (E. parvifolia, Wallich}. Shoots at first silvery ; leaves 
 covered with distinctly starry hair-tufts on the upper surface when young, 
 becoming smooth later ; silvery and scaly beneath. 
 
 E. umbellata differs from E. multiflora in its globose, short-stalked fruits ; 
 in the tube of the perianth being more slender ; and in the leaves being 
 paler, longer, and proportionately narrower. It also flowers later. 
 
 ELLIOTTIA 
 
 KACEMOSA, JMuhlenberg. 
 ERIC AC EJ:. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8413.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 4 
 to 10 ft. high, or occasion- 
 ally a small tree twice 
 as large ; young shoots 
 downy. Leaves narrowly 
 oval or obovate, tapering 
 towards both ends, 2 to 
 5 ins. long; f to if ins. 
 wide, dark dull green and 
 smooth above, paler and 
 sparsely hairy beneath ; 
 stalk \ to \ in. long, hairy. 
 Flowers thinly arranged 
 in a terminal raceme or 
 panicle 4 to 10 ins. high, 
 pure white, slightly fra- 
 grant ; petals four, oblong, 
 rounded at the end, f in. 
 long, reflexed, downy at 
 the margins; calyx -J in. 
 diameter, with four rounded 
 lobes; stamens eight, 
 shorter than the petals', and 
 with broad,' flattened stalks; 
 style as long as the petals. 
 Flower-stalk white, slender, 
 usually one- sometimes 
 
 ELLIOTTIA RACKMOSA. 
 
 Fruit 
 
 three-flowered, \ to f in. long, with a pair of tiny bracts midway, 
 and seed unknown. 
 
 Native of Georgia in the southern United States, and only found in a 
 few isolated spots in the Valley of the Savannah River. It was originally 
 discovered early in the nineteenth century by the botanist, Stephen 
 Elliot (1771-1830), after whom the genus is named, but was not intro- 
 duced to England until 1894, when Mr Berckmans of Augusta, Georgia, 
 sent a plant to Kew. It first flowered in July, 1911. It is not 
 
510 ELLIOTTIA EMBOTHRIUM 
 
 improbable that this beautiful and interesting plant may entirely dis- 
 appear, if it has not already, done so, in a wild state, for it appears to 
 have lost the faculty of perfecting seed, and only persists by producing 
 root-suckers. Among deciduous members of the hardy Ericaceae, its 
 four-petalled flowers and elongated racemes distinguish it. It is one of 
 the rarest shrubs in the world, two plants at Kew and some young ones 
 raised from them being probably the only ones in Europe. 
 
 ELSHOLTZIA STAUNTONII, Bentham. LABIATE. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8460.) 
 
 A semi-woody plant, about 5 ft. high, scarcely shrubby, the growths 
 dying back considerably during winter, sending up each summer erect 
 leafy growths, bearing the flowers in panicles at the top during September 
 and October. Shoots cylindrical, clothed with a very fine down. Leaves 
 opposite, lanceolate, slenderly tapered at both ends, coarsely triangular- 
 toothed except at the ends, 2 to 6 ins. long, \ to i-J ins. wide; dark 
 green above, pale and covered with minute dots beneath ; smooth on both 
 sides, minutely downy on the margins. When crushed the leaf emits 
 an odour like mint. Flower-panicles narrow-cylindrical, grey, woolly, 
 4 to 8 ins. long, about i in. wide, produced at the end of the main 
 and axillary secondary shoots, forming a large branched inflorescence 
 at the top. Flowers small, purplish pink, crowded in short-stalked 
 umbels on the main axis of the panicle. 
 
 Native of China; long known to botanists, but only introduced to 
 cultivation in 1909. It is useful for flowering late in the season, but 
 is of a rather weedy character. Propagated very easily by cuttings of 
 youngish growths. Thrives in rich loamy soil and in full sunshine. The 
 spelling of the generic name is sometimes confused with Eschscholtzia 
 a genus of Californian plants allied to poppies. 
 
 EMBOTHRIUM COCCINEUM, Forster. FIRE BUSH. 
 
 PROTEACE^E. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4856.) 
 
 This remarkable evergreen, small tree perhaps hardly comes within 
 the scope of this work, for it is only suitable for the mildest parts of 
 our islands, such as- Cornwall, the south-west of Ireland, and similar 
 places. It has dark glossy green, somewhat leathery leaves, ovate-lanceo- 
 late or oval, 2\ to 4^ ins. long, f to i \ ins. wide ; blunt-ended, smooth, 
 and entire. Flowers brilliant crimson-scarlet, produced in wonderful 
 profusion in short axillary and terminal racemes. Each flower is borne 
 on a thin stalk \ to f in. long, and is at first a slender tube i to i \ ins. 
 long; afterwards the four strap-shaped lobes (in the broadest part of 
 which the anthers are enclosed) curl back, exposing the long erect style. 
 Perhaps no tree cultivated in the open air in the British Isles gives 
 so striking and brilliant a display of colour as this does. In some of the 
 
EMBOTHRIUM ENKIANTHUS 511 
 
 Cornish gardens there are specimens 30 ft. high, and about the same 
 through. Like many of its natural order it is often short-lived, and after 
 twenty to twenty-five years is liable to die suddenly without any assign- 
 able reason. A native of Chile; introduced by Wm. Lobb in 1846; 
 flowers in May. A tree 40 ft. high, at Kilmacurragh, has a trunk ij ft. 
 in thickness, and produces suckers from the roots. , 
 
 EMPETRUM NIGRUM, Linnceus. CROWBERRY. EMPETRACE^:. 
 
 A low, evergreen, heath-like shrub, about i ft. high in gardens, with 
 spreading, wiry, procumbent stems, minutely downy when young. Leaves 
 narrow-linear, \ to \ in. long, sometimes arranged in fours, but usually 
 arranged indiscriminately on the shoot, always crowded, blunt at the 
 apex, dark green with a white line beneath, margins much decurved. 
 Flowers mostly unisexual, with the sexes on different plants, produced 
 during March singly in the leaf-axils near the tips of the previous summer's 
 shoots. They are very small, and the only conspicuous part is the 
 stamens, of which there are three to each male flower ; they are pinkish, 
 and have long, very slender stalks holding the anthers slightly beyond the 
 leaves. The fruit is an orange-shaped black berry, -^ in. wide, borne in 
 clusters near the end of the twigs, each containing six to nine seeds. 
 
 Native of the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere, including 
 Britain; a form approaching var. tomentosum is also found in Chile. 
 The crowberry is not common in gardens, but it thrives very well in the 
 London district and makes a low, dense, neat mass of greenery, easily 
 increased by cuttings. It is a moorland plant, and an associate of che 
 heather, cranberry and whortleberry, and likes a sandy, peaty soil. The 
 fruits are said to be eaten by peasantry, but are not very desirable. 
 The only allied genus in gardens is Corema. The affinities of these shrubs 
 are doubtful, but the general opinion now is to regard them as nearest to 
 the box family. 
 
 Var. PURPUREUM. Berries reddish purple. Native of N. America 
 
 Var. SCOTICUM. A dwarf form with smaller leaves. 
 
 Var. TOMENTOSUM. Young stems thickly covered with grey down. 
 
 ENKIANTHUS. ERICACEAE. 
 
 A distinct group of deciduous shrubs and small trees, native of 
 N.E. Asia. In habit they are marked by the branches and leaves being 
 in whorls, which give to some species a peculiar tabulated appearance. 
 The flowers are in pendulous umbels or racemes ; the corolla either bell- 
 shaped or pitcher-shaped, with five small lobes. Calyx five-lobed, and 
 persistent on the seed-vessel. Stamens ten, not so long as the corolla. 
 
 These shrubs like a moist soil, with which decayed leaves and some 
 peat have been mixed. Probably, like so many of their family, they 
 dislike lime. Their general treatment is the same as for the hardy 
 Azaleas, and they have a similar love of sunshine. In flower they are 
 pretty and interesting, but their great beauty comes in autumn, when the 
 
512 . ENKIANTHUS 
 
 leaves turn to various brilliant shades of red and yellow. They are best 
 propagated from seed treated in the same way as recommended for 
 rhododendrons. Cuttings may also be rooted. 
 
 E. CAMPANULATUS, Nicholson. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7059 (var. Palibinii) ; Andromeda campanulata, Miquel^ 
 
 A deciduous shrub usually 4 to 6 ft. high, occasionally a small tree, branches 
 in whorls ; young shoots smooth, reddish. Leaves produced in a cluster at 
 the end of the twig, or alternate on strong growths ; obovate to oval, tapered 
 more gradually towards the base, finely toothed, I to 7\ ins. long, \ to i \ ins. 
 wide, hairy on the veins of both surfaces, dull green ; stalk \ to in, long. 
 Flowers produced during May from the terminal bud of the previous year's 
 
 ENKIANTHUS CAMPANULATUS. 
 
 growth in a hairy raceme sometimes almost reduced to an umbel. Corolla 
 bell-shaped, \ in. long, pendulous, with five rounded lobes, pale creamy yellow, 
 veined and tipped with red ; calyx with five lanceolate, pointed divisions \ in. 
 long ; stamens very short ; flower-stalk downy, \ to I in. long. Seed-vessel 
 egg-shaped, \ in. long. 
 
 Native of Japan; introduced in 1880, by Maries, for Messrs Veitch. This 
 is the most satisfactory of the species of Enkianthus in our gardens, being 
 quite hardy and flowering freely. It is sometimes cut by late frost. In the 
 Arnold Arboretum, Mass., where the frosts are much more severe than ours, it 
 succeeds remarkably well. The leaves turn golden and red in autumn. 
 
 Var. PALIBINII, Bean. The plant figured in Bot. Mag.^ t. 7059, is a 
 distinct form, the flowers being almost wholly of a rich deep red, rather smaller 
 than in the ordinary form, and produced in a distinct raceme. There is a 
 conspicuous line of reddish down bordering the base of the midrib of the 
 leaf beneath. In cultivation at Coombe Wood. 
 
 E. CERNUUS, Bentham and Hooker fil. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 3 to 6 ft. high, with smooth, bifurcating branches. 
 Leaves obovate, \ to \\ ins. long, half to two-thirds as wide; finely round- 
 
ENKIANTHUS 513 
 
 toothed, smooth, or with a few hairs at the base of the midrib beneath. 
 Flowers in a nodding raceme of ten or twelve blossoms, produced in May, 
 each on a downy stalk j to ^ in. long. Corolla bell-shaped, J in. long and 
 broad, white, the margin cut up into numerous slender-pointed, unequal teeth ; 
 calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, fringed with short hairs ; seed-vessel to J in. 
 long. 
 
 Native of Japan. It is easily distinguished by the almost fringed mouth of 
 the corolla. Var. RUBENS is similar to the type, except that its leaves are 
 usually shorter and broader (roundish obovate), often from ^ to in. long, and 
 the flowers of a rich deep red. Very distinct and beautiful. 
 
 E. HIMALAICUS, Hooker fit. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6460 ; E. deflexus, C. K. Schneider^ 
 
 A shrub or small tree, from 6 to over 20 ft. high ; young branches bright 
 red, smooth or hairy. Leaves produced in a cluster at the end of the shoot ; 
 i to 3 ins. long, to i f ins. wide ; oval, obovate or lanceolate, tapering to both 
 ends, with scattered hairs on both sides, but especially on the midrib beneath. 
 Flowers produced in June along with the young shoots in a terminal, umbellate 
 or racemose cluster, each of the eight to twenty blossoms borne on a drooping, 
 downy stalk f to ij ins. long. Corolla broadly bell -shaped, f in. broad, of 
 various shades of yellowish red with darker lines : lobes triangular, deeper- 
 coloured. Calyx-lobes ^ in. long, triangular and long-pointed. Seed-vessel 
 almost globose, downy. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya up to n,ooo ft. altitude, and of W. China. The 
 Himalayan plant is not very hardy and is usually wintered indoors, but the 
 Chinese plants introduced for Messrs Veitch by Wilson in 1908 are likely to 
 prove hardier, as he found them at quite as high altitudes. This Chinese form 
 is not quite identical with the Himalayan one figured in the Botanical 
 Magazine, having usually more distinctly racemose flowers and smooth young 
 shoots. E. himalaicus has the largest flowers in the genus, and Mr Wilson 
 describes it as one of the most strikingly beautiful shrubs of the W. Chinese 
 mountains. 
 
 E. CHINENSIS, Franchet, is nearly allied to it, but is distinguished by the 
 smooth leaves and flower-stalks. It is represented in cultivation by a very 
 few plants introduced by Wilson during his journey in Hupeh and Yunnan, 
 1899-1901. Young shoots smooth. Flowers \ to \ in. wide and long, bell- 
 shaped, salmon pink .with deeper lines. Fruit with five sharp ridges. 
 
 E. JAPONICUS, Hooker fil. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 5822 ; Andromeda perulata, 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 3 to 6 ft. high ; branches bifurcated or arranged in 
 tiers ; smooth, reddish. Leaves clustered at the ends of the twigs, i to i^ ins. 
 long, scarcely half as much wide, narrowly oval to obovate, fine-pointed, 
 tapering at the base to a short stalk, minutely toothed, downy only at the base 
 of the midrib. Flowers in a terminal cluster of three or more, each one on a 
 perfectly smooth, slender, drooping stalk about ij> in. long. Corolla white, 
 pitcher-shaped. \ to \ in. long, much contracted at the mouth where are five 
 shallow, rounded, reflexed lobes, and five swellings at the base. Calyx of five 
 awl-shaped, smooth lobes jV in. long. Seed-vessel \ in. long, cylindrical. 
 
 Native of Japan ; discovered in 1859 in the neighbourhood of Nagasaki 
 by Sir Rutherford Alcock, and introduced some ten years later by Messrs 
 
 2 K 
 
514 ENKIANTHUS -EPHEDRA 
 
 Standish. But little known in gardens yet, it is easily distinguished by its 
 white flowers on smooth stalks. It blossoms in April, and its leaves turn a 
 beautiful golden yellow in autumn. 
 
 E. SUBSESSILIS, Makino. 
 
 (Andromeda nikoensis, Afaximowicz.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub of bushy habit, 3 to 8 ft. high ; branchlets bifurcated or in 
 whorls, smooth. Leaves produced in a rosette at the end of the twig ; oval to 
 obovate, f to i^ ins. long, about half as wide ; tapering to a very short stalk ; 
 abruptly pointed, finely toothed ; dark dull green above, with white hairs on 
 the midrib ; paler beneath, and with darker, longer hairs along the midrib. 
 Flowers produced in late May in slender, nodding, downy racemes, i^ to 2 ins. 
 long, carrying six to twelve blossoms. Corolla pitcher-shaped, white, {\ in. 
 long, much contracted at the mouth, where are five short recurved lobes ; calyx 
 
 ENKIANTHUS JAPONICUS. 
 
 lobes ovate, pointed, ^ in. long, edged with hairs ; flower-stalks slender, f in. 
 long, smooth except at the base ; seed-vessel egg-shaped, ( \ in. long. 
 
 Native of Japan ; collected in the Central Province by Maries in 1878 ; 
 introduced to cultivation by Prof. Sargent in 1892, from the Nikko Mountains. 
 It is hardy at Kew, but slow-growing. It has not much beauty of flower, but 
 its foliage turns bright red in autumn. To some extent it resembles 
 E. japonicus, having the same white pitcher-shaped corolla, but it is smaller 
 and has not the five rounded protuberances at the base as in japonicus ; the 
 inflorescence too is racemose instead of fasciculate. 
 
 EPHEDRA. SHRUBBY HORSE-TAIL. GNETACE^E. 
 
 A group of curious shrubs, sometimes climbing, with a mode of 
 growth and branching resembling that of horse-tail (Equisetum). They 
 have little garden value, and are rarely seen except in scientific collections. 
 The older parts of the plants are truly woody, the younger parts very 
 pithy; the branchlets slenderly cylindrical, rush-like, dark or greyish 
 
EPHEDRA 515 
 
 green, minutely ribbed, opposite or borne in whorls, very tough and 
 flexible, but snapping at the joints. The joints (nodes) are clasped by 
 small membranous sheaths which sometimes develop a pair of leaf-like 
 blades, usually J to ^ in. long. The flowers are unisexual, the sexes 
 usually on separate plants, the males being borne on short spikes from the 
 joints, each flower consisting of two opposite membranous sepals and 
 two to eight anthers, which are borne at the top of one central stalk 
 formed by the union of their stalks. The female flower is composed of 
 a naked ovule prolonged at the top into a style-like tube and enclosed 
 in a bag-like calyx or bract, which in the fruiting stage becomes fleshy, 
 red and often sweet and edible. 
 
 In cultivation out-of-doors, so far as I have seen, they do not flower 
 profusely or regularly in this country ; still less frequently do they bear 
 fruit. The best crop of blossom I have seen was in the early summer 
 of 1912, this being due presumably to the ripening influences of the 
 unusually hot summer of 1911. The flowers are yellow, but have little 
 beauty. 
 
 The Ephedras, which in the vegetable kingdom make a connecting 
 link between ordinary flowering plants and conifers, usually inhabit dry, 
 inhospitable regions. Under cultivation they need a well-drained, loamy 
 soil and a sunny spot. They are propagated by seeds and layers and by 
 division. Such species as E. distachya, E. Gerardiana, and E. nebrodensis 
 make evergreen patches, interesting in the garden as being absolutely 
 distinct from any other hardy shrubs. The identification of the species 
 is a difficult botanical study, and a brief general description of a few of 
 the commoner species only can be given here. 
 
 E. DISTACHYA, Linticeus. A shrub variable in height up to 3 or 4 ft., the 
 branchlets rather rigid, with the joints ^ to 2 ins. apart. Leaves jV in. long. 
 Male flower-spike usually solitary ; female flowers in pairs. Fruit globose, 
 \ in. long, red. Native of S. and E. Europe ; cultivated in the sixteenth 
 century. Var. MONOSTACHYA (E. monostachya, Linnceus) has solitary female . 
 flowers. 
 
 E. GERARDIANA, Wallich. A densely furnished shrub, often very dwart 
 (2 or 3 ins. high) in a wild state, but up to 2 ft. high in cultivation, forming a 
 spreading close mass. Branchlets slender, erect, with the joints f to I in. 
 apart. Male flowers yellow, in a globose or ovate spike \ in. long. Fruit 
 globose, \ in. long, red. Native of the Himalaya, the Pamirs, Yarkand, 
 Thibet, etc. 
 
 E. INTERMEDIA, Sc/ircnk.^n erect shrub about 3 ft. high, branchlets 
 roughish, with the joints i| to T\ ins. apart. Flowers of both sexes often on 
 the same plant. Fruit red, globose, ^ in. long. Native of Central Asia. 
 Distinguished from the others here mentioned by the stouter branchlets and 
 longer internodes. 
 
 E. NEBRODENSIS, Tineo. A shrub sometimes 3 ft. or more high, the lower 
 branches prostrate ; branchlets with the slightly thickened joints \ to I in. 
 apart. Male flower-spikes solitary, or two or three together ; female solitary. 
 Fruit red, rarely yellow, globose, \ in. long. Native of the Mediterranean 
 region, N. Africa, and Canary Islands. It occurs along the coast of Dalmatia, 
 and I have seen it making very charming evergreen patches at Spalato, on the 
 walls of Diocletian's palace, also in the vicinity of Ragusa. 
 
51 6 EPIGJEA ERCILLA 
 
 EPIG/EA REPENS, Linnceus. MAY-FLOWER. ERICACEAE. 
 
 A creeping, evergreen shrub reaching only 4 to 6 ins. above the 
 ground, the slender hairy stems rooting at intervals. Leaves leathery, 
 alternate, ovate-oblong, with a heart-shaped base and a round or short- 
 pointed apex ; i to 3 ins. long, J to 2 ins. wide ; of a rather dark glossy 
 green, rough and sprinkled with short bristles on both surfaces and at 
 the margin ; leaf-stalk J to f in. long, hairy. Flowers produced in April, 
 four to six together in a dense terminal head about i in. across, furnished 
 at the base with green, hairy, lanceolate bracts. Corolla tubular, f in. 
 long, with five spreading, roundish ovate lobes, making it about in. 
 across at the mouth, woolly within; white or rosy tinted; calyx-lobes 
 lanceolate, smooth, half as long as the corolla, green. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America, from Canada to Georgia. It is 
 abundant near Plymouth, in Massachusetts, where the Pilgrim Fathers 
 landed in 1620. By them, tradition says, it was named after their own 
 famous vessel. It is said to have been introduced to Britain in 1736, but, 
 owing to the difficulty experienced in cultivating it, has never become 
 common. Although capable of withstanding any frost experienced in 
 this country, it misses its native covering of snow, and is excited into 
 premature growth by our mild winters only to be cut off by later frost. 
 It likes a peaty soil, and in Mr Waterer's nursery at Knap Hill thrives 
 admirably on the shady side of a clump of rhododendrons. On the other 
 hand, I have seen it equally good in the botanic garden at Dresden in 
 full sun ; but there the climate is not dissimilar to that of its native home. 
 The best success in Britain has been attained by giving it the shelter of a 
 handlight in late winter, and during frosty nights in spring. Propagated 
 by layers. 
 
 ERCILLA VOLUBILIS, Jussieu. PHYTOLACCACE^E. 
 
 (Bridgesia spicata, Hooker.} 
 
 An evergreen climber producing a dense mass of slender, sparsely 
 branched, very leafy stems, ultimately 15 to 20 ft. high, attaching them- 
 selves to walls or tree-trunks by means of aerial roots; young wood 
 smooth. Leaves alternate, J in. or less apart; ovate or oblong, f to ij 
 ins. long, J to i in. wide ; tapered or rounded at the base, blunt at the 
 apex, wavy at the margin ; smooth, stout, fleshy, dark shining green ; 
 stalk \ to J in. long. Flowers produced in March and April in dense 
 spikes which are i to ij ins. long, \ in. through, cylindrical. Calyx 
 J in. across, with five dull white, ovate sepals; stamens white, about 
 eight, I in. long, much protruded. Corolla none. 
 
 Native of Chile; introduced in 1840 by Thomas Bridges, a very 
 industrious collector of South American plants. The genus (of which 
 this is the only species) was named after him by Hooker, but the name 
 had to give way to an earlier one. It lives outside at Kew, and flowers 
 regularly, but succeeds better against a wall, where, if the leading shoots 
 
ERCILLA ERICA 517 
 
 are securely nailed, it will form a heavy tangle. Its natural means of 
 attachment appear to be scarcely efficient enough to enable the plant to 
 bear its own weight on a vertical surface. 
 
 ERICA. HEATH. ERICACEAE. 
 
 Of the several hundreds of known species of heath, the vast majority 
 are native of the Cape of Good Hope; the only hardy ones are of 
 European origin. Of the twelve true species described in the following 
 notes, five are natives of the British Isles. These heaths are all evergreen, 
 and are distinct among hardy shrubs for the smallness and the great 
 number of their leaves, which are linear and usually have the margins 
 recurved so as to form a groove at the back ; they are arranged in whorls 
 of three or four, sometimes five or six. In stature these hardy heaths 
 range from small trees over 20 ft. high, to dwarf semi-prostrate shrubs 
 6 ins. high. The corolla varies from globular to cylindrical, and has 
 \isually four small teeth at the contracted opening ; it does not fall in the 
 ordinary way, but withers and remains long on the stalk encasing the seed- 
 vessel. Calyx four-parted ; stamens eight ; fruit a many-seeded capsule. 
 
 The best way to use heaths in gardens is to plant them in broad 
 masses. Fine colour effects can be produced in that way by both the 
 early- and later-flowering sorts. But near London, or in places with a 
 similar climate, it would not be wise to plant large masses of E. lusitanica, 
 australis, arborea, and the hybrid Veitchii, which are tender, nor of 
 E. scoparia, which is scarcely worth it. They thrive in almost any soil that 
 is not strongly impregnated with calcareous matter; but carnea, medi- 
 terranea, darleyensis, cinerea, and possibly others, can be grown even in 
 such soils. The soil may have decayed leaves mixed with it, but it should 
 not be enriched by manure. The ideal soil is one of light sandy peat, 
 but that is by no means essential. 
 
 In most gardens the soil is too rich for the dwarf heaths, and, in 
 consequence, they grow too fast and soft and become lanky, very different 
 from the dense sturdy plants one sees wild. To correct this, especially in 
 those that flower late, it is advisable occasionally to prune over the plants in 
 spring before they start growth. This makes them break into growth lower 
 down, and tends to keep them dwarfer and more compact. Whilst this 
 annual pruning is more especially needed by E. cinerea, multiflora, 
 vagans, ciliaris, and Tetralix, the early-flowering E. carnea and darleyensis 
 are also improved if treated the same way as soon as the flowers begin to 
 fade ; but with them it is not so necessary. 
 
 Heaths can be propagated by seeds and by cuttings. The former 
 should be sown in very sandy peat in spring, and kept in a cool frame 
 until germinated : when large enough to handle they should be pricked 
 off into shallow boxes of similar soil, and when 2 or 3 ins. high planted 
 out in nursery beds or even in permanent places. But cuttings perhaps 
 are preferable. They should be made in July and August, of moderately 
 ripened twigs about i in. long ; side twigs of that length springing direct 
 from older branches are best. The leaves should be carefully removed 
 from the lower half, and for this work a very sharp knife is essential, so 
 
518 ERICA 
 
 that the leaves are cut cleanly away without tearing the bark of the 
 cuttings. These are then put in pots of very sandy peat, surfaced with 
 silver sand when finished, and placed in slight bottom heat with a bell- 
 glass over them. They will take root in a few weeks, but need not be 
 disturbed until the following spring, when they can be treated as advised 
 for seedlings. 
 
 E. ARBOREA, Linnceus. TREE HEATH. 
 
 A shrub of bushy habit, or in favourable localities a tree over 20 ft. high, with 
 a distinct trunk ; young wood very hairy, the hairs branched. Leaves very 
 densely packed in whorls of threes, \ to \ in. long, smooth, linear, grooved 
 beneath. Flowers very fragrant, borne in great profusion in March and 
 April, and usually clustered near the end of short twigs that clothe the shoots 
 of the preceding year, the whole making a slender panicle up to i^ ft. in 
 length. Corolla globular, \ in. long, almost white ; sepals ovate, not half as 
 long as the corolla ; stigma much flattened, white ; flower-stalk \ in. long, 
 smooth. 
 
 Native of S. Europe, N. Africa, and the Caucasus ; introduced in 1658. 
 This fine heath is not seen at its best near London, although it grows 8 to 10 
 ft. high there. Ultimately, however, there comes a frost that kills it. In the 
 Isle of Wight there is, or used to be, a tree in the gardens of Steephill Castle, 
 Ventnor, over 20 ft. high, with a trunk 2^ ft. in girth near the ground. There 
 is another about as high at Mt Stewart, Co. Down. Even on the Dalmatian 
 islands, where I have seen this heath wild, these dimensions are not exceeded. 
 It appears to be able to withstand about 20 of frost with impunity, if it 
 be of only one or two nights 3 duration. In former times the wood was largely 
 used at Cannes for turning and making into " briar-root " tobacco pipes a 
 corruption of the French " bruyere." It was once abundant along the coast 
 from Marseilles to Genoa. The flowers, whose odour is like that of honey, 
 remain, after fading, on the plants till June. 
 
 Var. ALPINA, Dieck. A very distinct and valuable form of tree heath. It 
 was introduced to Kew in 1899, and has proved to be a very hardy and 
 handsome evergreen, and has never suffered in the least by any frost 
 experienced since that date. In the trying winter of 1908-9 even the smallest 
 twigs were uninjured, preserving a peculiarly fresh and vivid green all the 
 time. It is a sturdy bush, stiffer and more erect in its growth than E. arborea. 
 The young wood has the same mossy appearance, due to the abundance of 
 branched hairs. The flowers are not freely borne whilst the plant is young, 
 but afterwards they appear crowded in stiff, pyramidal panicles i ft. or more 
 long. They are rather dull white, but the beauty of the plant is as much in 
 the rich cheerful green of the plumose branches all through the winter. It is 
 now 6 to 8 ft. high at Kew. A native of the Mountains of Cuenca, in Spain, 
 at over 4500 ft. altitude. Perhaps distinct enough to rank as a species. 
 
 E. AUSTRALIS, Linnceus. SPANISH HEATH. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8045.) 
 
 A shrub of rather open, ungainly habit, usually 3 or 4 ft. high, occasionally 
 twice as much ; young shoots erect, covered with a short thick down. Leaves 
 linear, \ in. long, glandular on the margins when quite young, arranged in 
 whorls of fours ; dark green above, channelled beneath. Flowers borne on the 
 previous year's growth in clusters of four or eight at the end of the shoot. 
 Corolla cylindrical, \ in. long, bright purplish red, with four rounded lobes at 
 the mouth ; calyx less than half as long as the corolla, slightly downy ; anthers 
 slightly exposed ; flower-stalk ^ m - 
 
ERICA 
 
 519 
 
 Native of Spain and Portugal, introduced according to Aiton by the then 
 Earl of Coventry in 1769. In the richness and brightness of its colouring it is 
 the best of the taller heaths, and flowers from April to June. Unfortunately it 
 is not absolutely hardy, and very severe winters almost clear the country of 
 it, for which reason it has always been rare. It has lived in the open at Kew 
 since 1896, although sometimes hard hit by frost. It should thrive per- 
 manently in the Isle of Wight, Cornwall, etc. In gardens, E. mediterranea is 
 often confused with it and flowers at the same time, but is readily distinguished 
 by its cylindrical clusters 
 of blossom, the individual 
 flowers coming in the leaf- 
 axils along the shoot not 
 terminal as in australis. 
 The flower arrangement 
 of E. australis is similar 
 to that of E. stricta, but the 
 latter only commences to 
 bloom when australis is 
 over, and it does so on 
 the shoots of the current 
 year. 
 
 E. CARNEA, Linnczus. 
 
 A low shrub of tufted 
 habit, from 6 to 10 ins. 
 high, the branches becom- 
 ing prostrate and spreading 
 on old plants ; young twigs 
 smooth. Leaves linear, \ 
 to \ in. long, dark glossy 
 green above, channelled 
 beneath ; arranged mostly 
 in whorls of fours, the 
 
 whorls 
 
 to 
 
 n. apart. 
 
 Flowers borne singly or in 
 
 pairs in the leaf -axils at 
 
 the end of the previous 
 
 summer's growth, making 
 
 cylindrical racemes i to 2 
 
 ins. long. Corolla deep 
 
 rosy red, scarcely in. long, 
 
 cylindrical ; calyx - lobes 
 
 narrowly oblong, more ERICA AUSTRALIS. 
 
 than half the length of 
 
 the corolla, anthers protruded, dark red ; flower-stalk about as long as the 
 
 calyx. 
 
 Var. ALBA (often grown as E. herbacea). Flowers white. 
 
 Native of the Alps of Central Europe ; introduced by the Earl of Coventry 
 in 1763. One of the most delightful of all dwarf shrubs, this heath is especially 
 valuable for its early flowering. Soon after New Year's Day the blossoms 
 begin to open, and often by February the plants are completely transformed 
 into tufts or masses of rosy red, all the more pleasing because the prevailing 
 tints of the plants then in flower are yellow, white, and blue. In a young 
 state the plants form dainty little tufts, but with age the branches spread 
 over the ground, and one plant will in time cover 2 ft. or more of space, 
 
520 ERICA 
 
 always keeping its surface well clothed with the dark green leafy twigs. 
 Plants can be Icept particularly neat, thick, and dwarf, by cutting them over 
 in early April or as soon as the flowers lose colour. This heath is admirable 
 for furnishing the shelves of the rock garden, and for forming broad patches 
 of colour wherever a dwarf evergreen is suitable. By some authors it and 
 E. mediterranea are regarded as forms of the same species. In botanical 
 characteristics the two are similar, but E. carnea is, of course, absolutely 
 distinct in its dwarf or semi-prostrate habit, in its more conspicuously exposed 
 anthers, and in flowering earlier. It is also much hardier. 
 
 E. CILIARIS, Linnceus. 
 
 A straggling shrub, 6 to 12 ins. high, with long prostrate stems from which 
 the flowering branches spring erect in dense masses ; young stems thickly 
 covered with hairs. Leaves in whorls of threes, ovate, about \ in. long, 
 green above, whitish beneath, smooth on both surfaces, but the edges 
 furnished with long gland-tipped hairs ; stalk scarcely perceptible. Flowers 
 arranged in whorls of threes on erect terminal racemes, 2 to 5 ins. long, 
 and opening from late June to October. Corolla rosy red, pitcher-shaped, 
 in. long, suddenly and obliquely contracted towards the mouth, where are 
 four rounded, shallow teeth. Sepals very similar to the smallest leaves, 
 but more densely hairy on the margin ; flower-stalk -$ in. long ; seed-vessel 
 quite smooth. 
 
 Native of S.W. Europe, also of Cornwall, Dorsetshire, and W. of Ireland. 
 Amongst hardy heaths it is only likely to be confused with E. Tetralix, 
 but that species has its leaves in fours, and its flowers are arranged in short 
 terminal umbels not on an elongated axis as in E. ciliaris. The latter 
 is charming for planting in broad masses for late summer and autumnal 
 flowering. 
 
 Var. MAWEANA (E. Maweana, Backhouse], Bot. Mag., t. 8443. A very 
 distinct and superior form of E. ciliaris found in 1872 in Portugal by the late 
 Mr Geo. Maw. It differs from the ordinary ciliaris in its stiffer, sturdier 
 habit, and ..is less inclined to develop long trailing branches. The flower 
 is larger, being in. long, and the foliage stouter and darker green. It flowers 
 from July to November, and is a most attractive plant. 
 
 E. WATSONI, De Candolle.k hybrid between E. ciliaris and E. Tetralix, 
 found first on a heath near Truro by Mr H. C. Watson. The flowers are 
 arranged much after the fashion of E. ciliaris, and they have the obliquely 
 pitcher-shaped form of that species, but the raceme is not so elongated. 
 The leaves are mostly in whorls of four, as in E. Tetralix, and have the narrower 
 form of that species. 
 
 E. CINEREA, Linnceus. SCOTCH or GREY HEATH. 
 
 A low shrub, from 6 ins. to i| ft. high, with rather stiff, much-divided 
 branches ; young shoots downy. Leaves normally three in a whorl, linear, 
 \ to in. long, flat above, convex beneath, pointed, deep green and smooth. 
 Flowers produced from June to September in terminal umbels of four to 
 eight flowers, or in racemes i to 3 ins. long ; corolla egg-shaped, ^ in. long, 
 bright purple, with four teeth at the opening. Calyx-lobes narrow-lanceolate, 
 one-third the length of the corolla, semi-transparent, smooth ; flower-stalk 
 \ to \ in. long, downy. 
 
 Native of W. Europe from Norway to Spain and N. Italy, and very 
 generally distributed over the moors of Britain. It is, perhaps, the most 
 beautiful of the dwarf summer- and autumn-flowering heaths, and produces 
 an enormous profusion of blossom. In cultivated ground in the Thames 
 
ERICA 521 
 
 Valley it is apt to be short-lived, growing too fast in the early summer and 
 often scorched by excessive heat in July and August. It is improved by 
 cutting over in the early spring before growth starts. It has varied much in 
 the colour of the flowers, and nurserymen offer some half a dozen varieties. 
 The three following are the most distinct : 
 
 Var. ALBA. Flowers pure white. 
 
 Var. ATROPURPUREA. Flowers deeper purple than in the type. 
 
 Var. COCCINEA. Flowers red, almost scarlet, and not at all purplish. A 
 very striking variety, but not vigorous like the type. 
 
 These and the type are worth planting freely for producing broad masses 
 of colour at a season when comparatively few shrubs are in bloom. 
 
 E. DARLEYENSIS, Bean. 
 (E. mediterranea hybrida, Hort. ; E. hybrida, Hort?) 
 
 This heath first appeared in the great heath nursery of Messrs James Smith 
 & Son, at Darley Dale, in Derbyshire, and showed characters intermediate 
 between those of E. carnea and E. mediterranea. They named it " E. medi- 
 terranea hybrida," but as it shows as much, or more, affinity with E. carnea, 
 
 1 have adopted another name for it. The name "hybrida" has been given to 
 it, but that is already in use for a Cape heath. In the characters of its leaves, 
 young wood, and flowers it is identical with those two species, which them- 
 selves scarcely differ ; but planted in groups it eventually forms dense masses 
 
 2 ft. high at least twice as high as carnea, yet never showing any disposition 
 to grow erect, and form a single stem like mediterranea. Quite young plants 
 are scarcely distinguishable from E. carnea, but soon show they are not the 
 same by their stronger growth. A valuable character of E. darleyensis is its 
 habit of commencing to flower as early as November at least a month before 
 E. carnea and continuing until May. It ought to be in every garden. 
 
 E. LUSITANICA, Rudolph. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8018 ; E. codonodes, Lindley.*) 
 
 An erect, elegant shrub, eventually 10 to 12 ft. high, forming large plumose 
 branches ; young shoots clothed with simple hairs. Leaves about in. long, 
 linear, slightly grooved beneath, irregularly arranged. Flowers slightly 
 fragrant, produced in great profusion during March and April, or even in 
 January and February in mild seasons and warm districts ; they are borne in 
 clusters towards the end of small lateral twigs. Corolla cylindrical, ^ in. 
 long, white ; calyx and flower-stalk smooth, the former with triangular teeth ; 
 stamens and style deep pink. 
 
 Native of S.W. Europe ; introduced early in the nineteenth century, The 
 only other species with which this is likely to be confused is E. arborea. From 
 it E. lusitanica differs in the paler foliage, in the more plumose erect branching, 
 in the hairs on the young shoots being unbranched, and in the longer, larger, 
 but less fragrant flowers with a small red stigma. Seen together they are 
 quite distinct. E. lusitanica is, if anything, more tender than E. arborea, but 
 thrives exceedingly well in the south-west counties. At Lytchet Heath, near 
 Poole, the progeny of a single plant have naturalised themselves in thousands, 
 and now cover i^ acres of ground. Near London, it will not survive any 
 lengthened exposure to much more than 20 of frost. This heath flowers with 
 extraordinary profusion, the whole plant with its pyramidal branches I to 2 ft. 
 long, being covered with blossoms which last long in beauty. 
 
522 ERICA 
 
 E. MACKAYI, Hooker. MACKAY'S HEATH. 
 
 By most authorities this heath is regarded as a variety of E. Tetralix. It 
 is about i ft. high, with its leaves in whorls of four, ovate-oblong, the margins 
 less recurved than in E. Tetralix, and thus apparently broader ; usually smooth 
 above. The flowers are in terminal umbels as in E. Tetralix ; the corolla of 
 a deeper rosy red, shorter and broader. Seed-vessel comparatively smooth 
 (it is always downy in E. Tetralix). The plant thus in some respects shows 
 a relationship with E. ciliaris, and may be a hybrid between these two. The 
 only home of this heath in the British Isles appears to be in Connemara, from 
 Clifden south to Roundstone Bay. Here it was discovered by Mr W. M'Calla 
 in 1833. It is also found in Asturias, N.W. Spain. A pretty dwarf heath, 
 useful for planting in broad patches as recommended for its allies. 
 
 Var. FLORE PLENO (E. Crawfurdii). A double-flowered form found in 
 W. Galway. The urn-shaped corolla is rather wider at the mouth than in the 
 type, and encloses several small, closely packed petals which have replaced 
 the stamens. Superior to the single form in lasting longer in flower. 
 
 E. STUARTII, Linton^ is regarded as a hybrid between E. Mackayi and 
 E. mediterranea. It was discovered in W. Galway in 1890, in association with 
 E. Mackayi. It leans more to that parent than to E. mediterranea. 
 
 E. MEDITERRANEA, LinnCEUS. 
 
 A shrub 6 to 10 ft. high, of dense bushy form ; branches erect and smooth. 
 Leaves linear, \ to \ in. long, dark green, produced in whorls of four. Flowers 
 borne singly or in pairs at each of the leaf-axils at the ends of the twigs of 
 the previous year, the buds being formed the previous summer. They make 
 dense leafy racemes i to 2 ins. long. Corolla cylindrical, in. long, of a rich 
 rosy red ; calyx-lobes narrow-oblong, rather more than half as long as the 
 corolla ; anthers dark red, exposed ; flower-stalk \ in. or less long. 
 
 Var. ALBA. Flowers white ; plant not so large and robust as the type. 
 
 Var. HIBERNICA (syn. glauca). A form found in W. Ireland, growing there 
 3 or 4 ft. high. It differs chiefly in the foliage being of a more glaucous hue, 
 and appears to be the same as the heath sold in nurseries as var. glauca. It 
 does not flower with such profusion as the type. 
 
 Var. HYBRIDA (see E. darleyensis). 
 
 Var. NANA. A dwarf plant forming a rounded tuft i to i^ ft. high ; not so 
 free- flowering as the type. 
 
 Native of S. France, Spain, and of Co. Galway in Ireland, but not of the 
 Mediterranean region, in spite of its name. It is really of Biscayan origin ; 
 introduced, according to Alton, in 1648. Of the spring-flowering heaths it is 
 the finests and best for a climate like that of London. It is quite hardy at 
 Kew except in the severest of all winters, and planted there in large masses 
 provides a continuous feast of colour and fragrance from March to May. 
 Its fragrance is like that of honey. Of the several forms mentioned, the 
 typical one and var. alba are, in my experience, the best. 
 
 E. MULTIFLORA, Linnaus. 
 
 A low shrub, i to 2 ft. high; young shoots smooth. Leaves to J in. long, 
 linear, almost cylindrical, slightly downy at the base, arranged in fours or 
 fives. Flowers clustered in the leaf-axils as in E. vagans, forming an erect, 
 cylindrical, terminal raceme, 2 or 3 ins. long. Corolla pale rose, pitcher- 
 shaped, j^ in. long ; anthers oblong, protruding, each anther with its two 
 cells (loculi) separated only slightly at the top ; sepals lance-shaped, not quite 
 half as long as the corolla ; flower-stalk \ in. long, holding the flower clear 
 of the leaves. 
 
 Native of S. Europe ; introduced in 1731. This heath is very rare in 
 
ERICA 
 
 523 
 
 gardens, a form of E. vagans being usually made to do duty for it. The 
 two have been much confused by botanists, but E. multiflora is easily 
 distinguished by the anthers being only slightly notched at the top, whereas 
 in E. vagans they are slit to the base ; the sepals also are longer and narrower 
 than in E. vagans. 
 
 E. SCOPARIA, 
 
 Linnczus. BESOM 
 
 HEATH. 
 
 A shrub of loose, 
 uneven habit, as much 
 as 9 or 10 ft. high, its 
 branches erect and, 
 like the leaves, free 
 from down. Leaves 
 in whorls of threes 
 (sometimes fours), | 
 in. long, linear, 
 pointed, glossy dark 
 green. Flowers pro- 
 duced in May and 
 June, in clusters of 
 two to five, in the leaf- 
 axils, over almost the 
 whole of the preced- 
 ing year's growth. 
 Corolla greenish, ^ 
 in. long, globular". 
 Calyx and flower- 
 stalk quite smooth. 
 
 Native of Central 
 and W. France, and 
 much used there for 
 making besoms. It 
 is perfectly hardy, and 
 is the tallest of the 
 heaths as they are 
 found in gardens near 
 London ; whilst its 
 habit is loose and ir- 
 regular, it is decidedly 
 elegant. It blossoms 
 with great freedom, 
 but the blossoms 
 are small and of no 
 great beauty, and it 
 is only for its beauty 
 of habit that it is desirable. 
 
 Var. PUMILA (syn. var. nana) is a dwarf variety which I have not seen 
 over 2 ft. high. 
 
 E. STRICTA, Andrews. 
 
 (E. ramulosa, Viviani ; E. terminalis, Salisbury, Bot. Mag., t. 8063 ; 
 E. Corsica, De Candolle?) 
 
 An erect shrub up to 8 or 9 ft. high, the branches covered with scarcely 
 perceptible down. Leaves arranged in whorls usually of fours, sometimes fives 
 
 ERICA MEDITERRANEA. 
 
524 ERICA 
 
 or sixes ; linear, J to % in. long, dark glossy green. Flowers in terminal 
 umbels carrying four to eight blossoms, and in beauty from June to September. 
 Corolla cylindrical, narrowing towards the mouth, where are four recurved 
 teeth ; pale rose, in. long ; calyx with four t lanceolate lobes, smooth. 
 
 Native of S. Spain, Italy, Corsica and Sardinia ; introduced, according to 
 Aiton, in 1765. Although one of the tallest of the heaths, it is perfectly hardy 
 at Kew. It passed through the winter of 1894-5 without serious injury. It 
 strikes freely from cuttings, and flowers well when 12 ins. high. Its pleasing 
 .habit, erect, clustered twigs, and deep green, healthy-looking foliage ; its bright 
 rosy blossoms ; and the fact that it flowers in late summer, make it a most 
 desirable shrub. Yet it, is almost neglected in gardens. 
 
 E. TETRALIX, Linnceus. CROSS-LEAVED HEATH. 
 
 A low shrub, 6 to 18 ins. high, with the older stems spreading or prostrate, 
 the young flower-bearing ones erect ; young shoots downy. Leaves arranged 
 in whorls of four, forming a cross, narrower than in E. ciliaris, and averaging 
 in. long ; dark green above, white beneath, edged with glandular hairs, and 
 downy. Flowers in a dense head of from four to twelve or more blossoms. 
 Corolla cylindrical, 3- in. long, rose-coloured, contracted at the mouth, where 
 are four shallow recurved lobes. Sepals like the leaves, but more hairy ; 
 flower-stalk and seed-vessel downy. 
 
 Native of N. and W. Europe, and very commonly diffused through the 
 British Isles, where it is the most abundant of the true heaths. It blossoms 
 from June to October, and although so common in a wild state is well worth 
 planting in masses in the garden. It is sometimes confused with E. ciliaris, 
 under which the distinctions between the two are pointed out. 
 
 Var. ALBA, Aiton. Flowers white. 
 
 Var. MOLLIS, Hort. Flowers white ; foliage distinctly greyish, due to the 
 abundant whitish down on the leaves and stems. The whole plant has a 
 frosted appearance. 
 
 E. WILLIAMSII, Druce. A supposed hybrid between E. Tetralix and 
 E. vagans, growing at the Lizard, Cornwall ; found by Mr P. D. Williams. 
 Its leaves have the glandular hairs of E. Tetralix. Corolla pitcher-shaped, 
 rose-coloured ; stamens included within it ; ovary hairy. Flowers in umbels. 
 
 E. VAGANS, Linnaus. CORNISH HEATH 
 
 A low, spreading shrub, from i to i\ ft. high, becoming ultimately 5 ft. or 
 more wide, and rather sprawling ; branchlets smooth. Leaves arranged four 
 or five in a whorl ; the whorls \ in. or less apart on the stems ; linear, \ to ^ 
 in. long, channelled beneath, dark green and smooth. Flowers produced 
 usually in, pairs from the leaf-axils, each on a smooth stalk \ in. long, the 
 whole forming an erect, leafy, cylindrical raceme 4 to 7 ins. long, the flowers 
 opening from below upwards from July to October. Corolla almost globular, 
 about | in. long, pinkish purple, the four lobes but little recurved ; sepals 
 ovate ; anthers exposed and split to the base ; pink, rarely yellow. 
 
 Native of Cornwall and S.W. Europe. A showy and very attractive shrub 
 in late summer and autumn, useful for planting on sunny slopes, and in broad 
 masses. It is easily raised from cuttings, and thrives well in almost any soil 
 not heavy or limy. Like the other late-flowering heaths it should be cut over 
 occasionally in spring before growth recommences, removing all that part of 
 the shoot that has borne flowers. This keeps the plants neater and causes 
 them to flower more profusely, but done too often reduces the size of raceme. 
 
 Var. ALBA. Habit denser and dwarfer; flowers white. 
 
 Var. GR AN Dl FLORA. Flowers larger. 
 
 Var. RUBRA. Flowers more deeply rosy than the type. 
 
ERICA ERIOBOTRYA 525 
 
 E. VEITCHII, Bean. VEITCH'S HYBRID HEATH. 
 
 A hybrid raised in the Exeter nurseries of Messrs R. Veitch & Sons, and 
 first exhibited by them at the Royal Horticultural Hall on I4th February 1905. 
 It appears to have been of accidental origin, but there is no doubt that 
 E. arborea and E. lusitanica are its parents. It is intermediate in many 
 respects between them. In the colour of its foliage it resembles E. lusitanica, 
 but the habit is rather that of E. arborea. The flowers are intermediate in 
 shape, and white. They show their hybrid origin in the shape and colour of 
 the stigma, the flattened shape being that of E. arborea, the pink colour 
 being that of E. lusitanica ; stamens pink. A further indication of hybridity is 
 in the hairs on the young shoots, which are partly branched like those of 
 E. arborea, and partly simple like those of E. lusitanica. 
 
 E. Veitchii is quite as beautiful a heath as its parents, and of more 
 vigorous growth. 
 
 ERINACEA PUNGENS, Boissier. HEDGEHOG BROOM. 
 
 LEGUMINOS^E. 
 (E. Erviilei, Hort. ; Anthyllis erinacea, Linnceus, Bot. Mag., t. 676.) 
 
 A dwarf, much-branched, stiff, spiny shrub, under i ft. high in this 
 country. The branches are erect, sharp-pointed, and in shape like small 
 bodkins. They have very few leaves, and these are scarcely noticeable, 
 being \ to | in. long, very narrow. Flowers borne two to four together 
 on a short stalk just below the apex of the branchlet ; they are \ to f in. 
 long, with purplish blue petals, and a peculiarly large, membranous, 
 silky calyx two-thirds the length of the flower. Pod oblong, J in. long, 
 glandular-hairy, one- to two-seeded. Flowers in April and May. 
 
 Native of Spain, whence it was introduced in 1759, but still remains 
 one of the rarest of hardy plants. The distinct colour of its flowers, more 
 blue than those of any other hardy leguminous shrub, should have gained 
 it more notice. It is, however, very slow-growing, and misses the sunlight 
 of its native mountains. It does not suffer from frost at Kew, but thrives 
 better in the west of England. In the vicarage garden at Bitton it forms 
 low dense tufts of spiny stems, occasionally perfecting seed. At the 
 foot of a sunny wall in the Cambridge Botanic Garden it also flowers 
 admirably. It can be propagated by cuttings or layers, occasionally 
 by seed. It is said to grow so plentifully on some of the mountains of 
 Spain that horses can scarcely make their way through it. Suitable for 
 a sunny nook in the rock garden. 
 
 ERIOBOTRYA JAPONICA, Lindley. LOQUAT. ROSACES. 
 
 (Photinia japonica, Franchet.) 
 
 An evergreen tree up to 20 or 30 ft. high, of rounded, bushy form ; 
 young branches thick and woolly. Leaves varying in size according to 
 the vigour of the plant, sometimes i ft. long by 5 ins. wide ; ordinarily 
 6 to 9 ins. long and 3 to 4 ins. wide ; wrinkled, coarsely but not deeply 
 toothed, strongly set with parallel ribs | to J in. apart ; stalk very short 
 and woolly. The lower surface is covered with a brownish wool, whilst 
 
526 ERIOBOTRYA ESCALLONlA 
 
 the upper is 'dark glossy green and smooth, except when young, being 
 then covered with a loose white floss. Flowers f in. across, fragrant like 
 hawthorn, closely packed on a stiff, terminal, pyramidal panicle, 3 to 6 ins. 
 high, the stalks and calyx covered with a dense brown wool; petals 
 yellowish white. Fruit pear-shaped or oblong, ij ins. long, yellow; 
 sometimes formed but rarely ripened in England. Allied to Photinia, 
 but differing in the much larger three- to five-celled fruit. 
 
 Native of China and Japan; introduced to England in 1787 by Sir 
 Joseph Banks, but not hardy enough to have ever become widely 
 cultivated. It can only be grown against a south wall at Kew, where 
 a plant has grown well for over thirty years, and makes a handsome and 
 striking display of foliage, but rarely flowers. In the south of Europe 
 this tree is cultivated for its fruit, and is frequently put on table for 
 dessert in the southern Italian hotels in spring. In the south-west of 
 England there are trees over 15 ft. high in the open (nearly twice as 
 high on walls). It is best raised from seeds obtained from S. Europe, 
 where there are several named varieties. Its leaves are amongst the 
 handsomest in all evergreens that can be grown out-of-doors. 
 
 ESCALLONIA. SAXIFRAGACE^. 
 
 A well-marked genus of hardy or half-hardy shrubs, of which all the 
 species in cultivation except E. Philippiana are evergreen. The leading 
 characters of the genus are : leaves alternate, simple, without stipules, often 
 arranged in clusters on the twigs, each cluster in the axil of a larger leaf, 
 and really representing a short branch ; flowers white or red, mostly arranged 
 in terminal racemes or panicles ; petals five, long-clawed, free, but forming 
 an imitation tube (except in Philippiana) ; fruits top-shaped, surmounted 
 by the persistent style. Many Escallonias are furnished with resin glands 
 on the leaves and branchlets, but these are far from being as abundant in 
 cultivated plants as they are in wild ones. All of them are natives of 
 S. America, and are most abundant in Chile. The genus was named in 
 honour of Escallon by the Spanish botanist Mutis, his companion and 
 teacher. 
 
 As garden shrubs the Escallonias are nearly all too tender to thrive 
 well, except in the milder counties, without some protection. This protec- 
 tion is best afforded by a wall, and few evergreens make more effective 
 and beautiful wall-coverings. For such as can be grown in the open a 
 sunny position should be selected, and the soil should not be very rich 
 an ordinary sandy loam suffices, without manure or other fertilising 
 material. They are easily increased by cuttings of half-ripened wood 
 placed in pots of sandy soil in gentle heat. The wood is in proper 
 condition in August. 
 
 E. Philippiana is quite hardy, and of the evergreen kinds the following 
 are the hardiest : exoniensis, langleyensis, illinita, and rubra. 
 
 E. EXONIENSIS, Veitch. 
 
 An evergreen shrub or small tree up to 15 or 20 ft. high, of quick growth 
 and open, graceful habit ; branches ribbed, downy, and slightly glandular. 
 
ESCALLONIA 527 
 
 Leaves variable in size, from i to ii ins. long, half or less than half as wide ; 
 doubly toothed, glossy green above, paler beneath, smooth on both sides 
 except for a line of down along the midrib above. Flowers white or rose- 
 tinted, produced from June to October in terminal panicles i^ to 3 ins. long, 
 petals nearly in. long, the bases forming a tube, the ends expanded. Calyx 
 and flower-stalks downy and glandular. 
 
 A hybrid between E. pterocladon and rubra raised in the nursery of Messrs 
 Veitch of Exeter. It is a most attractive evergreen, flowering more or less 
 continuously from June until the frosts come, and quite as hardy as 
 E. rubra. 
 
 E. FLORIBUNDA, Kunth. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6404.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub up to 10 ft. or more high when grown on walls in 
 this country, but occasionally attaining the dimensions of a small tree in 
 S. America ; branchlets slightly viscid, but not downy. Leaves i^ to 4 ins. 
 long, J to i in. wide ; obovate or narrowly oval, tapering at the base, rounded or 
 often conspicuously notched at the apex, entire or very minutely toothed, 
 smooth and bright green above, furnished with small resinous dots beneath ; 
 stalk \ to J in. long. Flowers pure white, \ in. across, with a hawthorn-like 
 fragrance, produced in terminal compound panicles, the largest of which are 
 as much as 9 ins. long and 5 ins. wide, but usually much smaller ; the lower 
 sections of the panicles come from the upper leaf-axils. 
 
 Introduced in 1827 from S. America, where it is widely spread, reaching 
 from Venezuela to the south of Peru. Flowers in late summer and autumn. 
 
 E. MONTEVIDENSIS, De Candolle, is a close ally found on the eastern side 
 of S. America, in S. Brazil, and in Uruguay near Mount Video. It differs in the 
 young branches being not sticky ; in the flowers, twice as large ; in the flatter 
 and more rounded flower-truss ; in the more pointed calyx-lobes being 
 furnished with minute glandular teeth, and in the smaller toothed leaves. 
 
 These two are the handsomest of white-flowered Escallonias in cultivation. 
 They can only be grown on walls except in the very mildest parts of the 
 kingdom. 
 
 E. ILLINITA, Presl. 
 
 An open, loose-habited, evergreen shrub up to 10 (perhaps more) ft. high ; 
 branchlets not downy, but furnished with stalked glands, and resinous when 
 young. Leaves obovate or oval, from f in. to i\ ins. long, nearly to quite half 
 as wide ; tapered at the base, rounded or abruptly pointed at the apex, finely 
 toothed, not downy on either surface, but glossy green above and more or less 
 clammy with a resinous secretion when young ; stalk \ to in. long. Panicle 
 3 or 4 ins. long, i| ins. diameter, cylindrical, thinly hairy and glandular ; each 
 branch of the panicle one- to five-, more often three-flowered, and springing from 
 the axil of a leaflike bract. Flowers white, \ in. wide at the top, the claws of 
 the petals forming a tube \ in. long. Calyx green, bell-shaped, with five 
 linear lobes. 
 
 Native of Chile ; introduced early in the nineteeth century. This plant has 
 an odour distinctly suggestive of the pigsty, but by no means so offensive as 
 that comparison would suggest, and not so strong as that of E. viscosa (q.v.\ _ 
 a closely allied species. E. illinita is one of the hardiest of the genus. It has" 
 for many years been grown in the open at Kew, and survives even severe 
 winters although sometimes badly cut. 
 
528 ESCALLONIA 
 
 E. LANGLEYENSIS, Veitch. 
 
 An elegant, evergreen, or in hard winters, semi-evergreen shrub, becoming 
 eventually 8 ft. or more high, and producing long, slender, arching shoots in 
 one season ; branchlets copiously furnished with stalked glands. Leaves \ to 
 i in. long, about half as wide ; obovate or narrowly oval, toothed, stalkless ; 
 smooth and glossy green above, specked beneath with minute resin-glands. 
 Flowers of a charmingly bright rosy carmine, \ in. across, produced during 
 June and July (a few later) in short racemes of about half a dozen blossoms 
 terminating short leafy twigs ; calyx and flower-stalk slightly glandular. 
 
 This very attractive shrub was raised in Messrs Veitch's nursery at Langley 
 about 1893, by crossing E. Philippiana with E. punctata. Although not quite 
 so hardy as the first of these, it is hardy enough to stand all but the severest of 
 frosts, and even then will break up again from the ground. It is distinct from 
 other Escallonias in its slender arching branches, which bear the racemes on 
 
 ESCALLONIA LANGLEYENSIS. 
 
 the upper side. The colour of the flowers, too, is different from that of any 
 other Escallonia except 
 
 E. EDINENSIS, a hybrid of similar origin and almost identical in leaf and 
 flower, raised in the Edinburgh Botanic Garden. 
 
 E. MACRANTHA, Hooker. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4473.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 6 to 10 ft. high, forming a dense bush of luxuriant 
 habit, the glutinous branchlets covered with down, intermingled with which are 
 numerous erect glands. Leaves broadly oval or obovate, tapering at the base ; 
 I to 3 ins. long, \ to if ins. wide ; doubly toothed, smooth, and of a dark 
 shining green above, dotted beneath with numerous resinous glands ; stalkless. 
 Racemes terminal, sometimes branched and forming a panicle, 2 to 4 ins. long. 
 Flowers bright rosy red, about f in. long and wide ; petals spreading at the top, 
 their claws erect and forming a tube ; calyx bell-shaped with narrow, pointed 
 
ESCALLONIA 529 
 
 lobes, and covered with sticky glands ; flower-s'alk downy. Fruit top-shaped, 
 with persistent calyx and style. 
 
 Introduced from the Island of Chiloe by Wm. Lobb, about 1846, and now 
 one of the commonest evergreen shrubs in the south-western maritime districts, 
 where it is frequently used to make hedges. In the London district and 
 further north it needs in most places the protection of a wall, making indeed 
 one of the handsomest of evergreen wall-coverings. It thrives admirably in 
 most of the southern seaside resorts, flowering during June and the succeeding 
 months. 
 
 E. INGRAMI, Hort., appears to be intermediate (perhaps a hybrid) between 
 E. macrantha and E. punctata ; its leaves are smaller and proportionately 
 narrower than those of E. macrantha; flowers of a similar colour, but scarcely 
 so large, 
 
 E. ORGANENSIS, Gardner. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4274.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub of robust habit, 4 to 6 ft. high, with stout, angled, very 
 leafy branchlets ; not downy but slightly glandular-resinous. Leaves narrowly 
 obovate or oval, stiff, the largest 3 ins. long by I in. wide ; toothed except towards 
 the tapering base, rather blunt at the apex, smooth ; stalk very short, reddish. 
 Flowers clear rosy red, \ to i in. across, produced late in the year in short, 
 densely flowered, terminal panicles ; petals forming a tube at the base, upper 
 part spreading ; flower-stalks and calyx quite smooth or minutely glandular, 
 the latter with five narrow, awl-shaped lobes. 
 
 Discovered in ravines near the summit of the Organ Mountains ot Brazil 
 by Mr Gardner in 1841, and introduced to England by W. Lobb very soon 
 after. Not hardy except in Cornwall, etc., but worth growing on a wall for 
 its beautiful rosy flowers. 
 
 E. PHILIPPIANA, Masters. 
 
 A deciduous shrub of robust habit and graceful form, 6 to 8 ft. high, the 
 branches very leafy, often arching. Leaves obovate, \ to f in. long, \ in. or 
 less wide, tapering at the base, toothed ; quite smooth on both surfaces. 
 Flowers pure white, \ to \ in. across, produced during June and July in the 
 uppermost leaf-axils and at the end of short twigs, the whole forming a leafy 
 raceme | to \\ ins. long ; calyx top-shaped, with five triangular lobes. 
 
 Native of Valdivia ; introduced by Pearce for Messrs Veitch, between 1860 
 and 1866, and first flowered in their nursery in 1873. Tnis is undoubtedly 
 the hardiest of all known Escallonias ; it has survived without any injury 32 
 of frost at Kew, quite unprotected. It is also very distinct ; besides being 
 deciduous, its petals dp not, as in so many species, form a kind of tube. 
 Both in leaf and flower it bears a considerable resemblance to the Australian 
 shrub Leptospermum scoparium an ally, however, of the myrtle. It is 
 undoubtedly one of the most pleasing of later flowering shrubs. 
 
 E. PTEROCLADON, Hooker. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4827.) 
 
 An evergreen, bushy shrub, usually 4 to 8 ft. high, but twice as high when 
 trained against a wall, or grown in very mild localities ; branchlets downy 
 and distinctly angled. Leaves narrowly obovate, to I in. long, \ to \ in. 
 wide ; tapering at the base to a very short stalk, toothed ; dark shining green 
 above, paler beneath and smooth on both surfaces except for a line of down 
 on the midrib above. Flowers in slender racemes ii to 3 ins. long, terminal - 
 
 2L 
 
530 
 
 ESCALLONIA 
 
 ing short, rigid, leafy twigs, the lower flowers solitary in the axils of small 
 leaves. -Petals white, in. long, spreading at the ends, but erect at the base, 
 and so close together as to form a tube ; calyx quite smooth, top-shaped. 
 Flowers fragrant, appearing from June to August. 
 
 Native of Patagonia ; introduced for Messrs Veitch by Wm. Lobb, in 
 1847. It requires a wall in the London district, but in the south and west 
 counties it thrives excellently as a bush in the open. In the garden of 
 Mrs Chambers, near Haslemere I have seen it covered with blossom. In 
 Co. Wicklow, Ireland, it is 15 ft. high. 
 
 E. PULVERULENTA, Persoon. 
 (Sweet's Flower Garden, ii., t. 310.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 10 to 12 ft. high, with downy, viscid, varnished 
 branchlets. Leaves very viscid, oblong, with a rounded end and tapering 
 
 ESCALLONIA PHILIPPIANA. 
 
 base ; 2 to 4 ins. long, f to i^ ins. wide ; finely toothed, bristly hairy on both 
 surfaces, the upper one with a varnished appearance. Flowers white, densely 
 crowded on slender, cylindrical racemes 4 to 9 ins. long, f to I in. through ; 
 sometimes branched at the base. 
 
 Native of Chile ; introduced early in the nineteenth century, but now 
 uncommono It is not hardy in any but our warmest districts, although in 
 colder ones it may live and thrive for many years on a wall. From all the 
 other white-flowered Escallonias in cultivation this is readily distinguished 
 by its long slender racemes. (E. revoluta is sometimes grown in gardens 
 under the name, but is well distinguished by its thick grey down.) 
 
 E. PUNCTATA, De Candolle. 
 
 (E. rubra var. punctata, Hooker fiL ; Bot. Mag., t. 6599.) 
 
 An evergreen bushy shrub, 6 to 10 ft. high, of free, vigorous habit ; young 
 branchlets sticky, clothed with down and gland-tipped bristles. Leaves obovate 
 
ESCALLONIA 531 
 
 or oval, up to 2 ins. long, f in. wide, but mostly much smaller ; tapering at 
 both ends, but more gradually to the base, toothed on the terminal portion ; 
 upper surface smooth and glossy, the under-surface specked with numerous 
 minute resin-glands ; stalk very short. Flowers rich crimson, produced in 
 terminal corymbose panicles, i^ to 2 ins. long and wide ; the lower portion of 
 the petals cohering to form a" tube -i- to | in. long, spreading at the ends. 
 Flower-stalk and calyx covered with glands, the latter with five triangular 
 lobes. Blossoms from June to August. 
 
 Native of Chile ; nearly allied to E. rubra, from which it differs chiefly in 
 the deeper coloured flowers, and in the much more abundant glands on the 
 young wood, under-surface of the leaves, calyx, and flower-stalks. Hardy in 
 the warmer counties, it is best with the protection of a wall elsewhere. 
 
 E. REVOLUTA, Persoon. 
 
 (Bo:. Mag., t. 6940.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub up to 20 ft. high ; branchlets thickly covered with a 
 grey felt, angled. Leaves f to 2 ins. long, from i to i J ins. wide ; obovate, 
 pointed or rounded at the apex, tapering at the base, unevenly toothed ; both, 
 surfaces covered with a thick grey down. Flowers white, produced in racemes 
 or panicles i^ to 3 ins. long, at the end of leafy twigs ; petals f in. long, the 
 bases forming a slender tube ; calyx and flower-stalks covered with grey hairs. 
 Blossoms in September and October. 
 
 Native of Chile. -It succeeds admirably in the south-western counties, but 
 needs wall protection in colder localities. The name refers to the rolling 
 inwards of the leaf-margins, which is usually more or less noticeable but is a 
 character by no means confined to this species. Its most noticeable character- 
 istic is the grey down which covers the entire plant, but varies in density. 
 
