Jt^lV^.- . Or cauforhia/ ^THROPOLOGY LIBRARY * %. CALIhC PAPERS ON ANTHROPOMETRY Reprinted from the Fublications of the American Statistical Association ; TOGETHER WITH THE GROWTH OF ST. LOUIS CHILDREN. By William Townsend Porter^ M.D. l^HE GROWTH OF CHILDREN. By Dr. H. P. Boioditch. (Reprint.) BOSTON : American Statistical Association. 1894. Prxe 50 Cents. Officers of the American Statistical Associatioi Oboajozed Novembeb 27, 1839. P-reiident^ F^aj^cts .'A; Walker, Ph.D., LL.D. Vrce-Presidents^KA^isXi.^O's A. Hill, A.M. ; : , Koii; Q>:rroll D. Wright. Richmond Mayo-Smith, A.M. Hon. Horace G. Wadlin. Prof. H. C. Adams, Ph.D. Corresponding Secretary^ E. R. L. Gould, Ph.D. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Treasurer, John S. Clark, Esq. Address, 646 Washinoton Street, Boston, Mass. Secretary and Lihrarian, Davis R. Dewey, Ph.D. Address, Institute of Technology, Boston, IVIass. Assistant Secretary, G. N. Calkins, Columbia College, New York. Counsellors, John Ward Dean, A.M. Samuel W. Abbott, M.D. S. N. D. North, Esq. Committee on PuUication, Davis R. Dewey, Ph.D. Walter C. Wright, Esq. Roland P. Falkner, Ph.D. Committee on Finance, Hamilton A. Hill, A.M. Lyman Mason, A.M. George O. Carpenter, Esq. Committee on Library, Hon. Julius L. Clarke. Rev. Samuel W. Dike, LL.D. Dr. Edward M. Hartwell, Ph.D. W. J. SOHOFIELD, PBLSTEK, 105 SCMMEB ST., BOSTON. PAPERS OX ANTHROPOMETRY, Reprinted from the PuhUcations of the American Statistical Association ; TOGETHEB WITH THE GROWTH OF ST. LOUIS CHILDREN. Bi/ WilUam Toicnsend Porter, M.D. THE GROWTH OF CHILDREN. By Dr. H. P. Bowditch. (Reprint.) BOSTON : American Stattsticai. Association. 1894. ; • •-•••• h 0^ Ultl /oh.>physicist, and even the routine educatiopi^t, , It ,is cjearlj^ the part of wisdom to utilize the material'' M'''J)re3eni;, in hand, partly in order that its actual value may be ascertained, and partly because a comprehen- sive and searching study of it would serve to indicate what problems should be attacked next, and to suggest the most hopeful means of attack in such problems. That the study of anthropometrical problems has become more extensive and diversified recently is rendered evident by comparing the number and variety of the titles of works published since 1880, or even since 1890, with those published between 1850 and 1880. (See appended Provisional List.) It is noteworthy, moreover, that interest in the physiological and psycho-physical bearings of anthropometrical science is steadily increasing. [See the articles by Bolton (7), Bryan (12), Burnham (13), Gilbert (15), Porter (22), Scripture (26), and West (31) cited below]. As regards amount of statistical data and the discussion of theoretical questions, the weightiest contributions to anthro- pometrical science in America have been made in the depart- ment of Military Anthropometry by Messrs. Elliott (J)^)^ Gould (57), and Baxter (52). Next in rank, in the order named, are the departments of Anthropometrv of School Children (see Bowditch, 8, 9, and 10 ; Peckham, 20 and 21 ; Porter, 22-25 ; and Boas, 5 and 6) ; and the Anthropometry of Students (see Hitchcock, 91-102; Sargent, 106-109; Enebuske, 88 and 89; and Wood, 113-117). The papers of Beyer (53), Enebuske (88 and 89), and Porter (22) give evidence of a growing tendency to attempt to correlate the results of anthropometrical investigations, and the teachings of physiology as to the development of functional power. In the field of criticism and discussion of metliods the articles of Boas (34), Gulick (38), and Porter (47) mark a new and hopeful departure. Minot's paper (45) is a valuable contri- bution to the theory of growth. Spiess, of Frankfurt am Main, and Geissler and Ulitzsch, in Saxony, measured large Reiiort on Antlivopometry in the United States. 3 inimbers of school children, in respect to height, in order to determine the normal dimensions of desks and seats to be used in school by the children in question. It would appear that no investigations of this sort, worthy of mention, have been made as yet in this country. Dr. Bowditch's papers are of capital importance, by reason of the light they throw on the law of growth, and the signifi- cance of the physical changes incident to puberty. Their bearing upon school management has not been sufficiently recognized as yet by school authorities in this country. Dr. Bowditch is now generally credited with being the first to show that boys and girls have different rates of growth, as V regards height and w^eight ; and his observations and conclu- sions have been strikingly corroborated by Peckham, Porter, and West in the United States, and by the investigations of a Royal Commission in Denmark, by Roberts in England, Pagliani in Italy, Erismann in Russia, Geissler and Ulitzsch in Saxony, and by Axel Key in Sweden. The writer, who is at present engaged in making a com- parative study of mortality and growth rates, finds that there is a striking relation between the death rates of Boston boys and girls and their respective rates of growth, as determined by Bowditch. That is to say, the death rates of Boston boys are low^est during the period of their most rapid growth, and the death rates of Boston girls are lowest during their period / of most rapid growth. He also finds that a similar relation exists between the death and growth rates of Swedish boys and girls. The results of the writer's investigations touching this question will be published shortly in the Quarterly Piih- lications of the American Statistical Association. The use of anthropometry as a means for guiding and testing procedures in physical training is becoming general in the leading colleges for men and women, and in a few second- ary and special schools, and in the Y. M. C. A. Herein is found one of the most characteristic developments of anthro- pometr}^ in America. In this connection, special mention \ 4 American Statistical Association. should be made of the life size *' anthropometric statues" exhibited by Dr. Sargeut in the Authropoh)gical Depart- ment of the Columbian Exposition, since tliey constitute a unique and highl}' interesting contribution to anthropometry. They are intended to represent the bodily proportions and conformation of the typical college man and college woman, and are based on extensive unpablished data belonging to Dr. Sargent. The Bertillon anthropometrical system, for the identification of criminals, has been adopted by a few penal institutions. Extensive anthi'opometrical investigations have recently been made upon American Indians under the super- vision of Dr. Franz Boas. The results of Dr. Boas's studies remain to be published. The amount of undigested and unpublished material in military, prison, school, and college anthropometry is now ver}' extensive, and increases yearly. Hitherto American anthropometrists, as a rule, have worked too much apart from one another, along short lines, and within comparatively narrow limits. It is time to attempt to bring about a closer organization, one that shall conduce to unity of purpose and intelligent ct)operation in the field of investigation, and to the adoption of the most approved scientific methods of recording, collating, and publishing the results of such investigations. Such an organization should also seek to keep heartily and thoroughl}^ in touch with the anthropometrists of Europe. It is to be hoped that the recent establishment of special committees on anthropometry by the International Statistical Institute, and of the American Statistical Association, respectively, will tend to promote a more vigorous and intelligent prosecution of anthropometrical studies on both sides of the Atlantic. Report on Anthropometry in the United States. Provisional List of Works — Articles, Books, and Tables — Relating to Anthropometry in the United States, Includ- ing 117 Titles, Arranged in Classes I-VI. Class I, Nos. 1-3, titles relating to Art. Class II, Nos. 4-33, titles relating to Antliropoinetry of Children. Class III, Nos. 34-51, titles relating to Methods in Anthropometry. Class IV, Nos. 52-58, titles relating to Military and Naval Anthro- pometry. Class V, Nos. 59-85, titles relating to Miscellaneous Topics in An- thropometry. Class VI, Nos. 86-117, titles relating to Anthropometry of Students. analysis of titles according to date of publication and class of subject. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Art. Children. Methods. Military. Miscellaneous. Students. Total. Period 1850-60 1 2 3 Period 1860-70 1 2 4 1 8 Period 1870-80 1 3 1 2 7 Period 1880-90 1 8 8 1 8 10 36 Period 1890-94 19 10 2 11 21 63 Sunj 3 30 18 7 27 32 117 Class I. Titles Relating to Art. 1. Allen, H. An Analysis of the Life- Form in Art. Philadelphia, 1875. 4to. 2. Fletcher, R. Human Proportion in Art and Anthropometry. A lecture delivered at the National Museum, Washington, D. C. Cambridge, 1883. M. King. 37 p. 4 pi. 8vo. 3. Story, W. W. The Proportions of the Human Figure, Accord- ing to a Neiv Canon, for Practical Use : with a Critical Notice of the Canon of Polycletus, and of the Principal Ancient and Modern Systems. London, 1866. 8vo. 6 American Statistical Association, Class II. Titles Relating to Anthropometry of Children. 4. Abbott, S. W. The Evidence of Still-Birth. Transactions of Massachusetts Medico-Legal Society. I. 56. Boston, 1879. Relates to length and weight of infants at birth. 5. Boas, F. Anthropological Investigations in Schools. Pedagogical Seminary, Worcester, Mass., 1891. I. 225-228. Also in Sci- ence. New York, 1891. Vol. xvii, 351-352. 6. The Growth of Children. Science. New York, 1892. Vol. xix, • 256; 281-282; xx, 351-352. 7. Bolton, T. L. The Growth of Memory in School Children. American Journal of Psychology. 1892. Vol. iv, 189-192; 362- 380. 8. Bowditch, H. p. The Groivth of Children. Report of Board of Health of Massachusetts. Boston, 1877. Vol. viii. 51 p., 10 tables. 9. The Growth of Children : a Supplementary Investigation, with Suggestions in Regard to Methods of Research. Report of Board of Health of Massachusetts. Boston, 1879. Vol. x. 33-62. 11 pi. 10. The Growth of Children. Studied by Galton s Method of Per- centile Grades. Report of Board of Health of Massachusetts, 1889-90. Boston, 1891. Vol. xxii. 479-522. 11. The Relation between Growth and Disease. Reprinted from Transactions of the American Medical Association. Philadel- phia, 1881. 9 p. 12. Bryan, W. L. On the Development of Voluntary Motor Ability. American Journal of Psychology. Worcester, 1892. Vol. v. 125-204. 3 charts. 13. Burnham, Wm. H. a Scheme of Classification for Child- Study. Peda^oiiical Seminary. Worcester, Mass., 1893. Vol. ii. 191- 198. 14. Chaille, S. E. Infants: their Chronologiccd Progress. New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, 1886-87. N. S. Vol. xiv. 893-912. Also reprint. 15. Gilbert. Experiments on the Musical Sensitiveness of School Children. Studies from the Yale Psychological Laboratory. 1892-93. 80-87. 16. Greenwood, J. M. Heights and Weights of Children. Ameri- can Public Health Association Report, 1891. Concord, N. H., 1892. Vol. xvii. 199-204. Report on Anthropometry in the United States. 7 17. Hinds, Clara Bliss. CJtild Groivth. Reprint of paper before Women's Anthropological Society of Washington. Washington, D. C, 1886. 8 p. 18. Moon, S. B. Measurements of the Boys of the McDonogh School for the Tears 18SS-1891 : arranged in Order of Height, Summed and Averaged. Also a Percentile Table for llo Boys IS-H Tears of Age. McDonogh, Maryland, 1892. 46 p. 4to. 19. Morse, W. H. IVie Bahys Growth. Virginia Medical Monthly. Richmond, 1886-87. Vol. xiii. 392-395. 20. Peckham, George W. The Growth of Children. Report Wis- consin Board of Health, 1881. Madison, 1882. Vol. vi. 28-73. 2 pi. 12 diag. 21. Various Observations on Growth. Ibid, 1882. Madison, 1883. Vol. vii, 185-188. '2'2. Porter, W. T. The Growth of Saint Louis Children. Trans- actions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, 1894. In press. 23. I'he Physical Basis of Precocity and Dullness. Transactioi5s of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. St. Louis, 1893. Vol. vi. 161-181. 24. The Relation between the Groivth of Children and their Devi- ation from the Physical Type of their Sex and Age. Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. St. Louis, 1893. Vol. vi. 233-250. 8 tables. 1 diag. 25. Ueber Untersuchungen der Schulkinder auf die Physischen Grundlagen ihrer geistigen Entwickelung . Read in Berliner Gesellschaft fur Anthropologic, Ethnologic, und Urgeschichte, 15 July, 1893. Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologic. Berlin, 1894. 337- 354. 26. Scripture, E. W. Tests on School Children. Educational Keview. New York, 1893. Vol. I. 52-61. 27. SroCKTON-HouGH, J. Statistics Relating to Seven Hundred Births ( White) Occurring in the Philadelphia Hospital, between 1865 and 1872. Philadelphia Medical Times, 1885-86. Vol. xvi. 92-94. 28. West, G. M. Anthropometrische Untersuchungen uber die Schid- kinder in Worcester., Mass. Archiv fiir Anthropologic. Braun- schweig, July, 1893. Vol. xxii. 13-48; 23 tables; 5 diag. 29. The Anthropometry of American School Children. Proceed- ings of the International Congress. Chicago, 1893. In press. 8 American Statistical Association. 30. The Anthropometry of Japanese School Children. In press. 31. Eye-Tests on School Children. American Journal of Psy- cholooy. 1892. Vol. iv. 595-596. 32. The Growth of the Breadth of the Face. Science. New York, 1891. Vol. xviii. 10-11. 33. Worcester (3Iass.) School Children; the Growth of the Body, Bead, and Face. Science. New York, 1893. Vol. xxi. 2-4. Class III. Titles Relating to Methods in Anthropometry. 34. Boas, F. The Theory of Anthropometrical Statistics. Paper read September 16, 1893, before the International Statistical Institute, at Chicago. Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association. Boston, Dec, 1893. 35. Galton, Francis. Useful Anthropometry. Proceedings of the American Association for Advancement of Physical P^ducation, 1891. Ithaca, N. Y., 1891. Vol. vi. 51-57. 36. GiHON, A. L. Physical Measurements. Wood's Reference Hand-book of the Medical Sciences. New York, 1887. Vol. v. 667-673. 37. Greenleaf's, T>n.. Neiv Table of Physical Proportions. Balti- more Underwriter. 1890. Vol. xliii. 303. 38. Gulick, L. Ma7iual for Physical Measurements, in Connection with the T. M. C. Association Gymnasium Records. New York, 1892. 39. The Value of Percentile Grades. Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association. Boston, 1893. N. S. Nos. 21, 22. 321-331. 40. Hitchcock. E., Jr. Physical Measurements, Fallacies, and Errors. Proceedings American Association for Advancement o of Physical Education, 1887. Brooklyn, N. Y., 1887. Vol. iii. 35-42. 41. PIOLGATE, T. H. An Instrument for Measuring the Loiver Extremities Correctly. Medical Record. New York, 1881. Vol. XX. 164. 42. HuRD, Kate C. Some of Galton s Tests Concerning the Origin of Human Faculty. Proceedings American Association for Ad- vancement of Physical Education, 1891. Ithaca, N. Y., 1891. Vol. vi. 80-96. Report on Anthropometry in the United States, 9 43. Jackson, W. A. J., Jr. Graphic Methods in Anthropometry. Physiccal Education. Springfield, Mass., 1893. Vol. ii. 89-94. 44. Kkllogg, J. H. A New Dynamometer for Use in Anthropometry. Battle Creek, Michigan, 1893. No imprint. 45. MiNOT, C. S. Growth. Reference Hand-book of the Medical Sciences. New York, 1886. Vol. iii. 394-400. 46. MuLLER, G. Alphouse Bertilloiis Method for tlie Identification of Criminals. Anthropometric Identifications. Adopted by the Wardens' Association for the Registration of Criminals, at their meeting in Toronto, September, 1887. Instructions for taking measurements and descriptions. Translated from the French by Gallus Muller, Clerk of the Illinois State Penitentiary. Joliet, 111., 1887. 84 p. 8vo. 47. Porter, W. T. On the Application to [ndividual School Child- ren of the Means Derived from Anthropological Measurements by the Generalizing Method. Paper read September 16, 1893, before the International Statistical Institute, at Chicago. Quarterly- Publications of the American Statistical Association. Boston, Dec, 1893. 48. Sargent, D. A. Report on Anthropometric Measurements. A Schedule of Measurements with Directions for Making Them. Presented by a Committee of the A. A. A. P. E., through its Chairman, Dr. Sargent, and adopted by the Association, Novem- ber 26, 1886. Proceedings American Association for Advance- ment of Physical Education, 1886. Brooklyn, N. Y., 1886. Vol. ii. 6-15. 49. Anthropometric Apparatus, with Directions for Measuring and Testing the Principal Physical Characteristics of the Human Body. Cambridge, Mass., 1887. 8vo. 50. Seaver, J. W. Anthropometry and Physical Examination. For Practical Use in Connection ivith Gymnasium Work and Physical Education. New Haven, 1890. 127 p. 51. Swain, F. Anthropometric Measurements. Proceedings Ameri- can Association for Advancement of Physical Education, 1887. Brooklyn, N. Y., 1887. Vol. iii. 43-50. Class IV. Titles Relating to Military and Naval Anthro- pometry. 52. Baxter, J. H. Statistics, Medical and Anthropological, of the Provost- Marshal- General s Bureau, Derived from Records of the 10 American Statistical Association. Examination for the Military Service in the Armies of the United States During the Late War of the Rebellion of over a Million Recruits, Drafted Men, Substitutes, and Em^oUed Men. Com- piled under direction of the Secretary of War. 2 vols. 4to. Washington, D. C, 1875. 53. Beyer, H. G. Observations on Normal Growth and Develop- ment of the Human Body Under Systematized Exercise. Report of Surgeon-General of the U. S. Navy, 1893. Washington, D. C, 1893. 141-160. 16 tables in text. 54. CoOLiDGE, R. H. Statistical Report on the Sickness and Mor- tality of the Army of the United States, Compiled from the Records of the Surgeon- General' s Office, from January, 18S9, to January , 1855. Washington, D. C, 1856. 55. Elliott, E. B. On the Military Statistics of the United States of America. Printed for the United States Sanitary Commis- sion. Berlin, 1863. 44 p. 2 pi. 4to. 56. GiHON, A. L. A Study of Adolescent Growth, Based on the Physical Examination of 6129 Naval Cadets and Candidates for Appointment, as Cadets, and 2058 Naval Apprentices. Report of the Surgeon-General United States Navy. Washington, D. C, 1880. 15-44. 57. Gould, B. A. Investigations in the Military and Anthropolog- ical Statistics of American Soldiers. U. S. Sanitary Commis- sion. New York, 1869. ^bb p. 8vo. 58. Sternberg, George M. Physique of Accepted Recruits and Re-enlisted Men {U. S. Army), 1892. Report of the Surgeon- General of the Army to the Secretar}^ of War, 1893. Washing- ton, D. C, 1893. 20; 226-227. Table xxv gives average height, weight, and chest measure of 9585 recruits (8555 white, 833 colored, 197 Indian). Class V. Titles Relating to Miscellaneous Topics in Anthropometry. 59. Beard, G. M. English and Amei'ican Physique. North Ameri- can Review. New York, 1879. Cxxxix. 588-603. 60. Boas, F. Physical Characteristics of the Indian^ of the North Pacific Coast. American Anthropologist. 1891. Vol. iv. 25-32. 61. BowDiTCH, H. P. On the Collection of Data at Autopsies. A report presented to the Massachusetts Medico-Legal Society, February 1, 1882. Reprint. No imprint. HejpOTt on Antliropomatry in the United States. 11 62. The Physique of Women in 3Iassachusetts. Report of Board of Health of Massachusetts, 1889. Boston, 1890. Vol. xxi. 287-304. 1 table. Also reprint. 63. Bradford, E. H. TJie Effect of Recumbency on the Length of the Spine. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 1883. Vol. cix. 245. 64. Brinton, D. G. External Mensuration of the Human Subject. Medical and S^urgical Reporter. Philadelphia, 1869. Vol. xx. 1-2. 65. CoRDEiRA, F. J. B. A Contribution to Anthropometry. New York Medical Journal. New York, 1887. ^Q>. Dickson, S. H. Statistics of Height and Weight in the South. Charleston Medical Journal and Review, 1857. Vol. xii. 607- 613. 67. Some Additional Statistics of Height and Weight. Ibid. , 1858. Vol. xiii. 494-506. 68. Statistics of Height and Weight. American Journal of Med- ical Sciences. Philadelphia, 1866. N. S. Vol. lii. 373-380. 69. Dun, W. A. The Police Standard of Cincinnati ; with some Statistics Compiled from the First Thousand Examinations of Applicants. Cincinnati Lancet-Clinic, 1887. N. S. Vol. xviii. 131-135; 767-769. 70. French, M. S. Report of the Physiccd Examination of Men upon the Police Force of Philadelphia., and those who were Applicants for Appointment. Philadelphia, 1885. 71. Hartwell, Edward M. Preliminary Report on Anthropometry in the United States. With Provisional List of Works Relating to Anthropometry in the United States. Paper read before the International Statistical Institute at Chicago, September 16, 1893. Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Asso- ciation. Boston, Dec, 1893. 72. HuRD, Kate C. On Anthropometry. Times and Register. New York and Philadelphia, 1890. Vol. vii. 506-511. 73. Kellogg, J. H. Outline Studies of the Human Figure, Compris- ing 118 Figures which Embody the Results of Several Thousand Observations, Embracing Studies of a Number of Different Civil- ized and-TJncivilized Races. Modern Medicine Publishing Co. Chicago, London, and Battle Creek, Mich., 1893. 12 American Statistical Association. 74. Physical Chart, Arranged from Results Obtained in Testing the Strength of Individual Groups of Muscles in 200 Men, Ages 18-30 Years, by Means of Dr. Kellogg s Mercurial Dynamometer. Battle Creek, Mich., 1893. 75. Physical Chart, Arranged from the Results Obtained in Test- ing the Strength of the Jndi vidua! Groups of Muscles in 600 Men by Meu7is of a Universal Mercurial Dynamometer. Battle Creek, Micl).. 1893. 76. Pliysical Chart, Arranged from the Results Obtained from Testing the Strength of the Individual Groups of Muscles in 600 Women by Means of a Universal Mercurial Dynamometer. Battle Creek, Mich.. 1893. 77. Table of Strength Measurejnents, Arranged from the Measure- ments of 100 Adult Women. Battle Creek, Mich., 1891. 78. Table of Strength Measurements, Arranged from the Measure- ments of 100 Adidt Men. Battle Creek, Mich., 1891. 79. Lef:, C. a. A Table Showing the Physical Characteristics of the Members of the United States Senate. First Session 39th Congress. Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal, 1866-67. Vol. vi. 390-396. 80. Morris, M. Biometry: its Relatio?i to the Practice of Medicine. Medical Record. New York, 1875. Vol. x. 481-486. 81. RuscHENBERGER, W. S. W. Contributions to the Statistics of Human Growth. American Journal of Medical Sciences. Phila- delphia, 1867. N. S. Vol. liii. 67-70. 82. Sargent, D. A. The Physical Development of Women. Scrib- ner's Magazine, February, 1889. Vol. v. 172-185. 83. TiTCHENER, E. B. Anthropometry and Experimental Psychology. Philosophical Review. Boston, New York, and Chicago, 1893. Vol. ii. 187-192. 84. West, G. M. The Anthropometry of North American Mulattoes. In press. 85. WiLKiNS, W. W. Comparative Measurements of the Chest. Transactions of New Hampshire Medical Society. Manchester, N. H., 1886. 125-130. Class VI. Titles Relating to Anthropometry of Students. 86. Allen, N. Physical Culture in Amherst College. 8vo. Lowell, 1869. Report on Antliropometry in the United States. 13 87. Anderson, W. G. Students in Gymnasium. Adelphian. Brook- lyn, 1885. Vol. V. No. 1. 10. 