LIBRARY 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 SANTA BARBARA 
 
 PROM THE LIBRARY 
 OF F. VON BOSCHAN
 
 (JGS8 LIBRARY
 
 ATTSTBIA--PJLAIE 1 . 
 
 r>il>' June
 
 PICTURESQUE 
 REPRESENTATIONS 
 
 OP 
 
 THE DRESS AND MANNERS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 AUSTRIANS. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED IN 
 
 FIFTY COLOURED ENGRAVINGS, 
 
 WITH DESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARUE-STREET, 
 BY W. BULMER AND CO. CLEVELAND-ROW. 
 
 1814.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 A Sketch of the History of the House of Austria 
 and its Hereditary Dominions. 
 
 the august families who are established on the 
 different thrones of Europe, and whose origin is lost in 
 the obscurity of remote ages, very few can trace their 
 genealogy so far as the two Houses of Austria, who have 
 filled, and continue to fill the Imperial throne of Ger- 
 many. They both ascend to Etichon I. Duke of Alsace 
 and Swabia, who died in the year 690, leaving two sons, 
 Etichon II. Duke of Alsace, the undoubted stock of 
 the House of Lorraine, and Adalbert I. who died in 723, 
 and is generally acknowledged to be the head of the 
 House of Hapsburg, the younger branch of that of 
 Alsace. It took the name of Hapsburg in the eleventh 
 century, after the death of Verner, Bishop of Strasburg, 
 who in the year 1024 built the Castle of Hapsburg in the 
 Argaw. This castle, with all the domains dependent 
 upon it, forming the county of Hapsburg, he left to his 
 nephew Verner the Pious. 
 
 Verner I. Bishop of Strasburg, was grandson of 
 Gontran the Rich, who in the year 939 was Count of 
 Alsace, the Argaw, and Brisgaw. Gontran the Rich was 
 son of Luitfroi V. Count of Upper Alsace, descending 
 in the fifth degree from Adalbert I. son of Etichon. 
 
 b
 
 11 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Rodolphus I. Count of Hapsburg and of Kyburg, 
 and Landgrave of Alsace, son of Albert the Wise^, being 
 elected Emperor of Germany in 1273,, made war in 1276 
 on Premislaus Othogar, King of Bohemia, who had 
 disputed his election. He completely defeated hi? army 
 in a battle fought at Marschfeld near Vienna, \vhere 
 the unfortunate Othogar was killed : but previous to 
 this victory Rodolphus had seized the whole of Austria, 
 and had compelled the King of Bohemia to renounce 
 formally in a treaty, all his rights and pretensions to that 
 Duchy, as well as to those of Stiria, Carinthia, and 
 Carniola. However, it was not till the year 1282 that 
 Rodolphus formed the design of establishing in his 
 family the hereditary succession of the Duchy of Austria. 
 Before he put it in execution, he began by securing the 
 consent of the Electors, and took the necessary precautions 
 for getting rid of all the competitors whose rights he 
 could not dispute. Maynard, Count of Tyrol, who had 
 espoused the sister and sole heiress of Frederick of 
 Baden, Duke of Austria, obtained the Duchy of Carinthia 
 and the Marches of Tarvis in consideration for his 
 rights. A marriage was at the same time concluded 
 between his daughter Elizabeth and Albert of Hapsburg, 
 the Emperor's eldest son, and heir apparent to the Duke- 
 dom of Austria ; and in the marriage contract it was 
 stipulated that in default of issue male of the Duke 
 Maynard, the Duchy of Carinthia and its dependencies 
 should revert to the new House of Austria. As for the 
 Margrave of Misnia, or Meissen, Henry the Illustrious, 
 who had married the Princess Constance, sister of 
 Frederick the Warlike, last Duke of Austria of the 
 House of Bamberg, the Emperor engaged that he should 
 have the imperial city of Muhlhausen in Thuringia;
 
 INTRODUCTION. Ill 
 
 and confirmed him in the possession of the domainal 
 province., commonly called the country of La Pleisse, 
 which comprised the greater part of the present Princi- 
 pality of Altenburg. Nothing remaining to oppose the 
 success of his views, the Emperor applied to the Diet of 
 Augsburg for its consent to confer the Duchies of 
 Austria, Stiria, and Carniola, on his two sons Albert 
 and Rodolphus, and obtained it unanimously. He 
 accordingly invested the two princes with those Duchies 
 with the greatest solemnity,, confirming to them the pri- 
 vileges granted by his predecessors to the ancient dukes 
 of Austria,, and regulating the mode of succession that 
 was to take place with respect to his children., in the fiefs 
 with which he invested them.* 
 
 The Counts of Hapsburg, thus seized of the title to 
 the Duchy of Austria, which they have ever since 
 retained, assumed the name of it, and formed that second 
 House of Austria, which has since, including Albert II., 
 given thirteen Emperors successively to Germany, the 
 male line terminating with the Emperor Charles VI. who 
 died on the 20th of October, 1740. 
 
 At this period it was that, after being distinct for more 
 than ten centuries, the two august branches of the stock 
 of Alsace, whose common ancestor was Etichem I. Duke 
 of Alsace and Swabia, in the thirty-third degree, were 
 united, and in future formed but one House, adding to 
 the splendour of the Imperial throne the double lustre 
 
 * Albert I. son of Rodolphus I. was crowned emperor on the 9th 
 of August, 1298, and had, among other issue male, Albert II. sur- 
 named the Wise, Duke of Austria, who married the heiress of the 
 Count de Ferette, and died in 1358. From him the Hapsburg branch 
 of the House of Austria is descended in a right line.
 
 IV INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of their respective dignities,, and of their alliances with 
 all the sovereign Houses of Europe. This union, which 
 is the more remarkable from its being unexampled, was 
 effected on the 12th of February, 1738, by the marriage 
 of the Archduchess Maria-Theresa, only daughter and 
 heiress of the Emperor Charles. VI. the last male des- 
 cendant of the House of Austria, with Francis Stephen, 
 Duke of Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, who accord- 
 ingly afterwards became Emperor and head of the third 
 House of Austria, now reigning. 
 
 OF THE HEREDITARY STATES OF THE 
 HOUSE OF AUSTRIA. 
 
 THE different states hereditary in the House of Austria 
 were acquired, some by marriages and gifts, and others 
 in consequence of treaties or partitions. 
 
 CASTLE AND COUNTY OF HAPSBURG. 
 
 THE Castle and County of Hapsburg, that ancient pro- 
 perty of the House of Austria, have been out of its 
 possession ever since the year 1415, being lost on the 
 following occasion. 
 
 The famous contest of the three Popes, or Anti-popes, 
 John XXIII. Martin V. and Benedict XIII. being laid 
 before the Council of Constance, there appeared no 
 other means of putting an end to the schism, than by re- 
 quiring these three competitors to resign the Pontificate, 
 in order that a new election might be made. John 
 seemed disposed to submit to this decision, and declared 
 his intention by a bull ; but a few days after, he made 
 his escape from Constance through the assistance of
 
 INTRODUCTION. V 
 
 Frederick., Duke of Austria, Count of Tyrol, and retiring 
 to Schaffau.scn, solemnly protested against all that the 
 Council had decreed, or should decree against him. 
 Nothing more was wanting to determine the Council of 
 Constance to excommunicate the Duke of Austria, as 
 guilty of favouring the escape of John. The Emperor 
 Sigismund laid him under the ban of the empire for the 
 same reason ; and not satisfied with seizing all his estates 
 in Swabia, Alsace, and the Brisgaw, compelled the Swiss, 
 on pain of excommunication, to infringe the peace 
 which they had just concluded with him. Terrified at 
 this menace, the Bernese took up arms, and seized upon 
 the Argaw, and the counties of Lentzburg and Haps- 
 burg, while the other Cantons, on their part, deprived 
 the House of Austria of the rest of its possessions in 
 Switzerland. Frederick was obliged to have recourse 
 to the clemency of Sigismund, and by his submission 
 recovered most of his states in Germany ; but the Swiss 
 retained their conquests, which the Emperor Sigismund 
 confirmed to them by the treaty of a perpetual mortgage 
 concluded at Aarberg, on the 24th of July, 1415. 
 
 Since that period, the property and possession of the 
 County of Hapsburg have always remained vested in the 
 Canton of Berne. The ruins of the ancient castle, built 
 in 1024_, on a hill near the little town of Brugg, and a 
 league from Lentzburg, are yet to be seen. From an 
 accurate admeasurement of them, and of the hill on 
 which they are situated, Mr. Meyer of Araw has had a 
 model of them executed in plaster, on a scale of suffi- 
 cient dimension to give a perfect view of all that remains 
 of them. This work has been presented to his Imperial 
 Majesty, who it is said, purposes to have a hill raised in 
 the gardens of Laxemburg, and a ruin built upon it 
 from the model.
 
 Tl INTRODUCTION. 
 
 OF THE CIRCLE OF AUSTRIA. 
 
 THE Circle of Austria is composed of Lower Austria, of 
 which Vienna is the capital, and which forms the Arch- 
 duchy of that name ; of Interior Austria, which com- 
 prises the Duchies of Stiria, Carinthia, Carniola, and 
 part of Istria ; of Upper Austria ; of the County of 
 Tyrol ; and of Austrian Swabia, of which the Brisgaw 
 makes a part. How and under what circumstances 
 these different states were acquired by the House of 
 Austria has been already seen. 
 
 Austria is the most southern part of Germany. It is 
 bounded by Bohemia., Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, and 
 Bavaria. Though mountainous, the soil is fertile, the 
 country producing a great quantity of corn and wine, 
 and abounding in wood, and particularly in pastures. It 
 contains mines of iron, copper, gold, silver, and quick- 
 silver. Austria was formerly intirely inhabited by 
 Sclavonians ; Charlemagne reduced a great part of it 
 under his dominion, and made the inhabitants embrace 
 Christianity. He founded likewise the Margraviate of 
 Austria, which was erected into a Duchy in the year 
 1156, in favour of Henry Jasomergot, Margrave of 
 Austria of the House of Bamberg, and into an Arch- 
 duchy in the year 1477, when the Dukes had united in 
 their hands the whole of the Duchy and Circle of 
 Austria. 
 
 The Austrian families of the different classes of the 
 people are almost all descendants of the Slavonians, or 
 of the Vandals ; and the nobility are of German ex- 
 traction. To the care and attention of the government, 
 the Circle of Austria is indebted for the progress which
 
 INTRODUCTION. Vll 
 
 the arts, sciences,, commerce, and manufactures, are 
 daily making there. The Roman Catholic is the esta- 
 blished religion of these different states, but Greeks, 
 Protestants, and Jews, are tolerated. The number of 
 the inhabitants in the Circle of Austria is about 
 4,11)0,000. 
 
 OF THE KINGDOM OF HUNGARY. 
 
 THE kingdom of Hungary is about 300 miles long and 
 200 broad, containing 87,575 square miles. It is bounded 
 on the north by Poland, on the west by Germany, and 
 on the east and south by Turkey, in Europe. It com- 
 prises at present three great provinces, Hungary, pro- 
 perly so called, Transylvania, and Sclavonia. 
 
