UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 63 197. Two infinitives coming together, signify the continuance of both, 198. When a particle is to be repeated, one is often omitted. OF THE ACCENTS. 199. There are in all about thirty accents, but I shall take notice of only these three, which serve to divide the text into sentences, imper- fect, or entire. Silluk ends a period ; the mark of it is two large points (:) after the last word of an entire sentence, and a small perpendicular stroke under the last syllable ; as : ]px it is also called Soph- pasuk. Athnahh answers to the English colon, the mark of it is (*) placed under the word. Sakeph-katon is of the same use as the comma in English, the mark of it is two points placed over the word : they may be all seen in this verse : SftthW ^3? 'V^Pi * Wfi *P$? BWKI Deut. vi. 7. : qtgp?i %&$& TJ The use of the other accents is chiefly to direct the inflexions of the voices of those who read or chant the Bible in public. 200. Silluk, Athnahh always, Sakeph-katon sometimes, change (-) () () into ( t ) or () and () is also sometimes changed into i. FINIS. Andrew Sf John M. Duncan, Printers, Glasgow 62 with each other ; as D'Jjin D^aj fw'S /^e bow of the mighty men are broken. 189. A verb agrees with the nominative case in gender, number and person. Except 190. Sometimes a masculine verb is joined to a feminine noun, to show excellency and dignity ; as rnv$i nvj] Gen. xxiv. 14. And sometimes a feminine verb is joined to a masculine noun, to express something base and mean ; as rrnyifi ]$W3. Ezek. xxxiii. 26. 191. A plural verb to a singular nominative case, or a singular verb to a plural nominative case, signifies distributively ; as fiJTpM ^D3 m$\ they shall visit thee, Sippj 5 ) and in visiting them. 1 74. If after the serviles are cast away, there remain four letters, it is a root of four letters ; as fTJIOl?i|, of these there are but few. 175. If after the serviles are cast away, there remain only two letters, or only one, the root is a defective verb ; all the kinds of which have been already described. As for them that have but one radical remaining ; this is the second radical, and its third radical is n. As for the first radical, if i or 1 is before the remaining single radical, then the first radical is * otherwise the first is 3. * Quicunque bonus fuerit grammaticus, is regulis his aut similibus opus non habebit. Buxtorf. in fine regularum de themate investigando. 58 knew, li id good; pn a law, from ppffc; and rtsjj middle, from rntp. 166. Heemantive nouns, are such as have one or more of the letters i s roNn added to them, Rule 149. they all imitate the form of the con- jugation from whence they are derived ; of which, when the letters nw are prefixed, it imi- tates the future. 167. If the letters tidbnh are prefixed before a word whose two first radicals are not liable to be cast away, or changed, then the prefix will have a short vowel, as VBpD judgment, nipn a gathering. 168. When the letters vubhpt are prefixed be- fore a word that has * for the first radical, then they have i as Itfio a seat, from 3ttfj : MTfto rev- erend, from NTJ, or *) as npiE instruction, from HQ* : sometimes \. as 3*0 best, from 10}. 169. If : is the first radical, or those mentioned Rule 113. then the prefix has a short vowel and puts a dagesh in the next radical, as yiDD a plant, from iKDjRule 114. 170. When the letters VflDNn are prefixed be- fore a word that has 1 vowel, or * vowel, for the second radical, Rule 92. then they have com- monly ( t ) and in regimen or with a final addition, the (t) is changed into () as "rtng light, rrniap lights, from "rtw. A few have () as y\HQ running, from ftt. 171. When the letters TODan are prefixed be- fore a word whose second and third radical is the same, then the prefixed vowel is generally ( t ), as \lb a shield, from p: ; Seldom () or 1 as ppo a steward, from pptt, and ^D pure, from ns 57 159. Some radical nouns are defective and cast away one radical. 160. The first radical is cast away, when it is a ' as rtXR counsel, from y#J ^ e counselled, one noun n*p from N^:? has the first radical 3 cast away. 161. The second radical is cast away, when it is a " as ^n strength, from fyl or i as "tt a stranger, from *toi to sojourn: in these, the two radicals remaining have a long vowel ; except with a final addition (^) or () may be changed into (=), Rule 44. Or when the second radical is doubled, as b} a heap, from hbz or the second radical 3 of these five nouns ; as ^ anger, from sp_Nt * nritf /Aow, from fi3tf { H3 a daughter, from nil i nrpn wheat, from D3n and D^tp /ww, from njuf. These two sorts being defective in the second radical, take a dagesh in the third radical, when they receive any final addition, Rule 119. IV. as te : D$J. 162. The third radical is cast away, when it is n, as 3N a father, from nitf . this n is often changed into * as 3tf father, or into 1 as ijy w?eei, from TO. 163. Those that are irregular in the second or third radical, after being contracted into two rad- icals, double sometimes both radicals, as from *7} comes fcto. 164. The participle nouns, are such as ^Jtfn dark- ness, 13 a wanderer, from TO ; as for the participle nouns of the other conjugations, they may be called heemantive nouns ; as ^9^0, &c. 165. Infinitive nouns, are such as WW great, n%y shabbath, nyn or Win knowledge, from yr he H 56 154. Heemantive 1 is always a vowel, i or % and never begins or ends a word: it is most usually put in the last syllable ; as -fi3J mighty, JVp'po a kingdom : in feminine nouns ending in n, it is commonly put before the last radical ; as rffil} greatness. 155. p and Tto is often added at the end of a word ; as fTD? a memorial, JTO'PQ a kingdom, but they are usually added to words whose third radical is n as trip uralA, from mn to burn with anger, and F\^ : likeness, from nni he was like. Of finding out the Root. 156. In Hebrew Lexicons the words are not usually placed in alphabetical order, but the root first, and then the words derived from it : the root is regularly the third person masc. sing, of the preter kal, as IS? ; except in verbs quiescent in the second radical, the root of these is the in- finitive, in one of these forms, D=ip or Dip or \% see Rule 92. Before we proceed any further about finding the root, something more must be premised about nouns. , 157. There are four forms of nouns : the rad- ical noun, the participle noun, the infinitive noun, and the heemantive noun. 158. The radical nouns, are such as contain only the three radical letters of the root, from whence they are derived ; these maybe derived from kal, piel, or pual, as "DT a male, i$Q a mast, D^ a porch. 55 (), except 1. before a monosyllable, 2. when the following syllable is accented ; in both which cases, they are prefixed with (t), except 3. before another ( : ) then they take () ; but before \ they take (), and ( ) under * is omitted, as fYWW&. 147. These three 2*73 prefixed to a word with emphatic n usually cause n to be omitted, and take the vowel which n should have ; as d^dipB in the heaven, for d?d^P5 ; the same Rule often holds with regard to n the characteristic of the infinitives in niphal and hiphil. That the letters ^Dl before an infinitive serve to express the Latin gerunds, has already been observed, No. 86 : the manner of prefixing them, in that case, is the same as has been just now taught. 148. These three rhl are often prefixed to nouns to make them adverbs ; and to adverbs to make them more adverbially. 149. These letters i^n^D^n heemantiu are often added to the root, to form a verbal noun : such nouns are called heemantive nouns. 150. These three rntf may be placed in the beginning of a word; as inSf a liar>y\d}R learn- ing; or in the end of a word, which is then al- ways feminine ; as T\\?ri justice, fi^oy a crown. 