 E. RUBR.A, Persoon. 
 
 (Bot, Mag-., t. 2890,) 
 
 An evergreen shrub up to 15 ft. high, of vigorous, quick-growing, loose 
 habit ; young branches reddish, downy, somewhat viscid and glandular. 
 Leaves obovate to lanceolate, the largest i^ to 2 ins. long, and \ to i in. wide ; 
 tapering at both ends, the upper part doubly toothed, but furnished with 
 stalked glands near the base ; both surfaces without down. Flowers red, 
 i in. wide at the top where the ends of the petals expand, the lower portions or 
 claws forming a slender tube \ in. long ; they are produced in loose terminal 
 panicles, few- or many-flowered, and i to 3 ins. long ; calyx top-shaped, with 
 five narrow-linear lobes \ in. long, smooth ; flower-stalk slender, \ to \ in. long. 
 
 Introduced in 1827 to the Botanic Garden of Liverpool from Chile, this 
 Escallonia has since proved to be the hardiest of the evergreen species. I 
 have only known it once cut to the ground at Kew, which was in February 1895, 
 and the plants afterwards sprang up again freely from the ground. It is 
 quite a handsome shrub, and useful in flowering from July onwards. The 
 species is variable, and some forms approach E. punctata in having the 
 calyx glandular and downy. In var. ALBIFLORA, Hooker ; perhaps not now in 
 cultivation, the flowers are white. 
 
 E. VISCOSA, Forbes. 
 
 A loose-habited, rather sprawling evergreen shrub up to 10 ft. high, the 
 branchlets drooping, sticky with resinous glands. Leaves obovate, i to 3 ins. 
 long, \ to i^ ins. wide ; finely toothed, abruptly pointed or rounded at the apex, 
 
532 ESCALLONIA EUCALYPTUS 
 
 tapered at the base to a stalk in. or less long ; upper surface dark shining 
 green, clammy with resin ; paler, but also resinous and glossy beneath. 
 Flowers white, in a panicle 5 or 6 ins. long, rather thinly disposed, pendulous 
 from the und'er-side of the main axis, each branch of the panicle one- to four- 
 flowered, and springing from the axil of a leaflike bract ; flower-stalk furnished 
 with stalked glands. Corolla to in. across, the claws of the petals forming 
 a slender tube nearly ^ in. long ; calyx green, bell-shaped, with awl-shaped 
 teeth. 
 
 Native of Chile ; long known in cultivation, but much confused with illinita. 
 From that species, although unmistakably closely allied, it is very distinct as 
 seen in the living state. It is laxer in habit ; the panicles are longer, one-sided 
 (instead of cylindrical) ; and the leaves and young shoots are much more 
 sticky and resinous, especially in autumn, and much more scented. The most 
 impressive peculiarity of this shrub, indeed, is its odour, even more suggestive 
 of the pigsty than that of illinita, but intermingled with a resinous smell, and 
 by no means so unpleasant as that comparison might imply. So strongly 
 are the shoots imbued with it that herbarium specimens, years after drying, 
 still retain it. On living plants it is strongest on damp, still days. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS. GUM-TREES. MYRTACE^:. 
 
 The gum-trees are the most characteristic timber-trees of Australia 
 and Tasmania, where they are known also as "mahogany-trees," "iron- 
 barks," and by other common names. They are evergreen shrubs or 
 trees with peeling bark, some of the species attaining to perhaps greater 
 heights than any other trees in the world. Most of them are of remark- 
 ably quick growth when young. The leaves of young examples of many 
 species are curiously different from those of adults ; being in the juvenile 
 state opposite, heart-shaped, stalkless, very glaucous white, and standing 
 out horizontally ; in the adult or flowering state they hang down vertically, 
 become stalked, much longer, narrower and greener. The chief features 
 of the flower are the funnel-shaped to urn-shaped calyx-tube, and a 
 circular band of very numerous stamens borne on the calyx rim. The 
 calyx-tube becomes a hard, woody fruit, containing numerous minute 
 seeds. 
 
 An extensive collection of eucalypts, thirty to forty species, is grown 
 at Menabilly, in Cornwall, planted there by the late Mr Jonathan Rashleigh. 
 At Kew only one is really hardy E. Gunnii. In the following notes I 
 have described what I believe to be the three next hardiest, although 
 subsequent knowledge may show that other species are capable of with- 
 standing equal or greater cold. The eucalypts like a deep, moist loam, 
 and are raised from seed. Growing at a great rate when young, they 
 should be planted out when quite small. If they can be given a 
 temporary covering during severe frost for two or three winters, it enables 
 them to form a woody base, and better able to withstand subsequent cold. 
 
 The Eucalypti are permeated more or less by a resinous gum, which 
 has a pleasant and very characteristic odour. 
 
 E. COCCIFERA, Hooker fil. 
 
 A tree 70 ft. or more high in this country, young shoots warted. Leaves in 
 juvenile trees opposite, blue-white, stalkless, to \\ ins. long, roundish or 
 
EUCALYPTUS 533 
 
 oval, abruptly pointed, becoming in the adult or flowering state, thick, grey- 
 green, alternate, narrowly oblong or lance-shaped ; 2 to 4 ins. long, to | ins. 
 wide ; with slender stalks up to* I in. long. Flowers in axillary umbels of about 
 seven, produced on a common stalk ^ in. long, but scarcely stalked in- 
 dividually ; stamens yellow, very numerous, forming a cluster f in. across ; 
 calyx-tube slenderly tapered like a funnel to the base. 
 
 Confined in a wild state to the mountain-tops of Tasmania ; hardy only in 
 the milder parts of the kingdom. One of the most notable specimens in the 
 country is at Powderham, in Devon. It differs from E. cordata, E. Gunnii, and 
 E. urnigera in the more numerous flowers in a cluster. At Powderham it has 
 flowered both at midwinter and midsummer. 
 
 E. CORDATA, Labillardiere. 
 
 An evergreen tree with warted, slender young shoots. Leaves opposite, 
 stalkless, vividly blue-white, warted ; heart-shaped, with the basal lobes of each 
 leaf overlapping those of the opposite one ; i^ to 3^ ins. long, i to 2^ ins. wide ; 
 short-pointed or rounded at the apex. Flowers produced in November and 
 December, usually three in a cluster at each leaf-axil ; the bush-like cluster of 
 yellow stamens | to i in. across ; calyx-tube vase-shaped, J to \ in. deep. 
 Fruit roundish cup-shaped. 
 
 Native of Tasmania. It is not very hardy, and can only be expected to 
 thrive permanently in Cornwall and such-like places. Near London it has 
 lived long enough to flower in the open, but this is owing to its reaching the 
 flowering state very early. Its leaves do not change in colour or shape on its 
 reaching the flowering stage, a character that well distinguishes it from all the 
 other eucalypts here mentioned. A tree at Menabilly, Cornwall, in 1909, was 
 50 ft. high and 2 ft. 5 ins. in girth. In a small state it is used in summer 
 bedding for the sake of its brilliantly glaucous foliage. 
 
 E. GUNNII, Hooker fit. CIDER-TREE. 
 
 (E. whittingehamensis, Hort.} 
 
 An evergreen tree, 60 to 80 ft. high in this country, some of its forms 
 attaining larger dimensions in Australia and Tasmania ; free from down in 
 all its parts. Leaves of juvenile plants nearly or quite opposite, orbicular, 
 | to i\ ins. wide, rounded or notched at the top, heart-shaped or rounded at 
 the base, sometimes stalkless, sometimes with a stalk \ to | in. long, glaucous. 
 As the adult state is reached the leaves become elongated, alternate, and 
 longer-stalked, until at the flowering state they are 2^ to 4 ins. long, about 
 % in. wide ; pointed, and tapered at the base to a stalk up to i in. long. 
 At tfiis stage the leaves are all pendent. Flowers produced in October 
 and later from the leaf-axils, usually in twos or threes, the main-stalk \ in. 
 long ; the individual flower about % in. across, the chief feature being an 
 enormous number of pale yellow spreading stamens ; the calyx-tube gradually 
 tapered like a funnel to a very short stalk. (Fig. p. 534.) 
 
 Native of Tasmania and S. Australia, where a remarkable variety of forms 
 are said to occur. The above description is made from a specimen .40 ft. high 
 growing near the Pagoda at Kew, which was planted there in 1896, and appears 
 to be quite hardy the only one of which so much can be said. One of the most 
 notable trees in Great Britain is in Mr A. J. Balfour's grounds at Whittinge- 
 hame, which yields good seed and is the parent of the tree at Kew. It is 
 considered by Prof. Henry to differ from typical E. Gunnii in being less 
 glaucous, in having proportionately narrower leaves, and a more tapered 
 calyx-tube. 
 
534 
 
 EUCALYPTUS EUCOMMIA 
 
 E. URNIGERA, Hooker fit. 
 
 
 
 A tree up to 80 ft. high in this country. Young shoots of juvenile trees 
 warted ; leaves orbicular, often notched or with a small mucro at the apex ; 
 i to if ins. wide ; those of adults ovate to lanceolate, 2 to 4 ins. long, f 
 to 2 ins. wide ; tapered or rounded at the base. Flowers usually three 
 together (sometimes one or two) on a main-stalk up to I in. long, the stalk 
 of the individual flowers also distinctly developed and to \ in. long. Calyx- 
 tube urn -shaped, \ in. long ; stamens yellow, forming a ring f in. across. 
 
 Native of Alpine districts of Tasmania. Mr Bennett, late gardener at 
 Menabilly, informs me that in 1909 a specimen 80 ft. high and 3 ft. 9 ins. 
 
 EUCALYPTUS GUNNII. 
 
 in girth of trunk, was the tallest gum-tree there. E. urnigera is much 
 confused with E. Gunnii, but is well distinguished by the longer main flower- 
 stalk, the well-developed secondary ones, and by the calyx-tube being more 
 swollen towards the base, i.e. urn-shaped rather than funnel-shaped. 
 
 EUCOMMIA ULMOIDES, Oliver. TROCHODENDRACE^:. 
 
 A deciduous tree, not yet found by Europeans in a wild state, but 
 from 20 to 30 ft. high, as seen cultivated by the Chinese. It probably 
 attains to a large size. Leaves alternate, ovate to oval, long and slender- 
 pointed, toothed, 3 to 8 ins. long, slightly hairy on both surfaces when 
 young, becoming smooth above. Flowers unisexual, the sexes on 
 
^EUCOMMIA EUCRYPHIA 535 
 
 separate trees; they are inconspicuous, the males consisting of brown 
 stamens only; female ones not seen by me. Fruit flat and winged, one- 
 seeded, rather like an enlarged fruit of wych-elm, oval-oblong, i ins. 
 long, tapering at the base to a short stalk; apex notched. 
 
 Introduced to France from China about 1896, and a few years later 
 to Kew, where several plants raised from the original plant (a male) are 
 15 to 20 ft. high, and have several times flowered. It was first discovered 
 in China by Henry as a cultivated tree<2o to 30 ft high, but as its bark 
 is and has for 2000 years been highly valued by the Chinese for its real 
 or supposed tonic and other medicinal virtues, it is never allowed to 
 reach its full size, but is cut down and stripped of its bark. To Europeans 
 the most interesting attribute of the tree is its containing rubber. What 
 its commercial value may be is doubtful ; the rubber is apparently of 
 inferior quality, but the tree is of peculiar interest as the only one hardy 
 in our climate that is known to produce this substance. If a leaf be 
 gently torn in two, strings of rubber are visible. At Kew, grown in good 
 loam, it has proved absolutely hardy, and a vigorous grower; it can be 
 propagated by cuttings made of half-ripened wood put in gentle heat. 
 Wilson introduced seeds to the Coombe Wood nursery, from which, no 
 doubt, trees of both sexes have been raised. Some authors place it in 
 the witch-hazel family. 
 
 EUCRYPHIA. EUCRYPHIACE^E. 
 
 A group of four species of evergreen shrubs and trees, two native of 
 Chile, two of Australasia. The Chilean species only are grown out-of- 
 doors in the British Isles. They are readily distinguished as follows : 
 
 E. cordifolia. Leaves simple ; petals five. 
 E. pinnalifolia. Leaves pinnate ; petals four. 
 
 One of the Australasian species, E. BILLARDIERII, Spach, is sometimes 
 grown in greenhouses, and has white flowers i in. or more across, and 
 simple, narrowly oblong leaves, 2 to 3 ins. long. It is a tree occasionally 
 80 to 100 ft. high, and might be hardy in the south-western maritime 
 counties. The genus is of peculiar botanical interest in having no known 
 close allies, and its true place in the vegetable kingdom is doubtful. It 
 is sometimes placed in the Rose family. (For cultivation, see E. 
 pinnatifolia.) 
 
 E. CORDIFOLIA, Cavanilles. 
 
 An evergreen shrub or small tree, with downy branchlets and simple heart- 
 shaped leaves, i to 3 ins. long, dull green ; the margins wavy, very downy 
 beneath. Flowers produced singly in the terminal leaf-axils, white, 2 ins. 
 across ; petals five. 
 
 Native of Valdivia and the Island of Chiloe, where it attains a stature of 
 30 ft. or more; introduced in 1851. More tender than E. pinnatifolia, this 
 species has never obtained a good footing in gardens, and it is only adapted 
 for places where the conditions are favourable. The finest specimen in the 
 south of England is at Nyman's Gardens, Handcross, in Sussex, about 18 ft. 
 high and 6 ft. through ; another in the late Mr W. E. Gumbleton J !s garden 
 at Queenstown was, in 1907, 10 ft. high. At Kew it has been killed over 
 
536 EUCRYPHIA 
 
 and over again by frost, and even against a wall does not succeed well. Its 
 needs in regard to soil, etc., are the same as those of the following species. 
 According to Mr Comber, of Nyman's Gardens, the fruits require fourteen or 
 fifteen months to mature. 
 
 E. PINNATIFOLIA, Gay. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6067.) 
 
 An evergreen or partially deciduous small tree, 10 to 15 ft. high, with erect 
 branches, bearing the leaves in a cluster towards the end ot each shoot. 
 Leaves opposite, pinnate, composed of three or five leaflets, which are ovate 
 to oval, \\ to 2\ ins. long, regularly toothed, dark shining green. Flowers 
 produced singly or in pairs from the end of the shoot, and from terminal leaf- 
 axils, each one 2^ ins. across ; petals four, white ; stamens numerous, with 
 yellow anthers. Fruit a hard, woody, pear-shaped capsule \ to f ins. long. 
 The young wood, leaf-stalks and leaves are hairy when young." 
 I Discovered by Gay, the Chilean botanist, about 1845, on ^ e rocky banks 
 
 EUCRYPHIA PINNATIFOLIA. 
 
 of the river Biobio ; introduced in 1859 by R. Pearce, when collecting in 
 Chile for Messrs Veitch. It is the finest and best of the Eucryphias, and 
 the only one hardy near London. Blossoming in July and August, it is then 
 a plant of singular beauty with its large pure white petals and conspicuous 
 tufts of stamens. Unfortunately, although hardy, it is not easy to propagate 
 or transplant, consequently it has never become common. In a young state it 
 is apt to die off without any apparent reason, although when once established 
 it appears to continue in good health indefinitely, as witness the original tree 
 in the Coombe Wood nursery. A moist peaty soil is best for it in the juvenile 
 state, and a little plot of this should be provided for it when planted. After- 
 wards, when established and strong, its roots will spread into the ordinary 
 soil around if it be free from lime. The best success with it at Kew has been 
 obtained by planting it in beds of heaths where its roots are shaded. I think 
 many premature deaths are due to the sun, on scorching summer days, beating 
 on naked soil about its roots. Seeds are now being produced in this country, 
 and will render its propagation more easy ; previously it had to be increased 
 solely by layering. Seedlings should be given peaty soil ; they are worth 
 every care. 
 
EUONYMUS 537 
 
 EUONYMUS. SPINDLE-TREE. CELASTRACE^E. 
 
 Few, if any, species of Euonymus have any beauty of flower. Their 
 value in the garden dwells in the beauty of their fruits, in the autumnal 
 colours of the foliage of some species, and in the rich evergreen foliage 
 of others. They are evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs, or creeping 
 plants, with the young shoots often four-angled. The leaves are always 
 opposite and toothed in the cultivated species, except E. nanus. The 
 arrangement of the flowers is very characteristic in this genus ; they are 
 borne from May to June in cymes from the lower joints of the current 
 season's growth. There is first a slender main-stalk usually about i in. 
 long, which terminates in a single flower flanked by one at each side. 
 This three-flowered cyme is seen in E. europaeus and others ; but often 
 the main-stem forks instead of producing two side flowers into two parts, 
 each with its terminal flower and two side ones. The inflorescence is 
 then seven-flowered. Sometimes these secondary stems branch again 
 and the inflorescence becomes fifteen-flowered. 
 
 The flowers are usually from J to J in. across, greenish, yellowish, or 
 white, rarely purple. The parts of the flower (sepals, petals, stamens, 
 and lobes of the fruit) are in fours or fives, which sometimes affords a 
 convenient means of distinction. The fruits are pendulous and highly 
 coloured, and are composed of three to five one-seeded cells or lobes 
 the lobes often angled, sometimes winged. The seed is partially covered 
 with an outer coat, known as the aril, which is usually brilliantly coloured 
 scarlet, orange, etc., and adds much to the effect of the fruit when the 
 cells burst. 
 
 The only other genus of hardy shrubs with which Euonymus can be 
 confused is Celastrus, which has a similar fruit, but is well distinguished 
 by its alternate leaves. 
 
 These plants are easily cultivated in a good, well-drained loam. Some 
 of the species, like E. atropurpureus and americanus, like a position 
 shaded during the hottest hours of the day, and all the evergreen sorts 
 grow, if they do not bear fruit well, in permanent, if not too dense, shade. 
 Propagation of the deciduous species is best effected by seeds. Failing 
 this method, cuttings or layers may be used ; cuttings of the evergreen 
 species and varieties take root very readily, and may be struck at almost 
 any season if a little bottom heat be given. 
 
 Several species, notably E. europoeus and japonicus, are frequently 
 badly attacked by a caterpillar at the flowering season, which swarms on 
 the branches in cobwebby masses, feeding on the leaves and preventing 
 the formation of a crop of fruit. A quick and effective remedy is to 
 spray the tree with an arsenical wash. A solution of Paris green at the 
 strength of i oz. to 12 galls, of water may be used. 
 
 E. ALATUS, Regel. 
 
 A deciduous shrub of open but stiff habit, 6 to 8 ft. high, and more in 
 diameter, free from down in all its parts ; young branches at first square, two 
 
538 EUONYMUS 
 
 or four of the angles afterwards developing conspicuous thin, corky wings 
 to in. broad. Leaves narrowly oval or obovate, I to 3 ins. long, | to i ins. 
 wide"; tapered at both ends, finely toothed, dark green ; stalk ^V in. long. 
 Flowers not more than three on a cyme, greenish yellow, about in. across. 
 Fruit purplish, composed normally of four ovoid lobes or pods, united only 
 at the base, J to in. long ; frequently the number of pods is reduced to two 
 or one, through the barrenness and non-development of the others ; seed- 
 coat scarlet. 
 
 Native of China and Japan. This is one of the most distinct in the genus 
 through the curious corky wings that develop on the branches, and through 
 the divided purplish segments of the fruit. As a garden shrub it is valuable 
 for the rich rosy scarlet of its decaying leaves. 
 
 Var. SUBTRIFLORUS, Franchet (E. Thunbergianus, Blume). This distinct 
 variety has no corky wings to the branches ; its leaves are thinner and usually 
 longer, and its habit laxer. 
 
 E. AMERICANUS, Linn&us. STRAWBERRY BUSH. 
 
 A deciduous shrub up to 6 ft. high, of upright or straggling habit, not 
 downy in any part ; twigs four-angled. Leaves of firm texture, glossy, 
 narrowly oval to lanceolate, long-pointed, wedge-shaped at the base, shallowly 
 toothed ; i to 4 ins. long, ^ to I j ins. wide ; stalks ^2 m - l n g- Flowers ^ in. 
 diameter, greenish purple, with five rounded, distinctly clawed petals ; pro- 
 duced about midsummer singly or in threes on a slender stalk ^ to f in. 
 long. Fruits ^ to f in. diameter, red, three to five-lobed, covered outside 
 with prickly warts ; the coat of the seed scarlet. 
 
 Native of the eastern United States ; introduced in 1683, according to Aiton, 
 but rarely seen. In my experience it rarely bears fruit in this country. It is 
 distinguished among Euonymus by its spiny-warted fruits, and by having the 
 parts of its flower in fives. The only other cultivated species uniting these 
 two characters is E. obovatus, a prostrate plant with thin, dull green, obovate, 
 short-pointed leaves. 
 
 Var. ANGUSTIFOLIUS, Wood. LeaVes narrow-lanceolate, one-fourth to one- 
 fifth as wide as long. 
 
 y 
 E. ATROPURPUREUS, Jacquin. BURNING BUSH. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 to 12 ft. high ; young shoots smooth. Leaves oval or 
 narrowly obovate, tapered at both ends ; 2 to 5^ ins. long, f to 2^ ins. wide ; 
 finely toothed, dark green and nearly smooth above, downy beneath ; stalk \ 
 to f in. long. Flowers "seven to fifteen, in twice or thrice branched cymes I to 
 2 ins. long, expanding in July ; each flower \ in. across, of a dark purple ; the 
 parts in fours. Fruit smooth, four-lobed, crimson on pendent stalks ; seed-coat 
 scarlet. 
 
 Native of the eastern and Central United States; introduced in 1756. In 
 some parts of its native habitat it attains the dimensions of a tree 20 to 25 ft. 
 high, with a trunk I to lift, in girth. It has no special merit in this country. 
 
 E. BUNGEANUS, Maximowicz. 
 
 A deciduous shrub or small tree, ultimately 15 to 1 8 ft. high, of erect, rather 
 thin habit, making long, slender, graceful, round branchlets, not downy in any 
 part. Leaves oval or ovate ; ! to 4 ins. long, f to if ins. wide; broadly 
 wedge-shaped at the base, long and slender-pointed, the margins set with 
 small incurved teeth ; pale green and smooth ; stalk slender, \ to I in. long. 
 Flowers yellowish white, in. across, the parts in fours, anthers purple ; 
 produced in cymes I to 2 ins. long. Fruit four-lobed, smooth, ^ in. across, 
 
EUONYMUS 539 
 
 yellowish white tinged with pmk, indented at the top, often unequal sided 
 through the non-development of the seed in one or more lobes ; lobes angle- 
 edged when barren, quite rounded when fertile. Seed-coat (or aril) orange- 
 coloured. 
 
 Native of N. China, Manchuria, etc. Seeds were sent to Kew by the late 
 Dr Bretschneider from N. China in 1883, which represent, so far as I am 
 aware, its first introduction. In sunnier climates than ours it bears fruit 
 abundantly and regularly. With us it grows well and flowers freely, but a fine 
 crop of fruit is rather exceptional. On such an occasion, however, the shrub 
 is extremely effective. 
 
 E. fcUROP.EUS, Linn&US. SPINDLE-TREE. 
 
 A deciduous shrub or small tree, from 10 to 25 ft. high, forming a spreading, 
 bushy head, often naked towards the ground, not downy in any part. Leaves 
 narrowly oval, sometimes inclined to ovate or obovate, I to 3^ ins. long. \ to i^ 
 ins. wide ; slender-pointed, tapered at the base, minutely toothed ; stalk j to J 
 in. long. Cymes slender-stalked, i to i^ ins. long, usually three- or five- 
 flowered (sometimes more) ; flowers yellowish green, ^ in. across ; petals and 
 stamens four. Fruit red, i to f in. across ; seed-coat orange-coloured. 
 
 Native of Europe, including the British Isles. There is no more beautiful 
 or striking object in autumn than a fine spindle-tree well laden with fruit. It 
 has a number of varieties, some distinguished by the fruit, others by the foliage. 
 One may frequently see it in gardens as a small tree with a well-formed single 
 trunk, and Loudon records trees 25 to 35 ft. high in Scotland. The wood is 
 hard, and was in earlier times much favoured for making spindles, hence the 
 popular name. 
 
 Var. AUCUB^EFOLIUS. Leaves blotched with yellow ; rather unsightly. 
 
 Var. FRUCTU-ALBO. Fruits white. Although this does not produce the 
 rich effect of the type, it is very striking in contrast with it. 
 
 Var. PURPUREUS. Young shoots and leaves suffused with purple. There 
 are also white and yelkrw variegated forms of no value (argenteo-variegatis and 
 aureo-variegatis). 
 
 E. JAPONICUS, Thunberg. EVERGREEN SPINDLE-TREE 
 
 An evergreen shrub or small tree of densely leafy, bushy habit, 10 to 1 5, 
 sometimes 25 ft. high, free from down in all its parts. Leaves obovate to 
 narrowly oval, I to 3 ins. long, f to if ins. wide ; leathery, dark polished 
 green, tapered at the base, usually ' blunt or rounded at the apex, obscurely 
 round-toothed ; stalk \ to ^ in. long. Flowers \ in. across, four-parted, 
 greenish white, five to twelve in stoutly stalked cymes. Fruit smooth, globose, 
 ^ in. across, pinkish ; seed-coat pale orange. 
 
 Native of Japan; introduced in 1804. Although tender in cold districts, 
 this species is hardy over the south of England, only occasionally being 
 injured. It is a handsome and cheerful evergreen much used in south coast 
 watering-places for hedges, where the sea air seems to suit it. In Italian 
 and Dalmatian gardens it is planted to a wearisome extent, and is now 
 badly affected by a mildew (Oidium Euonymi-japonica}. During a recent 
 journey I noticed! it to be free of this in one place only, which was the 
 public garden at Venice, an immunity perhaps due to the isolated nature 
 of the city. The same disease was very bad in Bournemouth a few years 
 ago, but latterly has been less noticeable. Patches are -sometimes seen at 
 Kew, but it is apparently not so prevalent inland. A remedy is to spray the 
 plants with a solution of liver of sulphur, I oz. to 2 galls, of water. 
 
 Var. ALBO-MARGINATUS. Leaves with a thin margin of white. 
 
 Var. AUREUS. Centre of leaf bright yellow with only a marginal line of 
 
540 EUONYMUS 
 
 dark green. Like many shrubs with this type of variegation, it is very apt to 
 revert to the green type. 
 
 Var. LATIFOLIUS VARIEGATUS. Leaves broadly oval, with a wide margin 
 of white. 
 
 Var. MACROPHYLLUS, Siebold (E. robustus, Hort^). Leaves green, oval, 
 2^ to 3 ins. long. 
 
 Var. MICROPHYLLUS, Siebold. A very distinct, dwarf, small-leaved form, 
 i to 3 ft. high, with quite erect branches ; leaves dark green, oval-lanceolate, 
 \ to i in. long, \ to -J- in. wide. More tender than the type. 
 
 Var. OVATUS AUREUS. '-Perhaps the best golden variegated form. Leaves 
 oval or ovate, with a broad margin of rich yellow. 
 
 There are numerous other forms slightly different Yrom the above. 
 E. japonicus and all its varieties need a soil of moderate richness only ; they 
 are all easily rooted from cuttings. 
 
 E. LATIFOLIUS, Miller. 
 
 A deciduous shrub or small tree, 10 ft. or more high, with a spreading, 
 loose head of branches ; young shoots angled and, like the remainder of the 
 plant, free from down. Leaves oval, oblong or obovate, 3 to 5 ins. long, 
 \\ to 2^ ins. wide, rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, pointed, very finely 
 and evenly toothed ; stalk about j in. long. Flowers greenish, about $ in. 
 across, the parts normally five ; produced in early May, seven to twelve 
 together, on very slender-stalked cymes 2 to 3 ins. long. Fruits pendulous, 
 f in. across before bursting, rich rosy red, with five, sometimes four, winged 
 lobes ; seed-coat orange-aoloured. 
 
 Native of Europe ; introduced in 1730. Excepting the native E. europaeus, 
 this is the most ornamental of all the genus in our gardens ; its individual 
 fruit is much larger and more striking than that of the common spindle-tree, 
 but is not born%in such profusion. Grown as a small tree in rich deep soil, 
 it will reach 20 ft. in height, and such a specimen, hung jwith its long-stalked 
 fruit in September, is one of the most beautiful objects of liutumn. 
 
 \ 
 E. NAN US, Bieberstein. 
 
 A low, deciduous, or partially evergreen shrub, of thin, spreading or 
 procumbent habit, growing i to 3 ft. high ; its young branches long and 
 slender, smooth, but angled. Leaves alternate or opposite, linear or narrow- 
 oblong ; | to i ins. long, jW to j% in. wide ; tapered at the base, blunt or 
 pointed at the apex ; margins toothed or entire, decurved, dark dull green, 
 smooth on both surfaces; stalk ^ in. long. Flowers inconspicuous, brown- 
 purple, in. across, four-parted, one to three on a very slender stalk i to 
 i j ins. long. Fruit four-lobed, pink ; outer coat (arillus) of the seed orange- 
 coloured, inner one brown. 
 
 Native of the Caucasus, eastward to China ; introduced in 1830. This 
 species, so distinct from all others in cultivation in its narrow, rosemary- 
 likfe, often alternate leaves, is an interesting plant, but of no great merit as 
 an ornament. It does not bear its fruit regularly or freely in this country. 
 
 Var. KOOPMANNI, Beissner. A form of sturdier habit and broader leaves, 
 often over J in. wide, not decurved at the margin. Found by Koopmann on 
 the Thian-shan and Altai mountains. 
 
 E. OBOVATUS, Nuttall. CREEPING SPINDLE-TREE. 
 
 A deciduous shrub of usually trailing habit, rarely more than i ft. above 
 the ground, not downy in any part. Leaves dull green, obovate, tapered at 
 
EUONYMUS 541 
 
 the base, bluntish at the apex ; I to 2^ ins. long, i to lA in. wide ; finely or 
 obscurely toothed ; stalk | in. or less long. Flowers J in. wide, greenish 
 purple, with five rounded petals ; they are produced during May and June 
 singly, or in threes, on slender stalks ^ to i ins. long. Fruit usually three- 
 lobed, ^ to | in. across, crimson, covered with prickly warts ; covering of the 
 seeds scarlet. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; introduced in 1820. This is one of the 
 few warty-fruited species in cultivation, and is closely allied to E. americana 
 (?.>.). Its prostrate habit enables it to take root as it spreads, and thus it 
 may be used where an interesting lo%v ground cover is desired. It thrives better 
 under cultivation than E. americanus, and bears fruit occasionally, but is never 
 showy. In a wild state it inhabits damp spots. 
 
 E. PATENS, Rehder. 
 
 An evergreen shrub up to 9 or 10 ft. high, of spreading habit, not downy 
 in any part. Leaves oval or obovate, 2 to 3 ins. long, f to if ins. wide; 
 tapered at the base, pointed or bluntish at the apex, round-toothed, of firm 
 texture, and bright green ; stalk \ in. or less long Flowers greenish white, 
 \ in. across, four-parted, numerous, on loose erect cymes \\ to 4 ins. wide, 
 on a main-stalk i to i^ ins. long. Fruit nearly ^ in. across, ipink, smooth and 
 not lobed ; seed-coat orange-red. 
 
 Originally described in Sargent's Trees and Shrubs, t. 64, by Mr Rehder, 
 who states that it is probably a native of China, whence it was introduced into 
 the United States, about 1860, by Dr G. R. Hall. Small plants were sent to 
 Kew in 1905, but it may have been in cultivation . before as E. japonicus. To 
 that species it is very closely allied, but is probably hardier. It has not yet 
 flowered under recognition in this country, but it has a wider inflorescence, 
 and its habit is laxer than in E. japonicus, the lower branches often taking 
 root. The leaves are thinner, more pointed, and more finely toothed. 
 
 E. PLANIPES, Koehne. 
 
 A deciduous shrub or small tree, closely allied to E. latifolius, and of similar 
 habit and dimensions. The leaves are like those of that species in most 
 respects, but are more coarsely toothed, and the stalk is not channelled on the 
 upper side. The fruit is rosy red and five-lobed, as in E. latifolius, but differs 
 in having the top conical ; nor are the wings of each lobe flattened and knife- 
 like as in E. latifolius. Except in these respects the two differ but little. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced to Ke\v from the Arnold Arboretum in 1895 
 (as E. macropterus) ; it has borne fruit for several years past, and promises 
 to be as handsome as latifolius. 
 
 E. MACROPTERUS, Ruprecht (true), is probably not in cultivation. It has 
 much the general aspect of E. planipes and E. latifolius, but is very distinct 
 from both in having uniformly four-lobed fruits with a very conspicuous 
 tapering wing, \ to | in. long, standing out from the side of each lobe. 
 Native of N. China, Manchuria, etc. 
 
 E. RADICANS, Siebold. 
 
 A creeping, evergreen, glabrous shrub, rooting as it spreads over the ground, 
 but when trained up house-fronts and such-like places reaching 20 ft. or more 
 high ; branches minutely warty. Leaves oval or somewhat ovate, ordinarily 
 i to i j ins. long, \ to in. wide ; tapering about equally to the base and to the 
 blunt apex, shallowly round-toothed, dark green and smooth ; stalk ^ in. 
 long, warty. 
 
542 EUONYMUS 
 
 Native of Japan. So far as I have observed, this Euonymus never bears 
 flowers or fruit in what we regard as its typical climbing- or trailing condition. 
 It appears to be like the ivy, and when it has arrived at the adult or flowering 
 state alters the character of its growth, and instead of the shoots being slender 
 and trailing they become erect and bushy, and bear flowers and fruit of the 
 same character as those of E. japonicus ; the leaves also become larger. As 
 a garden shrub it is extremely useful ; it thrives almost as well as the ivy in 
 deep shade, and makes an admirable ground covering in sunny positions also. 
 It may be used as an edging for paths, being of less trouble, although not so 
 neat, as box-edging. It can be increased with great rapidity and ease by simply 
 pulling old plants apart into small pieces and replanting ; every bit will grow. 
 In the New England States, where ivy is not hardy, this plant is used for 
 covering the fronts of dwelling-houses. 
 
 Var. CARRIEREI, Nicholson. This I regard as the adult state of ordinary 
 E. radicans, taken off and rooted as so-called "tree" ivies are. It is a low, 
 spreading shrub with no inclination to climb ; leaves I to 2 ins. long, f in. to 
 i in. wide, glossy. Flowers greenish, four-parted, five or more crowded )at the 
 end of a slender stalk ; fruit orange-shaped, greenish white or tinged with red, 
 J in. across ; seed with an orange-yellow coat. 
 
 There are various coloured-leaved forms ; the commonest is var. FOLIIS 
 VARIEGATIS, whose leaves are rather larger than in ordinary radicans and have 
 -a broad marginal band of white, the centre greyish. Introduced from Japan 
 about 1860. When this variety reaches the adult state, the flowering portion 
 assumes a shrubby character and the leaves become larger, as they do in var. 
 Carrierei. Var. "Silver Queen" represents perhaps the best of these 
 variegated " tree " forms on their own roots, the largest leaves being 2^ ins. 
 long and more than i in. wi'de, handsomely variegated in white. 
 
 Var. KEWENSIS, Hort. (minimus). This curious little plant an E. radicans 
 in miniature was introduced from Japan by Prof. Sargent, and sent by him to 
 Kew in 1893. Leaves dull green, with the veins picked out in a paler shade ; 
 j to f in. long, \ to about \ in. diameter ; ovate, rounded at the base, blunt 
 at the apex, margin slightly decurved and with a few shallow teeth ; distinctly, 
 but very shortly stalked. The whole plant, but especially the young shoots, 
 is densely covered with minute warts. In a young state this plant forms low 
 patches an inch or two high. Afterwards, if near a shrub, it will climb up its 
 stems. When support of this kind is lacking it will form a little pyramid of its 
 own branches, growing erect and clinging together. It has not yet flowered in 
 this country, and may prove to be a distinct species when it does. In the 
 meantime it may be known as "kewensis," as it has become known in 
 nurseries under that name through having been distributed from Kew. 
 
 Var. ROSEO-MARGINATIS has the leaf-border pinkish. 
 
 Var. VEGETUS, Rehder, in Sargent's Trees and Shrubs, t. 65. A very distinct 
 variety of bushy habit, with but few of the branches procumbent and rooting. 
 Leaves stout, broadly oval to roundish, i to i^- ins. long. Introduced to the 
 Arnold Arboretum from Japan in 1876. According to Mr Rehder it bears fruit 
 abundantly, but even if it should fail in this respect here, it will make a useful 
 sturdy evergreen for moderately shady places. 
 
 E. SANGUINEUS, Loesener. 
 
 A deciduous shrub 6 to 10 ft. high, devoid of down in all its parts ; young 
 shoots reddish. Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, i^ to 4^ ins. long, f to 2^ ins. 
 wide ; margins set with fine incurved teeth, the base broadly wedge-shaped 
 or rounded, the apex slenderly pointed ; dull green ; chief veins in four to 
 seven pairs. Flowers yellow, produced in thin, forked cymes, 3 or 4 ins. wide 
 and long. Fruit composed of four ( rarely five) parts (capsules), each part 
 
EUONYMUS 543 
 
 furnished with a wing in. long, the whole fruit nearly i in. wide, red, showing 
 when split the yellow-coated seed. 
 
 Native of Central and Western China, introduced by Wilson in 1900. 
 It appears to be closely allied to E. latifolius, which is, however, distinct in its 
 larger, thinner leaves, more often five-parted flowers, larger fruits with shorter 
 wings, and longer winter buds. (See also E. planipes.) It appears to be 
 quite hardy. 
 
 E. SEMIPERSISTENS, Sprague. 
 
 (E. Hamiltonianus var. semipersistens, Rehder.} 
 
 A semi-evergreen shrub or small tree, 15 ft. or more high, not downy in an 
 part. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate, sometimes oval, 2 to 5^ ins. long, I to 2 
 ins. wide, broadly wedge-shaped at the base, drawn out at the apex into a slender 
 tail-like point, finely toothed ; stalk \ to i in. long. Flowers four-parted, in. 
 across, the anthers purple, produced i during July in three- to twelve-flowered 
 cymes. Fruit bright pink, f in. wide, four-lobed, indented at the top, tapering 
 towards the base, the lobes rounded. 
 
 Native of China ; long cultivated in England as E. Sieboldianus (which is 
 probably not introduced). It is more closely allied to, perhaps a variety of, 
 E. Bungeanus, but its firmer, later-falling leaves and pink fruits tapered at the 
 base distinguish it. It retains itsl leaves until March unless the winter 
 is severe. 
 
 E. VERRUCOSUS, Scopoli. WARTY SPINDLE-TREE. 
 
 A deciduous shrub of dense-branched, rounded habit, 6 to 10 ft. high ; 
 bark of the younger branches covered densely with conspicuous warts. Leaves 
 ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or oval ; i to 2^ ins. long, \ to i in. wide ; finely 
 toothed, slender-pointed, rounded or wedge-shaped at the base ; stalk ^g- in. 
 long. Cymes with very slender stalks about i in. long, usually three- some- 
 times seven-flowered. Flowers purplish brown, J in. across, four-parted. 
 Fruit yellowish, \ in. across ;- seed black, with an outer coat of orange. 
 
 Native of E. Europe and W. Asia ; introduced from Austria in 1763. This 
 species is readily recognised among all cultivated spindle-trees by the 
 remarkably warted bark. It bears fruit very sparingly with us, and has little 
 to recommend it as an ornamental shrub. 
 
 E. WILSONII, Sprague. 
 
 An evergreen shrub up to 20 ft. high, of lax or scandent habit, quite free 
 from down in leaf and twig ; young shoots slender. Leaves 3 to 6 ins. long, 
 i to 1 1 ins. wide, lanceolate, wedge-shaped at the base, gradually tapered at 
 the apex to a long slender point ; shallowly and rather distinctly toothed ; 
 conspicuously veined beneath ; stalk ^ to \ in. long. Fruits four-lobed, borne 
 on a main-stalk i| ins. long ; they are clothed with conspicuous, awl-shaped 
 spines i in. long, and are altogether about f in. across ; seed-coat yellow. 
 
 Introduced from Mt. Omi in W. China by Wilson in 1904, and now 
 growing vigorously in the collection at Kew. It is distinct from 
 cultivated spindle-trees in the remarkable hedgehog-like fruits. 
 
 E. YEDOENSIS, Koehne. 
 
 A deciduous shrub* or small tree, of sturdy, flat-topped habit, growing 10 
 feet or more high ; branches stiff; young shoots smooth. Leaves obovate, 
 usually broadly so, sometimes oval, tapered at both ends, but more abruptly 
 
544 EUONYMUS EUPTELEA 
 
 at the apex, minutely toothed ; 2 to 5 ins. long, i| to 3 ins. wide, smooth, 
 strongly veined beneath ; leaf-stalk ^ to f in. long. Flowers with styles of 
 varying length. Fruit pinkish purple, about the size of those of E. europaeus ; 
 seeds with an orange-coloured coat, but not much exposed. 
 
 Native of Japan ; named by Prof. Koehne in 1904. It is allied to 
 E. europaeus, but is distinguished by the brown-purple anthers. I have not 
 seen it in flower, but there is a fine bush in the Vicarage garden at Bitton, 
 near Bristol, where its leaves turn a brilliant red in early autumn. 
 
 EUPTELEA. TROCHODENDRACE^:. 
 
 A genus of three species from N. India, China, and 4 Japan. They 
 are trees w^th conspicuously toothed, long-stalked leaves, and remarkable 
 unisexual flowers of no beauty; they have no sepals or petals. The 
 fruit is a curious flat samara, rather resembling that of the elm, but 
 wedge-shaped, and tapering gradually from a rounded apex to a slender 
 stalk. To gardens the two cultivated species introduce a new and 
 distinct type of tree. They are quite hardy, of graceful form, and give 
 good colour effects in autumn. They are of such recent introduction 
 that little is known of their propagation, but if not by cuttings they can 
 probably be increased by layers. 
 
 The Eupteleas are of considerable botanical interest in belonging to 
 an anomalous group including Cercidiphyllum, Eucommia, Tetracentron, 
 and Trochodendron, whose true place in the vegetable kingdom is 
 variously estimated. Bentham and Hooker placed them near the 
 Magnolias. 
 
 E. PLEIOSPE&MA, Hooker (E. Davidiana, Baillon}, is a native of 
 N. India and W. Szechuen, China, where it has recently been collected 
 by Wilson. In many respects similar to E. Franchetii, it can be 
 distinguished by the leaves being more or less glaucous beneath. The 
 fruits are also larger. 
 
 E. FRANCHETII, Van Tieghem. 
 
 A deciduous tree, 20 to 40 ft. high. Leaves broadly ovate, wedge-shaped 
 at the base, the apex drawn out into a long narrow point ; 2 to 4 ins. long 
 and often three-fourths as much wide ; the margins irregularly toothed, but 
 not so markedly so as in E. polyandra, green beneath ; the stalk is half to 
 two-thirds as long as the blade. Male flowers made up of stamens only ; 
 females in umbels. Fruit flat, narrowly wedge-shaped, notched on one side, 
 borne on a slender stalk \ in. long, one- to three-seeded. 
 
 Discovered by the Abbe David in the forests of Yunnan, W. China, 
 at 7000 ft. altitude, in 1869, this interesting tree was afterwards found by 
 Wilson in the province of Hupeh, and introduced by him in 1900. It much 
 resembles E. polyandra, but its leaves are more narrowed at the base and 
 more regularly toothed ; the samara- like fruit contains usually more than one 
 seed. The foliage dies off a pretty red in autumn. 
 
 E. POLYANDRA, Siebold. 
 
 A deciduous tree, 20 to 30 ft. high, with a slender, straight trunk. Leaves, 
 broadly ovate to almost orbicular ; 3 to 6 ins. long and almost as much in 
 
EUFrELEA EURYA 545 
 
 width ; often cut off straight or heart-shaped at the base, narrowing abruptly 
 at the apex to a long drawn-out point ; the margin is irregularly toothed, 
 almost ragged ; the leaf-stalk is often two-thirds as long as the blade. Male 
 flowers are composed of stamens with red anthers ; the females (on separate 
 trees) of few clustered carpels. Fruit an oblanceolate, obliquely notched 
 samara, containing one seed. 
 
 Native of the forests of Central Japan. This tree has some value in the 
 garden, and although it has no beauty of flower its habit is good ; its leaves 
 are handsome and distinct in form, and they turn red and yellow before 
 falling. A small male tree has flowered at Kew for some years past in 
 April. In the arboretum at Segrez, in France, formed by the late Mr A. 
 Lavallee, I saw a few years ago a tree about .20 ft. high. 
 
 EUROTIA CERATOIDES, C. A. Meyer. CHENOPODIACE.E. 
 (Diotis ceratoides, Will<tenou<.~) 
 
 A deciduous shrub of spreading habit, 3 to 4 ft. high, and twice or 
 thrice as wide ; branches long, slender, whitish, stellately downy. Leaves 
 alternate, grey-white at first, becoming green, lance-shaped, pointed; 
 | to 2 ins. long, J to J in. wide ; stellately downy especially beneath, 
 and with three longitudinal veins. Flowers produced in July, densely 
 packed in spikes \ to i \ ins. long, and furnished with linear woolly bracts 
 standing out beyond the flower ; these spikes are terminal on short side 
 twigs from the uppermost i or 2 feet of the year's shoot, the whole 
 forming a slender panicle of that length. The upper part of each spike 
 is composed of male flowers, grey and very woolly, with the yellow 
 anthers protruding through the wool; below them, and situated in the 
 leaf-axils, are one or two female flowers without sepals or petals, and so 
 small as to be scarcely visible. The seed-vessel becomes covered with 
 silky white hairs, \ in. long. 
 
 Native of the Caucasus and Asia Minor, eastward to China; intro- 
 duced in 1780. Over this wide area it shows some variation in shape and 
 size of the leaf, and in the amount of down upon it. In drying for the 
 herbarium the leaves and fruits turn brown. The shrub has considerable 
 botanical interest, but its only garden value is in providing a mass of grey- 
 white foliage in summer. It is perfectly hardy, does not need a rich soil, 
 and is easily increased by cuttings. 
 
 E. LAN ATA, Moquin, a species from Western N. America, is also in 
 cultivation. It is a grey-white shrub a yard high, clothed with starry 
 down. Leaves linear, J to ij ins. long, like those of lavender. Flowers 
 in slender panicles 4 to 9 ins. long, i to 2 ins. wide. It inhabits dry 
 regions, and is known as "white sage." Not apparently so good for 
 gardens as E. ceratoides, from which it is distinguished by the more 
 recurved margins of the leaves. 
 
 EURYA JAPONICA, Thunberg. TERNSTRCEMIACE^:. 
 
 (E. pusilla, Siebold^ 
 
 A dwarf evergreen shrub, with alternate, dark, glossy green leaves, 
 which are \\ to 3 ins. long, oval or obovate, toothed, blunt at the apex, 
 
 2M 
 
546 EURYA EVODIA 
 
 quite smooth (like the twigs), shortly stalked. Flowers unisexual, very 
 small and inconspicuous, white, produced singly or in twos or threes 
 from the axils of the leaves ; each flower J in. across on a stalk about as 
 long. Fruit black, and as large as a peppercorn. 
 
 At Kew this little shrub is hardy when once thoroughly established, 
 but is sometimes injured by severe frost when young. It is easily 
 increased by cuttings. What is considered by botanists to be the same 
 species is found not only in China and Japan, but in the mountains of 
 N. and S. India, Ceylon, the Malay Archipelago, even as far east as Fiji. 
 In these places, even in Japan, it sometimes becomes a small tree 30 ft. 
 high, but the form cultivated in Britain is quite a dwarf and slow-growing 
 bush, and is perhaps the most northerly and hardiest form. It is 7 ft. 
 high at Kilmacurragh, Co. Wicklow. It is evidently the plant distin- 
 guished as E. PUSILLA by Siebold, who gave several forms of this Eurya 
 specific rank. It is an interesting ally of the tea plant, and a neat little 
 evergreen. Distinguished from Cleyera by its dioecious flowers. 
 
 EUSC APHIS STAPHYLEOIDES, Siebold. SAPINDACE^E. 
 
 A deciduous bush up to 12 ft. high, with stout, pithy branchlets and 
 prominent buds; twigs smooth. Leaves 6 to 10 ins. long, opposite, 
 consisting usually of seven or nine leaflets. Leaflets opposite, .ovate, 
 2 \ to 4 ins. long, long-pointed, shallowly toothed, smooth except for a 
 little down near the base of the midrib. Panicle terminal, branching, 
 4 to 9 ins. long, carrying numerous yellowish white flowers, each about 
 \ in. across. Fruit consisting of three somewhat boat-shaped, spreading, 
 rosy pink pods, \ in. long ; seeds black. 
 
 Native of China, Corea, and Japan. As the specific name implies, 
 this shrub is not only closely related to the bladder-nuts (Staphylea), it 
 also bears much resemblance to them. It differs in the larger number of 
 leaflets, in the smaller individual flowers, and in the smaller, differently 
 shaped fruit. Unfortunately it is not very hardy, and can only be grown 
 outside permanently in the mildest localities. 
 
 EVODIA. RUTACE,E. 
 
 A genus of unarmed trees and shrubs widely spread over Eastern 
 Asia, and extending to Australia and Madagascar. The only hardy 
 species in cultivation are a few deciduous ones which have recently 
 been introduced from China by Wilson, and one from Corea. They are 
 small trees of the same type as Phellodendron, sometimes aromatic. 
 Young shoots very pithy, marked with lenticels, axillary buds exposed. 
 Leaves opposite, pinnate. Flowers borne in broad flattish corymbs 
 terminating the shoots of the year, often unisexual, small ; sepals, petals, 
 and stamens four or five in number. Fruit a capsule of four or five 
 carpels which split from the top, revealing shining black seeds the size 
 of gun-shot. 
 
 Among cultivated trees these new Evodias most closely resemble 
 
EVODIA EXOCHORDA 547 
 
 Phellodendron, but they are very readily distinguished from that genus 
 by the buds in the leaf-axils being exposed. (In Phellodendron the 
 buds are quite hidden in the base of the leaf-stalk.) Although little can 
 as yet be said about them with certainty, the following species promise 
 to be hardy and fine-foliaged trees. 
 
 E. DANIELLII, Hemsley. Leaves 9 to 15 ins. long ; leaflets, five to eleven, 
 ovate-cordate to ovate-oblong, broadly wedge-shaped to slightly heart-shaped 
 at the base, narrowed at the apex to a slender point ; 2 to 5 ins. long ; smooth 
 above, downy on the midrib and in the vein-axils beneath ; stalk of leaflet 
 about \ in. long. Native of N. China and Corea ; introduced from the Arnold 
 Arboretum to Kew in 1907. 
 
 E. GLAUCA, Miguel (E. Fargesii, Dode}. Leaves 6 to 10 ins. long ; 
 leaflets five to fifteen, oval-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, i| to 4 ins. long, \ 
 to i^r ins. wide ; distinctly unequal at the base, tapering at the apex gradually 
 to a slender point ; indistinctly notched and ciliate on the margin, smooth and 
 dark green above, vividly glaucous beneath, and furnished with white down 
 at the base ; stalk, midrib, and main-stalk red. Native of W. Hupeh ; intro- 
 duced by Wilson in 1907. As represented at Kew, its leaflets are the 
 narrowest of all these new Evodias, and are distinct also in their very glaucous 
 under-surface and red leaf-stalks. 
 
 E. HENRYI, Dode. Leaves 6 to 12 ins. long. Leaflets three to nine, 
 ovate to ovate-lanceolate, slender-pointed, tapered or rounded at the base, 
 shallowly notched on the margin ; 2 to 4 ins. long, about half as wide, 
 becoming quite smooth on both sides, pale and rather glaucous beneath ; 
 stalk about \ in. long. Introduced from Hupeh in 1908 by Wilson (No. 324). 
 
 E. HUPEHENSIS, Dode. Leaflets five to nine, narrowly ovate, 2^ to 5 ins. 
 long, very slender-pointed, shallowly notched on the margin, minutely ciliate ; 
 smooth on both surfaces except for tufts of whitish hairs in the vein-axils 
 beneath. Flowers borne in a broad panicle. Discovered by Henry in Hupeh 
 in 1887 ; introduced in 1908 by Wilson, who informs me this is his No. 387. 
 
 EXOCHORDA. ROSACES. 
 
 A genus of about four species of deciduous shrubs found in N. Asia. 
 The three species introduced are all beautiful white-flowered shrubs, 
 allied to Spirrea, but differing in the larger flowers, and larger, bony fruits. 
 They like a rich, loamy soil and a sunny position. Propagation may be 
 effected by means of cuttings made of rather soft wood and placed in 
 brisk heat, but they do not root with certainty. The best way to raise 
 young plants is from seed. Sucker growths sometimes appear at the base 
 of E. grandiflora, which can be separated with a piece of root attached, 
 potted, and established in a little bottom heat. 
 
 E. ALBERTI, Regel. 
 
 (E. Korolkowi, Hort. Lavallee.-) 
 
 A deciduous shrub of sturdy, erect habit, up to 12 or 15 ft. high, with erect 
 branches ; branchlets smooth. Leaves obovate, smooth, those of the sterile 
 shoots \\ to 3^ ins. long, f to i| ins. wide ; toothed towards the apex, which 
 is pointed, the base tapering to a short stalk, occasionally with two deep, 
 narrow lobes there ; leaves of the flowering twigs much smaller, ^ to f in. 
 wide, not toothed. Flowers pure white, I to \\ ins. across, in erect 
 
548 
 
 EXOCHORDA 
 
 racemes 3 to 4 ins. long ; stamens in five groups of five each. Fruit composed 
 of five flattened, two-edged divisions, each % to f in. long, arranged starwise. 
 Flowers in May. 
 
 Native of Turkestan, where it was discovered in the eastern part of 
 Bokhara by Mr Albert Regel, at altitudes of 4000 to 6000 ft. It is very 
 hardy, and more robust in habit than E. grandiflora, from which it differs 
 in the greater number of stamens, in the smaller flowers, and larger fruits. 
 The plant became generally known in cultivation in 1886 through Prof. Regel 
 of St Petersburg, but it had previously been grown as E. Korolkowi x at the 
 Segrez Arboretum in France by MrLavallee, who sent it to Kew in 1881 under 
 that name. 
 
 E. GIRALDII, Hesse. 
 
 This species appears to have been introduced to Europe by means of seeds 
 sent by Pere Giraldi. Mr Hermann Hesse, of Weener, in N.W. Hanover, who 
 
 first distributed it from his nursery, 
 describes it as a very fine, vigorous- 
 growing shrub, with pink young shoots ; 
 the leaf-stalks and veins are also pink- 
 ish, and remain so through the summer. 
 The raceme is terminal, erect, and^ 
 carries six to eight flowers, each of 
 which is over 2 ins. across ; petals pure 
 white, obovate, I in. long and ^in. wide. 
 Calyx with a red margin. This Exo- 
 chorda appears to be allied to, probably 
 a variety of, E. grandiflora, but is, per- 
 haps, an even superior shrub for gar- 
 dens, but I have not yet seen it in 
 flower. Introduced to England in 1909. 
 Native of N. and W. China. 
 
 E. GRANDIFLORA, Lindley. 
 
 (Spiraea grandiflora, Hooker, Bot. Mag., 
 t- 4795-) 
 
 A deciduous shrub of rounded, bushy 
 form, up to 10 ft. high, with smooth 
 branchlets. Leaves narrowly obovate, 
 1 1 to 3 ins. long, about one -third as 
 wide ; short-pointed or rounded at the 
 apex, tapering at the base, quite smooth, 
 the margin entire, or toothed towards 
 the apex. Flowers pure white, ij to ii 
 ins. across, produced on erect racemes 
 3 to 4 ins. long ; petals five, obovate ; 
 calyx i in. across, with five rounded lobes. Stamens fifteen, in five groups of 
 three each. Fruit composed of five flattened, two-edged, bony divisions, each 
 \ in. long, arranged starwise. 
 
 Native of N. China ; introduced by Fortune about 1849. I* flowers in May, 
 and even at that season is one of the most strikingly beautiful of shrubs. The 
 white racemes are produced at the end of short lateral twigs from the branches 
 of the previous year, and thus transform each branch into one huge snow-white 
 inflorescence, sometimes 12 to 18 ins. long and 8 to 10 ins. wide. In order to 
 obtain these fine sprays the shrubs, as soon as they have flowered, should be 
 thinned out ; the young shoots should be much reduced in number by weeding 
 out all the weaker ones, especially where they are likely to be overcrowded. 
 
 EXOCHORDA GIRALDII. 
 
EXOCHORDA FABIANA 
 
 549 
 
 E. MAC RAXTIIA, Lemoine. 
 
 A hybrid raised about 1900 by Messrs Lemoine of .Nancy from E. Albert! 
 fertilised with pollen of E. grandiflora. It is a shrub of great beauty, producing 
 a raceme of flowers from every bud of the previous year's growth. The raceme 
 terminates a short leafy twig, and is 3 or 4 ins. long, carrying six to ten snowy- 
 white flowers, each \\ ins. across. In the grouping of the stamens it is 
 
 EXOCHORDA MACRANTHA. 
 
 intermediate between the two parents, the groups consisting of threes, fours, or 
 fives. Messrs Lemoine describe the habit of this hybrid as resembling that of 
 E. grandiflora. It blossoms in April and May. 
 
 FABIAXA IMBRICATA. Ruiz and Pavon. SOLANACE^E. 
 
 An evergreen shrub of heath-like appearance, ultimately reaching 
 6 to 8 ft. in diameter and in height; erect in habit when young, 
 ultimately spreading. Branches downy, long, and tapered, densely 
 furnished with short, slender twigs, from J to 2 ins. long. These twigs 
 are themselves completely covered with tiny, pointed, three-angled 
 leaves, -fa in. long, and, in June, are each terminated by a solitary 
 
550 
 
 FABIANA FAGUS 
 
 pure white flower. ' Corolla f to f in. long, tubular, but narrowing 
 towards the base, with the rounded shallow lobes at fhe apex reflexed ; 
 calyx bell-shaped, T V rh. long. 
 
 Native of Chile; introduced in 1838. This 
 beautiful shrub is unfortunately rather tender, 
 and at Kew, although it occasionally survives 
 the winter, has never been a success in the open. 
 In milder and more upland localities it is a shrub 
 o'f great beauty, flowering freely and transforming 
 each branch into a slender raceme of blossom. 
 It likes a light soil, and can be increased easily 
 by late summer cuttings in gentle heat. 
 
 FAGUS. BEECH. CUPULIFER.E. 
 
 The beeches of the southern hemisphere are 
 now generally regarded as forming a genus by 
 themselves, and are here treated as such (see 
 NOTHOFAGUS). The true beeches are confined 
 to the northern hemisphere, where they are 
 found on all three continents. They form a very 
 homogeneous group of usually large trees with 
 smooth grey trunks; about seven species are 
 usually recognised. Of these, F. orientalis from 
 Asia Minor, the Caucasus, etc., and F. Sieboldii 
 from Japan are very near F. sylvatica, both being 
 distinguished by leaflike appendages at the base 
 of the husk. F. orientalis is further, distinguished 
 by large, more or less obovate leaves. 
 
 They are deciduous, with large, flat, alternate, 
 parallel-ribbed leaves. Flowers unisexual ; the 
 males crowded and numerous on slender-stalked, 
 globose heads ; each flower consisting of a four- 
 to six-lobed calyx, surrounding a cluster of eight 
 to twelve stamens. Female flowers two or three 
 in a cluster ; the fruit a triangular nut with sharp 
 edges, two nuts being entirely or partially en- 
 closed in a four-lobed, woody husk (involucre). 
 
 All the beeches are quite hardy and thrive 
 in a loamy soil, especially if situated on a lime- 
 stone foundation. They should be increased 
 by seeds, but the varieties distinguished by 
 coloured foliage or by peculiarities of growth have to be grafted in spring. 
 
 FABIANA IMBKICATA. 
 
 F. FERRUGINEA, Aiton. AMERICAN BEECH. 
 (F. americana, Sweet.') 
 
 A deciduous tree, 70 to 80 ft. high, occasionally more, with a thin, smooth, 
 grey bark ; spreading by means of root suckers, so that one tree will form of 
 

 
 WEEPING BEECH, Fagus syhatica var. pendula. 
 
 [Face p. 550 
 
FAGUS 551 
 
 itself a colony of stems ; young shoots at first clothed with long hairs, which 
 soon fall away. Leaves ovate or oval, 2 to 5 ins. long, | to 2^ ins. wide, taper- 
 pointed, usually wedge-shaped at the base, coarsely toothed, at first clothed 
 with silky hairs, but soon dark green and quite smooth above except along the 
 midrib ; paler below, and with tufts of hairs in the vein-axils and along the 
 midrib ; stalk J in. or rather more long ; veins usually eleven to fifteen pairs. 
 Fruits about f in. long ; the three-angled nuts enclosed by a downy, prickly 
 husk, the prickles much recurved. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America : introduced in 1766. The American beech, 
 like so many other trees of its region, has never been much of a success in 
 Britain. It is easily distinguished from F. sylvatica by the suckering habit, 
 the narrower, more pointed, regularly toothed leaves, with more numerous veins. 
 
 F. JAPONICA, Maximowicz. JAPANESE BEECH. 
 
 Little is known of this beech in this country, and so far as I am aware, 
 it was not introduced in a living state until 1907, when it was sent to Kew by 
 Prof. Sargent. In 1910, the Japanese authorities of the Shepherd's Bush 
 Exhibition of that year brought over a few sn nil trees. It is a small deciduous 
 tree, often, it is said,' a bush ; the quite young shoots are furnished with silky 
 hairs. Leaves oval to' ovate, sometimes rather diamond-shaped, tapered at 
 both ends, but more abruptly towards the base ; 2 to 4^ ins. long, i to if ins. 
 wide ; wavy at the margin, rather glaucous beneath ; although silky at first, 
 the leaf becomes smooth by autumn ; stalk \ to f in. long ; veins nine to 
 thirteen. Male flowers on a slender stalk i^ to i\ ins. long. Nuts triangular, 
 J> in. long, in. wide ; the lobes of the husk little more than half as long as the 
 nut, downy, and covered with short stiff spines ; the stalk slender, I to i^ ins. 
 long. Its most distinctive characters appear to be the relative shortness of the 
 husk to the nut, the long fruit-stalk, and the shallow undulations of the leaf- 
 margin. 
 
 F. SlEBOLDII, Endlicher: SlEBOLD'S BEECH. 
 (F. sylvatica var. Sieboldii, Maximowicz^ 
 
 A deciduous tree, 100 ft. high, very closely allied to F. sylvatica. Leaves 
 ovate to rhomboidal, the base tapered, rounded or slightly heart- shaped, the 
 apex pointed ; 2 to 4 ins. long, i to 2^ ins. wide ; margins 'wavy, edged with fine 
 hairs ; silky hairy on the veins beneath ; stalk j to f in. long ; veins in. seven 
 to ten pairs. Nut triangular, f in. long ; the husk hard and woody, downy, 
 furnished with long bristles, those near the base enlarged into linear or 
 spathulate appendages \ in. long ; fruit-stalks stout, thick, and about \ in. long. 
 
 Native of Japan, where it forms considerable forests. The tree "itself and 
 its timber are similar in most respects to the British tree. Botanically, it 
 differs chiefly in the leaflike appendages attached to the base of the husk ; the 
 latter also is more truncate, and less tapered at the base than in F. sylvatica. 
 
 F. SYLVATICA, Linn&US. COMMON BEECH. 
 
 A deciduous tree up to 100 ft. high, occasionally almost 150 ft, with a 
 smooth grey trunk, sometimes of enormous thickness 6 to 8 ft. through ; 
 young shoots at first silky hairy, soon becoming smooth. Leaves oval, 
 inclined to ovate, pointed, unequally rounded at the base, ordinarily 2 to 3^ 
 ins. long, i^ to 2| ins. wide, but as much as 5 ins. by 3 ins. ; obscurely toothed 
 or merely" unevenly undulated at the margin ; midrib and veins hairy, 
 especially beneath ; stalk downy, J to in. long. Nut triangular, in. long, 
 usually a pair enclosed in a hard, woody, pear-shaped, four-lobed husk, 
 
552 FAGUS 
 
 covered with bristles and f to i in. long, solitary on an erect downy stalk 
 about as long as itself. 
 
 Native of Europe, and indigenous to England. Few trees are more pleasing 
 than a well-grown beech, either in the wide, spreading form it takes when 
 growing in an isolated position, or when, in close association with others of 
 its kind, and drawn up by them, it forms a tall, smooth, column-like trunk. 
 The largest of the former kind in Britain is the famous beech at Newbattle 
 Abbey, 100 ft. high, 130 ft. in diameter, the trunk 21 ft. in girth.' Of the latter 
 the finest is in Ashridge Park, Bucks, known as the "Queen Beech-' 3 130 to 
 140 ft. high. The young foliage of the beech is one of the most beautiful 
 objects in nature in May a tender shimmering green of a shade not 
 quite matched by any other tree. The beech has produced many varieties, 
 some of which have first been noticed in gardens, others in a wild state. The 
 following is a selection of the more important : 
 
 Var. CONGLOMERATA. A dwarf bush of rounded form, leaves small, con- 
 torted. 
 
 Var. CRISTATA, Loddiges. Leaves very shortly stalked, coarsely triangular- 
 toothed, apex decurved. 
 
 Var. CUPREA, Loddiges. Copper Beech. This probably originated as 
 a seedling from the purple beech (var. purpurea). Its leaves are paler than 
 in that variety, and of a coppery red. 
 
 Var. FASTIGIATA. Dawyck Beech. A tree of fastigiate habit first noticed 
 in the grounds of Mr F. R. S. Balfour of Dawyck ; it may be similar to 
 one called PYRAMIDALIS by Petzold in 1864. 
 
 Var. GRANDIDENTATA. Leaves coarsely toothed ; branches slender. 
 
 Var. HETEROPHYLLA, London. Fern-leaved Beech. Of all the forms of 
 beech marked by differences in shape of leaf, this is the handsomest. In this 
 variety the leaf assumes various shapes ; sometimes it is long and narrow 
 (4 ins. long by J in. wide), sometimes deeply and pinnately lobed, some 
 of the lobes penetrating to the midrib ; between these two, numerous inter- 
 mediate shapes occur, often on the same branch. Unlike many of the 
 varieties of beech with curious foliage, this makes a fine shapely tree, and it 
 is a distinct ornament to any garden. There is a fine specimen in Mr 
 Hamilton Buchanan's garden at Leny, near Callander, N.B., which 
 is about 60 ft. high, and whose trunk is over 7 ft. in girth. Others 
 are at Devonhurst House, Chiswick, and in Mr A. Waterer's nursery at 
 Knap Hill. The forms called asplenifolia, incisa, laciniata, and salicifolia 
 belong here. 
 