 Hungary, properly so called, was originally part of 
 the ancient Pannonia. Towards the middle of the third 
 century, the Huns, a Tartarian nation, originally from 
 China, driven by the Chinese from their own country, 
 conquered Hungary, and establishing themselves in it, 
 gave it their name, which it has ever since retained. 
 They were driven out by the Goths, the Goths by the 
 Lombards, the Lombards by the Abares, and these by 
 the Sclavonians, who maintained themselves in it till 
 about the end of the ninth century, when they were 
 reduced by an armed horde from the banks of the Wolga, 
 who made themselves masters of Hungary, and estab- 
 lished themselves in it. 
 
 It was not till the close of the tenth century that 
 Hungary became an Elective monarchy ; and Stephen, 
 who was canonized at his death, is the first king of it 
 mentioned in history. He died without issue, in the 
 year 1045. The succession was disputed by Peter of
 
 Vlll INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Burgundy, the son of his sister Gisele, and an Hun- 
 garian named Offo, husband of Sama, another sister of 
 St. Stephen. The Hungarians supported Offo,, but the 
 Emperor Henry III. declared for his competitor, van- 
 quished the troops of Offo, and placed Peter of Burgundy 
 on the throne, after having made him take an oath of 
 fealty and vassalage, by which the kingdom of Hungary 
 became a tributary fief of the Empire. 
 
 After a reign of three years, Peter of Burgundy was 
 dethroned, and put to death by his subjects, whom he 
 had governed with a sceptre of iron. In his place they 
 elected Andrew I, nephew, (according to the custom of 
 Bretagne,) to the late King Stephen. The Emperor was 
 preparing to revenge his vassal, but the new king 
 averted the storm that threatened him by acknowledging 
 his dependence on the Empire and paying the tribute to 
 which his predecessor had submitted. 
 
 The Hungarians having in the year 1 108 succeeded 
 in throwing off the sovereignty of the Empire, Conrad 
 III. again subjected them to it in 1147. They once more 
 enfranchised themselves during the reigns of the Emperors 
 Henry VI. Philip, and Otto IV. ; but in the year 1236 
 the Emperor Frederick II. compelled Bela King of 
 Hungary, to pay him the tribute and all the arrears of 
 the three preceding reigns. 
 
 Charles Robert, elected to the throne of Hungary, 
 conquered Bulgaria, Servia, Croatia, Dalmatia, Scla- 
 vonia, and several other provinces in the year 1310 ; but 
 he did not retain all these conquests, being soon after 
 deprived of some of them by the Venetians, and by the 
 Turks. 
 
 Louis the Great, King of Hungary, Bohemia, and 
 Poland, dying in the year 1382 without male issue, his
 
 INTRODUCTION. IX 
 
 eldest daughter, Maria, succeeded to the throne of 
 Hungary, and shared it with Sigismund, Elector of 
 Brandenburg, to whom she was married in 1386, and 
 who in 1410 was elected Emperor. Their only child 
 was a daughter, named Elizabeth, who inherited the 
 kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia, and transferred 
 them in 1422 to the House of Austria, by her marriage 
 with Du ke Albert II. The States of these kingdoms not 
 being willing to seem to recognize the last will of Si- 
 gismund, declared the tw o thrones vacant, and proceeded 
 to elect a new king. The election however was entirely 
 conformable to the dispositions of the will : Albert II. 
 was elected King of Hungary on the 19th of December 
 1437, and King of Bohemia in the month of May 
 following. 
 
 Louis II. King of Hungary and Bohemia, dying in 
 the year 1526 without issue, the succession to the thrones 
 of Hungary and Bohemia devolved on Ferdinand, Arch- 
 duke of Austria, by virtue of his marriage contract with 
 Anne, sister and sole heiress of Louis II. and, by several 
 prior compacts, which secured it to the House of 
 Austria. Ferdinand was elected without opposition King 
 of Bohemia, by the States of that Kingdom ; but not so 
 in Hungary, where he was only elected by one part of 
 the nation, while the other part elected John de Zapoli, 
 Palatine of Transylvania, whom they caused to be 
 crowned. The Archduke Ferdinand, however, soon 
 made himself master of the whole kingdom, defeating 
 his competitor at the battle of Tokay. Zapoli fled to 
 Poland, and placed himself and his party under the 
 protection of the Porte. This desperate action laid 
 Hungary open to the Turks, who made themselves 
 masters of it almost entirely, and penetrated to the very
 
 X INTRODUCTION. 
 
 frontiers of Germany. The cause of Hungary now 
 became that of the whole Empire. For more than a 
 century the Emperor convoked Diets only to ask for 
 succours against the Turks. The Emperor Leopold I. 
 sent against them a considerable force, furnished by the 
 Germanic Body,, and \vith which the Duke of Lorraine 
 and the Elector of Bavaria gained a complete victory on 
 the 12th August, 1687, at the battle of Mohacz, and 
 made themselves masters of all Sclavonia. 
 
 Leopold took advantage of so favourable a circum- 
 stance, to propose to the States of Hungary assembled at 
 Presburg, to unite and incorporate with the kingdom all 
 the countries taken by his army from the Turks, to con- 
 firm the ancient privileges of the nation, and to grant to 
 the Protestants the free exercise of their religion, on 
 condition of their consenting, 1st, to annul the law of 
 King Andrew II. by which they were permitted to de- 
 pose kings who violated the rights of the States ; 2dly, to 
 make the crown of Hungary hereditary in the male line 
 of the House of Austria ; and 3dly, to receive imperial 
 garrisons in all the fortified towns of the kingdom. 
 These proposals were agreed to unanimously on the 31st 
 of October, 1687. 
 
 The treaty of Carlowitz, signed on the 26th of 
 January, 1699, between Leopold and the Ottoman Porte, 
 put an end to the war with the Turks. Hungary on 
 this side of the Save, Transylvania, and Sclavonia, were 
 retained by the Emperor ; Temeswar and Hungary beyond 
 the Save were ceded to the Turks ; but they broke the 
 treaty of Carlowitz in 1714, and renewed the war. They 
 were completely defeated at the battle of Peter- Wardein, 
 on the 5th of August, 1716, by Prince Eugene of Savoy, 
 who on the 14th of October following took the fortress
 
 INTRODUCTION. XI 
 
 of Temeswar, which was the only one of all the ancient 
 dependencies of the kingdom of Hungary remaining in 
 the hands of the Turks. 
 
 By the peace of Passarowitz, concluded on the 21st 
 of July, 1718., between the Ottomans and the Emperor,, 
 on the footing of the uti possidetis, Temeswar., with the 
 whole of its bannat, and a part of Wallachia, was con- 
 firmed to the Emperor ; and the Porte also ceded to him 
 the city of Belgrade., a great part of the kingdom of 
 Servia, and a small portion of Croatia and Bosnia. But 
 on the peace of Belgrade,, concluded on the 18th of 
 September, 1739., the Emperor relinquished to the Porte 
 the important city of Belgrade, and most of the territory 
 it had given up to him, but retained the bannat of 
 Temeswar, which the Empress Maria-Theresa finally 
 incorporated with the Kingdom of Hungary, by an edict 
 in the year 1777. By the treaty of Belgrade it was also 
 settled, that the Danube and the Save should in future 
 be the boundary of Hungary on the side of Turkey. 
 
 Thus, after a war almost constant for nearly two 
 centuries, the Kingdom of Hungary, become hereditary, 
 owes to this improvement of its constitution not only the 
 tranquillity it has since enjoyed, but the happy flourish- 
 ing state to which it has risen, and of which the 
 Hungarians have always shown themselves worthy, by 
 the signal proofs which they have given of their attach- 
 ment and fidelity to their sovereigns. 
 
 The number of inhabitants in Hungary is estimated 
 at 4,991,775, at the rate of fifty-seven to each square 
 mile ; and that of the bannat of Temeswar to 450,000.
 
 Xll INTRODUCTION. 
 
 OF THE KINGDOM OF BOHEMIA. 
 
 BOHEMIA is about 478 miles long, and 322 broad ; it is 
 bounded on the north by Saxony and Brandenburg, on the 
 east by Poland and Hungary, on the south by Austria and 
 Bavaria, and on the west by the Palatinate of Bavaria. 
 
 The kingdom of Bohemia is one of the most ancient 
 monarchies of Europe ;* it consists of Bohemia Proper, 
 Moravia, and Silesia. A great part of Silesia belongs 
 to the King of Prussia, by virtue of the treaty of Breslaw 
 of the llth of June, 1742, the Queen of Hungary's act 
 of Renunciation of the 12th of August, 1743, and the 
 treaty of Dresden of the 25th of December, 1745. The 
 House of Austria now possesses in it only the Principality 
 of Teschen with the eight Seigneuries dependant upon 
 it, and the barrier towns to the east of the river Oppa, 
 which divides the possessions of the King of Prussia 
 from those of the House of Austria, to whom Bohemia 
 Proper, and Moravia, entirely belong. 
 
 The Boii, a Celtic nation, seem to have been the first 
 inhabitants of Bohemia. They were driven out of it by 
 the Marcomanni, and it afterwards became a province of 
 the monarchy of the Eastern Goths, Lombards, Thurin- 
 gians, and Franks. It was invaded, and considerable 
 establishments formed in it, in the fifth century, by dif- 
 ferent colonies of Slavi and Wends, who came from 
 Sarmatia. In 804 it was conquered by Charlemagne 
 and in 890 became a fief of the Carlo vingian Emperors 
 under the title of Duchy. 
 
 * History makes mention of Maraboduus, King of Bohemia, who 
 lived at the end of the fourth century, and by his misunderstanding 
 with Arminius, Chief of the Cheruskians, infinitely favoured the 
 progress of the Roman armies in Germany.
 
 INTRODUCTION. Xlll 
 
 The Dukes of Bohemia submitted to the Emperors of 
 Germany in the year 976 ; and one., named Ladislaus, 
 obtained from them in 1158 the title of king, the per- 
 mission of wearing the royal crown., and the perpetual 
 enjoyment of the tribute paid by the Princes of Poland 
 and Silesia to the imperial throne. But the title of king 
 was granted to him., and afterwards to his successors, 
 only for life, nor did it become hereditary in Bohemia 
 till the year 1203, when it was made so by a diploma of 
 the Emperor Philip. This kingdom became at the same 
 period one of the States of the Empire, and the King of 
 Bohemia has ever since been the first secular elector of 
 it ; on which account he is by right invested with the 
 high office of Grand Cup-bearer, the chief of the great 
 offices of the imperial crown. . 
 
 Wenceslaus V. King of Bohemia, dying in 1304 
 without issue, the Emperor Albert I. declared the king- 
 dom open to the disposal of the Empire, and bestowed 
 it on his son Rodolphus Duke of Austria, who enjoyed 
 it but a very short time, and at his death the States con- 
 ferred it on Henry, Duke of Carinthia. In 1309 the 
 Emperor Henry VII. deposed the new king, after pro- 
 claiming him a rebel for usurping the crown of Bohemia 
 without the Imperial authority ; and the kingdom was 
 declared at the same time again open to the disposal of 
 the Germanic crown, save and except the rights of the 
 Princess Elizabeth, daughter of the deceased King of 
 Bohemia, Wenceslaus IV. John of Luxemburg, the 
 Emperor's only son, espoused the Princess, and was 
 immediately after his marriage crowned King of Bohemia. 
 He was killed in 1346 at the battle of Crecy, and was 
 succeeded in the throne of Bohemia by his son Charles 
 IV. who the year following was elected Emperor.
 