151. D is usually put at the beginning ; seldom at the end of a word. 152. 3 commonly at the end ; seldom at the beginning. 153. * is put in the beginning, or middle of a word ; as ^Tpt oil, ")*"!*$ mighty ; and in the end, to form some adjectives, especially numeral or national adjectives ; as *1^5 strange, 'to second, *yyL an Arabian. 54 prefixed in the same manner as n emphatic; as TJIS5. l4i. n with ( T ) before it at the end of a noun of place, signifies motion towards it ; as T\Tui towards Haran. 142. i copulative, and, has also the signification of many other particles, according as the sense requires ; it is sometimes adversative, but, not- withstanding, sometimes disjunctive, or; some- times explicative, even, to wit, namely, so, seeing that; it is also sometimes redundant, and some- times understood. It is regularly prefixed with (), as 3T$) and the way : before a labial, or a let- ter with () it is written 1 as w$\ and they came, hVVtfl and great : but before \ it is altogether written *l as rfyifro; before an accent noting a pause, it takes ( t ), VJH^ and the earth; how 1 con- versive is prefixed, has been already explained, No. 83 and 84. 143. 3 from p signifies similitude, .so, so as, &c. 144. *? from ^ is sometimes only a mark of the dative or some other case, as has been already considered, No. 51 ; sometimes it is a prepo- sition, to, of, in, upon, among, through, with, ac- cording to, whilst, instead of, &c. 145. l in, into, within, at, among, on, upon, by, or with, signifying the instrumental or material cause, or the manner of doing an action, over, under, to, unto, towards, against, according to, after, &c. prefixed to a noun substantive which follows an adjective, it denotes the superlative degree ; as Dl$8 n^H thou fairest among women* 146. These three 3^3 are usually prefixed with 53 taken comparatively, and signifies more than, less than ; sometimes negatively, as Rule 86 ; it is often redundant, and often understood, though not expressed ; 12 is prefixed with a () and puts a double dagesh in the following letter; as n^D out of the house ; if the following letter is a gut- tural, or % and so not capable of a dagesh, Rule 7th, then o requires () as *?Wfe from the Lord, the word njrr^ is pointed in the same manner : and pronounced as "9Typ ; but when o comes before any other word that begins with *;, then both (:) and dagesh is omitted as rrpmp for ITpnfp. 137. Sometimes D at the end of a noun makes an adverb ; as SOT 1 daily, from DV a day. 138. w from wfe who, which, requires () and puts a double dagesh in the following letter, if capable of a dagesh : it is rarely prefixed with (-) or (), but once with ( T ). 139. h is emphatic, or vocative, or relative, who, or which, or only signifies as the Greek article, o, h, to, which is sometimes not expressed in English : it is prefixed with (-) and puts a double dagesh in the following letter, as "S}?i3 that booh : if the following letter be a guttural with (t) then n requires ( ) as Tiftttfl which was spoken ; if n be followed by a guttural with any other vowel, or by *i it requires (^) as &#T\ that man, D^ytf "in the wicked. 140. n interrogative, or a note of admiration takes (-:) as tf?*3 is it? but if a guttural with ( T ) follows, it requires ( ) as DSN*n has it failed ? if it be followed by a guttural with any other vowel, or by a letter with (=) it takes (-) but if it be fol- lowed by one of the letters ton with () it is then 52 130. The affixes to participles, are the same as to nouns ; but they usually signify the patient 131. Adverbs and prepositions have usually the same affixes as nouns singular ; as SRJJ be- fore thee. These seven, "in** after, ty to, P* between, TCC to- gether, 15> until, *?y upon, nntt under, require the same affixes as nouns plural do; as 1*"jnN after him. 132. These three, |*N not p rt$J behold, iy yet, in- stead of the affix i take sia v as tta^. 133. When the preposition ntf in/A, has an affix, ( ) is changed into () and n has a double dagesh, as *%$ with me. J 34. Letters are divided into servile and rad- ical : these eleven, i7Di tod ]n\^ Ethan, Moshe, ve- caleb, are called servile ; the other eleven are radical. A radical letter always makes part of the root ; the servile letters are not always servile, but may also make part of the root, and be rad- ical : they are servile, only when they serve, as has been already seen, to show the gender, case, number, tense, person ; or constitute the insepar- able pronouns, Rule 53 ; or when, as shall now be shown, they serve to supply the places of adverbs, conjunctions, or prepositions ; or to form nouns from the verb which is their root. 135. These seven servile letters n^Di too Moshe vecaleb, are often prefixed to a noun or verb, to supply the places of undeclinable parts of speech : what signification they have, and what vowels they require, shall now be shown. 136. D from p signifies from, out of, in, among, by or near, of i. e. part of, by means of, because of against, after, before, Is. xliii. 13. it is often 51 ~0 O Hfctf H -ff -^ ,J :-l -J :-l *-* XI ..*vJ XI -XI -XI ^10 h10 -<10 -<10 h10 -c -2 19 .13 ^^. \ .^-v^>^y ..-1 _I J XI XI XI 10 10 10 re t o *1 P XI 10 XI 49 CO 3 a 10 3ff ..-I 10 10 CO 3 2J .-j 10 --I 10 3 2ff Hi 10 ta- rt) O Jl j -<7 -^ ~C a JT ,*. O 5 -ar -UT !3 !u !n ^^ ^s a-^ff !3J cr nr -f ..-1 ..-!..-! ..-i i.._i H-l ._f U_J H-l H_| -1 r 7CJ ra ra m tj ru pei nvi H\J -oJ H TJ hXI hTJ .!i0 10 a/ 10 10 10 10 -10 -10 ..10 10 10 & K &^B^ & K ^ J ^5^ 3 3 3 g B 3 b*i ** a * U-aJ .13 ^ji -ma 53-4 *4 J 2>> J ..-1 -I U .._| :-l a TI KJ ^1 -TCI ra .rci 3 10 10 10 "10 10 10 ^ S thee you thee you thee you J ^ cS* :Q_U a -a :U -Iff -iff Hi Co I. ..-i .._i _i '-i .-JT7-I 1 (/J <">** h ~j ro hTJ^-vI ivJ hvJ jvJ 5^ 10 "10 10 10 10 10 10 thee you thee you 1 1 O fl n 'Q_ff ^ ^ <5T2I "5-3 o J - .._| -1 -J ,_l H-l "J 3 TTI TvJ re; ^J aP H~J4vJ 3 10 10 10 -10 10 10 10 10 s 1 3 1:0 n d 3 w 5 33 10 -10 .-I H10 o p a h10 -i Hl0 48 termination, it is often changed into (*) ; as $# subdue it, Gen. i. 28. for nm?. 127. Affixes used to Verbs. a CD H CD 3 &JD Ph <5 *3 ^. ^ ^..^ r \ me I u. u T wL us we n?. i; *L * thee thou 9. * thee thou D3. y e y e Ri ye y e !i in. ^t t *rc 12.. i him he \i3 v n v n T her she 0] D^ . them they 1-U them them c. s. 1. Person, C. P. M.S.1 ^ p j>2. Person. F.Yj M. S.| ^ p* IS. Person, F.'pJ Note, \ is only used to the infinitive. 128. In the future 2 is sometimes inserted be- tween the verb and the affix ; as *)n|*uy\ The following example ip_% shows how the several affixes are put to the several persons in the several moods and conjugations : when two or more words in the first column are in a bracket, it shows the affixes are put to them all in the same manner, as fut. kal, sing. V8?SP he will visit him, np?N / will visit him. The affixes only are here in hollow letters : in the 3d pers. f. sing, of the preter, n is in a hollow letter, be- cause the affixes change n into n. 47 122. The word M35 makes the infinitive fig : if an affix follows, the second n has a double dagesh, and ( ) is changed into () as wi. A general Rule for Verbs regular or irregular. 