 Var. MACROPHYLLA (latifolia). Some of the beeches are remarkable for 
 large leaves, and the one long known in gardens under both these names 
 is a striking form ; its leaves are usually 3 to 5 ins. long, 2 to 3^ ins. wide. 
 In 1898, the King of Denmark's gardener sent to Kew a variety that had been 
 called " Prince George of Crete." This is the biggest-leaved beech I have 
 seen, some leaves being 7 ins. long, 5^- ins. wide. 
 
 Var. PENDULA. Weeping Beech. There are several types of weeping beech. 
 The one best known under the name pendula is not a high tree, but sends 
 out its great arms in a horizontal or drooping direction ; from these the 
 smaller branches depend almost vertically, the whole making a tent-like 
 mass. Var. MILTONENSIS is a weeping beech which originated at Milton 
 Park, Northamptonshire ; the trunk of this form is erect, the branches 
 horizontal and pendulous. Var. BORNYENS1S has a somewhat similar habit, 
 but the side branches are more pendulous. Var. PAGNYENSIS, found 
 originally in the forest of Pagny (Meurthe-et-Moselle), forms a spreading 
 head of drooping branches, the whole tree of umbrella-like shape. Var. 
 REMILLYENSIS and var. TORTUOSA are of the same class. 
 
 Var. PURPUREA, Aiton. Purple Beech. Leaves deep purple when 
 mature ; of a beautiful pale red in spring. This is by far the most popular 
 

 CUT-LEAVED BEECH, Fagus sylvatica var. heterophylla. 
 
 [Face p. 562. 
 
FAGUS FALLUGIA 553 
 
 of the varieties of beech. It is not of garden origin, but appears to have 
 been observed growing naturally in at least three places, viz. : in the 
 Hanleiter Forest, near Sonderhausen, in Thuringia ; in the Barney Forest 
 in the Vosges ; and in the village of Buchs, in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland. 
 The last is the oldest recorded site of the purple beech, three trees there being 
 mentioned in a work dated 1680. They were the survivors of a group 
 originally of five, which, according to legend, had sprung up on the spot 
 where five brothers had killed each other. Most of the trees in cultivation 
 are considered to have sprung from the Hanleiter tree. The purple beech 
 comes partially true from seed, and some deeper or brighter coloured forms 
 have in this way been obtained, such as nigra, atropurpurea, purpurea major 
 p. nova, " Swat Magret," etc. The majority of the seedlings, however, are 
 either the ordinary green type, or but faintly coloured. 
 
 Var. PURPUREA PENDULA. A weeping purple beech. 
 
 Var. QUERCOIDES. Oak-leaved Beech. Leaves narrowly ovate ; deeply, 
 irregularly, sometimes doubly toothed. I have seen a shoot of var. heterophylla 
 growing on a tree of this variety. 
 
 Var. ROTUNDIFOLIA. Perhaps the daintiest of beech varieties ; leaves 
 round, with a slightly heart-shaped base ; to i ins. diameter, very closely 
 set on the branches. It appears to have originated at Brookwood, Knap 
 Hill, Woking, whence a specimen was sent to Kew by Major McNair in 
 1872. Afterwards it was put in commerce by Messrs Jackman of Woking. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATA. There are several variegated beeches, the commonest 
 being striped with white (argenteo-variegata). A yellow striped one is 
 aureo-variegata. In var. TRICOLOR the leaves are purplish, edged and 
 striped with rose and pinkish white ; this is very pretty when the leaves 
 are young. 
 
 Var. ZLATIA, Spath. Golden Beech. Leaves yellow when young, but 
 of a shade not deep enough to be termed " golden " ; when mature they 
 scarcely differ from those of ordinary beech. 
 
 The timber of beech makes an excellent fuel, but is not highly valued for 
 constructive purposes, especially in the open air. For articles in domestic 
 use and kept under cover it is useful, being hard and close in texture. 
 The most important industry connected with beech timber is that of chair- 
 making in the High Wycombe district of Buckinghamshire. 
 
 Much alarm has in recent years been felt in regard to the effects on 
 British beechwoods of the " Beech Coccus " (Cryptococcus fagi). This insect 
 surrounds itself with a white cottony substance, and sometimes infests trunks 
 and limbs so badly as to resemble drifts of snow. As a result of its attacks 
 the complete doom of the beech in this country has been foretold. These 
 fears are much exaggerated ; and an investigation made at Kew into the 
 matter did not reveal the death of a single tree that could indubitably be 
 traced to this insect. (See Kew Bulletin, 1911, p. 332.) 
 
 FALLUGIA PARADOX A, Endlicher. ROSACE^E. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6660.) 
 
 A slender shrub, 2 to 4 ft. high, much branched below, more thinly 
 above; branchlets white, covered with down. Leaves produced in 
 clusters closely and alternately along the twigs, \ to f in. long, \ in. wide, 
 cut usually into three or five (occasionally seven) narrow-linear lobes, 
 recurved at the edges and T V in. wide ; dark green above, paler below, 
 and covered all over with pale down. Flowers produced either singly or 
 
554 FALLUGIA FATSIA 
 
 a few together on a raceme i J to 4 ins. long, from the end of the shoot 
 or from the leaf-axils near the end. Each flower is i to i J ins. across, 
 petals white ; calyx J in. diameter, downy, with five ovate, pointed lobes ; 
 and five small bracts alternating with them. The heads of fruits are very 
 handsome, each carpel being terminated by a slender style i in. to ij ins. 
 long, clothed with silky hairs, the whole forming a dense feathery mass, 
 ij ins. across. 
 
 Native of New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada; introduced in 1877. 
 This interesting and beautiful shrub is very rare in cultivation, and likely 
 to remain so. Coming from the dry, sun-baked hills of the south- 
 western United States, it finds in the English climate conditions almost 
 the opposite of its native surroundings. It would probably be best suited 
 on a warm slope in the Isles of Scilly. Elsewhere it will thrive best in 
 well-drained soil at the base of a sunny wall. 
 
 FATSIA JAPONICA, Decaisne. ARALIACE^E. 
 
 (Aralia japonica, Thunberg^ 
 
 An evergreen shrub or small tree, oftenest a spreading bush from 
 6 to 15 ft. high. Stems very thick, not much branched, unarmed, marked 
 with large scars left by fallen leaves. Leaves leathery, varying in size 
 according to the size and vigour of the plant, ordinarily 12 to 16 ins. 
 across ; palmate, with a broad heart-shaped base and usually nine lobes, 
 the lobes reaching more than half-way to the base, ovate, coarsely and 
 bluntly toothed except towards the base, where the opening between the 
 lobes is wide and rounded; stalk round, stout, smooth, often i ft. or 
 'more long. The upper surface is dark shining green, the lower one 
 paler, both quite smooth. Flowers milky white, produced in the autumn 
 on large branching panicles of globose heads, each head 2 to 3 ins. wide ; 
 stalks white like the flowers. Fruits black, pea-shaped. 
 
 Native of Japan; introduced in 1838. This very handsome shrub, 
 which bears about the largest leaves of any hardy evergreen, is well known 
 as a plant grown in pots for house decoration. It is not so well known 
 that it succeeds very well out-of-doors, and often makes a striking display 
 in October, provided it is given a sheltered, semi-shaded spot. Plants 
 near London, 8 ft. high, 'have been outside and unprotected for the last 
 twenty years. It is well worth growing for its bold and striking foliage. 
 Propagated by cuttings put singly in pots, and plunged in mild bottom 
 heat any time after the wood is fairly firm. Var. VARIEGATA has large 
 blotches of white towards the end of the lobes. 
 
 FATSIA HORRIDA, Bentham and Hooker, a very spiny, deciduous shrub from 
 Western N. America and Japan, ought, if one judged from the climate in which 
 it is naturally found, to thrive in this country. But owing to the warm soft 
 weather we frequently experience in the early New Year, it starts into growth 
 too soon, and is almost invariably cut off by frost. Prof. Sargent found it 
 growing in the dense shade of hemlock forests in Japan, so possibly it might 
 succeed better in some such situation here than fully in the open. It is a low 
 bush with stout stems and leaf-stalks, densely covered with sharp, needle-like 
 
FAT6IA FICUS 555 
 
 spines. Leaves palmately lobed and thickly set with slender prickles on the 
 midrib and veins. Flowers produced in late spring closely packed in a short, 
 dense, prickly and woolly panicle, green. Fruit scarlet. With the same 
 specific name, it has, by various authors, been placed in various genera, viz., 
 Echinopanax, Oplopanax, and Panax. 
 
 FENDLERA RUPICOLA, Engelmann. SAXIFRAGACE^. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7924.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 3 to 6 ft. high, of somewhat thin, straggling habit 
 under cultivation, and with ribbed, downy young shoots. Leaves 
 opposite, lanceolate on the sterile branches; J to ij ins. long, J to in. 
 wide; prominently three-nerved, rough with stiff, short bristles above, 
 hairy beneath, almost without stalks. On the flowering twigs the leaves 
 are much smaller, linear, clustered on short twigs. Flowers white or 
 faintly rose-tinted, f to i \ ins. across, usually solitary, sometimes in threes, 
 produced during May and June on short twigs springing from the wood 
 of the previous year ; petals four, contracted at the base into a distinct 
 claw, hairy outside; calyx downy, with four narrow, ovate lobes; seed- 
 vessel conical, \ in. long, with the calyx persisting at the base. 
 
 Native of the south-western United States; introduced to Europe 
 about 1879. This shrub one of the most beautiful of its own region 
 is too much of a sun^lover to be seen at its best in our climate. It comes 
 from the sunburnt slopes of the mountainous regions of Texas, Arizona, 
 etc., where it is a sturdy, rigid-branched shrub, and produces a great 
 wealth of rosy-tinted flowers, which are said to give it the appearance of 
 a peach-tree, although the four petals and opposite leaves, of course, 
 proclaim a different affinity. I have seen it very fine in continental 
 gardens. In Britain it needs the sunniest position that can be given it 
 against a wall. Mr E. A. Bowles, of Waltham Cross, is very successful 
 with it. Propagated by cuttings of rather soft wood in gentle heat 
 
 FICUS CARICA, Linnaeus. FIG. URTICACE^E. 
 
 A deciduous tree, forming in the south of Europe and in the East 
 a short, rugged trunk, 2 to 3 ft. in diameter, and a low, spreading head 
 of branches ; in Britain it is mostly a shrub. Leaves alternate, three- 
 or five-lobed, 4 to 8 ins. or even more in length and width ; heart-shaped 
 at the base, varying much in the depth of the lobes, which themselves 
 are blunt or rounded at the end, and usually scalloped into broad 
 rounded teeth ; both surfaces, but especially the upper one, rough to the 
 touch, with short stiff hairs ; stalk i to 2 ins. long. Flowers produced 
 on the inner surface of a roundish, pear-shaped receptacle, nearly closed 
 at the top, which afterwards develops into the succulent sweet fruit we 
 know as the fig. 
 
 Native of W. Asia and the eastern Mediterranean region, cultivated 
 in the south and west of Europe, even in Britain, from early times. The 
 cultivation of the fig in this country for its fruits does not come within 
 
556 FICUS FONTANESIA 
 
 the province of this book. Except in the mild parts of the south and 
 west, where its fruits ripen in the open air, it needs more or less the 
 protection of glass, or at least of a south wall. In the open at Kew the 
 iig gets to be a shrub 6 to 10 ft. high, according to the mildness or other- 
 wise of successive winters. The severest frosts cut it to the ground, 
 whence strong young shoots spring up the following summer. Only once 
 or twice in twenty years has it borne palatable fruit. On the whole, 
 unless wall protection can be given, the fig is not worth growing in our 
 average climate except for its interest and associations. 
 
 The plants cultivated in gardens are exclusively females, which have 
 the power, like the cucumber, to develop fruit without being fertilised. 
 The fertilisation of the wild fig, through the agency of two generations 
 yearly of an insect (Blastophaga), is one of the most remarkable instances 
 known of the interrelation of insect and plant life for their mutual benefit. 
 The cultivated fig in the south of Europe is fertilised through the 
 agency of the same insect, but the pollen is taken from a (functionally) 
 male form of the fig known as the Caprifig. (See Gardeners' Chronicle^ 
 Oct. 14, 1911, p. 267.) 
 
 FITZROYA PATAGONICA, Hooker fil PATAGONIAN CYPRESS. 
 
 CONIFERS. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4616.) 
 
 A unisexual evergreen tree, described as from 50 to 80 ft. high in a 
 wild state, forming in cultivation in this country a widely pyramidal small 
 tree of dense habit, the terminal portions of the branches slender and 
 pendulous. Leaves linear or slightly obovate, \ to \ in. long, arranged 
 in pairs or in whorlj of threes, often thickened and keeled beneath; 
 sometimes rounded, sometimes tapered to a bluntish apex, spreading, 
 dark green, with two bands of stomata on both surfaces. Cones globose, 
 \ in. wide, with few scales. 
 
 Native of the mountains of W. Patagonia and S. Chile ; discovered in 
 1834 by Capt. Fitzroy, commander of the "Beagle"; introduced for 
 Messrs Veitch by W. Lobb in 1849. It is an interesting and elegant 
 small tree or shrub, but is only at home in the mildest parts of our 
 islands, such as Fota, near Cork, Pencarrow in Cornwall, in the west of 
 Scotland, etc. At Kew it has lived outside in a very sheltered spot for 
 ten or twelve years, but it is doubtful if it could survive a winter like 
 that of 1894-5. In young plants the leaves are larger, flatter, and more 
 spreading than in adult ones. Female trees bear cones freely, in even a 
 small state, but they are usually infertile. 
 
 A second species, F. ARCHERI, Bentham (Diselma Archeri, Hooker fil^ 
 is found in Tasmania, but it is more tender than the South American 
 species. 
 
 FONTANESIA. OLEACE.E 
 
 A genus named in honour of R. L. Desfontaines, a French savant 
 born in 1750, in Brittany; died in Paris, 1833. It is composed of two 
 
FONTANESIA FORSYTHIA 557 
 
 deciduous shrubs, or as some authorities hold, but one, closely allied to 
 the ashes, but with simple opposite leaves. Flowers numerous, small 
 and greenish ; petals four ; stamens two. Fruit a thin, flat capsule whose 
 two cells are surrounded by a wing. These shrubs have about the same 
 value in gardens as the privet, being easily cultivated in any soil of 
 moderate quality, and readily propagated by late summer cuttings. 
 
 F. FORTUNEI, Carriere. 
 
 (F. phillyreoides var. sinensis, Desbeaux?) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 10 to 15 ft. high in gardens, but said to become a tree 
 30 to 40 ft. high in China ; young branchlets angular, smooth. Leaves 
 lanceolate, long-pointed, I to 4^ ins. long, \ to I in. wide, entire, bright green, 
 and quite smooth. Flowers greenish white, produced in terminal, slender 
 panicles i to 2 ins. long, and in axillary shorter ones ; each flower \ in. long. 
 Fruit a flat oblong disk, in. long, with winged margins, notched at the apex. 
 
 Native of China; found by Fortune in 1845, an d later by several other 
 collectors, near Shanghai. It is very closely allied to the following better 
 known species from Asia Minor, of which, by some authors, it is considered 
 merely a variety. The most obvious distinctions are the larger more uniformly 
 lance-shaped leaves (often oval or oblong in the other), and the more slender, 
 elongated panicles. In a note by Commander W. Perry preserved in the Kew 
 Herbarium, it is stated that the Chinese make fences round their compounds 
 with branches of this tree interlaced. These take root and form a graceful 
 hedge. 
 
 F. PHILLYREOIDES, Labillardiere. 
 
 A privet-like, deciduous shrub, 6 to 10 ft. high, forming a great number of 
 slender twigs, angular and smooth when young. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
 oval, or oblong ; -^ to 2^ ins. long, |- to % in. wide ; usually with a tapering 
 point, entire, smooth. Flowers about in. long, greenish white, very numerous 
 on terminal panicles | to I in. long, supplemented by smaller clusters in the 
 leaf-axils, produced during June on leafy twigs. A prominent feature of the 
 flower are the protruded stamens. Fruit a flat disk, roundish or oblong, two- 
 seeded, and surrounded by a membranous wing ; J to f in. long. 
 
 Native of the Orient (Cilicia, Syria, etc.) ; introduced in 1787. This shrub 
 retains its leaves long in the autumn. It is perfectly hardy and flowers 
 copiously, and has about the same decorative value as the privet. 
 
 Var. NANA. A form of more compact habit and slower growth. 
 
 FORSYTHIA. OLEACE^:. 
 
 This genus, consisting, so far as is known at present, of three or four 
 species of deciduous shrubs, commemorates Wm. Forsyth, once super- 
 intendent of the Royal Gardens at Kensington (1737-1804). They are 
 allied to the lilacs and jasmines, having opposite, trifoliolate or simple 
 leaves, angular stems, and yellow flowers produced in spring on short 
 stalks from the joints of the previous year's wood. Calyx four-lobed, 
 green ; corolla also four-lobed, the lobes uniting at the base into a short 
 tube ; stamens two, styles either long or short, both long-styled and short- 
 
558 FORSYTHIA 
 
 styled forms belonging to each species. Two or three species are 
 Chinese ; one East European. 
 
 All are very easily cultivated ; they are gross feeders, and like a rich, 
 deep, loamy soil. Propagated very easily by cuttings made of half-ripened 
 shoots. F. viridissima needs no pruning, nor does F. intermedia, but 
 F. suspensa var. Fortunei, may if desired be cut hard back every spring 
 as soon as the flowers are past. There are some worthless variegated 
 Forsythias that need no detailed mention. 
 
 F. EUROP^EA, Degen. ALBANIAN FORSYTHIA. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8039.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, of erect habit, from 3 to 6 ft. high ; young wood not 
 downy, but dotted with lenticels. Leaves ovate, 2 to 3 ins. long, f to i^ ins. 
 wide ; of firm texture, smooth, sometimes sharply and unequally toothed, but 
 usually entire ; pointed at the apex, rounded at the base ; stalk \ to \ in. long. 
 Flowers yellow, produced in March from the buds of the previous year's 
 growth, mostly singly, occasionally in pairs. Corolla i \ ins. diameter, with four 
 narrow-oblong divisions. Calyx-lobes ovate, green, \ in. long. 
 
 Native of Albania, discovered by Dr A. Baldacchi in 1897, and first 
 introduced by him to this country by means of seeds sent to Kew in 1899. 
 Some doubt has been expressed as to its being truly native of Europe, as its 
 fellow species are only found in the Far East ; but from the wild nature of the 
 country in which it was found, and the fact that several cases of analogous 
 distribution in other genera exist, this does not seem justified. It is allied to 
 F. viridissima, but differs in the ovate leaves (widest near the base), and by 
 a lanky habit which makes it more ungainly. It is the least ornamental of 
 Forsythias, but of geographical interest. 
 
 F. INTERMEDIA, Zabel. 
 
 This is supposed, and no doubt justly, to be a hybrid between F. suspensa 
 and F. viridissima. It opens its blossoms immediately after F. suspensa, 
 and before the other parent. Its branching, too, is intermediate, and rather 
 like that of the erect form of suspensa. Leaves occasionally trifoliolate, but 
 mostly intermediate between the simple leaves of both parents ; more tapering 
 at the base than in F. suspensa. Flowers as in suspensa, to which this beautiful 
 shrub is in no way inferior in beauty. It is not so good for covering arbours, 
 etc., but is more suitable for grouping on lawns. The three following forms of 
 this hybrid have been named by a German botanist, and distinguished as 
 follows : 
 
 Var. DENSIFLORA, Koehne. Flowers densely crowded on the shoots ; a 
 very distinct form ; style longer than stamens. 
 
 Var. SPECTABILIS, Koehne. A seedling form, with larger, deeper yellow, 
 and more abundant flowers ; style shorter than stamens. In many respects 
 the most beautiful of Forsythias. 
 
 Var. VITELLINA, Koehne. Of erect, strong habit ; flowers rich dark yellow; 
 style longer than stamens. 
 
 F. SUSPENSA, VahL GOLDEN BELL. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 49950 
 
 A deciduous shrub of rambling habit, which, if trained on a wall w r ill grow 
 30 ft. high, but in the open, and unsupported, forms a mass of interlacing, 
 
FORSYTHIA FOTHERGILLA 559 
 
 often pendulous branches, 8 or 10 ft. high ; young branches smooth. Leaves 
 mostly simple, 2 to 4 ins. long, I to 2 ins. wide ; but occasionally on strong 
 shoots trifoliolate, three-lobed, or two-lobed ; coarsely toothed, pointed ; the 
 simple leaves are rounded or broadly wedge-shaped at the base ; the leaflets 
 tapering there ; stalk about ^ in. long. Flowers golden yellow, produced one to 
 as many as six in a cluster from the buds of 'last year's wood in late March and 
 early April, lasting a month in beauty ; each flower I to I J ins. across. Calyx- 
 lobes oblong-lanceolate, J in. long. 
 
 Native of China, but introduced from Japanese gardens to Holland in 1833, 
 and thence, nearly twenty years later, to England. It and F. intermedia are 
 the finest of early, yellow-flowering shrubs. In gardens it is represented by 
 two distinct forms, viz., FORTUNEI, a shrub of stiffer growth, with erect or 
 arching (not so pendulous) shoots ; and SlEBOLDII, a form with slender 
 pendent shoots which reach the ground and take root. There are, however, 
 plants in cultivation which it is difficult to assign to either. Forsythia 
 suspensa may be used in a variety of ways ; the slender creeping form 
 (Sieboldii) is useful for covering a steep slope, and for using as a climber on 
 house fronts, arbours, etc. The stiffer one (Fortunei) is the best for 
 massing on a lawn. It may, if desired, be pruned hard back every spring as 
 soon as the flowers are over. Treated in this way, healthy plants will make 
 shoots 6 to 8 ft. long in a season, furnished the following spring from end 
 to end with golden yellow blossom. 
 
 A form with lemon-yellow flowers has recently been introduced from 
 Central China by Wilson. It has shorter and comparatively broader petals. 
 There is another with dark purplish young shoots (var. ATROCAULls, Rehder}. 
 
 F. VIRIDISSIMA, Lindley. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4587.) 
 
 A deciduous or partially evergreen shrub, 5 to 8 ft. high, with stiff, erect 
 branches, smooth when young. Leaves lance-shaped, 3 to 6 ins. long, | to i^ 
 ins. wide, tapering at both ends, but more slenderly towards the pointed apex, 
 toothed on the upper half, or quite entire ; stalk J to \ in. long. Flowers 
 bright yellow, i| ins. across, the four corolla lobes narrow-oblong, ^ in. long. 
 Calyx-lobes convex, ovate, J in. long. (See Fig. p. 560.) 
 
 Native of China ; introduced by Fortune in 1844. Although this species is 
 not so wonderful a garden shrub as F. suspensa, it is a very handsome and 
 useful one. It flowers one or two weeks later, usually in April, and is sturdy 
 enough to hold its branches erect. It is distinguished from both its fellow 
 species, F. europaea and F. suspensa, by the shape of its leaves. 
 
 FOTHERGILLA. H AM AMELIDACE^E. 
 
 A genus of two or three deciduous shrubs from Eastern N. America, 
 which commem<arates Dr John Fothergill, who in the eighteenth century 
 cultivated in his garden at Stratford-le-Bow, in Essex, one of the earliest 
 and most extensive collections of American plants. They are allies of 
 the witch-hazels, and their flowers appear before the leaves in bottle- 
 brush like spikes terminating short branches. Their sole beauty is in the 
 numerous long stamens. There are no petals, and the seed-vessel is a 
 downy, hard-shelled capsule, opening at the top and containing two 
 seeds. 
 
560 
 
 FOTHERGILLA 
 
 F. GARDEN i, Murray, 
 
 (F. alnifolia, Linnceus fil., Bot. Mag., t. 1341 ; F. Carolina, Brition?) 
 
 A deciduous shrub of thin habit, rarely more than 2 or 3 ft. high, with 
 slender, crooked, often rather weak and sjpreading branches ; young twigs 
 covered with white, stellate hairs. Leaves oval or obovate, I to 2^ ins. long, 
 f to if ins. wide ; heart-shaped, rounded or tapering at the base, with several 
 large unequal teeth above the middle, downy, and green or whitish beneath ; 
 stalk 3- in. long, downy. Flowers in cylindrical terminal spikes, consisting 
 chiefly of a mass, I to i^ ins. long, and about I in. through, of white stamens 
 with yellow anthers ; petals none. 
 
 FORSYTHIA VIRIDISSIMA. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States ; first discovered by Dr Garden 
 of Charlestown, U.S.A., and introduced in 1765. It flowers on the naked 
 branches in April and May, and is then very pretty and fragrant. Although 
 hardy, this shrub is not robust. It does not like a heavy soil so much 
 as one of peat and sandy loam combined. The leaf is variable in shape, on 
 account of which attempts have been made to differentiate two or three 
 varieties such as OBTUSA (Bot. Mag., 1341), with obovate bluntish leaves ; 
 and ACUTA, with ovate, pointed leaves. The foliage often turns beautiful 
 crimson before falling. This species differs from the following in its much 
 smaller stature, and in the inflorescence being from half to two-thirds as 
 wide. 
 
FOTHERGILLA FRAXINUS 561 
 
 F. MAJOR, Loddiges. 
 
 (F. alnifoiia var. major, Bot. Mag., t. 1342 ; F. monticola, Ashe.} 
 
 A deciduous shrub, ultimately 6 to 8 ft. high, forming a rounded bush with 
 mostly erect stems ; young branchlets covered with stellate, whitish hairs. 
 Leaves roundish oval or broadly ovate, 2 to 4 ins. long, and from two-thirds 
 to nearly as wide, with a few teeth above the middle, or almost entire ; upper 
 surface dark glossy green becoming almost or quite smooth, lower one 
 glaucous, with stellate hairs, especially on the midrib and veins ; stalk downy, 
 about A in. long. Flowers numerous, in an erect, cylindrical spike, I to 2 ins. 
 long, terminating short lateral twigs ; the inflorescence owes its beauty to 
 the numerous clustered stamens, which have pinkish white stalks f in. long, 
 and yellow anthers ; petals none. The seed-vessel is a downy, woody 
 capsule ^ in. long, splitting at the top. 
 
 Native of the Allegheny Mountains from Virginia to S. Carolina ; grown 
 in English gardens in 1780, but apparently long lost to cultivation until 
 
 FuTHERGILLA MAJOR. 
 
 reintroduccd to Kew from the Arnold Arboretum in 1902. It is a most 
 charming shrub, especially to those who love out-of-the-way plants. It 
 succeeds extremely well in a mixture of peat and sandy loam, producing 
 its fragrant spikes profusely in May. The leaves turn orange-yellow before 
 falling. It strikes root freely from cuttings of fairly firm wood in gentle 
 heat, and is quite hardy. Certainly it is in every way superior to the 
 commoner F. Gardeni, and it is strange that it was so long lost to gardens. 
 F. MOXTICOLA is scarcely specifically distinct from F. major, although it 
 is said to be of more spreading habit ; the leaves are not so white beneath. 
 
 FR AX IX US. ASH. OLEACE^E. 
 
 A group of some forty to fifty species of deciduous trees and a few 
 shrubs, all except three found in the temperate latitudes of the northern 
 hemisphere. They have normally opposite, unequally pinnate leaves, but 
 in some species and varieties the leaflets are reduced to one, and the 
 leaves are sometimes in whorls of three, and on odd shoots not in- 
 
 2 N 
 
562 FRAXINUS 
 
 frequently alternate. The inflorescences \;ary considerably in beauty in 
 different species. In the most ornamental groups, the "flowering" ashes, 
 both corolla and calyx are present, and the flowers are borne very 
 numerously in panicles from the end of the young shoot and from the 
 axils of the terminal pair of leaves. This is the manna ash or ORNUS 
 group, sometimes made into a distinct genus. In another group to which 
 our common ash belongs FRAXINASTER the flowers have no beauty, 
 being without calyx or corolla; they are borne in short panicles from the 
 buds of the previous year's wood. The remainder of the species have a 
 calyx, but no corolla. 
 
 The flowers are sometimes perfect, sometimes unisexual; and perfect 
 male and female flowers may be found either altogether or separately on 
 one tree. It is said that the flowers of a tree may sometimes be all or 
 mostly one sex one year, and the other sex the next. Stamens usually 
 two. Fruit one- or two-celled, one- or two-seeded, developing at the end 
 a long, flattened wing or membrane, usually from f to ij ins. long and 
 ^ to J in. wide. Many of the species hereinafter described do not flower 
 in this country, and even those that do, like the common ash, do not 
 carry crops of fruit every year. From all its allies in gardens, except 
 Jasminum and one species of Syringa, Fraxinus is distinguished by its 
 pinnate leaves. 
 
 In gardens and parks, the ashes are welcome for their stately form and 
 fine pinnate foliage. Some of them, like excelsior and americana, yield 
 an admirable timber. They are frequently found in nature on a limestone 
 formation, and should be especially noted by those whose ground is so 
 situated. For the rest, they are gross feeders, and like a good loamy soil 
 and abundant moisture. They should always, if possible, be raised from 
 seed, which may be sown in cold frames or shallow boxes, and thinly 
 covered with soil. Grafting for the weeping, coloured, and other garden 
 varieties has, perforce, to be resorted to, but the stock should always be 
 of the species to which the variety belongs. The ashes produce a very 
 fibrous and extensive root system, which renders their transplanting safe 
 and easy. The only species at all unsatisfactory in cultivation are those 
 like nigra and mandshurica, which, being excited into growth by un- 
 seasonable warmth early in the year, are almost invariably cut back by 
 later frost. Some species, like dipetala, need rather more warmth than 
 our climate affords. But given a good soil, and not too exposed a 
 position, the ashes generally are satisfactory. 
 
 The following is a selection of the more desirable species : 
 
 For timber. Excelsior, americana. 
 
 For beauty of foliage and habit. Angustifolia, americana, biltmoreana, 
 oregona, pennsylvanica, excelsior, ex. var. heterophylla, ex. var. pendula. 
 
 For flower. Ornus, Mariesii. 
 
 For interest. Spaethiana, anomala. 
 
 For small gardens. Bungeana, dimorpha, excelsior var. globosa. 
 
 F. AMERICANA, Linnceus. WHITE ASH. 
 
 A fine timber tree up to 120 ft. high in a wild state, with a trunk 5 or 6 ft. in 
 thickness ; young shoots smooth, dark polished green or brownish, becoming 
 
FRAXINUS 563 
 
 grey the second year. Leaves 8 to 1 5 ins. long ; leaflets seven or nine 
 (sometimes five), oblong-lanceolate or oval, stalked ; ordinarily 4 to 6 ins. long 
 (on vigorous young trees 7 or 8 ins.), I to 3 ins. wide ; rounded or tapered at 
 the base, long and slender-pointed, entire or the terminal part toothed ; dark 
 green and smooth above, whitish and downy along the midrib and veins 
 beneath. Common stalk yellowish white, smooth, round, with a scarcely 
 perceptible groove on the upper side ; stalk of lateral leaflets about i in. long, 
 of the terminal one ^ to I in. long. Flowers without petals, produced on the 
 previous year's growth. Fruit I to 2 ins. long, ^ in. wide ; the body roundish. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America; introduced in 1724. This handsome and 
 striking ash is one of the best of American deciduous trees in this country, 
 being quick-growing and producing timber of similar quality to that of our 
 native species, much esteemed for making oars. There are trees over 80 ft. 
 high at Kew. Whilst there is nothing to show that it is superior to our native 
 ash, it would be worth planting in quantity under forest conditions as an 
 experiment. It appears to grow more quickly in a small state. The dis- 
 tinguishing characters of this ash as compared with other American species of 
 the same character are : its round main leaf-stalk, the white under-surface of 
 the stalked leaflets, and the smooth, dark, young wood. (Compare with 
 F. texensis and F. biltmoreana, its nearest allies.) 
 
 Var. ACUMINATA, Wesmael (F. epiptera, Michaux}. Leaflets almost 
 without down beneath, bright green above, and nearly or quite entire. 
 
 Var. JUGLANDIFOLIA, Rehder. This striking variety has leaflets as much 
 as 9 ins. long, by 3 ins. wide, not conspicuously toothed at the upper half, 
 densely pubescent over the whole under-surface, but not on the main leaf-stalk 
 or young shoots. 
 
 Var. MICROCARPA, Gray. Fruit about ^ in. long ; common in the south- 
 eastern United States. 
 
 F. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Vahl. NARROW-LEAVED ASH. 
 (F. numidica, Dippel.} 
 
 A tree 60 to 70 ft., occasionally 90 ft. high ; young shoots and leaves 
 perfectly smooth. Leaves 6 to 10 ins. long ; leaflets seven to thirteen, 
 lanceolate, I to 3 ins. long, \ to f in. wide, sharply and rather coarsely or even 
 jaggedly toothed except towards the narrowly tapered base ; apex long- 
 pointed ; dark glossy green above. The terminal leaflet is the only one that 
 has a stalk (\ to \ in. long) ; main-stalk with two wings on the upper side 
 forming a groove that is open from the base to the lowest pair of leaflets, but 
 beyond them closed, except where the leaflets are attached. Flowers produced 
 from the joints of the previous year's wood, and with neither calyx nor corolla. 
 Fruits i to i^ ins. long. 
 
 Native of S. Europe and N. Africa. The most distinctive character of the 
 species is the entire absence of down, differing in this respect from its near ally 
 F. oxycarpa. It is an elegant tree, allied botanically to the common ash. 
 
 Var. LENTISCIFOLTA, Henry. Leaflets more spreading (in the typical form 
 they point forwards) and set further apart on the main-stalk, making the leaf 
 sometimes 10 ins. or more long, and the tree very graceful. A form with more 
 slender, pendulous branches is distinguished as PENDULA. 
 
 Nearly allied to, and perhaps scarcely specifically distinct from 
 F. angustifolia, is 
 
 F. OXYCARPA, Willdenow (F. oxyphylla, Biebersteiri). Its leaves have 
 the same number of leaflets, mostly of the same shape and size, but they are 
 always downy about the .midrib and lower veins. Fruits more tapered at 
 the base. The species has - .a more Eastern natural habitat than F. angustifolia, 
 reaching to Persia, the Caucasus, and Asia Minor. (See F. parvifolia.) 
 
564 FRAXINUS 
 
 F. ANOMALA, Torrey. UTAH ASH. 
 
 A tree 18 to 20 ft. high, with smooth, square, slightly winged, slender, 
 young shoots. Leaves simple (rarely with two or three leaflets), ovate, some- 
 times roundish or obovate, tapered at the base, bluntish or pointed at the apex, 
 inconspicuously toothed ; I to 2^ ins. long, f to if ins. wide ; grey-green, 
 smooth on both surfaces ; stalk | to I in. long. It flowers on the previous 
 year's growths, and the fruits (not seen in this country) are f in. long, obovate 
 or oval. 
 
 Native of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada ; said by Sargent to be not rare. 
 Introduced in 1893 to Kew, where it forms a lax-branched, small tree, quite 
 distinct from every other cultivated ash in the combination of square stems 
 and simple leaves, but only worth growing as a curiosity. 
 
 F. BERLANDIERIANA, be Candolle. 
 
 A tree up to 30 ft. high, with quite smooth, round branchlets. Leaflets 
 usually five, deep lustrous green above, paler beneath ; the terminal one 
 obovate, 2| to 4 ins. long, i| to 2^ ins. wide ; the lateral ones more oval and 
 smaller, all coarsely toothed above the middle, soon quite smooth ; midrib 
 prominent below, the side ribs connected by conspicuous netted veins ; main 
 leaf-stalk grooved. Fruit i to i J ins. long ; often three-winged (Sargent). 
 
 Native of Texas and Mexico ; introduced to Kew under the name of 
 F. coriacea in 1897. (The true F. coriacea, S. Watson^ according to Sargent, 
 has the shoots tomentose when they appear, remaining downy for one or two 
 years.) As seen at Kew, F. Berlandieriana is a pleasing small tree of free 
 growth, and distinct in the deep glossy green, smooth leaves and branchlets ; 
 in these respects it resembles F. lanceolata, but is smaller in all its parts. 
 
 F. BILTMOREANA, Beadle. BlLTMORE ASH. 
 
 As lately as 1898, this ash was distinguished from F. americana and named 
 by Mr Beadle. No doubt it exists in some gardens, looked upon as ordinary 
 white ash. There is one on the hill at Kew crowned by the Temple of yEolus, 
 which is over 80 ft. high and more than 8 ft. in girth. It is close to a true 
 white ash of about the same size, which Mr Elwes regards as the largest in 
 England. The chief distinction of the Biltmore from the white ash resides in 
 its densely downy young shoots, the down persisting for two years ; the white 
 under-surface of the leaflets and their common stalk are similarly downy. On 
 the old tree at Kew the largest leaflets are 6 ins. long by 3 ins. wide, and the 
 entire leaf up to 20 ins. long. The trunk is similar to that of F. americana, 
 but the first year wood is dull grey (not green or brown as in americana), nor 
 does it acquire during the second season the pale, polished surface of the white 
 ash. In other respects it resembles that species, especially its var. juglandi- 
 folia, but the wing of the fruit is not extended down the body so much. In its 
 downy shoots it resembles F. pennsylvanica, but that species has the leaflets 
 green beneath and the main leaf-stalk more distinctly grooved. Elwes figures 
 a handsome tree at Fawley Court, Oxfordshire, 68 ft. high. . 
 
 F. BRACTEATA, Hemsley. 
 
 A deciduous tree of the Ornus group, 40 ft. high ; young shoots smooth, 
 four-angled, bright green. Leaves variable in size ; on young trees 6 to 12 ins. 
 long. Leaflets five to eleven, ovate, wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, 
 tapered at the apex to a bluntish point, very variable in size ; ordinarily I to 
 3 ins. long (but sometimes 5 ins.), about half as wide ; not toothed, deep 
 
FHAXINUS 565 
 
 polished green, perfectly smooth, and with impressed veins above ; paler and 
 smooth beneath. The main leaf-stalk has an even, well-defined groove above ; 
 terminal leaflet long-stalked, the others shortly so. Panicles terminal, also 
 borne in the upper leaf-axils ; downy, pyramidal, 3 to 6 ins. long, with a pair of 
 small oblong bracts at the base of each subdivision. The flowers are prob- 
 ably white, but have not yet been seen in this country. Fruit I to i^ ins. 
 long, ^T in. wide. 
 
 Native of Hupeh, China; discovered by Henry in 1887; introduced by 
 Wilson for Messrs Veitch in 1900. It is a distinct ash in its square branchlets 
 and smooth, shining, entire leaflets, the largest of which resemble the leaf of 
 Ligustrum lucidum. A promising species, whose hardiness, however,. has 
 scarcely yet been put to the test. 
 
 F. BUNGEANA, De Candolle. 
 A shrub 5 or 6 ft. high ; twigs minutely downy. Leaves of thin texture, 
 
 4 to 6 ins. long ; leaflets five or seven, stalked, unequal-sided, oval and obovate ; 
 
 1 to 2 ins. long, \ to I in. wide ; tapered at the base, with abrupt slender points, 
 round-toothed except towards the base, quite smooth. Main leaf-stalk minutely 
 downy, with a narrow groove on the upper side ; stalk of leaflets \ to J in. 
 long, minutely downy. Flowers (with petals) produced in terminal panicles ; 
 fruit a little over I in. long, in. wide. 
 
 Native of N. China ; introduced in 1881 to the Arnold Arboretum, Mass., 
 where 1 have seen healthy bushes 4 or 5 ft. high and through. The true plant 
 is little known in Britain, although many ashes under the name have been 
 introduced, which have turned out to be chinensis or other species. It belongs 
 to the Ornus group, and is very distinct from the only other shrubby ashes in 
 cultivation the tiny leaved dimorpha and xanthoxyloides. Bunge's ash is one 
 of the few whose twigs and leaf-stalks are downy, whilst the leaf-blades are 
 smooth. 
 
 F. DIPPELIANA, Lingelsheim, as sold by Spath of Berlin, is apparently a 
 form of F. Bungeana, or very closely allied to it, the leaves perhaps broader 
 (up to i| ins. wide) and shorter pointed. Not seen in flower. 
 
 F. CAROLINIANA, Miller. SWAMP ASH. 
 
 A tree rarely more than 40 ft. high ; young shoots smooth, brown. Leaves 
 
 5 to 12 ins. long ; leaflets five or seven, stalked, oval, 2 to 4 ins. long, \\ to 
 
 2 ins. wide (terminal one larger and up to 6 ins. long, sometimes obovate), 
 mostly tapered, sometimes rounded at the base, pointed, sharply toothed ; 
 dark green and smooth above ; pale duller green beneath, with white hairs 
 along the sides of the midrib and lower veins. Main leaf-stalk round, with a 
 slight groove on the upper side ; stalks of side leaflets up to \ in. long, that 
 of terminal one up to i in. long. Flowers without petals, produced in short 
 panicles on the shoots of the preceding year. Fruit (not seen in this country), 
 described by Sargent as elliptical or obovate, up to 2 ins. long, frequently 
 three-winged, \ to f in. wide. 
 
 Native of" the south-eastern United States ; introduced in 1783, but 
 extremely rare. Trees which in vegetative characters appear to be true, 
 and which were received from the United States as F. caroliniana, are in the 
 collection at Kew ; but one would scarcely expect the tree to be hardy in 
 this country, as it comes from the coast region of the Atlantic and Gulf 
 States, and reaches even to Cuba. 
 
 F. CHINENSIS, Roxburgh. 
 
 A small tree with stout, greyish, smooth young shoots, and grey buds. 
 Leaflets usually seven, sometimes nine, variable in shape and size; terminal 
 
566 FRAXINUS 
 
 (and largest) one oval or obovate, 3 to 5^ ins. long, 2 to 3 ins. wide, its 
 stalk I to i^ ins. long ; the pairs towards the base smaller, oval, the lowest 
 pair ij to 3 ins. long, sometimes roundish oval ; all shallowly round-toothed, 
 stalked ; dark dull green above, pale beneath, with dense brown down at the 
 sides of the midrib and base of the veins only. Common stalk with a 
 continuous open channel on the upper side with tufts of down where the 
 leaflets are attached. Flowers and fruit not seen in this country; the latter 
 described by Henry as about i^ ins. long, ^ in. wide, oblanceolate, and either 
 rounded or pointed at the apex. 
 
 Native of China; introduced under the name of "Bungeana" in 1891. 
 It has been also wrongly named " F. obovata " in gardens. Young trees are 
 striking in the large size of their leaflets. Henry says this is one of the trees 
 on which the wax insect lives. 
 
 F. DIMORPHA, Cosson and'Durieu. ALGERIAN ASH. 
 
 A deciduous bush or a small tree, 20 ft. or more high ; branchlets smooth, 
 purplish on the upper side. Leaves i^ to 3 ins. long, composed of five 
 to eleven (mostly seven or nine) leaflets, which are ovate, f to i ins. long, 
 |- to -i in. wide ; rather prominently toothed, scarcely stalked ; smooth, except 
 for a tuft of down at the base of the midrib beneath; the main leaf-stalk is 
 slightly winged between each pair of leaflets. Flowers (not seen in this 
 country) produced from the axils of the previous year's wood. Fruits i^ ins. 
 long, in. wide. 
 
 Var. DUMOSA, Carriere. A purely shrubby variety, forming a dense 
 rounded bush with interlacing branches. Leaves uniformly smaller than 
 in the type, and only \ to in. long. 
 
 Native of N. Africa, in the mountains of Algeria and Morocco. It is rare 
 in gardens, but very distinct among cultivated ashes, and worth growing 
 for its dwarf habit and minute leaflets. Var. dumosa makes a neat and 
 pleasing bush. 
 
 F. XANTHOXYLOIDES, WalUch, is very closely allied and very similar to 
 F. dimorpha, but differs in having the branchlets covered with a dense 
 but extremely minute dark down ; the leaves and leaf-stalks have a scattered 
 but longer down. It is a native of the north-western Himalaya, Afghanistan, 
 etc. Bushes at Kew raised from seed sent from India do not appear to 
 be quite so hardy as F. dimorpha. 
 
 F. DIPETALA, Hooker. FRINGE-FLOWERED ASH. 
 
 A shrub 10 to 12 ft. high, or occasionally a small tree ; young shoots four- 
 sided and four-winged, slightly warted, not downy. Leaves 2 to 5 ins. long ; 
 leaflets commonly five, but varying from three to nine ; obovate or oval, 
 tapered at the base, rounded or hardly pointed at the apex ; \ to i| ins. long, 
 toothed except at the lowest third ; quite smooth on both surfaces. Main 
 leaf-stalk smooth, grooved above ; the terminal leaflet rather long-stalked, 
 the uppermost pair stalkless, those below more or less stalked. Flowers 
 creamy white, \ in. long, produced from the joints of the previous year's growth 
 in panicles 2 to 4 ins. long. Fruits about I in. long, \ in. wide, with a 
 notched tip. 
 
 Native of California, where it was discovered in 1830 by David Douglas ; 
 but not introduced, so far as I am aware, until 1879, when Prof. Sargent sent 
 it to Kew. There is 'now a small tree there about 10 ft. high, which does not 
 flower, and is sometimes injured at the tips by frost. It appears to be one of 
 the most ornamental of ashes in flower, but needs a rather warmer climate 
 than near London. It should be tried in the south-west. Its four-angled 
 
FRAXINUS 567 
 
 stems, smooth leaves, and the production of flowers on the old wood, distinguish 
 it well among the ashes with petalled flowers. 
 
 F. ELONZA, DippeL 
 
 A small, elegant tree with glabrous, grey-green young shoots furnished with 
 whitish warts ; buds dark brown, scurfy. Leaves up to 10 or 1 1 ins. long, with 
 nine to thirteen leaflets, which are ovate, oval or lance-shaped, broadly tapered 
 at the base, shortly pointed, sharply toothed ; I to 3 ins. long, \ to I in. wide ; 
 stalkless, dark dull green, and smooth above, with brownish down densely tufted 
 near the base of the midrib beneath. The main leaf-stalk is whitish beneath, 
 downy in places, winged on the upper side, the wings erect and forming a 
 narrow groove. Flowers and fruit not seen. This ash is of uncertain origin, 
 and is supposed to be a hybrid, probably with F. oxycarpa or F. parvifolia as 
 one parent. It has been cultivated in England since 1878. 
 
 F. EXCELSIOR, Linnaus. COMMON ASH. 
 
 One of the largest of European deciduous trees, reaching in favoured sites 
 from 100 to 140 ft. in height ; bark of the trunk pale, fissured ; young wood 
 grey, smooth ; buds black. Leaves 10 to 12 ins. long ; leaflets most frequently 
 nine or eleven, sometimes less or more ; oblong lance-shaped, tapered at the 
 base, slender-pointed, toothed ; 2 to 4^- ins. long, I to i^ ins. wide ; dark green 
 and smooth above, paler beneath, and with fluffy brown down at the sides of 
 the lower part of the midrib. Main leaf-stalk usually more or less downy, the 
 wings on the upper side meeting and forming a sharp angle. The terminal 
 leaflet is stalked, the lateral ones scarcely so. Flowers produced from the 
 joints of the previous year's wood in short, dense panicles in April. Fruits 
 (commonly called " keys ") pendent in large bunches, each fruit about i^ ins. 
 long, to \ in. wide. 
 
 Native of Europe, including Britain and the Caucasus. It is one of the 
 most valuable of all our timber trees, yielding a whitish wood of great 
 toughness and durability. Elwes considers it at the present time the most 
 economically valuable of British timber trees. For some purposes, especially 
 in coachbuilding and implement-making, it has no rival either native or 
 foreign. An isolated ash of goodly size makes a tree of great beauty and 
 dignity, forming a shapely, oval, or rounded head of branches. It likes a deep, 
 moist, loamy soil, and thrives well, on calcareous formations. In some parts of 
 the north of England, on the east side of the Plain of York for instance, it is 
 a common hedgerow tree, almost as common as the elm is in the south. In 
 such positions, especially where the adjoining fields are arable, it is not an 
 unmixed advantage, being one of the grossest of feeders. Both in nature and 
 in gardens the common ash has produced a large number of varieties. A 
 considerable number of those that have received names must be considered 
 worthless from any point of view, and the following list only includes the more 
 distinct or the more ornamental : 
 
 Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Schelle. Leaves as a rule not more than g in. wide. 
 It is apt to be confused with F. oxycarpa, but is distinguished by its black 
 bud and the longer stalk of the terminal leaflet. 
 
 Var. ASPLENIFOLIA. Leaflets only to J in. wide a monstrosity merely. 
 
 Var. AUREA. Young shoots yellow ; older bark yellowish, ' especially 
 noticeable in winter. 
 
 Var. AUREA PENDULA. Young shoots yellow, branches weeping and 
 forming a flat, umbrella-shaped head. 
 
 Var. CONCAVifOLlA. Leaflets small, boat-shaped. 
 
 Var. CRISPA (syn. atrovirens). A deformed, stunted bush with leaves 
 2 or 3 ins. long, the leaflets much curved. 
 
568 FRAXINUS 
 
 Var. FOLIIS ARGENTEIS. Leaflets bordered with white ; often deformed. 
 
 Var. GLOBOSA. A dwarf rounded bush, densely branched. Vars. NANA 
 and MYRTI FOLIA are much the same. 
 
 Var. GLOMERATA, Simon-Louis. Leaflets as many as fifteen closely set on 
 the common stalk,, comparatively short and broad ; some of them 3 ins. long 
 and 2 ins. broad, stout in texture, basal pair of leaflets close to the branch ; 
 all somewhat hooded and puckered. Very distinct. 
 
 Var. HETEROPHYLLA. One-leaved Ash. In this remarkable variety the 
 terminal leaflet only, or occasionally one or two more, is developed. In other 
 respects it is the same as the common ash. Its one leaflet is oval or ovate, 
 long-stalked, toothed, and variable in size, usually 3 to 6 ins. long, \\ to i\ ins. 
 wide, but often proportionately broader or shorter. I have measured it as 
 much as 8 ins. long and 5 ins. wide. This variety has arisen independently 
 in many places, both cultivated and wild, and varies considerably. It is also 
 known as integrifolia, monophylla, and simplicifolia. 
 
 Var. HETEROPHYLLA LACINIATA. Leaves jaggedly and coarsely toothed. 
 
 Var. HETEROPHYLLA PENDULA. All the branches weeping ; this and the 
 preceding varieties have leaves as in heterophylla. 
 
 Var. MONSTROSA. Branchlets often fasciated ; leaves often alternate. 
 
 Var. PENDULA, Alton. Weeping Ash. There are various forms of weeping 
 ash. The commonest has all its branches weeping, forming a spreading, 
 umbrella-like head. The most remarkable example is in the Earl of 
 Harrington's garden at Elvaston, and is 98 ft. high, with streamer branches 
 reaching to within 20 ft. of the ground. Var. PENDULA WENTWORTHII, 
 Wentworth Weeping Ash, has an erect trunk and leading shoot, but the 
 branches are very pendulous. It thus makes a tall, slender pyramid or spire. 
 (See also vars. aurea pendula and heterophylla pendula.) 
 
 Var. SCOLOPENDRIFOLIA. Leaflets narrow, often curled and deformed, 
 narrower than in the type. Not free-growing. 
 
 Var. TRANSONI. Leaves yellow. 
 
 Var. VERTICILLATA. Leaves occasionally in threes instead of the usual 
 pairs, but in this, as in some other abnormal forms of common ash, the leaves 
 are frequently alternate. 
 
 F. FLORIBUNDA, Wallich. HIMALAYAN ASH. 
 
 In 1876 the late Sir George King, then of the Calcutta Botanic Gardens, 
 sent seeds of this fine ash to Kew. Of the trees raised one survives, which 
 was cut to the ground in the winter of 1880-1, but is now about 15 ft. high. 
 Although it withstood the frosts of February 1895 without injury, and is now 
 apparently perfectly hardy, its rate of growth with us is not such as to 
 recommend it for general cultivation, except in the milder counties. It is 
 one of the Ornus group, and in the north-western Himalaya, where it is native, 
 reaches 80 to 100 ft. in height. Its branches are without down, and its leaves 
 10 to 15 ins. long. Leaflets usually seven or nine, oblong (terminal one 
 obovate), tapered at both ends ; 3 to 6 ins. long, i to i\ ins. wide ; sharply 
 toothed, smooth above, downy beneath, chiefly on the midrib and veins. 
 Main-stalk grooved, stalk of leaflets |- to \ in. long. Flowers white, in large 
 terminal panicles. It resembles some of~the big-leaved forms of F. Ornus, 
 but the leaflets are normally much larger, more prominently ribbed beneath, 
 and longer pointed. I have not seen it in flower, but the blossoms appear in 
 panicles. Introduced first, Loudon says, in 1822, but killed in the winter of 
 1836-7. 
 
 F. HOLOTRICHA, Koehne. 
 
 A small tree, with the young branchlets, leaf-stalks, and both surfaces of the 
 leaves clothed with a dense soft down. Leaflets nine to thirteen on each leaf, 
 
FRAXINUS 569 
 
 of pretty even size, lanceolate, tapered at the base, sharply and slenderly 
 toothed, margins hairy ; if to 2-|- ins.long, j to -i in. wide ; dull green on both 
 surfaces. Common stalk pale beneath, shallowly grooved above. The entire 
 leaf is 6 to 10 ins. long, the terminal leaflet usually stalked, the others nearly 
 or quite stalkless. 
 
 A species of unknown origin first noticed in cultivation in several parts of 
 Germany. It has flowered there, but not in this country, and belongs to the 
 common ash group. When in leaf it is very distinct among the ashes with nine 
 to thirteen leaflets, in the dense down which covers all the younger parts. 
 Introduced from S path's nursery, Berlin, in 1909, and thriving well in 
 cultivation. 
 
 F. LANCEOLATA, Borkhausen. GREEN ASH. 
 (F. viridis, Michaux.) 
 
 Nearly allied to F. pennsylvanica, the red ash, of which some authorities 
 regard it as a variety, this species is most readily distinguished by its bright 
 green, smooth young shoots, and by its narrower, slightly stalked, more sharply 
 and conspicuously toothed leaflets, which are 3 to 6 ins. long, lance-shaped, 
 green on both surfaces, smooth above except along the midrib, and downy at 
 the sides of the midrib beneath ; main-stalk only slightly grooved. It is a tree 
 rarely more than 60 ft. high, according to Sargent, and is most abundant in 
 the south Central United States. It has long been cultivated in Europe, and 
 is fairly common in gardens, but some forms approach F. pennsylvanica. 
 
 Var. ALBO-MARGINATIS. This is a variegated form with white margins to 
 the leaflets. Usually found in gardens as a variety of americana (or "alba"), 
 it is, like typical lanceolata, distinguished by the leaves being pale bright green 
 (not whitish) beneath, by their much shorter stalks, and the distinct groove 
 along the main-stalk. The young branchlet, however, is more or less downy, 
 and thus shows some affinity with pennsylvanica, 
 
 F. LONGICUSPIS, Siebold. JAPANESE FLOWERING ASH. 
 
 A slender tree, 20 to 30, sometimes 50 ft. high in Japan, belonging to the 
 Ornus or "flowering" group; young shoots smooth, grey. Leaves ordinarily 
 4 to 6 ins. long ; leaflets usually five (rarely seven), which are i^ to 4 ins', 
 long, | to \\ ins. wide, ovate to obovate, tapered at the base, the apex abruptly 
 contracted into a slender point, toothed, smooth above, downy only at the 
 sides of the midrib near the base beneath. The terminal leaflet,' which is the 
 largest, has a stalk \ to f in. long, the uppermost pair are stalkless, the lower 
 pair or pairs shortly stalked ; common stalk grooved on the upper side. 
 Flowers white, in terminal and axillary panicles 3 to 5 ins. long, produced in 
 June. Introduced from Japan in 1894, but rare in cultivation. It is the 
 Japanese representative of F. Ornus, differing most obviously in the few leaflets. 
 According to Sargent, it changes in autumn to a conspicuous purple colour. 
 
 F. MANDSHURICA, Ruprecht. MANCHURIAN ASH 
 
 A fine tree, often 100 high ; young shoots smooth, greyish. Leaves 8 to 
 15 ins. long ; leaflets stalkless, or nearly so, usually nine or eleven, some- 
 times seven or thirteen ; oval or oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 4^ ins. long, I to 2 
 ins. wide ; tapered to the base, slender-pointed, sharply (occasionally doubly) 
 toothed ; dull green and with scattered bristles above, paler beneath, and 
 more conspicuously bristly, especially on the midrib and veins. Main leaf- 
 stalk winged above, the two wings forming a deep groove with tufts of brown 
 down where the leaflets join. 
 
 Native of Japan and the adjacent parts of the Asiatic mainland ; introduced 
 to Kew from St Petersburg in 1882. It is one of the greatest failures among 
 
570 
 
 FRAXINUS 
 
 ashes on account of its suspectibility to injury by spring frost. Its broadly 
 winged fruits, which Sargent says are borne on the previous year's wood in 
 great clusters, have not been produced in Britain. It is a valuable tree in 
 the Far East, and attains to noble dimensions there. The leaf is distinct in 
 the conspicuous sunken veins above, correspondingly prominent beneath. 
 Closely allied to F. nigra. 
 
 F. MARIESII, Hooker fil. MARIES' ASH. 
 
 A small deciduous tree, forming a rounded, bushy head of branches, and 
 apparently unlikely to be more than 1 5 to 20 ft. high ; branchlets and buds 
 greyish, downy. Leaves 3 to 7 ins. long, with three or five leaflets attached 
 to the upper third of the main leaf-stalk, which is scurfy % and purplish on the 
 upper side, and has a swollen, dark purple base. Leaflets oval or ovate, 
 
 FRAXINUS MARIESII (in fruit). 
 
 i to 3^ ins. long, ,-| to if ins. wide ; the apex abruptly tapered, the base 
 rounded or wedge-shaped ; shallowly toothed or almost entire ; dull green, 
 smooth; stalks of side leaflets ^ to \ in. long, that of the terminal leaflet 
 up to | in. long ; all purple at the base. Flowers creamy white, in axillary 
 and terminal panicles 3 to 6 ins. long ; produced in June. Fruits \ to i^ ins. 
 long, \ to J in. wide ; very handsome in July, when they become deep purple. 
 
 Native of Central China ; introduced by Maries for Messrs Veitch in 
 1878. Of the flowering ashes (Onus group) this is, I consider, the most 
 ornamental, being very pretty both in flower and fruit. Being of slow growth 
 and never of large size, it is admirable for small gardens. 
 
 F. NIGRA, Marshall. BLACK ASH. 
 
 (F. sambucifolia, Lamarck?) 
 
 A native of Eastern X. America, whence it was introduced to England in 
 1800, this ash has never been a success, and appears to be unworthy of 
 
FRAXINUS 571 
 
 cultivation. It is a tree 80 to 90 ft. high in a wild state, and grows in damp 
 situations ; young shoots smooth. Leaflets seven to eleven, oblong or oblong 
 lance-shaped, slender-pointed, 3 to 5 ins. long, I to 2 ins. wide ; smooth 
 on both surfaces except for reddish down along the side of the midrib and 
 veins, beneath which it is densest towards the base, and extends round the 
 main-stalk. All the leaflets except the terminal ones are stalkless even 
 more distinctly so than in F. mandshurica. In many of its characters the black 
 ash is similar to F. mandshurica ; the leaflets, however, are much less tapered 
 or even rounded at the base, and the marginal teeth are shallow and quite 
 inconspicuous. It has little interest or value in gardens. 
 
 F. OBLIQUA, Tausch. 
 
 (F. Willdenowiana, Koehne ; F. rotundifolia, Hort.^ not Lamarck?) 
 
 A small tree free from down in all parts, forming a rounded, dense head of 
 branches ; young shoots with small white warts. Leaves often in threes, 
 9 to 12 ins. long; leaflets usually nine or eleven, sometimes seven, scarcely 
 stalked, ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 3^ ins. long, f to i in. wide ; tapered at the 
 base, long-pointed, rather coarsely triangular-toothed ; the terminal one "is up 
 to 5 ins. long and i\ ins. wide, the others decreasing in size successively 
 towards the base. The main-stalk has a continuous groove on the upper side, 
 which, with the large terminal leaflet, distinguishes this from the other ashes 
 with perfectly smooth shoots and leaves. Fruit I lin. long, \ in. wide, 
 pointed. 
 
 This ash was named obliqua by Tausch in 1834 (see Flora, xvii., p. 521), 
 at which time it was in cultivation as F. rotundifolia, a name which clung to 
 it for over seventy years, for plants so-called were in the Kew collection 
 until a few years ago. According to Lingelsheim, a recent monographer of 
 the ashes, it is a native of the eastern Mediterranean region and W. Asia, but 
 a curious uncertainty as to its origin has always prevailed. Tausch thought 
 it came from North America. 
 
 F. OREGONA Nuttall. OREGON ASH. 
 
 A tree up to 80 ft. high ; young shoots reddish brown, rough with minute 
 warts, more or less downy, sometimes densely so. Leaves 6 ins. to over I ft. 
 long ; leaflets five or seven, oval or oblong, 2 to 5 ins. long, i to 2 ins. broad ; 
 tapered or sometimes rounded at the base, contracted at the apex to a short 
 or slender point ; margins entire or obscurely toothed ; dark green and with 
 thin down above, pale and densely downy beneath. Main-stalk very pale, 
 downy, grooved above ; stalk of the terminal leaflets up to i in. long ; lateral 
 leaflets very shortly or not at all stalked. Flowers without petals, produced 
 on the previous year's shoots. Fruit \\ to 2 ins. long, \ in. wide towards 
 the apex. 
 
 Native of Western N. America, where it is a valuable timber tree. It was 
 discovered by Douglas in 182$, but does not seem to have been introduced 
 until many years after. It was in cultivation at Kew about forty years ago, 
 and trees up to 40 ft. high are very healthy and handsome. The finest tree 
 known to Mr Elwes is at Nuneham, and now about 65 ft. high. It is distin- 
 guished among ashes that, like itself, have all the young vegetative parts 
 downy, by the large size of the stalkless or nearly stalkless, scarcely toothed 
 side leaflets. 
 
 Yar. PULVERULENTA, Hort Leaflets specked with grey. A tree at Kew 
 is very vigorous, but this marking spoils rather than improves it. 
 
572 FRAXINUS 
 
 F. ORNUS, Linnceus. MANNA Asn 
 
 (Ornus europaca, Per soon.'] 
 
 A deciduous, very leafy tree, from 50 to 65 ft. high, forming a dense 
 rounded head of branches ; buds rough, grey ; young shoots ordinarily without 
 down. Leaves 5 or 8 ins. long, with five to nine leaflets which are ovate or 
 oblong (the terminal one obovate), 2 to 4 ins. long, f to if ins. wide ; more or 
 less tapered at the base, abruptly pointed at the apex, shallowly round-toothed ; 
 dull green and smooth above ; the base of the midrib beneath and the stalk 
 downy. Main-stalk grooved above, furnished with brownish down where the 
 leaflets are attached. Flowers whitish, very abundantly produced in May in 
 terminal and axillary panicles 3 or 4 ins. long, along with the leaves of the 
 new shoots ; petals linear, J in long. Fruit about I in. long. 
 
 Var. LATIFOLIA, Alton. Leaves broader than those of the type and 
 roundish oval in outline. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATA. Leaves speckled with yellow ; a form to be avoided. 
 
 Native of S. Europe and Asia Minor ; cultivated since early in the 
 eighteenth century, if not before ; now one of the best known of exotic trees. 
 It is a handsome tree with very luxuriant leafage, and decidedly ornamental in 
 flower, although the blossom has a faint, not agreeable odour. Manna sugar is 
 obtained from the stems by incision. 
 
 F. PARVIFOLIA, Lamarck. 
 
 (F. oxycarpa var. parvifolia, Boissier.} 
 
 A small tree with green, smooth young shoots and black -buds. Leaves 5 
 to 8 ins. long, with seven to thirteen stalkless leaflets, which are oval or ovate, 
 i to 2 ins. long, ^ to I in. wide ; tapered at both ends, sharply toothed except 
 at the base ; dull green and smooth above, downy along the midrib beneath. 
 Main leaf-stalk whitish beneath, hairy and winged on the upper side, the two 
 wings being closed except at the base and where the leaflets are attached. 
 
 Native of S. Europe and Asia Minor ; introduced, according to Loudon, in 
 1822. Some authorities regard this ash as a variety of F. oxycarpa (see under 
 F. angustifolia), but it differs so markedly in the shape and length of the 
 leaflets and by their being so much more closely set on the main-stalk, and is, 
 moreover, so much better known in gardens under the above name, that it 
 seems better to retain it. At the same time the distinctions between 
 angustifolia, oxycarpa, ar.d parvifolia do not appear capable of very clear 
 definition. 
 
 Var. NANA. A dwarf form with smaller leaves averaging I in. long, ^ to f 
 in. wide, with a patch of down near the base. A healthy bush at Kew thirty 
 years old is only 5 ft. high. 
 
 F. PENNSYLVANIA, Marshall. RED ASH. 
 
 (F. pubescens, Lamarck.") 
 
 A tree 40 to 60 ft., sometimes more, high ; young shoots clothed with a 
 dense pale down. Leaves up to I ft. long ; leaflets seven or nine, oblong- 
 lanceolate or narrowly oval, 3 to 6 ins. long, i to 2 ins. wide, broadly tapered 
 at the base, long and slenderly pointed, rather obscurely^ toothed, or entire, 
 especially at the lower half; dull green on both surfaces' and nearly or quite 
 smooth above, except along the sunken midrib which sometimes is downy ; 
 covered beneath with a pale down. The leaflets, especially the lower ones, 
 
- 
 
 MANNA ASH, Fraxitaa Omus. 
 
 [Face p. 572. 
 
FRAXINUS 573 
 
 are stalked, the stalks grooved and downy, as is also the common stalk. Male 
 and female flowers occur on separate trees, and are produced on the old wood 
 just below the new shoot. Fruit I to 2 ins. long. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America; introduced in 1783, often known under the 
 name " F. pubescens " given to it by Lamarck in 1786, a year later than the 
 accepted name. As common in gardens as F. americana, the red ash is not 
 so striking and large a tree, although it grows quickly when young. From 
 that species it is of course easily distinguished by its downy shoots and green 
 under-side of the leaves. F. pennsylvanica exists in several forms in cultiva- 
 tion, some of which it is not easy to differentiate from F. lanceolata. 
 F. GLABRA, Koehne, is an instance, regarded as a hybrid between the two. 
 