88. Enebl'SKE, Claes J. An Anthropometrical Study of the Effects of Gymnastic Training on American Women. Paper read Sep- tember 16, 1893, before the International Statistical Institute, at Chicago. Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association. Boston, Dec, 1893. 89. Some Measurable Results of Swedish Pedagogical Gymnastics. Proceedings of American Association for Advancement of Phys- ical Education, 1892. Springfield, Mass., 1893. Vol. vii. 207- 23o. 8 tables in text. 90. Hanna, Delphine. Anthropometric Tables, Compiled from the Measurements of 1600 Women {Oberlin Students), Department of Physical Training Oberlin College. Oberlin, Ohio, 1893. No imprint. 91. Hitchcock, E. An Anthropometric Study of the Students of Amherst College, Constructed upon Bodily Stature as tlie Basis of Comparison. Second edition. 1893. No imprint. Contained also in No. 102. 92. Average and Mean Anthropometric Data of Amherst College Students. 1888. 8vo. No imprint. 93. Comparative Study of Measurements of Male and Female Stu- dents at Amherst. Mount Holyoke, and Wellesley Colleges. U. S. A. Physique. London, 1891. Vol. i. 90-94. Also in Proceedings of American Association for Advancement of Physical P^duca- tion. Ithaca, N. Y., 1891. Vol. vi. 37-42. 94. The Distribution of Physical Measurements SJioicn in the Different Years of College Life. Amherst College. 1892. No imprint. 95. The Gain in Physical Strength of College Students. Two tables. Amherst, 1892. No imprint. 96. Physical Growth of Amherst Students. Gain Between Fresh- man and Senior Years. 1892. No imprint. 97. The Results of Anthropometry as Derived from the Measure- ments of the Students in Amherst College. Amherst, Mass., 1892. 7 p. 6 tables. 8vo. 98. Summary of Anthropometrical Studies of the Students of Ainherst College. Paper read September 16, 1893, before the 14 American Statistical Association. International Statistical Institute, at Chicago. Quarterly Publica- tions of the American Statistical Association. Boston, Dec, 1893. 99. Hitchcock, E., Jr. A Synoptic Exhibit of 15,000 Physical Examinations. Made on male college students. Ithaca, N. Y., 1890. For summary of averages shown graphically in above table see Proceedings of American Association for Advancement of Physical Education, 1890. Ithaca, N. Y., 1890. Vol. v. 5. 100. Report on Physical Culture to the President of Cornell Univer- sity. Contains two tables showing the standing in scholarship of Cornell oarsmen, base-ball men, and members of athletic teams ; and seven synoptic anthropometric charts. See Appendix II. Annual Report of the President of Cornell University for 1887- 88. Ithaca, ]^^. Y., 1888. 111-125. 101. Hitchcock, E., and Seelye, H. H. An Anthropometric Manual^ giving the Average and Mean Physical Measnrenients and Tests of Male College Students, and Modes of Securing them. Prepared from the Records of the Department of Physical Education and Hygiene in Amherst College during the Years 1861-62 and 1887-88, inclusive. 2nd ed. Amherst, Mass., 1889. J. E.Wil- liams. 37 p. 1 table. 8vo. 102. An Anthropometric Manual giving Physical Measurements and 2\sts of Mcde College Students and the Method of Securing them. Prepared from the Records of the Department of Hygiene and Physical Education in Amherst College during the years 1861-62 and 1892-93, inclusive. Third edition. Amherst, Mass. Carpenter and Morehouse. 1893, 8vo. 35 p. 3 tables. 103. Jackson, ^Y. A., Jr. Tables of the Anthropometic Measurements of the Williston Seminary Students {IJfi in Number), 1891-92. The Willistonian, March 5, 1892. Easthampton, Mass., 1892. 3 tables. 104. Ladd, Carolyn C. Physical Training in its Relation to the Health and Education of Women. Report of the Proceedings of Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Alumnae Association of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, March 14, 1890. Philadeli^liia, 1890. 42-54. 105. McNair, Anna D. Statistics of Work done in Bryn Maivr College Gymnasium. Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. In press. Report on Anthropometry in the United States. 15 106. Saugent, D. a. Anthropometric Chart Shoiviiig the Relation of the Individual in Size, Strength, Symmetry, and Development to the Normal Standard. Cambridge, Mass., 1886. 107. Anthropometric Chart Shoiving the Distribution of an American Community as to Physical Power and Proportions ; also the Relation of the Individual in Size, Strength, Symmetry, and Development to the Normal Standard of the same Age. Cam- bridge, Mass., 1893. 108. The Physical Proportions of the Typical Man. Scribner's Magazine, July, 1887. Vol. ii. 3-17. Illustrated. 109. Tlie Physical Characteristics of the Athlete. Ibid. Novem- ber, 1887. Vol. ii. 541-561. Illustrated. 110. Seaver, J. W. Anthropometric Tahle Arranged from the Meas- ures of 2300 Students. New Haven, 1889. 111. TopiNARD, P. L' Anthropometric aux Etats-Unis. Revue d'An- thropologie. Paris, 1889. 3« S. Vol. iv. 337-345. A review of works by Hitchcock and Sargent. 112. TuCKERMAN, F. Anthropometric Data Based upon Nearly 8000 Measurements Taken from Students. Amherst, 1888. 1 pi. 8vo. 113. Wood, M. Anna. Anthropometric Tahle, Arranged After the Method of Percentile Grades, of the Measure?nents of 1500 Wellesley College Students {Female). No date; no imprint. 114. Anthropometric Tahle, Compiled from the Measurements of 1100 Wellesley College Students {Female) ; Arrmiged According to Bodily Heights. 1890. No imprint. 115. Six Comparative Tables Showing Records of Class Crews Receiving Training in Gymnasium and on the Lake ; of Twenty Students Receiving Training in the Gymnasium ; and of Twenty Students Receiving no Training in the Gymnasium. Wellesley College. President's Report. Boston, 1893. 35-40. 116. Statistical Tables Concerning the Class of 1891 of Wellesley College, numbering lOJf Women. 1 6 p. 4to. No imprint. 117. Statistical Tables, Showing Certain Measurements of Jf) Freshmen {Female) of Wellesley College, at the Beginning {Novem- ber, 1891) and End {May, 1892) of Six Months of Gymnastic Training. 1892. 7 p. 4to. No imprint. 16 American Statistical Association. REMARKS ON THE THEORY OF ANTHROPOM- ETRY. By Feanz Boas, Ph.D. The theory of anthropometric statistics is based largely upon Qnetelet's investigations, who endeavored to prove that the distribution of anthropometric data follows the law of chance. Some attempts to develop the theory further have been made by Stieda and Ihering and by Francis Gal- ton. The former emphasized the introduction of the aver- age variation of measurements into the consideration of the subject, the latter developed what has become known as the method of percentile grades. Stieda was also the first to express a doubt as to the general applicability of the law of chance. The anthropometric charactei'istics of a group of people are treated in various ways. Some authors consider the average of the measurements the most valuable result ; oth- ers prefer to compute the mean value, which is, more prop- erly speaking, the probable value, as it is computed as that value above and below which fifty per cent of the whole series are found : still others compute the most frequent value. Tlie followers of Francis Galton compute the mean value and the points representing various percentile grades, i. (?., points below which ten per cent, twenty per cent, thirty per cent, and so forth, of the total series are found. Anthropologists who study the physical characteristics of races use mostly the method of seriation. They give the percentage of cases of the series which fall between certain limits. Still another method which is frequently applied consists in the comparison of those percentages of the series which lie above or below a certain limit. We will examine the merits of these methods. Whenever Memarks on the Tfieory of Anthropometry. 17 the distribution of measureiiieuts follows the laws of chance the average may be considered the type represented by the series. In this case the average, the probable value, and the most frequent value will be identical, provided the series of observations is sufficiently large. In practice they will naturally always show slight differences. In these cases the average must be used, not the probable or the most fre- quent value, because the first named can be determined with greater accuracy than the others. When a limited number of observations are given, and the mean error of the average, of the probable value, and of the most frequent value are computed, it is found that the mean error of the average is smaller than that of the probable value; the mean error of tlie latter is, in turn, smaller than that of the most frequent value. For this reason the probable value, or, as it is often called, the mean value, or the fifty percentile grade, must not be used for the purpose of describing the type of a series of measurements which are distributed according to the laws of chance. When the distribution of cases does not correspond to the laws of chance, neither the average, nor the probable value, nor the most frequent value can be utilized without a previ- ous theoretical treatment of the curve representing the laws of distribution. Based on Quetelet's statements, it has gen- erally been assumed that all anthropometric measurements are distributed according to the laws of chance, and that the curves will api)roach the theoretical curve the more closely the greater the number of cases that is embodied in the series. I believe that Stieda was the first to intimate that deviations from the law may occur, altliougli he does not follow out this suggestion. A. and J. Bertillon have proved that such deviations occur. Later on, Bowditch has shown that the curves showing the distribution of statures and weights of children do not follow the laws of chance. He shows this by pointing out the fact that during the period of growth a constant difference exists between the average and probable 18 American Statistical Association. values. Galton also paid some attention to this subject, and Dr. Gulick mentioned it in a recent paper. Glancing over the curves representing large series of measurements, it strikes me that they conform to the laws of chance only in a general way, and that considerable deviations are quite frequent. It is necessary to consider the biological laws underlying the phenomena under consideration. Assuming that there is a uniform ancestral type in a certain district, and that the conditions of life remain stable, we may expect that the people representing its offspring will be grouped around the type according to the laws of chance. Assum- ing, however, that there were two distinct ancestral types in adjoining districts, and that these types intermingled, we cannot foretell what the distribution of forms among the offspring will be. It may be that they represent an inter- mediate type between the parental forms. Jn this case we might expect to find them distributed according to the laws of chance. But it may also be that we find them to have a tendency to reproduce one or the other ancestral type, either pure or slightly modified. In this case the resulting curve would not conform to the laws of chance, and would show an entirely different character. Tliere is considerable evi- dence that the laws of inheritance are sucli tliat there exists a tendency of reproducing ancestral traits, not of producing new intermediate traits. Therefore, we may be prepared to find considerable deviations from the laws of chance. It is clear that, if intermixture does not result in producing an intermediate type, an attempt to express the type by means of an average of the existing forms will have no meaning what- ever. The probable value would have just as little mean- ing. If the two parental forms were entirely distinct and reproduced without cliange, the most frequent values might have a meaning, as the two forms would occur most fre- quently. This, however, would depend upon many condi- tions favorable to such a result : the proportion of the two elements would have to be nearly equal, their difference Hemarhs on the Theory of Anthropometry, 19 great, and each form must have a limited amount of varia- bility onl}'. A concrete case of this kind is found in the anthropometry of the half-blood race of Indian and white parentage. Generally speaking, the ancestry of a people will be such that a number of forms which do not differ very much among themselves enter into its composition. The greater the number of forms, the nearer the curve of meas- urements will conform to a probability curve ; but, neverthe- less, it must be borne in mind that the mixture may be such that constant deviations from such a curve are found which are not due to accident. Our conclusion from these consid- erations is that anthropometric measurements do not, as a rule, follow the laws of chance, and that a careful examina- tion of the curves is necessary in each case. We cannot expect that in all cases a classification of the material will lead to curves which follow the laws of chance more closely, as the laws of heredity are such that they do not necessitate an arrangement of this character. These facts must make us very careful in the use of the average considered as the type of a series. It will be necessary to investigate each series in order to ascertain if there are any deviations from the law of chance which seem to be due to constant causes, not to accident. Besides these biological considerations, we must consider a number of other factors which may cause deviations from the probability curve. If a series of measurements is dis- tributed according to the laws of chance, and the measure- ments of the whole series are changing, deviations will occur whenever the rate of change is not uniform. Such changes occur during the period of growth, and this is the cause of the asymmetry of distribution of measurements of children to wiiicli Dr. Bowditcli called attention. Similar changes may occur when the conditions of life of a community are changing, or when one form is gaining preponderance over another form. In all such cases the computation of the average, of the mean, and of the most frequent value have no 20 American Statistical Association. meaning. The cause and character of tlie asymmetry of the curve must be determined, and a mathematical treatment must be a})})lied which takes tlie asymmetry into considera- tion. It is not necessary to elaborate the theory of treat- ment of such curves, as tlie treatment de[)ends upon tlie character of the asymmetry. It will l)e sufiicient to say that during a period of acceleration in the increase of the measurement the average will always be too great as com- pared to the typical value for the period under considera- tion, while for a peiiod of retardation in the increase of the measurement the reverse is the case. For this reason the values for average statures at a certain age which have been com[)uted so often have no biological value as ty})ical stat- ures for the respective age. I believe I have showi] that we must exercise great care in the application of the method of averages, particularly that we cannot assume the average to be the type of a series without a careful scrutiny of its character. This is still more trne if we consider correlations of meas- urements. It is generally assumed that when a group of measurements of a series of individuals is taken the combi- nation of the average of the measurements will represent the typical individual. Dr. Sargent's statues of the typical American are based on this assumption. Tlie first objection to this assumption is based on the well-known fact that, if a variable is given and a function of the same, then the aver- age of the function is not identical with the function of the average of the variable. Furthermore, the general distribution of the measurement may apparently correspond to the law of chance, although a number of distinct types are represented in the series whose presence may be revealed by a classification of the whole series. For example : If the measurements of the Indians around the Great Lakes were tabulated without a subdivision into tribes, it would be found that their length of head and breadth of head are distributed according to the laws of Remarks on the Theory of Anthropometry. 21 chance. The average length of liead would be 193 mm., the average breadth of head 155 mm. According to the method under consideration, this would be the typical combination. When the tribes are properly subdivided in an eastern and a western group, it will be found tliat the length of head is 195 mm. in the west, 191 iu the east, and that 193 does not represent the type of any one tribe. These people speak the same language, and miglit be gathered on one reserva- tion. In that case a subdivision would be impossible, and an erroneous result would ])e obtained. Therefore, a critical study of distributions must precede the establishment of the type. The theory of statistics points to a clear way for this study, but unfortunately it has never been applied up to this time. The study must be based on a comparison of the variabilities of measurements. Whenever tlie variability of a measurement that is correlated to another one is abnor- mally increased we must suppose that there is an intermixt- ure of types. I must add a few words regarding the subject of correla- tions. The admirable investigations of Mr. Alphonse Bertillon and those of Soren-Hansen, Bischoff, and others have proved that with increasing height all other measurements increase not proportionally, but at a slower rate. This law may be given a wider meaning by saying that whenever a group of people are arranged according to one measurement, with the increase of this measurement all others increase at a slower rate, the rate being the slower the slighter the correlation. This law leads us to establish the fact that we must consider each measurement as a function of a number of variable factors which rei)resent the laws of heredit}^ and environ- ment. The correlation of two measurements will be close when they depend largely upon the same factor, slight wlien they depend largely upon distinct factors. This difference in the degree of correlation, which is a well-established fact, proves that the system which is applied in many of our 22 American Statistical Association. gymnasia is fault}-. If the teacher of the gymnasium is given a pupil whose stature is, for instance, such that twenty per cent of all the individuals of his age are taller than lie, then it is his ideal to train the pupil to that point that all his other measurements come up to the same standard. If all the men who have this particular stature were plotted alone, it would be seen at once that their measurements would be quite different from this assumed standard. This fundamental objection has already been raised by Dr. L. Gulick. This assumption is one of the developments of the method of percentile grades. While this method has certain advan- tages in bringing home to the untrained public some of the valuable results to be gained from anthropometric inqui- ries, it is highly objectionable for theoretical studies. It does not explain any fact that cannot be explained just as well and with the tenth part of labor and with greater satis- faction by the method of mean variations, and whenever it has been applied it has proved to be misleading in so far as it suggests always that a certain percentile grade represents certain groups of individuals. For instance, during the period of growth, the average eighty per cent child has been assumed to represent, ''on the average," the same child, which is most assuredly not the case. This method ought, therefore, to be applied with much greater care and for much more limited i)urposes than has been done heretofore. 1 hope my remarks have served to point out some of the directions in which the theory of anthropometric statistics needs further treatment, and what defects remain to be rem- edied. I have in njy full paper given a number of exam- ples and elaborated the theories and methods which here I could indicate only with a few words. Anthropological Measurements of Children. 23 OX THE APPLICATION TO INDIVIDUAL SCHOOL CIIIL DRP:N OF THE MEAN VALUES DERIVED FROM ANTHROPOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS BY THE GENERALIZING METHOD. By W. Towxsend Porter, M.D., Assistant Pkofessor of Physiology ix the Harvard Medical School. I. Tlie method employed by Quetelet in liis anthroponietrical studies of the phenomena of human growtli was based on two fundamental propositions, (1) the mean of a great number of individuals of the same class is the typus or norm of the class; and (2) the deviations of individuals from the typus follow the law of accidental causes, and are subject to the calculus of probabilities. From these propositions it results that the typus in any dimension, e. ^., height, at any age in the period of growth, is the mean of a sufficient!}' large number of observations of that dimension at the given age, and that the degree with which the observed approaches the true mean can be deter- mined by an application of the principle of least squares. When the means of any one dimension, for example, height at each age in the period of growth, are compared, the law of growth in that dimension is at once apparent, and may be expressed graphically in a curve whose abscissae are years, and whose ordinates are centimetres, kilogrammes, or other units of measurement. Not only is the mean at any age thus fixed, but the probability of any given deviation from that mean is fixed as well. Thus the mean height of 2192 St. Louis Public School girls,* aged 8, is 118.36 cm., with a probable error of * W. Townseiid Porter, "The Physical Basis of Precocity and Dullness," Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, Vol. VI, Xo. 7, March 21, 1893, pp. 161 -181. Also " Untersucliungen der Schulkinder in Bezug auf die physischen Grundlagen ihrer geisti- gen Entwickelung," read before the Berliner Gesellschaft fur Anthropologic, Ethnologic, und Urgeschichte, July 15, 1893, and published in Virchow's Ztitschrift fur Ethnologie. 24 American Statistical Association. 0.079 cm., and a probable deviation of 3.7 cm. This being known, it follows that of tlie 50 per cent of those who exceed the mean 25 per cent should fall between 118.36 cm. and 122.06 cm. 16.2 " " " " 122.06 " " 125.76 " 6.7 " " " " 125.76 " " 129.46 " 1.8 " " " " 129.46 " " 133.26 " and 0.3 should exceed 133.26 cm., while the remaining 50 per cent should deviate from the mean in a precisely similar man- ner, but in an opposite direction. The method admits of still another application. It is evident that in the series just given 122.06 cm. is the height of a girl who is taller than 75 per cent of the girls of her age, and not so tall as the remaining 25 per cent. Her position is thus definitely fixed with relation to the mean. She is in fact the typus or mean of the 50 per cent who exceed the mean of the whole number. The height of such an individual at any age would equal 3I-\-d^ where J/ is the mean height of the age, and d the probable deviation. The values of M-\- d determined for each age in the period of growth are compara- ble, and reveal the growth of the typus of the 50. per cent who exceed the mean of the whole number at each age. The growth of the typus of the 50 per cent who fall below the mean height can be similarly made plain, and, by continuing the process, the law of growth at any given deviation from the mean can be determined. The data for these studies can be collected either by the '^generalizing" or '-individualizing" plan. In the former, a great number of measurements is made but once on indi- viduals of different ages, and the measurements classified according to age. In the latter, the same individuals are measured yearly, or oftener, during their period of growth, and the measurements classified also by age. The generaliz- ing method is rapidly and easily carried out, whereas the individualizing method demands for its execution exceptional opportunities and exceptional patience, requiring not only Anthropological Measurements of Children. 