123. The formative dagesh cannot be placed in the gutturals ynnN or 1 Rule 7, but instead thereof, compensation is made, usually in the gutturals, always in 1 by the following changes of the preceding short vowel into a long one ; viz. () or () is changed into (), (-) into (f) and (;) into i as Nana for N3}N or S^ 1st p. s. fut. niphal, from N5n he healed; T)^\ for T^) 3d p. m. s. fut. piel; and TfO>\ for T}^\ 3d p. m. s. fut* pual, from spj he blessed, 124. Verbs have affixes as nouns. . An affix to a verb signifies the patient, i. e. the person or thing acted upon ; as \3lgj5 he visited me, *np? fie remembered him or it. Sometimes a particle, as to, unto, upon, with, &c. is understood; as ^nr\) : thou hast given unto me, ^tofl it shall come upon him, W\l\ it shall dwell with thee. After the in- finitive, an affix may signify either agent or patient ; as iN^.iJ? when he cries, )i^w) to keep him. 125. The addition of an affix to a verb changes the first vowel when it is (-) into () as ^p; 3d p. m. s. fut. hiphil, for D^ from Dip. 126. The same affix is varied, as it is applied to different persons of the verb, as ^i_P t ? he visited me, *ynf they visited me, see the example. It is a general Rule, that when a verb has a personal termination, the first vowel or point of the affix is omitted ; as *3$!B$. When 1 is the personal 46 119. Defectives in the second radical, or such as double the second radical, are verbs which have the same letter for the second and third radicals; as 22D he compassed about: they are usually contracted, in the light conjugations, in this manner. I. By cutting off the middle radical, with the vowel preceding it; as 3D for HID. II. The formatives MD**rjl heemanti are pre- fixed with a long vowel, to compensate for the omission of the second radical ; as liDtf for MpN as Rule 93. III. Except that the future prefixes in kal and liiphil and huphal, have sometimes their regular vowel, and compensate by a dagesh in the first radical ; as Tpa 1st p. s. fut kal, from Tig he bowed, 2W 3d p. s. fut. hiphil, from 13D and T*J 3d p. s. fut. huphal, from rina, IV. In all final additions, the third radical has a dagesh ; as nD for Hl^iD. V. In the first and second persons preter, i is inserted before the personal terminations ; as VI. \ is put before the feminine plural termi- nation ri: as njrnp 3d p. pi. f. imper. kal. 120. The dageshed conjugations usually omit their formative dagesh, and instead of it the first radical takes i for its vowel as iliD for 22D. 121. Verbs which have 2 or n for the third radical are defective therein, when the personal termination begins with one of these letters, 3 or n ; and compensation is made by a double dagesh in the termination letter; as WiJ for ^3 1st p. s. pret. kal from jro he gave* 45 5 O -rr u u ^u u _J7- _J7- _ff. _[J. 31 !DT !DJ 3T a -a -cf a a * -a* -c? u a- a Iff Iff Iff .{j M U U U :M U U :M H a 9. EL a 3 -a a a- a 3 5 or ~jr a a .a na ~io _ar ^aj- _y7 a a a & u a -iff Iff Iff Iff -|tkJ7 l!*; n ,K a a a & >a a a -a y '^J _ar _ar _ar iCJ j _^7 _ar -iff iCJ 3.5 m a a a :a u -Iff iff in Hft_7 -^ n & iff ~& ^ S a a a & =a a a a u S !3I -!DJ -3 -j^ h% S3 ^ S3 H ^ U ~rr -a u _ff" a Iff iff Iff 1 1 : Li U :U r M U U M 1 . ,y a -a a ^ a .a a -a ,^ S-!ZI .!!|.^: t S.%.!n^!3J , . ( ^ lujnSa^j u a Iff Itf M . U ti. -M M li ii -2 5 M r? - 'a a -a -2- a a a a -* M. S. F. S. M. P. F. P. Q <3 ^ g g rt v s ^ s; . 'BjdpiuVfj fit MMfi^l 44 Iff v u u u _ff- a- _j. _u- !nr !nr rar 3r a a a a Iff -Iff -Iff -Iff ^=!3J-:!3I ^xr -ST-.^ -CDJ iff U M -U U "M -M -U hU U .U a -a a _m -yr _y7 _^7 ,^j -iff -mi _^x _ar IfflfflfflfflfflffliflffliJ Iff -in /> :U HUM :CI :0 :0 'Iff "Iff -Iff "Iff _ff. _jj. _0. -UT ff" ff" SJ' U U U M U U W M -"U U a a a :a a a a =a -a ..a .a -a :iff.a.!iff.a a a 5 '"O pssn }ou ._ or .*> ^:!3J-.-!3J ^r -^n-^UH^Tj Iff U -U U M -M -U -M -P U U .p i\j"VJ 'U 'M 'M-U 'U a- a- a- a- a- a- a- a- a- Iff u u u u :U ' U -U -U a- a- a- a- CU7-:!3J.:^J ^a-!DI-!DJ^ Iff U .|J u u-P-P-PhU u .'U iU iU -U iU .P .U-U :U a- a- a- a- a- a- a- a- a- s 2- Iff HQ_ff U Ut UJ u .a ,a .a .a Iff -Iff -Iff -Iff _ a- __a- _X7- -ur _tf. _ff- _a;. _JJ a -a a >a a a .a .a .a ..S-a ..(Lff ..Q_ff nCLtf "(Li7 'Ci_j7 ..n /? hQ_0 ntL-ff EL Iff ..|S U U U M ff- -Jff _ff. a a a a ^ff. ff" ^17- -Iff tl- _ff- ff" JJ WiUrUU/MMM-'U'U a a .a >a .a >a a 'a "a thou M. thou F. ye M. ye F. he she thou M. thou F. they M. ye M. ye F. we i 00 saifvuddutj a^a^cf I 3 Co Hi o s to ?5 43 1 1 3. Defective verbs in the first radical are, when the first radical is a D as JP'JD he approached, and these with for the first radical, as m he left, y& he appointed, y$) he placed, Vt) he spread, p%) he poured out, r&\ he burned, ^j?j he compassed about ; and one verb with *? as n$ he took ; the verb "R3 is two or three times of this form, and the verb npj but once. I. In the imperative kal, the first radical is left out, thus from tffrj comes U7| except when the third radical is n or V then the vowel before it, is (-) as from Jttj he touched, comes VI. II. In the infin. kal, the termination is JV as ntf| except the third radical is n or V then the termination is n_ as nn% to blow, from nsj and TOD to plant, from y?3. 114. After any of the letters "nann heemanti the first radical is omitted, and compensation is made by a double dagesh in the second radical ; as ttfctf 1st pers. sing. fut. kal. Except 1. these three VD3 he departed, *w\ he lifted up, and njA he took ; which sometimes omit this compensating dagesh ; as wp> 3d p. m. pi. fut. kal, for iwp. 2. Ex- cept also when the second radical is a guttural, then D is not omitted ; as $*$ 3d p. m. s. fut. kal, from Y^J ^ e despised, 3. Except also verbs with l for the second radical, which follow the form of nip No. 99 ; as WO} 3d p. m. s, fut. kal, from DID he fled away. 115. Some verbs end in the future of kal with \ as Vm\ from *m 116. The root ]np terminates in the future of kal with () or (<) as JJR or JJ-ft 117. When a verb has D for the first radical, and n for the third, it has a twofold irregularity ; and is varied in the beginning according to Rule 114, and at the end according to No. 111. 42 Example of a defective Verb with 3 for its first Radical. Huphal. Hipbil. Niphal. Kal. 112. wn &m tfa tfjji he ntfan n^^n H^3 she 0$HJ fttizn fiE^} thou M. 5 p\vm 5$S3 Wi$ thou F. 1 mvzn Piston *?)? 1 I B w%n jtf*4B *Htf23 2 p"" they DJ3Tp"3^ D$$R BfW3? n ye M. {ftf$r\ t-P^in ?fi^3 y e F. pyani tetfin ^ipa we 8- Is) re thou thou M. F. 1 B on re feag p siwi ye M. I ' E t : - H|f3 ye F. > iw; t# ft$ he tfauj fiftBj ^ she fjn ttfcifi ttfefl thou M. re thou I they F. M. i njtfsfi njttfan WUfi they F. ^1^ W^ig sixtfaJTi ye M. nj#3fi natfafi natfafi ye F. tfiq ttfaa #32 we a^n ti*$H Regular fitfj * T ., ti*2Q ffj| M. S. T T \ d F. s. 5 B*tf*2 B*tfsa 5 >-< M. p. ni^aa . nfapaE ntojj F. p. 4i A final term preceding vowe j-|, the ,-j is cha 5J U! -I! -1 iL ii_* V_# ,v_, c? -a -a? C -J7- iff iff 1 -j- -iff ~o- ^r ij_, j_, ,^ nJ- :2 -3f -sr -!nr .3 cities 3*2iff u \jr- NJ-Hvj--:vj- *_# ..V_ .!_# ,.i_, -i- i\- ii_ ii_# _7- Iff Iff > IV-# |J_ ll_# nJ^ 3. 9 Iff .11 ii -i-# *_# _# 3 a- Iff Iff Iff d > 7 -mid dining 40 u *. n n -. ii_ '*_# i_# ii_# '-mT a-uj.-uj-ui'^ ii_# *_ ii_ iS_# a -iff a a -C ,7 -i7 Ot/ .^r -f ~^ -^ .^*_ : n^ xtf* : ^j* vr -vj- -vj - .^r-^r^-^r ivj ij_# i\_ ii_# iL '*_ ii-# 'i- '*- -uj -hj -a -a -m -m ..m -m -m u -iff -in -iff -iff -in -iff -in -iff b t-t. _, ..J_, _# ..ii -\_r posn }ou *_# ..*_ *-# -J_r *- "l- *- i_# *- -Iff -CJJ -C2 -C8 -Of "Iff -Cff -C2 "Iff If ~* If If _ r i- !- "VJ ..J_, 'sJ~ % ar sr sr -vs- III ..\_0 ..*_, -S_# *_# a a a a V7 -o- sc UT . -2. ^- -^ "_JJ -4 :\T : vj- =vj" vj- vX :vj" rsjs.r^vj- ..\-f "J_# "V-* "1_ "*- J-' - "i-# *-* Iff -Iff -Iff -Iff -Iff -Iff -Iff -Iff -Iff a. < 1-^ u ^ if if -. *_, -i-f -l_# ..*_# :v^" pssn ;ou is-a-a _ -3r 5"5 H 4 h ^ J7 J7- ~7 'Q-ff .Q_ff Q-ff .tU7 .Q_ff '!l-0 -Q-ff If o If If -. ..iS *_, ..i_# -l, -N-T :% -!Dr -!ar -sr-.H H ^ ^T - If ii# ..i^ ..l^ ..1^, ^7 ^7 ^7- iI7 ^- ^7 ~r? H_J) _l Hli# ..liy .-Si* Hl^ -il^r MU Hti^ t;!