 Var. AUCUB^EFOLIA, Rehder. Leaflets mottled with yellow. This variety 
 in some of its characters is intermediate between pennsylvanica and lanceolata ; 
 the leaves are far from being- as downy as the former, but the shoots are 
 quite downy. A handsome variegated tree. 
 
 F. POTAMOPHILA, Herder. 
 
 A small tree up to 30 or 35 ft. high, with green shoots ; free from down in 
 all its parts. Leaves 4 to 12 ins. long ; leaflets stalked, usually nine or eleven, 
 sometimes seven or thirteen ; I to 3 ins. long, f to i^ ins. broad ; tapered at the 
 base, triangular toothed, pointed, dull green. Main leaf-stalks whitish beneath, 
 with a broad, shallow groove above ; stalks of the leaflets to \ in. long, 
 except the terminal one, which is f to I in. long. Flowers and fruit not seen. 
 
 Native of Turkestan and other parts of W. Asia ; introduced to Kew by way 
 of St Petersburg Botanic Garden in 1891. It is an elegant small tree, very 
 rare in cultivation, but quite distinct among ashes with the same number of 
 leaflets, in their being conspicuously stalked, and, together with the young 
 shoot, quite smooth. , 
 
 F. QUADRANGULATA, Michaux. BLUE ASH. 
 
 A tree 60 to 70, occasionally over 100 ft. high ; branchlets square and 
 conspicuously four-winged, not downy ; bark of the trunk covered with loose 
 plates. Leaves 7 to 14 ins. long, with five to eleven leaflets, which are ovate 
 to lanceolate, 3 tol 5 ins. long, i to 2 ins. wide ; rounded or broadly wedge- 
 shaped and unequal at the base, tapering at the apex to a long, slender 
 point, sharply toothed ; yellowish green and smooth above, paler and downy 
 beneath, especially about the midrib and veins. Common stalk minutely 
 downy, and grooved on the upper side ; stalks of leaflets J to J in. long. 
 Flowers in short panicles from the previous year's wood ; fruit 1-4- ins. long, 
 1% in. wide, oblong, with a notch at the apex. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern and Central United States ; introduced in 
 1823. It produces a valuable timber in the United States, but does not seem 
 to have ever attained any great size in this country, although small trees 
 at Kew are healthy and handsome. It is readily distinguished from all 
 ashes with the same number of leaflets by its square, winged branchlets, except 
 F. bracteata, and that has untoothed leaflets, and belongs to the Ornus group. 
 
 F. SP.ETIIIAI.A, Lingelsheim. SPATH'S ASH. 
 
 (F. serratifolia, Hort. ; F. Sieboldiana, Dippel, not Blume.~) 
 
 A small or medium-sized tree of vigorous growth ; young shoots shining, 
 grey, stout, smooth. Leaves up to i^ ft. long, with seven or nine (sometimes 
 five) leaflets, which are oblong or narrowly obovate, the largest 8 to 9 ins. 
 
574 FRAXINUS 
 
 long, 2^ to 3 ins. wide, but extremely variable in size according to tne 
 vigour of the shoot, the smallest being 2 to 4 ins. long, f to i| ins. wide; 
 they are stalkless, markedly unequal at the base, long-pointed, coarsely 
 round-toothed ; smooth above, pale beneath and slightly downy about the 
 base of the midrib and lower veins. The common stalk is smooth, 
 crooked on big leaves, slightly grooved on the upper side, with the bases 
 dark brown, very much swollen, and clasping the shoots ; the lowest pair of 
 leaflets is much the smallest. Flowers in terminal panicles. Fruit i^ ins. 
 long, ^ in. wide towards the apex, where it is broadest. 
 
 Native of Japan, belonging to the Ornus group ; introduced over thirty 
 years ago. Its leaves and leaflets are of remarkable dimensions on vigorous 
 plants, but its most distinctive character is furnished by the enormous bases 
 of the leaf-stalk. The whole tree has a yellowish tinge ; worth cultivating 
 as a striking and remarkable ash. / 
 
 F SYRIACA, Boissier. SYRIAN ASH. 
 
 A deciduous tree, small in cultivation, and of slow growth ; young branches 
 without down, those of a year or two old usually packed closely with protuber- 
 ances, which are the seats of the fallen leaves and buds. Leaves quite smooth, 
 normally in whorls of three, and densely crowded, but on free-growing shoots 
 often alternate and well apart. Leaflets one to five (usually three), lance- 
 shaped, tapered at the base ; I to 4 ins. long, \ to I \ ins. wide ; coarsely and 
 sharply toothed, glossy dark green. The whole leaf is from 4 to 8 ins. long, 
 the main-stalk and midribs whitish beneath, the former grooved above. 
 Flowers produced in short racemes on the wood of the previous year. Fruit 
 narrowly obovate, I to i^ ins. long, \ in. wide. 
 
 Native of Syria and Afghanistan and the country between. It does not, so 
 far as I have observed, possess any recommendation for gardens, but is very 
 distinct in the remarkably crowded leaves,' and in the conspicuous protuber- 
 ances on the younger branches. It has been cultivated under the wrong name 
 of "F. Sogdiana." 
 
 F. TEXENSIS, Sargent. TEXAN ASH. 
 
 A tree rarely 50 ft. high in nature ; young shoots stout, smooth, deep 
 brown. Leaves on young trees 6 to 15 ins. long. Leaflets five or seven, oval 
 or ovate (terminal one sometimes obovate), rounded or tapered, and often very 
 unequal at the base, pointed at the apex in young plants, sometimes rounded 
 in adult ones ; coarsely but shallowly round-toothed, dark green and smooth 
 above, grey-white beneath, and at first downy, with the midrib and chief veins 
 permanently beset with white hairs. The leaflets of adult trees are described 
 by Sargent as 2 to 2^ ins. long by I to 2 ins. wide, but on trees at Kew twelve 
 years old they are as much as 6^ ins. long by 3 ins. wide. Common stalk 
 round except for a flattening at the top ; stalk of leaflets up to \ in. long. The 
 fruit apparently resembles that of F. americana. 
 
 Native of limestone districts in Texas ; discovered by Dr Bigelow in 1852 ; 
 introduced to Kew in 1901. It is closely allied to F. americana, but has 
 broader, more shortly pointed leaflets, commonly only five to each leaf. 
 Young trees are vigorous, and particularly striking for their large deep green 
 leaflets. 
 
 F. VELTHEIMI, Dieck. 
 
 (F. angustifolia var. monophylla, Henry?) 
 
 A bushy habited tree very similar in form and arrangement of leaf to the one- 
 leaved form of common ash, but easily distinguished from it by the leaves being 
 
FRAXINUS FREMONTIA 575 
 
 quite smooth beneath, and narrower. Leaflets usually solitary, sometimes in 
 twos or threes, in which case the terminal one is always much larger than the 
 lateral ones ; lanceolate, 2 to 5 ins. long, f to ii ins. wide ; tapered towards 
 both ends, the margins set with coarse, sharp, outstanding teeth ; dark lustrous 
 green above, quite smooth on both surfaces. Lateral leaflets, when present, 
 I to 2* ins. long, j to f in. wide. Stalk i to 2.\ ins. long. Henry considers 
 this a monophyllous variety of angustifolia. It has been in cultivation at Kew 
 under other names for forty years at least, and makes a distinct and curious as 
 well as an attractive tree. 
 
 F. VELUTINA, Torrey. ARIZONA ASH 
 
 (F. pistaciae folia, Torrey?) 
 
 A tree 30 to 40 ft. high, with a slender trunk ; young shoots slender, and, 
 like the leaf-stalks and leaflets, densely clothed with a velvety down. Leaves 
 4 to 6 ins. long, with five or seven leaflets which are lanceolate or narrowly oval, 
 tapered at the base, long-pointed, i^ to 2^ ins. long, \ to f in. wide (terminal 
 one often larger, obovate, up to 3^ ins. long), the upper part bluntly and 
 unevenly toothed, edged with fine hairs ; dull greyish green. Common stalk 
 with an open groove on the upper side -, leaflets usually stalkless, the basal pair 
 and terminal one occasionally stalked. Flowers and fruit not seen. 
 
 Native of S.W. United States ; introduced in 1891 to Kew, where it makes 
 a neat, elegant, very leafy tree, distinct because of the grey down with which 
 all the young parts are covered, combined with stalkless leaflets. F. holotricha 
 and F. oregona have the same combination of characters, but in the former the 
 leaflets are up to thirteen in number, and in oregona they are much larger. 
 
 FREMOXTIA CALIFORNICA, Torrey. STERCULIACE^E. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 5991.) 
 
 A deciduous or half-evergreen, small tree, 15 to 30 ft. high, with soft 
 and very downy twigs. Leaves alternate, 2 to 4 ins. long, \\ to 3 ins. 
 wide ; variable in outline, with usually three to seven lobes or large teeth, 
 but sometimes almost entire; upper surface dull green, specked with 
 star-shaped hairs when young, lower surface felted with brown-white, 
 similar hairs. Flowers 2 to 2\ ins. across, produced singly on short 
 stalks. There are no petals, the bright golden calyx being the conspicuous 
 part of the flower; it is at first widely cup-shaped, has five roundish 
 divisions, and is densely downy outside and very hairy in the centre 
 inside. Stamens united in a short column, dividing at the top into five 
 radiating arms | in. long. Ovary conical, with a slender style. 
 
 Discovered in California by Col. Fremont, after whom it is named, in 
 1846; this plant first flowered in England, at Chiswick, in 1854. It was 
 again introduced from the Sierra Nevada by William Lobb in 1853, since 
 when it has existed in numerous gardens in the milder parts of the 
 kingdom. It is not hardy in the open at Kew, but a fine plant 10 ft. 
 high grew in one of the bays outside the Temperate House, and flowered 
 finely for several years. It was not trained, and took the form of a small 
 tree. Although it survived the winter of 1908-9, and blossomed well the 
 summer following, it has since died. The tree, in fact, is not long-lived, 
 and although olants occasionally survive twenty or twenty-five years, 
 
576 
 
 FREMONTIA FUCHSIA 
 
 growing and flowering admirably to the very last season, they are always 
 liable to sudden collapse and death. Usually the plant is given a place 
 on a wall, which would scarcely appear to be necessary in the milder parts. 
 It flowers from May to July. 
 
 The Fremontia produces plenty of its black seeds, which furnish the 
 best and simplest means of increase. So averse is it to root disturbance, 
 that young plants should be grown in pots until planted in their permanent 
 places. It likes a well-drained, sandy loam. 
 
 FREMONTIA CALIFORNIA. 
 
 FUCHSIA. ONAGRACE/E. 
 
 In the milder parts 'of the British Isles like Cornwall, S.W. Ireland, 
 Isle of Wight, Isle of Man, etc., fuchsias make some of the most brilliant 
 features of the late summer and autumn garden, growing into trees 10 ft. 
 or more high, with trunks 6 ins. -or more through. In colder, more 
 northerly, and inland localities, they may still be grown in the open air, 
 although they can scarcely be termed hardy shrubs, seeing that they are 
 killed to the ground almost invariably. Yet even at Kew, groups of 
 several sorts of fuchsias make very pleasing displays of colour from July 
 onwards. Shoots spring up freely from the old stools, and attain a length 
 of 3 to 5 ft. during the growing season, continuing to flower as they 
 lengthen until the frosts come. The flower-buds add much to the beauty 
 
FUCHSIA G A RRYA 577 
 
 of the plants. A little brushwood or rough litter may be laid over the 
 stools in very severe frost. Fuchsias like a well-drained, loamy soil, and 
 can be increased with the greatest ease by means of soft-wood cuttings 
 struck in heat. 
 
 As to the leading features of the genus, the leaves are opposite or 
 whorled (rarely alternate), and deciduous ; the flowers are pendulous, and 
 produced singly on their stalks from the leaf-axils, or crowded in a 
 terminal cluster; the calyx is tubular at the base, separating into four- 
 pointed segments; the petals are four, springing from the end of the 
 calyx-tube; the stamens eight; the fruit a juicy, four-sided berry, with 
 rounded corners. Natives of S. America, Mexico, and New Zealand. 
 
 The following descriptive list of a few sorts is by no means exhaustive, 
 but will serve to draw attention to the outdoor possibilities of a genus 
 of shrubs which must, on the whole, be regarded as greenhouse rather 
 than hardy: 
 
 F. CONICA, Lin&ley. A stiff-habited shrub with short -jointed, red shoots. 
 Leaves broadly ovate or oval, mostly i to ii ins. long. Flowers slender, red 
 and purple ; calyx \ in. long, with sepals | in. long and \ in. wide ; petals 
 narrowly obovate. Distinct in the combination of small leaves and long 
 flowers. Native of Chile. 
 
 F. CORALLiNA,-//0r/. (syn. F. exoniensis). Branches reddish purple when 
 young. Leaves often in threes, i^ to 4 ins. long, \ to 2 ins. wide ; dark green 
 suffused with red-purple, especially the stalk, midrib, and veins. Calyx I to 
 ijy ins. long, with rich scarlet-red sepals 3- in. wide ; petals purple, obovate ; 
 stamens red, standing out f in. beyond the petals. A selected form or hybrid 
 of F. macrostemma. 
 
 F. GLOBOSA, Lindley, (Bot. Reg., t 1556). A sturdy bush with ovate 
 leaves I to 2 ins. long, glossy beneath. Calyx I in. long, rich red, with a 
 short tube and sepals | in. long, in. wide ; petals rich purple, broadly obovate, 
 in. wide. This is distinguished by its stout buds and the comparative 
 broadness and shortness of the floral parts. 
 
 F. GRACILIS, Hort. (Bot. Reg., t. 847). A form of the macrostemma group, 
 with smaller leaves proportionately longer-stalked than those of corallina. 
 Flowers red and purple ; calyx f in. long, sepals \ in. wide ; stalk very slender, 
 ii to 2 ins. long. A very elegant shrub, of which several minor forms with 
 colloquial names are grown. 
 
 F. MACROSTEMMA, Ruiz and Pavon. A South American species, introduced 
 early in the nineteenth century. It probably includes all the foregoing sorts, 
 being distinguished by a rich scarlet calyx, purple petals, much protruded 
 stamens, and still more protruded style. Leaves mostly in threes at each 
 joint. Figured in Bot. Mag.^ t. 97, as coccinea (not of Alton). 
 
 F. PUMILA, Hort, A dainty little shrub of dwarf, compact, rounded habit : 
 leaves \ to f in. long, \ to \ in. wide, lanceolate ; stalks, midrib, and veins red 
 (like the young wood). Flowers on slender red stalks i in. long ; calyx red, 
 petals purple, the whole flower f in. long. 
 
 F. RlCCARTONl, Hort. Considered to be one of the hardiest of fuchsias. 
 It has the same colouring as the preceding, but the flower-buds are unusually 
 stout, and the floral parts short and broad. Sepals \ in. long, \ in. wide ; 
 calyx-tube scarcely in. long. Leaves ovate-lanceolate", with a purplish tinge. 
 
 GARRYA. CORNACE^E. 
 
 A genus of evergreen, unisexual shrubs or small trees, with opposite 
 leaves and flowers produced in greyish catkins. With the exception of 
 
 20 
 
578 GARRYA 
 
 G. elliptica, they have not much value in the majority of gardens, being 
 more or less tender, a,nd with little flower beauty. In the colder parts of 
 our islands all the following will need protection, but in the south of 
 England G. elliptica and G. Thureti are hardy in selected positions. 
 Increased by cuttings of half-woody twigs in gentle heat. The genus 
 was named by Douglas, in honour of Mr Garry of the Hudson's 
 Bay Co., who helped him in his plant-collecting expeditions in Western 
 N. America. Garrya is a somewhat anomalous genus usually placed 
 with the cornels, but by some authorities kept apart in a separate natural 
 order Garryaceae. 
 
 G. ELLIPTICA, Douglas. 
 (Bot. Reg., t. 1686.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, or even a small tree, of vigorous, rapid growth and 
 bushy habit, growing 6 to 12 ft. high in this country (*6 ft. in the milder 
 parts) ; young wood downy. Leaves oval to roundish ; i^ to 3 ins. long, 
 half, or more than half, as wide ; more or less rounded at each end, the apex 
 terminating in a short, abrupt tip ; dark shining green above, grey-woolly 
 beneath ; margins wavy, but not toothed ; stalk * stout, woolly, in. long. 
 Flowers densely crowded on slender pendent catkins 3 to 6 ins. long in 
 cold districts, but i ft. or more long in warm ones, produced in a cluster 
 towards the end of the shoot and in the leaf-axils near. Bracts silky in the 
 male plant, cup-shaped, 'enclosing the base of the stamens ; in the female 
 plant longer and narrower. Fruit globular-ovoid, silky, with a thin, brittle 
 shell, enclosing two seeds embedded in a dark red juice. 
 
 Native of California and Oregon ; introduced by Douglas in 1828. 
 For Garrya elliptica to be seen at its best, one must visit the gardens of 
 Cornwall, Devon, and similar places. It becomes there 16 ft. high, and 
 as much through, and bears male catkins up to 12 ins. long. It is at its best 
 from November to February, and at that season no evergreen shrub, perhaps, 
 is so attractive as is this when laden with a great crop of silvery grey catkins. 
 Near London, although not so satisfactory as in the south-west, it is an 
 excellent evergreen if a suitable spot be chosen. It does not need a rich 
 soil nor abundant moisture, -and the best possible position for it is a sunny, 
 rather dry bank sloping south or west, and protected by other vegetation 
 on the north and east sides. It is a bad shrub to transplant, and should 
 be grown in a pot until given a permanent place. The male plant, which 
 we figure, is much the more ornamental, the catkins of the female being 
 only i^ to 4 ins. long. Cuttings of both strike root freely if taken in late 
 summer and given a little heat. In cold districts this Garrya will need wall 
 protection. 
 
 G. FREMONTI, Torrey. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1881, i, fig. 83.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub up to 12 ft. in height. Leaves leathery, dark glossy 
 green, obovate or oval, i^ to 3 ins. long, tapering* at both ends, with appressed 
 hairs on both surfaces when young, afterwards smooth. Catkins in a terminal 
 cluster, each catkin 2 to 4 ins. long, with grey woolly bracts. Fruits globose, 
 at first hairy, ultimately smooth, J in. wide. 
 
 Native of California, Oregon, etc. A flowering spray is figured in the place 
 cited above, taken from a plant grown in the gardens of Gordon Castle, N.B. 
 From the accompanying note it would appear to have proved hardier there 
 
GARRYA 
 
 579 
 
 than G. elliptica, both species being grown on the same wall. Some years ago 
 I saw it in Messrs Dickson's nursery at Chester, but it is very rare in cultivation. 
 It has not the fine qualities of G. elliptica, from which it may be distinguished 
 by its differently shaped leaves and the ultimate smoothness of its foliage and 
 
 fruit. 
 
 GARRYA ELLIPTICA (male plant). 
 
 G. MACROPHYLLA, Bentham. 
 
 A very robust evergreen shrub, forming naturally a small tree ; young wood 
 covered with a pale grey down. Leaves oblong, 5 to 8 ins. long, 2 to 4 ins. 
 wide ; rounded or tapering at both ends ; apex ending in a short tip ; dark 
 glossy green and, smooth above, felted beneath with grey down ; stalk \ to I 
 in. long. Male catkins I to 3 ins. long, axillary, often branched ; female 
 flowers produced in the axils of leaflike bracts on lateral shoots 3 to 5 ins. long. 
 
580 GARRYA GAULTHERIA 
 
 Introduced from Mexico in 1846. This species can be grown on a wall 
 near London, but in Guernsey it makes a small tree of very striking aspect. 
 It is one of the largest leaved evergreens that can be grown in the open air. 
 Flowers in May and June, but has no attractions apart from its striking foliage. 
 This shrub is frequently met with as G. Fadyeni, a quite different species with 
 much smaller leaves, found in the West Indies, and not hardy. 
 
 G. THURETI, Carriere. 
 
 A quick-growing, robust evergreen up to 15 ft. high; branchlets stout, 
 downy. Leaves narrow-oblong ; 2J- to 4 ins. long, i to I \ ins. wide ; tapering 
 equally to both ends, the apex ending in a short, abrupt tip ; upper surface 
 becoming smooth and glossy, lower one covered with a greyish down ; stalk 
 j> in. long. Catkins more or less erect, greyish, terminal and axillary, i-| to 3 
 fns. long, with the bracts in pairs at \ in. apart, ovate-lanceolate, pointed, and 
 very hairy. 
 
 A hybrid raised about 1862 at Antibes by M. Gustave Thuret, who crossed 
 G. Fadyeni with the pollen of G. elliptica. This shrub is interesting, but of 
 little ornament. At Kew it is 12 ft. high, and as hardy as the pollen parent. 
 Where the winters are not severe it forms a large, vigorous bush, but is dis- 
 figured by exceptionally severe frost. It blossoms in June. 
 
 GAULTHERIA. ERICACE^. 
 
 An extensive genus of evergreen shrubs, most abundant in America ; 
 found also in the Himalaya, China, Malay Archipelago, and Australasia, 
 but absent from Europe. The few species cultivated out-of-doors in Britain 
 are shrubs of tufted habit, spreading by means of underground suckers. 
 Leaves alternate. Corolla of the pitcher- or bell-shape characteristic of 
 the heaths and their allies; calyx five-lobed or toothed, persistent, 
 becoming in many species fleshy and coloured like the fruit to which 
 it adheres. Stamens ten. Fruit consisting of five cells, many-seeded, 
 juicy. 
 
 The Gaultherias are peat, moisture, and often shade loving plants. 
 The best of them in gardens is G. Shallon, which, planted in shady spots 
 and not disturbed, will make very luxuriant and handsome low thickets 
 of great density. It will grow quite well in ordinary soil. The generic 
 name commemorates Dr Gaulthier, an eighteenth-century botanist and 
 physician of Canada. 
 
 G. NUMMULARIOIDES, G. Don. 
 
 A dwarf evergreen shrub, 4 to 6 ins. high, forming dense tufts, and spreading 
 by underground shoots ; stems slender and wiry, covered with bristles, and 
 bearing over their whole length leaves \ in. apart in two opposite rows. Leaves 
 leathery, heart-shaped, becoming smaller towards the tip of the shoot ; J to 
 in. long, about the sam wide ; the lower surface and the margins are bristly ; the 
 upper side is dark dull green and wrinkled, the lower one very pale polished 
 green ; stalk \ in. or less long. Flowers produced singly in the leaf-axils from 
 the under-side during August ; -corolla egg-shaped, white or tinged with pink, 
 scarcely \ in. long. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya ; long cultivated, but still rare in. gardens. It 
 makes charming dense tufts of foliage and stems, but needs some shelter. At 
 
GAULTHERIA 581 
 
 Kew it thrives well in a damp bed of peat in one of the recesses of the rock 
 garden, where it has not suffered from cold since the frosts of February 1895. 
 Its roundish leaves, closely and regularly set in two rows, and gradually 
 decreasing in size towards the end of the shoot, with the slender, conspicuously 
 bristly stems, render it quite distinct from any other plant in cultivation. 
 Increased by cuttings. 
 
 G. PROCUMBENS, Linnceus. CREEPING WINTERGREEN. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 1966.) 
 
 A low, tufted evergreen shrub, growing 2 to 6 ins. high, spreading by 
 creeping roots, from which it sends up slender stems naked except at the top, 
 where they carry a cluster of about four leaves ; stems at first downy, after- 
 wards smooth and glossy. Leaves dark glossy green, thick and leathery, quite 
 smooth, obovate or oval, f to i^ ins. long, \ to ^ in. wide ; faintly toothed, the 
 teeth often bristle-tipped; they have a strong aromatic odour and taste like that 
 of birch, and turn reddish as winter approaches ; stalk \ in. long. Flowers 
 produced in July and August, singly in the leaf-axils and at the top of the stem. 
 Corolla ovate-cylindrical, in. long, nodding, pinkish white; calyx-lobes broadly 
 ovate, edged with tiny hairs ; flower-stalk downy, j in. long, decurved. Fruit 
 bright red, globose, \ in. wide, with a pleasant, rather insipid taste. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; introduced in 1762. It has there a variety 
 of popular names such as " box-berry," " creeping wintergreen, 5 ' and, because 
 of the fondness of partridges for the berries, "partridge-berry." An oil is 
 extracted from it which possesses stimulating and tonic properties, but is now 
 largely adulterated with birch-oil. As a garden plant it is very pleasing for the 
 cheerful dark green of its lustrous leaves, forming neat close tufts. It makes a 
 pleasing undergrowth pr furnishing beneath thin deciduous shrubs Owing 
 to the leaves in a great measure hiding the drooping flowers and fruit, its 
 attractiveness is almost wholly in the habit and foliage. 
 
 G. SHALLON, Pursh. SALAL, SHALLON. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 2843.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 2 to 6 ft. high, forming a dense thicket of stems, and 
 spreading by means of underground suckers ; young branches reddish and 
 bristly, becoming rough with age. Leaves leathery, broadly ovate, the base 
 rounded or heart-shaped, the apex always sharply pointed ; evenly and finely 
 bristle-toothed ; \\ to 4 ins. long, f to 2^ ins. wide ; stalk reddish, hairy, 
 \ to J in. long. Flowers produced during May and June in viscid, glandular 
 racemes \\ to 4 ins. long, at the end of the previous year's shoots, and in the 
 axils of several terminal leaves ; each flower produced from the axil of a 
 hooded, ovate bract, in. long. Corolla pinkish white, egg-shaped, downy, 
 f in. long, five-toothed at the mouth ; calyx white, its lobes triangular, downy, 
 pressed to the corolla. Fruit a juicy, top-shaped, hairy berry, dark purple, 
 | in. wide, carrying many tiny seeds, and pleasantly flavoured ; the calyx 
 adheres at the base. 
 
 Native of Western N. America ; introduced by Douglas in 1826. This 
 useful and handsome shrub is one of the best we have for forming a dense 
 evergreen thicket in moist, shady spots. It can be propagated by seeds, which 
 it ripens in great numbers, also by division of the old plants, but to do the 
 latter advantageously it is necessary to plant the pieces in a few inches of 
 sandy soil on a hot-bed. Broken up and planted in the open ground the pieces 
 take long to recover. It may be recommended as cover for game. 
 
582 
 
 GAULTHERIA 
 
 G. TRICHOPHYLLA, Royle. 
 
 A low evergreen shrub of densely tufted habit, 3 to 6 ins. high, spreading 
 by means of underground shoots ; stems wiry and slender, bristly, furnished 
 with twelve or more leaves to the inch. Leaves stalkless, narrow-oblong ; 
 ^ in. long, ^ to in. wide ; smooth on both surfaces, but bristly on the 
 margins, glossy dark green above, pale beneath. Flowers solitary in the 
 leaf-axils ; corolla pink, in. long and wide, bell-shaped. Fruit blue-black. 
 
 Native of Himalaya up to 13,000 ft. ; introduced to Kew in 1897, where it 
 has, up to the present, proved fairly hardy in ordinarily sheltered places. It is a 
 dainty plant suitable for the rock garden, and pleasing for the bright green 
 of its foliage and neat habit. Propagated by cuttings and division. 
 
 G. VEITCHIANA, Craib. 
 
 A low evergreen shrub forming a dense, rounded tuft, and spreading by 
 underground stems ; branchlets clothed with minute down, with which are 
 
 GAULTHERIA VEITCHIANA. 
 
 intermixed long bristles. Leaves of hard texture, \\ to 3^ ins. long, half as 
 wide ; oblong or slightly obovate, rounded or broadly tapered at the base, 
 abruptly narrowed at the apex to a short glandular tip ; shallowly toothed, 
 the teeth often bristle-tipped ; upper surface much wrinkled, dark glossy green, 
 conspicuously net-veined, without down ; lower surface at first furnished with 
 bristles which partially fall away, leaving it harsh to the touch ; stalk ^ to 
 % in. long. Flowers densely packed in axillary racemes, I in. or more long, 
 white. Corolla ^ in. long, nodding, narrowed from the base to the mouth ; 
 calyx-lobes lanceolate ; main-stalk downy, each flower produced in the axil 
 of an ovate, membranous, more or less ciliated bract J in. long ; the short smooth 
 flower-stalk is also furnished with bracts partially hiding the flower. Fruit 
 indigo-blue, about the size of a small pea. 
 
 Native of Hupeh, China ; introduced by Wilson about 1907, and a very 
 distinct, neat little evergreen, thriving well in peat and much moisture. Allied 
 to the Himalayan G. Hookeri. 
 
GAYLUSSACIA 583 
 
 GAYLUSSACIA. HUCKLEBERRY. VACCINIACE^:. 
 
 This genus contains some forty to fifty species which belong ex- 
 clusively to the New World, the greater proportion being found in 
 S. America. Agbout half a dozen species are in cultivation, all from 
 Eastern N. America, and, with the exception of G. brachycera, deciduous 
 shrubs. The leaves are alternate, not toothed except in brachycera, and 
 often resin-dotted. The corolla resembles that of Vaccinium, to which 
 genus Gaylussacia is closely allied. The fruit is berry-like, outwardly 
 similar to that of Vaccinium, but markedly different in containing ten 
 cells and ten nutlets, instead of the four or five cells and numerous 
 minute seeds of Vaccinium. The genus commemorates Gay-Lussac, the 
 French chemist (1778-1850). Cultivation the same as for Vaccinium; 
 but these shrubs have obtained little attention in gardens. Some of 
 the species yield in a wild state large crops of edible fruits in N. America, 
 but have no value in that respect with us. 
 
 G. BRACHYCERA, A. Gray. Box HUCKLEBERRY. 
 
 (Vaccinium buxifolium, Salisbury, Bot. Mag., t. 928.) 
 
 A dwarf evergreen shrub, 6 to 12 ins. high ; young stems angled, minutely 
 downy. Leaves thick, leathery, oval to ovate, toothed, \ to I in. long, about 
 half as wide, dark glossy green above, paler below, smooth, very shortly 
 stalked. Flowers produced in May and June in short axillary racemes near 
 the end of the shoot, each flower on a very short stalk. Corolla cylindrical, 
 but contracted at the mouth, J in. long, white, faintly striped with red. 
 Berries not seen ; described as blue. 
 
 Native of the eastern United States, on the mountains and hills from 
 Virginia northwards to Pennsylvania; originally introduced in 1796. It was 
 subsequently quite lost to cultivation, but through the agency of the Arnold 
 Arboretum, Mass., has been restored to gardens. It is still a very rare 
 plant, but one of the daintiest of evergreens, forming low, neat patches, 
 resembling to some extent Vaccinium Vitis-idaea var. minor. 
 
 G. DUMOSA, Torrey and Gray. DWARF HUCKLEBERRY. 
 
 (Vaccinium dumosum, Andrews, Bot. Mag., t. 1106.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, I to 2 ft, or sometimes twice as much high, spreading 
 by underground stems, the young twigs furnished with gland-tipped hairs. 
 Leaves narrowly oval or obovate, pointed, f to i^ ins. long, to in. wide ; 
 deep shining green, more or less glandular downy on both surfaces and 
 at the edges, not toothed ; stalk very short. Flowers produced in June 
 on short downy racemes furnished with oval, persistent, leaf-like bracts in. 
 or more long, from the axils of which the flowers spring. Corolla bell-shaped, 
 \ in. long and wide, pure waxy white, nodding ; calyx with downy triangular 
 lobes. Berries globose, black, J to \ in. wide, downy ; not much valued 
 for eating. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America from Newfoundland to Florida, never far 
 from the coast, and said to prefer sandy soil ; introduced in 1774. It is a 
 handsome shrub both in flower and fruit, and differs from the other deciduous 
 species in cultivation by the large, white, open bell-shaped flowers. (Fig. p. 584.) 
 
584 
 
 GAYLUSSACIA 
 
 G. FRONDOSA, Torrey. DANGLEBERRY. 
 
 (Vaccinium frondosum, Linn&us ; V. venustum, Aiton.') 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 3 to 6 ft. high, with slender, divergent branches ; young 
 wood smooth or nearly so. Leaves obovate or oval, rounded or notched 
 at the apex ; I to i\ ins. long, \ to \\ ins. wide ; bright green and smooth 
 above, rather glaucous, downy, and sprinkled with resin-dots beneath. Flowers 
 produced in June and July on loose, slender racemes i^ to 3 ins. long, 
 
 each flower on a threadlike, 
 pendulous stalk \ to I in. 
 long'. Corolla roundish bell- 
 shaped, scarcely 1 in. long, 
 purplish green ; calyx-lobes 
 smooth, triangular. Berry 
 blue, -jj- in. or more wide, 
 globose, very palatable. 
 
 Native of the eastern 
 United States ; introduced 
 in 1761. This is one of the 
 handsomest of the Gaylus- 
 sacias, and is distinct in the 
 long-stalked flowers and lax 
 racemes, and the bluntish 
 leaves. The popular name 
 refers to the loosely hanging 
 berries ; they are not freely 
 developed in this country. 
 
 G. RESINOSA, Torrey. 
 BLACK HUCKLEBERRY. 
 
 A deciduous, much- 
 branched shrub, i to 3 ft. 
 high, the young wood min- 
 utely downy and viscid. 
 Leaves obovate or oval, 
 mostly bluntish at the apex ; 
 i to 2j ins. long, \ to -f in. 
 wide ; deep green above, 
 paler yellowish and clammy 
 with numerous resin - dots 
 beneath. Flowers produced 
 GAYLUSSACIA DUMOSA. in May in drooping racemes 
 
 I in. or less long, carrying 
 
 six to eight flowers, each on a thin stalk to j in. long. Corolla conical, \ in. 
 
 long, narrowed towards the mouth, dull red. Berry J to \ in. diameter, 
 
 globose, shining black, without bloom. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; introduced in 1772. In the United States 
 
 it is considered the best of the huckleberries for eating, although said to vary 
 
 very much in quality in different localities. It is distinguishable from the 
 
 other deciduous huckleberries by the abundant resinous secretion on twig, leaf, 
 
 flower-stalk, etc. 
 
 Var. LEUCOCARPA. Fruits whitish. 
 
GAYLUSSACIA GENISTA 585 
 
 G. URSINA, Torrey. BEAR HUCKLEBERRY. 
 
 (Vaccinium ursinum, Curtis^) 
 
 A deciduous shrub of loose branching habit, 2 to 5 ft- high ; young twigs 
 slightly downy. Leaves obovate or oval, pointed, tapering or rounded at the 
 base ; i^ to 4 ins. long, to i^ ins. wide ; green and more or less downy on 
 both sides, thin. Flowers produced during June in racemes I to 2 ins. long, 
 each of the six to ten flowers being borne on a slender stalk about ^ in. long. 
 Corolla roundish, bell-shaped, dull white or reddish, in. long, lobes recurved. 
 Berry shining black, globose, ^ to J in. diameter. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States, and especially on the mountains 
 of N. Carolina, whence it was introduced to Kew in 1891. It is most nearly 
 allied to G. frondosa, differing in the pointed, thinner leaves, green on both 
 sides, and in having a black fruit, but resembling that species in the loose 
 sparsely flowered racemes. The fruit is described as insipid. 
 
 GENISTA. BROOM. LEGUMINOS^:. 
 
 A large genus of shrubs, mostly deciduous, but sometimes acquiring 
 the character of an evergreen from the colour of the young branches. 
 They vary from dwarf and prostrate plants a few inches high to tall ones 
 with a stature of over 20 ft. In a wild state they are found almost 
 exclusively in Europe, but a few reach the western borders of Asia and 
 the southern shores of the Mediterranean. With but one exception 
 among cultivated hardy species (G. monosperma, with white flowers), the 
 blossom is of some shade of yellow, and all have the pea-flower 
 (or papilionaceous) form. The leaves are simple or trifoliolate, often so 
 small and few as to be negligible ; in these cases the work usually done 
 by leaves is performed by green branches. 
 
 As garden shrubs some of the Genistas, such as aetnensis, hispanica, 
 cinerea, glabrescens, pilosa, and virgata, are in the very front rank, and 
 are all worth growing. They are easily accommodated and do not require 
 a rich or manured soil. A sunny position (for most of them are essen- 
 tially sun-lovers) and a well-drained, light loam suits them best. Whenever 
 possible, Genistas should be raised from seed, as plants so obtained are 
 usually healthier and longer-lived than cuttings. Still cuttings are 
 frequently employed. They are taken in late July or August, and dibbled 
 in very sandy soil in frames, usually pushing roots the following spring. 
 The taller species are all improved by shortening back several times in 
 the young state to induce a bushy habit. They transplant badly after a 
 few years,- and should be given permanent quarters early, or else grown 
 in pots. (See also CYTISUS.) 
 
 A considerable number of tender or half-hardy species have been, 
 and continue to be, introduced from the south of Europe and the islands 
 of the Mediterranean. Many of them can be cultivated in the Scilly 
 Isles, but they are of no use for the ordinary climate of Great Britain. 
 The species dealt with in the following pages include all in cultivation 
 
586 GENISTA 
 
 that are hardy. As a rough guide to their identification they may be 
 arranged as follows : 
 
 i. LEAVES AND BRANCHES OPPOSITE. 
 Horrida, radiata. 
 
 2. LEAVES ALTERNATE, SIMPLE. 
 
 /Etnensis, anxantica, cinerea, monosperma (flowers white), ovata, pilosa, tinctoria, 
 virgata. 
 
 3. LEAVES ALTERNATE, TRIFOLIOLATE. 
 
 Glabrescens, nyssana. 
 
 4. LEAVES ALTERNATE ; BRANCHES SPINY. 
 Anglica, dalmatica, germanica, hispanica. 
 
 5. BRANCHES WINGED. 
 Sagittalis. 
 
 G. ^TNENSIS, De Candolle. ETNA BROOM. 
 
 (Garden, March 4, 1893 ; Spariium aetnense, Bivona, Bot. Mag., t. 2674.) 
 
 A tall shrub up to 15 or 20 ft. high, occasionally even more, with a main 
 stem 6 to 12 ins. thick, and assuming the form of a small tree of erect, sparse 
 habit, with very little foliage, but numerous slender, bright green, rushlike 
 branches, which are pendulous when young. Leaves very few and scarcely 
 noticeable, being narrow, linear, and j to ^ in. long. Flowers produced in 
 July, scattered singly on the shoots of the year towards the end, each \ in. or 
 so across, the petals golden yellow, the calyx green, angular-toothed, bell- 
 shaped. Seed-pod \ in. long, ending in a sharp, decurved point and carrying 
 two or three seeds. 
 
 Native of Sardinia and Sicily, and found on the slopes of Mount Etna 
 at altitudes of 3000 to 6000 ft. It flowers during July and early August, when 
 few hardy shrubs are in bloom ; being of great beauty then, this broom is one 
 of the most valuable of all its kind. Its tall habit makes it useful for planting 
 at the back of shrubberies, where it can overtop without unduly shading other 
 things. Although practically devoid of foliage, the bright green young 
 branchlets give the plant almost the quality of an evergreen. It always makes 
 a conspicuous feature in the grounds at Kew in July. It is a very hardy shrub, 
 one of the largest and oldest specimens in the country, being in the gardens at 
 Howick in Northumberland. 
 
 G. ANGLICA, Linnceus. NEEDLE FURZE, PETTY WHIN. 
 
 A deciduous, more or less prostrate shrub, I to 2 ft. high. Branches slender, 
 interlaced, very spiny ; spines numerous, i to f in. long. Leaves simple, 
 glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, pointed, about | in. long. Flowers yellow, \ in. 
 long, crowded on short racemes terminating leafy twigs. Seed-pod \ in. long. 
 
 Widely distributed over Western Europe, and frequent on moors and wild 
 places in Great Britain. Although pretty when in flower, it is not one of the 
 most attractive of Genistas. The spines are really modified branches, and may 
 often be seen bearing leaves. The species resembles G. germanica, but is 
 distinguished by its smooth leaves and branchlets. 
 
 * Var. SUBINERMIS, Legrande. A form nearly or quite without spines. It 
 has recently been found in the Lake district. 
 
 G. ANXANTICA, Tenore. NEAPOLITAN BROOM. 
 
 (G. tinctoria var. anxantica Fieri.") 
 
 A dwarf deciduous shrub of diffuse habit, very nearly allied to G. tinctoria, 
 and of a similar type of growth. Leaves oval, sometimes broadly so. 
 Racemes terminal ; flowers yellow, f in. long ; pods quite smooth. 
 
GENISTA 587 
 
 Native of the country round Naples. It is one of the group of which 
 G. tinctoria is the central and typical species, and is scarcely specifically 
 distinct from it. It differs chiefly in being wholly free from down, and in its 
 considerably larger flowers. It is appropriate for the rockery. It should be 
 mentioned that the name "anxantica" is given to other Genistas, and even to 
 species of Cytisus, especially to C. purgans, to which, of course, the true plant 
 bears no resemblance. 
 
 G. CINEREA, De Candolle. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8086.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 8 to 10 ft. high, with long, slender, scourge-like 
 branches, grooved- and clothed with fine silky hairs when young. Leaves 
 grey green, simple, stalkless, narrowly lanceolate, pointed, about \ in. long, 
 in. wide, covered with silky hairs beneath. Flowers in short clusters, usunlly 
 two to four in each, bright yellow, \ in. long ; standard petal roundish with a 
 notch at the top, about \ in." long/ Calyx \ in. long, silky. Pod very silky, 
 ^ to f in. long, containing two to five seeds. Blossoms June and July. 
 
 Native of S.W. Europe, especially of Spain, where it grows on the Sierra 
 Nevada up to an altitude of 6000 ft. It is one of the showiest and most 
 desirable of Genistas, and although cultivated at Kew for over sixty years is 
 still quite rare in gardens. It is useful in flowering after the majority of the 
 brooms are past. Very similar in leaf and flower to G. virgata, it may be 
 distinguished by longer, more slender branchlets and less twiggy habit when 
 old, and in its flowers being mostly produced in small lateral clusters instead 
 cf racemes. 
 
 G. DALMATICA, Bartling. DALMATIAN BROOM. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8075.) 
 
 A dwarf deciduous shrub, forming a neat dense tuft, 4 to 6 ins. high, 
 ultimately i ft. or more through ; branches thin, angular, very hairy and spiny. 
 Spines stiff and sharp, being really the terminations of curious pinnately 
 divided branchlets. Leaves simple, mostly confined to the base of the shoot ; 
 thin, linear, pointed, about \ in. long, hairy. Racemes terminal, I to i^ ins. 
 long, erect, densely set with golden yellow flowers. Flowers \ in. long ; 
 standard petal broadly ovate ; calyx with five slender awl-shaped lobes, hairy. 
 Pod round and flat, \ in. long, ripening usually but one seed. Blossoms in 
 June and July. The plant in general suggests a miniature G. hispanica. 
 
 Native of Dalmatia, Herzegovina, etc., where it forms part of the under- 
 wood of pine forests, and generally affects dry situations. Introduced to 
 Kew in 1893, it has proved a delightful plant. It may be used for furnishing 
 shelves in the rock garden, and it provides a pleasing undergrowth for groups 
 of thinly planted taller shrubs, provided the shade is not too dense. At 
 flowering time the tufts are entirely hidden by the closely packed, golden 
 yellow racemes. The flowering shoots die back considerably during winter, 
 springing up from the base in spring. Propagation is best effected by means 
 of cuttings placed under a bell-glass in an unheated frame in August. 
 
 G. GERMANICA, Linnaus. 
 
 A deciduous shrub about 2 ft. high, with spiny, hairy shoots ; spines mostly 
 branched, ^ to f in. long. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, \ to f in. long, ^ to ^ in. 
 wide, hairy especially about the margins, dark gree*n. Racemes I to 2 ins. 
 long, terminating leafy, spineless shoots. Flowers yellow, \ to | in. long ; 
 standard petal reflexed. Pod \ in. long, hairy. Blossoms in June. " 
 
588 
 
 GENISTA 
 
 Native of Central and W. Europe, where it is widely distributed. Its 
 nearest ally is G. anglica, but it is well distinguished by its hairy shoots and 
 leaves and sturdier habit. It is apt to grow rank, and become rather ragged 
 in rich garden soil ; a sunny, rather dry position suits it best. 
 
 G. GLABRESCENS, Briquet. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8201 ; Cytisus glabrescens, Sartor elli^) 
 
 A low, deciduous shrub of dense habit, up to 3 ft. high, with angled 
 brarichlets. Leaves trifoliolate, ^with leaf-stalks \ to I in. long; leaflets stalk- 
 less or nearly so, obovate or oblong, \ to \ m - long, clothed with silky hairs 
 
 beneath. Flowers produced from the 
 joints of the previous year's shoots, 
 one to four, or occasionally more, at 
 each joint ; yellow. Each flower is 
 about \ in. long, on a hairy stalk of 
 equal length. Pods I to \\ ins. long, 
 \ in. wide, smooth. 
 
 Native of Central Europe, on the 
 Lepontine Alps at considerable alti- 
 tudes. This delightful shrub, which 
 forms a neat, compact mass of 
 branches, was introduced to Kew in 
 1896, and the original plant is still 
 under 2 ft. high. It flowers in May, 
 when the plant is almost hidden by 
 blossom. It is worth a place in 
 the rock garden, or wherever dainty 
 plants can be accommodated with- 
 out danger of being" smothered by 
 stronger-growing neighbours. It has 
 usually been grown under the name 
 of Cytisus glabrescens, but Mr John 
 Briquet, a close student of this group, 
 M ^ *qi a puts it in this genus. 
 
 G. HISPANICA, Linnczus. 
 SPANISH GORSE. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8528.) 
 
 GENISTA GLABRESCENR. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, usually from 
 i to ii ft. (sometimes 2 ft.) high, 
 
 forming dense, cushion-like masses ; branches interlacing, spiny and hairy, the 
 spines much branched, f to I in. long, each subdivision needle-pointed. 
 Leaves confined to the flowering twigs, linear-lanceolate, about \ in. long, 
 Y^g to J in. wide ; hairy beneath. Flowers as many as twelve in a rounded 
 head or cluster I in. or so across, terminating short, erect, leafy, hairy shoots ; 
 each flower is \ in. long, rich golden yellow. Pod flattish oval, carrying one 
 to four seeds. 
 
 Native of S.W. Europe; introduced in 1759. It flowers in the latter half 
 of May and in June, and produces at that time a more gorgeous display 
 of golden yellow blossom than any other dwarf shrub. Healthy plants are 
 completely covered with bloom, and when they have been planted to cover 
 a breadth of 10 ft. or so, produce a most brilliant colour effect. On shelves 
 or small plateaux of the rock garden single plants are very charming. 
 Although its leaves are deciduous, this shrub gives an evergreen effect 
 
GENISTA 
 
 589 
 
 through the deep green of its crowded twigs and spines. As with others 
 of the spiny group of Genistas, it is not advisable to give it rich or manured 
 soil, otherwise it is apt to grow rank and soft, and during winter the younger 
 parts are apt to to die in patches and spoil the next crop of flowers. A 
 soil of moderate quality, and especially a well-drained, sunny position, suits 
 it best. It can be pro- 
 pagated by seeds and 
 by August cuttings. 
 One of the most indis- 
 pensable shrubs in the 
 south of England. 
 
 G. HORRID.N, 
 De Candollc. 
 
 A dwarf, flat-topped, 
 very spiny shrub of 
 close, tufted habit ; 
 stems grooved, oppo- 
 site, rigid, ending in a 
 sharp spine, and more 
 or less clothed with 
 short silky hairs. 
 Leaves opposite, min- 
 ute, trifoliolate, com- 
 posed of three linear 
 leaflets \ in. or so long, 
 covered with silky 
 hairs. Flowers j- in. 
 long, produced in 
 small tenninal heads, 
 three to eight together, 
 standing just clear of 
 the branches ; yellow. 
 Calyx, flower -stalk, 
 and pod hairy. 
 
 Native of S. W. 
 Europe ; introduced in 
 1821. Although hardy 
 enough, it does not 
 always flower freely, 
 and is not muchgrown. 
 Our climate appar- 
 ently is not sunny 
 enough to develop its 
 
 full beauty. On the mountains of Central Spain, at elevations of 3000 to 
 5000 ft., it is crowded with its short heads of yellow blossom every July. It 
 is one of the interesting group of Genistas with opposite leaves and branches, 
 and does not appear likely to become more than i^ to 2\ ft. high. The 
 whole plant has a silvery grey hue, and forms a dense, cushion-like mass. 
 
 G. MONOSPEKMA, Lamarck. 
 (Retama monosperma, Boissier^) 
 
 A straggling, unarmed shrub, 2 to 4 ft. high in this country, but more than 
 twice as high in its native state : branches very slender, pendent, and rush- 
 
 GENISTA HISPANICA. 
 
590 GENISTA 
 
 like, grooved, covered with short, silky hairs when young. Leaves few and 
 inconspicuous, to f in. long, linear. Racemes short, silky, distributed 
 along the branches ; | to i| ins. long, carrying from five to fifteen blossoms. 
 Flowers milky white and delightfully fragrant, ^ in. long ; the petals covered 
 with silky hairs, the calyx dark, and contrasting with the petals. Pod oval, 
 ^ in. long, containing mostly one (but sometimes two) black-brown seeds. 
 
 Native of S. Europe and N. Africa ; introduced, according to Aiton, in 
 1690, but always very rare because of its tenderness. In the Scilly Isles 
 it thrives admirably, but near London it needs the protection of a sunny, 
 sheltered wall, such as that outside a hothouse. The soil must be lightish 
 and well drained. In its native country the thin flexible branches are used 
 for tying in the same way as willows are here. 
 
 G. NYSSANA, Petrovic. NiSSA BROOM. 
 
 A deciduous, erect shrub of sparse habit, thickly covered with soft hairs in 
 all its parts branches, leaves, flowers, and pods. Branches leafy, but little 
 forked, slender, erect, slightly furrowed. Leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets linear, 
 pointed, \ to f in. long, f- in. or less wide, margins slightly decurved. Flowers 
 yellow, \ in. long, in slender terminal racemes 4 to 6 ins. long, each flower 
 produced in the axil of a trifoliolate, leaflike bract, which becomes smaller 
 towards the apex of the inflorescence. The growth of the year, including 
 branch and raceme, will measure from 12 to 18 ins. in length. Pod short, 
 thick, ovate, pointed, carrying one or two seeds. 
 
 Native of Servia, Albania, Macedonia, etc. ; introduced to Kew in 1899. 
 It has proved quite hardy, and is most distinct in its dense covering of short 
 soft hairs. The specific name refers to Nissa in Servia, one of its habitats. 
 
 G. OVATA, Waldstein. 
 
 (G. tinctoria var. ovz.iz.,Schultze.} 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 2 to 4 ft. high, with erect, slightly grooved, shaggy 
 young shoots. Leaves ovate or narrow oblong, the largest i^ ins. long and 
 i in. wide, hairy at the margins and beneath. Flowers borne in short, dense 
 racemes i| to 2 ins. long ; yellow, each flower | to f in. long. Pod hairy. 
 
 Native of Central and S. Europe. Usually regarded as a species, this is 
 closely allied to G. tinctoria, differing chiefly in its much broader leaves, and 
 its .conspicuously hairy stems, pods, etc. The true plant is rarely seen, the 
 one commonly grown under the name being one of the numerous forms of 
 G. tinctoria var. elation 
 
 G. PILOSA, Linnceus. 
 
 A deciduous shrub growing i to i^ ft. high, procumbent when young, after- 
 wards forming a low, tangled mass of slender, twiggy shoots. Leaves distri- 
 buted along the branchlets of the year, but gathered in clusters on the year-old 
 shoots ; they are simple, j to ^ in. long, narrowly obovate, the margins folded 
 upwards, and the lower surface covered with closely pressed, silvery hairs. 
 Flowers bright yellow, produced singly or in pairs (but each on its own short 
 stalk) from the leaf-axils, the whole forming a crowded raceme 2 to 6 ins. long. 
 When in blossom the whole plant becomes a mass of bright yellow. Pods 
 | to I in. long, narrow, silky on the surface, two- to six-seeded. 
 
 This pretty broom is spread widely over the southern half of Europe, and 
 is also a native of gravelly heaths, etc., in the south and south-west of Britain. 
 It is valuable for forming a dense covering for the ground, even for plots 
 planted with groups of taller shrubs or trees, provided of course it is not 
 
GENISTA 591 
 
 unduly shaded. It is also useful for the rock garden, and for covering dry, 
 sunny banks. 
 
 G. RADIATA, Scopoli. 
 (Cytisus radiatus, Koch ; Enantiosparton radiatum, Koch.} 
 
 A rounded, bushy shrub, 3 ft. high, with deciduous leaves, but evergreen 
 from the colour of the shoots. Branches opposite, distinctly grooved, slender, 
 occasionally spine-tipped, very distinctly jointed. Leaves opposite, trifoliolate, 
 stalkless, consisting of three narrowly linear leaflets ^ to ^ in. long, silky. The 
 flowers are in a terminal head of about six blossoms and about I in. across ; 
 each flower is ^ in. long, deep yellow ; petals and calyx silky. Pods silky, 
 ovate, tapering at the end to a sharp curved point, usually one-seeded. 
 
 Native of Central and S. Europe ; introduced from Italy in 1758. This 
 interesting and distinct shrub, peculiar for its thicket of slender branchlets, 
 mostly thinner than a knitting needle, is not very common, but sometimes 
 makes a good display of bloom in June. It is of interest botanically in being 
 one of the few Genistas with opposite branches and leaves. In general appear- 
 ance it bears some resemblance to the shrubby horsetails (Ephedra). 
 
 G. SAGITTALIS, Linnaus. 
 
 A prostrate shrub, under I ft. in height, and evergreen from the character 
 of its green, foliaceous, winged branches. Stems with a slender, woody core, 
 but edged on each side with a membranous wing, sometimes continuous up 
 the stem, sometimes interrupted at the joints, the stem thus becoming flat and 
 and nearly J in. wide. Leaves few and scattered, oval or ovate, \ to f in. 
 long, hairy. Raceme erect, terminal, cylindrical, I to \\ ins. long, hairy. 
 Flowers closely packed, each \ in. long, yellow, the petals expanding but 
 little ; calyx hairy. Pods | in. long, silky, four- to six-seeded. Blossoms 
 in June. 
 
 Native of Central and S.E. Europe, frequently inhabiting upland pastures. 
 It is very hardy, and thrives well in gardens, where it attracts notice for its 
 pretty flowers and unusual stems. 'It may be used as an edging for borders, or 
 grown in patches in the front of shrubberies. 
 
 G. TINCTORIA, Linnceus. DYER'S GREENWEED. 
 
 In its modern acceptation, this name may be taken to cover a group of allied 
 forms put under one variable species. Plants have been received at Kew 
 under perhaps a score of different specific names ; they differ in certain 
 characters of more or less importance, but still bear a striking resemblance to 
 each other It has been found impossible to fix on permanent characters 
 that would clearly differentiate them, and they have, in consequence, 
 been all included under G. tinctoria. Many are minor forms of the tall, erect 
 dyer's greenweed (G. elatior, Koch}. Others are distinguished by characters 
 defined below. 
 
 G. TINCTORIA (type). A low, often semi-prostrate shrub with creeping 
 roots, usually only a few inches high in a wild state, but up to 2 ft. under 
 cultivation. Stems more or less grooved, clothed with simple, dark green 
 leaves that are linear-lanceolate, \ to I in. long, hairy on the margins. 
 Racemes erect, terminal, each I to 3 ins. long, produced on the shoots of the 
 year from June to September. Owing to the branching of the stems near the 
 top under cultivation, a crowd of racemes is often produced, forming one large 
 panicle. Flowers \ to f in. long, yellow, without hairs ; pod \ to f in. long, 
 smooth, carrying eight to twelve seeds. 
 
 This typical form is very common in the British Isles, especially in poor 
 
592 GENISTA GINKGO 
 
 grassland, and dry gravelly soils. It is also spread over Europe, and reaches 
 Siberia. Under cultivation it is a pretty plant and flowers freely, but is not so 
 attractive as its variety FLORE PLENO, which is also a dwarf, semi-prostrate 
 shrub, but owing to the more numerous petals more brilliant in colour. This 
 is, indeed, one of the best of all dwarf yellow-flowered shrubs. Seeds and 
 cuttings can be employed to increase the typical form, but the double-flowered 
 one, being sterile, can only be propagated by cuttings. In former times this 
 Genista was of some value as the source of a yellow dye. 
 
 Although known as " greenweed," the colour derived from it was a bright yellow, and 
 it was only by afterwards dipping the yellow yarn or cloth into a blue solution of woad 
 ^Isatis) that the green tint was obtained. This was the process by which was obtained 
 the once celebrated " Kendal green," so-called from the town of Kendal in Westmoreland, 
 in the vicinity of which the plant was abundant, and where also the process was first 
 introduced by Flemish emigrants in the reign of Edward III. Treasury of Botany, vol. i., 
 p. 526. 
 
 Var. ELATIOR, Schultze (G. elatior, W. D. Koch}. In its morphological 
 characters this resembles ordinary G. tinctoria, but is an altogether, stronger- 
 growing, bigger shrub. It is of quite erect habit, 3 to 5 ft. high ; leaves up to 
 i^ ins. or more long, and J to | in. wide. Flowers individually no larger than in 
 the cultivated type, but they are borne in large panicles sometimes 12 to 18 
 ins. high. Several minor forms, varying in size and shape of leaf, are included 
 under this. 
 
 Var. HIRSUTA, De Candolle. Habit approaching the type, but with twigs 
 and leaves hairy. 
 
 Var. MANTICA, Fiori (G. mantica, Pollini]. Of medium height, with 
 downy leaves, stems, and pods ; young wood purplish ; calyx reddish. This 
 distinct variety flowers earlier than the ordinary tinctoria. 
 
 (Var. OVATA, Schultze -, see G. ovata.) , 
 
 G. VIRGATA, De Candolle. MADEIRA BROOM. 
 
 (Bot. Reg., vol. 30, t. n.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub of bushy habit when old, up to 12 ft. high, and as much 
 or more through ; young branches grooved. Leaves simple, grey-green, with 
 little or no stalk, about " in. long, ^ in. wide ; silky beneath, edges slightly 
 decurved. Racemes i to 2 ins. long, terminating short shoots of the year, 
 very abundant. Flowers bright yellow, ^ in- long, standard petal roundish, 
 about | in. across. Calyx clothed with" silky hairs. Pod i in. long, very 
 silky, carrying three to five seeds. Flowers in June and July, and intermittently 
 until October. 
 
 Native of Madeira, and one of the few shrubs from that island that are 
 really hardy with us. It was brought home from Madeira by Francis Masson 
 in 1777, on his return from the Cape of Good Hope, where he had for five 
 years been collecting plants for Kew. It has naturalised itself in several parts 
 of the Kew woods, and is never injured in the least by frost, but until quite 
 recently it was scarcely known in gardens. Flowering in June and July when, 
 shrubs generally are going out of flower, and thriving quite well in semi-, 
 shaded positions in thin woodland, it is an exceptionally valuable broom, especi- 
 ally as it will thrive in rough grass which gets no more attention than an 
 annual mowing. It resembles G. cinerea previously described (g.v.}, and the 
 two probably are geographical forms of one species. (Fig. p. 593.) 
 
 GINKGO BILOBA, Linnceus. MAIDENHAIR TREE. TAXACE/E. 
 
 (Salisburia adiantifolia, Smith.") 
 
 A deciduous tree, over 100 ft. high, unisexual, not resinous, usually of 
 somewhat pyramidal habit (the male at least); trunk often branching 
 
MAIDENHAIR TREE, Ginkgo biloba. 
 
 (Face p. 692. 
 
GINKGO 
 
 593 
 
 low, and forming several erect main branches ; secondary branches 
 spreading, pendulous at the ends. Branchlets of two kinds: (i) short, 
 stout spurs, which increase very slowly in length and bear the leaves at 
 the -tip; (2) long, free-growing shoots with the leaves alternate. Trees 
 in a stunted or unhealthy state produce only the first type of shoot, and 
 will remain practically stationary for many years. Leaves long-stalked, fan- 
 shaped, tapering from 
 the irregularly jagged, 
 often notched apex to 
 the wedge-shaped base ; 
 i to 2 1 ins. deep, about 
 i A- ins. wide; not downy, 
 yellowish dull green, the 
 veins all running length- 
 wise, and repeatedly fork- 
 ing as the leaf broadens 
 towards the end; stalk 
 slender, i; 1 ? to 3^ ins. 
 long. Flowers borne on 
 the short shoots, the 
 males in cylindrical, 
 short - stalked catkins 
 about i in. long, con- 
 sisting of green stamens 
 only; the females on a 
 stalk ii to 2 ins. long, 
 ultimately developing a 
 yellowish green plum- 
 like fruit i to ii ins. 
 long, surrounded by a 
 malodorous, fleshy layer. 
 
 The Ginkgo is prob- 
 ably a native of W. 
 China, but it does not 
 appear to have been 
 found indubitably wild. 
 It is certainly not indi- 
 genous to Japan, as is 
 often stated, although it 
 was introduced from 
 there to Europe about 
 1730, and to England 
 
 twenty years later. It is undoubtedly one of the most distinct and 
 beautiful of all deciduous trees, the leaves being quite unlike those of 
 any other. The popular name refers to their similarity in shape to 
 the pinnules of the maidenhair fern (Adiantum). 
 
 Most of the large trees in the British Isles are males, and from 60 to 
 70 ft. high. I have not seen fruits produced in this country, but it bears 
 them freely in S. Europe, especially in Italy. The female tree is gener- 
 
 2 P 
 
 GEMSTA VIRGATA. 
 
594 GINKGO GLEDITSCHIA 
 
 ally supposed to be less erect in habit than the male, or to have even 
 pendulous branches. Two fine female trees in the botanic garden at 
 Vienna, which I saw in 1908, have that character. Whilst the fleshy 
 part of the fruit has a rancid, evil odour, the kernel of the nut is well 
 flavoured, and esteemed by the Japanese. The Ginkgo is best raised from 
 seed, and it requires a deep good soil ; when young it is often extremely 
 slow of growth, and although very hardy, is no doubt better suited in 
 climates with a hotter summer than ours. Good seeds are now produced 
 by S. European trees, and offer the best means of propagation. 
 
 This tree is the only species of its genus, and stands well apart from 
 all the rest of the Coniferas. It has usually been regarded as a very 
 distinct member of the Yew family (Taxacese), but recent investigators 
 place it in a separate natural order (Ginkgoaceae). It is well represented 
 in a fossil state, and is the last representative of a race of tfees that in 
 earlier stages of the world's history filled an important place in its 
 vegetation. 
 
 GLEDITSCHIA. HONEY LOCUST. LEGUMINOS^:. 
 
 (Sometimes spelt Gleditsia.) 
 
 A small group of pod-bearing, deciduous trees named in honour of 
 Gottlieb Gleditsch, a German professor of botany, who flourished in the 
 eighteenth century, and was a friend of Linnaeus. They are natives of 
 Eastern N. America, China, Japan, and Persia. The leaves are beauti- 
 fully subdivided into numerous leaflets, pinnately or bipinnately arranged, 
 and the trunks and branches of most species are more or less formidably 
 armed with simple or branched spines. These characters of leaf and 
 stem combined distinguish Gleditschia as a genus from all other hardy 
 trees. No Gleditschia has any beauty of blossom, the flowers being 
 small, green, and borne in racemes a few inches long. They are 
 sometimes perfect, sometimes unisexual, and differ from most of the 
 Leguminosae we are familiar with in the open air in the petals being 
 uniform, and with no resemblance to the pea-shaped blossom so 
 characteristic of the family. The seeds are produced in pods, varying 
 in length from i to 2 ins. (in G. aquatica) to 18 ins. long (in 
 G. triacanthos). In all except G. aquatica and G. texana the pods contain 
 pulp and numerous seeds, which, however, they do not release, as most 
 of the family do, by splitting. They often become spirally twisted before 
 falling. The species best worth growing are G. triacanthos and G. caspica, 
 both striking and ornamental-foliaged trees, very interesting on account of 
 their huge spines. 
 
 Gleditschias should be raised from seed. They are rather tender in 
 a young state, owing to the habit of growing late in the season, so that 
 the succulent tips are cut back in winter. After a few years the hardier 
 species lose this defect. They like a good loamy soil and a sunny 
 position, thriving better in the south of England, where the summers 
 are hotter, than in the north ; still better in France and Italy. Besides 
 
GLEDITSCHIA 595 
 
 the species to which notice is given below, the two following are in 
 cultivation. 
 
 G. DELAVAYI, Franchet. Introduced by Wilson from Yunnan, China, 
 in 1900, this appears to be more tender, at least when young, than any 
 other species in cultivation, It is well distinguished even in a young 
 state by its downy shoots, all the others being smooth. In the young 
 state the leaflets are small, and as many as three dozen to a simply 
 pinnate leaf, but in adult trees they become much reduced in number. 
 Pods up to 20 ins. long. 
 
 G. TEXANA, Sargent. Found only in a single grove on the Bottom 
 Lands of the Brazos River in Texas. Sargent sent seeds to Kew in 
 1900, from which plants were raised that grow luxuriantly during the 
 summer, but are usually badly cut in winter. In foliage it is like 
 G- triacanthos, but the pods are only 4 to 5 ins. long, i in. wide, and 
 without pulp. The young plants at Kew have slender, branched spines. 
 
 G. AQUATICA, Marshall. WATER LOCUST. 
 
 (G. inermis, Miller ; G. monosperma, Walter?) 
 
 A tree described by Sargent as 50 to 60 ft. high, with a trunk 2 to i\ ft. in 
 diameter, but in this country inclined to be shrubby, and to form several 
 stems ; spines ultimately about 4 ins. long, branched ; young shoots not 
 downy, but marked with conspicuous lenticels. Leaves up to 8 ins. long, 
 simply or doubly pinnate ; leaflets of the pinnate leaf (or of each division of 
 the bipinnate ones) twelve to twenty-four. Each leaflet is lanceolate-oblong ; 
 i to ii ins. long-, to in. wide ; rounded, bluntish, or somewhat pointed at 
 the apex ; margins wavy ; glossy and smooth except for the down on the 
 short stalk of the leaflet, on the upper side of the main-stalk, and scattered 
 hairs on the margins of the leaflets. Flowers borne on slender racemes 
 3 or 4 ins. long. Pod obliquely diamond-shaped, if ins. long, nearly I in. 
 wide, not pulpy inside ; seeds solitary (rarely two). 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States ; introduced in 1723, according 
 to Aiton, but now extremely rare. It is hardy at Kew, but grows slowly. Its 
 small, one-seeded pod well distinguishes it, but I do not know that this has 
 been borne in cultivation here. 
 
