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AVESTA READER 
 
 FIRST SERIES 
 
 EASIER TEXTS, NOTES, AND VOCABULARY 
 
 BY 
 
 A. V. WILLIAMS JACKSON 
 
 OF COLUMIHA COLLEGE, NEW YORK CITY 
 
 
 STUTTGART 
 
 \V. K O H L H A M M E R 
 
 1893 
 
JU 
 
 •J : t 
 
This little book is inscribed in remembrance 
 of the late 
 
 Kommerzienrat W^. Kohlhammer 
 
 as a token of regard. 
 
 280323 
 
Preface. 
 
 This littlti book lays no claim to any special merit 
 beyond furnishing in convenient form some material for 
 those beginning to study the Avesta. As it is intended 
 merely for an mtrodiiction, and being designed as the 
 first of a series of reading books, the number of pages 
 of texts has been limited. The selections here given are 
 such as may easily be mastered by a class in one college 
 term; the beginner, moreover, alwaj's finds a certain de- 
 gree of pleasure and satisfaction in a book that can be 
 read through in a comparatively short time, and he feels 
 he is making a certain amount of progress when another 
 book has to be taken up. With that in view, a second 
 volume is being prepared, this will contain longer te.xts 
 and will be so arranged as to imply a step in advance. 
 
 The present selections in prose and verse, are fairly 
 representative, as far as excerpts can be, of Yasna, Vis- 
 parad, Yasht. and V^endidad. The chapters Ys. 26 and 57 
 are given complete. The passage from Vd. 19 has the 
 advantage of presenting a specimen of texts in which 
 grammatical decay is to be observed. 
 
 The notes in general have been made brief and con- 
 cise, but it is hoped that beside being explanatory they 
 will also prove useful in giving the student an occasional 
 
vi Preface. 
 
 hint regarding books of reference, and will thus interest 
 him in the literature of the subject. A brief list of useful 
 books has already been given in Avesta Grammar Part i, 
 p. xl-xlii. Attention is now also called to the new Avesta 
 translation by Darmesteter, Le Zend-Avesta (3 volumes, 
 Paris 1892-3), the last two volumes of which reached me 
 after the greater part of the present book was already in 
 press; I was pleased, however, to note several co-incidences 
 in interpretation of certain Yasht and Vendidad passages. 
 
 The vocabulary has been made a Httle more full 
 perhaps than is necessar>'; but this was done from a de- 
 sire to give the beginner a fair start. It seemed advis- 
 able, for example, to add frequent grammatical references, 
 and to designate the verb forms in full. A slightly dif- 
 ferent plan will be followed in the Second Series. 
 
 With regard to the etymologies in the vocabulary, 
 comparison has been confined to Sanskrit, Old Persian, 
 Pahlavi, and New Persian. It is presupposed, of course, 
 that the student has made some progress in Sanskrit. The 
 comparisons with Old Persian, Pahlavi and New Persian 
 are added, not at all with the idea tliat they will be 
 mastered by a beginner, but in order to show the pupil 
 the importance of the Iranian as well as the Sanskrit 
 side of interpretation, and to familiarize him with the 
 studies next akin to his subject. Old Persian is easily 
 mastered after Avestan, and the earnest student will soon 
 discover that the well-equipped scholar can not of course 
 long dispense with Pahlavi and New Persian. The * tradi- 
 tional' and 'comparative' method must go hand in hand. 
 
 In preparing the book I have had before me VV. Geiger's 
 Handbuch der Awestasprache, the manual with which 1 
 first began my Avesta studies. Of course C. de Harlez' 
 
Preface. vjj 
 
 Manuel de VAvesta, and Bartholomae's Altiranische Dia- 
 lekte have been often consulted. Justi's Handbuch der 
 Zend&prache was necessarily used at every step; and 
 Lanman's admirable Sanskrit Reader furnished many a 
 hint or apt English rendering for kindred Avesta-Sanskrit 
 words. The material for comparison with Old Persian 
 was drawn from Spiegel's Altpersische Keilinschriften ; 
 and that for comparison with Palilavi words, mainly 
 from West's Glossary and Index of Arda Vzraf. In 
 the case of New Persian, reference was made to Vullers' 
 Lexicon Persico-Latinum and to Palmer's Persian-English 
 Dictionary. Paul Horn's new Grundriss der Neupersishhen 
 Etymologie (Strassburg 1893) came late but iiappily as I 
 was reading the final revision of the proof-sheets of the 
 vocabulary ; from this source, therefore, a number of good 
 additions were m.ade. To each of the above authors I 
 desire to made cordial acknowledgment. To my friend 
 Professor Karl F. Geldner my sincerest thanks as always 
 are due. 
 
 With this word^ and with the hope that scholars will 
 give their helpful criticism, corrections and suggestions, 
 which 1 shall gladly and personally acknowledge, this little 
 Avesta Reader is started on its course. 
 
 A. V. Williams Jackson 
 
 September 1893. Columbia College 
 
 New York Cii-y. 
 
Contents. 
 
 Pago 
 
 PREFACK V-VIl 
 
 Tf^^TS . r^33 
 
 TRANSCKIPTION OF AVKSTAN ALPHABF.T 34 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS 36 
 
 NOTES ON THL TF.XT5 37—48 
 
 VOCABULARY 49 — ri2 
 
 Selection of Texts. 
 
 Yasna 
 
 (1) Vs. 11.1-8. Duty towards the cow, the horse, and 
 
 Ilaoma 3-5 
 
 (2) Vs. 26.1-1 I. Sacrifice and prai.se to the Fravashis . . 58 
 
 (3) Ys. 57.2-34. Praise of the Angel Sraosha S — 17 
 
 Visparad 
 
 (4) Vsp. 1 5. 1 -3. Exhortation to righteousness and worslup iS 
 
 Yashts 
 
 (5) Vt. 5.1-9, 132. Praise of the Goddess of Waters .... 19 — 23 
 
 (6) Vt. 14.1-17. Six incarnations of the Genius of Victory 23 — 27 
 
 Vcndidad 
 
 (7) '^'d- 3'23-29. The blessings of agriculture . 28—30 
 
 (8) Vd. 6.44-51. Origin of the Towers of Silence 30—31 
 
 (9) Vd. 19.5-10. The temptation of Zoroaster 32 — 33 
 
 ^"-VV n/\/\A-'V--- 
 
TEXTS. 
 
■'• YASNA. 
 I. 
 
 Yasna ii. 
 
 The cow, horse, Haoma, if misused, utter imprecations. 
 The homage due to Haoma. 
 
 '>)^-»K-"(y' ^^yyA^^-^y^ -"toy 
 »oa;'ro-»-'-"1^-"^a^ -(^-pa^ -^)c^ |oa^-»w 
 
Vasna ii. 
 
 ^i^-*'H -»-•*' -tr^-"ar -"K^^oj K)(?D) 4 
 
 •^ (o->Ai|Y '>r^-AA3 jo-u/o .^)c-(^ 'Vro 5 
 M*3)-"<; "^^jor-" (^-"^J;;i3 (y+ (^ro" 
 
 rjK'i^p*' '*■*-*'/ fO!-^-^'! ^'Or^* ip^.^ 
 
Yasna ii and 26. 5 
 
 '>-(7j/ ^w^ar-a^-" o)^-»^<^ •»o-(??/;-"-(^ 
 
 II. 
 
 Yasna 26. 
 
 Sacrifice and Praise to the Fravashis. 
 
 •»03^-"-tf^/-*'m v»-(7io^j(S) "»-(^!o^;;j3r Mt^-^k^^d '^^^-^i^ 
 
6 Yasna 26. 
 
 i^-*"i3 -<;)("i^^^V'^-"(y -(7)ci-*'^|o-"9|^ -^)ri-"-»A^"^-"a; 4 
 -"ro -"K-(7y^-"))^'^(d -"p-(7M^))V -*^Ki5-"^^^ -''p^K'iiy:^ 
 
 •»-"-(;-"/*'ro -(7-»»^-"))-*Aq^ ^i^-"^-" ">t(!;A-"-(7 »0(y't0'*^-"e' 
 '^^-"^-" -"^^ to(ir-"-t'-**'^^-'(MD toar-"^)en3)^-"^-"/ •••J03 
 
 -"PD-"^j^ -"K-(7)ci|y:^ -"p-(7>5(ir-" -"M-(;)ci-»f^-»'^-" -(7)n 
 '>^^^-"))-"^(^ ">^ji^-"^^ '^^^-^(WDy^ (^""^ •?\-*'i^-"(p 
 
Yasna 26. .7 
 
 -47)C1^-"^-" -<7)C/^,^-"))<^ -^PDH*'rO 
 
 -(;)C|-'K>-*-"(M-*'^0(0-" -(7K'|-"^^D•*V-*A-"(M -(7)C|-"^en>3/-*'l;^-"l 
 
 ■"^^»A^ -(7)cr^-"e^-" "<7)ci-"-'-»^(Jft)-" -^)Cj-"(yi3y(p 1103 
 
 -(;)C|-»V-^f •4)C|-"(M13i'i^ v|03^-"-(7-*'/-*'rO '^■»^-*'^-"))^^(S 
 
 -"(yi5y(p 9 V ]03^-"-(7-"/-"ru '>^->-"^-"))-"'\(d -(;)cp?^-"^-" 9 
 ^-*'D-*^ (o-"io?\-*^"(7 |o-fcw-»j-x»(vj .-u^aj(j;* p^m •ro3-»-"-('-"/*'ro 
 
b* Yasna 26 and 57. 
 
 '^tJoA) -(7)n^K>i3-^V viK23-»-*^'-^-"/-"m -t^x"!)-^^-" ^^-^ 
 
 III. 
 
 Yasna 57. 
 
 Sposh Yasht. 
 Praise of the Angel Sraosha. 
 
 -"K-"arJ-*'}?\-"^" -"■»->-*A too/'-*' 3 
 
 ^VK>-»-"jf^ -tvo^))-"^ -"r-'^y^^-" 
 
Yasna 57. 9 
 
 •toorj-"))-" p-^-*-*^-"?;, ^1-*'^-**' 
 •.•'>-'^^-" ">^tp=>-*Ai3 p^^^'^dA^^ 
 
 -^-">e^^^(p t03J-""(?-"/-*'rt) -"id'^-^-^^ro -*'>enj^-*^))ar -"P 
 -"ro -(?>iK>-"^ foar^^-" -^?»-"»^^-" ^?^(o-"(^ (^■^-^"^Q^ 
 
 "0° |03-*-"-^-"/-"ro -"p-«a^?-"!?\-"r' -"^j-^) too;'-" v-*^h' 
 
 J-i«^^'^-u,^(^ -"^HJ-^^/Qf-^/p .^jjJ.AWj^^^ ^}C\-^^^^()JVi 
 
lO Yasna 57. 
 
Yasna 57. * il 
 
 v-(;«w-"ro tuai'io^-*^-" toar-*'^ip^-"^i3 
 •^K'^-'toro H^iif>^ b^i^fo^^d^ ^***t^ 
 
 -t«^t^-**A(^^V(p 4^^-4)01' -(;v^-*^ M\^^^i} 15 VII 15 
 
12 Yasna 57. 
 
 .j)^--(7^ .^^^^^ .J^jj.U(^J^ 
 
 c>^JaJ -*'rD-»'ro -^y*^]*-^ '^foj^m^ -^ri^-'TO^ 
 •H*'0(i>*'e' tuor-"^-" '>W^-»<ir 
 
 «9 -<rH^^-**A^{^?^ -^{f^-*A)Qr -(/t*^^ -t?^)^-»Ai> 19 viii 
 
Yasna 57. 1 3 
 
 y 103 ^^^-"/^ro -^•*'ar)-»'i{Wf*' -"^^^^ toy-" 
 
14 Vasna 57. 
 
Yasna 57. 15 
 
 .-^jl^^a*A(;^j\^ ^f^-"V(y -^v^-" -^j^o^-^Ai3 27 XI 27 
 
 J|yai)OJ*i(p .-M(yij^Jj^j*i .ujMjj^MQ)^aj MQy^MijyyMt 28 28 
 
 j(o-"^(o-*^ -"or^-"^^^-^ -*'j^-»(o-*A-^/p -*'ai')-"'»-»iH*' -a-j^ 
 
»6 Yasna 57. 
 
 **o° 103^-" ("-"/-^ro -"p-"(ir?-"i?VK^ ajjjw^ roar-" 
 30 -t{i-"i;^\(ifV;) 'hj^Arjy ^t*^-^ -^^^^v^^Ad 30 XII 
 
 ^'^f-^'-U)^ .-ujj^^j^oij -^■»(ij-*'}i3 
 
 32 >>M(;aj|^ ':^>oa>>)\^ .-y)^ij|^-(» .|^,j;>J\jaj .j^(jjj\yy 32 
 
 33 -h[^l^^^6f)v^ -t'T/J^'^M/' ty^^ -^?tifi^-"V3 33 XIII 
 
Yasna 57. 17 
 
 — >^oj-xi(y ^oj^(^ ^j-»\(J ^•»j^-" '>^o^-"W -"^-^oi'-tTtoro 
 
VISPARAD. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Visparad 15 (§§ 1-3). 
 ICxhortation to Righteousness and Worship. 
 
 '^^jjyo -^)C'I^>enjft-"))QJlV)3 -(^)C|-"^J(yj(i-*A-" -(;)Cf-"^-»K5^-»*'^^ 
 
 ■tO! 
 
 .rs. 
 
 00 eo .p^(^jai-(; ^oor-Ayor-" -*'m 
 
.i.SJJ}fO 
 
 YASHTS. 
 
 V. 
 
 Yasht 5 (§§ 1-9^ 132). 
 
 ArduT Siir Yasht. 
 
 Praise of Ardvi Sura Anahita, the Celestial Stream 
 
 and Goddess of Waters. 
 
 ■*i)y6-"'S-"f J-**^-^-"/<3-»(MD P^/"-(7 "^Vor-" fo^-^-i^ I 
 
 ^-"fX) p^)^(i' -^)ci^V 4)ci-"(yDy(p ■**'ro 2 
 
20 Yasht 5. 
 
 •■>^OJ-wVwJ-w))-u .-o^|y-u(y .-('t'(>J^jO-"'\ .-(;y/OJ-u^ 
 
 -»K>^-»K-"K>-"^a) •»K>-»-"ai •-**'-(7?/ H^ro 
 
 .j^j^P^^o^'^q) ./^-u .-•yy(i;' •j^-*'ro 
 
Yasht 5. 21 
 
 '>m -t?/*" •i^K'ny ^ v-"-('(o-"a) •<7)C!-»'^(^:"^^ -*"ai' 
 
 •^0) -»-'r-^)f(y<r^j;^ -"K-tJ)^K>^-"/ -"KfOQ/'-'"DT'ip -"PIOQ/' 
 
22 Yasht 5• 
 
 tOK'-^ai'-**'!-" toVi3 T^?V -"\-">o 
 -»*'K-*^Qf i^-^^y-*' -^oiy-^i^ 'V^)q;'-" p^/"-(? '^orj-^'/p 
 
 132 '^■i;;Qy-^i^ -">o(y-w .-xij^jj^ -u;o|y-u 132 
 
Yasht 5 and 14. 23 
 
 VI. 
 
 Yasht 14 (§§ 1-17)- 
 Bahram Yasht. 
 
 Six of the Incarnations of Verethraghna, 
 Genius of Victory. 
 
 •^-(7jK^-»-»-"/ -^)ci-")^-"/-*'m -{;)ei-"»-"->-»i^-(7 "»k>i3-" ^9 
 
 -**%-"^)(I^-" '^ffc^^UJ^Jcp >*^f"-(^ '^^JOr-" ^^-^'^-t' lo-uow 
 
 ^1^^/-"^ •g-"D-"ii-**' '^■>-»V'^-*'(y ■^■^^(^■" 2 
 
24 Yasht 14. 
 
 ':A)Q}o>6A^f -"-(;-*^K>-»(yi3 •• '>^>€KJ)^-*'V/ -^-^yy 
 p-"i-"i3 roJ-')^D A^-^Q)) -(r^ro 
 
Yasht 14. 25 
 
 '>|4j/-*'^ (^■^13-"(;f*' '>JJ>o-»^^ jj^4;jQy^ 9 9 
 
 %° ro^^-'^^'^^hro -"H-"(ir^-"fjV>f*' .-wjj^'\ too/*-" 
 
 fW VJ03 -»-"-(;-" r-"ro -4'JK>-w'^W-" ■^^i^'^^^fVtlp 10 IV 10 
 
 '^f-(?f/"/p .|0-*i^jj^a*i :^jjV>>K> -*-*^-(7Qr-" II il 
 
26 Yasht 14. 
 
 vpw^-u-t-** '>)j\y -"»|o-"'\ '>Wd 
 
m 
 
 Yasht 14. 27 
 
 '>!-(7?/"/p .^oj^^^^ '>))/e>o(i' •^•^"-(^ar-" 17 17 
 
VENDIDAD. 
 
 VII. 
 Vendidad 3 (§^ 23—29). 
 
 The Blessings of Ag^riculture. 
 
 •(^ro vpj^(-*'-t' '^iVdr-*' g^-"H |OJi-»w •/ .>/oj|fj«^)) 
 -^V"/ -*H7-"^^^(Mi3 j/oJKjjjoiW^ -(7{>enj(o-"^(d -'K>^-*^ai -»*^ 
 
 -"M-(7)C!-"^^))^) ■*'P^)CI-"Wd-**'(P -"K-i'K-l-^W-^m -"^;e^)(i 
 
 jK>->ij>*' -"'\(i)(ii-" -"ifV^ -^ro 
 
Vendidad 3. 29 
 
 .^)^| .^-**^( •-(7-1' .JJfO(j*^-tJ .OOiJJU 
 
 -»(ir»o-»-»/{V^"»au-*-" g^>i -(^)c-(^ '>ro 
 
30 Vendidad 3 and 6. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Vendidad 6 (§§ 44-51). 
 
 Disposal of the dead bodies. — Origin of the Towers 
 of Silence. 
 
 — *oa)?^^ -^^ '>-'-»-^^ '^Vf*'-^a)?\j3 -^i^ '>|nji3 DC!-"/-"))-" 
 
 ^li>'"^'*"<^ -^•»|0-"))-"a)' i?J'»-"/^^-»i -^jK^ivV -^?/o^^ 
 •-*"(p -^M(y-"Q^i-" ■*■'-" -"D?^-"ip -^h'-*^jJo-'-"aj|o-"H" -""^ 
 •^/foro -*^/p -<7ji|o-^^^-^))-"'^(^ -»^y -^{i|o-"))/eH)^-"/ 
 
 -(;)ci-"V))\) -"p-(;)ca)-" ■»))-" -(7)c><>D-" -(;)ca;'j-"K>(0-" ^^-"^*^ 
 
Vendidad 6. 31 
 
 '>-»-»-"^ '>Vr •^(J>{^?9 -»*'^ ^i^sj^ •ioK»(o-" ft)(y -"^■^'/^(o-" 
 vpA^j^-(7 '^Var-" p^-"H ^-*'-»*' 48 v-"o-»h' ■»K>i3-" 48 
 
 ■»-"l) tO^j;)) -"^^^^)Q)0-" tOar-^OIW-*^ 7^^/-**'(y) -(7)C|-*^f-*'/ 
 
 ^ op .Mjj^^J^^yTtp^^^JS^ IO><3 
 • v^>j^^-" -(;)c'i^K>-»-*')»Qi3-" •4)ci-"0|o^e' .f\-"K>-^ 49 49 
 
 ^{WipJ(MJJ-"|-" -(7J5lW{(p "»V-^(M) -<7?Qjl)^-"'\ ">V-"(y) -^51 
 
32 Vendidad 19. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Vendidad 19 (§§ 5-10). 
 
 The Temptation of Zoroaster by the Evil Spirit. 
 
 {Vy '>M)a; »oar-"a;i3-"^ jV)^(M -'(w-" -{^-pk^ 'AfQ}ij)6A'"f 
 -"d-^ro ■i^i^-'^ro '-^J^^i^ •■{/vid^^^;^!-**'^ i'M^f/y^ 
 
 ^j^^ 4)ct(0:^ "i;yar)^-*'ip ^ol-"^?)-"^:>l3 -''o;-" (yar (^■''>i 
 
 ">-«*'i-*'y -"p-"p toor-"^ • •^)^-»i-'-"-(7 '^^j-" ">-^-;^ )JL))3 -*'K> 
 •J-^-^o;'-^ JK>-'-«'{y 9 V ■*o)^-'l^-"^ 'V^?-" -"-(?)r3 -"f-"^ ^ori 
 
Vendidad 19. 33 
 
 jj-ujjjj^ .-"K-"0 -"I-" 'M>Q>0^(V*-'^(^ ■»K>1>-" -^^^-"j JJ|-M-(7 
 
 -^r^^i^-D •p^^?-(7-" \{6;^A^ -toi-^A-^s-" toiviV f^-"0""3 
 
 00 00 ^MM^))MJ\'^^^ .-(;y\j-»^(p 
 
TRANSCRIPTION OF AVESTAN ALPHABET. 
 
 (Compared with Justi, Ilandhuch der Zendsprache.)^ 
 
 A. Vowels. 
 * i t u \ ? nj e ^ o 
 
 Short 
 Long 
 
 -w a 
 
 a 
 
 MM a 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 u 
 
 ^ U 
 
 u 
 
 fo e 
 
 (e) 
 
 B. Consonants. 
 
 (do) 
 
 Guttural ^ k 
 
 k 
 
 Palatal v C 
 
 c 
 
 Dental »^ ^ 
 
 (kh) 
 
 (th) 
 
 f 
 (n) 
 
 Labial ■ ^ P 
 
 P 
 Nasal \^^ 
 
 (ft) 
 Semivowel and 
 
 Liquid rt) {**) y (i) 
 
 y 
 
 Sibilant u ^ ^S 
 
 Aspiration . . . . ^ h ^ ^ 
 
 // Cq) 
 
 Ligature h" h^ 
 
 g 
 i 
 
 d 
 
 b 
 
 I n 
 
 n 
 
 (s/0 
 
 (gh) 
 
 rdh) 
 ou w 
 
 w 
 (n) 
 
 (sk) 
 
 (i) 
 
 ^ m 
 
 tn 
 Ip (w) V (U) 
 
 V 
 
 j z Oh z 
 
 z (zh) 
 
 
 ' Forms in parentheses () show nhere justi has been deviated from. 
 
 - The si^ns i, u need only be employed for purely sclenlilic pur- 
 poses; ihe letters r, v for both initial and internal m ", 4> ». answer 
 fully for practical purposes. 
 
 • The difterentiation /, /, / need only be made in scientific articles. 
 The single sitjn } is ordinarily quite sufficient for the three -tl, ^, It). 
 
NOTES 
 
 ON THE 
 
 TEXT. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS, 
 
 adj. = adjective 
 
 advl. = adverbial 
 
 cl. = class 
 
 cpd. = compound 
 
 dcln. = declension 
 
 esp. = tiipecially 
 
 et al. = et alia 
 
 expl, — example 
 
 fr. ~ from 
 
 indecl. = indeclinable 
 
 infin. = infinilive 
 
 nom. propr. -- nomen proprium 
 
 num. = numeral 
 
 orig. ~ original, originally 
 
 opp., opp. to = opposed to 
 
 par. = paragraph 
 
 pret. = preterite 
 
 ptcpl. — participle 
 
 sb., subst. = substantive 
 
 scdry. = secondary 
 
 str. = strong 
 
 vb., vbl. — verb, verbal 
 
 w. = with 
 
 wk. = weak 
 
 Afr. ■— Afringan 
 
 A.O.S. — American Oriental Society 
 
 B.B. = Bezzenberger's Beitrage 
 
 GAv.* = Gatha Avesta 
 
 Gr.''' = Grammar 
 
 IF. — Indogermanische Forschungen 
 
 Ind.lran. — Indo-Iranian 
 
 K.Z. -- Kuhn's Zeitschrift 
 
 MS. =n Manuscript 
 
 MSS. ^=^ Manuscripts 
 
 Nar. '— Naryosangh 
 
 Xy. =r_- N)-aish 
 
 P. = Persian 
 
 l*hl.Vers. = Pahlavi Version 
 
 S.B.E. = Sacred Books of East 
 
 Sir. = Siro:jah 
 
 Skt. = Sanskrit 
 
 Vd. = Vendidad 
 
 Vsp. = Visparad 
 
 YAv.* ~ Younger Avesta 
 
 Ys. =-. Yasna 
 
 Yt. = Yasht 
 
 Z.A. — Zend-Avesta 
 
 ZPhl. Gl. ■-- Zand-Pahlavi Glossary 
 
 ' For explanation of GAv., YAv. see Gr. p. xlvii. 
 
 ^ All references to dr. §§ ( ) are to Jackson, Avesia Grammar 
 
 (.Stuttgart 1892). 
 
Yasna 1 1 Notes. 
 
 General Remarks. On the book of the Yasna and its divisions, 
 sec Gr. Introd. p. xvii § 13. The present selection from it is one of 
 three chapters, Ys. 9, 10, 11, which were specially recited in preparing the 
 Haoma as part of the sacrifice. The verses of this short chapter, mingled 
 with the prose lines of the liturgy, formed the conclusion of the Haoma 
 ritual. The sacred wine was then drunk by the priest, and the perfor- 
 mance of the Yasna sacrifice continued. 
 
 The introductory verses here given narrate how three good creatures, 
 if misused, will utter imprecations ; the closing . stanzas are in praise of 
 Haoma. The Metre may be compared with the Sanskrit iloka hut is 
 sometimes defective; occasionally it reminds one of the Kalwala verse of 
 Longfellow's Hiawatha. See Gr. Part II, chap, on Metre. 
 
 Ys. I X.I. 
 
 gauH asp use a haoma sea: the inference is plausible that the three 
 creatures are respectively typical of the three classes, peasant, war- 
 rior, priest. 
 
 Sustain baJi^ahe: the Phi. Vers, renders 'who dost not give me as a 
 precious thing (to worthy people)'. — See Vocabulary. 
 
 Ys. XI.2. * 
 
 asp 6 ha^arDin: apparently the second, or warrior class is here alluded 
 
 to — see above. 
 mqm zavar>: on the construction, cf. Gr, § 930. 
 poftrumaUi kariayco: either in the race or in battle. 
 
 Ys. 1 1.3. 
 
 hd^dvdm: presumably an allusion to the priest who does not fulfd 
 
 his duty. 
 aiwis-hut 3 m d5 rave hi: the ]*hl. Vers, renders 'who witholdest me 
 
 from being prepared'. 
 
 Ys. 1 1.4. 
 pita: Ahura Mazda is of course to be understood (sec next paragraph). 
 
 Ys. 1 1.6. 
 var\-na: 'serpents, snakes', as shown by the fragment given by Geldner, 
 in K.Z. xxvii. p. 588. 
 
38 Notes to Yasna 11 and 26. 
 
 Ys. 1 1.7. 
 
 fravrasyansm ... pa^ r iJha Iitd tn: according to the legend, the mur- 
 derer Franrasyan (I. e. later Afrasyab), look refuge in an underground 
 palace or iron chamber; in spite of which, however, Horn captured 
 him. See Uarmesteter, Etudes Iraniennes, vol. ii. pp. 225-229; S.B.E., 
 vol. Kxiii. pp. 64 note. 144; Le Zend-Avesta, vol. i. p. ill note. 
 
 Yasna 26 Notes. 
 
 General Remark. In the performance of the Yasna sacrifice this 
 short chapter i.s recited by the priest (Zot) and his assistant (RSspi) aa 
 part of the invocation of the Fravashis* 
 
 Ys. 26.1. 
 
 i Lao mi zOayemi ufy e ni i : compare the formulaic yasHdica vahmaica etc. 
 Ys. 57.6 et al. 
 
 Ys. 26.4. 
 
 akHiu ... fravaiYm: the usual five-fold classification of the spiritual 
 faculties of man. The same division is found also in later Parsism — 
 (i) ahu (Phi. aha) 'spirit, breath of life'; (2) daSna (Hhl. din) 'religion, 
 conscience'; (3) baodah (Phi. bod) 'consciousness, perception'; {4) urvan 
 (Phi. rubSfi) 'soul'; (5) fravafi (Phi. frohar) 'Fravashi, guardian angel'. 
 
 gSuS hudAvho: an allusion to the Primeval Bull slain by Ahriman, but 
 from which all animals are sprung. Similarly, mankind are descended 
 from his coimterpart Gayo-maretou^ the primitive man, a sort of Ira- 
 nian Adam, who was also slain by Ahriman. See Ys. 26.5 below. 
 
 Ya. 26.9. 
 uzdakytinqmca: Zoroastrianism distinctly recognized the righteous in 
 other lands besides Iran, cf. Yt. 13.143,144 — a glimpse of the idea 
 of the universal brotherhood of mankind. 
 
 Ys. 26.10. 
 haca ... & saoSya^td^: an allusion to the coming of the Saviour (Sao- 
 shyanij. The phrase haca — a etc. is here about equivalent to 'from 
 the beginning of the world to the resurrection', cf. i Corinthians xv.45. 
 
 Ys. 26.11, 
 ^rvuno ... yet J rava^ayo- here the souls of the dead are Fravashis, 
 cf. Yt. 13.17. The relative >d» (f.) is attracted to fravaiayo. 
 
Notes to Yasna 57. 29 
 
 Yasna 57 Notes. 
 
 General Remark. Two Yashts (Ys. 57, Vl ii) are dedicated 10 
 Sraosha the divinity of Religious Obedience and Devotion. The latter 
 Yasht (Yt, 11) is commonly termed Srosh Voj/it Hddhdkht and is rather 
 the more liturgical of ihe two. The former, our pre.-ent selection (Ys. 57), 
 is the Srosh Yasht si shaba or 'Srosh Ya.sht of the Three Nights', since it 
 is used at funeral ceremonies during the three nights after the decease, 
 as well as being in common use at the sacrifice. See Darmesietcr. Le Zend- 
 Avesta, vol. i. p. 358. The MSS. generally divide this Yasna into thirteen 
 Kardes 'sections', each of which closes with the repetition of a formula. 
 
 Ys. 57- 1. 
 
 a$>m vwhu: the opening verse beginning with these words, consists 
 merely of formulas; it is therefore here omitted. 
 
 Ys. 57-2. 
 
 fr as l:>r»tdf pai^ii bar^sm^ti: on the construction, cf. 6^r. § 966 N. i. 
 
 piyH pwor'itara: a Dvandva compound {Gr. § 879 expl.), and it re- 
 fers apparently to Mithra and Rashnu, the keeper and the judge at 
 the Cinvat l>ridge after death. It seems at least reasonable to regard 
 Mithra (cf. Yt. 10) as the watchful guardian Cpayu); it is fair to pre- 
 sume that Rashnu the Just (cf. Yt. 12), the divinity wlio weighs in the 
 balance the deeds of men, may be the pwor'star who has the decision. 
 I'he Phi. Vers., moreover, supports the view as it actually glosses the 
 phrase as p&tiak barmkar Mitro 'the keeper and former Mithra'; it 
 fails to recognize the dual of the Dvandva, treats the words as sin- 
 gular, and hence makes no mention of Rashnu. 
 
 Ys. 57.3 
 ray a ... yasna: on the construction, cf. Cr. § 941 expl. 
 
 Ys. 57.6. 
 
 pry all's li^ etc.: nouns in explanatory apposition to bar^sma. 
 
 Ys. 57.8. 
 gSP^ f r a srUvayal afsmanivqn: 'who chanted the Gathas, the me- 
 trical selections', etc. 
 
 Ys. 57-IO. 
 
 yap a 9ja na^dy(S» him: a reminiscence of the Gathas (Ys. 34.$ b)» 
 hence mid" (d) rather than ndid° (d). 
 
 Ys. 57.11. 
 
 h^r'zaidtm: the Phi. Vers, has bu/an// ^talV which would rather favor the 
 MSS. reading b?r*zaitlm, this woidd imply a stem bpr*za*tya-. 
 
 I 
 
AO Notes to Yasna 57. 
 
 Ys. 57-14. 
 dura t . ■ . voi^n^ yei uti: compare the WDrds of the Psalmist (Ps. xci.io) 
 'there shall no evil befall thee, neither shall any plague come 
 nigh thy dwelling'. 
 
 Ys. 57-I5- 
 vtspaym fravois gaepay^: i. e. 'the prosperity of all mankind'. The 
 Phi. Vers, has faru\ilih 'prosperity, comfort, growth'. 
 
 Ys, 57.18. 
 fr&niltn&ite bwae^al: on the syntax, see Gr, § 962 expl. 
 
 Ys. 57.20. 
 pa p o.v a cJ) pu h'i.gu.va ccif: the Phi. Vers, glosses 'he speake^ protec- 
 tion' etc. ... acj zak pdndkih yeinnUlilncd ... For the form /a«V/\^(rf&o 
 (Geldner's text) instead of "ga^ (as here), sec Cr. §§ 354, 193 N. 2. 
 
 Ys. 57.24. 
 
 diiend.dis o dacnayai: for the api)arent redundancy compare the phrase, 
 Av. vtsO vlspaUiin \t. 10.18, etc., Skt. vispdUin visam R.V. 3.13.5. 
 On dnenayai see Gr. § 957, 
 
 fraor^nla .. frd .. j'rd: for the repetition of fra, cf. Gr. § 752 
 N. 2 expl. 
 
 Ys. 57.25. 
 
 aheca avhJus: on the syntax, cf. Gr. § 977. 
 
 drvalbyd hacnJhyo: on the collocation (m. n, — f.) see Gr. § 906. 
 
 Ys. 57-27. 
 as ay a: the Phi. Vers, has sdyako -- P. sSyah, as Dr E. W. W^est kindly 
 wrote me (Dec. 5 1888); hence the suggestion 'not casting a shadow', 
 with which Geldner compares the Skt. epithet chdyadviiiya 'accom- 
 panied by a shadow', the characteristic mark distinguishing man from 
 the divinities MBh. 3.57.25. 
 
 Y's. 57.28. 
 
 dsyavha as pa ciby a : on the dual number here, cf. Gr. § 908 N. 2 expl. 
 
 Ys. 57.29. 
 av c xiyeh^ti ... avc df?>ilc: i. e. 'they pursue and overtake others, but 
 they themselves never can be overtaken'; ave refers both times lo the 
 horses of Sraosha. 
 
 Ys. 57-30. 
 
 u^a^ t ah- e hindvo: the river of the Orient is the Indus, as the Phi. 
 Vers, has itj the river in the west is perhaps the Tigris. 
 
Notes to Yasna 57, Visparad 15 and Yasht 5. 4.1 
 
 Ys. 57.31. 
 karivar» Ivanir ap? in: the middle one of the seven Karshvars and 
 the one on which we live. The names of the seven are given at 
 
 vd. 19-39. 
 
 Ys. 57.33. 
 
 vtspC6: on the form of. Gr. §§ 232, 906. 
 
 Visparad 15 (1-3) Notes. 
 
 General Remark. On the Visparad and its character, compare Gr. 
 Introd. p. xviii § 14. The Karde here given serves as an introduction to 
 the Yasna llaptanhaiti (cf. par. 2), in connection with which it was re- 
 cited at the ritual; hence the significance of the allusions fravakaeca etc. 
 
 Vsp. 15.1. 
 
 vir'zyatqm: so reading with MS. authority. The verb here is passive 
 (cf. Gr, § 485 expl.), the subject is vohu vastrya. 
 
 uyamna anu y amn5iS: *in order to pay off the deficits (i. e. in tlie 
 Life Boole) with a surplus'. See 6>. Introd. p. xxviii § 44. On yda- 
 'give' = 'pay', see Skt. PWb. Ymiin da-, daniidin dd-, cf. Lat. poenas 
 dare. Here anuyamimil is a regular instrumental of means, price. 
 
 Vsp. 15.2. 
 
 id a a s t il ... yJ ni& Hid: the CiAv. endings give an archaic tone. On 
 
 na ilto, cf. Gr. § loio Note. 
 /ravdkaeca ... anapyu^te: on the locatives see Gr. § 992. 
 
 Yasht 5 (1-9; 132) Notes. 
 