^ ^li# as he she thou M. thou F. I ^ ^ , EL O O PS S= he she thou M. thou F. they ye M. ye F. we 1 1 'Suig djininj aaijvjaduq '49J&Jd 39 the radical n is often cut off together with the preceding vowel, and the formative dagesh omitted ; as ^ for nfcj thus ijtp for n^rirj. 108. The imperative of hiphil often loses n as byn for rrjbfn but has generally two () as ^irr for na'in. 109. l conversive prefixed to the future, or the negative particle ^ before the future, usually cause n radical to be cut off, and the formative dagesh to be omitted, these several ways. I. Sometimes n is cut off together with the ( ) which should be before it, as ^ for njbj. II. Sometimes ( ) is changed into quiescent (:) as Jjai for cpjp. III. Sometimes the future formative letters in kal have () as $ for .151% IV. Sometimes () is transposed from the second radical to the first radical, as |2|n for n}2\ V. And sometimes the future formatives in kal have ( ) and ( ) also transposed, as JVB f r nirin and \&rb8 for rrjan. VI. The future hiphil is commonly formed with two ( ) ]>>! for ng>\ VII. Some verbs lose the third radical n in the future, whether 1 conversive, or b& is prefixed or not, as n"v for nrv. VIII. These two verbs W from mri and tjj from rrn have the vowels transposed for better pronunciation ; instead of*!?! and Tt\ 110. When a verb has * for the first radical and .1 for the last, it has a twofold irregularity, and is varied according to two several examples ; that of No. 91. and the following one 111. as from rrrj comes in fut. hiphil Vrt* for WJ*. 38 103. The foregoing example of a quiescent verb, N the third radical is liable to these exceptions. I. Sometimes tf is omitted, as \JW for VWJJ and wrin for NitorjS. II. The infinitives often make their termina- tions in ilk as nfc^n. III. The third person singular feminine often terminates in r\ instead of n as fltft^jj for rrtjhij. IV. These four tnj he feared, tfftB he was un- clean, tibn he filed, torn he hated, form the pret. kal with ( ) for the 2d vowel as #?& rrSfyj t&a. V. The verb n^j he lifted up, sometimes in the participle passive changes fr* into *> as ^b; for HW}. Quiescent Verbs with the third Radical H. 104. Besides the changes of n in the following example, sometimes n is changed into * conso- nant, as JTDn 3d p. f. sing, wn 3d p. pi. pr. kal. In the verb rw he was quiet ; n is changed into 1 consonant, as s ^9 1st p. pr. kal. The verb nrw is formed in hithpael, as a four radical root; by inserting a consonant 1 as nj^fe^J and when this radical 1 is at the end of a verb, it is changed into*) aa^TOf'S and he bowed himself, Gen. xxiii. 7, 12. These three verbs i-il| puj PiDfi are regular, and neither lose the n nor change it. 105. In some verbs the first and second rad- ical are doubled in the dageshed conjugations, as ytfjro' from nvp he delighted. 106. The infinitives end generally in t)\ as hftj some with h as rfcj and some with 1 as "&$ 107. In the imperative of piel and hithpael, 37 J;' 3 ff td rT ~ ~ -X 3 ? g- S 3 a !3 u Z Z %,x z '2 'o 'g >a .d d -a -a -a -a z :14 a u a % ss z % ^ : fc -:|fc "l -Ifc ,5 -a o -a - 3 ^ ^ 3 .5 examples of 7 .tersj in this o. 77- have t > have () the is *-3 z z s^z z H14 - example, only those wo he third radical {^ in a h< preceding vowel is eith a ..a -a -o -a a -d -a o D z a =i u, ^ z % ? % z ..< -CJ -O -CJ }5 3 g ^ n % Z %hX z H 14 ->l^ :i^ -J Ct CT 31 31 -31 -31 CJ -31 Cl ZX CI 5 4 *Z D-rj.rj-a Z .~4 G4 I* ,^ % z --5 z :14 14 .14 :14 -D D -a -a a a a -i % % % 3 % % % H - ^ :14 :14 : I4 V4 :14 :|^ : 14 14 -^ ..a -a -a -a -a B -cj -a ~g ci ci 3 ci ci ci ci zx _i % z % % "14 -14 -.14 .,K % pasn jou c5 ct : - ci tt "11 ii ^%^z^%%-z% :l :I4 : =14 :|% :|fc -1^ -14 -o -a d -a -fj -o -a -c; -a z % Z % y : 14 -14 :14 :14 .2 a -a ,a ,a ;S 3 - . % z z z :fc ..jfc ..|fc :tf* Cf :U - >l It "11 II ^^^Z^^^hZZ =14 =14 =14 "14 :l^ .14 =14 -14 =14 a o -a -a d cj a d d S CD* Z Z Z Z _ :4 ..^ :i^ .14 Z -43TO-4ty43 Z C* -3 Cl | ,3 ~ ^ ^ z z z :|4 14 -14 .14 HJl hK hGJ hGJ a ci d ci ^ .Cl Ct ^, Ct Ct "It I| ^ ^%%z^^^-z^ ! :I4 ^ -14 : :g =14 -14 - a ..o -a -o -cj -ci -d -d o L* .!_/ .l_# l_# # l_ -U- -L/ -L# -L-r P_ % z % % -. h14 -14 -14 -Hrf ^ Z Cl ~i ;<3 % z z % :14 -l^ -14 h|4 -a D D "CJ ^^5 5 ^ Cl ItnCt II %%^Z%^%hZ^ -^ h14 nl4 !< -4 -14 -14 ^ -^ tt ST ST o o PS f= ? p ? g . .f? O O - CD o to 'Suig 9jn}nj 'aaijvwdtui u^ja^jff 35 3 3 S ST *S ? 5^ a M 9 w 5 N-T g a P -U B T u % _. h-. ^ % CO 3- g* CO, O p 5S or - g.-s."3. -i 1 C5 D~C5 O hXi -rxi 4X1 hXJ a j x# Iff Iff HH-ff jo -Q-^ a-S 2 2S ^a -t xj xj ^ 3 S ? 3 xj ^d. co co V S! t^ ^ ^o -a co co ^ ^ ^ &^ ^ w 44 ?3 ^ p s; WDtf 'dlOlfJ.VfJ sajrf 9idinjj,v t j >/ MIJ 9JtiptJ 34 u -a q or TITl'-y XI =f .:% .^ -a -!Dr .3 21 * ' _ #. _j* a a -in a cf.:^.:^ jg-3r-3r-*3 Iff "C ^^^^^ o a -a -d "CJ -a .a 'O o .u _. _> _# -' *' r. '" __* ' Tixi-a"vi"vixiTixi*vi __u -a _u -ru o -a -\3 -a -.n in -in -3j -5 a -iff -iff -iff -5 2- p I a a n ^y7 yi _^7 _^7 |N J % !3J !2J !3J x? pasn jou sS--3r-:Sr ^7-!di--!di^!iu iff a D cj a -a -a -a -. _# _# _> a D a a M xi xi xi xi t#. .:% -!3r -!3J -!3F .* in -CLi7 -ay *> XI XI XI Xl' 3 -iff -iff a -2* -i^ -^ _LT -i ^# -i/ _* _#. ..CLi7 ..(Lj7 ..tL^7 -\tL0 ..Q-ff ..Q_7 "tL^ -ffl n HQj7 3983a xi xi "2. "vi ^r 3 a do a U/ -S* -^ -LT XI XI XI XI -ar g. ^:!DJ- : !3i !i 3r3r^ ur i^ |\J ivl -i\J Xl XI i^J hvJ ^^-l P - he she thou M. thou F. I * thou M. thou F. ye M. ye F. .Sins' 9dn)nj '9ai%vjLddtui ja?a?jj 32 VIII. The dagesh conjugations, because they cannot put a dagesh in the second radical, which is here a vowel, they double the last radical ; as Dip. 94. Except that sometimes the imperative and future kal, instead of ^ take i as b\o circum- cise, liwj he shall return : or () as Dj? we, np\ he shall rise. 95. Except also these four, ni he shined, toiSL he was ashamed, lit he was squeezed, iiD he was good, which form the preter kal with i as w)2 t : t 96. One verb, rto to die, forms the third pers. preter and participle present kal with () 97. Except also ttfa to be ashamed, which in the future kal is formed with () like the quies- cent verbs with for the first radical ; as W2F\ ttfltf &c. the same word also sometimes imitates those verbs in the preter of hiphil ; as tf^in. 98. Verbs of the form pa No. 92, omit n for- mative in the imp. hiphil ; as y>2 consider. Yet I should think such words are rather kal. 31 92. Quiescent verbs in the second radical are such as have only two consonants in the root, and a vowel in the place of the second radical, as Dj5- this vowel is (t) in the third pers. masc. sing, of the preter, which is the root in all re- gular verbs ; but in these the root in all dic- tionaries is to be found in the infinitive, where the vowel is usually 1 or i as Dip or Dip to rise : except some which have \as J>? to consider. Those verbs which have Vau consonant, or Yod consonant for the second radical, as jnw he cried, -fen he was indebted, are regular in all the conjugations ; and therefore fall not under our present consideration. 93. The formation of quiescent verbs in the second radical is as in the following example Dip. I. In the preter of kal, in the third persons, the radical vowel is ( t ) in the first and second persons it is (-) II. In the participle present of kal, it is also (t) except some few have i as D^pu and wmi. III. The prefixes of the light conjugations have long vowels ; thus ( t ) is put to the future of kal, to the characteristic 3 of niphal, and to the imperative, future, and infinitive of hiphil. IV. The preter and participle of hiphil have (") V. In huphal the prefixes have 1 VI. If the termination be a whole syllable, or any final addition, then the ( t ) or () under the formative prefix, is changed into () but under N into M and under n into (-) or {) Rule 24. VII. In the first and second persons of the preter niphal and hiphil, ) is inserted before the personal termination. 30 91. Example of a quiescent Verb with ^for its first Radical. Huphal. Hiphil. Niphal. KaL 3 2vm Moans -T I -* 3 O a Ui to : It t : t I to i 3" 2V ytim T h#^ tt&& arc's* i^ 1 nt^n n*tpin " T fl?