 XIV INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Bohemia under his reign, rose to the highest degree of 
 improvement she had ever attained. By letters patent, 
 issued in 1355,, he confirmed the rights, privileges, pre- 
 rogatives, laws, and constitution of the kingdom, with 
 which he incorporated the States he had gained from the 
 Elector Palatine, Upper Lusatia, the sovereignty of 
 Upper and Lower Silesia, the County of Glatz, and the 
 sovereignty of the Duchies of Masovia and Ploczko. 
 
 The throne of Bohemia, which had been thrice before 
 occupied by Princes of the family of Austria,* was at 
 length finally settled in that House on the death of Louis 
 II. of Poland, king of Bohemia and Hungary, who was 
 killed in the year 1526 at the battle of Mohacz. The 
 Princess Anne, his sister and sole heiress, had married 
 the Archduke Ferdinand I. in 1521. The states of 
 Bohemia hastened by their election to acknowledge and 
 confirm the title he had to the kingdom in right of his 
 wife, and without the least obstacle bestowed the crown 
 upon him. Ferdinand manifested his satisfaction by 
 confirming their right of election, and other privileges. 
 
 The kingdom of Bohemia, hereditary in fact, for 
 nearly 300 years, at length became hereditary by right, 
 in the House of Austria, in consequence of the treaty of 
 Westphalia, and the clear and express consent given by 
 the States-General of the kingdom in the year 1723 to 
 the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI. April 13, 1713, 
 which regulated the Austrian succession according to 
 the order of primogeniture, first in the male line, and in 
 failure of that, in the female ; establishing the succes- 
 sion, in default of his own issue, on the Archduchesses, 
 daughters of the Emperor Joseph, and in case of their 
 
 * Rodolphus of Austria, son of the Emperor Albert I. The Em- 
 peror Albert II. Ladislaus IV. son of Albert II.
 
 INTRODUCTION XV 
 
 death without issue, on the Queen of Portugal., and the 
 other daughters of the Emperor Leopold,, and their 
 heirs for ever. 
 
 The right of election, formerly exercised to its full 
 extent by the States of Bohemia, and of which they were 
 so jealous, is thus sunk into an empty ceremony, which 
 puts them in mind that they are no longer what they 
 were. They have an ample compensation, however, in 
 seeing their country delivered for ever from intestine 
 dissensions, by which it was torn to pieces for so many- 
 centuries. Let the great Bohemian lords add to this 
 blessing a favour which humanity itself solicits ; let 
 them attend to their real interest, of which the wisdom 
 of Joseph II. set them the example; let them abolish 
 the bondage of their vassals, as his Imperial Majesty 
 abolished that which prevailed in his own domains ; and 
 Bohemia regenerated, will soon resume her rank among 
 the most flourishing states. The country produces a 
 great abundance of corn, saffron, and hops, and abounds 
 in pastures ; it has silver, lead, and tin mines ; and 
 manufactures, which, from the attention and encourage- 
 ment of the government are daily improving. The 
 infranchisement of the serfs would multiply these re- 
 sources, and produce new ones from them, by giving to 
 the industry of the Bohemians the full expansion of 
 which it is capable. 
 
 Bohemia has been the seat of so many wars, that the 
 number of its inhabitants, which was formerly about 
 3,000,000, is at present reduced to 2,100,000, of whom 
 nearly 25,000 are Calvinists and 9,000 Lutherans ; the 
 rest are Roman Catholics.
 
 LIST OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE 
 
 * -A. PEASANT of Upper Austria. 
 
 2. A Countrywoman of Upper Austria. 
 
 3. A Village Girl of Upper Austria carrying Milk to Market. 
 
 4. A Peasant of Upper Carniola. 
 
 5. A Peasant of Upper Carniola in his Summer Dress. 
 
 6. A Countrywoman of Upper Carniola in her Summer Dress. 
 
 7. A Country Girl of Upper Carniola in her Holiday Clothes. 
 
 8. A Peasant of Upper Carniola in his Winter Dress. 
 
 9. A Countrywoman of Upper Carniola in her Winter Dress. 
 
 10. A Tyrolian Wrestler. 
 
 11. A Tyrolian Hunter. 
 
 1 2. A Servant Maid of an Inn at Inspruck. 
 
 13. Peasants of the Neighbourhood of Inspruck. 
 
 14. A Hungarian Peasant. 
 
 15. A Hungarian Countrywoman. 
 
 16. A Sclavonian Peasant of the County of Neutra, or Neytra. 
 17- A Sclavonian Country Girl, of the County of Neutra. 
 
 18. A Young Peasant of Egra in his Winter Clothes. 
 
 19. A Woman and Girl of Egra in their Winter Clothes. 
 
 20. A Young Bride of Egra in her Wedding Clothes. 
 
 21. Peasants of Egra in their Summer Clothes. 
 
 22. A Bohemian Serf. 
 
 23. A Bohemian Woman. 
 
 24. A Peasant of Flipovan, in the Bukowine. 
 
 25. A Countrywoman of Flipovan, in the Bukowine. 
 
 26. Countrywomen of the Neighbourhood of Hermenstadt, in 
 
 Transylvania. 
 
 27. A Peasant of the Neighbourhood of Hermenstadt, in Tran- 
 
 sylvania. 
 
 28. Saxon Ladies of the City of Hermenstadt. 
 
 29. Citizens of the Environs of Hermenstadt. 
 
 30. Croatian Women.
 
 LIST OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE 
 
 31. A Polish Jew. 
 
 32. A Polish Jewess. 
 
 33. A Jew of Montgatz in his Summer Dress. 
 
 34. A Zouppanese Count, of the Country of Cattaro, in Dalmatia. 
 
 35. A Zouppanese Countess. 
 
 36. A Zouppanese and his Wife. 
 
 37. A Man and Woman of Risano, in the Country of Cattaro. 
 
 38. A Greek Priest of the Country of Cattaro. 
 
 39. A Serethian. 
 
 40. A Pandour, or Red Mantle. 
 
 41. A Moravian Mountaineer, near the Confines of Hungary. 
 
 42. A Countrywoman of the Mountains of Moravia. 
 
 43. A Peasant of the Lowlands of Moravia in his Summer Dress. 
 
 44. A Countrywoman of the Lowlands of Moravia in her Summer 
 
 Dress. 
 
 45. An Inhabitant of the Lowlands of Moravia in his Winter Chothes. 
 
 46. A Countrywoman of the Lowlands of Moravia in her Winter 
 
 Dress. 
 
 47. An Hannachian Woman. 
 
 48. A Russniac Peasant of the Palatinate of Marmoros. 
 
 49. A Russniac Woman of the Palatinate of Marmoros. 
 
 50. A Blacksmith of Upper Austria.
 
 PLATE I. 
 A PEASANT OF UPPER AUSTRIA. 
 
 AUSTRIA, properly so called, independently of the duchies, 
 counties, and bishoprics annexed to it, is divided into 
 Upper and Lower Austria by the river Ens, which falls 
 into the Danube. Lower Austria is to the east of the Upper : 
 Vienna is the capital of the former, and Lintz of the latter. 
 Austria exceeds all the other provinces of Germany in the 
 fertility of its soil, the abundance of its pastures, salubrity 
 of climate, and beauty of the country. Corn, wine, and 
 fruit, are every where plentiful ; the saffron is superior to 
 that of India. The manufactures of iron and steel, the 
 navigation of the great lakes and of the Danube, husbandry, 
 the working of the mines and salt-pits, and a multitude of 
 immense forests, furnish the different classes of people 
 with employment. The assistance needed by the poor and 
 infirm is supplied by the numerous rich monasteries or 
 ecclesiastical endowments throughout the country. 
 
 The usual dress of the Austrian peasants is represented 
 in this Plate. Their outer garment is a very short dark- 
 gray jacket, which has clasps or loops, that are never used 
 but in cold weather. Under this jacket they wear a red 
 waistcoat still shorter, on which are metal buttons of a 
 spherical form, and beneath the waistcoat they have braces 
 of a green stuff, to which is fastened a collar of the same 
 colour, that falls over their shoulders. These braces are 
 secured on the breast by a band of the same stuff, and at 
 the ends by a large leather belt wrought with figures.
 
 A PEASANT OF UPPER AUSTRIA. 
 
 Their breeches arc made of black leather, and they -wear 
 buskins or half boots that set very close. They wear 
 round hats., shallow in the crown, but very broad in the 
 brim.
 
 AtTSTRJA-PAATJE '2 ,
 
 PLATE II. 
 A COUNTRY WOMAN OF UPPER AUSTRIA. 
 
 NATURE., lavish of all her riches towards the inhabitants of 
 this happy country,, has also gifted them with the industry 
 necessary to render those riches truly valuable. The 
 woollen stuffs which the women wear are all manufactured 
 by themselves,, and are for that reason called household- 
 stuffs (hauszeugj. They spin the flax from which their head 
 and neck-handkerchiefs are made, and these they dye., either 
 red or yellow wkh saffron. They make choice of the 
 darkest colours for their petticoats and bodices, which are 
 usually of the same stuff, and sometimes bound with blue 
 or green riband. Their bodices are buttoned before with 
 silver buttons. Their head-dress is merely a coloured 
 handkerchief, over which they wear a gray felt hat bound 
 with riband, and tied under the chin with one of the same 
 colour as that with which it is bound. When they take 
 off this hat they tie it round their arm ; because, from the 
 great size of it, they would be afraid of rumpling it, were 
 they to hold it in any other way.
 
 
 AUSTRIA -= PLATE
 
 PLATE III. 
 A VILLAGE GIRL OF UPPER AUSTRIA 
 
 CARRYING MILK TO MARKET. 
 
 IN comparing this Plate with the last, we perceive the 
 difference between the apparel of the countrywomen who 
 live in villages,, and of those who reside in the country 
 towns. In the latter there is a degree of elegance not 
 possessed by the former,, though the make, stuff, and 
 colour of the cloaths are the same. The bodice of the 
 villager is larger, and her arms have therefore more 
 liberty ; but her shape is consequently much less graceful ; 
 her head-dress too is much coarser, and her short petticoats 
 render the difference more striking. There are countries 
 where very few of the women have handsome ankles and 
 feet,, and where,, of course, long petticoats are always the 
 fashion ; but short petticoats are common to the country- 
 women of all nations, by whom they have been adopted, 
 not through vanity or coquetry, but because long ones would 
 be very inconvenient to them in walking and working. 
 
 The inhabitants of Upper Austria are brave, laborious, 
 industrious, polished, intelligent, and agreeable in their 
 persons. The air of ease and gaiety observed in all classes 
 of people indicates their happiness, and the wisdom of the 
 government.
 