 G. CASPICA, Desfontaines. CASPIAN LOCUST. 
 
 A tree 30 to 40 ft. high, its trunk excessively armed with formidable, 
 branching, slightly flattened spines, 6 ins. or more long ; young shoots 
 smooth. Leaves 6 to 10 ins. long, simply or doubly pinnate. Leaflets up to 
 twenty on the pinnate leaves, or on each division of the doubly pinnate ones ; 
 ovate to oval, I to 2 ins. long, to f in. wide ; rounded and with a minute 
 bristle-like tip at the apex, very shallowly round-toothed. The midribs and 
 main leaf-stalk on the upper side, as well as the very short stalk of the leaflet, 
 are downy ; the leaf otherwise is smooth and shining green. Flowers green, 
 almost stalkless, densely arranged on downy racemes 2 to 4 ins. long. Fruit 
 scimitar-shaped, usually about 8 ins. long, i to \\ ins. wide. 
 
 Native of N. Persia, in the neighbourhood of the Caspian Sea ; introduced, 
 according to Loudon, in 1822. It is a sturdy tree with much larger leaflets 
 than G. 'triacanthos, and is remarkable for the size and number of spines on 
 the trunk, which is, indeed, the most formidably armed among cultivated 
 trees. The species is well worth growing on that account. The leaflets are 
 
596 GLEDITSCHIA 
 
 not so large in this country as on trees grown on the Continent. At Vienna 
 I have seen them as much as i\ ins. long, by over I in. wide. It is much 
 confused with, and usually grown as G. sinensis, a confusion which apparently 
 existed in London's time. According to Henry the true G. SINENSIS, Lamarck, 
 is not in cultivation in this country. It is distinguished from G. caspica by 
 never apparently having more than fourteen leaflets to each simply pinnate 
 leaf. It is found on the mountains near Pekin, as a tree 40 ft. high. Cultivated 
 on the Continent in Paris, Montpellier, Florence, etc. 
 
 Closely allied to G. sinensis is G. MACRANTHA, Desfontaines. It does not 
 appear to be in cultivation in England. In the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, 
 its largest leaflets are 3 ins. long by \\ ins. wide, usually, however, much 
 smaller. As in G. sinensis, the leaves of adult trees rarely carry more than 
 twelve leaflets. 
 
 G. JAPONICA, Miguel. JAPANESE LOCUST. 
 
 A tree 60 to 70 ft. high, the trunk and branches very formidably armed 
 with branched spines ; young shoots on plants at Kew dark purplish brown, 
 smooth and shining. Leaves simply or doubly pinnate, 8 to 12 ins. long, 
 each leaf or leaf-section carrying fourteen to twenty-four leaflets. Leaflets 
 ovate to lanceolate, often unequal at each side the midrib, blunt to pointed 
 at the apex, margins entire ; main-stalk, midrib, and stalk of leaflets downy. 
 In Japanese fruit-bearing specimens the leaflets are | to i^ ins. long, 
 to ^ in. wide, but in small cultivated trees they are only ^ to f in. long. 
 Pod 8 to 10 ins. long, I to ij ins. wide ; scimitar-shaped, ultimately twisted. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced to Kew in 1894, where young trees raised 
 from seed supplied by Boehmer are quite hardy, although slow-growing. 
 In their present state (12 ft. high), the small leaflets give them a very different 
 aspect to native specimens, but they are unsurpassed among hardy trees 
 in their fern-like elegance. The species appears to be allied to G. caspica, 
 under which by one authority it has been placed. The pulp in the pods, 
 as in G. sinensis, is saponaceous, and is used by the Japanese for washing 
 cloth. 
 
 G. TRIACANTHOS, Linn&US. HONEY LOCUST. 
 
 A tree reaching in a wild state 140 ft. in height, with a trunk up to 5 or 6 ft. 
 in diameter, both it and the branches more or less armed with stout, sharp 
 spines 3 to 12 ins. long, and branched. Young shoots slightly downy at 
 the base only ; spines when present on them simple or three-forked. Leaves 
 4 to 8 ins. long, either simply or doubly pinnate, the latter confined to vigorous 
 leading shoots ; the leaves 'of the short, flowering twigs are invariably simply 
 pinnate. Leaflets on each pinnate leaf (or section of bipinnate one) fourteen 
 to thirty-two ; \ to \\ ins. long, f$ to J- in. wide ; oblong-lanceolate, mostly 
 rounded at the apex, wavy or shallowly toothed at the margin, glossy dark 
 green ; both surfaces at first downy. Male flowers green, crowded on downy, 
 often clustered racemes about 2 ins. long ; female racemes few-flowered. 
 Fruit more or less scimitar-shaped, I to i^ ft. long, I to i| ins. wide, dark 
 shining brown. 
 
 Native of Central N. America ; introduced in 1700. The honey locust is 
 the best of the genus in this country, and deserves to be more commonly 
 planted than it is, not only for its interest, but for the beautiful fern-like foliage, 
 which turns a clear bright yellow in autumn. The spines are not so formid- 
 ably developed in this country as on the Continent, nor do they develop 
 in woods or shady spots like they do in places fully exposed. It only 
 occasionally bears fruit with us, never with the freedom and regularity 
 seen in more sunny climates like the south of France. A tree well- laden 
 
GLEDITSCHIA GRABOWSKIA 597 
 
 with dry pods rattling at every fitful movement of the air, makes rather 
 a weird sound in the dusk. Perhaps the finest tree in the country is 
 at Kew, now 60 ft. high amd 5 ft. 10 ins. in girth of trunk. The popular 
 name refers to the likeness of the tree in foliage to the locust (Robinia), 
 and to the thick, succulent, sweetish pulp in which the seeds are set 
 
 Var. BUJOTII, Rehder, A very elegant, pendulous tree ; branches and 
 branchlets very slender ; leaflets narrower than in the type, often mottled 
 with white. There is a fine tree of this variety at the entrance to the 
 park at Segrez in France. 
 
 Var. INERMIS. Some trees appear never to bear thorns, and have been 
 distinguished by this name ; but unarmed plants are said to occur among 
 batches of seedlings raised from thorn-bearing trees. 
 
 Var. NAN A. A dwarf, sturdy bush or small tree ; leaflets comparatively 
 short and broad. 
 
 GORDONIA PUBESCENS, LHtritier. TERNSTRCEMIACE^E. 
 
 (Gordonia Altamaha, Sargent ; Franklinia Altumaha, Marshall?) 
 
 A deciduous tree,' 15 to 20 ft. high; branchlets covered with a close 
 down. Leaves alternate, obovate-oblong, 4 to 6 ins. long, i J to 2 ins. wide ; 
 tapering gradually at the base to a short stalk, toothed towards the apex ; 
 dark shining green above, paler, and covered with a close down beneath. 
 Flowers 2 to 3 ins. or more across, white, on stout, very short stalks, 
 produced singly from the leaf-axils near the end of the shoots; sepals 
 roundish, \ in. across, downy on the outside ; petals obovate, round- 
 toothed at the end, downy on the outside. Fruit globular. 
 
 Originally found in 1770 by John Bartram, on the banks of the 
 Altamaha River, in Georgia, U.S.A., and introduced to England four 
 years later, this rare and beautiful tree has not, according to Sargent, 
 been seen in a wild state since 1790, and is now only known as a 
 cultivated plant. It appears to be too tender to thrive anywhere except 
 in our mildest counties. It has on more than one occasion been tried at 
 Kew out-of-doors, but has only survived a few years. It is well worth 
 trying where the conditions are more favourable, both for the beauty of 
 its flowers during late summer and for the fine scarlet of its dying 
 foliage. The soil and conditions that suit the Himalayan Rhododendrons 
 ought to suit it. 
 
 G. LASIANTHUS. Ellis, the Loblolly bay, is an allied species of great beauty 
 also, but even more tender than the above. It is an evergreen tree sometimes 
 70 ft. high, with white flowers 2| to 3 ins. across, on stalks about as much long. 
 Found in moist situations in the south-eastern United States (Georgia, Florida, 
 etc.). It should be grown as advised for G. pubescens, but with even more 
 regard to shelter and warmth. At Kew it is grown in a cold house. 
 
 The generic name commemorates Alexander Gordon, a nurseryman 
 at Mile End at the time of its introduction. 
 
 GRABOWSKIA BOERHAAVIFOLIA, Schlechtendal. SOLANACE/E. 
 
 (Bot. Reg., t. 1985 ; Lycium boerhaavifolia, Linnceus.') 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 to 10 ft. high, of loose, spreading habit; young 
 branches smooth, armed with sharp spines which are J in. long the first 
 
598 GRABOWSKIA GREVILLEA 
 
 year, but grow longer. Leaves alternate, grey, fleshy; roundish, widely 
 ovate or obovate ; i to i| ins. long, f to i-J ins. wide ; wavy at the margin, 
 tapering at the base, smooth ; stalk ^ in. or less long. Flowers f in. long 
 and wide, produced in May, sometimes singly on a short stalk in the 
 leaf-axils, sometimes in terminal or axillary racemes i in. long; corolla 
 pale blue, tubular at the base, spreading to five reflexed lobes ; calyx J in. 
 long, bell-shaped, with five angular teeth. 
 
 Native of Brazil and Peru; introduced in 1780, but rarely seen. 
 Near London it requires the protection of a south wall. The foliage 
 resembles that of Atriplex Halimus, and the flowers are like those of 
 Lycium chinense. It has been associated with the Lyciums, but differs 
 in the fruit, wtrich we rarely or never see. Named in honour of 
 Dr Grabowski, a Silesian botanist of the eighteenth century. It has 
 little more than botanical interest. 
 
 GREVILLEA. PROTEACE^:. 
 
 The two species described below are the hardiest members of the 
 remarkable order of plants to which they belong, and which, in a wild 
 state, is confined to the southern hemisphere. In Grevillea, the flowers 
 have no petals, the calyx is more or less deeply four-divided, bearing the 
 anthers at the concave apex of each division. Both the species are 
 somewhat tender. Propagated by half-ripened shoots taken about July, 
 and placed in a frame with a little bottom heat. They enjoy a proportion 
 of peat in the soil. 
 
 G. ROSMARINIFOLIA, A. Cunningham. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 5971.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub of loose, graceful habit, 6 or 7 ft. high, with slender, 
 downy branches. Leaves alternate, closely set on the branches, very like 
 those of rosemary ; i to 2 ins. long, averaging \ in. wide ; stalkless, pointed, 
 dark grey-green and rough above, covered beneath with closely pressed 
 silvery hairs. Flowers deep rosy red, densely arranged in terminal racemes, 
 each flower I in. or less long, on a smooth stalk j in. long. Calyx silky inside, 
 scarcely \ in. long, with hooked divisions, two long and two short, in the 
 apex of each of which is enclosed an anther ; styles about f in. long, red. 
 
 Native of N.S. Wales ; discovered by Allan Cunningham in 1822. Near 
 London this shrub will only survive mild winters, but it succeeds and flowers 
 well in the Grayswood Hill garden, Haslemere. In Cornwall it is quite at 
 home, and makes fine bushes 6 or 7 ft. high, and as much or more through. 
 
 G. SULPHUREA, A. Cunningham. 
 
 (G. juniperina var. sulphur ea, Bentham.") 
 
 An evergreen bush of sturdy habit, probably 6 ft. high ultimately ; young 
 shoots very downy. Leaves linear or needle-like ; ^ to i in. long, ^ to ^ in. 
 wide, made narrower by the curling back of the margins ; prickly pointed, pale 
 beneath, smooth except for a few appressed hairs beneath when young ; produced 
 in alternate, closely set tufts. Flowers pale yellow, produced during May and 
 
GREVILLEA 
 
 599 
 
 June at the end of short Literal twigs in a short raceme (almost an umbel) of 
 a dozen or more blossoms. The calyx is a slender tube in. long, covered 
 with silky hairs, and slit deeply on one side ; the inch-long style protrudes 
 through the slit, and the concave, dilated ends of the four divisions of the calyx 
 are curled back, each enclosing a stalkless anther. Seed-vessel a dry, spindle- 
 shaped pod ^ in. long, with the erect style still attached at the end. 
 
 GREVILLEA 
 
 Native of N.S. Wales. This interesting and pretty shrub is the hardiest 
 of Grevilleas, but is not really hardy except against a warm, sheltered wall in 
 the London district. It is admirably adapted for Cornwall and other mild 
 counties, and I have seen it growing and flowering well at Haslemere, 
 
600 GREWIA GRISELINIA 
 
 GREW I A PARVIFLORA, Bunge. TILIACE^E. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 to 8 ft. high, with the young shoots and leaves 
 furnished with starlike down. Leaves alternate, ovate, or sometimes 
 three-lobed ; rounded, slightly heart-shaped, or tapered at the base, 
 pointed at the apex, 2 to 5 ins. long, half to two-thirds as wide ; rough 
 to the touch above, downy beneath. Flowers creamy yellow, with 
 numerous yellow stamens; about J in. across; produced during July 
 and August, in small axillary umbels of about six flowers on the shoots 
 of the year. 
 
 Native of China and Corea; introduced in 1888. It is of little value 
 in gardens, and not very hardy with us, probably needing a hotter summer 
 than ours. The finest specimen I have seen in Europe is in the collection 
 of Mr de Vilmorin, at Les Barres in France. When I saw it, it was 7 ft. 
 high and 10 ft. through, flowering freely in July. It flowers a month 
 later in England. 
 
 The genus was named by Linnaeus in honour of Dr Nathaniel Grew, 
 who wrote works on the anatomy of plants, and died in London in 1712. 
 It is allied to the limes, but is confined to Asia and Africa, contain- 
 ing numerous species. The inner bark has the tough fibrous nature 
 characteristic of the family. 
 
 Another species, G. OPPOSITIFOLIA, Roxburgh, is sometimes seen in 
 cultivation. It is from the North-West Himalaya, and is not so hardy 
 as the above. It is very distinct from it, in bearing the flowers in a short 
 inflorescence on the opposite side of the shoot to that where the leaf- 
 stalk is attached. Flowers yellowish ; fruit black. 
 
 GRISELINIA. CORNACE^. 
 
 A small genus of trees and shrubs, native of New Zealand and Chile. 
 Two species are found in the former country, both of which are cultivated 
 out-of-doors in the milder parts of the British Isles. They are somewhat 
 tender, especially G. lucida, but where they thrive make handsome ever- 
 greens. Male and female flowers are produced on different plants ; they 
 are quite small, dull coloured, and of no ornament. The attractions of 
 both species are in their shapely habit and shining foliage. 
 
 G. LITTORALIS, RaouL 
 
 A large evergreen shrub or small tree, of rounded habit, at present up to 
 10 or 25 ft. high in Britain, but twice as high in a wild state. Leaves leathery, 
 oval or ovate, I to 3 ins. long, half to two-thirds as -wide, of a shining yellowish 
 green, smooth, the apex blunt, the base unequal-sided ; stalk \ to f in. long. 
 Flowers yellowish green, small, produced during May in axillary racemes or 
 panicles I to 2 ins. long. The female plant produces panicles of green oblong 
 fruits, J in. long. 
 
 Native of New Zealand up to 3500 ft. altitude ; cultivated in Kew since 
 the middle of last century, but only hardy there in mild winters. All the 
 plants outside were killed in the winter* of 1908-9. In milder and especially 
 
GRISELINIA GYMNOCLADUS 601 
 
 maritime localities this shrub makes an excellent evergreen, and has been 
 strongly recommended for forming hedges. It is rarely seen in fruit in this 
 country, owing probably to the male plant being more propagated than the 
 female. But in the garden of Mr Charles Hamilton at Hamwood, Co. Meath, 
 where a tree of each sex is grown, the female bears abundant crops of berries 
 containing fertile seeds which spring up about the grounds. It strikes very 
 readily from cuttings of half-ripened wood placed in gentle heat, or of some- 
 what 'harder wood under handlights. There is a tree over 20 ft. high at 
 Kilmacurragh, Co. Wicklow. 
 
 \ 
 G. LUCIDA, Forster. 
 
 A robust evergreen shrub or small tree, up to 8 or 10 ft. high in Britain. 
 Leaves leathery, thick, glossy, rather pale green, oblong or broadly ovate, 
 4 to 7 ins. long, 2 to 3^ ins. wide ; smooth on both sides, markedly unequal at 
 the base, stalk i to if ins. long. Flowers small, green, in ax.ilary panicles ; 
 female ones without petals. Fruit \ in. long, purple. 
 
 Native of New Zealand, and only hardy in Cornwall and similar localities. 
 At Kew it will not survive permanently even against a wall. It is, therefore, 
 not so useful a shrub as G. littoralis, although from the larger size of its leaves 
 it is a more striking one. Propagated by grafting on littoralis. 
 
 Var. MACROPHYLLA, Hooker fit. (G. macrophylla of gardens), is a larger 
 leaved, more robust form. 
 
 GYMNOCLADUS. LEGUMINOS^:. 
 
 A genus consisting of two deciduous, pod-bearing trees, one native of 
 N. America, the other of China, and most nearly related among hardy 
 trees to Gleditschia. They have doubly pinnate leaves, flowers in racemes 
 or panicles, and large thick pods ; the flowers are regular, being composed 
 of five equal-sized petals, and a tubular, five-lobed calyx, with no 
 indication of the pea-flower shape so common in this family. The 
 American species is perfectly hardy in the south of England, but grows 
 extremely slowly, and rarely flowers. It likes a rich loamy soil. The 
 Chinese tree, G. CHINENSIS, Baillon^ is 40 ft. high, with leaves i to 3 ft. 
 long, each of the pinnae consisting of twenty to twenty-four oblong 
 leaflets, j to ij ins. long, silky beneath. Flowers both perfect and 
 unisexual,! borne on the same tree, in downy racemes. Pod 4. ins. long, 
 ij ins. wide. Native of China, and said by Henry to be rather rare. 
 Introduced to Kew in 1888, but not hardy there, and only likely to 
 succeed in the mildest parts of the kingdom. 
 
 In both species propagation must be effected by means of imported 
 seeds. 
 
 G. CANADENSIS, Lamarck. KENTUCKY COFFEE. 
 
 (G. dioica, Koch.) 
 
 A deciduous tree up to 1 10 ft. high, with a trunk 6 to 10 ft. in girth, usually 
 branching low down, and forming a narrow, rounded head. Branchlets downy 
 when young, light grey, marked by numerous small scars. Leaves up to 3 ft. 
 long and 2 ft. wide ; bipinnate, the two lowest pairs of pinnae being simple 
 leaflets, but the upper ones composed of four to seven pairs of leaflets. The 
 leaflets are ovate, i^ to i\ ins. long (the two lowest pairs considerably larger); 
 
602 GYMNOCLADUS HALESIA 
 
 grey-green and hairy beneath, principally on the veins and midrib. The tree 
 fs dioecious, the panicles of the female tree being 8 to 12 ins. long, 3 to 4 ins. 
 wide, narrowly pyramidal ; flowers downy, f to I in. long ; petals greenish 
 white, calyx not quite so long as the flower, tubular at the. base, with five linear 
 teeth. In the male tree the inflorescence is about one-third the length of the 
 females. Pod 6 to 10 ins. long, i to 2 ins. wide. 
 
 Native of the eastern and Central United States ; cultivated in England 
 before the middle of the eighteenth century. In its foliage it is perhaps the 
 most beautiful of all hardy trees. It evidently needs more summer heat than 
 it gets here, for there are fine specimens both in France and Germany 
 'suggesting in their leafless state the habit and branching of the horse chestnut. 
 In autumn a curious effect is produced by the leaflets falling off and leaving 
 the common stalk on the branches for some time. In winter, young trees have 
 a very distinct and rather gaunt appearance, the branches being few, thick, 
 and rough. The finest tree in England appears to be at Claremont, which is 
 60 ft. high and 7 ft. in girth of trunk, and flowers frequently. The common 
 name is said to have originated through the people of Kentucky and Tennessee 
 at one time roasting and grinding the seeds to make a beverage like coffee. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATA. Leaves slightly marked with white spots ; apparently 
 of little value in this country. 
 
 HALESIA. SNOWDROP TREES. STYRACE.E. 
 
 In British gardens the snowdrop trees are almost exclusively repre- 
 sented by the beautiful H. Carolina; but a second species, H. diptera, 
 is sometimes seen ; whilst a third, H. PARVIFLORA, Michaux, a native of 
 S. Georgia and Florida, is not known in cultivation, and but little in a 
 wild state. The leading characteristics of the genus are the pendulous 
 snowdrop-like flowers, produced in clusters on the previous year's wood, 
 and the winged fruits. Leaves alternate, deciduous, the down with which 
 they and other young parts are more or less furnished being stellate. 
 The genus was named in honour of Dr Stephen Hales, a learned author, 
 who was born at Bekesbourne, in Kent, in 1671, and died at Teddington 
 in 1761. The Halesias like a moist, well-drained, loamy soil, and thrive 
 best in a sheltered, sunny position. Propagation is by seeds and layers. 
 AU three species are native of the south-eastern United States. 
 
 Pterostyrax (q.v.} is a small group of North Asiatic trees and shrubs, 
 sometimes united with Halesia, but very well marked by differences 
 pointed out in the notes on the genus. From the also nearly allied 
 Styrax, Halesia differs in the winged fruits and inferior ovary. 
 
 H. CAROLINA, Linnceus. SNOWDROP or SlLVER-BELL TREE. 
 
 (H. tetraptera, Ellis.') 
 
 A deciduous tree, 20 to 30 ft. high in this country ; said to be occasionally 
 twice as high in its native places, with a trunk 3 ft. in thickness. With us it is 
 of spreading habit, often a shrub ; young shoots at first clothed with stellate 
 down. Leaves oval to obovate, wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, abruptly 
 taper-pointed, minutely toothed ; 2 to 5 ins. long, f to 2^ ins. wide, thickly 
 covered beneath with grey stellate down, less so above ; stalk to f in. long, 
 downy. Flowers produced in May on slender, downy, pendulous stalks ^ to I 
 in. long, in clusters of three to five from the joints of the naked, year-old wood. 
 
HALESIA HALIMODENDRON 
 
 603 
 
 Corolla white, bell-shaped, i to | in. long and wide, shallowly four-lobed. Fruit 
 somewhat pear-shaped, but" with four prominent wings running lengthwise and 
 an awl-shaped termination ; altogether about i^ ins. long. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States ; introduced by Mr J. E. Ellis 
 in 1756. It is undoubtedly one of the most beautiful flowering trees introduced 
 to this country from N. America ; yet it is by no means abundantly planted. 
 
 Yar. GLABRESCENS, Perkins (H. parviflora, Hort., not Michaux), differs from 
 the type in the oblong oval leaves proportionately narrower (three or four times 
 as long as wide), soon quite smooth beneath. Flowers smaller, fruits more 
 narrowly four- winged ; the whole plant less downy. 
 
 Var. MEEHANI, Perkins, was raised from seed in Median's nursery, 
 Germantown, Philadelphia. It differs from ordinary H. Carolina in its 
 smaller, shorter-stalked flowers ; the corolla is more cup-shaped ; leaves thicker 
 and more coarsely wrinkled. 
 
 Yar. STEXOCARPA, Koch. A fine form or hybrid with deeply lobed corolla. 
 Perhaps a hybrid between this species and H. diptera. 
 
 
 HALESIA CAROLINA. 
 
 H. DIPTERA, Ellis. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 8 to 15 ft. high (occasionally a small tree twice as high 
 in a wild state) ; young branches stellately downy at first. Leaves oval or 
 obovate, 3 to 5^ ins. long, \\ to 3 ins. wide; minutely and rather distantly 
 toothed, abruptly pointed, we~dge-shaped or rounded at the base ; downy on 
 both sides on first opening, but soon almost smooth except on the midrib and 
 veins ; stalk \ to f in. long. Flowers pendulous, produced in May in clusters 
 or short racemes from the joints of the year-old wood ; stalks \ to f in. long, 
 slender, downy. Corolla bell-shaped, f in. long, deeply four-lobed, white ; 
 calyx very downy ; stamens hairy. Fruit oblong, \\ to 2 ins. long, f in. wide, 
 with two longitudinal wings \ to in. wide, ending in a short spike. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States ; introduced in 1758. This is 
 far from being as good a garden shrub as H. Carolina ; it is less hardy and 
 is shy-flowering. It grows well, and is over 12 ft. high at Kew, but never 
 flowers as it does in France, especially south of Paris. Easily distinguished 
 from H. Carolina by the two-winged fruit, and larger broader leaves. 
 
 HALIMODENDRON ARGENTEUM, De Candolle. SALT TREE. 
 
 LEGUMINOS^E. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, naturally 4 to 6 ft. high, with very spiny, spreading, 
 somewhat angular branches, greyish, and covered with a fine down when 
 young. Leaves pinnate, composed usually of two pairs of leaflets, the 
 common stalk ending in a stiff spine, which remains after the fall of the 
 
604 HALIMODENDRON HAMAMELIS 
 
 leaflets. The latter are f to ij ins. long, J to J in. wide; oblanceolate, 
 stalkless, tapering to the base, and covered with a minute, grey down. 
 Flowers two to four together on racemes 2 ins. long, produced from short 
 leafy spurs on the old wood ; each flower f in. long, with pale purplish 
 pink petals and a bell-shaped, five-toothed, downy calyx. Pod J to i in. 
 long, -J to J in. wide, inflated, produced on a stalk protruding beyond 
 the persistent calyx. 
 
 Native of Siberia; introduced by Dr Wm. Pitcairn in 1779. Owing 
 to its susceptibility to damp when grown on its own roots (which makes 
 it difficult to raise from seed in this country), this shrub should be grafted 
 on Caragana arborescens, to which it is nearly allied. Standards 4 to 
 5 ft. high should be chosen so as to display the very graceful habit of 
 the plant. In this way it forms a small round-headed tree whose lower 
 branches are pendent. It flowers in June and July, and very freely on 
 well-ripened wood. At such times its elegance of growth, its abundant 
 flowers, and handsome grey foliage render it very attractive. 
 
 Var. PURPUREUM, Zabel, has deeper rosy purple flowers. 
 
 HAMAMELIS. WITCH-HAZELS. HAMAMELIDACE^:. 
 
 A remarkable and beautiful genus of small trees and shrubs, consisting 
 of four species, all very hardy in Britain. They are distinguished very 
 readily from all other hardy shrubs by the thin, narrow, yellow petals, 
 sometimes f in. long, and only ~$ to -^ in. wide. The leaves are 
 alternate, and much resemble those of our native hazel. This resemblance 
 led the early settlers in N. America to use branches of H. virginiana 
 as divining-rods as hazel twigs were (and still are) at home; to its 
 supposed magic property it owes its popular name. The parts of the 
 flower are in four. 
 
 The witch-hazels like a good, but not very heavy loam, and are 
 benefited in a young or not well-rooted state if peat and leaf-soil are 
 added. When established this is not necessary. The quaint habit of 
 the species is one of their charms, but without interfering with this it is 
 worth while to train up a leading shoot to obtain height, especially if the 
 plants, as they often do, assume and retain a low, sprawling mode of 
 growth. The Asiatic species graft easily on H. virginiana. It is best 
 to establish a quantity of seedlings of the latter in pots, and put on 
 the scions about the beginning of April, they should then be placed in 
 gentle heat. Seeds, it must be remembered, frequently take two years 
 to germinate. 
 
 H. JAPONICA, Siebold. JAPANESE WITCH-HAZEL. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6659.) 
 
 A deciduous, spreading shrub or small tree, often sparsely branched ; the 
 quite young twigs furnished with stellate hairs. Leaves oval, ovate or obovate, 
 2 to 3^ ins. long, ij to 2^ ins. wide, with wavy margins, base unequal and 
 sometimes slightly heart-shaped ; the five to eight pairs of parallel veins run 
 forward at an acute angle from the midrib ; lower surface densely covered 
 
HAMAMELIS 
 
 605 
 
 when young with down which mostly falls away by autumn ; stalk j to f in. 
 long, downy. Flowers yellow, slightly scented, produced a few together in 
 globose heads during January and February on the then leafless twigs made 
 the previous summer ; petals in. long, very narrow, strap-shaped, and much 
 crumpled ; bracts reddish, downy outside. 
 
 Native of China and Japan. This is one of the most beautiful of winter or 
 early spring-flowering shrubs. It flowers freely, and its thin wrinkled petals 
 make a very pretty picture at the inclement season when they appear, 
 especially if the shrub has a dark background of evergreens. The species is a 
 somewhat variable one, the shrub grown in gardens as H. japonica is a 
 flattish, wide-spreading shrub, and the plants called "arborea" and "Zuc- 
 cariniana " in gardens are only forms 
 of it. 
 
 Yar. ARBOREA (H. arborea, Masters) 
 differs from ordinary japonica in being 
 of more gaunt, treelike form, and 15 
 to 20 ft. high, in the deeper yellow of 
 the petals, and in the calyx having a 
 deep claret shade. It perhaps flowers 
 at an earlier date. Introduced from 
 Japan by Siebold in 1862. 
 
 Yar. ZUCCARINIANA is also treelike, 
 but its flowers, instead of being of the 
 golden yellow of H. arborea, are of a 
 pale lemon yellow, and the calyx is 
 green. ' But both are mere seminal 
 variations, and both, to be obtained 
 true, must be propagated by grafting 
 on seedlings of either themselves or 
 H. virginiana. Seeds cannot be relied 
 on to come true, those of arborea will 
 often produce H. japonica ; as a large 
 experimenter in the raising of the 
 Japanese witch-hazels has expressed 
 it to me, " you sow seeds and may 
 get anything." The flower-buds of 
 these witch-hazels are already formed HAMAMELIS MOLLIS. 
 
 on short stalks in the leaf-axils by 
 July, six or perhaps eight months before they expand. 
 
 H. MOLLIS, Oliver. CHINESE WlTCH-HAZEL. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7884.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub or small tree, with stout, zigzag, spreading branches, 
 very downy when young. Leaves roundish or very broadly obovate, shortly 
 and abruptly pointed, heart-shaped, but unequal-sided at the base, 3 to 
 5 ins. long, three-fourths as broad, widely and shallowly toothed, covered 
 beneath with clustered (stellate) hairs ; stalk \ in. long, stout and downy. 
 Flowers rich golden yellow, very fragrant, produced in stalkless, crowded 
 clusters from December to February on the twigs of the previous summer's 
 growth ; petals strap-shaped, about \ in. long, not wavy as in japonica ; 
 calyx-lobes rich red-brown, hairy outside, smooth within. 
 
 Native of China ; first discovered and introduced about 1879, D Y Maries, 
 from the district of Kiu-kiang, near the Yangtze-kiang River. Afterwards 
 it was found much farther west by Henry and Wilson. This is undoubtedly 
 the finest of all known witch-hazels, both as regards flower and foliage ; 
 
606 HAMAMELIS-HEDERA 
 
 and because of the early date at which it flowers (it is often in full bloom on 
 New Year's Day), it has made a very precious addition to the garden 
 flora. It is rather curious that it remained in the Coombe Wood nursery 
 for twenty years, regarded merely as a superior form of japonica. It can 
 be propagated easily by grafting on the Virginian witch-hazel. 
 
 H. VERNALIS, Sargent. 
 
 Professor Sargent has recently (Trees and Shrubs, t. 156) figured and 
 described a new species under this name. It is closely allied to H. virginiana, 
 but is a native of Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana, and resembles the 
 Asiatic species in flowering on the leafless wood from January to March. 
 It differs from H. virginiana also in the following respects : the inner surface 
 of the calyx-lobes is red, and it has the habit of spreading by suckers or 
 underground stems. The Cleaves are of a paler duller green. A plant intro- 
 duced to Kew in 1910 bore' a few flowers in January 1912. It grows naturally 
 on gravelly, often inundated banks of streams, and was collected by Engelmann 
 in Missouri as long ago as 1845. The flowers have a pungent, not very 
 agreeable odour. 
 
 H. VIRGINIANA, Linnaus. VIRGINIAN WITCH-HAZEL. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6684.) 
 
 A small deciduous tree, 20 or even 30 ft. high in a wild state, often a 
 shrub of bushy habit ; with a short thick trunk and crooked, wide-spreading 
 branches ; young shoots at first downy. Leaves broadly ovate to obovate, 
 3 to 5 ins. long, 2 to 3^ ins. wide ;, unequal at the base, unevenly and coarsely 
 round-toothed, especially on the' upper part ; smooth or nearly so above, 
 downy with stellate hairs on the midrib and veins beneath ; stalk downy, 
 J to \ in. long. Flowers golden yellow, opening in September and continuing 
 until November, produced two to four together in a cluster at the end 
 of a stalk \ in. long ; petals \ to -f in. long, narrowly strap-shaped, crumpled ; 
 calyx with four short, broadly ovate, hairy lobes, yellowish brown inside. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America from Nova Scotia to the mountains 
 of the Carolinas and Tennessee ; introduced in 1736. This interesting shrub 
 or tree, although so long an inhabitant of our gardens, is not very common 
 nowadays, being eclipsed by the newer, winter-flowering, Asiatic species. 
 The effectiveness of this witch-hazel is spoilt by its being in full leaf at 
 flowering time, so that the blossoms, closely tucked to the twigs, have little 
 chance to show themselves, especially as the leaves turn yellow also before 
 falling. The fruits woody, nutlike bodies ^ in. long, bursting at the top 
 do not ripen and discharge their seeds until twelve months after the time 
 of flowering. Various popular remedies are made from extracts and decoctions 
 of the bark and leaves. 
 
 HEDERA HELIX, Linnceus. COMMON IVY. ARALIACEJL 
 
 An evergreen climber, with a strong, rather acrid odour when crushed, 
 attaching itself to trees, buildings, etc., by means of rootlike growths 
 from the stem, or, where such support is absent, creeping over the 
 ground; young shoots clothed with minute stellate hairs. Leaves 
 alternate, thick, leathery, very dark glossy green, broadly ovate or some- 
 what triangular, those of the climbing shoots with three or five deep or 
 shallow lobes and stalks of varying length. The starry hairs in typical 
 
HEDERA 607 
 
 H. Helix have five to eight "rays." The ivy never flowers on the 
 creeping or climbing shoots, but produces bushy branches, mostly when 
 it has reached the top of its support ; these have no aerial roots, and their 
 leaves are never lobed, but are wavy in outline or entire at the margin, 
 and more narrowly ovate. Flowers produced in October, in a terminal 
 cluster of globose umbels, yellowish green. Berries dull inky black, 
 globose, about J in. across, containing two to five seeds. 
 
 Native of Europe, found almost everywhere in Britain, especially in 
 shady spots, its natural habitat being the forest, where it can climb trees. 
 The ivy, however, is very adaptable, and can be grown in almost any 
 situation. No introduced evergreen climber can rival it for covering old 
 trees, buildings, etc. Many think that serious damage is done to trees 
 by allowing ivy to climb over them, but this, in my belief, only occurs 
 when the ivy has reached the leafy shoots; so long as the ivy is confined 
 to the trunk and larger branches no harm, I think, is done. At any rate, 
 I know trees in perfect health which have supported ivy for forty years. 
 An ivy-laden tree is one of the most beautiful objects of the winter 
 landscape. On buildings ivy is rather beneficial than otherwise, keeping 
 them dry and warm. 
 
 Ivy is propagated with the greatest ease by means of cuttings which 
 may be given gentle heat if it is desirable to get them to root quickly, 
 or dibbled thickly under handlights or even in the open air. The more 
 delicate highly coloured varieties are sometimes grafted on the common 
 ivy, but need constant watching to prevent the stock over-running the 
 scion. One of the most useful purposes to which ivy can be put, is as 
 a ground-covering under trees where no grass will grow. It is also very 
 useful for covering iron-rail fencing, or posts and chains. As regards its 
 use on buildings it is capable of attaining at least 100 ft. in height. 
 Leaves of ivy are eaten by horses, cattle, and sheep apparently with 
 relish and without evil results. 
 
 The number of varieties into which the common ivy has sported is 
 legion ; a great number have been given Latin names, cumbersome and 
 unnecessary, for they often differ from each other but little, and are very 
 apt with age (the coloured ones especially) to revert to the green type. 
 The older botanists made all the hardy ivies varieties of H. Helix, but 
 for garden purposes at least this is an undesirable arrangement, necessi- 
 tating an unwieldy nomenclature. The following is a representative 
 selection of what may be regarded as forms of H. Helix; others are 
 treated here as species. It may be mentioned that when cuttings of 
 the bushy, flowering state of the ivy are rooted, the plants retain that 
 adult habit, and become sturdy, rounded bushes that flower freely. The 
 varietal name "atborescens" is then added to the specific name, or to 
 that of any of the following varieties, to distinguish them from the 
 climbing condition. They are commonly termed " tree " ivies. 
 
 Var. ARBORESCENS. Common Tree Ivy. The flowering shoots of common 
 ivy grown from cuttings, as just described ; there are both silver and golden 
 variegated forms of it. 
 
 Var. CAVENDISHII. A striking variety, whose rather small, angularly 
 lobed leaves are edged with creamy white. 
 
608 HEDERA 
 
 Var. CHRYSOPHYLLA. Leaves variegated with patches of yellow, or wholly 
 yellow, or wholly green. Rather handsome when seen in good condition. 
 
 Var. CONGLOMERATA. A dwarfed, very slow-growing form, the leaves 
 small and crowded. 
 
 Var. DELTOIDEA. Leaves very distinct in shape, triangular in main outline, 
 with rounded corners and two deep basal lobes, the inner edges of which 
 overlap. Of stiff habit, and assuming a bronzy tint in autumn. 
 
 Var. LOBATA MAJOR. Leaves five-lobed, chiefly distinguished by the very 
 large, narrowly ovate, pointed middle lobe. 
 
 Var. MARGINATA. This name has been given to a set of small-leaved 
 forms, all of which have white or creamy white margins, except MARG. RUBRA, 
 in which the margins become red in autumn. 
 
 Var. MIMINA. The smallest of all ivies. Leaves closely set on the shoot ; 
 | to i in. across, three-lobed, the lobes triangular. 
 
 Var. OVATA. A very distinct form, the leaves ovate, pointed, rounded at 
 the base, rich green and entire, or very slightly lobed even in the climbing 
 state. 
 
 Var. PEDATA. Leaves small, very deeply three- or five-lobed, the lobes 
 narrow-lanceolate, and usually from to in. wide ; dark green with whitish 
 veins. 
 
 Var. SAGITT/EFOLIA. Leaves arrow-head shaped ; in the way of deltoidea, 
 but with sharp instead of rounded points, the basal lobes very deep. 
 
 H. CANARIENSIS, Willdenow. 
 
 (H. algeriensis, Hort.; H. maderensis, 
 
 Leaf large, leathery, somewhat shallowly three- or five-lobed in the climb- 
 ing state, 2 to 6 (or even 8) ins. across, heart-shaped at the base ; in the 
 flowering state entire and rounded or tapered at the base. Fruit black, as in 
 H. Helix, from which species this differs among other respects in the starry, 
 composite hairs of the young shoots and inflorescence, having thirteen to fifteen 
 rays instead of five to eight, as in H. Helix. The true canariensis is quite 
 distinct from H. hibernica, with which it has been associated ; it is sometimes 
 known in gardens as " canariensis nova." Native of Canary Islands and 
 N. Africa. 
 
 Var. AZORICA. A vigorous variety, with leaves 3 to 6 ins. across, vivid 
 green, five- or seven-lobed ; lobes ovate, blunt-pointed. The quite young wood 
 and leaves are covered with a thick tawny felt. Introduced from St Michael, in 
 the Azores, by the late firm of Osborn of Fulham. 
 
 H. CHRYSOCARtfA, Walsh. 
 
 (H. poetarum, Bertolini^) 
 
 Fruits yellow. Leaves of the climbing state triangular or broadly ovate 
 with a heart-shaped base, shallowly lobed or entire ; those of the fruiting state 
 small, often diamond-shaped, and not lobed. 
 
 Native of S. Europe from Italy to Greece. 
 
 H. CINEREA, Hibberd. HIMALAYAN IVY. 
 (H. Helix Var. himalaica.) 
 
 A well-marked species found in various parts of the Himalaya. Leaves 
 triangular-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, 2 to 4^ ins. long, i to 2^ ins. 
 wide ; often with two lobes near the base, and several large bluntish teeth 
 
HEDERA HEDYSARUM 609 
 
 upwards. This ivy has a distinct grey tinge, the veins still paler grey, and the 
 leaves are longer in proportion to their breadth than other ivies. Fruit yellow 
 or red. Rather more tender than H. Helix, but does well on a wall. In the 
 fruiting state the leaves are entire, ovate-lanceolate, half to two-thirds as wide 
 as they are long, tapered at the base ; sometimes unequal-sided. 
 
 H. COLCHICA, Koch. PERSIAN IVY. 
 
 (H. Rcegneriana, Hort. ; H. amurensis, 'Hort.~) 
 
 Leaves ovate or heart-shaped, entire or slightly lobed, 3 to 7 ins. across, as 
 much as 10 ins. long ; younger parts sometimes purplish tinted. Young shoots 
 clothed with yellowish, scalelike, starry down. This ivy is extremely distinct 
 from our native species, and is a native of the south side of the 'Caucasus 
 range and of N. Persia. In none of its forms does it ever become so deeply 
 lobed as H. Helix does, although in van DENTATA the margins have frequently 
 a few distant teeth. The finest form of H. colchica is commonly known as 
 " H. amurensis," but I can find no authority for the name. There is no ivy 
 from the Amoor region in the Kew Herbarium. H. colchica is the most 
 striking of all ivies, and climbs rapidly when once established. The " tree " 
 form makes a striking evergreen bush with uniformly ovate leaves. 
 
 H. HIBERNICA, Kirchner. IRISH IVY. 
 
 Leaves black green, 3 to 6 ins. across, with usually five triangular lobes. 
 A strong-growing vigorous ivy useful for ground-cover beneath trees, etc. It 
 is often called canariensis in gardens, but that species has a paler green, more 
 leathery leaf. The "tree" form makes a handsome bush. There are both 
 yellow and white variegated forms of this species, which is not quite so hardy 
 as H. Helix : said to be found wild in Ireland and the west of Scotland. 
 
 Var. MACULATA (H. latimaculata). A form of hibernica with leaves three- 
 or five-lobed, blotched and streaked with creamy white. 
 
 H. RHOMBEA, Siebold. JAPANESE IVY. 
 
 A Japanese ivy of rather delicate growth, but quite hardy ; the leaves are 
 triangular to ovate, often heart-shaped at the base, usually slightly three-lobed ; 
 very dark green. One form, known in gardens as H. japonica variegata, has 
 a thin marginal line of white. 
 
 HEDYSARUM MULTIJUGUM, Maximowicz. LEGUMINOS^E. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8091.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 3 to 5 ft. high, of somewhat sparse, gaunt habit ; 
 young branches erect, zigzag in growth, covered with fine down. 
 Leaves 4 to 6 ins. long, alternate, pinnate. Leaflets seventeen to twenty- 
 nine, ]- to -J in. long, \ to \ in. wide; ovate, oblong, oval or obovate, 
 pointed ; smooth above, minutely downy beneath. Racemes axillary, 
 erect, long-stalked, 6 to 12 ins. long, produced from the axil of each leaf 
 as the shoot develops. Flowers pea-shaped, rosy magenta, f in. long, 
 arranged on the upper two-thirds of the raceme on very short stalks ; 
 standard petal J in. or a little more across, with a patch of yellow at the 
 
 20 
 
610 
 
 HEDYSARUM 
 
 base. Calyx J in. long, split either above or below. Pod flat, almost 
 circular, rough, containing usually one seed. 
 
 Native of Mongolia, where it is said to inhabit dry regions. It thrives 
 
 HEDYSARUM MULTIJUGUM. 
 
 very well in a sunny position planted in sandy loam, and flowers on the 
 shoots of the year from June to September. Seeds are produced in 
 sunny seasons, but they are uncertain. It is usually propagated by layering, 
 also by cuttings. To correct the rather ungainly habit of this shrub after 
 
HEDYSARUM HELIANTHEMUM 611 
 
 a few years, we find it a good plan to peg down the branches ; this causes 
 them to break into new growth at the base. The magenta shade in the 
 flower is objectionable to some people, but the shrub is useful in being 
 late flowering and showy. 
 
 HELIANTHEMUM. SUN ROSE. CISTACE,E. 
 
 Only a small proportion of the total number of species of sun roses 
 are hardy, and of these, three shrubby or sub-shrubby ones, and another 
 of only annual duration, occur in Britain. Besides them, there are about 
 half a dozen species in cultivation which survive all but our very hardest 
 winters. They are of low, often spreading and procumbent habit; the 
 leaves opposite, evergreen, entire. Flowers rose-like, terminal, solitary 
 to many-flowered in the inflorescence. Petals five ; sepals three or five, 
 when of the latter number the two outer ones are much smaller than the 
 three inner ones. Seed-vessel a capsule opening in three valves. (Herein 
 is the chief distinction from the nearly allied Cistus, which has a capsule 
 \\ith five or ten valves.) Natives of Europe and Asia Minor. The genus 
 is also represented in N. America, but I have not seen any of the species 
 in cultivation here. 
 
 Helianthemums need above all things a sunny spot. They are best 
 on some slope fully exposed to the south. Essentially sun-lovers, their 
 flowers open sluggishly or not at all in dull weather, and their time of 
 greatest beauty is in the forenoon. The flowers never last longer than 
 a day, and in the H. vulgare group they mostly close up at noon. The 
 flowers appear in extraordinary profusion, but each day's crop is suc- 
 ceeded by an entirely different one the next. They flower from May 
 onwards. Any soil of an open, loamy nature suits them ; in nature they 
 often occur on limestone. All are of easy propagation by cuttings. If 
 a mild bottom heat is available, it is preferable to take cuttings in quite 
 a soft condition ; but if they are to be rooted under a handlight they must 
 be left to get moderately firm, and put in about August. For those 
 species that ripen them, seeds are preferable even to cuttings. 
 
 The standard work on these plants in this country is Sweet's Cistinece, 
 a book containing 112 coloured plates of Helianthemum and allied 
 genera, published between 1825 and 1830. The value of Sweet's work 
 is impaired by his method of treating all the mere garden forms as 
 species. Many of these have since disappeared. In fact, the great 
 frosts of the winter of 1837-8 destroyed a considerable number of species 
 and varieties of Helianthemum and Cistus which have not again secured 
 a place in our gardens. 
 
 H. ALPESTRE, Dtinal. ALPINE SUN ROSE. 
 
 (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 2.) 
 
 A dainty little shrub, 3 to 5 ins. high, forming a tuft of dense spreading 
 branches covered thickly with pale, minute hairs. Leaves green on both sides, 
 oval-lanceolate to obovate or narrowly oblong, often "more tapered a"t trie base 
 
612 HELIANTHEMUM 
 
 than at the apex ; J to | in. long, ^ to | in. wide, furnished with a few 
 comparatively long hairs," especially on the margins. Flowers produced in 
 
 iune and July in a loose terminal raceme, three to five together ; each flower 
 to | in. diameter, bright yellow, unblotched, borne on a slender, downy stalk, 
 epals five, hairy ; the three inner ones oval and about half as long as the 
 petals, the two outer ones linear, much smaller. Stipules absent. 
 
 Native of the mountains of Central Europe at 6000 to 7000 ft. altitude, of the 
 Caucasus, and Asia Minor; introduced in 1818. This pretty little plant, 
 although now rare, has existed at Kew and in Canon Ellacombe's garden at 
 Bitton for many years. It is quite hardy, and admirable for the rock garden. 
 
 H. ALYSSOIDES, Ventenat. 
 
 A shrub about 2 ft. high, but twice as much in diameter, forming a low 
 mound of tangled, slender, spreading branches, densely clothed with grey, 
 partly starry down. Leaves narrowly obovate or oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 
 mostly tapered at the base, rounded or blunt at the apex ; \ to \\ ins. long, 
 ^ to \ in. wide ; grey with a dense down. Flowers in a branched, terminal 
 hairy corymb ; each flower \\ to if ins. diameter, bright yellow, unblotched. 
 Sepals three, ovate, pointed, very hairy, \ in. long ; flower-stalk thickening 
 upwards. 
 
 Native of Spain and Portugal ; flowering from May onwards. It is allied 
 to H. formosum, but differs in not having the long silky hairs characteristic of 
 that species mixed with the short close down, also by the unspotted petals. 
 
 H. APENNINUM, De Candolle. 
 
 (Sweet's Cistinese, t. 62 ; H. polifolium, Persoon.") 
 
 A low, spreading, much-branched shrub up to 18 ins. high, the stems and 
 leaves thickly clothed above and below with a close, white, stellate down, 
 giving the whole plant a mealy appearance. Leaves linear-oblong or linear, 
 the margins much recurved, to I in. long, to in. wide ; bluntish or pointed. 
 Racemes terminal, producing numerous flowers in succession. Flowers pure 
 white, I in. or rather more across, nodding in the bud state, but becoming erect 
 at expansion. Petals obovate, slightly toothed at the end. Sepals five, the 
 two outer ones linear, very small ; the three inner ones ovate, twice as long as 
 the others, all white with down. 
 
 Native of Europe and Asia Minor ; found in a few places in S.W. England, 
 such as the Brent Downs in Somersetshire, and at Torquay and Babbicombe in 
 Devonshire, usually on limestone. It is, of course, quite hardy, and so nearly 
 allied to H. vulgare that some botanists regard it as a variety. It is distinct 
 enough, however, for garden purposes, in its less spreading habit, its white 
 foliage and flowers, and by the smaller, bodkin-shaped stipules. There are 
 hybrids between the two, e.g. H. CONFUSUM (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 91), with white 
 flowers, but broader leaves and longer stipules than ordinary polifolium. 
 
 Var. RHODANTHUM (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 7). Flowers reddish ; leaves not 
 so much recurved as in the type. 
 
 H. FORMOSUM, Dunal. 
 (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 50 ; Cistus formosus, Hort?) 
 
 A low shrub with wide-spreading branches, growing 2 to 3 ft. high, but 
 more in width, the young shoots erect, the whole plant grey with short down 
 intermixed with which are numerous whitish, stellate or long simple hairs. 
 Leaves oblong, oval or obovate ; \ to i^ ins. long, j to ^ in. wide ; three-nerved 
 
HELIANTHEMUM 
 
 613 
 
 at the narrowed base, the apex rounded or abruptly pointed. Flowers borne 
 at the end of short side twigs, clustered, but appearing successively ; eaqh 
 flower i| ins. in diameter, bright rich yellow, each petal with a conspicuous 
 brownish purple blotch near, but not reaching to the base. Sepals three, ovate, 
 taper-pointed, very hairy. 
 
 Native of Central and S. Portugal ; introduced in 1780 ; perhaps the most 
 beautiful of all the sun roses we cultivate. It is perfectly hardy, and I 
 
 HEI.TAXTHEMTM FORMOBUM 
 
 have never seen it permanently injured by frost even 30 to 32. It is 
 admirable for covering a dry sunny bank, and remains well furnished with 
 foliage through the winter. It commences to flower in May. 
 
 H. GLAUCUM, Persoon. 
 
 Closely allied to H. VULGARE is a group of sun roses with shorter and 
 comparatively broader leaves, iight grey with down above, white beneath. 
 
614 HELIANTHEMUM 
 
 They are distinguished from H. vulgare in having stellate down on both 
 surfaces of the leaves. To this group the sun rose known in gardens as 
 H. CROCEUM belongs (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 53). The habit is the same as that 
 of H. vulgare, but it is very 'distinct in summer in the almost white foliage, with 
 which the rich yellow flowers are in admirable contrast. Its proper name is 
 H. glaucum var. croceum, Boissier. Native of S. and S.W. Europe. Many of 
 the garden varieties (see under vulgare) are hybrids, or perhaps forms of this 
 species, more especially those whitish on the upper surface. 
 
 H. HALIMIFOLIUM, Persoon. 
 
 (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 4.) 
 
 A shrub 2 to 3 ft. high in the open, twice as high against a wall ; 
 branches erect, scaly, downy and white when young, becoming smoother 
 afterwards. Leaves narrowly obovate or oblong, the lower ones only short- 
 stalked, | to 2 ins. long, to \ in. wide ; tapered and three-nerved at 
 the base ; they are white with scaly down when young, becoming dull 
 grey-green with age. Flowers bright yellow, i^ ins. across, with a small 
 spot at the base of each petal ; produced in erect, comparatively few-flowered 
 panicles 6 ins. or more high ; petals inversely heart-shaped ; sepals three 
 to five, the two outer small ones often missing, the inner ones ovate. In 
 wild specimens the sepals are densely covered with scales as well as some- 
 what downy, but in cultivated plants they are frequently almost smooth. 
 
 Native of Portugal, Spain, and the Mediterranean region, some of its 
 forms being found in N. Africa ; cultivated in England since the middle 
 of the seventeenth century. Belonging to the same group as H. formosum, 
 it is distinguished by its tall, slender flower-stems, and its scaly or glabrous, 
 never densely silky calyx. 
 
 H. OCYMOIDES, Persoon. 
 
 (Sweet's Cistineae, tt. 40, 13 ; H. algarvense, DunaL"} 
 
 An erect shrub, 2 to 3 ft. high ; young shoots clothed with a dense white 
 down, with which are mixed long silky hairs. Leaves narrowly obovate 
 or oblong, three-nerved, and tapered at the base, mostly pointed at the apex ; 
 \ to i in. long, ^ to j in. wide ; covered with a close, white down when 
 young, becoming green with age. Panicles erect, but loose and comparatively 
 few-flowered, 3 to 9 ins. high, sparsely hairy ; flower-stalks slender. Flowers 
 rich yellow, I to ij ins. across, petals triangular, with a black and purple 
 blotch at the base of each. Sepals three, oval-lanceolate, sparsely hairy, 
 or smooth and glossy. 
 
 Native of Portugal and Spain ; introduced in 1880. It is a very pretty 
 species, noteworthy for the golden yellow of its flowers and the deeply 
 coloured blotch. It is hardy except in severe winters. It most resembles 
 H. alyssoides and H. halimifolium, but from the former differs in the blotched 
 petals, and smooth or nearly smooth sepals. It is never scaly, as in 
 H. halimifolium, and the petal blotch is much deeper ; both, however, 
 have the same marked difference in colour between the young and old leaves. 
 
 H. UMBELLATUM, Miller. 
 (Sweet's Cistineae; t. 5.) 
 
 An evergreen bush of erect, open habit, about 18 ins. high, with the 
 general aspect of a small rosemary ; young branches viscid and downy. 
 Leaves linear, viscid when young ; stalkless, -| to i^- ins. long, ^ to in. 
 
HELIANTHEMUM 
 
 615 
 
 wide ; dark glossy green above, white with down beneath. Racemes erect, 
 4 to 6 ins. high, with the flowers arranged at intervals in whorls, and 
 terminating in a six- or eight-flowered umbel at the top. Flowers white, 
 
 HKLIAKTHEMCM CMBELLATUM. 
 
 Lin. across, the petals inversely heart-shaped, with a yellow stain near the 
 se. Sepals three, ovate, more or less hairy. 
 
 Native of the Mediterranean region ; introduced in 1731. This is a 
 distinct and very pretcy shrub, more resembling a rosemary in foliage than 
 the common run of sun roses. 
 
616 HELIANTHEMUM 
 
 Var. SYRIACUM, Willkomm (H. syriacum, Boissier\ is a curious dwarf, 
 semi-prostrate variety, rising only a few inches from the ground. Flowers 
 usually two or three in an inflorescence, pale yellow or yellowish white. 
 
 Nearly allied to H. umbellatum is H. LIBANOTIS, Willdenow (H. rosmar- 
 inifolium, ffort.\ with very similar foliage,-but its flowers are yellow, solitary, 
 sometimes in pairs or in threes, at the end of short lateral twigs. Sepals 
 smooth. 
 
 H. VINE ALE, Per soon. 
 
 (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 77 ; H. canum, Dunal.") 
 
 A dwarf shrub, forming a compact tuft rarely more than 6 ins. high, but 
 I ft. or more in diameter ; young stems and leaves covered with a short down 
 and a few hairs. Leaves hairy and green above, grey beneath with down, 
 ovate-oblong, to f in. long. Flowers in terminal racemes, sometimes a 
 panicle, usually of three to six blooms, each ^ in. across, bright yellow, un- 
 blotched. Sepals five, hairy, the two outer ones very small ; stipules absent. 
 Seed-vessel thickly hairy. 
 
 Native of Europe, and found in a few stations in the British Isles, mostly 
 on limestone, in the west of England and the west of Ireland. It is hardy, 
 and makes a pleasing little tuft for the rock garden when covered with its 
 brightly coloured flowers. From the other British species it is not only 
 distinct in its small, compact habit ; it differs also in having no stipules. With 
 the species cultivated in gardens it is only likely to be confused with 
 H. alpestre, which has also no stipules, but whose leaves are green on both 
 surfaces. Botanists also rely on the longer, oval and pointed flower-buds of 
 H. alpestre as a disinction from the globose ones of the present species. 
 
 H. VULGARE, Gaertner. 
 
 (H. Chamaecistus, Miller ; H. variabile, Spach^ 
 
 A low semi-shrubby plant, covering ground over 2 or 3 ft. across, but 
 scarcely rising more than I ft. above it ; the older stems prostrate, the young 
 flowering ones erect, somewhat hairy. Leaves flat, variable in size and shape, 
 usually oblong, sometimes approaching ovate or lanceolate ; f to 2 ins. long, 
 \ to \ in. wide, sometimes green on both sides, but usually grey or white with 
 stellate down beneath, and more or less bristly hairy above ; stalk |- to -fy in. 
 long ; stipules lance-shaped, longer than the leaf-stalk. Racemes terminal, 
 with many but successively developed flowers. Flower-stalks decurved, erect 
 only when the flower is expanded. Flowers yellow, about i in. across. 
 Sepals five, the two outer ones small, fringed with hairs ; three inner ones 
 ovate, with three or four prominent hairy ribs. 
 
 Native of Europe, where it is widely spread, including the British Isles. 
 This is probably the hardiest of all the sun roses, and is well known in gardens 
 by the numerous, highly coloured, sometimes double-flowered varieties which 
 have sprung from it, making brilliant displays from May to July. It is some- 
 times found with rosy flowers in a wild state. Some of the best cultivated 
 forms are unnamed, and have been raised in the ordinary way from seed. 
 Others have been given popular names ; two of the best being " Fireball," 
 bright scarlet-red, and *' the Bride," pure white. Robert Sweet, in his book 
 on the Cistus family, published 1825-1830, figured and described numerous 
 varieties under Latin names. Some of these have been lost, but of those 
 that survive a selection is here given. It is, however, in the power of anyone 
 to obtain as good or better forms by raising seedlings themselves. In all its 
 forms H. vulgare is only a morning bloomer, the flowers closing soon after 
 midday the bright red " Fireball" is one of the latest to keep open. In 
 
HELIANTHEMUM HELICHRYSUM 617 
 
 spite of this defect they are worthy of more extended cultivation, for they 
 bear an amazing profusion of blossom lasting over several weeks. 
 
 Yar. CROCATUM (Sweet's Cistinese, t. 92). Leaves green and hairy both 
 sides ; flowers saffron coloured. 
 
 Yar. CUPREUM (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 58). Leaves green both sides ; flowers 
 copper coloured ; there is a double-flowered form of this. 
 
 Yar. DIVERSIFOLIUM MULTIPLEX (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 98). Leaves green 
 above, whitish below ; flowers double, dark red. 
 
 Var. MUTABILE (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 106). Leaves green above, grey 
 beneath ; flowers pale rose. 
 
 Var. ROSEUM (Sweet's Cistinese, t. 55). Leaves green above, grey-white 
 beneath ; flowers rather paler rose than in var. mutabile. 
 
 Yar. STRAMINEU.M (Swtfet's Cistineae, t. 93). Leaves green above, whitish 
 beneath. Flowers sulphur-yellow with a darker yellow patch at the base 
 of each petal. 
 
 Var. SURREJANUM (H. surrejanum, Miller; Sweet's Cistineae, t. 28). 
 This curious variety is said to have first been found near Croydon, in Surrey. 
 It is distinguished from the type by the narrow petals deeply notched at the 
 end ; they are linear-lanceolate, about in. wide, in. long, yellow. This 
 variety has little beauty, and is really a deformity. 
 
 Var. VENUSTUM (Sweet's Cistineae, t. 10). Leaves lustrous green above, 
 whitish beneath ; flowers rich crimson, with a yellow spot at the base. Some 
 of these varieties are probably hybrids with H. glaucum (q.v.\ 
 
 HELICHRYSUM ROSMARINIFOLIUM, De Candolle. COMPOSITE. 
 
 (Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius, De Candolle.*) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 6 to 9 ft. high, with ribbed, glutinous young 
 branches. Leaves alternate, closely set on the branches; \ to i^ ins. 
 long, yV in. or less wide ; linear, smooth, dark green and rather glutinous 
 above, pale beneath; margins recurved. Flower-heads snow-white, 
 crowded, about \ in. diameter, produced in June at the end of short 
 side shoots in rounded corymbs \ to f in. across. 
 
 Native of Tasmania and Victoria, and hardy only in the warmer 
 counties. At Kew it needs the protection of a wall. Where it thrives, 
 this is undoubtedly one of the most beautiful shrubs introduced from 
 Tasmania. About midsummer every little twig is terminated by its 
 cluster of blossoms, which as a whole almost hide the plant in a snow- 
 white sheet. It is popularly known as "snow in summer." The flowers 
 are practically everlasting : I have specimens collected, dried, and pressed 
 over thirty years ago, which are still pure white. For room decoration 
 long sprays should be cut, hung upside down in a place as free as possible 
 from dust, and allowed to become dry and rigid. After a few weeks 
 they may be taken down and arranged in the ordinary way in vases, where 
 the flowers will remain white and beautiful for many months, no water 
 of course being needed. 
 
 Of other species in cultivation, H. GLOMERATUM, Hooker fii.^ is a 
 curious evergreen shrub up to 8 ft. high, with long, slender, thong-like 
 shoots covered with white down, and sparse roundish leaves J to ij ins. 
 long, also covered with white down beneath. Flower-heads in small, 
 short-stalked, axillary or terminal, globose clusters, \ in. diameter. 
 
618 HELICHRYSUM- HETEROMELES 
 
 Scarcely so hardy as H. rosmarinifolium, and of little merit. Native of 
 New Zealand. f 
 
 H. ANTENNARIUM, F. Mueller. An evergreen shrub of bushy, densely leafy 
 habit. Leaves narrowly obovate, f to ivr ins. long, smooth, deep green. 
 Flower-heads whitish, in. across, produced in June in terminal corymbs 
 i to 2 ins. wide. Native of Australia. Only hardy near the sea in the south 
 and south-western counties and similar places. It thrives in the gardens of 
 Osborne, Isle of Wight. 
 
 HELWINGIA RUSCIFLORA, Willdenow. CORNACE^:. 
 (H. japonica, Dietrich?) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 3 or 4 ft. high, with smooth twigs. Leaves 
 simple, alternate, ovate, tapering at both ends, long-pointed, ij to 3 ins. 
 long, \ to i J ins. wide ; with fine, rather bristle-like teeth on the margins, 
 quite smooth on both surfaces ; stalk ^ to i in. long ; stipules hair-like. 
 Flowers unisexual, very small, pale green or greenish white ; females 
 produced singly or in threes on the midrib about the centre of the upper 
 surface of the leaf; males more numerous; they are stalkless, and of no 
 beauty. Fruit \ in. long, roundish oval. 
 
 Native of Japan; introduced to Europe by Siebold in 1830. It has 
 not the least merit as an ornamental shrub, although the foliage in a 
 milder climate is larger and perhaps more striking than as here described ; 
 but it is a plant of singular botanical interest. The morphological 
 explanation of the anomalous position of the flowers in the middle of 
 the leaf (for no true leaf ever produces flowers) is that the flower-stalk in 
 reality originates in the axil of the leaf, but is united from end to end 
 with the stalk and midrib. This shrub is hardy at Kew, and is propa- 
 gated by cuttings of young wood. 
 
 HETEROMELES ARBUTIFOLIA, Roemer. TOLLON. ROSACES 
 
 (Photinia arbutifolia, Lindley ; Bot. Reg., t. 491.) 
 
 An evergreen tree, occasionally 30 ft. high, or in cultivation more 
 often a shrub, with downy young bark. Leaves stiff and leathery, 
 2 to 4 ins. long, f to i J ins. wide ; oblong, lanceolate or obovate, tapering 
 at the base to a thick downy stalk J to f in. long ; the margins set with 
 stiff teeth, each tipped with a small black gland. Flowers produced very 
 numerously in a large, flattish panicle, composed of corymbose clusters 
 terminating the shoot, and in the axils of the uppermost leaves. Each 
 flower is from J to f in. diameter ; petals pure white ; calyx with short, 
 smooth, triangular lobes. Fruit about the size of holly berries, bright 
 red, tasting like common haws. 
 
 Native of California ; introduced by Menzies in 1796. It is a hand- 
 some evergreen, unfortunately not hardy at Kew, but thrives well in the 
 Grayswood Hill garden at Haslemere, where I have seen it in flower in 
 August; also in Lord Annesley's garden at Castlewellan, Co. Down. 
 
HETEROMELES HIBISCUS 619 
 
 Sargent states that the fruit-covered branches are gathered in large 
 quantities in California, and used as we use holly for Christmas 
 decorations. It may be grown on a wall, but is, of course, at its best 
 in the open where the climate is suitable. It is the only species of the 
 genus, and is very closely allied to Photinia, but differs in having only 
 ten stamens to each flower. 
 
 HIBISCUS SYRIACUS, Linnceus. MALVACEAE. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 83 ; Althaea frutex, Hort?) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, with rather erect branches but bushy habit, up 
 to 10 ft. high. Leaves variable in size, ordinarily from 2 to 4 ins. long, 
 with stalks \ to i in. long ; of ovate outline, more or less distinctly three- 
 lobed and coarsely toothed, smooth except for an occasional bristle on 
 the veins. Flowers produced singly on short stalks from the leaf-axils 
 towards the end of the branch: Each flower is from 2 J to 4 ins. across, 
 with five free petals forming a trumpet mouth. The colour is exceedingly 
 variable in the numerous forms of this shrub, some being white, others 
 red, blue, purple, or striped ; whilst others again have double or semi- 
 double flowers. Commences to bloom in August. 
 
 The date of the introduction of this shrub to Britain is not known, 
 but as it was included by Gerard among the garden shrubs of his time, 
 it has been cultivated here for more than 310 years. In early times it 
 was known as the "Syrian Ketmie," and in the specific name Linnaeus 
 suggested that it was from Syria, but it has never been found truly wild 
 except in India and China. In Syria, as in more western countries, it 
 exists as a cultivated plant only. It is perfectly hardy in most parts of 
 Britain, but owing to its late-flowering habit, it is often necessary in the 
 north to treat it as a wall plant in order that its flowers may develop 
 under more favourable conditions. In the south, where the cold rains 
 do not come so early, it can be grown quite in the open, and there is no 
 shrub more beautiful during September, especially if that month be hot 
 and sunny. In selecting a place for it, shady and ill-drained spots should 
 be avoided. Any soil of moderate or good quality suits it. It can be 
 propagated by cuttings or by layers, and rare sorts may be grafted on 
 common ones. Plants growing too large for their places may be pruned 
 back in early April. One of the common features of the gardens at 
 Versailles are large bushes of this Hibiscus, cut hard back annually into 
 formal shape. Both in France and in Italy it flowers with greater pro- 
 fusion and regularity than under our uncertain skies. There is a tree 
 in the Padua Botanic Gardens 20 ft. high. A great number of varieties 
 have been raised and named, and the following list must only be regarded 
 as a selection of a representative few of approved merit. On the whole, 
 single-flowered ones are to be preferred. 
 