 General Remarks. The Aban Yasht 'Yasht of Waters' from which 
 the selection is taken, is one of the longest of the Yashts, cf. Gr. Introd. 
 p. xviii § 15. It celebrates the praises of Ardvi Sura AnShita, the Celestial 
 Stream and Goddess of Waters, describes her descent from the heaveijs, 
 and her worship, and closes witli a, description of her appearance. 
 
 The worship of Ardvi Sura Anahita was widely spread in the East. 
 vShe appears as Anahata in th€ cuneiform inscription of the Persian king 
 Artaxerxes (4th century B.C.); her name (AvaiTtg) is found in Strabo, 
 Plutarch, etc., and she became familiar in Greece as Venus Anahita ('A^po- 
 StXTjg, Avatxtg). 
 
 Only the opening sections and closing verse of the Yasht are 
 here given. 
 
42 Notes to Yasht 5. 
 
 Yt. 5.4. 
 ye^he: for the njasc. (instead of fern.) form, see Gr. § 903 N. i, and 
 cf. ahe Yt. 5.9 below. 
 
 Yt. 5.5 
 vi.j as'dU l: the subjunctive mode here, as also at Vs. 57.31 avaza'te, 
 Ys. 57. 25 gH'wnqn, seems to denote the repetition or continuity of 
 the act; the idea seems to be developed from the future force of 
 the subjunctive. 
 vis pan aoi karivqn: cf. Gr. §§ 228, 402. 
 
 Yt. 50. 
 hizvar* na: the reading of this word, as well as its meaning, is not clear. 
 By some, huzvar'na has been read and explained as 'with mighty 
 power'. Perhaps the word is to be connected with hizii- 'tongue' 
 (q. V.) and |/"ar- 'move', and to be referred to Ormazd's act of creat- 
 ing by a mere word, a movement of the tongue. 
 
 Yt. 5.7. 
 aspo.staoyehi?: better here to omit the punctuation (v) and insert it 
 
 after lazu.staoyehi: all that intervenes is parenthetic. 
 sytra ... a**rva^ii: these two epithets, like the participle maUiinma, 
 
 refer to Ardvi Sura the subject of sispata. 
 
 Yt. 5.9. 
 
 ahe ray a:, see note* on par. 4 yefhe. 
 
 haoiuayo: thus good MS. authority; the form is perhaps to be explained 
 as borrowed from such a passage as Yt. 14.5 (see below), Ny. 4.9 etc. 
 In Yt. 14.5, Ny. 4.9, haomayo is properly nom. plur. ; it agrees with 
 the subject of yazama*de and alludes to the worshippers or officiating 
 priests. From such formulaic passages with yazamaide (pi.), the form 
 hacmayo (pi.) seems to have been transferred to those like Ny. i.i6 
 yazSi (sg.) and the present Yt. 5.9, where the plural form haomayo is 
 not appropriate. If, however, haoma yd gava be read with certain 
 MSS., it probably must be explained as haoma yO (asti) gava, which 
 is open to objection. 
 
 yt^he h&tqm: this formula is commonly found at the end of the Yasna 
 chapters, cf. Ys. 4.26, Ys. 5.6. It is a later imitation of GAv. Ys. 51.22. 
 See Gr. Introd. p. xviii § 13 end. 
 
 Yt. 5.132. 
 a^^rvatit a zasv^vka: a concluding prayer that the warriors may come 
 back as successful as did those of King Vishtaspa. 
 
Notes to Yasht 14. 43 
 
 Yasht 14 (1-17) Notes. 
 
 General Remark. Verethraghna, or JBahram, the Genius of Victory, 
 to whom this Yasht is dedicated, ccrrespontls in certain respects to Indra 
 Vftrahan of the Hindu mythology. He may in fact be regarded as the 
 Iranian reflex of the latter. 
 
 The Yasht, of which only the opening is here given, contains some 
 64 paragraphs. The ten incarnations in which Verethraghna appeared be- 
 fore Zoroaster are described ; the powers which the divinity bestows upon 
 his worshippers are enumerated; his glorification is enjoined. 
 
 Yt. 14.1. 
 ahura ... ai&ttm: the regular formulaic manner of addressing Ormaid ; 
 for a briefer form of the same see Vd. 3.23 below. 
 
 Yt. 14.3. 
 pao'tyd ajasa^: on the adjective here cf. Gr. § 997. The successive 
 appearances of Verethraglma are probably to be understood as seen 
 by Zoroaster in a vision. Similar visions elsewhere may be cited. 
 
 Yt. 14.3. 
 dal ahmSi: in construction sc, mrao^. Observe that ahmtii is Zoroaster, 
 
 and amavast^md Verethraghna. ' " 
 
 vivpra vir'Pravast^md: on the instrumental, see Gr. § 941 end. 
 
 Yt. 14.5. 
 ahe raya .. . yasna: cf. Gr, § 941 expl. 
 ySi<( dataii: 'according to (what are) the first laws'. 
 ha o mayo: see Yt. 5.9 note. 
 
 Yt. 14.7. 
 yiot upahi sruye: for the two accusatives, sec Gr, ^ 930 N. 2. 
 
 Yt. 14.11. 
 uitrahe: the whole picture of the camel (parr. 11-13; is graphically and 
 
 accurately drawn. 
 magyo.vaithahe: the use of camel's hair for raiment has been familiar 
 
 in all times; we need only recall St. Matt, tii.4; hence the appropriatf- 
 
 ness of the preceding gatpHui shaggy'. 
 
 Yt. 14.12. 
 yo ^iaprijva: here yd ~ ya( hd 'when he". 
 
 Yt. 14.13. 
 yqm he d&r aisuksm: 'which (i. e. ^iaprlm) his far-glance descries way 
 ahead of him'. The metre of the line is defective; but there is no 
 need of supplying daima. 
 
>|^ Notes to Yasht 14 and Vendidad 3. 
 
 Yt. 14.15. 
 A a: this word is metrically dissyllabic and stands as a gen. sg. form. 
 With the combination ^H varSzahe lit. 'swine-boar' (cf. Eng. stud- 
 horse) compare par. 1 1 ultrahe vatfaryao^. In each case the first term 
 (hti, uSfra) is generic; the second (varSza, vadaryu) is specific, 
 
 Yt. 14.17. 
 
 narS pat^ca.dasavhO: this denotes the ideal age in the Avesta, the 
 btoQm of youth, a sort of Iranian 'sweet- sixteen', cf. Ys. 9.5; Vd. 14.15. 
 
 Vendidad 3 (23-29) Notes. 
 
 General Remarks. The 3rd Fargard of the Vendidad comprises 
 42 sections; it describes various places and persons that delight or grieve 
 the earth (conceived of as a divinity); it pictures the blessings of agri- 
 culture and of grain-raising; and closes with various prescriptions relaung 
 to the Holy Law and its observance. The present selection is in praise 
 of agriculture. 
 
 Vd. 3.23. 
 
 da t ar* gacpa nq m , . a ^a u m : see note on Yt. 1 4. 1 . 
 
 tu^ri/n: for the accusative see c7;-. § 934. 
 
 Vtf/ bd pa^ti: these words are to be construed together, cf. Vtl. 3.2. 
 
 an&l>9m ... k;> r> n<io*tl: the changing of desert land into cultivated 
 tracts by irrigation, or conversely rendering it arable by draining, 
 played an important role among the ancient Iranians. The frequent 
 allusions to ihe irrigation canals both of Asia Minor and of the sur- 
 rounding country in Xenophon's Anabasis, are not without interest in 
 this connection. 
 
 Vd. 3.24. 
 
 (iar9ja .. saela: see Cr'r. § 997 expl. 
 
 kar iivata: this word is extra metrum, and apparently is an expl»> 
 natory gloss. 
 
 a'bi^ till: 'desiring this (ia0 from a good laboring man'. — /<// depends 
 upon aibU (cf. Gr. § 931) and refers to the idea implied in kar^>a. 
 
 vavhSiis ahv i.iOipne: compare the following vavhsus ar^dtto; the earth 
 desires a husbandman, the maid desires a husband. On the colloca- 
 tion gen. dat. (-- abl.) cf. Gr. §§ 957, 958, 963, 980. 
 
 Vd. 3.25. 
 hHvOya ba:vv dai'inaca: 'with the left arm and the right'. On the 
 use of bnzvd as instr. (cf. ^rvi.urvd Ys. 10.8), see Gr. §§ 265, 983 N., 
 992 N. 
 
Notes to Vendidad 3 and 6. ^r 
 
 gaon9m baraUi .. pup r 9m ava.barahi: the subject in the one 
 ca&e is the husbandman, in the other case the husband — he gives 
 her (he) a good color, or blooming appearance. 
 
 Vd. 3-27- 
 
 aeni bir'pe: 'I shall go laden* — 'become pregnant', opp. to apupra 
 aeUi in par. 24 above. 
 
 vispa kar'nn S ... yavahc: observe the distinction between h^aVfiti 
 and yava \. e. 'all sorts of fruits shall they rtap, beside the harvest 
 of giain'. 
 
 Vd. 3-29. 
 
 hi Stake: the pres. here, like baWyehiic below. Is used with a future signi- 
 fication. The line metrically lacks a sylhxhle. 
 
 p?r' smanae iuc a : observe ca. 
 
 bada pw am: the form CbvhnnO is gen. abl, and upon it j'«^/r/»/ indirectly 
 depends. 
 
 [ti abyo bairye*nte]:\\A's, seems to be an interpolation from Ys. 33.15 
 toi abya ba'rydDtite 'they shall be carried by these two'. 
 
 dim: see Gr. § 1023 N. 
 
 Vendidad 6 (44-51) Notes. 
 
 General Remarks. In the development of the Zoroastrian religion 
 the worship of the elements played an important part. The purity of the 
 earth, fire, and water, must not be defiled, especially not by contact with 
 a corpse. Hence arose that peculiar mode of disposing of the dead, which 
 has ever been a characteristic mark of the Parsi religion. 
 
 The body (tanu), according to the present prescription, is to be 
 carried to some high place, fastened (nidar»zay?n), and left to the dogs 
 and birds to devour. The bones (azdbis) were afterwards taken to a 
 vault or receiver (uzddna) and preserved in some sort of a receptacle that 
 recalls the antiquarian remains of the astodan or 'bone-receptacles' that 
 have been found in Persia. 
 
 The present selection does not directly mention the Dakhma (da^ma), 
 but the word appears elsewhere in the Vendidad. The two-fold treatment 
 of the body (tani)) and the bones (azdhiS) may practically be paralleled 
 in the modern Dakhmas, or Towers of .*^ilence. 
 
 For descriptions of the Towers of Silence in Bombay, see Dosabhai 
 Pramji Karaka's History of the Par sis, vol. i. p. 199 seq. ; Ragozin's Mediae 
 p. 125; Peshotan- and Geiger's Eastern Iranians, vol. i. p. 90 seq. 
 
^ Notes to Vendidad 6, 
 
 Vd. 6.44. 
 
 tnnUm: i.e. the entire body before denuded of flesh, in contrast with 
 the skeleton [azddii par. 49}. 
 
 Vd. 6.45. 
 
 bar*ziUae$vara paUl t^atuivalca]: 'even upon the highest places' 
 i.e. 'upon the mountains'; js the Phi. Vers, itself explain^'. I'he first 
 -co stands at the opening of the sentence (cf. Vsp. 15.2 yasnahecd)^ 
 as sometimes also in Skt. ; the best MSS. omit the second -ca and 
 read simply gair/fva. 
 
 dim: here refers to tanunt, cf. Gr. § 1023a. 
 
 avaianqn sand: on the form silnd, see Gr. § 936 expl. 
 
 Vd. 6.46. 
 
 ayaahadn? m etc.: these accusatives, like some others, are commonly 
 explained as accusatives of mateiial'; they ultimately fail under Gr. 
 §§ 933. 938. 
 
 bar Silt 9 in frnjasqn: 'tliey will go bearing' = 'will go and carry'. On 
 the construction see Gr. § 938. 
 
 Vd. 6.47. 
 
 fr ajasa^: on the change to singular from plural, see Gr. § 915 (4) expl. 
 ka he asti cipa: compare Gr. § 1020 N., expl. 
 
 Vd. 6.48. 
 
 ait a he pa'ti: 'on this account', i.e. the person has ip.so facto be- 
 come fdii'tanu. 
 
 duyc sa^tc updza'nqni. the subject ol upaioit is evidently 'self. The 
 use of self-castigation to drive out the demon that h«s temporarily 
 taken possession of the body is familiar in religious austerities. The 
 upHzana, however, have been interpreted as referring to the killing 
 of so and so many noxious animals (cf. Hdt. 1.140, Vd. 26.12). .The 
 term Ifttcr canie to have a monetary sense; sins could be compensated 
 for by A payment of money to tlie priests. 
 
 azdbti: the skeleton, opposed to lamim (cf. par. 44), .<ee (ieneral Re- 
 marks above. 
 
 utdHmm. apparently a structure, vault or edifice of souk' sort in w)»ich 
 the bones were placed and preserved in receptacles (cf, asattalfvn, etc.). 
 The Phi. Vers, rightly recognizes this by its allusion to the astudan 
 'bone-receptacle.s'. See Casartelli, Astodam artd Av. Fttncral Riles, 
 B. and O. Record 1890 p. 7. 
 
Notes to Vendidad 6 and 1 9. a-i. 
 
 Yd. 6.50. 
 
 k9r*naol: on the imperative force of the 'injunctive', cf. Gr. § 445 N. 2. 
 
 up air I spiln9m: it is here to be observed that the bones (azdhlFj are 
 carefully placed 'out of reach of the voracious animals. Observe the 
 contrast with k9r>fS.}»aro (par. 46) in the case of tanu. 
 
 ana*wi.vSr'.^tfm: to be construed with uzdan?m. 
 
 afo yaj va*-ryoyib: compare Gr. § 980 expl. 
 
 upa*ri.naSmaf: the better reading is upura.naimaf., see now Geldner's 
 edition. 
 
 ^ Vd. 6.51. 
 
 yezi tavqn mazday as na: as an apodosis to the condition supply ni- 
 da*Pyqn from nida*/nta below. The idea is that 'according to cir- 
 cumstances' (yezi tavqn . . yezi iwiQ the bones may be placed either 
 (yezi) in a stone receptacle, or (yizi) in mortar, or may be simply 
 laid upon the dead man's mat (ha.stairi$) upon the ground under 
 the beating sun. 
 
 asdnaiiva: the Phi. Vers, has sagino 'made of stone* i. e. in stone urns, 
 cf. Casartelli loc. cit. 
 
 hfS.siah'iL' on the ace. of goal after nidaipita, see Gr. § 987. 
 
 raoc&,a*w i.var»na : this loose compound adjective refers to hg (= azdbli) 
 as £ general neut. pi. case. 
 
 nidaipita: on the singular, cf. Gr. § 91$ (4) expl. 
 
 Vendidad ig (5-10) Notes. 
 
 General Remark. The present little extract from the 19th Vendidad 
 presents something of a parallel to the struggle of Buddha with Msira, or 
 to the temptation of our Saviour by Satan. 
 
 Angra Mainyu through the agency of one of his fiends had tried to 
 slay Zoroaster, but the latter combats him. Whereupon the Spiritual Enemy 
 himself tempts the master to renounce the good religion and follow him; 
 he is repulsed, however, by Zoroaster. 
 
 The material of the whole chapter is doubtless old, but signs of 
 grammatical decay are so evident that its composition at least must 
 be later. See Gr. § 903. 
 
 Vd. 19.5. 
 
 nasv^ daivo.da Urn : on the case and on the adjective agreement, see 
 
 Gr. §§ 926, 903 N. 2. 912. 
 janani p ai rikqm . . \nqpai t e: the passage is not clear; but the sense 
 
 of the Phi. Vers. 'I destroy the love of sorceresses [the worship of idols]' 
 
^8 Notes to Vendidad 19. 
 
 may perhaps best be followed. The &a.\.. yahmai is probably used in 
 a final sense with the subjunctive, though in Vd. 1.18 var^ndtn yim 
 capru.gaoiim yahinal .zayata praetaono it is apparently local. 
 
 Vd. 19.6. 
 
 po^ru fas pake pupro: Pourushaspa, the father of Zoroaster, is often 
 mentioned in the Avesta. The name of Zoroaster's mother, according 
 to the tradition (Bund. 32.10, et al.), was Dugheda, though it happens 
 not to occur in the extant texts of the Avesta itself; but it is found 
 in an Av. fragment from the Iladhokht Nask, see West in S.B.E. 
 vol. xxxvii. p. 483. 
 
 V a da J and: see note l)y West, Phi. Texts Translated, S.B.E. vols, xviii* 
 p. 217; xxiv. p. 103; xxxvii. p. 212 N. 5. 
 
 Vd. I9.7- 
 
 he .. V avuhim dainqfn: here he (dat. gen. sg. = ace. sg.) anticipates 
 
 daenqm, cf. Gr. § 10 19 N. 
 noii ... vt.'*rvtsya^:^noi though etc' The subjunctive vt.^rvtsyaf 
 
 here denotes concession. On the singular number of the verb, cf. 
 
 ^^' § 9'5 (4)1 ^^^ ^for idldnun (ace. noni.), cf. Gr. § 937. 
 
 Vd. 19.8. 
 
 kana zaya huk?r* tCbithd : the grammar here, as in par. 9, is corrupt; 
 it is not worth while to try to defend it by any forced explanation. 
 The epithet huksr't&vho (pi,), and probably also asti vahi^tam (par. 9), 
 may well be regarded as gloss. 
 
 man a dqma anro: the ace. dqma depends upon vattai. For the col- 
 location mana .. avro see preceding note, and cf. Gr. §§ 911, 903. 
 
 Vd. 19.9- 
 mana zaya asti va his tarn: see note on par, 8 above. 
 dapaf .. fradapon: i.e. Ormazd made the weapons; his ministers, 
 
 the Amshaspands, delivered them to Zoroaster. 
 zrune akarane: on the agreement see Gr. § 992 N. 2. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
ORDER OF LETTERS 
 
 FOR 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 1 a i u 9 e o 
 
 ^ 1^ k g 3 » V 
 
 AC j 
 
 $ t /> d d t n n 
 
 6 p f 6 w m 
 
 1 y r V 
 
 8 J i $ ^ % i 
 
 9 A h h 
 
 In the alphabetic arrangement no distinction is made between /, /, 
 nor between hv, h\ 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 (For Explanations and Abbreviations see p. 36.) 
 
 Av. ** a. 
 
 1 a-, an- (before vowels): neg, prefix *un-*. — Cf. afraza*nti', anSpa-. 
 
 [Skt. a-, an-; Old P. a-; Phi. a-, an-] 
 
 2 a (vbl. prefix and postpos.), see under S. 
 a^y kimana- , see under '\f2 ah-, 
 
 a^yhe, a^vh(6 etc., see under aem, Gr. § 422. 
 
 a^Pyejah' (from 1 a ■\- *J>yejah-) : adj. 'incorruptible'. — uibyejavhd nom. 
 pi. m. Ys. 26.3 (epithet of Amesha Spentas). 
 
 [Phl.Vers. has asij-homand ; Nar. has antftyumant-] 
 
 ainika-: sb. m. 'face'. — Yt. 14.9. — Cf. 2\%o par^anika-. 
 [Skt. dmka-; Phi. enik (Horn)] 
 
 ainidai (from i a -\- tdaf): adv. * elsewhere'. — Ys. 57.33 'both here and 
 elsewhere '. 
 
 a*pi: (i) adv. *also, too*; (2) vbl. prefix; (3) prep. w. ace. 'unto, upon*.— 
 Ys. 57.33 ; Yt. 1 4. 13. — See also under ^spa-. — [Skt. apt ; Old P. apiy] 
 
 a^H, see under a^wi [Gr. § 83,4). 
 
 a* it's (? perhaps from a'id/ -|- j/"//-, cf. Skt. gav-if, pasu-i/j: vbl. adj. •de- 
 siring '. — Vd. 3.24, see note ad loc. Otherwise a^^il must here 
 be taken prepositionally, i. e. a*'fii^ ta( . . . a^di^ taf *in this 
 case ... in that case'. Uncertain. 
 
 a^wi, a*bi: (i) adv. and vbl. prefix 'to unto, over'; (2) prep. same. 
 [Skt. abhi; Old P. abiy; Phi. a/-; New P. a/-, aw-] 
 
 aiwi.tacina- (from ai-wi + y/<zr-) : adj. • running upon, attacking *. — 
 Yt. 14.1 r. 
 
 aimidana- (from a'W + y</(if-) : sb. m. 'bridle, halter'. — Cf. zarany3.- 
 aiwidana-. — [Cf. Skt. abhidhdm- 'halter'] 
 
 a'wi.var'na- (from <j»W + «"»): sb. n. 'covering'. — Vd. 6.51, in the loose 
 compound raoc&.aftvi.var'na ace. pi. n. (he = azdbii) ' clothed 
 only with the sunlight ' (lit. ' having light* as covering '). 
 
5 2 a'uji^QStar- — aoj- 
 
 aiwilast ar- (from a^im -\ \f had-, cf. Cr. § 754, 1): sb. m. ' a rider, 
 
 one who bestrides'. — a'wiMsta nom. sg. Ys. 11.2. 
 a^w i.^o i tan - (from a^ivi -x- Sdltan- from |V'): •'»t>. m. 'peasant, dweller'. 
 
 — aHm.^Oipne dat. sg. Yd. 3.24. 
 a^ivishnta- (from niwi -\- hula- from j//'^^-, cf. C"r. § 752, 2): pass, ptcpl. 
 
 as adj. 'extracted, prepared'. — Ys. 11.3 note. 
 aiwyali^iur- {from a^'wf ■{• a/^s/ar-, Cr. § 52 c, from \faj}- q. v.); sb. nv. 
 
 * overseer, guardian '. - - Y>;. 57.15. 
 a^ioydlistra ~ (from a^wi -\- aJ/Jtra-, Cr. § 52 c, from '\f aJis- q. v.): sb. n. 
 
 'overseeing, guardianship'. ~ Yt. 5.6. 
 aiwydma- (fiom a>ioi -\- atna-, Cr. § 52c)'. adj. 'exceeding strong'. — 
 
 Y.S. 26.3. 
 a»ruia-: adj. 'white'. — Ys. 57.27; Vt. 5.7; Yt. 14.9. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. arufd- 'reddish'; Phi. arfis\ 
 at'rva/>a~ (Uom i a \'**rva/>a-): sb. m. 'enemy*. — Ys. 57.26. 
 a'^rvatit- (from y ar-): adj. 'swift, valiant, gallant'. — ^sb. m. * gallant 
 
 warriors, gallant chargers' (sleeds). — Ys. 11.2; Ys. 57.27; 
 
 Yi. 5.132; Yt. 5.7.'^ [Skt. drvant-; PM. arvand; New ?, arvand\ 
 aeta-: demonstr. pron. \Gr. § 417 ddu.) 'this'. ~ Yt. 5.132; Yt. 14.13;. 
 
 Yd. 6.46 seq. — [Skt. eld- Old P. aUa-; Pbl. e, elar\ 
 aeta da (from </*'/<//-}- P*^slpos tf): adv. 'then, thereupon'. — Yd. 6.46,47. 
 aepra-: sb. n. perhaps 'hre-wood' (j7o'- -Skt. '\[ idfi- 'burn', cf. Av. 
 
 aC'stna-. If so compare with Av. aejirapa'd, hamidpa'H- Yt. 13. 105, 
 
 .Skt. sumit-pdni* 'pupil with (ire-wood in his hand'. OtlierwUe, 
 
 pos.sibly 'instruction' (?) a-\-'\fi-, cf. Skt. upa-\-'\fi-. 
 oeprapaUi' (from ai'pra- x- paUi-y, sb. n. ^teacher'. — Ys. 26.7,8. 
 
 [Phi. (Jirpa/; New P. he-rbad\ 
 aepry a (from aepra-); sb. m. 'disciple'. — Ys. 26.7,8. 
 
 ,, jFhl.V. has Jidviji; Nar. sisya-] 
 
 aeni, see under Y^~' 
 a^i m (stems a-, J-. inia-, ana-'): demonstr. pron. 'this', Gr. § 422 dcln. — 
 
 Yh. 1 1.5 eic. — Ibkt. aYdm\ 
 (lev a-: num. adj. {Gr. § 369) 'one'.— Yt. 5.5. — [Old P. aiva-; Phi. ei', evak\ 
 ae^iiia- (from j, 2 //-); sb. m. » wrath, Fury' (personihed). — Aeshma Daeva, 
 
 the Demon of Wrath, opponent of Srao.<>ha; the Asniod**us of 
 
 the Apocrypha -(Tobit iii.8,17). — Ys. 57.10,25,32. 
 [Phi. \ihn, ae^m; New P. ^uim\ 
 aoi, see under uvi. 
 a o Jit a, see under V^flo/- 
 '\faaj-: vb. cl. 2 'speak, say '. - aff/^/a pret. indie, mid, 3 sg. {Cr. §90) 
 
 Vs. 11,8; Yd. 3.26,28 (gnomic). 
 
— anapa- c^ 
 
 aojavhvant' (from aojah-^: adj. * strong'. — Ys. 57.11.— .[Skt (?/Vwv««/-] 
 a ojaA-: sb n. ' strength '.—adj. * strong '.—rt^/o ace. sg. n, (subsl.) Yt. 14. 12 ; 
 
 aoj<» nora. sg. m, (adj. Gr. § 341) Ys. 57.10. 
 [Skt. ojas-; Phi. 4/] 
 aojiUa- (superl. to aojah-, or 2/jra-, 6>. § 365): adj. 'strongest'. 
 
 [Skt. ojift^ia-] 
 akaratta- (from i a-\k'>)'. adj. 'boundless'. — Yd. 19.9 (see under. ^n'/j'/;-). 
 akarlta- (from i rt + '''■«'' j'-'''?- q- v.)t adj. ♦unplowed'. — Yd. 3.24. 
 '\fa,I^S': vb. 'see*. \'aiwi 'oversee, regard' (form causat.). — 0i.a*wy6» 
 
 ^//rt;'-. — [Cf. Skt. fX'T-/ aksi- 'eye') 
 rt^tf-; adj. 'evil, harnnfur.— sb. n. 'evil, calamity'. — Ys. 57.14 (nom. pi. 
 
 subst.). — }Skt. ag/id-; of. New \\ tl/i\ 
 \''a vk-, see under |/^2 <7>4-. 
 aphu', ahU' (from ]Ar o^O: sb. ra. (1) *being, life, spfrit'; (2) 'world' 
 
 (i.e. all that is). — ahum aco. sg. 'spirit* Ys. 26.4 (see note); 
 
 tnspmi ahum 'all life' i. e. the world Ys. 57.16; a»uhe dat. sg. 
 
 Yt. 5.1; avhSuS gen. sg. {Gr. § 981) Ys. 57.25; ahifbya dat. du. 
 
 Ys. 57.25. — Cf. also aJiuni.m9r^ti<:-.'-^\^V\.. dsu-; Phi. ahu\ 
 aura- (prob. from |/'2 aA-).: adj. 'evil, bad'.— Esp. aura mainyu Vthe 
 
 Evil Spirit, Ahriman'. — Ys. 57.17,32; Yd. 19.5,6,8,9. 
 rzt/d (from a, Gr, § 436): adv. then, so*. — Ys. 5/;25,26. 
 
 [Skt. adha; Old P. ada\ 
 ad&itya- (from \ a -^ da^tya^. adj. 'unlawful'. — Vsp. 15.1. 
 ad at (from ada r\- af)\ adv. 'thereupon, afterwards'.— Yd. 6.50. 
 <7/ (from a, Gr. § 431): adv. 'then but and',— a/rfls Ys. 57.10. —Cf. also addl, 
 ail -, see under i n. 
 
 1 ana, see under aSm, Gr. § 422. 
 
 2 ana; (i) prep; w. ace. 'along, upon'; (2) vbl. prefix, Gr. § 733,5. — 
 
 Cf. ana.niana". 
 
 ana^ wi.vdr'uii- (from 1 a -f ff'w/ r vdr'/fti- q. v.): adj. 'out of the rain' 
 (lit. 'not having rain'). — Yd. 6.50. 
 
 ana pij^uta- (from I a-^-apiiuta-)'. adj. 'without interruption . -V.sp. 15.2 
 (the Phl.V. at Vs. 19.5 explains as not inierrupted by failing asleep). 
 
 anapy Hilda- (from \a -^ apyu\dn-y. adj. 'without addition'.— Vsp. 15.2 
 (the Phl.V. at Ys. 19.5 explains the addition to be the insertion 
 of some other Av. text in the midst of the recital). 
 
 ana.ma ff.U' (from 2 ana -\ \' man-\, adj. 'devoted'- Yt. 5.8. 
 
 anavawhabdd m na- (fiom i rf -f '\fhabda' q. v.)- plcpl. adj. ' never sleep- 
 ing'. —Ys. 5 7- 16 fbis). 
 
 anapa- (from la-^-iap'). adj. 'without water'.— sb m. 'a desert*. — 
 Yd. 3.33. — [Phi ansp; New P. nab 'pure, unmixed' (Horn)] 
 
CA andhiia amavant' 
 
 andkita' (from l a-\-dhita- q. v.): adj. 'undefiled'. — Esp. nonien propv. f. 
 Ardvi Stini Auahita ('the high, powerful, undefiled goddess'), 
 'Avatxij. — Yt. 5.1 seq., see note. — [Old P. anakata-] 
 
 auu: (i) adv., vbl. prefix {Gr. § 733). — (2) prep. w. ace. 'along, after', 
 ^f"- § 735- — [Skt. dnu; Old P. anui^ 
 
 anu.pdipwa- (from anu--\-ypi~ q. v.): adj. 'pursuing'. — Yt. 14.15. 
 
 a n uya mna- (from i a + uyamna- q. v.) : ptcpl. adj. * not wanting '. — sb. n. 
 •a surplus'. — Vsp. 15.1 note. 
 
 anus ah' (from \ a ■\-usa%-)\ adj. 'unwilling'. — anusd ace. sg. n. advl. 
 {Gr. § 934) Ys. 57.18. 
 
 any a-: pron. adj. {Gr. § 443) 'another, else'. — Vd. 3.29. 
 [Skt. anyd-; Old P. aniya-; Phi. (h)an^ 
 
 a^tar': adv., prep, 'within, between'. 
 
 [Skt. antdr; Old P. a(n)lar; Phi. andarg; New P. aniiar\ 
 
 ant ar'.n aetna- (from a" -|- w*') : sb. n. 'the inside'. — atitar'.naenidl {Gr. 
 § 731,4) Ys. 57-21. 
 
 ap-, Sp-: sb. f. (dcln. Gr. § 286) 'water'.— Yt. 5.3 etc.; Vd. 3.23; Vd. 6.46 
 seq.; Vd. 19.5. — [Skt. ap-; Old P. ap-; Phi. Sp; New P. Sb] 
 
 yap-, sp-: vb. cl. i, 8, 10 'reach, overtake'. — apaye'titi pres. indie, act. 
 Ys. 57.29; apnte pass. {Gr. § 578) Ys. 57.29. — [Skt. Sp-] 
 
 apa: adv., vbl. prefix 'away, forth', Gr. §§ 733, 735. — [Skt. dpa; Old P. apa^] 
 
 ap ajiara- (from apa-{-yjiar-): sb. m. 'outlet'.— Yt. 5.4,5. 
 
 apanotitna-: superl. adj. 'highest, supreme'. — Ys. 26.2; Ys. 57.4. Ap- 
 parently apa»dt9tna- 'm formed from apana- pf. ptcpl. mid. ^ap-, 
 sp- — Skt. apUnd-; hence^ 'having reached the most, highest, 
 supreme'; construed also with abl. Ys. 57.4. So Geldner. 
 
 apiiUta- (from a^pi -^-^ $u-Y ptcpl. adj. 'interrupted'. — Cf. anapiiatn-. 
 
 apupra- {ixom. la+Z"): adj. 'childless'. — Vd. 3.24. — [Skt. apiUra-] 
 
 ap9r*nllyiika- (from ia-\- p^r^na -\-ayu-)'. sb. m. 'youth'. — Ys. 26.9. 
 [Phi. aparttaik; New P. /mrna] 
 
 apya^da- f'ft'^tu uipi-\-u\da- q. v.): .adj. 'intercalated*. — Cf. anapytVida-. 
 
 nfraza*nti' (from i «+//-<>): adj. 'without offspring'. — Vs. 11.1,3. 
 
 a/s m an-: sb. n. 'measvu-e, metre'. — Cf. asmanivatit-. 
 
 [Phi. Vers, has paimSn * measure ' ; Nar. has pramdva-] 
 
 a/smanivaiti- (from a/sman-): adj. 'metrical'. — afsmanivqit 'the me- 
 trical parts' ace. pi. n. {Gr. § 292) Ys. 57.8 note. 
 
 am a-: sb. m. 'strength'. — Ys. 57.3,23; Yt. 14.2,3; Yt. 14.7,9 ('Strength', 
 personified). — [Skt. dma-\ 
 
 amavaiit' [(rum ama-, Gr. § 292 b. dcln.): adj. 'strong'. — Ys. 57.10; 
 Vsp. 15.3; Yt. 14.12. — Fern. amqvaUi nom. sg. Yt. 5.3. — Superl. 
 amavostimd Yt. 14.3. — [Skt. Amavant-; V\\\. ainllvnnd\ 
 
amjr'tat' (from i a-y^mar-^ Gr. § 842): sb. f. 'immortality, Ameretat'. 
 
 One of Ihe Amesha Spentas, and always mentioned in connection 
 
 with Haurvat&l q. v. See Gr, Introd. p. xxvi § 38. --Ys. 57.24- 
 [Phi. amurdat] 
 amffa- (form *amarta' from y/w^r-, Gr. § 163): adj. 'immortal'. Esp. 
 
 Am9ia Spinta, the Amshaspands, Gr. Introd. p. xxv § 32. — 
 
 Ys. 26.3; Ys. 57.2 (ace. pl.),6,8,i2,23; Vd. 19.9. 
 
 [Skt. amfta-; cf. Phi. amUspami; New P. amUspami] 
 ay a, see under aim, Gr, § 422. 
 ayavha- (from oytiA- q. v., Gr. § 344): sb. n. 'iron'. — ayavhahe gen. sg. 
 
 ((7r. § 980) Ys. 1 1.7. — [Skt. &yasd-\ 
 ay a vAaina- (from ayah- q. v., cf. Gr. § 829): adj. 'made of iron'. — 
 
 subst. n. 'iron'. — Vd. 6.46. — [Phi. asinhi; New P. aJ/afitn] 
 ayar-, ayan- (dcln. Gr. §§ 311, 337): *^- »• *day'.— Ys. 57-i7,3»- 
 ayar>,bara- (from ayar- ■\- l'ar-\. sb. m. 'day's journey '. — Yt. 5.4. 
 ayah-: sb. n. 'metal, iron'. — Cf. ayavhaena-, ayauha-. 
 
 [Skt. dyas-: Phi. asm; New P. J//tf»] 
 ayqn-, see under ayar-. 
 Yfr-: vb. cl. 5 *go, move, come (as fortune)'. [-iis.;./ra 'bestow, 
 
 allot'. \- paUi 'advance, attack'. — us.fr^r'nao^ {Gr. 
 
 § 569) Ys. 11.4.— Cf. also /V/'V/.^r-'/*-. — [Skt. ar-, r-] 
 arapwya- (from iff + r«>): adj. 'ill-ordered, improper'. — Vsp. 15. i. 
 ar'du-: adj. 'high, exalted'. — Fem. ardvJ, epithet of Anahita q. v. — 
 
 Yt. 5.I. — [Cf. Skt. ardhvd; Gr. § 48.] 
 ar'dra-: adj. 'generous, giving gifts'. — Yt. 5.132. 
 ar'za-: sb. m. 'battle*. — Ys. 57.12. — [Cf. New P. razm (Horn)] 
 arS", fr^s": adv. 'right, truly'. — Cf. arsu^da-, arlti-. 
 arjfan-: adj. 'male, virile'. — ar^apw, ar^Snahe (tf-dcln., Gr. § 310), arfno 
 
 gen. sg. m. Vd. 3.24; Yt. 14.7,15; arinqm gen. pi. ni. Yt. 5.2,5; 
 
 Yt. 14.12. — [Cf. Skt. rfa-bhd-\ 
 ariul^da- (from fl/'/4-«<>): adj. 'rightly spoken*. — "dyasca abl. pi. m. 
 