 AUSTRIA PLATE 4 .
 
 PLATE IV. 
 A PEASANT OF UPPER CARNIOLA. 
 
 WE must not confound Austria, properly so called, with 
 the Circle of Austria, which holds the first rank among the 
 Circles of the Empire, nor with the States of the House of 
 Austria. The Emperor Rodolphus, who, from being 
 Count of Hapsburg, attained the Imperial throne, seized 
 Austria from Othogar, King of Bohemia, and laid the 
 foundation of the grandeur of that illustrious House In 
 1477, the Emperor Frederic III. erected Austria into an 
 archduchy, with great privileges, in favour of his son. 
 The Circle of Austria contains, from north to south, the 
 Archduchy of Austria, the Duchies of Stiria, Carinthia, 
 and Carniola, and to the south-west, the County of Tyrol. 
 
 The province of Carniola is bounded on the north by 
 Carinthia and Stiria, on the east by Sclavonia and Croatia, 
 on the south by Morlachia and Istria, and on the west by 
 Friuli. It is chiefly mountainous and rocky. Corn, wine, 
 and oil, are its principal productions. Laybach is the 
 capital, where there are some handsome houses ; the town 
 stands on a little river, from which it took its name, and 
 where the largest craw-fish in Europe are caught. 
 
 This Plate represents a young peasant of Upper Carniola, 
 in his shirt, resting himself on a rock overgrown with 
 grass. His hat and boots differ very little from those of 
 the peasants of Upper Austria.
 
 PLATE
 
 PLATE V. 
 A' PEASANT OF UPPER CARNIOLA 
 
 IN HIS SUMMER DRESS. 
 
 UPPER Carniola being situated between the 45th and 46th 
 degrees of latitude, its summers must be warm ; this may 
 be seen from the manner in which the peasants dress them- 
 selves during that season. The figure in the last Plate has 
 nothing over his shirt but a belt of coloured woollen stuff, 
 tied above his braces, which are exactly like those men- 
 tioned in the description of Plate I. When the peasants 
 go on a journey they wear over their shirt a kind of light 
 stuff frock, of a brown colour, the lining of which is of a 
 different and more lively hue ; but they only throw it on 
 their shoulders, without putting their arms into the sleeves, 
 as we see in this Plate. Their tight buskins are thrown 
 aside for common boots ; they carry a stick which termi- 
 nates in the shape of a little club, and which they hold by 
 the small end.
 
 AUSTRIA - jp^ATK 6 
 
 tyJJIIurriy JHmai-U Strut..
 
 PLATE VI. 
 A COUNTRY WOMAN OF UPPER CARNIOLA 
 
 IN HER SUMMER DRESS. 
 
 A PIECE of cloth, which might be taken for a common 
 towel, is doubled crossways and tied about her head, 
 serving her for a cap. Her shift is fastened round her 
 neck by means of a little collar with a button-hole on each 
 side, through which she puts a double button, such as men 
 wear in their shirt sleeves. With this shift, the sleeves of 
 which reach below the elbow, she wears a single, black 
 petticoat with a binding of green stuff, a blue apron, and 
 a gray linen bodice, with two rows of yellow binding, 
 laced before with a coloured riband. If there be nothing 
 extraordinary in her head-dress, the same cannot be said of 
 her shoes and stockings, which are rendered very remark- 
 able by the red heels of the former, and by the latter being 
 of the same colour.
 
 ?lrf 
 
 I 
 
 -FJLATE 7, 
 
 ./ l.WJ.tyJ.JJurrav JltanarU Jtraf .
 
 PLATE VII. 
 A COUNTRY GIRL OF UPPER CARNIOLA 
 
 IN HER HOLIDAY CLOTHES. 
 
 THE best clothes of the women of Upper Carniola differ 
 very little from their ordinary dress. The stuff of them is 
 finer, but the make and colours are the same, except the 
 girdle, which, as well as the bodice, is of the colour of the 
 petticoat, and spotted with yellow. Their shift likewise is 
 much more elegant ; it is closed over the bosom with three 
 bows of riband of different colours, and trimmed with 
 muslin, both round the neck and at the sleeves, which 
 reach down to the wrists, where they are tied with a riband. 
 But their head-dress is the most remarkable part of their 
 attire ; the crown of the cap being of coloured silk, to 
 which is fastened a silken band of a different colour, two 
 inches wide, trimmed all round with worked muslin, or 
 common lace. The band covers the top of the head, and 
 falls over on each side as low as the middle of the ear. 
 The cap is ornamented behind with a large bow of coloured 
 ribands.
 
 \ 
 
 AUSTRIA PLATE 
 
 ,W.r. 4v
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 A PEASANT OF UPPER CARNIOLA 
 
 IN HIS WINTER DRESS. 
 
 THE winter does not last long in Upper Carniola., but the 
 cold is often very piercing, especially on the mountains. 
 The peasants who live there very seldom go abroad without 
 their woollen cap, over which they wear their hat; or 
 without their furred cloaks,, under which they cross their 
 hands, which,, however, does not prevent them from 
 smoking their short pipe as they go along.
 
 PLATE IX. 
 A COUNTRYWOMAN OF UPPER CARNIOLA 
 
 IN HER WINTER DRESS. 
 
 THE dress of the country women of Upper Carniola, 
 during the winter, very much resembles that worn by their 
 husbands. They wear boots like them, and wrap them- 
 selves up in a pelisse lined and trimmed with fur exactly 
 like theirs. Besides this, they have a little muff, made of 
 black cloth, lined with sheep skin, in which they keep 
 their hands. But the most remarkable difference between 
 their dress and that of the men appears in their head-dress : 
 they wear a green cloth cap, faced with a great roll of fur : 
 on the top of the cap they have a large white handkerchief, 
 which also covers their shoulders, and is tied in a knot 
 under the chin.
 
 AUSTRIA ELA3TE -no. 
 
 .ISO, by J3fuma/ r JO><niaTie Stnrf
 
 PLATE X 
 A TYROLIAN WRESTLER. 
 
 THE country of Tyrol has formed a part of the hereditary 
 states of the House of Austria ever since the year 1366. It is 
 bounded on the north by Bavaria., from which it was dis- 
 membered ; on the east by Carinthia and the archbishopric 
 of Saltzburg ; on the south by part of the states of Venice 
 and the bishopric of Trent ; and on the west by Switzer- 
 land and the Orisons. The country is mountainous and 
 not very fertile. The Tyrolian peasants are generally 
 adroit and robust ; they value strength much more than 
 beauty, and their games, in the early periods of life, con- 
 sist of exercises best adapted to give vigour and suppleness 
 to their limbs. These exercises from habit become so 
 necessary to them, that such as practise wrestling would be 
 ill if they had not a match at least once a week, and they 
 often go several leagues to meet one another. Their 
 contests are the usual amusements of country weddings, 
 fairs, and holidays. They used formerly to go even as far 
 as Inspruck, the capital of the Tyrol, but for some time 
 past the vigilance of the police, and the dread of being 
 enrolled as soldiers for the rest of their lives, have made 
 them more cautious. Their dress is nearly the same as that 
 of the other Tyrolian peasants, except that they never wear 
 either stock or neckcloth, lest their antagonist should 
 avail himself of them. They have a peculiar shrill cry by 
 which they are known, and the number of their victories is 
 indicated by the number of cock feathers worn in their 
 hat. On the little finger of the right hand they wear a
 
 A TYROLIAN WRESTLER. 
 
 heavy pewter ring, which they call the ring of battle, 
 but they make no use of it, and content themselves with 
 thi owing their antagonist out of his balance, stretching 
 him on the ground, and taking his feathers away
 
 PLATE XI. 
 A TYROLIAN HUNTER. 
 
 THE Tyrolian mountaineers are passionately fond of the 
 chase., and train their children to it. In every village there 
 is a little square appropriated, where the young people 
 practise shooting at a mark, as soon as they are able to 
 carry a gun. The best marksmen among them frequently 
 go to the different places in Germany where prizes for 
 shooting are distributed, and never return till they have 
 gained some. The pursuit of the chamois, which is 
 allowed to be the most toilsome and difficult of all 
 hunting, is that which has the greatest attraction for the 
 Tyrolian. Lightly clad, wearing a large green hat to 
 keep off the sun, his gun slung at his back like a soldier's 
 musket, and a stick pointed with iron in his hand, he 
 traverses the deepest valleys, and the highest mountains, 
 on which he often passes several days successively. His 
 haversac, which is commonly covered with fur, and in 
 which he carries his provisions, a small speaking-trumpet,, 
 and a pair of iron hooks, serves him also for a pillow by 
 night. He makes use of the iron hooks in climbing the 
 most rugged rocks ; and being often obliged to go dowu 
 them, or leap from one rock to another, he frequently finds 
 it expedient to make a considerable incision in the soles of 
 his feet, that the blood which comes from it may stick 
 about them, and. make a kind of paste to prevent his 
 slipping.
 
 AUSTRIA I'i.ATK \'2
 
 PLATE XII. 
 A SERVANT MAID OF AN INN AT INSPRUCK. 
 
 THE town of Inspruck, situated in a delightful valley on 
 the river Inn amidst the Alps,, was formerly the residence 
 of an archduke of the House of Austria. It is well built, 
 the public edifices are handsome and numerous, and it has 
 a Franciscan church in which there are several remarkable 
 monuments. 
 
 At the inns and public houses of Inspruck, as in those of 
 Upper Austria., the office of waiting is entirely performed 
 by girls ; a circumstance greatly in favour of travellers, 
 for their cleanliness, activity, and attention are seldom to 
 be met with among the best male attendants. They 
 commonly join to the frank character which distinguishes 
 these mountaineers,, a sprightly, kind, and prepossessing 
 disposition. When importuned by a stranger, they often 
 silence him by their acute yet civil answers. In this Plate 
 we see the dress of one of these female waiters : she has 
 nothing more than a riband on her head; her neck is 
 open ; a rose-coloured crape handkerchief is crossed on 
 her bosom ; and she wears a broad riband, tied in a bow 
 behind as a sash. The remainder of her dress consists of 
 a handsome white bodice, a short petticoat of green stuff, 
 a blue apron, and worsted stockings of a light red with 
 white clocks.
 

 
 AUSTRIA - T*LATK is, 
 
 . Jianrl 119,1 (S' .t.Mlirrj
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 PEASANTS OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF 
 
 INSPRUCK. 
 
 THIS good old patriarch has no longer the tall slender 
 person he had in his youth, years have blanched his beard 
 and the hair of his head. In spite of the wrinkles on his 
 forehead, however, the tranquillity and cheerfulness of a 
 happy old age are still seen glistening in his mild blue 
 eyes. The ruff about his neck puts us in mind of those 
 seen in the paintings of the thirteenth century. His leathern 
 belt is ornamented with designs figured with tinsel, or with 
 little studs of iron. In this belt he commonly carries his 
 money. 
 