25 that tlie ineasurements be made and the records kept through two decades, but that the iiiiniber of children measured in the early years of this long period be very great, lest death and desertion so thin their ranks that those remaining to the end shall be too few to yield reliable conclusions. Both methods, when ai)plied to the same material, give identical results with regard to means, including those of subdivisions as well as those of the whole number of observations at any age. The individualizing method does more. The importance of the individualizing method has been much emphasized, for the reason that it can give information without which the laws derived from means cannot, in the present state of knowledge, be applied to individuals. Before this application can be made it is necessary to know the degree of probability that an individual who at a given age stands at a certain deviation from the mean of any dimension will show the same deviation at other ages ; for example, the degree of probability that a girl whose height at age 8 is 122.06 cm., and who therefore deviates 3.7 cm., or -\-d from the mean (118.36 cm.) of her age, will deviate to the same degree (+<^) from the mean height throughout her growth. In that case the law of growth for the typus at a deviation of _|_ d from the mean is her law of growth. Otherwise she is an exception, and practical regulations deduced from the law for the typus cannot be safely made binding on her. This knowledge, as has just been said, is furnished by the individualizing method, while the generalizing method is of no assistance in this matter. The application to individuals of the law of growth of the mean is a subject of immediate practical interest. The con- nection between theory and practical affairs is here unusu- ally short and clear. Were this application possible, the deviations of children from the laws of normal growth could be quickly recognized, and by timely treatuient largely over- come, the evil effects of over-study could be watched and intelligently combated, and systems of education, no longer 26 American Statistical Association. exacting from all that which should be exacted only from the mean, could be rationally adapted to the special needs of the exceptionally weak and the excei)tionally strong. These beneficent reforms, it is at present believed, must await the slow collection of data by the individualizing method. If it is indeed true that the laws of growth deter- mined for the mean cannot be nsed for the individual until the individualizing method has established the probability of each individual deviation remaining constant throughout the period of growth, then a generation must elapse — so slow is the gathering of data by this method — before the necessary knowledge is in our hands. I hope to show that this long waiting is unnecessary, and that the data collected by the generalizing method maybe used, in a wa}^ hitherto unrecog- nized, for the making of standards b}^ which the deviation of an individual from the mean of his age can be seen to be normal or abnormal. Let the problem be clearly understood. The question is : This boy or girl is above or below the mean height, or weight, etc. of his or her age, — how shall it be known that this devia- tion is normal or abnormalT "^niere has been hitherto no satisfactory reply to this question. A vague and partial answer is possible after two measurements separated by at least a year's interval. If the deviation is the same, or very nearly the same, at both measurements, the probability is that the child is growing normally. This probability is greater than the general probability that a normal deviation is more likely to occur than an abnormal one, but its numerical value is wholly unknown. If, on the other hand, the two devia- tions are unequal, the probability is that the greater of them is abnormal, but the numerical value is here also unknowai. How dehnitelv the individualizino- metliod could answer this question is difficult of conjecture, in the present lack of data, but certainly no answer whatever covdd be expected until after two measurements separated b}' a year's interval, — a year in which the unchecked cause of an abnormal deviation Where 3I^= the mean, and d = the probable deviation ] Anthropological Measurements of Children. 27 might inflict irreparable damage on the organism. Such indefinite and fragmentary knowledge can never be the basis of a practical reform. Any solution of this problem which shall gain general acceptance must be easy to understand and easy to apply, and must give the probable degree of abnormality of any observed deviation. These conditions are, I believe, fulfilled by the following method. According to the theory of probabilities the heights of a thousand individuals of the same class will arrange them- selves as follows : — -^71 d 3 -|-4cZ 18 -\-^d 67 -\-2d 162 4- d 250 M — d 250 — 2d 162 — 'dd 67 — ^d 18 — n d 3 Let these be divided into seven groups : — I. All individuals between -\- n d and 3 c? 21 II. " " u _|_3^ .; 2rf 67 III. " ■ " " J^2d ^' -\- d 162 ly. " " •' M '' -\- d 500 V. " " " ^ d '' —2d 162 VI. " " " —2d''—^d 67 VII. " '^ " —^d''—7id 21 The mean height, weight, girth of chest, etc. of each of these groups at any given age will be the typus of a certain degree of deviation from the mean of the age, — that is to say, the heights, weights, etc. of each group will be symmetri- cally distributed above and below the mean height, weight, etc. of the group in the manner already illustrated for the entire undivided number of observations, i. e., the entire 28 American Statistical Association. thousand. Eacli group, tlierefore, will be characterized by a physical development definitely determined by the means of height, weight, and other physical dimensions. These means taken together form the typns or norm of the group. The individual deviations from this norm follow the theory of probability, and the degree of abnormality presented by any individual deviation can be expressed in the terms of tliis theory. An example will illnstrate this: A boy a? shows a deviation in height oi -\-l^ b d from the mean height of his age; he falls therefore in group III. The boys in this group possess a mean weight of M^ kilog., with a probable deviation of -\-d^^ that is, boys from d to 2 d taller than the norm of their age should weigh J/^-j-cZ^ kilog. In like manner they should possess a girth of chest of M'^-\-d'^ centimetres, and a span of arms of 31^ -\- d^ cm., and so on. If the weight, etc. of the boy x coincide with the means of his group (group III) his physique is normal, the accuracy of this conclusion being proportionate to the number of different measurements on which it is based. If the boy x deviate more than ± d from the mean in one or more dimensions his development is abnormal, and the degree of abnormalit}^ is measured by the amount of his deviation. The necessity of choosing some one dimension as a basis of such a system of measurement is self-evident. There are good reasons, partly theoretical and partly practical, why height rather than weight should be takeii as a basis. Height is more stable, less liable to irrelevant fluctuations than weight. An excess in weight can be reduced; a child whose weight is out of proportion to its height may be brought into proportion b}^ suitable diet and exercise; but height once attained cannot be reduced, nor can the growth in height be easily influenced. Practically, therefore, the pli3^sical trainer must be content to bring the weight, girth of chest, strength of squeeze, and other physical dimensions up to the mean development which corresponds to the height of the child. Experience has abundantly shown that the relation of weight Anthropological Measurements of Cliildren. 29 to height is of great importance to health, life insurance companies declining to receive ai)plicants whose weight falls much below the standard weight of their height. For these reasons height should be preferred as the basis of the system. The question whether any given deviation is normal or abnormal is answered by this system in two ways : in respect of lieight, by the degree of deviation from the mean or norm of the whole number of observations; in respect of other dimensions, by the degree of deviation of the weight, girth of cliest, etc. from the mean weight or girth of chest corre- sponding to the height of the individual under examination, this normal weight, etc. being determined with sufficient exactness by taking the means and probable deviations of the group in which the height falls. It is evident that all cases included within 31 ±d must be termed normal, for the chances are even that any individual measurement in a series will fall within M±.d^ and are against its exceeding these limits, being 4.64 against 1 that it will fall at 31 ± 2 d. Strictly speaking, all abnormal deviations in any dimension are probably unhealthful, yet an important difference exists in this respect between abnormal deviations in height and abnormal deviations in weiglit, girth of chest, etc. as related to height. It cannot be doubted that abnormal height is probably (using the word in its teclniical sense) a disadvan- tage. The potential energy of the body is converted into mechanical labor and heat, by far tlie greater expenditure taking the latter form. In the adult the total expenditure in the form of heat is about 2700 calories in 24 hours (Helm- holtz), of which 80.1 per cent escape in radiation, conduction, and evaporation from the skin. Thus the superficies of the body plays a great part in the dissipation of energy. The superficies is greater usually in tall children than in short, a difference of special imi)ortance in the young, in whom meta- bolism is much more active than in the adult. More heat is therefore lost by the abnormally tall than by those of normal height. There is a disadvantage also in the loss by median- 30 American Statistical Association. ical labor. Greater height entails increased work on the heart and on the skeletal muscles. In short, increased loss of energN'goes hand in hand with increase in height. Hence in the tall the necessity of a physical development which shall be so much above the mean as to compensate .their greater loss of energy. In growing children not only must there be compensation for the expenditure of energy, but there must be energy stored in the increase of tissue which constitutes growth. If the greater demands of tall children are balanced by a correspondingly greater income of energy, a normal equilib- rium or 'Miealth" is preserved. It should be clearly recog- nized that this equilibrium is unaffected by the absolute height, and is dependent only on the relation between height and the other physical dimensions. Consequently, health is as possible in tall children as in those of normal height, although less probable, for the chances against a compensa- tory development of weight and other dimensions increase very rapidly with the deviation of the height from the norm. The absolute height of an individual is, therefore, of very secondary interest from a practical point of view, because it is not necessarily a state of ill health, whereas the develop- ment of weight, girth of chest, etc. in proportion to height is of supreme interest. The lack of proportion between height and other physical dimensions is itself ill health. The tend- ency of organisms to adapt ends to means is strong, and an imperfect compensation may suffice for most demands. A heart in which an hypertrophy of the left ventricle has par- tially compensated an insufficiency of the mitral valve may beat regularly enough for ordinary exertions, and yet fail utterly when its possessor is forced to suddenly ascend a height, or to make any other unusual exertion. So a tall child may have a sufficient income of energy to meet the demands of a wisely regulated life, and sink under the burden of unusual tasks. Anthropological Measurements of Children. 31 It has been shown in the foregoing pages that the means derived from anthropometrical measurements l)y the general- izing method can be used to determine whether the weight and other physical dimensions of an individual are normal in relation to lieight, and it has been i)ointe(l out that tliis nor- mal relation constitutes the health of the individual. It fol- lows that the normal amount of labor cannot be exacted without injury from those in whom this normal equilibrium is wanting. These facts must therefore be taken into account in a rational school system, and it should now be made phiin how this is to be done. II. All systems of education have for their object the largest possible development of individual minds. In large schools the tasks by which this development is promoted are those which secure from the child of mean ability its maximum mental output. In practice they are determined by examina- tions. Hence the existence in every educational institution uf classes or grades based on the mental output of the mean pupil, and related to age only in that the output fixed as the standard of any class is necessarily found more often at a cer- tain age than at other ages. Thus there exists a mean age for each class, the greater number of pupils at anv age being- found in the same class, while some have advanced beyond, and others, equally old, have not yet come so far as tlifti class. On an average, those who have advanced beyond the greater number of their age are precocious, that is, possess more than the mean capacity for mental labor, while those who are less advanced are dull, possessing less than the mean capacity. It has been detnonstrated that there is a physical basis for precocity and dullness.* When numbers sufficiently large for safe statistical work are employed, it is seen that precocious pupils possess a greater mean weight, height, etc. than the mean pupils, and that the latter are heavier and * W. Townsend Porter, loc. cit. 32 American Statistical Association. v' taller than the dull. The mental output is therefore directly related to the physical condition of the pupils.. The mean height, weight, girth of chest, etc. in any grade is the mean physical development corsesponding to the mental output of the grade. It follows that those who do not possess this development cani^ot, without abnormal strain, do the work exacted in this grade. On the other hand, pupils wlio possess more than the nfi^an physical development of their age should be capable of more than tlie mean labor. Yet the manage- ment of this latter class presents but few difficulties, whereas the former class cannot be too carefully protected. The consequences of continued overstrain in a growing boy or girl are most unhappy. The curves of growth in heisrht and weig^ht of the mean child are characteristic. The quick rise to age 7 or 8, the slower ascent to age 11 in girls and 13 in boj-s, the remarkable three 3^ears of accelerated development preceding puberty, and, finally, the rapid decrease in the rate of growth as full development approaches express the normal development of the type, and, presumably, the normal development of the individual. Overwork may cause a temporary or a permanent deviation in these curves. It is probable, though not certain, that a temporary loss, consequent on a slight overstrain, may not lower the final outcome of the development, but there can be no doubt as to the result of a prolonged strain. In such a case, the proba- bility ?s strong that the whole subsequent curve will be turned out of its course. A prolonged strain in a growing child harms for life, and leaves a mark which can never be effaced. The danger is greatest in the periods of quickest develop- ment, particularly great in the prepubertal period. It is a sufficient commentary on the evils of the present educa- tional methods that during these very years the indiscrimi- nating routine of a system devised for the average pupil is most inflexibly a})plied to weak and strong alike. Overstrain can often be recognized both by subjective and objective s3anptoms. Subjective symptoms, however, are Antkropol ogical Measurements of Children. 33 frequently ()V)taiiied witli difficulty, especially in pupils who are unusually ambitious, and who over-study from choice. An objective symptom is therefore necessary, — a symptom easily demonstrated and almost never wanting. Such a s3^mptom is the failure to gain weight at the normal rate. A persistent loss of weight in an adult is regarded as a matter of grave concern ; the persistent failure of a child t(j make the normal gain in weight is no less grave. It is not pre- tended that the failure to gain weight always accompanies overstrain, but it is claimed that the number of exceptions is small, and that frequent weighing is the mo;^ practical and, in the whole, the most certain method of detecting the pres- ence of influences that are working injury to the develop- ment of the child. The skillful breeder of cattle depends on systematic weighing to inform him whether his efforts to secure well-developed animals are meeting with success, but children are left to grow at hap-hazard. It is not enough that overstrain should be recognized by the liarm it has done. The child should be guarded against the possibility of harm. The anthropometrical system pro- posed in this article offers ^ means of doing this. It infalli- bly discovers those whose physical development is below the standar d of the ir age. It no less certainly indicates the physical development which most often accompanies the power to do the mental work of any grade. It therefore divides the pupils into two bodies, those physically compe- tent and those physically incompetent for a clearly defined degree of mental exertion. When working with great num- bers, the infallibility of this system is practically absolute and theoretically almost absolute. When applied to individuals, errors will certainly occur, but the number of errors will, according to the laws of probability, be less than the number of correct conclusions. And these errors cannot influence the great fact that such a system is competent to call atten- tion to the children who shall probably be unable to do the normal work of their age without injury. Each individual case must then be treated on its own merits. 34 American Statistical Association. The proposed system of physical examination requires — I. The collection of sufficiently extensive data by the generalizing method. II. The determination of the means and the probable deviations of height, weight, girth of chest, strength of squeeze, etc. for each age. III. The division of the individuals at each age into groups in terms of the probable deviation from the mean height, as illustrated above, and the calculation of the mean and proba- ble deviation of the weight, girth of chest, etc. of each group. IV. The determination of the mean physical development of the pupils in each class or grade of the school system. V. The physical examination of each applicant for entrance to any grade. These data permit the enforcement of the following regu- lation : No pupil whose physical development deviates more than ±d from the weight, etc. of the mean pupil of his height in a class which his mental output would otherwise entitle him to enter shall be admitted to that class unless with the approval of a medical expert, if possible a regularly appointed school physician, who shall testify that the pupil's strength shall be equal to the strain. Anthropometric Statistics of Amherst College. 35 ANTHROPOMETRIC STATISTICS OF AMHERST COLLEGE. By Edward Hitchcock, M.D. When the Department of Hygiene and Physical Education was established in Amherst College, about thirty years ago, one of the very first things accomplished was the securing of bodily measurements and tests of every student as he entered the college, and again at intervals. This has been kept up with increasing accuracy and enlargement, and is still an important feature of the department. It has been the habit of the department to furnish at many of the public occasions of the college, along with the schedule of the exercises, some anthropometric and other closely connected statistical details in a printed form. The first work to be mentioned is the result of five years' record of the measures of all the students of college, in eight items of inquiry, from 1861 to 1865. These averages were : Age, 21 years and 4 months. Weight, without clothes, . . . 137.9 pounds. Height, 67.8 inches. Chest girth, without clothes, . . 35.3 " Arm girth, 11.3 " Forearm girth, 10.9 " Capacity of Lungs, 237.2 cubic inches. Measure of strength, .... 11.3 During the same five years the sickness of college students as averaged to each man, and to the four classes, was recorded. In this study each man in college lost 2.34 days of the year from sickness or accident, a man being regarded as "sick" who was absent three or more consecutive days from all col- lege exercises. 36 Amemcan Statistical Association. The number of individuals who were sick during this period, giving the average of each class, was found to be : — Seniors 5.6 men. Juniors, 7.0 " Sophomores, 10.8 " Freshmen, 12.8 " showing that health increased during the college course. Some items were gathered in a study of ten years, by classes, with reference to sickness, as before mentioned, and the results were as follows : — Seniors, averaging 50.0 men, had 6.6 on the sick list. Juniors, " 53.2 " " 9.1 '• " "• " Sophomores, '' 62.9 " " 12.6 " " " " Freshmen, " 64.1 - " 14.9 " " '^ And in this same period the average loss of time to each sick man was 11.4 days, and to all the college of 2.1 days. There also were among these men 43 different maladies, of which 83 per cent were colds and 9 per cent physical accidents and injuries. Still later, statistics of 14 years* duration for 3488 students were compiled, and the following law seemed to be deduci- ble : The rate of difference in numbers between freslimen and so})homores was 6 per cent, and the decrease in sickness 15 per cent. Between the sophomore and junior classes the numerical difference was 14 per cent, and the decrease in sickness 17 per cent. The falling off in numbers from junior to senior years was 8 per cent, and the sickness decreased to the amount of 30 per cent. A study of the viability of the first 39 classes of the college — 1821 to 1860 — on the living condition of these graduates has also been a matter of study. The average viability was 84 per cent, or 16 per cent mortality in classes, averaging at their graduation 24 years of age. Another study during 1874 was (see Table A^ p. 590) — Anthropometric Statistics of Amherst College. 