$ 1 29 loved, tna he possessed, *)DN he gathered, some- times follow this Rule. 88. The radical N is generally omitted in the first person singular of the future, in all the conjugations, that two Alephs may not come together : as fut. piel, tin instead of TaNtf / will destroy, ")Dfc / will speak. 89. All verbs which have * for their first radical cast it away in the imperative kal ; thus from 2W comes 2W sit thou, * is also omitted in the infin- itive kal, and n added to the end with two () as mttf to sit ; except the root yT has (-) in the im- perative, and in the infinitive of kal ; as in know, W1 to know. 90. After any of the letters VUDNPJ heemanti * is omitted, and compensation is made, by a longer vowel under that letter, in the manner following ; 1. In the future kal, the letters ]rw ethan require ( ) or \ and some few () as 3d# I will sit, tfytf / wither. Except b^ which requires i) as b&& I shall be able.* 2. In the preter and participle of niphal, they require i as n^O. 3. The future, imperative, and infinitive niphal, instead of * with a dagesh, take Vau consonant with a dagesh ; as ncnn instead of iwn. 4. Through all hiphil i is required, as l^in except these four 2W he did good, 71 s he howled, ]W he turned to the right, pE he gave suck ; which require \. as P^n ywn b^n ppvr. 5. Through all huphal 1 is required, as 2Bnn These four VTmnDM^ in hithpael, change Yod into Vau consonant ; as iferjfj m\nn imm iTnnrj. * Such words are rather huphal. 28 85. The particle JN then, coming before the future, is also generally conversive, and changes it into the preter ; as 1%?. TN then spake. Josh, x. 12. 86. The Latin gerunds in do and dum are ex- pressed by prefixing to the infinitive of an active conjugation one of the letters ntoi baclam, as "ripa^i or "TipfE in visitando, or inter visitandum, in visit- ing: "Jipsfr ad visitandum, to visit: npsp a t>m7- awcfo, from visiting : this last often signifies ne- gatively ; as 1 Sam. viii. 7. they have despised me Ti^p from reigning, i. e. that I should not reign. With a passive infinitive the signification is passive ; as 3f?.|n? %n oe ^ n g visited, T$f to be visited. When a noun or pronoun follows, these words are, in Latin and other languages, often rendered by the subjunctive mood; as "Hj??^ when I visited; )i$sb that he might visit : Eyrr "ripaD that he might not visit the people. OF IRREGULAR VERBS. Irregular verbs are either quiescent, or defec- tive : examples of both are here given, so far as they are irregular ; the conjugations, moods and tenses omitted are regular. Quiescent verbs are such as have among their radicals one or more of the quiescent letters, *)fta ehevi. 87. These five verbs having a for their first radical, viz. npN he said, "ON he perished, niN he was willing, ^DN he did eat, nsy he baked, in the future kal, take hholem for the vowel to their prefixes; as npNtt nQ*$ &c. These three nntf he 27 niphal, and is taken for it by some gram- marians, who say, niphal has sometimes the signification of hithpael ; as Numb. xxii. 25. TIR7 ^ y$Q). and she thrust herself unto the wall. 81. Sometimes a word seems to be com- pounded of two conjugations, as Lev. xiii. 55. D33.-T here is fl the formative of huphal, and double dagesh in the first radical 2 to com- pensate for the formative n omitted Rule 80 : and in the second radical 2 as a characteristic of hithpael : this word is therefore said to be of the form of huphal and hithpael. 82. Vau prefixed to the preter often makes it have the sense of the future, sometimes of the present ; and Vau prefixed to the future always changes its sense, generally into the preter, but sometimes into the present : in each of these cases it is called Vau conversive : and has, be- sides this change of tenses, always the significa- tion of some particle. 83. Vau conversive is prefixed to the preter with (=) as 'CFJPJl and I will rebuke, from *Jn*jy| I. have rebuked: except before a labial, or another () for then the conversive prefix is \ as WfgSfl / will visit ; but before \ it is *] as D-PIVTl. 84. The formative letters of the future are |IVN ; Vau conversive is prefixed to the future formative N with (*) see Rule 123, as niDjW$ I did keep: before the other three future formatives J/T it is prefixed with (-) and puts a double dagesh in the formative ; as "rip??! he visited, nip??] we visited: except when the formative * has a () then the dagesh is omitted. 26 Every regular verb is conjugated in the same manner as "TS, by putting its radicals, as ltf> or "?!* instead of ip_B ; only it is to be observed, that the dagesh in , when it begins a syllable, is not formative ; but is placed there by Rule 5th, and is therefore omitted in all other letters except begadkephat. 78. Some exceptions to the form of ipa No. 77. I. The termination i in kal is often changed into (") as b&ui ask; seldom into ( ) IL The termination (") in niphal and piel is often changed into (") or () III. The termination long hhiric in hiphil may be expressed without ! Rule 9th ; it is often changed into () as ^FfiQ, seldom into ( ) as n^!. IV. n and V will rather have (~) than (-) or () and will often have the vowel before them also (-) as nynttf for nyoitf V. When the last radical is "Ml it commonly terminates in all conjugations with (-) 79. In hithpael, 1. when the first radical is D or w or w it changes place with the formative T\ : thus from the root 'no comes ^flon, from natf comes 3a#n, from -lDttf comes ""ftJIWii. % When the first radical is 2 the formative n is changed into D which is also transposed with u as from jrra comes pTO^rt. 3. When the first radical is i or D or n the formative r\ is omitted, and compensated by a double dagesh in the first radical: as mf$ rrarj iiarin. 80. This rule sometimes holds in some other letters ; in which case, when the second radi- cal is a guttural or i it is like the form of &5 In this example, th which form the conjug from the root. Paragogic letters ar emphatical. ^ it P *= 3. ^ _u iff -4 _l . : _J h_| J ~f ~3i .t-i .^vi rsi '10 '10 -10 10 >10 B * -a -o -a -1 10 Iff Iff Iff -r! -j ^i "J -J S .10 .10 10^ e personal ations are e such as a -rur Hvl :vJ -Tvl " r - J 10 .10 -10 .70 ..10 o2 _* _?._?-_? :TJ 10 -Iff iff iff H_o ,_7 -m 11 C* -j-T/ ra J i\J ..|rf .-10 ..\rt -~J Drefixes, and terminations, as also printed in hollow letters to disting re added to the end of a word t ^ 5 - Iff tj -a :~ej -j ra 10 "10 -13 10 10 >U _* < '_* '* -I ~0 10 'Iff Iff 3 -if 3S- w^f ~j ^ei :\J -" " 10 "10 "& -^J 3. 5 nr I? H T1 -TJ .;\J - -f -~U .10 -10 .10 13 .10 ~2J ,10 ^ _^ ^ , ._! J .._f -^ .ft ,10 13 10 > 3?3 iff -j--v|.:-j"~l* -?j 10 '13 .10 .10 ,10 -f "10 iff m -1J7 .IT MQ_> _,._f -J.._l ^n ^ '10 13 .10 nJ the letters uish them o make it 3? nr ziF -1 _f f h_I -f _,vJ hvJ :\J -TCI -~J 10 -10 10 10 10 !_{7 -t_(7 .(_7 fv /r .n, /> -4 ra Hl0 Iff iff in ;,^ -10 h10 h10 ^J -i._j-._f -r -7 -_7 ~MJ -7 ~J Tl TJ ~CJ 10 -10 -10 -.10 5.p & & h3 ^3 CO CZJ ^ -*^ VJ ft . vi v- .^ g; ^ s ssvd 'dptfJVfj saurf aidrnjUDfj '/"/ uw/j wn^nj" 24 u_* _i Jf -I J , >0 10 10 10 ''** I J'J J .10 -10 '10 '10 Iff -Iff -Iff -in e5.:3j.:3 ^0 -!Dr..3r-*!3r iff J ..-f ..-i .d -i -i -i --I -f rzi ra ra -a r^J ra ra-\J xi '10 '10 .10 '10 '10 '10 '10 10 10 ..m -3 -ni -^ -^ -^s -ru -!3F -m in -iff -iff -iff -iff -in -in -iff -111 -J .-J J J . i^.Ai iUi\J -I 10 .10 ,10 10 ^ pasn ^ou iS-^-g ^.sf-.^^ Iff . -J -J :r| - -J -I I --* jr 1 "^ '^ '.^ ,r ^ TO >""a itl'Jvl ?p 10 -10 "V0 -10 10 -10 10 10 10 iff-a .-iff-a-ar-iff-iff-iff-iff d P -J .TJ XJ TvJ ~& -10. 10 10 -10 v^ .% a .^ a ;* ra -a .-vj ra 10 10 -10 .10 Iff -Iff 'Iff 'Iff ST k 8 a So 8 HI nj "a ^i ra -rj i0-l0-&-g. .^ ..^..^..^..^10 pasn ;ou Tg-:3r^^T.!3r..!3rH3r iff t g ..-I I ..-I -4 I ..