 The woman near the old man has on a knit cotton cap, 
 that shows her hair, and which in shape resembles a little 
 soup basin, with the bottom turned upwards. The girls 
 twist their long hair round a large pin, which fastens it 
 at the crown of the head ; or they divide it into two braids 
 with a bunch of riband at the ends, falling down the back. 
 The girl represented in this Plate has her head dressed in 
 the latter manner ; like her mother she wears a crape hand- 
 kerchief tied about her neck, a very stiff bodice, and 
 several petticoats, which reach no lower than the calf of 
 her leg. Their stockings are worsted, and come no higher 
 than the ankle.
 
 .PLATE M .
 
 PLATE XIV. 
 A HUNGARIAN PEASANT. 
 
 THERE is perhaps no country in the world where there is 
 greater variety in the mode of dressing than in Hungary ; 
 but that which is represented in this Plate is to be met 
 with in every part of the kingdom, not being the dress of 
 a canton, but peculiar to an occupation which gives em- 
 ployment to a great number of peasants, that of attending 
 herds and flocks. Obliged to pass days and nights in the 
 open air, sometimes on wet grounds, sometimes among the 
 mountains, or on heaths covered with fern, they must have 
 been taught by experience to choose a kind of cloathing 
 best suited to defend them from cold and damp during the 
 night, without being too heavy to be worn in the day time ; 
 and such is that which has been generally adopted by 
 them. It consists of a sheep skin cloak, the wool turned 
 inside, and the outside of which is frequently wrought in 
 colours on the shoulders and over the breast. To the back 
 is added a black lamb's skin, the tail and feet of which 
 reach down to the waist. Under this cloak the Hungarian 
 herdsmen and shepherds wear large pantaloons made of 
 hempen cloth greased all over ; a shirt of the same cloth, 
 that goes no lower than the hips, but over the top of the 
 pantaloons, and is drawn tight round the body by means of 
 a strap, to which they fasten their steel, their tinder, and 
 the little bladder that holds their tobacco. They go always 
 in boots ; their bonnet is made of felt or cloth in the shape 
 seen in this Plate. Those who tend sheep or swine carry 
 a short stick, but those who have the charge of cattle and 
 horses are provided with a longer weapon, called Tschakane.
 
 AUSTRIA PLATE 15,
 
 PLATE XV. 
 A HUNGARIAN COUNTRYWOMAN. 
 
 THIS is a young woman of the county of Oedenburg, in 
 Lower Hungary. This canton is famous for its good wine, 
 which, next to Tokay,, is esteemed the best produced in 
 Hungary. It also produces very handsome country girls, 
 as we may judge by the figure in this Plate. Their dress 
 is very simple. Their head-dress is nothing more than a 
 common white handkerchief tied round the head with a 
 riband, so as to throw the four corners of the handkerchief 
 on the back and shoulders. On a journey, and in the 
 fields, they wear over this a round shallow straw hat to keep 
 off the sun. Their winter bodice is made of broad cloth, 
 and is generally of a dark colour ; it is trimmed with fur 
 and lined with rabbit skin. Their petticoat is likewise of 
 broad cloth, and, as well as the linen apron worn over it, 
 of a blue colour. They usually wear half boots of Russian 
 leather.

 
 PLATE XVI. 
 
 A SCLAVONIAN PEASANT OF THE COUNTY 
 OF NEUTRA, OR NEYTRA. 
 
 THE county of Neutra, in Upper Hungary, is mountainous 
 but fertile., and intersected by a great many rivers., the 
 banks of which to a considerable extent afford good pas- 
 tures, where numerous flocks are fed. The land is proper 
 for tillage, for the culture of the vine,, saffron, &c. In 
 this county there are also some manufactories of cloth and 
 earthen ware. It is inhabited by Hungarians, Bohemian 
 Serfs, and Germans. We may judge of the degree of ease 
 they enjoy, by the dress of this young Sclavonian peasant, 
 represented in his holiday clothes. His round hat, put on 
 carelessly, is decked with ribands and flowers ; his coat, or 
 rather jacket, is made of a thick cloth high knapped, 
 which has never been dyed ; it is never buttoned or closed 
 before, but left open to shew the work with which the 
 shirt is decorated on the bosom and round the neck. In 
 the day time, and in warm weather, the jacket always hangs 
 loose, but at night, and in winter, it is drawn round the 
 body, and secured by a leathern girdle, to which are 
 fastened the steel, tinder, and little tobacco-pouch. 
 Pantaloons of blue cloth, and Hungarian half boots bound 
 with red, set off the slender person of this handsome youth 
 to advantage. The seams of his jacket are covered with a 
 blue lace, and those of his pantaloons with a red one. 
 When his pipe is not in his mouth, which is very seldom 
 the case, he sticks it in his boot, as he has no pocket.
 
 ; LATE L7.
 
 PLATE XVII. 
 
 A SCLAVONIAN COUNTRY GIRL, OF THE 
 COUNTY OF NEUTRA. 
 
 IT requires the charming countenance of this blooming 
 young woman, to look so handsome as she does, with 
 such a head-dress. A long band of white linen is put 
 round her head and brought under her chin ; it covers 
 part of her face., and shows only a few ends of hair on her 
 forehead ; it is afterwards twisted round her neck, then 
 crossed on her bosom, and the two ends, which are usually 
 embroidered, hang before down to her waist. That part of 
 their clothes to which women of the common class in other 
 countries pay least regard, is the most attended to by the 
 country women of Neutra. In examining this Plate it will 
 be seen that the shift is here meant ; it is always wrought 
 in colours on the shoulders, and frequently in the middle 
 of the sleeves, which are constantly exposed, as the bodice 
 worn by these women have no sleeves. The bodice, as 
 well as the petticoat, is made of blue cloth bordered with 
 red or yellow riband. They likewise wear a blue linen 
 apron,, bordered in the same manner as the petticoat, and 
 yellow morocco half-boots. 
 
 This young woman is just come out of her garden, and 
 is carrying vegetables in one of those wicker baskets which 
 the women of Neutra make themselves during the winter, 
 when they are not employed in spinning.
 
 ' 
 
 AUSTRIA KLATE is. 
 
 fut? J<M Ula. ly J Murray. . itoanarit itmt
 
 PLATE XVIII. 
 A YOUNG PEASANT OF EGRA, 
 
 IN HIS WINTER CLOTHES. 
 
 THE kingdom of Bohemia is divided into sixteen circles, 
 each having its respective governour. The town of Egra, 
 situated on a river of the same name, in the circle of Saatz, 
 stands partly on a rock and partly in a valley. It was 
 formerly an imperial city governed by four burgomasters; 
 at present it is the residence of a chief magistrate appointed 
 by the king, and forms a part of the hereditary states of 
 the House of Austria. It has fine fortifications., which 
 were considerably increased in the last war respecting the 
 succession of Bavaria, but they are commanded by an 
 adjacent hill. The town was taken in 1742 by Mareschal 
 Saxe, and retaken the following year by the Austrians after 
 a blockade. Near Egra there are some celebrated medicinal 
 springs, which are recommended by many of the German 
 physicians. 
 
 The peasants of the country of Egra are in general well 
 made, and of an open cheerful countenance. Their dress 
 has a degree of elegance in its simplicity; these large 
 Turkish breeches reaching down to the calf of the leg, 
 form a contrast both by their dark colour and by their 
 fulness, to the tight, short jacket and waistcoat worn with 
 them. The waistcoat, or rather the facing of it which is 
 exposed to view, is the most studied part of their clothes, 
 as appears in this Plate. In the winter they wear besides 
 a long brown cloth surtout. They cut their hair short
 
 A YOUNG PEASANT OF EGRA. 
 
 about the neck, and their round hat is always decorated 
 with a coloured riband. They begin in the earliest stage 
 of youth to acquire the habit of smoking, so general in 
 Germany ; and in the winter they are rarely seen without 
 a pipe in their mouth.
 
 AUSTBIA PLATE 
 
 l.MKMJ Ujumn.ffl'Onartt
 
 PLATE XIX. 
 A WOMAN AND GIRL OF EGRA, 
 
 IN THEIR WINTER CLOTHES. 
 
 THE countrywomen of Egra in Bohemia commonly use 
 only brown stuffs for every part of their apparel. In winter 
 they wear a fur cap,, or a woollen one,, with a large muslin 
 band round it, which they tie in a knot behind the head. 
 Their shoes and stockings are black., but the heels of the 
 shoes and the little trimming which falls on the instep are 
 red. Their sash is the most ornamented part of their dress, 
 and remarkable for the singularity of its form. To the 
 middle of the wide flat band round their waist, they fix., 
 both before and behind, a band of the same stuff and 
 dimension., which hangs in a semi-circle., sometimes to 
 the right, sometimes to the left.
 
 
 
 AUSTRIA - PLATE 20
 
 PLATE XX. 
 A YOUNG BRIDE OF EGRA, 
 
 IN HER WEDDING CLOTHES. 
 
 EVERY country has its customs, and every custom its 
 motives, which are usually found in the diversity of the 
 manners and characters of the inhabitants, and this diver- 
 sity is known to proceed principally from the difference of 
 climates. With certain nations wedding days are days of 
 rejoicing and finery in dress, not only for the bride and 
 bridegroom, but for all their relations and friends invited 
 to the nuptials : the bride clad in white, is covered with 
 flowers, diamonds, and lace ; and if she is in the deepest 
 mourning, it is thrown aside that day, though to be put 
 on the following. In other countries, on the contrary, and 
 particularly in Egra, marriage, considered as a religious 
 and social act of the most sacred and solemn nature, is 
 celebrated with more gravity and reverence. Observe how 
 this timid and modest maid approaches the altar, with 
 downcast eyes, holding her rosary with one hand and her 
 veil with the other. Her only ornament is the nuptial 
 band bound round her forehead ; the rest of her dress, 
 and the large cloak in which she is wrapped up, are of the 
 gloomiest colour, and seem much less adapted to a 
 wedding than to a funeral.
 
 AUSTRIA-PLACE 21
 
 PLATE XXI. 
 PEASANTS OF EGRA, 
 
 IN THEIR SUMMER CLOTHES. 
 
 IN summer the peasants of Egra wear neither coat nor 
 surtout, but a simple jacket flowing loosely over the hand- 
 some facing described in Plate XVIII. The women wear 
 only a bodice without sleeves,, a petticoat, a blue apron, 
 and a neck handkerchief of the same colour. Their head- 
 dress is nothing more than a white handkerchief tied 
 behind. The girl represented in this Plate appears to be 
 crying and complaining of some prank that has been 
 played her by the young man, who seems to laugh at her 
 upbraiding. One need not go to Egra to see such scenes.
 
 AUSTRIA HAWK 2 -* 
 
 ' .' t J..
 
 PLATE XXII. 
 A BOHEMIAN SERF. 
 
 THE name of Bohemia is derived from that of Bojeriheim, 
 or the home of the Boii, given to the country of the Boii, 
 a Celtic nation, who seem to be the first established there. 
 In spite of the numberless resources presented to the inha- 
 bitants by the fertility of the soil., by mines., forests., and 
 the different manufactures in this country,, almost all the 
 peasants in it being serfs, the despondency and apathy 
 attendant on bondage keep up in Bohemia a great number 
 of beggars and vagabonds. The Bohemian represented 
 in this Plate is one of those wretched serfs : his clothes 
 show his poverty, and are much the same as those of the 
 beggars in every country.
 