37 c ^ fcJDSH R o Q — . a; c3 r^ c «3 ^ C.) ^ CC x ^ ci O C I 1 o i 1 .i8d 9Ai;i!iaH ^ I 1 i 8 JO :)sax ^ 1 d d J8d 8Allt?t8^ s s 1 i ^ •eaqoiil 0Tqn3 ut o i i S .lad aA 111318^ ! CO S 1 q •saiiDui ui 8.in ^ 1 o .lad 8AI!Jtq8a 1 i I s •saiptii UI a.iustJ8iv[ tuay CO g s » « § 1 i 1 1 q •saqoui ui si i 1 8 si •:;ua3 .tad aAiiiJiaa CO s CO o CO o 1 q •^89J UI s >o i id i in id •:Hia3 aad § CO S o •spunoj UI 1 00 CO 05 1 •^U9f) jad aA^^'iaa 1 © i 1 •sj^aA ut aSv 1 ?3 i CO CO o 53 1 1 1 c c s o 1 o c c 1 < 38 American Statistical Association. In 1879 the average and mean measurements of 1262 stu- dents, attending between 1861 and 1878, were contrasted in respect to six items. The contrasts are here shown. The average age was 21 years and three months. Mean. Average. Weight in pounds, 127 139 Height in inches, 67 66 Chest girth in inches, 36 36 Arm " - " 11 12 Lung capacity in cuhic inches, 220 250 Pull up, number of times 12 11 26,060 measures of 1321 students of the six items below gave strength to the belief that the body gains its physical perfection between 26 and 30 years of age. It is generally accepted as a law that bodily growth con- tinues until the age of 30. This law, however, is not verified by these statistics when studied by the single years of obser- vation, owing probably to an insufficient number of data, and specially above the age of 24. But on grouping the years thus: All under 20; all from 20 to 24, inclusive; and all from 25 to 29, inclusive, there is a very close illustration of the general law, as is seen by this table. Age. Weight. ! Height. Chest Girth. Arm Girth. Lung Capacity. Body Lift. Under 20 20 to 24 25 to 29 133.50 140.28 143.40 66.20 68.12 68.48 34.75 36.25 36.85 11.33 11.78 11.69 233.85 254.23 264.66 9.88 10.68 10.64 See Table B on page 39. After 20 years of gathering and recording anthropometric statistics of our students several tables were compiled relat- ing to physical measures, growth and development, the sick list, and the maladies. These are here inserted. See Table C on page 40. Anthropometric Statistics of Amherst College. 39 o a 6 cc rr -^ 2 O cj s = CO ;r i5 o « p 3 1 Hi n ■* Tj^" TjT ec (m' r^ s Jl 00 dddddddoddiNCJt- 53 S >5 -ggggiiISs---- t 1 1 a ^Sg||||||gSS2^ 2 Arm in Inches. rtCO-^-t'COCi^rtir-O'-i^COi-i 1 c s ^gSgg|||5|5S^SS Chest in Inches. 00 O CO t~ t- ^ CO fO O lO O CO f I- 1 a (^^co^cs<^^co<^^ooTfot-t-S5oo ■.*«)<0 a *t->OlO(M> PQ "5 1^ -2 - II Per Cent Strongest with Ripht Hand. Seniors Juniors Sopliomores Freshmen College Average College Mean.. 1,113 1,148 1,2G3 1,489 5,013 22.24 21.87 20.57 19.31 21.10 142.19 140.59 139.39 133.19 138.84 131.00 67.94 67.86 67.53 67.33 67.66 67.50 35.97 35.61 35.44 34.76 35.40 35.50 11.77 11.72 11.69 11.23 11.19 11.25 11.21 11.07 11.06 10.80 11.02 251.05 250.07 249.23 233.08 241.79 230.00 11.33 .11.31 10.58 8.61 10.25 11.00 69.72 69.78 69.70 69.60 69.69 3.18 3.33 3.45 3.00 3.02 92.02 88.99 90.45 87.83 89.69 86.48 85.98 86.05 83.34 85.50 93 97 96 96 95 Table D. — Showing the Maxima and Minima of every measurement of the 2106 students observed. Maxima . Minima . 35.6 15.3 216 84 ^ i t " ti ■Sx-^ O'g O y ii 1^ o - «j5 .-. 76.5 43.00 15.5 58.0 27.25 8.0 s fa 15.00 8.25 5 i 3 426 115 3 ger ach ches. >> 5 00 hfi i^. GO o C ir^ ffi E^ «M „ CU o -M '^ ^ rrt >-^ fcfl O 3 *5 ci OS ^ 03 NL a> 03 >^ +j 'C Cj fcc 03 LTp. ber 68. g^i$2^55^?5^S - s o a °°'^S^^^SSS^ I'i ^ ^ • 1 &:-^ ?» O0C>l^C\)>^00C>0oC>^ Lun apac in Litre 50 00 Oi 'Ci '-i i^S I^i c^j fc f^. co^jfo'^'^'^"^'^'^"^ U 1 ocicoi-H'*os5icoq laddqjoj^odgio ^1 "5 0^»0<:io^e^>H|2 iSil ^000005C5C55<=>^ C^55e5.0-*-t<«000 S|1 £ -^ S o o^_ -^ in o t-- C-. c: c> OT-Hr-tMrHl-I-HrH^r-J 2^ =^1 ^•'^ S ■^ ■'" -i 2 Q0<^>»O«l^-100^>HC>^« S ^ is -h :?^ li ^ ^ ^Ot^CiOiO'-^C^i^^^'* OoOOOOOOOiOiOiOiOjOs O -5 1^ Si 05 6 » J Gir iche nd redt SS5^^8§SS^§ ^^^^^^^^^^ i7 1-3 cs '3 a< _ S i IOI^C>C5>H^O'-SCV)?0 CiOiC>'^'^'~|iMC^)O.)0\i ■- .2 -1 S S .l^ ^ ^ «g ^ 09 .a eight in iches and dredt K ^ 5 ffi i, S-^-^ t^io«o»<5«OOi»-'ii«i:ci^ •2^ 3 ^ si ;oOoci^=C> Weight in Pounds and Decimals. g?2gJ2§??5g??cS II^I^ISII^ '■*-> r^ t^ o ^ 5 S ©ONWQCHt,?.??** ?- c 2: .« « c; «) ."^ «^ »-'^' o t» « CO Numbe Stude Measu at Each Y -T H M H • © •« §=5 s tor>-co(y)0 — cMcorhio <^ =M "5 cmcvjcmcnjcvjcm o s £» 46 American Statistical Association. tioii was made in 1884 from the height of 155 to 183 centi- metres of 51 items of measurement from 628 men. Then each man as he was measured, with his record in his own hands, could see his exact relation to the average man of his own height, as determined by the records for many years past. From this table were constructed cards — one for each centimetre — of the heights already mentioned, and contain- ing the records of the 51 items observed, and side by side of his own record of measures. And upon this same card were given the directions and suggestions of the examiner, when there was a special lack of development, and one with the average of all college for work and development. Besides this it contained the directions for taking the measurements as adopted by the American Association for the Advance- ment of Physical Education, the method of examining the eyes and ears, and general directions for the use of the development apparatus in the gymnasium. Two years later another edition of the manual was issued, and today, 1893, a third one is just from the press, with enlarged tables and data, but all tending to confirm the idea that stature is the foundation upon which the idea of the typical student should be constructed, and the source from which all corrections for imperfect or non-development should be made. It is most interesting to note that the statue of the typical college student exhibited at the Chicago Exposition today most strongly exemplifies this idea. To conclude, the results of Anthropometry in Amherst College as they stand today are to be found in the tables accompanying this paper, and in the revised tables contained in the third edition of the Anthropometric Manual of Amherst College, 1893. Effects of Gymnastic Training on American Women. 47 AN ANTHROPOMETRICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF GYMNASTIC TRAINING ON AMERICAN WOMEN. By Claes J. Enebuske, A.M., Ph.D., Principal of Instruction in the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics. Ill order to trace the results of gymnastic training, the students of the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics are measured at regular intervals during the school year. The first measurements are taken at the beginning of the school work in the autumn ; the last measurements are taken at the close of the school in the spring. At the beginning of each month those items which are most susceptible to change under the influence of the training are remeasured, and the change in which has most direct influence upon the working capac- ity and resistive power of the student, so far as is manifest in gymnasium work. The measures taken each month are the weight, lung capacity, strength of legs, back, chest, left and right forearm. At the beginning and close of the work 53 different measurements are taken in all, namely, the stand- ing height, the length, breadth, depth, girth of various parts of the body, taken at distinct anatomical landmarks. Besides these a series of tracings of the form of the chest are taken at the beginning and close of the year. These are made by means of the anthropometric machines, constructed for this purpose by Demeny in Paris. They consist of, 1st, tracing of thorax in horizontal section, with chest in inspiratory — repose — and expiratory position ; 2nd, tracing of the median profile of the trunk with chest in inspiratory, repose, and expiratory position ; 3rd, the antero-posterior curve of the back ; 4th, the mid-spinal line. Ill the present paper we wish to present a part of the results attained by the study of the measurements of one hundred junior students of the school.^ The first observation * The measurements have been made by Miss M. Anna Wood, of Wellesley College, and Miss Margaret S. Wallace, of the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics. 48 American Statistical Association. was made before the training began, or in the early part of the training ; the second observation was made seven months later. During the intervening period, i, e., from October to May, the students had one hour's gymnastic training five days a week, besides attending the required lectures and recitations. The ages of the students range from seventeen to forty-two years. The distribution of age at the beginning of the training is shown in the following table: — TABLE I. Age at the Following Percentile Grades. Percentile Grade. 5: 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 95. Years 19 19i 20i 21 22 23i 25i 27 30 35 37 Height. The highest and lowest statures of these 100 stu- dents were 171.3 and 147 centimetres, respectively. Table II shows the distribution of height before and after the training. TABLE II. Height. Percentile Grade. 5. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 95. Unit. Before the train- inp" 151.3 152.0 152.8 153.0 154.9 155.0 156.6 156.8 158.6 158.8 160.1 160.2 160.7 161.5 162.7 163.2 164.8 166.5 167.5 167.6 169.5 169.6 t After 7 months' training c a Weight. The highest and lowest weights observed in these cases are, before the training, 74.3 and 40.2 kilos., respec- tively ; after the training, 72.9 and 38.4 kilos., respectively. Table III shows the value of the following percentile grades before and after training : — ^ TABLE III. AVeight. Percentile Grade. 5. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 95. Unit. Before the train- 43.5 43.5 45.0 44.8 47.5 47.1 49.5 49.1 51.5 51.7 53.4 53.3 55.0 55.2 57.5 57.3 59.7 59.4 63.1 62.1 65.8 66.4 i After 7 months' training Effects of Gymnastic Training on American Women. 49 It will be seen that a slight diminution in weight has taken place generally (the exceptions being at the 40, 60, and 95 per cent grades). Lung Capacity. The highest and lowest lung capacity observed in these cases are, before the training, 3.76 and 1.31 litres, respectively; after the training, 4.1 and 1.97 litres, respectively. Table IV shows the value of the following percentile grades : — TABLE IV. LuxG Capacity. Percentile Grade. 5. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 95. Unit. Before the train- ing 2.13 2.27 2.40 2.46 2.56 2.65 2.75 2.87 2.95 3.07 3.35 2 After 7 montlis' H^ training 2.27 2.38 2.54 2.65 2.72 2.87 2.96 3.03 3.12 3.29 3.43 It is seen that increase of lung capacity has taken place at all the percentile grades. After seven months' gymnastic training the value of the 30 per cent grade (2.65) is equal to the value at the 50 per cent grade before the training, and the value at the 50 per cent grade after the training (2.87) is equal to the 70 per cent grade before the training. Strength of Legs. The extreme values observed are, before the training, 148 and 60 kilos., respectively ; after the training, 190 and 81 kilos., respectivel}^ Table V gives the value of the following percentile grades: — TABLE V. Strength of Legs. Percentile Grade. 5. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 95. Unit. Before the train- 08.0 87.5 70.0 78.0 80.0 108.5 88.0 115.0 93.0 120.0 100.0 127.5 105.0 135.0 119.5 145.0 131.5 160.0 139.5 168.5 i After 7 months' training 94.5 100.0 Increase has taken place at all the percentile grades. After the training the value at the 10 per cent grade (94.5) is higher than the value of the 50 per cent grade before the 50 Ameyncan Statistical Association. training (93), and the 50 per cent value after the training (120) is higher than the 80 ^qv cent value before the train- ing (119.5). Strength of Back. The extreme values were, before the training, 100 and 40 kilos., respectively; after the training, 124 and 48 kilos., respectively. Table VI shows the value of the following percentile grades : — TABLE VI. Strength of Back. Percentile Grade. 5. 10. 20. 30. 40. 1 50. ' 60. 70. 80. \ 90. 95. Unit. Before the train- rncr 45.5 60.0 49.0 66.0 52.5 72.0 57.5 77.0 60.5 78.0 1 1 65.5 70.0 1 75.0 ! i 81.5 86.0 j 91.5 1 1 ' ■ 80.5 90.0 91.5 1 95.0 100.0 104.0 1 « After 7 months' training S Increase has taken place in all the grades. The 10 per cent value after the training (^Q^ is higher than the 50 per cent value before the training (65.5), while the 50 per cent value after the training (81.5) is higher than the 80 per cent value before the training (80.5), and the 70 per cent value after the training (91.5) is equal to the 95 per cent value before the training. Strength of Chest. Tlie extreme values before the train- ing were 37 and 15 kilos., respectively; after the training, 48 and 18 kilos., respectively. Table VII shows the value of the following percentile grades : — TABLE VII. Strength of Chest. Percentile Grade. 5. 10. 20. ' 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 1 80. 1 90. ' 95. ! Unit. Before the train- 19.0 24.5 20.5 26.8 24.0 28.5 25.0 29.8 26.0 31.0 : ' ! i After 7 months' training 32.0 j 33.0 i 35.0 36.5 i 39.0 1 39.0 1 i 1 i Increase has taken place in all the grades. The 10 per cent value after the training (26.8) is slightly below the 50 per cent value before the training (27), while the 50 per cent Effects of Gymnastic Training on American Women. 51 value after the training (32) is higher than the 80 per cent value before the training (30.3), and nearer the 90 per cent value (32.8) before the training. Strength of Right Forearm. The extreme values were, before the training, 36 and 10 kilos., respectively ; after the training, 39 and 19, respectively. Table YIII gives the value of the following percentile grades : — TABLE VIII. Strength of Right Forearm. Percentile Grade. 5. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 95. Unit. Before the train- 16.0 20.0 20.0 23.0 22.0 24.5 24.0 25.0 25.0 27.0 26.0 28.0 27.0 29.0 28.0 30.0 30.0 82.5 31.5 34.5 33.0 37.0 § After 7 months' training s • There is increase consequently at all the grades. The 50 per cent value before the training (26) is reached between the 30 and 40 percentile grades after the training, and the 50 per cent value after the training is equal to the 70 per cent value before the training. Strength of Left Forearm. The extreme values were, before the training, 37 and 9 kilos., respectively ; after the training, 38 and 16, respectively. Table IX gives the value of the following percentile grades : — TABLE IX. Strength of Left Forearm. Percentile Grade. 5. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 95. Unit. Before the train- iii<>" 14.5 18.0 16.0 19.0 19.0 20.5 20.0 23.0 21.0 24.0 23.0 25.0 24.0 26.0 25,0 27.0 26.0 29.0 28.5 31.0 30.5 33.0 3 After 7 months' traming Increase is found in all grades. The 30 per cent value after the training (23) equals the 50 per cent value before the training, and the 50 per cent value after the training (25) equals the 70 per cent value before the training. Total Strength. By this term is understood the sum of the five strength tests mentioned. The extreme values 52 American Statistical Association. were, before the training, 311 and 156.5 kilos., respectively ; after the training, 409 and 202.5 kilos., respectively. Table X gives the value of the following percentile grades : — TABLE X. TOTAL Strength. Percentile Grade. 5. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. GO. 70. 80. 90. 95. Unit. Before the train- 176.0 219.0 191.0 237.5 201.0 254.5 213.0 271.0 221.0 285.0 230.5 293.0 243.5 301.5 264.0 313.0 277.5 325.0 293 5 310 « After 7 months' Training 341.0 371.0 .2 This table shows that the total strength of the 10 per cent grade after the training (237.5) surpasses the 50 per cent grade before the training (230.5), and approaches the 60 per cent grade value (243.5). The 50 per cent value after the training (293) nearly equals the 90 per cent value before the training (293.5), and the 70 per cent value after the training (313) is beyond the 95 per cent value before the training (810). It is of interest to study the ratio of some of the items mentioned. W Ratio of weight and height, i. e., — (TT'"= weight in kilo., ^^ height in centimetres) expresses how much weight an individual possesses for every centimetre of his stature ; for W instance, —=0.340, i. e., 0.340 kilos, for each centimetre of stature. For the sake of convenience this ratio will be spoken of under the term loeight-height index. Besides, we present tables indicating the influence of the training upon the fol- lowing indices : — (L C \ ), i. c, vital capacity-weight index, or, for brevity's sake, vital index. Ratio of total strength (kilos.) and weight [~.y 1, i. e., strength-weight index. The product obtained by multiplying vital index by strength-weight index ( — -^, — ), i. e., vital strength-weight index. Effects of Gymnastic Training on American Women. 53 The product obtained by multiplying vital index by total strengtii ( ^^ — ?V i. e., j)ower index. The four indices last mentioned were discussed by the writer in a paper read before the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education, at its eighth annual meeting in Phihidelphia, A})ril, 1892, entitled " Some Meas- urable results of Swedish Pedogogical Gymnastics," and printed in the proceedings of that Association. To this paper those are referred who are interested in a furtiier description of the indices. Here we will only quote some of the results summed up. 1. The vital strength-weight index grows parallel with the growth of efficiency and adaptability to gymnastic exercises ; and is indicative of the degree of an individual's training with reference to gj-mnastic exercises. This index becomes still more instructive in this respect if its component vital index and strength-weight index are consulted also. 2. Under ordinary circumstances those women of vital strength-weight index lower than 0.2000 are not in condition for gymnastic exercises so vigorous as climbing; those of 0.3000 or more are in excellent condition for such exercises ; those between 0.2000 and 0.3000 are between unable and well-conditioned. 3. Under ordinary circumstances the vital mcZeic necessary for ability to climb is in the neighborhood of 0.0474, but in combination with a high strength-weight index or a very energetic moral disposition some imperfect climbing may exist with even lower vital index, and has been observed in a case with as low a vital index as 0.0444. 4. Under ordinary circumstances the strength-iceight index necessary for ability to climb is about 5.4; but, in combina- tion with high vital index or a very energetic disposition, climbing may be possible with lower strength-weight index, and some imperfect climbing has been observed in a case with strength-weight index only 3.6. 54 American Statistical Association. 5. Two vital strength-weight indices of equal number may have different values, as exponents of physical efficiency, " dej^ending upon whether they are com})Osed of a vital index and a strength-weight index of corresponding heights or of a high and a low index. 6. So far as can be judged from observation of about 100 cases, the vital strength-weight indices of women which corre- spond to the highest efficiency of the most manifold adapta- bility in the gymnasium are those composed of a strength- weight index of 6.2 or more, and a vital index of 0.0550 to 0.0600 or somewhat above 0.0600. Those composed of a low strength-weight index and a vital index considerably higher than 0.0600 (0.0650 or more) are more difficult to estimate, and their number is comparatively small. As an illustration of the correlation between the growth of the vital strength-weight index and the growth of working capacity in the gymnasium the following table is offered. It will be understood without further explanation than to say that the marks are our subjective estimate of the capacity of the students to climb the perpendicular rope. The figures indicate the number of students who have the index as given at the top of the perpendicular column, and the mark in climbing as given at the head of the horizontal column. A^ means excellence ; C, entire inability ; B^ the first struggling success to climb a few inches upward ; the other marks indicate the intermediate stages of proficiency. TABLE XI. Comparison of Vital Strength-Weight Indices and Marks in Climb- ing OF 51 Junior Students of the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics. d d d o d o d o § i d o d o d o d o d o d o d ® d d s Ai A2 Abi.... Ab2.... Bi B2 C *1 4 *2 1 3 2 2 .... 2 2 1 *3 *1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 10 1 3 3 ■ .... 1 .... 20 7 6 7 2 4 5 Total. . . 5 10 5 6 4 1 2 11 3 3 1 51 Effects of Gymnastic Training on American Women. 55 Imperfect climbing under difficulty corresponds to index 0.2000-0.2500 Growing ability to climb corresponds to index . . 0.2500-0.3000 Ease in climbing '' - " . . 0.3000-0.3500 Great ease in climbing " ^i *. ^ ^ 0.3500- While the vital strength-weight index grows parallel with aptitude in such exercises as demand the weight of the body to be lifted by the individual's own muscles (as climbing, jumping, etc.), the power index shows a more marked corpe- spondence with the growing capacity in such exercises in which outer resistance is combated. It deserves to be noted that the power index, being the product of vital index and fL CY.T S\ total strength, i. e., f ^ j, is also the product of vital LCx TS Weight-Height Index. The extreme values are, before the training, 0.454 and 0.270, respectively ; after the training, 0.454 and 0.259, respectively. Table XII gives the value of the following percentile grades : — TABLE XII. Weight-Height Index. L C Y. T S strength-weight index and weight, i.e., — ,..t, — XTF Percentile Grade. 5. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 95. Before the train- 0.279 0.274 0.290 0.299 0,312 0.322 0.320 0.331 0.330 0.343 0.344 0.351 0.351 0.372 0.366 0.389 0.384 0.401 0.405 Atter 7 months' training 0.286 0.301 0.312 The general tendency has been towards a slight diminution of this index under the influence of the training. Vital Index. The extreme values are, before the training, 0.0710 and 0.0307, respectively ; after the training, 0.0720 and 0.0409, respectively. Table XIII gives the values of the following percentile grades : — TABLE XIII. Vital Index. Percentile Grade. 5. Before the train- ing 0.0384 After 7 months' training 0.0438 0.0407 0.0450 20. 0.0430 0.0475 0.0456 0.0495 50. 0.0480 0.0499 0.0513 0.0506 0.0530 0.0550 0.0536 0.0565 0.0570 0.0590 90. 0.0602 0.0630 95. 0.0661 0.0661 56 American Statistical Association, Increase of this index has been the general result of the training, except in the higliest percentile grades, and the increase has been greatest at tlie lower grades. The value at the 30 per cent grade after the training (0.0495) approaches the 50 ])er cent value before the training (0.0499), and the 50 per cent value after tiie training (0.0530) approaches the 70 per cent value before the training (0.0536). Strength- Weight Index. The extreme values observed are, before the training, 6.4 and 2.87, respectively ; after the training, 7.33 and 3.6, respectively. Table XIV gives the values of the following percentile grades; — TABLE XIV. Strength-Weight Index. Percentile Grade. 5. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 95. Before the train- in j? 3.26 4.02 3.47 4.36 3.72 4.77 3.96 4.94 4.12 5.28 4.40 5.48 4.53 5.66 4.8 6.0 5.27 6.35 5.70 6.65 5.98 7.60 After 7 months' training Increase of this index has taken place at all the grades. The value of the 10 per cent grade after the training (4.36) reaches nearly the 50 per cent value before the training (4.40), while the 50 per cent value after the training (5.48) is about equal to the 85 per cent grade before the training. Vital Strength- Weight Index. The extreme values are, before the training, 0.415 and 0.108, respectively; after the training, 0.527 and 0.166, respectively. Table XV shows the values of the following percentile grades : — TABLE XV. Vital Strength-Weight Index. Percentile Grade. Before the train- ing After 7 months' training 5. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 95. 0.1290 0.1480 0.1710 0.1925 0.2050 0.2180 0.2385 0.2530 0.2730 0.3170 0.3320 0.1925 0.2150 0.2445 0.2575 0.2690 0.2845 0,3060 0.3325 0.3600 0.3810 0.4100 We find that the value of the 10 per cent grade after the training (0.2150) approaches the 50 per cent value before the training (0.2180), and that the 50 per cent value after Effects of Gymnastic Training cj?i Amerlca/tWo/ne/i. 57 tlie triiiniiig (0.2845) is higher Ukui the 80 [)er cent viiliie before the triiiiiing (0.2730). Comparing with the subjective estimate of ability to climb, referred to above, we find that the vital stren<>'th-wei!2lit index necessary for climbing is — With (lilliculty (about 0.2000) before training at -10 i)er cent, after training at 10 per cent. AhiHty (about 0.2500) before training at 70 per cent, after training at 30 per cent. Ease (about 0.3000) before training at 90 [)er cent, after training at GO per cent. Great ease (about 0.3500) before training at 00 per cent, after train- ing at 75 per cent. Potocr Index. The extreme values of this index are, before training, 18.6 and 4.9, respectively ; after training, 25 and 9.3, respectively. Table XVI gives the values of the following percentile grades : — TABLE XVI. POWER I>sDEX. Percentile Grade. Before the train- i'lg After 7 months' training; 5. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. GO. 70. 80. 90. 95. 8.10 8.65 y.y 10.35 11.10 11.9 12.45 13.15 13.95 15.10 15.50 11.05 11.65 13.3 14.10 14.85 15.7 16.40 17.15 17.70 18.95 19.95 The value of the 10 per cent grade (11.65) after the training approaches the 50 per cent value before the training (11.9), while the 50 per cent value after the training (15.7) surpasses the value of the 95 per cent grade before the training (15.5). The anthropometrical data which we have presented above justify the opinion that the susceptibility of American women to gymnastic training is considerable. The tables of strength and lung capacity, and, still better, the computed indices, the vital strength-weight index, and the power index, show that by seven months' training the mere physical working capacity of these women, such as manifests itself in gymnasium work, has grown from the 10 per cent grade to the 50 per cent grade, and from the 50 per cent grade to the 80 or 90 per cent grade. 58 American Statistical Association. THE GROWTH OF ST. LOUIS CHILDREN. By William Townsend Pouter. In January, February, and March, 1892, 33,500 boys and girls in the St. Louis public schools were measured by me and my assistants. The following data were collected: Name of pupil, place of birth, age at nearest birthday, birthplace of father, birthplace of mother, occupation of father, number of brothers and sisters living and dead, residence of pupil, color of hair and eyes, height standing, height sitting, span of arms, strength of squeeze witli right and left hand, girth of chest at full inspiration and full expiration, weight, acuteness of vision in right and left eyes, length of head, width of head, height of face from root of nose to point of chin, width of face, height of face from hair line to point of chin, and, finally, the school grade of the pupil. The information thus secured has furnished material for the following publications: (1) The Plmjsical Basis of Pre- cocity and Dullness^ Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, Vol. VI, No. 7, issued March 21, 1893 ; (2) The Relation hetioeen the Groiuth of Children and their Deviation from the Physical Type of their Sex and Age^ Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, Vol. VI, No. 10, issued November 14, 1893 ; (3) Untersuchungen der Schul- hinderin Bezug anf die physischen Grundlagenihrer geistigen Entwichelung ^ Verhandlungen der Berliner Anthropologi- schen Gesellschaft, Sitzung vom 15 Juli, 1893, Virchow's Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologic; (4) The Groii^th of St. Louis Children., Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, VoL VI, No.' 12, issued April 14, 1894. Three other papers are in preparation : The Groioth of Large and Small Children; Acuteness of Vision in the St. Louis Public Schools ; and a statement of the normal weights for children of different heights. The Growtli of St. Louis Children. 69 I purpose ill this paper to give a brief account of some of the results of these studies. It is a matter of much interest to determine whetlier meas- urements made for the most part by teacliers in the public schools are sufficiently accurate to furnish reliable physical standards. The statistician answers this question by compar- ing the observed distribution of the heights or weights, etc., at any age with the distribution of an equal number of obser- vations according to the theory of probabilities. A glance at the theoretical and the observed distribution of the heights of 2192 girls, aged 8 (Table No. 7 in The Gro^vth of St. Louis Children), shows a satisfactory agreement between them. Tliis indicates that the number of measurements is so large that deviations to one side of the true height are fairly well compensated by deviations to the other side. In such a case the median value of the series is typical of the series. Thus, in this investigation measurements collected by comparatively unskilled observers were found to satisfy the requirements of theory. The objection sometimes made that the errors of observa- tion materially affect the truth of the values obtained is of little weight, partly because such errors are " accidental *' and compensate each other, and partly because a deviation from the middle value due to an uncompensated error in measurement forms, as a rule, an inconsiderable part of that greater deviation which expresses the physiological difference between the individual and the type of his age and class. ''Accidental " errors of observation need not give concern in measurements of great numbers of school children. Nor need there be much fear of constant errors of observation, pro- vided the collection of material is made by many persons, and with a good number of each sort of measuring instrument. The degree of deviation of individual measurements from the median value of an anthropometrical series is measured by the Probable Deviation, that value which, in the words of Lexis, is as often exceeded as attained. Hence, if Quetelet's 60 American Statistical Association. theory is true, the probable deviation is a measure of the degree of deviation of individuals from tlieir physical type. The probable deviation contains the Error of Observation as well as the Physiological Difference of the individual from the type. The Error of Observation, in a large series of meas- urements, is insignificant. The probable deviation may there- fore, witliout any error of importance, be considered as tlie physiological difference betvv^een the individual and the type. The comparison of the probable deviations from the aver- age height standing of the school children in the Freiburg School District (measured by Geissler and Uhlitzsch) and the St. Louis school chiklren reveals a difference of only a few millimetres, although St. Louis children are taller tlian Freiburg children. It follows that the physiological differ- ence between individual school children and the physical type of their sex and age is essentially the same Avhere the differences between the children compared are not greater than those existin(T between the St. Louis and the Freiburo^ to O children. The probable deviation at different ages is found to vary with the quickness of growth as measured by the relative annual increase of average height, weight, etc. Hence, the physiological difference between the individual children in an anthropometrical series and the physical type of the series is directly related to the quickness of growth. It is much disputed whether median or average (arithmet- ical mean) should be employed as the type value. The dif- ference between the median and the average values in this investigation is relatively small, indicating that the median value, which is obtained with comparatively little labor, may be used in place of the average, where the material is as large, and of the same nature, as that analyzed by me. It is pointed out that the comparisons now often made between the type-children of the schools of different cities and countries cannot be justified, unless it is shown that the school populations from whicli these types are drawn are The (rrointh of St. Lou in Children. 61 sufficiently alike to be rightly comparable. Information is given concerning occupation of parents of St. Louis cliildren. A comparison of the weights of the (laughters of manual tradesmen with the weights of the daughters of professional men and mercliants teaches that the latter are very little heavier than the daughters of manual tradesmen until the period of pre})ubertal acceleration ; and that the weight of girls is much more influenced by the material prosperity, or social status, of parents during and immediately after the period of prepubertal acceleration than in the earlier years of growth. The nationality of tlie children should be considered in an anthropometrical enquiry. The weights of children of Ger- man parentage are compared with those of American parent- age. The difference between the two is inconsiderable. When the curves of growth in weight, height standing, heiglit sitting, span of arms, and girth of chest are drawn on the same s\^stem of co-ordinates, the attention of the observer is arrested by the difference in the development of girls and boys during the period of prepubertal acceleration. Girls enter this time of rapid growth at age 11 or 12, two years earlier than bo3^s, and during several years are larger than boys of the same age. The ages at wliich girls begin to be larger than boys are nearly the same in all five dimensions named above, and a similar correspondence is seen in the age at which girls cease to be larger tlian boys. The sexual difference just noted is not present in ex[)ansion of chest, or in strength of squeeze, or in any head or face measurement, except height of face from hair-line to point of chin. Boys have therefore a larger expansion of the chest, greater strength of squeeze, and greater length and width of head, and height and width of face than girls throughout their period of growth. The duration of the period during which girls are larger than boys in weiglit, lieight standing, height sitting, span of arms, and girth of chest is shortest in span of arms, and is 62 American Statistical Association. considerably longer in heiglit sitting than in any other dimension. Big girls begin to be larger than l)ig boys at an earlier age than that at which small girls begin to exceed small boys. The period in which small girls are larger than small boys is longer than that in which big girls are larger than big boys. The absolute annual increase of height standing, weight, span of arms, height sitting, girth of chest, and strength of squeeze is greatest in girls at age 13, and in boys at age 15, nearest birthday. The relative annual increase (increase at any year divided by the average value at that year) gives a truer idea of growth than the absolute annual increase, because the latter value is entangled with the size of the indi- vidual measured. The absolute increase is commonly greater in a big boy than in a small boy, and yet the rate of growth may be the same. The relative annual increase is free of such errors. The relative annual increase in strength of squeeze, weight, height standing, height sitting, span of arras, and girth of chest is treated in Chapter VII of The Groiotli of St. Louis Children. The ratio of span of arms, height sitting, chest girth, weight, strength of squeeze with right hand, and five head and face measurements to height standing is also given in Chapter VII. These relations are shown graphicall}^ in Plate XL V of Growth of St. Louis Children., height standing being expressed by an abscissa, and the percentage relation of the other dimensions to height displayed in curves. Of all these, span of arms most closely approximates the height, the differ- ence being less than one per cent of the latter from age 6 to 11, and scarcely more than two per cent in subsequent ages. The heiglit sitting and the girth of chest run a parallel course, and are, moreover, nearly equal, the girth of chest being about two per cent less than the height sitting. They increase a little less rapidly than the height, showing a decline of about 4 per cent in thirteen years. Height sitting and chest girth are not far from half the height standing. The GroiMli of St. Louis CJdldren. 63 Far different is the development of weiglit and strength of squeeze. These increase much more rai)idly than height, for at age 6 the heiglit stands to weight in the ratio of 100 to 18, and to strength of squeeze as 100 to 6, while at age 16 tliese ratios are 100 to 34 and 100 to about 16, respectively. The parallelism in the development of weight and strength of squeeze is interesting. The dimensious of the liead and face increase somewhat less rapidly than the height. In Volume VI, No. 7, of the Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, issued March 21, 1803, I demou- strated that children who possess more than the ordinary power of mental labor, as measured by their progress in their studies, are heavier, taller, and larger in girth of chest and in width of head than their less gifted companions of the same acje. A more extended statement of these observations was presented to the Berliner Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologic, Ethnologic, und Urgeschichte, July 15, 1893, and appears in Virchoivs Zeitsclirift fur Etlinolorfie., under the title ''Unter- suchungen der Schulkinder in Bezug auf die physischen Grundlagen ihrer geistigen Entwickelung." In these papers the material was the total number of observations irrespective of the social condition of parents. An example, selected from Tables Nos. 2 and 4, pages 165 and 167, of The Phys- ical Basis of Precocity and Dullness., will illustrate the result of the enquiry. Pupils aged 11 are found in Grades I, II, III, IV, V, and VI of the St. Louis Public Schools, as the follow- ing table shows. The 59 boys of Grade I, the lowest grade, Table Showing Median AVeight of Boys Aged 11 Distkibuted by School Gkade. Grades. Number of Boys Weighed. Median Weight. Kilogrammes. I 59 28.83 II 311 29.74 III C64 30.92 IV 54G 31.43 V 123 32.41 VI 33 33.29 64 American Statistical Association. weigh less tlian the boys of Grade II, and these again are lighter than the b()3's in higher grades. When children of the same age and, nearly as possible, of the same class of societ}^ are weighed, and the weights dis- tributed by school grade, it is found that tliey follow the law established for the whole material irrespective of social con- dition. Tables are given in Growtli of St. Louis Clvihh'eii of the weights of tlie daughters of manual tradesmen and of the daughters of professional men, distributed by school grade. The results of this study of the weights of girls from the same social class confirm the conclusion that successful pupils are larger than the unsuccessful. The relation between the ability to succeed in school work and the rate of growth or yearly increase in size is treated in Tlie Physical Basis of Precocity and Dullness^ p. 176 et seq. It appears that the comparative rate of growth of dull, mediocre, and precocious children of the same sex is the same at all ages, from 7 to 16, inclusive. The data at liand were not sufficient to decide whether this law is true of other ages in the period of growth. It is further shown that the acceleration in weight preceding puberty takes place at the same age in dull, mediocre, and precocious children ; and that the point in the period of accelerated development at which girls become heavier than boys is the same in the dull, the mediocre, and the precocious. The following are among the data given in Growth of St. Louis Children : The median and average value of each series of observations ; the probable deviation ; the probable error of the average ; median nunus average value ; relation of weight, span of arms, etc., etc., to height standing ; the 5, 10, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90, and 95 percentile grades; the absolute annual increase of the average; the absolute amiual increase at various percentile grades; the relative annual increase ; and several cranial indices. The Growth of Children. 65 Repriiiteil troiii tlie Kii/litk Annual Ji(j)orf of (he Stale Hoard of He '^ >-t i CO c^ t^ 6 l^ •^ HH (M o ^ >o CO ^ a Oh CO Ci CO Ci CO CO CO 00 o s CO h- Ci CO ;o >o CO c »o i ,£3 -* CO o CO o t\ .— 1 o t>- t>- 3 O CO C5 co CO ci CO d -^ i '^J* "* lO lO >o »o »o lO CO CO g < o CO QO Ci h- CO CO CO CO Ci (M ,_< f^ -* CO (M *. ci ■^ t-^ o M »-^ c o 1^ 00 _t ^ % o >o o CO (M (M o Ci A JO «5 o Ci Ci CO o c<; o oo M g CO o ^ c>i -H CO GO CO "^ ci -rf >o »o lO lO lO »o o CO CO 'S • ^_, CO »o o (M CO -^ CO o »o t- |S -^ cq a) ^ CO ci CO ,_4 CO CO o\ CO ci o CO CO »o CO CO hi l^ (M »o o CO •^ o 1— ( o lO »o »o lO lO CO CO o 1 o ^ o ,_, CO o CO _, _, CO >o »o (M CO ''tl iO QO CO 00 CO 00 t^ CO CO ^ M g ii ^1 o C-1 o CO CO CO wo CO M d CO d (« ^ a iM o CO s '"' """ '"' ■"" '"' '"' '"' ""• ""^ '"' (W m a Ci 1— ( o t--. »o oo o CO CO ^ m V CO CO o CO l^ CO CO o l^ is C-J CO ■>tl lO CO CD CO CO m "o CO ci rH CO ^ CD ci ^ oi CO '"' "^ ^ o lO »o »o o CO CO CO ^ ■ t^ 00 CO C<1 »o _, ^+1 cq CO M o ■?.o -* »o -* 'tl >o lO lO c^ (M •<*< • • • w c«" o • • • • • • * • * 13 -Jj o o o 1— 1 JI^ c^ CO I— t "* lO CO 1-1 00 1—1 The Growth of Children. 79 5^ 5^ CO ^ c I ^ !» tc t— oo !M CO t^ CO -+1 CO >o (M i 2 00 o b- q q 00 "* CO -* q c^ H< «-^ o o\ 1 ^ Ijkj ^ CO lO '^ &. (M (M C-) C^l CO CO •^ "* -<** lO a: -* ^+1 CO t^ * ^ o t-- <* q I— I "^ q a5 g S ^ H^ ^ CO C^* CO CO ^ oi ci U O o o >o i;o CO h- 00 C5 Ci o (M P< ►H g < o ^ CO oo o l- 00 CO CO CO Ci Ol ,—1 Pm . 2 -*l CO C4 c^ 1—1 t— t f—i o M ?.^ 4 1 CO "<:*< •* q q o -* (M I •^ 5 '^^ t- CO d •^ i6 d d CO l-l « U. (M (M , "S •^ (N CO (N q q q q q q o 5 n O 00 1-^ lO CO CO d t^ CO ^ lO o »o CO I- t- 00 (M " " 'S • ^_ QO »o o (M CO ■^ CO o -T^l CO |S "* (M 3 tc CO o •^ t' ^ Ci lO o CO CO -§ t^ q 00 q <— ' q q q "* O c ^ t-^ ^ lO c^ i-^ CO QC -^ d n ;2 lO lO CO CO t- t- oo Ci o o o l— 00 CO (M >o ^_, -* o O (M (M CI •^ • • • • • • • ^ iS" c > • • • • • • • • • • a < O ci o >— 1 m ,—1 CO t-l "* 1—1 CD t-" 00 80 American Statistical Association. 17.6 centimeters [6.93 in.] for males, and 19.1 centimeters [7.52 in.] for females) by the statement tliat his observations were limited to individuals ''reguliercment construits," and that the number of persons subjected to measurement was "pen considerable."* In the introductory portion of the work he describes as followsf his method of ascertaining the proportions of the human bod}' : " I contented m3^self, there- fore, with measuring carefully ten individuals of each age, of the male as well as of the female sex, but choosing them in general of a form which could be regarded as regular. The averages of the different groups gave me the condition of development of man from year to year." J It seems, there- fore, evident that Quetelet's observations were made on a comparatively small number of individuals, selected on account of their more or less close conformity to what was regarded as a normal type. No measurements seem to have been taken, except on persons having a " regular form." This determination of the normal type in advance of the measurements must, of course, have been largely a matter of conjecture, and might well have led to the rejection of per- fectly healthy and normal individuals whose dimensions did not correspond to a preconceived idea of the typical man or woman. It is therefore probable that if Quetelet's observa- tions had been more numerous and less selected it would have been found that the curves of growth of the two sexes in Belgium intersect each other much in the same way as in England and in this community. This view derives confirmation IVom the admission of Quetelet,§ that the growth of any one individual is far from being as regular as that indicated by the table of averages. * Anthropomotrie, p. 182. t Aiitliropom6trie, p. 24. X Asa reason for being satisfied with so small a number as ten observations he states that, on dividing the measurements made on thii'ty individuals into three groups of ten each, so chosen that the average hcu/Jits for all three groups were about alike, he found that the other average measurements of these three groups differed from each other less than might have been expected in three successive measurements made on the same individual. § Ajithropometrie, p. 183. Tilt Groioth of Children. 81 He writes : '' There are always in the develo[)ineiit of an individual periods of slow as well as of rapid growth. These anomalies are to be observed about tlie age of puberty, and especially as the result of diseases. The perfectly normal development of all the physical faculties would require a rare combination of favorable circumstances. In dealing with a large number of individuals, these little anomalies disappear in the general average, and the deficient develop- ment of one individual is balanced by the excessive growth of another; at least this is what experiment tends to teach us." In referring to the rate of growth of a boy whose height had been annually recorded, he writes: " It will be noticed that the development was very rapid in the early years of life ; then there were slight irregularities of growth between the ages of eight and fifteen years. At this latter period a rapid increase of height took place ; and I have noticed the same thing in the case of my son. This increase preceded the age of puberty. Something of the same sort is to be observed in the case of girls, but here it occurs a year or two earlier. It seems, however, that there is nothing constant in the matter ; hence these periods of retarded and accelerated growth balance each other to a certain extent, and leave but slight trace of their passage." It seems, therefore, that the period of rapid growth preceding the age of puberty had, in individual cases, attracted Quetelet's attention, though he found no trace of it in his tables of averages, and was inclined to regard it as a pathological result of civilization.* Inas- much, however, as the phenomenon has in this community and in England been found to be sufficiently constant and sufficiently marked to impress itself upon the curves repre- senting the averages of large numbers of measurements, it seems reasonable to conclude that if similar methods of investigation (viz., measuring large numbers of individuals and rejecting none except for manifest deformity) had been adopted in Belgium, similar results would have been reached. * D\x Systeme Social, p. 24. 