-I . -I -- 1 -I ^/ ny ra .ra ry ry ^j -"a ra 10 10 10 -10 10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -i -i -I -I m ^i ra :^i ^r! W 10 ,10 10 -^ iff .-I -I -J J ra .-a .^si ra 10 '10 >i0 .10 ^ or jy .-I . -I J _l -I .-I ..-I -4-1 -4 ra ra ra .ra ra ra ra --~a ra 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 hs -j^vj ra ra ,=* -10 -10 -10 Hl0 :jJ :% -!ar :! -ar.^ Iff ..-I _l . J J ra ?a -xj ia -10 Hl0 ^10 Hl0 Iff -Iff -Iff -Iff zS-^-^s -ur -!3r..5r-!3r Iff _l.._| .._| -I .._| .._J ..-I --J -I >~a ra ra -xj -j in ra tj ra 10 10 -10 -10 -10 10 10 10 -10 fl /T - f\ /T "Q_7 .Q_ff 'CL-a -vkJ7 "tLi7 -Q_7 H /> .=s? -sr -:ar -!ar-:^ u _l ? -1 10 10 10 10 ^:!ar-:3r ^ .ar !3i -s it .._| -J ..-I J ..J -I -I H l-l -J ra ra ra -^a ra to the 1 Future. ? o n n T n T \ ]P| rr- N \pi V-* 1 or m ft r t *n nri ) na f\ U5T- T : *>- he she thou thou I i they I they y e we M. F. M. F. M. F. C. SS 5 o To tl ^1 o> cr a, B - O CD n to If P- , CO J* 22 but in Hebrew, conjugation is a varying of the same verb, in order to express its different man- ner of signifying ; as will presently appear. 68. Conjugations of verbs are seven. 1. b\> kal. 2. ty??niphal. 3. ^y? piel. 4. ^y? pual. 5. ^V?rT hiphil. 6. typri huphal. l/busm hithpael. The word used by the ancient grammarians for an example of a verb, was bys ; from the variations of this word, all the conjugations are named, except the first, which has its name bp_ kal, i. e. light, from its not being burthened with any additions to the root, except personal pre- fixes, and personal terminations; this was an- ciently called b%% paal. 69. Regularly, the root, from whence all words of the like signification are derived, is the third person masculine singular of the praeter tense in kal ; as bys he worked, ips he visited. The root generally consists of three consonants, or radicals : the vowels are (-) sometimes (rr) a few \ as ip_B, V?n, jtog. 70. The signification of a verb in kal is simply active ; as ipB he visited. Niphal is the passive of kal ; as "jgM he was visited. 71. In piei the signification is more intense and emphatical, as nn^ in kal, he broke ; in piel lip he broke in pieces; pual is the passive of piel ; "SP he was broken in pieces. 72. Hiphil is to cause another to do a thing ; as from TjSo in kal, he reigned, in hiphil ifcpn he made to reign. Huphal is the passive of hiphil ; as tftbJH he was made to reign. 21 OF VERBS. 62. A verb is varied by moods, tenses, conju- gations, numbers, persons and genders. 63. There are only three moods ; the indica- tive, the imperative, and the infinitive; their signification is the same as in other languages. 64. Verbs have only two tenses ; the preter, and the future ; one preter tense serves instead of all the variety of tenses used in other languages to signify the time past : and one future to sig- nify the time to come. The future is also used to express the continuance of doing a thing, or that is customary, possible, lawful, reasonable, or desirable to do it. 65. Instead of the present tense is used the participle called benoni, i. e. middle, because it expresses the time between the past and future, this participle has also often the signification of a noun substantive, thus 1QW signifies both a person actually watching, and a watchman, whose business it is to w T atch : it is subject to contrac- tion regimen, &c as a noun is, Rule 34. 1. 66. Both the preter, and the future often sig- nify the time present ; especially in the pro- phetic and poetical parts of scripture. OF CONJUGATIONS. 67. Conjugation in Greek, Latin, and several modern languages, is the different way of vary- ing different verbs, according to their different terminations; as amare, docere, legere, audire ; 20 Third Person Plur. in F. M. nn V T V \k} ]*$** 009 7 Sing, nF. Gen. T V Dat. T Ace. nnitt Abl. f seed 1 * Mi 59. TAe ^/wrrf Person undeclined Singular. nr he, that man, this man that thing, this thing it or lit that, or this thing 7 nfct this woman, this thing | M that or this person, or thing 7 t^n this person, or this thing j Plural. ^ or Ji^M these mas* . com. fern. com. com. 60. The relative Pronouns. w > who, which. Sing, and plur. 61. Interrogatives. v? who? N*T\ >? who is he ? J?.g ^0 who art thou ? "rcrQ *P who is in the court ? no mj n& what? or for what ? com. com. mas. fern, com* com. 19 57. An example of a noun feminine rnin a law, with affixes. 3 Fern. 3 Masc. 2 Fern. 2 Masc 1 Com. T T her law his law thy law thy law my law their law T T their law your law your law T our law T her laws his laws thy laws thy laws my laws their laws Drnjirhfl their laws your laws your laws our laws 58. The particles which signify the cases are prefixed to the affixes, thus : First Person & Plur. Sing. ti^f Gen. *># 135 Dat. $ ttnitf Ace. vfia ^1 Abl. 1 ^ Second Person Plur. F. M. DD Sing. 1=5 V T V T Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl. V F. ! n M. ^i ?Frri ^3 To a noun plur. 18 To a noun sing. 1 > T my W* our T.. thy '?: T ^ T *?- thy B3\. your 1?\. your !||T 1 I s his rv her in* dit their M\. their my our thy thy your your his her their their 1 Per C.S. C.P. M. S.1 M p ^2Pers. F.P.j M.S.l F S ' M.P.r Pers * F.P.j *i *n . n 1 n. IP 1. 54. A pause accent changes ?f. in \ 55. The pronouns of the third pers. masc. or fern. Either the separable pronoun, or the in- separable pronoun, signify a person, or thing, near or remote ; this person or this thing, that person or that thing. 56. An example of a noun masculine "ty-J a word, with affixes. 3 Fern. 3 Masc. 2 Fern. 2 Masc. 1 Com. t t : her word t : his word thy word thy word ' t : my word their word t t : their word xrsn your word : t : your word t : our word T VT : her words my? t T : his words ynnn 7 : thy words 5PW thy words TO - t : my words their words nrrmn their words your words your words when our words * t after i is changed into a consonant ) as yn^ hisFather, for p^ 17 The same particles are used to the feminine, as also to the dual, and plural. This is commonly the use of these prefixes, however b ritt p and 3 may be found to have the signification of all the cases except the vocative, and n has often the signification of the genitive, and the accusative. These prefixes are sometimes omitted, and sometimes are redundant. OF PRONOUNS. Pronouns are either separable, or inseparable. 52. The separable pronouns signifying persons. Plural. Singular. JflT^tiPOM we C. *}tf sift I ana ye M. nrw thou rrjfltf ]F)X ye F. m thou nbn nn they M. tm he njn'Jfj they F. ain w*a she 53. Of inseparable Pronouns or Affixi The affixes are particles affixed to the end of a word, and are most of them derived from the separable pronouns. The affixes proper to verbs, participles, and adverbs, will be mentioned hereafter. 4 The affixes placed after a noun signify the pronoun possessive, as *iyt my word. They are these that follow : 16 vowel into () and this (=) changes the preceding vowel into () (-) ( ) short ( t ) or (.) as ^d ins Vjr$ wip r ojtin But sometimes this () and short vowel change place, and then ( t ) is generally long, as *"$% 45. () in the beginning of a syllable before another () is changed into () or some other short vowel, but ( ) before ) is altogether chang- ed into \ as for srp] comes WJ; 46. \ the first syllable when it doth change, it is into (*) or short ( T ) as from t#|p comes *$1|3, 47. >. is changed into \. as from p*g comes n*i 48. Hhiric in the first or second syllable, is not changed, as n$3 plur. D^.55 and D"nD plur. D^np- 49. () under a prefix before a guttural, is often changed into () as njir for m.T or (-) as liDD^ for ibn 1 ?. 50. Nouns with these points (--) [?