 23 
 
 ? Junei^&JS, brJ.Mitrrait. JlbanaHe >
 
 PLATE XXIII. 
 A BOHEMIAN WOMAN. 
 
 IN French the appellation of Bohemian is not only applied 
 to the inhabitants of Bohemia, but to Gypsies, a kind of 
 well known vagabonds dispersed through almost all the 
 countries of Europe, over which they travel in small gangs, 
 telling fortunes, and dexterously pilfering whatever they 
 can lay their hands upon. They are called Gypsies or 
 Egyptians, from being supposed to be the descendants of 
 the ancient vagabonds of Egypt, who were driven out of 
 that country by the Emperor Selim, in the beginning of 
 the sixteenth century, when he subdued it. They emi- 
 grated to Asia, and to Europe, and particularly spread 
 themselves in Germany. Many of them are met with in 
 Bohemia, and in the Bannat of Temeswar. It is said that 
 several points of resemblance to the ancient Egyptians are 
 still to be traced in their character, in their manners and 
 customs, and even in their face. This wandering woman, 
 leading a naked child, and who herself has only a sorry 
 shift, may possibly not be of the gypsy tribe, but from her 
 dishevelled hair, wild looks, and beggarly dress, with so 
 handsome a face, it is not difficult to guess her profession.
 
 AUSTBIA. PXATE 24,
 
 PLATE XXIV. 
 
 A PEASANT OF FLIPOVAN, IN THE 
 BUKOWINE. 
 
 THE Bukowine is a considerable district surrounded by 
 Moldavia,, Transylvania., and Poland. Czernowitz and 
 Soczowa are the principal towns of it. It is scarce more 
 than twenty-five years since it was ceded by the Turk to 
 the House of Austria. 
 
 The inhabitants of the immense forests which cover this 
 mountainous country, are solely occupied in the care of 
 their cattle., and particularly of their horses. They are 
 Christians of the Greek church. The purity of their 
 manners,, their sobriety, and the simplicity of their mode 
 of life, bring to mind ideas of the ancient patriarchs, and 
 in fact they live to a very advanced age. They dress very 
 like the Turks. The large, black, sheep-skin bonnet, on 
 the head of the old man represented in this Plate, forms a 
 contrast with the whiteness of his flowing locks and of his 
 long beard, and renders it more striking. The long sur- 
 tout of white cloth which he has on, is bordered round 
 the collar with a little band of red cloth, is fastened from 
 top to bottom with clasps, and drawn tight round the 
 middle of the body by a red woollen girdle. The lower 
 part of his dress consists of long, wide pantaloons, and 
 Roman sandals, made of a wooden sole laced by red 
 ribands crossed on the foot, and tied round the leg.
 
 AUSTBIA JKLATE 26, 

 
 PLATE XXV. 
 
 A COUNTRYWOMAN OF FLIPOVAN, IN 
 THE BUKOWINE. 
 
 THE women of Flipovan dress much in the same manner as 
 the men ; their sandals are exactly alike ; their surtout is 
 likewise of the same shape, but hangs looser round the 
 body., as they wear no girdle, and instead of being white is 
 always of a very dark colour. Their head-dress is the 
 most remarkable part of their attire; it is composed of 
 two handsome Turkey muslin handkerchiefs, the one 
 white, and the other brown, spotted with different colours. 
 Lightly twisted or puffed on the head, the white one falls 
 over the shoulders like a nun's veil, the two front corners 
 cross on the neck and tie behind the coloured handker- 
 chief, which binds the forehead and goes round the head 
 in form of a bandeau, as we see in this Plate, which re- 
 presents a very pretty country girl of Flipovan counting 
 her eggs.
 
 AUSTRIA - PLATE 26. 
 
 JH-an,irl,-.S1rt.
 
 PLATE XXVI. 
 
 COUNTRYWOMEN OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD 
 OF HERMENSTADT, IN TRANSYLVANIA. 
 
 HERMENSTADT, the capital of Transylvania, is a large 
 handsome city., situated at the foot of the great mountains 
 of Foharras, on the river Szeben, whence it is also called 
 Szebeny, and the country Siebenburgen. The town is not 
 very strongly fortified, but is well peopled. The Transyl- 
 vanians are generally tall and well made ; the waists of 
 the women are rather large, but they are not the less hand- 
 some for it, and even among the countrywomen there are 
 many who have a superior and very engaging countenance, 
 as we may judge from those represented in this Plate, in 
 which we may also observe the taste and refinement they 
 display in their dress. They carefully comb their hair, 
 which they plait into tresses, or cut round : their head- 
 dress consists of a sort of cap, black or white, on which 
 they skilfully arrange a white handkerchief that has a 
 narrow red border, and which falls on their shoulders, 
 leaving their neck, face, and the front of their cap to be 
 seen ; they sometimes tie the handkerchief round their 
 head. They wear a large shift, embroidered red or blue 
 at the bosom, with sleeves having a border of the same 
 colour. The shift is made fast round the waist by a 
 leathern girdle, which at the same time serves to secure, 
 before and behind, two long narrow aprons of stuff, striped 
 or spotted with different colours, trimmed at the bottom 
 with a deep fringe. On holidays they add to their dress
 
 COUNTRYWOMEN OF HERMENSTADT. 
 
 ear-rings and necklaces of coral or mock pearl. They 
 sometimes wear sandals, and sometimes half-boots with flat 
 heels., bound with iron. They make their own clothes. 
 as well as those of their husbands and children.
 
 AUSTRIA PILATE 27, 
 
 1813 ty J Murray JltcmafU
 
 PLATE XXVII. 
 
 A PEASANT OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD 
 OF HERMENSTADT, IN TRANSYLVANIA. 
 
 THE mountains of Siebenburgen, in the neighbourhood of 
 Hermenstadt, are inhabited by Walachians, who may be 
 considered as the least advanced of all the European 
 nations in civilization : without activity, without industry, 
 they carelessly pass their life in tending their flocks ; the 
 least indolent among them become carters, or go and tan 
 leather in the Talmat; very few of them cultivate the 
 ground, and those who take the trouble, do it only to pro- 
 cure the absolute necessaries of life. They are suspicious 
 and revengeful, and hate every other nation. In conse- 
 quence of their bad education and their sloth they are 
 addicted to drunkenness, and the lowest propensities. They 
 suffer their beards to grow long as well as their hair, which 
 they never either comb or tie. They wear a coarse shirt 
 which they fasten round their loins with a leathern belt, 
 on which there are several buttons, and in which they 
 always carry their knife and fork, steel for striking a light, 
 &c. They have long pantaloons and small sandals, which 
 are fastened with several thongs. In winter they wear a fur 
 cap, and in summer a round felt hat.
 
 V>..<tT- >X'?> 
 
 :&MV^ 
 
 . ' v [JST RI A- JP.L ATE
 
 PLATE XXVIII. 
 
 SAXON LADIES OF THE CITY OF 
 HERMENSTADT. 
 
 THE city of Hermenstadt is almost entirely inhabited by 
 Saxons, most of whom are Lutherans. The women are 
 generally handsome, tall, and well made. The complexion 
 of the fair ones is a mixture of lilies and roses ; they have 
 fine large blue eyes, and a skin of a brilliant white. The 
 cheeks of the brunettes are tinged with a livelier red, their 
 black eyes are likewise more sparkling, and their counte- 
 nance is full of expression ; but both fair and brown are 
 alike distinguished for that bloom, that appearance of 
 health, of modesty, and innocence, which gives an irresis- 
 tible charm to beauty. 
 
 The ancient Saxon dress, exactly represented in the 
 apparel of the fair lady in this Plate, is no longer worn 
 but at solemn festivals and on great occasions ; new 
 fashions supplant it, but seldom equal the graces they 
 supersede : for, does not that fine light hair, parted into 
 several tresses, some falling on the back, and others 
 intwined with ribands rolled round the head; does not 
 that long veil, secured by elegant pins, and forming the 
 hind part of the head-dress, render it more agreeable and 
 more distinguished than that of the handsome brunette, 
 which has the merit of being more fashionable, and which 
 consists of a black velvet cap trimmed with black lace ? 
 And is not there a dignity, a nobleness in that ancient 
 black velvet gown, enriched with clasps and a cestus of 
 precious stones, sufficient to make us overlook its want of 
 the grace of the light gowns introduced by fashion ?
 
 
 .AUSTRIA MATE 29. 
 
 '' Jlmrt.uia. Ac JMltn.ir. .1lhfjn,irl,- .'trtrt
 
 PLATE XXIX. 
 
 CITIZENS OF THE ENVIRONS OF . 
 HERMENSTADT. 
 
 AMONG the inhabitants of Hermenstadt and the neighbour- 
 ing places., the Saxons have always been remarked for the 
 ease they enjoy,, which they owe to their industry and 
 sobriety; their houses are the cleanest and best built, and 
 the districts where they reside have always a more smiling 
 aspect than the other parts of the country. The Saxons 
 are generally tall, and more commonly fair than brown ; 
 they have a high forehead, large blue eyes, and an open 
 cheerful countenance. Their apparel is a mixture of the 
 ancient German costume and the Hungarian dress, and 
 every village varies in a manner peculiar to itself. The 
 pelisse of the citizens is longer than that worn in the 
 country ; at Hermenstadt it is lined with fox-skin, reaches 
 down to the calf of the leg, and has the seams ornamented 
 with embroidery, and gold or silver loops. Their jacket, 
 pantaloons, and half boots, are in the Hungarian fashion. 
 The woman represented in this Plate wears on her head, 
 like all old women, a cap bordered with fur. The kind of 
 close jacket she wears is also bordered and lined with skin, 
 as well as the short cloak she throws over her shoulders., 
 the large high collar of which is bordered with sable. In 
 the coldest weather she puts her arms into the sleeves of 
 this cloak, which may likewise be buttoned.
 
 AUSTRIA.- PLATE 
 
 Landcn Pu*?JuntlJ81S Iry JJIfurray
 
 PLATE XXX. 
 CROATIAN WOMEN. 
 
 CROATIA is a province of Hungary, bounded on the north 
 by Sclav onia, on the east by Bosnia, on the west by 
 Carniola, and on the south by Dalmatia and the Gulf of 
 Venice ; it does not all belong to the House of Austria, a 
 small part of the country being under the Turkish do- 
 minion. The government, language, religion, manners, 
 and customs of the Croats, are much the same as those of 
 their neighbours the Transylvanians and Sclavonians. 
 They are in general good soldiers, and there are a great 
 many of them in the Emperor's light troops, particularly 
 in the regiments of Pandours. Their women are neither 
 deficient in beauty, nor in taste for dress, as we may see by 
 those represented in this Plate, from which we may also 
 observe that they have not a fixed mode, and that the only 
 uniformity in their apparel is that of their apron, which is 
 always long and oval, made of a stuff of different coloured 
 stripes, and trimmed with a deep red fringe. The shape 
 of their gowns is not the same : the one displays her hair 
 and wears sandals, the other wears red stockings and yellow 
 shoes, and her head-dress is composed of a large white veil 
 with a red border, and trimmed with a fringe of the same 
 colour.
 