82 Ar/ierlcau Statistical Association. The curves of growth of the two sexes being recognized as so distinctly different, it is of interest to inquire what practi- cal application can be made of the knowledge thus acquired. The first question which suggests itself is: How far should this difference in the rate of growth be allowed to modify the system of mental training to which the children of the two sexes are subjected? The physical conditions upon which the manifestation of mental activity depend are too little understood, and the whole question is too complicated to be discussed in this connection, but it seems to be almost self- evident that at those periods when the forces of the organism are engaged in producing rapid growth and development of the physique, the requirements in the way of mental effort should be reduced. The fact that these periods occur at different ages in the two sexes may therefore be regarded as an argument against the co-education of boys and girls, except during the earlier years of life in which rates of growth are practically the same, i. c, up to ten or eleven years of age. How much importance is to be attached to this argument is a question which demands for its solution an extended series of observations on the annual growth in height and weight of a large number of individuals, taken in connection with a record of their mental progress. Effect of Race on Size and on Rate of Growth. An examination of Tables Nos. 1 and 2 shows that boys and girls of American parentage are, almost without excep- tion, both taller and heavier than children of the same age and sex whose parents are of other nationalities. The curves on Plates VI and VH illustrate this fact for children of American and Irish parents. It has not been thought desir- able to construct curves for the other nationalities, owing to the irregularities which they would necessarily present in consequence of the small number of observations. In considering this result the question naturally suggests itself, How far are the superior dimensions of children of The Growth of Children. 88 American pareiitap^e dependent upon differences of race and stock, and liowfar are tlicy due to other conditions accident- ally associated in this community witli these differences? Owing to the fact that emigrants to this country belong almost wholly to the poorer classes of the communities from which they come, it is evident that in this city children of American parents must belong to families of greater average wealth, and live, therefore, in greater comfort than children whose parents were born in foreign countries. It is import- ant, therefore, to inquire what effect comfort and misery have upon the growth and development of the human race. Most of the investigations bearing directly upon this point have reference to the influence of these conditions on the size of the full-grown individual, and not on that of growing children. Thus Villerme* concludes, as the result of his investigations, that '' the stature is greater and the growth sooner completed, all other things being equal, in proportion as the country is richer and the comfort of its inhabitants more sceneral." On the other hand, Boudin,f from an examination of the meas- urements of recruits to the army in different departments of France, arrives at the conclusion that stature is, to a great extent, " independent of comfort and misery, and is, on the contrary, closely connected with race." Villerm^'s results, as far as the duration of the period of growth is concerned, have also been disputed l)y Dr. Gould, J who has shown most con- clusively that in the United States, where " misery, in the sense of excessive poverty, affecting the supply of nutriment, physical protection from the weather and needful rest, hardly exists, the epoch of full development appears to be later than in an}^ other country," the maximum height being attained between the thirty -first and tliirty-fourth years. The effect of privations and exposure in preventing the attainment of * Quoted by Dr. Gould. Investigations in tlie Military and Anthropological Statistics of American Soldiers. U. S. Sanitary Commission, p. 120. t Recueil de memoires de M6decine, de Chirurgie et de pharmacie militaires. Paris, 18G3. Vol. IX, p. 181. X Loco citato. 84 American Statistical Association. the normal height is, however, clearly pointed out by this writer,* and is regarded by him as the cause of the small stature of sailors as compared with tliat of soldiers of the same age and state of enlistment. A similar conclusion in resrard to tlie aofe at which the full stature is attained has been reached by Dr. Baxter,! as the result of an examination of the records of the Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau. It would, however, be manifestly unsafe to argue with this writer % that " if comfort and plenty do not hasten growth, but, on the contrary, coexist with an unusually tardy and prolonged development of it, as is shown to be the case in the United States, it is fairly to be inferred that they exert little if any influence in increasing the stature"; for a prolonga- tion of the period of growth must necessarily result in an increased stature unless the rate of growth is at the same time proportionately diminished, and that comfort and plenty should have the latter effect is not only in itself highly im- probable, but is opposed to such evidence as we have on the subject. Moreover, Dr. Baxter has himself shown § tliat of the 501,068 individuals, the records of whose examinations are preserved in the Provost-Marshal-General's Bureau, the natives of the United States are taller than those of any otlier country. He calls attention || also to the fact that natives of foreign countries enlisting in the United States have a greater average height than natives of the same countries enlisting at home. He is inclined, however, to explain this circum- stance by a difference in the average age of the individuals measured ; but Dr. Gould^ has shown that, making allowance for differences of average age and of minimum limit of stature for military service, in different countries, the conclnsion is unavoidable that natives of European countries who enlist in America are, on the average, taller than those who enlist at home. In searching for the causes which give to Americans, and even to persons growing up in America, though not born there, this superiority of stature, it seems not unreasonable • * Op. cit., p. 132. t statistics Medical and Anthropological. W.ashinoton, 1875. X Op. cit., p. 20. § Op. cit., p. 23. || Op. cit., p. IG. U Op. cit., p. 180. The Growtli of Children. 85 to attribute 51 certain importance to the greater average com- fort of the inhabitants. The prolonged period of growth in this country is certainly not to be regarded as an argument against this view, for, in the absence of any evidence of a diminished rate of growth, this may well be regarded as a result of abundant nutrition. Statistics from which evidence can be drawn as to the effect of comfort and misery on the size of growing children are not numerous. The observations of Quetelet, Villerme, and Cowell * seem to show that in a given community the children of the wealthier classes are, as a rule, larger tlmn tliose of the poorer classes. The following table, for which I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Roberts, throws light upon this question. An examination of this table shows that children of the laboring classes, inhabiting towns, are, at all ages, decidedly shorter than the children of the non-laboring classes attend- ing public schools and universities, the difference attaining a maximum of over four inches at thirteen years of age. The difference of weight is also, as a rule, decidedly in favor of the non-laboring classes, the exceptions being chiefly between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one. These facts are ren- dered apparent by the curves constructed on Plate VIII. In searching for the cause of this great disparity in size, it is to be noticed, in the first place, that the laboring classes in the above table are taken from the town population only, while in the case of the non-laboring classes no such restric- tion is observed. In the absence of exact information as to the way in which these statistics were obtained, it is difficult to draw positive conclusions, but it is probable that the influences which tend to produce a physical degeneration of urban populations! exhibit here their effect upon the size of growing children. This tendency of city life depends upon the fact that, in the struggle for existence, physical vigor plays in cities a less decisive part than in the country, owing * Ludwig : Physiologie, II, 717. t See De Candolle's Histoire des Sciences et des Savants, p. 3C8. 86 American Statistical Association. ; ^ '-^ •^ ^ .^ ^ 6 H W M to X r« • • «r> o '•^ c>i —1 (x> t- o >o CO CO CO O' 0-5 W s • • I— 1 "+1 O ! -+< (M C^ Ci CO O C-J H 1-1 ; ! O CO .-H t~ O'j QO lO CO 1- >0 ^ CO o'l >o o o lO >0 CO CD 1- l~ CO O O r-H CO CO '+I -ti >< Ph W « t> < 'A 'A « tf , w o ;-• hJ o ^A I § • •-+OCOOOI^O'H'-HCC-t<0 o aj • • ^ CO CO CO O O OO OJ O CO Ci CO 1- O a.' td o '. .* CO t^ O •>! CO >0 00 O CO »0 CO* t- t-^ CO J H fl ^ 'ti »0 "O >0 lO >0 CD CD O CO O CO CO o t) o O j;; g , O P? % . • • CO CO .-H »0 O >0 05 O O Ol CO O -+< G^l » H x> 2 • • .-1 CO CO CO -t< CO OS — 1 o '-H o -h o o w O 1^ ??i Vl W X H O 1-1 (B OQOOS10COOSOOOCOCSCO»C)>0 00>0 C^J CO CO -H »0 iq O 1^ CO CO CO iq 'rt^ »0 O «q 'IH OS r-J lO O -)^ OS C>J 1- OS O 'rJH c5 OS CO CO >; o o 'tl -* JO >O.CO CO '^O I- I- C» O I— 1 CO OO 'ti -+I •a o >< Ph M -< •A "A O P H P^ < O i hJ V, ja oQ lOt^'— ''Oi— tOS-t 1 H o 'A H M !ft m M rn >0 CO »0 I— t o' CO CO O ^' CO ^" CO* OS 00 «0 CO* CO* 1--I O H s '+1 -H -H '+I -t- >0 »0 >0 »0 >0 >0 CO CO O CO CO c5 t3 >^ o o i o s o »oi^^Ocoos^»ocor-iio.-l_ OS .-1 s 1^ ^ < H Ph M »o co" t-" co" os" o ^^ ci" CO ^ lo cD~ r-T oo os" CO The Growth of Children. 87 to the greater number of sedentary occupations and trades there presenting themselves, which, for their successful prose- cution, neither demand nor favor a full development of the physique. It is difficult to decide how much importance should be attaclied to this consideration in tlie present case; but it must be borne in mind that wealth implies ability to choose one's occupation, and that, in England at least, an occcupation exclusively sedentary is rarely adopted except from necessity. Hence, if the term *' comfort" be used to include all the favorable conditions, alimentary, hygienic, etc., which can be secured by wealth, it seems fair to con- clude that, in view of the stationary character of the English population, and of the small variety of climatic conditions to wliich it is exposed, the above-mentioned disparity in size must be mainly due to the greater comfort enjoyed by the non-laboring classes. If this view is correct, it seems reasonable to suppose that the difference in size between Boston school children of American and those of Irish parentage may be, to some ex- tent, dependent upon the greater comfort and luxury in which the former live and grow up. Whether the whole dif- ference can be thus accounted for, or whether some other agency is concerned in bringing about this result, is a ques- tion which must be next considered. We have already seen that, according to Dr. Baxter's and Dr. Gould's investigations, the average height of the adult native American is greater than that of the native of any other country, and that natives of other countries growing up in America acquire a gi'cater height than natives of the same countries growing up at home. We must now inquire whether similar conclusions can be reached in regard to the size of (jrowliKj children ; and in order to eliminate the effect which comfort and misery may have on the rate of growth, it is important to select for comparison sets of observations made upon children belonging to corresponding classes in the communities in which they live. If a comparison is made 88 Amcr^lcan Statistical Association. between the children of the non-hiboiin<^' chisses in the Eng- lisli public schools and universities (see Table No. 20) and the Boston school boys of American parentage (see Table No. 1), it will be seen that there is very little difference in the heights of the two sets of boys, and that the curves of growth, if con- structed on the same sheet, would intersect each other at seven different points, and be nearly coincident through their whole course. In regard to weight the American boys are up to twelve years of age lighter, fi'om twelve to seventeen years heavier, and then again lighter, than English boys of the same ages. It is, however, manifest that tlie boys whose dimensions are thus compared cannot be regarded as belong- ing to corresponding classes in their respective communities ; for there are, doubtless, a large number of native Americans to be found in the laboring classes of this city. In order to obtain a set of observations more comparable to those made on the children of the non-laboring classes in the English public schools and universities, the following table has been Table No. 21. Showing Average Height and Weight of Boston School-hoys of Amer- ican Parentage Attending Piihiic Latin School^ Private Latin School, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Age at Last 6 > Height without Shoes. Weight in Okdinaky Dress. BlKTllDAY. Inches. Centiuieters. Pounds. Kilograms. 9, . . . 10, . . . 11, . . . 12, . . . 13, . . . 14, . . . 15, . . . 10, . . . 17, . . . 18, . . . 2 I'J 17 28 41 4 Baxter's conclusion, " that the mean weight of the white native of the United States is not disproportionate to his stature"* seems, therefore, as far as these boys are concerned, as applicable to growing children as to adults. It will thus be seen that the theory of the gradual physical degeneration of the Anglo-Saxon race in America derives no support from this investigation.! Distribution of Observations. Tables Nos. 4 to 15, inclusive, sliow the distribution of the observations on both height and weight. For instance, from Table No. 4 it will be seen that of the 848 boys of five years of age whose heights were measured four (or 0.47 per cent of the whole number) were between 47 and 48 inches high, 190 (or 22.4 per cent of the whole number) were between 41 and 42 inches high, etc. The distribution of observations on both sides of the average height or weight may be repre- sented, according to Quetelet, by the binomial curve. That is, if the individuals measured are sufficiently numerous, it will be found that the number of observations at each succes- sive inch (or pound) will first increase and then diminish in the same way as the successive coefficients of (a-j-i)^, as determined by Newton's binomial theorem. It will be noticed that the figures in the above-mentioned tables do not increase and diminish with the regularity which a conformity with this law demands ; but it must be borne in mind that the observations at each age are comparatively few in number, and that more numerous measurements or a distribution of the present observations in larger groups (e. (/., of two inches, or of eight pounds each) would doubtless cause the appear- ance of a closer agreement with the law. These tables (Nos. 4 to 15) show at a glance the range of * Op. cit., p. 55. t See an article on this subject by Rev. A. A. Livermore, in the February number of the " Unitarian Review and Religious Magazine." 98 Ame7'ican Statistical Association, variation in height and weight at each age. It will be noticed that the range gradually increases with age (except where the whole number of observations is comparatively small), while the percentage of observations at the average height or weight, as a rule, diminishes. The most remark- able instances of variation from the normal dimensions are those of a boy five years old, and but thirty inches in height, and of three girls, 14, 16, and 18 years of age, weighing upwards of two hundred pounds. Weight of Clothes. It will be noticed that in this investigation the weight of the children has been given "in ordinary clothes," and no attempt has been made to ascertain the net weight by mak- ing an allowance for the clothing. This course was adopted because most of the observations with which comparisons were to be made had been taken in this way, but in order to facilitate a comparison of these records with others, in which a deduction is made for the weight of the clothes, an effort has been made to determine the average weight of the ordi- nary in-door clothing of children of different ages. For this purpose 317 pupils of both sexes, of various ages, and living in several different quarters of the city, were requested by the principals of their respective schools to ascertain and to report the weight of the garments worn at the time the obser- vations were taken. From the data thus collected at various seasons of the year the following table has been computed, showing in parallel columns, for each age, the number of observations, the average gross weight of the pupils, the average weight of the clothes, and the percentage weight of the clothes referred to the gross weight of the individual. From this table it will be seen that, except in the case of very young children, both the absolute and the percentage weight of the clothing is, at any given age, greater for boys than for girls. The average weight of the clothes for all ages is for boys 8 per cent, and for girls 6.8 per cent of the gross weight. The Growth of Children. 99 Table No. 25. Showing Average Weight of Clothes Worn hy School Children. BOYS. GIRLS. Average Average o3 Weight in =s m Weight in o A(JE AT o > CM O 6 1^; Pounds. 1 1 §: . if S 11 § 1 I O Pounds. i LAST BIRTHDAY. "ts: P CO 5 i 1 5 id 11 1" 5, . 5 44.22 2.85 6.45 8 41.84 2.84 G.79 G, 14 43.51 3.13 7.19 9 43.90 2.90 6.61 7^ 22 52.79 3.44 6.52 20 47.82 3.59 7.51 8, 13 56.15 4.06 7.23 21 53.69 3.51 6.54 9, 12 59.85 4.76 7.95 17 61.07 4.23 6.93 10, 9 63.25 5.72 9.04 20 66.45 4.54 6.83 11, 4 67.09 6.69 9.88 17 70.97 4.88 6.88 12, 11 78.29 7.27 9.29 15 82.97 5.64 6.80 13, 12 88.19 7.40 8.39 11 96.88 5.66 5.85 14, 17 99.22 8.09 8.15 14 111.47 7.54 6.76 15, 10 103.65 8.08 7.80 13 107.23 7.85 7.32 16, ' 120.30 9.67 7.86 8 117.16 8.09 6.90 Total, . 13G .... 181 Avei all rage for ages, 7.99 6.81 This estimate is considerably larger than that given by Qnetelet,* whose allowance for clothing is for boys y^ (5.5 per cent), and for girls o^ (4.17 per cent) of tlie gross weiglit. This difference is, perhaps, to be in part acconnted for by the fact that the pnpils whose clotlies were weighed were prob- ably rather better clothed than the average children of tlie same age ; for it was, of course, impossible to obtain, by the method adopted, any data from the poorest classes of the population, owing to their lack of an intelligent interest in the matter. * Sur rHomnie, II, p. 44. 100 American Statistical Association. Summary of Results. The most important results of the foregoing investigation may be enumerated as follows : — I. The growth of children takes place in such a way that until the age of eleven or twelve years bo3^s are both taller and heavier than girls of the same age. At this period of life girls begin to grow very rapidly, and for the next two or three years surpass boys of the same age in both height and weight. Boys then acquire and retain a size superior to that of girls who have now nearly completed their full growth. This statement is based upon observations on several different races and in various conditions of life. II. Children of American-born parents are, in this com- munity, taller and heavier than children of foreign-born parents, a superiority which seems to depend partly on the greater average comfort in which such children live and grow up, and partly upon differences of race or stock. III. Pupils of American parentage at the public Latin School, private Latin School, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology are (apparently for similar reasons) superior in height and weight to the generality of boys of American parentage attending the public schools. IV. Pupils of the same selected schools are also taller and heavier than English boys of the non-laboring classes attend- ing public schools and universities, the superiority in weight being, as a rule, more marked than that in height. V. The relation of weight to height in growing children is such that at heights below 58 inches boys are heavier than girls in proportion to their stature. At heights above 58 inches the reverse is the case. Conclusion. Both the number and the value of the conclusions arrived at in this investigation are diminished by the lack of similar collections of statistics in other communities with which a The Growth of Children. 101 comparison may be made. This being the case the following brief enumeration of the points to which the attention of the collector of vital statistics may profitably be directed will, perhaps, not be considered out of place : — I. The infliienee of geograj)hical and climatic conditions on the size of groimng children. — It has been ehowii. by .the researches of Dr. Gould and Dr. Baxter that th^^i^e )pf Adulii-- native Americans is very different in different StJit'efe of ^the Union, and even in different parts of the same State. It would be interesting to determine by observations on children how early in life this difference becomes apparent. II. The niimher of generations necessary for the comj)lete development of the influence of changed climatic conditions on the rate of groicth of a given race. — It has already been shown (see p. 299) that this influence apparently begins to be felt in the first generation, and it would be of interest to trace the accumulating effect through successive generations by means of inquiries as to the ancestry of the individuals measured. This could most readily be accomplished in those Western communities which consist almost exclusively of emigrants (and their decendants) from some limited region of the Old World. III. The effect (if any exists) of the season of the year on the rate of growth. — This would be readily ascertained by suc- cessive spring and autumn observations on growing children ; and it is in recording measurements of this sort that fathers of families and all others having charge of children have it in their power to contribute most efficiently to the solution of anthropometrical and ethnological questions. IV. The comparative effect of city and of country life on the rate of growth. — In investigating this subject the effect of climatic influences must be eliminated by restricting the comparison to cities and the adjacent country, and regard must be paid to the race or stock and to the social condition of the individuals selected for comparison. 