 Yt. 5.9; Yt. 14.5. 
 ariii' (fr. arl", cf. Gr. § 788): sb. f. ' rectitude, Arshti' (Loyalty).- Ys. 57.33. 
 lava-: dcmonstr. pron. stem {Gr. § 432) 'that'. — Ys. 26.2; Ys. 57.29; 
 
 Yt. 5.7; Yt 14.12. 
 
 [Old P. ava-; Phi. o, avo{}); New P. «2 (ary)] 
 2ava: adv., vbl. prefix 'to, down to, upon, in'. 
 
 [Skt. dva; Old P. ava (in ava-sid-); Phi. J-j 
 avapa (from \ ava-\. adv. 'thus, so'. — Yt. 14.7 seq. 
 ava Hi- (from lava-): demonstr. deriv. {Gr. § 441) 'that, such'. — /iaca 
 
 avafyo st9r*byd dat. abl. pi. Yt. 5.132. — [Phi. havaiui\ 
 
C5 avavotit ajavan- 
 
 evavtittt (from i ava-y. pron. adj. "Such, so great'. — afav^'Vi liom. sg. f. 
 
 Yt 5.3. — [Phi, avdvand] 
 ava fa to , see under y'vas-. 
 avaza^ie, see under \/vaz-. 
 
 avah-: sb. n. 'help*. — Ys. 57.3; VI. 5.132. — [Skt. dvas-\ 
 avUiti, avaifft see under |/0-. 
 ««/*, aoi (cf. a^wi\x (i) adv., vbl. prefix. - (2) prep, and postpos. w. ace, 
 
 gen. 'to, unto'.— As adv. Vd. 3.25.- As prtp. w. ace. Ys. 57.23,24; 
 
 Yt. 5-3i4>i32; w. gen. Vd. 6.40,47. 
 |/'/i'-.' vb. cl. 5 iiJr. § 566) * reach, attain'. -Cf. asah-. — jSkt. ^7i-] 
 as an-: sb. rn. 'stone'. — asdiiaefva (stem asdrra-, 6V. § 309) loc. pi. 
 
 Vd. 6.51, sec note. 
 
 [Skt. lisuH'; Old P. a/fnn-; I 'hi. sang; New P. .faw^"] 
 asaya: adj. 'shadowless' (epithet of Sraosha's divine horses).-- Ys. 57.27, 
 
 see not^.— [Skf. achSyd-, Gr. § 17] 
 asah- (from ]/'«j-): .*;b. m. 'place, space'. -Cf. ma^nivasah-. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. ^ja-] 
 asiira-: sb. m. 'bristle ' (?), cf. I.at. aadeus CGeldner).— Cf. tiii.a.mra'. 
 asi'C sb. in. 'bone'. — us/a nom. pJ. Vd. 19,7; aidbis, azd^bis in.str. general 
 
 pi {Gr. §§ 229, 944) Vd. 6.49; astqm gcii. pi. Vd. 6.46,47. 
 [Cf. Skt. asthdn', dsl/u-; Phi. asi ; New P. asta/i] 
 astvaiif- (from tw/-, 6^r. § 857):' adj, (dcJn. Gr. § 291 b) -corporeal, mate- 
 
 rial* (epithet of avhj/-, 4faeJx5-).—Fent. astvaUi-.—Y^. 57.16,24,25 ; 
 
 Yt. 5.1; Yl. 14.1; Vd.3.23; Vd. 6.44,47,49- 
 [Cf. Ski. asthavdnt-, ast)umcnt'\ 
 aspa^: sb. m. 'horse*. — Fern, aspa-'m^xtt*. — V5L 11.1,2; \'s. 57.28; Yt. 14.9. 
 
 — On aspahe a'Strava see under rt//rJ-. 
 
 rSkl. Asita-; Old P. aspa-; Phi. aspi New P. Asb\ 
 aspd.stuoyah' (from a* -1- st") : adj. * stouter than a horse '. ~ba..ava 
 
 aspo.staoyfhts nom. pi. C Yt. 5.7. 
 
 al: intensive prefix w. odjs.-— Cf. ai.aojah-, a§.b6%u-. 
 
 a^a- (for arta- from |/"tf/-, Cr. i? 163): sb. n. 'right, righteousness, 
 
 Asha, Righteousness ' (personified). See Gr. inirod. p. xxv § 34. 
 
 — t%lal haca 'in accordance with Righteousness'; <//»/'<• ratiitn 
 
 *lhe master of R.'; a^ahe gncpcb ' ihe Household of Faith'. — 
 
 Ys. a6.2; Ys. 57.2,4,17: Yt. 5,9; Yt. 14.5. — Cf. also a^a vahiltu. 
 [Skt. rt^: Old P. arta-i l»hl. ohlitx>\ 
 9$avapi-, a^aott', a ^dun - (from o^n~]: adj. (dclu. Gr. ^ ;^i^) 'right- 
 eous' (of persons), 'sacred, holy' (of things). — Fem. a^aoni'. 
 
 — This word corresponds to tlie liiblical use of 'righteous, godly* 
 
 in the Psalms, lis opposite is drf^fvant-- drua^f- q. v. See Gr. 
 
tf/ff ahuna- fi 7 
 
 Introd. p. XXV § 34. — a$avano nom. pi. m. 'pure creatures' Ys. n.i ; 
 
 a^dnnqni gen. pi. Vs. a6. 1; clc. — [Slit. ftdwin'\ 
 ata- vahiUa (from rt'-f?'*): sb. u. 'Asha Vahishta' ' (Best Righleoui- 
 
 ness), one of the Amesha Spentas. See under asa-.— aj^nn 
 
 vahiUiin noni. sg. n. Ys. 57.24. 
 
 (Phi. artavahiSt, aiavahW; New P. ardibeJiist] 
 a^.aojah- (from o/-f- </</y«//-): adj. 'most strong'. — Ys. 57.15. 
 ait- (for arti- from Y "■'''> ^''' § '^3)' ^1*- ^' (0 'P^^ty, virtue'; (z) 'grace> 
 
 favor, blessing ; (3) 'Ashi Vanuhi' (incarnation of Piety and 
 
 its resulting blessings). -Ys. 26.5; Ys. 57.3. 
 [Cf. Phi. ardisvang] 
 aUr&- (from \ai-, cf. Gr, § 166): sb. f. 'goad, whip'.— Esp. aspalu 
 
 astra a horse-goad, or whip used in connection with the sraoio.- 
 
 carana (q.-v.) in religious casligation. — Yd. 6.48, see note. 
 [Skt. dHra-; Phi. ailr] 
 ai.bizu' (from tff-f-^"): adj. 'having strong fore-legs' (of camel). — • 
 
 ahbazaus nom. sg. m. (Cr. 5? 2^5) \ l. 14.12. 
 a .fy a - [from a^a-^ asi-) : adj. 'righteous, pious, blessed ' (epitheJ of Srao- 
 
 sha). —Ys. 57.2 (ai'im acc.),3,4, 13, 14,25, 26.3334. — j Phi. aA/i\ 
 Yaz'.- vb. cl. I 'drive'. [-f/fia 'strike, inflict blow.s' (in religious 
 
 castigation, .see upHtana-^. — upSzoil pres. opt. act. 3 ig. Yd. 6.48. 
 jSfct. aj-\ 
 azuia- (from la-i^zSiq- q. v.): adj. 'unborn'. — Y.s. 26.6. — [Skt. ajdta-] 
 az9m: pron. i.si. per.-,, (dcln. Gr. § 386) '1'. — az^m yd haomo '1 who fam] 
 
 Haoma' Ys. 11.3; cf. Yt. 5.6 etc. 
 
 [Skt. akiim: Old P. adam ; Phi. am, -in (end); New P. man, 
 -m (encl.)] 
 (isddfi, see under as/'. 
 "|/^i ah-: vb. cl. 2 (conjn. Gr. § 530 seq.) 'be'. --«/<*/»/ Ys. xr.3; Yt. i4-3; 
 
 tf^/ Yd. 19.6; asti Ys. 57.14. 25; \''t 5.3 ; Yt. 14.I; Yd. 6.47 ; 
 
 "Yd. 19.9; auh^n pret. 3 pi. Yt. 5.7; astii imperaL Vsp. 15.2. — 
 
 Cf. also hatqm. 
 
 [Ski. las-: Old P. ah-; cf. Phi. hast; New P. am, /. asi\ 
 j/''2tf (* - vb. cl. I, 4 (pass) 'throw, dATt' . —a^phimanaycB pres. pass, ptcpl, 
 
 (see hvaslaA Ys. 57.28. — f Skt, 2 as-\ 
 \ahu-, see under avhu-, 
 lahit-: sb. rti. 'lord'. — Cf. ahura. 
 ahuna- ifrom nhu-, Gr. § 848): sb. m. 'the Ahuna Vairya'. One of 
 
 the .sacred formulas or prayers, and so named from its initial 
 
 words yaps. aha. va'ryd. See Gr, Introd. p. xviii § 13. — - 
 
 Ys. 57.22; Vd. J 9. 10. 
 
5^ akura afrivacah- 
 
 afiura- (from ahu-, Gr. § 853): sb. m. (i) 'lord'; (2) <Lord, Ahura 
 Maxda' (cf. mai(iSh-\ the supreme god Ormazd. See Gr. In- 
 troduction p. xxiv § 31. — Vs. H.4, et passim. 
 
 [Skt. diura-; Old \\ aura-; Phi. aHAarmazd, hormazii; 
 New P. hormuzd'] 
 ahura data- (from rt" + i ddta-): adj. 'created by Ahura'. — Yt. 5.132; 
 
 Yl. 14. 1 seq. 
 ahurd.lkaifa- (from tf°-f/''): adj. 'belonging to the faith of Ahura'. 
 
 -Yt. 5.1. 
 ahiliH.m»r>nC' (from i rt//v- 4- j/'w^r/r-, Gr. § 877a): adj. 'world- 
 destroying'. — Ys. 57.15. 
 ah HI Hi, "tnS^, "my a, see under aenty Gr. § 422. 
 
 Av. -^ S. 
 
 a, a: (i) adv., vbl. prefix 'hither, unto, in'; (2) prep, and end. postpos. 
 
 w. ace, abl., gen., loc. 'up to, in'. — Ys. 11.7; Ys. 26.10; Ys. 57.33 
 
 (yeighad-a). See also adakyu- etc. 
 
 [Skt. a; Old P. a: Phi. 5/ New P. a\ 
 Jrt/ (from a-, Gr. § 431): adv. 'then' (lit. 'from that'), — Ys. 11.8; Yt. 14.I 
 
 etc.— Ys. 11.1,6 'but*. — [Skt. di\ 
 Si: inlerj. w. voc. 'O'. — Ys. 57.25 ; Yd. 19.9. — As particle (?) 'indeed* 
 
 Yd. 3.23- — [Skt. Si; Phi. 6i; New P. Si] 
 Star-: sb. m. (dcln. Gr. § 331) '^fac\—aprasca gen. sg. Vsp. 15.3. 
 
 [I 'hi. Star; New P. Sdar, ata^] 
 Sliinu- (from a^zSmi-, Gr. §§77 N. i, 889): adj. ' knee-high'.— Ys. 57.6 
 
 (Phi. Vers, has cand jSnuk).-^[Ci. Skt. «bhi-jfru-] 
 spr avail- (from Star-): sb. m. (dcln. Gr. § 313N. ib) 'priest'. De- 
 signation of the highest caste in the Avesta. Sec also under 
 
 rapaistar-, vastrya f^uyant-. — Yt. 11,6. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. dtharvan-; Phi. Ssarvan; New P. StoriSn-] 
 spri/tm (from S-^pritya-, Gr. §§ 375, 731): adv. 'thrice'.— Ys. 57.3 1. 
 ddaJJiyu- (from S -\- da/fyu-) : adj. 'in this country'. — Ys. 26.9. 
 Sdu-: sb. m. 'spring, stream'. So rendered if Phi. Vers, be read an Jtiy 
 
 •spring', cf. Av. iiddvo {Gr. § 19) Yt. 8.29; otherwise Phi. Vers. 
 
 is read as j'lln 'life'. — Cf. SdU.fradana-. 
 Sdti./rSdana- (from Sdu- -^ fr") : adj. 'increasing the springs'. — Yt. 5.1. 
 Sp-, see under ap-. 
 S/mte, see under !/'«'/>-. 
 Sfr ivacah- (from /i/Vv- -r «"*) • atl }• * speaking words of benediction 
 
 (malediction) '. According to the Phi. Vers, this word Sfr", like 
 
afrt ij>yejah' ^q 
 
 zavahifi, may be used of cursing as well as of blessing. — S/ri' 
 
 vacaoho nom. pi. m. Ys. xi.i. 
 S/ri- (from Y/ri~ q. v.): sb. f. 'benediction (malediction)'. — Cf. S/ri- 
 
 vacah' (a/riti-).'^[Ci. Skt. &prt-; cf. New P. a/rm] 
 al>ya, see under aem, Gr, § 422. 
 
 dmanawha- (from d ■\- mattah-) : sb. n. •eagerness, ardor'. — Yt. X4.12. 
 ayapta- (from d'\-\''ap-)\ sb. n. *reward, boon'.— Yt. 5.132. 
 
 [Phi. dySft; cf. New P. y&ftan^ 
 dyu-: sb. n. ♦age'.— Cf. ap:tr»n&yiika-. — ]^VX, <lyu-\ 
 d rmaf ti (from Yar- -\'maUi- q. v.): sb. f. 'harmony, Concord, Armaiti' 
 
 (Genius of the Earth), one of the Amesha Spentas. See Gr. 
 
 Introd. p. xxvi § 36.— j/^^jf/a armaiti^ Ys. 57.24. 
 
 [Skt. ardmati ; Phi. spend-annat ; New P. sfend~armat\ 
 as Hi a-, see under dsu-. 
 dsu-: adj. (compar. Gr. § 365) 'swift*. — dsiim ace. sg. m. Ys 57.11. — 
 
 Compar. Ssyavha nom. du. m. Ys. 57.28. — Superl. dsiltftn ace. 
 
 sg. m. Ys. 57.13- 
 • [Skt. dsu; dsIffAa-] 
 
 dza*fiti- (from |/'2 ^<^«-) : sb. f. 'understanding, explanation'. See C7r. 
 
 Introd. p. xii § 3. — Cf. malMzaitiii-, po^ru.dzahiii-. 
 [Cf. Phi. Zand] 
 Ydh-, i/- (q. v.): vb. cl. 3 'seek diligently', e. g. ii^Jifhagta Yt. 19.53. 
 
 — Cf. pahydsti-, j/^i is-. 
 ahita-: adj. ' defiled '.—Cf. andhitd- (ahiH-). — [Cf. Skt. asifa-] 
 dh u*ri- (from ahura-, Gr. §§ 825 d, 20) : adj. 'of Ahura'. — nhuiri^ fra^no, 
 
 dha'riS Ikaeio Ys. 57.24. — [Cf. Skt. dsUri] 
 dhurry a- (from ahura-, Gr. §§ 825 d, 20); adj.' 'lordly, belonging to 
 
 Ahura '.~Ys. 26.3 (of Amesha Spentas). 
 
 Av. •» /. 
 
 /-/ dem. pron. stem, see under aem, Gr. § 422. 
 
 Y^-' vb. cl. 2 'go, come'. \-ava 'come down'. \-fra..ava 'at- 
 tain to, descry*. — aeHi pres. indie, act. 3 sg. Yd. 3.24 ; yd 
 ^^apH^a avdHi 'when he goes to his females' (of male cover- 
 ing the female) VTt. 14.12; fraudHi 'he descries' (cf. Skt. prati 
 .. ava .. i 'erreiehen') Yt. 14. 13; ye^^ti pres. indie, act. 3 pi. 
 {Gr. § 65 exmpl.) Ys. 57.23; aeni pres. subj. act. i sg. Vd. 3.27 
 note. — [Skt. i-; Old P. /-] 
 
 ipyejoh-: sb. n. 'distress, corruption'. — ipyej^ nom. pi. Ys. 57.14. 
 [Skt. iydjas-; Phi. xij ; cf. New P. sej] 
 
6o i^o, — upara- 
 
 ida (from /■-): adv. 'here'.— Ys. s6.2,6; Vsp. 15.1,2 'now* (i.e. at thU point, 
 Skt. iha 2; so Angl. Sax. hir): Vd. 3.24 ida carahi *just so, the 
 mniden' (lit. here i.e. in this special case); VU. 3.27,29. 
 fSkf. ihd; Old P. U&\ 
 
 idai (from ida): adv. 'here'. — idafca Ys. 57.33 (bis). 
 
 1/ (from /-): strengthening particle, Gr. § 397. — [Skt. id] 
 
 ima~: dem. pron. stern, see under aim Gr. § 422. 
 [Ski. imd-; Old Y, ima- , New P. im<>\ 
 
 \'irip-: vb. cl. 4 'die'. ^para. ' peris h*.—^/'/*/*/-, parairista- 'dead' 
 
 ^ pass, ptcpl. Vs. 26.7,11, Yd. 6.44,46,49; iriripulqm pf. act* ptcpl. 
 
 gen. pi. Ys, 26.0. 
 
 Crista-, see under \firip~. 
 
 irlripuiqm^ see under \'irip~. 
 
 isal.vastra-: nomen propr. m. 'Isatvastra' — oldest son of Zoroaster, 
 and according to tradition the founder of the priestly caste.— 
 Ys. 26 S.-^[Phl. isaivsstar-] 
 
 l/"!/'/- (see also ]/''aA-, i7-): vh. cl. 6 'seek, desire petere'. \-paiti 
 
 'busy one's self with' (worship). — paifiiata pres. imperat., 
 act. 2 pi. Ys, 57- 13; iHo pass, ptcpl. nom. sg. m. V\sp. 15.2. 
 [Skt. i>] 
 
 Y^ii-: vb. cl. 4 -send, drive'.— Cf. aSima-. — [Skt. 2is-; Old P. //-] 
 
 Av. -f 7 
 Im, see under a'em, Gr. § 422. 
 
 Av. ) u, 
 
 uJ^da- (from Y^^^-> P^^s. ptcpl. w. ///«, Gr. § 77 N. 3): adj. 'spoken*. 
 
 — subst. n. 'word',— Cf. anapyQ\da-. — [Skt. ukthd-] 
 ujra-: adj. ' mighty '.—Cf. aojilta- (superl.). — [Skt. t4grd-] 
 uta-: conj. 'and'.— z///7 ... uta ' both— and ' Y.s. 11.1,3; Vt. I4.». 
 
 [Skt. uta; Old P. utd; Phi. u; New P. u\ 
 ti pa: (r) axlv., vbl. prefix.- -(2) prep, and postpos. w. ace, dat. 'to, upon, 
 on'. — With ace. Vt. 14.13; w. dat. Vd. 3.25. 
 
 [Skt. upa; Old P. upa; New P. ba, boh] 
 upa'ri (cf. upa"): prep, 'above*. — With ace. Vd. 6.50; Yt. 14.7,9 note. 
 
 [Skt. updri; Old P. upariy ; Phi. upar ; New P. bar] 
 upa^ rt.ita cma- (from «»-f,»<»); sb. n. 'upper side, lop". — Vd. 6.50 note. 
 upavhacayeni, see under y'hac-. 
 tipara- (from upa)\ adj. 'superior . — Cf. uparaiit-. — [Cf. Skt. lipara-] 
 
uparatat- - - utddtta- 6 1 
 
 u par a tat' (from upara-, Gr. §842): sb. i*. 'superiority', esp. Victo- 
 rious Superiority (vana'^nti uparatdt), Genius of Victory. — 
 Ys. 57.33. — fCf. Skt. uparatal'\ 
 upazana- (from »/>a+ |/"rf;3-): sb. n. 'blow, stripe'.- Technical expression 
 for stroke or stripe inflicted upon the body, as a religious cas- 
 tigation to remove sin. — Vd. 6.48 note. 
 ufyeml, see under \l'vap-. 
 nyam na-, see under '\^ii'. 
 
 ^rvapa- (from ]/"2 z/or-, Gr. § 793 N. 2): sb. m. 'friend*.— Cf. a*irvapa-. 
 
 »rvan- (dissy ., prob. «ruvan. from yzvar-, Gr. §§ 191, 314)*. sb. m. 
 
 ^soul', or that faculty in man which gives freedom of will to 
 
 choose good or evil. — Vs. 26.4,7,11 note. 
 
 [Phi. riidSn; New P. ruvUn] 
 
 nrvatit- (prob. from |Ai «/<?/-, Gr. § 191): adj. ...?, epithet of camel. 
 
 - yt. 14.11 (cf. Yd. 22.10; Vf. 14.19). 
 urvarS-: sb. f. •tree, plant'. Vd. 3.23 ; Vd. 6.46,47. 
 
 rCf. Skt. vrvdru-; l*hl. urvar-^ 
 Y'^rvis-: vb. cl. 4, 6, 10 'turn'.— -H»f 'part asunder'. — vlMrvtsya^ 
 
 pres. (scdry.) subjunct. act. 3 Sjg. Yd. 19.7. — [Gf. Skt. vrii-] 
 uva-, ua- (-^), Gr. § 68 N. i): adj. du. 'two, \iXilOx' .—tme^bya Ys. 57.25,29. 
 
 I [Cf. Skt. ubhd-\ 
 
 -vs, uz {Gr. § 753 N. 2): adv., vbl. prefix 'up, forth, out'. — Vs. 11.4, 
 Ys. 57.25.— Cf also tizda^yu-. 
 
 [Skt. ud; Old P ud: Phi. uz. New P. i-, «/-] 
 us ah' (from j/'t/ffj-)* sb. n. 'will'. — Cf. ahusah-. 
 \fuS-, see under yf^tvan-. 
 
 u^astar a- (from ugah-y. adj. •eastern*. — usasta^re (hiifdvo) loc. %%. m. 
 Ys. 57.29; uiastari( haca {Gr. § 19 b) .. uiastaraeibyo Vd. 19.5. 
 [Phi. hsiasiar] 
 uiah', uiah- (from y^vah-, us-): sb. f. (dcln. Gr. § 357) •dawn*.— 
 
 Cf. «i/7T/a/'<i-. — - i .Skt. ufos-; Phi. »/, A(?i hos'bSin\ 
 ufi- (perh. from y"3va/4-, »/- 'enlighten'): sb. n. 'mind'.- //// ace. sg. R. 
 
 (not dual) Vsp. 15.1. — [Phi. hoi; New P. Ac*/j 
 ulldna-: sb. ra. 'vital principle' (of the body). — -u^tSn^m (ace. ~ nom.sg. 
 
 (^r. § 937) Vd. 19-7. 
 ultra-: sb. m. 'camer. — Yt. r«, 11,12. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. ustra-.- Phi. ustar- : New P.*ultar] 
 uz, see under //.'•, and cf. 6^r. § 753 N. 2. 
 uzdahyw (from «2 + «jfo^>'//-) : adj. 'outside the countr '. - Vs. 46.9. 
 
 [Phi. uzdShik\ 
 uzdana- (from «« 4- j/'c/c-) : .sb. ra. 'elevation, structure*. — Vd. 6.50 note. 
 
^2 « karana- 
 
 Av. <fi e. 
 
 l/"tf-; vb. cl. 4 'be wanting, deficient'. — uyamna pres. ptcpl. mid. ace. pi. n. 
 'deficits' (i.e. in the audit of Life Book). — Vsp. 15.1. — Cf. 
 anuyamna-, (una-J, •-^[Cf. Skt. tf«a-] 
 
 Av. P" a. 
 
 d&pAan-: sb. n. 'mouth, face\ — a»hdnd gen. abl. sg. Vd. 3.29 note. 
 [Skt. dsdn-] 
 
 Av. \ 9. 
 
 9r*dwa-: adj. {Gr. § 819) 'raised, uplifted*. — Ys. 57.16. 
 [Cf. Skt. urd/tvd-\ 
 
 Av. » k. 
 
 ka-: intcrrog. pron. {Gr. § 406) 'who, what'. (-«/ indef. pron. {Gr. 
 
 § 408) 'every, any*. — ko nom. sg. ni. ¥1.5,8; Yt. 14. i ; Vd. 3.23; 
 kana zaya in?tr. sg. m. Vd. 19.8; kaliinai dat. sg. m. Yt. 5.8; 
 kahe gen. sg. m. Vd. 19.8. — ka nom. sg. f. Vd. 6.47. —' Indef. 
 kascifca nom. sg. m. Yt. 5.4. 
 
 [Skt. ka-; Old P. ka-; Phi. ke, ka; New P. kih-] 
 
 kaofa-: sb. m, (i) 'hill', (2) 'hump' (of camel).— Cf. stvi.kaofa-. 
 
 [Old P. kaufar; Phi. ko/; New P. koh 'mountain', kokud, 
 kufuib ' hump ' ] 
 
 kaoyqm, see under 2 kavi'. 
 
 kafa-: sb. m. 'foam, slime'. — Yt. 14.13. 
 
 [Skt. kaplia-; Phi. kaf; New P. kaf\ 
 
 kam9r»da-: sb. n. 'skull, cranium' (of evil beings). — Ys.57.10; Ys.57.3i 
 (collective). ^ [Phi. kamar ; New P. kamar 'cupola'] 
 
 kamir^ do.j an- (from k^ + yjan-^ : adj. ' smiting the skull '.— "jano 
 gen. sg. m. (of Sraosha) Ys. 57.33 ; Phi. Vers, has kntn&rzatar. 
 
 kayada-i adj. 'heretic (?), Kayadha'. — An obscure word denoting an im- 
 pious person or class of being.?; Phi. Vers, has kJstar. — Ys. 57.15. 
 
 jAi tar-: vb. cl. 5 {Gr. § 568) 'make'. — Caus. 'cultivate'. — k9r»naoUi 
 pres. indie, act. 3 sg. Vd. 3.23 ; ksr^naol pret. indie, (injunct.) act 
 Vd. 6.50 ; — kdrayeUi caus. pres. indie, act. Vd. 3.23. — Cf. also 
 ^pz-p/tf.. — [Skt. kar-; Old P. kar-; Phi. kartan; New P. kardan\ 
 
 y 2 kar-: vb. cl. 5, 9 'cut'.— Cf. akarana-. — [Phi. karinttan ; Nevf P. kirntdan] 
 
 kar ana- (from j/*2 ira r-) : sb. m. 'end, boundary'. — (vJspe) kar and (sg* 
 for pi. Gr. § 913 N. i) Yt. 5,4. — Cf. also akarana-. 
 [Phi. kandrak; New P. katiSrah, kariin] 
 
kar^pan kqsaoya- ^\ 
 
 kar*^ pan-i sb. m. 'Karpan', — name of a class of wicked unbelievers. 
 The tradition renders 'deaf (i.e. to the word of God). Ac- 
 cording to Z5d Sparam there were five brothers of the KarapSn 
 family,* foes of Zoroaster, of. West, /*///. Texts tr. S.B.E. V. p. 187. 
 See also 2 kavi below. — kar^fnqm gen. pi, Yt. 14.4. 
 
 '\fkari-: vb. cl. 1(1) 'draw', (2) 'draw circles, furrows, to plow'. — 
 kargya gerundive nom. sg. f. {Gr. § 716) Vd. 3.24. — Cf. also 
 akarila-, kar^d-. 
 
 [Skt. kar?-; Phi. kaHtan; New P. kalidan, kiltan] 
 
 kar$d- (from j^^^rtri-): sb. f. 'circuit'. — kar^ayCb gen. sg. Ys, n.2 note. 
 [Cf. Skt k&rfman- * race-course ' ] 
 
 karfivant' (from y"^/-/-): sb. m.** plowman, peasant*. — karfivata instr. 
 sg. Yd, 3.24. 
 
 karUa- (from j/^Xar/-): pass, ptcpl., adj. •plowed'.— Cf. akarUa-. 
 
 [Skt. kr?td-\ 
 
 karivar-, kariyan- (from y^ar/-) : sb. n. (dcln. Gr. §§ 31 1, 337) 
 * zone, clime '. Name of the seven divisions into which, accord- 
 ing to the Iranians, the world was divided. — kargvar' ace. sg. 
 Ys. 57.31; vispais karlvqn general pi. {Gr. §§ 315, 230, 308) 
 Yt. 5.5.— Cf. also ^///J./Cw/z/«»V/-. — [Phi. ke^var: New P. >6/jt;jr] 
 
 I kavi-: sb. m. 'King', — title of the Persian monarchs of the KaySnian 
 dynasty, Kai Kobad, Kai Khosraw, etc. — kavoU vUtaspahe *of 
 King Vishtaspa (q. v.), Kai Gushtisp' Ys. 26.5 ; Yt. 5.132. 
 [Cf. Skt. kavi-: Phi. kai; New P. kal\ 
 
 2. kavi-: sb. m. 'Kavi', — name of a class of wicked infidels or demons. 
 According to the tradition 'blind' (i. e. to the faith), cf. kar^- 
 pan. — kaoyqm gen. pi. {Gr. § 62 b) Yt. 14.4. 
 
 kasu-r adj. 'small, little'. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. kasti' (? nomen propr.); Phi. kas ; New P. kih] 
 
 kSstt.psina- (from h-^-po): adj. 'small-heeled'. — Yt. 14.17. 
 
 kasci^ca, see under ka-. 
 
 kaidya- (from kayada- c^.\\)\ adj. 'belonging to the Kayadha'.— sb. m. 
 'adherent of K.'.— k&'dyehe gen. sg. masc. Ys. 57.15 (cf. Ys. 61.3). 
 
 kir'ta- (from '\fikar-): pass, ptcpl., adj. 'made'. — Cf. dahmo.k^r'ta-, 
 hukir'ta-. — [Skt. kfta-; Old P. karta-; Phi. kart; New P. kardah\ 
 
 kir'fS.har- (from kphrp--\-Yh'ar-): adj. 'corpse-eating*. — Vd. 6.45,46,47. 
 
 kfhrp-: sb. f. 'form, body'. — hhrpa instr. sg. Yt. 14.2 seq. 
 [Skt. kfp-; Phi. k€rp\ 
 
 kqs a oya-: sb. n. nomen propr. 'Kansavya', — name of a lake, from the 
 waters of which the Saviour, Saoshyant, is to arise. — Vd. 19.5. 
 [PhL kydnsSi] 
 
54 ^« - ¥°P' 
 
 kvn (from *<?- or ku-, Gr. §§ 406-407): interrog. adv. where'.— 
 Va. 6.44,49. — [Ski. /tva] 
 
 Av ly f 
 
 Jinqpa^ie: an uncertain word, Vd. 19.5. The Phl.Vers. renders the words 
 
 yqm ^Hq^a'tf as 'to whom one prays' and implies that the form 
 
 is a verb. See note ad loc. Some render as nomen propr. 
 J^raoidati/iirom Y/liraoia-): p»:cpl. adj. 'hard, firnn'. — (fruvaiim) Ijraol' 
 
 di^tqni superl. ace. sg. f. Ys. 26.2. PliLVers. here has *most> 
 
 firm, most severe in matters of decision '. 
 ^raoid- (from \f^ifuS- q. v., cf. Gr. § 692); vb. deriv. 'make hard*, — 
 
 CT. Jiraoidaiit-. 
 lira ill' (from \f i kar-)\ .sb. m. 'wisdom'. — Cf. ^ra/)7viilo-. 
 
 [Ski. krdlu : Phi. fiirot: New H. tiirnd^ 
 ^rapioiSta- (superl. attached to ^ratu^, ^ratumunt-)'. adj. 'wisest'.— 
 
 Ys. 26.2 
 X/'^ru-: vb. 'hurt, be raw . — Cf. ^rura-, viJfrilmant' — [Skt. kru-\ 
 Y^rujf- (.v-formation from {^^^ru-): vb. 'be terrible'. 
 J^rura- Itroiif YJ^ru-) ; adj. 'terrible, wounding*.— Vs. 57-25. 
 
 [i>kt. kri/rd-] 
 ^rvt- (from |/',^/'z/-) : adj. 'terrible, wounding'. -Cf. Jirura-, \rvl.dru-. 
 ^rvi.drU' (from \' ^ru- -\- dfu-)-. adj. 'of wounding m-Ace. ^rv/.draos 
 
 gen. sg. m. Ys. 57.3a, Nar. has hi^susdstra-. 
 ^{aeta- (from Y^id-, J^it-): adj. (i) 'ruling^, princely ; (2) 'shinm^^'.— 
 
 Vs. 26.3 (Phi, here ^oidi, Nar. svdmin-); Yt. 14. 17 
 [Phi. ^it; New P. Sid] 
 \iapra- (from Yk^^^' ki^-)'- ^^' ^- 'rule, power, Kingdom *. —Cf. next 
 
 word, and liiapri-, ham&.^^apra-, huhjapra-. 
 
 [Skt. kfittrd-; Old P. kiafa-; Ph). satdr ; New P. Uhar\ 
 ^fapra - va* rya- (from J^^-\-v): sb. n. nomen propr. 'Khshathra Vairya* 
 
 (lit. *wished-for Kingdom'), one of the Amesha Spent.is. .See 
 
 Gr. Introd, p. xxvi § i^.—hlaprsm vah'tm Y.s. 57.24. 
 [Phi. satvuiro; Ne\Y P. larivar] 
 ^japrt' (from hjapra-)'. sb. rt>. 'mistress, Wife, female'.- Yt. 5.5; 
 
 Yt. 14.12 (bis). 
 kioprya- (from ifapra-): adj. 'kingly *.—A«k>/w J ff^apryo (cf. Skt. s^nto 
 
 rSja) Ys. 57.19. — [Skt. hfairiya'\ 
 ki^P'* M<^P^^'' sb. f. 'night'.- fAJ^o gen. sg. Ys. 57.31; ^inpamnt 
 
 ace. sg. Yt. 14.13; iia/nasra ace. pi. Ys. 57- '7- 
 
 [Skt. kfafi-; Old P. ^Upan- ; Phi. Up; New P. }ab\ 
 
^/j gaoma- 65 
 
 ^"^/<^-., \ii-: rb. cI. It 2 'rule, be majestic, be splendid'. -Cf. ^{^apro' 
 
 etc. — [Skt. ihi-; Phi. sdyastau ; New P. layislan\ 
 Y^lud-: vb. ci. I «flow'.— Cf. Jiiudra-. 
 
 [Skt. k?ttd'; V\\\, Mstan; New P. sustan\ 
 Jlludra^ (from Yi^'^^')' ^^■^- "• * semen, seed'. — hjudno ace. pi. f. n. 
 
 (C*/-. § 232) Yt. 5.2,5. — [Skt. ksudrd-: Phi. ///^Y/r] 
 Jlitva^ (from ^ftwj; C?^. § 366): num. adj. 'sixth*.— Yl 14.17. 
 
 [Phi. ^aSum ; New P. sasu/u] 
 \ ^l^naopr a- (from Iiinu- q. v.): sb. n. 'propitiation*. Frequent in the 
 
 formula yasnaica vahmdica ^^naoprdica frasasiayaeca * for the 
 
 worship, praise,' etc. Ys. 57.6,8, — [Cf. .Skt. k$notra-\ 
 z^inaopra- (prob. best from zanu-^ inu-\ cf. Gr. §§ 164, 77 N. 3, 1 88): 
 
 sb. n. 'knee*. — .See hu^^naopm-. 
 Ili'naoma- (from y^inU", cf. Gr. § 808): sb. n. 'joy .--^^^naonta instr. 
 
 sg. Vd. 3.23. — [Phi. smim] 
 Y'^inu-: vb. cl. 2 'rejoice, be pleased'. — Cans. * propitiate'. — ^inSL- 
 
 vayeHe. caus. prcs. indie, act. 3 sg. {Gr. ^ 685 e) Vd. 3.23. 
 [Cf. Skt» ksnu-; Plil. SrtayTtan, ^naylnilan (caus.)] 
 Ilivas: num. {Gr. § 366) 'six'. — Cf. Iistvar-. 
 [Skt. ?df: Phi. sas; New P. /tfi] 
 
 Av. c ^<f. 
 
 gaepd- (from j/'j'/-, y/-) : sb. f. (i) 'being, living creature'; (2) 'world' 
 (i.e. 'all that lives', ci.. ovhu-).-—vispay(B gaBpayOt 'of all the 
 world' Ys. 57.15; e.sp. w. rt.y/z'i7;i/- (q. V.) 'material world, living 
 beings, mankind' Ys. 57.24; Yt. 14.1, Vd. 3-23; Vd. 6.44,47,49; 
 aiahe giUpS) (see <7/ff-) Ys. 57.15. 
 