 Admiral Dewey. Pure white ; double. 
 
 Caelefte. Purplish blue ; single. 
 
 Grandiflorus superbus. Rosy ; single. 
 
 Hamabo. Pale blush, with a large crimson blotch at the base of each petal ; single, 
 
 one of the best. (The plant cultivated under this name is not the H. Hamabo 
 
 of Siebold, Flora Japonica, t. 93.) 
 
620 HIBISCUS HIPPOPHAE 
 
 La fteine.Rose coloured ; single. 
 
 Monstrosus. White with dark purple centre ; single. 
 
 Pulcherrimus. Pink and white ; double. 
 
 Puniceus. Red ; double. 
 
 Rubis. Ruby-coloured ; single. 
 
 Souvenir de C'/ias. Lebreton. Lilac purple ; double. 
 
 Totus albus. Pure and wholly white ; single. 
 
 Variegatus. Foliage white, variegated ; flowers double, purple. 
 
 HIPPOPHAE. EL^AGNACEjE. 
 
 Two species of deciduous, willow-like trees and shrubs found in 
 Europe and the temperate regions of Asia. Flowers unisexual, the sexes 
 on different trees, inconspicuous and of no beauty. Leaves alternate, 
 scaly beneath. Fruit an orange-coloured or yellow, roundish, juicy berry. 
 The genus is allied only to Elaeagnus and Shepherdia ; Elaeagnus differs 
 in its bisexual flowers and scaly, silvery fruits ; and Shepherdia has 
 opposite leaves. (For cultivation, see H. rhamnoides.) 
 
 H. RHAMNOIDES, Linnceus. SEA BUCKTHORN. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8016.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, sometimes a tree 30 to 40 ft. high, the whole of the 
 younger parts of the plant covered with silvery grey scales ; twigs stiff, 
 frequently spine-tipped. Leaves scarcely stalked, linear, i to 3 ins. long, 
 \ to in. wide ; tapered at both ends, upper surface dark greyish green, and 
 not so scaly as the silvery grey under-surface. Flowers very small, produced 
 in April along the twigs of the previous year in short axillary clusters ; each 
 flower solitary in the axil of a deciduous bract. Fruit an orange-coloured berry, 
 between globose and egg-shaped, |- to in. long, shortly stalked ; in colour by 
 September. 
 
 Native of Europe (including Britain) and temperate Asia. With its narrow, 
 silvery leaves and brightly coloured berries clustered thicky on the branches 
 from autumn until February, the sea buckthorn stands out remarkably distinct 
 from all others in our gardens. Its beauty is so striking that it ought to be 
 indispensable to every garden where winter effects are desired. Whilst it is, 
 as the popular name suggests, frequently found on sea-shores, it thrives 
 perfectly well in inland districts. At Kew it succeeds admirably at the margin 
 of water, and in the ordinary soil of the gardens. It is not generally known 
 that the plants are unisexual, so that the female one alone bears fruit, and 
 then only if a male plant be growing near enough for the flowers to become 
 pollinated. It is best grown in groups of about six females to one male. The 
 pollen is carried by wind. Solitary female plants can be fertilised by hand, 
 which is best done by waiting until the pollen of the male plant is ripe shown 
 by the little shower of yellow dust when the branch is tapped and then 
 cutting off a branch and shaking it over the female plant. It would be a 
 useful thing if nurserymen who stock this shrub would graft a piece of male 
 on female plants. Perhaps no other fruiting shrub is so attractive as this for 
 so long a time. However pressed by hunger, birds will not eat the berries, 
 which are filled with an intensely acid, yellowish juice. 
 
 Propagation may be effected by seeds or by layers. The latter is the 
 simpler way of obtaining plants whose sex is known. There appears to be no 
 way of distinguishing seedlings until they flower. 
 
HIPPOPHAE HOLBOELLIA 621 
 
 H. SALICIFOLIA, Don. 
 
 A deciduous, somewhat spiny tree, 30 to 40 ft. high, with a coarse bark cut 
 into longitudinal flakes; young shoots covered with brownish down as well as 
 scales. Leaves linear-oblong, I to 3 ins. long, | to \ in. wide, dull green (not 
 silvery) above, the lower surface covered with a greyish white felt ; midrib 
 brown ; stalk to in. long. Flowers as in H. rhamnoides. Berries pale 
 yellow. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya up to 10,000 ft. altitude, and perfectly hardy at 
 Kew, where there is a tree 40 ft. high, with the head of branches 30 ft. through 
 and the trunk 4 ft. 9 ins. in girth ; the twigs pendulous. This tree bears fruit, 
 but does not compare with H. rhamnoides in beauty. It is easily distinguished 
 by its broader, not silver}' leaves, felted rather than scaly beneath, and by the 
 paler, less brilliantly coloured fruit. Introduced in 1822. 
 
 HOHERIA POPULNEA, Cunningham. MALVACEAE. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, Nov. 23, 1901.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub or small tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, glabrous except on 
 the young shoots, flower-stalks, and calyx, which are more or less pubescent. 
 According to Cheeseman's Flora of New Zealand^ it is a most variable 
 species. He distinguishes three varieties, viz., vulgaris, lanceolata, and 
 angustifolia, the first of which is the one cultivated here, and apparently 
 the most handsome. Its leaves are 3 to 5 ins. long, i \ to 2\ ins. wide ; 
 ovate, firm in texture, edged with large, sharply pointed, unequal teeth. 
 Flowers very abundant, pure white, produced in clusters from the leaf- 
 axils, each flower f to i in. across, with spreading, narrowly oblong petals 
 and numerous stamens. 
 
 Native of New Zealand. Although this beautiful tree may have been 
 in cultivation much earlier, it only sprang into notice about the beginning 
 of this century, when it flowered at the Trinity College Botanic Garden, 
 Dublin, and was figured in the place above quoted. It is grown out-of- 
 doors in Cornwall, but is not really hardy near London. It likes a rich 
 loamy soil, and is increased by cuttings. Hoheria is closely allied to 
 Plagianthus, but differs in having its carpels winged at the back, and 
 keeping closed when ripe. A demulcent drink is obtained from the 
 bark, and its fibre is made into cordage. 
 
 Vars. ANGUSTIFOLIA and LANCEOLATA are distinguished by their smaller, 
 narrower leaves ; those of the former are usually only i to 2 ins. long. 
 
 HOLBOELLIA LATIFOLIA, Wallich. BERBERIDACE^. 
 
 (Stauntonia latifolia, Wallich?) 
 
 A member of the Lardizabala section of the Berberids, and closely 
 allied to Stauntonia. It differs in its large corymbose clusters of flowers 
 having petals and free stamens. The genus commemorates F. L. Holboll, 
 a Danish botanist. This is an evergreen twining shrub with compound 
 leaves, consisting of three or more radiating leaflets, which are glabrous, 
 obovate, acuminate, of leathery texture, dark glossy green, 2 to 7 ins. 
 
622 HOLBOELLI A HUDSONIA 
 
 long, one-third as wide, borne on a main-stalk 2 to 6 ins. long, themselves 
 with stalks i in. or more long. Flowers borne on short corymbs in the 
 leaf-axils, very fragrant, unisexual, with both sexes often on the same 
 corymb. Sepals six, greenish white in the male, narrow-oblong, about 
 i in. long ; in the females larger, purplish ; petals six, minute. Fruit 
 irregular-oblong, sausage-shaped, 2 to 3 ins. long, containing numerous 
 seeds. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya, where the fruits are eaten by the natives. 
 A luxuriant climber, which thrives exceedingly well in the south-western 
 counties, but in cold localities requires greenhouse protection to be seen 
 at its best. The flower should be fertilised by hand. 
 
 H OVEN I A DULCIS, Thunberg. RHAMNACE^:. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 2360.) 
 
 A deciduous tree 30 ft. high (much more in a wild state) ; twigs downy 
 when young. Leaves alternate, oval or heart-shaped ; from 4 to 7 ins. long, 
 3 to 6 ins. wide ; taper-pointed, coarsely and unequally toothed, downy 
 beneath, especially on the veins. Flowers in terminal and axillary 
 forked clusters 2 to 3 ins. across ; the individual flower J in. or so wide, 
 yellow. Flower-stalks swelling unevenly after the decay of the flower 
 into a fleshy, contorted mass, red, and sweet to the taste. They are 
 chewed by the Japanese and Chinese. Fruit about the size of a pea, 
 containing three seeds, and often partially embedded in the fleshy stalks. 
 
 Native of China, but now cultivated extensively in Japan and 
 N. India. This curious tree .is fairly hardy at Kew, where it forms a 
 rather ungainly shrub with erect branches, growing very vigorously in the 
 summer, but cut back more or less in winter. 
 
 HUDSONIA ERICOIDES, Ltnn<zus. BEACH HEATHER. 
 
 CISTACE.E. 
 
 Hudsonia is a genus of three species exclusively North American, and 
 allied to Cistus and Helianthemum, which it resembles in the fleeting 
 nature of its blossom. Its always yellow flowers and three-valved seed- 
 vessel distinguishes it from Cistus, and from both it differs markedly in 
 the heathlike habit. Named in honour of Wm. Hudson, an English 
 botanist of the eighteenth century. 
 
 H. ericoides is a low, bushy, evergreen shrub of heathlike aspect, 
 rarely more than 6 or 8 ins. high. Leaves grey-green, awl-shaped; 
 \ to J in. long, erect and overlapping but not pressed to the stem, hairy. 
 Flowers bright yellow, J in. across, produced during May singly on 
 very slender, silky stalks about J in. long, crowded at the upper parts of 
 the branches ; petals five, soon falling ; sepals three, silky. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America, in dry sandy soil near the coast, from 
 Newfoundland to N. Carolina; introduced in 1805, but always rare owing 
 to the difficulty in cultivation. Sir John Ross of Bladensburg, who, so 
 far as I know, is the only one who has had any success with it, tells me 
 
HUDSONIA HYDRANGEA 623 
 
 that it did best planted in a made bed consisting of peat at the bottom, 
 and about 6 ins. of sand at the top. So far as winter cold is concerned, 
 it must be hardy anywhere in Britain, considering the high latitudes it 
 reaches in a wild state. But even in American gardens it is not easy 
 to establish. It may be recommended to those knight-errants in gardening 
 who delight in mastering difficult subjects. It probably needs a sandy, 
 well-drained, slightly saline soil, with full sunshine. 
 
 HYDRANGEA. SAXIFRAGACE^. 
 
 A group of Asiatic and North American deciduous shrubs, sometimes 
 treelike, sometimes climbing, with the leaves opposite or in threes, and 
 large terminal corymbs or panicles of flowers. A peculiarity of Hydrangea, 
 shared among hardy shrubs by Viburnum and the rare Schizophragma, 
 is the production in most of the species of large, showy, sterile flowers and 
 small fertile ones on the same inflorescence. The sterile flower has no 
 stamens or seed-bearing parts, but consists merely of three to six flat, 
 spreading sepals with some remnants of petals in the centre. The 
 functions of these flowers are no doubt advertisement and the attraction of 
 insects for purposes of fertilisation. The perfect or fertile flowers are quite 
 small and very numerous, the sepals and petals four or five, the* stamens 
 eight or ten. Seed-vessel a small capsule, with the styles and calyx 
 adhering, many-seeded. The sterile flowers are usually confined to the 
 margin of the inflorescence, but some species have nothing but fertile 
 flowers. In gardens the most popular of Hydrangeas are those culture- 
 forms with nothing but sterile flowers. 
 
 The stronger-growing species like paniculata and Bretschneideri 
 require a rich loamy soil to bring out their best qualities. The 
 hortensis section do not appear to be very^ particular as to soil or 
 position. Most of the genus are easily increased by cuttings made of 
 moderately ripe summer wood, placed in gentle heat. H. quercifolia is 
 better layered. The following species should be pruned back every 
 spring : arborescens, cinerea, paniculata, radiata. The question of blue- 
 flowered Hydrangeas is alluded to under H. hortensis; several Asiatic 
 species vary from blue to pink. 
 
 Among the species not given detailed mention below are : 
 
 H. HIRTA, Siebold. A low shrub with very coarsely toothed leaves somewhat 
 bristly on both sides, and corymbs 2 to 3 ins. across, of none but small fertile 
 flowers. Native of Japan. I have seen it from Mr T. Smith's nursery 
 at Newry, but it has little garden value. 
 
 H. VIRFNS, Siebold. Branches slender, pendulous, bearing small 
 lanceolate or oval leaves, and, at the end of short axillary shoots, small 
 corymbs I to 3 ins. across, with often only one to three large sterile blossoms, 
 which are whitish and f to \\ ins* wide. Native of Japan, and of elegant 
 habit, but only suitable for the milder parts of these islands. Cultivated by 
 Sir John Ross of Bladensburg, at Rostrevor, Co. Down. 
 
 H. ALTISSIMA, Wallich. 
 
 A deciduous climber, up to 40 ft. or more high, attaching itself to tree 
 trunks by aerial roots in a wild state ; young shoots either hairy or smooth ; 
 
624 HYDRANGEA 
 
 the bark of the older branches peeling off in large, thin, brown flakes. Leaves 
 ovate or oval, 3 to 5 ins. long (more in mild climates), half to three-fourths as 
 wide ; rounded at the base, pointed, regularly triangular- or roundish-toothed ; 
 smooth on both sides except for tufts of down in the vein-axils beneath ; 
 stalk at first hairy, I to 3 ins. long. Corymbs 6 to 8 ins. across, with a 
 few white sterile flowers at the margins, each f to i^ ins. in diameter ; the 
 small perfect flowers are yellowish white ; stamens ten (often more). Blossoms 
 in June. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya ; introduced in 1839. It is very nearly allied to 
 H. petiolaris, but differs in having fewer stamens, not so flat an inflorescence, 
 and usually more coarsely toothed leaves. It is not so hardy probably as 
 H. petiolaris, although it grows well outside on a wall at Kew. Both these 
 species are distinguished by the petals of the fertile flowers cohering into, 
 and falling away in, one caplike piece. 
 
 H. ARBORESCENS, Linnceus. 
 
 A deciduous shrub of somewhat loose habit, 4 ft. or more high ; young 
 shoots rather downy at first, becoming smooth. Leaves broadly ovate, 
 oval or roundish ; 3 to 7 ins. long, 2 to 6 ins. wide ; pointed at the apex, 
 rounded or heart-shaped at the base, coarsely toothed ; upper surface bright 
 dark green, lower one paler ; both smooth, or with down only on the veins 
 or in the vein-axils beneath ; stalk I to 3 ins. lohg. Corymbs flattish, much 
 branched, usually 4 to 6 ins. across, with few or no large sterile flowers. 
 Fertile flowers dull white, very small and crowded ; flower-stalks downy. 
 Seed-vessels eight-ribbed, with calyx adhering at the top. 
 
 Native of the eastern United States, from the State of New York south- 
 wards ; introduced by Peter Collinson in 1736. A vigorous and hardy 
 species, which flowers freely in July and August, but is not particularly 
 attractive. It is allied to H. radiata, differing chiefly in the nearly smooth 
 leaves. 
 
 Var. GRANDIFLORA, Hort A very beautiful form, in which all the flowers 
 are of the large sterile type and pure white. It appeared in this country 
 in 1907, but I have been informed by Prof. Sargent that it was found wild 
 in the mountains of Pennsylvania fifty or more years ago. It is quite hardy, 
 and showy enough to be regarded as an admirable substitute for H. hortensis 
 in the colder parts of the country. It Hlooms from July to September, and 
 is probably the best Hydrangea to cultivate out-of-doors near London and 
 in places with a similar climate. Its one defect is that its flower-heads are 
 often so heavy that the stalk is not stout enough to hold them upright. 
 
 H. BRETSCHNEIDERI, Dippel. 
 
 (H. pekinensis, Hort.; H. vestita var. pubescens, Maximcnincz") 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 8 to 10 ft. high, forming a sturdy bush, old bark 
 peeling; young branches smooth. Leaves oblong to. ovate, 3 to 5 ins. longv 
 i to 2j ins. wide ; rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, slender pointed, 
 regularly toothed ; dull and smooth above, hairy on the veins and sometimes 
 over the whole surface beneath. Corymbs flattened, 4 to 6 ins. across, with 
 a considerable number of large sterile flowers at the margins ; these are 
 f to ij ins. across, the three or four sepals rounded or obovate, white, 
 afterwards rosy. The small, perfect flowers are dull white ; flower-stalks 
 clothed with erect bristly down. The seed-vessels are egg-shaped, the 
 persistent calyx forming a raised band round the middle. 
 
 Native of China; introduced from the mountains about Pekin in 1882, 
 
HYDRANGEA 625 
 
 by Dr Bretschneider. Planted in a sunny position in good soil, this makes a 
 really handsome shrub, flowering in June and July, perfectly hardy and always 
 vigorous. 
 
 H. CINEREA, Small. 
 
 A species intermediate between H. arborescens, whose leaves are almost 
 smooth, and H. radiata, which has them clothed beneath with a close, snowy- 
 white felt. In H. cinerea the leaves are covered beneath with a dense greyish 
 down. The corymbs have few large sterile flowers or none. 
 
 Found wild in mountainous parts of the south-eastern United States. A 
 variety, STERILIS, Rehder, in which nearly all the flowers are of the large sterile 
 type, is described as having originated in Ohio, U.S.A., and was introduced in 
 1910, but I have not seen it flower in cultivation. There has long been in 
 cultivation a Hydrangea intermediate between H. radiata and H. arborescens, 
 which has been regarded as a hybrid between the two. It is known as 
 H. canescens, Koch, and H. arborescens var. canescens, Nicholson, but I do 
 not know how it differs from the species named as above by Dr Small. 
 
 H. HORTENSIS, Smith. 
 (Bot. Mag., t., 438 ; H. Hortensia, Siebold ; Hortensia opuloides, Lamarck.") 
 
 A deciduous shrub up to 8 ft. high and 12 ft. or more in diameter, forming 
 a dense, leafy, hemispherical bush furnished to the ground ; smooth in almost 
 every part except the flower-stalks and vein-axils beneath the leaves. Leaves 
 ovate or oval, tapered at the base, pointed at the apex, toothed ; varying much 
 in size, often 6 to 8 ins. long, on vigorous branches ; strongly ribbed, pale 
 bright green ; stalk to I in. long. Corymbs usually about 6 ins. across, but 
 considerably more in specimens subjected to special cultivation, rounded and 
 with all or nearly all the flowers sterile, pink or blue. 
 
 Introduced from China to Kew, in 1789, by Sir Joseph Banks. This shrub 
 has for centuries been a popular garden plant in China and Japan. It is 
 probably only truly wild in China, and in that state of course the larger 
 proportion of the flowers are of the small, fertile kind, as in other wild species, 
 but I do not know that the genuine wild type is in gardens. Near London, 
 the common Hydrangea has no claim to be regarded as a hardy shrub. It 
 can only flower when the terminal bud formed in autumn survives the winter, 
 and that happens rarely. As a rule, in open ground the shoots are killed 
 back to the ground. But farther south, and especially in Devon and Cornwall, 
 it is one of the most gorgeous of outdoor shrubs, brightening the gardens of 
 rich and poor alike in the late summer and autumn more than any other. 
 
 Yar. MARIESII, introduced from Japan in 1879, has the marginal flowers 
 only sterile ; they are remarkably large, often over 3 ins. across and of a 
 delicate mauve-pink (see The Garden, 1898, p. 390, plate 1196). 
 
 Var. NIGRA, Nicholson (syns. H. cyanoclada, Hort. ; H. mandschurica, 
 Hort.} Young stems dark purple, almost black ; flowers bright rose-coloured, 
 and all or nearly all sterile. 
 
 These two varieties are similar to the common Hydrangea in leaf and habit, 
 and neither is any hardier ; but the three following, although commonly placed 
 under H. hortensis as varieties, are very distinct and hardier. They also flower 
 from side buds of the previous year's growths, and the crop of flowers is not 
 therefore dependent- on the fate of the terminal bud. As the type from which 
 they spring is spontaneous in Japan, it appears to deserve specific distinction 
 from H. hortensis. They can be recognised out of flower by the dull leaves. 
 
 H. ACUMINATA. Siebold (H. hortensis var. acuminate, A. Gray}. Leaves 
 ovate, long pointed, dull green, with appressed, bristly hairs on both sides. 
 
 2 R 
 
626 HYDRANGEA 
 
 especially beneath. Flowers sterile only on the margin of the corymb, their 
 sepals ovate to oval, I to i^ ins. long, blue or pink. 
 
 H. JAPONICA, Siebold (H. hortensis var. Lindleyi). Of the same type as 
 acuminata, of which it is no doubt a form, having dull dark green, ovate, oval 
 or slightly obovate, coarsely toothed leaves, tapered at the points and with 
 curly hairs on the midrib and chief veins below ; more or less downy beneath 
 Flowers sterile only at the margin of the corymb, white and rosy pink ; the 
 small central ones deeper mauve-pink. 
 
 H. STELLATA, Siebold. Leaves smaller than in the two preceding, but also 
 dull green, hairy on both sides, coarsely toothed, especially towards the apex. 
 Flowers pinkish, rosy or white, with numerous small, narrowly oval sepals ; 
 sometimes called " flore pleno " on that account. There are numerous other 
 varieties, but they belong to the greenhouse rather than the outdoor garden. 
 
 A curious circumstance in connection with the flowering of Hydrangea 
 hortensis is the changing of the colour from pink to blue and vice versa, 
 although pink is, apparently, the normal colour. In some places the flowers 
 are uniformly and regularly blue, in others they never become that colour, and 
 plants that have for years borne blue flowers will produce pink ones when 
 they are removed to places where the flowers usually come pink. No satis- 
 factory explanation has been yet offered for this peculiarity, although it appears 
 almost certain that it is due to the presence in the soil of some ingredient of a 
 ferruginous nature. But alum applied as a weak solution to plants in pots is 
 also said to induce blueness. Iron filings mixed with the soil are also relied 
 on for the same purpose. A preparation called " Cyanol " is successfully used. 
 It is difficult to explain why, as sometimes happens, pink and blue flowers are 
 borne on the same plant at the same time. 
 
 The name of this shrub has caused some confusion owing to its having 
 been called now H. hortensis, now H. Hortensia ; the older and proper name 
 is no doubt "hortensis," given to the plant in 1792 by Sir James E. Smith 
 (Icon. Pict., t. 12). "Hortensia" was originally applied to this shrub as a 
 generic name (H. opuloides, Lamarck] in 1789. With regard to the supposed 
 connection between this shrub and Queen Hortense, the following extract from 
 L'lnventaire des Cultures de Trianon, p. 29, a book by Le Comte Jaubert, 
 published in Paris in 1876, will be of interest : 
 
 It is generally believed that the Hortensia bears the name of Queen Hortense, 
 daughter of the Empress Josephine, and for this reason it was used sometimes under the 
 Second Empire as a political emblem. This is a serious error. This plant was dedicated 
 to Madame Hortense Lepante, wife of a celebrated clockmaker of Paris, and a friend of 
 the botanist [Lamarck.] 
 
 H. INVOLUCRATA, Siebold. 
 
 A low, deciduous, semi-shrubby plant, usually less than \\ ft. high, but 
 perhaps higher in milder climates ; young shoots, leaves, flower-stalks, and 
 ovary covered with bristly, pale down. Leaves ovate-oblong, rounded or 
 tapered at the base, slender-pointed, margined with numerous fine, bristle-like 
 teeth ; 3 to 6 ins. long, I to 2^ ins. wide ; roughened, especially above ; stalk 
 j to i in. long. Corymb 3 to 5 ins. across, enclosed in the bud state by about 
 six large broadly ovate bracts, the largest about I in. long, covered with a felt 
 of appressed whitish down. Sterile flowers at the margin of the corymb, 
 I to i in. across, the three to five sepals white or blue-white, slightly downy. 
 Small fertile flowers blue. Blossoms from August to October. 
 
 Native of Japan. The distinguishing feature of this species is the whorl of 
 bracts (involucre) at the base of the inflorescence, which persists through the 
 flowering. It is very pretty when in bloom, the blue (sometimes rosy lilac) 
 fertile flowers making an effective contrast with the large sterile whitish ones. 
 
HYDRANGEA 627 
 
 Unfortunately it is not very hardy, and is often killed back more or less in 
 winter, the flowers being borne on the new shoots which spring from the base. 
 It thrives well in the west country. 
 
 f 
 H. LONGIPES. 'Franchet. 
 
 A shrub of low, spreading habit, 2 to 3 ft. high ; young shoots more or less 
 covered at first with loose down. Leaves rough to the touch, roundish ovate, 
 with a heart-shaped or rounded base, and an abrupt, slender point ; 3 to 7 ins. 
 long, one-half as much or more wide ; sharply and prominently toothed, both 
 surfaces, but especially the lower one, covered with short flattened bristles ; 
 stalks slender, bristly when young, and from half to fully as long as the blade. 
 Corymbs flattish, 4 to 6 ins. across, the sterile flowers f to i^ ins. across, white. 
 Fertile flowers small, white ; flower-stalks bristly. Seed-vessel roundish, 
 smooth, with the calyx at the top. 
 
 Native of Central and W. China ; introduced by Wilson for Messrs Veitch 
 in 1901. It is a lax-habited shrub, with remarkably long-stalked leaves like 
 those of petiolaris. It was first described by Franchet in 1885, and by a 
 curious coincidence Mr Hemsley described it again as a new species two years 
 later, adopting the same name. 
 
 H. PANICULATA, Siebold. 
 (Flora Japonica, t. 6 1.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, sometimes tree-like, and 12 or 15 ft. high ; young shoots 
 at first downy, becoming smooth. Leaves mostly in threes, oval or ovate, 
 tapered at both ends, or rounded at the base, toothed ; 3 to 6 ins. long, i^ to 
 3 ins. wide ; with scattered, flat, bristly hairs above, and pale bristles on "the 
 veins beneath ; stalk 75- to i in. long. Panicles pyramidal, varying in size 
 according to the strength of the shoot, usually 6 to 8 ins. long, two-thirds as 
 wide at the base. Outermost flowers sterile, f to i^ ins. wide, white changing 
 to purple-pink ; the small fertile flowers yellowish white ; flower-stalks downy. 
 Blooms in August and September. 
 
 Native of Japan, where it is sometimes a tree 25 ft. high, also of China. 
 From all other cultivated Hydrangeas except H. quercifolia this is distin- 
 guished by the shape of its inflorescence. It is a hardy and very ornamental 
 shrub. 
 
 Var. GRANDIFLORA, Siebold. A form introduced from Japan about 1870, in 
 which all, or nearly all, the flowers are sterile and large, forming a closely 
 packed pyramid of blossom at first white then purplish pink, finally brown. 
 This variety is undoubtedly the most showy of Hydrangeas in localities where 
 H. hortensis cannot be grown. To obtain it at its best it should be planted in 
 good loamy soil, rich, but not too stiff. The shoots should be pruned back in 
 spring before growth recommences, and after the young shoots are a few inches 
 long the weakest should be removed. If very large panicles are desired the 
 shoots may be reduced to six or ten on plants I to 2 ft. high more for larger 
 plants. A mulching of rotted manure should be given when growth is well 
 started. Such treatment will produce panicles 18 ins. high, and 12 ins. thiough 
 at the base. The typical form may be treated in the same way. To many 
 people's taste these monstrous panicles may be objectionable, and to my mind 
 a bush moderately thinned, or not at all, is more elegant and pleasing. Hard 
 pruning and thinning tends to shorten the life of these plants. 
 
 Yar. PR.ECOX, Rehder. This flowers six weeks in advance of the type, at 
 least in the United States, where I have seen it in bloom in the second week 
 in July. 
 
628 
 
 HYDRANGEA 
 
 H. PETIOLARIS, Siebold. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6788 ; H. scandens, Maximowicz.) 
 
 A deciduous climber, reaching in Japan to the tops of trees 60 to 80 ft. high, 
 and attaching itself closely to the trunks and limbs by means of aerial roots ; 
 young stems smooth or hairy, older ones with peeling brown bark. Leaves 
 roundish ovate, straight or heart-shaped at the base, and with short, tapered 
 points ; regularly, sharply, and finely toothed ; i^ to 4^ ins. long, two-thirds to 
 nearly as wide ; dark bright green and smooth" above, paler and often with 
 tufts of down in the vein-axils beneath ; stalk varying in length from j to 4 ins. 
 Corymbs expanding in June, flat, from 6 to 10 ins. across, with large white 
 sterile flowers on the margins, i to if ins. across, and on 'stalks I to i^ ins. 
 
 HYDRANGEA PETIOLARIS. 
 
 long ; the small fertile ones with which the centre is filled being a duller 
 white ; stamens fifteen to twenty-two ; flower-stalks downy. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced in 1878. This climber ascends trees, walls, 
 or whatever support it has, in much the same way as ivy does. It grows 
 vigorously, and flowers well on a wall, but a more effective way of growing it 
 is as a bush in the open, for it is very hardy. A few plants may be put round 
 the base of an upturned tree-stump, boulder, or even a mound, which they will 
 soon climb over and cover. After that, the mass assumes a low, spreading, 
 bushlike form, light and elegant in appearance, and very striking when in 
 flower. This Hydrangea is in gardens often called " Schizophragma 
 
HYDRANGEA 629 
 
 hydrangeoides," a name that belongs to an allied but quite distinct climber. 
 In place of the three- to six-parted sterile blossom of the present species, the 
 sterile flower of the Schizophragma consists of a single ovate sepal, I to i 
 ins. long. 
 
 H. QUERCIFOLIA, Bartram. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, up to 6 or more ft. high in a wild state, rarely seen 
 more than half as high in this country ; young shoots thick and stout, woolly 
 Leaves broadly oval or broadly ovate, sometimes roundish in general outline, 
 but five- or seven-lobed, after the fashion of the large-leaved American 
 red oaks like Quercus rubra ; minutely toothed, 3 to 8 ins. long, two-thirds 
 to fully as wide ; dark dull green and smooth above, downy beneath ; stalk 
 i to i\ ins. long. Panicle erect, 4 to 8 ins. high, round-topped, pyramidal. 
 Outer flowers sterile, I to i^ ins. diameter, white, changing with age to 
 a purplish shade. Fertile flowers very numerous, crowded, \ in. diameter ; 
 petals five, oblong. Flower-stalks furnished with loose hairs. Blossoms 
 from June to September. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States ; introduced in 1803. From 
 all the cultivated Hydrangeas this is readily distinguished by its large 
 scalloped leaves. It is very handsome both in foliage and flower, but 
 is unfortunately rather tender. It suffers at Kew, but in such gardens as 
 that of Canon Ellacombe at Bitton, or Mrs Chambers' at Haslemere, 
 where the conditions are rather more favourable, it thrives remarkably well. 
 It is quite uncommon, and deserves a sheltered position. Propagated by 
 layering. A broader-leaved form is sometimes distinguished as "H. 
 platanifolia." 
 
 H. RADIATA, Walter. 
 
 (H. nivea, Michcux?) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 3 to 5 ft. high ; young branches soon becoming smooth. 
 Leaves ovate or oval, 2 to 6 ins. long, I to 3 ins. wide ; tapered or rounded at 
 the base, taper-pointed, toothed ; upper surface dark green, downy along 
 the veins ; lower one covered with a close snow-white felt ; stalk I to 2 
 ins. long. Corymbs rounded, 4 to 8 ins. across, always with a few large, 
 sterile, long-stalked flowers at the margin, which are I to i ins. across, 
 and white. Fertile flowers very small and numerous, white. Seed-vessels 
 shaped like those of a poppy, with the calyx adhering at the top. Blossoms in 
 July. 
 
 Native of N. and S.' Carolina ; introduced in 1786. The vividly white 
 under-surface of the leaf distinguishes this Hydrangea from all others 
 in cultivation, and gives it a peculiar interest. It is allied to H. arborescens, 
 with which H. cinerea forms a connecting link. 
 
 H. SARGENTIANA, Rehder. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8447.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub of bushy habit, up to 6 ft. high ; young shoots very 
 stout, ribbed, and thickly clothed with stiff transparent bristles and small 
 erect hairs, giving the shoot a remarkable, somewhat mossy aspect. Leaves 
 ovate, with a rounded base, 4 to 5 ins. long, 2 to 3 ins. wide on the flowering 
 shoots ; broadly ovate, with a heart-shaped base, 6 to 10 ins. long by 4 
 to 7 ins. wide on the sterile shoots, deep dull green, and covered with minute 
 hairs above ; pale, bristly, and prominently net-veined beneath ; stalk I 
 to 4^ ins. long, bristly and downy. Flowers produced in July and August 
 
630 
 
 HYDRANGEA 
 
 in a flattlsli corymb 6 to 9 ins. across, with sterile flowers i| ins. across, 
 pinkish white, confined to the outside ; fertile flowers deep rosy lilac ; 
 flower-stalks downy, the main ones bristly also. 
 
 Native of China (W. Hupeh) ; discovered by Wilson, and introduced 
 for Harvard University 'by him in 1908. Very distinct on account of its 
 bristly character. It is rather tender. First flowered at Kew in July 1911. 
 
 HYDRANGEA SARGENTIANA. 
 
 H. THUNBERGII, Siebold. 
 
 (H. serrata, De Candolle ; H. cyanea, Hort?) 
 
 This is probably no more than a distinct variety belonging to the group of 
 dull, green-leaved Hydrangeas to which H. acuminata and H. stellata belong, 
 which are usually placed as varieties of H. hortensis (q.v.\ As represented in 
 gardens it is a small, neat, deciduous shrub, usually 2 ft. in height, the young 
 steins smooth and very dark, ultimately almost black. Leaves oval or ovate- 
 oblong, tapered about equally towards both ends, toothed at the terminal part 
 
HYDRANGEA 631 
 
 only ; i ?, to 3 J ins. long, f to 1 1 ins. wide ; dull green and with appressed hairs 
 above, paler and smooth" beneath except for occasional tufts of down in the 
 vein-axils. Corymbs 2 to 4 ins. across, the sterile flowers ^ to f in. across, the 
 sepals overlapping, broader than long, blue or pink, often with a shallow 
 notch at the apex ; flower-stalks downy. Native of Japan and hardier than 
 H. hortensis, but liable to be injured in hard winters. A dainty shrub, flower- 
 ing in July and August. 
 
 H. VESTITA, Wallich. 
 
 (H. heteromalia, Don.") 
 
 A deciduous shrub, often a small tree in its native places. Leaves oval to 
 narrowly ovate-lanceolate ; 3 to 8 ins. long, i^ to 3 ins. wide ; tapered at both 
 ends or sometimes rounded at the base, finely toothed ; smooth except for 
 some appressed hairs above, covered with a close white down beneath ; stalk 
 | to 1 1 ins. long. Corymbs 4 to 7 ins. across, somewhat thin ; the large, white, 
 sterile flowers at the margin f to I j ins. diameter ; flower-stalks with erect, 
 bristly down. Seed-vessels surmounted by the thickened bases of the two or 
 three styles, and with the calyx persisting as a ring about the middle. Flowers 
 in July and August. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya and China ; introduced in 1821. The distinguish- 
 ing characters of this species are the very downy, whitish under-surface of 
 the leaves, the thickened bases of the persistent styles at the top of the fruit, 
 and the position of the calyx about trie middle. It has been much confused 
 with H. Bretschneideri, which is never so downy beneath the leaf, and has a 
 more tapered apex to the fruit. It is also allied to 
 
 H. ASPERA, Don. a Himalayan and Chinese species having oblong, finely 
 toothed leaves covered beneath with a dense coat of pale down. But the 
 fruit of H. aspera is cup-shaped, the bases of the styles persisting at the top 
 are not thickened, and the calyx band is quite at the top. Also, the bluish 
 sepals of the sterile flowers are frequently toothed, which they never appear to 
 be in H. vestita. 
 
 Neither H. vestita nor H. aspera is so hardy and useful a shrub in gardens 
 as H. Bretschneideri ; they are now rarely seen. Forms of both have been 
 introduced by Wilson from Central and Western China in recent years, which 
 will probably be hardier than the Himalayan types previously known. I have 
 lately seen H. aspera very ornamental at Coombe Wood, the corymbs 4 to 6 
 ins. across, the sterile flowers of a beautiful blue or lavender shade. Wilson 
 also found a completely sterile form of H. aspera (van STERILIS), with a ball 
 of pinkish flowers 4 to 5 ins. across very handsome (Wilson, I473A, Packang, 
 C. China). 
 
 H. XANTHONEURA, Diels. 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 8 ft. or perhaps more high, of loose, thin habit, sending 
 out long slender branches, which are furnished with a few bristly hairs when 
 quite young, and slightly waited. Leaves in threes, ovate or oval, with a short, 
 slender point and rounded base, sharply toothed, 3 to 5 ins. long, i to T.\ ins. 
 wide, dark green and smooth above, pale beneath with whitish appressed hairs 
 on the midrib and chief veins ; stalk \ to if ins. long, slightly bristly. 
 Inflorescence a flattish, corymbose panicle, 5 or 6 ins. across, margined with 
 creamy white, sterile flowers i^ ins. across. Perfect flowers in. across, dull 
 white ; calyx-lobes broadly triangular. 
 
 Native of Central China ; introduced for Messrs Veitch by Wilson about 
 1904. It is a shrub of elegant and distinct habit, and with considerable beauty 
 in flower. It has, perhaps, some affinity with H. Bretschneideri but is, as yet, 
 imperfectly known in gardens. This description was made from a plant that 
 flowered at Coombe Wood in June 1911. 
 
632 HYMENANTHERA HYPERICUM 
 
 HYMENANTHERA CRASSIFOLIA, Hooker fiL VIOLACE^E. 
 
 (Gardeners' Chronicle, 1875, i-i fig- 4 2 
 
 A low, semi-evergreen shrub of dense, rounded habit, 3 to 6 ft. high, 
 twice as much in diameter in this country, with stiff, flat-growing branches, 
 covered when young with a short pubescence. Leaves obovate, entire, 
 rounded or slightly notched at the apex, J to i in. long ; smooth, firm, and 
 thick in texture, densely crowded and alternate on the branches. Flowers 
 almost stalkless, very small (-J- in. wide), borne in leaf-axils, with five 
 brownish, reflexed petals of no beauty, and five stamens. Berry almost 
 globular, about J in. diameter, white. 
 
 Native of New Zealand; first seen in this country about 1875. It 
 is a shrub of great botanical interest in being related to the violet and 
 pansy, and although with not the least beauty of flower, is very attractive 
 in autumn when laden with its abundant pure white berries. It is quite 
 hardy at Kew. One of the finest specimens in the British Isles is in the 
 Glasnevin Botanic Garden, 6 ft. high and 12 to 15 ft. diameter. It 
 retains some of its leaves through the winter, but can scarcely be called 
 evergreen. Propagated by cuttings or by seeds. 
 
 H. CHATHAMICA, T. Kirk, also from New Zealand, is genuinely ever- 
 green, and has lanceolate leaves 3 to 4 ins. long, toothed and prominently 
 veined. Hardy only in the milder parts of Ireland, Cornwall, etc. 
 
 HYPERICUM. HYPERICACE^:. 
 
 A large and well-marked genus, composed mainly of herbaceous plants, 
 but comprising also some twenty or more shrubby and sub-shrubby ones, 
 hardy in this country, and of considerable beauty. The leading character- 
 istics of these species are the five sepals and petals, and the three to 
 five styles of the flower; the capsular fruit usually more or less cone- 
 shaped ; and the invariably opposite or whorled leaves, often dotted with 
 pellucid glands. They rarely grow more than 4 or 5 ft. high in this country, 
 and most of them retain more or less foliage in mild winters ; in severe ones 
 they are deciduous. The stems of some of the species here described 
 are only half woody, and naturally die back some distance every winter. 
 Although the flowers are always yellow in these shrubby species, there 
 is considerable variety among them either in size or depth of shade. 
 The plants themselves vary much in foliage and general aspect. 
 
 In gardens, perhaps the chief value of the Hypericums is in their 
 habit of flowering during late summer and autumn, when comparatively 
 few shrubs remain in bloom. Planted in groups, as the hardier species 
 should always be, they also give during a large part of the year healthy 
 masses of deep green or blue-green foliage. They are of the simplest 
 culture, and all of them like a well-drained loamy soil and abundant 
 moisture. -Many of them produce seeds, and none, so far as I am 
 aware, will not increase easily by cuttings. These should be taken off 
 
HYPER ICUM 633 
 
 in August, dibbled in pots of sandy soil, and placed in gentle heat. 
 Species like H. calycinum and inodorum, that produce creeping root- 
 stocks, are very easily increased by division. 
 
 H. ^GYPTICUM, Linn&us, 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6481.) 
 
 A dwarf, evergreen shrub, I ft. or more high, with round stems. Leaves 
 crowded, ovate or obovate, pointed, \ to in. long, greyish green. Flowers 
 solitary at the end of short twigs, pale golden yellow ; petals erect rather 
 than spreading, in. long ; sepals oblong, erect, half as long as the petals. 
 
 Native of the Mediterranean coasts and islands, but not of Egypt ; said to 
 have been introduced in 1787, but now rarely seen. The reason of this, 
 no doubt, is its tenderness ; it can only be grown permanently either in 
 our mildest districts or with winter protection. This is unfortunate, for 
 it is one of the daintiest and prettiest of its genus. It flowers in August. 
 
 H. ANDROS^EMUM, Linnceus. TUTSAN. 
 
 (Androsaemum officinale, A/h'oni.") 
 
 A half-woody shrub of vigorous bushy habit, 2 to 3 ft. high, with angled or 
 slightly winged stems branching towards the top, and bearing flowers on each 
 branchlet. Leaves slightly aromatic, the largest among hardy Hypericums, 
 and sometimes 3^ to 4 ins. long, 2 to i\ ins. wide ; ovate, blunt at the apex, 
 cordate at the base, and stalkless. Flowers three to nine together in cymose 
 'clusters at the end of the main-stalk and lateral branches ; each flower about 
 I in. across, light yellow ; styles three ; calyx about as wide as corolla. Fruit 
 a three-celled, berry-like capsule, nearly globose, and about the size of 
 a pea, turning first purple, finally almost black, filled when ripe with a wine- 
 coloured juice. 
 
 Native of Europe ; rare in Britain, but sometimes found wild in the south 
 of England and west of Scotland. Although of no great beauty in regard 
 to flower, this species is handsome in its healthy, robust appearance, fine 
 big leaves, and dark fruits. The name "Tutsan" is a corruption of toute-saine 
 (heal-all), and refers to the many curative properties the plant was once 
 supposed to possess. It is one of the best things for furnishing rather 
 shaded places, and flowers from June until September. 
 
 H. ASCYRON, Linnceus. 
 
 A semi-herbaceous species, scarcely woody enough to be termed a shrub, 
 sending up from the ground every year annual stems from 2 to 5 ft. high. 
 Leaves narrowly oblong, \\ to 4 ins. long, rounded at the tip, the base 
 clasping the stem. Flowers 2 ins. across, yellow ; petals broad at the apex, 
 narrowing to a claw at the base. 
 
 Native of N. America and N. Asia, and of little merit for gardens. Its 
 habit is coarse and ungainly, and the lower leaves of the stem die early. 
 Flowers in July and August. 
 
 H. AUREUM, Bartram. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8498.) 
 
 A deciduous, much-branched shrub of rounded habit, about 4 ft. high, 
 often rising on a single stem from which the lower branches have fallen, 
 thus giving it the aspect of a miniature tree ; the older branches covered 
 
634 HYPERICUM 
 
 with a greyish brown, peeling bark young shoots two-winged. Leaves blue- 
 green, oblong, i to 2 ins. long, with a minute, abrupt point, and numerous 
 transparent glands. Flowers in clusters terminating the shoot and its upper 
 branches, orange yellow, i^ ins. across, the stamens forming a dense bush f in. 
 across. The fruit is a three-celled, broad-based cone in. high, with the very 
 large, leaflike, unequal sepals at the base. 
 
 Discovered by Bartram in 1776 "upon the steep dry banks of the Patse-. 
 Lega Creek, a branch of the Flint River," Georgia, this Hypericum, despite 
 its great beauty, does not appear to have reached this country until late 
 in the nineteenth century. Healthy plants flower and set their fruit in 
 extraordinary abundance, and it is wise to remove the latter except such 
 as may be required for seed. It appears to prefer rocky places in its native 
 home, and is often found on the cliffs of river-courses where it gets some 
 shade. It is wild 'in several of the south-eastern United States, and is the 
 handsomest of all the American species. (See densiftorum.) 
 
 H. BALEARICUM, LinnCBUS. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 137.) 
 
 A remarkably distinct species of close, shrubby habit and about 2 ft. high, 
 the steins winged and more or less warted. Leaves 4 to ^ in. long, ovate or 
 oblong, rounded at the tip ; the lower side covered with curious wart-like 
 lumps with a corresponding depression on the upper side ; the margin entire, 
 but very wavy or wrinkled. Flowers terminal and solitary, iijr ins. wide, 
 fragrant ; petals narrow and fragile ; stamens \ in. long. 
 
 Native of the Balearic Isles ; introduced to Britain from Majorca in 1714. 
 This curious plant, quite different in its warted leaves from all other cultivated 
 Hypericums, is, unfortunately, not hardy except in the warmer parts of the 
 country. It flowers from June to September. 
 
 H. BUCKLEYI, Curtis. 
 (Garden and Forest, 1891, fig. 91.) 
 
 A dwarf, deciduous, semi-woody plant forming a dense rounded tuft of 
 slender, angled steins, 6 to 10 ins. high. Leaves 3- to i in. long, oblong or 
 obovate, rounded at the apex, tapered at the base. Flowers one or three at 
 the end of the shoot, bright yellow, \ to i in. diameter ; petals narrowly 
 obovate ; sepals leaflike, spreading in the fruiting stage. 
 
 This charming little shrub is one of the rarest of N. American plants, being 
 confined in a wild state to a few mountain tops in N. Carolina and Georgia. 
 It was introduced to Kew in 1893, but had been discovered fifty years before. 
 Of too fragile and delicate a nature to hold its own in an ordinary shrubbery, 
 it is on the other hand admirably adapted for some nook of the rock garden, 
 where it makes gay little patches in July. It produces abundant seed. Under 
 cultivation its leaves and flowers are considerably larger than in wild examples, 
 and its dainty character is apt to be spoilt by too rich a soil. (See densiflorum.) 
 
 H. CALYCINUM Linnceus. ROSE OF SHARON, 
 AARON'S BEARD. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 146.) 
 
 A low, nearly evergreen shrub, with a creeping root-stalk and erect, 
 obscurely angled, unbranched steins, 12 to 18 ins. high. Leaves rich bright 
 green, ovate oblong, 2 to 3 ins. long, slightly odorous, with little or no stalk. 
 
HYPERICUM 635 
 
 Flowers solitary, rarely in pairs, at the top of the stem, 3 to 4 ins. across, 
 bright yellow ; petals obovate ; sepals green, roundish, f in. long ; stamens in 
 five bundles, yellow, f to i in. long, very numerous ; styles five. 
 
 Native of the Orient. Introduced in the latter part of the seventeenth century, 
 this has proved so well adapted to our climate as to have become naturalised 
 in some parts of the country. On the whole, it is the most useful and not far 
 from the most beautiful of Hypericums, admirable for making a dense carpet 
 on the ground in half-shaded places beneath trees, etc., where most shrubs 
 would not thrive, flowering from the end of June to September. In hard 
 winters it loses much of its foliage, and in any case, if a clean level growth is 
 desired, it is best to cut the old stems down to the ground just as the new 
 growths are pushing from the base in spring. Propagated with the greatest 
 ease by dividing up the plants. 
 
 H. CHINENSE, Linnceus. 
 
 A tender, quite woody species only hardy in the milder parts of the kingdom, 
 growing about 2 ft. high ; stems round. It has evergreen, narrow-oblong 
 leaves, stalkless, i^ to 3^ ins. long, \ to I in. wide. Flowers either solitary or 
 in terminal cymes of three to seven, bright yellow, i to i\ ins. across ; stamens 
 in five bundles, some as long as the petals ; styles united to form one slender 
 tapering column ^ to f in. long, divided at the top into five radiating stigmas. 
 
 Native of China; introduced in 1753; often used as a greenhouse plant, 
 but I have seen it thriving out-of-doors in the Grayswood Hill garden, near 
 Haslemere, flowering in September. Worth trying in the south and west. 
 
 H. DENSIFLORUM, Pursh. 
 
 (Garden and Forest, 1890, fig. 67.) 
 
 An evergreen snrub, 2 to 4 ft. high (6 ft. in its native state) ; branches 
 erect, two-angled. Leaves I to 2 ins. long, usually less than J in. wide, 
 linear-lanceolate, recurved at the edges. Flowers very numerous, in compact 
 cymose panicles ; each flower \ in. across. Fruit three-celled, slender, in. 
 long, subtended by the five oval-oblong, spreading sepals. 
 
 Native of the pine-barrens from New Jersey to Florida, and Kentucky 
 west to Arkansas and Texas. It is a near ally of the commoner H. prolificum, 
 but is smaller in flower and narrower in leaf ; its fruit also is more slender. 
 Some botanists have regarded them as forms of one species. The following 
 arrangement will help towards the identification of the rather confused 
 American species : 
 
 / 
 
 FRUIT THREE- CELLED ; STYLES THREE ; FLOWERS STALKLESS. 
 
 1. Aureum. Flowers i ins. across. 
 
 FRUIT THREE- SOMETIMES FOUR-CELLED ; STYLES THREE ; FLOWERS STALKED. 
 
 2. Galioides. Leaves very narrow (see desc.) ; sepals linear. 
 
 3. Buckleyi. Habit dwarf, compact ; flowers up to I in. wide. 
 
 4. Prolificum. Habit tall, erect ; flowers I in. across. 
 
 5. Densiflorum. Habit tall, erect ; flowers \ in. across. 
 
 FRUIT FIVE-CELLED ; STYLES FIVE. 
 
 6. Lobocarpum. Habit tall, erect ; flowers \ to f in. wide ; leaves green. 
 
 7. Kalmianum. Dwarfer ; flowers | to I in. wide ; leaves glaucous. 
 
 All these species have free stamens, being thereby distinguished from the 
 Asiatic species, which have them in bundles, usually five bundles to each 
 flower. 
 
636 HYPERICUM 
 
 H. ELATUM, Alton. 
 (H. grandifolium, Choisy ; H. multiflorum. Hart.} 
 
 A sub-evergreen shrub, up to 5 ft. high, with slightly angled, branching 
 stems. Leaves aromatic when crushed, deep green, i^ to 3 ins. long, ovate, 
 blunt or rounded at the tip. Flowers borne in abundant cymes at the ends of 
 the shoots and in the axils of the terminal leaves, one to three flowers in each 
 final subdivision of the inflorescence ; each flower yellow, I in. across, with 
 three long styles ; sepals ovate, reflexed in fruit. Fruit dark brown, at first 
 rather pulpy like that of H. Androsaemum, but longer and more tapered at 
 the top. 
 
 Native of the Canary Islands, but now naturalised in some of the milder 
 parts of the British Isles, e.g., the counties of Cornwall, Argyll, Perth, and 
 Down. It is sometimes confounded with H. Androsaemum, but is amply 
 distinguished by the aromatic, smaller foliage, the tapering fruit, and especially 
 the much longer styles. (See also H. hrrcinum.) 
 
 H. EMPETRIFOLIUM, Willdenow. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6764.) 
 
 A dwarf evergreen shrub, up to 12 or 15 ins. high, with slender, erect, 
 angled branches. Leaves produced occasionally in pairs, but usually three at 
 each joint ; \ to \ in. long, linear, with the margins curled under ; stalkless. 
 Flowers in an erect panicle, producing three cymes in each tier ; each flower 
 | to | in. across, pale golden yellow ; sepals small, oblong, with black glands 
 on the margin. Fruit a three-celled capsule J in. long, with the spreading 
 sepals attached at the base. 
 
 Native of Greece and the islands of the Grecian Archipelago ; introduced 
 to the Hammersmith nursery of Messrs Lee in 1788. It is a rather tender 
 plant, and will survive only our mildest winters without protection. But for 
 the warmer counties few more charming dwarf shrubs could be found. Even 
 in cooler districts it is well worth the little protection it requires. Flowers 
 from late July to September. Sometimes confounded with this species is 
 
 H. CORIS, Linnciis (Bot. Mag., t. 6563). This is a semi-shrubby species, 
 native of the south of France, Italy, and the Tyrol, but never reaching so far 
 eastward as H. empetrifolium. It has erect stems, with linear leaves I in. 
 long, produced in whorls of four to six. Panicle terminal, with three to five 
 flowers at the end of each of its whorled branches ; each flower f in. across, 
 golden yellow. It is known to have been cultivated in England in 1640. 
 From H. empetrifolium it differs in the more numerous leaves at each whorl ; 
 its sepals being erect instead of spreading at the fruiting stage ; and in its less 
 woody character. It is also tender. 
 
 H. GALIOIDES, Lamarck. 
 
 (Garden and Forest, 1897, fig. 55.) 
 
 An evergreen bush, 2 to 3 ft. high, of broad, compact habit, and with round 
 (not angled) steins, much branched towards the top. Leaves from f to 2 ins. 
 long, \ in. or less wide ; dark green dotted with pellucid glands ; margins 
 recurved. Flowers \ to in. across, yellow, borne in cymes both terminal and 
 axillary on the many branchlets, and thus transforming the end of each branch 
 into a large panicle of flowers 6 to 10 ins. long and 3 to 4 ins. wide ; sepals 
 and petals narrow. Styles and cells of seed-vessel three ; calyx linear, as long 
 as the fruit. 
 
HYPERICUM 637 
 
 Native of the eastern United States from Delaware to Florida ; introduced 
 to the Jardin des Plantes at Paris about 1790, but almost lost sight of until 1897, 
 when it was reintroduced to Kew from the Arnold Arboretum. It commences 
 to flower in July and continues until October. Its very narrow leaves and 
 terete stems distinguish it among allied species. (See densiflorum.} 
 
 H. HIRCINUM, Linnceus. 
 
 An almost evergreen, semi-woody plant, usually 2 to 3 ft., sometimes 
 4 ft. high, with erect, two-angled stems much branched towards the top. 
 Leaves with a goat-like odour when crushed, ovate, stalkless, I to 2| ins. 
 long. Cymes terminating the stem and its numerous branches ; on strong 
 shoots borne in the leaf-axils also. Flowers i| ins. across, bright yellow, 
 stamens f to i|- ins. long ; styles three, rather shorter than the stamens. 
 Fruit three-celled, ^ in. long, tapered. 
 
 Native of the middle and southern latitudes of Europe and the Mediter- 
 ranean region ; introduced in 1640. It is now established in some parts 
 of Britain, an escape from gardens. The only Hypericum with which it 
 is likely to be confused is H. elatum, but besides its distinctive odour 
 H. hircinum has longer stamens and styles, smaller leaves, later flowers, 
 and the sepals fall away from the fruit. It flowers from early August to 
 October. A very hardy, handsome plant. 
 
 Var. MINOR. Of dwarf, compact, and more rounded habit, about I ft. high ; 
 leaves smaller. Very dainty. 
 
 H. HOOKERIANUM, Wight. 
 (H. oblongifolium, Hooker ; Bot. Mag., t. 4949.) 
 
 A tall, erect species, 3 to 5 ft. high in cultivation, 8 ft. high in nature ; 
 evergreen or partly deciduous according to the locality and winter ; branchlets 
 not angled. Leaves i to 3 ins. long, \ to i^ ins. wide ; ovate, round or 
 pointed at the tip. Flowers in a terminal "cymose cluster, six or more together ; 
 each flower (of which there is usually but one at a time open) 2 ins. across, 
 rather cup-shaped owing to the concave shape of the full, broad, overlapping 
 petals. Stamens in five bundles. 
 
 Native of the Sikkim Himalaya and the mountains of Assam ; originally 
 introduced to cultivation by Thomas Lobb, from near Mufflong, in Assam. It is 
 the handsomest and most vigorous of the North Indian species, hardier 
 than patulum, but liking a sheltered place. It flowers from early August 
 to October. It is apt to become gaunt in habit, and naked at the base with 
 age, and should be renewed from seed when that condition arrives. From 
 its two allies, patulum and lysimachioides, it differs in the branchlets being 
 terete, especially just beneath the inflorescence. 
 
 H. INODORUM, Willdenow. 
 
 An elegant shrub, 3 to 4 ft. high, evergreen, with long, slender, usually 
 unbranched stems compressed or slightly two-winged towards the top, 
 and luxuriantly leafy (the leaf-pairs from to I in. apart). Leaves oblong 
 or ovate, I to 2 ins. long, dull dark green, rounded at the apex, inodorous. 
 Flowers small compared with the size of the plant, and wanting in beauty ; 
 often solitary at the end of the shoot, but on strong shoots produced in 
 small terminal clusters ; they are f or i in. across, with narrow, fragile 
 petals, linear sepals, and three styles ; stamens longer than petals. 
 
 Native of E. Europe and the Caucasus. In its graceful arching habit 
 and strong vigorous growth this species is attractive, but it is one of 
 
638 HYPERICUM 
 
 the most disappointing in its flowers, which appear a few at a time from 
 July to September. It has a creeping root-stalk, and eventually forms a 
 large dense thicket ; it is thus easily increased by division. 
 
 H. KALMIANUJVT; Linn&us. 
 
 (Garden and Forest, 1890, fig. 24 ; Bot. Mag., t. 8491.) 
 
 An evergreen bush, 2 to 3 ft. high, with angled branches. Leaves 
 glaucous green, I to 2 ins. long, \ to \ in. wide ; narrow-oblong or 
 oblanceolate, dotted with transparent glands. Flowers produced in small 
 cymes at the end of the branch and in the axils of the terminal leaves ; 
 f to I in. across, bright yellow ; sepals \ to \ in. long. Fruit ovate, five-celled. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America, where it is confined to the cliffs of rivers 
 and lakes from the Falls of Niagara northwards ; said now to have 
 become rather rare. It is named after Peter Kalm, the famous Swedish 
 naturalist and traveller who discovered it in 1750. Nine years later it 
 was introduced to England, but appears to have disappeared from cultivation 
 for a long period, the plants so-called being always H. prolificum. Mr 
 Dunbar, of the Parks Dept, Rochester, N.Y., has recently sent to Kew 
 seeds of the true plant. H. prolificum has narrower petals and not so 
 handsome a flower, also a three-celled fruit. (See densiflorum.} 
 
 H. LOBOCARPUM, Gatlinger. 
 (Garden and Forest, 1897, fig. 57.) 
 
 A free-growing shrub, 3 to 6 ft. high, with erect, angled branches. Leaves 
 narrowly oblong or oblanceolate, I to 2^- ins. long, scarcely stalked, margins 
 decurved. Flowers in dense cymes forming large leafy panicles ; yellow, about 
 \ in. across ; sepals about \ in. long, styles five ; fruit five-celled. Blossoms in 
 August and September. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States in N. Carolina and Tennessee ; 
 introduced in 1898. It has very much the aspect of prolificum, but differs in 
 its five- celled fruit. (See densiflorum.} 
 
 H. LYSIMACHIOIDES, Wallich. 
 
 An evergreen or semi-evergreen shrub up to 4 ft. in height, but cut to the 
 ground at Kew in severe winters and not likely to grow so high ; branchlets 
 angled. Leaves ovate, pointed, f to i J ins. long, glaucous beneath. Flowers 
 in terminal cymes, each flower I to \\ ins. wide ; petals bright golden yellow ; 
 sepals \ in. long, linear-lanceolate ; stamens very numerous, in five bundles. 
 
 Native of the west Himalaya ; introduced to France in 1894 by Mr 
 Maurice de Vilmorin, and to England ten years later. At Bitton, near Bristol, 
 it thrives admirably, forming a graceful bush 3 or 4 ft. high, and flowering- 
 abundantly. It is nearly allied to H. patulum, but differs in its narrow sepals 
 and smaller flowers. 
 
 H. MOSERIANUM, Andre. 
 
 (Garden, Dec. 17, 1898 coloured plate.) 
 
 A hybrid between H. patulum and H. calycinum, raised in Mr Moser's 
 nursery at Versailles about 1887. It is a dwarf plant of tufted habit, sending 
 up arching, reddish shoots each year I to i J ft. long. Leaves intermediate 
 between those of the parents and up to 2 ins. long, ovate, rather glaucous 
 beneath. Flowers from one to five in a cluster at the end of the shoot, but not 
 
HYPERICUM 639 
 
 more than one of each cluster open simultaneously ; each flower 2 to i\ ins. 
 across, with broad, overlapping, golden yellow petals. Stamens in five bundles. 
 
 This is one of the most attractive of the Hypericums, whose only fault is that 
 it is frequently killed back in winter, and when planted in a group, leaves the 
 ground bare until the young growths push again, which is not until May. It 
 is hardier than H. patulum, although it has inherited the cymose inflorescence 
 of that species, and thus a great flower beauty. A bed at Kevv stood unchanged 
 for twenty years, only protected by dry leaves during hard frost. It flowers 
 from July up to October. 
 
 Var. TRICOLOR. Leaves edged with rose-colour and white. This appeared 
 as a sport on typical H. Moserianum in 1891, but is too delicate to be of much 
 value in the open air except in favoured spots. 
 
 H. PATULUM, Thunberg. 
 (Bot Mag., t. 5693.) 
 
 A dwarf shrub in this country, but said to grow as much as 6 ft. high in 
 Japan and the Himalaya. Leaves I to 2^ ins. long, ovate, deep green above, 
 glaucous beneath. Flowers 2 ins. across, borne in a cyme at the end of the 
 shoot ; petals bright golden yellow, overlapping, roundish ; sepals broadly 
 ovate, ^ in. long. Stamens in five bundles. 
 
 Introduced to Kew from Japan by Oldham in 1862 ; a native also of China 
 and the Himalaya. The type is not absolutely hardy, and almost always has 
 its stems cut back to ground-level during the winter. These spring up again 
 the following season from i to 2 ft. high, and flower from July to October. 
 After a few years the shoots are apt to become more and more weakly and it 
 becomes necessary to renew the stock from cuttings. The only species with 
 which it can be confounded are : H. Hookerianum, from which it differs in the 
 branchlets being two-edged, especially just beneath the flowers ; H. lysima- 
 chioides, which has narrow, linear-lanceolate sepals ; and H. uralum, with 
 flowers half the size. 
 
 Var. HENRYI. A much more robust plant than the type, surviving hard 
 winters uninjured. Leaves larger, thicker in texture ; inflorescence larger, 
 and stems stouter. This fine variety, superior to the type in every way, and 
 one of the best of Hypericums, was introduced to Kew from China in 1898, by 
 Prof. Henry. In general appearance it resembles H. Hookerianum, but has 
 the two-edged branchlets of patulum. 
 
 H. PROLIFICUM, Linnceus. 
 
 (Garden and Forest, 1890, fig. 66.) 
 
 A stout, erect-growing evergreen bush, 3 to 5 ft. high, the growths of the 
 year but little branched, two-edged especially towards the top. Leaves dark, 
 shining green, narrow-oblong, tapering to a short stalk ; \\ to 2^ ins. long, 
 J to \ in. wide, dotted with numerous transparent glands. Flowersln terminal 
 clusters and in the leaf-axils near the end of the shoot ; each flower about I in. 
 across, bright yellow. Fruits three-celled. 
 
 Native of the eastern and Central United States ; introduced about the 
 middle of the eighteenth century. Under cultivation it is the healthiest and 
 most vigorous of the American species, although not so handsome in flower as 
 H. aureum. It bears enormous crops of fruit. Allied to H. densiflorum, it 
 differs in its larger leaves and flowers ; and from H. Kalmianum and 
 H. lobocarpum (which have five-celled fruits) its three-celled ones distinguish 
 it. Commencing to flower in July, it continues for six or eight weeks. (See 
 densiflorum.} 
 
640 HYPERICUM 1DESIA 
 
 H. URALUM, Don. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 2375 ; H. patulum var. uralum, f 
 
 A semi-evergreen shrub, 2 to 3 ft. high, with slightly two-edged, much- 
 branched stems. Leaves ovate or oval, i to i| ins. long, dull green above, 
 glaucous green beneath ; with a faint orange-like aroma when crushed. 
 Flowers produced during August and September in terminal cymes of three 
 to fifteen flowers, each flower i in. across, golden yellow ; petals round, 
 concave, overlapping ; sepals roundish oval, green, fy in. long ; stamens in 
 five bundles, styles five ; fruit five-celled. 
 
 Native of Nepal ; introduced in 1820. The specific name has nothing to 
 do with the Ural Mountains ; it is an adaptation of the Nepalese name for 
 this shrub, " Urala swa." Nearly allied to H. patulum, it is a much freer- 
 growing shrub, with thinner leaves and a hardier constitution, but it is not so 
 handsome in flower. 
 
 HYSSOPUS OFFICINALIS, Linnaus. HYSSOP. LABIATE. 
 
 A low, partially evergreen, aromatic bush, quite woody at the base, 
 ij to 2 ft. high; shoots erect, green, square, covered when young with 
 minute down. Leaves opposite, linear or narrowly oval, \ to ij ins. 
 long, T Y to \ in. wide ; tapered at both ends, very minutely toothed, or 
 roughened at the edges, rich green, glandular-punctate on both surfaces. 
 Flowers produced in close, axillary whorls on the shoots of the year, 
 forming a terminal panicle, and commencing to open about midsummer 
 and continuing until September. From six to twelve or more flowers 
 appear in each whorl, and they of a bluish purple shade in the type, 
 about J in. long, two-lipped. The leaves and young shoots have a 
 pleasant mint-like scent. 
 
 Native of S. Europe, in the Mediterranean region, and W. Asia. 
 Cultivated as a medicinal herb in England since 1548, probably long 
 before. An infusion of hyssop is an old-fashioned remedy for removing 
 phlegm. It is an easily cultivated plant requiring a warm, light soil, and 
 is easily increased by cuttings during the summer and autumn. There is 
 a white-flowered variety. 
 