102 American Statistical Association. V. The relation between diseases and the rate of groioth. — For example, it would be interesting to inquire whether, in the rapid growth which is said to follow certain diseases, especially fevers, the height and weight increase in their nor- mal ratio ; whether this accelerated growth after the disease is simply a' c6rKpensation for a retardation du^^ing the disease ; whether abnormally rapid growth causes a predisposition to disease,^an'b^\h ether any connection can be traced between the rate of growth and the frequency with which certain dis- eases of growing children (e. (/., chorea) occur at different ages. VI. The effect of local hygienic conditions on the physique of growing children. — Since comfort and misery appear to have such a direct effect upon the size of growing children, it seems not improbable that a systematic comparative study of the physique of the growing population in different localities will throw light upon the relative sanitary conditions there prevalent. It will thus be seen that a wide field is open for statistical research, in which nearly every one can do good work. The collection of physical data in regard to the human body has been in the past left almost exclusively in the hands of artists, who have sought to establish, as guides for their work, simple proportions between the various dimensions of the body, and of military statisticians, who have looked upon the human frame simply as a machine for performing a soldier's work, and have necessarily confined their observations to adult males. It is to be hoped that in the future the hygienist and the educator will recognize, in the physical measurements of growing children, a guide for the application of their sanitary regulations and a test for the efficiency of their sj^stems of physical training. The Growth of Children. APPENDIX. By the kindness of President Runkle of the Massachusetts Institute of Teclmology the writer is enabled to present formulas which express the relation between the weight and height of growing children, from five to eighteen years of age, with considerable accuracy.* The figures of Tables Nos. 23 and 24, showing the weights corre- sponding to each inch of height in the whole number of observations were placed by President Runkle in the hands of -Professor Gaetano Lanza, who kindly subjected them to a mathematical discussion, and reported on the subject substantially as follows : — The results of Dr. BoAvditch's observations on the relation between the weight and height of boys from 42 to 66 inches, inclusive, are very fairly represented bj'^ the follow' iug empirical equation : — Let y == weight in lbs., and o:^ height in inches ; then log. y — 0.02007;/; + 0.7772-t, or ?/= lO"-"-'''''-*^ + 0.77724 _ (^p^-^ The results of the observations on the relation between the weight and height of girls from 42 to 61 inches, inclusive, are represented with toler- able accuracy by the following empirical equation : — Let y :=. weight in lbs., and x-— height in inches ; then log. y =0.02164ic + 0.69017, or y — l0'^•"2l6^^•^-"•e■•'"'l^ (B) The greatest difference between calculated and observed values is, in the case of boys, 0.65 lb., and in that of girls, 1.41 lbs., with one excep- tion, where it is 3.01 lbs. The equations y = 0.002428x--^-' (Ai) for the boys, and ?/ = 0.001277a:'-" (Ri) for the girls, represent quite roughly the results. The following table, embodying the results of Professor Lanza's discussion, shows at a glance the superior accuracy of the logarithmic equations (A) and (B), as compared with the exponential equations (A^) and (Bi). * For older as well as for younger children the formulas are obviously much less accurate. 104 American Statistical Association. Table No. 26. Skoiving the agreement between tJie observed weights correspondiiig to each inch of height^ and those calculated by the equations A, A^ , B, and BK Boys — Weight in Pounds. Girls — W EIGHT IN Pounds. 1 1 8 CALCULATED. > s o CALCULATED. 3 3 3 o 1 3 .1 '-5 1 w i .2 i o O >5 o 1 o U 42, 41.77 41.71 +0.06 38.84 +2.93 40.89 39.72 +1.17 37.16 +3.73 43, 43.60 43.68 —0.08 41.28 +2.32 42.62 41.75 +0.87 39.05 +2.97 44, 45.63 45.74 -0.11 43.82 +1.81 44.53 43.89 +0.64 42.23 +2.30 45, 47.58 47.91 —0.36 46.44 +1.11 46.45 46.13 +0.32 44.92 +1.53 46, 49.65 50.17 -0.52 49.16 +0.49 48.51 48.49 +0.02 47.72 +0.79 47, 52.07 52.55 —0.48 51.98 +0.09 50.71 50.96 —0.25 50.63 +0.08 48, 54.57 55.03 —0.46 54.89 —0.32 53.19 53.57 —0.38 53.65 —0.46 49, 57.31 57.63 —0.32 57.90 —0.59 56.06 56.30 —0.24 56.78 —0.71 50, 60.20 60.35 —0.15 61.01 —0.81 58.75 50.18 —0.43 60.02 —1.27 51, 63.23 63.21 +0.02 64.22 —0.99 61.39 62.20 —0.81 63.38 —1.99 52, 66.27 66.20 +0.07 67.53 —1.26 64.36 65.38 —1.02 66.86 —2.50 53, 69.20 69.34 —0.14 70.95 —1.75 67.54 68.72 —1.18 70.46 —2.92 54, 72.73 72.61 +0.12 74.47 —1.74 71.01 72.23 —1.22 74.17 —3.16 55, 76.44 76.05 +0.39 78.09 —1.65 74.90 75.92 —1.02 78.01 —3.11 5C., 80.24 79.65 +0.59 81.83 —1.59 78.82 79.80 —0.98 81.97 —3.15 57, 84.04 83.41 +0.63 85.66 —1.22 83.38 83.88 —0.50 86.06 —2.68 58, 87.86 87.36 +0.50 89.61 —1.75 87.92 88.16 —0.24 90.28 —2.56 59, 91.58 91.48 +0.10 93.67 —2.09 93.29 92.67 +0.62 94.62 —1.33 GO, 95.51 95.82 —0.31 97.83 —2.32 98.81 97.40 +1.41 99.10 —0.29 61, 100.54 100.35 +0.19 102.11 —1.57 105.39 102.38 +3.01 103.70 +1.69 62, 105.63 105.09 +0.54 106.50 —0.87 63, 110.71 110.06 +0.65 111.01 -0.30 64, 115.86 115.27 +0..59 115.63 +0.23 65, 121.01 120.72 +0.29 120.37 +0M 66, 126.61 126.43 +0.18 125.23 +1.38 The Growth of Children* 105 I 1^ ^ % ■•s> 3 ^ I C5 ^ M j^ r»^ ^ <{ ^ ^ ;> S <1 § O ^ o e2 lis S Q < 1 1 ^t^^t^cq^H^OCiifS CO 1- O CO O >0 O >0 O CO o t^ O •— < 1— 1 C^ (M CO CO -^ -t^ >o «o i 1 CD CD CO CO O lO CO CO O OO CO ^ »0 O >0 CO CO CO ^ CD OCOiO<>ICD«D ^CDt-CDCClO»OlO-*(M.-( CD »o a a »0>-HGO(M(Mi— IOCOO>OCOOO -i(M(MCOCOCO-*^>OtlD CD 2 OS ^ —1 (M CO »- O Clt>.t-..-HCl«0-*iO CD i^i t-^ (>i i^ cOlOiO»OCDCOCDCDO O o 6 .-H^ H 55 rri ?. 1— ( ^ C^ .K t^ M ^ w > 1 < y^ Ti >c cc CO .-< <>> 00 cc .-- CO t-3 CO »0 <-^ oi l-H CO lO b-^ cs OCOCC!CDO 1 OOOOCi'-lt^COCOCOOOOCOCilM'* -*O--i00C0C0O»0C0OC0»0C5X> 00 (M -*i ^^ '^ CO^ . ^^ c^ rH -^^ <>] as C-1 COOiOO>0'-H-*0-^OCCM 0^'-HC»00 i O-^OOOC-J^OOOOOOO -)- CO 10 CO c:: 00 00 1-; '^ ^ GO ^ CO >o i-^ c; -^ !M* ^ ci --H CO 6 J5 JOOiCOCOOlOCO'-l'^t-'-^t^ t^Ci"— ICOC0005000"*00 10 CO i 1 00 10 CO »0 rH iM 10 -+ CO JO q io ; Ci uo i- -^ q t- r-H CO »0 l--^ X >— 1 -M "^ CO Ci (>i -* '*'-*-*i^-*>0»OOiOlOCO CO 6 OOrHl-^t^iCi-HCOCOOOCOt^t-C^ ■^l-QOQOQOt^CSt-lOCOiM >o 5" 1 ... Five, Seven, Eiijht, Nine, Ten, Eleven, . Twelve, . Thirteen, Fourteen, Fifteen, . :Sixteen, . Seventeen, Eighteen, The Groioth of Children. 107 o I 2 .9 o ^ t .9 a o o f3 O 1 H « Q < w < a 1 Ci O 0 C5 rH ■* O 1-5 00 .-( -; 00 i-H (M G^ C*'*■* »0 »0 CO Ci; tr- 00 C5 O -H (M 1 o 1 OCOMOOCO'— ICOb-CO-<*l»0'-<«0»0 ^C>» QOOiM'-^^'cOOC^jcOOiOOCDodcS .-ic—(-^-^C5OC000C^MC0CC»>-l>- ^' o cj -* C5 !v^ c^ cj CO ci d CO CO ct-t-COC5r^C— 1 co^ 1^ o ,-'*a- piH OQ c» W Jz; H H H H fan Ph oj Oi-H 108 American Statistical Associatiouo cq »»■& i CO ^ 03 ^ 13 f*" « ^ ^ P ^ •rJ o^ u o tq .s <5i 'Si CO H ^ K ^ ^5 ^ I' ^ ^ M Q O -< -^ ^J « 1 « 1 > < rj2 QJ 'T3 3 1— H o a o O s_x tH O ^25 » h^ n i h5 eo ci ^ '^ GO cq 00 -+' t^ O ^(N'MCCO'-H «© co" 6 ^ cc OOCOO^QO.-H-t^O'^^t-Ot- I— i^COi— liO»0':fC<)-^OOiO w M 00 o rH -*■ (d ci o •^* GO c^l iri -^ s .-iCNCqcMCMCqcCCOCC-^'+ilO 13 s ^ t^coo--Ht^cOr-ici(Moq.-i(M OOC..— It— ^ ^ t-C:i--iC0C0OC5OQ0^»0G^ CO ,_(,_, r-l ^ ^ o 6 i-T 1^; o C5^C5C^COO'+i'*-<*^-'*t>-»Of— l«OCOOOOt>-t>-C^ o o t^ 6 ^ H ^ ■ ' ' a - 5g OS a" 5 g o = S 5 ^ ID o H The Growth of Children. 109 ^ . ^ «c ^ ^ cc .^ -t-3 3 ^ O ^ ^ ^ «o s 1^ §> H !is C^J ^ ^ 5^ k •S 0 O »0 O ^' O <:0 rH CO »o t-1 O O rH (M ^M CO CO '^ ^ lO lO >0 »0 o OOCJiOOSt^OCO^-ft^t^lO o >— lCM^CO!M (?-l Cq Ol Ci t- -*^ lO »o o o <>i «o rH o lo cj CO* >o o t-.' r- O rH ^ 0 1 o -H CD Ci O O t>; I- rH t-; CO CO I--; Ci O r^ CO »0 00 Ci --H CO* 1-^ od O rH rH rH (>i o o 6 t-C0C£)C0C0OOC5t^O»0 0000C0 (Mco-*co(>>coa50 0Ci»oco«DrH ,-l(MCOCOCOCO1 *-> !^ ^ ■ai rr to^ H ^ l-H ^ ii^ S w 5^ o o <^ -. 05 t>. CO C<; '^ ) (N CO CO '+ -+i lO »0 lO »0 >0 1 o h5 O to 0 CO CO "*_ CO i-H Ci .-H »C Ci O .-H CO lO t- d --H CO »0 GO d --H ,-H r-^ rH o 6 lO t- Ci O Oi Oi O JO O lO O CO CO »o OQ0C5Ci'+'a0C0C0C0t^>0»0C0»0 O O --H (M^rH O as Oi GO O -* CO i ^" t-I 0.-H,-lCvlCq(>)CO-*-^iO>0»0 rHi— li— ll— (I— (i— ti— li— (.— (i— li— (I— 1 TO a -+i(M.-lCOIr-O0COC5'-H»OCOt^ .-HCOQOOCOOOGOt-rHC5--J .-ico-^t--^ddcoioi>^ddc^ 6 lOCO-tlt^COC^JGOCiClCOCOl^ t^CiOi-tCir-tOOCOCOlOTHiM 1^ 2 a rH^Ot-OOCiOCOt- 05 »oci-^diococoddco i— i 00>— li— (C.OOiO GO .-Hco'd^t-^ddc^j'^t-^Go d ^ 'jH -^i ^ "* lO lO »0 lO lO K5 o o 6 0CJine, Ten, Eleven, . Twelve, . Thirteen, Fourteen, Fifteen, . Sixteen, . Seventeen, Eighteen, The Growth of Children. Ill ^ % .9 a o O O M H 0) H o ^ S -* C^ I- O 00 CO CS CO o 00 05 --^ CO H^ b^ O CO 2S ^ 2 i-Hr-(0 O !M <-H O •-< O »0 ^ QO lO ocot-'-^-*'-^oo-^»oi^ 5? -^f^-^iOiOOOt-OOCi o C5COCOC100i-HOOOQOCO>-lC5 c4^»0^'*iC»CO(M0 20^c^ ,-lr--lC^C^-; t-- CO '^ lo Ci CO t-^ --^ O .-H t>I O »-0 to O CO cb^^oiooot-cooiOO OJOOOOOOt^COfMiOOCO COO >^. >^, r-iSiMMiMiMCOCO-^-^'ii^OiOO c^,-i(Mcocqa5coococ2C2b-;H-o 00 00 O Ci O O 0»0 CO'^^iOOOt-OOOOO'-^'^^ t^COOOOCOOOOl^OlOCOQOCO (MCO'+'CO M > y) c «" i S a g - « 112 American Statistical Association, s ^ 5^ s: s o t? ^ ^ — ' ^ Tfi c H <4) a > c^ "^ w ^ > K^ S^ w O •-02 < C^ ^ 1 y 1 >■ <1 TS 03 'T^ 3 o fl o O ^^^ G^ o ^ H 1-^ P3 ^ <^^ CO od GO 00 CO c^* »c »o o co-^-^ioiococob-coosO'-i'-i'-i |1h ,— ( r-i I— 1 I— 1 1 iOb-OOSOClCOlCOlOCiCOCOlO •<*l OOOCiCI^GOCOCOCOt-lOiOCOlO o 4-1 OOi>— itMi— IOOC5COCO'<*ICO-^^2CJ^OCI o d CO "o i>I ^ »o ci '*' t-^ d ^ '-H^(M(N-WCOI>.lOCi s ci codc^dcoiOi-5 K o CO'^^iCiOOCOt^OOOiO^ < S Pu o B o o lOQ0THt^CO(M00CSO5i;OQOt- Ci t-CiO^OirHCOOOOlOrfiW t^ c 05 d l^i M 1 CqC£)Q0Cr:iM-*U3OC0C0 t- OCOCiCiO--HwiOOCO OO f 2 o6ddc^cr>t>^d-*o6d lo i-H 1-1 (M C<) C<) Ct-iOiOiOCO(Mi-i CO o »o 6 ^ H ^5 ^ ^ • • ^ ^ . =--. gdlfill PR 02 02 W ;?; H W H H Ph P=H c» cc pq The Gro'wth of Chlldr en. 113 § o s '^ .0 :n ?^ >H 0^ P3 "^ T» c >q -^ 1)1 b- 00 t-: ^=1^ CO I- CO I- h; cq-^'co-^'t-^ioiooo II 0(MOt-«OCOOC£>05 ,-30^rHi-HC^i-4T-H.-4c^ Oi CO >- CO CC CO ^ O) o ^ 10 O Ol CSOO-— I"— I'MCOCO'+liOOt-^ 05 "So 2 II (?|iO (M t- ^ -^ »0 5; l- C7iO(MOOOCO'-^'-^COOO COCOO'^O-^COt-C^O^ Si SI lOb-i-l^'*CO(MC)000t--+i ,-1 CO .-1 CO »0 t- CO r^^ COi-iCO COi>1b-COCit--+'CO'-H(MCO-+iCO CiOO'-H'-i t-- -^^ '^ o >o CO o C5 C0'*'*»O'^»^t--C0'-''-'<^"'^'^ Oi— l»0C0C^Ol>-01'— ICO- cO'-'Ciai'-iQOt--cooco«oi>;-* ^ • • ;3^ - 114 Amei^ican Statistical Association. O 1 i s QOCOl-C^OCTr-HOCCGOr-HCCC-^aO OOO'-Hi-^C^|C0C0'+»0t^00CiO o COO»Oi-lt^GO'*i.(MOO C^ ^" 3-C5iooococoio^Gooi-t-oc^^co O O O .-H '-'^ <>J Ol CO --rr lO O OO «3 ■5 11 n Ob-r-ICOCiK5QOCOOO'-H OrHOCO-*OC^COO^l-l ■^'coioiooc^oooioocoai il II '+lOOCiCOClCOt^-+iOOO cq* rH rH 1-1 eg ^ oi ,-H (N c0C0(MQ0OQ0b-O(M C^ CO--ICO1 CC CO '^ lO l>. Ci a3 i c c 11 (MCOC^i-HOOfTir-liOiMO »OOQOCOO^«OrHOO coiocoooiodooci^ u CrHC0»O'!t'(M C^' ,_; rA i-H JOOOir5 bJD J (NC^.-(i-t.-(i-l(M(Mocr>ocooo O O O i-H •-• 0t H O -H »q CO O (^^^•^odj-Hcicico-^ci l' K .2 CiOOCO^t^'— It-'Cil^t^COt-C^ T-H Cvj ,-1 >0 --H O CO 'O »0 O CO Ci --H (N (m' CO --H 1-5 --3 116 Jimerican Statistical Association. "^ ^ ^ g ^ >0 'Xi iM CO O -* CO r-i -<*^ (M 1:0 c: lO o CD CD -* Ci >0 r-l (X) O CM ^ CO .-I !12 >0 O C5 O O >-H (M (M -i" 1.-: cr I- CC CO 00 CO'^'^tiiOiOOCiOCil-OCO o CD CD rH OS CO ^ K^ CO 00 (M GC' -^ t- ll T-l ^ C<) (M I— 1 I— 1 G^ CO ^- qT a; g s n ^ ^ Plate 1 . ShoJt^mg rate (j/^^rofyi/i o/'BosCon^sckool, ckili^erb WAole ni/jnJer o/' odservatio/is UT^spective of naUoruzIiCi/ ofpcL- rents. 6f 62 s. * '/ Ci/ts _ ''/ 1/ / / A / , / /' / y - /■ / '^^ f / f .^ ,/ / ^ X /. / ^ -^ ?^ / ^ ^ 1 ■A ^- ^ Me. 5 "^ 6- 7 8 9 ^0 // /2 /3 ^4 Xr /^ /7 JS //oor\&^^J6& 303 J62 3d8 JJff J7/ J4^ ^ ^ ..•^•" .^' t*^ sff ^' ,»»*''' Afe 3 6 7 8 9 /O ^^ ^2 -^3 ^4 /J ^6 -^7 ^8 ^9 HateY. jS/f/?wim ra/€ fff^rofFl/i (?/^jS^7//^lls/t c/iM/^n. eT/^i/ed i7i/!74^ries ofJfa/i^^kester and Sloc/tporty. - CojreH. 64 60 46 46 44 42 40 \ I mm lAs. ^- o ^/60 96 60 70 66 36 — BoyjsJTei^hts 6tirt6 '' JBot/3 7fdi^hl3 -^..^._^ GiHs '* ^ y .^ .^ ^ ^ { y: A ^JT ^ y jy <^ P^' > '[y i 1 1-^ y 1 I ^ Wr ___ Aoeff 7 S & ^0 ^^ ^2 ^3 /4 /J /^' //" ^S ^9 Bot/,i3'ci^/M ^7 48 63 42 45 5^ 34 32 2ff 22 J^umfifT oAcir^ " 30 4/ 33 30 63 6^ 6/ S3 73 65 OhsemOiemABaysJfeif/M ^7 46 33 42 43 6/ 34 32 20 22 GirL, '- 30 41 33 SO 63 30 Si 63 73 65 YlaXfdYl. S/i6mz^ ra^e of^owt/iy ofB6sto7i school^ doT/s. 12^3. m i0 /OO 90 80 76 60 36 ^46 ffnai 00 64 62 60 33 36 34 32 30 4S 46 44 42 46 ■^ !^ < y / '^/ / jParemsJmenam^ j^^ ICS „. / / ZatirvSc/wol^Jeff/h ch- ^ — // / — /} y ^ ^ ^ y // -7 A y // / /'■ /, r / V / / Y\ A ^/ / / '/ ^■9 ^/ / / r rr^ y r / ^ ^ k ^ ^ -^- ^ ^ ffr^ .^ <^ Affe. J 6 {Am. 20/ 342 Jru^fL JgS ,103 7 d 9 /O tf i2 /3 /4 /^ /O // /S /i 309 407 38/ 300 350 393 ^9/ 386 342 232 /28 OS 302 SSS 330 37/ 649 497 403 334 /3S O/ 3/ /9 /7 2S 4/ 49 04 08 0/ PlaleVR.SA/^/fyyi^ m/s o/'^n?fftk o/'^oslon school //irl,?. ei2 Jtf AT A? dO 4S 46 44 42 40 fTein /^ //O 96 SO 70 66 36 40 c^ ^^ ^ -^ Parents Jru,;. |^^^--- ^ / / / / / /' / JO-- ^ r--« / / ^ y y ^' / / / '/ / A / / J^ -y / ^ .^' rt^ ^^ r^ No.o/ J 6 7 6 9 /O // ¥2 ^3 ^ ^3 ^6 // / / -^ ^^ '^■' / -^ ^ X y' 1 Ape No. a ••; 6 7 S S /6 y/ f^ /J /4 /J /6 // /S /ff 20 2t 1... Wi.i73 Si/ S8J 676 &J m 62/ 493 336 771 f465 53/ 7S8 t^/9 »37 M rY-''^"^ \»2. /// ^/ js/ 673 851 829 787 496 3i6 77l fj&i 329 773 i203 937 t/5 A'^l^„yi J /6 fH :'X. 436 743 969 .090 6/9 462 J/3 306 344 262 ^ ^\.m 4/^6// ::i8 429 747 974 99^ 82// 462 3>T ^96 344 266 .?BB •■?r :iFOf PJale IX. S/wtrin// ca//tparadve rale offf/virt/iy o/'^ru/li-s/v a/td.Ameru:a/fy Boi/s. ^ >^- ■*-^'*' ^o /.50 m /20 iOO so 60 70 66 30 6ff ^ 36 3a 32 30 48 46 44 42 40 pti/?.sc/wo^a/?dunivms't'3. Wt.^.^^ HosCo/v 3c/iool bo^s,Ia(uiy £c ,^, f / ! // // / ^0- .*o A ( /■^ ■^- <; /" ^ /. / >^" / / / / / / X o / ^y f / / ^ >> ^'^ .0-^ ^"^ „- ^"^ A^e.6 7 6 S iff H J2 ^3 /4 /3 /6 // ^S iff 20 2i (p \m. 3 / Pi /'' Jn^JBoston. /. . / 3'/, ■V, -''fi -/'■■ _.a' .a''- P'" x G / a A^e 7Z?S 3 6 7 8 9 ^0 /i /2 ^3 ^ f3 fO // /cf W 1 ] i^lateAli. Shorriny rela/ioM ofhsi^M to wei^kd i^y Boston school chzMreriy. /J» /20 HO /OO 90 80 70 60 50 40 / Bqi/s fw/wl^M.o/ObsJ. Gids *' '' '' _ J 1 y It / / J f I / A I / Y 1 fft.iri. Inches. 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 5S 60 62 64 66 63 70 PlateXm. Showing relatio/b (/"kei^hl to vei^/tC uiyJ^o^storb school boi/s. /JO /20 /oo 90 80 70 ffO ^O 40 - ** C^erma/b fft. 1 / I / / 7 J f / / \ / M.uvInchM 40 42 44 4646 60 32 S4 36 58 60 62 64 66 OS 70 A.n.HOUaHTOM. PlaXeSV. Showing relation^ of height to weight m^I^n^lis/i Boys. M.in' Ids. m m m /oo 90 80 70 60 30 4/f 11 j f i f • • . • / ^ ses ^^^ T i I ° A f / Y/ * // * If * A V ■ ^■^ / / m.i n/nches 40 42 44 4^ 48 30 32 34 36 3S 60 62 64 66 68 70 1 r>w Plate XV^. Skohi/f^ ns^lw/L o/'kei^/il to ffei^kc i/L£n^li^/i^ ondAmerica/fySoi/s. m.in lbs. m //^ 90 so 70 oo 60 •i 1 Lcuifv School dec. t / r / 7 / J / . / / ffL fjvMchej 46 4S 50 J2 5^ 56 58 60 62 64 66 6S 70 Table No. 4.-^Shovnng 5 Yrs. 6 Yrs. 7YH8. S Yrs. ■i ! 9 Yrs. INCHES, No. Per cent. No. Per cent. No. Per cent. 1 No. 1 Per cent. 1 i No. |rer 1 74, 73, 72, 71, 70. 69. 68, - - - - - - i - i _ ! _ ^ - \ - i ~ 1 - - i : 0/, 65, 64, 63, 62, 61, t _ 1 - - __ 1 I _ I 1 : 60, 59, ~ ~ ~ _ — -■ — _ ! 1 68, . f\7 - - 1 — - - — ■ - 1 56, _ _ _ j _ _ 2 - .13 55, - - 1 - - 1 - 1 .07 7 54, - - - - 1 - - 9 .61 24 1 53, . - - - - 1 - - 6 .40 61 4 52, ~ - - - 2 .14 24 1.62 113 7 51, - - - - 7 .43 r 55 3.71 i 186 12 50, - 1 .07 18 1.27 ■ 123 s.^l 252 17 49, . - - 7 .55 60 4.23 197 13.30 289 20 48, - _ 22 1.74 105 7.40 274 18.50 219 15 47, . 4 .47 47 3J3 202 14.24 30P 20.46 163 11. 46, . 8 .94 96 7.63 270 19.03 225 15.20 73 5. 45, . 20 2.35 170 13.51 270 19.03 150 10.13 27 1 44, . 62 7.31 253 20.19 251 17.69 71 4.79 8 43, . 119 14.03 260 20.66 126 8.88 32 2.16 3 J 42, . 149 17.57 219 17.40 71 5.00 2 .13 1 41, . 190 ^2.40 100 7.94 24 1.69 3 .20 1 40, . 149 17.57 60 4.76 10 .70 2 .13 1 39, . 79 9.31 14 1.11 2 .14 _ 1 . 38, . 42 4.95 7 .55 - _ 1 .07 _ 37, . 17 2.00 1 .07 ^ - 1 .07 ! _ 36, . 7 .82 1 .07 1 .07 - .- i _ 35, . 34, . 33, . 1 .12 - - - - ': - - 32, . 31, . 30, . 1 - 1 .12 _ - 1 - - 1 - Totals, . 848 1,258 1,419 1,481 1,437 1 oar Table No. i.—Shoioing INCHES, 5 Yl No. , Per cent. 20 62 119 149 190 149 79 42 17 7 1 Totals, 848 .47 .94 2.35 7.31 14.03 17.57 ^2.40 17.57 9.31 4.95 2.00 .82 .12 .12 No. 1 7 22 47 96 170 253 260 219 100 60 14 7 1 1 Per cent. 7YR8. 1.258 .07 .55 1.74 3.73 7.63 13.51 20.19 20.66 17.40 7.94 4.76 1.11 .55 .07 .07 No. Per cent. 2 7 18 60 105 202 270 270 251 126 71 24 10 8 Yrs. .14 .43 1.27 4.23 7.40 14.24 19.03 19.03 17.69 8.88 5.00 1.69 .70 .14 .07 1,419 No. Per cent. 2 1 9 6 24 55 123 197 274 30? 225 150 71 32 2 3 1,481 .13 .07 .61 .40 1.62 3.71 S.Zl 13.30 18.50 20.46 15.20 10.13 4.79 2.16 .13 .20 .13 .07 .07 1 9 Yrs. No. |rer 24 1 Pirerdage. 14 Yrs. Nc. rer cent. - - 6 1.56 5 1.29 12 3.11 8 2.07 20 5.18 32 8.29 32 8.29 35 9.07 34 8.81 39 10.10 42 10.88 49 12.«9 27 6.99 14 3.63 r 2.84 11 2.84 6 1.56 - .26 .52 15 Yrs. No. Per cent. 1 .29 1 .29 8 .88 4 1.17 14 4.09 19 5.56 25 7.31 37 10.82 38 11.11 35 10.23 42 12.28 26 7.60 31 9.06 29 8.48 14 4.09 6 1.75 5 1.46 5 1.46 4 1.17 2 .58 1 .29 : - No. rer cent. 1 1 1 11 11 15 38 39 29 ]25 20 17 11 7 5 232 .43 .43 .43 4.77 4.77 6.46 16.38 16.81 12.41 10.78 8.62 7.33 4.77 3.02 2.15 .43 17 Yks. No. Per cent. 18 Yks. No. Per cent. INCHES. 1 1 1 3 7 8 19 13 18 21 13 7 9 -2 9 128 .78 .78 .78 2.34 5.47 6.25 14.80 10.16 14.06 16.41 10.16 5.47 7.03 1.56 1.56 1.56 .78 3 6 3 7 11 11 12 6 3 1 1 1 Qb 1 ons^ Irrespe 1 1 1 POUNDS. 5~ 1 1 No. 14Yns. ^« 14 Yrs. 1 15 Yrs. 16 n Lnt ■ 1 No. Perc, ^t^" Per cent. No. Per cent. No. ( 194 to 198, - - - - - 190 to 194, - 1 — _ _ _ 1 186 to 190, - 1 (No 1 .29 - _ - 182 to 186, - _ _ 1 .64 1 178 to 182, - 1 - _ - _ 2 174 to 178, - : i ~ 1 .29 4 2.58 7 170 to 174, - 1 1- - _ 3 1.93 7 166 to 170, - X 1- 6 1.79 12 7.72 9 162 to 166, - * 1 I 8 2.39 11 7.10 6 158 to 162, - 11 3.29 15 9.71 12 154 to 158, - 1 24 7.18 13 8.39 2 150 to 154, - • J 23 6.88 18 11.61 3 146 to 150, - ] i2 12.58 24 15.48 1 142 to ' ,, - 1 f) iO 11.98 20 12.90 6 138 to J x2. - 5 ' 4 59 17.66 12 7.74 2 134 to 138, - 9 ^1 6 49 14.67 9 5.80 2 130 to 134, - 9 . 4 28 8.38 7 4.62 _ 126 to 130, - ■'4 1.. 1 ( ;3 18 5.39 4 2.58 _ 122 to 126, - 15 U 13 3.89 2 1.29 - 118 to 122, - 1.0 26 J .1 2.; 2 .60 _ — _ 114 to 118, - ;?5 3."' 3.' 5. 7: 7.( 10. i • 5 1.50 - - _ 110 to 114, - 34 J' 2 .60 - - 1 106 to 110, - 47 1 1 .30 _ _ _. 102 to 106, - '*0 _. - _ - - - 98 to 102, - 69 - 1 .30 - __ - 94 to 98, - 92 - - - - - - 90 to 94, - 103 11., - ~ "* _ *" ~ I 86 to 90, 82 to 86, _ 1^7 10.^ lO.i - — _ — — — 78 to 82, - 72 7.i 5.. 3.' -^ _ _ - _ _ 74 to 78, - 60 J>4 "" i - - - - 70 to 74, - '( -. _ _ - - 66 to 70, - <»0 2 ■ - _ _ _ _ _ 62 to 66, - 3 2 1 1 ^.. - _ _ _ _ _ 58 to 62, 1 ■' _ _ _ _ _ 64 to 58, 2 *: . - ~ _ _ _ _ 50 to 54, 26 - _ _ _ _ _ 46 to 50, 83 ' — _ — _ _ 42 to 46, 232 1 - _ _ _ _ _ 38 to 42, 307 - _ _ _ _ _ 34 to 38, 170 - _ _ _ _ _ 30 to 34, 25 . I~ - - - - - 26 to 30, 2 - ■ \idO< 34 Totals, 848 908 J [ 155 61 ! 1 Table No. 6.— Showing Heights of Boston School Boys of Irish Parentage. AOE AT LAST BIRTHDAY. | »Y,». SYes. TYE3. STB.. l.YH,. "- M YBS. -- -"■ — 1 ... Per cent. »0. Per cent. No. Percent. No. Per cent. No. Percent. No. Percent. NO. Percent Percent. Ko. Percent. NO, Per cent. No. Percent. No. Per cent. NO. Percent. Percent. 71, 70, 69, 68, 67, 66, 65, 64, 63, 62, 61, 60, 59, .58, 57, 5l; 64, 53, 62, 61, 60, 49, 48, 47, 46, 45, 44, 43, 42, 41, 40. 37,' 36, 35, 34, i: 31, 30, 'b 6 31 65 77 64 41 17 5 1 1.37 1.64 8.47 14.48 17.76 21.04 17.49 11.20 4.64 1.37 .25 .25 3 16 31 62 123 100 87 40 21 7 4 1 1 l]59 2.98 6.16 12.33 24.46 19.88 17.30 7.95 4.16 1.39 .80 .20 .20 1 1 6 22 31 70 118 110 102 61 11 4 662 .18 .18 1.06 3.91 5.51 12.45 20.46 19..58 18.14 10.87 4.98 l.«6 .71 5 1 8 17 44 68 124 134 91 60 29 fi 1 1 - .85 .17 1.36 2.89 7.48 11. .56 21.09 22.79 16.48 10.20 4.93 .86 .17 1 2 8 19 47 90 118 98 64 33 9 .18 .36 1.44 3.42 8.46 11.69 16.19 21.22 ll!61 5.93 1.62 .18 .18 '\ 7 15 17 47 60 103 91 96 74 29 21 7 .18 .18 1.22 2.62 2.98 8.23 10.50 16:93 16.81 12.96 6.08 3.68 1.23 .18 .18 1 ~2 3 5 16 29 1 92 79 49 18 13 3 4 .18 .36 .65 .91 2.74 6.29 11.86 14.05 16.97 16.79 14.42 8.94 3.28 2.37 .65 .73 5 11 16 17 38 70 81 80 67 52 34 12 7 3 1 .20 1.00 2.21 3.22 3.42 7.66 14.08 16.30 16.10 13.48 10.46 6.84 2.41 1.41 .60 .20 16 18 42 53 60 79 .43 .64 .64 2.37 3.46 3.88 9.07 11.44 10.79 17,06 15.98 10.16 7.34 l^ 1.72 .21 1 1 6 8 11 24 23 42 40 59 49 28 18 13 2 6 2 1 1 .29 .29 1.79 2.39 3.29 7.18 6.88 12.58 11.98 17.66 14.67 8.38 sisg .60 1.50 .60 .30 .30 1 16 18 24 20 12 9 7 4 .64 2.68 1.93 7.72 7.10 9.71 8.39 11.61 15.48 12.90 7.74 5.80 4.62 2.58 1.29 : 1 1 2 7 7 9 6 12 I 1 6 2 1.64 1.64 3.28 11.47 11.47 14.75 9.84- 19.67 3.27 4.92 1.64 9.84 3.28 3.28 1 2 2 2 4 1 5 1 5 3.84 7.69 7.69 7.69 16.38 3.84 19.23 3.85 19.23 3.85 3.85 3.85 2 z 2o"!o 40.0 20.0 20.0 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 66 55 54 63 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 32 31 30 366 ^ ____ 556 571 548 497 463 334 166 61 26 6 Table No. 7.- Showing Weights of Boaton School Boys. Wtole Numbfr of Observations, Irrespective of Natiojiality. STBS. 6 TBS. 7 Tim. 8TI13. 0Y»8. ..TB,. "- ItYn,. ISVBS. '-■"■ '"- "- 17 Y-,. 18YB3. No. .'Percent. NO. Per cent. NO. Peree,.. NO. rorce... NO. Perce«. NO. P^ree.. Ko. nereon,. NO. Per cent. No. Percent. Percent. Percent. No. Percent. NO. percent. No. Per cent. 194 to 198, 190 to 194, 186 to 190, 182 to 186, 178 to 182, 174 to 178, 170 to 174, 166 to 170, 162 to 166, 158 to 162, 154 to 168, 150 to 164, 146 to 160, 142 to- ,, 138 to ? ,2, 134 to 138, 130 to 134, 126 to 130, 122 to 126, 118 to 122, 114 to 118, 110 to 114, 106 to 110, 102 to 106, 98 to 102, 94 to 98, 90 to 94, 86 to 90, 82 to 86, 78 to 82, 74 to 78, 70 to 74, 66 to 70, 62 to 66, 58 to 62, 64 to 58, 60 to 64, 46 to 60, 42 to 46, 38 to 42, 34 to 38, 30 to 34, 26 to 30, _: 1 2 26 83 232 307 170 26 2 .12 .28 3.06 9.79 27.36 36.20 20.05 2.95 .23 12 34 140 339 422 251 52 7 z .08 .96 2.70 11.13 26.94 33.47 19.95 4.13 .65 1 - -1 9 16 60 170 334 290 14 .07 .07 .63 1.05 4.23 11.98 23.64 30.74 20.43 6.27 .98 ; 1 1 11 80 106 210 333 424 261 91 19 1 1,481 .07 ■07 .20 .74 2.02 7.16 J4.18 22.49 i8.63 16.94 6.14 1.28 .07 1 1 3 2 23 65 121 251 343 336 208 76 14 .06 .06 .20 .13 1.60 3.82 8.42 17.47 23.87 23.38 14.48 6.29 .97 .20 ■2 4 12 18 112 166 270 262 227 160 79 14 2 .07 .16 .07 .29 .88 1.32 3.08 8.22 12.18 19.81 19.22 16.66 11.00 5.79 1.03 .16 .07 8 3 13 16 29 56 100 175 235 258 201 117 64 18 6 1,298 .23 .23 1.00 1.24 2.24 4.38 7.73 13.63 18.18 19.96 15.55 9.06 4.95 1.39 .38 1 ~2 2 4 6 8 12 16 82 57 76 129 157 219 219 144 100 86 24 .08 .08 .08 .16 .16 .32 .40 .64 .96 1.28 2.55 4..55 0.06 10.30 12..53 17.48 17.48 11.60 6.37 2.87 1.92 .64 2 1 8 1 5 12 15 30 41 69 60 93 131 151 177 158 117 52 28 10 1,160 .17 .09 .20 .09 !26 .34 .43 1.03 1.29 2.69 8.63 6.09 6.17 8.02 11.29 13.02 16.26 13.62 10.10 4.48 2.41 .90 .34 5 9 9 '.4 15 26 i!6 34 47 70 69 92 103 97 % 72 60 il4 20 2 1 1 ~908" .11 .11 .11 .11 .55 .99 .99 1.64 1.66 2.86 3.86 3.74 6.17 7.71 7.60 10.13 11,34 10.1)8 10.57 7..93 6.61 3.74 2.20 !22 .11 .11 20 26 30 87 44 69 63 60 66 47 60 37 30 19 11 5 .16 .16 .16 .16 .63 .31 3.20 1.88 2.04 3.14 4.09 4.72 6.82 6.92 9.27 8.38 9.43 7^39 7,86 6.82 4.72 2.99 1.73 .79 .47 1 60 29 87 37 23 11 12 15 4 7 1 .28 !28 .66 .28 .88 .28 .28 .28 3.84 8.34 4.45 5.01 6.68 8.63 18.92 8.08 10.31 10.81 6.41 3.06 3.34 4.18 2.22 1.11 1.94 - .28 "2 1 ~2 4 3 9 21 15 16 14 19 22 18 15 192 1.04 .62 1.04 1.56 2.08 4.16 1..58 4.68 10.98 7.81 8.33 siio 11.46 9.38 7.81 2.08 3.12 1.04 2.60 1.04 .62 2 2 8 9 12 11 11 5 4 '2 84 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 2.38 2.38 9.62 10.71 14.29 8.33 18.10 13.10 7.14 5.98 4.76 2.38 194 to 198 190 to 194 186 to 190 182 to 186 178 to 182 170 to 174 16C to 170 162 to 166 1.68 to 162 154 to 1.68 l.