 [Cf. Old P. gaipa; Phi. gehan; New P. ^ehan, gihdn, jihan] 
 
 gaepu' (same a.s gaesn- 'hairy'): adj. 'shaggy . — //■jVffi^tf gaihau} gen. 
 sg. m. Yt. 14 II. — [Cf. Phi. ges; New P. ges, gesu\ 
 
 gaepv.frSdafKt- (from gaspd- •\- fn-, Gr. § 866): adj. 'helping man- 
 kind' (lit. 'furthering living beings').^ — Yt. 5.!. 
 
 gao', gava-, gati-: sb. m. f. (dcln. Gr. § 278) (i) 'beef, bull, cow'; 
 (2) 'meat' (beef); (3) 'milk'.- Ys. Ti.i,7; Yt. 5.9; Yt. 14.5,7. 
 — gpu? hudcduho gen. sg. Ys. 26.4 note. 
 [.Skt. go-; Phi. gi*, gav ; New P. gdv] 
 
 gaona-: sb. m. (i) 'color'; (2) 'exuberant appearance'. — Vd. 3.25, 
 Phl.Vers. here has strt/i * fullness, repletion '. 
 [Phi. gt7n, gunak ; New P. gilnah\ 
 
 gaoma- (Ji oni guo-, guu-): sb. m. 'meat, milk'. — Cf. gaomavatit-. 
 
 5 
 
^^ gaomavant — - capwar- 
 
 gaomavant' (from gaoma-)-. adj. 'consisting of meat, or milk'. — 
 
 Yt. 5.8 (zaopabyo). 
 gao^a- (from "yfgu}-^: sb. m. 'ear'. — Cf. zairi.gaoia-, zaranyd.gao$a-. 
 
 [Skt. gho^a-; Old P. gauU-; Phi. gd^ ; New P. gds\ 
 '\fgam', jam-, see under '\fjam-. 
 
 gay a- (from ygi-, ji-)'. sb. ra. 'life'. — See also under mar' tan-. — 
 Ys. 26.5,10 (Gayomart). — [Skt. gdya- ; Phi. jan ; New P. jan] 
 gar'wa- (from j/'^^/'K/-) : sb. m. *womb'. — Yt. 5.2,5. 
 [Skt. g&rbha-; Phi. gafr, gadr] 
 
 "yfgarw-: vb. cl. 9, 10 'seize, grasp'. \-us 'uplift'. \-a 'seize 
 
 upon '. — gir'xvnqn pres. subj. act. 3 pi. (cl. 9, Gi\ § 588) Yt. 57.25 ; 
 agj^rvayeUe pres. indie, mid. 3 sg. (cl. 10) Ys. 57.29. 
 
 [Skt. grahh-: Old P. garb; Phi. graft an ; New P. giriftan] 
 "Y^ga-: vb. cl. 2 'go'. — [Skt. ga- ; New P. ^adati\ 
 ^iga-: vb. cl. 4 'sing, chant'.— Cf. gapa-, — [Skt. ga-\ 
 gSu-, see under gao-, gav-. 
 
 gatu- (from y i ^5 ) : sb. m. (i) 'place'; (2) * div sai\— gat u^v a loc. pi. 
 Yd. 6.45. — Cf. also star'ta.gatu-. 
 
 [Skt. gatu-: Old P. gapu-; Plil. -as; New P. gah^ 
 gsps- (from |/"2.vw-): sb. f. 'hymn, psalm'. Esp. the five Gat has, 
 see Gr. Introd. p. xvii § 13 b. — Ys. 57.8. 
 [Skt. gaiha-; Phi. g&s\ 
 '\fgi-, ji', see under '\fzji-. 
 ygu^-: vb. cl. I 'hear'.— Cf. gae^a-, sasno.giiS-. 
 
 [Skt. ghuf' ; Phi. nydJi^itan ; New P. nydlidan] 
 \^g9r*xv-, see under \fgarw-. 
 
 '\fgram-: vb. 'be angry*. — grafitahe pass, plcpl. gen. sg. {Gr. § 711,5) 
 Yt. 14.15. 
 
 Av. I, g. 
 
 \fjzar-:- y\i. cl. i, xo 'flow, stream'. \-vl 'overflow'. — vijiara- 
 
 yeinttm pres. ptcpl. Yt. 5.132. — Cf. also '\figar-, apajiara-. 
 [Skt. kfar-] 
 
 Av. P c. 
 
 -ca: end. conj. 'and' (Lat. -que). — ca ... ca 'both — and' Ys. xi.i; 
 Ys. 57.17. As in Skt. sometimes apparently even', cf. bar*- 
 zislaiiraca Vd. 6.45.— Ob.serve -ca (GAv.) Yt. 5.9; Yt. 14.5. 
 [Skt. -ca; Old P. -ca; Phi. -c, -/V] 
 capwar-: num. {Gr. § 372) 'four'.— Yt. 57.27.— Cf. also tairya-. 
 [Skt. catvar-; Phi. cahSr, cihSr; New P. ca/tUr, cJr] 
 
capwar'.sata jam- 6/ 
 
 ca/>war».sata- (from £•» -f f ') : sb. n. num. {Gr. § 366) 'forty'. — Yt. 5.4. 
 
 [New P. cihil] 
 Year-: vb. cl. i 'move, go*. \-/ra 'go forth, com t'.^^frararS'ii 
 
 pres. subj. act. 3 sg. Ys. 57.24. — [Skt. car-; New P. carldan] 
 car an a- (from yi/t^r-): sb. n. * instrument '. — Cf. srao^o.carana-. 
 
 [Skt. kdraiia-: cf. New P. carak-^ 
 earSUi-: sb. f. ♦ maiden ',—Vd. 3-24. — [Phi. caraittk] 
 car* tar- (from yikar-, Gr. § 76 N.): sb. m. ' maker '.—Cf, /ra/<>.- 
 
 rar'/ar-. — [Skt ietfr/d-r-] 
 Yzci-: vb. cl. 3 (^z'. § 55 1) * atone '.—Cf. <r/^-. — [Skt. ci-] 
 cipa- (from Y'Z.ci--)'. sb. f. 'atonement, penalty'. — ka he asti ci/>a {Gr. 
 
 § 1020 N., expl.) Yd. 6.47. 
 -f//.- end. particle (i) emphatic, 'even, indeed'; (2) generalizing, ya^ci^ 
 
 Ys. 57.29; kasdica Yt. 5.4* — [Skt. -cid ; Old P. -ciy\ 
 l/*://-, (kU-):- vb. cl. 7 {Gr. § 555) 'announce'. — Cf ^kae^a^. 
 
 Av. c; y. 
 
 jaUi- (from yytfw-) : sb. f. * smiting '.^-Cf. pa*/i.Jaf/i-.-^[Skt. haii-] 
 
 jajnvc^, see under j/yaw-. 
 
 j ajmus t9m a- (ixoin jajmvah-, see I/yaw-) : s 11 perl, adj. 'most prompt*. 
 
 — Ys. 57.4. — [Cf. Skt. gamistha-] 
 Yjati-: vb. cl. 4 'ask, pray, dtttxtLXX^'.—ja^'dyehi pres. indie, act. 2 sg. 
 
 (w, two ace, Gr. § 930) Ys. 11.2; ja^dyantai pres. ptcpl. act. 
 
 dat. sg. m. (a-dcln. Gr. § 297) Yt. 5.132. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. gad-: -^ Old P. jad; New P. znyitan (Horn)] 
 Yjan ', gan-: vb. cl, 2 ' strike, smite, slay '. \- ni 'strike down'. 
 
 —-ja^iiti pres. indie, act. 3 sg. Ys. 57.10; iiijne pres. indie, mid. 
 
 3 sg. {Gr. § 525) Ys. 57.29; janani pres. subj. aci. I sg. {Gr. 
 
 § 521) Vd. 19.5; jajtivA pf ptcpl. act. Ys. 57.10. — CL kamsr'- 
 
 dd.jan-, kaktr'fjati-. 
 
 [Skt. kan-; Old P. jan- ; Phi. zatan ; New P. zadan\ 
 jatifar- (from \fjan-): sb. m. 'smiter' nom. sg. Ys. 57.15. 
 
 [Skt. hant&r-: Old P. jatar-; Phi. ;ra/«r] 
 YJdfn-, gam-, jas-: vb. cl. 2, i (inchoat.) 'go, come '.-—-+- rt^^a 'come 
 
 down'. +^ ' come hither '. -\- paUi 'come back, come 
 
 to'. ■\- fra 'go forth'. -\-vi 'go apart, distribute'.— 
 
 3jamya( aor. opt. 3 sg. Ys. 57.3; paUi.jasaUi pres. indie, act. 
 
 3 sg. (inchoat. Gr. §§ 697-8) Ys. 57.12; ajasa( pres. indie, act. 
 
 Yt. 14.4 seq. ; ava.jasa pres. imperat. act. 2sg. Yt. 5.132; vJ.jasaHi 
 
 pres. subj. act. 3 sg. Yt. 5.4 ; frajasqn (frajasai) bar^ntim pres. 
 
68 j^i' — ta^V' 
 
 subj. iict. {Gr. § 915.4 e.\mpl.) Vd. 6. .{7; pa*ti.jasqn pres. subj. 
 3 pt. Yt. ^.\}^7.-^ jajmvah- pf. picpi. act. ab adj. in jujmuslima-. 
 fSkt. ^<iw-. ffach-; Old P. ^t////-, jam-; cf. Fhl. (gjntatan, 
 a-matan; New P. a-madQri\ 
 \'J as- ^ivjchoat.), see under 'y^jam-. 
 \''2ji-: vb. 'live'.— Cf. ^a^a-, JJra-. — [Cf. Skt. 2 ji-] 
 jira- (fr. |'2yV-): adj^Vlively, quick'. — [Skt. /VrJ-/ cf. New P. ztrak (Horn)] 
 jiro.saea- {{xawx p •\- s°) : uuj. -moving the head quickly' (?.). — Vt. 14.12 
 
 iTraditiou has ' inlelligeni', cf. New P. ilrak, aae jira^. 
 yjiv-: vb. cl. I '\\\ft'.—/pafiUim {Gr, § 68 N. 2) pres. plcpl, act.. gen. pi. 
 m. Ys. 26.6. — [Skt.yVe--; Old V.jlv-; Phi. uvassuji,- New P. zistun\ 
 '\fju-, see midLT y/w-. 
 
 Av. ro /. 
 
 /<7- (ha-, ha-, ta-): dein. pron. (dcln. Gr, § 409) "this Y?;. it. 5; 
 
 Ys. 57.3,18,29; Yt. 5-9.132 ,• Vt. 14.5, Yd. 3-21,29. 
 [Skt. la- (sa-, sa-, /«/-)] 
 taeza- (t f. Skt. yHj-)' sb. m. 'sharpness, edge'. — Cf. brU'ibriJ.tatia'. 
 
 [Cf. Skt, iejm-\ 
 ia^rvaycni, see under \' tari:-. 
 ytab-, see undfer '\ftu<:'. 
 
 t ah in a- (from \tiJc-) : udj. ' bold, sturdy '. — Vs. at). 3 ; Ya. 57- > i , 33 ; 
 Yt, 14.15. — [Old P. ota^ma; (Phi. iafint.) New P. ia/iaru] 
 
 Ytac-, lak-, tatic-: vb. cl. i 'run, rush'. r/"'* 'run along, 
 
 i\oM''.'-^/r5iuca'tiy "itiU pre^. "iitdic. act. Yt. 3-3)4-— Cf. also 
 a'wi,tai'i/ia-, (o^ma-, tarici^/a-. 
 
 [.Skt. iak., tac-, lank-; Phi. tcV^ian ; New P. ta^ian\ 
 tamtm iP ra- (from tann- -\- m-^): adj. 'the word incarnate' (i. e. per- 
 
 soniticati«.»n of the Manthra). Ys. 57.33. 
 ianu-: sb f. (dcln. Gr. § 271) ' body '.—Ys. 57.26; Yd. 6.44. 
 
 [Skt. ianti-i land-; Phi. ianii; New P. /fl/ij 
 ytaiic-, see under |/ya<r-. 
 \l'inr}sla- (from ^'^/ot:-, lane-): supcrl, 3d}. (0>. § 3(?5 N. 2) 'most 
 
 sturdy . — \ a. 11.7, Vsi 57.13, Nar. has diikataina-. 
 tarasca (instr. advi. Gr. § 287): prep. y/. ace. *acrosa, past'. -Yd. 3.29. 
 
 (Skt. liraUu-\ 
 ytarp-: vb, cl. 4 ^steal'. — lar'JySi pres. (scdryj subj. aci. 3 sg. Ys. 11.5. 
 [Skt. irji- (in trpu-)\ Pill, iar/linitan ; cf. New P. larjancf, 
 tarb ' lie, deceit ' ] 
 ■^/^/^ri'-: vb. cl. 10 'overcome'. — tfV*rvayeni prci. subj. act. 1 .sg. Yt. 14.4. 
 [Skt. lurv^t iurv-; Phi. taruimtan\ 
 
tars- -^ PwaJila- i^ 
 
 Ytars' (from prah-, Gr. § 698 N.)t vb. inchoat. ^Si^c\—iarHa pass, 
 ptcpl. Vs. 57.18 (bis). 
 
 [Cf. Skt. iras-,- Old P. ///rf-; Pb!. tarsUan; New P. tiirstdan\ 
 Ylas-: vb, d. a 'hew, shape'. — -\- hqni 'construct', — /iq.'uMlUi pres. 
 indie, act. 3 sg. Ys^ 57.10. — Cf. also hutal/a-. 
 ' [Skt. /^/■y-; Old P. ta^s-; Vh\. taman] 
 iaiia- (from Yfai-)-. sb. n. ' cup V— the sacred chalice into which the 
 haoma was \toi\xe.(.L-^taI(a instr, Kg. Vd. X9.9. 
 [Phi. ta^t: New P. /«//] 
 /^y/;^-.- sb» ra. 'thief — Ys, 1.1.3. — [Skt ^«V7^-^ c/, siaytU, 'yfsia- Vste.!!']. 
 tijra-, tilt (la compds.), cf. Skt, ]/"///'-. adj. 'sharp'.— Cf. llii.asura-. 
 
 (Of. Skt. tlf^-ma; Phi. ^7s/ New P. /f*] 
 iizio, see under ti^ra-. 
 
 tiii.asura- (see //«/ -f a") : adj. * having sharp bristles; ( ? ) '. - - Yt. 14. 15. 
 tiii.d qs ira (see ifzi -^d^): adj. 'sharp-tusked'. — Yt. 14. 1 5. 
 I/'/ a-; vb. ci. I *^be able '.—/<«'<?// pres. (.scdry.) subj. act 3 pi. {Gr. § 486) 
 
 Vd. 6,51. — [Skt /«-/ Phi. Mian; New P, /uvdjt] 
 I t ah-ya- (for ^c^'^tuhya-, cf. a-JiluWya^ from capxoar-): num. adj. 'fourth'. 
 — V^l. 14.II ; ^/^V/V« (6>. § 934) Vd. 3.23. 
 
 [Skt. turya-: cf. Phi. caharum ; New P. cakSrum] 
 ttairya-: adj. 'Turanian', — belo.nging to rhe land hostile to Iran.— . 
 iuirim (6>. § 63) Yt. 11,7. — (Phi. UV\ ffirdn; Nrw P. tilran] 
 tiituc-: :ib. f. 'carj^et, cloth (.*) '.--//?/«^,ft;0 loc. pi. Yd. 6.51, see note. 
 
 [Cf. New P. tittnk 'curtain, veil'J 
 tarn: pron. 2 pers. (del. Gr. § 390) 'thou'.- Ys. ii.i,7; Ys. 57.26; Vd.3.29; 
 
 Vd, 19.6. —-[Skt. tmm: Old P. tuvam ; PhLV/^/ New P. t-u\ 
 iimah^ (cf. Skt, '\flam.']: sb. n. 'darkness, Hell'. — tsinavko i^en. sg. 
 (tf/-. § 982) Ya. S7-U^- — [Skt. tiim-as; Phh /"aw/ cf. New P. tam\ 
 ie, see under /t/- above. 
 fqprya- (cf. Skt Yuim-): adj. •dark'.--Yt. 14.13. 
 
 [Cf. Skt Idmrns-cic; Phi. tSr, tank; New P. /J;j 
 
 Av. 6 A ^ 
 
 \fpanj-: vb. cl. 10 'drav*^, drive, rein '.--Cf. nipaS^faf^- 
 
 Pwaela-: sb. m. 'fright '.-Ys. 57.18. 
 
 YPwa^_s~: vb. cl. r 'work, be active, be stirring, make haste'. 
 
 [Skt. ivak^-; Phi. ii^man] • 
 Pwahja- (from ]/^/w<i^/-) : adj. active, busy', — pw(t^ii^f?m .superl. 
 Ys. 57.13. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. tvdksas- ' activity ' ;. =- Phi. /«^M- .• New P. 
 
70 Jfwar dagno.disa' 
 
 Ypicjar-: vb. 'hasten'. — CS. />wars-, firvS^a-. — [Skt. ivar-] 
 
 Y/fwarS' (from Ypwar-, Gr. § 698): vb. inchoat. (i) 'cut, create'; 
 
 (2) 'decide, judge'. \-fra 'cut off. \- paUi 'to shoe' 
 
 (of horses),— /z£;^;-^.yfl/J pres. indie, act. 3du. Ys. 57.2; fra/>w9r>so 
 
 pret. (injunct.) act. 2 sg. Ys. 11.7; faUi.fxvarhOivhd pass, ptcpl. 
 
 nom. pi. Ys. 57.27. — Cf. oXm />iodr»Star-. 
 PwS, pwqtn^ see under turn, Gr. § 390. 
 Pwaia- (from "[/"/wa/--, Gr, § 163): ' quick '.-—/tcrtp/;/ ace. sg. n. advl. 
 
 (<"'>• § 934) Ys. 1 1.7. — [Skt. /wz-Ziw] 
 Pwor'^tar- (from pwars-, Gr. § 39 expl.): sb. m, 'judge' (i.e. who 
 
 decides). — Yh. 57.2 note. 
 Prah-: vb. 'fear, be terrified'.— See ytars-. — [Skt. tras-\ 
 Pri-: num. (dcln. Gr. § 371) * three '.—//a}' J nom. pi. m. Vs. ii.i. 
 
 [Skt. tri-; Vh\. j;/ New P. si/i] ■ 
 Pritya- (from /;v-): num. odj. 'third'. — prityd [Gr. § 997) Yt. 14.9: 
 
 Spritim {Gr. % 375) Ys. 57.31. — [Skt. irtiya- ; Old V. p'^iliya-\ 
 prigva- (from pri-, Gr. § 376 N., 827):.sb. m. 'a third'. — Ys. 11.7. 
 
 [Phi. srihilak'] 
 prqf-: vb. 'to satisfy'. — prapdo pass, ptcpl. nom. sg. m. {Gr. § 77 N. 3) 
 
 Ys. 57.14. — [Cf. '^kt. irp- Ormp-dti). 
 prya\^ti- (from pri- -\- ya.Jti-, Gr. § 68 a): sb. f. 'three stalks' (of 
 
 haoma) Gr. § 891. — Ys. 57.6 note. 
 
 Av. _3 d. 
 
 da^ighu-, dahyu' (from |/"</?/*'^-, da/i-)\ sb. f. (dcln. Gr. § 270) 
 'country, nation', — the largest division in the four-fold con- 
 stitution of the Iranian state, \\i.\i) umdtia-, [2) z'is-, [^) zafffu-, 
 (4) da^yU'.~~Ys. 57.14; Yt. 5.6; Yd. 3.27. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. ddsyu; Old P. daAyu-; Phi. da/iyu, dih ; New P. dih\ 
 
 daiyhu.paui- (from d'>-\-2 /») : sb. m, ♦ lord of the nation, governor '. 
 — Yd. 19.6. — [Phi. dahyupat] 
 
 daiighu.frSdan a- (from d" -{■ fr") : adj. 'increasing the country*. — 
 Yt. 5.1. 
 
 da end- (from Y^^')' ^^- ^- 'conscience, Religion'. The ^<7^«<J (New P. 
 din) is an integral element in the spiritual constitution of man, 
 by the light of which he discerns right and wrong; hence 
 the divine insight, religion. — Ys. 26.4,6 ; Ys. 57,24 (bis); 
 Yd. 19.6,7. — [Phi. din, ddn; New l\ din] 
 
 daind.disa- (from f/t/J;w- ^- ■^<//>-, Gr. §866): sb. m. 'teacher of the 
 religion'. — Ys. 57.24. 
 
daiman dasti- 
 
 71 
 
 daiman- (from j/^^/f-): sb. n. 'eye*. — Cf. smarjfnd.daeman-.'^[i>iewV. dim] 
 
 daSva-: sb. m. 'devil, Demon'. Esp. plur. 'the Daevas', Gr. Introd. 
 
 p. xxvii § 41. Fein, daevt-. — adj. 'devilish'. — Ys. 57:17,18 (bis), 
 
 31,32,33; Yl. 14.4; daev^yCb gen. sg. f. adj. [Gr. §§ 68 N. 3, 
 
 • 257) Ys. 57-I5- 
 
 [0pp. Skt. dcvd- ('god, divine'); ~ Phi. dev ('demon'); 
 New P. deVt div ('demon')] 
 daevo.dSta- (from daeva- •\- i ddta-)-. adj. 'created by the Demons'. 
 
 — Ys. 57.25 ; Yd. 19.5 (bis). 
 dao^atar a-: adj. 'western, occidental'. — Ys. 57.29 (loc, sg.y, 
 
 [Cf. SkK ddsa- 'evening'; VyA. do'Sastar ; cf. NVw W do'S\ 
 '\fdaiah-, dak-: vb. 'be mighty, be wise' (Piscliel). — Cf. davhah-, 
 
 //<r^wff-. — [Skt. dqs~, das-^ 
 dav/iah- (from ydavh-, dak-]: sb. n. 'mastery'. — Yt. 5.9; Yt. 14.5. 
 
 [Skt. dqsas-] 
 dap-, see under '\fdS-. 
 dajju^a}, see under dadvah-. 
 
 dadqsu- (redupl. from ydqs-, das-): adj. 'biting'. — Yt. 14. 1 1. 
 dadvah- (pf. ptcpl. from yda-, Or. § 340); sb. m. * creator, Maker'. 
 
 —dopuiat abl. sg. iCr. § 86) Yt. 5.7. 
 ydar-: vb. c1. i, 10 'hold, keep'. — • ■\- av 'apply'. — ddrayehi {c\. 10) 
 pres. indie, act. 2 sg. 'hold back, keep from' Ys. 11. 3; ava ... 
 ddrayadwsm (ok lo) imperat. mid. 2 pi. Vsp. 15. i. — Cf. also drva-. 
 [Skt. dhar-; Old P. dar- ; Phk dasian; New P. dastan] 
 dar»ja- (from ydraj-): adj. 'long, continual'.— Yd. 3.24 (6'r.§ 977 expl.). 
 [Skt. dirglM- [Gr. § 48) ; Old P. darga^ ; Phi. der ; New P. dir\ 
 ydars-: vb. cl. i 'see, look'. — Cf. frad^r'sra-, hvar\dar>sya-. 
 
 [Skt. dars-\ 
 ydarl-: vb. cl. 5 <be bold, be hardy'.— Cf. darii-, darfiia-. 
 
 [Skt. dharf',- Old P. darl-] 
 dar si- (from ydar'S-): adj. 'bold, hardy'. — dariyoil (observe >'!) gen. 
 
 sg. m. {Gr. § 254) Yt. 14.2. — [Cf. Skt. dddhj-fi-] 
 dar lit a- (from ydar^-, pass, ptcpl. Gr. §§712, 786 N. i): adj. 'daring'. 
 — Ys. 57.11. — [Skt. dhrnld-: cf. New V. duruSi (Horn)] 
 
 ydarz- (cf. ydraj- below): vb. cl. 10 'hold, fasten'. \- 7ti 'fasten 
 
 down, secure'. — mdar'zaysn pret. (injunct.) act. 3 pi. Yd. 6.46; 
 nidar»zaycDriti pres. subj. act. 3 pi. Yd. 6.47. — [Skt. darh-\ 
 das a-: num. adj. (6V. § 366) 'ten'. — Cf. patica.dasah-. 
 
 [Skt. ddsa-; Phk dak, r/tf//«w,- New P. iiah\ 
 dasti- (from yda-)'. sb. n. ' paying '. —rtV?.?/^ dat. sg. as infin. {Gr. § 254 
 Dat.) Vsp. 15. 1 note. 
 
7 2 (hi^ina- — dSkyuma- 
 
 daiina-: adj. 'right'. — dafim buivd hSiiOyeua 'with tlie right arm and 
 the left" Vd. 3.25 note— [Skt. dakfiva- ; Phi. daUn\ 
 
 dah&ka-: sb. n>. .^ome kind of a serpent. Esp. aii dahdka 'Azhi 
 Dahaka, the dragon'. — In Vs. ii.'b duMkSca {Gr, § 19) denotes 
 fiendish creatures. 
 
 daJkjna- (from \rdauh-, dah-): (i) sb. m. 'master (a Dastur);- (2) adj. 
 'pious'. — fCf. Skt. dastfui-; I'hl. dahni\ 
 
 dahma.k^r* t a- (from d'^ -\-k?r»la-^: adj. 'begotten of pious parents' 
 (see dahvia-) Ys. 26.9. — [Phi. dakmanrkart] 
 
 da/iyu', see under daffhu-. 
 
 yfdii*, dap-: vb. cl. 3 (6>. § 541 seq.) 'give, put, create, make'. - 
 -fa'W 'place around'. — -^ tdz 'elevate, preserve'.— 
 ■\-fra 'profer, give*. — 4* "* 'deposit'. — +Z'' 'erect' 
 (a, house). -^^dadd*'// pres. indie, act. 3 sg. Yt. 5.2; diddtt^m pret. 
 indie, act. 3 dii. (6>. § 543) Y.s. 57.17; dapa$ pret. indie, act. 
 3 sg. [Gr, § 553) Ys. 11.5; Vd. iq.9 ; /radaj>9n {Gr, § 553) 
 Vd. 19.9; tiidap&ma pres. subj. act. i ph Yd. 6.44,49; niddpila 
 pres. subj. mid. 3 .sg. (6V. § 546) V^d. 6.51; daydH aor. opt. act. 
 2..sg. (C/-. g 634) Ys. 57.26; viddUm pass, ptcpl. Ys. 57.21. — 
 Cf. ahviddna-, uzddna-. 
 
 [Skt. <4S <//^«f- (OV. § 83), Old P. da-: Phi. ddlan, New P. 
 
 ddUya- {ixorw 2ddta-, C/*. § S52) : adj. 'lawful, t\^X\~-d3^tyanqin gen. 
 pi. n. Vsp. 15. 1; dnilhii pacing, ace. sg. n. Yt. 5.2. 
 
 1 da I a- (Tram l/V«-) : pass, ptcpl. as adj. 'created, established '.~Cf. 
 
 ahnra.ddta-, inazda", daSuo". 
 
 2 da/ a- (from preceding); sb. m. 'law, ordinance '.- Yl. 14.5. 
 
 [Old P. :^da,'a-; y\\\..ddt; New P. ddd\ 
 ddtar- (from J/'t/J-): sb. m. (dcln. Gr. § 322) 'maker Creator'. Vt. 14. i ; 
 Vd. 3.23 ; Vd. 6.44 seq. 
 
 [Skt. dhdtdr-; Pbl, ddtdn New P. dadar\ 
 ddpri- (from datar-): sb. f. 'giver, benefactress '.—yWj'ff^.'rf/ dspril 
 ayapt^m 'she that grants a favor to the one tlmt asks' Vt. 5.132. 
 [Skt. datri-\ 
 ddnian- (from "^ dd-)\ sb. n. (dcJn. Gr. § 308) 'creature, creation' (col- 
 lective).— Vs. 57.2 (bis, Gr. § 308 eKpl.). 16, 17,30. 
 [.SUt. dhdmaii' ; Phi. drtm\ 
 ddh-: sb. f. 'wisdom', — in duidd/i-, huddh, and according to Phi. Vers. 
 
 /wr/iflVJ/*-. — [Cf. Skt. dhi-\ 
 da^yuma^ {ixbru da/tyu", (/>. g 825 d) : adj. ' bcl6nglng to the country, 
 national '.- Vs. 26.1. 
 
di draonah' 
 
 73 
 
 d't-: cncl. pron. 3rd. pers. {Or. § 396) 'he, it'. — Vd. 3.29 ((7r. § 1023 N.); 
 
 Vd. 6.45. — [Old V. dt-\ 
 yd is-: vb. cl. 4, 10 'point, show, teach'. —Cf. daen^.disa-, -^[fikt. dis-] 
 yfdi-, did-: vb. cl. a, 3 'sec, look'. "^vi 'look around'. — vididvOt 
 
 [Gr. § 68 N. 2 expl) pf. act. ptcpl. nom. sg. Yt. 14.13.--Cf. 
 
 also due man-, doipra-, 
 
 [Cf. Skt dhi-, dJd/n-; Old. P. di- ; Phi. difan; New P. didan] 
 dt- (fr. |/*rt^/-): sb, f. 'thought, devotion'. — vSee under /vr''stf»<//-. —- [Skt. <////-] 
 Ydtt-i vb. el. I * speak (of tvil beinijs), shout*. — \- paiti 'vociferate 
 
 in' response '.—/f/'Vi ... adavata prct. iiidic. mid. 3 sg. 
 
 Vd. 19.6,8. — [Phi. //a?w/<z/?] 
 dul", dui^ {Gr. § 753 N. 2): inseparable prefix 'evil, bad'.— Cf. dui- 
 
 mtrstC". Peculiar is difuLsravah- (cj. v.). 
 
 [Skt. du$° ; Old P. du^ ; Phi. du^^ ; New P. dt4h\ 
 duSma^nyu- (from f/<^/-j-w): adj. * evil-minded'. — sb. n). 'foc'.~ 
 
 Ys. 57.26. — [Phi. daSinau; New P. dusm:an\ 
 dt*i*>, see under duJ^. 
 du I. da man (Jrom du/-\- d°): adj. 'evil-creating, m^lcficefiV.— duz.dSmO 
 
 nom. sg. m. («-dcbi., (7r. § 234 b) Vd. 19.6,8. 
 du i da h - (from dul -f- </ff/4- q, v.) : adj. ' evil-thinking, malignant \--du2d1P 
 
 nom. sg. ra. Ys, 57.25; duida voc. sg. ra. Vd. 19.5,9. 
 
 [Skt. dudhf'.' Fhl. duzd, duUanak; New P. ^//^j^jT/, ^z/i^/ 'fhief '] 
 duivarsta- (from rf/// 4- z'o) : adj. 'ill-done'. — sb. 11. 'evil deed'. — 
 
 Vsp. 15.1. — I rid. dfah:ffarSt\ 
 dura-: adj. 'far'. — dttral{<,r. § 731,4) Ys. 57.14; 'Yt. 5.3; di/irt: .. aeiqhe 
 
 'far from him' Yt. 14.13. — Cf. duradsiika-, 
 
 [Skt. dQrd-: Old P. diira-; Phi. V/?/-; New P. dnr\ 
 dtlraSsiika- (from dfira-, loc, 6*/-. § 877 d -|- jrS^-^'rtr-) : sb. n. 'far-reaching 
 
 glance'. — Yt. 14. 13. 
 diirao^a-: adj. 'holding death afar' (so Phi. tradition). — haomd diiravfd 
 
 nom. sg. m. Ys. 11.3, — [Cf. Skt. durofu- ; := Phi. dilros\ 
 dJus.srava/i- (from dus \- sravah-, Gr. § 60): adj. * ill-famed '.—sb. n. 
 
 ' slander '. — djuLsravat hacimno ' attended by slanders ' Ys. 1 1 . i ,3. 
 doipra- (from |/Vz-) : sb. n. 'eye'. — Ys. 11.4. — Qi. vdr^zi. doipra-, spiti°, 
 
 gtf*'/*/'. — [Phi. d&isar] 
 dqma, see wn^cx ddman-^ 
 
 ydqs-, das-: vb. 'bite*. — Cf. dadqsu-, dqstra-.-~^{%\i\.. dqs-, das-\ 
 dqstra- (from Ydqs-, das*)', sb. n. 'tusk' (of boar).— Cf. Uli.dqstra-, 
 draonah-: sb. u. 'offering, portion*.-- Later the darHh a small flat cake 
 
 used, like the Hebrew shew-bread. in the 6'Dlation. — Ys. xz.4,5,7. 
 [Cf. Skt. drdvi^t-* Phi darun; New P. darun] 
 
yA draoman ^kae^a- 
 
 draoman- (from ydru- q. v.) : sb. n. * assault '.—Ys. 57-2$. 
 ydraj-, (drag-): vb. cl. i *)\o\d.\—draiimm pres. ptcpl. mid. {Cr. 
 § 177) Ys. 57.3i.~-Cf. dar'ja- and ydarz-. — [Cf. Skt, darh-] 
 draf^a-: sb. m. * spear, banner' (attached to spear).— Ys. 57-25. 
 
 [Skt. drapsd-; Phi. dra/^; New- ^. diraf^] 
 driju-: adj. 'poor'. — drijaoha dftvyCbsca gen. sg. m. f, ((7/-. § 362,2) 
 
 Ys. 57.10. — [Phi. dargiU; New P. darvil] 
 driV}'(Psca, see under dri^ti-. 
 ydru-: vb. cl. 1 'rush'. — Caus. 'make onslaughts'. — drdvnyu f- c^xns. 
 
 subj. act. 3 sg. (w. ncc.) Ys. 57.25. — [Skt. dru-] 
 dru-: sb. n. (i) 'wood', (2) <macc' (wooden club). — Cf. ^rviJru-, 
 
 [Skt. dru-\ 
 ydruj-: vb. cl. 6 'deceive, lie' (esp. hurt by deceit). — Cf. drt4J-, drvant-. 
 
 [Skt. druh-: Old P. duruj ; ?\i\. drujztan] 
 druj- (from ydruj-): sb. f. 'fiend, Falsehood', — lie and corruption per- 
 sonified.— Ys. 57.15. — [Skt. druh-; Phi. drUj] 
 drva- (from ydar-)\ adj. 'firm, sound'. — Cf. drvuiat-.~-{SkX. d/irutd-] 
 drvatat- (from drva-, Gr. § 842): sb. f. 'soundness'. — Y^. 57.26. 
 drvarit- (from drtij-, Gr. § 31 expl.) : adj. (dcln. Gr. § 291) 'wicked, 
 fiendish'.— sb. m. 'fiend, (pL) the wicked' {Gr. Introd. p. xxv 
 § 34).— Ys. 57.25 (bis), 32. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. druhvan- : PhK darvami ; New P. darvatul^ 
 dva-: num. {Gr. § 370) 'two'. — duye saUe ace. dii. n. Vd. 6.48. 
 
 [Skt. dvd-: I'hl. dii; New P. du'\ 
 dvaistva- (from j,'Vwi-) : sb. n. 'hatred'. — Cf. vldvadslva-. 
 ydvar-: vb. cl. i 'rush' (of evil beings). — dvar?^ti pres. indie, act. 
 
 Ys. 57.18. — [Phi. dnvSristan] 
 dvar-, dvara-i sb. n. 'door'. — Vd. 3.29. 
 