 IDES I A POLYCARPA, Maximowicz. BIXACE/E. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6794 ; Polycarpa Maximovviczii, Linden.'} 
 
 The genus Idesia consists, so far as is at present known, of one species, 
 a medium-sized, deciduous tree, and commemorates E. I. Ides, a bi^ch- 
 man who travelled in China early in the eighteenth century. The 
 branches of I. polycarpa usually grow out from the trunk horizontally, 
 and the younger ones have a large core of pith. Leaves dark green and 
 quite smooth "above, glaucous beneath, and hairy at the base where the 
 main veins join the stalk ; heart-shaped, contracted at the apex to a 
 short point, rather distantly toothed, and ordinarily about 6 ins. long by 
 5 ins. wide, but occasionally half as large again; leaf-stalk usually thiee- 
 
IDESIA 
 
 641 
 
 fourths as long as the leaf. Flowers yellow-green, without petals, in 
 terminal panicles ; unisexual, and produced on different trees. Male 
 panicles 5 or 6 ins. long, each flower i in. across, the usually five sepals 
 covered, like the flower-stalks, with a short brownish down; stamens 
 numerous. Female flowers smaller, and in a longer, looser panicle 
 than the males, with similar but smaller sepals, and a prominent 
 globular ovary. Fruits hanging like a bunch of small grapes, each 
 berry about the size of a pea, globular, containing numerous seeds 
 
 IDESIA POLYOARPA. 
 
 lying in pulp; at first green, the berries become dark brown, finally a 
 deep red. 
 
 This interesting tree was first made known to Europeans by R. 
 Oldham, the Kew collector, who found it in Japan in 1862-3; it is a 
 native also of China. Soon after, it was introduced to Europe by way 
 of St Petersburg, and was already in the famous arboretum at Segrez in 
 1869. In general appearance it suggests a Catalpa, but the leaves are 
 thicker and not so large. It grows very well in a loamy soil, and is 
 hardy at Kew, where it flowers in June and July and produces fruit 
 annually. As a flowering tree it has no claims to notice, but the fruits 
 make it interesting, and, if the autumn be fine enough to enable them 
 to reach their final stage of colouring, distinct and handsome. Seeds 
 ripen on the Continent, whence they can be obtained, and germinate 
 freely. They afford a better means of increase than cuttings. 
 
 2 S 
 
(542 ILEX 
 
 ILEX. HOLLY. AQUIFOLIACE^E. 
 
 A very large genus of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs 
 found in almost all parts of the habitable globe except Western N. 
 America and Australasia. In gardens they are best known by the 
 evergreen group, especially by I. Aquifolium and its numerous forms. 
 They have very frequently angular young shoots ; leaves alternate, stalked. 
 Flowers of little or no beauty, small, often dull white, produced in the 
 leaf-axils, the males and females usually on separate plants. Petals and 
 stamens four to six. Fruit although commonly called a "berry," really a 
 drupe, usually red or black, with a thin, fleshy outer layer, surrounding 
 one to several nutlets generally termed " seeds." 
 
 The most valuable hollies are undoubtedly those with evergreen 
 foliage, but the deciduous ones, especially those earlier known under 
 the generic name of PRINOS, are sometimes handsome in fruit. Owing 
 to the frequently unisexual character of the plants, these often fail to 
 appear if both sexes are not grown. All the species like a moist, loamy 
 soil. (For propagation, see under /. Aquifolium.} 
 
 I. AQUIFOLIUM, Linnczus. COMMON HOLLY. 
 
 An evergreen tree, up to 80 ft. high, of very leafy, much-branched habit, 
 forming naturally a dense pyramidal mass ; branchlets often clothed more or 
 less with minute dark down. Leaves glossy dark green, I to 3 ins. long, 
 ^ to 2.\ ins. wide ; very variable in size, outline, and toothing. Ordinary seed- 
 raised young trees have very wavy leaves with large, triangular, outstanding 
 teeth i in. long ; but as they increase in height the leaves of the upper branches 
 become less spiny, until finally the tops of good-sized trees will be found 
 almost wholly furnished with quite entire leaves. The spines are no doubt a 
 means of protection against browsing animals, and are no longer needed 
 when the trees become tall. But even very large trees retain their spinine<-s 
 on the lower branches. Flowers small, dull white, short-stalked, fragrant ; 
 produced during May and June, clustered in the leaf-axils. Berries round, 
 red, J in. diameter, containing two to four nutlets. The common holly may be 
 either male, female, or bisexual. 
 
 Native of Europe (including Britain, where it is found wild in all parts 
 except the north-east of Scotland) and W. Asia. The common holly is on the 
 whole the most useful of evergreen trees and shrubs. For providing shelter 
 nothing else equals it, because of its habit of keeping dense near the ground ; 
 and during the dark months a holly tree well laden with its bright red fruit is 
 one of the handsomest and most cheerful objects our winter landscape provides. 
 It makes the best of all evergreen hedges. 
 
 The holly does not transplant well, and unless it he removed with a 
 considerable amount of soil attached to its roots, this operation can only 
 be done safely either about the end of September or in May, when root-activity 
 has commenced. If the roots have been injured in transplanting, it is a good 
 plan to proportionately reduce the top growth by as much as one-half (see 
 chapter on Transplanting). The common holly should be raised from seed. 
 Being slow of germination it is advisable, as with Cratregus, to mix the berries 
 with sand or fine earth in a heap, which should be exposed for a year to all 
 weathers and turned occasionally. This rots the outer covering and allows 
 the two to four nuts or seeds each fruit contains to separate. They are then 
 
ILEX 643 
 
 sown (soil and seed together) shallowly. The varieties do not come true from 
 seed, and have to be propagated by cuttings or by grafting. Cuttings are best 
 made of thin side twigs about 4 ins. long, with a heel attached, and placed in 
 mild heat. They will also take root under a handlight out-of-doors, but are 
 slower. Grafting is done in spring on the seedlings of the type. 
 
 Cultivated, as it has been, for hundreds of years in Britain, the common 
 holly has sported into an enormous number of varieties, most of them hand- 
 some, some curious, and a few worthless. An unfortunate practice, commenced 
 long ago when they were few in number, has obtained of giving them 
 cumbersome Latin names when colloquial ones would have served quite as 
 well. A representative selection of these varieties is given below. 
 
 There is in Europe a well-marked group of evergreen hollies of which 
 I. Aquifolium may be taken as the type, which includes also I. Perado, 
 I. platyphylla, and its variety balearica. The origin of many garden hollies 
 is not known or recorded, but it appears certain that some of the European 
 hollies mentioned, chiefly perhaps the Balearic one, have been concerned in 
 the production of the great race of garden varieties known to-day. Those 
 with large, flattish, often less spiny and less glossy leaves show most strongly 
 the influence of the Balearic holly ; those with smaller, very polished, 
 undulated leaves have inherited a greater proportion of characters from I. 
 Aquifolium, or, like the variegated sorts, are branch sports from it. 
 
 It may be remarked that all variegated hollies whose variegation is in the 
 centre of the leaf have a strong tendency to " run out,' ; that is, to revert to the 
 green sorts from which they originally sprang, and it is necessary to cut out 
 the green twigs as they appear. The marginally variegated ones do not show 
 such a tendency. 
 
 Var. ALTACLERENSIS. Highclere Holly. Leaves dark, slightly glossy 
 green, up to 4^ ins. long, 3 ins. wide ; bark purplish ; spines variable. One 
 of the big-leaved group; male. The holly called "nobilis" scarcely differs 
 from this. 
 
 Var. ARGENTEA MARGINATA. Silver-leaved. Leaves up to 3 ins. long 
 and 2 ins. wide, dark green in the centre with a silvery margin. There are 
 about half a score forms included under this variety, all with white leaf 
 margins amongst them : A. MARGINATA ERECTA, centre of leaf mottled 
 green ; and A. MARGINATA PENDULA (Perry's weeping), branches pendulous. 
 
 Var. ARGENTEA MEDIO-PICTA. Silver Milkmaid. Leaves dark green, 
 with a large blotch of creamy white in the centre. Male and female. 
 
 Var. ARGENTEA REGINA. Silver Queen. The best white variegated 
 sort ; young wood purplish, the variegation clear and broad. A male. 
 
 Var. AUREA MARGINATA. Gold-leaved. This variety, like the "Silver- 
 leaved," includes some half a score forms ; they are all distinguished by the 
 leaves having an unequal margin of yellow. 
 
 Var. AUREA MEDIO-PICTA. Golden Milkmaid. A fine variety, the leaves 
 very wavy at the margin, and the centre golden, with only a thin irregular 
 margin of green. Male and female. 
 
 Var. AUREA PENDULA. Golden weeping. A pendulous variety with 
 purple bark, the dark green centre of the leaf surrounded by a margin of gold. 
 
 Var. AUREA REGINA. Golden Queen. Probably the finest of all 
 variegated golden hollies. Leaves up to 3^ ins. long, 2^ ins. wide, margined 
 with deep yellow ; some leaves wholly yellow. Male. 
 
 Var. CAMELLI^EFOLIA. One of the very finest of green hollies. Leaves 
 dark burnished green, oblong, the largest 5 ins. long and 2 ins. wide, mostly 
 without spines, but sometimes with one to eight spines. Female. 
 
 Var. CHINENSIS, Loesener. A wild Chinese form of I. Aquifolium; 
 introduced by Wilson in 1901, and later. Leaves ovate-hnceolate, 3 to 
 4^ ins. long, \\ ins. wide, very spiny. Distinct from common holly in 
 the long narrow leaves. 
 
644 ILEX 
 
 Var. CRASSIFOLIA. Leather-leaf Holly. An extraordinary variety, with 
 thick, purple young branches. Leaves i| to 2 ins. long, f to J in. wide, 
 very thick and leathery, the triangular spines to J in. long. It has no 
 beauty, but is remarkably curious. Female. 
 
 Var. CRISPA. Screw-leaved. Bark purple. Leaves spirally twisted 
 and contorted, some having several spines, but mostly with few or none. 
 One of the least ornamental. Var. CRISPA PICTA, is a form of it, blotched 
 with yellow in the centre. Male. 
 
 Var. DONNINGTONENSIS. Donnington Holly. An elegant variety with 
 purple bark, glossy, dark purplish green narrow-oblong leaves, with a lance- 
 shaped apex, 2 ins. long, to f in. wide, with a few large spines or none. 
 Male. 
 
 Var. FEROX. Hedgehog Holly. Bark purple. Leaves small, and besides 
 having the usual marginal spines, armed with curious clusters or bands 
 of them on the surface ; male. Var. FEROX ARGENTEA is similar, but 
 the spines and 'margin are white. Var. FEROX AUREA, leaves with the 
 spines and margin green, the centre yellow. 
 
 Var. FISHERI. Fisher's Holly. A fine green-leaved form ; largest leaves 
 4 ins. long by 2| ins. wide ; formidably armed with large spines. Male. 
 
 Var. FLAVESCENS. Moonlight Holly. Leaves as in common holly, but 
 suffused with yellow, especially when young. Female. 
 
 Var. FRUCTU LUTEO. Yellow-fruited. Most of the red-berried species of 
 Ilex have yellow-fruited varieties. This does not differ from the type, except 
 in this respect. Female. 
 
 Var. HANDSWORTH NEW SILVER. One of the best of the white- 
 margined hollies ; bark purple ; leaves up to 3^ ins. long, very dark green, 
 the margin clear white, and armed with large spines. Female. 
 
 Var. HASTATA (kewensis). A curious green-leaved variety of no beauty ; 
 bark purple ; leaves to i ins. long, narrow, the basal part armed with 
 disproportionately large spines. 
 
 Var, HODGINSII. One of the hybrids between Aquifolium and perhaps 
 balearica. Leaves roundish ovate, dull dark green, up to 4 ins. long. 
 A very striking green, berry-bearing variety of vigorous habit. 
 
 Var. LATISPINA. Bark purple ; leaves green, ovate, 2 to 3 ins. long, 
 marked by a long, slender, deflexed point, and one or more irregularly-placed, 
 slender spines on the margin, J to f in. long ; very distinct. 
 
 Var. LAWSONIANA. Leaves dullish green, up to 3^ ins. long, ovate or 
 oval, rather spiny, the centre marked with a large irregular blotch of yellow. 
 A striking holly, but very apt to revert to the green form, known as 
 HENDERSON!. 
 
 Var. MARNOCKII. A fine holly in the way of camelliasfolia, but with 
 proportionately broader leaves, somewhat twisted, entire or armed with 
 large spines. Female. 
 
 Var. MONSTROSA. Resembling latispina, with the apex and spines of the 
 same character, but with more of the latter often four or five down each side. 
 
 Var. MUNDYL A vigorous, striking variety belonging to the hybrid group, 
 showing platyphylla or balearica influence. Largest leaves 4 ins. by 2^ ins. 
 wide, dullish green, oval or roundish oval ; the margins set regularly with 
 short, slender spines, the surface rugose. Male. 
 
 Var. MYRTIFOLIA. Leaves small, mostly about i J ins. long by \ to f in. 
 wide, well armed with slender spines ; sometimes larger and less spiny. 
 
 Var. OVATA. A very distinct and pleasing sort ; bark purple. Leaves 
 especially thick and leathery, dark glossy green, \\ to i\ ins. long, ovate, very 
 regularly armed on the margin with short outstanding spines. Male. 
 
 Var. PENDULA. Weeping. Like the common holly, but with rather stiffly 
 arching and pendulous branches. A striking lawn tree. (For the variegated 
 "Perry ; s weeping," see argentea marginata.} 
 
ILEX 645 
 
 Var. RECURVA. A dwarf kind with small, very spiny leaves, dark green, 
 ovate, i to if ins. long, the midrib much decurved, the blade also twisted. 
 Male. 
 
 Var. SCOTICA. A very distinct sort, with lustrous deep green oval leaves 
 up to 3 ins. long, remarkable for the entire absence of marginal spines ; the 
 apex is sometimes spine-tipped, usually blunt Female. 
 
 Var. SCOTICA AUREA. Has a central blotch of yellow ; a sport from the 
 above; raised by Paul of Cheshunt. 
 
 Var. SHEPHERDII. A fine holly in the way of Hodginsii, but with bright 
 green leaves, the largest of which are 4 ins. long, 2^ ins. wide. 
 
 Var. SMITHII. Of the same type as donningtonensis, but without the intense 
 purple bark and purple tinge in the leaves of that variety. Male. 
 
 Var. WATERERIANA. Waterer's Holly. A dwarf compact kind usually 
 wider than high, and dense in habit. Leaves often quite without marginal 
 spines or only a few ; dark green with a rich yellow border. Male. 
 
 Var. WlLSONi. One of the finest of the platyphvlla or balearica hybrids. 
 Leaves only slightly glossy, up to 5 ins. long by nearly 3 ins. wide, well armed 
 at the edges with spines J in. long. Female. 
 
 I. CORXUTA, Lindley. HORXED HOLLY. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 5059.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 8 to 10 ft. perhaps more high ; of bushy, dense, 
 rounded habit, and usually wider than high ; young shoots smooth, pale, and 
 somewhat angular the first year. Leaves leathery, dark glossy green, i^ to 4 
 ins. long, i to 3 ins. wide ; of variable shape, but usually more or less rectangular, 
 often comparable in outline to a flying bat, with four large spines at the coiners 
 representing the outstretched limbs ; there is, in addition, always a terminal 
 spine usually much decurved, and frequently one or two pairs of smaller spines 
 at the sides. The number of spines therefore varies from five to nine, and they 
 are rigid and needle-pointed ; but on the upper branches of old specimens ihe 
 spines are fewer or absent, as in the common holly ; stalk \ in. or less long. 
 Flowers small, dull white, produced in axillary clusters in April. Fruit round, 
 red, larger than in common holly, borne on a stalk ^ to in. long. 
 
 Native of China ; found by Fortune near Shanghai, and sent by him to 
 Messrs Standish of Bagshot in 1846. It is still a rather uncommon plant, 
 although quite hardy in the London district. Of comparatively slow growth, 
 and of neat compact habit, it is suitable for positions where many evergreens 
 would soon become too large. Its distinct and handsome foliage also makes 
 it interesting, but it bears fruit only shyly. 
 
 I. CREXATA, Thunberg. JAPANESE HOLLY. 
 
 An evergreen shrub, usually 3 to 6 ft. high, of very dense, rigid, compact 
 habit ; young shoots angular, and covered with minute dark down. Leaves 
 crowded, oblong-lanceolate, \ to f in. long, \ to \ in. wide ; tapered at 
 the base to a short stalk, sharply pointed and with a few fine incurved teeth 
 at the margins ; glossy green, and of hard texture. Flowers dull white ; 
 fruit black. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced to Europe about 1864. It is not easy to 
 ascertain what is the typical form of this holly, but the one above described 
 is what is commonly regarded as such very distinct in its close habit and 
 small leaves, and rarely more than 3 or 4 ft. high. But the two following 
 are very distinct hollies from Japan also attributed to this species. 
 
 Var. MAJOR (syn. elliptica). A small tree, occasionally 20 ft. high, with 
 
646 ILEX 
 
 box-like, oval leaves, J to i% ins. long, J to f in. wide, minutely round-toothed. 
 Fruit black, round, j in. diameter, on stalks j in. or less long. By some this 
 is regarded as Thunberg's type. 
 
 Var. MARIESII (Ilex Mariesii, Veitcft). Whilst var. major represents one 
 extreme of this variable species, var. Mariesii represents the other. It is 
 a very stiff-habited, extraordinarily dwarf holly, with stunted twigs hidden 
 by orbicular or broadly ovate leaves about j in. wide, sometimes entire, 
 sometimes with a pair of shallow teeth near the apex. Fruits black, on 
 stalks ^g- in. long. Interesting for the rock garden as a pigmy. Introduced 
 for Messrs Veitch by Maries about 1879. It only grows part of an inch 
 a year. Perhaps a distinct species. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATA. A form with leaves of the same shape and size as 
 the type, but spotted or blotched with yellow, sometimes wholly of that colour. 
 
 Ilex crenata in all its forms is a popular shrub in Japan. It is used 
 largely for clipping into fantastic shapes, also as a dwarf hedge. I have 
 been told by a traveller that so dense and hard are some of these flat-topped 
 hedges there, that a man can walk along the top of them. It can be increased 
 by cuttings, and is quite hardy 
 
 I. DECIDUA, Walter. 
 
 (I. prinoides, Aiton^) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, usually 5 to 10 ft. high, occasionally a small tree up 
 to 30 ft. in the southern parts of its habitat ; shoots smooth and covered with 
 a grey bark. Leaves oval or narrowly obovate, tapered at both ends, often 
 blunt at the apex, shallowly round-toothed ; I to 2^ ins. long, \ to f in. wide ; 
 of firm texture, smooth except along the midrib ; stalk downy, \ to \ in. long. 
 The leaves are often crowded on short lateral spurs. Male flowers on slender 
 stalks \ in. long ; females on shorter ones. Fruits round, orange to scarlet, 
 |- in. diameter. 
 
 Native of the south-eastern United States ; introduced in 1760. It 
 occasionally bears a good crop of its berries, which are very persistent on 
 the branches. The branches do not break into leaf until May, and the 
 fruits formed the previous autumn are then still remaining. From the red- 
 fruited I. verticillata and I. laevigata, this differs in having the nutlets many- 
 ribbed ; in the others they are smooth. Its habit of producing short spurs 
 crowded with leaves and flowers also gives it a distinct aspect. 
 
 I. DIPYRENA, Wallich. HIMALAYAN HOLLY. 
 
 An evergreen tree, ultimately 40 ft. or more high, the angular young shoots 
 and winter buds minutely downy. Leaves oblong or narrowly oval, tapered 
 at the base, slenderly pointed and spine-tipped, 2 to 5 ins. long, f to i^ 
 ins. wide ; dull, opaque green, leathery ; stalk \ in. or less long. Like the 
 common holly it is very spiny on the margins when young, but as the plant 
 attains maturity the spines become fewer and finer, and ultimately the leaves 
 of the upper branches become entire. Flowers very numerous, in dense 
 round clusters in the leaf-axils. Fruits oval, red, large for a holly, commonly 
 two-seeded. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya. Whilst inferior to the common holly as an 
 ornamental evergreen, both in the lack of lustre on the foliage, and as rarely 
 bearing fruit, this species is interesting and worth growing for its distinctness. 
 There is an example at Kew over 20 ft. high and 17 ft. through, which makes 
 a handsome specimen. I have never known this tree injured ; even the 
 great frosts of February 1895 did not affect it. But in a young state the 
 species is susceptible to intense cold, and the Kew tree was killed back to 
 ground-level in 1867. 
 
ILEX 647 
 
 I. ELLIPTICA (I. dipyrena var. elliptica, Dallimore). Although commonly 
 regarded as a form* of the common holly, this is, no doubt, a variety or 
 (more likely) a hybrid of the Himalayan one, which in general appearance 
 it closely approaches, the leaves being a dull green, although shorter and 
 comparatively broader. 
 
 I. FARGESII, Franchet. FAROE'S HOLLY. 
 
 An evergreen small tree, up to 15 or 20 ft. high, quite devoid of down in 
 all its parts. Leaves narrow-oblong or narrowly oblanceolate, 2 to 5 ins. long, 
 f to f in. wide ; slenderly tapered and entire towards the base, more abruptly 
 tapered towards the apex, where are a few incurved teeth ; dull green ; stalk 
 1- to \ in. long, reddish. Fruit red, globose, often in threes or fours in the 
 leaf-axils, \ in. diameter ; stalk \ in. long, reddish. 
 
 Native of W. China, in the province of Szechuen ; introduced by Wilson for 
 Messrs Veitch in 1900. It is not a species of great promise as an ornamental 
 evergreen, but is remarkably distinct in its long, narrow, opaque leaves. On 
 young plants they are more toothed towards the base than in adult ones. 
 
 I. GLABRA, A. Gray. INKBERRY. 
 
 (Prinos glaber, Linnceus.*) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, 2 to 5 ft. high, with erect branches, densely leaty ; 
 young shoots angular, minutely downy, Leaves narrowly obovate to oblanceo- 
 late, entire, or with a few obscure teeth near the apex ; f to if ins. long, to 
 f in. wide ; dark green above, paler beneath, glossy and smooth on both 
 surfaces ; stalk ^ to ^ in. long. Male flowers borne three or more together on 
 a slender stalk ; females solitary ; both very small. Fruit round, black, J in. 
 diameter. 
 
 Native of Eastern X. America ; introduced in 1759. Emerson says this 
 shrub is occasionally found 8 or 9 ft. high, but it is very slow-growing, and 
 plants I know to be forty years old are only 3 or 4 ft. high. It is a neat-habited 
 evergreen, quite unarmed, but of no particular merit, and rather like a 
 Phillyrea. 
 
 I. IXSIGNIS, Hooker fit. 
 
 It is unfortunate that this splendid holly can only be grown in the milder 
 parts of the British Isles. At Kew it has to be given the protection of a cool 
 greenhouse. It is a small evergreen tree without any down ; branchlets stout, 
 silvery grey, lustrous. Leaves oblong, inclined to ovate ; 5 to 9 ins. long, 2 to 
 2^ ins. wide ; slender-pointed, tapered at the base, armed at the edges with 
 small spine-tipped teeth ; dark dull green ; midrib pale green, prominent ; stalk 
 | to i in. long, purplish. Fruit bright red, roundish oval, f in. long, scarcely 
 stalked. 
 
 Native of Sikkim at 6000 to 8000 ft. In a small or seedling state it is quite 
 distinct, the leaf-margins being wavy and formidably armed with numerous 
 spiny teeth \ to \ in. long, pointing different ways. 
 
 I. INTEGRA, Thunberg 
 
 (Othera iaponica, flort.") 
 
 An evergreen tree, 30 to 40 ft. high in Japan, about half as high at present 
 in this country ; pyramidal when young ; young shoots angled, smooth. 
 Leaves obovate or oval, ii to 4 ins. long, f to i^ ins. wide, tapered more 
 
648 ILEX 
 
 gradually to the stalk and to the blunt apex ; margin quite devoid of teeth or 
 spines ; dark glossy green ; stalk j to | in. long. Fruit deep red, globose, 
 nearly | in. diameter. 
 
 Native of China, Japan, and Corea ; introduced in 1864. This is distinct 
 from the large-leaved hollies in the entire absence of spines on the leaves of 
 either old or young plants. It is a handsome evergreen, slightly tender when 
 raised from seed the first one or two winters, but perfectly hardy afterwards. 
 Specimens that bear fruit are at Osborne, Isle of Wight ; Abbotsbury, in 
 Dorset ; Enys, in Cornwall ; and, no doubt, in other places also 
 
 I. L^VIGATA, A. Gray. SMOOTH WlNTERBERRY. 
 (Prinos laevigatus, Purs/i.") 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 to 8 ft. high ; young shoots smooth. Leaves narrowly 
 oval, obovate or lanceolate, tapered at both ends ; i^ to 7\ ins. long, \ to f in. 
 wide ; finely pointed, obscurely toothed, pale green and glossy on both surfaces, 
 and smooth except sometimes for a little down along the veins beneath ; 
 stalk \ in. or less long. Male flowers on slender stalks \ to f in. long ; female 
 ones on very short stalks ; calyx glabrous. Fruit orange-red, 3 in. diameter, 
 solitary. 
 
 Native of the eastern United States ; introduced in 1812. This is not 
 so well known in gardens as I. verticillata, nor is it perhaps so ornamental 
 with us. It is closely allied to that species, under the notice of which some 
 distinctions are pointed out. It may be added here that the leaf-stalks are 
 generally shorter and the fruits larger in I. Isevigata. Both species affect 
 low, wet situations in a wild state. 
 
 Var. HERVEYI, Robinson. Fruits yellow. 
 
 I. LATIFOLIA, Thunberg. TARAJO. 
 
 An evergreen tree, occasionally 50 to 60 ft. high in Japan, rarely more 
 than 20 ft. high in this country ; young shoots very stout, \ in. diameter, 
 angular, not downy. Leaves very thick, dark lustrous green, oblong ; 4 to 8 
 ins. long, \\ to 3 ins. wide ; tapered about equally at both ends, the marginal 
 teeth shallow and not spiny ; the under-surface is rather yellow ; stalk ^ to r 
 in. long. Fruit red, globose, \ in. diameter, crowded in considerable numbers 
 on short axillary racemes. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced to Europe by Siebold in 1840. Although 
 this species is hardy at Kew it does not succeed very well. But a few miles 
 to the south it thrives admirably in favourable situations ; there are fine 
 specimens at Claremont and at Leonardslee, and no doubt still larger ones 
 in Devon and Cornwall ; at Chaddlewood, Plympton, it is over 20 ft. high. 
 Sargent regards it as the handsomest broad-leaved evergreen of Japan. 
 
 I. MACROCARPA, Oliver. 
 (Hooker's Icones Plantarum, t. 1787.) 
 
 There is not much to be said as yet about this holly. It is a native of 
 Szechuen and Hupeh in China, and was introduced by Wilson during his 
 third expedition to China in the autumn of 1907, when collecting for Harvard 
 University. It is a tree up to 50 ft. high, deciduous ; its branchlets and leaves 
 perfectly glabrous on cultivated plants. Leaves oval to ovate, 2^ to 4 ins. 
 long, i \ to if ins. wide ; broadly wedge-shaped at the base, shortly acuminate, 
 finely and shal lowly toothed, dark green above, glossy green beneath. These 
 
ILEX 649 
 
 characters are taken from plants raised from seed in the spring of 1908. In 
 wild specimens the leaves are larger ; the flowers are described as appearing 
 one to three together, and the fruit is f in. diameter. It appears to be quite 
 hardy, and grows vigorously. 
 
 I. MONTICOLA, A. Gray. MOUNTAIN HOLLY. 
 
 A deciduous shrub (sometimes a tree in a wild state), with smooth young 
 steins. Leaves ovate to oval, with a long, tapering, lanceolate point, and a 
 wedge-shaped base, sharply toothed ; 2 to 5 ins. long, f to 2^ ins. wide ; pale 
 green, smooth, or downy only on the midrib and veins ; stalk slender, to 
 f in. long. Flowers white, the males crowded at the end of short spur-like 
 branches, or in the leaf-axils of the previous year's growth, along with two cr 
 three leaves ; the females short-stalked, fewer, often solitary. Fruit globose, 
 bright orange red, f in. across, borne on stalks about J in. long. 
 
 Native of the eastern United States from New York State southwards. 
 It is allied to I. decidua, having the fruits red, the seeds many-ribbed at the 
 back, and leaves often clustered on short spurs, but I. decidua has round- 
 toothed leaves usually widest above the middle, and blunt at the apex. 
 Introduced to Kew from N. Carolina in 1899, but possibly in cultivation 
 earlier. 
 
 J. OPACA, Aiton. AMERICAN HOLLY. 
 
 An evergreen tree, sometimes 40 to 50 ft. high in a wild state, with a 
 trunk 6 to 9 ft. in girth, resembling the common holly in habit ; young shoots 
 minutely downy. Leaves dull green above, yellow-green beneath, oval, 
 tapered more abruptly at the base than at the spine-tipped apex ; i| to 3^ ins. 
 long, half as wide ; the margins armed with broad, spine-tipped teeth, which 
 tend to disappear from the uppermost leaves of adult specimens ; stalk 
 grooved, j to ^ in. long, minutely downy. Male flowers in three- to nine- 
 flowered, slender-stalked cymes ; females usually solitary ; all small, dull 
 white ; calyx-lobes edged with minute hairs. Fruit red, round, J in. diameter, 
 on a stalk about as long. 
 
 Native of the eastern and Central United States ; introduced in 1744. In 
 gardens this species is only likely to be confused with the Himalayan 
 I. dipyrcna, which has similarly opaque, evergreen foliage, but that species 
 has longer narrow leaves with shorter stalks, and much shorter-stalked, more 
 congested flower-clusters. The fruit also is larger. I. opaca sometimes bears 
 fruit very freely in this country, and is then ornamental, but it is never so 
 attractive as our common native species. The largest specimen I know is at 
 Kew, 25 ft. high, two-thirds as wide. 
 
 Var. XANTHOCARPA, Rehder. Fruits yellow ; has been found wild in 
 Massachusetts. Introduced in 1901. 
 
 I. PEDUNCULOSA, Miguel. 
 
 An evergreen shrub, or a tree up to 20 or 30 ft. high ; young shoots smooth. 
 Leaves unarmed, ovate or oval, tapering or rounded at the base, slender 
 pointed, margins entire ; i^ to 3 ins. long, f to i^ ins. wide ; dark glossy green 
 and smooth ; stalk ^ to f "in. long. The chief peculiarity of this holly is the 
 length of the fruit-stalk, which is i to ii ins. long, so that the bright red fruits, 
 each j in. across, stand out conspicuously. 
 
 Native of Japan : introduced by Sargent in 1893. It: is probably not now 
 in cultivation, although it ought to be hardy. 
 
 Var. CONTINENTALIS, Loesener Introduced by Wilson to the Coombe 
 Wood nursery from Hupeh, China, in 1901 and 1907, this differs from the 
 
650 ILEX 
 
 Japanese type in having leaves up to 4 or 5 ins. long, and a minutely ciliate 
 calyx. It is apparently quite hardy. There is a line of minute down on the 
 midrib above, and the young plants at Coombe Wood have the leaves incon- 
 spicuously toothed perhaps a juvenile character only. 
 
 I. PER ADO, Alton. 
 
 (Loddiges' Botanical Cabinet, t. 549.) 
 
 An evergreen tree, hardy in the warmer parts of the kingdom, with deep 
 green leathery leaves of variable shape, oval, ovate or obovate ; 3 to 5 ins. 
 long, i^ to 2?r ins. wide ; sometimes entire, sometimes with spiny teeth, the 
 apex often blunt or rounded. Berries deep red, roundish oval, \ in. in diameter, 
 on stalks about as much long, crowded in the leaf-axils. 
 
 Native of the Canary Islands and the Azores ; cultivated in Britain since 
 1760. It thrives very well in the Isle of Wight and in Ireland, and no doubt 
 elsewhere, but like I. platyphylla is confounded with I. Aquifolium. It may 
 have hybridised with that species, and thus become a parent of some of the 
 large-leaved, less spiny garden hollies. It differs from I. Aquifolium in the 
 distinctly winged leaf-stalk, at each side of which beneath there is a groove. 
 The spines also are much shorter. 
 
 I. PERNYI, Franchet. 
 
 An evergreen small tree, occasionally 20 to 30 ft. high in a wild state, more 
 often a shrub half as high ; branches stiff, densely furnished with leaves, and 
 clothed with a short dense pubescence when young. Leaves squarish at the 
 base, with a long triangular apex and two large spines, and often a smaller one, 
 at each side ; f to 2 ins. long, to I in. wide ; dark glossy green, leathery ; 
 stalk T l ;j in. long, at first downy like the young shoot. Flowers pale yellow, 
 produced in minute axillary clusters, the sepals roundish and edged with 
 minute hairs. Fruit stalkless or nearly so, red, roundish oblong, \ in. 
 diameter. 
 
 Native of Central and W. China ; discovered in 1858 by the Abbe Perny ; 
 introduced by Wilson for Messrs Veitch in 1900. It appears to be widely 
 spread and common in certain parts of China. It bears most resemblance to 
 I. cornuta, but its smaller leaves, with the apices much more elongated, and 
 its downy shoots distinguish it. Its habit, in a young state at least, is 
 slenderly pyramidal and very shapely, and altogether it is a charming addition 
 to dwarf, slow-growing evergreens. Paul Perny, after whom it is named, was 
 a courageous French missionary who worked in the province of Kiuchu 
 between 1850 and 1860. He was the first naturalist who explored that 
 province, which he is said to have originally entered in the guise of a Chinese 
 beggar. 
 
 Var. VEITCHII, Hort, has larger and especially broader leaves. 
 i 
 
 I. PLATYPHYLLA, Webb. CANARY ISLAND HOLLY. 
 
 An evergreen tree, 30 or more ft. high, of densely leafy, bushy habit, young 
 shoots minutely scurfy or downy. Leaves broadly oval, very stiff and leathery, 
 rounded or tapered at the base, usually pointed and spine-tipped at the apex, 
 3 to 6 ins. long, 2 to 3^ ins. wide ; the margins set with short spines, irregular 
 in number and size, often entire ; stalk | in. long, covered with scurfy down. 
 Fruits deep red, f- in. diameter, on stalks ^ in. long. 
 
 Native of the Canary Islands, cultivated in Britain since 1760. From 
 I. Aquifolium it is not very easy to distinguish this species in words, although 
 it is distinct enough in general appearance. Its leaves are larger and duller, 
 
ILEX 651 
 
 the teeth are smaller, the leaf-stalk flatter and the blade less undulated at the 
 margin. It is pretty certain that either it or balearica, a geographical variety 
 mentioned below, share in a greater or less degree the parentage of many 
 garden hollies, especially those with big, flattish, rather dull-surfaced leaves. 
 The true platyphylla of Webb (different from the holly so called in gardens.) 
 is probably tender. 
 
 Var. BALEARICA (I. balearica, Desfontaines). Leaves ovate or oval, 2 to 3^ 
 ins. long, I to 2 ins. wide, stout and dark green ; spines usually few and 
 irregular or absent. Female plant in gardens. Native of the Balearic Islands 
 and S. Spain. 
 
 Var. MADERENSIS. Leaves ovat or oval, 2^ to 3^ ins. long, bright green, 
 the margins uniformly spiny, the spines pointing forwards. Very close to 
 balearica. A variegated holly known as MADERENSIS VARIEGATA, with an 
 irregular yellow blotch in the centre, is probably a hybrid in whose origin 
 I. Aquifolium has a share, as indicated by the large spines and wavy margin. 
 
 Var. NIGRESCENS. A fine dark green variety, the largest leaves of which 
 are 4 ins long by 2| ins. wide, ovate, sparsely and irregularly spiny. A male. 
 
 I. SERRATA, Thunberg. 
 
 (I. Sieboldii, Miquel^ 
 
 A deciduous shrub, up to 12 or 15 ft. high, with spreading branches ; young 
 shoots angled, zigzag, minutely downy. Leaves oval and ovate to somewhat 
 obovate ; tapered at both ends, usually more slenderly at the apex ; finely 
 toothed, i to 3 ins. long, \ to I in. wide ; dull green above, and soft with 
 minute down when young, becoming smooth later ; covered with a more 
 conspicuous, persistent down and prominently veined beneath ; stalk \ in. or 
 less long; downy. Flowers inconspicuous in axillary clusters. Fruit red, 
 globose, \ in. diameter. 
 
 Native of Japan ; apparently introduced for the first time in 1893 to Kew 
 from Yokohama, but known in the United States since about 1866. It is quite 
 hardy, and bears good crops of fruit. It has very much the aspect of the North 
 American I. verticillata, but is not so ornamental, the fruits being smaller and 
 scarcely so bright ; its leaves are also more finely toothed. Sargent observes 
 that the leafless branches are sold in immense quantities in Tokyo for house 
 decoration ; for this purpose they are admirably suited, as the berries hang on 
 and retain their colour a long time. 
 
 Var. LEUCOCARPA. Fruits white ; leaves shorter and broader. Introduced 
 in 1893. 
 
 I. VERTICILLATA, A. Gray. BLACK ALDER WINTERBERRY 
 
 (Prinos verticillatus, Linnceits.') 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 6 to 10 ft. high, of spreading habit ; young shoots 
 smooth. Leaves oval, obovate, or lanceolate, tapered at both ends ; i to 3 
 ins. long, ^ to I in. wide ; shallowly and often doubly toothed ; smooth above, 
 downy beneath, especially on the midrib and veins ; stalk J to in. long. 
 Male flowers in clusters of six or more in the leaf-axils ; female ones fewer. 
 Calyx edged with small hairs. Fruits often solitary or in pairs, bright red (or, 
 in var. CHRYSOCARPA, Robinson, yellow), J in. diameter, round. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; introduced in 1736. This is the most 
 ornamental of the American deciduous hollies, and is frequently very showy in 
 autumn with the glossy scarlet berries, which are in full colour before the 
 leaves fall. The only species with which it is likely to be confused is 
 I. laevigata (y.v.), a species which has also red fruits and is deciduous. It 
 
652 ILEX ILLICIUM 
 
 differs from this by its smooth or nearly smooth leaves ; its long, slender- 
 stalked male flowers ; its calyx margins not being hairy ; and by its solitary 
 fruits. I. verticillata is somewhat variable, and American botanists distinguish 
 the following varieties : 
 
 Var. CYCLOPHYLLA, Robinson. Leaves small, roundish, rather clustered at 
 the end of the twig, finely downy on the veins beneath. 
 
 Var. PADI FOLIA (Prinos padifolius, Willdenow}. Leaves downy all over the 
 lower surface. 
 
 Var. TENUIFOLIA (Prinos tenuifolius, Torrey]. Leaves thinner and less 
 downy than in the type. Female flowers more often solitary. 
 
 
 
 I. VOMITORIA, Aiton. CASSENA. 
 
 (I. Cassine, Walter not Linnceus?) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, sometimes a small tree, 15 to 20 ft. high ; young 
 shoots rigid, spreading, covered with a minute down. Leaves smooth, glossy 
 dark green, narrowly oval or inclined to ovate, tapered at the base, bluntish 
 at the apex, the margin shallowly and remotely toothed ; \ to \\ ins. long, 
 j to f in. wide ; stalk ^ to \ in. long, downy like the young wood. Flowers 
 produced in axillary clusters on the year-old wood, the males numerous and on 
 stalks \ in. long ; females solitary or in pairs. Fruit scarlet, round, \ in. 
 diameter. 
 
 * Native of the south-eastern United States ; introduced in 1700. A neat 
 evergreen shrub something like a Phillyrea in appearance, but incapable of 
 withstanding our hardest winters. 
 
 I. YUNNANENSIS, Franchet. 
 
 An evergreen shrub, ultimately 10 to 12 ft. high, with bright green 
 branchlets covered with outstanding down which persists two years. Leaves 
 of a beautiful brownish red when quite young, becoming glossy green with 
 age, ovate, rounded at the base, acutely pointed, round-toothed, f to ig^ ins. 
 long, rather more than half as wide. Fruit about |- in. diameter, red. 
 
 Native of W. China ; introduced by Wilson about 1901, and since cultivated 
 in the Coombe Wood nursery. It has not yet flowered under cultivation, but 
 is worth growing as a neat, cheerful-looking evergreen. It was first discovered 
 by Delavay, afterwards by Henry. It is allied to I. crenata, but the leaves are 
 more leathery, the branches more downy, and the fruit red. 
 
 ILLICIUM. ANISE TREES. MAGNOLIACE^:. 
 
 A small genus of evergreen shrubs or small trees allied to Magnolia, 
 with an agreeable aromatic odour resembling that of aniseed. Leaves 
 alternate, entire. Fruit starlike, the carpels being borne round a central 
 axis. Two species are grown out-of-doors in the British Isles, one from 
 the S.E. United States, the other from China and Japan. Both are 
 rather tender. They prefer a partially peaty soil, especially until well- 
 established, and can best be propagated by layers. 
 
 I. FLORIDANUM, Ellis. POISON BAY. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 439.) 
 
 A shrub 6 to 8 ft. high, of compact, much-branched habit. Leaves 3 or 4 
 ins. longj lance -shaped to narrowly oval, tapered at both ends, entire, leathery, 
 
ILTJCIUM INDIGOFERA 653 
 
 smooth. Flowers borne singly near the end of the shoots, each one composed 
 of from twenty to thirty strap-shaped, pointed petals, f to I in. long, maroon- 
 purple. Fruit a little over i in. wide. 
 
 Native of the southern United States ; first found by Bartram in W. Florida 
 in 1766, and introduced to England five years later. A small specimen has 
 lived outside for a long time without protection in the Coombe Wood nursery, 
 where it stands on a sunny slope, but as a rule near London it requires the 
 shelter of a wall or some winter covering. It is really best adapted for 
 Cornwall and places with a similar climate. The whole plant is permeated 
 with an agreeable aromatic fragrance. 
 
 I. RELIGIOSUM, Siebold. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 3965.) 
 
 A shrub or small tree, the young branches of which are smooth, green 
 spotted with brown. Leaves 2 to 3 ins. long, | to i in. wide, narrowly oval, 
 blunt at the apex, tapering at the base to a short, thick stalk. Flowers about 
 i in. across, produced singly or in pairs from the leaf-axils, not fragrant. 
 Petals narrow, numerous (up to thirty), pale greenish yellow. 
 
 Native of Japan and China ; introduced in 1790. Flowers from March to 
 May. Hardy in Cornwall, Scilly, the south of Ireland, etc., this, near London, 
 is suitable for a wall or specially sheltered spot. The leaves and wood 
 have a strong aromatic and agreeable fragrance. This shrub was long thought 
 to be the " star anise " of the Japanese and Chinese, but that tree is really 
 quite a different species, now known as I. VERUM. (See J. D. Hooker in 
 Bot. Mag., t. 7005.) I. religiosum thrives well at Leonardslee. 
 
 INDIGOFERA. LEGUMINOS^. 
 
 A large genus of herbs and shrubs, notable in containing the indigo 
 plant (I. tinctoria). Of the shrubby species a few may be grown out-of- 
 doors 1n Britain, but the shoots in our climate, although woody, are 
 usually of only annual duration, unless given the protection of a wall. 
 Leaves pinnate; flowers pea-shaped, and produced -in axillary racemes. 
 Pod long and narrow. 
 
 The four species here included are all handsome plants, requiring 
 a good, but not a heavy, loamy soil, and a sunny position. They are 
 increased by cuttings made of half-ripened shoots placed in a close, 
 slightly heated frame. The cuttings should be kept under glass the first 
 winter, remaining in their pots until spring. 
 
 I. DECORA, Lindley. 
 
 CBot. Mag., t. 5063.) 
 
 A lo.w deciduous shrub, i to 2 ft. high, perhaps more in milcl districts. 
 Stems reddish brown, slender, bearing pinnate leaves 4 to 6 ins. long at 
 intervals of i to i^ ins. Leaflets in three and a half to six and a half pairs on 
 each leaf; i to 2^ ins. long, | to i in. wide ; ovate-lanceolate to oval, with a 
 short, abrupt, bristle-like tip ; smooth above, furnished beneath with fine hairs 
 attached by the centre. Racemes 6 ins. long, produced in the leaf-axils, 
 twenty to forty flowers on each. Flowers f to f in. long, each borne on a 
 
654 
 
 INDIGOFERA 
 
 slender stalk |- in. long, the oblong standard petal white, lined with pale crimson 
 towards the base ; wing-petals pink. Calyx with broadly triangular lobes. 
 
 Native of China and perhaps Japan ; introduced about 1845 by Fortune, 
 
 INDIGOFERA DECORA. 
 
 who found it growing in the gardens of Shanghai. It is a charming dwaff 
 shrub, flowering freely in July and August, its shoots being mostly cut back to 
 the ground in winter. It is not adapted for rough treatment, and should be 
 given a front place in the shrubbery, or even a place in the rock garden, 
 
INDIGOFERA 655 
 
 I. GERARDIANA, Wallich. 
 
 (I. Dosua, Lindley, in Bot. Reg. 28, t. 57 not Hamilton?, 
 
 A deciduous shrub with downy, slightly-ribbed branches. At Kew, where 
 it is almost invariably cut back to the ground each winter, it sends up a dense 
 thicket of erect, scarcely branched shoots 2 to 4 ft. high, clothed from top to 
 bottom with leaves. Where the climate is milder the shoots survive, and it 
 then becomes a much-branched shrub, perhaps 6 or 8 ft. high. On a wall at 
 Kew it is 10 ft. high. Leaves pinnate, 2 to 4 ins. long, composed of six to 
 ten pairs of leaflets and an odd one ; leaflets to f in. long, obovate or oval, 
 clothed with grey appressed hairs on both sides, the apex notched or rounded 
 and having a short bristle-like tip. Racemes produced from the leaf-axils in 
 succession from below upwards, on the terminal part of the shoot. They are 
 3 to 5 ins. long, bearing short-stalked, pea-shaped flowers \ in. long, rosy 
 purple, two dozen or more on each raceme. Calyx downy, with lance-shaped 
 lobes. Pod deflexed when ripe, i to 2 ins. long, in. wide, cylindric, six- to 
 ten-seeded. 
 
 Native of the north-western Himalaya. Commencing to blossom about 
 the end of June, and continuing until the end of September, having also 
 foliage of great beauty and luxuriance, this is one of the most ornamental of 
 late-flowering shrubs. It has the disadvantage of starting late into growth, and 
 it is not until June that the stools become well furnished. For this reason 
 it is not suitable for planting alone in masses. It likes abundant sunshine, 
 and does not flower so freely in dull seasons. 
 
 I. HEBEPETALA, Bentham. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 8208.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, growing about 4 ft. high at Kew, but considerably 
 taller where it is not cut back during winter ; stems smooth, except when 
 quite young. Leaves pinnate, 7 to 9 ins. fong, with usually seven to nine 
 (occasionally eleven) leaflets, which are oblong, broadly oval or slightly 
 ovate, short-stalked ; I to 2^ ins. long, half as much wide ; rounded or notched 
 at the apex, smooth above, the appressed hairs beneath attached by their 
 middle. Racemes 3 to 9 ins. long, produced from the leaf-axils of the 
 terminal part of the shoot, and developing in succession as it lengthens: 
 Flowers closely set, twenty to sixty on one raceme, each \ to $ in. long, 
 the standard petal crimson, wing and keel petals rose-cofoured. Pod \\ 
 to 2 ins. long, cylindric, smooth, carrying eight to ten seeds. 
 
 Native of the north-western Himalaya, where it is widely spread at 
 altitudes of 6000 to 8000 ft. It is strange that so handsome a shrub should 
 be so little known in gardens. The date of its introduction is not recorded, 
 but it has been cultivated at Kew since 1881, when it came with a collection 
 of plants bequeathed by Mr J. C. Joad, a well-known amateur of his time. 
 It produces its richly coloured racemes during August and September. In 
 the open ground its stems rarely survive the winter, and are generally cut 
 back to the old woody stool, a new crop springing up in early summer. 
 
 I. KIRILOWI, Maximowicz. 
 
 A shrub or sub-shrub, with erect stems, which are slightly hairy when very 
 young, soon smooth and somewhat angular. Leaves pinnate, 4 to 6 ins. long, 
 composed of usually seven to eleven leaflets which vary in shape from 
 roundish to broadly oval, obovate, or rhomboidal, \ to \\ ins. long, wedge- 
 shaped or rounded at the base, tapered at the apex, and terminated by a 
 
656 
 
 INDIGOFERA ITEA 
 
 fine bristle-like elongation of the midrib ; bright green above, both surfaces 
 furnished with pale flattened hairs. Racemes erect, about 5 ins. long, 
 the flowers crowded on the upper half; rose-coloured, f in. long; calyx 
 slightly hairy, and with sharp, unequal, lance-shaped lobes. Pod i^ to 2 ins. 
 long, jj in. wide. 
 
 Native of N. China, Manchuria, and Korea ; not very common in cultiva- 
 tion. It is allied to I. decora, but is distinguished by the shorter, broader 
 
 leaves hairy on both sides. The calyx teeth of I. decora 
 are also shorter and broadly triangular and the flowers paler 
 coloured. 
 
 SAXIFRAGACE.E. 
 
 A small genus of deciduous and evergreen small trees 
 or shrubs, one species native of N. America, the others of 
 E. Asia. It belongs to the Escallonia group of Saxifra- 
 gaceae, and has alternate leaves, five-parted flowers, but 
 differs from Escallonia itself in the narrow petals, and all 
 other allied hardy shrubs like Philadelphus, Deutzia, 
 Hydrangea, etc., by its alternate leaves. The only 
 genuinely hardy species is I. virginica. 
 
 I. ILICIFOLIA, Oliver. 
 
 An evergreen shrub of bushy habit, said to attain a 
 height of 1 8 ft. occasionally in a wild state, and already 
 ITEA ILICIFOLIA. 6 to 8 ft. high in this country ; stems quite smooth. Leaves 
 holly-like but thinner, broadly oval, 2 to 4 ins. long, i^ to 
 2| ins. wide, the apex short-pointed ; dark glossy green above, paler below, 
 both surfaces smooth, except for tufts of hair in the axils of the chief 
 veins beneath ; margins armed with stiff spiny teeth ; stalk | to \ in. long. 
 Racemes pendulous, arching, 6 to 12 ins. long, \ in. wide, crowded with 
 greenish white flowers ; petals narrow, \ in. long. Blossoms in August. 
 
 Native of W. China ; discovered by Henry, and first raised from seeds sent 
 by him to the late Lord Kesteven, with whom it flowered at Casewick in 1895. 
 
ITEA JAMESIA 657 
 
 It is not hardy at Kew, and can only be regarded as suitable for the warmer 
 part of the British Isles, although it may succeed on walls in colder districts. 
 Easily increased by cuttings of fairly ripened wood with a heel. Its foliage is 
 handsome, and its racemes elegant. 
 
 I. VIRGTNICA, Linnceus. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 2409.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 3 to 5 ft. high, with erect, smooth, clustered stems, 
 branched only towards the top. Leaves narrowly oval or oblong, tapering at 
 both ends, \\ to 3^ ins. long, | to \\ ins. wide ; bright green and smooth 
 above, paler "and slightly hairy beneath, chiefly on the midrib and veins ; 
 margins set with fine, regular teeth ; stalk \ to in. long, downy, grooved on 
 the upper side. Flowers fragrant, creamy white, ^ to ^ in. across, produced 
 very close together on slender, erect, cylindrical, downy racemes 3 to 6 ins. 
 Icng and about in. through, terminating short, leafy twigs ; each flower is on 
 a downy stalk, in. long. Petals narrow, in. long ; calyx downy, with five 
 linear, pointed lobes half as long as the petals. Seed-vessels brown, dry, j in. 
 long, downy. 
 
 Native of the eastern United States, usually affecting moist places ; intro- 
 duced in 1744. This is a pretty shrub, and useful in flowering during July. 
 The leaves often remain on the plant until December. It sends up its erect, 
 slender stems one summer, which branch copiously near the top the next, each 
 twig producing a raceme at the end. It may be increased by means of 
 cuttings made of moderately ripened wood in July or August, and given gentle 
 heat ; but for ordinary garden purposes division of the old plants is quicker and 
 usually sufficient. Pruning should consist of entirely removing sufficient of 
 the older stems to afford light and space for the young ones, by means of 
 which the plant is continually renewing itself from the base. It loves a good 
 soil and abundant moisture. 
 
 JAMESIA AMERICANA, Torrey. SAXIFRAGACE^:. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6142.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub, 4 to 7 ft. high, of bushy, rounded habit, and 
 usually more in diameter than it is high ; branches stout, stiff, very pithy, 
 covered with a bright brown, downy bark, which afterwards peels off in 
 papery flakes. Leaves opposite ; on the barren shoots ovate, i to 3 ins. 
 long, | to 2 ins. wide ; coarsely and regularly toothed, with scattered, 
 flattened hairs above ; downy, almost felted beneath ; on the flowering 
 twigs the leaves are much smaller, and often of more oval outline ; stalks 
 downy, \ to f in. long. Flowers slightly fragrant, pure white, \ in. across, 
 produced during May in erect, terminal pyramidal panicles i to 2^ ins. 
 long and broad ; petals five, oblong ; calyx woolly, with five-pointed 
 ovate lobes; stamens ten. 
 
 Native of Western N. America ; introduced to Kew in 1862. This 
 interesting and pretty shrub was first found in 1820 by Dr Edwin James, 
 after whom it was named ; he was then acting as botanist and historian 
 to Major Long's Expedition to the Rocky Mountains. It can be propa- 
 gated by cuttings, and, given a sunny position, and an open, not too 
 
 2T 
 
658 
 
 JAMESIA JASMINUM 
 
 rich soil, thrives excellently. It is the only species of the 
 Var. ROSEA, PurpuS) found in S. Nevada, I have not seen. 
 
 genus. 
 
 JAMESIA AMERICANA. 
 
 JASMINUM. JASMINE. OLEACE^E. 
 
 Of the large number of species belonging to this genus (over 100), 
 only about six can be cultivated permanently in the open air in Britain. 
 They are either climbers or shrubs of loose, spreading habit, and are 
 either evergreen or deciduous ; leaves alternate or opposite, trifoliolate or 
 pinnate. Flowers yellow or white, rarely red, usually fragrant ; corolla with 
 
JASMINUM 659 
 
 a slender, tapering tube, expanding at the mouth into normally five (some- 
 times more) spreading lobes. The berry-like fruits are normally twin, 
 but frequently only one develops. The species here described may be 
 distinguished as follows : 
 
 A. LEAVES ALTERNATE. 
 * Calyx-lobes awl-shaped, about as long as the calyx-cup* 
 
 1. Floridum. Leaflets three or five. 
 
 2. Fruticans. Leaflets never more than three. 
 
 ** Calyx-lobes triangular, much shorter than the calyx-cup. 
 
 3. Humile. Leaflets three ; flowers in clusters of up to four. 
 
 4. Revolutum. Leaflets three or five, rarely seven ; flowers in clusters of six to twelve. 
 
 5. Wallichianum. Leaflets five to eleven (rarely thirteen) ; flowers often in triplets. 
 
 B. LEAVES OPPOSITE. 
 * Flowers yellow. 
 
 6. Nudiflorum. Deciduous, winter-flowering ; leaflets small. 
 
 7. Primulinum. Semi-evergreen, spring and summer flowering ; leaflets large. 
 
 ** Flowers white* 
 
 8. Officinale. 
 
 Provided the climatic conditions are suitable, the jasmines are easily 
 cultivated; they like a good loamy soil and a sunny position. All are 
 easily increased by cuttings of moderately ripened wood. Nudiflorum, 
 officinale, and floridum are seen at their best on walls ; primulinum will 
 in most places need winter protection. 
 
 A curious jasmine has recently been introduced from W. China by Messrs 
 Bees of Liverpool, who have named it J. BEESIANUM. It is a climber of 
 vigorous growth, with slender grooved stems, slightly downy, especially 
 about the joints. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, i to 
 2 ins. long, \ to f in. wide, slender-pointed; dull dark green above, grey- 
 green beneath, with short down on both sides; stalk \ in. or less long. 
 Flowers one to three at the end of the shoot, each f to f in. long, rose- 
 coloured; calyx-lobes \ in. long, almost threadlike; flower-stalk \ in. long. 
 In spite of its unusual colour of flower, this plant has not as yet been 
 attractive. 
 
 J. FLORIDUM, Bunge. 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 6719.) 
 
 A nearly evergreen shrub of rambling habit ; branches angled, smooth. 
 Leaves alternate ; mostly composed of three leaflets, but occasionally five, 
 never apparently more. Leaflets oval, sometimes obovate or ovate, \ to i^ ins. 
 long, \ to f in. wide, pointed, smooth. Flowers yellow, in terminal cymose 
 clusters, usually produced from July onwards ; corolla \ to f in. long, the lobes 
 five, pointed. Calyx-lobes five, about \ in. long, awl-shaped. Fruit about the 
 size of a small pea, black. 
 
 Native of China ;. cultivated in that country and Japan ; introduced by the 
 Earl of Ilchester about the middle of last century. It was originally dis- 
 covered in North China, but Henry found it frequently in Central China, 
 about Ichang. It is closely allied to J. revolutum, having alternate leaves and 
 yellow flowers, but differs in the longer, more slender calyx-lobes, and in 
 never having more than five leaflets to one leaf. It has long been grown on a 
 wail at Kevv, but is not so hardy as J. revoiuium. 
 
660 JASMINUM 
 
 J. FRUTICANS, Linnceus. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 461.) 
 
 A semi-evergreen shrub, producing a dense mass of slender, erect stems 
 from 3 to 5 ft. high, but thrice as much against a wall ; young shoots angular, 
 smooth. Leaves alternate ; composed of three leaflets on a common stalk 
 about \ in. long, or of one leaflet only. Leaflets narrow-oblong or linear- 
 obovate, j to f in. long, one-third as much wide ; tapering at the base, more 
 rounded at the apex, deep green, smooth on both surfaces, but edged with 
 minute hairs. On strong sucker shoots, the leaflets are occasionally twice as 
 large. Flowers yellow, produced from June onwards, usually in threes or fives 
 at the end of short twigs. Corolla f in. long and wide ; calyx bell-shaped, 
 with five slender lobes. Fruit globose, shining black, the size of a pea. 
 
 Native of S. Europe, N. Africa, and Asia Minor; cultivated since the 
 middle of the sixteenth century, perhaps before. The largest plant I have 
 seen is growing on a house front between Kew Bridge and the entrance to 
 Kew Gardens ; it covers the wall up to 10 or 15 ft. high. On the hills above 
 Hyeres, I have seen it growing abundantly and quite handsome in the fall of 
 the year by reason of the crop of shining black berries. There the shrubs are 
 mostly i-|- to 3 ft. high. In hot seasons it fruits freely in England. 
 
 J. NUDIFLORUM, Lindley. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 4649 ; J. Sieboldianum, Blum:.") 
 
 A deciduous shrub of rambling habit, growing 12 to 15 ft. high against a 
 wall, with long, slender, pendulous, smooth, four-angled branchlets. Leaves 
 opposite, composed of three leaflets borne on a common stalk about J in. long. 
 Leaflets oval-oblong, ^ to ij ins. long, one-third to half as wide, tapered at 
 both ends, deep lustrous green, not toothed, but furnished at the margin when 
 young with tiny hairs. Flowers bright yellow, f to I in. diameter, produced 
 from November to February ; they are solitary on stalks J in. long, clothed 
 with several small, narrow, green bracts. Corolla tubular at the base and 
 nearly I in. long, spreading into six divisions. Calyx-lobes six, linear, pointed. 
 
 Native of China ; introduced by Fortune for the Horticultural Society in 
 1844. A very hardy plant, of great value in gardens because of its habit of 
 flowering during the very darkest months. No plant does so much to lighten 
 up in midwinter dull suburban streets of London, and the fact that it will 
 thrive in such places adds much to its worth. It blossoms best against a 
 sunny wall, but, after warm summers especially, flowers very freely in the open 
 ground. A pleasing arrangement -is to plant it in association with Berberis 
 Aquifolium, against whose purplish winter-shade of leaf the leafless flower- 
 laden sprays of this jasmine are peculiarly bright and effective. 
 
 Var. FOLIIS AUREIS has leaflets blotched with yellow. 
 
 J. OFFICINALE, Linnceus. COMMON JASMINE. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 31.) 
 
 A deciduous, or nearly deciduous, climbing shrub, making shoots 6 ft. or 
 more long in one season, and ultimately, if carefully trained, reaching 40 ft. 
 in. height; young shoots very slender, angled, smooth or soon becoming so. 
 Leaves opposite, pinnate, composed of five, seven, or nine leaflets, which are 
 \ to i\ ins. long, \ to I in. wide ; slightly downy at or about the margin, the 
 terminal one much the largest and stalked ; side one stalkless. Flowers 
 white, deliciously fragrant, produced from June until October in a terminal 
 
JASMINUM 661 
 
 cluster of cymes, each cyme with three or five blossoms. Corolla | in. long, 
 and about the same across the four or five spreading lobes. Calyx-lobes 
 almost thread-like, in. long ; flower-stalk about I in. long. Fruit not regularly 
 or freely produced, black, ^ in. long, solitary or twin. 
 
 Var AFFINE (J. affine, Carriere). A form with larger flowers and broader 
 calyx-lobes. 
 
 Var. AUREUM. Leaflets rather handsomely blotched with yellow, but it 
 is scarcely as hardy as the green type. Loudon mentions a double-flowered 
 variety, but this I have not seen. 
 
 Native of Persia, N.W. India, China. The common jasmine (or jessamine) 
 has been cultivated from time immemorial in Britain, and its fragrance and 
 beauty have given it a place in English gardens as secure as that of the lilac 
 or lavender. In the north it is hardy only against a wall or on a roof, but in 
 the south it grows well in the open, where if supported in the early stages and 
 pruned back every spring it will make a self-supporting bush. But perhaps 
 its charm is greatest when allowed to form a loose tangle on a house front, 
 as one may often see it in cottage gardens between London and the south 
 coast. Even in winter the tangle of young stems has a cheerful green effect. 
 A popular perfume is extracted from the flowers. 
 
 J. PRIMULINUM, Hemsley. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 7981.) 
 
 An evergreen, rambling shrub, probably 6 to 10 ft. high, forming a dense 
 interlacing mass of branches ; young stems four-angled, smooth. Leaves 
 opposite ; composed of three leaflets borne on a common stalk about \ in. long. 
 Leaflets lance-shaped or narrowly oval, I to 3 ins. long, i to f in. wide, short- 
 stalked (the side ones smaller), dark glossy green. Flowers \\ to if ins. 
 diameter, bright yellow, produced in spring and summer, solitary on stalks 
 \ to i^ ins. long, and furnished with tiny, green, leaflike bracts. Corolla 
 often semi-double, composed of from six to ten divisions, each \ to \ in. wide, 
 rounded at the end. Calyx-lobes usually five or six, narrow, pointed, j in. 
 long, smooth or minutely ciliate. 
 
 Native of W. China ; introduced by Wilson for Messrs Veitch in 1900. 
 As the plant had never been found bearing seed, the collector was obliged to 
 send home living plants by an overland route to Hong-Kong, and thence to 
 England. This jessamine is certainly the most striking of all those that can 
 be grown out-of-doors anywhere in this country, but it is only likely to thrive 
 in the very mildest spots. At Kew, even against a wall, it succumbs to severe 
 frost. The best method of cultivating it is, apparently, to grow it in pots out- 
 of-doors, exposed to full sunshine and generously treated at the root, then 
 to house it and keep it as dry as possible without losing its foliage during the 
 winter. It then makes a fine display in spring. It appears to have found 
 acceptable conditions in middle and south Italy, where I have seen it profusely 
 in flower. It is closely allied to J. nudiflorum in all essential characters, but 
 is much larger in all its parts. 
 
 J. REVOLUTUM, Sims. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 1731 ; Bot. Reg., t. 178.) 
 
 A nearly evergreen shrub, not climbing, but of lax, spreading habit ; stems 
 noi downy, slightly angular, the stoutest among cultivated jasmines. Leaves 
 alternate, composed of usually three or five, sometimes seven leaflets, which 
 are oval or ovate, tapered to both ends, the side ones | to i| ins. long, the 
 terminal one up to 2 ins. or more long, and i^ ins. wide ; all of a dull, very dark 
 
662 JASMINUM JUGLANS 
 
 green above, paler and brighter green beneath ; stalk of terminal leaflet up to 
 f in. long ; of the others, very short or absent. Flowjers yellow, fragrant, pro- 
 duced in terminal corymbs of six, twelve, or more together. On very vigorous 
 shoots the terminal inflorescence is augmented by two or three axillary ones, 
 making the whole cluster forty- to fifty-flowered, and about 5 ins. across. 
 Corolla | to i in. across ; calyx-lobes about one-third as long as the cup, 
 triangular. 
 
 Native of Afghanistan and the north-west Himalaya. It varies somewhat in 
 size of leaf, and the jasmines known in gardens as J. Reevesii and J. triumpbans 
 are this species. It is nearly allied to J. Wallichianum (g.v.\ and like it is 
 sometimes cut back in winter, but as it flowers from June onwards on the shoots 
 of the year this is not of much consequence. Still, a sheltered spot should be 
 given to it. Belonging to the same group of alternate-leaved jasmines with very 
 short calyx-lobes is J. HUMILE, Linnceus, a native of S.E. Europe. It is a 
 dwarf plant with nearly always ternate leaves, and one to four flowers on a 
 stalk. It was cultivated by Tradescant in 1656, but being rather tender, and 
 not so ornamental as either revolutum or Wallichianum, has probably dis- 
 appeared from cultivation. It used to be known as "Italian iasmine" 
 (Bot. Reg., t. 350). 
 
 J. WALLICHIANUM, Lindley. 
 
 (Bot. Reg., t. 1409.) 
 
 A nearly evergreen shrub, with slender, angled, smooth branchlets. Leaves 
 alternate, composed of seven to thirteen leaflets which are lanceolate to ovate, 
 taper-pointed, \ to i\ ins. long, \ in. or more wide; the terminal one much the 
 longest and largest, dark green ; both blade and stalk sometimes more or less 
 downy. Flowers yellow, J in. long, \ in. across the rounded, spreading lobes ; 
 produced in a cluster at and near the end of the shoot, solitary on the stalk, or 
 often in triplets. Calyx-lobes about one-third as long as the cup, triangular, 
 downy. 
 
 Native of Nepal ; introduced about 1812. It is most nearly allied to 
 J. revolutum, differing in the greater number and smaller size of the leaflets, 
 in the few flowers on the cyme, and in being less robust. Both these species 
 differ from the two other alternate-leaved jasmines in the very short, com- 
 paratively broad calyx-lobes. 
 