*) () though they make no change in their vowels when in regimen, yet they are changed like others when any final addition is made to them, as npr from "D?. 51. Nouns in Hebrew have no cases properly so called, made by different terminations, as in Greek or Latin ; but instead thereof, are varied by particles prefixed, as in the following example: Nom. ^W a book Gen. "isp- 1 ?^ of a book Dat. 1J$ to a book Ace. "^TriH a book Voc. nsDn ' O book Aii f ->.PP from a book I ^P3 in a book. 15 line termination in the singular, and a feminine termination in the plural, as Y^tf plural rrtrw*- 37. There are a few which have only the mas- culine, or only the feminine termination in the singular, but have both terminations in the plural: as "rin D*itj rrnn and .133 cr$$ rf\s$ 38. Some nouns are found only in the singu- lar, some only in the dual, and some only in the plural. 39. Nouns masculine are made feminine by adding H t to the masculine, as masculine prk feminine njm OF NOUNS ADJECTIVES. 40. A noun adjective masculine may have any termination that a masculine substantive can have. The feminine is made by adding nr to the masculine, as Vn% great, masc. n^PT| fern. The change made in the termination only of a noun has been hitherto considered ; there is also a farther change of the vowels or points in the two first syllables to be taken notice of: 41. When a noun is in regimen, or is made longer by any addition to the end of it, the vowels of the first and second syllables are changed. 42. The vowel of the first syllable when it is (t) is changed into () as from TW comes "iyj {-) when it is the first vowel is also sometimes changed into ( : ) as from IJ$ comes in 1 ? 43. In the common plural the first vowel is usually (:) and the second {-) as nni^ 44. A final addition to a word or the plural contracted of nouns, changes the preceding 14 32. A masculine noun forms the dual number by adding to the singular the termination D^.the plural by adding n\* ; as oii a day, DW two days, D^ days. Some few end in ]\ 83. A feminine noun likewise takes D\to form the dual, and moreover changes the feminine fi into D ; as nw a year, ow two years. Feminine plurals always end in ni as rhxp years. The termination h\ forms the plural in nv. as rinny plural ninny, and the termination n\ in ni\as rvtifo plural m'^b 34. A noun signifying a person, or thing be- longing to another noun, or pronoun, is contracted thus, the masculine singular, by shortening the vowels, as lT[ m ]% ^ ie S n of David, "Ol my son, for J5; and nw'O ~)TJ the word of Moses, Yt^ his word, for -an L The masculine dual, and plural, by chang- ing cr and & into * as in* 1 ? a *v m the hands of Eli-jahu, for D?!} and Tibnp rgjn the words of the preacher, for D*EJ$ &c. II. The feminine is commonly contracted in the singular, by changing the feminine termina- tion n T before a noun into J\ as rnj^ F$p the year of visitation, and before a pronoun into n. as inD^ Ai 5 2/ear, for PttP III. The noun thus contracted is said to be in construction, or in regimen. 35. Some masculine nouns have the feminine termination in the singular, and the masculine termination in the plural, as nJPip'$ plural o\W2 36. And some feminine nouns, have a mascu- * In the plural, Yod is sometimes left out from long hhiric, as mentioned in Rule 9th. 13 ceding vowel into the like vowel not compound- ed ; thus (- ; ) changes the preceding vowel into (-), thus also (:) changes it into (), and (*) into short ( t ) ; as -f9<: ww ityfe for Tysn^ ^n^ "ID#; 26. Except N when it is to have (.) and accord- ingly the preceding vowel should be () then (: ) are sometimes changed into (') and placed under the consonant before a as itoN]? i^N^zi 27. A compound vowel having by the 25th Rule changed the preceding vowel, is itself often changed back again into ( : ), thus n|EX| is by the 24th Rule changed into rWCR and by the 25th Rule into tT$ and by the 27th Rule into nxv See Rule 49. 28. A compound vowel coming before (=) either becomes uncompounded, or is changed into (); as from Sp comes ^ffi and -ppCi but a com- pound vowel before (:) not expressed, becomes uncompounded, as 08*] OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVES. Nouns are either masculine, or feminine. 29. A masculine noun may end in any con- sonant, except n with ( t ) before it or n 30. Feminines usually terminate in it ; some in n. ., JT. ; and Pto 31. Except the names of females, the proper names of places, cities, towns, countries, winds ; and many common names of things inanimate, which are feminine, though of a masculine ter- mination. Numbers of nouns are three; the singular, dual, and plural. 12 Short Vowels. 17. A short vowel has the consonant follow- ing adhering to it, as Witt dib-bar-ii. 18. A short vowel with an accent becomes long, as iftfcj mc-lekh. Kametz-hhattuph. 19. Short kametz is thus distinguished from long kametz ; when (t) comes before dagesh, or (t), or makkaph without an accent, or (=) with- out an accent, or mappik ; it is then short ( t ) as }2"i ron-niu ^Dp ko-so-mu. nD^rrte col hliokh-moli. t 7 t:'t ' t : t t As also when it is put instead of 1 or \ which case will appear hereafter, Sheva. 20. (:) is pronounced only when the consonant over it begins a syllable, as TpO^W^ ^$8 ^W ve-a-me-ru sappe-ru ash-ke-lo-the-ha. 21. Dagesh following (=) is single dagesh. Compound Vowels. 22. These three vowels (-) () and short (*) are compounded with sheva (), thus () ( ) (-.), and are then pronounced very short. 23. A consonant with a compound vowel is not joined to another consonant, but makes a syllable by itself, as *Cgg ho-so-mi, *KjQ mi-la-lai. 24. The gutturals do not regularly admit (), but instead thereof take a compound vowel, as pnj* for plN, and ehrg for tehi? 25. A compound vowel thus taken under a guttural in the middle of a word changes the pre- 11 9. * is often left out from long hhiric, and 1 from hholem. 10. The distinguishing point which is upon w, when no vowel goes before the point, serves also for hholem ; as hwd mo-she, NJtf so-ne : when it has two points thus to, if it has a vowel under it, the first is hholem ; as Dton bosem, otherways the second is hholem, as nDto shomer. 11. Makkaph (") is a line which joins two words together, thus, Djiirta When makkaph follows, hholem is changed into short ( T ), and () into () ; as "^ for te, tin for ru*. Of pronouncing and forming Syllables. 12. A consonant with a vowel under it, or following it, forms a syllable, in which the con- sonant is always pronounced before the vowel ; as 11, i2, *$, 2, 2, read ba, be, bi, bo, bu. 13. Except (-) pathahh under ynrr at the end of a word is pronounced before the consonant; as ID^MO read mag-bi-ah, nil ru-ahh, JfiTO mad- du-ang. 14. 5) at the beginning of a word forms a sylla- ble by itself, as nm u-ma. Long Vowels. 15. A long vowel finishes a syllable, as m ba- nu; except in a last syllable of a word which ends with a consonant ; as D^2 ba-nim. 16. When dagesh follows, the long vowel be- comes short; as lliDj ya-sob-bu, and usually changed into a short one thus, \H ; 10 OF VOWELS OR POINTS. The Hebrew has five long vowels, five short, three very short, one extremely short. Long Vowels. Name. Sound, T Kametz a small ^ , Tzere Long hhiric ea ee great thee 1 Hholem oa coach 1 Shurek u music Short Vowels. Name. Sound. - Pathahh a art Segol ( 3 fed Short hhiric i i in T Kametz-hhattuph ( Kibbutz 3 home i dust Extremely short. Name. Sound. | Sheva | e | below Compound Vowels, or very short. Name. Sound. t: Hhattuph-pathahh i Hhattuph-segol e Hhattuph-kametz c i among ; edition ) hold 1. Letters are of different denominations, from the different organs used in pronouncing them. y n n tf gutturals, by the throat. *1 o 1 n labials, by the lips, p D * 3 by the palate. n 3 *7 ft T Unguals, by the tongue. iSDl dentals, by the teeth. 2. Letters of the same organ are often changed one for another, especially in Chaldee. 