^if] to 1.54 146 to l.iO ]42tol46 138 to 142 1.34 to 138 130 to 134 120 to ISO 122 to 126 lI.stol22 114 to 118 110 to 114 106 to 110 102 to 106 fls to 1(12 !I0 tn ;U 86 to 90 82 to S6 78 to 82 74 to 78 70 to 74 66 to 70 62 to 66 68 to 62 64 to .68 .60 to 54 46 10 60 42 to 46 38 to 42 34 to 38 30 to 34 26 to 30 Totals, 848 1,258 1,419 1,437 1,363 1,263 636 359 :tive of Nationality. irenta ge 18 Yks. = 15 Yks. 1 16 Yrs. 17 Yrs. POUNDS. — 14 YRS.2nt. No. rcr cent. No. I'cr cent. No. Per cent. No. Per cent. 1 — 1 [»er_ 1 1 .28 _ _ 1 194 to 198 J - 1 - - 2 1.04 — — 190 to 194 11 186 to 190 . _ _ _ _ _ - - - 182 to 186 _ _ _ _ 1 .28 _ - - - 178 to 182 _ _ _ _ 1 .28 _ _ 1 1.19 174 to 178 _ _ _ _ 2 .56 1 .52 1 i 1.19 170 to 174 _ 11 1 .16 1 .28 _ _ - - 166 to 170 6 1 .16 3 .83 2 1.04 1 1.19 162 to 166 5 _ 1 .16 1 .28 1.56 1 1.19 158 to 162 12 ■11 1 .16 1 .28 4 2.08 1 1.19 154 to 1.58 8 4 .63 1 .28 8 4.16 2 2.38 150 to 154 20 ^ 2 .31 12 3.34 3 1.58 2 2.38 146 to 150 32 ^1 14 2.20 12 3.34 9 4.68 8 9.52 142 to 146 32 ^5 12 1.88 16 4.45 21 10.93 9 10.71 138 to 142 35 ')9 13 2.04 18 5.01 15 7.81 12 14.29 134 to 138 34 ■)9 20 3.14 24 6.68 16 8.33 7 8.33 130 to 134 39 I54 26 4.09 31 8.63 14 7.29 11 13.10 126 to 130 42 1^5 30 4.72 50 13.92 19 9.90 11 13.10 122 to 126 49 1^6 37 5.82 29 8.08 22 11.45 6 7.14 118 to 122 27 S5 44 6.92 37 10.31 18 9.38 5 5.95 114 to 118 14 74 59 9.27 37 10.31 15 7.81 4 4.76 110 to 114 1^ 17 1 53 8.33 23 6.41 4 2.08 ~ - 106 to 110 11 n ! 60 9.43 11 3.06 6 3.12 - - 102 to 106 6 50 56 8.80 12 3.34 2 1.04 - - 98 to 102 - 13 47 7.39 15 4.18 5 2.60 2 2.38 94 to 98 1 34 50 7.86 8 2.22 2 1.04 - - 90 to 94 2 58 37 5.82 4 i.u - - - - 86 to 90 - 37 30 4.72 7 1.94 1 .52 - - 82 to 86 - )3 19 2.99 _ - - - - - 78 to 82 - )l 11 1.73 1 .28 - - - - 74 to 78 - U 5 .79 1 - - - - - 70 to 74 - 20 3 .47 _ _ _ - - - 66 to 70 _ 33 _ _ _ - - - 62 to 6Q _ 22 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - 58 to 62 _ 11 _ _ _ _ _ - - - .54 to 58 _ 11 _ _ _ _ _ — _ .50 to 54 - _ _ _ _ _ _ - 46 to 50 « _ _ _ _ _ i _ _ 42 to 46 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 38 to 42 _. _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ 34 to 38 _ _ 1' — _ _ _ _ _ 30 to 34 - - - ~ 1 — - " 84 ■ 26 to 30 636 359 192 386 1 xn Parentage. nfane. 14 Yks. 15 Yrs. !•<_ 1 t. No. i Per cent. 1 No. Per cci L94 QA - - - L86 1 .26 _ — L82 _ . - — L78 _ _ _ _ L74 _ _ _ _ l70 _ _ _, _ L66 _ _ 1 .25 L62 _ _ 1 .9( L58 _ _ 1 .2< Lo4 1 .26 1 .2< LoO _ — 3 ,8.1 .51 L46 — _ 2 L42> 1 .26 8 2.3^ 3.2$ L38i 3 .78 11 L34 9 2.33 12 3.5] L30, 8 2.07 13 3.8C L26 11 2.85 19 5.5£ L22 10 2.59 16 4.6^ LIS? 16 4.14 24 7.0S 114» 18 4.66 29 8.48 110 1 18 4.66 38 11.11 L06 25 6.47 25 7.31 102; ! 31 8.03 32 9.35 98; 36 9.33 27 7.89 94; 36 9.33 16 4.68 90; 39 10.10 19 5.55 86 30 7.77 14 4.09 82' 34 8.81 31 3.22 78 i 25 6.47 10 ^ii 74, 19 4.92 3 70, 6 1.55 4 l'.17 66, 8 2.07 2 .58 62; 1 .26 1 - _ 1 58' 1 _ _ 54, _ _ _ _ 50 _ _ _ _ 46 _ _ _ _ 42 _ _ _ _ 38 _ _ _ _ 34 _ _ ■ - _ 30 _ _ _ 26 - - 386 34f POUNDS. 5 Yus. 14 yrs_ No. Pert. Per- 174 to 178, _ 170 to 174, - 166 to 170, - 162 \o 166, - 158 to 162, - 154 to 158, ~ 150 to 154, - 146 to 150, - 142 to 146, - 138 to 142, - 2 134 to 138, - 130 to 134, - 1 126 to 130, - 2 122 to 126, - 3 118 to 122, - 5 1 114 to 118, - 6 1 110 to 114, - 8 c; 106 to ll'J, - 7 I 102 to 106, ~ 4 7 98 to 102, 6 7 94 to 98, - 3 9 90 to 94, -^ 3 12 86 to 90, - 1 12 S2to 86, - 6 18 78 to .82, - 8 e 74 to 78, - 6 70 to 74, - 9 5 66 to 70, - 5 1 62 to 66, - 2 68 to 62, - 1 54 to 58, 1 1 60 to 64, 12 cl 46 to 50, 41 11 42 to 46, 106 2b 38 to 42, 130 3c 34 to 38, 69 It 30 to 34, 7 ] 26 to 30, - 1 Totals, 366 an .>90> ^-- Table No. S.—SJumitig Weight of Boston School Boys of American Parefiitage. 3V.S. 6vns. '-■ ST... "- ,0V.. laVK,. 13 VBa. 14 VM. — I7TKS. WVM. POCSDS. So. r..„„,. ... r„c.„,. So. P„c«.. «o. P.rce„.. r„ce„.. r„c™,. .so. ■■„»„,. So, ,.„c... .„. ,.„»„. .„. ,.o.c«„.. ... I'cr CM. IW cent. No. r„c... ITo. Psrcct. 194 to 198, 190 to 194, 186 to 190, 182 to 186, 178 to 182, 174 to 178, 170 to 174, 166 to 170, 162 to 166, 158 to 162, 154 to 168, 150 to 164, 146 to 150, 142 to 146, 138 to 142, 134 to 138, 130 to 134, 126 to 130, 122 to 126, 118 to 122," 114 to lis, 110 to 114, 106 to 110, 102 to 106, 98 to 102, 94 to 98, 90 to 94, 86 to 90, 82 to 86, 78 to 82, 74 to 78, 70 to 74, 66 to 70, 62 to 66, 58 to 62 54 to 58, 50 to 54 46 to 50, fsto %• 34 to 38i 30 to 34, 26 to 30, 9 19 62 69 43 7 1 201 .50 4.»7 9.46 15.87 34.33 21.39 3.48 .60 _ 4 14 38 85 113 70 16 1 - .29 1.17 4.09 11.11 24.86 33.06 20.47 4.67 .29 3 4 21 47 94 101 70 26 3 .81 1.08 5.69 12.74 26.47 27.37 18.97 7.05 .81 4 6 35 60 110 67 4 .24 .24 .24 146 8.60 14.74 24.08 27.03 16.46 4.91 .98 24 95 49 20 4 1 .26 .78 1.06 2.10 5.51 6.30 17.85 24.94 21.78 12.86 5.25 1.05 .26 2 4 6 14 50 78 75 46 32 15 3 360 .28 .56 1.11 1.39 3.89 9.72 13.84 21.66 20.83 12.78 8.89 4.16 29 22 58 63 74 44 17 11 4 350 .57 .86 1.71 1.14 3.43 8.28 6.28 16.57 18.00 21.14 12.54 4.86 3.14 l.U 1 1 1 2 2 1 6 6 7 19 23 24 48 47 65 56 32 27 10 .27 .54 .54 liei 1.34 1.88 5.09 6.16 6.43 12.84 12.60 14.75 16.01 8.58 7.34 2.68 1.07 .54 - '2 1 1 1 2 2 4 7 7 20 19 22 28 31 45 48 44 26 5 4 1 391 .51 .25 .26 .26 .51 .51 1.02 1.79 1.79 5.U 4.86 6.63 7.16 7.93 11.61 11.25 6.65 2..55 \Si-2 .ib 1 1 1 8 11 10 16 18 18 31 36 36 SO 34 25 19 6 8 1 .26 .26 .26 .78 2.33 2.07 2.85 2.59 4.14 4.66 4.66 6.47 8.03 9.33 9.33 10.10 7.77 8.81 6.47 4.92 1.65 2.07 .26 1 1 1 1 3 2 11 12 13 19 16 9* 25 32 27 16 19 14 11 JO I 2 .29 .29 isB 2.34 3.22 3.61 3.80 5.85 4.68 7.02 8.48 11.11 7.31 9.35 5..55 4.09 3.22 2.92 .88 1.17 .58 1 .43 .43 .43 .86 .43 1.29 .43 .43 .43 3.87 3.87 8.17 5.60 7.75 9.05 .14.22 7.75 9 48 8.18 6.89 2.15 4.31 3.46 1.72 .43 .43 .43 '2 1 2 6 2 6 16 13 8 10 13 14 12 9 3 2 4 128 1.56 .78 1.56 .78 .78 4.68 1..56 i2:.5o 10.15 6.24 7.81 10.15 10.93 9.37 7.03 2.34 .78 1.56 3.12 .78 .78 1 1 2 1 5 1? 5 10 8 5 6 1 2 66 1.8 J 1.83 1.53 1.53 1.53 3.08 1.53 7.69 9.24 15.40 15;40 12.32 7.69 7.69 1.53 3.08 194 to 198 1.90 to 194 186 t» 190 182 to 186 178 to 182 174 to 178 170 to 174 166 to 170 162 to 166 158 to 162 154 to 168 150 to 154 146 to 150 142 to 146 138 to 142 134 to 138 130 to 134 126 to 130 122 to K6 lis to 122 114 to 118 110 to 114 106 to 110 102 to 106 98 to 102 94 to 98 90 to 94 86 to 90 82 to 86 78 to 82 74 to 78 70 to 74 66 to 70 62 to 66 58 to 62 54 to 58 50 to 54 46 to 50 42 to 46 38 to 42 34 to 38 30 to 34 26 to SO Totals, 342 369 407 381 373 386 342' 232 Table No 9.— Showing Weights of Boston School Boys of Irish Parentage. AGE AT LAST BIKTHDAY. SVnj. .v.. "- 1 8 Yb,. I «Y.. ,„Y.. 11 Y»,. 12 Y,s. 13 Y-a. 14 Yu. 15Y,». 16 Yk«. i 17 Yns. 18 Yns. pocs-i.s rer cent. Ko. r„».,. K,. re,.c.„.. ».. Pel- cent. PC, cent. .0. re. cent. No. Percent. - Per cent. 0. --■ ^'_ Per cent. no. Per cent. ^ —■ • Ko. '" 174 to 178, 170 to 174, 166 to 170, 162 to 166, 158 to 162, 154 to 1S8, 150 to 154, 146 to 150, 142 U> 146, 138 to 142, 134 to 1S8, 130 to 134, 126 to 130, 122 to 126, 118 to 122. 114 to 118, 110 to 114, 106 to ll'J, 102 to 106, 98 to 102, 94 to 98, goto 94, 86 to 90, 82 to 86, 78 to 82, 74 to 78, 70 to 74, 66 to 70, 62 to 66, 68 to 62, 54 to 58, oOto 54, 46 to 50, 42 to 46, 38 to 42, 34 to 38, 30 to 34, 26 to 30, : 12 106 130 69 7 .27 3.27 11.20 28.69 35.52 18.85 1.91 4 14 43 156 172 90 22 2 603 .79 2.78 8.54 31.01 34.19 17.89 4.37 .39 2 6 17 66 134 186 116 31 3 602 .18 .80 1.07 3.02 11.74 23.84 33.10 20.64 5.51 .63 137 .17 .85 1.87 C.63 16.48 23.30 30.27 16.65 4.59 1.02 .17 1 6 21 46 105 128 127 84 31 8 656 .18 .18 .89 3.78 8.09 18.88 23.02 22.84 15.11 6.57 1.44 : '2 7 11 46 73 111 105 93 73 34 7 671 .35 .36 1.U5 1.22 1.93 8.05 12.78 19.44 18.39 16.29 12.78 6.95 1.23 .17 : 6 11 16 46 74 100 103 61 26 9 3 648 1.09 .91 2.01 2.92 8.39 13.50 18.25 18.79 17.88 9.31 4.74 1.64 .65 '2 2 3 3 10 21 27 44 71 90 88 66 35 17 12 4 .20 .40 .40 .20 .60 .60 2.01 4.22 5.43 8.85 14.29 18.11 17.71 13.28 7.04 3.42 2.41 .80 1 '1 3 7 9 27 22 34 68 60 67 71 66 25 15 2 463 .21 .21 .21 .43 .64 1.61 1.94 6.83 4.76 7.34 12.60 12.94 14.47 16.33 12.09 5.40 3.24 .43 .43 24 26 43 41 46 28 20 334 .60 .80 .60 .90 1.49 1.79 2.39 5.09 7.18 7.78 9.88 12.87 12.27 13.77 8.38 6.00 5.67 1.49 .60 .30 .30 .30 ~2 1 8 8 11 14 14 13 17 20 16 7 2 1 166 1.29 .64 1.93 5.16 6.16 5.80 7.09 9.03 9.03 lo!96 12.93 10.32 5.81 4.51 1.29 .64 - - 2 2 6 6 6 6 7 9 3 2 5 3 2 2 1.63 3.28 3.28 8.20 8.20 9.84 8.20 11.47 14.75 4.92 3.28 1.63 8.20 4.92 1.63 3.28 3.28 1 1 '2 1 2 4 2 '3 1 i 1 1 26 3.84 3.84 7.69 3.84 7.69 15.39 7.69 11.53 3.84 15.39 3.84 11.53 3.84 1 "2 6 20.00 40.00 20.00 20.00 374 to 178 170 to 174 166 to 170 162 to 166 158 to 162 184 to 158 150 to 154 146 to 150 142 to 146 138 to 142 134 to 138 130 to 134 126 to 130 122 to 126 118 to 122 114 to 118 110 to 114 106 to 110 102 to 106 98 to 102 94 to 98 90 to 91 80 to 90 82 to 86 78 to 82 74 to 78 70 to 74 66 to 70 62 to 66 58 to 62 54 to 58 60 to 54 46 to 50 42 to 46 38 to 42 34 to 38 30 to 34 26 to 30 Totals, 366 497 61 ^xrentage 14 ^ STrs. . 15 Yks. 16 Yrs. i 17 Yrs. 18 Yrs. 1 POUNDS. i i rer cent. No. Per cent. No. Per cent. No. Per cent. No. Per cent. __..- _ _ "* _ _ _ 1 20.00 174 to 178 - - - - - - - - - 170 to 174 - . - - - - - - - - - 166 to 170 - , _ _ - - - - - - - 162 to 166 - • - - - - - 1 3.84 - ^ 158 to 162 6 i _ _ - - - 1 3.84 - - 154 to 158 5 : — - - - - - - - - 150 to 154 12 !- ~ _ - 1 1.63 - - - - 146 to 150 8 I _ 2 1.29 2 3.28 2 7.69 2 40.00 142 to 146 20 ;.60 - _ - - 1 1 3.84 1 20.00 138 to 142 32 ^- _ _ 2 3.28 2 7.69 _ — 134 to 138 32 KSO 1 ,64 5 8.20 4 15.39 - _ 130 to 134 35 •.60 3 1.93 5 8.20 2 7.69 1 20.00 126 to 130 34 ;.9o 8 5.16 6 9.84 - - - - 122 to 126 39 1^49 8 5.16 5 8.20 3 11.53 - - 118 to 122 42 ^.79 9 5.80 7 11.47 1 3.84 _ - 114 to 118 49 l-\39 11 7.09 9 14.75 4 15.39 _ _ 110 to 114 27 ^.09 14 9.03 3 4.92 1 3.84 _ _ 106 to 110 14 ;.18 14 9.03 2 3.28 3 11.53 - - 102 to 106 1^ ;.78 13 8.38 1 1.63 _ _ 1 _ _ 98 to 102 11 ; ,.88 1 17 10.96 5 8.20 - - - - 94 to 98 6 \87 20 12.93 3 4.92 - - - - 90 to 94 - 1.27 16 10.32 1 1.63 - - - - 86 to 90 1 ^77 9 5.81 2 3.28 1 3.84 - - 82 to 86 2 -.38 7 4.51 2 3.28 _ - _ - 78 to 82 - -.00 2 1.29 - - - - - - 74 to 78 - ].67 1 .64 _ _ 1 _ _ — _ 70 to 74 - 3.49 _ _ _ - _ - _ - 66 to 70 - /.60 - - - ~ ! - - - - 62 to QQ - ^.30 _ _ - - - _ - 58 to 62 - 3.30 _ - _ _ _ - _ — 54 to 58 - 2.30 _ - - - - - - - 50 to 54 - l- _ _ _ _ _ -. _ 46 to 50 - l- _ - — - - - - - 42 to 46 - _ _ _ _ _ - — - 38 to 42 - . _ — _ - - - - - - 34 to 38 - . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - 30 to 34 - 1 :' - - 1 - - 26 to 30 - 155 61 26 5 — 1 1 386 \pective of Nationality. — - r RS. 15 Yks. 16 Yrs. INCH! ! r'er cent. ! No. Per cent. No. Per cent 70, . _ _ _ _ _ 69, . .15 - - - - 68, . .15 3 .65 5 1.42 67, . .44 6 1.31 5 1.42 66, . 1.04 14 3.05 19 5.38 65, . 3.41 27 5.88 27 7.65 64 . 4.74 49 10.67 47 13.31 6£ . 9.19 57 12.42 61 17.28 62, . 15.26 93 20.26 57 16.14 61, . 19.55 80 17.43 51 14.45 60, . 14.81 57 12.42 37 10.48 59, . 12.59 38 8.28 24 6.80 58, . 8.59 20 4.36 13 3.68 57, . 4.74 7 1.52 6 1.70 56, . 2.67 6 1.31 _ 55, . 1.63 2 .43 - 54, . .44 _ _ _ - 53, . .44 - - - - 52, . .15 - - - - 51, . _ - - 1 .28 50, . _ - — _ _ 49, . _ - _ - _ 48, . - - - - - 47, . _ _ _ _ _ 46, . - - _ - - 45, . - - - - - 44, . - - _ - _ 43, . - - - - - 42, . - - - - - 41, . - - _ - - 40, . _ - — _ _ 39, . - - - - - 38, . _ 1 _ 1 _ 1 _ _ 37, . - 1 1 _ j - - 36, . - - - - T S5, . — - — 1 — — 34, . ! 459 353 Tot! erican INCHES. 70, 69, 68, 67, 66, 65, 64, 63, 62, 59, 58, 57, 56, >5, 54, 63, 52, 51, 50, 49, 48. 47, 46, 45, 44, 43, 42, 41, 40, 39, 38, 37, 36, 35, 34, .32 .32 .65 .97 .23 .86 .43 .36 .31 .40 .70 ,49 .19 .19 ,28 30 32 32 32 Totals, No. k90) Table No. 10 snowing Heights of Boston School Girls. Whole Numbe r of Observations, Irrespective of Nationality AGE A r LAST BIKT BDAT. 5 ras g fES J -BS , ITHS , CBS 10 YBS. „ TBS. la TBS. 13 TBS. 14 Yes. 16 v„ IT YES TBS .«. .„e... ».. Pe.o™.. ... Per cent. .0. P„ce«. .0. r„„... ... Percent. N.. Percent. H.. Percent. No. Per cent. No. .ereent. ... Pcrcen. No. Percent. N.. Per cent NO. percent 7(1, - - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - -. - - - - - _ .43 .43 - - . . 70 osi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ V 1 .15 _ _ _ _ J .64 . 68 67, - - - _ _ - - - - - - - 1 .11 1 .12 1 .15 3 .66 A 1.42 1.29 2.58 66, 65, - - : : z : : : : . : : I : 2 .11 .21 "3 .36 7 .44 1.04 6 14 1.31 3.06 6 19 1.42 5.38 11 2.14 4.72 2 6 1.29 3.87 . 66 3 .32 .72 23 3.41 27 5.88 27 7.65 19 8.15 21 13.55 . 64 6£ - _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 .11 6 .64 24 2.89 32 4.74 49 10.67 47 13.31 38 16.31 11 7.10 . 63 62, - - - _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ 2 .21 9 .96 32 8.85 62 9.19 57 12.42 61 17.28 47 20.17 SR 18.06 . 62 - - - - - - - - _ - - _ 1 .11 18 1.93 75 9.04 103 16.26 57 16.14 35 15.02 30 19.36 60, - - - - - - - - - - _ 3 .32 36 3.86 97 U.69 132 19.65 80 17.43 51 14.45 26 10.73 24 15.48 1 .09 14 1.49 65 6.96 115 13.86 100 14.81 67 12.42 37 10.48 27 11.69 18 11.61 . 69 68, - - - - - _ 1 .07 _ _ 6 .46 24 2.56 76 8.13 101 12.17 85 12.59 38 8.28 24 6.80 12 5.15 7 4.52 . 58 - - - - _ - 1 .07 2 .17 10 .91 51 5.45 102 10.91 110 13.25 68 8.59 20 4.36 13 3.68 7 3.00 2 1.29 . 67 - - - - - - - - 2 .17 26 2.39 6(i 7.05 133 14.22 81 9.76 32 4.74 7 1.62 1.70 .43 bo. - - - - - 2 .15 8 .70 37 3.39 105 11.22 128 13.69 72 8.67 18 2.67 6 1.31 _ .43 20 3.74 71 6.62 128 13.67 111 11.87 58 6.99 11 1.63 2 .43 . 64 - - - - - - 8 .61 3(1 2.61 114 10.47 124 13.25 104 11.12 3;! 3.85 3 .44 _ _ _ _ _ _ . 53 - - - .26 19 1.46 79 6.87 178 16.34 l.W 16.88 61 6.52 n 1.32 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - 3 .26 64 4.15 131 11.40 190 17.46 110 11.76 43 4.60 « .72 .15 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1.08 101 7.77 205 17.84 177 16.26 8.12 21 2.25 2 .24 .28 . 60 - - .30 43 3.68 169 13.01 214 18.62 123 11.29 39 4.16 7 .76 .12 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 49 - - 6 5.58 214 16.47 191 16.62 76 I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 176 14.67 233 17.93 113 9.83 52 4.77 8 .21 47 4 63 5.37 204 17.01 229 17.62 89 7.74 15 1.37 2 .21 1 .12 . 46 114 11.55 244 20.38 131 10.12 _ _ _ _ _ 44, Ifil 16.31 200 16.68 78 6.00 14 1.22 1 .09 43, 72 11.90 221 22.40 14.S . 43 42, 115 19.01 196 19.85 73 6.08 _ 128 21.16 121 12.26 19 1.68 i .30 ,3 1 09 . . 41 . 40 40, 120 19.83 64 5.47 ■ 39, 73 12.06 22 2.22 2 .16 .09 6.62 8 .81 1 .08 . . 38 19 3.14 2 .20 I .07 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 35, 34, 605 1 .10 : ~ : : : T^ '- : : 935 : ^ : 676 ' : = " '- 233 : 166 - . 36 . 35 . 34 To als, . = 1,199 1,299 1,149 936 469 363 Table No. n.—SJMwing Heights of Boston School Girls of American Parentage. AGE AT LAST BIETHDAY. HTM. .... TTEe. »«.. »TM. 10 Yns. 11 YBS. 12 YRS. .4YK3. .5 Y«.. lU Yss. 17 TM. ISYns. So. Per cent. Pop rant. Ko. P»c». »o. P„c»t »0. Percent. .0. Per cent. No. Percent. .0. Per c nt. ... Percent. No. Percent. No. Per cent. NO. Percent. NO. percent. NO. - 70 !5 i4 63 62 6' 59 )7 66 io 64 63 62 61 60 49 48 47 46 46 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 4 7 18 21 29 24 13 6 2 1 .78 .78 8.15 6.61 14.18 16.63 22.84 18.90 10.23 4.73 1.57 .78 2 1 3 9 14 37 49 48 24 12 4 1 236 .85 .42 1.27 3.81 6.93 13.56 15.68 20.76 20.34 10.17 6.08 1.69 .42 1 2 7 16 33 52 66 67 62 29 16 6 346 .29 .68 2.02 4.33 9.54 16.03 19.08 19.36 . 16.03 8.38 4.62 1.44 .29 22 40 63 62 67 47 27 16 6 6 1 338 .30 .30 1.18 2.07 6.51 11.83 15.68 15.39 16.87 13.91 7.99 4.44 1.77 1.48 .30 "5 6 17 23 55 69 60 25 24 1.55' 1.86 6.26 7.12 11.76 17.03 18.27 18.58 7.74 7.43 1.65 .93 .31 .31 .31 2 4 16 11 31 43 55 58 44 35 19 13 2 336 .69 1.19 4,76 3.27 9.23- 16!37 17.26 13.10 10.42 5.65 3.87 .89 .69 4 12 21 28 41 36 40 30 26 8 6 1 1 .34 .34 .34 1.38' 4.14 7.24 9.65 11.38 14.13 12.41 13.79 10.34 8.62 2.76 2.07 .34 .34 .34 4 16 33 26 39 46 39 29 13 7 3 2 .32 .32 .32 1.29 1.29 5.17 10.68 8.43 12.65 14.56 12.65 9.37 10.68 4.21 2.27 .97 .32 .64 1 ■ 1 2 3 13 18 32 41 47 35 39 1)3 19 19 7 4 1 1 1 .32 .32 .65 .97 4.23 6.86 10.43 13.36 15.31 11.40 12.70 7.49 6.19 6.19 2.28 1.30 .32 .32 .32 I 1 3 !.) Id :i4 43 6") a Bi 17 4 - .34 .34 1.02 4.48 6.17 11.72 14.83 22.76 15.51 12.07 6.86 2.76 1:72 - 2 5 7 18 27 37 65 45 32 16 9 2 .78 1.96 2.74 7.06 10.59 14.51 21.67 17.65 12.55 6.28 3.53 .78 3 4 14 20 33 46 33 30 25 18 8 4 - 1.26 1.68 5.88 8.40 13.86 19.33 13.86 12.60 10.50 7.56 3.36 1.68 : .59 1.19 2.38 4.76 8.93 18.46 20.24 14.29 10.72 9.52 4.76 3.58 .59 - 1 6 18 8 21 26 17 10 5 1 2.64 .85 6.09 12.26 6.78 17.80 22.03 14.40 8.47 4.24 1.69 .85 70 . 68 67 66 65 64 63 12 61 60 .',9 68 57 56 55 54 63 52 51 50 49 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 _, lot als, . 323 290 309 307 290 265 238 168 118 Pxr rr^Ttirentage. 14 Yks. Per cent. .34 .34 1.02 4.48 5.17 11.72 14.83 22.76 15..51 12.07 5.86 2.76 1.38 1.72 15 Yrs. 2 5 7 18 27 37 55 45 32 16 9 255 .78 1.96 2.74 7.06 10.59 14.51 21.57 17.65 12.55 6.28 3.53 .78 No. Per cent. 3 4 14 20 33 46 33 30 25 18 238 17 Yrs. 1.26 1.68 5.88 8.40 13.86 19.33 13.86 12.60 10.50 7.56 3.36 1.68 1 2 4 8 15 31 34 24 18 16 8 6 1 168 Per cent. .59 1.19 2.38 4.76 8.93 18.46 20.24 14.29 10.72 9.52 4.76 3.58 .59 INCHES. No. Per cent. 118 2.54 .85 5.09 12.26 6.78 17.80 22.03 14.40 8.47 4.24 1.69 .85 38t ?/t Parentage. t; 14 Yks. cnt. No. Per cent. No, 7v,- _ _ 69, - - - - 68, - - - - 67, 66, : 2 1.04 " 65, 64, 08 3 1.56 1 S3, 16 10 5.21 1 52, 80 16 8.33 i 51, 11 30 15.62 2i 30,, 79 36 18.75 11 59,. 51 23 11.98 i: 58, 95 27 14.07 i< 57,. 39 24 12.50 i 56, .67 9 4.69 ] 55, .79 7 3.65 \ 54, .55 3 1.56 \ 53, .60 1 ,52 - 52, .44 1 .52 - 51, .44 _ - — )0, .36 IQ - - - - kI7, 18, - - - - t7, - t6, .36 'S - - - - t4, - - - - t3, - - - - t2, - - - - =1. - - - - 0, - - - - y, - - - - 8, - - - - 7, - - - - 5 - ~ ~ ~ 4, - - - - T 192 95 rOUNDS. 218 to 222, 214 to 218, 210 to 214, 206 to 210, 202 to 206, 198 to 202, 194 to 198, 190 to 194, 186 to 190, 182 to 186, 178 to 182, 174 to 178, 170 to 174, 166 to 170, 162 to 166, 158 to 162, 164 to 158, 150 to 154, 146 to 150, 142 to 146, 138 to 142, 134 to 138, 130 to 134, 126 to 130, 122 to 126, 118 to 122, 114 to 118, 110 to 114, 106 to 110, 102 to 106, 98 to 102 94 to 90 to 86 to 82 to 78 to 74 to 70 to 66 to 62 to 58 to 54 to 50 to 46 to 42 to 38 to 34 to 30 to 26 to Totals, S Yrs. , Irrespe^* 14 Yrs. Per c' cc 98, - 94, - 90, - 86, _ 82, - 78, _ 74, '- 70, _ 66, - 62, _ 58, 3 54, 13 50, 27 46, 122 42, 232 38, 160 34, 46 30, 2 s, 605 .49 2.15' 4.46' 20.16 38.3£ 26.4.^ 7.6C .42 1.27 4.66 19.06 41.10 26.27 7.20 Table No 12.— Showing Heights of Boston School Girls of Irish Parentage. — *--""—— «v„,, ,v.. -"• »V„s. .... 11 Ym. 14 vn,. ISYn.. .«Y„,. 17 YES. 1,Y.. ... P„„„.. Ho. r.r„.,.. Mo. P Hi 74 1,' :,s 70 tu ~4 6111" ro 6L'ti, ;s 58 t.- i;-> 54l>> -.8 60 to 0* ToUls, 236 486 340 307 192 95 49 18 \ divi ; of Nationality , xr 15 Yrs. 1 16 Yrs. 17 Yrs. 18 Yrs. ntage— POUNDS. rrin No. Per cent. No. 1 Per cent. — Yrs. ~ No. Per cent. No. Per cent. ~~14 1 .64 218 to 22: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 214 to 2l; Sc _ _ _. - _ - - - - 210 to 21- — , Per ceil 4 _ _ 1 .28 _ - _ _ 206 to 21< _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 202 to 201 " _ _ _ "" _ - — - - 198 to 20: " _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 194 to 19) ~ _ -. _ _ - _. - — 190 to 19' ~ __ _ _ _ -. _ _ _ _ 186 to 19( '1 .3- _ _ _ - _ — _ _ 182 to 181 1 .3- _ _ 1 .28 - - - - 178 to 18: i 1.0- _ _ - _ 1 .43 1 .64 174tol7i 4.4- - _ - - - - - - 170 to 17- r) 5.1- _ _ - _ - - 1 .64 166 to 17< % 11.714 1 .22 - - - - - - 162 to 16i q^ 14.8- _ _ 1 .28 3 1.29 - - 158 to 16: a. 22.729 1 .22 _ _ 1 .43 _ - 154 to 151 % 15.514 1 .22 2 .56 - - - - 150 to 15 c5 12.029 - - 1 .28 2 .86 - - 146 to 15' 5.8- 4 .87 1 .28 3 1.29 4 2.60 142 to 14 2.759 3 .05 4 1.13 8 3.43 1 .64 138 to 14 1.374 9 1.96 13 3.68 10 4.30 6 3.87 134 to la 1.729 9 1.96 15 4.25 10 4.30 11 7.09 130 to 13 -80 10 2.18 24 6.80 14 6.01 9 5.81 126 to 13' 1 _80 17 3.70 25 7.08 22 9.44 16 10.32 122 to 12 1 -66 34 7.41 35 9.90 16 6.87 9 5.81 118 to 12 _04 31 6.75 33 9.35 16 6.87 10 6.45 114 to 11 ~ -92 44 9.58 30 8.50 34 14.16 25 16.13 110 to 11 -48 50 10.90 38 10.76 38 16.31 10 6.45 106 to 11' -44 70 15.25 37 10.48 20 8.61 22 14.20 102 to 10 -55 62 13.50 29 8.22 11 4.72 15 9.68 98 to 10 - _66 33 7.19 26 7.36 11 4.72 9 5.81 94 to 9. — _37 29 6.32 14 3.96 7 3.00 2 1.29 90 to 9 — -18 17 3.70 14 3.96 1 .43 2 1.29 86 to 9' "■ -41 17 3.70 3 .85 4 1.71 1 .64 82 to 8' — -41 7 1.52 4 1.13 - - _ _ 78 to 8: ~ _80 7 1.52 1 .28 1 .43 _ ^ 74 to 7i — 22 3 .65 1 .28 - - _ - 70 to 7 ~ l03 _ - _ - _ _ _ — 66 to 7< ~ 44 - - _ - - _ - - 62 to 6 *" -14 - _ _ - _ _ _ - 58 to 6: "" __ _ _ _ — _ _ _ _ 54 to 5i - __ _ _ _ - _ _ _ - 50 to 5 ■" _ _ _ — _ _ _ _ _ 46 to 5' -" - - - _ - _ _ _ _ 42 to 4' "" _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 38 to 4 — — - - - - ^ - - 34 to 3: 38r _ 30 to 3' - - - - 26 to 3' 459 353 233 155 \ncan Parentage. 218 to 214 to 210 to 206 to 202 to 198 to 194 to 190 to 186 to 182 to ] 178 to \ 174 to 1 170 to 1 166 to 1) 162 to 1^ 158 to Ij 164 to li 150 to li 146 to li 142 to 1 138 to 1 134 to 1 130 to 1 126 to 1 122 to 1^ 118 to 12| 114 to lit 110 to ll! 106 to IK 102 to 10( 98 to lOi 218 to 222 214 to 2lo, 210 to 214, 206 to 210, 202 to 206, ^98 to 202, 194 to 190' 190 to 194, 186 to 190 182 to 186, 178 to 182, 174 to 178, 170 to 174, lee to 170, 162 to 166 158 to 162, 154 to 158, 150 to 154, 146 to 150, 142 to 146, 138 to 142, 134 to lo8, 130 to 134, 126 to 130, 122 to 126, 118 to 122, 114 to 118i 110 to 114, 106 to 110, 102 to 10b, 98 to 102, 94 to 90 to 86 to 82 to 78 to 74 to 70 to 66 to 62 to 58 to 54 to 50 to 46 to 42 to 38 to 34 to 30 to - \\ > 1 15 YKS. 1 10 Yes. 1 17 Yrs. 18 Yrs. 1 POUNDS ■wentagi 4 No. Per cept. No. 1 Per cent. No. Per cent. No. Per cent. 14 Yks. " : - - - - - - - 218 to 2 214 to 2 210 to 2 < — _ __ Per ce- _ - - - - - - - 206 to 2 _ _ _ - - — — — 202 to 2 - — ^ _ _ - - - - - - 198 to 2 - __ _ _ — - - - - - 194 to 1 - _. _ _ - - - - - • - 190 to 1 ~ ._ _ — - - - - - - 186 to 1 "l i. _ — - - - - - - 182 to 1 1 <. _ _ _ - - - - - 178 to 1 3. ^\{- _ _ - - 1 5.55 - - 174 to 1 1i 4.- _ _ - - - - - - 170 to 1 r) 5.- - - - - - - - - 166 to 1 ^ 11/- _ — — — - • — — — 162 to 1 gJ 14.'- - - - - 1 5.55 - - 158 to 1 ^ 22.'- 3 1 15. '>2 _ _ — — - — — — 154 to 1 - - 1 2.04 - - - - 150 to 1 o i 12 ^4 _ _ _ — — — — — 146 to 1 , 1 1.05 ^ _ 1 5.55 - - 142 to 1 2 52 1 2,04 - - - - 138 to i- ' 1 52 2 2.10 1 2.04 - - - - 134 to K ] - 2 4.21 2 4.08 - - - - 130 to i; V )4 _ _ 2 4.08 1 5.55 - - 126 to l;^ 1 56 4 4.21 1 2.04 2 11.11 - - 122 to 1: i 56 _ 5 10.20 - - - - 118 to li . 12 3 3.16 3 6.12 - - - - 114 to 1] 25 8 8.42 3 6.12 4 22.22 2 33.33 110 to 11 ( 35 8 8.42 6 10.20 5 27.77 1 16.66 106 to 11, 33 15 15.80 5 10.20 2 11.11 1 16.66 102tol(!.'yl 93 13 13.68 10 20.41 1 5.55 1 16.66 98tolQ' 93 9 9.47 5 10.20 - - 1 16.66 94 to 9 - 45 9 9.47 2 4.08 - -, - - 90 to £ - 33 6 6.31 1 2.04 - - - - 86 to 9> - n 8 8.42 1 2.04 - - - - 82 to e; - .00 2 2.10 _ _ - - - - 78 to {?V — 56 2 2.10 1 2.04 _ - - - 74 to 1> — 56 3 3.16 _ - - - - 70 to V - 56 _ _ _ _ _ — — QQ to 7 - o04 _ _ _ _ - - - - 62 to 6' I; 7> ..' i2r - iir _| 45- 3- _ _ _ _ _ — - — 58 to 6: _ _ _ _ _ • _ — _ 54 to b. - - - - I - '-_ - 50 to i: 46 to L 42 to A\ i _ _ _ _ 38 to 41 ■ 3^(~^: - - - - - — - 34 to ^;i 30 to t i 95 49 18 6 --m ^% I OCT 10 1975 A. 1 r3 \ 7p^Y USE ^^Y*^|^,KTURN TO A?^3THR0P0L0GY LIBRARY This publication is due on the LAST DA'l li and HOUR stamped below. DEC 8i9:-; n'Pn20i983