 [Skt. dvar-, dvdra- ; Old P. duvara- ; New P. dar^ 
 ydvi^- (cf. Z^//-): vb. 'hate, be tnalicious'. — Cf. dvai^tva-. 
 [Skt. dvis-; Phi. bisilan^ 
 
 Av. ^ t. 
 
 Ikaeia- (conn. w. ykiS-, ciS- 'announce'): sb. m. 'announcement' (re- 
 velation, promulgation of the Religion). — adj. (as subst.) 'pro- 
 claiming the religion, promulgator'. — Esp. paoiryo.fkafid the 
 first faithful i. e. the disciples pf Zoroaster who made the first pro- 
 paganda, including also himself (Yt. x^.tyc^.^-paohyanqm (kalja- 
 nqm gen. pi. m. Ys. 26.4; dha'rU fka^^d 'the Ahurian Revelation' 
 Vs. 57.24.— Cf. also ahnrd.lkaiia-. — [Phi. kcS ; New P. Xv7] 
 
^baeiah uazdyah- ye 
 
 fbaeia/i- (from YidU-): sb. n. 'hatred, malice'. — Yt. 14.4. 
 
 [Skt. dvt?as-: Phi. OSS'] 
 yibiS" (cf. dviS-): vb. cl. 4 'hate'. — ^hi^ya^itqjn pres. ptcpl. act. gen, pi. m. 
 
 Ys. 57.26. — [Cf. Skt. dvis-; Phi. beliian] 
 $bi$vant' (from 1^/^:7-): adj. 'hating, malicious'.— Yt. 14.4 (gen. pi.). 
 
 Av, \ n. 
 
 ft a": neg. *n-* (in composition). — Cf. nava. 
 
 [Skt. lid; Phi. ;;-/ New P. nS, nak-] 
 nah-ya- (from nar-): adj. 'manly, human'. — Cf. nahyO.savhc.-. 
 
 [Skt. ndrya-; cf. Phi. nerdk ; New P. niro\ 
 
 na^ry o.savha- (from nahya- -\- s"^'. sb. m. nom. propr. {Gr. § 893) 
 
 * Nairyosanha ', messenger of Ahura Mazda; later Neryosang. 
 
 Compare Vedic iViirJj-V/^'rt-, name of Agni. — nah'Im sauk3m Ys. 57-3- 
 
 nacda (cf. lui"')'. neg. conj. 'not, nor'. — Y.s. 11.6. 
 
 naima-: sb. n. 'side'. — Vd. 19.5 (bis). — Cf. afitara.nalna-, upa^ri'', nistarao. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. nema-; Phi. nim, nemak; New P. mm, nifnah'] 
 nabanazdiHa- (from nabi- * navel ' -r tuizdil/a-) : adj. 'next-of-kin' 
 (nearest relatives). 
 
 [Cf. Skt. n&bh&nedisiha- nom. propr. ; Phi. nabSnazdist ] 
 
 ynain-: vb. cl. i 'bow, bend, flee*. Vf^ct 'flee from'.— /;<f ... 
 
 Hematite pres. indie, mid. Ys. 57.18; frSnamShe pres. siibj. mid. 
 (on "nSrn^ cf. Gr. § 478 N. 2) Ys. 57- 18. — [Skt. nam-] 
 nar-', « <? r « - ; sb. m. (dcln. Cy. § 332) 'man'. — Y.s. 26.6,7,10; Ys. 57. 14,34 ; 
 Yt. 5.4: Yl. 14.17; Vd. 3.27 seq. ; Yd. 6.44,49. 
 [Skt. nar-; Phi. iwr- ; New P. fmr\ 
 
 1 nava (from na + ^tf): neg. particle 'not'.— Ys. 11.3. — [Cf. Skt. nd vd] 
 
 2 nava num. {Gr. § 366) 'nine '.—-[Skt. ndva ; Phi. nav, nuh; New P. nu)i\ 
 nav a.yaffSti- (from 2 nava -\- y"^) \ sb. m. 'nine stalks* (of Barsom). — 
 
 Ys. 57.6 note. 
 yinas-: vb. cl. 4 'perish, be ruined*. — Cf. i:asu-. 
 
 [.Skt. mas-; Phi. nasuntan (cans.); New P. ndsidan] 
 nastt- (from yi «///-): sb^^(i) 'corpse', (2) nom. propr., esp. w. druj 
 'the D ruj Nasii ' (corpse-fiend); the spirit of corruption, which 
 in the form of a fly takes possession of the dead boijy. — nasu^ 
 (nom. as ace, G>\ § 926) Vd 19.5. 
 
 [f*hl. nasal ; New P. nisii;^X. (ik. vsx-')c] 
 nazdyah-, nazdilio-: adj. compar., superl. 'nearer, nearest'. — Cf. 
 ttabanazdUia-. 
 
 [Skt. nidfyas-, nedislha- ; Phi. nazdik, nazdisl ; Xtw P. nazd] 
 
76 w — ^uUi 
 
 nii, SCO unJer nar". 
 
 n&i dyujh - (from ynad-y. ailj. compar. ' vfcaAicx' . ~ -naidyC^vJi?m [Gr. § 346) 
 Ys. 57,10 note. 
 
 mlh-T- (from tmr-, Gr. § '^SJ): sb. f, 'woman, wife', — Ys. 26.7, 8, 10; 
 na*rya geo. sg. Ys. xi.i. 
 
 [Skt. n/in-; I'hl. n&Jnh ; New P. ;/<?/-/ j 
 
 ynad-: vb. *be needy, be weak'.— Cf. uauiyah-. — [Skt. w7a'-*, rtatk~\ 
 
 ni^'t see under w/. 
 
 nijitt, see under j/yV/-;/-. 
 
 nip atit ar - {Uom \fpaiij'\\ sb. m. 'driver' (i.e. he who holds the reins). 
 — nipaiita nonl. sg. Y«. 11.2. 
 
 nipii^ti- (from V/tf-): sb. f. * safe-keeping'.-— Yt. 5.6- 
 
 nii {ct fu) vbl. prefix {Cr. § 749) *out, forth'. — [Skt. ■nts\ 
 
 ftiia uhnr'ti- (from nis, ni^ Y^'^'^'> ^''- § 754) 3)- ^^' ^- 'guardian- 
 ship '.--Yt. 5.6 (dat. sg.). 
 
 u isavhasti- , see under ]/^/r<7(/-. 
 
 HtJitara^ (from «/.f ) : adj. 'outer'. — Cf. mifara.naema-. 
 
 nii(ara,v aima- (from w -j- "") ^ sb. n. 'the outside'. — Ys. 57.21 {Gr. 
 
 § 731.4). 
 ■niSha» rvaUi, see under \har-. 
 ni (nlo): vbl. prefix (<7r. § 750) 'down, in, unto'. 
 
 [Ski. ni; Old P. ;//k. Phi. n/»; New P. w/'j 
 « ^'wi (/ ^ - . (from \fnam-^\ sb. ru 'homage'.— Ys. xi.8. 
 
 fSkt. ndmasi- ; Phi. tiamiiz, juiinac; New P. W(7w^i] 
 wJ, w^, see under nz^w, 6'r. § 386. 
 »o// (cf. wdf"): adv. *not'. — Vs. 11.1^ Y-i. 57.17 et passim. 
 
 [Skt. nid; Old P. //tf/v; New P. n^] 
 nmina^ (GAv. d*ni&na-. \fdam- 'build', cf. Skt. damas-, Gr. § 185): 
 sb. n. 'house, abode'. — The unit (family) in the four-fold arrange- 
 ment of the Iranian state, viz. (1) niadnu'-, ii) v/s-, (3) zotitu-, 
 {\)dahyu-.—\s. 11.6; Ys. 26.7,- Ys. 57.10, 14 (bis), 21,34, Yi. 5.6. 
 [Old P. mdniya"; l*hl. mcin; New P. fnun\ 
 nmditya* (from nmdiia-): adj. 'belonging to the house* (having the 
 rank of a householder). — Ys. 26.1 (cf. Ys. 23.1 ). 
 
 Av. (M p. 
 
 ipitUi' (from Ypd-)'. sb. m. 'lord'.— Cf. afprapa'ii, hmfpa^pya-, 
 
 fSkt. pdti-; Phi. pal, "pat ; New P. ^bad\ 
 ^pahi: (1) vbl. prefix {Gr. §§ 735, 750) 'towards, against, back'.— 
 (2) prep, 'to, upon, for, with". — With ace. yal, bd pa'ti • wher- 
 
pa^ti.jaHi paoirya- 77 
 
 ever indeed' Vd. 3 23;--with instr. z'md paHi Yt. 5.3, --with 
 
 dat. z»me paHi Vd. 6.51 ; cf. Vd. 19.6, 7, S, 9, ---with abl. //«- 
 
 yt^t'ta} paUi bar'smm {Gr. § 966 N. 2) Ys. 57»2; — with gen. 
 
 haru^pyo pa'ti *upon Alborz' Vs.. 57.19. 21 ; aetahe paHi 'on this 
 
 account* Vd. 6.48 ;— with. ] o c. Ys. 57.19. 21, 31 r Yt: 5-9 (P*>^lJ)j 
 
 Vd. 6.45. — Cf. also paK'iJasaHi, pnHiUana- etc. 
 
 rSkt. pmti; Old P. fiaUy ; Phi. p<it : iNeW K pai, pat] 
 paUi.jahi ' (iVom /• i-/a'V/-): sb. f. * smiting '.--Ys. 57.36. 
 paULfr'n- (from />aV/ r ]/"</r-) ; adj. 'opposing, combative' (cf. pa*- 
 
 tyara-).^—paHi.9r^nd gen, sg. m. Vt. 14 15. 
 pa^ Us tana- {kom pa^'li -\-Ysta-): .sb. m. 'foot, leg' (lit. 'support'). — 
 
 Cf. hupaHihona-. — [Skt. pratisthanu- ; Phi. pcnliSji] 
 paUi^tania- (from l/'2 :;/7«-) : pas.s. ptcpl. adj. 'welcomed, received' 
 
 (lit. 'acknowledged, recognized'). — Ys. 57'M'33' 
 paityastl- ^from paUi -{- \f ah-, ;7-?): sb. f. 'acquisition, receiving* 
 
 (mentally). ~Vsp. I5i3, 
 pa'pimnu', see under \'pal-> 
 pa'pya- (from ipaUi-): (l) sb, n. 'lordship, possession'. — (2) suffix of 
 
 posaejision. — Cf. haepa'Pya-. 
 pa^ri {Gr. ^ 73S, 75o): (j) adv. and vl>l. prefix * around '.— (2) prep. 
 
 Nv. ace. dal. abl. 'from, against' .— With abl. Ys. 57.25(615); 
 
 — with dat. pa'^ri .... iar^2&i 'against doing' Vsp. 15.1.- - 
 
 Cf. pa^rivaza-. — [.Skt. pari; Old ^. party; Phi. par; ^ew P. par\ 
 pai r tap ha r Ha- , see under '\fhur-, 
 pd-irika-: sb. f. 'Pairika, Peri', — a class of female fairies bewitching 
 
 ami seductive. — Vt. 14.4; Vd, 1^.5 note. 
 [Phi. parJk; New P. peri, par A 
 pairi.i^S- (from Y'^a-, cf, Slct. purvga-)'. sb. m. 'cycle, period' (cf. 
 
 ctept-o5o£:). — Cf. following, 
 pa^ r i.ga. vac ah- (from pa'ri.gU- -rj-'acah-) : adj. ' speaking timely words ' 
 
 (so rightly Phi. Vers,)v--Vs. 57.20 note [(Jr. § 864 end, -J)-). 
 pah'iikaJiia - , see under y'hfcj-. 
 
 pai*rva-: adj. 'before, prior'.— [Ski. purva-', Gr. % 4S; Old V. paruta-] 
 pa»rvata i- (from pa^^vc): .sb. 1. 'priority, mastery '.- Ys. 57.20. 
 P aim an-: sb. 11. 'milk'. — Y^t, 5.2,5. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. payjas-; Phi. pmt; New P. />f>/z] 
 pais ah-, paesa- (ftom ]/7'/.f-, q, v.): ^' ^^ 'form, figure, beauty'. — 
 
 Cf. I'ispo.paSsa-, jYMr°. — »[Skt. peias-, pcsa-\ 
 pixoirya- (from pa^rva-, Gr. §§ 62, <S52 expl.): 'first'.- Vs. 26.2, 3; 
 
 Yl. 14.2, 5. — With (kaip- q. v. Ys. 26.4. 
 [Skt. pilrvy(\-; Old P. paruviya~\ 
 
78 pot- —pspra- 
 
 '\fpat-: vb. cl. 4 'possess' (Lat. potiri), — pa^pinino [Gr. § 63 expl.) pres. 
 
 ptcpl. mid. Ys. 57.20. —[Skt. pat-, fatyate 'possess'] 
 p at ar' ta- (from ^paisra- 'wing'): adj. 'winged'. — Vs. 57.2S. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. paftrita-l 
 pad-: sb. m. 'foot'.— /rf^J ace. pi. Vsp. 15.1. — Cf. pdda-, 
 
 [Skt. pad-; Old P. pad-\ 
 pane a: num. {Gr. § 366) • five '.—Ys. 57.8. 
 
 [Skt. pdt'ica; Phi. pane; New P. /^awy] 
 panca.dasah- (from /» + r/") : adj. 'of fifteen (years) '. — Yt. 14. 1 7 note, 
 panca.ya\Ui- (from /»+;"») : sb. m. 'five stalks' (the haoma twigs). 
 
 — Ys. 57.4 note. 
 \''\par-: vb. cl. 9 {Gr. § 591) 'fill'.— Cf. p3i<i-. — [Skt. \ par-\ 
 para-: (1) adv. and vbl. prefix {Gr. § 750) 'forth, away'; — (2) prep. 
 {Gr. § 735) 'before, from'.— Cf. under -\f^''^^-' 
 
 [Skt. para; Old P. para; Phi. par; New P. /ar] 
 parO (cf. para): prep, and postpos. (6^r. § 731), with abl. 'before, from'; 
 — w. ace. 'besides'. — Ys. 57.18 (w. a1>l. bis), 25; Yd. 3.27 (with 
 ace. ^^r'/w<?///). — [Skt. paras; cf. Gk. •:^^pO'i\ 
 pardkatarsioina-, MS. paro.kalarh?ma- {pxoh. poro/ca- ~ Skt. pardka- 
 ■\- tar^ta- q. v.) : superl. adj. 'fled from even at a distance'. — 
 Ys. 57. 13. Here the MS. reading ^^rJ.^-a/aroVp/w^//* is given by 
 the Phl.Vers. pes-kamak-tuin 'foremost in loving'. 
 par^u- (if SkL Ypar^-, pru^-}): sb. n. 'drop, stream'. — Ci. par^va- 
 
 nika-{}). — [Cf. New P. parS 'brook, spring'] 
 par ^vanik a- {perh. {rom pa r^u- -ra^nihz-) : adj. 'having a dripping (?) 
 face' (i. e. foaming from madness or rut). Uncertain. Perhaps 
 here ahiika- is 'line of battle', cf. p?r^pvahiika-.-~\\.. 14.15. 
 p a s k a ( {itom pasca, Gr. § 731,4): (i) adv. 'behind, from behind'; — 
 
 (2) prep, 'behind'. — Ys. 57.29 (bis). — [Skt. /^yt^if/] 
 pasca: prep, w. ace. 'after'. — Y.^. 57.10,16. 
 
 [Skt. pa^cd; Old P. pasu; cf. Phi. pas; New P. pas] ■ 
 pascaita (from /«j<:a) : adv. 'after, afterwards'. — Ys. 57.17 pascadla... 
 
 yai 'since' (cf. P>iblical 'after that' Jer. xxxi.19). 
 YpS-: vb. cl. 2 'keep, protect'. — ^ ni 'keep saf e '.— /JV/ pres. indie, 
 act. 3 pg. Yt. 14.12; nipd'ti Ys. 57. 16 (bis); nipayc^ pres. opt. 
 act. 2 sg. Ys. 57.25; opdia pass, ptcpl. Ys. 57-34; Vt. 14.12. 
 [Skt. pa-; Old P. pa-; New P. pdyTdan] 
 p&irivdza- {^xovsx pa*ri ■\-'\fvaz; Gr. § 60.1): adj. 'rushing about'. — 
 
 Yt. 14.15. 
 papra- (from YP^')' ^^* "• 'keeping, protection'. — Yt. 5.6 dat. sg. infin. 
 [Skt. putra-; cf. Phi. pds (Bund.); Now P. pds, pahrah (Horn)] 
 
p&da p9$d.sSra- rn 
 
 p&da- {{torn pad-): sb. m. 'foot'.— Vd. 6.46. 
 
 [Skt. pdda-; Phi. pcil; New P. p&i, pS] 
 
 papa- (from j//a-): adj. 'protecting*. — Cf. next word. 
 
 pep o.vacah- (from papa + v^) : adj. ' whose words protect '. — Ys. 57.20 note. 
 
 psyu' (from j//J-): sb. m. 'keeper, protector'. — pdyii pwOr'Itara ace. 
 du. (dvandva, Gr. § 879) Ys. 57.2 note. 
 [Skt. payii-; cf. Phi. panak\ 
 
 pain a-: sb. m. 'heel'. — Cf, kasu.paina-. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. pdrm-; Phi. pahiak: New P. paUah] 
 
 \'pi-, pinv-: vb. cl. 5 'advance*.— Cf, anu.poipxva-. — [Skt. //-, pinv-] 
 
 pilar-, patar-, ptar-: sb. m. (dcln. Gr. §§ 322, 235) 'father'. — 
 Ys. 1 1.4. 
 
 [Skt. pitdr-; Old P. pilar-; Phi. pit; New P. pidar, pid\ 
 
 Ypis-: vb. 'form, adorn'. — Cf. paisah-. 
 
 [Skt. pis-; Phi. pisitan; New P. abestan 'adorn'] 
 
 ypu^da- (from pa^ca): num. adj. (C/-. § 374) 'fifth'. — Yt. 14.15. 
 [Cf. Skt. panc^lAa^] 
 
 pupra-: sb. m. 'son',— Ys. 11. i; Vd. 3.25; Vd. 19.6. — Cf. apupra-. 
 
 \^\i. pulrd- ; Q\AV . pup^' a- ; Vh\. pusar, pus ; lStyfV.pusar,par] 
 
 ppr'Pu-: adj. 'broad, wide'. — See next word. — [Skt. prlhtt-\ 
 
 p9r>pil.fraka- (from P" -\- /r'>) : adj. 'wide-expanding'. — Yt. 5.1. 
 
 P9r*na- (from ypar-): adj. 'full'. — sb. f. *a full vessel'. — aoi psr'nqm 
 'down to the full (vessel of milk at the sacrifice)' Yt. 5.1^32. — 
 Cf. also ap3r»nayuka-. — [Skt. purred-; Phi. pHr ; New P. pur'] 
 
 p9r's-, see under y/raj-. 
 
 p9ia- {ior pfr'la-, Gr. § 163, probably from yipar-): pass, ptcpl. adj. 
 'filled (i. e. with sin), condemned, forfeit'. A difficult and 
 uncertain word, though its general idea is clear. In the ex- 
 pressions p^id.lanu-, p)io.sSra-, the inference seems to be to a 
 superfluity of sins which would render the body (or head) for- 
 feit when weighed in the balance and would prevent the soul 
 from safely crossing the Chinvat Bridge. When a person be- 
 comes p^io.tanu; ppju.sara-, he is practically condemned as one 
 possessed; atonement by castigation etc. (see upSzaua-) is ne- 
 cessary in order drive out e\\\ and to increase the weight on 
 the right side of the scale. — See next word. 
 
 ppia.tanu- (from b^Sa- -\- laitH-) : (i) sb. f. 'a body filled with sin';— 
 (2) »dj. 'having etc' i.e. 'damned'. vSee under p^ia-.—pfio.- 
 lanuye dat. sg. Vd. 6.48. — [Cf. New P. balotan ' vile wretch ' j 
 
 pdid.sdra- (firom psia- -\- sara-) : (i) adj. 'whose head is forfeit' (cf. 
 /^^-).— (2) sb. m. 'criminal'.— Ys. 1 1.3 (cf. Yt. 14.46). 
 
So po»ru fravako' 
 
 po*^rn- (from \f\par-\: adj. 'full, many, rich', — Comparison pc^ru-, 
 
 frayah'y froi^ia- ' TCoXug, itXeiwv, TiXetaxos ' [Gr. § 365) Vd. 3.23,29. 
 
 —See next word. 
 
 ISkt. Puru-; Old P. fiaru-,- Phi. piif; New P. fur] 
 Pd» rii.aza^mi- (from p" -\- asa'/iti- q. v.): adj. 'rich in understanding'. 
 
 - Vs. 57.20. 
 po»ru.nar a - (from P" -{-ftar-): adj. 'throns:ed with men'. — Ys. 11.2. 
 poiirumatit' (from pot^rtt-, Gr, § 851): adj. 'crowded'. — pof*rumaUl 
 
 loc. sg. n. Ys. 1 1.2. 
 po»r u.sar*da~ (from p^ -^ sar^da-): adj. 'manifold'. — Ys. 11.6. 
 
 [Phi. pursartak\ 
 pc* ru.spa ^sfi- (from /» -f j«) : sb. f. 'full watch over '.— Ys. 57.26, 
 
 Phi. Vers, has pul pQspumh (cf. New P. fasban 'keeper'). 
 po"ruiaspa- (cf. aspa-): sb. m. nomen propr. ' Pourushaspa', father of 
 
 Zoroaster. — Vd. 19.6 uote. — [Phi. puriasp; New P. purimsp\ 
 
 Av. q) /. 
 
 frc, fra: adv. and vbl. prefix (6>. § 750) 'forwards, forth'. 
 
 [Skt. pi a: Old P. fra; Phi. far, /ra, d. frdz,- New P. far] 
 fraeUa- (see /•<>«/'//-): superl. adj. 'most'. — Vd. 3.23. 
 fr aohUi' (from fra- 4-- |,'''i'tf c-) : pass, ptcpl. adj. ' pronouncod '. — Cf. 
 ntazdo.fraoJita-, 
 [Skt. prdkta-] 
 fraofiti- (from y7<7(-, 6V. § 7SS) : sb. f. ' pronunciation '. —Vsp. 15.2. 
 fraorstita, see uiuk-r jA'tf r-. 
 fratfrasyan-: sb. m. uom. propr. *Franrasyan' (later Afrisyab). 
 
 — See Ys. 11.7 note. 
 fratfhar'zifiiqi/t, sec uuder y/iurz-. 
 
 fradapa- (from |^^J-) : sb. n. 'increase, furtherance'.— Yi. 5.6 (infin.). 
 framsr^ti- (from ■jA2«»tf/--): sb. f. 'recitation'. — Vsp. 15.2. 
 fr avail- (for ^fravarth, Gr, % 163 from \var-)\ 'Fravashi' -one of 
 the elements in the spiritual constitution of man, and serving 
 as a sort of guardian angel. See Ys. 26. 1 uote; and for the 
 worship of the Fravashis, see tlie l''ravardin Yasht (Yi. 13). — 
 Ys. 26.1,2 seq. 
 
 [Old r. fravarli- nomen propr. ; Phi. frai'vaJar (frokar); 
 New P. farvar, frovard'tn] 
 fravdi'ii, sec under Yi-, and Gr. ^ 51 N. i. 
 
 fravaka- (from fra- + \[va<-) : sb. n. 'pronouncing, recital'. -V.>;p. 15.3. 
 [Cf. Skt. pravt1cuno-\ 
 
fravS^iu fradana- gj 
 
 f r availed - t^fiom '\fva}i1-^'. sb. m. (^i) 'a sprout, shoot'; (2) 'stick of 
 wood'; (3) 'penis'. —Cf. p ava^salna-. 
 
 fr and If^d ena- (from fravaf/Ja-, Or. § 829): adj. 'made of a log'. — 
 sb. m. *log*. — Vci 6.46 note. 
 
 Jravi- (from \' frtt- move' = Skt. \fpru-): sb. f. 'progress, prosper- 
 
 X". ity". — Ys. 57,15 note. 
 
 y/ras', p^r'S'. vb. inchoat (6>. § 698) 'ask, question - -Y a 're- 
 •spond to, reqaite, repay*.— pir'sa^ prei. indie, act. 3 sg. 
 Vt. 14.1 ; afrasani subj. act. i sg. Vd. 3,27; par-'smanaeiii pres. 
 plcpl. mid. loG. pi. m. among those that beg' Vd. 3.29. 
 
 [Skt. pros-,' Old F fras*; Phi. pQrstldn ; iNew 1 . punidaii] 
 
 f rasas ft- (from Ysaifh-, sah-): sb. I. * glorification '.— V&. 57.6,8, 
 [Skt. prasasii-] 
 
 frastpr'ta- (from ]/'"j'/tf/'- q. v.) : pass, ptcpl. adj. 'stretched, extended' 
 (used of Itarsom before being tied up). The Pbl.Vers. renders 
 Ity 'bound in. bundles', in accordance with the later custom. — 
 frastsr^td^ pahi barisnun abl. sg. n. (6>. § 966 N. i) Y^. 57.2. 
 
 froi Parana- (from ^spar-, Gr. ^ 507): adj. 'stamping forwards'. — 
 Yt. 14.11. 
 
 frasrula- (from //t?- 4- y"jr;-//-) : pas.--, iitcpl. adj, 'famed*. — Yt. 5.3. 
 
 fraia-: adj. 'forward, renovated, prepared' (in the I^iblical sense). — 
 See next word. 
 
 fr a i 0. c a r ' t a r - (from frasa- -f car^lar- q. v.) .• adj, ' making ready, pre- 
 paring' (the world, cf. Ys. 30.9; ^ t, 19.11), i e. ready for the 
 resurrection and final restoration,- Frashokereti. — fraio.car^Prnin 
 gen. pi. m. Ys. 26.6, epithet of the Saoshyants. q. v. 
 
 fragna- (from \ffras-, Gr. § i6o)- sb. m. ' question' —i7//«0'/j /W^///^ 
 'the Revelation of Ahura' (personified) Ys. 57.24. 
 
 [Skt. prasnd-; Phi, frabh piirsiin : New P. pt4.rsil\ 
 
 frazaifiti- (from //-a- -r V I 2'^''-) • ^^' ^- * progeny '. -Cf. afrazainti-. 
 [PM. farxand; New P. furzaud] 
 
 frS, see under fra^. 
 
 frdka- (i'rom /rqfic- q. v.): adj 'forward, expanding'.- -Cf. ppr\iu./rc7/:a-. 
 
 f radat.^aepit' (from Y frM- -\- };acpdA : adj. 'making the world in- 
 crease' (i.e. helping mankind). — Ys. 57.2. 
 
 frad3rrsra-\i.xcimffa--\-YdarS']\ adj. 'seen afar'. — Vs. 57.27, Phi. 
 Vers. \\^^ frdz peldk fiir-conspicuous '. 
 
 "Yfyad-: vb. cl I 'increase, promote'. — Cf. "-fr&dana-, /radats^aepu-. 
 
 fradana- (from Yfrdd-t Gr. § 763): adj. 'increasing'. -Cf. ddih/rd- 
 daita-, rqpmd^, et al. 
 
 [Cf. Phi. fraddf, /royal ' help ' j New P. farydiq 
 
 6 
 
8 2 frSyah f^u^a- 
 
 fr&yah' {%Qt po^*ru-)\ compar. adj. 'more\—/rSyJ vohunqm 'a super- 
 fluity of good things* Vd. 3.29. — See next word. 
 
 /r ay o. hum at a- (from frdyah- + //») : adj. ♦ rich in good thoughts '. — 
 na frayd.humato nom. sg. m. Ys. 57' 14,34, i- e. the man who 
 has more good, (than bad) thoughts, words, deeds (recorded to 
 his account). The righteous man has a surplus (frayd) to his 
 credit when the account at death is balanced. See Gr. Introd. 
 p. xxviii § 44, and Vsp. 15.1 note. 
 [Phi. frShiimat] 
 
 f rdy6.hu ^t a- (from frdyah- -^-kii^ta^: adj. 'rich in good words'. — 
 Ys. 57.14,34. See xva^zx frayo.humata-, — [Phi. frShu^i] 
 
 frSyo.hvarSta- (from frdyah—^-hv*): adj. 'rich in good deeds'.— 
 Ys. 57.14, 34. See wxxd^r frSyd.humaia- above. 
 [Phi. frahUvarSl ] 
 
 fraravha- (perhaps from /ra- + yrJ-, rah-): adj. 'bestowing gifts'. 
 — Yt. 5.8. 
 
 fraimi-: adj. 'restoring, regenerating' (?). — haomd frSimil \?i. st.i^, 
 uncertain, but probably alludes to the part played by Haoma 
 at the resurrection and regeneration of the world (FraiOkir'ti). 
 — Cf. hil fralmd.daHi-. 
 
 frS^mo.dsUi ' (cf. fraimi-, and |/^r/rt-): sb. f. 'sunset' — first quarter of 
 the night, evening twilight. — fasca hii fraimd.dilUitn 'after sun- 
 down* Ys. 57.10, 16. 
 
 [Phl.Vers. merely transcribes hH-frSiS/no-dSlO] 
 
 /rip a- (from Y/rt-): adj. * beloved'.— Ys. 57-34. 
 
 Y/ri-: vb. cl. 9 {Gr. § 585) 'gladden, love*. 1- a 'bless, curse'. 
 
 — See under Sfrivacah- above. 
 
 [Skt. prt-: Phi. afrttan, afrtmtan; New P. afridati] 
 
 frir^naol, see under j/^tfr- above. 
 
 frqnc- (from //a, Gr, § 287): adj. 'forward'. — Cf. frSka- above. 
 [Skt. prdftc-; Phi. frac, fraz; New P. farSz\ 
 
 fry a - (from Yf^^") '• ^^J- ' ^^^ '• — ^^* '^- * ^ic^d '. — Ys. 57.34 ; Vd. 3.25 (bis). 
 [Skt. priya-; New P. fart (Horn)) 
 
 fiaonaya- ({rom ffaoni-): vb. denom. {Gr. § 695) 'fatten' (txTt. Xsy.). 
 — f^aonayehe pres. indie, mid. 2 sg. Ys. xi.i. 
 
 fiaoni- (from Yf^"')' ^^- (0'^**"*®^' (2)* food, fodder'. — Ci. fiaonaya'. 
 
 Yfi'*'- ^'b. cl. 4 'make thrive, increase, raise cattle'.— yy//j'<jx pres. act. 
 ptcpl. nom. sg. m. {Gr. § 291) Ys. 11.6. See under vHstrya-. 
 
 fjluja~{{\OTt\Yfi'*')' a<^j- 'thriving, prosperoua —f^i/^asca rnqfro 'the 
 World of Prosperity ' (i. e. the Fshusha Manlhra Chapter, Ys. 58) 
 Ys. 57.22. — [Phi. fluJ-mdnsar] 
 
ba'rya- — bar'zah' 33 
 
 Av. _j b. 
 
 ba^rya- (from ybar-, Gr. § 812): .adj. 'bearing'. — Cf. har»pd.bairya', 
 
 bai^aza- (from ybiiaz- *beal'): sb. n. 'remedy, balm'. — Yt. 14.2,3. 
 [Skt. bhefajd-; Thl. bg^az; cf. New P. bizi^k] 
 
 baeiazya- (from bad^aza-, Gr. § 852): adj. 'healing'. — Ys. 57-19; Yt, 5.1; 
 Yt. 14.3. 
 
 baodah- (from ybzui- q. v.) : sb. n. 'consciousness' — o^c of the spiri- 
 tual faculties; the sense or perception whereby impn'ssions arc 
 received.— Ys. 26.4 (see note); Vd, I9.7. 
 
 Yba^S-: vb. cl. 1 (i) 'divide, share, present'; (2) 'partake, eat'. — 
 ba^Iahe pres. indie, mid. 2 sg. Ys. ii.i (cf. Yt. 6.7). 
 
 [Skt. bhaks-: Phi. bai^h'tan, ba^tan; New P. ba/^Man] 
 
 ybami-: vb. cl. i, 10 'bind'. — bafidaya( pret. indie, act. 3 sg. Ys. IX. 7; 
 bandayS^ subj. act. 3 sg. (cf. below under ma) Ys. 11.7. 
 [Skt. bandh-; Old P. bad-; Phi. bastan; New P. bastan] 
 
 ybar-: vb. cl. i *bcar, carry'. \- ava 'bestow upon' (Yt. 5.2); 
 
 also 'flo^-' (intrans. Yt. 5.5). }-« 'bring forth, display'. 
 
 — ' •\-upa 'bring unto, bestow'. h«« 'bring forth'. — 
 
 ■\- para 'bear away' (reap a harvest). — tfz/fa'./Jarrt'V/' pres. indie, 
 act. 3 sg. Yt. 5.2, 5 ; Vd. 3.25 ; abaraili Yt. 14.12 ; upa . . . bardti 
 Vd. 3.25; uzbaire pres. indie, mid. i sg. Yt. 5.6; ba*rye^nte pres. 
 indie, pass. 3 pi. Vd. 3.29; barqt pret. indie, act. 3 sg. Yt. 14.2; 
 baratna subj. act. i pi. Vd. 6.44, 49 ; para.barqn subj. act. 3 pi. 
 'they (i.e. men) shall reap a harvest' Vd. 3.27; barantdm frajasqn 
 pres. ptcpl. act. ace. sg. m. {Gr. § 938) Vd. 6.46,47; banmndi pres. 
 ptcpl. mid. dat. sg. m. 'riding' Yt. 5.4.— Cf. also ba^rya-, hqm.- 
 bar^pwa-. — [Skt. bhar-; Old P. bar-; Phi. burtan; New P. bt/rdan] 
 
 bar'Pri- (fem. to bar' tar- m. from ybar-, Gr. § 787): sb. f. 'mother'. 
 — Cf. bar'prya-. 
 
 bar'Prya- (from bar'pri-)'. sb. n. 'mother's womb'. — Vd. 19.6 (cf. zu-), 
 
 bar's man- (from ybarz-): sb. n. .'baresma, barsom ', — the sacred twigs 
 used by the Parsis at their religious ceremonies. The number 
 of the twigs (cf. Ys. 57.4) varied according to the ceremony. 
 The Greeks described them as ^a^Sot. Brass rods have in later 
 times replaced the real twigs. — Ys. 57. 6 ; Yt. 5. 9; Yt. 14.5; 
 bar's ni9n for abl. sg. {Gr. § 308) Ys. 57.2. 
 [Phi. barsom; New P. barsum\ 
 
 bar»zah' (from ybarz-)-. sb. n. 'height'. — Ys. 57.19,21 'upon the 
 highest height' (loc. sg.) ; Yt. 5.3. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. "bar/ias-; Phi. burz; New P. burz] 
 
§4 bar'za bfr'zafit- 
 
 bar'za- (from ybarz-^/. sb. (adj.) f. 'height'. — nomen propr. Ilaraiti 
 
 Bareza (Mount Alborz). — Ys. 57.19,21 'upon Mount Alborz'. 
 
 — Cf. bpr»za: 
 bur'zii- (from Yb(irz-): sb. n. 'mat, Cushion*.— Cf. kS.bur'ziS-, 
 
 [VS. Skt. barhis-: Phi. klUsn; New T' bam 'pillow, cushion'] 
 bar'zi^ t « - (wperl. to Oir^^atil-) : adj. ' highest '. - Vx. 57. 19, 2 x ; V<1. 6.45. 
 
 [^Skt. bdrhist/m- ; Phi. bnlist] 
 Yoarz-: vb. 'grow, be nigh, be great'. -C.\us. ' exa] l '.— Cf. /^p/^'i:tf<2/-. 
 bd: strengthening particle, -verily, indeed'. — yaf Inl -paUi '(it is there) 
 
 verily, wherever etc' V<1. 3.23. 
 bd^di^lct-, see under bSda. 
 baJa (cf. Skt. \fda<i/i^ 'press'): adv. ' eontlnually ', — Ys. 57.10; Vd. 3.27, 29. 
 