 AUSTRIA-PLATE 31,
 
 PLATE XXXI. 
 A POLISH JEW. 
 
 THE Jews are very numerous in Poland, having obtained 
 permission to settle there,, on condition of paying a very 
 considerable tribute to the government. They are likewise 
 allowed to wear the long garment, and to let their beard 
 grow, as in most of the countries where they are tolerated. 
 The large cap with which they cover their head in winter 
 is trimmed with a broad., thick, long-haired fur. They are 
 reputed in Poland, as elsewhere, to be always misers, cheats, 
 and very great usurers. The physiognomy given to the 
 two Jews in this Plate fully agrees with this character : 
 but this physiognomy is not common to all the Polish Jews ; 
 and though they are under the necessity of making an 
 immense profit to enable them to pay the tribute to which 
 they are subject, there are among them, no doubt, as many 
 honest as among the Jews of other countries.
 
 ^g 
 
 ... w 
 
 AUSTRIA- PLATE 3 
 
 fui2M.fd June 1JS13 
 
 JUanarlr ftf.':
 
 PLATE XXXII. 
 A POLISH JEWESS. 
 
 IN the countenance of this old woman we trace the same 
 character imprinted in that of the two Jews represented in 
 the preceding Plate, and the odd manner in which she is 
 dressed removes all doubt of her trade. The silk cloak of 
 a very brilliant colour, lined with an old fur, and tied 
 round the waist with an old gold cord fringed at the ends ; 
 the blue damask petticoat, with a broad embroidered yellow 
 border ; the apron of a common printed calico, on a white 
 ground, with a bib of a different colour ; the large hood 
 of black mode, the wings of which come over the face, 
 and the striped linen handkerchief which completes her 
 head-dress, form such a ridiculous assortment of old worn 
 out apparel as could only be found in the dress of a pawn- 
 broker or old- clothes woman, who by way of turning every 
 thing to profit uses for herself all that she cannot sell.
 
 33. 
 
 Jtih^.lunr l.aa-i. b, J.Murrau. Altannrlc .itrrrf-
 
 PLATE XXXIII. 
 A JEW OF MONTGATZ, 
 
 IN HIS SUMMER DRESS. 
 
 THE heat has made him throw off his long robe and great 
 fur cap, and he appears in a wide jacket without sleeves. 
 He has a black coif on the top of his bald head., and his 
 hat serves to conceal a bag of money which he is going to 
 lend on usurious interest. Montgatz is a little town in 
 Upper Hungary, situated on a steep rock, having a fortress 
 composed of three castles which command it. The Princess 
 Ragotski, the consort of Count Tekeli, defended it for a 
 long time with great courage against an Imperial army, 
 but was compelled to surrender in 1688. The town is in 
 the county of Pereizas, and is the residence of a Greek 
 catholic bishop
 
 AUSTRIA - .FLATK 34.
 
 PLATE XXXIV. 
 
 A ZOUPPANESE COUNT, OF THE COUNTRY 
 OF CATTARO, IN DALMATIA. 
 
 DALMATIA is 112 leagues in length, and 23 in breadth; it 
 is bounded on the north by Bosnia and Morlachia, on the 
 west and south by the Gulf of Venice and Albania., and on 
 the east by Servia. It is divided into Venetian, Ragusian, 
 Turkish, and Hungarian. Hungarian Dalmatia is situated 
 towards the upper part of the Adriatic, near Albania. The 
 city of Segna, which is situated near the sea in a barren 
 mountainous country, and fortified both by nature and art, 
 is the capital of this province, of which the country of 
 Cattaro makes a part. The inhabitants of Dalmatia, as well as 
 those of Albania, are descended from the ancient Scythians. 
 They are tall, strong, bold, and indefatigable, but great 
 robbers. To travel securely in this country travellers find 
 it necessary to be well armed and escorted, and the inha- 
 bitants themselves never stir out without all their arms. 
 They have among them several noble families, whose 
 dress, which is represented in this Plate, differs entirely 
 from that which has been adopted by the nobility in almost 
 every other country of Europe. The red coif seen on the 
 head of this Zouppanese Count, so called from the canton 
 he inhabits, resembles that of the Pope or Cardinals. His 
 long whiskers, run down lower than his chin, like those of 
 the Chinese. His cloak would very much resemble a 
 common bed-gown with close sleeves, were it not for the 
 girdle which draws it about the body, and in which he 
 carries a pistol and a dagger richly ornamented. His long 1
 
 A ZOUPPANESE COUNT OF DALMATIA. 
 
 wide breeches are much in the Grecian fashion, as are the 
 shoes he wears. The country house, or square pavilion 
 in the same Plate, its quadrangular trunnions., its entrance 
 by a draw-bridge to the second story, and the many little 
 openings left in the walls for firing unseen on an enemy., 
 shew the kind of architecture to which the fear of robbers 
 has given rise in this country.
 
 PLATE XXXV. 
 A ZOUPPANESE COUNTESS. 
 
 THE women of the country of Cattaro are generally distin- 
 guished for beauty. There is much more nobility in the 
 countenance and carriage of this Countess than in her 
 dress, which,, were it not for the kind of demi-crown she 
 places over her forehead, and which marks her dignity, 
 would every where else be that of the lowest chambermaid. 
 Her head-dress, which is the part on which the greatest 
 care is bestowed, consists of a large white handkerchief, 
 trimmed with a broad yellow fringe, and thrown double 
 on the head, in such a manner, that the ends, falling on 
 each side to an equal length, cover her back and shoulders, 
 and hang down before to her waist. A large neck-hand- 
 kerchief, exactly like the one on her head, covers her 
 bosom as high as her necklace. There is in this mode an 
 air of carelessness which gives her much grace, and the 
 handsome ruddy countenance, peering amidst the white 
 folds, acquires from it additional beauty, it is a rose 
 encircled with jasmine.
 
 Au STR a A - PLATE 
 
 -//<* Strnt.
 
 PLATE XXXVI. 
 A ZOUPPANESE AND HIS WIFE. 
 
 THE dress of the inferior classes of the Zouppanese is 
 much the same as that of the nobility., as to the make of it, 
 but the colour and quality of the stuffs used for their 
 clothes are more common. They wear, besides, on the 
 left shoulder a sort of shawl or scarf, made of a stuff of 
 different coloured stripes, and fringed at the ends. This 
 shawl, which is not worn by the nobility, as we may observe 
 in Plate XXXIV. covers the left arm and reaches down to 
 the wrist. The stockings of this Zouppanese are not of a 
 violet colour with wide yellow embroidered clocks, like 
 those worn by gentlemen. To cover his head he wears a 
 red cap with a broad fur border ; his stockings are plain 
 white ones, and he has close half boots spotted with dif- 
 ferent colours. But like the Count, he has long whiskers, 
 as well as a sash, in which he fixes his dagger and pistol, 
 and the ends of which are fastened together by a clasp re- 
 markably large : instead of a sword he has a long carabine, 
 the stock of which is very much ornamented, and which 
 he sometimes carries slung to his back. The dress of his 
 wife has nothing in it that resembles that of the Countess 
 in the last Plate. She has neither cap nor neck-handker- 
 chief : her shift, which opens before like a man's shirt, 
 covers her bosom and ties at the lower part of the neck ; 
 her short hair, with its natural curls, is her whole head- 
 dress. Her girdle is ornamented with large coloured 
 stones : her shawl and boots are like those of her husband.
 
 - \ 1 STRIA- PL AT E 3/.
 
 PLATE XXXVII. 
 
 A MAN AND WOMAN OF RISANO, IN 
 THE COUNTRY OF CATTARO. 
 
 RISANO is a small episcopal town in Dalmatia, situated on 
 the Gulf of Cattaro. It has been nearly destroyed by the 
 Turks. The inhabitants very much resemble the Zoup- 
 panese in their manners, person., countenance, and dress. 
 We again meet the red cap of the latter, their long 
 whiskers, their shawl, girdle, long wide breeches, and the 
 same arms ; there is only a little difference in the shape of 
 their boots and of their cloak, which is much more open 
 at the bosom. But there is not the least resemblance 
 between the dress of a lady of Risano and that of a Zoup- 
 panese. Her whole head-dress consists of a veil carelessly 
 put on, the motions and folds of which, she varies with 
 great dexterity without appearing to touch it, but in such 
 a manner as to display her charms, sometimes successively, 
 and sometimes the whole of her beautiful face at once. 
 The rest of her dress consists of a green petticoat, a small 
 bodice shaped like a spenser, of a bright red with a yellow 
 border, and a large white apron with a bib that reaches up 
 to her neck. The young woman represented in this Plate is 
 a vintager carrying a basket of grapes to her husband, who 
 tired no doubt with waiting, is scolding her for coming 
 so late : his dissatisfied and jealous eye seems to discover 
 more coquetry than innocence in the use she makes of her 
 veil.
 
 . \ I S TJR.I A PJLATE 38 , 
 
 liil''Jiuicl /W.I. /y .tltu/rvu M-rm.a-ff Stnrt
 
 PLATE XXXVIII. 
 
 A GREEK PRIEST OF THE COUNTRY OF 
 CATTARO. 
 
 THE inhabitants of the country of Cattaro are of the Greek 
 church, a priest of which is represented in this Plate. His 
 flat hair and venerable beard, with the grave colours and 
 the shape of his dress, display a majestic appearance, which 
 commands respect, and is suited to announce a minister of 
 religion.
 
 ! ^s 
 *?*s 
 
 AUSTEIA. PLATE 39, 
 
 ir 1. ma. by J.Mumu,. Albmiarlt Sim*
 
 PLATE XXXIX. 
 A SERETHIAN. 
 
 THE Serethians have been successively subject to Turkey 
 and the Emperor, under the appellations of Croats and 
 Moldavians ; and have long inhabited the confines of 
 Transylvania and Moldavia. Those who are Mahometans 
 have continued either under the government of the Grand 
 Seignor, or under that of a prince become independent 
 styled Hospodar ; the rest are subject to the Emperor, 
 and are embodied with his troops, their service being 
 nearly similar to that of the Tyrolian chasseurs. They 
 precede the army, and lie in ambush at all difficult passes. 
 They are armed with a carabine, two pistols, and a cutlass. 
 Their dress much resembles that of the Houlans ; but 
 instead of boots, they wear half boots that cover the ends 
 of their pantaloons. A belt like a hussar's, in which they 
 stick their pistols and cutlass, a very short red jacket 
 sitting close to the body, blue pantaloons, and a simple 
 but elegant bonnet of the same colour as the jacket, com- 
 pose their dress. The Serethians are well made, brave, 
 robust and indefatigable. They are accused of being 
 cruel, and of never giving quarter when attacked. They 
 derive their name from the Sereth, a river of Turkey in 
 Europe, which rises in Transylvania, and changes its name 
 several times in its course; it is called the Moldaw in 
 Moldavia, through which it passes, and waters the towns 
 of Joczowa and Targorod.
 
 - PLATE 40. 
 
 ulJ813 iy J. Murray . 1UnmarU Sti-ot .
 