3. These letters * 1 n N are often quiescent, u e. not pronounced. I. Sometimes they are omitted in writing, and sometimes they are redundant. II. They are often changed one for another. Of Dagesh and Mappik. 4. The pronunciation of some of the conso- nants is altered by a point () which is called dagesh, placed in the middle of the letter. Dagesh is either single, or double. 5. Single dagesh only makes the pronunciation of the letters nDD in begad Jchepath a little harder in their organs : and is generally used when one of these letters begins a syllable. Sometimes at the end of a word after (:) 6. Double dagesh comes after a short vowel, and makes the consonant double ; as iyr read dibber, not dhi-ver. 7. The gutturals ynn and 1 are incapable of a dagesh. 8. n at the end of a word admitteth of a point thus, n ; which is called mappik, and is then harder prono^atfed than a common n J * OF THE CONSONANTS. ers alike in shape. a 1 3 3 1 1 1 n n 1 n D D D D V P Sound. has no sound BhorV B Gh G, as in ga, go, gu, Dh D H Wor V Z Hh T Y Kh C, as in ca, co, cu L M N S Gn at the end, ng Ph P Tz K R Sh S Th T 3 3 s s P o n i a en 2 I O 3 3_ 3 i 5* to ^T a 3 a- n o i ss i 4 o i 1 n ^ 1 3 1 3 b D 1 3 D V *1 2 9 V X P 1 tf fr n JS|| Names. Aleph Beth Gimel |Daleth He Vau Zain Heth Teth Yod r-Caph Lamed Mem Nun Samekh Gnain } Pe Tzade Koph Resh Shin Tau PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. In the present demand for Hebrew literature, the pub- lisher of this Grammar presumed he should render an acceptable service to the student, by reprinting a new edition of this work, which has always been considered as an excellent instructor, (with points,) but which had become extremely scarce, was to be found w r ith much difficulty, and could only be obtained at a very high price. In order to render this work complete, the sugges- tion of the author, in his preface to the second edition has been adopted, by publishing (separately) " a few chapters of the Bible printed with the servile letters distinguished from the radicals," as recommended by him, and which it seems, indeed, was his own inten- tion to have published.* This lias also recently been recommended by the present Right Reverend Bishop of St. David's. These will facilitate the study of the Hebrew language, and together will form an easy and pleasant introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures. * Vide Preface to the Second Edition. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 6 to be gotten by heart : observing the characteristics of the several conjugations. Nothing is so useful here as writing much, this will make the letters fami- liar, and fix every thing in the memory. 7 Then be- gin to read with some literal version, this will show what part of speech every word is, and in what cir- cumstances. 8. Find the root in Buxtorf's Lexicon, by the Latin index, if you cannot by the rules of the Grammar : and write down every day the new roots that occur, with their most usual significations. 5 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. believe, L. Capellus, who has argued the most stren- uously against their antiquity, has said enough to show the reasonableness of retaining them, and following the reading which they determine us toj when he owns that the Masorites did not place the points at random, after their own fancies, but according to the reading then in use among the Jews, in all the parts of the world, which had been delivered down to them by tradition, as they believed, from the time of the first penning the Scriptures by Moses and the Pro- phets : that points are great helps in reading the Scriptures : that the present reading was settled by comparing many manuscripts together : and that in following the Masorites reading we build upon the foundation of the Prophets.* It is true, whoever is master of Hebrew can read it without points : and yet that is no better reason for teaching it at first without them, than it would be to teach a beginner Latin with all the contractions and abbreviations used in ancient manuscripts, because a man who understands Latin well is able to read it so abbreviated. Whoever then attempts to learn at first without points, out of a persuasion that it is the most easy way, will, I think, be greatly deceived. 4. The next thing to be done is to learn the pronouns, separ- able, and inseparable ; 5. Then to be perfect in the nouns, with and without the affixes : 6. Next to these, the examples of the perfect and imperfect verbs are * L. Capell. Arcan. Punctat. Revelat. & Vindic. passim. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDiTION, 4 to give it its true shape. Observe well the difference between those letters which are alike. V D 1 D J 1 r * K \ > n I ' 3 1 ni te 2 1 ifffft D 1 o ^ ^ J 1 nnn y V ^ i T- HI fitll V 3 1 nv l * ^ f S? i & There is no difference between the long and short vowels as to pronunciation or quantity, as there is in Greek ; the only use of them is that set down, Rule 15, and 17. The Hebrew grammarians more properly call them great and little vowels.* 3. The difference between short and long kametz is here given in one Rule, viz. 19 ; and this I think too is needless, for the German Jews make no difference in their pro- nouncing these two vowels. In short, the learner need not be very solicitous about pronouncing, except he is to read Hebrew in public - y yet I cannot approve of a late invented method of teaching Hebrew without points, with a barbarous and unheard-of pronuncia- tion \\ for if it were demonstrated that points are of as late invention as many learned men would have us * Vide L. Capell. Arcan. Punct. 1. 1. c. IS. f Fr. Masclef Grammatica Hebraica a punctis aliisque inventi6 Massore- thicislibera. Paris, 1731. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. The Grammar here presented to the Public is designed to facilitate the study of the Hebrew tongue : in order to this, after consulting the best grammarians, it is thrown into the following method. The Rules are short, and the Examples full: the , variations of the verbs are distinguished by different kinds of letters. It would be useful for beginners to have a few chapters of the Bible printed in this way, with the servile letters distinguished from the radicals > per- haps this may be done in a little time;* but to print the whole Bible so, as Hutterus has done, is keeping the Reader too long in leading-strings. In the mean time, I would offer the following directions to begin- ners: 1. Make the letters familiar, by often writing them over ; Hebrew is written, as it is also read, from the right hand towards the left ; the following scheme shows, by piece-meal, how each letter is to be formed, * This has now been done, and may be had as an Appendix to this Gram- mar. Vide Preface to the Third Edition. 504 51 -so am&Vfi ptod THE SCHOLAR'S INSTRUCTOR, A HEBREW GRAMMAR, WITH POINTS. BY ISRAEL LYONS, FORMERLY TEACHER OF THE HEBREW LANGUAGE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. REVISED AND CORRECTED BY HENRY JACOB, Author of " The Hebrew Guide." THE FOURTH EDITION. GLASGOW: PRINTED BY ANDREW & JOHN M. DUNCAN, PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY, FOR RICHARD PRIESTLEY, 140, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON. 1823. :}. tf. % ppuVts . /fj , \ RETURN TO the circulation desk of any University of California Library or to the NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station University of California Richmond, CA 94804-4698 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 2-month loans may be renewed by calling (415)642-6233 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing books to NRLF Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date DUE AS STAMPED BELOW -juii : , j c ^ s 24- _r