 Superi. bSidiitim {Gr. § 731. l) Vd. 6.45. 
 Id my a- (from bdmO"- = ^V.\.. bMma- * brightne.*^s ') : adj. 'bright'. — hauU 
 
 /'a/<?m banilm ace. sg. n. Y.s. 57.31. — [Phi. hSmJk ; New P. bamf\ 
 buiar- (for bar'lar-, from ^bar-, Gr. §§ 163, 787 N. i): slj. ni. 'rider'. 
 
 —\%. 1 1.2. — [Cf. Skt. bkartar-: Phi. /if?/7tfr] 
 bazu-: .sb. m. f. (i) 'arm', (2) 'foreleg' (of aninirils). — hazaim nom. pi. 
 
 Yt 5.7; batvO loc. instr. sg, m. Vd. 3.25,26,28. — Cf. aSMzti-. 
 [Skt. bShti',' Phi. />^2<f// New P. bazu, baz\ 
 la zTi.staoyah- (from b^ -ir- st") : adj. 'stouter than an axta'. — bdzu.- 
 
 staoyehi Vt. 5.7. 
 bazu s.aoja h- (from bazu- -\- aojah-, Gr. § 867 N. i): adj. 'strong- 
 armed".— Y.s. 57.33. —[Skt. b'lhiUojas-'] 
 bitya-: num. adj. [Gr. § 374) 'Second'.— Vt. 14.7 {Gr. § 997 e.xpl.). 
 
 [.Slct. dvitiya-; Old P. duvitiya- ; cf. Phi. dl/i^srar] 
 ybiid-: vb. ci. I, 4 'know, perceive, be awaxe '. — Cf. baodah- above. 
 
 [Ski. hudh-'\ 
 hn-: vb. cl. i 'become, be'. — buyi& aor. opt. 2 sg. \Gr. § 645) Y.s. xi.i 
 
 .seq.; Yl. 5.9. 
 
 [Skt. hktl-; Old P. bil-; Phi. (^*/^«,- New P. bihtan\ 
 bzrJpya- (from ^/*«r--) : adj. 'burdened, laden'. —^?r»/^ nom. sg. f. 
 
 \<^rr. §§ 24s, 67) Vd. 3.27 note. 
 b»r»ia- (from ^barz-): adj. 'high, tall'. — Ys. 57.30; Yt. 14.12.— Cf. also 
 
 bar'zd', b^r^ti-. 
 bir^za^dt- (from bfr'za- '\- di- q. v.) : adj. 'high-spirited, valiant'. — 
 
 hsr-^iaidim ace. sg. ni. Ys. 57.11. On the variant b?r'iaUim here 
 
 see note ad loc. — [Phi. burz, burzSk ; New P. buri\ 
 h?r»za}tt- (ptcph of \fbarz')'. adj. (dcln. Gr. § 291) 'great, lofty'.-- 
 
 Ys. 26.3; Ys. 57-3 (ivcc. sg. f.j,4. 
 
 [Skt. brhdni-: Phi. bulaud; New P. butand] 
 
bir'xi-. side-form of hma^ in compoundi*. — See next word. 
 
 b » r'zya sta- (from bir^zi- ■\-'^y.ah-^: adj. *high-g^irt' (with loins girt up 
 
 for fighting or for helping). — Ys, 57.30 
 ^"brl-: vb, cl. 9 {G)\ § §91 2) 'cut'.— Cf. brdipra- 
 
 [Skt. bhri-: Phi. dan tan; New P. bundan] 
 brdipra- (from \rbrt-t Gr. § 791): sb. n. 'knife, battle-axe'. 
 broiprd.taeia- (from br^^ '\- taila-^: adj. sharp as a knife*.— Ys. 57.31 
 
 snaipa . . . brdiprdUaelfm ' a keen-edged weapon '. 
 
 Av. -6 ;«. 
 
 maUi- (from Y"'^^^-> ^^- §78^)- sb. f, 'mind, thought'.— Cf. tfrwff'//-. 
 
 [Skt. mail''; Plil. "wa/] 
 maidya-: adj. 'middle' (medius).-- Yi. 5.4. — Cf. mcuidydi'^, vtadinia-. 
 
 [Skt. 'fiddhya',' cf. Phi. /niySn.; New P. 7«fvfl//j 
 ma*dyoi.paitiUana- (from ma^dya-. Gr. § 877 -\- paHUtdna-)'. ad} 
 
 ' half a foot (or leg) high '. — pryaJistls . . . mafdyoi.paHi^tdnqsca 
 
 ace. pi. m. Ys. 57.(). Phi Vers. ha.s raw^ niJyano patistdno. 
 ma' ninin a- , see under |,^wt/«- . 
 mainivasah- (for tnaUiyv-asah-, from mahiyu- A- asah-, Gr, § 68): adj. 
 
 'darting^ through the heavenly space' (epithet of horses, arrow). 
 
 The Phi. Vers, has pavan maJnog divakik ' through the domain 
 
 of the spirit' (Iv. W. West).— Y.s. 57.27. 
 mahtyava- {[torn, fua^iiyu-): adj. 'spiritual, heavenly \—maOiyavanqm 
 
 yazaianam gen. pi. YI. 14. i- 
 mainyu- (from ^/"///aw-, (7r. § 814): sb. m. 'spirit*. — mahiyu .. spstitd 
 
 .. <7i;r(y nom. du. Ormazd and Ahriman ' Ys. 57.17. See also 
 
 Ys. 57.32 ; Yi. 14.1; Yd. ig.s seq. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. juanyu- ; Phi. mainOg; New P. wJ«J] 
 ma*rya- (from y^i war^): adj. 'deadly, murderous . — sb. m. 'murderer, 
 
 criminal*. — mairtm ace. sg. m. [Gr>. § 23.9) Ys. 11.7. 
 [Phi, mar\ 
 ma eg a- (from "jAw/2-) : sb. m. 'cloud'. — Ys. 57.28 (abl. du.), see note. 
 
 [Skt. meghd-; cf. Phi. miznak, w</ (Vd.) ; New P. mlf[ 
 mad^mu- (superl. to ma^dya-, Gr. § 63 N. 3 expl.): adj, 'midmost'. — 
 
 Ys. 1 1.7 'in the middle third of the «arth'. 
 [Skt. madhyamd; Gr. § 63 N. 3] 
 tnaf: prep. w. instr. abl. gen. {Gr. § 735) 'with*. — Ys. 11.4,5; Y.s. 26.6; 
 
 Ys. 57.25. — [Skt. JWtfV. Gr. § 140] 
 maf.atai uti (from ma^ i- dzo'^iti-) : adj. 'with the explanation* (i.e. 
 
 Zend commentary). — gdpa .. maldzahitis ace. pi. f. Ys. 57.8. 
 
85 maf.paUi./rasa maz- 
 
 m al.paU i.fr as a- (from ma^ + pa^H ■\-frasa- ' question ' ) : adj. ♦ with 
 
 answers to the questions *. — Ys. 57.8, compare perhaps such 
 
 catechetical chapters as Ys. 19.16-21; Ys. 21. 1-5. 
 
 [Cf. Phi. pa/tSs * inquisition, punishment ' ; New P. b&dafrSh\ 
 '\ftn an-: vb. cl. 4 * think '. — Caus. *make believe'. — inquayin ahe yafa 
 
 pret. (injunct.) act. 3 pi. Vd. 3.25 'let them think thereof as' 
 
 {Gr. § 974 gen.) = 'just as' (used regularly in comparisons); — 
 
 mainimna pres. mid. ptcpl. nom. sg. f. {Gr. § 63 cxpL) Yt. 5.7. 
 [Skt. man-; Old P. man-; Phi. maznzian] 
 mana, see under az^m, Gr. § 386, 
 in an ah- (from '\fman-^\ sb. n. 'thought, spirit, v\\nA\—vohu niano 'the 
 
 Good Mind ' (personified, Gr. Introd. p. xxv § 34) Ys. 57.24 ; 
 
 manavha mainimna 'thinking in mind' {Gr. § 941 expl.) Yt. 5.7. 
 
 — Cf. also dnianavha. —^]^)sX. mdnas- ; Phi. "man; New P. 'man] 
 manahy a- (from manah-): adj. 'spiritual'. — Ys. 57.25. 
 ■[/'i mar-: vb. cl. 4 'die' (see also Gr. § 677). — CS. am^r'ldt-, am^jfa-, 
 
 ma'rya-, mar'tan-. 
 
 [Skt. mar-; Old P. mar-; Phi. mUrtan ; New P. murdan] 
 y^mar-: vb. cl. i, 3 (i) 'have in mind, remember'; (2) •recite'. — 
 
 Cf. framtrHi-. 
 
 [Skt. smar- (Gr. § 140); Phi. hoImHrtan ; New P. lumurdan] 
 mar' tan- (from '\f i mar-')-, sb. m. 'mortal, man*. Esp. gaya mar'tan 
 
 'Gaya Maretan* (lit. 'living-man'), the first man, Adam. — 
 
 Ys. a6. 5, 10. — [Phi. gayomart; New P. gayomarci] 
 y /// ark- , m9r»iic-: vb. cl . 7 * destroy * ( Gr. §§555,563). — mir*nca«uha 
 
 pres. imperal. mid. 2 sg. [Gr. § 563) Vd. 19.6. 
 [Cf. Skt. marc-; Phi. marancivttan\ 
 marivl: sb. f. 'paunch, gut'. — mar^uyCd gen. sg. {Gr. § 62,1) Ys. 11. i. 
 
 Nar. here has du^iodarSya (cf. Eng. 'greedy-gut'). 
 mas- (side-form of maz- q. v.): adj. ' great \-Cf. masah-, masita-. 
 
 [Phi. mas; New P. mih] 
 masah- (from mas-): sb. n. 'greatness, size'. -Yt. 5.3 ace. sg., Gr. § 934. 
 
 [Cf. Phi. masih] 
 masita- (from vias-): adj. 'great'. — Yt. 5.3. 
 
 masti- (for *mad-ti, Gk. p,a6-, cf. mazddh-y, sb. f. 'wisdom'. — Ys. 57.20. 
 
 ma^ya- (from ymar-, Gr. § 163 expl.): sb. m. 'mortal, man'. — Yt. 14.4. 
 
 [Skt. mdrtya-; Old P. martiya-; Phi. martiim; New P. mardUm] 
 
 ma^yo.vavha- (from ma^ya- ■\-y2vah-Y adj. ' serving as clothing for 
 
 man' (i.e. camel's hair).— Yt. 14.11 note. 
 maz- (from Ymaz- 'be great' = .Skt. Ymah): adj. 'great*. — See also 
 
 waj-. — [Skt. mdh-'] 
 
mazatit mqm 87 
 
 mazant- (orig. ptcpl. from '\fmaz- 'be great' = Skt. Ymah-): adj. 'great*. 
 
 — maza nom. sg. m. (6";-. § 295) Vsp. 15.3. — [Skt. mahdnt-] 
 mazHfta- (superl. to maz-, mazatit- q. v.): adj. 'greatest, p.eYtaxog*. — 
 
 Ys. 26.2; Yt. 14.12 (bis); Vd. 3.23 *with the greatest joy'. 
 [Skt. mahiftha-; cf. Old P. mapim-] 
 mazdadata* (from tnazd&h- '\' ^ f^-Y adj. 'created by Mazda'. — 
 
 Ys. ix.8(bis); Yt. 14.2 (bis). 
 [Cf. Phi. aaharmazdat] 
 tnazdayasna (from mazdah -\- yasna-y. adj. sb. m. * Mazdayasnian, wor- 
 shipper of Mazda*. — Ys. 57.13; Vsp. 15.1; Vd. 6.46,51. 
 [Phi. mSzdayasn] 
 mazdd^ti- (from ymazda- i. e. madh- •\- dhl^, cf. nmzdsh-)'. sb. f. 're- 
 membering*. — Vsp. 15.2 (dat. sg.). 
 mazdah' (from Y*madh~=G\!i. jiaO-): sb. f. (m.) dcln. Gr. § 256 'Mazda, 
 
 Wisdom', Phi. tradition derives it as maz — \-dd- ' magna Scientia*. 
 
 Ahura Mazda 'Ormazd' ('Lord of Wisdom') Ys. 1I.4 et passim. 
 
 — az9m yd ahuro mazda * I who [am] Ahura Mazda ' Yt. 5.6. 
 [Skt. mgdkds-; Old P. aura-mazda-; Phi. aHharmazd; New P. 
 crmuzdl 
 mazdd.fr ao^ta- (from mazdah- -\- fr") -. adj. 'pronounced by Mazda*. 
 
 — Vd. 19.9. 
 mahrka- (from ymark-, msr'fic-, Gr. § 100 N. i): sb. m. 'desolation, 
 
 Death '.—Ys. 57.25. 
 ma: adv. and conj. 'not, {xifj'. — With opt. Ys. ix.2; with im^^erat. Vd. 19.6; 
 
 with subjunct. 'in order that not, lest* Ys. XI.7. 
 [Skt. md! Old P. mS; New P. ma/i] 
 mdzainya-: adj. 'Mazanian'. Epithet of a class of demons, 'the Divs 
 
 of Mazanderan', a province south of Caspian Sea. — Ys. 57.17,32. 
 mdz day asna- (from mazdayasna-, Gr. § 60) : adj. ' Mazdayasnian * 
 
 (belonging to the worshippers of Mazda). — daSnqm m&zdayasmm 
 
 ace. sg. f. {Gr. § 362) Vd. 19.6. 
 yfniiz'i vb. cl. I 'make water, drop rain'. — Cf. maeja-. 
 
 [Skt. mik- ; Phi. mtzttan; New P. mtztdapt] 
 mUraka- (perh. from Av. w«;a- 'dumb'): adj. (sb. m.) 'dumb, idiots'. 
 
 — mUrakdca nom. pi. Ys. ii.6, see note. 
 m9r>^c-, see under ymark-, marc-, 
 mgp see under az9m, Gr. § 386. 
 mqpra- (from jA^/aw-): sb. m. 'word, spell'. Esp. mqpra spgt^ta 'the 
 
 Holy W^ord'. — Ys. 57.20,22; Yl. 5.9; Yt. 14.5. 
 [Skt. mdntra-; Phi. mSmar] 
 mqm, see under azpm, Gr. § 386. 
 
88 ff^f" yava- 
 
 Ymri/-: vb. cl. 2 (pdgm. 6>. § 517) 'speak, say, call'.- /wrao/ prel. 
 indic. act. 3 sg. Yl. 5 i; V't. 14.1; Vd. 3.23; Vd. 6.45. 
 
 [Skt. i>rw-j 
 
 Av. ro J. 
 
 j'tf-; rel. pron. [Gr. § 399) 'who, which'.— (i) pron. of reference, 
 /-J 17/ pwor^Hara ya J>jo?r»/atd ' ihe keeper and judge who de- 
 cide' Ys. 57.2. — (2) equivalent to conjunct, -f demoiistr.. yo 
 Cjs. yai turn, y(4{ ho) Y«. n.r,2; Yt. 14 12-^3) as c on ne c ti ve , 
 or resembling Gk. article, az^m yo ahuro hmzUw ' I who [am] 
 Onna/d' Yf. 5.6; vazdinna yiin Vohurn srao^nn 'carrying the 
 (tov) good Sraobha' Ys^ 57.29; av/uai' y^ asfvaio the material 
 world' Ys. 57.25; frava^ibyo yo) 'rlripu^m the Frava-^his of 
 ihe dead' Y5. 26.6. -See Gr, Fart ii. Syntax ot Pronouns. 
 [Skr. ya-. Old P. hya- : Phi. t; New P. i\ 
 
 yaai, yooi'^: a'ivl. gen. sg. as prefix (Gr. § 750 N.) 'right, proper*. 
 Cf. ne\t word. — [Skt. yos\ 
 
 Yy aQzda- (from yaos-^-da-, Gr. §§ 750 N., 692) ; vb. cl. 3 ' purify, cleanse '. 
 - yaoi'Ioiia^fi pres. indic. act. 3 sg, Yt 5^i>5; yaoiJotahyi pass, 
 ptcpl. dat. abl. f. Vt. 5.8. 
 
 ya^lili-: sh. m. 'twig, stalk'. — Cf. prya^sli-, fiatim.yalisfi-, haptu". 
 [Skt. Vtfx//-] 
 
 \^yat-- vb. cl. to (i) 'stretch, strive'; (2) 'reach, come '. - -r //-</ 
 '.•^ireich forwards, speed' -^friiyutayL'^jpli pre^ indic. act. 
 3p!. Ys. 57.29- — [-"^^t, yat-] 
 
 yap a (from ya-): rel. adv. and conj. (1) "as, like'; (2) *that. so that'. 
 -Ys. 11.3,7; Ys 57»o; Yt. 5.3; Vt. 14.13; Vd.a-'S' ^d 19.6; 
 yapa pahi.jasan .,. yq.pa 'that they may return ... as' Yt. 5.132. 
 [Skt. yat ha; Old K yapa\ 
 
 yada. (from ;/«-); rel. adv. 'when'.— Cf. next word. — [Skt. yadu^ 
 
 y add it (from yada-\-tf): adv. 'in order that'. — Vd. 6.45. 
 
 ya^ (from ya-, Gr. § 731,1): adv., conj. 'that, since, when. - pasra?/a 
 ... ya^ 'since' (lit. 'nfter that') Y.s. 5717; ya/ci^ •• yt'iof 
 ' whether ... or (siv^ . . . sivg) Ys. 57.29 ; ya/ . . . fratacaUi 
 'when she tlows fortli' Vl. 5.4. — [Skt. yut], 
 
 Yyain-, yas- (i.e. "^jv/z-j, GV. § (n)!h,): vb. 'hold, reach, grant'. - 
 -\- apa 'repel '.-^apa.yasdi (i. e. yaia[h]i, like vana[hji^ Gr. § 450) 
 .>ubj. act 2 .sg. Vd. 19.S; apu.yasaiit subj. mid. i sg. Vd. iq.g. 
 [Skt. yavi-, yach-] 
 
 yava-: sb. m. 'grain, corn' (field products, opp. *'<7;-'^/i-).--Yd. 3.23,27 
 note. — [Skt. ydva-; Phi. jav, yav : New P. jav] 
 
'\/yaS'- \h. inchoaU, see under '\f yam- above. 
 
 yasna- (from YyaZ'): bl> m. (i) 'worship' (consisling of sacrifice, praise, 
 
 thanksgiving, oiTerings); (2) 'Yasna' [Gr. Introd. p. xvii § 13). 
 
 See also haptavh&iti-. — Ys. 57.3 (bis), 6, 8, 13,20; Vsp. X5.2 (bis); 
 
 Yt. 5.9,13?: Yt. 14.5.— Cf. mazdayasna-f. 
 
 jSkt. yajrid-; I'bl. yasn> yajnn: New P, izQht\ 
 y asno.ksr-' ti- (from _j'rtj;w- -|- prob. yi kar' 'cut'); gb. f. *Yasno- 
 
 kereti', — L e. .section of the Yasna. ef. Visparad Kardes. , The 
 
 rUl.Vers. would rather imply |,^i >fetfr- *make' i.e. performance 
 
 of the sacrlftee, and refers it to the, concluding formula Yenhe 
 
 Hatam. -Y.S. 57.22. 
 ^yaz- vb. cl. i 'worship' (wUh sacrifice, praise, thanksgiving, oblation). 
 
 —yazamaide pres. indie, mid. i pi. Ys. 26.1 et passim; yazata 
 
 pret. indie, mid. 3 sg. Vs. 57.2 (bis), 19; yazSi subj. mid. I sg. 
 
 Ys. 57.3; Yt. 5.9; Yt. 14.5; yazdite subj. mid. 3 sg. Yt. 5.8; 
 yazacia pres. opt. mid. 2 sg. {Gr. § 487) Yt. 5.1 ; yazimnsm, "cli 
 
 pres. ptcpl. mid. ace. (dat.) sg. Yt. 5.132. 
 f.'>kt. ynj ; Phi. yastan] 
 yazata- (from \f ya^i-, cf. Gr. § 786 N. 2); adj. sb. m. 'divinity. Angel'. 
 
 —Ys. 57^3,33; Yt. 14. i. 
 
 [Skt. yajata- ; Phi, yaid ; New P. wi/rf, yQZiian\ 
 y&lit-: sb. m. * sorcerer, Yatu *, a clas$ of evil male magicians. — yapwqm 
 
 gen. pi. Yt. 14.4. — [Skt. yntu-; Phi. yaluki New P. y^^/?] 
 yana- {^o\\\\fyain~ q. V.) : sb. m. favor, reward '.--Yt. X4.3 ; Yd. 19.6. 
 
 [Cf. Ski. ;^^//^, Old P. yana-: Phi. /a«] 
 yanavant- (from yd/ta-): adj. 'abounding in favors'- — Superl. jtfwa- 
 z/aj/,//^^ Yl. 14.3. 
 ifydS' (prob. J^formation from I'yafK^, Gr. § 698): vb. cl. i '.seek*. — 
 
 -\' a pa 'seek towilhhold '. — apa . . . ydsa'ti subj. act. 3 .sg. 
 
 Ys 11.5— [Cf. New V. ydsTdatt] 
 ydsta-t see under ^ydh-. 
 
 yySh-, y&vha-i vb. cl. 2, 10 'gird'. — ydsi/t- pass, ptcpl. cf, bir^ydsfa-. 
 Yvuj'i vb. cl I 'yoke, bind, gird'. — Cf. yfi^tar-, yii^da-. 
 
 [Skt. w//-, Pill. ayijjitan\ 
 yyud-: vb. cl. 4 ' fight '.—/i!i'<^^'V/ pres. indie, act. 3 sg. Ys. 57.17. 
 
 [Skt. /W/^ I 
 yy UZ-: vb. cl. i ' shake^ stir '.- — \- a 'boil up, bubble'. -^-yaosf^ti 
 
 prcs. indie, act. 3 pU Yt. 5.4 ; a ... yaazaHi- pres. indie, act. 3 sg. 
 
 Yt. 5.4. 
 yii^tar- (from \fyuj-?)\ sb. m. 'one who harnesses'. — yiiJiia nom. sg. 
 
 Ys. XI, 2. — [Phi. dyo^tar] 
 
ya^da- (from V>'^</'-, Gr. § 77 N. 3) : adj. 'girded, ready for battle'. 
 
 — varazahe ... yHJidahe 'of a boar ready to fight' Yt. 14.15. 
 yunqm, see under yvan below. 
 ye'titi, see under yi-- 
 yeyhada {horn ya-): rel. adv. (abl. f. adv., Gr. §§ 329, 731) 'where'. 
 
 — vJspe nmSna ...yeyhdda 'all the houses ... where' Ys. 57.34. 
 yeifhe hatqm, see Yt. 5.9 note, 
 yesnya- i^xoxo. yasna-, Gr. § 852 expl.) : adj. 'worthy of worship'. — 
 
 Yt. 5.1.-— [Skt. yajAiya-] 
 yezi (from ya-)-. conj. *if'. — Vd. 6.46,47,51. — [Skt. yddi ; Old P. yadiy] 
 yOiuhqm, see under >'a-, Gr. § 399. 
 yvan-, yiin-: sb, m. (dcln. Gr. § 314 N. i) 'youth, young man'.— 
 
 Ys. 57.13. 
 
 [Skt. yuvan- {Gr. § 68 b); Phi. yuvan, javSn; New P. javfln] 
 
 Av. "^ r. 
 
 raivant- (from rdi-)-. adj. ' radiant, splendid '. — raeva nova., sg.m. {Gr. 
 
 § 295) Yt. 14.12. — [Cf. vSkt. rivdnt-; P^l. rayomand] 
 raoJ^jfua- (from lAr/zf-) : adj. 'shining'. — Ys. 57.27 (of white steeds). — 
 
 Cf. also Ava.raoJ^Ina-.'—[Vh\. rolan; New P. rd}an] 
 raocah- (from '^ruc-^'. sb. n. * light, day'. — raocib ace. pi, in loose cpJ. 
 
 raora.aiwi.var»na Vd. 6.51. See ai-wi.var'na-. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. rods-; Old P. raucah- ; Phi. roj ; New P. r6z\ 
 raoda- (from '\f\rud-^\ sb. ra. 'form, face'. — Cf. huraoda-. 
 
 [Skt. roha-: cf. Phi. rdd ; New P, riii\ 
 raoia-: sb, m. 'fox'. — Vd. 6.50, 
 ratu-: sb. m. (l) 'master, Ratu', — a spiritual chief or head presiding 
 
 over a class of things or beings, or over a division of time; — 
 
 (2) 'division of a day' (named from its presiding genius).— 
 
 Ys. 57.2 (bis). — [Phi. rat, rata ; New P, roii.—Qi. Skt. //«-] 
 rapa-: sb. m. 'wagon, chariot'. — Cf. rd'/a<?//ff-, — [Skt. rAtha^ 
 rapaiSta-, rapailtar- (from rapa--r Ysta-, Gr. §§ 877, 881): sb. m. 
 
 (dcln. Gr, §§ 249, 330) 'warrior', a man belonging to the 
 
 second class; see spravan-, vdstrya fj^uyatit.—rapaeliib nom. sg. 
 
 Ys. 11.6; gen. sg. Ys. 57-33- 
 
 [Skt. rathSfthti-; Phi. aratiltar; New P. arali-IdSr] 
 rapwya- (from ratu-, Gr. § 852eypl.): adj. 'well-ordered, proper'. — 
 
 Vsp. X5.1 ; rapwJtn paitna ace. sg. n. Yt. 5.2. 
 [Cf. Skt, r*viya-\ 
 YrS-, rah-: vb. cl. a • grant, bestow '. - Cf. frarawha-. — [Skt. Vr J-j 
 
r3i vac' ^I 
 
 r£i-. ra!^-'(from y^')'- ^^- ^- (*^*^^"* ^^' § ^77) 'radiance, splendor'. 
 — aAe raya har'navhaca ' for his radiance and his glory ' instr. 
 sg. (formulaic) Ys. 57.3: Yt. 5.9; Yt. 14.5. — [Skt. rat-; Phi. ral\ 
 \rrue-: vb. cl. xo * shine, be bright*, 
 
 [Skt. rue-; Phi. af-rd^tan; New P. af-roJ^tan] 
 "^irud-: vb. cl. x *grow'. — Cf. huraoda^. 
 
 [Skt. ruh-; Phi. rostan; New P. rmta>i\ 
 
 Av. ^ V. 
 
 va^ri' (from yir^zr-): sb. m. Make'. — Cf. ivaWya-* 
 
 [Cf. Skt. vari-; Phi. ?/«r-] 
 iva^rya- (from vain-)', sb. m. * channel'. — Yt. 5.4. 
 zvairya- (from y"2Z'flr-): adj. *wished-for, desirable'. Esp. a^z^/^a 
 
 va*rya (see aAuna-), J^^apra vairya {Gr. Introd. p. xxvi § 35). — 
 
 Ys. 57.22, 24; Vd. 19.10. — [Skt. varya-'] 
 vai^hya i. e. ua^bya, see under uva^ 
 vagja- (from Yvij- 'dart, strike* = Skt. Yvij-)\ sb. m. 'stroke' (of 
 
 weapon). — Cf. ^z/J.z/ci/^<z-. — [Skt. vSga-] 
 vaiJfUt see below under y i z//V/-. 
 vaidya- (from "^i w</-): (f) adj. * knowing '. —(2) sb. n. 'knowledge*. 
 
 — vaidy&ca instr. sg. (G^r. § 941) Ys. 57*23. 
 vaonar*, see under |/"z/a«-. 
 vajdiina' (ety.?, cf. r<7f-): sb. m. ♦mouth, head*. — Yt. X4.13. 
 
 [Phi. vajtan] , 
 vavhU', vohu- (from ^n-su from yvan-, Geldner) : adj. *good' (orig. 
 
 something won, praiseworthy). — vavhul nom. sg. m. Ys. xx.8; 
 
 vohUtn srao^ym ace. sg. m. Ys. 57.29; vavhSul aiwQoipne gen. 
 
 sg. m. Vd. 3.24 note; vohu har^no ace. sg. n. Yt. 14.2; vohu 
 
 vdstrya aec pi. n. Vsp. 15. i ; vohumqm gen. pi. n. Vd. 3.29. — 
 
 vavuhun ace. sg. f. Ys. 57.3; Vd. 19.6,7; vavuhtl fravaiayo ace. 
 
 pi. f. Ys. 26. 1 . — Comparat. vavho ■&.zc. .sg. n. {Gr. § 365), Yt. 5.9. 
 [Skt. vdsu' : Old P. vahu- (in nom. propr.) ; Phi. veh ; New P. baK\ 
 "yfyak-, see under '\f'!>ac-. 
 yvac-, vak-: vb. cl. 2 *say, speak*. Vf^'a 'pronounce '.—/ra- 
 
 vaoce pf. indie, mid. (pass.) 3 sg. (cf. Gr. § 606) Vsp. 15.3; 
 
 fravalilyeHe fut. mid. (pass.) 3 sg. {Gr, § 672) Vsp. X5.3; 
 
 '^/rao^ta- pass, ptcpl. (cf. mazd&.fr<>). — [Skt. vac-^ 
 vaC', vSc- (from |/"z'/ir-): sb. masc. {Gr. § 220 N. i, dcln. § 285) 'speech, 
 
 word, prayer'. — vacqm gen.pl. Vsp. 15.3; vaca instr. sg. Yt. 5.9 
 
 (bis); Vd. 19.8,9. — [Skt. vdc-; Phi. vSj ; New P. l>aj, bdz, avSi\ 
 
92 
 
 vacah I var- 
 
 1 
 
 vacah' (from \fvat-^\ sb. n. 'word .- Cf. vucastaJH!-, Jivacah'. 
 (Skt. vacas-] 
 
 VitcastaUi- (from vacah- -^^ ytas-^: sb. f. 'strophe'. i^>^ desij^nates 
 both the single strophe and tlie characteristic strophe-type of 
 a G&thit Sec remark on introduction to Ys. 35 (GeJdner's edi- 
 tion). — Cf. next word. 
 [Phi. van/as/] 
 
 vacastaltizi am- (from «/») : adj. 'containing a special strophe'. — 
 Ys. 57.8 ace. sg. n. 
 
 '\f\vad- (a side-form of ^vaz-, cf. .Skt. vinfh-ii 'bride', '\fvah-\. vb, 
 (i) 'to lead', (2) 'marry', (3) 'cover, copulate' (of aniinals). 
 ~ A verb inferable from tadaynita, h/aetvadapu- (? ), vadreyaima-, 
 vada'tyu' {} 2 vadar-, cf. o^stct), ct. Geldner, Drei Yasht p. 69. 
 
 vada^rii, see next word 
 
 Vitda'ryi4' (from assumed 2 vadar- from Y i vad- q. v.): adj. 'male, 
 rutting' (epithet of oamel eager for the female).- ///(^/-Jz/aJIa'V/i 
 (written for vada*ryuS) nom sg. m. Vt, 14.X2; vada*ryaoi gen. 
 &g. m. Yi. 14 II (cf. also uiird^ho vadcJryavO Yt- I7.t3)- ^^^r- 
 mesteter renders ' burden-bearing ' 
 
 V a da J ana-: sb. m. nom. propr. 'Vadaghana', a wicked ruler favored 
 by Ahriman ; cf. West, Pahlavi Texts, 5.Z>'./c'. xviii.217, xxiv.103. 
 "-Yd. igo. — ll'hl. votJghan] 
 
 Yvan-: vb. cl. X ' win, strive for, conquer*.- vaitiini subj. act, 2 sg. Yd. ig.<^ ; 
 vaaai (i. e. vana[hji, Gr. § 450) subj. act. 2 sg. YU- 19.8, vtionaf 
 {Gr. § 614) pf. indie, act. 3 pi. Vs. 26.4^5.6; — vaiiato (-lanattt ) 
 pres. ptcpl. act. gen. sg. m. V.s. 57.33; vanahtthn pres. ptcpl. act. 
 ace. sg. f. Vs. 57.33; vanamt pres. ptcpl. mid. nom. sg. m. {Gr, 
 ^ 507) Ys. 57.15; vavanviD pf. ptcpl. act. nom. sg. m. [Gr, § 611) 
 Ys. 57.12. — [Skt. van-; PIjI. vufti/an} 
 
 vanaiti- {homy van-, cf. Whitney, Ski.Gr. § U57g): ^^ f- 'victory'. 
 — vanaUii ace. pi. Ys. 57.33. 
 
 vana*livanf - (from vattaiii-): adj. 'endowed with victory*. — Ys. 57.33. 
 
 ^afftu- (from yvaii-): sb. m. ' spouse ' —/''>^' vantave (u.sed of a wife, 
 cf. Eng. 'spouse' m. f.) dat. sg Yd. 3-25. 
 
 Yva/-: vb. cl. 4 'pray, invoke'. — ufyemt pres. indie, act. i sg. Ys. a6.i. 
 — Cf. also vahma-. 
 
 vaya- (perhaps from \l'vi- q. v.): sb. m. (ddn. Gr. § 256 N.) 'bird*. — 
 vavaeiOya abl. du. Ys. 57.28, see note. — |Cf. Skt. vi-\ 
 
 vayot see under 2vi-» 
 
 \i var-: vb. cl. 5 {Gr. § 567) 'cover, enclose, protect'.— 4- a'W 'be- 
 deck'.- — \- hqm 'defend'. — [Ski. vur-; Old P. var-\ 
 
vahiita- 
 
 93 
 
 1/2 »ar-; vb. cl. 9 (pdgiii. Gr. § 584) 'choose, wish, believe*. HA'* 
 
 •profess a religion' (w. \Vi%ix.\'^fraor'^(a pret. indie, mid. 
 
 3 pi. {Gr. § 586 expl.) Ys. 57.24. — fSkt. imr-; Old P. z/fl/--] 
 vardza-: sb. m. *boar'. — hii varazahe (i. e. genu^ and species) Yt. 14.15. 
 
 [Skt. varahtx-; Phi, varSz; New P. ,s^rSz\ 
 var^na-, see a^wi.i>ar'na-. 
 var's-, var'sa-: sb. m. 'hair'. — haepaipyaca var^sa Instr. !>g. Vd. 6.46. 
 
 [Phi. errtrri-, gars ; New P, (^rxj] 
 viir'^yamna-t see under l/^r/^rr? 
 var'za- (front ■J/'''«'/7rc-) : Vbl. sb. n. 'the doing'. — var'zai dat. infin. {Gr. 
 
 § 720,5) Vsp. 15. 1. 
 Viirsta- (from j/'t'rtr^-): pass, ptcpl. (t) adj. 'done'. — (2) sb. n. 'deed*. 
 
 — Ys. 57.4- — Cf. also duivurlta-, kvarha-. 
 v^rina-: sb. m. *snake'(?) — Vs. 11. 6, see note. 
 yv arz'Z vb. cl. 4 ' do, work '. f- ahvi 'cultivate, till', -^uhi'i.v^r'z- 
 
 ytthi, "eUl pres. indie, act. 2, 3 sg. VH. 3.25, 26, 28; v^myatqm 
 
 pres. imperat. mid. (pass-.) 3 sg; {Gr. § 485 expl.) Vsp. 15. i 
 
 note; varSta pass, ptcpl. ace, pi. n. Ys. 57.4; var^lvamna fut. 
 
 mid. (pass.) ptcpl. ace. pi. n. {Gr. §§ 165, 185-6, 673) Y.s. 57.4. 
 
 — Cf. also //z/f/rjVtf-.— [Phi. varzffan; New P. varzuian] 
 vavanva, see under yt'<?w-. 
 
 "yfvas-: vb. cl. 2 'will, wish*. — Cf. anusah-, vasah-.-^\%V\. vai-\ 
 vasah- (from |/^z/tf j-) : sb. m. 'will, wiSh'.~Ste next word. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. T&ia^: Old P. vahiu-: Phi. va, ; New P. bas\ 
 vasd.JiSapra- (from vasah- -^ ^h): adj 'rulings at will, independent'. 
 