 PLATE XL. 
 A PANDOUR, OR RED MANTLE. 
 
 THE Pandours, or Red Mantles, form a part of the Hun- 
 garian light troops composing the Emperor's infantry ; 
 they are taken from the county of Bath, in Lower Hungary, 
 and from the country round a borough called Pandour, 
 situated on the frontiers of the Palatinate of Solth. They 
 are armed with a fusil., a Hungarian sabre, which they 
 handle very dexterously, and two pistols, which they fix in 
 their belt. Their uniform is remarkable for the great red 
 cloak in which they wrap themselves, covering their head 
 with the hood of it. Beneath this cloak, from which the 
 name of Red Mantles has been given them, they wear a 
 short brown coat, blue pantaloons down to the ankle, and 
 small half boots. Many of them serve in the Turkish 
 armies. They are accounted good marksmen, but they are 
 extremely addicted to pillage, in which they glory.
 
 AUSTRIA RUATE 41 
 
 SlS *\'J.MurnyJU'anarlcJtr*t.
 
 PLATE XLI. 
 
 A MORAVIAN MOUNTAINEER, NEAR THE 
 CONFINES OF HUNGARY. 
 
 MORAVIA., a province or marquisate annexed to Bohemia, 
 took its name from the river Morava, which runs through 
 it. It is bounded on the north by Silesia., on the east by 
 Hungary, on the south by Austria, and on the west by 
 Bohemia. 
 
 Moravia was anciently inhabited by the Quadi and the 
 Marcomanni, who drove the Boii out of Bohemia, and in 
 the seventh century founded the kingdom of Moravia, 
 which extended to Belgrade. Two hundred years after 
 this, Bohemia was subdued by the Sclavi, who formed it 
 into an elective monarchy, and in the year 1084 added 
 Moravia to it. It was declared a margraviate in the twelfth 
 century, when Bohemia became subject to the Emperors of 
 Germany. From the year 1306 Bohemia and Moravia 
 formed but one kingdom, the throne of which was elective, 
 and was successively filled by princes of different houses, 
 several of whom became emperors. It came into the pos- 
 session of the House of Austria in the fifteenth century, 
 since which it has remained a part of its hereditary states. 
 
 The peasants that live in the mountains of Moravia are 
 very simply clad : they wear a full, white jacket, without 
 buttons, which folds over the breast, and is confined by 
 the strap of their haversac, slung across them like a soldier's 
 bandolier, and by a leathern belt buckled about the loins. 
 They have pantaloons, which, like their jacket, is white, 
 and half boots tied close round the leg with leathern thongs.
 
 A MORAVIAN MOUNTAINEER. 
 
 Their mouth is veiled by their beard, which they suffer to 
 grow on the upper lip ; their lank, neglected hair lies loose 
 on their neck and shoulders, and a large flapped hat covers 
 their head.
 
 42. 
 
 flit* JuntusiS ifj .1 yurrau, .Hhaiuirle Stmt
 
 PLATE XLII. 
 
 A COUNTRYWOMAN OF THE MOUNTAINS 
 OF MORAVIA. 
 
 BY the preceding Plate, we see that the clothes of the 
 Moravian mountaineers differ little in their make from the 
 usual dress of peasants in other parts of Europe. The 
 only things remarkable are the air of elegance which their 
 white jacket receives from the little border of sky-blue 
 stuff with which it is trimmed, and the superior neatness of 
 their half-boots ; but the dress of their women is very dif- 
 ferent from that of the women of other countries. They 
 have a short petticoat of green stuff, a blue apron, and a 
 large white shawl with a blue border, which covers the 
 whole body, and reaches down to the wrists. Their shift 
 is close over the bosom, and buttons on the neck. They 
 wear on the head a common white handkerchief, which 
 they tie behind ; and they usually walk in large boots., 
 like men's, that come up almost to the knee.
 
 AUSTM2A JHLATE 
 
 niif?./iutei.M.\t-> J.iiwriui, AStmarlt Jtrrrt
 
 PLATE XLIII. 
 
 A PEASANT OF THE LOWLANDS OF 
 . MORAVIA, 
 
 IN HIS SUMMER DRESS. 
 
 MORAVIA is very mountainous, and almost all the sides of 
 the hills that have a southern aspect,, are planted with vine- 
 yards, which produce good wine. An immense number of 
 walnut trees also are raised, and frankincense and myrrh 
 are found among these mountains ; but they are most 
 valuable for the number of streams and rivers that issue 
 from them, which spreading through the plains, bestow 
 fertility and plenty, the surest signs and pledges of a 
 numerous population. The number of the inhabitants of 
 Moravia in 1775 amounted to 1,134,674, including 23,382 
 Jews. The dress of the inhabitants of the lowlands be- 
 speaks the enjoyment of a little more ease than appears 
 from that of the mountaineers. Instead of the common 
 buskin, they wear Hungarian half boots, which are much 
 dearer. Their waiscoat, which has white buttons, and 
 their pantaloons, are made of blue stuff. Their jacket, 
 which is of the same colour, has red facings with a white 
 border, but is neither so long, nor so full as that of the 
 mountaineers. They have no whiskers, nor have they 
 leathern belts or haversacs.
 
 PLATE XLIV. 
 
 A COUNTRYWOMAN OF THE LOWLANDS 
 OF MORAVIA, 
 
 IN HER SUMMER DRESS. 
 
 IN looking at this young handsome Moravian in her light 
 dress, suited to the heat of the season, we are struck with 
 the disagreeable contrast of her boots, compared to the 
 rest of her apparel. As her petticoats are so short, we 
 readily justify her in the use of boots through the winter, 
 to keep out the cold and wet : yet her motives for wearing 
 them in summer are not less reasonable, though less obvious 
 to a stranger ; for the end can be no other than to secure 
 her legs from the bite of venomous reptiles and insects, 
 always so numerous in the neighbourhood of brooks and 
 rivers.
 
 .. 
 
 AUSTRIA PLATE
 
 PLATE XLV. 
 
 IN HIS WINTER CLOTHES. 
 
 THERE is very little difference between the summer and 
 winter dress of the inhabitants of the lowlands of Moravia. 
 In both seasons they wear the same boots. Instead of the 
 large napped hat which keeps off the heat of the sun in 
 summer, they wear in winter a round hat in the English 
 fashion,, and over their usual clothes they put on a cloak 
 of the same colour, lined with fur. The peasants, who do 
 not wear gloves, secure their hands from the cold by keep- 
 ing them beneath their cloak, and carry their stick under 
 their arm.
 
 AITS TBIA ELATE 
 
 . 1*1013. tfj.ltumii--l<l>i*rte Stnrt
 
 PLATE XLVI. 
 
 A COUNTRYWOMAN OF THE LOWLANDS 
 OF MORAVIA, 
 
 IN HER WINTER DRESS. 
 
 THE winter dress of the countrywomen in the lowlands of 
 Moravia, differs from their summer one merely in their 
 wearing., like the men, a blue pelisse lined and trimmed 
 with a thick fur. This water-carrier is returning from the 
 spring where she filled the two pails that are hung to the 
 ends of the stick which she carries on her left shoulder, 
 taking great care to place it so as to preserve the equili- 
 brium of the pails in order to lighten her burthen.
 
 AUSTRIA I'LAT.K .17. 
 
 . ,,,,..,
 
 PLATE XLVII. 
 AN HANNACHIAN WOMAN. 
 
 THE Hannachians take their name from the river Hanna, 
 which rises at Nebstick, in Moravia, and running through 
 the circle of Olmutz, falls into the Morava. They inhabit 
 the mountains following the course of this river,, and are 
 tall and robust. Maria Theresa, Empress Queen of Hun- 
 gary, granted them great privileges, as a reward for the 
 services she received from them in the different wars in 
 which she was engaged. 
 
 The Hannachian women are in general pretty, their 
 countenances full of life and expression ; and they dress 
 with much more elegance and grace than the women of 
 the lowlands of Moravia. Their shift is of much finer 
 linen, and the sleeves of it are confined by two sorts of 
 bracelets, one placed at the top of the arm and the other 
 above the wrist. The handkerchief which they wear on 
 their head is more ornamented, not tied so tight, and shows 
 their hair better : their corset is made of violet silk, laced 
 close before, and trimmed with a broad yellow band. They 
 have red stockings with white clocks, and black shoes with 
 flat soles, like those of a man,
 
 
 AUSTRIA P3LATK
 
 PLATE XLVIII. 
 
 A RUSSNIAC PEASANT OF THE PALATINATE 
 OF MARMOROS. 
 
 A GREAT part of the Palatinate of Marmoros is inhabited 
 by Russians,, called Russniacs, and by Walachians. Almost 
 all the Russniacs are serfs, and have consequently the 
 mean character and low inclinations of that degraded state. 
 The usual business of those who live in the mountains is 
 to raise cattle. Their dress consists of a shirt with wide 
 open sleeves, fastened round their loins by a leathern belt, 
 and of which the collar, the upper part of the sleeves, and 
 the wristbands are embroidered in red. Over this shirt they 
 commonly wear a jacket, or very short coat, of a coarse 
 brown, or iron-gray cloth. They have long pantaloons tied 
 above the ankle, half-boots, and a round hat, or a large 
 black sheep-skin bonnet : they put on nothing more in the 
 coldest weather. They never go out without a little axe in 
 their belt, which serves them to cut wood, and which 
 they handle as dexterously as the ablest carpenter.
 
 AUSTRIA 
 
 ful-'Jun, l. isa. kf.nti,rra r . .ilbaiurtr . Hrrrt
 
 PLATE XLIX 
 
 A RUSSNIAC WOMAN OF THE PALATINATE 
 OF MARMOROS. 
 
 THE Russniac women are in general tall, but their coarse 
 and unmeaning physiognomy marks in every line of it the 
 stupid indifference to which they resign themselves. Their 
 dress has not the slightest share of grace ; it consists of a 
 shift with red embroidery round the neck, and on the 
 bosom and shoulders. The sleeves of the shift are made 
 of the coarse kind of lace used to trim curtains, and on 
 which large red flowers are painted. They wear a broad 
 girdle of the same colour, the two ends of which are tied 
 behind and hang down loose. On days of dress they put 
 on glass-bead necklaces of different colours. They cover 
 their hair with a linen handkerchief, which is crossed 
 under the chin, and the two ends, tied behind the head, 
 fall upon the shoulders. The materials of their apparel, 
 and that of their husband, are almost entirely the work of 
 their own hands. They spin the brown wool of which 
 they make their cloth, and their distaff is constantly in their 
 girdle.
 
 AUSTRIA PLATE 50.
 
 PLATE L. 
 A BLACKSMITH OF UPPER AUSTRIA, 
 
 IN HIS HOLIDAY CLOTHES. 
 
 IN the dress of this blacksmith we recognize that of the 
 peasants of Upper Austria, already described in Plates I. II. 
 and III. We may judge of the ease enjoyed by the inha- 
 bitants of this happy country, from the gay dresses of this 
 artizan and his wife, furnished by a business, which every 
 where else scarcely enables those who follow it to provide 
 themselves with food and the coarsest clothing.
 
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