 JUGLANS. WALNUT. JUGLANDACE^:. 
 
 The walnuts, of which eight or nine species are in cultivation, are 
 deciduous trees, or occasionally shrubs, with pinnate leaves aromatically 
 scented. Flowers unisexual, both sexes on the same plant; the male 
 flowers very numerous in slender, pendulous catkins, with many stamens 
 produced in the axil of a lobed scale .; female flowers few. The male 
 catkins (rather elegant in the Asiatic species) are borne towards the 
 end of the previous year's shoots; the nut-bearing spike terminates the 
 young shoot of the current season. Fruit a hard-shelled nut, surrounded 
 by a thin or fleshy husk. The cultivated species are from Europe, 
 N. Asia, and N. America, but two or three species of which little is 
 known are found in S. America. The only other genus of trees with 
 which Juglans is likely to be confused is Carya (the hickories), but among 
 other differences, Jugfans is distinguished by the pith of the young shoots 
 being in thin transverse plates, thus dividing the hollow portion of the 
 
JUGLANS 663 
 
 shoot into a series of chambers; and by the unbranched male catkins. 
 In Carya the pith is continuous, and the male catkins three-branched. 
 
 In gardens, Juglans is seldom represented except by the common 
 walnut, grown for its nuts, and by the black walnut, grown for its stately 
 form and noble foliage. The striking group of North Asiatic species 
 cordiformis, cathayensis, stenocarpa, etc. is scarcely known, yet in a 
 young state their leaves are 2 to 3 ft. long. Hopes have been entertained 
 that the same group may prove of value for their edible nuts, which they 
 bear, many together, in clusters, but I do not think that they, or any 
 other species except the common one, will ever be worth growing for the 
 fruit. J. nigra and J. regia both yield a valuable timber, but the former 
 never appears to have been given a fair trial under favourable conditions 
 as a forest tree in Britain. 
 
 Walnuts should always, if possible, be grown from seed, and as they 
 bear transplanting badly, should be given permanent places early. The 
 nuts should be sown as soon as ripe, and not allowed to become dry. 
 All the species like a deep loamy soil. The named varieties of common 
 walnut are propagated by grafting on the type. Some of the species are 
 tender in a young state and apt to be cut by late frost, thus rendering 
 them bushy-topped. It is, in consequence, sometimes necessary to tie 
 up a shoot to form a new leader. The walnut flowers have no colour 
 beauty, and are fertilised by wind ; hybrids have been obtained from species 
 growing near to each other. The following have been named : 
 
 J. ALATA, Carriere (J. cinerea x regia). Young wood downy. Leaflets 
 usually nine, resembling those of J. regia, but slightly toothed ; downy 
 beneath. 
 
 J. PYRIFORMIS, Carriere (J. nigra x regia). Leaves of nine to thirteen 
 leaflets, finely toothed, smooth beneath, and generally intermediate ^between 
 the parents ; fruit more resembling that of J. regia. 
 
 J. VILMORINIANA, Carriere (J. nigra x regia). Foliage as in J. pyriformis, 
 but the fruit more resembling that of J. nigra. The original of this hybrid is 
 now a noble tree in Mr de Vilmorin's garden at Verrieres-le-Buisson, near 
 Paris. It was planted where it stands, in 1816, to commemorate the birth of 
 an eldest son in the de Vilmorin family, and when I saw it a few years ago it 
 was over 90 ft. high, and 10 ft. in girth of trunk. 
 
 J. CALIFORNICA, 5. Watson. 
 
 A very large shrub, 10 to 25 ft. high, with numerous stems, or a tree as 
 much as 50 to 70 ft. high, with a distinct trunk. Leaves 6 to 12 ins. long, 
 composed of eleven to nineteen leaflets, which are ovate-lanceolate, i^ to 4 ins. 
 long, coarsely toothed, taper-pointed, smooth except for tufts of hair in the 
 vein-axils beneath. Male catkins 2 to 4 ins. long ; fruit globose, f to \\ ins. 
 wide, with a thin, downy rind ; nut smooth, except for shallow grooves running 
 lengthwise. 
 
 Native of California ; introduced to Kew about the end of last century, but 
 afterwards lost ; small plants have been recently obtained from America. This 
 tree is allied to J. rupestris, especially its variety major, but it differs in the 
 nut being nearly smooth instead of deeply grooved as in J. rupestris. The tree 
 form of this walnut (J. californica var. Hindsii, Jepson) occurs in N. California ; 
 the shrubby form in S. California. The species is much used in California as 
 a stock on which to graft the common walnut. Nothing certain can yet be 
 said of its adaptability for British gardens. 
 
JUGLANS 
 
 J. CATHAYENSIS, Dode. 
 
 A tree up to 70 ft. high, with thick young shoots covered the first year with 
 very viscid) gland-tipped hairs, as are also the main-stalks of the leaves, the 
 fruits, and fruit-stalks. Leaves 2 to 3 ft. long, with eleven to seventeen leaflets, 
 which are ovate-oblong, 3 to 6 (occasionally 8) ins. long, half as wide ; obliquely 
 rounded or heart-shaped at the base, taper-pointed, finely toothed, dark green 
 and downy above, paler and with starry down beneath ; midribs with gland- 
 tipped hairs like those of the main leaf-stalk. Male flowers in pendulous, 
 cylindrical catkins 9 to 15 ins. lon<*. Fruits clustered at the end of a stout 
 stalk about 6 ins. long, egg-shaped, ij to if ins. long, pointed. Nut of similar 
 shape, sharply pointed, six- to eight-angled, the angles spiny-toothed ; rind 
 \ to \ in. thick. 
 
 Native of Central and W. China, where it is common. Introduced by 
 Wilson in 1903 to the Coombe Wood nursery, where young trees 8 or 10 ft. high 
 have already borne fruits. Owing to the thickness of the shell, the nuts are of 
 small value for eating, although the kernel is of good flavour. It is a 
 promising, fine-foliaged tree of the same type as J. mandshurica ; they differ 
 chiefly in the fruit, but the present species is a better grower. 
 
 J CINEREA, Linnceus. BUTTER-NUT. 
 
 A tree 50 to 60, rarely 100 ft. high, usually forming a wide-spreading head 
 of branches ; young wood covered with a dense, rusty brown, clammy felt, 
 which partly falls away by the end of the season. Leaves 10 to 20 ins. long, 
 composed of seven to seventeen leaflets, which are 2 to 5 ins. long, f to 2^ ins. 
 wide ; oblong lance-shaped, taper-pointed, obliquely rounded at the base, finely 
 and regularly toothed ; upper surface at first hairy, especially on the midrib ; 
 lower surface covered with soft, star-shaped hairs ; common-stalk thickly 
 furnished with gland-tipped, sticky hairs. Male flowers in catkins 2 to 4 ins. 
 long. Fruits three to five in a drooping cluster, each tapering to a point at the 
 top, rounded at the base, i\ to 2\ ins. long, covered with sticky hairs. Nut i 
 to i^r ins. long, with a short point ; kernel sweet, oily. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; introduced early in the seventeenth 
 century. Although so long cultivated, this tree is comparatively rare in 
 Britain, and is evidently not so well adapted for our climate as the black 
 walnut, rarely bearing fruit. As a small tree it is quite handsome, but grows 
 slowly. According to Elwes, the largest tree in the country, at Coolhurst, 
 Horsham, is a little over 50 ft. high. From J. nigra it differs in its pointed, 
 more . numerous fruits, its more downy leaves, and by a transverse tuft of 
 down between the scar left by each fallen leaf and the bud above it. 
 
 J. CORDIFORMIS, Maximowicz. 
 
 A tree up to 50 ft. 'high; young shoots stout, covered with brownish 
 glandular hairs. Leaves as in J. mandshurica and Sieboldiana, except 
 that the leaflets are somewhat more distinctly heart-shaped at the base, 
 but not enough to afford a reliable means of distinction. Male catkins 
 often i ft. in length. Fruit globose, i\ ins. diameter, produced in dense 
 clusters of ten or more. Nut i^ ins. long, very distinct in shape ; it has 
 a broad, rounded, heart-shaped base, and a slender pointed apex, and is 
 much flattened. 
 
 Native of Japan, but apparently uncommon in a wild state. Although 
 scarcely distinguishable from its allies, J. Sieboldiana and J. mandshurica, 
 in growth, it is very distinct from them in the shape of the nuts, which are 
 offered for sale in the markets of Japanese towns. In my experience this 
 
JUGLANS 665 
 
 is the best grower of this group of walnuts. A tree at Kew about fifteen 
 
 JUGLANS CORDIFORMIS. 
 
 years old is 20 ft. high, and produces both male and female inflorescence 
 freely. The former are very striking, although yellowish green. Nuts i in. 
 
666 JUGLANS 
 
 long have formed on this tree, and have occasionally matured. It is one 
 of the most striking of pinnate-leaved trees. 
 
 J. MANDSHURICA, Maxtmowicz. 
 
 A tree 50 to 70 ft. high ; young shoots very stout, and like the common 
 stalk of the leaf, clothed with brown, glandular hairs. Leaves i^ to 2 ft. 
 (in vigorous young trees 3 ft.) long, composed of eleven to nineteen leaflets, 
 which are oblong, taper-pointed, finely toothed, obliquely rounded or slightly 
 heart-shaped at the base ; 3 to 7 ins. long, I \ to 2^ ins. wide. When young, 
 both surfaces are furnished, the lower one especially, with starry tufts 
 of down, much of which afterwards falls away from the upper side. Male 
 catkins 4 to 10 ins. long, slender, pendulous. Fruits clustered several 
 on a stalk, roundish ovoid, if ins. long, covered with sticky down. Nut 
 deeply pitted and grooved, i^ ins. long, abruptly pointed at the top. 
 
 Native of Manchuria, especially in the regions of the Amur and Ussuri 
 rivers, and of N. China ; first introduced by Maximowicz to St Petersburg. 
 As a young tree it is, like J. cordiformis and Sieboldiana, remarkably striking 
 in the size of it leaves. It is closely allied to the latter, but in my experience 
 does not succeed so well ; botanically, the chief difference is in the form 
 of the nuts, and the leaves of J. mandshurica are distinctly more slenderly 
 pointed. 
 
 J. NIGRA, LinntZUS. BLACK WALNUT. 
 
 A tree 80 to over 100 ft. high, with a wide-spreading head and a tall 
 dark trunk, with deeply furrowed bark ; young shoots downy. Leaves 
 i to 2 ft. long, composed of eleven to twenty-three leaflets, the terminal 
 odd one often absent. Leaflets fragrant when rubbed ; 2 to 5 ins. long, 
 f to 2 ins. wide ; ovate or oblong lance-shaped, obliquely rounded at the 
 base, long and taper-pointed, unevenly toothed, glossy and smooth above 
 except when quite young, downy beneath ; common stalk minutely downy. 
 Male catkins 2 to 4 ins. long. Fruit globose or slightly tapered at the 
 base, solitary on the stalk or in pairs, i^ to 2 ins. thick, not downy. Nut 
 I to i^ ins. across, broader than long. 
 
 Native of the eastern and Central United States ; introduced early in the 
 seventeenth century. Next to the common walnut this is the best known 
 in the genus. Its nuts are of no value as food, but it is a more ornamental 
 tree than J. regia, thriving almost as well in this country as in any of its 
 native haunts. Trees over 100 ft. exist ; the largest I have seen stands 
 in Marble Hill Park, a magnificent tree with a trunk 5 yds. in girth. As 
 a young tree the black walnut is particularly handsome, with its shapely 
 pyramidal habit and large pinnate leaves. One of the most valuable of the 
 world's timber trees, it is now becoming rare in a wild state. 
 
 Var. ALBURYENSIS, Jackson, an interesting variation from the type, grows 
 at Albury Park, near Guildford ; this bears its fruits in clusters like J. cinerea, 
 sometimes as many as six together, and it is also distinct in its pendulous 
 branches. 
 
 J. REGIA, Linnaus. COMMON WALNUT. 
 
 A tree 60 to 100 ft. high, with a rounded, spreading head of branches ; the 
 bark of the upper branches smooth and ash-coloured ; young shoots without 
 down. Leaves somewhat acrid-scented when rubbed, usually 8 to 12 ins. long, 
 on vigorous young growths 18 ins. ; composed mostly of five or seven, some- 
 
JUGLANS 667 
 
 times nine, rarely eleven or thirteen leaflets. These are oval or ovate, shortly 
 pointed, margins' entire ; terminal leaflet the largest, 3 to 6 ins. long, the basal 
 pair less than half the length and width ; both surfaces smooth except for 
 small tufts of hair in the vein-axils beneath. Male catkins 2 to 4 ins, long. 
 Fruit green, smooth, i^ to 2 ins. across. 
 
 Native of E. Europe and Asia Minor to Afghanistan. The date of its 
 introduction is not known, but it has existed in this country for many centuries. 
 As an ornamental tree the common walnut is not so striking as several other 
 species. It is chiefly grown for its nuts and for its soft, unripe fruits, which 
 are made into a pickle. Its timber is a very valuable one, being perhaps the 
 best obtainable for gunstocks. It is also largely used for furniture and 
 veneering. Numerous varieties of the walnut have sprung up in cultivation : 
 
 Var. BARTERIANA. Nuts almond-shaped. 
 
 Var. HETEROPHYLLA. Leaflets long, narrow, irregularly lobed. 
 
 Var. LACINIATA. Leaflets very handsomely cut into deep narrow lobes. 
 A handsome foliage tree, superior to var. heterophylla. 
 
 Var. MAXIMA (macrocarpa). Bannut or Clawnut. Nuts about twice the 
 ordinary size, but not good keepers. Probably the same as the " Noyer a 
 bijoux" of the French, so-called because of the large shells being mounted as 
 jewel boxes. 
 
 Var. MONOPHYLLA, ZV Candolle. Leaflets reduced in number to a large 
 terminal one and a pair of small ones, the latter often absent. 
 
 Var. PENDULA. Branches stiffly pendulous. 
 
 Var. PR^EPARTURIENS. A dwarf bushy form, fruiting when quite young ; 
 known in orchards as " Prolific." 
 
 Var. RACEMOSA, Duhamel. Fruits in clusters of ten to fifteen ; known in 
 orchards as " Cluster." 
 
 Var. RUBRA. Flesh of the kernel red, the skin blood-red ; found wild in 
 Styria, and said to come true from seed. 
 
 Of the above the only, one notable as an ornamental tree is var. laciniata. 
 Other varieties are cultivated for the qualities of their fruit, such as " Highflyer," 
 ' Meylanaise," " Mayette," " Noix St Jean," "Parisienne" ; but a consideration 
 of them is outside the scope of this work. A curious variety known as " thin- 
 shelled" (to the French as "a coque tendre "), has shells so thin that they are 
 easily pierced by birds ; in some districts it is valueless on that account. 
 
 J. RUPESTRIS, Engelmann. TEXAN WALNUT. 
 
 A small tree, often semi-shrubby ; young shoots covered with short, 
 yellowish down. Leaves 6 to 1 2 ins. long ; leaflets seven to over twenty, 
 lance-shaped or narrowly ovate ; i to 3 ins. long, \ to f in. wide ; long and 
 taper-pointed, finely toothed, obliquely rounded at the base ; when young both 
 surfaces are covered with minute down, which mostly falls away except on 
 the midrib and chief veins ; common stalk downy like the young shoots. 
 Male catkins slender, 2 to 4 ins. long. Fruit globose, \ to I in. diameter, 
 covered with a thin, smooth husk. Nut deeply grooved." Native of Central 
 and W. Texas. 
 
 Var. MAJOR, Torrey.k tree 50 ft. high, with larger, more downy and more 
 coarsely toothed leaves (up to 6 ins. long) ; fruit i^ ins. diameter, clothed with 
 brownish red down. Native of New Mexico, Arizona, etc. 
 
 The typical J. rupestris, discovered in West Texas in 1835, was sent to 
 Kew by Prof. Sargent in 1881, and again in 1894. It is a handsome bushy 
 tree, qufte distinct from all other cultivated walnuts in its small, narrow, thin 
 leaves. The var. major has a more western habitat, and is of less interesting, 
 coarser appearance. 
 
668 JUGLANS JUNIPERUS 
 
 J. SlEBOLDIANA, Maximowicz. 
 
 A tree over 50 ft. high, with stout young shoots clothed, like the common 
 stalk of the leaf, with glandular hairs. Leaves i^ to 2 (occasionally 3) ft. 
 long, composed of eleven to seventeen leaflets, which are oblong, taper-pointed, 
 finely toothed, obliquely rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base ; 
 3 to 7 ins. long, r^ to 2 ins. wide ; downy on both surfaces, especially beneath. 
 Male catkins slender, up to I ft. long. Fruits clustered on long spikes, 
 roundish ovoid, 2 ins. long, covered with sticky down. Nut about i\ ins. 
 long, rounded at the base, pointed at the top, nearly smooth, but with a 
 prominent ridge at the union of the two halves. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced to Europe about 1860, by Siebold. It is 
 abundant in the forests of Japan, and its nuts are valued as food there. In 
 Britain it gives no promise of bearing fruit to any advantage, and in spite of 
 the considerable period that has elapsed since its introduction, there appears 
 to be no large specimen in the country. It appears to differ from mand- 
 shurica chiefly in the apex of the leaflet being more abruptly tapered and 
 shorter-pointed, and in the prominent ridge and smoother surface of the nut. 
 
 J. STENOCARPA, Maximowicz. 
 
 Little is known of this walnut, but it is an ally of J. mandshurica and 
 Sieboldiana, differing, however, in the following respects : the terminal leaflet 
 is obovate, and thus very distinct .in .shape from the side leaflets, which are 
 oblong ; there is no patch of down above the scar left by the fallen leaf, as in 
 the mandshurica group. The species was discovered in Manchuria by 
 Maximowicz, who described the nuts as cylindrical or oblong-oval, with a long 
 tapering apex. J. stenocarpa has been grown on the Continent as J. macro- 
 pliylla, an appropriate name, for I have a leaf 2 ft. 8 ins. long, with only eleven 
 leaflets, the terminal one 8 ins. long by 5 ins. wide ; the largest side ones 7^ 
 ins. long by 3 ins. wide. 
 
 JUNIPERUS. JUNIPER. CONIFERS. 
 
 The junipers are spread widely over the temperate and sub-tropical 
 regions of the northern hemisphere, the hardy species coming from China 
 and Japan, N. America, Europe, and N. Africa. The only species native 
 of the British Isles is J. communis, which is not uncommon on chalk 
 hills. They are evergreen, and range from trees up to 100 ft. high down 
 to low, spreading, or prostrate shrubs. The bark is usually thin, and 
 often peels off in long strips. Leaves of two types: (i) awl-shaped, 
 and from \ to f in. long, borne in whorls of threes or in pairs; (2) 
 small, scale-like, and rarely more than g in. long, arranged oppositely in 
 pairs and closely appressed to the branchlet. The first kind is found on 
 the juvenile plants of all species; and several species, notably those of 
 the communis group, retain it permanently. But other species, namely, 
 those of the Sabina group, including virginiana and chinensis, as they 
 get older, develop more and more of the minute scale-like type of leaf 
 which is essentially characteristic of the adult plant. A number of 
 species, long after they have reached the fruit-bearing stage, continue 
 to produce the juvenile as well as the adult type. This peculiarity is, 
 however, apparently more characteristic of cultivated than of wild 
 specimens. The flowers are unisexual, and most frequently the two 
 
JUNIPERUS 669 
 
 sexes occur on separate trees, sometimes on one. The male flowers are 
 small, erect, columnar or egg-shaped bodies, composed of ovate or shield- 
 like scales, overlapping each other and each carrying anthers at the base. 
 The fruit is composed of usually three to six coalescent, fleshy scales, 
 forming a berry that carries one to six seeds. It is this fruit that 
 distinguishes the junipers from the true cypresses, which they much 
 resemble in foliage. Without fruit, the junipers can usually be recognised 
 by a peculiar, aromatic, somewhat pungent odour, especially strongly 
 developed in the savin. 
 
 Junipers like a well-drained, loamy soil, and are essentially lime-lovers, 
 all the cultivated species except J. horizontals being found commonly, 
 although not invariably, on a limestone formation. This gives the genus 
 a special value in chalky districts, where the impossibility of growing 
 satisfactorily most of the heath family somewhat limits the number of 
 evergreens available. Many of the species take two years to ripen their 
 fruit, and the seeds will often lie dormant a year. Their germination 
 may sometimes be hastened by plunging them in boiling water from three 
 to six seconds, but this should only be regarded as an experiment, and 
 tried with a portion of the seeds. All junipers can be increased by 
 cuttings, a method especially suitable for the shrubby sorts. 
 
 The species most to be recommended are : 
 
 Tall. Virginiana, chinensis, excelsa, drupacea, and communis var. 
 fastigiata. 
 
 Shrubby. Sabina and its varieties, procumbens, communis, and com- 
 munis var. compressa. 
 
 
 J. CEDRUS, Webb. MOUNTAIN CEDAR. 
 
 Of this interesting tree very few specimens are said now to remain in a wild 
 state, mostly in almost inaccessible places in the Canary Islands. Unfortun- 
 ately it is only likely to be permanently hardy in the south-western counties, 
 but it /should certainly be tried there. Its leaves are in whorls of threes, set 
 closely on three-cornered branchlets ; they are uniformly awl-shaped, \ to in. 
 long, ^ to ^ in. wide ; very concave, and with two glaucous, stomatic bands 
 above. Berries globose, A in. wide. The wood of this tree is very pleasantly 
 perfumed, and was highly valued by the Guanches of Teneriffe for making- 
 mummy cases. Dr Perez of Orotava has lately done much to revive an interest 
 in this remarkable juniper, some specimens of which he says have trunks a 
 yard or more in diameter. It is one of the communis group, and differs from 
 that species and J. rigida by having two distinct glaucous lines on the upper 
 side of the leaf, separated by a midrib. 
 
 In the Mediterranean region occurs another juniper, J. OXYCEDRUS, 
 Linnaus, which appears to be only a geographical form of J. Cedrus, somewhat 
 hardier, but now very rarely seen in this country and needing a warmer climate. 
 It thrives very well on the Riviera, where I have seen good specimens at the 
 Villa Thuret, Antibes. Elwes mentions a tree 35 ft. high near Montpellier. 
 Fruits up to | in. diameter, dark brown with more or less glaucous bloom. 
 Leaves stouter than in J. Cedrus. (Fig. p. 670.) 
 
 J. CHINENSIS, Linn&US. CHINESE JUNIPER. 
 
 A tree up to 60 ft. high ; young shoots terete. Leaves of two types that 
 are nearly always found on the same tree, viz., juvenile awl shaped ones, and 
 
670 
 
 JUNIPER US 
 
 small, scale-like, adult ones. The former are to J in. long, sharply and stiffly 
 pointed, arranged either in threes or oppositely in pairs, with two glaucous 
 lines on the upper surface, green elsewhere. Scale-like leaves usually in pairs, 
 rarely in threes, closely flattened to the branchlet, ^ in. long, blunt at the 
 apex. The plants are unisexual, and the male flowers, very freely borne in 
 early spring, are yellow and pretty. Fruits about J in. diameter, roundish or 
 rather top-shaped, whitish with bloom when ripe ; seeds three. 
 
 Native of Japan, Mongolia, and China ; introduced to Kew in 1804 by 
 W. Kerr. This juniper and J. virginiana are the commonest and best of 
 tree-like junipers for gardens. It is perfectly hardy. From J. virginiana it 
 differs in its blunt, scale-like leaves, and in the awl-shaped ones being 
 frequently in whorls of threes. As a rule both juvenile and adult leaves occur 
 
 JDNIPERUS OXYCEDBUS. 
 
 on the same tree, but occasionally specimens of good age have nothing but 
 juvenile foliage. There are male trees at Kew which bear flowers in the axils 
 of leaves of the awl-shaped, juvenile type. 
 
 Var. ALBO-VARIEGATA. A well-marked form in which a considerable 
 portion of the younger growth is wholly creamy white, the rest wholly green. 
 Introduced from Japan by Fortune, one of whose original plants used to grow 
 in the Knap Hill nursery. This variety is of sturdier habit and dwarfer than 
 the type. 
 
 Var. AUREA. Young's Golden Juniper. The whole of the young parts of 
 this plant are golden yellow, very striking in summer. Raised in" Young's 
 nursery at Milford, in Surrey ; of rather dense, slender form. 
 
 Var. JAPONICA. A dwarf shrub with foliage mostly of the juvenile type. 
 It is represented in gardens by two sub-varieties, viz., japonica AUREA, with all 
 
JUNIPERUS 671 
 
 the young growths of a golden yellow, habit spreading, producing a few long 
 branches; and japonica AUREO-VARIEGATA with portions of the young 
 growths golden-yellow, also dwarf. 
 
 J. SPHCERICA, Lindley. Trees under cultivation by this name do not 
 appear to differ from J. chinensis. The 'true plant, according to Henry, has 
 much larger fruits (^ in. diameter) spherical, not glaucous, and containing 
 numerous seeds. It was originally discovered by Fortune in 1846, in China, 
 and is probably not now in cultivation. 
 
 J. COMMUNIS, Linnceus COMMON JUNIPER. 
 
 A shrub of spreading habit, sometimes a small tree, usually 6 to 12 ft. high 
 (occasionally 20 to 40 ft.). Young shoots three-cornered, bearing the leaves 
 in whorls of threes. Leaves spreading, to \ in. long, ^ in - wide J always awl- 
 shaped and terminated by a needle-like point, concave on the upper surface, 
 with one comparatively broad glaucous band of stomata up the centre, 
 divided sometimes by a green line towards the base ; beneath, the leaf is green 
 and keeled. Fruit globose or rather oval, about \ in. diameter, black covered 
 with a blue bloom, and containing two or three seeds embedded in resinous, 
 mealy pulp, ripening the second or third year. 
 
 Native of Europe from the mountains of the south to Russia and Norway ; 
 reaching eastwards to the Himalaya and Kamtschatka. It is widely spread 
 in Britain, and is also found in both eastern and western N. America. The 
 common juniper is essentially a shrub of limestone hills, and in elevated 
 gardens on that formation, it and its varieties are some of the most satisfactory 
 and pleasing of evergreens. It is not uncommon as a tree in Scandinavia, 
 but grows so slowly when it has reached that state, that scarcely any difference 
 is perceptible in one man's recollection. It is best raised from seeds, which 
 frequently lie dormant a year. The berries were once used as a diuretic in 
 medicine, and are still employed to flavour gin. In Norway a kind of bee^ is 
 made from them. 
 
 There are several named varieties, both wild and of garden origin : 
 
 Var. AUREA. Young shoots and young leaves yellow. 
 
 Var. COMPRESSA. A slender, cone-shaped shrub of minute dimensions, 
 with branches and leaves so dense as to form a rigid mass, the leaves very 
 short. This remarkable shrub is the daintiest of conifers, and probably the 
 slowest growing of them. Plants twenty years of age will often not have 
 reached i| ft. in height. It is sometimes called the Irish juniper (hibernica), 
 but that name, I think, belongs to var. fastigiata (q.v.). 
 
 Var. ECHINIFORMIS. Hedgehog Juniper. Of dwarf, globose habit. 
 
 Var. FASTIGIATA (syns. var. hibernica ; var. suecica). Irish Juniper. A 
 slender, perfectly columnar tree with short leaves, very striking when in good 
 health. The best specimens I have seen are in Scotland. There is one at 
 Abercairney over 20 ft. high and 3 ft. in diameter, and another at Scone 
 Palace. The tree is extremely effective in formal arrangements. It is found 
 wild in Norway, Sweden, etc. 
 
 Var. HEMISPHERICA. A dwarf, globose variety, said to grow wild on 
 Mount Etna and other mountainous parts of S.E. Europe. 
 
 Var. NANA (syn. alpina). A dwarf, alpine form, growing about I ft. high, 
 with a stunted habit, short branches, and small fruit. Its dwarfness is 
 apparently due merely to climate conditions, as both it and an intermediate 
 form (INTERMEDIA) are said to revert to ordinary communis under lowland 
 conditions. It is found wild in the Tyrol, etc., and similar forms occur in 
 X. America, which have been called CANADENSIS. 
 
672 JUNIPERUS 
 
 J. DRUPACEA, Labillardiere. SYRIAN JUNIPER. 
 
 (Arceuthos drupacea, Antoine.") 
 
 An unisexual tree of pyramidal or columnar shape, 30 to 40 ft. high in 
 cultivation, 60 ft. high in nature ; young shoots three-cornered, and bearing 
 the leaves in spreading whorls of three. Leaves uniformly awl-shaped, sharply 
 and stiffly pointed, \ to in. long, ^ to in. wide at the base ; upper surface 
 slightly concave, marked with two dull glaucous bands of stomata separated 
 by a narrow green midrib ; margins also green. The under-surface is wholly 
 green, and has the midrib rather prominent. Fruit globose, | to I in. wide, 
 brown with a glaucous covering. 
 
 Native of the mountains of Greece, Asia Minor, and Syria ; introduced 
 about the middle of last century. It thrives better than most junipers at 
 Kew, and from its beauty and the distinctness of its shape, is well worth 
 cultivation. It is easily distinguished by the size of its leaves, which (like the 
 fruits) are the largest found among junipers. It differs from other species in 
 the leaf-bases being attached to the stem, and extending downward to the 
 next whorl (decurrent). No fruits appear to have been developed in this 
 country, 
 
 J. EXCELS A, Bieber stein. 
 
 A tree 30 to 40 ft. high in cultivation, twice or thrice as high in nature ; 
 bark brown, peeling off in strips ; branchlets very slender. Leaves of both 
 adult and juvenile forms, the latter awl-shaped, in pairs or in threes, \ to |- in. 
 long, sharply pointed. Adult leaves scale-like, in pairs, closely appressed to 
 the branchlets, ovate, ^j in. long, thickened towards the pointed apex, which is 
 incurved ; there is a glandular hollow towards the base. Male and female 
 flowers. on the same or separate plants. Fruit globose, \ in. diameter, dark 
 brown covered with a blue bloom, containing four to six seeds. 
 
 Native of S.E. Europe, Asia Minor, and the Caucasus. It is an elegant, 
 narrowly pyramidal tree in cultivation, and thrives very well. The typical 
 form seems to lose its juvenile foliage, but in the handsomer var. PERKINSII, 
 well marked by its glaucous hue, the leaves are wholly of a semi-juvenile or 
 intermediate type, half or less than half of the length of the true juvenile ones, 
 but quite distinct from the true adult, scale-likes leaves. They are from 
 ^g- to \ in. long, in pairs or in threes, awl-shaped and spreading. From 
 J. virginiana, chinensis, and Sabina this species is distinguished by having 
 twice or thrice as many seeds in each fruit. 
 
 Var, STRICTA has the same type of foliage as var. Perkinsii, but is not so 
 glaucous. 
 
 J. FORMOSANA, Hayata. 
 
 (J. taxifolia, Masters not Hooker?) 
 
 In a few gardens in Britain, notably at Eastnor Castle and Bicton, there 
 grows a juniper usually known as "oblonga pendula" or "communis pendula." 
 It is the J. formosana described in 1908 by Hayata, the Japanese botanist, 
 which had previously been confused with the J. taxifolia, Hooker. It was 
 introduced by Fortune from China, where it is a tree 40 ft. high, probably 
 between 1843 and 1845, an d was put in commerce a few years later by 
 Knight and Perry of Chelsea as J. oblonga pendula. It is an elegant tree, 
 with the ends of the branches pendulous. Branchlets very slender and lax, 
 three-cornered, bearing the narrowly awl-shaped leaves in whorls of three, 
 the whorls \ to \ in. apart. Leaves \ to in. long, finely pointed, spreading', 
 glaucous on the upper side, with a fine green line up the centre ; lower side 
 
JUNIPERUS 
 
 673 
 
 wholly green, keeled. Fruit globose, | in. across, reddish brown, containing 
 
 three 'seeds. It much resembles J. rigida in habit and leaf, but that species 
 
 is well distinguished by the groove that 
 
 traverses the centre of the upper surface 
 
 of the leaf, which has, moreover, no green 
 
 line dividing the glaucous band into two 
 
 parts. 
 
 J. PACHYPHL/EA, Torrey. 
 CHEQUER-BARKED JUNIPER. 
 
 A tree 50 to 60 ft. high, with a very 
 distinct bark that cracks up into curious 
 small squares. Leaves of two kinds, awl- 
 shaped and scale-like, with intermediate 
 states ; the former to ^ in. long, very 
 sharply pointed, mostly in threes, whitish 
 on the upper side, glaucous beneath ; the 
 scale-like ones in pairs or in threes, closely 
 flattened to the branchlet, -$ in. long, ovate, 
 pointed, with the points incurved. Under 
 a strongish glass minute teeth can be seen 
 on the margin, and there is a resin-gland 
 on the back. Fruits ripening the second 
 year, globose or slightly longer than broad, 
 \ in. long, covered with blue bloom. 
 
 Native of dry mountain-sides in the 
 south-western United States. It has been 
 cultivated at Kew since about 1873, but 
 is still scarcely 20 ft. high. Our climate is 
 scarcely sunny and hot enough for it. The 
 specimen at Kew, however, shows the curi- 
 ous chequered bark which is the most 
 distinctive feature of this juniper. A fine 
 specimen in the Jesup collection of timbers 
 at the Natural History Museum of New 
 York shows this character remarkably well. 
 J. pachyphlaea is very pretty in the silvery 
 young growth of the juvenile form, and is 
 now offered for sale by nurserymen. 
 
 J. PHCENICEA, Linnaus. 
 
 Although trees and shrubs bearing this 
 name are occasionally to be met with in 
 gardens, it would seem that the true plant 
 is now rare, and only to be found in the 
 warmer parts of the country. It is a 
 native of S. Europe, N. Africa, and the 
 Canary Islands, and, according to Aiton, 
 was introduced in 1683. The adult leaves 
 are in pairs or in threes, scale-like, ^ in. 
 long, very closely arranged and appressed 
 to the branchlet ; the juvenile leaves (few JCSIPEBUS 
 
 or absent in old trees) are needle-like and 
 
 in whorls of threes. Fruit variable, but mostly globose, about \ in. diameter, 
 dark reddish or yellowish brown, without bloom, containing three to nine seeds. 
 
 2 U 
 
674 JUNIPERUS 
 
 Var. TURBINATA. Fruits egg-shaped, sometimes top-shaped, as compared 
 with the usually spherical ones of the type. 
 
 J. PROCUMBENS, Siebold. 
 
 A low, spreading shrub of sturdy habit, i to 2 ft. high, and densely 
 furnished with stiff branchlets. Leaves \ to \ in. long, always awl-shaped, 
 and in threes, ending in a sharp, stiff point ; concave on the upper side and 
 glaucous, but with a distinct green midrib and margins ; lower side bright 
 green, with a groove near the base. The leaves point forward, and are 
 somewhat incurved towards the tip. 
 
 Native of Japan ; described by Siebold in 1844, about which time it 
 was in cultivation as J. squamata at Kew. It appears afterwards to have 
 almost disappeared from cultivation, but was reintrpduced in 1893. There 
 is a very fine example in the Vicarage Garden at Bitton, 4 or 5 yds. across 
 and about 18 ins. high. It is allied to J. squamata, but is a more vigorous 
 and hardy shrub, its foliage larger, stiffer, and more spiny at the tip. No 
 dwarf juniper, indeed, is handsomer than this, or makes a more striking 
 low, dense covering for the ground. It never appears to have borne fruit 
 in cultivation, but strikes root readily from cuttings. It must not be confused 
 with a prostrate form of J. Sabina found in N. America, which is also known 
 by this name. 
 
 J. RECURVA, Buchanan- Hamilton. HIMALAYAN JUNIPER. 
 
 A tree 30 to 40 ft. high, or a shrub, usually broadly pyramidal in shape, 
 and clothed to the ground with branches, which are curved downwards at the 
 ends ; bark brown, peeling off in thin flakes. Leaves in whorls of threes, 
 \ to J in. long, uniformly awl-shaped, all pointing fowards and rather appressed 
 to the branchlet which they completely hide ; upper (inner) surface very 
 concave and glaucous ; outer surface dull green changing to brown before the 
 leaf falls, grooved along the middle. Fruit egg-shaped, f in. long, brown the 
 first year, ripening to a dark purple the second ; one-seeded. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya ; introduced in 1830. A graceful tree and distinct, 
 its value in gardens is decreased by the dull colour of the foliage, giving very 
 frequently the impression of bad health. Male and female flowers occur on 
 the same tree. It has lived out-of-doors at Kew for many years, but requires 
 the warmer, moister conditions of such places as Cornwall to show it at 
 its best. 
 
 J. RIGID A, Siebold. 
 
 A tree sometimes 20 ft. or more high, of eleg-ant form, the branches being 
 pendulous at the ends ; young shoots smooth, triangular. Leaves triangular 
 in section, always needle-like and very slender, \ to f in. long, and produced 
 in spreading whorls of threes ; very sharply pointed. The upper surface is 
 deeply grooved and has one glaucous band of stomatic lines along the middle ; 
 elsewhere the leaf is bright green. Fruit \ in. or more wide, at first broadly 
 conical, then globose, dark brown, ripening the second year. Seeds one to 
 three in each berry. 
 
 Native of Japan ; introduced by John Gould Veitch in 1861. It thrives 
 very well in the southern counties of England, making a small, broadly 
 pyramidal shrub or small tree, but is not very common. Most closely allied 
 to J. communis, it is still very distinct in its narrower, longer leaves grooved 
 along the upper side, and thinner, more elegant habit. (Fig. p. 675.) 
 
JUNIPERUS 
 
 675 
 
 J. SABINA, Linnceus. COMMON SAVIN. 
 
 A shrub reaching in certain conditions 10 to 15 ft. in height, but usually 
 
 JUNIPERUS RIGIDA. 
 
 less than half as high ; the whole plant emitting a strong, aromatic odour 
 when bruised. The habit is usually stiff and spreading. Leaves of two types : 
 
676 JUNIPERUS 
 
 the juvenile awl-shaped, and the adult scale-like. Juvenile leaves in opposite 
 pairs, spine-tipped, ^ to ^ in. long, the concave upper side glaucous, except on 
 the margins. The scale -like, genuinely adult leaves are on very slender 
 branchlets, and about ^ m - l n g> g reen > bluntish at the apex, thickened and 
 rounded at the outside, which is marked about the centre with a sunken gland. 
 As in other junipers with dimorphic foliage, there is an intermediate state in 
 which the leaves are larger and more pointed than the fully adult ones. Plants 
 either uni- or bi-sexual. Fruit globose or broadly top-shaped, to j in. 
 diameter, dark brown, ultimately covered with a blue bloom, and containing 
 usually two seeds. 
 
 Native of the mountains of Central and S. Europe, and chiefly, but not 
 invariably, found on limestone. It was cultivated in England in the first half 
 of the sixteenth century. It is one of the handsomest and most useful of 
 dwarf evergreens, especially for elevated and chalky districts, being easily 
 increased by cuttings. 
 
 Var. HUMILIS, Endlicher. Carpet Juniper. A low shrub of spreading 
 habit, i^ to 2 ft. high, with both types of foliage. 
 
 Var. TAMARISCIFOLIA, Aiton. Spanish Savin. A shrub of spreading 
 habit like the preceding, but taller : leaves of the two types, the juveniles often 
 in threes. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATA. A dwarf shrub with close branches whose younger parts 
 are tipped with creamy white. 
 
 On the shores of the Great Lakes and other parts of Eastern N. America 
 there is found a low, prostrate juniper very closely allied to J. Sabina. It is 
 known by vari'ous names, chiefly as J. Sabina var. prostrata, sometimes as 
 J. procumbens, which, however, belongs rightly to the Japanese species 
 previously described under the name ; also as J. hudsonica, Loddiges. It is 
 apparently a distinct species, and is treated as such by American botanists 
 under the name of J. HORIZONTALS, Moench, "Waukegan juniper." Its 
 adult scale-like leaves are sharply pointed and in pairs. Fruit about 4- in. 
 diameter, with usually two or three seeds. The whole plant has a glaucous- 
 blue colour ; it is, perhaps, the bluest of junipers and very striking, although 
 not abundant in cultivation. It does not occur on limestone. 
 
 J. SQUAMATA, Buchanan- Hamilton. 
 
 (J. densa, Gordon?) 
 
 A low shrub with the main branches spreading over the ground, and 
 the branchlets rising about 2 ft. above them. Leaves always awl-shaped 
 (never scale-like), and arranged in threes ; they are pointed forwards, but 
 not appressed to the stem, J to \ in. long, terminated by a slender fine 
 point ; margins green on the upper side and incurved, the concave centre 
 uniformly glaucous ; lower side of leaf wholly green, and with a central 
 groove. Fruit egg-shaped, about \ in. long, reddish brown the first year, 
 ripening and changing to purplish black the second ; it carries one seed. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya and China ; introduced to Chiswick from the 
 former about 1836, or perhaps earlier. It is allied to J. recurva, which it 
 resembles in its uniform foliage, and the purple-black, one-seeded berries. 
 The leaves, however, are broader, shorter, and more conspicuously glaucous, 
 and the habit and general aspect very different. There is a good specimen 
 at Bayfordbury from which the above description was made, which makes 
 a handsome low shrub, very dense and leafy in growth. 
 
 J. THURIFERA, LinncEus. INCENSE JUNIPER. 
 
 A tree 30 to 40 ft. high in a wild state ; narrowly pyramidal in cultivation. 
 Leaves of two sorts, viz., awl-shaped and scale-like ; the former sharply 
 
JUNIPERUS 677 
 
 pointed, ^ to in. long, arranged in opposite pairs in four superposed rows, 
 the upper surface having two glaucous lines separated by a green one ; scale- 
 like leaves o\j to ^ in. long, pointed, and with a hollow at the back. 
 Intermediate" forms occur. Fruit J- to in. diameter, roundish, covered 
 with glaucous bloom when ripe. 
 
 Native of S.W. Europe and N. Africa ; long introduced, but rare. It. 
 is fairly hardy at Kew, and is now about 30 ft. high, most of its foliage 
 being of the juvenile or intermediate kind. Its young shoots are nevertheless 
 occasionally much cut by severe winters, as they were in that of 1908-9. 
 The trees are unisexual. 
 
 J. VIRGINIANA, Linnaus. RED CEDAR. 
 
 A tree usually 40 to 50, occasionally 60 to 100 ft. high ; the bark peeling 
 off in long loose strips. It is pyramidal when young, becoming more round- 
 topped with age. Leaves of both awl-shaped (juvenile), and scale-like (adult) 
 forms on the same tree. The former, arranged in pairs, are \ to J in. long, 
 pointed, concave inside and glaucous except on the margins, grey-green 
 and convex outside, pointing forward. Scale-leaves ^ in. long, ovate, 
 pointed (sometimes slenderly), thickened and convex outside, overlapping. 
 Young specimens have none other than the awl-shaped type of leaf; as 
 they grow older, branches of scale-like leaves appear until, in the adult state, 
 the tree bears scarcely any other, and it is on these that the fruits are borne ; 
 fruits, however, are sometimes to be seen on branches bearing an intermediate 
 type of leaf. Male and female flowers are usually separated on different trees, 
 but occasionally appear on the same. Fruits roundish, J in. long, scarcely 
 so wide, covered with a blue glaucous bloom, carrying one or two seeds. 
 
 Native of the eastern and Central United States and eastern Canada ; 
 introduced about the middle of the seventeenth century. " This juniper is 
 by far the commonest and largest of the arborescent species cultivated 
 in gardens. The largest I have seen is at Arley Castle in Shropshire, 
 nearly 70 ft. high and 5 ft. in girth of trunk, but according to Elwes there 
 is one at Pains Hill, 13 ft. 9 ins. in girth. It likes a well-drained loamy 
 soil, is perfectly hardy, and altogether one of the best thriving of Eastern 
 N. American trees in this country, especially on chalky soils. From the 
 next most common of tree-like junipers, J. chinensis, this in all its 
 forms is best distinguished by its awl-shaped leaves being always in 
 pairs, and by its scale-like leaves being always pointed. Small plants 
 are like J. Sabina, but that is to be distinguished by its peculiar rank 
 smell when crushed. 
 
 Under cultivation J. virginiana has produced a good number of varieties 
 owing to its variability when raised from seed. Of these varieties the 
 following are the most distinct : . 
 
 Var. AUREO-VARIEGATA. A proportion of the young shoots are yellow, 
 sometimes wholly, sometimes the tips only. Vars. AUREO-SPICA and 
 ELEGANTISSIMA are improved forms of this. 
 
 Var. BEDFORDIANA (syn. J, Gossaintheana, Loddiges). A tree of columnar 
 form, with long slender branches, pendulous at the ends. The habit is 
 elegant, and the leaves never appear to assume the quite short scale-like 
 form, but remain either in the juvenile or intermediate states. More tender 
 than the type, and possibly belonging really to J. barbadensis, a sub- 
 tropical representative of J. virginiana found in the southern United States and 
 West Indies. 
 
 Var. DUMOSA. Of close, rounded form, always dwarf ; leaves bright 
 green. COMPACTA and HUMILIS are the same or similar. 
 
 Var. GLAUCA (syn. argentea). Leaves silvery grey during the spring and 
 summer, changing to green. 
 
678 JUNIPERUS KALMIA 
 
 Var. PENDULA. Various pendulous forms are known, the best being 
 a female one of the typical colour, the branches of which are horizontal, 
 the tips pendulous ; PENDULA VIRIDIS has bright green foliage. 
 
 Var. SCHOTTI, Gordon (syn. viridis). Leaves bright green, habit compact, 
 pyramidal. 
 
 Var. TRIPARTITA. A bush of spreading habit and low growth. 
 
 J. WALLICHIANA, Hooker fil. BLACK JUNIPER. 
 
 (J. pseudo-sabina, Hooker fil. not Fischer?) 
 
 A tree 60 ft. high in Sikkim, according to Brandis, with spreading branches. 
 Leaves of two types (i) juvenile, in whorls of threes, \ to j in. long, sharply 
 pointed, pointing forwards, concave and very glaucous above, green and 
 keeled below, all very closely set upon the branchlet, with the stalk extending 
 down and attached to it (decurrent) ; and (2) adult leaves ^ in. long, scale- 
 like, arranged in opposite pairs overlapping each other and appressed to the 
 branchlet, pointed with the points incurved, grooved outside, bright green. 
 Male and female flowers on separate trees. Fruits egg-shaped, tapered at the 
 top, J to ^ in. long, at first dark brown, blue when ripe, one-seeded. 
 
 Native of the Himalaya up to 15,000 ft. elevation; introduced by Sir 
 Joseph Hooker in 1849 to Kew, where there is a healthy tree about 20 ft. high. 
 This bears both types of foliage. A healthy specimen at Leonardslee has 
 mostly the juvenile type, but bore fruit in 1911, and one at Kew bears male 
 flowers. 
 
 The true J. PSEUDO-SABINA, Fischer, is an allied species, but shrubby, and 
 has the scale-like leaves blunt or rounded at the end ; the fruits are like those 
 of Wallichiana in being one-seeded, but more globose and smaller. Native of 
 Siberia, probably not in cultivation. 
 
 KADSURA JAPONJCA, /'#*. MAGNOLIACE^i. 
 
 This is the only hardy member of a small genus belonging to the 
 Magnolia family, and closely related to the Schizandras, but differing 
 from them in having the fruits arranged in a globose head instead of 
 an elongated spike. K. japonica is a climbing, evergreen shrub, with 
 slender, twining branches. Leaves oval or lanceolate, slender-pointed, 
 dark green, 2 to 4 ins. long, ij to if- ins. wide; quite smooth and 
 remotely toothed. Flower solitary on a slender stalk i to ij ins. long, 
 and borne singly in the leaf-axils of the current season's growth from June 
 until autumn ; the corolla yellowish white, f in. across, composed of six 
 to nine fleshy petals. Berries scarlet, clustered in a globose head. 
 
 Native of Japan; introduced in 1860. This interesting and un- 
 common twiner is not particularly hardy in the open, and should be 
 given the shelter of a wall. It can be increased by cuttings of half- 
 ripened wood put in gentle heat. 
 
 Var. VARIEGATA. Leaves with an irregular border of creamy white. 
 
 KALMIA. KRICACE^E. 
 
 A small group of shrubs, mostly evergreen, native of Eastern 
 N. America, and named by Linnaeus in honour of Peter Kalrn, one 
 
KALMIA 679 
 
 of his pupils, and the author of a famous eighteenth-century book of 
 North American travel. They are all handsome plants, especially 
 K. latifolia and K. glauca, with the leaves in some species alternate, in 
 others opposite or in threes. Flowers five-parted, flattish, open, and 
 produced in showy clusters. They show an interesting mechanism to 
 secure fertilisation. There are ten stamens, which on first expanding 
 are bent back so that the anthers are held in little cavities in the corolla. 
 The " knee " formed by the stalk of the stamen is sensitive, and when the 
 pollen is ripe, if it be touched, the anther is released with a jerk, sending 
 a little dust of pollen in the direction of the stigma, or over the insect 
 whose movements set it in motion. The fruit is a globose capsule, five- 
 celled and many-seeded. The foliage of Kalmias is mostly considered 
 poisonous to animals that graze on it. K. angustifolia is on this account 
 known as " lamb-kill " in the United States. 
 
 Kalmias like a peaty soil and cool, permanently moist conditions at 
 the root. They are best propagated by seed, which should be sown 
 as advised for rhododendrons, and afterwards pricked off in boxes. 
 K. glauca may be increased by cuttings of moderately ripened growths 
 in July and August. 
 
 K. HIRSUTA, Walter, a very distinct species with alternate leaves and 
 hairy branchlets, leaves, flower-stalks, and calyx, is probably not in cultivation, 
 nor quite hardy. Native of the south-eastern United States. 
 
 K. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Linnceus. SHEEP LAUREL. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 331.) 
 
 An evergreen shrub, varying considerably in height and habit. The largest 
 form is 2 to 4 ft. high, and of thin, open growth ; the smallest a dwarf, tufted 
 plant 6 ins. or so high ; young wood slightly downy. Leaves in pairs or in 
 threes, oval or ovate ; f to 2 ins. long, \ to f in. wide ; smooth and bright 
 green above, paler or semi-glaucous beneath ; stalk \ to \ in. long. Flowers 
 produced in June, densely packed in rounded clusters 2 ins. across at the 
 termination of the previous year's growth. Corolla saucer-shaped, \ in. across, 
 deep rosy red ; lobes five, shallowly triangular. Calyx and flower-stalk downy. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; introduced in 1736, and the commonest of 
 Kalmias in gardens. It spreads by sucker growths at the base, and the dwarfer 
 forms are dainty shrubs. Propagated by seed or by pulling old plants apart 
 in spring. Several minor forms have been given names referring to differences 
 in habit, shape of leaf, and colour of flower, such as : NANA (syn. pumila), 
 dwarf ; OVATA, leaves ovate, broader ; ROSEA, flowers rose-coloured ; RUBRA, 
 flowers deeper red than ordinary. The specific name " angustifolia :> has no 
 significance except in relation to K. latifolia. 
 
 K. CAROLINA, Small, is a near ally of K. angustifolia, kept apart from it on 
 the strength of its permanently downy leaves and style. 
 
 K. CUNEATA, Michaux. 
 
 (Bot. Mag,, t. 8319.) 
 
 A deciduous, sometimes partially evergreen shrub, 3 to 4 ft. high, of thin, 
 erect, gaunt habit ; young shoots reddish, glandular-hairy. Leaves alternate, 
 nearly or quite stalkless, obovate or narrowly oval ; f to 2 ins. long, \ to i in. 
 wide* always narrowed towards the base, but pointed or rounded at the apex ; 
 
680 
 
 KALMIA 
 
 smooth and dark green above, paler and with scattered gland-tipped hairs 
 beneath. Flowers produced in June and July at the end of the previous year's 
 growth in a series of clusters (fascicles), each consisting of two to six blossoms. 
 Corolla white, i to f in. across, cup-shaped ; lobes shallow, rounded. Calyx- 
 
 KALMIA CUNEATA. 
 
 lobes | in. long, ovate, green, smooth ; flower-stalks thread-like, j to ij ins. 
 long, beset with a few scattered hairs. 
 
 Native of the Carolinas, south-eastern United States ; discovered by 
 Michaux, and introduced to Britain in 1820, but for many years quite lost to 
 cultivation, until reintroduced to Kew in 1904. It is a distinct species, but has 
 a somewhat inelegant habit owing to its sparse branching. It loses all or 
 
KALMIA 
 
 681 
 
 nearly all its leaves in severe weather, and is, perhaps, seen to best advantage 
 
 Planted thinly with an undergrowth of some dwarf peat-loving evergreen like 
 .eiophyllum or Bruckenthalia. 
 
 K. GLAUCA, Alton. PALE LAUREL. 
 
 (Dot. Mag., t. 177 ; K. polifolia, Wangenheim.') 
 An evergreen shrub, I to 2 ft. high, of rather thin, erect, bifurcating habit, 
 
 KALMIA GLAUCA. 
 
 but bushy ; young shoots two-edged, covered with a fine down at first. Leaves 
 opposite in pairs, or in threes ; narrowly oblong or ovate ; f to li ins. long, 
 \ to $ in. wide ; recurved at the margins, tapering at both ends ; dark lustrous 
 green above, and smooth except on the midrib ; lower surface glaucous white ; 
 stalk t V in. long, appressed to the stem. Flowers in a terminal, flattish cluster, 
 I or li'ins. across ; produced late in April. Corolla saucer-shaped, about in. 
 across^ with five broad, shallow lobes, of a beautiful pale purplish rose ; stamens 
 
682 KALMIA KERIUA 
 
 of the same colour, but with brown anthers. Calyx-lobes in. long, oblong ; 
 flower-stalks smooth, very slender. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; introduced in 1767. Naturally a swamp 
 plant, it likes a cool, moist soil. Under the drier conditions usually given it 
 under cultivation it is a sturdier, more erect shrub than it appears to be in 
 nature, where it is described as straggling. It is very hardy, and one of the 
 brightest of spring -flowering shrubs of its colour. Useful for forcing early 
 into bloom for conservatories. 
 
 K. LATIFOLIA, Linnceus. CALICO BUSH. 
 
 (Bot. Mag., t. 175 ; K. lucida, Hort.} 
 
 A large, robust, evergreen shrub with rather the aspect of a rhododendron 
 when not in flower, a single plant sometimes forming a dense thicket 10 ft. 
 high, and 15 ft. through ; young shoots slightly dowity. Leaves alternate, 
 leathery, smooth, rich glossy green, oval ; 2 to 5 ins. long, f to i ins. wide ; 
 tapering at both ends, often in a cluster at the end of the twig ; stalk J to 
 
 1 in. long. Flowers crowded in several flattish or rounded clusters, ter- 
 minating the growth of the previous year, and collectively 3 or 4 ins. across. 
 Corolla saucer-shaped, f to I in. across, varying in colour from white or pale 
 blush to deep rose, with five triangular, blunt lobes. Stamens white, with 
 brown anthers. Calyx-lobes ovate, ^ in. long, covered with viscous hairs like 
 the flower-stalk, which is slender, and f to ij ins. long. The flowers vary 
 much in depth of shade, size, and density in the truss. 
 
 Native of Eastern N. America ; introduced in 1734, and probably the 
 most beautiful evergreen shrub obtained from that region. There are bushes 
 of the dimensions given above in the south of England, but generally the 
 species has not been planted so extensively as it deserves. Both wild and 
 cultivated, it is the most beautiful of evergreens of the eastern United States. 
 A great breadth of it in the Arnold Arboretum, near Boston, U.S.A., 200 to 
 300 yards long, provides every June one of the public flower feasts of that 
 city. I have also seen it wild on the New Hampshire Hills, where it grows in 
 woods, but is seen at its best on grass and juniper covered hills sprinkled in 
 groups, or as isolated bushes, generally 4 to 6 ft. high. 
 
 Var. MYRTIFOLIA J ager (K. myrtifolia, Andre), is a dwarf bush usually 
 
 2 to 4 ft. high, the largest leaves about 2 ins. long. It is a pretty, neat bush, 
 useful in places where the type is too large. 
 
 Var. POLYPETALA, Nicholson. A form in which the corolla lobes are 
 divided almost to the base. It appeared in the Arnold Arboretum, and is 
 merely a curiosity of no merit. 
 
 K ERR I A JAPONICA, De Candolle. ROSACES 
 
 (Bot. Reg., t. 1873.) 
 
 A deciduous shrub of bushy form, 4 to 6 ft. high, branches and 
 twigs slender, supple, quite smooth and glossy, forming a dense inter- 
 lacing mass. Leaves alternate, ij to 4 ins. long, ovate-lanceolate, 
 parallel-veined, the base rounded, the point long and tapering, smooth 
 above, hairy (especially on the veins) beneath ; the margins doubly 
 toothed. The leaves are much larger on the barren shoots of the year 
 than on the flowering twigs. Flowers yellow, solitary at the end of 
 short leafy twigs springing from the previous year's shoots ; i \ to if ins. 
 across ; petals normally five, obovate ; calyx green, -| in. across, with five 
 
KERRIA 
 
 683 
 
 oblong lobes. Stamens numerous^ yellow. Fruit not often produced in this 
 country, but as seen on wild specimens, is a cluster of two or three 
 nut-like bodies about the size of peppercorns, enveloped in the persistent 
 calyx. Flowers in April and May. 
 
 KALMIA LATIFOLIA var. MYRTIFOLIA. 
 
 Var. AUREA VARIEGATA has yellow-margined leaves. 
 
 Yar. FLORE PLENO (Corchorus japonicus, Hort.\ Bot. Mag., t. 1296. A 
 double-flowered variety much commoner in gardens than the type, and re- 
 markably distinct in growth, the branches being stouter, more erect, and the 
 shrub. of a gaunt and rather lanky habit, showing none of the dense twiggy 
 character of the type. The flower is a rounded mass of bright yellow petals, 
 ii to 2 ins. across. It is not so hardy as the type, and likes wall protection. 
 In the vicarage garden at Bitton it is 12 ft. high. 
 
684 
 
 KEKKIA KETELEERIA 
 
 Var. VARIEGATA, ZabeL Like the type in habit, but scarcely so vigorous ; 
 its leaves are deeply and irregularly margined with white. It flowers more or 
 less during the whole summer, but is scarcely so hardy as the'type. 
 
 The Kerria has long been culti- 
 vated in Japan, and its existence there 
 was known as long ago as 1700, but 
 the double - flowered form (the first 
 introduced) did not reach England 
 until 1804, when it was introduced 
 to Kew by Wm. Kerr, a plant collector 
 sent out from that establishment the 
 previous year to China. As the repro- 
 ductive parts were wanting, its botani- 
 cal affinities could only be surmised, 
 and it was called "Corchorus japoni- 
 cus," a name which still clings to it in 
 establishments somewhat behind the 
 times. Corchorus is a genus allied to 
 the lindens. When the single-flowered 
 typical plant was introduced in 1834 
 by Mr Reeves, and blossomed two or 
 three years later, it was seen to belong 
 to the rose family, and was then named 
 Kerria by De Candolle. This species, 
 the only one of its genus known, is a 
 native of China, and is only naturalised 
 or cultivated in Japan. It was collected 
 in flower and fruit by Wilson in W. 
 Hupeh, China, in 1900, and earlier by 
 Henry. 
 
 The typical Kerria is a beautiful 
 shrub when in flower, and quite hardy, 
 thriving in good loamy soil. It is 
 easily increased by moderately soft 
 cuttings placed in brisk bottom heat. 
 The variegated form needs a sheltered 
 spot. All the Kerrias are benefited 
 by an occasional thinning out of old 
 stems. 
 
 KEKKIA JAPONICA. 
 
 KETELEERIA FORTUNEI, Carriere. CONIFER/E. 
 
 (Abies Fortune!, Murray ; Gardeners' Chronicle, 1884, i., figs. 64-7.) 
 
 An evergreen tree, probably 100 ft. high, with horizontal branches; 
 young shoots furnished with down which persists to the second or third 
 year; winter buds small, the basal scales with long, free, linear points, 
 Leaves linear, i to i-J- ins. long, -jV to -I in. wide; flat, pointed, 
 broadest near the base, where they are abruptly narrowed to a short stalk ; 
 shining green on both sides, with twelve to sixteen stomatic lines beneath, 
 
KETELEERIA KOELREUTERIA 685 
 
 forming a pale, faintly defined band each side the midrib, which is 
 quite prominent on both surfaces. The leaves are arranged like those 
 of many silver firs, being attached spirally, but twisted at the base so as 
 to bring them into two opposite spreading sets ; they persist five or more 
 years. Cones (only known from imported specimens) erect, cylindrical, 
 4 to 6 ins. long, stalked, and described as purple. 
 
 Native of China; introduced by Fortune in 1844, and extremely rare 
 in cultivation. The finest tree in Europe is in Messrs Rovelli's nursery 
 at Pallanza, in Italy. I saw this tree in May 1912, when Mr Rovelli 
 told me it was 85 ft. high : its trunk was 2 ft. 9 ins. in diameter ; many 
 old cones were scattered beneath. It is scarcely hardy enough to thrive 
 in the average climate of the British Isles, but would no doubt succeed 
 well in Cornwall, S.W. Ireland, and such-like places. A small plant in 
 the tree nursery at Kew was practically stationary in size for several years, 
 although it withstood hard frosts with impunity. Fortune described the 
 tree as having the appearance of a cedar of Lebanon ; the Pallanza tree, 
 comparatively young, has very much the aspect of a silver fir. Keteleeria 
 is most nearly allied to Abies, but is very distinct in the male catkins 
 being borne in umbels. 
 
 K. DAVIDIANA, Franchet^ is another species native of W. China. It was 
 introduced to Kew by Henry in 1889, and Wilson found it and introduced it 
 again in 1908. The young plants have leaves like those of K. Fortunei in size, 
 colour, and shape. But according to Wilson's specimens of adult plants, the 
 leaves of cone-bearing or adult branches differ from those of K. Fortunei in 
 becoming blunt and conspicuously notched at the apex, and in having the 
 midrib sunken above. The cone-scales are also more reflexed at the margin. 
 Wilson found cones 8 ins. long. 
 
 KOELREUTERIA PANICULATA, Laxmann. SAPINDACE/E. 
 
 A deciduous tree, up to 30 to 60 ft. high, with soft, pithy wood and 
 rather gaunt habit in a young state, becoming more compact with age ; 
 young shoots minutely downy. Leaves alternate, pinnate, sometimes 
 partially bipinnate; the nine to fifteen leaflets ovate, short-stalked or 
 stalkless, coarsely and irregularly toothed, downy beneath. The entire 
 leaf is from 6 to 18 ins., or even more, in length, and the separate leaflets 
 from i to 4 ins. long, the larger ones often pinnately lobed at the base. 
 Flowers in a large, terminal, pyramidal panicle, sometimes over 12 ins. 
 long, made up of a series of elongated, slender racemes, carrying numerous 
 short-stalked, yellow flowers, each about J in. wide ; petals four ; stamens 
 eight, downy. Fruit a conical, inflated, three-valved capsule, i \ to 2 ins. 
 long; seeds about the size of peas, dark brown. 
 
 Native of China; introduced to England in 1763, and said to have 
 first been cultivated at Croome, in Worcestershire. It is quite hardy and 
 very handsome, flowering in July and August. When seen at its best 
 the tree is a mass of deep yellow flowers, and these are succeeded by the 
 striking bladder-like fruits. It loves the sun, and I have never seen it 
 quite so striking in this country as it is in Central France. Its handsome 
 
686 
 
 KOELREUTERIA 
 
 leaves turn bright yellow in autumn. It likes a good loamy soil. The 
 seeds afford the best means of propagation, and are obtainable from 
 French nurserymen. Failing them, root-cuttings may be used. The tree 
 
 KOELEEUTEKIA PANICULATA. 
 
 is probably not long-lived, and is rather subject to the attacks of coral-spot 
 fungus. One of the finest specimens in this country is in Mr Waterer's 
 nursery at Knap Hill. It is 40 ft. high, its trunk 6 ft. in girth, and its 
 
KOELREUTERIA 687 
 
 head of branches 105 ft. in circumference. J. G. Koelreuter, after whom 
 the genus was named, was a professor of botany at Karlsruhe in the 
 eighteenth century. 
 
 K. BI FINN ATA, Franchet, another Chinese species, is not hardy here 
 nor in Paris, although it has been tried several times. It differs from 
 K. paniculata in its leaves being invariably doubly, sometimes trebly, 
 
 KOLKWITZIA AMABILIS. 
 
 pinnate, in its more regularly and less coarsely toothed leaflets, and the 
 rounder, broader valves of the fruit. 
 
 Mr Wilson introduced from China, in 1900, a rather distinct 
 Koelreuteria with very large and often quite bipinnate leaves, appar- 
 ently intermediate between these two species. It is hardy at Coombe 
 Wood 
 
688 KOLKWITZIA 
 
 KOLKWITZIA AMABILIS, Graebner. CAPRIFOLIACE^;. 
 
 A deciduous bush, 5 or 6 ft. high, of twiggy habit ; young shoots at first 
 hairy, then rough. Leaves opposite, broadly ovate, long-pointed, rounded 
 at the base, shallowly and remotely toothed; i to 3 ins. long, J to 2 
 ins. wide, dark dull green and sparsely hairy above ; paler, prominently 
 net-veined and bristly on the veins beneath ; ciliate ; chief veins three or 
 four each side the midrib ; stalk bristly, T ^ to \ in. long. Flowers twin, 
 produced during May and June in corymbs 2 to 3 ins. across, terminating 
 short lateral twigs. Corolla bell-shaped, | in. long and the same in width 
 at the mouth, where are five roundish, spreading lobes ; pink with yellow 
 in the throat, hairy. Calyx J in. across, with five or six very narrow, 
 radiating lobes, hairy ; flower-stalk \ to |- in. long, slender, hairy. 
 Stamens four. Fruit egg-shaped, \ in. long, covered with brown bristles 
 \ in. long. A curious feature is the persistent elongated calyx standing 
 out beyond the fruit. 
 
 Native of the province of Hupeh, China, on the watershed of the 
 Han and Yangtse rivers, where it occurs among rocks at 9000 to 
 10,000 ft; introduced by Wilson for Messrs Veitch in 1901, and 
 cultivated in the nursery at Coombe Wood, where it first flowered under 
 cultivation in June 1910. The flowers of this rare and remarkable shrub 
 resemble those of Abelia, but its remarkable, hairy calyx and fruit are 
 very different. (Fig. p. 687.) 
 
 END OF VOL. I. 
 
 PRINTED BY OUVKR AND BOYD, EDINBURGH, SCOTLANP. 
 

 14 DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 LANDSCAPE ART 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 G i. 
 
 1966 
 
 General Library