 — Ys. 57.24. 
 "Yval- (prob. orig. >--aor. to Yvac-, crystallized as new root, Gr. §§ 156,482): 
 
 vb. cl. I 'speak, ^2,y' .—ava^ala pret indie, mid. 3 sg. Vd. 19.7. 
 ^vaz-: vb. cl. i 'carry, draw (trans.), drive' (intrans.). 1-« '<lrive 
 
 hi ther'. — e'<i2;>^/j pres. indie, act. 3 pi. Ys. 57.27; avazu*tt 
 
 subj. mid. 3 ^^. Ys. 57.31 ; vazpmnv, ^mna pres. ptcpl. mid. nom. 
 
 sg., pi. Yt. 14.2 .seq. ; Ys. 57.29.— Cf. pa'rivaza. 
 [Skt. vah-, Phi. vaztfan; New P. vazidan] 
 YivaA : vb. cl. i -dwell'. — [Skt. vas-] 
 
 1^2 V a A-: vb. cl. 2 ' clothe '. —Cf. ma^yo.vavha-, z/ffv/rtf-. — -fSkt. vas-\ 
 1/3 t/a//-, us-, us- {Gr. § 698): vb. cl. i, 6 'gleam, burn'.— Cf. /^sa/i', 
 
 etc. —[Skt. VUS-, us-, uc/i-] 
 va/tilta- (superl. to vavhu-, Gr. § 365): adj. 'most excellent, best*. 
 
 —fravasiin vahislqm ace sg. f. Ys. 26.2 ; aijui vahisl9vi (see 
 
 tf/a-) Ys. 57-24; mana zaya asti vahiVrm Vd. 19.9 note. 
 [Skt. vasifpta-; Phi. vahiit,- New P. bahiSt\ 
 
QA vahma ni (vh) 
 
 vahma- (fiora \fva/-, Gr. page 273): sb. m. 'prayer, invocation'. 
 
 Chiefly in the formula, yasnaica vahtndica ^^naopraica /rasas tO" 
 
 yaica • for worship, prayer, propitiation, and glorification '. — 
 
 Ys. 57.6,8 adta vahma instr. sg. Yt. 5.132. 
 vahmya- (from vahma-)-. adj. 'worthy to receive prayer'. — Yt. 5.1. 
 vd: conj. *or'. — Emph. particle 'indeed'. — Ys. 57.31 vS . . . va 'either .., 
 
 or'. Yj. 11.1,5,- V^' 3*23 et passim; snra vd 'fair indeed' Yt. 5.7. 
 [Skt. vd; Old P. vd^ 
 vd^rya- (from vdra->^\ adj. 'relating to rain\ — apo yal vdhyay^ 'rain 
 
 water* gen. sg. f. {Gr. § 980 expl.) Vd. 6.50. 
 vdgiiby 5 , see under vac-, Gr. § 285. 
 vdta- (from '\''vq' 'blow'): sb. m. 'wind'. — Ys. 57.28, see note; Yt. 14.2. 
 
 [Skt. vita-: Phi. vdt; New P. bcui\ 
 Yvdr- (denom. fr. vara-): vb. cl. i 'to rain'. ^a^'wl 'rain upon'. 
 
 — Cf. rtwa*wi.r5/»jj//-. «— [Phi. vdritan; New P. bdridan] 
 vara-: sb. m. 'rain'. — vdrai^hya abl. du. Ys. 57.28 note. — Cf. also vd'rya'. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. vdr-; Phi. vdrdn; New P. ddrdn] 
 vdr'nti', or vdr*nti- (from ^'vdr-, cf. kar'nli- from Yhar-)\ sb. f. 
 
 ' rain '. — Cf. ana^wi.vdr'nti'. 
 vdr'Praj ni- (from vir»prajna- q, v., and cf. Gr. § 825 d): adj. 'vic- 
 torious'. — Ys. 57.21,22; Vsp. X5.3. 
 vdstra- (from '\fzvah-)\ sb. n. 'grass, pasture'.— Vd. 3.23.— Cf. also 
 
 vdstrya-. — [Phi. vdstar\ 
 vdstrya- i^xoxxwastra-, Cr. § 852 expl.): adj. 'relating to husbandry*. 
 
 — sb. m. 'husbandman, farmer' (man of the peasant class; 
 
 see dpravan-, rapaestar-).—vdsiryd/iuyqs 'ihe thrifty husband- 
 man' Ys. 11.6; vohu vdstrya 'the good deeds of husbandry' 
 
 Vsp. 1 5. 1. — [Phi. 7JdstrydI] 
 I vi'> , see under vi below. 
 2vi- (perh. from |^z/f-): sb. m. (dcln. Gr. § 256 N.) 'bvtd'.—vayo nom. 
 
 pi. Vd. 6.45 seq.— Cf. also vaya-. — [Skt. vi-; Phi. vat] 
 Yivi d' : vb. cl. 2 ' know '.— Caus. -\- us 'address \—vaipd (GA v.) pf. 
 
 act. 3sg. {Gr. § 621) Yt. 5.9; vidvAv/to 'knowing' pf. ptcpl. 
 
 act. nom. pi. {Gr. § 349) Vs. 57.27; uzvazdayal caus. pret. indie. 
 
 act. 3sg. Vd. X9.5. — [Skt. vid-] 
 |/"2 vid-, viffd-: vb. cl. 7 {Gr. § 565) 'find, obtain'. — vindai pret. indio. 
 
 act. 3 sg. {Gr. § 565) Vd. 19.6; vinddi (i.e. vi-n-d-d[h]'i, Gr. 
 
 '§§ 565. 450) sub], act. 2 sg. Vd. 19.6. 
 [Skt, vid; viftd-; Phi. vanditan] 
 vi (vi"): adv., vbl. prefix 'apart, against'. 
 
 [Skt. vi; Old P. vi i,Ytar-), Phi. vc, ^w ; New P. ^w] 
 
Yvi-: vb. cl. 6 *go after, drive, pursue'.— r'>'^*V/ pres. indie, act. 3 pi. 
 
 Ys. 57.29. — [Skt. vi-] 
 vHrHmant' (from j/^^ra-) : adj. * bruising '.— Ys. 57- » o- 
 vicica: sb. ra. 'mortar, pottery'. — vtcicae$va k)C. pi. Yd. 6.51 (i. e. the 
 
 bones are to be placed in stone ossuaries, or in terra-cotta vases, 
 
 or in bags). — [Phi. gac; New P. gac\ 
 vidaeva- (from vi ■\- daiva-) : adj. 'against the Demons ', —epithet of 
 
 Zoroastrian divinities or sacred things. — Ys. 5.1 (an&hitqm). 
 vididvA, see under "[/"<//-. 
 vtdvaiUva- (from vi -\- dvae^tva- q. v.) : adj. 'destroying malice*. — 
 
 Vsp. 15.3- 
 vidSta-, see under Y'^^'' 
 vidStU' (from vf -f l/^t/J-) : sb. m. 'Vidhatu' (dissolution), demon of 
 
 T>taXh.—vidatao( abl. sg. Ys. 57-25. — [Phi. vJhaf\ 
 vidvOvho , see under y"z'/V/-. 
 y?//j-; vb. cl. 6 'come to, become'. — visata pret. indie, mid. 3 sg. 
 
 Ys. 57.22. — [Skt. WJ-.] 
 vts- (from j/'t'Jj-): sb. f. (dcln. Gr. § 279) 'village, clan'. Designation 
 - of the second division in the constitution of the Iranian state ; 
 
 see nmana, (vts), zatitu-, da^yu. — vtsa( abl. sg. Ys. 57.14; vJsake 
 
 gen. sg. (tf-dcln., Gr. § 283 N.) Yt. 5.6. 
 [Skt. vis-,' Old P. vip-; Phi. vts] 
 vis fa' (cf. vJS', yz//,y-): pron. adj. {Gr. § 443) 'all, every'. — Masc. 
 
 vispd maidyo nom. sg. Yt. 5.4; vtspam ahum ace. sg. Ys. 57.16; 
 
 vispe daeva (karano, a**rva^ta) nom. pi. Ys. 57.18, Yt. 5.4,132; 
 
 visp^f ace. pi. Ys. 57.29; vispai^ instr. general pi. Ys. 57.17, 
 
 Yt. 5.5 ; vispae^byo dat. abl. pi. Ys. 57.12; vtspanqm narqm 
 
 (daevanqm, ar^nqm) gen. pi. Ys. 26.8 etc., Ys, 57-32, Yt. 5.2. 
 
 — Neut. vtspa dqmqn (nmdna) ace. pi. Ys. 57. 2,4, 34. — Fem, 
 
 vtspqm zqm ace. sg. Ys. 57.15 ; vispa ace. pi. Ys. 26.10, Ys. 57.33, 
 
 Yt, 5.2, Yd. 3.27; vispdbyd dat. pi. Ys. 26.6; vtspanqm gen. pi. 
 
 Yt. 5.2. — [Skt. visva-; Old P. visa-; Phi. visp\ 
 vispo.paesa- (from «'» + /a^^<7>^-) : adj. 'all-adorning, manifold'.— wj/J.- 
 
 paisim mastim 'universal knowledge' ace. sg. f. Ys. 57.20. 
 [Cf. Skt. visvdpeias-: cf. Phi. harvisp-pisit] 
 vtsya- (from vts-^\ adj. 'belonging to the village'. — sb. m. nom. propr. 
 
 ' Visya ' (hierarch of the village). — adj. propr. ' of the Visya '. 
 
 — visyiS frava^ay&. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. viiya-: Old P. vipiya-] 
 viitaspa- (cf. aspa-)-. sb. m. 'Vishtaspa' (Gushtasp), the Iranian king, 
 
 patron of Zoroaster. (Not to be confounded with Vishtaspa 
 
o6 vdr-pra- — fj/ai'/fyu 
 
 Tjtio7t7j?, iht! father of \'Jdir\nri.y-ka7wls "ifflltlxpa/:: ' of King 
 
 Vishtasp' gen. sg. Vt. 5.132. 
 
 [I'hi. vistasp; New P. ^^tiStaip; cf Old i*. visfw^pa] 
 V9r»pru- (from |/ i z/ar-) .- sb. n. (i) 'defense', (i^ 'fiend'.— Yt. X4.3. 
 
 [Cf. Ski. vrlrA-\ 
 vtr'prajna (lrf;m r'.v'//(?- -j-- l/yfl-w-) : sb. m. (l) •victory' (Ys. 57.3 etc.'); 
 
 (2) ' Verethragbna (genius of Victory, later i'arahran, BahrSm) 
 
 — Ys. 57-3,33; Vt. 14.1,2 seq. — See next word. 
 V9r'Prajan- (from z^pa-*/;v?- + j/ya;/-) : adj. (dcln. t^r. § 317) 'victorious*. 
 
 -Ys. a6.io(abl. sg.), Ys. 57.2,5,9(acc.), 3,4,22(nom.)r V*p. 15 2 
 
 (dat.),3 (nom.); Vd. 19.5(11011).). — Cf. also var^prajni-. 
 [Cf. Skt. zrtrahdn-] 
 vjr*^fai'an- (from vsr^pra-, Gr. § 855): adj. * defensive '. Superl. 
 
 vjr>pravastdnia nom. sg. m. [fir. § 365 N. 3) Yt. 14.3. 
 v^r'zi- (from |/"i'<7r2;-) : adj. 'working, effective'. Form reguKirly used 
 
 in compounds. See next word. 
 V9r^ zi. do / pr a- (from ^^^r'zi- + doipra^) : adj ' of beneficent glance '. — 
 
 Vs. 2C 3, see note. , 
 
 v?hrka- (probably from \! vmr- 'tear' ■— Skt. vraic-^. sb. m. 'wolf*. — 
 
 Vd. 6.50 ace. sg., cf. Gr. § 935 
 
 [Skt. vfkw; Phi. gftr^; New P. gT4r(t,^\ 
 vo"ru- (from l/'i z/trr-; 6V. §38): adj. 'broad, wide ". See next word. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. «rM-, vdrtyq^- (compar.)j 
 vof* r n.kosa - (cf. V0**ru-): sb. in, nom. propr. VourUkasha ', a mythical 
 
 sea.-— Yt. 5.3,4. — Cf. below under zraydli-. 
 vohu-, .see under vavku-. 
 vohu' ninnah- ifrom v^- -\- ni"): sb. n. 'Good Thought'. One of the 
 
 Amesha Spentas, guardian genius of the cattle; later called 
 
 Bahman. Gr. lutrod. p. xxv § 33 — Ys. 57.24.' 
 fPhl. vahumau ; New P. ha/iman] 
 voijna- (prob. from "yfrij- — Skt. vij- 'dart, strike'): sb. f. 'plague'. 
 
 - Ys. 57.14. 
 vqpxvd- (from yvan; Gr. § 792J: sb. f. 'herd'. 
 
 vqpufd./radonci- [irom vqp-iVS- -\ /r°): adj. * herd-increasing '.-Yt. 5.1. 
 vyaliman- ('prob. from yzy^rc- r^ Skt. y't^yac- 'encompass, as.scnible') • 
 
 .sb. n. 'council, assembly .-Vs. 57.12 (ace. of poal? Gr. § 933 
 
 example). 
 
 Av. » // (i/)- 
 tfai'tbya, see above under m>a-. 
 
saeta — sSsna- 
 
 Av. w s. 
 
 97 
 
 saiia, see below under Y^^' -^vcX. indie. 
 
 saoka- (from Ysh- q. v.): sb. n. *weal, welfare, saving health' (in 
 
 religious sense), — saoka inslr, sg. Yt. 14. 3. 
 saokaviifit- (from saoka-)'. adj. 'abounding in weal'. — saokarmstdmO 
 
 superl. nom. sg. m. Yt. 14.3. 
 sao^yant- (fut. ptcpl. act. from '\fsi-i- q. v.): sb, m. 'Saoshyant, Saviour'. 
 (1) Designation of the prophets or apostles of the faith, espe- 
 cially those holy men who will appear in a goodly company at 
 the millenium and will make the world prepared for the final 
 restoration. (2) In particular, their leader, the Saoshyant. 
 --^ sao§ya-^tqm gen. pi. Y,>- a6.6; sao^yanta^ (r;-dcln.) abl. sg, 
 Ys. 26.10; sao§yc^s nom. sg. Vd. 19,5. — [Phi. sao^yds\ 
 ysavh-, sah-: vb. 'speak, say, announce' (of formal speaking). — Cf. 
 
 frasasti-, tui^'/-yo.sa»Aa~.^^[Sl>.t. Sfi<!- ; Old Y. />ah-\ 
 saw ha' (from ysavh-)'. sb. m. 'word'. — na^rim suvhpni nom. propr. q, v. 
 
 Ys. 57.3. — [Skt. sqsa-] 
 saia-: num. (6V. § 374) 'hundred'. — duye saUe ace. du, n. Vd. 6.48, — 
 
 Cf. also capwar'.sata-. — [Skt. said- ; Phi. sat; New P. sad\ 
 ysaii't vb. cl. 9, 10 'appear'.- j</;/<7/ pret. indie, act. 3 sg. {Gr. § 591) 
 Y't. 14,7,9, — f Skt. ^^d-> ^^cl ^.pad-; cf. New V. pe-smd {\\orci)\ 
 Sana}, see under Ysaa-. 
 sa/a-: sb, m. 'hoof. — safAoho nom. pi, Ys, 57,27, 
 
 [Skt. safthd-; Phi. sunib ; NTew P. sum, sum.li\ 
 sarah-: sb. m, 'head . — See Jt^ra-, — [Skt. siras- ; Phi, sar; New P, sar\ 
 sar'da-: sb, m. 'kind, sort'. — Ci. pot*ru.sar»da-. 
 
 [Cf. Skt, sdrdhas-; OKI P. parda- ; Phi, mri(ak; New P, 
 sardah, 'a}'tali\ •^ 
 
 ysah-, see under ysatfh-. 
 
 satar-: sb, m. 'tormentor, oppressor'. Designation of a class of evil 
 beings, men or demons. — saprqm gen. pi, Yt. 14.4. 
 [Phi. Vers, has sdstardn ; Nar. has atiyaydnfifn] 
 sSra- {cL sara-): sb. m. ^heAd'.-Ste JJro.sdra-, p;f^d.sara-. 
 
 [ Phi, sdr-var ' helmet ' ; Mew P, '^sdr] 
 sdsta- (pasv picpl. from ysd^-)'. adj. * commaindtd'.—Ci. zavano.sasta-. 
 
 [Skt, sdsta-] 
 sdstar- (from \fsdh-): sb. m, '■x\x\t.x\—sasta nom. sg. Yt. 14.13, 
 
 [Skt. sdsldr-; Phi, sdstdr] 
 sdsnd- (from sdh-): sb, f. 'commandment, doctrine'. — Ci.sds716.gul-. 
 [Cf. Skt. sasana-] 
 
98 sSsno.gu^ — star»ta.galu- 
 
 sasno.gus (from sasna--\-'\fS'^^)'- aJj- 'hearkening unto the command- 
 ments'. — sSsno.guiqin gen. pi. m. Ys. 26.4. 
 Ysnh- (cf. Ysafi-): vb. cl. a (i) 'direct, teach'; (2) 'command, rule*. 
 
 — Cf. sSsta-, sasfar-, sasnd-.-— [Ski. s&s-, si^-] 
 si spat a, see under |/"2 i/a-. 
 yjf-.- vb. cl. 2, I *lie down, recline'. — saSta pret. indie, raid. 3 sg. 
 
 Vd. 3.24; sayannw (cl. i) pies, ptcpl. mid. nom. sg. m. Vd. 3.25. 
 [Skt. jf-] 
 Ysuc-: vb. cl. X 'burn, gleam*. — Cf. siika-. 
 
 [Skt. i-uc-; Phi. sultan; New P. saltan] 
 s^runvaiit- (from Ysrii-, Gt\ § 821 expl.)t adj. 'heard, following oral 
 
 tradition'. — s^nmvata instr. sg. m. Ys. 57.3; Yt. 5.9; Yt. 14.5. 
 yj<2-.- vb. cl. 4 'swell, increase, prosper* save' (esp. of good beings 
 
 or holy things). — Cf. saoka-, syviSta-, etc, 
 
 [Skt. sil-: Phi. afzutan: New P. a/ztidan] 
 suka- (from 1/"^//^-): adj. 'bright, gleaming'; — sb. m. 'glance, sight'. 
 
 — Cf. durai.siika-. 
 siino, see under span-. 
 
 sura- (from y^??- q. v.) : adj. ' mighty, valiant, helpful ' (to save). Epi- 
 thet of good divinities. — Ys. 26.1,10; Ys. 57.11; Yt. 5.1,4,7,9 
 
 (Anahita); stlre voc. sg. f. Yt. 5.9,132. 
 
 [Skt. sura-; Old P. pura-vahara- nomen prdpr.] 
 sivi'Sta- (from y"j«- q. v.): super!, adj. 'most mighty* (to help and 
 
 save). — S9visiahe Vsp. 15.2 (Mazda). — [Skt. sdvis{/ia-] 
 St air is (from "lA/a;'-): sb. n. 'bedding, carpet'. — Cf. ha.stairil-. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. stard-; cf. New P. bi-star] 
 staoyah- (from stui-, stvi-): compar. adj. 'stouter, thicker*. — Fem. 
 
 °siaoyehi-. — Cf. aspo.st'*, bdzu.st". 
 [Skt. sthdviyas-'\ 
 Y^tar-: vb. cl. 9 'stretch, spread, extend'. \-/ra ' ex tend '.— //tf.- 
 
 stfr'nuta pret. indie, mid. 3 sg. (Gr. § 591 expl.) Ys. 57.6; fra- 
 
 sljr'ta- pass, ptcpl. (see s. v.) Ys. 57.2. — Cf. star»ta.gdtu-, sta'ril!'. 
 [Skt. star-; Phi. vastartan, vistartan; New P. gustardan] 
 star- (from ^j/ar-) : .sb. m. (dcln. Gr. § 329) 'star'. — haca avafdyo stgr*- 
 
 byd dat. abl. pi. 'from yonder stars' Yt. 5.132. 
 [Skt. star-; Phi. star, starak; New P. sitarah] 
 star' t a- (from Ystar-): pass, ptcpl. adj. 'spread, stretch'. — Cf. star'ta.- 
 
 galu-, frastfr'ta-. — [Skt. strta'\ 
 star'ta.gatu- (from star»ta- -f ^-o) : adj. ' having a divan spread '. — 
 
 va star'ta.gHtui sayamno 'a man lying upon a spread divan' 
 
 Vd. 3.25. 
 
sta spa* gg 
 
 'yfsta-: vb. cl. 3 'stand*. — hiStahe pres. indie, mid. 2 sg. Vd, 3.29; hiSiaUe 
 pres. indie, mid. 3 sg. Yt. 14.13. — Cf. paHihana-* 
 [Skt. stha-: Old P. j/a-] 
 "yfitu-: vb. cl. 2, I {Gr. § 529) 'praise, laud'. — -\- apa 'reno.unceL 
 --—staotni pres. indie, act. I sg. Ys. 26. 1; stava^ pres. (scdry.) 
 subj. act. 3 sg. {Gr. § 529.3) Yt. 5.8; apa.stavSne pres, subj. mid. 
 I sg. Vd. ig.7; apa.stavapuha pres. imperat. mid. 2 sg. Vd. 19.6. 
 [Skt. stu-; Phi. stutan, stayttan ; New P. siHidan\ 
 "yfsta- (a side-form of |/"j"/fl-): vb. 'stand, stand firm, be stout*. — Cf. 
 
 stvi.kaofd; j/ai?ya/i-.— -[Skt. sthu-^ 
 stut-, stvi- (from yj/«-) : adj. 'firm, stout'.— Gf. stvi.kaofa-, staoyah-. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. sthurd', stdviyas-] 
 stuita- (from ystH" q. v.): sb. f. 'column, pillar'. — Cf. hazavrd.stmia-. 
 
 [Skt. sfhf7>j4',' Phi. stiin; New P. sutun] 
 stir^pwarit- (from '\fstar-t Gr. § 82 1) : adj. ' leveling, striking down '. 
 
 ' — stdr'Pwata snaipi^a instr. sg. n. Ys. 57.10. 
 stihrpaSsa- (from star- ■\- p''): adj. 'star-adorned'. — Ys. 57.21. 
 
 [Phi. star-pesit] 
 s tvi.kaofa-i^rom stui--\- k^): adj. 'stout-humped' (of camel). — Yt. 14.12. 
 snaipi^- (from ysnap-)-. sb. n. (dcln. 6^r. § 359) ' weapon'. — Ys. 57.10, 
 
 16, 22,-29, 31. — [E'hl.. ^'^oMy j«a/ (Horn)] 
 '\fsnap-: \\i. cl. i 'smite, pierce '. —Cf. j««/a-, j«a^]^/7-. -r- [Skt. snath-'] 
 snap a- (from "j/'jwfl'/-): sb. ni. 'smiting'. — snapdi dat. sg. 'for smiting 
 
 down' Ys. 57.32. — [Phi. snaM, snaj (llorn)J 
 spa g tit a- (from yspit-, Gr. § 786): adj. 'white'.— Yt. 14.13. 
 
 \^V\.. svetita-; Phi. spet ; New P. siped\ 
 spa^Iii- (from '\fspa/is-, an j-formation from j/.f/aj'- q. v., Gr. § 158): 
 
 sb. f. 'observation, watchfulness'. 
 span- (from |/^x«-): sb. m. (dcln. Gr. § 314 N. lb) 'dog'. — spandnt 
 ace. sg. Vd. 6.50; siino nom. (ace.) pi. Vd. 6.45,46,47. 
 [Skt. svdn-i Phi. sak, sag; New P. sag\ 
 yspar-: vb. cl. 6 'go, tread, stamp, spring'. — Cf. frasparana-. 
 
 [Skt. sphar-, sphur- ; Phi. spurtan (Bund.); New P. sipardati] 
 ys-f>as-: vb. cl. 4 'watch, observe'.— Cf. po^ru.spaJi^i-. 
 
 [Skt. spas-, pas-] 
 yispd-: vb. cl. 4 • throw '.— + a«/<i 'toss'. — aipi.spayeUi pres. indie. 
 3sg. Yt. 14.13. 
 
 yispd-: vb. cl. 3 'deck, adorn'. |-/ra ' decorate '.—/rJ ... sispata 
 
 pret. indie, mid. Yt. 5.7. 
 yspit-: vb. cl. X 'be bright, shining, white*. — Cf. spaitita-, spiti". 
 [Ski. svit-] 
 
lOO spil&mu sravah- 
 
 spit a ma-, spil&ma- (cf. \!'spit', cf. (Jr. § 849): palroiiyiti., sb. m. 
 
 ' descendent of Spitama '. Esp. S pita in a Zarathushtr a. — 
 
 Ys. 26.5; Vs. 57.8; Vl. 5. 1; Yt. 14. 1 ; Vd. 3.23; Vd. 6.45; Vd. 19.7. 
 
 « [I'lil. f^itiimSn] 
 
 spiti' (from y^;*;/-): adj. * white, clear, bright'.— Cf. spii&nta-y spitL- 
 
 doipra'.-^[Ci. Skt. svily-dr-\ 
 splti.ddipra- (from spiti- + <i°)\ adj. * clear-eyed ', — Yt. 14.17 (of a 
 
 young man). — - [I'h!. spjl-dosr] 
 spfiita- (froiu yjtt- q. v.): adj. 'wholesome, beneficent, holy'. A 
 cardinal word in the Avesta, and rendered in Phi. Vers, by 
 a/zunik •increasing, bounleous ' (cf. for meaning Eng. 'august' 
 = reverend, from l.tiK. aug-eo 'to increa.se'). Nar. generally has 
 a compd. or .superl. mahat-, guru-. — Ys. 26.1,3,10 (Frava.shis) ; 
 Ys. 26.3, Ys. 57.2,6,8, 12,23, Vd. l9.9(Amesha.Spentas); V'^s. 57.24 
 (Spenta Armaiti) ; Ys. 57.17, Vd. 19.9 (Holy Spirit of Ormazd) ; 
 Ys. 57.27 (horses of Sraosha). 
 
 [Cf. Skt. svdittd-; Phi. "spami ; New P. nspand, i<!fend\ 
 spanista- (superl. to spsula-, Gr. § 365): adj. 'holiest, most bene- 
 ficent*. Epithet of Ahura Mazda.— Yt. 14. i (voc. sg.). 
 [Phi. spaaiist] 
 s mar in a- (? cf. Skt. smdsrti- 'beard'): sb. m. 'hair'. — 'See ne.\t word. 
 s 7nar i n6.dae ma- (from smar^no -\~ daiman'^: ' having" hairy eyes'.— 
 
 Yt. 14.12 (shaggy brows of Bactrian camel). 
 srailla- (superl. to noun sri- q. v.): adj. 'fairest, most excellent'.— 
 
 Ys. 26.2. — [Skt. irestha-] 
 srao^U' (from |/j>v/-)t sb. m. 'hearing, obedience'. Esp. personified 
 as divinity, Sraosha (sec Introd. to Ys. 57.1).— Ys. 57.2,3,4, 
 13,14,25,26,32,33; Vsp. 15. 1 (personified devotion). 
 [Phi. sroS; New P. sero^] 
 sraoiO.carana- (from srao^a' -^^ carana- q. v.) : sb. f. 'whip, rod' (lit. 
 ' causing obedience '). A sort of whip or scoiu-ge used in con- 
 nection with the aspaUe aUra (q. v.) for inflicting stripesi in 
 religious llagellation or seIf-castigalion.~Vd. 6.48 (instr. sg.). 
 sraoio.pata- (iVoiii i/'o -|- "|//«- q. v.j: adj. 'protected by Sraosha, 
 
 under Sraosha's keeping '.—Y.s. 57.34 (ace. pi.). 
 s rusk a- (from ysrasc- q. v.): sb. m. 'drop, hail'. — .See ne.xt word. 
 
 [Ph!. sriU; New P. sin^k 'drop'] 
 '\firasc-: vb. 'fall in drops, or as hail '.- rrojr/;//// ^ /ir^/^S pruh. ptcpl. 
 
 nom. pi. fern, 'victuals trickling from the mouth' Vd. 3.29. 
 sr avail- (from \l srU'): sb. n. 'word'. — sravJ) aec. pi. Vs. 57. 4. — Cf. 
 also d^uI.sravaA-.—^^Skt. srdi>as- , Phi. srav (Horn)i 
 
srt- ^ ta'n.gaosa- ^ ,>,''*,;.,; ; '.»',*', loa? .' '' 
 
 ■J/^jr;-; vb. cl. i (i) 'lean, rest'; (2) 'betake oneself. — srayano pres. 
 
 ptcpl. mid. nom. sg. m. (^^aV. § 507) Vd. 3,29. -—[SUt. jW-J 
 sri-: sb. f. * beauty, fairness'. — Cf. srtra-, sraclla-. — [Skt. j>/-] 
 srira- (from jr/-): adj. 'fair, heautiful'. — Ys. 57«19; Yt. 5.7 (bis); 
 
 Yt. 14. 2, 7, 9, 17. — [Skt. j-rfra-j 
 y^jf//-; vb. cl. 5 'hear'. — Caus. 'recite'. ^/>'a (cans.) 'chant'.— 
 
 frasr&vaya^ pret. indie, act. 3 Sg. Ys. 57.8, Vd. 19.IO; — frastrUta 
 
 (see s. v'.).— [Skt. ir«-; Phi. srutan ; New P. j/-«</</i7] 
 sru-: sb. n. *hom'. — Cf. srvS.-, jrrtf«?;w-. — [Phi. jraJ/^/ New P. jw/m] 
 sruye, see under srvd-, 
 srzt^ena- (from j;*//-, 6'/'. § 829): adj. 'made of horn'. •—srz/aena nom. 
 
 pi. m. Ys. 57.27 (hoofs of horn). — [Phi. srn/>m] 
 srva- (cf. sru-): sb. f. 'horn'. — jr«/y^ ace. du. Yt. 14.7. — Cf. also za- 
 
 rtf/ryi?.j/-v«-. — [Phi. sriilt, sruv; N\ziif P. suFii] 
 
 Av. ej /. 
 
 ^acta- (fr. jA/^"-): sb. n 'land, property, possession'. — Cf. ^aito.fradana-, 
 iaito.fradana- (from iadia- -{-fr^): adj. 'increasing property, further- 
 ing the land'. — Yt. 5.1. 
 iff-: adj. 'happy, joyful '.—/r;& nom. sg. f. [Gr. § 250) Vd. 3.24. 
 "Yii-: vb. cl. 2 'dwell, occupy, possess'. — Cf. ahoi.$ditan-, iacta-. 
 (Skt. hi-, Gr. § 158 N. i] 
 
 y^rt - .• vb. cl. I ' move, stir '. f- a^pi 'interrupt '. — attapi.^uta- pass. 
 
 ptcpJ. ((I. V.) Vsp. 15.2.— Cf. also fragusaf, ^yaopna-. 
 [Skt. cyu-; Old P. siyu-i New P. ^udan^ 
 |/"/afj- (from Y$u-, inchoat., Gr. § 697): inchoat. vb. cl. 6 (r7r. § 697) 
 
 start, stir '. 1- fra 'comq forth, proceed', —'fra^itsat 
 
 pret. indie, act. 3 sg. Yt. 5.7. 
 
 Av. ro / 
 
 ^yaopna- (from \ ^u-, Gr. § 162): sb. n. 'deed, action*. — Ys. 57.4 ; 
 Vsp. 15 I, Yt. 5.9; Yt. 14.5. — [Skt. cyautnd-\ 
 
 Av. r :. 
 
 i(t*ri': adj. 'yellow, golden*. — Cf. za^rL^aoia-t "ddiprtJ'. 
 
 [Skt. hdri- : Phi. zar, zartn : New P. zar-\ 
 6a*rLgaoia^ (from 2:» + j^) : adj. 'golden-eared'. — Yt. 14.9 (of a horse). 
 
 [Cf. Phi. zaringoS] 
 
lQl2' i.a'ri.ddipra zaya- 
 
 zairLdoipra- (from z^-\'d'>')'. adj. * golden-eyed ' (epithet of Haoma, 
 
 because of 'its yellow flowers). — Ys. 57-19. 
 z a en ah' (from Yzi-)\ sb. n. 'vigilance, watchfulness'. — Ys. 57.16. 
 
 [Phi. Vers, has zgnavandih] 
 izaotar- (from yic«-): sb. m. 'invoker, priest'. Title of the Zoroa- 
 
 strian priest, later ZoL—^aoi zaotar'm ace. sg, 'to the officiating 
 
 priest' Yt. 5.132. — [Ski. hotar-; Phi. sJ/J 
 2 zaotar-: uncertain, — zaotar?m ace. sg. Ys. ii.i. Perhaps 'keeper, 
 
 drover' (?). Nar. has gfhtf 3mm 'keeper, retainer'; Phl.Vers. 
 
 transcribes as zof (possibly s«?/, cf. West Sc Haug, ytrda Viraf 
 
 Glossary p. 150). The reference in zaot&rain is at all events to 
 
 a man of the third class, since bd^anm and hd^rsm refer 
 
 respectively to the warrior and priestly classes. 
 zaopra- (from yis//-): sb. f. 'offering, oblation, libation' (esp. cojn- 
 
 secrated water). —Ys. 57.3 ; Yt. 5.8, 9 ; Yt. 14.5. 
 [Skt. hotrd-; Phi. zohr ; New P. zdr\ 
 zaopro.bara- ( from zaopra- + '\fbar- ) : adj. ' offering libations '. — 
 
 Yt. 5-132. 
 '\fizan': vb. cl. i, 4 (i) 'beget, bear'; (2) 'be born' (intrans. and mid.). 
 
 \-tis 'be bor n '.— 2awa'V<? pres. subj, mid. 3 sg. (on &, cf. 
 
 Gr, § 478 N. 2) Ys. 1 1.6; zay&nte (cl. 4) pres. subj. mid. 3 pi. 
 
 Ys. XI.6; us.zay&He pres. subj. mid, 3 sg, Vd. 19.5. — Cf. also 
 
 azdta-, zantn-. — [Skt. jan-; Phi. zdtan; New P. zndan] 
 Yzian-: vb. cl. i 'know'.— +/a*V/ 'recognize, receive, yft\- 
 
 comt\—-{-ava 'percti\\G'.-^ava.za»qn pres. (scdry.) subj. 
 
 act. 3 pi, Vd. 6.45 ; paULzatitd pass, ptcpl. (adj.) nom. sg. m, 
 
 Ys. 57»i4, 34. — Cf. also HzaUiti-, huzantu-. 
 
 [Skt. jan-, jtia-; cf. I'hl. danistan ; New P. danistat{\ 
 zantn- (from |/"i0a«-): sb. m. 'tribe, town' (Lat. ^'•mj)— the third 
 
 largest division in the four-fold constitution of the Iranian state, 
 
 y\i.[\)nmana-, {2) vis-, {^)zantu-, {<\) dahyu-. — zantaot abl. sg. 
 
 ♦from that town' Ys. 57-14; zant^ul gen. sg. Yt. 5.6. 
 [Skt. jantu-; Phi. zand^ 
 z an turn a- (from zantu-): adj. 'belonging to or presiding over the 
 
 tribe'. — Ys. 26.1. 
 zam-, z'm-: .sb. f. (dcln. Gr. § 318) 'earth'.— «« nom. sg. Vd. 3.24,26,28; 
 
 zqm ace. sg. Ys. 57.23,33, Vd. 3.23,25,26,28; z*ina paHi instr. 
 
 sg. Yt. 5.3; z»me paHi dat. sg. Vd. 6.51; z^mo gen. sg. Ys. IX. 7. 
 [Skt. jam-t jm-; Phi. zamtk ; New P. zami\ 
 zaya- (from Y^i-)'- sb. m..n. 'weapon, missile '.—Vd. 19.8,9.— Cf. also 
 
 zayuttma-. — [Phi. ia;J 
 
zayana zazvOvha IO3 
 
 zay unO' {{xoxa.'\fzi', d. A\. zyam-, zim-, 2zaya 'hiems'): adj. 'relating 
 to winter'; — sb. lu. • winter '.—Yt. 5.5 (<;ee Gr. § 932 expl.). 
 [Cf. Skt. hayana-] 
 zayotima- (superl. corresp. to noun zaya- q. v.) : adj. 'best-armed'. — 
 
 Yt. 1 4. 1. 
 "yfzar-: vb. 'grow old, waste away'. — Cf. zrvan-^ 
 
 [Skt. \jar-; cf. Phi. z&r ; New P. zSr (Horn)] 
 zaraj>ultra- (cf. uStra-): sb. m. nom. propr. ' Zarathushtra, Zoroaster', 
 Gk. Zwpodaxpvjg. The founder of the Avestan religion and pro- 
 phet of ancient Iran.— Ys. 11.8; Ys. 26.5; Ys. 57.8; Yt. 5-i,7,9; 
 Yt. 14.1; Yd. 3.23; Vd. 6.45; Yd. 19.5 seq. 
 
 [Phi. zartult, zaratuha^t ; New P. zardust etc.] 
 starapullri- (from z"): adj. ' Zarathushtrian, belonging to or descended 
 from Zoroaster'. — zarapu^troU gen. sg. m. 'son of Z.' Ys. 26.5; 
 zara/>uStri srav& ace. pi. n. 'words of Z.' {Gr. § 252) Ys. 57.4; 
 zarapuStrayo voc. pi. m. 'ye followers of Z.' Vsp. 15. i. 
 [Phi. zartamn] 
 zarapuStr6t3ma- (superl. to «artf/«i/rrt-) : sb. m. ' Zarathushtrotema ', 
 the chief high-priest, Dastur i Dasturan ; — adj. 'belonging to 
 the Zarathushtrotema'. — Y.s. 26.1 (fravo^ayo). 
 [Phi. zaratuituni\ 
 zar any a- (cf. za^'ri-): adj. 'golden';— sb. m. <gold'. — zaranya instr. sg. 
 m. Ys. 57.27 (horses' hoofs shod with gold). 
 [Skt. hiranya- : Phi. zartn; New P. zarin^ 
 zftranyd.a^wicfdna- (from z" -\- a^widSna-) '. adj. 'with golden bridle, 
 
 or caparison', — Yt. 14.9. 
 zaranyo.srva- (from z" -\- si-va-)-. adj. 'golden-horned'. — Yt. 14.7. 
 zar^zdaUi (from zard- -^Y'^'^-)'' ^b. f. 'laying to heart, heart's de- 
 votion, propagation (of the Gospel)'. — Vsp. 15.2 (dat. sg.). 
 zard-: .sb. n. (cf. Ys. 31.12) 'heart'. — See preceding word. 
 
 [Skt. hfd-; Phi. dil ; New P. dil (cf. Horn)] 
 zarltvn-: sb. m. ' stone '. — Cf. zarsivaina-. 
 zarlfvaina- (from zar^tvu-, Gr. § 829): adj. 'made of stone'; — sb. m. 
 
 'stone'. — Vd. 6.46, see note. 
 zavana- (from "^12?/-): sb. m. 'call, invocat or '. — Cf. zavand.sasla-, 
 
 [Skt. kdvanaA 
 zav ano.sSsta- (from %<>-{- sasta-)\ adj. 'commanded at call, at call 
 
 when invoked'. — Ys. 5.9. 
 zasta-: sb. m. 'hand'. — zastaya loc. sg. Ys. 57.31 ; zastS ace. pi. Vsp. 15. i. 
 
 [Skt. hdsta-; Old P. dasta- ; Phi. dast ; New P. dast\ 
 zazv&vha, see under y"2a-. 
 
1 04 ^^ — ->'*■ 
 
 Yza-: vb. cl. 3 *get, obtain, win'. — zazv^vha pf. ptcpl. act. nom. pi. 
 
 'victorious' Yt. 5.132. 
 zala- (from 'Y i zau-, pass, plcpl.) : adj. 'born'. — C^. azdia-. 
 
 [Skt. jStd-; Phi. zaf] 
 zdnaite, see under \f \. zau-. 
 zanu-: sb. m. 'knee'. — Cf. ^hiu-. 
 
 [Skt. janu- : Phi. zanuk, janUk ; New P. 2J«;?j 
 za'ni- (from y i s^//-): sb. f. 'birth'. -Cf. hutainil-, and huzami- Vt. 5.87. 
 
 [Skt. jdun-\ 
 sSvar- (from |^2 s//-) : .sb. n. ' flectness, vigor '. —Ys. 11.2; Ys. 57.26. 
 
 [I'hl. Zifi', zavSr ; Ntw P. 3i>r] 
 zHvi^i, see under |,^i 2^-. 
 
 y^i-: vb. 'impel, drive'.— Cf. zacnah-f zuya-. — [SkU -^/-] 
 ztnal, see under |/2;v7-, z/'-. 
 sf.- particle poslpos. 'for. indeed, verily'. — Yt. 14.12; Vd. 3.2.4.. 
 
 [Skt. hi-\ 
 zu^a: uncertain word.— Yt. 5.7, cf, oXso frazuifm Vt. 5.126, baro.zupm 
 \'t. 19.42, possibly also zuia, ZPhl.Gl. p. 30. 2. Perhaps a special 
 garment or adornraent, possibly 'bracelet' servin}:; also as arm- 
 protector in the case of an archer. See representation of Ardvl 
 Siira in Justi's Geschkhte des alien Fersieiis p. 94 ,• and Dieu- 
 lafoy's Persian archers from Susa in the Louvre. 
 Yizil-: vb. cl. I (i) 'call, invoke'; (2) 'cry out, chide, curse' (euphe- 
 mistic).— ;:«^<7^V/, "d^riti pres. indie, act. 3 sg., pi. Vs. 11.1,2,3; 
 — zdvi^i aor. indie, mid. pass, i sg. (6>. § 664) Vd. 19.6 (Phi. 
 Vers, also has * thy ancestors worshipped me, do thou also wor- 
 ship nie ' ). — See \''zbd- below. 
 
 [Skt. hff-, hva- ; cf. Phi. dzhdyUn 'invocation, prayer' (Horn)] 
 '\f2zft-- vb. cl. I 'speed, hasten, drive'. — Cf. \avar-. 
 
 [Skt. y«?-,- cf. Phi. ziit; New P. zud 'quick'] 
 z>ind, Z'' in'e etc., .-^ee under zatn-. 
 zqpa- (from \f \ zan-): sb. m. 'birth'. — Yt. 5.2 'Ardvi Sura purifies the 
 
 wombs for child-bearing'. 
 zqm , see under zam-. 
 
 Yzlfd-: vb. cl. 4 '.call, invoke'.— zAayemi pres. indie, act. i sg, Ys. a6.i. 
 — See y^ ^'^* above. 
 
 [Skt. /tvd-, hit-; Phi. dzhayihi 'invocation, prayer' (Morn)] 
 yzyd-, zi-: vb. cl. 9 {Gr. § 58S) 'take away, deprive forcibly'.— 
 ztMdf pres. (scdry.) subj. act. 3 sg. Ys. n.5 (with two ace). 
 [Skt.y>J-, ji- (jittuHj: Old P. di- ; cf. Phi. iJnitdr (ZPhl.Gl.); 
 New P. zinU(ni\ 
 
zrayah haomannvha' |OC 
 
 zrayah- (from \''zri-): sb. n. 'sea, expanse of ocean'. Ksp. the Sea 
 Vouru kasha. — aoi zruy5 ace. sg. to the sea' Yt. 5.3; zraydi 
 loc. sg. (C;a §§ 3li, 357 N. 2) Yi. 5.4. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. jrdyas-: Old P. drayah-: Phi. darySk ; New P. 
 daryn (Horn)J 
 yzri-: vb. cl. i 'go, stretch, expand *.~Cf. zrayah-. ^-^\i^V\.. jriA 
 zrvaw (from Ylzar- q. v.) : sb. n. 'time'. Esp. with ai-ara/ra- [q. y.) 
 ' Boundless Time, Eternity'. In later Zoroastrianism Ormazd and 
 Ahriman are conceived of :is sprung from Zarvan. — Vd, 19.9 
 (6>. § 992 N. 2 expl.) — [PhJ. zarvnn; New P. zarv&n\ 
 
 ^ Av. Ill) I. 
 
 s:ar- (side-form of Yjiar- q. v.): vb. cl. i 'flow, run, stream'.— 
 ■\-/ra 'flow ioxi\i\^-/raigaraiti pitis. indie, act. 3 sg. Yt. 5.4. 
 
 Av. or, (^, f** iw) h, Ji, 4^ f/^v; 
 
 I ha-, ha-, ia-: dem. pron. (dcln. Or. § 409) ' this".-- /4J nom. sg. m. 
 
 \s. 57.18; M nora. sg. f. Vt, 5.5.— See also '</-. — [Skt. sa-. sH-, ta-] 
 
 7. ha'' (from ham, hoj, cf. Gk. &-7tXco^, I.at. semel) inscp. prefix 'together, 
 
 one'. — Cf. hak^r't, hazapra- •—[Skt. sa=] 
 haipya- (from hant- q. v., Cn % 812): adj. *reaj, true. very*. — ha^'^ifn 
 ace. 6g. advl. (6r>. § 934) 'essentially' Y.s. 11. 1. 
 [Skt. saiyd-; Old P. hasiya-^^ 
 ha**rva- (fr-om l/-*<2r-, Gr. § 819): adj. 'whole, entire'. — Cf. ha^i'vatat-. 
 [Skt. sdrva-; Old P. hatuva-; Phi. /m/-, har-vtsp; New P. //tfr] 
 ha^rvatat- (from ha»rv<i-, Gr. § 842): sb. f. 'wholeness, perfection, 
 Haurvatat (^Salvation). Cf. 0>. Introd. p. xxvi § n.--hai*yvat&s 
 nom, .sg. [(ir. § 28 1) Ys. 57.24. — See atuorHat- above. 
 [Skt. san'dlSt-; Phi. l^drJal ; New P. jo r dad] 
 halnS- (from V^^-): sb. f. 'band, host, horde' (always in bad sense, 
 ravaging ^x'Kiy).--< hainSbyii dat. ab), pi. {Cr. § 247 expi.) Vs. 57.25. 
 [Skt. sin&'y Old P hainS-; Phi. //r;/| 
 hacva-, haoya-: adj. *left, left si6.e\— hoyum ace. sg. u. [Gr. § 63 
 
 N. 2 expl,) Ys. 1 1.4. — [Skt. savyd-;''Pb\. hoi] 
 ha am 'I' (from l/^f-^//-): sb. ni. ' haoma-plant, juice, Haoma' (divinity). 
 -Ys. 11.1,3,4,7,8; Y's. 57- 19; Vd. 19.9. 
 [Skt. soma-; Phi. ^iJw/ New P. hum] 
 h do man a V ha- (from hn '\- manah-, ci, Gr. § 60 N. c): adj. ^well- 
 minded'. — Yt. 5,8 (dat. sg m.).— '[Skt. sdumanasd-\ 
 
J o5 haomayO — hapta 
 
 haoniayo, see below, under adjective haomi-. 
 
 haomovajil- (from haoma-): adj. 'consisting of haoma*. — haomavaUi' 
 
 byd zaopraf'yo dat. abl. f. pi. ' haoma oblations ' Yt. 5.8. 
 [Skt. somavant- ; cf. Phi. hdrndmajtU^ 
 haomi- (from haoma-, cf. also Ys. 7.3): adj. 'provided with haoma*. 
 
 — haomayo Yt. 5.9, see note. 
 haoy&, see under kava-. 
 haozqpwa- (from huzatitu- i\.\\)\ sb. n. 'gracious knowledge, reverence*. 
 
 — haozqP'iva instr. sg. Ys. 57.23.— [Phi. huzandV{\ 
 hakdr'l (from z ha" -Y Ykar-). adv. (6"/-. §§ 375, 730) 'once'. — Cf. 
 
 hakir'^.jan [Skt. sakft ] 
 
 hak?r' ^.jan- (from //" + y"/a//-): adj. 'killing at one stroke'. — Yt. 14.15 
 
 (epithet of a boar). 
 havuhar^na- (from ^l h'ar-): sb. n. 'jaw-bone' (cf. paHis.har^na^ 
 
 'jaw').^ — havu/iar'ne ace. du. Ys. 11.4,5. 
 yh ac -: vb. cl. i ' accompany, attend, follow '. ^- upa 'attend '. — 
 
 upavhacayeni caus. pres. subj. act. I sg. 'attach myself to' Yt. 5.8; 
 
 hacimnO pres. ptcpl. pass. nom. sg, m. ' attended by evil reports ' 
 
 Ys. 11.1,3. — [Skt. sac-\ 
 haca- (from \''hac-^'. (i) prep. w. instr. abl. 'with, together with, from'; 
 
 — (2) prefix, cf. haca.mana-. — With abl. Ys. 26.10; Ys. 57.12,14; 
 
 Yt. 5-3.7.9,132; Yt. 14.5; Vd. 19.6. 
 
 [Skt. sdca; Old P. haca; Phi. aj ; New P. az, z-] 
 haca.mana- (from haca-{- ywa;^-): adj. 'attentive xn thought'. — Yt. 5.8. 
 hapra: adv. 'together, complete'. — See next word.— -[Skt. satrd\ 
 h ap ra,niv aUi- (from hapra + yvan-^ : sb. f. ' complete conquest '. — 
 
 Ys. 57.26. 
 yhad-: vb. cL i, 3 'sit, seat oneself. \-ni 'descend to'. — «/- 
 
 iavhasti pres. indie, act. 3 sg. {Gr. § 754.3) Ys. 57.30.— Cf. also 
 
 a^wiiastar-. 
 
 [Skt. sad-; Old P. had-; Phi. ni-^astan ; New P. ni-Iastan] 
 hada-: (i) adv. 'always'; (2) prep. w. abl. instr. 'with'. — Ys. 57.17. 
 
 [Skt. sahd, cf. sdda; Old P. hadd\ 
 hatij a m ana- (from ham -f- "^gam-, jam-) : sb. n. * meeting '. — hatijamane 
 
 loc. sg. Ys. 1 1.2 (the race-course, or battle). 
 
 [Cf. Skt sqgamd-; Phi. hanjaman ; New P. anjuman] 
 hant-, hat- (from '\f \ ah-, pres. ptcpl.): adj. 'being, living being, 
 
 creature '.--//a/^w gen. pi. m. {Gr, § 18 N. 3) Yt. 5.9. — Cf. also 
 
 ha'Pya-. — [Skt. sdnt-, sat-] 
 hapta: num. {(Jr. § 366) 'seven'. — karivqn yai? hapta 'the seven Karsh- 
 
 vars' Yt. 5.5. — [Skt. saptd; Phi. haft; New P. ha/t] 
 
haptavh&Ui hava- ^Qn 
 
 haptavhaUi' (from hapta •\- hdHi- c^.v.)-. adj. * comprising seven chap- 
 ters ' ; — sb. m. * Yasna Haptanhaiti ' (see Gr. Introd, p. xviii 
 
 § 13).— Ys. 57.22; Vsp. 15.2. — [Phi. haft-hat] 
 hapta.ya\Sti- (from h^ ■\-ya1iUi-): sb. m. ' seven stalks ' (of barsom). — 
 
 Ys. 57.6 (ace. pi.), see note. 
 hapto.kar iva*ritn, see under next word. 
 hap to.karivan- (from h^-^-k")-. adj. 'consisting of seven Karshvars 
 
 or zones'. — haptO.karfvaWim ace. sg. fem. {Gr. § 855 expl.) 
 
 Ys. 57.23. — [Phi. haft-kelvaro] 
 I ham, hqm, hat}": adv., vbl. prefix (Gr. §§ 750, 753 N. 2) 'with, 
 
 together '. — Cf. hama-, hanijr^pa-, hqm.tasti, hatijamana-, 
 [Skt. sdm; Old P. ham; Phi. ham; New P. hatn\ 
 9 ham-: sb. f. ' summer '. — Cf. hqmin-. — [Cf. Skt. samd- ' year, season ' ] 
 hama- (from ham): adj. 'same, entire'. — hamahe ... hamaya gen. sg. 
 
 m. f. Ys. 57-3 1- — Cf. alsa hamo.^iapra-. 
 
 [Skt. samd-; Old P. hama-; Phi. hamak; New P. hamaJ{\ 
 hamapa- (from hama-, Gr. §§ 844, 942): adv. 'continually'. — Yt. 5.5. 
 hamo.Ji^apra- (from hama- ■\- ^i") : adj. 'all-powerful, monarch'. — 
 
 Yt. X4.13. 
 ham9r»pa- (from ham -^y^fif-^'- sb. m. 'adversary, foe'. — Ys. 57.26. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. sdmrti- 'conflict'] 
 '\fhar-: vb. cl. 8 'guard'. \-ni 'keep guard over, preserve'. 
 
 — ptilha^rvaUi pres. indie, act. 3 sg. {Gr. § 754.2) Ys. 57.16. 
 
 — Cf. also ha»rva-, harHar-, har'Pra-, hilara-. 
 haraHJ- (cf. hara-y. sb. f. nom. propr. 'Haraiti', name of a mountain, 
 
 Haraiti Bareza, Mount Alborz. — hara^pyd gen. sg. [Gr. § 259) 
 
 Ys. 57.19,21. 
 hara-: sb. f. nomen propr. 'Hara*, Mount Alborz in Mazanderan, south 
 
 of Caspian Sea. — Cf. haraHt-. 
 har'tar- (from yhar-)-. sb. m. 'guardian, keeper', — har'ta nom. sg. 
 
 Ys. 57.15. 
 har'Pra- (from yhar-)'. sb. n. 'guarding'. — har'prai dat. sg. (infin.) 
 
 Yt. 5.6. 
 Yharz-: vb. cl. 6 'send forth, let go'. [- pa^ri 'strain, filter* 
 
 ( haoma juice ). \-fra 'emit seed', —^fravhar'ziiitqm pres, 
 
 ptcpl. act. gen. pi. m. 'of males that are in rut' Yt. 14.12; zao" 
 Prdbyo pa^riavharltibyd pass, ptcpl. dat. abl. pi. f. (Gr. § 754.3) 
 
 Yt. 5.8. — [Skt. sarj-; Phi. hUtan; New P. hUlan] 
 hava- (side-form of hva-, ha- q. v.) : poss. adj. pron. {Gr, § 440 N. i) 
 
 *ov/n', Lat. suus. — haoym gen. sg. f. {Gr. §§ 440 N. i, 62.2) 
 
 Ys. ii.i; havae^bya pddae*bya instr. du, Yd. 6.46. — [Skt sva-] 
 
1 08 hazawra Hnka'rya- 
 
 liazauri': num. sb. n. (6V. § 374) * thousand '.-Yt. 5.4.-~Seo ;ilso 
 
 ne,\t word. — [Skt. sahdsra- ; Phi. haxar , New P. hazar\ 
 hazavr o.stztiia- (from h^ ■{- stuna'\\ adj. 'with a thousarid columns'. 
 
 — Ys. 57*21 'a house of a thousand columns'. 
 
 [.•^kt. sahdara-sthtiita-; Phi. hazar-stun; cf. New 1*. hazdr sutiin, 
 name for Persepolis] 
 hS, see nnder ha-, in-, 
 ha'ni-: sb f. 'section, chapter, Ha'.— Cf. JiaplaahaHi-, 
 
 [Cf. pcrh. Skt. salt- {\r san')\ -. Phi. hat; New P. /wj 
 'haififi- (prob. from !/"//«/-, 6>. § 777): sb. f. 'female*.— Yt. 5.2 (ace. 
 
 and gen. pi.). 
 hatqm, see under hattf-. 
 kdvana- (from \fi hit'): sh. m. 'mortar, havana' (in which «he haoma 
 
 was pounded). — Yd. 19.9 (instr. sg.). 
 
 [Cf. Skt. sdi/ana'; Phi. hdoan; New P. hdvati] 
 JiQi'dya- (from luieva-, kaoya-)-. adj. 'XaW . — hSv^ya hazvo Yd. 3.25,26, 
 
 see note. — [Cf. Skt. $avyd, Gr. § 60 N. dj 
 Y^'-: vb. 'bind, span'.— Cf. hila-, haend-, />««»///-. — [Skt. si-\ 
 hit a- (from |'V// ) : sb. m. 'team, span of horses'. - Y.s. 57.26 (dat. pi.). 
 himiu-: }>b. m. nomen propr. 'river, Indus '.--/«>f//t/«? loc. gen. {Gr. 
 
 §§ 265, 933 N.) Ys. 57-29, ste noic. 
 
 [Skt. simlfiu-; Old P. hi(n)du-; Phi. hindakdn; New 1\ >l«»rf] 
 ki^ara- (from [/ii^//-- redupk): adj. 'keeping guard over*. — Ys. 57.17 
 
 (wilh Hcr.). 
 hista'te, see under yj/J~. 
 hizu-, hizva-: sb. m. (6>. § 220 N, i) 'tongue'. — ///«/ hizvo gen. abl. 
 
 Y^. II. i, 5; hhud davhaake 'with skill of tongue' Yt. 5.9; Vt. 14.5. 
 [Skt. jihvd-; Phi. utvan, huzvcii, zardn; Now P. zaldn] 
 kizvS r » IT u : uncertain word. — Yl. 5.6, see note ad Joe. Similarly also 
 
 now Darme.-iteter. 
 him, htS, see under I.e. 
 hm^: prefix *well, good'. — Ci. hukpr'ta", hutastu-, htnnaia- etc. 
 
 [Skt. su; Old P. //, uv; Phi. hu\ 
 I'lhu-: vb. cl, 5 'press out' (esp. extract haouia juice). \- ahoi 'ex- 
 
 l racl'.— w'r<://oV////.»/w (q» v.) darayehi 'wilholdest me when ex- 
 tracted' Ys. 11.3 (j5ce note on Phi. Vers.).- Cf. also haoma-, 
 
 //^«//7;7j-. — [Skt. .f//-/ Phi. hilmtan\ 
 \2h11- (probably orig. conn, with \flhu-)\ vh. cl. 9 {Gr. .§§ 583, 591) 
 
 'generate, produce'. — [Skt. su-, sii-\ 
 huka'tya-: »b. n. nouien propr. 'Hukairya', name of a mountain. -r- 
 
 Yt. 5.3. — [Phi. h$4iar, hugnr] 
 
/lukfr'ta- — 2 hu' 
 
 109 
 
 AuAjr^ea- {{roxn Au + ht-^/a- q.v.): adj. ' well-made'.- Vd. 19.8, 9, see 
 note. — [Skt. sukliu- ; Phi. hukarf] 
 
 hukir'pta- (from '^karp- = Skt. ykalp-)-. adj. 'well-Formed, of per- 
 fect shaip^',-^—/rava^if/t hukjr'ptitnqtn superl. ace. sg. f. Ys. 26.2. 
 rSkt. suklpta-\ 
 
 hu\iapra- (from hu-\-Ji^)'. adj. 'having goodly power, rightly ruling'. 
 — Vd. 19.9 (nom. pi. m., Amesha Spenlas). — [Skt. suksatra-'] 
 
 huiinaopra- (from hu-\-2 ^^naopra-)-. sb. n. 'good knee' {Gr. § 882, i). 
 -hu.'ifnaop^-e hripaUiH&ne ace. du. (dvandva cpd., Gr. § 879) 
 'upon his firm knees and his sure feet' Yt. 14.13. — See hu- 
 pait'iUdna'. 
 
 kuta^tki' (from /iu -\- taJ/a-) : adj. ' well-shapen'.- -Vt. 14.7,9. 
 [Skt. stita?ia- ; Phi. hutaU^ 
 
 hudah- {{torn, hu ■\- dSh- 4. v.): adj. * beneficent, benevolent'. — g3u^ hu- 
 dOivho gen. sg. Ys. 26.4, see notej hudavho nom. pi. m. Vd. 19.9 
 (Amesha Spentas). — [Cf. Skt. sudds-; PKl. hudak'\ 
 
 kupaUiitana- (from hu + paHtstdna-): sb. n. 'sure foot' {Gr. § 882,1). 
 — Yt. 14.13, sec huli^nuopfa- above. 
 
 hup at a- (from hu--\-YP^' <I-^')- '^'^j* 'well-kept, protected'. — \iaprtl 
 hupatvt9m0 superl. nom. pi. f. Yt. 14.12. 
 
 humata- (from hu •\- mala-, pass, ptcpl. j/"»;<7«- q. v.) : adj. 'well-thought'; 
 — sb. n. 'good thought'.— Cf. fr&yo.humata-, 
 [Cf. Skt. sumati-; Phi. humat, hHutai] 
 
 huraoda- (from hu -^ raoda- q. v.) ; adj. 'fair of form, beautiful*.^ — 
 Ys, 57.2,5,9,25,26 (Sraosha); Y.s. 57.3 (Nairyo-Sanha) ; Yt. i4-7i9 
 (Strength); Vd. 3.24 (maiden). — [Phi. harost] 
 
 huyaita- (from hu-\-ya}ta-, pass, ptcpl. "^yaz-, Gr. § 166): adj. 'well- 
 offered*. — huyajlta yasna instr. sg. m. Yt. 5.9; — huyaStara- com- 
 parative nom. sg. f. Yt. 5.9. 
 
 huihafah-, "an (from yhap- q. v., pf. ptcpl. Gr. § 348, and Gr. § 95, 
 correction): pf. ptcpl. adj. ♦ soundly sleeping '. — Ys. 57' '7 *who 
 has not .slept since ' (sc. asti, as often w. pf. ptcpl,). 
 
 huzaritu- (from hu-\- ^2 zan-): adj. 'well-minded, >vise'. — Cf. haosq- 
 Pioa-. — [Cf. Phi. hn%andih\ 
 
 huzilmit- (from hu -^ zlimi- q. v., cf. Skt. hdri-, f. han't-): adj. 'having 
 easy childbirth '. — Yt. 5.2 (i;cc. ]A.). 
 
 1 ha (in hff fr&^mo^dii'fi-). see under hvar-. 
 
 2 ha- (from Y2 hu- q. v.) : sb. m. 'swine'. — hii (dissyllabic) hhrpa varazahe 
 
 gen. sg. 'in the shape of a wild boar' (lit. 'boar-pig') Yt. I4.1'5. 
 — Cf. also vartna-. 
 
 [Skt. sa- (in sukard- 'swine'}; Phi. Jiiik ; New P. Jiuk (Horn)] 
 
no hiil^a kaj- 
 
 hu^lia (from hu A^ u\ta-, pass, ptcpl. \fvac- q. v.) : adj. 'well-spoken'; 
 — sb. n. 'good word'. — Cf. frSydJiu^ta-. 
 [CX. Skt. suktii-; Thl. hl^i] 
 
 fie, hint, /it J: pron. end. 3d pers. (6V. §§ 395, ior6 seq.) 'he, it etc' 
 — /uru (ardvJm stirqw) ace. sg. f. Yt. 5.1; — he kanur^itptn dat. 
 gen. sg. 'his skull' Ys. 57.10; he duraesukim 'his glance' 
 Yt. 14.13; upa he /niraUi dat. sg. f. 'he bestows upon her' 
 Vd. 3.25; kS hi asti cipa {Gr. § 1020 N.) Vd. 6.47; aitada hi 
 ... nidar'zayit} (perh. cf. Gr. § 1019 N.) Vd. 6.46; noit he ... 
 opa.sfavdne daenqm (dat. = ace. sg. f. proleptic, Gr. § 10 19 N.) 
 Vd. 19.7; uzddnpm he hr'naot 'let one make a raised place or 
 repository for them' (i. e. azdbis, Gr. § 10 19) Yt. 6.50 ; hi 
 nidaptta 'deposit them' (sc. azdbis, Gr. § 1019) Vd. 6.51 , — 
 //r/ (i.e. vtspc karano) ace. pi. ui. Vt. 5.4. 
 [Skt. (Prakrit) se, siin end.] 
 
 Jioyt'im, sec under haeiui-, haoya-. 
 
 hqm, see under ham. 
 
 hqviin (from 2 ham-, <^/*. §§ 316, 835): a-lj. 'relating to summer'; — 
 sb. m. 'summer'. — hqmiriamca :uiyan?nica ace. sg. 'both summer 
 and winter' {Gr. § 932 expl.) Yt. 5.5. — [Skt. ha/ntn-] 
 
 hqvi.bir'Pwa- (from 'ybar-, Gr. § 792 j : sb. f. 'collection, burden, 
 harvest'. — Vd. 3.27 (ace. sg.), see notfe. 
 [Cf. Phi. hanibarahtis] 
 
 hqm.var'ti- (from ham -^ yz/a/--, Gr. § 788): sb. f. 'defense, courage'. 
 Esp. naWe hqni.var'tiS 'Manly Courage'. — Cf. hqm.var^tivatil-. 
 
 hqm.var^ t iv ajit - (from hqm.var'li-): adj. 'endowed with manly cour- 
 age'. — "vato gen. sg. m. Ys. 57.33 (Sraosha). 
 
 hva-, ha- (cf. kava-): poss. pron. adj. [Gr. § 440 N. i) 'own, self, 
 Lat. suus. See hava- above. — Cf. hd.staWi^-, haraoliina-, kai- 
 pa'Pya-. — [Skt. svd-; Old P. twd-] 
 
 hai" (from hva-, ha-)\ prefix in cpds. 'self, own'. — Cf. h^'aepa'Pya-. 
 [Cf. Skt. svay-Am; Old P. tivai'^] 
 
 haepa^Pya- (from h-aS- ■\- pa^pya-): adj. 'own, personal*. — kaipa^pyaca 
 var'sa 'by his own hair' Vd. 6.46. 
 
 [Cf. Skt. svapafyd-; cf. Old P. uvSipa^iya-] 
 
 hvacah* (from hu-\-vacah-, Gr. § 68b): adj. 'whose word is gracious'. 
 — hvacCb nom. sg. m. {Gr. § 339) Ys. 57.20. 
 [Skt. suvdcas; Gr. § 17] 
 
 y//^ aj- , ha nj - : vb. d. I * encompass, embrace '. \- paWi 'surround'. 
 
 '-'pairilhaJitsm ayavhahe pass, ptcpl. ace. sg. ' though encompassed 
 round with iron' Ys. 11.7, see note. — [Skt. svaj-, svafij-\ 
 
had hvarUa- \\\ 
 
 y^fl^/-, had-: vb. cl. i (trans.) 'make desirable, sweeten'; (intrans.) 
 
 •be liked, desired, relished'. — See under hasta-. 
 
 [Skt. svad; svad- ; Phi. ^dstan 'wish'; New P. fpastan\ 
 kanirapa-: sb. n. nomen propr. * Hvaniratha *, name of the central 
 
 Karshvare, the zone on which men live. — Ys. 57.31. 
 [Phi. hvaniras\ 
 y^a/-.- vb. ^ sleep, slumber'. — See hushafah- pf. ptcpl., cf. next word. 
 [Skt. svap-; Phi. ^vaftan, ^uftan; New P. ^uftan, ^usptdan] 
 yhfdbda- (from yhap-, Gr. § 692): vb. cl. i, 10 'fall, asleep'. \-ava 
 
 'drop asleep*, cf. an-avavhabd9mna- pres. ptcpl. mid. 
 ^ihar-: vb. cl. i 'eat, drink, consume'. — Cf. har'Pa-, ha^ar-, kir'fi.- 
 
 /4'ar-. — [Phi. Jivarian, ^urlan; New P. J^urdan] 
 Y^har-: vb. 'shine, be bright'. — A root inferable from Avar-, bar'nah-. 
 y^^har-: vb. 'consume, injure, wound'. Prob. originally the same as 
 
 yi /ft^ar-. — See hara-, (also ? ahar^ta- ' unconsumed ' ). 
 h. ar- (from yjvar-^'. sb. n. (dcln. Gr. § 333) 'sun'. — hu (dissyllabic) as 
 
 gen. sg. in hu fr&smd.ddHi- q. v. Ys. 57.10,16.^ — Cf. also hvar'.- 
 
 dar'sya-.——\^\i\. svlir-; Phi. hvar, i^ur ; New P. ^zir] 
 bar a- (from y^har- q. v.): sb. m. 'wound'. — Ys. 57.10. 
 
 [Phi. ^ar; cf. New P. ^larak] 
 kar'Pa- (from y \ kar-^\ sb. n. f. 'food'.— /^^ar^/d5 nom. pi. n. f. {Gr, 
 
 § 232) 'food, victuals' Vd. 3.29. — Cf. also har^po.bairya-. 
 [Cf. Phi. fivarisn\ 
 kar'Pd.bair ya- (from h-'^ -\- bairya-^: adj. 'fruit-bearing'. — Vd. 3.23 
 
 (gen. pi. f.). 
 hvar'.dar' sya ' (from hvar- ^-ydars-, Gr. § 716): adj. 'beheld by 
 
 the sun, exposed to the sunlight '.- "sya ace. pi. n. (hi = 
 
 azdbt^) Vd. 6.51. 
 har'nanfuhaiit- (from h>ar'nah-^\ adj. 'glorious'. — bar'nauuhasttmo 
 
 superl. nom. sg. m. Yt. 14.3. 
 har> nak- {iTom. y2 har-): sb. n. 'glory'. — Esp, kavaem har'nd 'the 
 
 Kingly Glory', a divine light or halo supposed to be possessed 
 
 by kings. — har^no ace. sg. Yt. i4-2 ; har'navha instr. sg. {Gr. 
 
 § 941) Ys. 57.3; Yt. 5.9; Yt. 14.2,5. 
 
 [Phi. tp^arth; New P. Jiurrah, farrah'\ 
 har'nti- (from yihar-^: sb. f. 'food' (esp. food other than grain). — 
 
 — vispa har'ntti ace. pi. ' all kinds of fruits ' (pi.) Vd. 3.27 ; 
 
 har'fitis Vd. 3.29, 
 hvar It a- (from hu -\- varSta- q. v.) : adj. 'well-done'; — sb. n. 'good 
 
 deed'. — Ys. 57.4,- Vsp. 15. i. — Cf. also frayo.hvarsta-. 
 [Phi. huvarH\ 
 
112 hvastiu — ha^ar- 
 
 hvasta- (from hu \-asla-, pass, ptcpl. |'^2 «//-) : sb. in. (sc. iht-) *a good 
 arrow-shot' (cf. Yt. 10.21}, — hvastayCb aivhima7iayiS (probably 
 gen. du.) Ys. 57.28 
 
 hvaspii- (from Jiu -^^ aspa-): adj. * well-horsed '. —Yt. 5.4 (dat. sg. m.) 
 ' for a man n>ounted ou a good liorse '. 
 
 j^Skt. sviisT-a-; Oltl P, uvaspa-; Phi. Jiu-asf^ 
 
 Y't' nh-: vb. cl. xo ' press together *. YpaHi 'crush'. -^pa^ti havha» 
 
 ycUi prt's. indie, act. 3 sg. Vs. 57.10. 
 
 hfdJyar^zll (from hva- \- b"): sl>. n. 'own cushion'. — hH.har'zd tiida^pita 
 ace. sg. 'deposit (the dead) upon his own cushion' {Gr. § 897) 
 Vd. 6.51. 
 
 hvant (.'liiUa- (from hva- -f rao^pia-)'. adj. 'sclf-shining'. — -Ys. 57.21, 
 Phi. Vers, has min bcnaf^num roluno 'shining of itself 
 [Cf. Skt. svasdcis-\ 
 
 hva.vaeja- (from kva- -f vaeja- q. v.) : adj. « striking of itself. — Ys. 57.31 
 (with snaipH), 
 
 hCi.stahis {ixova hva- -\- slahi}): sb. n. 'own bed, carpet '.— Yd. 6.51, 
 see note. 
 
 hast a- (from yf/i^aU-, hfaii- q. v.) : pass, ptcpl. adj. 'liked, desired, soli- 
 cited ' (?).—^;>'r> mqm hcLsiqni noil ia^guhe Vs. ix.l. Uncertain. 
 Phi. Vers, explains as 'giving the cow lo good people as a trea- 
 sure' (l^Sstuk) ; Nar. has lakstnya. Prob. iherefor*?. 'who doest 
 not present nie when deaired (i. e. to wortliy men), but iattenest 
 me for thyself. It can hardly mean cooked'. 
 [Cf. Skt. sidUa-\ 
 
 hd^ar- (for har'tar- from \ har-, Gr. § 164, and compensatory J): 
 sb. m. 'drinker'. — hQfdrsm ace. sg. Ys. 11.3, allusion is to one 
 of the priestly class who keeps the haoma from being drunk. 
 
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